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WAR DEPARTMENT
Annual Reports, 1916
(IN THREE VOLUMES)
Volume I
Reports of
THE SECRETARY OF WAR
THE CHIEF OF STAFF
THE ADJUTANT GENERAL
THE INSPECTOR GENERAL
THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL
THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL
THE SURGEON GENERAL
THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE
THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER
THE CHIEF OF MILITIA BUREAU
THE CHIEF OF COAST ARTILLERY
THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY
THE CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA
PARK COMMISSION
THE GETTYSBURG PARK COMMISSION
THE SHILOH PARK COMMISSION
THE VICKSBURG PARK COMMISSION
ARRANGEMENT OF THE ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE WAR DEPARTMENT
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1916.
Volume I Secretary of War.
Chief of Staff.
The Adjutant General.
Inspector General.
Judge Advocate General.
Quartermaster General.
Surgeon General.
Chief of Ordnance.
Chief Signal Officer.
Chief of Militia Bureau.
Chief of Coast Artillery.
Superintendent Military Academy.
Chickamauga and Chattanooga Park Commission.
Gettysburg Park Commission.
Shiloh Park Commission.
Vicksburg Park Conmiission.
Volume II Chief of Engineers (without Appendices).
Volume in Chief of Bureau of Insular Affaire.
Governor of Porto Rico.
The Philippine CommJaaioiu
i
i M
CONTENTS.
PagiL
Report of the Secretary of WarX 5
Report of the Chief of Staff .K 153
Report of The Adjutant General.^ 233
Report of the Inspector General i^. 295
Report of the Judge Advocate Genei a! i 307
Report of the Quartermaster General .". 329
Report of the Surgeon General.*! 463
Report of the Chief of Ordnance.*: 803
Report of the Chief Signal Officer !: 857
Report of the Chief of Militia Bureau 893
Report of the Chief of Coast Artillery 1161
Report of the Su^rintendent Military Acadenay .". 1179
Report of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga rark Commission 1219
Report of the Gettysburg Park Commission 1227
Report of the Shiloh Park Commission 1239
Report of the Vickaburg Park Commission 1249
3
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.
War Department,
Washington^ D. (7., November £0^ 1916.
To the President:
I have the honor to submit the following report of operations of
this department for the past year :
On February 10, 1916, Hon. Lindley M. Garrison resigned as Secre-
tary of War, and on February 11, 1916, Maj. Gen. Hugh L. Scott,
United States Army, Chief of Staff, was appointed by you Secretary
of War, ad interim, under the provisions of section 179, Revised
Statutes. Gen. Scott served until March 9, 1916, when I took the
oath of office as Secretary of War.
THE MEXICAN SITUATION.
TJie raid on Columbus^ N. Mex.^ and the Pershing Expedition. —
The disturbed conditions on the Mexican border culminated in an
attack by Mexican bandits on Columbus, N. Mex. A description of
this attack and of several engagements that followed it, gathered from
the reports received by the Department, is given below :
On the night of March 8-9, 1916, the Mexican outlaw, Francisco
Villa, with a force variously estimated at from 500 to 1,000 men,
crossed the international border from Mexico to the United States
at a point about 3 miles west of the border-line gate and concentrated
his force for an attack on the town of Columbus, N. Mex. The attack
was made during hours of extreme darkness and was for the purpose,
according to information subsequently obtained by the military
authorities, of looting the town after disposing of the garrison. A
fight ensued in which 7 American soldiers were killed and 2 officers
and 5 soldiers were wounded, and 8 civilians killed and 2 wounded-
The Mexican bandits killed in the town, the camp, and on the border
line numbered 67, while the wounded and captured number^ 7.
7
8 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.
Immediately after the raid one troop of Cavalry crossed the border
and pursued the Mexicans. An additional troop, stationed at the
border-line gate, also mounted and struck the retreating Mexicans
in the flank; the two troops, then joining, continued the pursuit of
the Mexicans south for a distance of 12 miles, discontinuing the pur-
suit only when their ammunition was e2diausted and the horses and
men, without water and almost exhausted, could continue- no longer.
The bandits in the meantime retreated in a southeasterly direction.
During this running fight a nimiber of Mexicans, estimated to be
between 70 and 100, were killed, but no accurate estimate of the
woimded can be made. Much property and many animals were aban-
doned by the Mexicans in their flight.
On March 10, 1916, the commanding general of the southern de-
partment was directed to organize an adequate military force under
the command of Brig. Gren. John J. Pershing, with instructions to
proceed promptly across the border in pursuit of the Mexican out-
laws who had attacked Columbus. Under these instructions, two
colunms were organized, one starting from Columbus and the other
from Culberson's ranch. The advance of the Columbus column, con-
sisting of 7 troops of the Thirteenth Cavalry, the Sixth and Six-
teenth Infantry, Battery C, Sixth Field Artillery, and Ambulance
Company No. 7, started, on March 15, on the road, through Palomas,
Ascension, Corralitos, toward Casas Grandes. The Culberson col-
umn, consisting of the Seventh Cavalry, 10 troops of the Tenth
Cavalry, and Battery B, Sixth Field Artillery, left the same night,
via the Ojitas route, and arrived at Colonia Dublan, 4 miles north of
Nueva Casas Grandes, on the night of March 17. These troops pushed
rapidly south, the bandits scattering and fleeing from their front.
Gen. Pershing was acting under orders to respcQt in every manner
the sovereignty and rights of Mexico and her people, and to avoid
all possible occasion of conflict with, or irritation to, the representa-
tives of the de facto Government of Mexico.
The ParroL incident, — During the pursuit of Villa and his fol-
lowers, Maj. Frank Tompkins, Thirteenth Cavalry, with Troops K
and M of that regiment, imder the command of Col. W. C. Brown,
Tenth Cavalry, camped outside of the town of Parral, Mexico, and
sent a detachment of soldiers to the town for the purpose of purchas-
ing supplies, at about 11 o'clock a. m., April 12, 1916. Maj. Tomp-
kins was cordially received by the higher civil and military officials.
REPOBT OP THE SECBETABY OP WAB. 9
The Meidcan general, Lozano, accompanied Maj. Tompkins on his
way to the camp. On the outskirts of the town, groups of native
soldiers and civilians jeered, threw stones, and fired on the colunm.
Maj. Tompkins at once took a defensive position north of the rail-
road but was soon flanked by Mexican troops and forced to retire.
The American troops continued to withdraw to avoid further com-
plications until they reached Santa Cruz, 8 miles from Parral. Gen.
Lozano attempted to control his men when the fighting first began
but failed. The known casualties were 2 American soldiers killed,
2 oflRcers and 4 soldiers wounded, 1 soldier missing, and 40 Mexican
soldiers killed. The number of Mexican soldiers wounded is not
known, although it is known that one Mexican civilian was wounded.
The Carrizal incident, — For some time subsequent to this, Gen.
Pershing's force maintained itself in substantially the same position,
using scouting parties and detachments for the purpose of locating
the force of Villa, which had been broken up and scattered in various
directions through the difficult and mountainous country through
which the expedition had penetrated.
On the morning of the 21st of June, 1916, Troops C and K of the
Tenth Cavalry, under the command of Capt. Charles T. Boyd, while
on the way to Villa Ahumada on such a scouting expedition, reached
the town of Carrizal, and sought permission from the commanding
officer of the Mexican forces garrisoned there to pass through the
town in order to reach Villa Ahumada. Gen. Gomez, the Mexican
commander, sent an officer of his command to the American troops
denying the permission requested. During the conference, Mexican
troops were seen to move toward the flank of the American troops.
The latter assumed a defensive position, but an engagement immedi-
ately ensued, in which Capt. Charles T. Boyd and Lieut. Henry R.
Adair, Tenth Cavalry, and 7 enlisted men, were killed, and Capt.
Lewis S. Morey, Tenth Cavalry, and 9 enlisted men were wounded.
Twenty-three enlisted men of the Tenth Cavalry and 1 civilian in-
terpreter were captured and sent to Chihuahua City. The number
of Mexicans killed is estimated to have been 39, including Gen. Gomez.
The number of wounded is not known. The 23 enlisted men and the
civilian interpreter captured by the Mexicans were released and re-
turned to the United States with their property and equipment.
Gen. Pershing's force has been on Mexican soil since the 15th
day of March, during part of the time engaged in active and vigor-
10 BEPOBT OF THE BECBETABY OF WAB.
ous pursuit of bandits, but during the larger part of the time en-
camped generally in the neighborhood of Colonia Dublan. The
orders to this expedition pointedly enjoined the maintenance of cor-
dial relations with the native population and the most entire respect
for the dignity and sovereignty of the Government of Mexico and its
military commanders and forces. It gives me great pleasure to point
out the fidelity with which these instructions have been obeyed.
Gen. Pershing's force has not only maintained itself in a state of
physical fitness and cheerful loyalty to its task, but the men have
developed into a robust and vigorous body of troops, and their rela-
tions with the native population in Mexico have been characterized
by cordiality and friendliness, which was highly creditable to the
discipline and spirit of American soldiers. I can not too highly
praise the members of this expeditionary force, its commander, and
its men, for the restraint, self-control, and zeal which they have dis-
played and for the credit which they have reflected upon American
arms.
Bandit raids across the Mexican border. — In addition to the raid
on Columbus, N. Mex., several raids of more or less importance have
occurred during the period covered by this report, the most notable
of them being :
Glenn Springs, Tex., May 5, 1916, the casualties being 3 American
soldiers and 1 civilian killed ; 8 American soldiers woimded. At this
place, it is believed that 2 Mexican bandits were killed and a number
wounded, although it was impossible to secure definite information.
San Ygnacio, Tex., June 15, 1916, the casualties being 4 American
soldiers killed and 5 wounded ; 6 Mexican bandits killed.
Near Fort Hancock, Tex., July 31, 1916, 1 American soldier and 1
civilian (United States customs inspector) killed, and 1 American
soldier woimded; 3 Mexicans killed and 3 captured by Mexican de
facto Government troops.
Call of the Organized Militia and National Guard into the service of
the United States. — ^The known presence of large numbers of bandit
forces and irregular military organizations, hostile alike to the de facto
Government of Mexico and to the Government and people of the United
States, made it apparent that further aggression upon the territory of
the United States was to be expected. The Mexican border is a long
and irregular boundary line, passing in places through cities and
EEPOBT OP THE 8ECRETABY OP WAB. 11
towns, but for great stretches running through sparsely settled re-
gions and through a wild and difficult country. The forces at the
disposal of the commander of the Southern Department for the
protection of this border had been strengthened from time to time
by the transfer to that department of a very large part of .the Regu-
lar Army within the limits of the continental United States, includ-
ing some detachments of Coast Artillery forces, withdrawn from
their coast defense stations. It was, however, clear that even thus
strengthened the forces under Gen. Funston's command were inade-
quate to patrol this long and difficult line and to assure safety to the
life and property of American citizens against raids and depreda-
tions. The President, therefore, deemed it proper to exercise the
authority vested in him by the Constitution and laws to call out the
Organized Militia. On May 9, 1916, he issued a call, through the
governors of the States of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, direct-
ing the concentration of the militia of those States at places to be
designated by the commanding general of the Southern Department.
San Antonio, Columbus, and Douglas were designated as the
places of concentration for the Militia of Texas, Arizona, and New
Mexico, respectively, and upon the arrival of the militia, the neces-
sary procedure for their muster into the service of the United States,
under the provisions of the act approved January 21, 1903, as amended
by the act of Congress approved May 27, 1908, was at once entered
upon and vigorously prosecuted, the greater part of the militia, so
called, having been mustered into the service of the United States
before the close of the fiscal year. It was also directed by the de-
partment that the Federal authorities assume the duty of recruiting
for the militia service of the United States. In accordance with
these directions, the commanding general of the Southern Depart-
ment was ordered on May 27, 1916, to detail officers and enlisted
men from the Texas Militia mustered into the service of the United
States to recruit the Militia of Texas to its full strength, and similar
orders with respect to recruiting were issued with regard to the
militia of other States at a later date. The reasons which caused the
President to issue the call for the Militia of Texas, Arizona, and
New Mexico on May 9, 1916, impelled him, on June 18, 1916, to call
into the service of the United States a large part of the Organized
Militia and National Guard of the other States of the Union and the
12 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OP WAR.
District of Columbia, the call being duly issued on the date last
mentioned through the governors of all the States concerned and the
Commanding General of the District of Columbia Militia.
In the meantime, the National-Defense Act had been approved June
8, 1916, providing, among other things, for the transition of the
Organized Militia of the several States and the District of Columbia
into the National Guard, by taking the oath prescribed by that act,
and this transition was in progress in the several States when the
call of June 18 was made. The call of the President found the
militia at the very beginning of its transition from the Organized
Militia, provided in the earlier legislation, into the National Guard,
provided by the recent National-Defense Act. There had been no time
for the completion of the procedures provided for perfecting the
National Guard, so that the mass o'f detail which under ordinary
circumstances is involved in the concentration of the militia at
various mobilization points was increased by the fact that some of
the organizations existed wholly under their earlier status, some had
completed their organization under the National-Defense Act, and
some were in the course of changing their relation to the Federal
Government from that provided by one to that provided by the other
of these laws. Moreover, the provisions of the National-Defense Act,
not having previously been applied, were required to be interpreted
in many respects. There had not yet been time to work out in an
orderly way interpretations of the act and instructions under it
for the guidance either of officers of the Begular Army or of the
militia, who were required to cooperate in such a movement. The
task thus imposed upon the department and the chiefs of the bureaus
concerned was most exacting, and I can not too highly praise the zeal
and intelligence with which these difficulties were met or the self-
sacrifice with which the personnel of the department devoted itself
day and night to the speedy, orderly, and successful accomplishment
of its task.
To have worked out each detail, completed the transition of such
State organizations, and i-ecruited it to its full strength before trans-
ferring these forces to the border would have taken more time than
the exigencies of the situation permitted. Instructions were there-
fore given on June 28 to the commanding generals of the Eastern
Central, and Western Departments to transfer each unit to tlie
border as soon as it was reasonably equipped for field service.
BEPOBT OF THE SECRETAKY OF WAR. 18
On August 31, 1916, the date of the latest complete returns re-
ceived, the troops in the Southern Department consisted of 2,160 offi-
cers and 45,873 enlisted men of the Regular Army, and 5,446 officers
and 105,080 enlisted men of the National Guard, making a total of
7,606 officers and 150,953 enlisted men in that department. On the
date given there were 1,557 officers and 28,176 enlisted men of the
National Guard in the other military departments, making a total of
7,003 officers and 133,256 enlisted men of the National Guard in the
Federal service on August 31, 1916.
The 'present situation. — The mere presence of this enlarged force
on the border has served to preserve peace and to protect life and
property. Disturbances by outlaws and bandits in northern Mexico
have continued and roving bands of various numbers have moved
through the territory, harassing Mexican forces and raiding Mexi-
can communities, but they have not ventured an attack upon the
people of the United States. In the meantime the militia forces on
the border have been drilled, their organizations perfected, and
their personnel accustomed to life in camp in the performance of
this defensive duty. On the advice of the military commanders, it
has been determined that full protection can be given on the border
without utilizing the entire force of the National Guard in the
service of the United States. The department therefore determined
to send from time to time from their State mobilization camps por-
tions of the National Guard which had not as yet done border duty,
and in exchange for these freshly arrived contingents, the command-
ing general of the Southern Department has been directed to select
equivalent nimibers of troops which have been in actual border
service for return to their home stations for muster out. ThcHe
movements have been taking place with some rapidity and are now
substantially completed. The number of National Guard now on the
border is substantially 110,000 officers and men.
From the beginning the department appreciated the sacrifice which
the members of the National Guard were called upon to make in the
interest of the national defense. These organizationw, made up of
men engaged in all sorts of industrial, commercial, and profeiwional
activity, were sununoned suddenly and without op[Xirtunity ade-
quately to provide for a prolonged absenr^e from home. In many
instances family illness, business commitmentM^ and other pressing
14 REPORT OP THE SECRETART OF WAR.
©ngagements had to be faced, and an effort was made by the depart-
ment in the presence of extreme cases of hardships to minimize the
sacrifice. The most distressing class of cases were, of course, those
of men with dependent families or relatives for whom no provision
had been made and who were entirely dependent upon the peace-
time earnings of the citizen soldier. A number of cases were pre-
sented in which members of the National Guard were the occupants
of public office, the continued functions of which were essential to
the National and State Governments, and in some instances members
of the National Guard were found to be pivotal and apparently in-
dispensable directors of industrial and commercial enterprises upon
which the Government is obliged to rely for the proper supply of
commissary and equipment to the Army itself. The department
attempted to deal with these embarrassments on the principle that the
thing best for the National Guard, the thing which would tend to
strengthen and build it up, would be most in harmony with the inten-
tion of the Congress in the National-Defense Act. A limited number
of discharges were therefore granted on the ground of public policy,
so as not to weaken the spirit of the National Guard at home by de-
priving it of the regular performance of the governmental functions
or of the industrial and commercial operations upon which its sup-
ply and maintenance depended. For the relief of those members of
the National Guard having dependent families or relatives an order
was made authorizing the discharge of all soldiers so circumstanced
upon their own application. A relatively small number of members
of the National Guard took advantage of this order and were re-
turned to their homes. By this means acute distress was prevented
and the organization of community relief for dependent families,
which had been imdertaken in many places as soon as the call for the
Guard was issued, was rendered less burdensome. The Congress later
appropriated the sum of $2,000,000 to be expended by the department
under certain limitations provided in the act in the care of the de-
pendents of soldiers, and this operation made unnecessary the con-
tinuance of the original order authorizing the discharge of such
members of the Guard. The order was therefore withdrawn, and the
department is now engaged in the distribution of the funds provided
by Congi*ess for the object stated.
The National Guard is, both by law and in contemplation of its
members, the line of defense immediately back of the Regular Army.
BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF WAB. 15
It is organized for the purpose of responding quickly to emergency
calls, but our country has been singularly free from international
boundary difficulty which required more force than could be found
in the organizations of the Regular Army within the country. The
sort of duty presented by the Mexican difficulty, therefore, is un-
usual and may well have been unanticipated. The readiness with
which the militia responded to this call was most gratifying, and
when the transitional condition in which it was found by the call is
remembered, the confusions and difficulties attending the mobiliza-
tion will seem insignificant in comparison with its success and with
the splendid spirit with which both men and officers of the National
Guard responded.
The duty in Mexico and on the border has been of the most trying
kind which soldiers can be called upon to perform. The move-
ment and enthusiasm of active military operations supplies a spirit
of its own, but the soldier who is required to wait inactive finds it
difficult to reconcile himself to the privations of camp life and to the
separations from home, friends, and normal occupation required
of him, and yet this most trying of services is just what has been
required of our Regular Army and of the National Guard on the
border. Their time has of course been used in profitable military
training, and an enormous incidental advantage has accrued to the
country therefrom. But it is not strange that some restlessness and
complaint have been heard both from an occasional member of one
of the Guard forces and from their friends at home who have not
appreciated the necessity for their sacrifice, in view of the absence
of active operations. These complaints, however, have been minor
and infrequent. The spirit of the regiments has been high, their
service cheerful, and their appreciation both of their opportunity
for public service and of the value of the training received by them
has been evidenced from all quarters.
In a subsequent part of this report I deal with the question of
health and sanitation, so that I here but remark in passing that the
health of the soldiers on the border has been remarkable; their
freedom from camp fevers and from serious illnesses of all kinds is
perhaps as striking an incident of efficient medical supervision as
can be found in the history of any army. The initial difficulties of
supply and transportation were soon solved. I have personally met
the officers and men of several regiments which have returned from
14 REPORT OF THE SECBETART OF WAR.
engagements had to be faced, and an effort was made by the depart-
ment in the presence of extreme cases of hardships to minimize the
sacrifice. The most distressing class of cases were, of course, those
of men with dependent families or relatives for whom no provision
had been made and who were entirely dependent upon the peace-
time earnings of the citizen soldier. A number of cases were pre-
sented in which members of the National Guard were the occupants
of public office, the continued functions of which were essential to
the National and State Governments, and in some instances members
of the National Guard were found to be pivotal and apparently in-
dispensable directors of industrial and commercial enterprises upon
which the Government is obliged to rely for the proper supply of
commissary and equipment to the Army itself. The department
attempted to deal with these embarrassments on the principle that the
thing best for the National Guard, the thing which would tend to
strengthen and build it up, would be most in harmony with the inten-
tion of the Congress in the National-Defense Act. A limited number
of discharges were therefore granted on the groimd of public policy,
so as not to weaken the spirit of the National Guard at home by de-
priving it of the regular performance of the governmental functions
or of the industrial and commercial operations upon which its sup-
ply and maintenance depended. For the relief of those members of
the National Guard having dependent families or relatives an order
was made authorizing the discharge of all soldiers so circumstanced
upon their own application. A relatively small number of members
of the National Guard took advantage of this order and were re-
turned to their homes. By this means acute distress was prevented
and the organization of community relief for dependent families,
which had been undertaken in many places as soon as the call for the
Guard was issued, was rendered less burdensome. The Congress later
appropriated the sum of $2,000,000 to be expended by the department
under certain limitations provided in the act in the care of the de-
pendents of soldiers, and this operation made unnecessary the con-
tinuance of the original order authorizing the discharge of such
members of the Guard. The order was therefore withdrawn, and the
department is now engaged in the distribution of the funds provided
by Congress for the object stated.
The National Guard is, both by law and in contemplation of its
members, the line of defense immediately back of the Regular Army.
, »- •
1. •*
v::
K
BEPOET OF THE 8ECRETAEY OP WAR. 17
opportunities of the kind. In the development of such a program
we can remember that for the most part any Army is made up of
young men, and those wholesome recreations and activities to which
young men normally resort can be made the basis of what the Army
ought to undertake to supply for its own uses,
r ^ Transportation of the Regular Arm/y and militia to the Mexican
harder, — In a previous portion of this report I have discussed the raid
on Columbus, N. Mex., and the military measures adopted in con-
sequence of it, including the call of the Organized Militia and
National Guard into the service of the United States. It seems
to me worth while, however, to make a somewhat detailed refer-
ence to the transportation of these troops to the Mexican border,
both because I desire an opportunity to report specifically the efficient
cooperation of the railroads with the Government and also be-
cause the general question of transportation facilities is one of
very great military importance.
The railroads of the United States have been built in response
to commercial and industrial needs. Our continent has been de-
veloped and opened up by a process of railroad building which
had in view the transportation of raw materials and finished prod-
ucts, rendering our mineral and lumber resources accessible and
enabling our rapidly increasing population to develop the agri-
cultural and economic resources of the Nation. It is probably just
to say, however, that very little thought has been given in our
railroad development to their possible use for military purposes.
We have built no strategic railroads, our frontiers have been neg-
lected as possible scenes of military operations, and there has ac-
cordingly been little or no railroad building which had as its object
a possible call upon the railroads of the country rapidly to trans-
port large bodies of men and to maintain continuous streams of
military supplies for their support. This was not unnatural, as
the wide seas have been the frontier of the United States, and we
have been in contact with no highly organized and powerful mili-
tary nation. Our relations with our continental neighbors have
been peaceful and friendly, and the development of civilization
on this continent has had an industrial and commercial aspect
with little or no suggestion of military preparation. We have,
it is true, given far less thought to the problem of transportation
69176*'--WAB 1916— VOL 1 2
16 EEPORT OF THE SECBETAEY OF WAB.
the border, and without minimizing the inconvenience to which
these men have been put and the sacrifices which they have made, I
can not help feeling that they have received some compensation from
the experience, as they present uniformly pictures of splendid,
vigorous bodies of men, trained and disciplined, and with the added
dignity which comes from having performed a saving service for
their country.
Many valuable lessons will be learned from this mobilization experi-
ence which the department hopes can be applied in further organiza-
tion of the National Guard. As yet it is too soon to sum up in detail
all of these experiences, nor would it be just to the Guard to measure
its response to this need by a mere statistical exhibit of its condition
at the time of the call or the time of the transfer of its units to the
border. In this connection, however, I desire to point out that
under modern conditions one of the great needs of the Army organ-
ization is a suitable program of recreational activity for soldiers
during periods of enforced inactivity. In his home station the
soldier of the Regular Army will undoubtedly in the future make
use more and more largely of educational opportunities and there
will be automatically evolved certain recreational activities proper
to the place, the climate, and the disposition of the men, but the
soldier in camp has not the permanent facilities which can be found
in the well-ordered Army post. His entire time can not be spent
in drill, and there is, therefore, very great need for the development
of a systematic plan which will provide for the soldier under such
conditions an opportunity for sound, healthful, and agreeable recrea-
tion. The Young Men's Christian Association has realized this need
and most generously undertaken to provide facilities for our troops
on the border which under the conditions may be regarded as com-
parable to social and recreational opportunities offered by their
institutions to the young men of our cities. Undoubtedly, this
service has been of the highest value and has been appreciated by
the men as well as by the department. I venture, however, to express
the hope that we shall be able to devise, as a part of our own siys-
tematic provision for the Army, recreational facilities and opportuni-
ties which will follow the Army to its camp, and both brighten the
life of the Army and occupy the leisure of its members when the
exigencies of the service require their separation from accustomed
BEPOET OF THE 8ECRETAEY OP WAB. 17
opportunities of the kind. In the development of such a program
we can remember that for the most part any Army is made up of
young men, and those wholesome recreations and activities to which
young men normally resort can be made the basis of what the Army
ought to undertake to supply for its own uses.
Transportation of the Regulor Arm/y and militia to the Mexican
border, — In a previous portion of this report I have discussed the raid
on Columbus, N. Hex., and the military measures adopted in con-
sequence of it, including the call of the Organized Militia and
National Guard into the service of the United States. It seems
to me worth while, however, to make a somewhat detailed refer-
ence to the transportation of these troops to the Mexican border,
both because I desire an opportunity to report specifically the efficient
cooperation of the railroads with, the Government and also be-
cause the general question of transportation facilities is one of
very great military importance.
The railroads of the United States have been built in response
to commercial and industrial needs. Our continent has been de-
veloped and opened up by a process of railroad building which
had in view the transportation of raw materials and finished prod-
ucts, rendering our mineral and lumber resources accessible and
enabling our rapidly increasing population to develop the agri-
cultural and economic resources of the Nation. It is probably just
to say, however, that very little thought has been given in our
railroad development to their possible use for military purposes.
We have built no strategic railroads, our frontiers have been neg-
lected as possible scenes of military operations, and there has ac-
cordingly been little or no railroad building which had as its object
a possible call upon the railroads of the country rapidly to trans-
port large bodies of men and to maintain continuous streams of
military supplies for their support. This was not unnatural, as
the wide seas have been the frontier of the United States, and we
have been in contact with no highly organized and powerful mili-
tary nation. Our relations with our continental neighbors have
been peaceful and friendly, and the development of civilization
on this continent has had an industrial and commercial aspect
with little or no suggestion of military preparation. We have,
it is true, given far less thought to the problem of transportation
69176'— WAB 1916— VOL 1 2
18 BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF WAB.
from a military point of view than other great nations, but our
occasion for thinking in that direction has been less urgent. The
War College Division of the General Staff has made interesting
and valuable studies upon the mobilization and use of transpor-
tation equipment, and undoubtedly the Council of National De-
fense will give further valuable study to this question; but the
disturbed condition on the Mexican border in consequence of the
Columbus raid gave us an actual experiment in the use of our
railroads, the readiness with which their facilities could be organ-
ized in the service of the Government, and' a most instructive and
helpful demonstration of the hearty cooperation which the Gov-
ernment can expect from those who manage these great trans-
portation enterprises. From the report of the Quartermaster Gen-
eral I quote the following description of the steps taken and the
results obtained :
OOOPKBATION BrfWIUCN THS TBAN8P0BTATI0N OOICPANDBS AND THE QUABTEBMA8TEB
C0BP8.
Especial attention was devoted daring the fiscal year 1916 to the establish-
ment of a closer cooperation between the Quartermaster Ck)rps and the various
transportation interests with a view to coordination in the movements of troops
and supplies for the Army. The officer in charge of the transportation division.
Office of the Quartermaster General, appeared before several of the transporta-
tion associations and outlined a plan of mutual cooperation which would be of
benefit to both the carriers and the Government in case any necessity arose
involving the transportation of large numbers of troops, the plan outlined being
practically that which has since been placed in effect.
Under date of October 16, 1915, a letter was prepared in the Office of the
Quartermaster General recommending that the Secretary of War communicate
with the American Railway Association (which association is composed of the
presidents, general managers, and other chief operating officials of the Ameri-
can raUways), and suggest the establishment within that association of a
committee on military transportation to whom the department could look for
any information that might be desired as to the railroads of the United States,
and with a further view to coordination and cooperation between the raUroads
and the War Department in the transportation of troops and suppUes of the
United States. On October 26, 1915, a letter of the nature indicated was sent
by the Secretary of War to the American Railway Association, and after some
further correspondence a "special committee on cooperation with the mUitary
authorities" was appointed by that association. This conunittee was, and is,
composed of the foUowing gentlemen:
Fairfax Harrison (chairman), president Southern RaUway.
R. M. Aishton, president (Chicago & North Western RaUway.
EEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OP WAB. 19
A. W. Thompson, vice president Baltimore & Oliio Railroad.
W. G. Besler, president Central Railroad of New Jersey.
Conferences were held with this committee, and a general plan of cooperation
outlined to be placed in effect at the time of any public emergency.
Immediately after the call for mobilization of the State troops was issued
this committee met in the Office of the Quartermaster General with Lieut Col.
C3hauncey B. Baker, representing that office, and the plans previously determined
were at once placed in effect Arrangements were made for placing a compe-
tent railroad official at each department headquarters, at each mobilization
camp, and in the Office of the Quartermaster General. These representatives
were to act as an advisor to the officers of the Quartermaster Corps at these
various points on any matters affecting rail transportation. They were all
men of the highest reputation in the railroad world and did not represent any
particular railroad, but were representatives of all lines interested.
Directly after the announcement of the mobilization this committee of the
American Railway Association also called upon representatives of the various
railroads of the country to meet in Washington for the purpose of extending
every possible assistance among the railroads themselves. The object of this
meeting was to make all of the railroad equipment motive power, and personnel
of the country available to affect this movement in the most expeditious manner
possDile.
The main object of the special committee on cooperation with the military
authorities was to asHst the War Department in the transportation of troops
and supplies, and the committee acted only on instructions from the War
Department except in matters directly affecting the operation of trains.
When it was definitely known that an organization was to move the camp
quartermaster consulted with the American Railroad Association representative
at his camp and advised him as to the strength of the organization, and it was
the duty of the American Railway Association representative to see that all
railroad equipment other than tourist cars, was promptly assembled in time
for the movement Tourist cars were ordered direct from the Office of the
Quartermaster General, and the camp quartermaster was immediately advised
by wire whether tourist cars could be furnished from point of origin; if not,
the American Railway Association representative was so advised, and it was
his duty to see that coaches were senired for the movement
In 1912 the Quartermaster General's Office took up with the American Rail-
way Master Car Builders' Association the question of placing placards, in time
of war or threatened war, on all carload shipments of Government property.
As a result of a large amount of correspondence a plan was formulated which
was accepted by all the railroads in the country, and a series of placards adopted.
Through the agency of the American Railway Association all railway officials
and employees were notified that cars so placarded must be given right of way
from point of origin to point of destination. Such cars are placed in the
fastest moving freight trains and kept constantly moving to point of destina>
20 BEPOBT OP THE SEOBBTABY OP WAB.
tlon, where they are immediately delivered, and at once identified, shifted Into
position, discharged, and released without the necessity of waiting for the
formal bills of lading and official papers of the railways and the Government,
the placards themselves serving to fully identify all shipments. All placards
bear the legend " UNITED STATES ARMY " at the head, followed by the de-
partment to which supplies belong, the car initial, car number, point of
shipment, contents, consignee, destination, routing, date shipped, and con-
signor. Oars bearing these cards are never sidetracked nor shifted into yards
except to be placed in through freight trains. Should a car become dam-
aged through any cause, it is given preference and precedence for any repairs ;
and if repairs require an extended period, contents are loaded into another car
and the movement continued.
As a result of this understanding between the railroads and the Quarter-
master Qenerars Office shipments of freight are being made with remarkable
expedition. Many instances are cited where freight shipments have been sent
through from Washington and vicinity to the Texas border in four days, and
from New York and vicinity In five days or less; freight from Philadelphia,
Pa., has reached San Antonio, Tex., in 79 hours ; from the Lakes to the border
shipments have been made in an elapsed time of a little more than 48 hours.
The hearty cooperation of the railroads in making these shipments has been
rendered without any hesitation whatever, with all the energy possible, and
without additional charge to the Government.
It is believed that this simple device, with the fullest cooperation of the
railroads, has removed one of the principal sources of criticism applicable to
the period of mobilization in 18d8.
Where special, urgent shipments have been made they have been followed
through by wire to destination, and most satisfactory results have been obtained
in every instance.
As a specific example showing how the cooperation of the railroad com-
panies assisted the Army there may be cited the case of the first motor truck
company purchased for the expeditionary forces in Mexico.
Bids were Invited for a number of trucks, and award made about 5 o'clock
the evening of March 14. Twenty-seven trucks were purchased under this
advertisement in Wisconsin. These trucks were inspected, the personnel to
operate them employed, the trucks were loaded in 14 cars, and tourist car
furnished for the personnel, and the train left at 8.11 a. m. March 16. It
arrived at Ck)lumbus, N. Mex., 1,601 miles away, shortly after noon on the 18th ;
the trucks were unloaded from the cars, loaded with supplies, and sent across
the border, reaching Gen. Pershing's command with adequate supplies of food
before he had exhausted the supplies taken with him from Oolumbus.
In a little more than four days after orders were placed with the manufac-
turers these trucks had gone across the border at Columbus, 1,000 miles away
from the factory, loaded with supplies.
The general plan of cooperation also provided for coordinating the duties of
the Pullman Co. in furnishing sleeping-car equipment, and under this plan, when
BEPOBT OF THE 8ECRETABY OP WAB. 21
it became necessary to mobilize the Organized Militia, tlie supply and distri-
bution of tourist sleeping cars was handled directly under the Instructions
of the Quartermaster General of the Army. In order to centralize the furnish-
ing of tourist sleepers at the point most convenient to the Oovemment, to
utilize the available supply of these cars to the best advantage, and to ke^
them constantly in service the Pullman Ck). changed the supervision of the
supply and movement of these cars from the headquarters of the company at
Chicago to Washington, where they stationed Mr. C. W. Henry, assistant to
superintendent of car service, with a competent force. Mr. Henry was In Imme-
diate touch with the Office of the Quartermaster General, and on receipt of
request from camp quartermasters for tourist cars he was advised of the needs
and at once took steps to supply the cars if they were available at any point
Reports were received by him dally from all parts of the United States showing
the number of tourist cars that were available In all sections of the country, and
in cases when, on account of the necessity for immediate departure. It was
Impossible to furnish cars from the starting point, this branch of the Pullman
Co. used every effort to furnish the cars en route, Inunedlately starting such
cars as could be secured over the route to be taken by the troops, so that they
could be transferred to tourist sleeping cars at the first possible opportunity.
During the first two weeks of the concentration this force was on duty until
nearly midnight every day, including Sundays, and deserves great credit for
the excellent assistance rendered the Government
The great value of the plans made for cooperation and coordination between
the railroads and the War Department was fully demonstrated In the mobiliza-
tion and concentration of the Organized Mllltla. Every assistance possible was
rendered the Government, not only by the American Railway Association and
the Pullman Ck)., but by the various passenger associations, and by the officials
and employees of all the railroads concerned, from the presidents of the com-
panies down to the minor employees. In addition to the representative of the
American Railway Association, nearly all the Important southwestern railway
lines had representatives In Washington during the entire movement, and these
representatives kept In close touch with the transportation over their respective
lines and were available for consultation at any time, if desired by the depart-
ment. The cooperation of the American Railway Association representatives,
with their expert knowledge of transportation conditions, has proved of great
value to the department, and quartermasters Imve been relieved of a great
deal of trouble and annoyance heretofore experienced In the mobilization of
large bodies of troops.
It is believed that the careful plan of cooperation adopted and the assistance
of the transportation interests in this plan has demonstrated that the problem
of rail congestion, which was the bugaboo of the mobilization of troops In 1898,
has been entirely eliminated.
The arrangements entered Into with railway lines in eastern and western
territory, as referred to in the Ajmual Report of the Quartermaster (General for
1015, pages 50 and 51, were continued during the fiscal year 1916, and resulted
22 EEPOBT OP THE SECRETAEY OF WAB.
In a saying of approximately $40,000 on passenger traffic. Negotiations are
now under way witli lines in New England and soutlieastern territory on a
similar basis with every prospect of a successful conclusion ; this arrangement
will then cover the entire United States. Briefly, it provides for a deduction
of 5 per cent from the usual fare available to the Government and for an equita-
ble distribution of the traffic between all lines Interested ; it simplifies the settle-
ment of accounts and insures the cooperation of the various carriers.
During the early days of the transportation of large bodies of the
militia to the Mexican border some uneasiness was felt throughout
the country lest the great distances to be traveled by some of these
organizations and the hurried preparation of their supplies might
produce conditions prejudicial to the health and comfort of the men.
This apprehension was quickly allayed. The cases of inconvenience
were relatively few. No really serious situation developed, and it
seems to me just to claim for the War Department and for the co-
operating railroads that they managed a task, although of unusual
difficulty and size, with great skill and most commendable success.
After the first hurried days order rapidly appeared and although we
have during the past summer moved larger bodies of troops longer
distances than is at all customary, the movements have been carried
out with order, and most comfortable and adequate provision has been
made for the men both going to and returning from the Mexican
border.
Motor-truck transportation. — ^The absence of railroad facilities
paralleling the international boundary between Mexico and the
United States and the penetration of the Pershing expedition into
Mexico at a point removed from inmiediate access to railroad facili-
ties led to very large use by the Army of motor trucks. The report
of the Quartermaster General covers in detail the purchases made
and the service rendered. I refer to the subject only to point out
that the department was able to maintain by motor truck an un-
broken supply service for Gen. Periling and enormously to increase
the efficiency of the border patrol by the use of motor vehicles. The
development of the motor truck in the past few years has produced a
vehicle which is able to traverse wild, unbroken coimtry and, ex-
cept under abnormal conditions, to transport soldiers and their
supplies with certainty and rapidity. Our whole experience in
this regard is of great value, and careful studies are being made
of the efficiency of the various types of motor vehicles in the
border service. Undoubtedly a standard-size truck and a stand-
BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF WAB. 28
ard design will be evolved, and the subsequent equipment of the
Army with motor baggage trains and motor-propelled ordnance
will proceed upon a sounder foundation of information than could
have been possible but for the lessons learned from this experience.
Inci^ease in enlisted strength in an emergency. — By joint resolu-
tion approved March 17, 1916, Congress made provision for increas-
ing the number of enlisted men of the Army in an emergency, in the
following language:
• • • When In the Judgment of the President an emergency arises which
makes it necessary* aU organisations of the Army which are now below the
maximum enlisted strength authorized by law shall be raised forthwith to
that strength and shall be maintained as nearly as possible thereat so long
as the emergency shall continue: Provided, That the total enlisted strength
of any of said arms of the service shall not Include unassigned recruits
therefor at depots or elsewhere, but such recruits shall at no time exceed
by more than five per centum the total enlisted strength prescribed for
such arms; and the enlisted men now or hereafter authorized by law for
other branches of the military service shall be provided and maintained
without any Impairment of the enlisted strength prescribed for any of said arms.
The strength of the Army authorized under the provisions of the
act of Februarv 2, 1901, as modified by the joint resolution of
March 17, lOlG, is as follows:
nnnobw of Mrvic«.
Enlbted
men.
<^iMrUnnMt«r Corpi
MsdimI D«paftm«iit
rorra of En^liiccn
OroDaBc* r)«ii«rtm«Dt
Siioial Corfii
OftTslry
Field Artnipry
CoMt ArtUltfy C«n»
InluitrT
Porto Kico Rtflmrot of Inftm try
UnlUd SUtM HOiterY Anuteiiif dttadimtnti
RocniltlDff partita, rttniii d«pMS, and unaaiijEDed raenilta
UaitodStAtM Dlfciplliiary Bvnckacuarda
Borrfcx ochool dttaenni tnts
With dJaciplinvy or0uUt»tlau
Moimtid orderliw
iBdJan ■DDuta
• 6,409
1,083
l.llS
1,473
17,694
6,368
19,321
64,443
699
683
6,006
360
746
110
7
78
Total R»ffiitar A nay.
PhlllppiM acoitu
117.305
6.733
133.038
• InqladM tnltatod stmiKth (6,000 men) of the Qtmrtermaater Corpa, whlob under the proTliiona of the
•ft of rooKrcMi apnrovcd Aur. 34, 1913 (37 St&t. L., 6(0), are not to be counted aa a part of the eollated
fom provided bv law. Under the proviafona of the act of June 3, 1016, the enlisted atrength of tbe Quar-
termaater Corpa h Included in the s&encth of the Ref^ilar Army.
» The act of Jime 3, 1916, provldaa that the enllated «tr«nfrth of the Hoepital Corps ia not to be oountMl as
a part of the enllated atranj^th of the Army, which la fimilar to the provlaloo contained in the act of Mar. L
107 (M 8^t L., 436). The authorlied strength of the Uoapital Corpa on Jane 30. ivitt. was 6,3881
24 EEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OP WAR,
Recruiting. — For some time prior to the date of this enactment the
general recruiting service had been so successful in keeping the Army
filled to the strength then authorized that recruiting had been cur-
tailed and at various times it had been found necessary to discon-
tinue the acceptance of new applicants for enlistment in some arms
of the service.
Anticipating the action of Congress in enacting the joint resolu-
tion of March 17, 1916, orders were given en March 13, 1916, to re-
open recruiting stations that had been closed and to open additional
ones in productive places and to prosecute the work of obtaining
recruits for the Army without regard to hours. Recruiting oflScers
circularized the population of the districts in which they were op-
erating with special circulars showing the advantages of Army life
and urging all qualified to avail themselves of those advantages.
An experienced sergeant in the recruiting service was detailed
with the Government exhibit on the "Safety-first'' train, which
made a tour of the country during last spring and summer. Printed
matter relating to the recruiting service was distributed in large
quantities, including thousands of copies of the law enacted May 4,
1916, authorizing the appointment of cadets to the United States
Military Academy from the ranks of the Army. This seemed to
arouse a great deal of interest among a very desirable class of young
men who visited the train.
All recruiting oflScers were also advised of the provisions of this
law and instructed to give it the widest publicity possible.
A booklet setting forth the experiences of a recruit for the Army
at a recruit depot was also published. It was prepared by a news-
paper reporter who entered the recruit depot as a recruit and was
afforded every opportunity to acquaint himself thoroughly with the
manner in which the Army prepares its soldiers at recruit depots
before sending them to their organizations. The author lived the
life of a recruit at the depot, was granted no indulgences other than
those extended to other recruits, and relates his experiences in a
thoroughly unprejudiced manner.
Another publication issued by the recruiting service shows the
various employments in civil life open to soldiers who have availed
themselves of the many opportunities for vocational training
afforded by the Army and have been discharged with a good char-
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 25
acter. It is contemplated to have the recruiting officers scattered
throughout the country in the centers of population lend every
assistance possible toward securing for honorably discharged soldiers
employment in civil life in the various capacities set forth in the
publication. It is hoped and believed that the fact made known
through this publication that the Government does not lose interest
in the former soldier upon his discharge from the service, but aids
him in applying in civil life the vocational training he has acquired
in the Army, will go a long way toward convincing the public that
the term of service in the Army is a very desirable experience for
any young man — an experience that will not only aid him physically
and mentally, that will not only train him morally and manually,
but that will also enable him to advance himself by reason of that
mental and manual training in civil life after he shall have been
separated from military service.
There has been an increase in the number of accepted applicants
for enlistment since the passage of the joint resolution referred to,
but it has not been as marked an increase as desired. This is un-
doubtedly due to several causes. The first and probably the prin-
cipal cause is the present labor condition throughout the country.
Recruiting officers from all sections report that never in their experi-
ence has there been the demand for labor in all lines of industry that
exists and that has existed for the past several months. In the large
manufacturing districts the demand for labor is far in excess of the
supply. Wages are high and all who desire employment readily
secure it. In the agricultural districts the demand for labor was
active during the summer and early fall, and the supply was inade-
quate. Thus the recruiting service, which is simply one of many
employers, has been unable to secure the recruits needed. However,
during June, July, and August, 1916, the number of enlistments
increased practically 175 per cent over the number for the corre-
sponding months in 1915.
The National-Defense Act approved June 8, 1916, authorizes the
President, in his discretion, to utilize the services of postmasters of
the second, third, and fourth classes in procuring enlistments of
recruits for the Army, and as a result of your action under this law
all postmasters of the second, third, and fourth classes in the United
States, estimated to be about 56,000, are now authorized to act as
recruiting agents for the Army.
26
BEPOBT OP THE SECRETABY OF WAB.
In addition to the duty of recruiting for the Regular Army, the
recruiting service has been charged recently with the duty of recruit-
ing for the Organized Militia mustered into the military service of
the United States.
Authorized strength. — On June 30, 1916, the authorized strength
of the Kegular Army, including Medical Department, was 5,018
officers and 122,693 enlisted men; an increase of 184 officers and
25,445 enlisted men over the preceding year. In addition, the au-
thorized strength of the Philippine Scouts was 182 officers and 5,733
enlisted men, the same as during the preceding year.
Actual strength. — On June 30, 1916, the actual strength of the
Regular Army, including Medical Department, was 4,843 officers and
97,013 enlisted men; a total of 101,856, and an increase during the
year of 227 officers and 1,248 enlisted men. In addition to this, the
actual strength of the Philippine Scouts was 182 officers, the same as
last year, and 5,603 enlisted men, an increase of 173 during the year.
On that date the Army, including the Philippine Scouts, was dis-
tributed geographically as follows:
Oeognphical distribution.
Officers.
In th€ United States*
In Alflska. . ....... . ••••• •••••»•••••••«..•
In the Philippine Isliuidj:
Uesnilar Army
Philippine Scouts.
In China.
In Porto Rico
In Hawaii
In the Canal Zone
Troops en route and olBoers at foreign stations.
Total.
Total.
71,038
792
U,884
6,785
1,374
714
8,445
7.099
610
107,041
« Includes troops serving In Mexico.
* Includes 154 first lieutenants of the Medical Reserve Corps.
* Includes 4,670 enlisted men of the Medical Department.
Increased strength and organization provided hy National-Defense
Act. — ^The National-Defense Act of June 3, 1916, authorized a con-
siderable increase in the national forces; the increase in the number
of officers and enlisted men of the Regular Army to be made in five
annual increments, beginning July 1, 1916. It provides for four
chesses of soldiers in the United States: First, the Regular Army;
second, the National Guard ; third, the Enlisted Reserve Corps ; all
of which shall exist in time of peace; and, fourth, the Volunteer
Army, which shall be raised only in time of war. The peace strength
of the Regular Army is fixed by the act at approximately 11,450
EEPOBT OP THE SEOEETAEY OP WAB. 27
officers, including the 182 officers of the Philippine Scouts; not to
exceed 175,000 troops of the line (including the Ordnance JDepart-
ment), approximately 42,750 noncombatant troops, including the
unassigned recruits, and 5,733 Philippine Scouts, making a total
of approximately 223,580. The total enlisted strength of the Medi-
cal Department is limited to 5 per cent of the total enlisted strength
of the Army, and it can not be determined at this time because
the strength of all the other staff corps and departments is not fixed.
The National Guard will probably consist of about 17,000 officers
and 440,000 men. The number of men who will join the Enlisted
Reserve Corps can not be foretold. They are practically enlisted
specialists for the technical departments of the Army recruited in
time of peace for use in time of war only, and are subject in time
of peace to short periods of training yearly. Volunteers can be
called in time of war when and in such numbers as Congress shall
authorize.
The maximum number of officers (war strength) of the Begular
Army under the act is approximately 12,030, the additional 580 over
peace strength being in the Medical Department. The exact nimiber
of officers authorized can not be given because the number of addi-
tional officers varies from time to time, and the number of retired
officers that will be transferred to the active list tmder the provisions
of the act of March 4, 1915, can not be foretold. The total maximum
enlisted strength (war strength) of the Regular Army, including the
Philippine Scouts, is approximately 298,000. This figure is based
on total increases in the staff corps and departments in proportion
to the increases authorized for the first increment.
The total nimiber of officers authorized for the fiscal year 1917 is
7,252, including 182 officers of the Philippine Scouts.
By General Orders No. 50, September 23, 1916, as am^ded, the
organization of the authorized enlisted strength of the Army, includ-
ing the first increment under the act of June 3, 1916, was established
as follows :
Infantry, 38 regiments 51, 224
Cavalry, 17 regiments 17, 857
Field Artillery, 9 regiments 7, 881
Engineers, 3 regiments and 1 mounted company 2, 108
Coast Artillery Coii>s 21, 423
Staff corps and departments 19. 224
28 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP WAR*
Philippine Scouts 5, 783
Miscellaneous organizations and special allowances 18,857
Total enlisted strength of the Army (Including the Medical De-
partment) 188,807
Total enlisted strength of the Army, excluding the Medical Department- 182, 288
Total enlisted strength of the Army, excluding the Porto Rico Regiment,
the Philippine Scouts, and the unassigned recruits, and including the
Medical Department 128, 108
Total enlisted force of the line of the Regular Army, excluding the
Philippine Scouts and the enlisted men of the Quartermaster Corps, of
the Medical Department, and of the Signal Corps, and the unassigned
recruits 106,558
Actual increase. — ^The actual increase in the Army, provided as a
part of the general legislation for preparedness, is as follows:
An increase in the Army of about 6yJi20 officers at minimum or
peace strength and about 7/)00 at maximum strength^ and of about
llfifiOO enlisted men at minimum and about 170/)00 at maximum
strength^ the increase to be m>ade in five annual increments, — The
Army will be increased 34rJ regiments of Infantry, 10 regiments of
Cavalry, 15 regiments of Field Artillery, 93 companies of Coast Ar-
tillery, 5 regiments of Engineers, 2 battalions of Mounted Engineers,
the necessary number of auxiliary troops in the Medical Department,
Quartermaster Corps, Signal Corps, and the unassigned recruits, and
in addition thereto the number of Philippine Scouts that may be de-
termined upon by the President, not to exceed a maximum of 12,000.
The number of general officers of the Army has been increased
from 7 major generals and 17 brigadier generals to 11 major generals
and 36 brigadier generals. This will provide the necessary general
officers to command the divisions and brigades and furnish the gen-
eral officers for the General Staff.
The General Staff Corps has been increased from 38 officers to 57
officers.
The Adjutant General's Department, the Inspector Greneral's De-
partment, the Judge Advocate General's Department, the Quarter-
master Corps, the Medical Department, the Corps of Engineers, Ord-
nance Department, and Signal Corps have all been materially in-
creased to meet the increased size of the Regular Army. There is
nothing materially new in regard to these departments or corps.
The increase in the Regular Army will be made in five annual
increments, beginning July 1, 1916, and running to July 1, 1920,
BEPOBT OF THE SECKETABY OF WAR. 29
although the President is authorized to make the increase more rap-
idly in case of emergency.
The figures given above (except those quoted from General Orders
No. 50) are approximate, and while based upon the best data obtain-
able at this time, are subject to material changes, because the strength
of some of the staff corps and departments is not fixed by the act
but is left to the discretion of the President to be fixed by him from
time to time, in accordance with the needs of the service.
An o-fficera* reserve corps; a reserve oificers^ training corps^ and an
enlisted reserve corps. — An officers' reserve corps is provided which
will authorize the commissioning of civilians up to and including the
grade of major in the various branches of the Army. These men can
be selected and trained in time of peace, and the officers so obtained
will be far better prepared than any volunteers that could be raised
hurriedly at the outbreak of war. In order to obtain these reserve
officers, a reserve officers' training corps is authorized which will
consist of units at the various colleges, academies, and universities
throughout the country where military education and training will
be given which, in connection with six weeks' field training each sum-
mer, will give a personnel for the officers' reserve corps that is far
better equipped for the duties of an officer than any heretofore
available.
In order to provide the enlisted men for the various technical staff
corps and departments, an enlisted reserve corps has been authorized,
which will consist of men whose daily occupation in civil life spe-
cially fits them for duty in the Engineer, Signal, and Quartermaster
Corps, and in the Ordnance and Medical Departments. This en-
listed reserve corps will provide the railway operatives, bridge build-
ers, chauffeurs, hospital attendants, nurses, telegraphers, etc., re-
quired for the departments and corps mentioned. It is impracticable
to keep in the Eegular Army the number of men of these classes that
will be necessary in time of war, and the enlisted reserve corps will
provide for the deficiency.
HEALTH AND SANFTATION.
In the health statistics of the Army the calendar year is used.
During the past year the health of the Army was excellent. There
were no epidemics or unusual occurrences of infectious diseases.
30 BEPOBT OF THE SECRETABY OP WAB.
Typhoid fever. — ^There were throughout the year but eight cases of
typhoid fever in the entire Army, none of which resulted in death.
This record is the more remarkable when it is considered that during
the 14 months from May 1, 1898, to June 30, 1899, covering the
period of the Spanish-American War, there were 2,774 deaths from
typhoid fever, and that this disease was alone responsible for more
than one-half of the entire disease mortality in the Army. The
experience in 1898 was made the basis of an investigation into the
matter of infection and dissemination of the disease in military
camps, and from that time imtil now the medical department of the
Army has waged a ceaseless battle against typhoid fever, culminating
in the adoption of antityphoid vaccination, the results of which are
even more striking than those following the introduction of vaccina-
tion against smallpox. Indeed, the success of science in this contest
constitutes one of the most interesting and brilliant chapters in the
history of preventive medicine.
Malarial fevers, — Malarial fever, formerly one of the largest con-
tributors to the noneffective rate in the service, showed in the year
under examination the lowest rate in the history of the Army. The
record in the Philippine Islands is especially creditable, but in gen-
eral it may be said that with the growth of sanitary knowledge this
disabling group of disease is being brought under control.
The rate for tuberculosis was 3.49 per cent per 1,000, the lowest in
the record of the Army, and real progress was made in the control
of venereal disease.
The general decline in alcoholism throughout the country is seen
in the Army in a steadily diminished rate during the past 15 years,
and, while both in the matter of venereal disease and excessive alco-
holic indulgence we are making obvious progress, I am entirely
clear that the working out of the educational and recreational pro-
grams suggested elsewhere in this report will have a tendency to
accelerate our progress in the prevention and restriction of these
troubles. Both are caused by personal indulgence. Personal indul-
gence is stimulated by unoccupied and uninteresting leisure, and both
are resisted by that sort of sound body and mind which result from
a life lived under normal and wholesome circumstances and filled
with an interesting variety of work and refreshment.
The health statistics of the Army are especially interesting, in view
of the fact that they cover about 100,000 men having a far extended
REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OP WAR. 31
field of action, distributed literally over two hemispheres, and there-
fore subject to epidemic contact and to the presence of contagion in
foreign service, from which the civilian or nonmilitary population of
the continental United States is more adequately protected by local
sanitary safeguards.
Expedition into Mexico. — ^The expeditionary force which, in
March, 1916, entered Mexico comprised troops of all branches, num-
bering approximately 10,000 men. During the several months of
their stay these "men have been under the most trying climatic and
sanitary conditions, having to construct the sanitary appliances and
facilities of their camps, and frequently being in stations where ade-
quate water supply was difficult to secure. It is a matter of interest
to note that the health of these troops is really remarkable. They
have made plain their efficiency, and their noneffective rate has com-
pared favorably with the best attained by home troops under garri-
son conditions.
The mobilization of the National Guard on the Mexican border
presented to the medical staff of the Army a large and delicate prob-
lem. The men comprising these Guard regiments were drawn from
all parts of the United States, from our great cities and from the
rural districts, from high uplands and low valleys, from mountain
and plain. They were transported at the height of the summer heat
to the climate of southern Texas, to which few, if any, of them were
in the least accustomed. They exchanged home life for crowded rail-
road trains and crowded railroad trains for hastily prepared camps.
They underwent at once an immediate dietary change and as com-
plete a change of habit and occupation. All of the facilities of the
health service of the Army were at once devoted to sanitary and
prophylactic measures for the safety of these men. The resources of
the Department of Agriculture were generously and freely placed at
the disposal of the War Department to aid in food examination and
in the extermination of pests, which are nearly always the carriers
of disease, with the astonishing result that the sick rate of the com-
bined forces on the border since the mobilization has been less than
2 per cent. This is equivalent to a noneffective rate of 18 per
1,000. This I believe to be the lowest noneffective rate maintained
in any similar body of men in our history, and I am told that it
compares favorably with the best done by any country at any time.
The credit therefor belongs primarily to commanding officers, the
y
32 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.
Surgeon General and Quartermaster General and their associates.
They have, however, been intelligently aided by the medical officers
of the National Guard, and of course have had the hearty cooperation
and support of the War Department and the use of all the facilities
of the other departments of the Government which could contribute
to the accomplishment of their task. The result is not only gratify-
ing in that it shows what progress we have made in sanitary science
in the Army, but it has given the country confidence in the ability
of the military authorities to safeguard the health of soldiers, and
an assurance that the inevitable casualty list of military operations
will not be supplemented by the horrors of preventable sickness and
death, as was formerly the case before preventive medicine had so far
wrought its saving service to mankind.
ADDITIONAL LEOISLATION ENACTED FOB PBEPABEDNESS.
Increase in rmmber of cadets at the United States Military Acad-
emy.— The enlargement of the Army provided by the National De-
fense Act clearly called for an increase in the number of trained
oflScers available for service. Experience both in our own Army and
abroad has shown that while longer and longer periods of training are
necessary to fit the soldier for his task in modem war the most serious
delay in preparation for a great national emergency arises in the
training of officers, who must have not only the vigorous health and
hardened bodies of the soldier but technical knowledge of those
new and mechanical implements which have been devised and are
being devised for use in warfare. The officer must have too the dis-
cipline of mind which can both obey and command, and this sort
of discipline comes only with training and experience.
The art of war under modem conditions engages vastly larger
bodies of men and a more complete coordination of all the national
resources than was formerly the case. Success may depend upon
rapidity of transportation both of men and supplies. The use of
railroads and of motor transportation has taken the place of the
old-fashioned marching and maneuvering, and under modem con-
ditions a smaller number of men moved by carefully prepared trans-
portation facilities is sometimes enabled to ma^ its strength so as
to overcome disparity of numbers. As no army is stronger than
its supply train the dependence of any military force upon properly
coordinated and efficiently served transportation facilities is obvious.
EEPOBT OP THE 8ECEETAEY OF WAB. 8C
The implements of war have multiplied and we now have direct fire
from the artillery, rifle fire from the infantry, and the cavalry
reconnaissance and charge supplemented, if not replaced, by indirect
artillery fire at vastly increased ranges, the high explosive shell,
the machine gun, and the aeroplane. These added agents are the
contributions of science to the art of war. They are scientific in
their principles of construction and in their mode of use, and the
whole art of war is as different from that practiced a few genera-
tions ago as the processes of higher mathematics are different from
simple algebraic computations. The strength of the individual
soldier has passed out of his arm and into his head, and as his art
now depends upon intricate mechanical tools his skill must often be
that of the trained mechanic and his knowledge that of the scientist.
Especially are these higher requirements made of officers and the
necessity for a longer period of training and for training of a finer
kind is more and more apparent.
The United States Military Academy at West Point has almost
from its origin ranked foremost among the military schools of the
world. Its site is one of the most impressive in America, its equip-
ment of buildings adequate, convenient, and inspiring in their beauty
and suggestiveness. The officers educated there have made a body
of men who from the beginning of the Republic have demonstrated
the spirit of self-sacrifice for the preservation of the liberty of the
country, and while many brilliant officers have come into the Army
from civil life it remains true that the great body of officers needed
in the Army have come from the Military Academy and in the future
must be expected to secure their education and discipline there. As
the art of war has grown more intricate special service schools have
been established, in which young officers are gathered for courses,
post-graduate in their nature, in the several arms of the service, and
these schools deserve enlargement and encouragement at the hands
of Congress. This, in my judgment, is especially true of the En-
gineer School for reasons to which I shall refer later, but the funda-
mental basis of the officers' education must for the greater part con-
tinue to be supplied at the Military Academy at West Point, and it
is therefore fortunate that Congress, in the act approved May 4,
1916, has authorized an increase in the number of cadets and has
made that increase in such fashion that it will fall gradually upon
69176*— WAB 1916— VOL 1 3
34 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR,
the teaching facilities of the academy and enable it to absorb its
increased work without confusion or loss of quality.
For a number of years the department had urged Congress to make
some provision that would afford a wider opportunity for desirable
young men with a taste for militry life to secure appointments to
West Point. It was pointed out that Congress had made large
expenditures to build and equip this splendid educational institution,
and that there was every reason why it should be operated and main-
tained at its maximum capacity.
By the terms of the act of May 4, 1916, the Corps of Cadets —
• • • shaU hereafter consist of two for each congressional district, two
from each Territory, four from the District of Ck>lumhia, two from natives of
Porto Rico, four from each State at large, and eighty from the United States at
large, twenty of whom shall be selected from among the honor graduates of edu-
cational institutions having officers of the Regular Army detailed as professors
of military science and tactics under existing 4aw or any law hereafter enacted
for the detail of officers of the Regular Army to such 'institutions, and which
institutions are designated as " honor schools " upon the determination of their
relative standing at the last preceding annual inspection regularly made by the
War Department. They shall be appointed by the President and shall, with the
exception of the eighty appointed from the United States at large, be actual resi-
dents of the congressional or Territorial district, or of the District of Columbia,
or of the Island of Porto Rico, or of the States, respectively, from which they
purport to be appointed: Providedy That so much of the act of Congress ap-
proved March fourth, nineteen hundred and fifteen (Thirty-eighth Statutes at
Large, page eleven hundred and twenty-eight), as provides for the admission
of a successor to any cadet who shall have finished three years of his course at
the academy be, and the same is hereby, repealed : Provided further. That the
appointment of each member of the present Corps of Cadets is validated and
confirmed.
Sec. 2. That the President is hereby authorized to appoint cadets to the United
States Military Academy from among enlisted men In number as nearly equal as
practicable of the Regular Army and the National Guard between the ages of
nineteen and twenty-two years who have served as enlisted men not less than
one year, to be selected under such regulations as the President may prescribe :
Provided, That the total number so selected shall not exceed one hundred and
eighty at any one time.
Sec. 3. That, under such regulations as the President shall prescribe, the in-
crease in the number of cadets provided for by this act shall be divided Into four
annual Increments, which shall be as nearly equal as practicable and be equitably
distributed among the sources from which appointments are authorized.
The total number of cadets authorized prior to the passage of the
act of May 4, 1916, was 668. The new act authorizes an increase of
EEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 35
664, to be made in four annual increments, so that the number of
cadets authorized for the first year is 834 ; second year, 1,000 ; third
year, 1,166; and for the fourth year, 1,332.
On September 1, 1916, the beginning of the current academic year,
there were 769 cadets on the rolls, including 4 Filipino cadets and 2
foreign cadets, 1 from China and 1 from Cuba. Those cadets were
divided among the four classes as follows: First class, 141; second
class, 156 ; third class, 147 ; and fourth class, 325.
The usual examination of candidates for admission to the Military
Academy was held at various military posts, beginning March 21,
1916. An additional examination was held, beginning June 6, 1916,
to fill the 102 vacancies that existed after the regular examination,
and also to fill the vacancies (166) in the first annual increment of the
increase in the Corps of Cadets provided for by the act above quoted.
Inasmuch as it became apparent that not enough cadets to fill the
vacancies in the first increment would be obtained from this exami^
nation, it was decided to hold still another examination (physical)
on June 27, 1916, mental qualification being by certificate only. The
total number of candidates designated for the three examinations
was 1,228. Of that number, 202 failed to report for examination;
12 declined appointment, their appointments were canceled, or they
were prevented by sickness from reporting; 515 were rejected upon
mental or physical examination, or upon both ; 109 failed to complete
the mental or physical examination, or both ; 1 was refused admission
because of cribbing; and (at the June 27 examination) 2 qualified
physically and failed to submit educational certificates. There were
no vacancies for 58 alternates and 5 candidates at large who qualified.
The remaining 324 candidates were found qualified and were ad-
mitted to the academy. After the examination of June 27 there
were 26 vacancies in the first increment.
The number of cadets authorized for 1916 is 834. There being 767
cadets on the rolls (excluding the 2 foreign cadets) on September 1,
1916, there was a total of 67 vacancies on that date. That number
has been increased by resignations and death, so that the number of
vacancies now is 77.
The training of citizens; Reserve Officers* Traming Carps. — In
addition to the provision made for an enlargement of the student
body at the Military Academy, the country has witnessed a rapid
36 REPOET OF THE SECRETABY OF WAR.
development of interest in citizen training. The reorganization
and federalization of the militia, provided by the National-Defense
Act, is in part a response to this impulse, but several interesting
and promising experiments of a more novel kind are in progress.
First of these is the establishment and maintenance at various edu-
cational institutions throughout the country of a reserve officers'
training corps. By this means it is hoped to utilize the facilities
of public and private educational institutions to give instruction
to large bodies of students in the elements of military science and
tactics. Officers of the Army are detailed to these institutions as
professors. In 1915, 5,200 students who had completed courses of
training under the supervision of officers were graduated from
colleges, while the total number of students in colleges who had
received some military instruction in that year imder officers of the
Army was 82,000. The total enrollment of male students in colleges
to which this sort of instruction may be applied is about 170,000.
By an enlargement and development of the plan it is hoped that a
substantial portion of these students may be given the benefit of
military instruction. An association of collegiate authorities for
the consideration of this subject is working actively in harmony
with the War Department and with the aid of the War College
Division of the General Staff studies have been made which it is
hoped will make this training increasingly acceptable and useful.
Indeed, it may fairly be said that among the best educators of the
country, the disoiplinary value of elementary military instruction
is coming to be realized and appreciated, and, without at all trans-
forming our institutions of higher learning into military establish-
ments, the spirit of order and devotion to the service of the country,
which is the normal result of military discipline, is being incul-
cated into an increasing number of young men with results bene-
ficial alike to the student body and to the institutions and with
very promising results in the matter of preparedness against any
emergency which may arise.
Vocational training in the Army. — ^This is a subject to which
serious attention has been given, but its possibilities are only begin-
ning to be developed. The primary purpose of the soldier when not
in active operations is, of course, preparation for active operations;
EEPOET OP THE SECKETABY OF WAR. 37
but armies are made of young men, in a large number of cases a
single enlistment only is served, and these young men with strong
and vigorous bodies return to the conmiercial and industrial life of
the Nation often to find themselves at a disadvantage in securing
industrial or commercial employment, because other young men of
their age have spent years in apprenticeship and are therefore more
available and better trained. The Army posts of the Nation can
not be suddenly converted into schools. So far a system of volun-
tary educational opportunity has been offered. In some posts sub-
stantial progress has been made, and the opportunity for progress is
particularly present in the stations of the Coast Artillery, where
the garrisons are more permanent than are the organizations of the
mobile army.
The recent National-Defense Act provides on this subject:
In addition to mUitary training soldiers while in the active service sliall
hereafter be given the opportunity to study and receive instruction upon educa-
tional lines of such character as to increase their military efficiency and enable
them to return to civil life better equipped for industrial, commercial, and
general business occupations. Civilian teachers may be employed to aid the
Army officers in giving such instruction, and part of this instruction may con-
sist of vocational education either in agriculture or the mechanic arts. The
Secretary of War, with the approval of the President, shall prescribe rules and
regulations for conducting the instruction herein provided for, and the Secre-
tary of War shaU have the power at aU times to suspend, increase, or decrease
the amount of such instmction offered as may in his judgment be consistent
with the requirements of military instruction and service of the soldiers.
Under this provision consistent plans can be made, and highly
beneficial results should follow.
Undoubtedly we shall ccone to a mode of Army life, which, while
doing full justice to military drill and to that physical training so
necessary to give the soldier a robust endurance of physical hard-
ship, will at the same time afford him an opportunity to acquire
mental tri^ining and manual skill, and at the same time round out
his life with wholesome recreations and diversions, so that member-
ship in the military forces of the Nation will have added to its
patriotic usefulness a compensating opportunity for growth to the
soldier and preparation for him which will make his nonmilitary
years useful and happy.
38 EEPOBT OF THE SECRETABY OF WAR.
Training camps. — Something over three years ago Maj. Gen. Leon-
ard Wood, then Chief of Staff, put into operation a plan for camps of
instruction at which students were permitted to attend for training
without cost to the United States. The plan was later enlarged to
permit the attendance of business men and has been carried forward
year by year with increasing success and interest. During the present
year the need for the Regular Army on the Mexican border has deprived
these training camps of some of the officers and troops which would
have been desirable as aids in the instruction and organization of
the work; but in spite of this difficulty, five camps were held at
Plattsburg, two at Oglethorpe, one at Fort Terry, six at Fort Wads-
worth, in the Eastern Department, with a total attendance of 12,200
men and boys. In the Western Department camps were established
at the Presidio and at American Lake. A satisfactory camp was
held at San Antonio, Tex.; and in view of the recognition of this
mode of training by Congress, it is safe to assume that much greater
usefulness can be predicted for them in subsequent years, and that
the field of selection of those applying to attend will be greatly
enlarged by reason of the provision made for the payment of trans-
portation and subsistence by the Federal Government for those who
attend.
Council of National Defense. — ^The challenge of the European
war brought the attention of Congress not merely to the neces-
sity for an increase in the personnel of the Regular Army, pro-
vision for a larger supply of officers, and a better organiza-
tion of the National Guard, but also to the fact that in any great
national military emergency industrial mobilization was an indis-
pensable element to success. Legislation was therefore enacted
looking to an investigation of the financial, industrial, and com-
mercial resources of the Nation and such prevision of them as
would enable them to be speedily mobilized for the national defense.
The most conspicuous step in this program was the creation of the
Council of National Defense, consisting of the Secretaries of War,
the Navy, the Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, and Labor, under
whom, and upon whose nomination, the President is authorized to
appoint an advisory commission of seven citizens qualified by the
possession of special knowledge of the industrial and commercial
resources of the country, and to this Council of National Defense,
EEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OP WAB. 39
advised by the advisory commission, is committed the task of coordi-
nating the military, industrial, and commercial resources of the
Nation in connection with its defense. Its duties are set forth in
the act as follows :
It shall be the duty of the Ck>uncll of National Defense to supervise and direct
investigations and make recommendations to the President and the heads of
executive departments as to tlie location of railroads with reference to the
frontier of the United States, so as to render possible expeditious concentration
of troops and supplies to points of defense ; the coordination of military, indus-
trial, and commercial purposes in the location of extensive highways and
branch lines of railroad ; the utilization of waterways ; the mobilization of mili-
tary and naval resources for defense; the increase of domestic production of
articles and materials essential to the support of armies and of the people dur-
ing the interruption of foreign commerce; the development of seagoing trans-
portation ; data as to amounts, location, methods, and means of production and
availability of military supplies; the giving of information to producers and
manufacturers as to the class of supplies needed by the military and other
services of the Government, the requirements relating thereto, and the creation
of relations which will render possible in time of need the immediate concentra-
tion and utilization of the resources of the Nation.
Power is given to the council to select a director who will be the ex-
ecutive oflScer, and an adequate appropriation is made for the employ-
ment of expert and clerical help, so that there will be established in
Washington as an agency of the Government a central body which
will catalogue the resources of the Nation and create such relations
between our industrial and commercial agencies as will equip them
to respond instantly to any call from the Government. In this way,
the problems which in some countries had to be faced unforeseen until
after a national emergency had arisen will be anticipated in the
United States, and the confusion, delay, and loss due to haste in a
moment of national danger will be obviated by rational, just, and
timely provisions made in advance of trouble. It may well be that
some part of the work of the council having a purely military useful-
ness will not be needed, but the general effect of such a plan in opera-
tion will be to produce more healthful and harmonious relations be-
tween the Government and business, and to give to the great industrial
and commercial enterprises of the country a national and patriotic
aspect, which will both keep the country prepared, should emergency
arise, and stimulate sound business and industrial methods through-
out the country. The Council of National Defense is authorized to
40 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP WAR.
create commissions, subordinate to the advisory commission, for the
study of special problems. Thus many committees of inquiry of a
technical and scientific character, casually created heretofore for the
consideration of special problems, will be able to be coordinated under
the general direction of the council, and duplication of work and
conflict of jurisdiction avoided. The act provides for reports to be
made through the council to the President, and from the President
to Congress, so that a great body of valuable and healthful informa-
tion will undoubtedly result.
Progress in aviation. — Congress has recognized the great im-
portance of aviation to the United States Army and has made this
recognition effective by increasing the appropriations of the last
fiscal year from $300,000 to more than $14,000,000 for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1917. It has enlarged the aviation personnel by
increasing the commissioned force from 60 officers to 77 for the year
1917 and the enlisted men from 260 to 1,800. In addition, there have
been provided for aviation, an officers' reserve corps and an enlisted
reserve corps.
The project for the development of the aviation section con-
templates 7 aero squadrons for the Eegular Army, 12 squadrons for
the National Ouard divisions, and 5 for the defenses on both coasts
besides aerostatic units for the mobile Army and Coast Artillery.
The personnel for these will be made up from officers and enlisted
men of the Regular Army, of the Reserve Corps, and of the National
Guard units.
On May 20, 1916, Lieut. Col. George O. Squier, Signal Corps,
assumed command of the aviation section. Since that date the
general plan of administration has been to incorporate in the design
and construction of equipment and in the system of training mili-
tary aviators, lessons gained by experience in the present European
war and in our own actual field experience in Mexico and elsewhere.
The problem of organization of the Army air service has been
studied with a view to establishing a sound base which will lend itself
to future expansion into an efficient service.
A thorough study of the aeroplane industry has been made by a
technical board of officers and civilian engineers, to learn the pro-
ductive capacity of the manufacturers in the United States. This
was to insure that the War Department might obtain the best equip-
REPOBT OF THE SEOBETABY OF WAB. 41
ment available and also to improve and develop the general design
of aeroplanes of various necessary military types. In this latter
connection the department has published specifications for the differ-
ent types of military aeroplanes, endeavoring to incorporate in these
specifications the requirements from the military standpoint and
those lessons in design and construction learned from actual field
experience.
Endeavor has been made toward the development of equipment
for our military air service to meet conditions which are very
similar to those that obtain in the European war and those peculiar
to this country. Every effort has been made to improve power plants
for aeroplanes. Bombs, bomb-dropping sights, special cameras,
mounts for machine guns, automatic controlling devices, instru-
ments for navigation, and for aid to the pilot, and many other acces-
sories have been developed. A radio set has been developed which
has transmitted messages across 140 miles.
In all this development the policy has been to endeavor to obtain
assistance from the greatest civilian specialists in the country.
Material assistance has been received from the National Advisory
Conmiittee for Aeronautics, the. Bureau of Standards, and the
American Society of Automobile Engineers, all of which have dis-
played a degree of interest which is extremely encouraging.
Orders have been placed (or proposals solicited) to date for mili-
tary aeroplanes as follows :
Two-plane reconnoissanoe biplanes 91
Advance training aeroplanes 120
Primary training aeroplanes 84
One-plane pursuit aeroplanes 18
Two-plane reconnoissance hydroaeroplanes 155
Two-plane land combat aeroplanes 6
Total 419
Five captive balloons for field artillery fire control have been
ordered.
Specially designed portable weatherproof hangars, machine shops,
special trucks, and portable machine tools have been purchased, or
ordered.
Schools conducted by competent personnel have been established
at Mineola, Long Island, near New York City, and at Chicago, lU.,
in addition to that already established and in operation at San
42 EEPOBT OF THE SECBETARY OF WAR.
Diego, Cal. A base for equipping land squadrons and instructing in
advanced military aviation has been established at San Antonio, Tex.
As a result of the training at these schools, the following have
qualified since May 20, 1916, as junior military aviators:
At San Diego, Cal., officers of the Regular Army 22
At Mineola, Long Island, N. Y., officer of the National Guard of New
York 1
Total 28
The following have qualified as reserve military aviators:
At Mineolo, Long Island, N. Y. :
Officers of the National Guard 8
Civilians 4
Total
7
In addition, the following students are at present under instruc-
tion:
At San Diego, Cal., officers of the Regular Array 38
At Mineola, Long Island, N. Y., officers of the National Guard L 16
At Chicago, 111. :
Officer of the National Guard 1
Civilians 7
Total 62
The nucleus of a division to operate lighter-than-air craft has been
established.
Procurement of military supplies. — Under the former law the Fed-
eral Government in time of war would have to enter the markets of the
country to obtain ammunition, arms, and other supplies just as an in-
dividual would, but the new law authorizes the President in time of
war to exercise a power analogous to that of eminent domain over the
various manufacturing plants in the country and gives Government
orders precedence over all private orders. Authority is also given to
the Ordnance Department to prepare, in time of peace, the necessary
gauges, jigs, dies, and other special tools required in the manufacture
of arms and ammunition, and to give to specially equipped manufac-
turers educational orders which while limited in amount will insure
private manufacturers having the necessary experience and force to
enter rapidly upon the manufacture of munitions in the event of neces-
sity. Congress authorized the appointment of a board to study and
report to Congress upon the advisability of exclusive Government
BEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR, 43
manufacture of war materials. This board has been appointed and is
proceeding with its investigation. No forecast can as yet be given of
the conclusions, but the subject is one of very great importance.
There are in the United States at the present time a great many
industrial establishments which have turned aside from their ordi-
nary business to the manufacture of war materials, and large plants
have been established for this special object.
After the passage of the occasion for which these enterprises
were established the difficulty will arise as to whether their facilities
are to be transformed and devoted to other industrial uses or any
part of them preserved in readiness for similar supplies for the
United States. Some of these plants are located on the seacoast and
others at more remote places. It will therefore be incumbent upon
the department to select for patronage and encouragement certain
of them, and in determining which are to be so chosen a variety of
military considerations arise. It would seem, however, that with
such facilities in existence it will be unwise to allow them to be dis-
mantled, and the necessary large additions made to existing Govern-
ment facilities which would be required to equip the Government to
supply its own needs under war conditions, and as any war condition
requires a mobilization of the entire industrial resources of the
Nation there would seem to be no reason why munitions of war
should be separated out for Government monopoly, unless that course
should turn out to be necessary to prevent the appearance of pro-
spective war profits as a disturbing element in the policy of the
Nation.
Nitrate plant. — The National-Defense Act appropriates $20,000,000
for the establishment of a nitrate plant. The manufacture of powder
depends upon nitric acid, and the supply of nitric acid is in a large
part based upon importations of Chile saltpeter. European Govern-
ments finding their supply of nitric acid from a similar source inter-
rupted have resorted to the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. As there
is no adequate body of natural nitrate to be found among the min-
eral resources of the United States, Congress wisely provided for the
establishment of a plant or plants upon which the United States
could rely as an alternative to the foreign source which at present is
the basis of all powder manufacturing in the country. Immediately
after the making of the appropriation the department began a study
46 KEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.
did not seem to work well, although its theory met with the
approval of the War Department, and constant efforts were made
both to broaden its scope and increase the efficiency of its opera-
tion. My immediate predecessor, Secretary of War Garrison, in his
annual report for 1913, drew the analogy between the practice of in-
dustrial concerns and the Army, suggesting the tendency of mere
seniority promotion to cause a lack of initiative and study on the part
of officers. He very justly observed that there is a surprising amount
of ambition and initiative in the Army, but that it is largely self-
generated and receives very little stimulation from the promotion
system. As a matter of fact, we see the same condition in civil life —
young men of great ingenuity and devotion who are attending the
postgraduate courses in our universities and are ordinarily required
to do a piece of original research work as the basis of their pretensions
to the degree of doctor of philosophy. They are filled with research
zeal. When, however, they are through with their university course
and undertake the daily grind of teaching in academic institutions,
their separation from the inspiring university atmosphere and from
daily association with others engaged in original work tends gradu-
ally to lull the impulse to investigation, and the task of original
research is passed along to their successors at the universities, while
they become drill masters, disciplinarians, and teachers, but not con-
tributors to the original thought of their science.
The life of the Army officer when he is at the War College or
in one of the service schools where military matters are the daily
concern of a large number of brilliant men is full of that inspii*ation
which maintains interest in the latest developments of military
science. But as officers scatter to outlying Army posts, some-
times in the Tropics and sometimes in remote sections of the conti-
nental United States, the officer soon feels the loss of contact with
other investigating minds, and if mere seniority is to continue to
secure an orderly promotion for him which can neither be accelerated
by his effort nor retarded by his inactivity, a substantial encourage-
ment to development is lost. In response to considerations of this
sort the act of June 3, 1916, extended the provisions of previous laws
requiring examination to determine fitness of officers for promotion
so as to include examination for promotion to all grades below that
of brigadier general. Under the operations of this law there will be
constantly before the mind of the officer the necessity of keeping him-
BEPOBT OP THE SECBETABY OF WAB. 45
that an invasion of this field would probably not greatly increase
the available stock of fertilizers in peace times, because it would not
increase the actual nitrogen supply of the country but would merely
divert a part of it, or all of it, at certain times into war materials.
Of course, if the Government were to adopt this source, it would
lead to a large increase in the by-product oven method of coking, and
in that way the fertilizer supply would be augmented. The cyanamid
process, which undoubtedly is the most useful from the point of view
of fertilizer product, depends upon a large supply of electrical power
and the proximity of certain mineral and shale bodies for its economic
iiQccess. The arc process, which likewise depends upon the presence
of a large supply of electrical power, is independent of mineral
resources, but is less valuable in peace times as a source of fertilizer
production.
We thus see that if either of the electrical processes are resorted to
it will be necessary to select a site or sites for the production of hydro-
electric power, and this selection will have to be made with a view
to the accessibility of mineral elements needed for association in the
peace and war time products of the plant, and the selection will also
have to consider the location of the site with a view to its defense in
the event of war and the readiness and economy with which its prod-
ucts can be distributed in war times to the military forces of the
Nation and in peace times to the farming community which can be
expected to use the fertilizer product. The subject is thus seen to be
one of intricacy, and, while the solution of the questions presented
has not yet been made, the studies being made are of such character
as to insure a scientific treatment of the question and a careful and
effective use of the funds appropriated by Congress for this im-
portant object.
Examinations for promotion, — As early as October 1, l»yu, Mr.
Redfield Proctor, Secretary of War, advocated in his annual report
and secured the enactment of a measure providing a system of
examination for all officers of the Army below the rank of major
and making the right to promotion conditional thereon. The
theory which has long obtained in the Army, of promotion by
seniority, was not disturbed except that the requirement of a suc-
cessful examination was made an additional condition precedent,
the examinations not being competitive but qualifying. The law
46 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.
did not seem to work well, although its theory met with the
approval of the War Department, and constant efforts were made
both to broaden its scope and increase the efficiency of its opera-
tion. My immediate predecessor, Secretary of War Garrison, in his
annual report for 1913, drew the analogy between the practice of in-
dustrial concerns and the Army, suggesting the tendency of mere
seniority promotion to cause a lack of initiative and study on the part
of officers. He very justly observed that there is a surprising amount
of ambition and initiative in the Army, but that it is largely self-
generated and receives very little stimulation from the promotion
system. As a matter of fact, we see the same condition in civil life —
young men of great ingenuity and devotion who are attending the
postgraduate courses in our universities and are ordinarily required
to do a piece of original research work as the basis of their pretensions
to the degree of doctor of philosophy. They are filled with research
zeal. When, however, they are through with their university course
and undertake the daily grind of teaching in academic institutions,
their separation from the inspiring university atmosphere and from
daily association with others engaged in original work tends gradu-
ally to lull the impulse to investigation, and the task of original
research is passed along to their successors at the universities, while
they become drill masters, disciplinarians, and teachers, but not con-
tributors to the original thought of their science.
The life of the Army officer when he is at the War College or
in one of the service schools where military matters are the daily
concern of a large number of brilliant men is full of that inspiration
which maintains interest in the latest developments of military
science. But as officers scatter to outlying Army posts, some-
times in the Tropics and sometimes in remote sections of the conti-
nental United States, the officer soon feels the loss of contact with
other investigating minds, and if mere seniority is to continue to
secure an orderly promotion for him which can neither be accelerated
by his effort nor retarded by his inactivity, a substantial encourage-
ment to development is lost. In response to considerations of this
sort the act of June 3, 1916, extended the provisions of previous laws
requiring examination to determine fitness of officers for promotion
so as to include examination for promotion to all grades below that
of brigadier general. Under the operations of this law there will be
constantly before the mind of the officer the necessity of keeping him-
REPOBT OF THE SECBETARY OP WAR. 47
self abreast of the developments in military matters and of not allow-
ing his general education to stagnate or be lost in a dull routine of
disciplinary observances. The law ought not to be harshly em-
ployed, but in the normal development of its operation eliminations
will take place of oflBcers who have lost interest in their career and
in the development of military science, and a certain minimum of
growth will become a fixed requirement as officers advance in the
service to positions of larger responsibility.
* Revision of the Articles of War. — From the point of view of the
daily discipline and control of the Army, perhaps no step in recent
years has been more helpful than the revision of the Articles of War,
enacted into law as a part of the Army appropriation act approved
August 29, 1916. For many years the Army has felt that the Articles
of War needed revision. Many of these articles have remained
unchanged for a century, while new theories of discipline have
been current in all the civilized countries of the world, and in our
own country profound modifications have taken place in the admin-
istration of both civil and criminal law. The extension of the field
of operations of the Army of the United States beyond our conti-
nental borders and other changes in the domestic and international
situation of the United States have presented conditions which the
old articles were not adapted to meet. The revision of the articles,
therefore, was most needed, and the work of the Judge Advocate
General in preparing the revised articles is a singularly able piece
of work, introducing needed reforms, and throughout characterized
by moderation and a conservative attitude toward an established and
well-imderstood disciplinary system.
Revision of military laws. — ^The act of August 29, 1916, further
directs a revision and codification of all the military laws of the coun-
try. This is a large and difficult task and yet one very necessary to
be performed. For many years Congress has enacted a great variety
of laws, some of them directly military in character and others touch-
ing the Military Establishment only at a tangent, so that scattered
through the statutes is a lot of piecemeal legislation requiring the
most expert and trained knowledge for its use. It will be a great ad-
vance in the conduct of the Military Establishment to have all of
these laws brought together, placed in their true relation to one
another, their accidental conflicts eliminated, and a consistent and
48 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OP WAR.
plain body of laws erected for the guidance of those who come
within the scope and operation of our so-called military laws. It
is my hope that this code can be submitted to Congress at an early
day, and while the Congress will undoubtedly find it necessary
carefully to examine the work before giving its approval, it will
be presented in a form which will show that the effort has been
to omit obsolete and redundant matter without substantially chang-
ing the effect of existing law except in such obvious cases as will
appeal at once to the lawmaking body.
MILITABY TBAINING IN HIGH SCHOOLS.
The statement made by the War College Division of the General
Staff entitled "A Statement of a Proper Military Policy for the United
States," gave us some idea of the size of an army which would be needed
in this country in the event of any serious emergency. As one contribu-
tion to the preparation of the necessary number of men, a proper sys-
tem of training for high schools was developed by Capt. E. Z. Steever
and applied with marked success in the public high schools of the
State of Wyoming. The Steever plan has come to be known as the
•* Wyoming plan." It has been extensively written up in periodicals
of general circulation and interest, and requests come almost daily
to the War Department for the services of Capt. Steever to introduce
the system into the public secondary schools. The plan embraces the
preparation of a high -school boy in military, moral, civic, business,
and educational equipment, and its fundamental basis rests upon the
natural evolution of leadership among boys and the value of organi-
zation and coordination in groups of young men. The system can
not be said to compete with recognized athletic diversions, but it
offers opportunities for larger masses and spreads its benefit in the
physical training over wider areas than is possible under the inten-
sive form which modem athletics has taken. The entire enlistment is
voluntary and the exercises are carefully adjusted so as not to com-
pete or interfere with the normal academic work of the school. The
exercises are only in part directly military and are designed to
stimulate the interest of all normal and healthy boys, thus afford-
ing an invitation to those who are not normally the most fit physi-
cally to develop vigorous, sturdy bodies, with clean minds and or-
dered and disciplined habits.
BEPOET OF THE SECBETAEY OP WAE. 49
There is just enough of a soldier aspect to teach constantly the
lesson of the obligation of the citizen to serve the State in a crisis,
and under the wise restraints which have been introduced into the
system even the most devoted adherents of peaceful policies for our
Government have not felt that there was any danger of the devel-
opment of a militarist attitude in the student body.
GENEBAL STAFF COBPS.
Duties and functions as prescribed hy National-Defense Act. — The
act for making further and more effectual provision for the national
defense, and other purposes, approved June 3, 1916, provided many
enlargements and changes in the Army. A large part of the dis-
cussion in Congress and of the illustrative and preparatory work
in the War Department had been done prior to my assumption of
the duties of Secretary of War. Some questions as to the results
of this act, however, and of the intention of Congress in passing
it arose for almost immediate consideration and required a careful
historical study of Army legislation covering a long period of
years. None of these questions was more important or diflScult
than that affecting the organization of the General Staff and the
relation of the Chief of Staff alike to the Secretary and the Army.
For many years the superior military authority in the Army
was vested in the Commanding General of the Army. The em-
barrkssments attending the somewhat uncertain duties of that officer
and the growth of the principal staff organizations in the armies
of other countries sharply directed the attention of various Sec-.
retaries of War to the need of a reorganization, and the first step
in that direction was taken by the creation of the Army War College
Board, which Secretary Root described to be as near an approach
to the establishment of the General Staff as was practicable under
the law existing in 1899. In 1901 Secretary Root, in his report,
formally urged the establishment by law of the General Staff, of
which the War College Board should form a part. In his annual
report for 1902 Secretary Root again urged his recommendation,
saying :
Our mUitary system Is, however, stUl exceedingly defective at the top.
We have a personnel unsurpassed anywhere. ♦ ♦ ♦ We have the dUferent
branches of the military service well organized, each within itself for the
X)erformance of its duty ; our administrative staff and supply departments have
eOlTe'—WAB 1916— VOL 1 1
50 BEPORT OF THE SECBETABY OF WAB,
at their heads good and competent men, faithful to their duty, each attending
assiduously to the business of his department; but when we come to the co-
ordination and direction of all these means and agencies of warfare, so that
all parts of the machine shall work true together, we are weak. Our system
makes no adequate provision for the directing brain which every army must
have to work successfully. Ck)mmon experience has shown that this can not
be furnished by any single man without assistants, and that it requires a
body of officers working together with the direction of a chief, and entirely
separate from the Army. • ♦ • This body of officers In distinction from
the administrative staff has come to be called a general staff.
The subject thus presented was very fully and earnestly considered
by the Military Committees of the two Houses, and resulted in the
passage of the act of February 14, 1903, which abolished the separate
office of Commanding General of the Army, provided for a military
Chief of Staff, who, under the direction of the President or of the
Secretary of War, representing him, should have supervision not
only of all troops of the line, but of the special staff and supply
departments, which theretofore had reported directly to the Sec-
retary of War, and it created for the assistance of the Chief of Staff
a corps of 44 officers who were relieved from all other duties. The
inauguration of this system was a complete and fundamental change
in the administration of the AVar Department. It was not unnatu-
rally attended by some misunderstanding and difficulties, growing
out of the transfer of authority and independence from a series of
uncoordinated administrative staff officers into a harmonized and
coordinated body under the supervision and control of a single
military officer. The embarrassing question constantly presented
itself as to just how far the functions of the Chief of Staff invaded
the administrative independence of various bureau chiefs, and, while
the question was always considered in a fair and tolerant spirit, it
sometimes became the basis of anxious controversy, if not misunder-
standing.
In the act of June 3, 1916, and particularly in section 5 of that act,
some language was introduced by Congress apparently for the pur-
pose of setting at rest some of this misunderstanding. Unhappily,
however, doubt immediately arose as to the scope, effect, and inten-
tion of the language so employed. One possible view of its meaning
would have in effect limited the Chief of the General Staff and his
associates to the consideration of more or less abstract questions of
military policy and would have deprived him of that basis of
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 51
knowledge necessary for the performance of any coordinating func-
tion. In effect, this would have been a return to the old system of
more or less independent bureau organizations reporting to and
dealing directly with the Secretary of War and coordinated only to
tlie extent that his personal information enabled him to effect such
a result. It would, of course, have left the Chief of Staff and the
General Staff in existence, but would have limited their functions
practically to the work originally undertaken by the War College
Board, and later by the War College Division of the General Staff.
Since Congress had apparently addressed its attention to this sub-
ject and had used some new language, it became important very
earnestly to inquire just what the legislation intended to accomplish
and how far the interpretation above suggested as possible was
necessitated by the language used.
As this question is one of far-reaching importance, I take the
liberty of attaching to this report as Appendix A the decision of the
Secretary of War * on the effect of section 5 of the National-Defense
Act, in which the subject is examined with critical care and the
conclusion reached that —
The structure [General Staff] erected by the act of 1903 remains as then
created, except for the explicit modifications provided in the act of 1916.
And—
That the Chief of the General Staff is charged with the supervision of the
various departments, bureaus, and offices of the War Department for the pur-
pose of coordinating their activities and for the purpose of so informing the
Judgment of the Secretary of War that he may not by inadvertence or unfamll-
iarity with military practice take action which would be prejudicial to
harmonious results In the military service.
This conclusion was reached by a study of the language actually
used, which, after all, was merely a prohibition upon the officers de-
tailed into the General Staff Corps from the performance of adminis-
trative duties and was in no expressed sense a repeal of any of the
earlier legislation which subjected the administrative staff officers to
the supervising, coordinating, and informing powers reposed in the
members of the General Staff Corps by the act of 1903. It seemed
entirely clear to me that had the Congress intended a larger effect for
>The able opinion of the Judge Advocate General on this question Is attached as m
part of Appendix A, so that the perplexity of the question from both points of view may
ba seen.
52 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OP WAR.
its language it would not have been content to leave that effect to
inference and expanded definitions of terms ordinarily having much
more limited meaning. The result of all the legislation, therefore,
including the provisions of the act of June 3, 1916, dealing with this
subject seemed to me to be that Congress has adhered to the policy
inaugurated in 1903, that it continues to recognize the wisdom of a
General Staff in the American Army, and that not a staff for the
academic consideration of theoretical problems, but such a staff as
can, on the basis of intimate acquaintance with both the War De-
partment bureaus and the Army at large, act as a coordinating and
reconciling agency. The considerations which moved Congress to
the passage of the act of 1903 were of the weightiest character. For-
eign experience, which was then considered determinative of proper
military policy in this regard, has since that time become more con-
clusively persuasive in the same direction, and I am clear that any
abandonment of the theory of the General Staff, or any diminution
of the coordinating power of the Chief of the General Staff, would
be a backward step and would scatter the military energies of our
Army, which are now so happily concentrated and coordinated. It is
proper to be remembered in this connection that the Chief of the
General Staff bears a more personal relation to the Secretary of
War and, through him, to the President than is borne by any other
officer in the Army. The occupant of the office changes at the will
of the Secretary of War, and in order that the policy of the Presi-
dent may be aptly and sympathetically impressed upon the military
establishment, it seems imperative that there should be continued in
the Chief of Staff the largest power of supervision and that he should
be enabled to keep constantly informed, even in detail, as to the
operations of the various subdivisions of the military activities of
the department, so that the Secretary of War may rely upon him in
un immediate and personal sense for advice which is based upon a
view of the whole Army rather than upon the advice, however frank
and disinterested, of individuals whose chief interests are associated
with subdivisions of, or specialties in, the service.
Having reached a definite opinion as to the intention of Congress,
I have directed obedience to that intention by a continuation of the
policy established inmiediately upon the passage of the act of 1903,
and this result, I am confident, will be regarded by the Army as
conducive to its growth in efficiency and to the establishment of har-
REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OP WAR. 53
monious and just relations between the various elements of the
service.
Number of oificera required. — At the time of the creation of the
General Staff Corps the number of officers at first detailed thereto
was fixed at 45 as the proper number to perform this new and some-
what experimental duty. In 1912 the General Staff was reduced by
one general officer and eight captains. The reduction so seriously
interfered with the work of the General Staff as to cause a special
emphasis to be laid by the department in its recommendations to
Congress on the subject. Having an intimate knowledge of the
increase and development of its own fimctions and possibilities of
usefulness, the General Staff recommended 94 as the number that
should compose that body. The new National-Defense Act as passed
by the Senate fixed the number at 92, but when the bill emerged from
conference, the General Staff, aside from its general officers, was
increased by 18 officers only, and they were to come, like the other
increases authorized for the Army, in five annual increments. And
the National-Defense Act further provided that not more than one-
half of the officers detailed in the General Staff Corps shall at any
time be stationed or assigned to or employed upon any duty in or
near the District of Columbia. It seems quite clear that the law as
thus enacted leaves the General Staff Corps insufficiently provided
for, so far as numbers are concerned, and the department is em-
barrassed in the selection of suitable officers for this most important
duty, both by the restriction prohibiting the assignment to duty in
or near Washington of more than one-half of the corps and also by
the detached-service law and other restrictions which limit choice.
The detached-service law was a part of the appropriation act for the
Army approved August 24, 1912, and requires that commissioned
officers of the line of the Army below the rank of major shall not be
detached unless they have been actually present for duty for at least
two of the last preceding six years with troops of that branch of the
service in which the officer in question is commissioned.
With the purpose of this law I have complete sympathy, in that it
is an effort to require the return of officers to service with troops at
such frequent intervals as to assure knowledge of troop conditions
and line service in those who are from time to time detached for
special and expert work. It seems to be a very safe generalization
that all officers of the Army, with the possible exception of a very few
54 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.
performing highly specialized service, ought to be returned to service
with troops from time to time, so that their details, or periods of de-
tachment, will be refreshed by knowledge of actual army conditions.
But I doubt the wisdom of allowing this principle to limit the choice
of the department in the selection of officers for the General StaflP.
The duties of that body are of such paramount importance to the
success of the whole military establishment that the War Department
ought to be free from any arbitrary restriction in reaching out into
the service at any time for the man or men best qualified to perform
this central and pivotal function.
A board of officers was recently constituted in the War Department
to recommend for selection the necessary number of officers to fill
vacancies in the General Staff. The board reports that it —
was seriously han<llcnpped by the fact that many of the officers whom it con-
sidered eminently fit were either on the detached officers* list, on duty in the
Philippines with a considerable period to serve, or were within one year of their
promotion, or detailed In other staff departments.
T^ndoubtedly the difficulty here sought to be solved by Congress is
a real one. Washington, being the Capital and the seat of the War
Department, is a desirable place of residence for officers of the Army,
and, where personal preference is allowed to control, undoubtedly the
tendency will be, for one reason or another, to allow too large a num-
ber of officers in Washington, at the expense of an adequate officering
of outlying posts. It would seem, however, that, in view of the
firmly established theory and practice of the dominance of the Chief
of the General Staff and his supervision over and coordination of all
the various branches of the military establishment, the power might
safely be left to the Secretary of War to set aside in individual cases
restrictions of this kind in the interest of the most efficient organiza-
tion of the General Staff Corps. Incidentally it may be remarked
that these restrictive provisions impose upon the Government a very
substantial increase in the expense of the military establishment, re-
quiring, as they do, arbitrarily, frequent changes in the assignment
of officers, and their transportation from place to place.
SCIENTinC MANAGEMENT.
The supplies of the Army are in part purchased in the open market
and under contract and in part manufactured in Government arse-
nals. The question of the relation between the Government as em-
REPOBT OF THE SECBETAKY OP WAB, 55
ployer and its employees in these arsenals is a part of the general
labor question of the country. The theory which the department
attempts to follow is, in general terms, that the Government should
be the model employer, and to a large extent this theory is successfully
applied. In the matter of hours of labor, sanitary conditions, holi-
days, and sick leave there is perhaps no better industrial condition in
the United States than that maintained by the War Department in
these industrial plants. The question of wages and the basis of
wages is, however, under more or less constant discussion. Roughly
speaking, the department undertakes to establish wage rates by deter-
mination of the prevailing rate of wages in similar employments
within the district in which the particular arsenal is located, and it
uses Bureau of Labor statistics of the Department of Labor in select-
ing the territory which shall comprise the district and in determining
rates of wages for similar work. The result is that the employees
of the Government receive the prevailing rate of wage in their respec-
tive occupations, but usually for a day of shorter hours than is
observed in the private industries from which the information is
drawn, and clearly for work done under conditions much more favor-
able to the public employee than to the private employee. The diffi-
culty in this whole matter, however, arises from the use of more or
less arbitrary methods for piecework and day wage determination.
Many efforts have been made to introduce just principles into this
delicate determination. A system of time studies and premiums
known as the " Taylor system " was adopted in part in some of the
arsenals, but it met with the opposition of organized labor and Con-
gress prohibited the use of the system. We have been obliged, there-
fore, to fall back upon the less scientific and less just methods pre-
viously employed.
It seems without doubt that an efficiency system properly con-
structed and justly applied is fairer alike to the Government and to
the employee than any more haphazard method. The objection of
organized labor is not unnatural; it proceeds from the belief that all
efficiency systems tend to become "speeding-up" systems and that
their logical operation increases the output without a corresponding
increase of wage. This, however, must, of course, be due to the
method of applying the system rather than to the system itself, and
after examining the results obtained in Government arsenals where
the system was in whole or in part followed, I am persuaded that
56 BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF WAB.
no such evil effects as these were permitted to occur. How far the
action of Congress was dictated by a belief that efficiency systems
inevitably tended to the enervation of the employee I have not the
means of knowing, nor do I know what evidences of such results in
private establishments were considered, but under the law as it now
is the department is prohibited from using time studies and pre-
miums, and is therefore deprived of the means of acquiring the sort
of knowledge without which just wage regulation is impossible, or of
offering inducements to zeal and good workmanship, which if offered
in moderation constitute a just recognition of individual skill and
energy. My own belief is that most of the difficulties which have been
felt to inhere in efficiency systems arise from the fact that they are
employers' systems and that the employee has no voice nor part
either in the making or application of the systems. We are un-
happily prevented by existing legislation from any experiments.
Were it otherwise I would be much interested to discover, if possible,
a plan by which the Government and its employees might cooperate
in the devising and application of methods fair to both for the
determination of relative skill and zeal among operatives, which
would at the same time protect the interests of the Government as
employer, and while conserving the strength and energy of the
employees distribute justly among them the rewards of faithful
service.
STJGK^ESTED LEGISLATION.
Engineer School. — ^I have referred above to the special-service
schools already established in the Army to supplement with post-
graduate courses the fundamental training given to officers at West
Point. The Army War College is, of course, one of these and de-
votes its teaching force to the study of the principles of strategy and
military policy. The service schools seek to specialize in their par-
ticular branches of the service, and the rapidity with which new
implements of war are developing and their highly scientific char-
acter make it increasingly important that special study should be
given to such subjects as precision in indirect Artillery fire, the use
of the machine gun, the modern uses of Cavalry and military avia-
tion. To one of these schools, however, I desire to ask particular
attention. The Engineer Corps of the Army for many years com-
prised a large part of the most eminent engineering talent in the
BEPOBT OP THE SECRET ABY OP WAR. 57
country. Its oflScers are still men of great distinction and ability,
but the science of engineering in its various aspects has become
fundamental to the entire industrial life of the Nation. The civil,
electrical, mechanical, and chemical engineer is to be found in every
great industry, and the rewards offered in civil life to the engineer
are now attractive in the highest degree. It is very necessary that
the Army should be continuously supplied with well-trained en-
gineers.
The peace-time occupations of the War Department and of the
Army rest in a high degree upon the Engineer force, and the great
problems of river and harbor improvement and development for the
promotion of navigation and for the conservation of the water power
of the countrj' are in the hands of that corps. Of course, in war
the engineer, as bridge builder, road maker, builder of fortifications,
and a variety of other construction enterprises, is essential to military
success. But the science of engineering, like all other sciences now-
adays, is rapidly developing. Every new application of scientific
principles to industry affects the engineer, and it is of the highest
importance that the Engineer Corps of the Army should continue to
contain a progressive, highly trained body of men thoroughly abreast
of all the developments in science applicable alike to those engi-
neering functions of the Government in times of peace and to the
great call made upon the engineer in times of war. The Engineer
School maintained at the Washington barracks seems to me an inade-
quate response to this obvious need, and I trust the attention of
Congress can at some suitable time be called to the wisdom of
providing facilities for original research and continuous and funda-
mental training for our body of engineers, that will keep them in the
very forefront of engineering science.
National preparatory schools. — The suggestion made with regard
to preparatory military schools is, of course, independent of the
widespread movement for vocational training in the Army here-
tofore mentioned.
The method of selection of cadets for West Point has for years con-
sisted of designation by the President, Senators, and Representatives,
with examination as a prerequisite to acceptance ; but we are learning
daily that a nation efficiently organized from a military point of
view must of necessity be efficiently organized industrially. We are
learning also that the ideal military preparation of any country is
58 KEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OP WAB.
one which is readily expanded in an emergency so as to include
great numbers of men in the industrial and commercial life of
the nation who have had enough preliminary training to make
them convertible by brief additional training into oflScers. Should
the United States ever be called upon to meet a great military
emergency a large army would have to be sustained and sup-
ported by a highly coordinated industrial system. There should
therefore be in the country at all times a great body of men trained
as mechanics, whose places in such an emergency would be not
in the ranks of the fighting forces but at the lathes and forges
from which the anmiimition supply of the Army must be drawn.
I venture to believe that if the Federal Government were to estab-
lish in a number of places throughout the country schools prepara-
tory to the Military Academy at West Point and the Naval
Academy at Annapolis, in which the rudiments of a sound edu-
cation, the elements of mechanical skill, the principles of business
coordination, and the beginnings of military science were taught,
these schools would develop the natural aptitudes of the students
in such a way as to supply those fittest by temperament and talent
to pursue in the Military Academy and the Naval Academy the study
of military science; and incidentally these schools would furnish a
great body of men returning to civil life fitted by training either
to respond in an emergency to a call to the colors or to take their
places as civil soldiers in the service of the Government in those
industries and undertakings fundamental to the successful conduct
of military operations.
The suggestion here made ought not perhaps to be further elabo-
rated in this report, but I think it will be apparent on reflection
that no expenditure in contemplation of a great military emer-
gency would be more apt or helpful than one which gave to 25,000
or 30,000 young men the inspiration of industrial education at the
hands of the Government, indoctrinated them with the spirit of serv-
ice to their country, and tabulated them so that they would be always
available for either the military or industrial service which
their academic experience indicated most in accordance with their
aptitudes. It seems equally likely that schools of this sort would
spread the field of selection ideally over the country and make
the cadets at West Point and midshipmen at Annapolis bodies of
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 59
young men selected by a demonstration of their special aptitude for
the pursuit of military service.
THE BOABD OF OBDNANCE AND FOBTIFICATION.
The Board of Ordnance and Fortification is one of the most
important standing boards of the War Department. It meets
weekly for the consideration of questions affecting the fortifica-
tions of the United States and the arming of our forces with
suitable implements of war. Scientific discoveries and invention
are being made on every hand imder the stimulus of the world
war, and this board endeavors to keep abreast of the progress made
throughout the world, to consider and weigh the claims of inventors
and the possible applications of science to warfare, to the end
that our Army may be provided with equipment of the best, at
least to the extent possible under the appropriations made by Con-
gress for the purpose. I do not undertake to give any detailed
account of the operations of the board, but two or three subjects
considered by it are sufficiently interesting for passing comment.
During the past fiscal year the Board of Ordnance and Forti-
fication has conducted important tests at Fort Morgan, Ala., in
cooperation with the Navy, to determine the effect of hostile gun-
fire on our coast fortifications. An experimental emplacement with
a gun mounted on a disappearing carriage was fired upon by ships
with their heaviest guns at varying ranges. These tests were con-
ducted in the presence of members of the board and accomplished
the purpose for which they were made.
Hammond radiodynamic system of torpedo control, — Further
study and tests of an apparatus for the control of submarine tor-
pedoes by radio, which had been under consideration by the board
since the early part of 1913, had resulted in a recommendation by
the board on February 12, 1915, for the purchase of all the secrets,
patents, and developed methods pertaining to the Hammond radio-
dynamic system of torpedo control. This recommendation was
renewed by the board at its meeting on February 15, 1916, and was
supported in hearings before congressional committees. Appro-
priations were made for the purchase of the rights to the invention
and the installation of one unit of the system, subject to the approval
by the President after a satisfactory demonstration before a board
60 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.
of three Army and three Navy officers. This board has been named,
and preparations for the test are in progress.
The board has also been engaged in the development of railway
mounts for certain types of ordnance, motor trucks, armored cars,
serial photography, searchlights, and flare bombs, and in the de-
velopment and test of the radio control of torpedoes from an aero-
plane in flight under the Hammond system.
Development of a portable searchlight for field artillery, inaugu-
rated in 1906, was finally completed and the searchlight turned
over to the Field Artillery Board for test.
MACHINE OTJNS.
Perhaps no invention has more profoundly modified the art of
war than the machine gun. In the European war this arm has been
brought into very great prominence. It had, however, been de-
veloped to a serviceable state at the time of the Spanish-American
War, although its use on a large scale had not been developed in any
army until the outbreak of the European war. In 1912 Congi«ess
by an appropriation sanctioned the allowance of the War Depart-
ment of four machine guns per regiment. From time to time tests
have been made by the War Department to determine the relative
serviceableness and efficiency of various machine guns. These tests
have been attended by considerable controversy and the claims of
different types of machine guns have been urged upon the public
attention by widespread newspaper comment. In the meantime, in
response to the stimulus of the European war, inventors and makers
have hastened to develop and improve their respective arms and the
field of selection has constantly widened so that when the Congress
at the last session appropriated $12,000,000 for the procurement of
machine guns it seemed important, for obvious reasons, to free the
air of the various controversies and to set at rest in as final a fashion
as possible the conflicting claims of makers and inventors. A board
was therefore created in the War Department, made up in part of
officers and in part of civilians, all of whom were selected so as to
avoid any suggestion of prejudice on their part growing out of
previous controversies and tests.
The board was instructed to take into consideration all tests pre-
viously made and to collate and study the European experience and
KEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 61
hear from the representatives of all makers, and to conduct under its
own guidance such tests as in its judgment were necessary or appro-
priate to a final determination of the present state of the art. On
the basis of this sort of an investigation, the board was instructed
to advise the department on the expenditure of the $12,000,000
appropriated for this purpose. A preliminary report has been made
by this board, selecting the Vickers-Maxim type for heavy machine
guns, recommending the purchase of a large supply of them, and
fixing a date in May at which time exhaustive tests to determine
the relative excellence of various types of light machine guns are
to be made. The nature of military operations plainly dictates that
our Army should be supplied in some proportion with guns of a
heavy and of a light type for defensive operations. From fixed
points the heavier type is doubtless the more reliable, but in rapid
charging and field operations and in aeroplane work the mo-
bility of the arm is an important consideration. It is therefore
highly important that the Army should be supplied with an ade-
quate number of both types of arm. The recommendations of the
board already made recognize the wisdom of this course, and its
c'onclusions when finally reached will no doubt be accepted as
authoritative, although this is the field of most rapid advance in the
perfection of arms, and the department will welcome each improve-
ment and seek to avail itself of the progress made so that our equip-
ment can at all times be of the most modern and effective kind.
THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT.
Governor General Harrison's administration has continued to be
marked by cordial relations between the executive and legislative
branches of the government and between the upper appointive house
of the legislature and the lower house. The recommendations of the
Governor General to the legislature have been promptly formulated
into law. The legislature passed satisfactory appropriation bills and
imposed additional taxes to meet decreases in the revenues as the
result of the European war.
Progress among the Moros and other non-Christians in the De-
partment of Mindanao and Sulu, where Gov. Carpenter has con-
tinued in office, has exceeded the most sanguine anticipation.
Peace and good order have so marked the administration of
Governor General Harrison that it should be unnecessary hereafter
62 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.
in official reports to mention these subjects, of such frequent reference
in past reports of the Philippine Islands.
The financial condition of the government is excellent.
Detailed information with 'reference to our government in the
Philippine Islands will be found in the annual reports of the Gov-
ernor General and the Philippine Commission and of the Bureau of
Insular Affairs of' the War Department, transmitted with this
report.
Congress at its last session was most attentive to the reconmienda-
tions of the Philippine government and of this department with
reference thereto. In addition to making effective several of the
less important recommendations, it enacted the new Philippine
organic act, which was approved by the President on August 29,
1916. While there has been continuous progress in the development
of the Philippines toward self-government during American occu-
I)ation, this is the first step of importance that Congress has taken
in recognition of this development since the passage in 1902 of the
act for the temporary government of the Philippine Islands.
POBTO RICO.
The past year has been one of marked prosperity in the industries
of Porto Rico, particularly in what has become by far the greatest
industry, the production of sugar.
There was natural disappointment in Porto Rico at the failure
to secure the enactment by Congress at its last session of the proposed
new organic act. It passed the House of Representatives, but failed
to receive consideration by the Senate, and is still pending. It is
hoped that at the coming session of Congress this act will be passed.
It may be said now to have been pending for six years, since the
House of Representatives in 1910 passed a bill which embodied the
most important features of the pending bill. The disappointment
of the Porto Rican people is greatest because of the continued failure
to grant to them American citizenship, an aspiration in which they
have been encouraged by every President of the United States since
1905.
The progress of the government and people of Porto Rico is set
forth fully in the annual repoil of the governor, transmitted here-
with.
BEPORT OP THE SECRETARY OF WAR, 63
THE PANAMA CANAL.
The Panama Canal has been opened to commerce since August
15, 1914. However, on account of slides, the canal was closed to
traffic from September 18, 1915, to April 15, 1916. The governor
of the Panama Canal, in his last annual report, has again reported
very fully on the slide situation and corrects many misapprehen-
sions that exist concerning conditions on the Isthmus. He is con-
fident that the slides will be overcome finally and for all time, and
that there will be no further serious interruptions to traffic.
These same general conclusions were also reached by a committee
of the National Academy of Sciences, appointed at your request,
from which I quote the following paragraph from the preliminary
report made by that committee :
The committee looks to the future of the canal with confidence. It is
not unmindful of the labor necessary to deal with the present slides; and
it realizes that slides may be a considerable, but not an unreasonably large,
maintenance charge upon the canal for a number of years; it also realizes
that trouble In the Culebra district may possibly again close the canal.
Nevertheless, the committee firmly believes that, after the present dlfllculties
have been overcome, navigation tljrough the <anal is not likely again to be
seriously Interrupted. There Is absolutely no Justification for the statement
that traffic will be repeatedly interrupted during long periods for years to
come. The canal will serve the great purpose for which it was constructed,
and the realization of that purpose in the near future Is assured.
During the part of the fiscal year that the canal was open to
traffic, 411 vessels passed from the Atlantic to the Pacific, with
a total net tonnage of 1,308,230 tons and 1,434,236 cargo tons. Of
this total number of vessels, 50 were engaged in United States
coastwise trade, with a net tonnage of 183,372 tons and a cargo
tonnage of 227,103 tons. Three hundred and seventy-six vessels
passed from the Pacific to the Atlantic, with a total net tonnage
of 1,171,531 tons and a cargo tonnage of 1,705,810 tons. Of this
number of vessels, 41 were engaged in the coastwise trade, with
a net tonnage of 167,594 tons and a cargo tonnage of 217,285 tons.
The total cargo tonnage that traversed the canal during the fiscal
year amounted to 3,140,046 tons.
Canal tolls. — ^The tolls collected during the fiscal year ended June
30, 1916, from vessels using the canal amounted to $2,399,830.42.
64 EEPORT OP THE SECRETARY OP WAR.
In his annual report for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, Gen.
Goethals, Governor of the Panama Canal, again calls attention to
the confusion resulting from the application of the United States
rules of measurement of vessels in addition to the Panama Canal
rules of measurement, and invites attention to the necessity of adopt-
ing some one rule for levying tolls on vessels passing through the
canal. He states that as time goes on and traffic increases, with a
resulting increase in the number and classes of vessels using the
canal, experience has shown beyond a doubt that the fairest rules for
determining the tonnage of a vessel on a just basis are the Panama
Canal rules of measurement ; in short, on the earning capacity of the
ship. Furthermore, the application of the United States rules for
measurement has resulted in exempting practically all sheltered
spaces and deck loads of vessels transiting the canal, which, in turn,
has resulted in discrimination against most of the United States
vessels utilizing the waterway, due to the fact that almost all of the
United States vessels are so constructed that they are unable to take
advantage of shelter-deck space. On the other hand, the United
States rules provide for the exemption of certain cabin space above
the upper deck that is not a deck attached to the hull, which would,
in most cases, result in discrimination against foreign vessels and in
favor of United States passenger steamers, if the national register
of the vessel were recognized as a factor in the levying of tolls. Had
the Panama Canal rules for measurement been in force, the revenue
from this source would have been $2,790,544.47, instead of $2,399,-
830.42 as stated above, showing a direct loss of revenue on this ac-
count of $390,714.05.
Out velatioTiB with Panama. — Gen. Goethals also again calls atten-
tion to the necessity of an agreement between the Governments of the
United States and Panama for modifying the so-called Taft agree-
ment, which is, in many respects, disadvantageous to both Govern-
ments, and should be substituted by an agreement made in accord-
ance with our present mutual needs and with our rights under the
treaty.
THE PANAMA BAILBOAD.
The result of the company's business of every character for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, after meeting the cost of operation,
together with fixed charges aggregating $79,023.30 and charges for
BEPOBT OF THE SEGRETABY OF WAB. 65
depreciation on rolling stock, floating and plant equipment of
$461,244.48, shows-
Net Income of $2, 453, 5d2. 84
As against : 914, 800. 58
For the previous year, or an increase of 1, 538, 731. 76
During that period $2,148,542.89 was applied to additions and bet-
«
terments of plant and equipment.
The increase in revenue derived from the railroad from its local
and through business as compared with the previous year amounts
to $704,709.37 and is due entirely to the closing of the canal to traffic
for a large portion of the year, which resulted in the railroad's
transporting 306,057 tons of freight in excess of prior period.
The steamship line contributed to the net revenue $1,004,373.05 —
an increase over the previous fiscal year of $504,519.63, due to an
increase in rates and in tonnage carried.
At the end of this fiscal year the company had $2,960,868.55 of
available funds in the hands of designated depositories and, in addi-
tion, securities purchased at a cost of $2,040,168.75 in a reserve fund
established September 12, 1911.
WATERWAYS AND WATEB POWER.
The War Department is constantly dealing with the important
question of waterways and water power, not only under the river and
harbor legislation passed from time to time and dealing with speci-
fied waterway improvements but also under the General Dam Act and
other legislation dealing with the diversion of streams and the
establishment of water powers. Congress is, of course, actively con-
sidering this latter subject, and the prospect is that comprehensive
provision will be made for the conservation of the undeveloped water
power of the United States, which is enormous in its possibilities
and comprises the great unexpended natural resource of the Nation.
Several special problems in this connection are more or less con-
stantly before the department. The first of these is the Chicago
Drainage Canal. This canal was built under the authority of the
State of Illinois for sanitary purposes, but has never had the
approval of Congress. It was completed in 1899, and application
was then made to the War Department for permission to connect
the canal with the south branch of the Chicago River, thus reversing
69176'— WAR 191^— VOL 1 5
66 REPOBT OP THE SECBBTABY OP WAB.
the flow of that stream and diverting its waters from Lake Michigan
into the drainage canal and thence into the Mississippi River. A con-
ditional permit was granted in 1901, authorizing the diversion of
4,167 cubic feet seconds, and this amount has continued to be the
legal limit. The drawing of water from the Chicago River into the
canal affects the general navigation interests of the country on ac-
count of the tendency of such diversion to lower the level of the
waters of the Great Lakes. From the beginning the operations of
the Sanitary District have been looked upon with disfavor by navi-
gation interests, and the Secretary of War has not only declined to
increase the diversion temporarily authorized but has adhered to the
decision that the permit granted was of a temporary character and
that no permanent diversion of the waters of Lake Michigan could
be made without express authority from Congress. Nevertheless the
Sanitary District has for many years been withdrawing a much
larger amount of water than is authorized by this permit. Upon two
different occasions the Sanitary District has refused to conform to
decisions of the Secretary of War declining to grant authority for
larger diversions and has declared its intention to continue excess
diversions imless prevented by injunction. Accordingly, in 1908 and
again in 1910, bills in equity were filed at the instance of the War
Department by the Attorney General seeking to enjoin excess diver-
sion. The two suits were consolidated and tried in the United States
District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, but remain
imdecided.
It seems quite clear that with the growth of population in Chicago
the authorities of the Sanitary District contemplate still larger diver-
sions than those already made, perhaps to the extent of 10,000 cubic
feet seconds. This, it is estimated by the United States Lake Sur-
vey, would lower the waters of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron
nearly 7 inches. Lake Erie about 5 J inches, and Lake Ontario about
4J inches, mean lake levels, the reduction being much greater at low-
water periods. The effect of such a lowering of lake levels would
obviously be enormous losses to navigation interests and would neces-
sitate large expenditures by the General Government for the restora-
tion and reorganization of river and harbor improvements on the
Great Lakes and their connecting waters, for which already appro-
priations aggregating more than $90,000,000 have been made.
KEPORT OF THE SECRETABY OF WAR. 67
A related project to the Chicago Drainage Canal is the canal pro-
posed to be constructed for commerce from Chicago through the Des
Plaines River, and applications for permits have been made to the
War Department to authorize this construction. The matter has
also been considered in Congress, but no action taken. At present
the authority of the State of Illinois to issue bonds for the construc-
tion of this canal is drawn in question before the local courts of the
State, and a temporary injunction has been issued against the sale of
the bonds. No action has therefore been considered by the War
Department and none will be considered so long as these legal ob-
stacles remain in the way. It would seem that this subject ought to
have the attention of Congi-ess, for while it is asserted in behalf of
the project that there is no intention of making further withdrawals
of water from the Great Lakes for tlie purposes of the canal than are
already being withdrawn for the drainage canal, yet it seems quite
clear that should this commercial waterway be established and con-
structed, and then a greater volume of water be needed for its opera-
tion than was originally estimated, the pressure to allow additional
lake diversions would be very great; and if it le true in fact that such
diversions are prejudicial to the navigation interests of the Great
Lakes and the eastward-flowing waters, the relative advantages of the
two uses of these waters ought to be weighted and finally determined
by the legislative body.
Another question which has constantly been presented to the War
Department for consideration is the withdrawal of additional water
for power purposes at Niagara Falls. Congress has allowed the
Burton Act to expire without renewal or substitution. There is
therefore no express donation of power from Congress to the War
Department to deal with this subject, and I have such grave doubt as
to the power of the department under the General Dam Act, or any
other general legislation, that I have hesitated to grant any of the
permits so urgently requested. Under the international agreement
between Canada and the United States a maximum of 20,000 cubic
feet seconds is authorized to be diverted on the American side of
the river. At present under permits granted either prior to or under
the Burton Act about 15,000 cubic feet seconds are being so with-
drawn. Plainly the subject is one which Congress ought to deal
with, involving not only the most efficient use and just distribution
of this great power but also affecting the preservation of the great
68 EEPORT OP THE SECRETABY OP WAB.
natural spectacle presented by Niagara Falls. The present position
of the department on the subject is that it ought not to complicate
the consideration of the whole subject by Congress, and that in the
absence of further enabling legislation the present situation must be
maintained.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.
Annexed hereto as Appendix B, Table 1, is a tabulated statement
showing expenditures for the last fiscal year (1916), estimates and
appropriations for the present fiscal year (1917), and the estimates
for the next fiscal year (1918). This statement shows only expendi-
tures from appropriations made by Congress in pursuance of esti-
mates submitted by the War Department. It does not, therefore,
include expenditures from appropriations made by Congress without
estimates from the War Department, known as "Indefinite annual
appropriations " and " Permanent annual appropriations." Expend-
itures from appropriations of these two classes are included in the
statements annexed hereto as Tables 2, 3, 4, and 5, which are complete
and detailed statements of the financial transactions of the depart-
ment during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, covering every ap-
propriation made for the service of the fiscal years 1916, 1915, 1914,
and 1913, and prior years, showing all balances from appropriations,
the amounts appropriated under each title of appropriation, the
amounts drawn from the Treasury, and the unexpended balance of
each appropriation remaining in the Treasury June 30, 1916, subject
to requisition. These statements show also the amounts covered into
the surplus fund of the Treasury from all appropriations under the
control of the War Department which are no longer available or
required for expenditure.
BETIBEMENT OF GOVEBNHENT EMPLOYEES.
An examination of the reports of my predecessors for a number
of years shows that they have continuously recommended considera-
tion of the subject of an equitable retirement law providing for the
retirement of superannuated and disabled employees of the civil
service. I am very happy to renew the recommendation. From time
to time bills have been introduced into Congress providing for such
retirement, but as yet none has been enacted into law. In the mean-
time, various industrial and transportation companies have found it
to their interest to retire and pension superannuated employees. The
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 69
Federal Government is and should be a model employer. The pro-
visions now made by the Government in the matter of compensation,
hours of labor, vacations, sick leave, and holidays, are all wisely
generous both as an example and as establishing a harmonious and
helpful relation between employer and employee, which both con-
serves the spirit and health of the employee and secures for the em-
ployer that willingness and good will out of which service of maxi-
mum eflSciency naturally arises. There seems to remain as the chief
thing yet to be done this provision for retirement upon superannua-
tion. The law ought not, in my judgment, to provide a mere service
pension as has sometimes been done in municipal and State services
in this country, under which employees who have served a stipu-
lated number of years are authorized to retire irrespective of their
ability still to render competent service. The law ought rather,
upon a minimum service required, to authorize retirement either for
disability arising in the course of the service or occasioned by the
service itself, and this retirement should be in the hands of a com-
petent authority which would determine the inability of the particu-
lar employee further to render adequate service in his place of em-
ployment. The effect of such a law would be to give an assurance of
a competent and comfortable old age. It would relieve the employee
from the fear of loss of occupation and of livelihood, would further
inspire him to loyalty to the Government as an employer, thus im-
proving the general quality of the service rendered by Government
employees, although that is already high, and would permit the
replacement of some employees in the various departments who have
long and faithfully served the Government and reached venerable
but enfeebled years without having had an opportunity to accumu-
late any competence upon which their retirement can rest,
ENUMEBATION OF BEFOBTS SUBMITTED.
I submit herewith the report of the Chief of Staff and the re-
port made to him by the Chief of Coast Artillery ; the reports of the
heads of bureaus of the War Department; and the reports of the
commissioners of the four military parks, the Superintendent of the
United States Military Academy, the governor of Porto Rico, and
the Philippine Commission.
Newton D. Baker,
Secretary of War.
Appendix A.
DECISION OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR ON THE EFFECT OF
SECTION 5 OF THE NATIONAL DEFENSE ACT.
War Department,
Washington^ September ISj 1916.
The provisions of section 5 of "An act for making further and
more effectual provision for the national defense, and for other
purposes," approved June 3, 1916, relating to the General Staff
Corps, call for an opinion from the Secretary of War as to their
effect upon the transaction of the business of the department and
the relations to exist in the future between the Chief of the General
Staff and the heads of various bureaus of the War Department.
Section 5 provides that the General Staff Corps shall consist of
one Chief of Staff, detailed in time of peace from major generals
of the line, and various other officers, for some of whom specific
duties are provided, as, for instance, that one of them is required
to be president of the Army War College. The General Staff Corps
is made a detailed corps, with the result that upon being relieved
from duty in that corps officers return to the branch of the Army
in which they were permanently conmiissioned, and no officer de-
tailed to the General Staff Corps is eligible to a further detail therein
until he shall have served two years with the branch of the Army
in which commissioned, except in time of actual or threatened hostili-
ties. Thus the Greneral Staff Corps is made to consist of a constantly
changing detail of officers brought from the line of the Army and
returned thereto, with the apparent purpose of having this corps
represent and embody the opinion of the Army upon technical mili-
tary subjects, as that opinion is matured and developed from time
to time by actual experience, and careful provision is made against
the General Staff Corps becoming a permanent body disassociated
from the actual military forces of the Nation, and therefore, to a
greater or less extent, out of touch with the opinion of the active
Army.
So far as the duties assigned to the General Staff Corps by section
6 of the National Defense Act are concerned, they are covered by the
following language:
AU officers detailed In said corps shaU be exclusively employed In the study
of military problems, the preparation of plans for the national defense, and
the utilization of the military forces in time of war, in investigating and re*
70
BEPOBT OF THE SECRETABY OF WAB. 71
porting upon the efficiency and state of preparedness of such forces for service
in peace or war, or on appropriate general-staff duties in connection with
troops, including the National Guard, or as military attaches in foreign coun-
tries, or on other duties, not of an administrative nature, on which they can
be lawfully and properly employed.
Certain redistribution of functions are made by the act, the most
notable being the abolition of the Mobile Army Division and Coast
Artillery Division, the latter of which is created into a bureau of
the War Department, and the business of the former is committed
to the office of The Adjutant General. But scattered through this
section there are statements of this import :
That the War College shall remain fully subject to the supervising, coordi-
nating, and informing powers conferred by law upon members of the Gteneral
Staff Corps.
That the bureau of The Adjutant General shall, " subject to the
exercise of the supervising, coordinating, and informing powers
conferred upon members of the General Staff Corps by act of Con-
gress last hereinbefore cited," perform the business theretofore per-
formed by the Mobile Army Division, and that " the Chief of Coast
Artillery shall be an additional member of the General Staff Corps
and shall also be adviser to and informant of the Chief of Staff in
respect to the business under his charge."
And then follows certain restrictive language which calls for this
opinion. The language is as follows:
Provided further. That hereafter members of the General Staff Corps shall
be confined strictly to the discharge of the duties of the general nature of those
specified for them in this section and in the organic act of Congress last here-
inbefore cited, and they shall not be permitted to assume or engage in work
of an administrative nature that pertains to established bureaus or offices
of the War Department, or that, being assumed or engaged In by members of
the General Staff Corps, would involve impairment of the responslbUity or
initiative of such bureaus or offices, or would cause Injurious or unnecessary
duplication of or delay in the work thereof.
It will be observed that the section under review does not negative
the survival of the "supervising, coordinating, and informing
powers " conferred by law upon members of the General Staff Corps,
but, on the contrary, reiterates those powers, and in the transfer of
certain business in the War Department from divisions abolished by
the act expressly subjects those powers in the hands of the new donees
to the General Staff powers either enumerated in this section or in-
corporated into it by reference to the act approved February 14, 1903,
which created the General Staff Corps, no part of which act is in
express terms repealed. It seems clear, therefore, that the new part
of this legislation, namely, that restricting the work to be done by
members of the General Staff Corps to work of a nonadministrative
nature is the only phase of it calling for interpretation, and it is
72 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.
equally clear that this interpretation must proceed upon the founda-
tion established by an understanding of the intention of Congress, as
expressed in the act of February 14, 1903, which is not only the act
by which the General Staff was established, but is plainly the act
assumed by Congress as the fundamental and organic basis of what-
ever modifications are intended by section 5 of the act of June 3, 1916.
The development of a general scheme of systematic instruction in
the Army, leading to the original War College Board, undoubtedly
directed the attention of the Secretary of War to the general subject
of Army organization. In the Report for 1901, Secretary Root said:
The creation of the War CJoUege Board and the duties which wiU be imposed
upon it, as indicated in my report for 1899, is probably as near an approach to
the establishment of a General Staff as is practicable under existing law. ♦ • ♦
No one can doubt that the general and field officers of our Army have been too
exclusively occupied in details of administration, with inadequate opportunity
and provision for the study of great questions, and consideration and formation
of plans, comprehensive forethought against future contingencies, and coordi-
nation of the various branches of the service with a view to harmonious action.
A body of competent military experts should be charged with these matters
of the highest Importance, and to that end I strongly urge the establishment by
law of a General Staff, of which the War CJoUege Board shall form a part.
In the Annual Report for 1902 Secretary Root returns to this
subject and argues it at considerable length, showing continuous
improvement in Army organization, but saying:
Our military system is, however, still exceedingly defective at the top. We
have a personnel unsurpassed anywhere, • ♦ ♦ We have the different
branches of the military service well organized, each within itself, for the per-
formance of its duties. Our administrative staff and supply departments, as a
rule, have at their heads good and competent men, faithful to their duties, each
attending assiduously to the business of his department.
But when we come to the coordination and direction of all these means and
agencies of warfare, so that all parts of the machine shall work true together,
we are weak. Our system makes no adequate provision for the directing brain
which every army must have, to work successfully. Common experience has
shown that this can not be furnished by any single man without assistants,
and that it requires a body of officers working together under the direction of
a chief and entirely separate from and independent of the administrative staff
of an army. * * • This body of officers, in distinction from the administra-
tive staff, has come to be called a general staff.
The whole discussion of this subject by Secretary Root is inform-
ing, and in order to get an understanding of the full weight of the
argument made all that is said on that subject in his report should
be examined. The following sentences, however, are indicative of the
thought in his mind :
Such a body of men doing general staff duty is just as necessary to prepare
an army properly for war in time of peace as it is in time of war. It is not an
executive body; it is not an administrative body; It acts only through the
aathority of others. It makes Intelligent command possible by procuring and
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR, 73
arranging information and working out plans in detail, and it maliLes intelligent
and effective execution of commands possible by keeping all the separate agents
advised of the parts they are to play In the general scheme. ♦ • •
The title of Chief of Staff, on the other hand, denotes a duty to advise,
inform, and assist a superior officer who has command and to represent him,
acting in his name and by his authority In carrying out his policies and secur-
ing the execution of his commands. The officer who accepts the position
assumes the highest obligation to be perfectly loyal to his commander, to
exclude all personal interest from his advice and representation, and to try,
in the most whole-hearted way, to help him to right conclusions, and to suc-
cessful execution of his policies, even though his conclusions may not agree
with the advice given. For the successful performance of his duties the Chief
of Staff must have the entire confidence of his commander. ♦ ♦ ♦
The Constitution requires the President to be the commander of the Army,
and a great variety of laws require the Secretary of War, who directly repre-
sents the President, to supervise and direct the expenditure of the vast sums of
money appropriated annually by Congress for the support of the Army. As
every important movement requires the use of money, so long as the Secretary
of War performs this duty faithfully he must practically control the operations
of the Army in time of peace, and there can not be any independent command
of the Army, except that which the President himself exercises over the Secre-
tary of War and everybody else in the military establishment. It is because
Congress has always looked to the civilian Secretary at the head of the War
Department to hold the purse strings, that the laws require all the great
departments which build the fortifications and furnish the arms, supplies, and
munitions of war, and actually expend the money for those purposes, such as
the Engineer, Ordnance, Quartermaster's, and Subsistence Departments, to act
under the direction of the Secretary, and withhold from the officer who Is
called " Commanding (General of the Army " all control over those departments.
Continuing the argument thus made Secretary Root shows that
the office of Commanding General of the Army and the powers con-
ferred upon that officer were entirely inconsistent with and inade-
quate for the duty contemplated for the Chief of Staff, which office
he sought to have established. For the latter office he desired powers
of coordination, supervision, and control, in the name of the Secre-
tary of War and under the direction of the Secretary of War, wholly
different from and greater than those previously intrusted to the
Commanding General of the Army.
In his report for 1903, after the passage of the Act of February
14, 1903, Secretary Root says :
The important military event of the year affecting the Regular Army has been
the reorganization of the system of military control under the general stalff act
approved February 14, 1903. ♦ ♦ ♦ This act abolished the separate office of
Commanding General of the Army, provided for a military Chief of Staff to the
President, who, acting under the directions of the President, or of the Secretary
of War representing him, should have supervlson not only of all troops of the
line but of the special staff and supply departments which had theretofore re-
ported directly to the Secretary of War ; and it created for the assistance of the
Chief of Staff a corps of 44 officers, who were relieved from all other duties.
74 REPOBT OP THE SECBETABY OF WAE.
After describing the mode of organization of the first General Staff
Corps, Secretary Root says :
The tenth article of the regulations relating to the Chief of Staff states ex-
plicitly the new theory of control inaugurated by the General Staff act.
That new theory he quotes from the regulations to be as follows:
10. Under the act of February 14, 1903, the command of the Army of the
United States rests with the constitutional CJommander In Chief, the President.
The President will place parts of the Army, and separate armies whenever con-
stituted, under commanders subordinate to his general command; and, in case
of exigency seeming to him to require It, he may place the whole Army under a
single commander subordinate to him ; but In time of peace and under ordinary
conditions the administration and control of the Army are effected without any
second in command.
The President's command Is exercised through the Secretary of War and the
Chief of Staff. The Secretary of War is charged with carrying out the policies
of the President In military aiTuirs. He directly represents the President and is
bound always to act In conformity to the President's Instructions. Under the
law and the decisions of the Supreme Court his acts are the President's acts,
and his directions and orders are the President's directions and orders.
The Chief of Staff reports to the Secretary of War, acts as his military ad-
viser, receives from him the directions and orders given In behalf of the Presi-
dent, and gives effect thereto In tlie manner hereinafter provided.
Secretary Root then says, with his customary clarity and decision
of expression :
It will be perceived that we are here providing for civilian control over the
military arm, but for civilian control to be exercised through a single military
expert of high rank, who Is provided with an adequate corps of professional as-
sistants to aid him In the performance of his duties, and who Is bound to use
all his professional skill and knowledge in giving effect to the purposes and gen-
eral directions of his civilian superior, or make way for another expert who will
do so.
Commenting upon the effect of the inauguration of the system,
Secietary Root says:
In some cases the Intervention of the Chief of Staff and his assistants has re-
sulted In an apparent diminution of the independent authority of other officers.
This has been received almost universally with a cheerful readiness to subordi-
nate personal considerations to the good of the service.
The act of February 14, 1903, is universally regarded as the most
important piece of Army legislation adopted in recent years. It was
recognized at the time as a thoroughgoing and radical change in the
theory of Army control. Not unnaturally this act received very
earnest consideration in Congress prior to its passage. The hear-
ings on it were extensive, and Secretary Root, one of the foremost
lawyers of the country, and one of the great Secretaries of War of
modem times, in his appearance before committees illustrated and
reiterated the purpose and meaning of the measure advocated by him.
I have examined these hearings with some care, and I find that, with-
BEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP WAR. 75
out exception, witnesses and members of both House and Senate
understood the purpose of the act to be as gathered from the previous
quotations from the annual reports of Mr. Eoot, as Secretary of War.
Thus, in his hearing before the Senate Committee on Military Affairs,
Secretary Root says:
You have imposed by law upon the Secretary of War the responsibUity for the
expenditure of great sums of money which you appropriate every year, and you
have established a great number of corps, bureaus and departments which the
Secretary is bound to supervise. Now, I have doubt whether it is competent
for the Secretary of War to do that through the intermediation of a Chief of
Staff or a General Staff unless there is some statutory authority. I do not
know whether in the face of the statute which makes the Quartermaster General
and tlie Commissary General and the Chief of Ordnance directly responsible to
the Secretary of War I can order them to report to a Chief of Staff.
I do not want you to relieve the Secretary of War of responsibility, but I
want you to enable him to discharge this responsibility through a military officer
who will gather together in the performance of staff duties all the considerations
affecting the decision that the Secretary has to make, and do it with military
knowledge, instead of the Secretary having to dig around and gather them him-
self and coUate the advice and requests that come from the heads of these differ-
ent departments that are all overlapping and interwoven in their action.
In short, I think nothing can be clearer from the written opinions
of the Secretary of War, whose suggestions are responsible for the
creation of the General Staff, and from the hearings before the com-
mittees of Congress and the debates in the Congress upon the pas-
sage of the General Staff bill, than that it was intended to supply to
the Secretary of War a lawfully authorized military adviser to whom
all other heads of departments and bureaus should report, and
through whom the Secretary of War should be constantly kept
advised and informed ; that it should be the duty of this officer, aided
by the General Staff Corps created by the act, so to advise himself
of all operations of the military departments and bureaus of the War
Department as to inform the judgment of the Secretary upon any
question submitted for his decision, and by correlating, coordinating,
and supervising the judgments of the various heads of bureaus and
subdepartments be able to prevent a civilian Secretary of War from
inadvertent error, due either to a lack of familiarity with military
matters or to the vast pressure of business of many and diverse
characters which too far absorb the time of the Secretary of War
to permit him, personally, to undertake the detailed study necessary
in each case.
It was out of this atmosphere and with this intention that the act
of February, 1903, was passed, and the language adopted to meet
this situation seems most apt and adequate. I quote from the
statute :
There is hereby established a General Staff CJorps, to be composed of officers
detailed from the Army at large under such rules as may be prescribed by the
President.
76 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.
Sec. 2. That the dutie? of the General Staff CJorps shall be to prepare plans
for the national defense and for the mobilization of the military forces In time
of war; to investigate and report upon all questions affecting the efficiency of
the Army and Its state of preparation for military operations; to render pro-
fessional aid and assistance to the Secretary of War and to general officers and
other superior commanders, and to act as their agents In informing and coor-
dinating the action of all the different officers who are subject under the terms
of this act to the supervision of the Chief of Staff; and to perform such other
military duties not otherwise assignel by law as may be from time to time
prescribed by the President.
* • 4* * « * •
Sec. 4. That the Chief of Staff, under the direction of the President or of
the Secretary of War, under the direction of the President, shall have super-
vision of all troops of the line and of The Adjutant General's, Inspector Gen-
eral's, Judge Advocate's, Quartermaster's, Subsistence, Medical, Pay, and Ord-
nance Departments, the Corps of Engineers, and the Signal Corps, and shall
perform such other military duties not otherwise assigned by law as may be
assigned to him by the President. Duties now prescribed by statute for the
Commanding General of the Army as a member of the Board of Ordnance and
Fortification and of the Board of Commissioners of the Soldiers' Home shall
be performed by the Chief of Staff or other officer designated by the President
If this act means anything, it means that in large and general
terms the Chief of Staff thereby authorized has supervision of the
corps, bureaus, and departments therein enumerated, and the large
and generous terms employed indicate the plain intention of Con-
gress to empower the Chief of Staff to stand in the relation of mili-
tary aide and adviser to the Secretary of War, and, acting in his
name, so to direct the activities of the heads of bureaus and sub-
departments as to coordinate and harmonize their activities.
If the large and general purpose outlined in the foregoing para-
graph has been changed by the language of section 5 of the National
Defense Act, that change must result from these words :
All officers detailed in said corps shall be exclusively employed * • • on
other duties, not of ah administrative nature,
or from these words in the proviso:
and they shall not be permitted to assume or engage in work of an adralala-
tratlve nature that pertains to established bureaus or offices of the War De-
partment, or that, being assumed or engaged In by members of the General
Staff Corps, would Involve impairment of the responsibility or initiative of
such bureaus or offices or would cause injurious or unnecessary duplication
of or delay in the work thereof.
The weighty part of this language apparently is the prohibition
upon members of the General Staff from performing duties of an
administrative nature, and we are called upon, therefore, to deter-
mine what was meant by the words " administrative duties '^ in this
act.
At the outset it would seem obvious that no such glancing blow
as this could have been intended as an implied repeal of the whole
BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 77
fundamental theory of the reorganization act whereby the General
Staff was created. It is fair to assume that Congress did not intend
to inaugurate a race for power among bureau chiefs or to erect the
bureaus of the War Department into a system of coordinated impedi-
ments to one another. It must not be forgotten that the Armv is a
whole— divided, for the purposes of administration, into many parts—
but each action by any of the parts must be consistent with the
healthy action of the whole. A realization of this was the moving
cause to the creation of the General Staff; and if the Congress had
come to believe that its effort to correct the evils sought to be re-
dressed by the creation of the General Staff was a failure and that
no such supervision and coordination as was then aimed at had
resulted from the General Staff when created, and so believing had
desired to abandon that experiment, it would not have been done by
this tentative, obscure, and admonitory sentence. In other words, an
evil of large proportions and menacing character had presented itself
in 1903. Congress erected a new system to deal with that evil. If
the system has failed and Congress is disillusioned with it as an
experiment, the whole structure will be swept aside and some new
corrective of the old evils attempted. But it is quite inconceivable
that the Congress in any such frame of mind would merely paralyze
without removing the corrective agency it had created and provide
no substitute for it — restoring the old system with all of its evils and
the added encumbrance of a paralyzed and inoperative machine
originally designed as a corrective.
I have read the extremely able arguments which have been pre-
pared for my consideration on this subject by the Judge Advocate
General and others. To the extent that I am now disagreeing with
the view therein expressed, it seems to me that my disagreement is
rather one of assumptions than of logic. If it be assumed that a lot
of promiscuous interferences, duplications, and losses of time had
grown up in the operation of the General Staff system, then the
language adopted by Congress would seem to be an admonition to
the Secretary of War to correct those difficulties; and, to the Chief
of the General Staff, recalling to his attention the primary purposes
for which the (Jeneral Staff was created, in order to prevent a prac-
tice growing up which woidd involve the operations of the General
Staff in masses of detail, and so far absorb its mind as to leave no
leisure for the consideration of general-policy questions, which are,
of course, of great moment to be considered. It seems to me that the
Judge Advocate General does assume that the Congress had in mind
the existence of those duplications, interferences, and losses of time,
and that therefore the Congress by the use of the word " administra-
tive " must have intended to provide a rule which would exclude the
General Staff practically from every other concern except the con-
78 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OP WAR.
sidenition of large-policy questions. I admit that where an evil
exists and a legislative enactment is addressed to it, the rule of in-
terpretation seeks to expand the proposed remedy to accomplish the
purpose for which it was designed. But the Congress had before it
no catalogue of evils. No complaints were made to the Congress by
the Secretary of War — who ?[>eaks with authority for the War De-
partment— that he found himself unable to secure an adequate con-
sideration of major policy problems from the General Staff because
Congress had imposed conflicting duties upon the General Staff.
Individual officers of the Army may have undertaken to express their
opinions to Members of the Congress about the exercise of the coordi-
nating functions of the General Staff. But all such opinions are nec-
essarily partisan and partial, so that we must limit our assumption
to the facts, and in so doing we find no system of facts adequate as
a predicate for action by Congress which would destroy the power of
the General Staff, bind the Secretary of War to rely upon the uncoor-
dinated advice of individual bureau chiefs, and while giving the Chief
of the General Staff the duty of coordinating the functions of the
military bureaus of the department at the same time prohibit that
degree of supervision over the affairs of those bureaus which in his
judgment is necessary to equip him with qualifying information:
As a matter of fact, the word " administrative" is one of extremely
doubtful import. Legally it perhaps means, when applied to duties,
such duties as involve no exercise of discretion. That is to say, if
an officer is directed by statute to pay a dollar a day to each of 10
persons, no discretion is involved in his payments — his duty is adminis-
trative. If such an officer is authorized to pay a dollar a day to so many
of a group of 10 persons as shall have lived up to a certain standard
of performance in duties assigned them day by day, then the dis-
cretion of determining the merit of applicants for the pay is non-
administrative, because a discretionary duty. I doubt very much,
however, whether this word was used in any such technical sense.
The rule of construction in such cases is that unless there is some-
thing in the context to determine that a technical meaning is attached
to a term, it will be assumed to be used in the plain, ordinary, and
popular meaning of the word. Now, the plain, ordinary, and popu-
lar meaning of this tenn in this context obviously is that the Chief
of the General Staff and the members of the General Staff Corps
shall not administer the offices of the bureau chiefs. That is to say,
that the Chief of the General Staff shall give no order to a subordinate
of the Chief of Ordnance or The Adjutant General, for that would
be the administration of that department, and such administration
must proceed from the head of the department. Indeed, it seems to
me entirely likely that the statute under examination provides its
own definition of the meaning of the word " administrative," for it
BEPOBT OF THE 8ECRETABY OP WAB. 79
says, in effect, that these administrative duties are such as those which
pertain —
to established bureaus or offices of the War Department, or that, being assumed
or engaged In by members of the General Staff Corps, would Involve Impairment
of the responsibility or Initiative of such bureaus or offices, or would cause
injurious or unnecessary duplicntion of or delay In the work thereof.
These words last quoted supply all the guide necessary for a work-
ing definition of the word " administrative," and they enumerate the
kind of acts which the Congress does not intend the General Staff
to undertake. They are exactly the kind of acts which the original
act creating the General Staff did not intend to assign to the General
Staff. Secretary Root said the proposed duties are not administra-
tive, are not executive, but are correlating, informing, supervising.
So that we in effect have in this latest legislative expression a reitera-
tion of the intentions of the Congress in the earlier act as defined and
explained by the authority of the act and the policy which it em-
bodied.
It seems to me, therefore, entirely clear that the structure erected
by the act of 1903 remains as then created, except for the explicit
modifications provided in the act of 1916 and not affecting the cur-
rent of this argument ; that the Chief of the General Staff is charged
with the supervision of the various departments, bureaus, and offices
of the War Department for the purpose of coordinating their activi-
ties and for the purpose of so informing the judgment of the Secre-
tary of War that he may not, by inadvertence or unfamiliarity with
military practice, take action which would be prejudicial to har-
monious results in the military service. Finding the intention of the
act to be as here set forth, it is my opinion that the Chief of the
General Staff is the primary adviser of the Secretary of War in all
matters having to do with the Military Establishment; that in order
properly to inform himself, the Chief of the General Staff must know
of the proceedings in the various bureaus, departments, and offices;
that, to as large an extent as possible, the action of these bureaus,
departments, and offices should be regulated by large policies laid
down by the Secretary of War, the carrying out of which would
involve merely administrative activity; but that in order to make
sure that these policies are not being departed from or ought not to
be changed, in order properly to harmonize the relations of several
bureaus, it is not only appropriate but necessary for the Chief of the
General Staff to pursue, with as great detail as his judgment dictates,
the execution of these policies through the several bureaus.
It is easy to imagine a case in which the chief of a bureau or
an officer would feel that some policy provided by the Chief of
Staff in an effort to coordinate the work of several bureaus un-
duly restrained his activities, and that such a bureau chief would
80 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OP WAR.
desire to argue personally for his point of view before the Sec-
retary of War. In any such cases the Chief of Staff should se-
cure a hearing for the bureau chief before the Secretary, and I
have no doubt that any Chief of Staff or any Secretary of War
would be very zealous to see that opinions earnestly entertained by
officers were considered thoroughly, for, after all, we are all of us
common servants with a common purpose in a common cause, and
our zeal for particular branches of that service is merely a speciali-
zation of our zeal for the welfare and success of the larger whole
which includes it. A recognition of this fact produced the spirit
which Secretary Root referred to with so much pleasure immedi-
ately after the creation of the General Staff, in which slight irri-
tations, due to the unaccustomed machinery, easily gave way and
harmonious relations arose. This fine spirit for the public service
is no less present now and will work as excellent results.
The policy of the War Department, therefore, will remain as
heretofore; the Chief of Staff, speaking in the name of the Sec-
retary of War, will coordinate and supervise the various bureaus,
offices, and departments of the War Department; he will advise
the Secretary of War; he will inform himself in as great detail as
in his judgment seems necessary to qualify him adequately to
advise the Secretary of War. Should any regulations or orders
be necessary to place the determination herein made in proper
form, the Chief of the General Staff will prepare them for my
signature.
Newton D. Baker.
July 24, 1916.
From : The Office of the Judge Advocate General.
I'o : The Chief of Staff.
Subject : The lawful duties of the General Staff Corps.
1. The question of the duties of this corps with reference to their
relation to the duties of the several bureaus of the department
iloubtless presents perhaps less difficulty in its legal than in its prac-
tical solution. Practical delimination of adjacent jurisdiction lying
within a single field of executive authority, definition of the jurisdic-
tional boundary between the functions of the General Staff upon
the one hand and each of the several established administrative
bureaus of the War Department upon the other, must, from the
very nature of the subject, involve some doubt and difficulty. Fortu-
nately, at the threshold the statute establishes a guiding rule, which,
BEPOBT OP THE 8FCBETABY OF WAB. 81
though a rule of legal construction, is at the same time a practical
guide for the government of superior authority, who should be
mindful to apply it in every doubtful case. The recent statute estab-
lishing and defining for the second time the duties of the Greneral
Staff Corps is, like the antecedent and original act of 1903, organic
in nature, and, in addition, is remedial and corrective in its purpose.
It gives clearest evidence of the conviction of Congress that the
General Staff has heretofore been employed not altogether on its own
proper duties, but has been diverted from them, leaving them to
some extent unperformed, and has invaded and interfered with the
long-established jurisdiction of the several bureaus of the depart-
ment, to the consequent impairment of such bureau administration
and to the detriment of general military eflSciency. The primary
purpose of the legislation was clearly to correct what was deemed to
be a departure from established organic functions, to reestablish
such functions, and to prevent future encroachments. Being correc-
tive primarily, the statute must be construed so as fully to effect its
remedial purpose. In so far as the statute invests officers of the
(jeneral Staff with powers and duties in an independent field of mili-
tary activity, it should be liberally construed; but whenever their
powers and duties lie close to, or become such as may impinge upon,
or affect those of an established bureau, the opposite rule of inter-
pretation must be the one to govern. The statute must be so con-
strued, and it ought to be so executed.
2. The duties must be found in the meaning of the language of the
statute measured by that rule. The recent statute (section 5,National-
Defense Act) has to be read in comparison with section 2 of the
original act of 1903 (32 Stat., 831). Both sections contain an enu-
meration of General Staff duties, and the later organic expression is
connected with the former by a general reference to some of the
general duties prescribed in the former act. The enumeration of
duties in the recent act is impressively qualified by limitations and
prohibitions contained in the same section, which serve to give an
accuracy of definition to the enumeration which the old act never had.
Said section 5 provides that —
All officers detaUed in said corps shall be exclusively employed [serializatioii
mine] —
(a) In the study of mUitary problems.
(&) The preparation of plans for the national defense and the utilization of
military forces in time of war.
(c) In investigating and reporting upon the efficiency and state of prepared-
ness of such forces for service in peace or war.
(d) Or on appropriate General Staff duties in connection with troops, includ-
ing the National Guard.
(e) Or as military attach^ In foreign countries.
(/) Or on other duties, not of an administrative nature, on which they can
be lawfully and properly employed.
e0176*— WAB 1916— VOL 1 6
82 EEPOET OF THE SEOBETABY OF WAIL
All the above classes of duties are described with sufficient definite-
ness except the concluding one. What are the other duties " on which
they can be lawfully and properly employed"? Omitting for the
moment all consideration of the limitations upon the quality and
character of the duties thus enumerated, these other unspecified duties
are to be found by reference to the enumeration of duties in section 2
of the original act. The duties enumerated in said section 2 and not
brought forward and specifically enumerated in the recent section 5
and to which therefore the general provision of the later section
makes reference, will be found to be these :
iff) To render professional aid and assistance to the Secretary of War and
to general officers and other superior commanders, and to act as their agents in
Informing and coordinating the action of all the dllTerent officers who are subject
under the terms of this act to the supervision of the Chief of Staff ;
(///) And to perform such other military duties not otherwise assigned by
law as may be from time to time prescril)ed by the President.
This enumeration, then, completed by expressing what section 5
adopts by relation out of the original act, is a full enumeration of
General Staff duties except as to a few detached instances not affect-
ing this question and therefore not here considered. But the duties
thus enumerated are substantially modified and qualified by the ex-
press limitation and prohibition found in the section prescribing the
General Staff duties. Those qualifications are to the effect —
(1) That General Staff duties must not be of an administrative
character.
(2) Specifically, they must not consist of work of an administra-
tive nature pertaining to established bureaus or offices of the
department.
(3) They must be general in character.
(4) If they are not specifically enumerated, they must be of the
same general nature of those that are enumerated.
(5) They must be such as are not assigned by law, custom, or
regulation to other bureaus and officers.
(6) They must not be such as would, if performed by the General
Staff, involve impairment of responsibility or initiative of such
bureaus or offices or cause injurious or unnecessary duplication or
delay in the work itself.
Bestating, then, the duties of the General Staff, for the purpose of
clarity, they may be said to consist specifically —
(1) In the study of military problems.
(2) In the preparation of plans for the national defense and the
utilization of the military forces in time of war.
(8) In the investigating and reporting upon the efficiency and
state of preparedness of such forces for service in peace or war.
(4) Appropriate General Staff duties in connection with troops^
including the National Guard.
BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 83
(5) Duty as military attache in foreign countries.
The duties thus far specifically enumerated seem to me to be essen-
tially such as lie beyond the domain of bureau administration, and,
therefore, as to them, there would seem to be little field of applica-
tion of the qualifications mentioned. If, however, those executing
this act should have a different view, they will be restrained in the
assignment and performance of those duties by these same limita-
tion; and if these specific duties can be conceived to come into con-
tact with bureau administration, then the qualifications will mark
the delimiting line.
Proceeding now, by continuing the enumeration, to those duties
which by nature are such that, if not restrained by the limitations,
might in the future, as they have done in the past, encroach upou
and invade the field of bureau administration, they are seen to be —
(6) Rendering professional aid and assistance to the Secretary
of War and to general officers and other superior commanders and
to act as their agents in supervising, coordinating, and informing
the action of the different officers who are subject under the terms
of this act to the supervision of the Chief of Staff.
(7) And to perform such other military duties not otherwise
assigned by law as may be from time to time prescribed by the
President.
Applying to these last two general classes the qualifications just
mentioned, the rule is deduced that the General Staff may not render
professional aid and assistance to the Secretary of War, to general
officers, and other superior commanders, nor act as their agents in
supervising, coordinating, and informing the action of the different
bureaus, nor perform any other duty by special assignment unless
these duties be of a nonadministrative character, not pertaining to
any established bureau or office of the War Department, general in
their nature, of the same general kind as those duties which have
been specifically enumerated, and such as if performed by the Gen-
eral Staff would not involve any impairment of the initiative or
responsibility of bureaus.
3. The meaning of these limitations and qualifications is not diffi-
cult to determine. The Gteneral Staff must not perform administra-
tive duties. The term " administrative " is not one always having a
fixed significance, but its meaning when used with reference to War
Department affairs is one which those conversant with such affairs well
understand. Those duties which by law, regulation, and established
custom are, or heretofore were, habitually performed in the several
bureaus or offices of the department, commonly known as adminis-
trative bureaus or offices, or at the various subordinate headquarters
in the same administrative field under the general direction and
supervision of, and with accountability to, the head of the bureau,
84 BEPOBT OF THE SECBETAEY OP WAB.
are duties of an administrative nature to which the statute refers,
administrative duties as distinguished from those which are essen-
tially and more intimately connected with military power of com-
mand. It may be remembered in passing that in addition to what
is commonly imderstood by the term "administrative duties" the
several administrative bureaus may have duties conferred upon them
by statute which by reason thereof pertain to said bureau, and these
duties may not be performed or interfered with by the General Staff
by virtue of the express provision of the statute to that effect. Of
course, the General Staff Corps is in a very real sense a superior
bureau of the War Department. It has duties of the utmost impor-
tance prescribed for it by statute. The performance of those duties
will render necessary considerable intrabureau administration. Such
administrative duties are a necessary incident of the exercise of their
own power. But beyond such administrative duties I perceive none
that that corps can perform.
Duties performed by the General Staff of whatever nature must
be general in character. So the statute expressly provides. If the
matter be of special rather than of general interest and concern ; if
it be limited rather than general in its effect ; if it be a matter falling
within and confined to the special jurisdiction of a bureau and not
reaching directly other bureaus or the Army as a whole; if it be
routine rather than of far-reaching consequence and importance; if
it deal with details and specifics rather than generalities, with par-
ticular performance rather than general policy, then it is entirely
clear that it is not a subject for General Staff consideration and
functions.
All duties performed by special assignment or otherwise must be
of the same general nature as those that are specifically enumerated.
New jurisdictions and new activities may not be created for General
Staff functions except in the field of general duties of the same
nature as those by the statute specified, not of an administrative
character, not pertaining to established bureaus or offices, not descend-
ing into detail, and not such as by their nature could be beneficially
or more expeditiously performed by established bureaus or offices.
Unmistakably, whether wisely or not, Congress has sought to pre-
jserve untouched the special jurisdiction of each of the several bureaus
of the War Department. It has spared no pains in limiting the
powers and duties of the Greneral Staff to matters of policy, of
general concern, not falling within or directly affecting bureau
jurisdiction. This it does by a reiteration which could be justified
only by the apprehension that with less insistence the purpose of
Congress would not be heeded, and that purpose is sealed with n
drastic penalty. If, however, notwithstanding the effort of Congress
to delimit clearly the boundaries of adjacent jurisdiction, there should
BEPOBT OF THE SEORETABY OP WAR. 85
be by reason of the nature of the subject zones of uncertainty in which
the dividing line is obscure — a twilight zone in which, unaided, it
could not be clearly said whether the duties fall upon one side or the
other — then in such cases, as heretofore said, the statute establishes
for us a guiding rule, which is in effect that in case of doubt the
presumption is conclusive against (jeneral Staff jurisdiction.
4. It may be well to look on the affirmative side of those General
Staff duties lying adjacent to bureau administration. The General
Staff relation of rendering professional aid to the Secretary of War
and superior military commanders, and of acting as their agents in
supervising, coordinating, and informing the action of the different
officers subject to the supervision of the General Staff, becomes
limited, if not by the original act certainly by the express require-
ment of the recent statute, to matters of a nonadministrative char-
acter, not pertaining to a particular bureau, and involving only
general policies. Such a relation or capacity does not confer the
right to command or to administer an established bureau or office,
or to control its details or its methods of administration. The power
may be only generally exercised.
It is pertinent at this point to note the opinion of the committee
of the War College Division, as expressed in an accompanying memo-
randum, as follows:
It is the opinion of tlie committee tliat the organic act giving to the General
Staff " supervising, coordinating, and informing powers," vests in the Chief of
Staff the responsibility, povi^er, and authority to prescribe and dictate the
policy that will govern all bureaus of the War Department in their methods of
administration.
The General Staff passes upon such questions of policy as are referred to
It by proper authority for investigation, report, and recommendation.
The recommendation, when approved by the Chief of Staff and the Secretary
of War, becomes settled policy which then governs all bureaus concerned.
This War College opinion will not stand analysis when tested by
the law. By statute General Staff officers, including the chief, are
made special staff agents in informing, supervising, and coordinating
the action of the different bureaus, within the limitations flowing
from the original act and especially within those expressed in the
recent corrective legislation. This General Staff power is neverthe-
less but a staff power of duty, and, like all staff duty, has no inherent
strength of its own. Neither can it gather aught by representation
of superior authority that can enlarge its functions beyond the limi-
tations of the statute, but must remain confined in scope and char-
acter by the express limitations of the recent act. The General Staff
is not and can not be a source of military command. Its duties do
not involve the power of command, but they rather establish a
connection between commander and commanded, a power conduit
leading from and to the source. To inform, to supervise, to coordi-
86 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP WAR.
nate, is not to command, not to " dictate." To hold otherwise would
deprive commanders of their inherent functions. Because of the
generality of its position, the General Staff is generally informed of
the operations that may be of general effect occurring within the
special and limited spheres of bureau action; from its general van-
tage point it oversees all such operations, and, observing any lack of
harmony in the general action of such limited authority which may
affect general military efficiency, may devise means of coordination,
and, in their capacity as professional advisors to military superiors,
may address the power of command and the discretion of superior
authority to secure such coordination. Neither the General Staff
nor any officer thereof, including its chief, can lawfully exercise
the power to dictate.
Neither can General Staff power be used to govern all bureaus
of the War Department in their methods of administration.
The power is concerned not with intradepartmental methods, but
rather with action, the result of activity — results, and what is more,
results of a general effect. General policy confined within its proper
purpose can not be concerned with mere administrative methods;
and to adopt the view announced by the War College Division would
be to permit the General Staff to control bureau administration of
every character, to depart from and neglect their own general func-
tions, and thus nullify the law and postpone the reform which Con-
gress intended to inaugurate. It is the effect of the language, and
must therefore have been the real purpose of the act, to reestablish
the relation of the several bureau chiefs as special aids and advisors
to the Secretary of War upon matters which fall within their special
jurisdiction, uninterfered with by an outside agency. As a matter
of organic law established or recognized by Congress, such from
the beginning of the Government has been the special purpose and
function of the administrative bureaus. I am well aware that
bureau chiefs have in times past gone beyond these limited func-
tions, and equally aware that in the old days of the commanding
general and in the hater days of the General Staff control chiefs of
bureau have had their jurisdiction unlawfully restricted and par-
tially absorbed by agencies having no warrant of law for their action.
Whether the establishment of such special bureau control is neces-
sary or wise is immaterial, if it can be said upon a fair considera-
tion of the statute that it is the organic system which Congress has
prescribed and which it has so recently sought to preserve ; but both
candor and intellectual integrity require me to say that I can see
nothing helpful to be achieved by subjecting the action of a bureau
chief within the sphere of his special jurisdiction to the review of
another ©fficer of the Army whose position alone upon the General
Staff is that which serves to endow him with a special knowledge
BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF WAR. 87
of the subject which Congress has exclusively intrusted to a bureau
chief, and success can hardly be expected from such incongruity.
The original statute, as well as the recent one, contemplated, of
course, what ordinary intelligence must appreciate, that the admin-
istrative efforts of the several bureaus must be coordinated, and must
be supervised for that purpose. Such a coordination lies of neces-
sity beyond the power and jurisdiction of any particular bureau, and
must therefore be regulated by agencies outside of those bureaus.
But that regulation must be achieved without absorbing any of the
bureau duties, and it must be of a general kind, and have regard to
matters involving policies. The coordinating, supervising, and in-
forming powers conferred upon the General Staff must be exercised
with this principle in view.
5. Coming now to the duties of the Chief of Staff: I do not believe
that by virtue of any authority he has, either in his capacity as a
member of the General Staff Corps or as chief of said corps, he can
lawfully exercise his power so as to stand between a bureau head and
the Secretary of War himself upon matters assigned by law, regu-
lation, and custom to the administrative bureau except by laying
down general rules of policy and general rules designed to coordinate
the efforts of the various bureaus; nor is he ever justified in substi-
tuting in such matters his judgment for theirs. I know that the
practice under the law as it existed up to the passage of the National
Defense Act did not accord with this view. Whatever may have been
said in justification of that practice heretofore, in view of the unmis-
takable purpose of Congress to reestablish bureau jurisdiction ab-
sorbed by the General Staff and the Chief of Staff, as is so clearly
enunciated in the recent act, the practice ought not to be continued.
The Chief of Staff is but a member of the General Staff Corps, whose
duties are the duties of that corps, except in so far as they may be
found to be otherwise by section 4 of the original act, read in the light
of the recent act, which establishes for him a special relation to the
President and to the Secretary of War. That section is as follows :
That the Chief of Staff, under the direction of the President, or of the Secretary
of War, under the direction of the President, shall have supervision of all troops
of the line and of the Adjutant GeneraVs, Inspector General's, Judge Advocate's,
Quartermaster's, Subsistence, Medical, Pay and Ordnance Departments, Corps of
Engineers, and the Signal Corps, and shall perform such other military duties
not otherwise assigned by law as may be assigned to him by the President ♦ ♦ ♦
He is here given supervision of the line and of the staff departments.
Supervision is a word of broad meaning. It may mean a direct
control or it may mean a general power of overseeing, with a view to
regulation through a power drawn from some other source. Super-
vision does not, as a legal concept, when applied to matters military,
carry the idea of command. The abolition of the old office of com-
88 BEPOBT OF THE SECRETABY OF WAB.
manding general was to bring departmental organization more in
harmony with the constitutional precept that the Secretary of War,
as the constitutional mouthpiece of the President, was himself the
conmiander of the Army. Operating upon the same subject and for
the same purpose as does the supervisory powers of that corps, the
spervision specially conferred upon the Chief of Staff must be the
kind of supervision which is conferred upon other members of the
General Staff, who are in a sense the assistants of the Chief of Staff
in the performance of his duties, though, of course, his supervisory
power is of a much higher degree.
The supervisory power of the Chief of Staff to be exercised under
the direction of the Secretary of War is of a general kind, does not
extend to the invasion or absorption of duties of a special bureau,
but is to be exercised upon general subjects in a general manner,
seeking a general effect, with a general policy in view. It does not
relate to particular and routine performance, it does not descend to
an overseeing of minor or detailed operations. It concerns only the
higher fimctions of command and administration and must relate
to general results rather than to particular means and particular
activities. I see nothing in the statute which substitutes the Chief
of Staff for the several bureau chiefs as an aid and advisor to the
Secretary of War concerning those matters which are committed by
Congress to their special jurisdiction and control. But, on the
other hand, the statute expressly provides to the contrary. Indeed,
the organic act, notwithstanding the practice which grew up under
it, in the very section devoted to the duties of the Chief of Staff indi-
cates clearly that it was never the intention to confer upon him
powers and duties already assigned to the administrative bureaus,
for, as one of several reasons, in a general clause following an enu-
meration, it is prescribed that the Chief of Staff shall "perform
such other military duties not otherwise assigned by law as may be
assigned to him by the President." And the recent National Defense
Act represcribes with emphasis and particularity the same relation
and enjoins that hereafter it shall be observed.
I think the true view is this, that under the statute the jurisdiction
of the Chief of Staff does not absorb that of the several bureaus
nor subject their action or their views upon particular matters fall-
ing within their special jurisdiction to his review and modifying
judgment, but that his function is limited to that of general supervi-
sion, going no farther than to secure by the exercise of general power
under the direction of the Secretary of War harmonious cooperation
and successful general results. Likewise it is only in respect of such
matters and for such purposes that he is the special superior adviser
of the Secretary of War.
BEPOBT OP THE 8E0EETAEY OF WAE, 89
I am well aware that those matters which are within the exclusive
jurisdiction of the bureau chiefs must usually, in their finality,
require executive action, and that it would be absurd to hold that
the Secretary of War or the Assistant Secretary must personally
dictate or prescribe that action in the myriad of matters. To my
mind, this gives rise to no difficulty. Certainly it ought not to be
urged to enlarge the duties of the Chief of Staff by requiring him,
unlawfully, I think, to act ministerially and without discretion in
numerous matters to the neglect of his own higher functions. If
the matters are minor matters of routine or if they are minor matters
subject to government by an established general policy which has
already been established for their government, it would be unwise
administration to require the discretion of the Secretary of War to
be addressed in the execution of such details, and in such matters only
his order evidenced ministerially by the signature of The Adjutant
General or other appropriate bureau chief is needed to give formal
authenticity to his action. If the subject be of more than routine
importance and yet not of general effect nor involving general policy,
such an exceptional case is to be considered by the head of the de-
partment upon the advice of the bureau chief. In all matters falling
within the special jurisdiction of the several bureaus, Congress has
said in effect that the views of the particular bureau chiefs shall
govern the Secretary so far as his own judgment is to be advised;
and if the Secretary of War respects not the advice of his lawful
advisers but subjects it to extra-legal review, he to that extent dis-
penses with the statute and the lawful medium of control, and more-
over destroys the distribution of departmental organic powers or-
dained by law.
E. H. Crowder,
Judge Advocate General.
Appendix B (Tables 1 to 5).
Table 1.
BXPBNDITUBBS, APPBOPBIATIOITS, AND BSTIICATES.
Expendilwres for the hut fiscal year (1916), the estimates and appropriations for the present
fiscal year {1917), and the estimates for the next fiscal year (1918).
Gooeral object.
Civil Estabusoment.
wab depabthemt pbopeb.
Salftrios
Ccmtingeiit expenses. War Department
Stationery, war Department
Postage to postal -union countries, War
Department
Rent of buildings , War Department
salaries and contingent expenses imder
superintendent public buildings and
grounds
Total, War Department proper.
Civic Pttbuc Wobks and Miscellaneous
(Exclusive of Rivers and Habbors).
HIUTABT parks, ETC.
Secretary's ofRce:
ChicVamanga and Chattanooga National
Park
Shiloh National M ilitary Park
Gettysburg National Park
Vicksburg National Military Park
National Memorial Celebration and
Peace Jubilee, Vicksburg, Miss
Engineer Department:
improvement Jf Yellowstone Naticnal
Park
Improvement of Crater Lake National
Park
Expenditures
Cor the fiscal
year ended
June 30, 1916.
Estimates for
the fiscal year
ending June
30, 1917.
11,734.131.14
44.326.98 j
20,866.33 I
150.00
0,700.00
82,62L72
Appropria-
tions for the
fiscal year
ending June
30, 1917.
Total
I repayment of funds heretofore re-
ported as e xpcnded
Total, military parks, etc
BUILDmCS AND GROUNDS tN AND AROUND
WASHINGTON.
Engineer Department:
Improvement and care of public
grounds, Dlstri*^ of Columbia
Improvement and care of public grounds
Repairs, fuel, etc.. Executive ^fansion. .
Li^ting.ctc, Executive Mansion, etc..
Lighting public grounds, Distri(t of
Columbia
Telegraph to connect the ( apitol with
the departments and Government
Printing OfS'^e
Care and maintenance of Washington
Monument
Repairs tu building where Abraham
Littf oUi died
Improvemenu«<. birthplace of Washing-
ton, Wakefield, Va
Erection of monuments, etc
Total, buildings and grounds in and
around Wasidngton
12,076.670.00 11.074.043.33
59,700.00 I 45.000.00
32,000.00
25a 00
39,700.00
94,666.00
20,000.00
250.00
24,700.00
90.808.00
Estimates Cor
the fiscal year
ending June
30, 1018.
12, 168, 49a 00
57,000.00
86,ooaoo
25a 00
12,700.00
07,173.00
1,891.796.17 2.302,985.00 2,154,89L33 2,365,613.00
64.092.76
25.874.83
39,113.66
41,523.24
55,260.00
42,189.00
42.500.00
33,000.00
194, .147. 67
4 (,916.00
292.200.00
100.000.00
55,260.00
25.800.00
42.600.00
33.000.00
150.000.00
107,200.00
50,000.00
399,868.16
193.28
565.149.00
553, 76a 00
399, 674. 88 i 565 , 149. 00 i 553, 760. 00
216.093.43
14,374.63
52,94-2.46
6,509.G7
22,218.10
499.87
13,353.21
189.13
45.475.00
421,050.00
19,400.00
57.000.00
8. GOO. 00
26, 12a 00
600.00
13, 82a 00
200.00
100.00
371,654.39
546,790.00
279.660.00
14.400.00
53.000.00
8,600.00
26,120.00
500.00
13, 82a 00
200.00
100.00
55,2eaoo
38.834 00
42,500 00
83,000.00
191,25a 00
75,ooaoo
435,844.00
435,844.00
440, 55a 00
19,400.00
117,000 -00
8,600.00
26,120.00
500.00
13,820.00
200.00
100.00
396,290.00
626,290.00
91
92
BEFOBT OF THE 8ECBETABY 0? WAB.
Expenditures for the last fiscal year (1916) ^ the estimates and appropriations for the present
fi,soal year {1917), cmd the estimates for the next fiscal year {1918) — Continued.
Qeneral object.
Civic Public Works and Miscellaneous
(EXCLUSIVB OF RiVEBS AND HaBBOHS)—
Continaed.
NATIONAL CEMETBBIES.
Qoartermaster Corps:
National cemeteries
Pay of superintendents of national cem-
eteries
Headstones for graves of soldiers
Repairing roads to national cemeteries.
Burial of indigent soldiers
Antietam battle field preservation
Disposition of remains of officers, sol-
diers, and civil employees
Confederate mound, Oakwood Ceme-
tery. Chicago, III
Burial of indigent patients, Army and
Navy Hospital, Hot Springs, Ark
Monuments or tablets in Cuba and
China
Marking graves of Confederate soldiers
and sailors who died in northern
prisons
Can. etc., of Confederate burial plats.
Confederate Stockade Cemetery, John-
ston's Island, Sandusky Bay, Ohio...
Burial sites, ureen Lawn Cemetery,
Columbus, Ohio
Reinterment of remains of Orman K.
Osborne in National Cemetery, San
Francisco, Cal ,
Lodge, national cemetery, Salisbury,
N. C
Expenditures
for the fiscal
year ended
June 30, 1916.
Total national cemeteries.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Adjutant General's Department:
Collecting military records of Revolu-
tionary W ar
Quartermaster Corps:
Arrears of i)ay, bounty, etc. (certified
claims)
Pay, etc., of the Army, War with Spain
(certified claims)
Building Government exhibit. Panama-
Pacific International Exposition, San
Francisco, Ca.1
Transporting and caring for Interned
Mexican soldiers and militarv refugees
Transportation for refugee American
citizens from Mexico
Medical Department:
Artificial limbs
Appliance for disabled soldiers
Trusses for disabled soldiers
Engineer Department:
Survey of northern and northwestern
lakes
Expenses, California Ddbris C^ommis-
slon
Prevention of deposits, harbor of New
York :
Raising of U. S. B. Maine, harbor of
Habana, Cuba
Permanent International Conunisslon
of Congresses of Navigation
Bridge across Potomac Kivor at George-
town, D. C
MRlntenance and repairs of Aqueduct
Bridge, D. C
Bridge across Republican River, Fort
Riley, Kans
|120,55L19
62,401.17
42,758.54
11,275.06
1,820.65
4,37L91
46,827.70
260.00
Estimates for
the fiscal year
ending June
30, 1917.
699.46
7,006.39
645.38
250.00
5.46
3,806.75
2,065.88
82,113.21
450.85
74,9?6.9:i
8:9. 15
1,391.33
122,233.61
14,987.05
84,418.85
1,55a 33
1,791.30
1,000.00
$120,000.00
63,120.00
50,000.00
12,000.00
2,000.00
4,500.00
307,50a00
500.00
200.00
1,000.00
1,250.00
250. OG
1,979.60
297,857.45 664,299.60
Appropria-
tions for the
fiscal year
ending June
30, 1917.
25,907.15 I • 50,000.00
2,0C0.00
65,r-cn.oo
1,000.00
2,500.00
150,000.00
15,000.00
167.760.00
$120,000.00
63,120.00
50,ooaoo
12,000.00
2,000.00
4,500.00
107,500.00
600.00
200.00
1,000.00
1,250.00
250.00
200.00
l.-'iOO.OO
Estimates for
the fiscal year
ending June
soTTois.
364,OiX).O0
50,000.00
2,000.00
65,000.00
1,000.00
2,500.00
125,000.00
15,000.00
160,260.00
250,00a00
25,000.00
so.ooaoo
$150,000.00
63,120.00
5O,O00LOO
12,000.00
2,000.00
4,500lOO
67,500.00
fiOOiQO
200.00
i,ooaoo
1,25a 00
2S0.00
352,320.00
25,ooaoo
1. oca 00
210,000.00
1,000.00
2,000.00
150,000.00
i8,ooaoo
100, oca 00
500,00a 00
BEPOBT OF THE 8ECBETABY OF WAB.
93
Sxpenditures/or the last fiscal year (1916), the estimates and appropriations for the present
fiscal year (1917), and the estimates /or the next fiscal year (iPi^)— Continued.
General object.
Omc ruBuc Works and Miscellaneous
rExcLUsrv'E or Rtvx&s and Habbobs)—
Continued.
MiscsLLANBOua— contlnaed.
Engineer Dopartmont— Continued.
Meeting of Permanent International
Association of Navigation Congresses
in United States
Board of Managers, National Home for Di»>
abled Volunteer Soldiers:
National Home for Disabled Volunteer
Sold iers
State or Territorial homes for disabled
soldiers and sailors
Miscellaneous relief acts, etc
Total
Less repayment of funds horetofioi« reported
as expended
Total miscellaneous.
Total Civil Establishment
MaiTABT E8TABLI8H1CSNT.
8UPPOBT Oy THE A&MT.
Becretary's office:
Contingencies of the Army
Construction and maintenance of mili-
tary and post roads, tnldges, and
trails, A lasica
OlBoe of the Chief of Staff:
Army War College
Contingencies, military inliormation
section. General Staff Corps
Expenses of military observers abroad. .
Umted States service schools
Belief of Matthew E. Hanna, late cap>
tain, Tenth Cavalry. U.S. Army
Belief of Maj. Powell C. Fauntleroy,
Medical CorpSi U.S.Army
Belief of Lieut. CoL Geo. O. Squire,
Signal Corps. U. S. Army
Belief of Lieut. Sherman Mfles, Field
Artillery, U. S. Army
The Adjutant General's Department:
Contingencies, headquarters of military
departments
Chief of Coast Artillery:
Coast Artillery School, Fort Monroe, Va.
Chief Signal Officer:
Signal Service of the Army
Washington- Alaska military cable aiul
telegraph system
Annunciat<»' buxser systems at target
Expcndltmvs
for the fiscal
year ended
June 30, 1910.
1154.87
4,205,342l81
1,100,000.00
1,067,749.89
6.880.763.42
8.85
6,880,759.67
Estimates lor
the fbral year
ending June
30, 1917.
13,901,900.00
1,125,000.00
5,480,160.00
Approprla^
tions for the
fiscal year
ending June
30, 1917.
13,820,900.00
1,125,000.00
548,940.28
Estimates for
the fiscal year
ending June
3M918.
$3,905,900.00
1,070,000.00
6,220,600.28
5,991,960.00
5,480,160.00 6,220,601)28 5,991,960.00
9,841,742.46 9,460,383.60 9,689,561.61 9,772,007.00
ranees.
Signaling equipment for coast-defense
posts
Comxncrcial telephone service at Coast
Artillery posts
Expenses, commission on selection of
srte for aviation school
Quartermaster Corps:
Pay, etc., of the Army,
Eztm-duty pay to enlisted men as
derlEs, etc. at Army division and de-
partment neadquarters
Oollecting, drilling, and organising
volunteers
Supplies, services, and transportation,
Quartermaster Corps
Subsistence of the Army.
Begular supplies
Incidental expenses...
16,471.87
166,000.00
8,776.91
14,838.81
10,046.66
35,348.23
4,855.41
28,707.72
1,041,213.19
82,518.48
149.89
1,979.84
7,104.13
974.10
52,236,837.73
4,629.17
6.29
48,918,376.01
26,000.00
660,000.00
9,000.00
11,000.00
15,000.00
36,850.00
7,500.00
28,000.00
4,641,624.06
50,000.00
8,500.00
103,425,067.35
27,536,827.03
13,196,422.09
2,846,385.37
60,000.00
500,000.00
9,00000
11,00000
15,000.00
35,350.00
7,500.00
28,000.00
14,281,766.00
50,000.00
8,500.00
87,345,673.00
20,000.000.00
11,000.000.00
2,000,000.00
50,000.00
600,000.00
9,000.00
11,000.00
16,000.00
85,850.00
632.18
60L40
41.46
57.05
7,600.00
28,000.00
16,600,000.00
60,000.00
10,000.00
97,704,995.66
19,293,304.00
13,453,905.19
2,199,419.96
94
BEPOET OP THE SEOBETABY OP WAB,
Expenditures for the last fiscal year {1916)y the estimates and appropriations for (he present
fiscal year (1917), and the estimates for the next fiscal year (1918) — Continued.
Qeneral object.
MiLiTABY Establishment— Continued.
SX7PP0BT or THE ABMT— Continued.
Quartermaster Corps— Continued.
Supplies, etc.— Continued.
Transportation of tiie Army and
Its supplies
Water and sewers at military posts.
Ciotliing and camp and garrison
equipage
Horses for Cavalry, Artillery, En-
gineers, etc
Barracks and quarters
Military post exchanges
Roads, walks, wliarves, and drainage. .
Barracks and quarters, Pliilippme
Islands
Construction and repair of hospitals....
Quarters tor liospital stewards
Shooting galleries and ranges
Maintenance, Army War College
Ofhcers' quarters, remount depot,
Front Royal, Va
Claims for damages to and loss of
private property
Army storehouses, Corregidor Island,
P.I
Rent of buildinra. Quartermaster Corps.
Supply depots, rort Sam Houston, Tex.
Repairs to Duildings, etc., at Uulf ports.
Target range, Vancouver Barraclcs,
Wash
Target range, Fort Bliss, N. Mex
Purchase of land, Coronado Heights,
Cal
Sites for aviation school, Signal Corps,
Cal
Land for aviation purposes, Army
Transportation of rifle teams to national
matches
Vocational training
Council of National Defense
Filing equipment for the Army
Relief of Lieut. H. £. Mhier.
Relief of MaJ. H. E. Ely
Relief of Lieut. Sloan Doak
Relief of Lieut. J. A. Barry
Relief of Lieut. Waldo C. Potter
Relief of St. Francis Hospital, Newport
News, Va. (medical services rendered
George Vay)
Relief of Lieut. J. F. Taulbee
Relief of Acting Dental Surg. Frank C.
Cady
Relief of Lieut. Joseidi T. Clement
Relief of Leland Stanford Junior
University
Relief of Pay Clerk H. O. Foster
Relief of Pay Clerk S.R. Beard
Relief of Pay Clerk Hastie A. Stewart
Relief of Lieut. Col. Frederick T.
Reynolds, Medical Corps, U. S.
Army
Relief of Capt. Leartus J. Owen, Medi-
cal Corps, U. S. Army
Relief of^Capt. Adam E. Schlaniser,
Medical Corps, U. 8. Army
Relief of Capt. Jay D. Whitman, Medi-
cal Corps, U. S. Army
Relief of Capt. £. D. Kremers, Medi-
cal Corps, U. 8. Army
Relief of Capt. L. B. McAflee, Me<ll;al
C<»rps. U. 8. Array
Relief of Lieut. O. D. Graham, Mixiioal
Corpi, U. 8. Army y.
Expenditures
for the fiscal
year ended
June 30, 1916.
I
132,
2,
$2,014,929.93
1,987,030.61
74,423.61
550,473.64
406,170.06
390,629.62
11,966.01
41,140.58
10,060.11
3,444.10
545.50
86.65
31,700.96
Estimates for
the fiscal year
ending June
30, 1917.
149,92L85
607,987.05
24,406,740.20
1,
3,
1,
636,465.00
985,872.76
40,000.00
146,000.00
513,98L00
490,000.00
13,750.00
87,620.00
10,700.00
5,000.00
42,740.10
100,000.00
300,000.00
Appropria-
tions for th&
fiscal year
ending June
20, 1917.
$23,000,000.00
4,000,000.00
20,280,000.00
2,500,000.00
3,146,000.00
48,592.00
860,534.00
790,000.00
409,963.00
14,043.00
49,000.00
10,700.00
5,000.00
42,039.10
750,000.00
50,000.00
100,000.00
35,120.00
Estimates lor
the fiscal year
ending June
30,1918.
$16,373,780.00
3,027,964.00
17,393,233.00
433, 4001 00
7,416,767.57
75,445.00
748,33L76
73o,ooaoo
1,250,767.00
70,560.00
45,ooaoo
io,7oaoo
160.00
200.00
150.00
135.00
375.00
103.90
200.00
127.61
50.00
450.01
350.48
108. Sr»
182.40
323.90
191.67
278.00
86.80
340.00
293.00
301.20
300,000.00
300,000.00
00,000.00 I.
•J66,'uu6.6o"t
I
5,000.00
42.225.10
200.000.00
200,()(».00
45,000.00
1
i:::::::::::::*"
*******
"'•••••••••• ••*.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR,
95
Expenditures for the last fiscal year (1916), the estimates and appropriations for the present
fiscal year (1917), cmd the estirtxates for the next fiscal year (1918) — Continued.
General object.
KnjTART EsTABLiSHMKNT— Ckmtinued.
SX7PP0RT Oy TBI ABMT-HX>ntinued.
Quartermaster Corps— Omtiniied.
Payment for rent of buildings, Philip>
pine Islands
Reimbursement to Actbig Dental Surg.
Wm. A. Squlree
Ifedical Department:
Medical and hospital department
Army Medical Museum and Library
Hospital care, Canal Zone garrisons
Replacing medical supplies
Bureau of Insular Affairs:
t are of insane Filipino soldiers ,
Care of insane soldiers, Porto Hico Reg-
iment of Infantry ,
Eoginoer Department:
Engineer depots ,
Engineer Scnool, Washington, D. C...
Engineer equipment of troops
Civilian assistants to engineer ofTicers...
Contingencies, engineer department,
Philippine Islands ,
Building, Engineer School, Washing-
ton, D.C
Engineer operations in the field
Military surveys and maps ,
Ordnance Department:
Ordnance service ,
Ordnance stwes, ammunition
Small-arms target practice
Manufocture of arms
Ordnance stores and supplies
National trophy and medals for rifle
contests
Expenditures
for the fiscal
year ended
June 30, 1916.
Automatic rifles (machine)
Replacing ordnance and ordnonco^ores.
Armored motor cars
Board to investigate Government man-
ufacture of arms
Total ,
Less repajrment of funds heretofore reported
as expended
Total suppOTt of the Army (including
pay of reserve corps and National
Guard)
RESEBYE CORPS.
Quartermaster supplies, equipment, etc.,
for reserve officers training corps ,
Ordnance stores, equipment, etc., for re-
serve oflBcers training corps ,
Quartermaster supplies, equipment, etc.,
for the enlisted reserve corps
fill^ial equipment for the enlisted reserve
corps ,
Total reserve ocHrps
IflUTART ACADKMT.
Pay of Military Academy ,
Current and ordinary expenses ,
MisceUaneous items and incidental expenses .
Buildings and grounds
Total Military Academy
$745,450.10
12,582.59
60,028.«7
3,948.73
804.60
25,025.88
25,029.04
56,803.36
39,994.36
4,600.00
330,668.64
112,096.26
608,295.70
272,806.14
981,890.48
10,223.65
35,336.54
124,7&4.26
46,491.28
106,597,266.10
39,096.88
Estimates for
the fiscal year
ending June
30, 1917.
11,722.42
290.79
8,164,105.95
15,000.00
45,000.00
1,500.00
300.00
27,500.00
25, 000. no
660,000.00
75,000.00
4,000.00
375,000.00
3,383,000.00
1,515,000.00
1,012,560.46
4,757,500.00
10,000.00
1,400,000.00
150,000.00
12,000.00
Appropria-
tions for the
fiscal year
ending June
30, 1017.
$4,500,000.00
15,000.00
45,000.00
1,500.00
300.00
27,500.00
31,000.00
1,000,000.00
75,000.00
4,000.00
9,000.00
100,000.00
475,000.00
10,000,000.00
3,000,000.00
5,000,000.00
9,500,000.00
10,000.00
6,000,000.00
500,000.00
241,651,409.25 232,586,080.10
106,558,169.22 241,651,409.25 232,580,080.10
758,315.60
136,872.79
50,612.81
80,017.99
1,034,819.10
887,902.62
156,029.20
56,590.00
364,266.65
1,464,788.47
880,369.62
150,330.00
67,740.00
118,603.95
1,225,043.57
Estimates Cor
the fiscal year
ending June
3M918.
$l,494,00a00
15,000.00
45,000.00
1,500.00
300.00
35,000.00
30,000.00
1,174,000.00
75,000.00
4,000.00
202,50a00
300,000.00
200,000.00
425,000.00
12,970,000.00
2,500,000.00
6,805,000.00
14,315,000.00
10,000.00
2,085,00a00
1,508,000.00
242,421,361.22
242,421,361.23
4,385, OOa 00
550,000.00
267,650.00
500,000.00
5,702,650.00
1,024,304.70
172,745.00
97,250.00
764,373.60
2,058,673.30
96
BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF WAB.
Expenditures for the last fiscal year (1916), the estimates and appropriations for the present
fiscal year (1917), and the atimates for the next fiscal year (iPi*)— Continued.
General object.
MajTART Establishment— Continued.
MIUTIA.
Encampment and maneuvers, Organized
MUitia
Equipment of Coast Artillery armories,
Organized MiUtia
Field Artillery for Organized Militia
Ammunition for Field Artillery, Organized
Militia
Exchanging at Issuing new pistols, ammu-
nition, etc.. Organized Miutia
Care of horses and material, Field Artillery,
Organized Militia
Ranges for Field Artillery target practice...
Subsistence, etc., oflflcers and enlisted men
of Organized Militia attending service
schools
Total militia
NAUONAL OUABD.
Aiming, egufppfaig, and training the
National Guard-.
Anns, unifcHins, equipment, etc., tor field
service, National Qnard
Ranges for Field Artillery target practice.
National Guard
Supplying and exchaziging Inftmtry equip-
ment. National Guard
Automatic rifles for National Guard
Field Artillery for National Guard
Ammunition for Field Artillery for National
Guard
Total National Guard.
CrnUAN MIUTAKT TRADnNO.
Cfyflian military tralniiig camps
Military training camp, Fort Douglas, Utah.
Rifle ranges for civilian instruction
Quartermaster supplies, etc.. for military
equipment of schools and ouleges
Ordnance supplies, etc.. for military equip-
ment of schools and ooUeges .
Total civilian military training.
rOBTinCAlIONS AND OTHSB WOSU OF
DKTENSK.
Engineer Department:
Gun and mortar batteries
Electrical installations atseaooastforti-
flcatloos
Sites for forUflcatlons and seaooast de-
frases
Bearohlights for harbor defenses
Preservati(Hi and repair of fortlflcaticms .
Repair and protection of defenses of
Pensacola, Via
Plans for fortiftcations
Supplies for seaooast dcfienses
Seawalls and embankments
Preservation and repair of torpedo
gtructures
Casemates, gaUeries, etc., for iobmarlna
mines,
Fortificatioos in Insular possesskxB
Sea wall, Sandy Hook, N. J
Repair and restoration of defenses of
Galveston, Tex
Roads, trails, water, and sewer systems,
ete
Expenditures
for the fiscal
year ended
June 30, 1916.
$389,481.31
18, 197. 47
1,702,674.88
2,059,633.54
6,408.25
94,177.97
4,269,573.42
Estimates for
the fiscal year
ending Jime
30, 1917.
$1,390,000.00
380,000.00
200,000.00
30,000.00
5,000,000.00
1,200,000.00
1,200,000.00
Appropria-
tions for the
fiscal year
ending June
30, 1917.
$200,000.00
200,000.80
1,985,450.00
2,000,000.00
300,000.00
400,000.00
6,000,000.00
10,000,000.00
10,000,000.00
454,084.67
454,084.67
427,798.37
87,982.24
2.80
140,005.49
168,128.62
1,300.00
10,000.00
47,587.52
23.950.00
4,026.74
33,657.48
660,537.70
8,509.86
2,611,500.00
iio,ooaoo
1,867,000.00
226,700.00
250,000.00
25,000.00
40,000.00
254.060.00
377,000.00
303,600.00
30,685,460.00
2,000,000.00
30,000.00
300,000.00
2,330,000.00
2,378.500.00
1,400,000.00
226,700.00
250,000.00
25,000.00
40,000.00
200,000.00
370,000.00
Estimates for
the fiscal year
ending JoxM
ao, 1918.
>•••••••
$12, 727, oca 00
4,576.00aOO
800,OO0lOO
6,868,000.00
10,600,000.00
10,200,000.00
45,771,00&00
8,601,000.00
"*626.'666.'o6
80,000.00
660,000.00
4,741.00a00
8,777,00aOO
uo.ooaoo
ioo,ooaoo
250,000.00
300,000.00
25.000.00
4o.ooaoo
98,000iOO
903,600.00
260,000.00
1,414,600.00
40.00QLOO
BEPOET OP THE SECBETABY OP WAE.
97
Expenditures for the last fiscal year {1916\ the estimates and appropriations for the present
fiscal year (1917), and the estimates for the next fiscal year (1918) — Continued.
General object.
IffnjTABT EsTABUSHMENT^Continaed.
fOBTIFICATIONS AND OTHSB WOBK8 OF
DEFENSK— continued.
Chief Signal Officer:
Maintenanoe, etc., fire-control instal^-
tions at seaooast defenses
Maintenance, etc, fire-control Installa-
tions at seacoast ^fenses, insular pos-
sessions
Relief of Lieut. Col. Frank Greene, re-
tired
Ordnance Department:
Armament of fortifications
Proving ground, Sandy Hook, N. J. . .
Submarine mines
Expenditures
for the fiscal
year ended
June 30, 1916.
Fortifications in insular possessions
Submarine mines in insular possessions.
Radiodynamic torpedoes
Board oi Ordnance and Fortifications. .
Special aids and appliances for manu-
facture of arms, ammunition, etc . . . .
Chief of Coast Artillery:
Fire c(mtrol at fortifications
Fire control in insular possessions
Maintenance, Coast Artillery war tn-
strdction ,
Total fortifications and other works of
defense ,
ABSEMALS.
Ordnance Department:
Augusta Arsenal, Augusta, Ga
Benicia Arsenal, BenTcia,Cal
Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa...
Rock Island Arsenal. Rock Island, 111..
Rock Island power plant. Rock Island,
lU \^....
Rock Island bridge, Rock Island. Ill . . .
Springfield Arsenal ^Springfield, Mass..
Picatfnnv Arsenal, Dm er,N. J
Pro ing Ground, Sandv Hook, N. J
Wat<>rtown Arsenal, Watcrtown, Mass.
Testing machine
Watervliet Arsenal, West Troy, N. Y..
Ordnance depot, Manila, P. I
Repairs of arsenals
San Antonio Arsenal
Ordnance depot. Honolulu, ^wali
Army powder factory
Sodium nitrate storage
$132,375.58
9,378.54
138.90
2,127.230.91
67,496.96
92,131.12
467,454.37
47,371.06
52,672.02
60,666.49
38,706.10
4,074.51
Estimates for
the fiscal year
ending June
30, 1917.
$130,000.00
;o,ooo.oo
14,628,500.00
110,000.00
690,231.00
2 019,000.00
148,850.00
947,000.00
300,000.00
4,662,184.38
Total
Jjtes repayment of funds heretofore reported
as expended ,
Total arsenals.
lOUTABT POSTS AND MISCELLANEOUS.
Qoartermaster Corps:
Military posts
Sewerage system, Port Monroe, Va
Barracks and quarters seacoast defenses.
Seacoast defenses, Philippine Islands
and Hawaii
Electric power plant, Corregidor Island,
P.I
Military prison, Fort Leavenworth,
Kans
Military post, Schofield Barracks,
Hawaii
Purchase of land, Sdiofield Barracks,
Hawaii
Enlargement and reclamation of Fort
Taylor, Key West, Fla
69176*— WAB 1916— VOL 1—
9,913.65
115,257.41
75,400.00
12^411.64
36.174.91
22,611.41
1,000.00
22,867.33
802.97
12,653.15
105,000.00
318,751.06
617,982.80
112,050.00
L 250. 00
25,779,623.80
Appropria-
tlcois fov- the
fiscal year
ending June
^7wl7.
$130,000.00
10,000.00
15,970,500.00
110,000.00
217,000.00
2,000,000.00
148,100.00
1,167,000.00
300,000.00
1,000,000.00
600,000.00
100,000.00
1,250.00
26,947,550.00
51,500.00
722,970.00
467,825.00
12,500.00
18,000.00
25,500.00
39,000.00
48,000.00
112,325.00
15,000.00
389,900.00
31,900.00
350,000.00
97,200.00
300,000.00
360.000.00
732,873.53
1,331.50
3,041,620.00
Estimates tor
the fiscal jrear
ending June
^jTois.
$150,000.00
15,000.00
45,628,000.00
125,000.00
in, 637. 50
3,202,510.00
10, 75a 00
150,000.00
500,ooaoo
608,796.21
31,537.50
750.00
56,999,481.21
51,500.00
908,470.00
982.200.00
12,500.00
18,000.00
32,600.00
85,500.00
38,000.00
799,725.00
15 000.00
803,700.00
350,000.00
92,200.00
300,000.00
500.000.00
225,000.00
5,000.00
15,700.00
708,800.00
4,292,600.00
12,500.00
20,000.00
190,000.00
180,500.00
125,000.00
144,500.00
15,000.00
196,100.00
400.000.00
130,000.00
5,214,395.00
6,435,700.00
731,542.03 3,041,620.00 5,214,395.00 6,435,700.00
187,165.01
9,045.40
17,994.37
519,259.15
21.21
24,873.83
127,650.00
14.461.00
473,860.00
139, in. 40
2,077,263.00
10,000.00
127,000.00
9,359.99
420,000.00
69,000.00
7,067,080.24
9,359.99
150,000.00
178,450.00
1,000,000.00
1,077,000.00
850,000.00
98
EEPOBT OF THE SEOBETABY OF WAB.
Expenditures for the last fiscal year (1916), the estimates and appropriations for the present
fiscal year (1917), and the estimates for the next fiscal year {1918) — Continued.
Qeneral object.
Hklitabt Estabushhbnt— Continued.
MILITABT POSTS AND UISCBLLANEOUS—
continued.
Engineer Department:
Fort Riley Military BeeervatioD. Kans.
Buildings, Engineer School and post,
Washmgton. D. C.
Military struc^urej, PhiUppine Elands.
Enlargement of Governors Island, N. Y.
Fort Crockett Reservation, Galveston,
Tex
Sandy Hook Reservation, N. J
Miscellaneous:
Maps, War Department
Topographic maps. War Depfutment...
Purchase of filing equipment, etc
Support of dependent families of en-
listed men
Total
Lass repayment of funds heretofore reported
as expended
Total military posts and miscellane*
ous
Total Military Establishment.
mVEBS AMD HABBOBS.
Improvement of river and harbors (gen-
eral improvement)
Improvement of rivers and harbors (con-
tinuing contracts)
Relief of Lieut. CoL Mason M. Patrick, U.
8. Army
Relief of Washington C. Braydhouso
Expenditures
for the fiscal
year ended
June 30, 1916.
S38.22
16,036.75
7,900.00
6,884.60
7,750.90
795,969.34
2.64
795,966.70
Estimates for
the fiscal year
ending June
30, 1917.
123,000.00
60,000.00
22,000.00
97,000.00
45,000.00
3,089,411.40
3,089,411.40
118,052,254.94 281,680,937.59
Appro]Mria-
tlons for the
fiscal year
ending June
30, 1917.
160,000.00
7,500.00
35,000.00
2,000,000.00
3,727,859.99
EstimateeCor
the fiscal year
ending Jane
30iT918.
$10,000.00
8,841,890.21
3,727,859.99
8,841,890.28
.1
Relief of certain civilian employees of En-
rineer Department at large, U. S. Army
(dredge Comstock)
Reliefof Peter C.Grimm
Relief of crew of Government dredge C. W.
Howell
Relief of Bouncer Hebron and C^y Cald-
well
Relief of Italian bark Fenice
ReUef of Robert G. Lynn
ReUef of C. C. O'Donnell
Relief of Prank Vumlwica
Reliefof crew of U. 8. gasoline tender Perry.
Relief of Col. WUliam W. Harts, U. S.
Army
Relief of Oscar Thomson and others
Relief of the M. A. Sweeney Shipyards &
Foundry Co
Reliefofthos. J. Bye ,
Reliefer Drs. Blalr &. Blake, Dr. W. J. Max-
well, Dr. R. C. Evans, and J. B. Blalock.
ReUef of Theodore Ba^e for injuries
Relief of Mrs. Joseph Oameron, widow of
k, for injuries
Relief of United SUtes Drainage it Irriga-
Joseph Cameron, for :
gationO)
Reliefof Douglas J. Hollow
Relief of John Simpson and Zorah E. Simp-
son.
Reliefof Standard American Dredging Co.
Relief of Western Union Telegraph Co
Total liws and harbors.
31,837,13L90
I":
376,710.00
462,800.00
6.80
22.00
2,360.95
12.00
545.90
25.00
872.96
154.75
74.20
419.00
218.60
76.00
160.31
302,916,378.66 372,971,755.96
40,598,135.00
1,482,800.00
31,837,13L90
45,844,458.47
2,635.00
500.00
429.15
221.91
242.00
9,498.43
42,094,46L49
31,123,000.00
1, 005,00a 00
6.80
22.00
645.90
25. GO
872.90
154.75
74.20
419.00
218.60
160.31
20.00
100.00
3,020. 7a
50.77
32,136,063.90
BBPOBT OF THE SECBEIABT OF WAB.
99
Expenditures for the kut fiscal year (1916), the estimates and appropriations for the present
fiscal year (1917), and the estimates for the next fiscal year {1918) — Continued.
Qeneral object.
Rbcapitxtlatton.
CiTfl Establishment (War Department
proper;:
Salaries, conttngent expenses, etc. (in-
cluding Office of Public Buildings
and Grounds).
Expenditures
for the fiscal
year ended
June 30, 1916.
CiTfl public works and miscellaneous (ex-
clusive of rivers and harbors):
Military and national parks
Buildings and grounds in and around
Washmf
ington.
National cemeteries
Miscellaneous objects
National Home for Disabled Volimteer
Soldiers
Miscellaneous relief acts, etc
Total Civil Establishment.
Military Establishment:
Support of the Armv (including pay of
Keso^e Corps and National Guard). .
Reserve Corps
Military Academy
Militia
National Guard
Civilian military training
Fortifications
Arsenals
Military posts and miscellaneous
Total Military Establishment.
Blvers and harbors ,
Grand total
$1,891,796.17
399,674.88
371,654.39
297,857.45
417,666.87
5,395,342.81
1,067,749.89
9,841,742.46
106,558,169.22
1,034,819.19
4,360,573.42
4,662,184.38
731,542.03
795,966.70
Estimates for
the fiscal year
ending June
30, 1917.
12,302,985.00
565,149.00
546,790.00
564,299.60
453, 26a 00
5,026,90a00
9,459,383.60
341,651,400.25
Approjula-
tlons for the
fiscal year
ending June
30/1917.
82,154,891.33
553,760.00
396,290.00
364,030.00
725,760.00
4,945,900.00
548,940.28
Estimates for
the fiscal year
ending June
30, 1918.
9,689,561.61
12,365,613.00
435,844.00
626,290.00
352,320.00
1,016,060.00
4,975,900.00
9,772,027.00
1,464,788.47
5,000,000.00
1,200,000.00
454,084.67
25,779,623.80
3,041,620.00
3,089,411.40
118,052,254.94 (281,680,937.59
31,837,131.90 \ 45,844,458.47
159,731,129.30 336,984,779.66
232,586,060.10
1,22.% 043. 57
200,000.00
30,685,450.00
2,330,000.00
26,947,550.00
5,214,395.00
3,727,859.99
302,916,378.66
42,094,461.49
354,700,401.76
242,421,361.22
5,702,650.00
2,058,673.30
45,771,000.00
4,741,000.00
56,999,481.21
6,435,700.00
8,841,890.23
372,971,756.96
32,136,063.96
414,879,846.92
100
REPOBT OF THE SECRETAKY OF WAB.
Expenditures/or the last fiscal year (1916)^ the estimates and appropriatumsfor (he present
fiscal year {1917), and the estimates for the next fiscal year (1918) — Continued.
RECAPITULATION.
General object.
Civil Establishment (War Department
proper):
Salaries, contingent expenses, etc. (in-
cluding Office of Public Buildings
and Grounds)
Ctvll public works and miscellaneous (ex-
clusive of rivers and harbors):
Military and national parks
Buildings and grounds in and around
Washington
National cemeteries
Miscellaneoa^ objects
National Home for Disabled Volunteer
Soldiers
Miscellaneous relief acts, etc
Military Establishment:
Support of the Army (including pay of
reserve corps and National Guard) . . .
Reserve corps
Military Academy
Militia
National Guard
Civilian military training
Fortifications
Arsenals
Military posts and miscellaneous
Rivers and harbors
Increase of
esthnates for
1918 as com-
pared with
estimates for
1917.
162,628.00
79,500.00
'562,'866.'66'
Decrease of
estimates for
1918 as com-
pared with
estimates for
1917.
$129,305.00
"'2ii,'979.'66"
51,000.00
7fifl,951.97
6,702,&50.00
593,884.83
Total...
Less decrease.
44,671,000.00
4,286,915.33
31,210,8o7.41
3,3*'4,OS0.0O
5,7.2,478.83
5,000,000.00
13,708,394.51
Net increase of estimates for 1918 as
compared with estimates for 1917.. .
96, 99 J, 7 48. 37 19, 100, 689. 1 1
10,100,089.11 I
77,895,067.26
Less decrease.
Net increase of estimates fOT 1918 as
compared with appropriations for
1917
Increase of
esthnates for
1918 as com-
pared with ap-
propriations
for 1917.
1210, 721. 67
230,000.00
290,300.00
30,000.00
9, 83.% 281. 12
5,702,6^0.00
833, 029. 73
1.5,085,,V:0.00
2,411,000 00
30,0"1,931 21
1,22I,.'W>.00
6,114,030.24
71,016,308.97
10,836,953.81
60,179,445.16
Decrease of
estimates for
1918 as oom-
pared with ftp-
propriatkms
for 1917.
$117,916.00
11,700.00
'548*946.'38
2oo,ooaoo
9,9.i8,.3P7..«
10,836,953.81
HEPOBT OF THE SECKETABY-OF WAS.
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REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
153
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
War Depabtment,
Office of the Chief of Staff,
Washington, September SO, 1916.
Sir : I have the honor to submit my aimual report.
MILTTARr POLICY.
In compliance with instructions of the Secretary of War, the War
CoUege Division of the General Staff Corps prepared a Statement
of a Proper Military Policy for the United States, which was sub-
mitted to the Secretary of War, September, 1915. This Statement
of Policy was published as a separate appendix to the last annual
report or the Secretary of War, and as, m a very large measure, it
furnished the basis for discussion of as well as the basis for the legis-
lation passed during the past session of Congress, I have included
it for convenience of reference as an appendix to this report.
The General Staff in this policy report stated the military problem
before the country in the following language :
From what has been stated, we are forced to the conclusion that we must
be prepared to resist a combined land and sea operation of formidable streuj^h.
Our principal coast cities and Important harbors have already been protected
by harbor defenses, which, by passive method alone, can deny to an enemy
the use of these localities as bases for such exi)edition8.
The enemy l)eing unable to gain a foothold in any of these fortified areas
by direct naval attack will therefore be forced to find some suitable place on
the coast from which land operations can be conducted both against the im-
portant coast cities and the rich commercial centers in the Interior. Long
stretches of coast line between the fortified places lie open to the enemy. The
only reasonable way In which these localities can be defended Is by providing
a mobile land force of sufficient strength, so located that it may be thrown in
at threatened points at the proper time.
It has Just been shown what the strength of these expeditions might be, as
well as the time required for any one of them to develop its whole effective
force. Hence, it can be seen, when we take into consideration the possible two
months' delay provided by the Navy, that our system should be able to furnish
600,000 trained and organized mobile troops at the outbreak of the war and
to have at least 500,000 more available within 90 days thereafter. Here, how-
ever, it must be pointed out that two expeditions alone will provide a force
large enough to cope with our 1,000,000 mobile troops, and consequently we
must, at the outbreak of hostilities, provide the system to raise and train, in
addition, at least 500,000 troops to replace the losses and wastage In personnel
incident to war. To provide this organized land force is the military problem
before us for solution.
This report was based upon the actual needs of the country, as
they existed at that time, leaving to Congress the ways and means
to provide the men. The first 500,000 mentioned was to be composed
of the Regular Army and its reserve, the reserve to be produced by a
term of enlistment oi eight years, twt) with the colors and six with the
155
156 REPORT OF THE OHIEF OF STAFF.
reserve. The second 500,000 mentioned above was to be composed of
citizen soldiers, to be ^iven nine months' military training in time of
peace and three months' additional training on or before the out-
break of war before they would be prepared for war service.
The General Staff prepared a plan of organization for the first
500,000 which called for 7 infantry divisions of 9 regiments each^
and 2 cavalry divisions of 9 regiments each, with necessary field
artillery, engineer and. signal troops to complete the divisions. In
addition, there was to be provided a total of 263 companies of coast
artillery. The total number of units recommended by the Greneral
Staff for the active army being:
65 regiments of Infantry,
25 regiments of cavalry,
21 regiments of field artillery,
263 companies of coast artillery,
7 regiments of engineers,
2 mounted battalions of engineers,
11} signal corps battalions,
8 aero squadrons,
being an increase in the Regular Army of
84 regiments of infantry,
10 regiments of cavalry,
15 regiments of field artillery,
d8 companies of coast artillery,
5 regiments of engineers,
2 battalions of mounted engineers,
169 ofiicers and 2«115 men in the Signal Oorps, and necessary increase In
the staff corps.
Congress accepted the recommendation of the General Staff in
regard to the number of organizations, but at practically two-thirds
of the strength recommended.
The peace strength of the Regular Army after July 1, 1920, includ-
ing 45,177 noncombatant troops, will be 11,827 officers and 208,338
men, and a war stren^h of 11,942 officers and 287,846 men. The
increase, as recommended by the General Staff, is to take place in
5 annual increments. When the increase is completed and the neces-
sary oversea garrisons provided, there will be left in the United
States just sufficient troops to organize 4 infantry divisions and 2
cavalry divisions, with necessarv auxiliary troops.
The* recommendation of the (jeneral Staff that a citizen volunteer
army of 500,000 men, with a minimum of nine months' training in
time of peace, be created was not accepted by Congress. This recom-
mendation was attacked on various grounds as being radical, unneces-
sary, and impracticable, and as being particularly aimed at the
Organized Militia, which the General Staff recommended be main-
tained as it existed at the date of the report. In the policy report^
the General Staff summarized the limitations of the Organized
Militia in the following language :
It is stated later in this report that 12 months, at 150 hours per month, ** Is
considered the minimum length of time of actual training considered necessary
to prepare troops for war service.*' Due to constitutional Umitatlons, Congress
has not the power to fix and require such an amount of training tor tbe
Organized Militia. No force can be considered a portion of our first line whoee
control and training is so little subject to Federal authority in peace. No force
should be considered a portion of our^ first line in war unless it be maintained
fnUy organized and equipped in peace' at practically war strength* This would
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 157
ezdude. the Organized Militia from consideration for senrlce in the first line
mainly because of the imposHbility of yiving it in peace the training required
for auch function.
In the consideration of this question, the constitutional limitations
regarding the militia occupied most of the attention of Congress to
the exclusion of the standard of training necessary to prepare troops
for service in the first line. Congress believed, as shown by the
national defense act, that the constitutional questions that were
raised were not serious enough to interfere to any extent with the
transformation of the Organized Militia into a citizen force sub-
stantially in number as recommended by the General Staff, and the
bill, as passed, provides that at the end of five years the National
Guard will consist of about 17,000 officers and 440,000 men, the
period of enlistment in the National Guard being six years, three
with the colors and three with the reserve of the National Guard.
A liberal provision is made in the bill for the payment.
The period of training prescribed for the National Guard is 16
days' field service, including target practice, and 48 armory drills
of not less than 1^ hours, or an annual training of approximately 25
days, or 75 days in three years. This period of training is six months
less than the peace training recommended by the General Staff for
the citizen armv, and nine months less training than necessary for
war service, and, in my judgment, precludes this force from being fit
for war service until it has received at least six months' additional
training in time of war. I am entirely in accord with the opinion
of the General Staff that troops with less than 12 months' intensive
peace training can not be considered dependable troops for war
service.
The debate in Congress and the discussion in the press of the
country indicated that there is a very widespread, serious and vital
misconception in this country in regard to the time it takes to train
the individual soldier and the organization of which he is an element.
In the belief that soldiers can be very quickly trained and armies
improvised, we not only run counter to the military opinion and
practice of practically all the other great nations of the world, but we
run counter as well to our own experience as a nation in war. The
time required for the training of armies depends largely on the
fresence or absence of trained officers and noncommissioned officers,
f there be a corps of trained officers and noncommissioned officers
and a tested organization of higher units with trained leaders and
staff officers, the problem of training is largely limited to the training
of the private soldier. This has been satisfactorily accomplish^ in
Europe as is beine demonstrated in the present war by giving the
soldiers in time ox peace two years of intensive training with the
colors and additional training in the reserve.
It should be obvious to any unprejudiced mind that if we are to
defeat highly trained and splendidly disciplined armies of our possi-
ble enemies, our own forces when called upon for battle should have
training and discipline at least equal to that of our opponent. While
we have splendid material for soldiers, for us seriously to claim that
the average American youth can be trained and disciplined in less
time than the average English, French, German, or Japanese youth
158 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
argues a decided lack of understanding on the part of our people of
the progress and character of the English, French, German, or Japa-
nese people. All that we can hope for and confidently claim is that^
given equal intensive training as to time, under equally favorable
conditions as to officers and noncommissioned officers for instructors
and leaders, our soldiers will be prepared to assure in war the success
of our armies.
Under their systems of intensive training other nations reauire
approximately 6 hours' daily work in theoretical and practical in-
struction of each soldier, or approximately 4,000 hours during the
2-year period of training. In our Eegular service, due to the necessity
of depending on volunteer enlistment, we require in 3 years approxi-
mately the same number of hours that the army in which universal
and compulsory service exist obtains in 2 years.
If we continue to accept approximately 4,000 hours as our stand-
ards of training and discipline, we will meet our opponents on prac-
tically equal terms, proviaing that the quality of our instructors and
leaders is up to their standard. If we adopt a lower standard of
training, we lessen directly the fighting efficiency of our troops.
It should be clear that troops trained for 1 year of intensive train-
ing, or approximately for 2,000 hours, are only one-half as well
trained and less than one-half as well disciplined as they would be if
they had 4,000 hours of trainmg in 2 years. It is obvious that troops
trained for only 1 year in time of peace will have to be given addi-
tional training in time of war before they can successfully oppose
troops with the high standard of training and discipline that is given
in 2 years in time of peace, and that we will have to make up for any
deficiency in training and discipline by decided superiority in nuni-
bers.
If we can not increase the period of training for the National
Guard to the minimum laid down as essential by the General Staff,
and it is very doubtful if we will be able to do so and keep the force
recruited to the maximum authorized by Congress, we are confronted
by a serious situation. The difficulty that is being now experienced
in obtaining recruits for the Re^lar Army and for the National
Guard in service on the border and at their mobilization camps raises
sharply the question of whether we will be able to recruit the troops
authorized by Congress in the national-defense act, both Regular
Army and National Guard.
It is, in my judgment, a cause for very sober consideration on the
part of every citizen of the country when the fact is fully understood
that the units of the National Guard and the Regular Armj have not
been recruited to war strength in the crisis which we have just passed
through. The number of units in both organizations are relatively
small and the total number of men needed to recruit them to war
strength certainly not great — almost negligible, in fact, when consid*
ered in relation to the total male population in the United States of
military rige; that is, men between 18 and 45 years. Many of the
elements which favor recruiting under a volunteer system in this
country existed at the time of the call for mobilization ior the militia.
Among others may be enumerated :
a. The agitation for preparedness that has swept over the country,
due largely to the lessons of the European war.
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 15^
b. The public press of the country generally, regardless of
partj^ had given liberal space in the news and editorial columns in
favor of mifitary preparation for months previous to the call.
c. Preparedness parades in which thousands had participated
had recently been held in many of the principal cities of the country.
d. Congress had but recently, in response to public sentiment,,
passed a new national-defense act, which will ultimately almost
double the size of our small Eegular Army and almost quadruple the
size of the Organized Militia.
e. In response to the same national sentiment, Confess has passed^
since the National Guard was called to active service, a naval bill
giving the largest naval increase in the history of the country.
These facts are mentioned to show that public interest in the Army
and Navy, and the national defense generally, had been aroused to a
comparatively high degree; yet, in what is c<msidered by the Gov-
ernment a grave emergency the National Guard is mobilized for
service on the southern frontier to protect the lives of American men,
women, and children, recruiting is found so difficult that many of its
organizations have not yet, over three months after the call, been
raised to even minimum peace strength, and likewise the units of the
Eegular Army have not been recruited to the minimum peace
strength authorized in the new national-defense act. Anyone at all
familiar with the effort made and now being made to recruit the
units of both the Begular Army and the Organized Militia will un-
derstand that the failure to obtain recruits is not due to defective
methods of recruiting. In fact, every effort has been made, in many
cases an actual house-to-house canvass being undertaken to obtain re-
cruits for the militia. It can be stated, I think, without fear of con-
tradiction, that there are very few young men in the country to-day
who do not know that there is a demand for their services both in
the Organized Militia now on the border or shortly to go there and
in the units of the Begular Army now on the border or in Mexico.
In view of the above facts, it would be, indeed, an exceedingly
shallow thinker who could attach much blame to the personnel of
either the Regular Army or the Organized Militia for failure to
recruit to war strength. The failure should make the whole people
to realize that the volunteer system does not and probably will not
give us either the men we need for training in peace or for service
in war.
In my judgment, the country will never be prepared for defense
until we do as other great nations do that have large interests to
guard, like Germany, Japan, and France, where everybody is ready
and does perform military service in time of peace as he would pay
every other tax and is willing to make sacrinces for the protection
he gets and the country gets in return'. The volunteer system in this
country, in view of tne highly organized, trained, and disciplined
armies that our possible opponents possess, should be relegated to the
past. There is no reason why one woman's son should go out and
defend or be trained to defend another woman and her son who
refuses to take training or give service. The only democratic method
is for every man in his youth to become trained in order that he may
render efficient service if called upon in war.
162 BEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
measure to a realization that we must believe in ourselves, and as the
exponents of a democracy that should regenerate the political systems
of the world, we must be ready to hold our place in the councils of
the world, and to do this we must be physically fit, or we shall be
brushed aside by the vigorous manhood of other races who sacrifice
self that the nation may live.
During the months of May and June hundreds of thousands
marched in so-called preparedness parades to the plaudits of on-
lookers. But when the militia was called out in June to protect
our border, it was with the utmost difficulty that its units were
recruited to the small number required, and some were never filled.
The spirit was rife to let somebody else do it Not only is there
evidence of the volunteer spirit being moribund, but the States
have for years been unable to make an efficient showing with the
militia, even with the generous assistance of the General Govern-
ment in qualified instructors and supplies. It would seem that the
self-reliance of the individual, like that of the States, had given way
to dependence upon others. The fine volunteer spirit of the Stat^
militia was injured in the demand for Federal pay in time of peace.
It sounded the knell of patriotic military training for individuals
and commercialized the highest duty that a State can demand from
its people. We have fallen away from the teaching of the Fathers,
for there is no longer instilled into our people the ftmdamental doc-
trine that every man owes a military as well as a civil obligation to
his Government.
A young man between 18 and 21 is at the least earning capacity
of his career. It is a time of anxiety to the parent and uncer-
tainty for the son. During these years few settle into their life's
vocation. They are an expense to their parents; their averaj
earnings will not pay for their board and clothes. They can
given military training without the slightest disruption of business.
The stabilizing effect of military discipline and intensive training
upon such young men would be or utmost value in forming character
and thereb}^ a foundation for their life's work. The^ would become
an asset of incalculable value to the nation, not only m time of emer-
gency, but in the recruitment to industrial life of the thousands re-
turned from military pursuits improved mentally, morally, and physi-
cally by the training. The hundreds of military schools in the coun-
try are evidence of the faith of thousands of parents that their boys
are better fitted for the responsibilities of life by the elementary dis-
cipline and drills therein received. The most important function of
our regular establishment should be to make it a real training school
for our young men, and thereby inspire them with the spirit of patri-
otism and sense of duty and responsibility with which each generation
must be imbued if we are to continue our high mission as a nation.
I shall not attempt in this report to evolve a system to carry out
so important a work. It is believed that the average parent would
gladly welcome the opportunity for military training for their boys
between the ages of 18 and 21. As the training would be educational,
there should he no remuneration for service, but the Government
should stand all the expense.
If we are to continue to compete with the wage of labor for our
soldiers the cost will be enormous if we are to get the men. We hi^
police, we hire firemen, but there is a repugnance to the idea that
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 163
we must continue to commit ourselves to no military resource other
than that of hiring citizens to accept military training and to commit
our future to such inadequate defense.
The justice of, as well as the necessity for, universal training is rec-
ognized in section 79 of the national defense act, which prescribes
that in time of war^ "if for any reason there shall not be enough
voluntary enlistments to keep the reserve battalions at the prescribed
strength^ a sufficient number of the unorganized militia shall be
drafted into the service of the United States to maintain each such
battalion at the proper strength." This provision is intended to keep
the National Guard units that have been sent into the field at war
strength and is one of the best provisions regarding the National
Guard in the bill. What I am contending for is that the principle
recognized as applying to time of war should applv equally to time
of peace, so that all oi the youth of the country who are physically
qualified for military service should be given thorough military
training and disciplme under competent officers and noncommis-
sioned officers, so that on the outbreak of war they will be able with-
out much additional training to render efficient service. To send men
into battle who have not been given this thorough training and disci-
pline is not only a useless waste of our resources in men but, to anyone
who understands anjrthing of the realities of modem war, convicts the
]{)eople of the country who are responsible for such proceeding of
criminal neglect.
THE NATIONAL DEFENSE ACT.
In general terms it may be said that this is the first comprehensive
legislation for national defense. It provides for four classes of sol-
diers in the United States: First, the Regular Army: second, the
National Guard ; third, the enlisted reserve force, all or which shall
exist in time of peace; and, fourth, the Volunteer Army, which will be
raised only in time of war. The peace strength of the Regular Army
in 1920 is fixed at figures previously stated. The National Guard
should consist of about 17,000 officers and 440,000 men. Volunteers
can be called in time of war in such numbers as Congress shall
authorize.
The increase in the Regular Army is to be made in five annual
increments, beginning July 1, 1916, and running to July 1, 1920,
although the President is authorized to make the increase more
rapidly in case of emergency.
The organizations provided for the Re^lar Army will be divided
into two classes — over-sea and home garrisons. The composition of
each of the garrisons in the Philippine Islands, Hawaiian Islands,
Panama, and Alaska will be as stated in that policy report and the
aggregate will be about three Infantry divisions. This will leave in
the United States four Infantry diviaons and two Cavalry divisions.
Each Infantry division will consist of three Infantry brigades
(nine regiments), one regiment of Cavalry, one brigade of Field
Artillery (three regiments), one regiment of Engineers, one Field
Signal battalion, one aero squadron, and the ammunition, supply,
engineer and sanitary trains. Each Cavalry division will consist of
three Cavalry brigades (nine regiments), one regiment of Horse
Artillery, one battalion of Mounted Engineers, one Field Signal bat-
164 BBPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
talion, one aero squadron, and ammunition, supply, en^neer, and
sanitary trains. Alter deaucting the necessary troops for the over-
sea garrisons, the troops remaining in the United States are just
sufficient to organize the divisions mentioned, giving what is termed
a well-balanced military organization, because there is just enough
of each arm to make a good fighting machine, and there are no extra
organizations left over.
The number of general officers of the Army has been increased so
as to provide the necessary general officers to command the divisions
and brigades and furnish the general officers of the General Staff.
The Adjutant General's Department, the Inspector General's De-
partment, the Judge Advocate General's Department, the Quarter-
master Corps, and the Medical Department have all been materially
increased to meet the increased size of the Be^lar Armv.
The number of officers in the Corps of Engineers will also be in-
creased and the engineer troops for mfantry divisions will hereafter
be organized into regiments instead of battalions as heretofore, while
the mounted engineer troops for use with the cavalry divisions will
be in battalion organizations.
The Ordnance Department and the Signal Corps both received
material increases. The work of the Ordnance Department in the
design and construction of new armament and the greatly increased
importance of aviation work necessitated it.
The Medical Department was increased so as to provide 7 officers
and 50 enlisted men for every 1,000 of the enlisted strength of the
Regular Army and by the addition thereto of a new corps of
veterinarians, which corps, together with the Dental Corps, have
been given increased rank, with the accompanying pay and allow-
ances.
The organization of Infantry and Cavalry regiments has been
changed by the introduction of three new companies, i. e., the head-
quarters, supply, and machine-gun companies. These companies
have existed as provisional experimental organizations, but the per-
sonnel had to be taken from other companies of the regiment Each
regiment of field artillery has been increased by a headquarters and
a supply company. The organization of the regimental units of these
three arms was worked out with ^eat care and represents the very
latest improvements known to military experts.
The Coast Artillery has been increased from 701 officers and 19,321
men to 1,201 officers and 29,469 enlisted men, exclusive of bands, on
July 1, 1920, giving that corps the complement that it requires in
regular officers and men for the harbor defense of the country. The
remaining number of officers and men will be supplied from the
National Guard.
The Porto Rico regiment has been increased from two battalions to
three battalions, and will be organized as other regiments of infantnir.
Hereafter officers appointed as second lieutenants in the Armv will
be ^ven provisional appointments for a period of two years, (furing
which period of probation they must demonstrate their abilitv ana
fitness. All new officers will be drawn from graduates of the United
States Military Academy, from enlisted men of the Regular Army,
from members of the OflScers' Reserve Corps, or the National Guard,
or from honor graduates of military schools, or, lastly, from civil life.
BEPO&T OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 165
The condition of retired officers is improved, in that the time which
a retired officer may serve on active dutv brings to him increased pay
and rank corresponding to his period of active service, and in time of
war retired officers may be used as the President shall prescribe.
To provide for the regular officers necessary for duty with the
National Guard, duty at the various colleges where military instruc-
tion is given, for recruiting duty, military attaches, etc., provision is
made for a detached officers' list which provides 1,022 officers.
Provision has been made for the retirement of officers of the Phil-
ippine Scouts.
The enlistment contract provides for three ye«^rs with the colors
and four in the reserve, but an important addition is that at the end
of one year's service any enlisted man within the continental limits
of the United States may be discharged if he has become proficient ,
in that time. Provision is made for paying the enlisted men in the
reserve $24 a year, and the President is authorized to utilize the per-
sonnel of any department of the Government, such as postmasters,
mail carriers, etc., to keep track of reservists, and also to use the
postmasters (except first class) to obtain recruits for the Army.
Enlisted men are prohibited from engaging in any civil occupa-
tions, whether for pay or otherwise, that would put them in compe-
tion with men in civil life.
An officer's reserve corps is provided which authorizes the commis-
sioning of civilians up to ana including the grade of major in the
various branches of the Army. These men can be selected and
trained in time of peace, and the officers so obtained should be fairly
prepared for their duties. In order to assist in obtaining these re-
serve officers, a Reserve Officers' Training Corps is authorized which
will consist of units at the various colleges, academies, and universi-
ties throughout the country where military education and training
will be given which should give a personnel for the officers' reserve
corps that is better equipped for the duties of an officer than any
heretofore available.
In order to provide the enlisted men for the various technical staff
corps and departments, an enlisted reserve corps has been authorized
which will consist of men whose daily occupation in civil life spe-
cially fits them for duty in the Engineer, Signal, and Quartermaster
Corps, and in the Ordnance and Medical Departments. This enlisted
reserve corps should provide the railway operatives, bridge builders,
chauffeurs, hospital attendants, nurses, telegraphers, etc., required
for the departments and corps mentioned. It is impracticable to
keep in the Regular Army the number of men of these classes that
will be necessary in time of war, and it is hoped that the enlisted
reserve corps will provide the deficiency.
No provision is made for a volunteer force in time of peace, but
in place thereof the ideas heretofore embodied in the so-called Dusi-
ness men's camps have been provided for, in the provisions that all
expenses in connection with attendance at training camps shall be
borne by the Federal Government.
The National Guard is within the limits of the Constitution fed*
eralized. The maximum number authorized is 800 for each Repre-
sentative and Senator in Congress, and such number from the Terri-
tories as the President shall prescribe. It is hoped that this will
give a total of about 17,000 officers and 440,000 enlisted men.
166 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
The President is authorized to organize the National Guard into
brigades, divisions, and other tactical uuits, and to prescribe the kind
of oi^anizations that shall be maintained in the various States to
insure that these brigades and divisions will be complete in all re-
spects. Certain qualifications are required of oflBcers of the National
Guard, and although these officers will be commissioned by the gov-
ernors, they can not be recognized by the Federal Government unless
they fulfill the prescribed qualifications. Regular Army officers may
be commissioned in the National Guard if the governors so desire.
Enlistments in the National Guard will be for six years, three years
with the colors and three years with the reserves, but a man may
serve out his enlistment, it he so desires, instead of going into the
reserve. Hereafter the enlistment contract for the National Guard
will contain an oath of allegiance both to the United States and to the
Btate, and not only enlisted men but officers must subscribe to such
an oath. The President is not only authorized to call out the Na-
tional Guard for the constitutional purposes but is also authorized
under certain conditions to draft them into the service of the United
States whether they desire to come or not, and also to draft the
additional men that may be needed to keep such National Guard
units at war strength, in case the National Guard Reserve is not
sufficient for that purpose. Provision is made for the protection of
Federal property in the hands of the National Guard.
Horses can be supplied to the mounted organizations of the Na-
tional Guard, and provision is made for their care and maintenance.
The National Guard will be required to have 48 periods of armory
training each year and 15 days' field training, and in case the pre-
scribed amount of training is not undergone the President may with-
hold the funds appropriated for the National Guard. The Secretary
of War may require such additional study on the part of the officers
as he deems necessary. During periods of field training the National
Guard will be paid at the same rate as the Regular Army, and for
the armory training a generous rate of pay is authorized. National
Guard officers and men may be sent to various service schools and will
be paid during such periods. The National Guard will be subject
to tne laws and regulations governing the Arm.y of the United States
from the time that they are recjuired to come into that service, and
after that time there is no evadin/^ the Federal law. A uniform sys-
tem of courts-martial for the National Guard is authorized, the limi-
tations of which are fixed by law. When the National Guard is
drafted into the service of the United States they will be entitled
to all the rights of the existing pension laws.
To encourage target practice the Secretary of War is authorized
to establish ranges and to supply rifies, ammunition, and instructors
for rifie clubs in various parts of the country. The initial step in
carrying out the law was made in the Army appropriation bill for
the current fiscal year, which appropriated $300,000 for the mainte-
nance of indoor and outdoor rifie ranges for the use of all able-
bodicKl males capable of bearing arms under reasonable regulations
to be prescribed by the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle
Practice, and provision is made for the appointment of a director
of civilian marksmanship.
The President is authorized in time of war to exercise a sort of
eminent domain over the various manufacturing plants in the country
REPORT OP THE CHIEF OF STAFF, 167
and Government orders are given right of way over all private orders.
It establishes in time of peace a board of mobilization of industries,
which is authorized to investigate all privately owned plants in the
country suitable for the manufacture of arms and ammunition, and
the Ordnance Department is authorized to prepare in time of peace
the necessary tools of special kinds that are required in the manu-
facture of arms, ammunition, etc.
The United States is dependent upon Chile as a source of supply
for nitrates which are essential to the manufacture of ammunition.
The President is authorized to investigate the best means for the
production of nitrates and to establish the necessary plants to manu-
facture nitrates for the Government's use.
The uniform of the United States Army, Navy, or Marine Corps
is given protection in that only certain authorized individuals and
organizations have the right to wear the uniform or any uniform so
nearly like it as to be readily mistaken therefor.
THE GENERAL STAFF CORPS.
Attention is invited to the tendency to enact laws affecting the
personnel of the Army in relation to its stations and duties. Fre-
quently these enactments are not considered at the hearings or de-
bated on the floor of Congress, nor is the War Department given
opportunity to show how the military service will be affected thereby,
and it sometimes happens that such legislation has an injurious effect
upon the service. In this connection attention is invited to the
second paragraph of section 5, national defense act, relating to the
General Staff Corps. The formation of a general staff had its incep-
tion in the blunders made by our staff departments during the Spanish
War, and it was to form a supervising, informing, and coordinating
staff department of the War Department. It was carefully con-
sidered and fuUy debated in all of its varied aspects, and the organic
law stated fully its purpose. The number of officers at first detailed
for the Generid Staff was fixed at 45 as the proper number to per-
form this new but most important and varied duty. In 1912 the
Greneral Staff was reduced by one general officer and eight captains.
This reduction seriously interfered with the work of the General
Staff, which had been steadily growing in importance, as officers
grew to understand its important functions.
The European war has fully demonstrated to the world the im-
portance of a general staff for coordinating in time of peace a com-
prehensive knowledge of the resources of the Nation — that is, its war
power — as well as m the preparation of war plans. The work of
preparing the Army, the National Guard and volunteers to carry out
effectively and efficiently these plans is an involved and complex
study. THie collection in advance of all the information necessary for
a correct understanding of every problem of national defense is an
immense work. General Staff work has to do not only with prepar-
ing war plans but consideration of every policy of instruction, equip-
ment, and supply, so as to obviate waste of public funds and secure
the best possible results. . -, x- j
After a full and careful consideration of its various duties and re-
sponsibilities, the General Staff recommended 94 officers as the num-
168 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF,
ber that should compose that body. The national-defense act was
passed by the Senate, fixing the number at 92. But as this measure
came from conference and as enacted into law the Oeneral Staff, aside
from its general officers, was increased by 18 officers, to come by incre-
ments for the next five years. It directed not more than one-half of
the officers detailed in said corps shall at any time be stationed or as-
signed to or employed upon any duty in or near the District of CJolum-
bia, and directs a penalty upon an officer who violates this or any other
provisions of the section. It is needless to say that this provision, by its
reduction of the available officers for the General Staff work at the
War College, has militated seriously against the work of preMrinjj
the coimtry for any emergency of war. The law limiting the JPresi-
dent in the number of General Staff officers he can order to duty in
Washington gives us fewer officers here than at any time in the his-
tory of the organization and at the most important time of our mili-
tary development. Just what end of military efficiency it was pro-
posed to serve thereby it is impossible to conjecture. In the interest
of progress in military preparedness it is recommended that all the
restriction placed in the national-defense act be removed and the
General Staff in number be fixed as proposed in the national-defense
act as first passed by the Senate.
DETACHED SERVICE LAW.
Congress, upon its own initiative and without the recommendation
of the War Department, in the appropriation bill for the Array,
approved August 24, 1912, passed a law which required that commis-
sioned officers of the line of the Army below the rank of major should
not be detached unless they have been actually present for duty for
at least two of the last preceding six years with a troop^ battery, or
company of that branch of the Army in which the omcer is com-
missioned.
Legislation extending the provisions of the detached-service law
for field officers was included in the Array appropriation bill ap-
proved April 27, 1915. The laws on the subject are raost stringent,
and have been very rigidly construed by the departraent. The law
was intended to remedy by legislation the keeping of certain officers
too long from duty with troops. Officers who were selected for de-
tached service were frequently kept on such duty for unduly long
periods. Having laid down a principle and a general rule for the
service, with a penalty to enforce its operation, Congress made ex-
ceptions by excluding their application to the Ordnance Departraent;
for officers below the grade of major detailed for aviation duty ; for
aU officers detailed for duty in connection with the construction of
the Panama Canal until alter it shall have been formally opened ;
for those detailed in connection with the Alaskan Eoad Comraission,
the Alaska Railroad, Bureau of Insular Affairs; oerraits the re-
detail of officers above the grade of major in the iStaff Corps and
departments. The excepting of certain officers from the restrictions
of the law has been largely personal legislation, without any special
benefit to the service. It has, in fact, created a distinction in de-
tached service which has not made a favorable impression in the
service generally. The detached-service law has been in effect now
BEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 169
for four jrears, which has given time to consider its results. In so far
as it requires service with troops, the effect has be(m good, although it
has increased ffreatly the expense of administration with the frequent
chan^ of officers to meet its strin^nt requirements. It likewise
occasions undue expense to the individual, especially so if the officer
has a family to take with him ; and the majority of our young officers
are married men, with the responsibility of growing children. The
provisions of the national-defense act, constituting the detached
officers' list of 1,022 officers, will enormously increase this expense to
the Government and to the individual on account of the greater num-
ber of officers affected, for the time available for detached service
will be materially shortened.
The War Department is thoroughly imbued with the spirit of the
laws on this subject. I believe it would promote very greatly the
efficiency of the service, and at the same time make a material re-
duction in the cost of the militarj^ establishment, if these laws were
now rescinded and the matter simplified by a law which would
authorize an officer entering upon a detail to serve out the four years
of the detail and then require him to serve two years with troops
before he becomes eligible for another detail. A law to this effect,
bearing equally upon all departments and upon all officers below the
grade of general officer, would materially enhance the efficiency of
the service and the satisfaction of the personnel.
It is believed that some such measure will not only relieve the de-
partment of much embarrassment but will give the permanency to
detached details necessary for efficiency, with the proper safeguards
to insure against abuse, and at the same time reduce the cost of de-
tached service by approximately 50 per cent.
THE PERMANENT STAFF 00RP8.
Our experience in the War with Spain brought the War Depart-
ment face to face with the fact that few officers of the regular service
had knowledge of the problems of subsistence, clothing, equipment,
transportation, sanitation, the vast and complicated business of sup-
plying and transporting an arm^, caring for the health and strength
of the men — matters which reauire previous training and experience.
The policy had been foUowea that the country relied for its main
stren^h upon volunteers who, when called into the service, brought
but little of the knowledge and experience necessary to these im-
portant functions. So, having in view the sp.x:ial duties to be per-
formed by regular oP^cers, not only in connection with their own
affairs but with the militia and volunteers, the then Secretary of War
(Mr. Root) urgently recommended the substitution of a system of
details from the line in place of the, at that time, permanent staff
and supply departments so as to provide for the training of as many
officers as possible in the variety of experience which would fit them
for the duties of the staff and the combined service of regulars,
militia, and volunteers.
In accordance with these recommendations the act to increase the
efficiency of the permanent military establishment of the United
States, approved February 2, 1901, provided for the details from the
170 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
line of the Army to be made in the staff departments and corps of
the War Department and no more permanent appointments to be
made in those departments. Some changes have since been made so
as to provide examinations and give officers advanced rank for de-
tail in the Ordnance Department, but details continue to be made as
grovided by the original law in the Adjutant General's, Inspector
[eneral's, and Quartermaster General's Departments and the Signal
Corps except for the Aviation Section. The workings of the law
have pro vedr satisfactory in every respect. But as the number of
permanent staff officers is steadily decreasing and as the law provides
that the heads of these corps must be selected from the permanent
officers as long as any such remain a condition will soon arise when
selections must be made from a small number and thus limit the
ranee of selection. -
Chiefs of bureau can not be removed by a Secretary of War, whereas
in the interest of efficient military administration they should be as
easily removed as is a chief of staff. The association of the perma-
nent officei*s of the staff corps with the line is, in most cases, limited to
inspections, reading of reports, etc., whereas every officer of the per-
manent staff should be in close touch with the sentiments and needs
of the line. There would result better cooperation and increased
efficiency.
I am of opinion that all the officers of the staff corps, excepting
judge advocates, engineers, medical officers, and chaplains, should be
transferred to the line. A number of officers equal to those trans-
ferred would have to be detailed to perform staff duties. But the
total number of officers of the Army would not be increased and all
officers would belong to a common body and the struggle between the
line and staff brought to an end. Thereafter an officer detailed as
chief of a bureau or corps of the War Department should be detailed
for four years, unless sooner relieved, and upon being relieved would
return to that grade and branch in which commissioned and be not
eligible to redetail except in time of war or other national emergency
until he shall have served therewith for two years. The law that
applies to the Chief of Staff should apply to the chief of every bureau
and corps of the War Department, with above exceptions only.
RESERVE officers' TRAINING CORPS.
The national defense act authorizes the establishment and main-
tenance at civil educational institutions of a Reserve Officers' Train-
ing Corps. The system contemplates utilizing to their fullest extent
the facilities of public and private educational institutions of all
types at which officers of the Arm^ are or may be detailed as pro-
ressors of military science and tactics.
In 1915 5,200 students who had completed courses of military
training under the supervision of officers graduate from the college
tjrpe of institution in the United States, and the total number of stu-
dents who received military instruction that year under officers of
the Army in the schools and colleges of all types was 32,000. There
are 567 colleges in this country, with an enrollment of 170,000 male
student& If all these institutions comply with the provision author-
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 171
izing the Reserve Officers' Training Corps, there will annually gradu-
ate a large number of men trained for reserve commissions. The en-
thusiastic approval accorded this provision by educators warrants
the prediction that a large number of our colleges which now afford
no military training to the student will apply to participate in its
provisions. The total cost to the United States of the military train-
mg of a reserve officer should not be over $1,000 per man. This
includes service of training in the Regular Army subsequent to
^aduation for at least six months. There was some delay in receiv-
mg from the printing office the regulations for the Reserve Officers'
Training Corps, but these are now in the hands of all educational
institutions interested.
PLAN FOR MHJTARY TRAINING IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE UNITED STATES.
In paragraph 6, " Statement of a Proper Military Policy for the
United States," '^ was shown that our military system should be able
to furnish at tne outbreak of war 600,000 trained and organized
mobile troops, and to have available not less than 500,000 more 90
days thereafter. In addition, to supply losses and wastage in war,
it was considered that, after the outbreak of hostilities, the system
should provide a plan for raising and training 500,000 more.
To prepare for this task requires us to use every available means
of educatmg the young as to their future duties as citizens.
If our democracy is to endure it must " recognize as its primary
standard of duty the obligation of the individual man and woman
to sacrifice themselves for the whole community in time of need."
The necessary elementary instruction that every young American
should have in order to be prepared when the time comes to play
his part in the national defense can be partially given in the public
schools. Moreover, this can be done m such a way as to enlist
parental approval, because of the manifest improvement of the
scholars in physique, deportment, and obedience to authority at home
as well as at school.
The object of the prescribed course of instruction is to inculcate
high ideals and correct views on the duties of the citizen to the State.
The training ^ven is along military lines, but is so conducted as to
encourage initiative and individuality, to correct defects and develop
natural gifts, and to teach self-control by showing the value of obe-
dience to superior authority. The old method of "breaking the will '*
by insisting on blind, unreasoning obedience to arbitrary rules is
replaced by one showing how to use the individual will in attaining
the concerted effort known as "teamwork," which is the secret ot
efficiency, and which is dependent upon a conscious and willing obe-
dience to a superior directing authority. Those who learn how to
obey fit themselves to direct and bj practicing self-control become
imbued with the fundamental principle underlying good citizenship.
This is not a theoretical scheme. It is a practical system carefully
worked out by Capt. E. Z. Steever, United States Army, and appliea
with marked success in the public hi^h schools of the State of Wyo-
ming. It has been designated the " Wyoming plan," and its dis-
tinctive features are outfined in what follows.
172 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF 8TAFF.
The Wyoming plan.
The Wyoming school authorities hold :
1. That good citizenship involves a willingness on the part of
each able-bodied youth to make such effort and sacrifice as will pre-
pare him for his obligations and duties as a citizen.
2. That this preparation embraces the following: (a) Military
preparation; (6) Moral preparation; {c) Civic preparation; {d)
Business preparation; and {e) Educational preparation.
(a) Military T^eparation. — It is unsound to assimie that any sys-
tem of training its adolescent youth will remove from the nation the
further responsibility of training its manhood.
Trained youth can not take the place of trained manhood. Youths
make imitation, but not real, soldiers.
A thorough preliminary military training of its adolescent youth
has been recognized in primitive as well as modern civilizations as
the first step in the greater training of the tribe or nation.
With the civilized as with the primitive youth the " game " is the
medium of all successful training. " Competition " is to youth what
" security " is to old age.
According to the Wyoming plan all cadets are organized into com-
petition units.
Leaders take "turnabouts" choosing the members of their units^
so that each unit (squad, platoon, or company) is made up of an
equal number of strong, medium, and weak lads.
After final choosing-up these units are fixed and can not be added
to nor subtracted from.
All the work is done by competition units.
There are: Wall-scaling units, infantry-drill units, troop-leader-
ship units, scholarship units, field-firing units, camp and field units.
Sponsors are elected from the girls in the mixed school and
assigned to the competition units. The sponsors are in every sense
members of the cadet organization. They attend all drills, are the
leaders in all social functions, and while they do not actually drill
the sponsors are entitled to and receive such individual rewards as
may be won by their units.
Medals, ribbons, and distinctive marks on the uniform are given
each member of a winning unit, the sponsor, of course, included.
Each cadet organization is based on the voluntary enlistment plan.
The cadet classes are held ffenerall]^ during and not after school
hours, and credit toward graduation is awarded therefor.
Cadet tournaments are held during the school year between the
different high schools, to which the public is invited, and at which
are held infantry-drill, wall-scaling, field-firing, and camp and field,
and troop-leadership competition "games."
From the Wyoming experience is deduced the following system of
training adapted to the adolescent American youth. Local conditions
will necessarily modify the application of this system, but the general
principles on which it is basea will obtain in any part of the united
States, and will permit the evolution of a practical course suited
to local conditions:
BKPORT OF THE GHIES OF STAFF. 173
^ 1. Cut the school year into separate, short, intensive training pe-
riods, working up through preliminary to final competition £ttes,
with the fixed competition units.
2. September 1 to December 31, wall-scaling and calisthenic
events ; minimum of drill, maximiun of body building.
3. January 1 to February 28, troop-leadership competitions, 12-
inch Grettydburg war-game map. Include military policy of the
United States.
4. January 1 to February 28, minimum of drill, maximum of gal-
lery practice, group competitions.
^ 5. March 1 to May 7, minimimi of drill, maximimi of range prac-
tice, and field-firing competition.
6. May 8 to June 15, minimum of drill, maximum of camp and
field pr<H)lems, competitive between high schools.
7. All through school year, commencing in the spring and nmning
through the following fall and winter, take boys into camp each
week-^id and harden them to the rigors of camp life. Teach them
sanitation, cooking, woodcraft, simple field engineering, plains craft,
castrametation. sketching, scouting, patrolling, the service of se-
curity and iniormation, and qualifv them as guides in their own
immediate surroundmg territory.
8. Summer camp inimediately after closing of school. 14 days.
The organization that puts into effect the "game'' idea differs
fundamentally from the modem American athletic system. The
•cadet leaders choose up each in turn so that each fixed competition
unit represents a certain proportion of strong, of medium, and of
weak lads.
In football and basket ball and track events, only the few physi-
cdLly fit take part. In this system each squad represents an average
and every boy takes part. There is as much " in it " for the weak as
for the strong, and the survival of the fittest units, whether they be
squads, platoons, or companies, gives the competition spirit.
(6) Moral preparation, — ^A nation stands or falls, succeeds or
fails, just in proportion to the high-mindedness, cleanliness, and
manliness of each suceeding generation of men.
In the Wyoming system the fundamental factor is the competition
between equally balanced units. The individuals are forced by pub-
lic opinion amongst their fellows to go into training, and this training
means clean, moral youths. It is shown conclusively in the various
competition that clean men morally are the surest kind of winners.
Smoking and inunoral practices must go. Under the fiercest kind of
competition^ and a new and fascinating interest in life, the adoles-
cent youth is better enabled to negotiate that difficult period of life.
(c) Civic preparation. — It is almost a fundamental principle of
correct military organization that the leader should not be voted
for. The Wyoming system is not intended to make soldiers. The
Wyoming schoolmasters are of the opinion that soldiers can only
be made from mature manhood, and that the preparation of the
adolescent youth should be such that when he reaches manhood he
majr then l>e made into the highest type of soldier. Hence the ob-
jection to voting for leaders does not obtain in the cadet organization,
whereas the objection is perfectly valid in a military organization.
174 KEPOKT OP»THB CHIEF OF STAFF.
The cadet leaders are chosen at the beginning of each year by
vote of the older cadets. The leaders are selected on merit, very
much as the captain of the football team is selected for his merit.
It has been noticeable that on the first organization boy politics elect
a certain percentage of popular but inefficient leaders, whose very
inefficiency is later a terrible punishment to the members of their
own units. The stress of competition soon brings out the real lead-
ers. The cadets never repeat their mistake. After the first election
they take steps to insure a very wise and careful selection of leaders.
This civic lesson can not be wholly lost to them in years to come,
when they are called upon as citizens to elect the leaders of their city,
county, State, and National Governments.
(d) Business preparation. — Teamwork and efficiency are prime
reouisites in the business life of to-day.
The soldier game can be made the keenest, as well as the most
fascinating, of all games, and efficiency is a necessity if a competition
unit is to win. Not only must each man be worked to the limit of his
capacity, but each competition unit leader must analyze his men and
fit each to his proper place. The leaders are always leading and
learning efficiency.
There is every reason why the " Wyoming plan " should be taken
up by every high school in the country.
TRAINING CAMPS.
Over three years ago Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood, then Chief of
Staff, put in operation the plan of camps of instruction for regular
troops at which students were permitted to attend for training with-
out cost to the United States. This plan was later enlarged by per-
mitting the attendance of business men at certain of these camps.
The plan has been most successful as carried on in the Eastern De-
partment, now commanded by Gen. Wood, with a minimum of troops
and few officers to call upon for this additional instruction. Camps
have been maintained in the Eastern Department as follows:
Plattshurg. — Five camps were held in sequence beginning Jime
5 and ending October 5.
Oglethorpe, — ^Two camps were held beginning May 3 and ending
June 30.
Fort Terry^ N. Y. — One camp was held beginning July 5 and
ending August 10.
Fort Wadstcorth^ N. Y. — Six camps of two weeks' duration each
were held beginning May 28.
There was a total attendance at the various camps of 12,200 men
and boys, who came from all parts of the country.
In reporting upon these camps. Gen. Wood says:
The training at these camps is intensive; the work is hard; the food good;
the hours regular ; the discipline extraordinarily good — ^there were practically
no infractions of discipline. The general tone of the camp is excellent It is
difficult for one to appreciate how absolute the discipline is unless one has
served in camp.
FoUowingthe Plattsburg plan, camps were also established this
year in the Western Department at the Presidio of San Francisco-
two camps — and one at American Lake, Wash., with a total attend-
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 175
ance of 357 students and business men. A satisfactory camp was
also held at San Antonio, Tex, in the Southern Department. The
plan has now received official recognition from Congress, and ma-
terially increased attendance should ensue at the camps to be held
next year. Congress has appropriated money for transportation to
and from training camps and tor subsistence in kind while at the
camps. Appropnation ^ould be made for the issue of a proper
uniform while m camp with the privilege of purchase or of tummg
it back at the expiration of the training period.
RECRUrriNG REGUIiAR ARMY.
Between March 15, 1916 (the date active recruiting began to meet
the increase in the Army authorized by the joint resolution of Mar.
17), and August 31, 1916, the losses and enlistments were as follows:
Enlistments. Losses.
March 15 to 31 1. 635 1. 079
April ^ 2, 873 2, 136
May 2, 275 2, 022
June 3, 343 1. 4»5
July ^ 4. 354 1, 105
August 3, 054 1. 234
Total - 17, 534 9, 071
This represents a gain of 8,463 during the period mentioned.
On June 30, 1916, the close of the fiscalyear, there was a difference
of 20,292 between the actual and authorized strengths of the Regular
Army, and the increase authorized for the fiscal year beginning
July 1, 1916, exceeded that authorized by the joint resolution of
March 17 by 13,909, making a total difference oetween the actual
and authorized strength on July 1, 1916, of approximately 34,200:
Between June 30 and August 31 the enlistments exceeded the losses
by 5,069, leaving a difference on August 31 of 29,130 between the
actual and authorized strengths.
CAVALRY.
All regiments of Cavalry having permanent stations in the United
States, excepting the Second, located at Fort Ethan Allen, Fort Myer,
and Fort Oglethorpe, have been engaged in arduous patrol duty
along the southern border or with the expeditionary force now in
Mexico. The sections of the national defense act, which provide for
the composition of the various units of the several arms, followed
the recommendations of the General Staff, except in so far as these
sections provide a minimum strength for these units. The enlisted
strength of the Army under this act is limited to 175,000 combatant
troops after all increments are added. In fixing the authorized en-
listed strength of the Army to include the first increment, it was
decided, until all organizations have minimum peace strength, there
would be no increase for any unit in excess of the minimum pre-
scribed in the national defense act, and no unit of any branch of
the Army would be increased above this minimum at the expense
of any other branch. The enlisted strength of Cavalry units and
176 BKPOBT OF THE OHIEF OF STAFF.
<especiallv the Cavalry troop in the squadron is now less than that
n^ded for proper efficiency. This can only be properly remedied
by legislation, which is recommended to provide but one enlisted
strength, the maximum, at all times for all Cavalry imits. The over-
head charges for a Cavalrv troop of 70 enlisted men are practically
the same as for a troop oi 105, lx)th requiring the same number of
officers and practically the same noncommissioned officers and bar-
rack accommodation. Some provision should also be made for a
training and remount troop in time of active service. This can be
done by adding a training detachment to the headquarters troop
as now authorized and organizing the training and remount troop
only in time of actual field service by assigning thereto the training
detachment from the headquarters troop and such officers and enlisted
men for other troops as necessary to conduct the work. In main-
taining Cavalry organizations on the border it has recently been nec-
essary to send both untrained men and untrained horses directly to
regiments neither at all fit for the hard work required. This has
been necessary on account of the reduced strength of these organiza-
tions at the front. No trained material being available, it was neces-
sary to fill up the organizations with the best obtainable. Such a
pohcy is, however, a- makeshift both expensive and extremely unsat-
isfactory in its results.
Cavalry' equipment. — ^The model 1912 Cavalry equipment was
issued by the Ordnance Department to the entire First Cavalry and
to one squadron each of the Third, Fifth, Eleventh, Thirteenth,
Fourteenth, and Fifteenth (transferred by the latter to the Eighth
Cavalry). Owing to the many complaints received from regimental
and otner conunanders with reference to the unsuitability of various
fortions of this equipment, a board of officers was convened at Rock
sland Arsenal (under the provisions of par. 44, Special Orders No.
211, War Department, 1915) for the purpose of examining and re-
?orting on the relative merits of certain military saddles for the
Javalry service, as well as of considering reports submitted with ref-
erence to the Cavalry equipment, model of 1912, and suggested
changes therein. The final reconmiendations of this board have not
as yet) been submitted, and when received will require some months
or a thorough tryout before final action. In the meantime, the manu-
facture and issue of the Cavalry equipment, model of 1912, has been
ordered discontinued. In April the Chief of Ordnance reported the
supply of Cavalry equipment available for issue, including both the
model 1912 and earlier models, as rapidly reaching a point where it
would be impossible to meet requests for the ordinary maintenance in
the service, and that it was imperative that the manufacture of a
limited amoimt of Cavalry equipment be imdertaken at once. The
reports received from commanders having the model 1912 equipment
emphasized such serious defects in the enlisted men^s saddle as to
make it clearly inadvisable to continue the manufacture of that equip-
ment unless tne Cavalry Equipment Board at Rock Island Arsenal
could find a remedy for the defects reported. This board was accord-
ingly instructed to continue the tests of this equipment and submit
report as soon as practicable. Reports received from organization
commanders on the border clearly mdicated that the McClellan sad-
i
BEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 177
die was better adapted for field service than the 1912 model. This
question was also submitted to the Cavalry Equipment Board at
Rock Island Arsenal, which recommended the issue of the McClellan
equipment, the Ordnance Department having all appliances on hand
for that purpose. After due consideration this recommendation was
approved and the Chief of Ordnance was instructed to renew the
manufacture of the McClellan equipment in such quantities as neces-
sary to meet current and reserve needs until otherwise ordered.
Cavalry Drill and Service Regulations, — The revision and bring-
ing up to date of the Cavalry Drill and Service Regulations by the
board of officers convened by paragraph 29, Special Orders No. 210,
War Department, 1915, has been completed, and it is hoped to have
these regulations very shortly issued to the service. The 1914 regu-
lations requiring double rank as the normal formation and assummg
the regiment to consist of six squadrons of two troops each, com-
manded by captains, were approved and issued to the Cavalry service
October 22, 1914, in accordance with General Orders No. 79, War
Department, which instructed each officer to submit, on June 1, 1915,
a report embodying his opinion and recommendations in connection
therewith. These regulations have been in effect since that daio.
After an extensive try out which included much field service on the
southern border, these reports were rendered, and upon being tabu-
lated, it was found that about 90 per cent of the Cavalry officers
favored return to single rank as the normal formation with the
statutory organization of troop, squadron, and regiment. A large
percentage oi these officers likewise favored the principle of " lead-
mg '' upon which the regulations of 1914 were based.
The revision now submitted by the board provides:
1. Single rank as the normal formation with the statutory organ-
ization of the various units.
2. Retention of the principle of the 1914 regulations, that mounted
units are habitually led in person by their commanders.
3. Provision for double rank for use under circumstances requir-
ing it.
The new manual treats with great detail and thoroughness the
training of the recruit and remount. Detailed explanations practi-
cally terminate with the platoon, after which drill evolutions and the
maneuvering of the troop, squadron, and regiment are but the appli-
cation of fixed principles and methods laid down for the smaller
units.
Mounted Service School, — This school graduated during the last
year 28 officers in the first-year class, 7 officers in the second-year
class, and 12 officers in the fall class^ field officers' course. No spring
class was held for field officers owmg to the need of officers with
troops on the southern border. Ten noncommissioned officers were
graduated. Several members of the different classes failed to gradu-
ate on account of unsuitability or inaptitude. Regimental com-
manders of cavalry and field artillery have been instructed to give
careful attention in submitting recommendations for details at the
Mounted Service School, having in mind intelligence and character
as well as physical skill in order that all students may not only take
the various courses with credit but with a view of their afterwards
69176"— WAR 1916— VOL 1 12
178 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
being advantageously employed as experts in the training of both
men and remounts.
^ Now that the Mounted Service School has established beyond ques-
tion its function in our scheme of military education, and its perma-
nent location at Fort Riley determined, it is believed that a more
definite policy of building construction should be approved by the
department so as to provide adequately for the needs of a larger
school as made necessary by the recent increase in the mounted
branches of the service under the national-defense act. Heretofore
the school has been more or less dependent for quarters normally
required for the garrison of two regiments that are permanently sta-
tioned at Fort Ruey, but which have during the past few years been
on border service. With the return of these regiments additional
quarters will be required for the school. In accordance with the
reconmiendations of the Quartermaster General and the commandant,
the 1918 estimates will include new construction work covering the
more pressing needs of the school.
CAVALRY HORSES.
Some fear has been expressed by officers of the mounted service
that shipments from this country of horses and mules abroad were
reducing the available stock very materially within the country, as
during the period August 1, 1914, to July 31, 1916, over 620;000
horses were exported. In addition to this, 176,000 mules were ex-
ported. The Department of Agriculture has kept very accurate sta-
tistix^ of the number of horses exported and definite information con-
cerning their quality, sex, and probable usefulness. Of those shipped
about 30 per cent were mares. Many of these were old, and few of
the young ones showed evidence of having produced foals and would
probably add nothing to the breeding value of the horse stock ob-
tained at home. The loss in good producing mares is neglible, as the
f arniers prefer to keep this stock at the prices now prevailing. The
foreign purchases encourage the type of horse needed for cavalry
furposes, and has stimulated rather than restricted their breeding,
t is probable that the suitable horses for military purposes will be
increased as the farmers have disposed of inferior producers and
are recruiting the remaining stock by means of better breeding
methods.
The system of breeding horses for the military service conducted
by the Bureau of Animal Industrv, Department of Agriculture,
referred to in my last report shoulcf oe extended and the necessary
appropriations made for that purpose. Some of the advantages of
this system are :
1. The War Department will know where to find 8-year-old colts
of the types desired, and result in the standardization of suitable
military types.
2. Resulting foals will all be sired by sound registered stallions
and be out of sound mares selected for their fitness to produce foals
of the cavalry or artillery type.
3. Unsouna and unregistered stallions will eventually be elimi-
nated.
B£PORT OP THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
179
HORSES AND MULES BOUGHT.
As no appropriation had been made for supplying militia troops
with animals prior to calling these organizations into field service
on June 18, immediate steps were taken to secure the animals needed
to equip these troops. Remount stations and purchasing officers ad-
vertisea for them as extensively as possible. Bids were opened June
26, and contracts awarded June 27, tor 42,408 horses and 18,440 mules.
Inspection agents at the points of delivery inspected and shipped the
animals to the auxiliary remount depots at El Paso and Fort Sam
Houston, Tex., where they were held until free from shipping fever,
which is prevalent among animals required to undergo railway jour-
ney. This quarantine covers a period of about two weeks. Animals
issued to troops before they fully recover from this ailment would
infect the other animals. Each organization was given a partial
supply before attempting to complete the allowance to any one organ-
ization. This enabled each unit to be partially equipped until other
additional remounts were received.
The following table shows the horses arid mules received and issued
from the auxiliary remount depots and other points on the Texas
border:
Auxninrv rtmoant depot, El Paso, Tm.:
Wwk ended—
JuIrS
JulvlS
JulyW
July 29
Aug. 6
Aug.ia
All«,W
Total
Auzfltanr ramoimt depot. Port Btaa Hoofton, Tex.:
Wt«k eoded—
July I
July 16
JnlyW
July 30
ADf.5
Aiif.l3
Aiig.l«
Totol
Shipped to ▼wloQi pasta on the border ( Brownsrille, Trarllnj^,
Eflffle Pan, Laredo, Me Alien, Calexioo) and teued to troops
when releaaad tlom ^Ibaran tine
Graad total, ablpped and hned
Received.
Ilorjws.
S51
1,093
3,703
2,833
3.339
l,n3
1.399
12,313
1,653
2,161
1,093
1,831
1,588
1,814
503
10,703
2,787
25,607
Mules.
33
Ztfi
703
1,853
1,087
1,800
448
6,107
1,630
3,065
3,137
1,415
1,431
1,191
630
10,495
633
17,199
Issned.
Horses.
68
3(i5
429
1,160
2,857
703
1,986
7,657
878
479
1,997
1,069
1.693
766
960
7,851
3,787
18,295
Mules.
151
331
829
1,340
703
857
4,110
235
170
1,096
1,831
1,433
910
895
6,516
63S
11,250
FIELD ARTILIJSRT.
The report of a board of officers convened to make recommenda-
tions concerning types of field guns and ammunition supply there-
foFi as finally approved by the Secretary of War, was based on the
necessary equipment for a force of 1,000,000 men organized into 15
Anny corps and 4 Cavalry divisions.
180 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
Advantage was taken of knowledge and experience gained from
reports and observations abroad and in the light of most recent de-
velopments in the manufacture and efficiency of the different types
of guns, kind of ammunition, means of transportation, improved
equipment for fire control in making its study and report, and types
OT guns have been adopted which conform to the requirements of
modern war.
The computation as to the number of guns required is based on an
allowance of 4.9 guns to a thousand gross Iniantry and Cavalry,
instead of 3.1 guns, as formerly.
The full accumulated ammunition allowance is provided for over-
sea stations and one-half the amount for home stations.
Motor tractors and trucks are provided for the heavier types,
and provision is made for all signal equipment, including aeroplanes,
necessary to render effective the Field Artillery material.
Under the national-defense act the number of Field Artillery regi-
ments will be increased by 15 — 3 to be organized each year for five
years. The new regiments for this year were organized from a
nucleus of trained personnel drawn from old regiments.
The unusual demands during the past year made it necessary to
abandon the regular courses of instruction at the School of Fire for
Field Artillery. It is contemplated to reopen the school for the
regular spring courses and with a more extended program of instruc-
tion. The increased ammunition allowance authorized by Congress
this year for target practice will insure increased efficiency in fire
for effect.
Modem types of observation balloons and heavier-than-air flying
machines for use in training and fire control at the School of Fire
have been authorized.
The question of the advisability of utilizing motor traction and
transport for heavy field artillery has been under trial and experi-
ment for sufficient time to demonstrate its efficiency and economy
with the heavier material, and further experience and test will en-
able more accurate conclusions to be drawn.
It is a matter of satisfaction to cite the interest shown by the
National Guard in Field Artillery work and the nunher of batteries
that have been organized. A complete battalion of field artillery
was enlisted from students at Yale University, and their progress
and interest in the work at the training camp at Tobyhanna, Pa..
under a corps of instructors from the Regular Army is worthy oi
special praise and comment.
The lack of sufficient regular field artillery to meet the demands
made on this arm has been emphasized during the past year. It has
been impossible to provide sufficient officers for duty as inspector-
instructors of the National Guard and for other purposes, and no
regular organizations could be made available for the field training
of the militia. As a result of the mobilization on the Mexican bor-
der it became necessary to discontinue the School of Fire for Field
Artillery and thus deprive, not only the regular personnel but also a
large class of officers and noncommissioned officers of the National
Guard of the advantages afforded by this school.
The armory training of the Field Artillery of the National Guard
has shown a marked improvement over previous years. While only
185 gunners were qualified in 1915, the reports for 1916 show 1.560
BEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 181
qualified gunners, nearly one-third of whom were in the expert first-
class grade. The instruction of National Guard officers has not pro-
gressed as satisfactorily as that of the enlisted men, and the number
who qualified for certificates of proficiency has not been up to
expectations.
Only one battery of the National Guard Field Artillery was able to
attend a camp for field training and conduct target practice before
the mobilization in 1916, and this was made possible because the
State defrayed all expenses. An effort was made to secure sufficient
appropriations from Congress to conduct camps prior to June 30, but
funds could not be obtained in time for use. As a rule, such camps
are not profitable unless Regular organizations can attend to furnish
instructors and trained horses. The future development of the field
artillery of the National Guard must depend upon the degree to
which file Regular regiments can assist in their field training. For
reasons of economy in transportation it will be desirable, therefore,
to station the Regular regiments where they can reach the field
artillery training camps by marching.
The appropriation of $200,000 for the fiscal jrear 1916 to provide
forage for horses and pay for helpers for the Field Artillery of the
National Guard has had a beneficial effect. At the time of the
mobilization the National Guard batteries had on hand 912 horses,
568 of which were purchased from Federal funds or issued by the
Federal Government. These horses were distributed among 74 of
the 83 National Guard batteries, thus affording a general opportunity
for mounted instruction.
MohUe-artUlery target practice, — The increased importance of
mobile-artillery nre developed by the war in Europe has emphasized
the necessity for more target practice, and Congress during the
last session provided a much-needed increase in the amounts avail-
able for expenditure for this purpose, so that for next yeai- it
will be possible to provide a more adequate allowance for the proper
instrrction of the personnel of the Field Artillery.
COAST ARTILLERT HARBOR DEFENSE.
The national defense act, by its increments of increase, will give
the Coast Artillery Corps a complete manning body for the guns
and mine defenses of tne over-sea fortifications, for all the mine
defenses of the home fortifications, and for one-half of the gun
defense.
It has been the policy of the War Department to look to the States
in which harbor defenses are located to supply one-half of the per-
sonnel required for a complete manning for the gun defenses. Up
to the present time the coast States have not met their obligations in
supplymg militia artillerymen. Up to the present time they have
supplied less than 50 per cent of their quota. Steps will be taken to
try and arouse great interest in this matter in the militia of the
States concerned.
The increase of armament of recent battleships, by which they
carry more powerful, longer range guns than those which have here-
tofore been installed, has exposed certain cities — harbors of anchor-
age— to a fire which would not be met successfully bv existing forti-
fications. This led the Secretary of War to direct the War Depart-
182 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
ment Board of Review to revise the approved projects. This board
submitted a report on November 26, 1915, covering what it considered
the most pressing requirements of harbor defense. These projects
will involve:
(a) The emplacement of 50-caliber 16-inch guns and 16- inch
mortars.
(b) The utilization as howitzers of the surplus 12-inch guns now
on hand by mounting them on barbette carriages of a special design
that will permit of the attainment of a range of 30,000 yards.
(c) The initiation of the construction oi movable howitzers and
an experimental^ gun on railroad car mount, for defense against
hostile landings in unfortified harbors.
(d) The provision of 3-inch antiaircraft guns for seacoast fortifi-
cations.
(e) The abandonment of certain existing seacoast armament that
IS deemed to be of insufficient military value to warrant incurring the
cost of providing a manning personnel or ammunition therefor.
(/) The retention of the disappearing carriage as the type mount
for airect-fire seacoast guns, except in those instances where special
conditions may render advisable the installation of the turret or
barbette mount; any type of mount for direct-fire guns to be con-
structed in future to admit of an elevation of approximated 30
degrees and a motion in azimuth as great as the necessities oi the
site demand to meet an attack over water or land areas.
(g) Increases in the allowances of seacoast ammunition.
When the features of the revision proposed shall have been effected,
our harbor defenses will be able successfully to meet any attack which
can reasonably be expected from the sea.
In view of the confidential nature of mine-planting work and of
the importance of having military control over the crews of mine
planters^ cable ships, tugs, launches, and other vessels employed with
the armies of the United States, it is recommended that legislation
be sought declaring the members of these crews " Persons subject to
military law" within the meaning of Article II of the Articles of
War.
The instruction of Coast Artillery has been somewhat interfered
with by the necessity for the detachment of troops for service along
the Mexican border, but they have all now been returned to their
proper stations. Vocational training has received considerable atten-
tion and 1,919 men are reported by the Chief of Coast Artillery as
having availed themselves of the opportunities to take vocational
courses, which covered instruction of electricians, telephone opera-
tors, telegraph and radio operators, engineers, firemen, blacksmiths,
painters, plumbers, carpenters, and also in music, map reading,
sketching, etc.
In February, 1913, three administrative units called Coast Artil-
lery districts were established, and an additional district in the
Panama Canal Zone has since been added. The duties required of
commanding officers of these districts are analogous to those pre-
scribed for brigade commanders of troops. The lact that the duties
are largely technical has led to the policy of appointing to the com-
mand OI these districts Coast Artillerv officers who have been appointed
general officers of the Army. Legislation which fixed the number of
brigadier generals of the Army did not take into consideration these
REPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 183
assignments, but was based upon the necessities of the mobile troops.
It is as desirable to have brigadier generals with Coast Artillery
training command these Coast Artillery districts as it is unsuitable
to use them in command of mobile troops.
It is therefore recommended that the Coast Artillery Corps be
increased by brigadier generals to command Coast Artillery dis-
tricts, the number to be the proportion due the Coast Artillery as a
part of the line of the Army, to be filled by the transfer oi such
?;eneral officers of the line who, under past policy, have been appointed
rom the Coast Artillery, and thereafter appointment of general
officers for that corps be made entirely withm that corps and none
to the line of the Army. These brigadier generals, with the Chief
of Coast Artillery, would give the Coast Artillery Corps a proper
proportion of general officer appointments.
Am/munition for harbor defenses, — A step has been taken toward
securing the full eflFectiveness of harbor-defense armament by increas-
ing the allowance of reserve ammunition for guns to that correspond-
ing to the accuracy life for one-half the guns mounted in the conti-
nental United States and for all the guns mounted in the insular
possessions and the Canal Zone. The allowance for mortars has also
been materially increased. This proposed increase in the allowances
has been met by increased appropriations by Congress, and it is
hoped that during the next three years the total allowance will be
provided for.
SHORTAGE IN ORDNANCE MATERIEL.
The most serious shortage of materiel for preparations for war is
that of field and siege artillery, its ammunition, and machine guns.
With reference to field and siege artillery and its ammunition, the
project therefor in existence since 1911 and known as the Greble
Board standards, has been replaced by that known as the Treat Board
standards, in which provision has been made not only for a larger
number of guns for the men employed, but also for a materially
greater allowance of ammunition per gun. While Congress at ite
recent session made markedly greater appropriations for this class
of materiel than in the past, larger appropriations must be made
if this project is to be provided for in the next seven years as contem-
plated.
The large orders placed in this country for foreign Governments
have developed a large capacity for ordnance materiel, especially
mobile artillery ammunition, of which class the greatest quantities
will be required in time of war, but this capacity is far in excess of
the peace requirements of the United States, and a large portion
must, therefore, inevitably disappear. Every effort will be made to
utilize to the best advantage the provisions in recent appropriation
acts for developing private capacity for the manufacture of ordnance
materiel of service design, but the fimds available for this are too
limited to permit of any marked progress being made.
A part of the improvement that might otherwise be obtained
is lost, due to restrictive legislation as to the capacity at which the
arsenals shall be operated and as to procurement by purchase. The
extent to which special plants can be continued in existence after
184 KEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
the European demand ceases, is directly dependent upon the orders
that can be given them.
It is therefore recommended that effort be made to increase the
appropriations for armament, to continue the provisions of law which
aim to retain commercial capacity for production of war materiel,
and to remove the restrictions which will result in reduction of this
capacity.
In this connection I desire to invite attention to the following
extract from my report of last year :
The history of war wiU show, almost without exception, that each great
conflict has resulted In the introduction of new and powerful weapons and
devices for attack and defense. Initial advantages of immense import have
been gained by a belligerent who has developed some new innovation against
which no Immediate defense was adequate. The innovation of yesterday be-
comes the necessity of to-morrow. The present gigantic conflict waging in
Europe is too near in perspective and too obscure In detail to grasp as yet all
its manifold lessons, but one of the great outstanding features is the use of
iarge-calibered mobile artillery. Each and all of our observers have been struck
with the gigantic results attained by its use, and each and every one emphasizes
the necessity of our Immediate development along similar lines. In this view
I am in thorough accord and earnestly recommend that the necessary steps be
taken to this end.
Mobile guns of at least 124nch caliber mounted on railway carriages or
dragged by suitable motors are especially needed for transportation up and
down our coast lines to protect our undefended harbors and prevent hostile
ships from putting landing parties ashore anywhere on our coast outside of
the range of the guns of our coast-defense forts and assist the mobile army
in defending the rear of those forts.
As a result of the hearings before Congress appropriation was
made for only one mobile mortar and one mobile gun on designs pre-
pared bv the Ordnance Department. Many of our harbors are unde-
fended oy permanent fortifications. Heavy artillerv of mobile type
must be obtained to give proper defense to landing places and harbors
which otherwise mignt give access to an enemy.
It is a well-known fact that the resources of England, France,
Italy, and Russia were noneffective in producing war materiel re-
quired by those countries, and that the industries of other nations are
now largely employed in making up this deficit.
There is danger that the procurement of war materiel by the
Ordnance Department will be delayed. The fortification act, ap-
proved July 6, 1916, provides, in effect, that no purchase shall be
made unless the price quoted is within 25 per cent more than the
arsenal cost, or in the absence of previous arsenal manufacture, the
estimated arsenal cost: except when in the opinion of the President
an emergency exists affecting the general welfare. In times of fluctu-
ating and high prices, with manufacturing plants supplied with more
work than they can do, as at the present time, this provision might
seriously delav the procurement of needed armament unless the Presi-
dent were willing to declare an emergency. The Army appropria-
tion act, approved August 29, 1916, provides, for field artillery, that
not more than $5,000,000 out of $10,000,000 appropriated shall be
used for purchase. As the arsenal capacity on a two-shift basis is
not above $3,000,000 for this class of product and as it is very un-
desirable to run plants on a three-shift basis it is evident that this act
alone supplies sufficient work for the arsenals for about 18 months,
'^nd it is practically obligatory that a certain amount of the funds
ider other acts be spent for these same purposes at the arsenals.
BEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 185
The Ordnance Department is using every means to expedite pro-
duction of artillery. Further speeding will require faster procure-
ment of designs and more rapid manufacture. The former can be
obtained only by purchasing foreign designs the nearest to those
required that can be procured and regardless of oost. Manufacture
can be best hastened by invoking paragraph 120 of the national de-
fense act, approved June 3, 1916, which provides, in effect, that in
time of war, or when war is imminent, the President may empower
the Ordnance Department to partially or wholly take over such
manufacturing plants as may be needed and cause them to be operated
in the production of war materiel for the United States. This course
would be expensive on account of damages because of contracts in
existence, but it is the only method of coercion available. Difficulty
will be encountered in getting early deliveries of materiel, as the
factories are generally under contract for their capacity for a consid-
erable period ahead. The maximum speeding up of production
would also require very large appropriations and contract authoriza-
tions at the next session of Congress, and it would be necessary that
legal restrictions on purchase in this country and abroad be removed.
I can not emphasize too strongly the vital importance of providing
as quickly as possible for our first-line defense all materiel that re-
quires time to design and manufacture.
SERVICE SCHOOLS.
Owing to the acute situation on the Mexican border, the Army
service schools at Fort Leavenworth, Kans., the Mounted Service
School at Fort Riley, the School of Fire and the School of Musketry
at Foi-t Sill were closed May 10, 1916, and tiie class graduated as of
that date, the student-officers and instructors being sent to join their
regiments on the border. Since then several tentative dates have
been fixed for the reopening of the schools, but the training of the
Organized Militia on the border has been of such paramount im-
portance and the necessity of every officer who could be spared from
his organization being required for this purpose has so far prevented
the reopening of the schools.
CHIEFS OF INFANTRY, CAVALRY, AND FIELD ARTILLERY.
It is fundamental military principle that the entire Military Estab-
lishment, and each of its various components, should have a military
head (chief) superior in rank to all under his control, who directly
supervises and may be held responsible for its training, efficiency of
personnel, and other correlated matters. All staff corps and dej^art-
ments as well as the Coast Artillery now have such a chief. The
Cavalry, Infantry, and the Field Artillery have not. Correct mili-
tary principles and consequently military efficiency require that each
of these arms should have such a chief and this chief while so serving
should have one grade higher rank than any otlicer of his arm.
This chief should be charged with the inspection of his arm and
should supervise its training and equipment and all such chiefs should
have the same status. If any arm be given an advantage over
another, either in the matter of having a chief or in the matter of the
186 BEPOKT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
official standing of such chief, unequal consideration and treatment
and unbalanced military development of these arms will naturally
result. For the reasons stated, chiefs of Cavalry, Infantry, ana
Field Artillery should be provided for those arms as now authorized
by law for the Coast Artillery. During the Civil War when Ameri-
can Cavalry was being developed along lines that have influenced all
nations in the use of this arm, it became necessary to establish a
bureau of Cavalry at the War Department and appoint chiefs of
Cavalry also of Artillery of the various large commands.
The developments of modern war have made it equally necessary
that we should have chiefs of Field Artillery and Infantry. For
Field Artillery there are the many questions incident to personnel,
organization, training, equipment, arm, etc., which demand the direct
and constant attention of a single head or chief. The same is true for
Infantry. It is generally admitted that in any final showdown the
mobile army must be the mam defense of the country. It is, there-
fore, important that all branches be maintained on the highest plane
of emciency, and this will be only possible when they are given exactly
the same status, viz, a chief directly responsible to the Chief of Stan
and Secretary of War. This accords with the recommendation made
by the General Staff as well as the views of the line of the Army.
SITUATION ON MEXICAN BORDER.
VUla^s attack on Columhvs^ N. Mex.^ niqht of March 8-9^ 1916. —
The small town of Columbus, N. Mex., with a population of a few
hundred Americans and Mexicans, is situated on the El Paso &
Southwestern Railroad, about 73 miles west of El Paso, Tex., and 3
miles north of the border. The country is flat and partly covered with
mesquite brush, though troops can move in practically all directions,
either mounted or on foot, except as prevented by the wire fence
along the border. • ' ^ ^ I
The troops stationed at Columbus at the time of the attack com-
prised some 500 officers and men of the Thirteenth Cavalry, which
regiment had furnished this garrison since September, 1912. During
this period border conditions have varied so greatly that, shortly
before the attack, a reduction of the garrison by half had been
recommended.
The sector of the border assigned to this command covered about
90 miles and was patrolled by detachments varying in strength de-
pending on the proximity or Mexican forces south of the border.
During the months of January and February conditions were very
quiet and only small patrols covered the border. Early in March
there came rumors that Villa was somewhere near Columbus. The
Satrols and outposts were strengthened as considered necessary. Or-
ers prohibited our troops from crossing the border to investigate
nunors. Numerous Villa sympathizers lived in Columbus and vicin-
ity, and Villa was fully informed of conditions at Columbus, includ-
ing the disposition of troops.
V ilia's command crossed the border in small parties about 3 miles
west of the border gate, concentrated for and made the attack during
hours of extreme darkness after the moon had set and before day-
light
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 187
In the fight which ensued 7 American troopers were killed and
about an equal number wounded. Seventy-eight Mexicans were
killed and many wounded. One troop mounted and pursued the
Mexicans. Another on outpost duty at the border gate mounted and
struck the retreating Mexicans in flank, killing 18. These two troops
continued the pursuit of the Mexicans south of the border for 12
miles, discontinuing only when their ammunition wns exhausted.
Expeditionary force into Mexico. — As a result of this attack the
conunnnding general. Southern Department, was on March 10 di-
rected to oiganize a suitable expeditionary force under the command
of Brig. (ien. John J. Pershing to pursue Villa into Mexico for the
purpose of capturing Villa and preventing any further raids by his
baud and with scrupulous regard to the sovereignty of Mexico. A
comnuind of sufficient size had to be assembled at Columbus, N. Mex.
Owing to the nature of the country and the character of the pursuit
it was necessary for the force to consist largely of cavalry. The Villa
forces were all mounted and capable of making long marches. To
ha\o pursued at once with troops then on the border would have
loft tlie important border points, Douglas, Bisbee, Columbus, and El
Paso, and intervening sections exposed to like raids. Therefore, be-
fore the expedition could start on its mission, it was necessary to
S(»nd to that section the remaining available troops in the United
States, which required approximately five days. During this time
the first motor transport companies were organized and shipped from
eastern points, (ien. Pershing's command crossed the border March
15, and at once took up a vigorous and energetic pursuit, neither
men nor animals being spared in the long and anluous marches which
ri'snltod in driving the Villa bands over 400 miles southward and
killin*; srme *200 or more members. Oflicors and men of this com-
mand are des<Mving of the highest conunendation.*
Horder conference wit ft G( n. Ohrccfon, — I proceeded from Wash-
ington on April 19 to Fort Sam Houston, Tex., arriving on the
evening of April 21. My instructions were to discuss fully with
Gen. Funston the object of Gen. Pershing's expeditionary force in
Mexico, the extent to which it should be concentrated, the number of
troops necessary, the extent to which the border could be ade(jnately
protected with the troops remaining in the Southern Department,
and what, if any, additional troops were needed to meet conditions
liable to arise. These matters were thoroughly gone over with Gen.
Funston, our conclusions wired the War Department, and special
instructions conforming thereto communicated to Gen. Perehmg.
On April 24, 1 was instructed that a conference with Gen. Obregon
had been arranged for Gen. Funston and myself to be held at
El Paso, Tex., or that vicinity, and we should hold ourselves in readi-
ness to proceed there on receipt of instructions. These instructions
were received April 26, and on April 27 we proceeded to El Paso,
arriving there on the evening of the *28th. Gen. Obregon having pre-
viously arrived in Juarez, (ten. Funston and myself, accompanied by
our aides, called on him that evening. On the next day, April 29,
Gen. C)bregon returned our call, and arrangements were made for
future conferences, commencing that afternoon.
^A more detailed report of thiH expedition would have been made, bat at this writing
th« report of tbe Southern Department and the report of Gen. Pershing have not beea
received.
188 BEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
On May 3 a tentative agreement was completed which was signed
by Gens. Obregon, Funston, and myself, and submitted to our respec-
tive Governments. Subsequent conferences were held on May 7, 8, 9,
and 11. The proceedings and the results of the various conferences
were at once communicated in dispatches from El Paso. While the
Carranza Government would not agree to ratify the tentative agree-
ment signed with Gen. Obregon, the conference furnished most bene-
ficial results in materially relieving a very acute situation and in
demonstrating to Gen. Obregon and other Carranza leaders the
pacific intentions of our Government.
It had in every way been most emphatically impressed upon Gen.
Obregon that whenever the Mexican Government had demonstrated
its capacity, and provided proper protection for our border, consid-
eration would then be given to the withdrawal of our troops from
Mexico.
Raid on Glen Springs^ Tex. — On the night of May 5, 1916, a de-
tachment of 9 enlisted men stationed at Glen Springs, with Sergt.
Charles E. Smyth, Troop A, Fourteenth Cavalry, m charge, was
attacked by from 50 to 100 M^^exican bandits. Although surrounded
and hopelessly outnumbered, this detachment stood off the bandits,
suffering a loss of 3 privates killed, 4 wounded, and 9 horses captured.
After leaving Glen Springs these bandits proceeded to Deemer's
store, which was raided and Deemer carried off as a prisoner.
On May 6, Troops A and B, Eighth Cavalry, trom Fort Bliss,
Troops F and H and Machine Gun Troop, Fourteenth Cavalry, from
Fort Clark, all under the command of Col. Frederick W. Sibley,
Fourteenth Cavalry, were ordered to Marfa, Tex., to take up the
pursuit and capture or destroy the bandits that had made the attack
on Glen Springs and Deemer's store. These troops arrived at Marfa,
Tex., May 7. One party of the bandits was surprised and attacked
at Santa Anita, Mexico. Deemer was rescued and the bandits driven
so far south and punished that the expedition fully accomplished its
mission and on May 26 the troops were returned to their proper sta-
tions. All officers and men taking part performed this very arduous
duty most ccimmendably.
Attack at San Ignacio^ Tex, — About 2 a. m., June 15, 1916, Troops
I and M, Fourteenth Cavalry, were attacked by a large force of Mexi-
can bandits at San I«:nacio, Tex., Troop M having three men killed
and one noncommissioned officer and three privates wounded, the
noncommissioned officer fatally. These two troops, under the com-
mand of Maj. Alonzo Gray, pursued the bandits into Mexico, but
being unsuccessful in picking up the trail, returned to the American
side late the same day.
Calling out of the militia, — As a result of such raids and attacks
hy Mexican bandits there were continuous demands from border
towns, villages, and ranches for regular troops to insure protection
not only for property but for American women and children. With
the continued pursuit of Villa bands by the expeditionary force under
Gen. Pershing, the attitude of the Mexicans in general became moi*e
and more embittered against Americans. It is believed that the
leaders felt that if the advance of the American troops continued
southward into Mexico it would result in actual intervention bv the
United States, and with such an eventuality they would prefer to force
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 189
ail open conflict. This feeling undoubtedly had its influence in in-
creasing the number of raids, as bandit leaders were able to pick up
the necessary recruits either for a small raid by a few men for steal-
ing cattle or for a more extensive one to attack American camps.
Owing to this attitude and the occurrence of these raids, it became
urgent to provide at once more troops along the border to insure
reasonable protection to both life and property as well as to permit
Gen. Funston to be able to reinforce Gen. Pershing with a regular
force of sufficient size to meet possible attacks. (Jen. Pershing's
expeditionary force was more or less scattered, with his advance
units some 400 miles in Mexico. The entire Regular Army stationed
in the United States, with the exception of a regiment of Cavalry and
some of the Coast Artillery, was either already distributed along the
border or with Gen. Pershing's expeditionarj^ force. There being
no regular troops available, the militia of Texas, New Mexico, and
Arizona was ordered out May 9. This eased the situation materially,
but it was only temporary.
The Mexican leaders became insistent upon the withdrawal of
Gen. Pershing's expeditionary force and threatened to attack any of
our detachments in Mexico marching in any direction other than
toward the American border. Conditions became such that an imme-
diate increase in the border troops was necessary. The only organ-
ized force available was the National Guard, which was accordingly
ordered out by the Presiotent June 18 and the greater part sent to
the border as promptly as possible.
The mere calling out of the militia had the effect of completely
changing the attitude of the Mexicans, and the presence of this addi-
tional force has enabled sufficient numbers of troops to be stationed
so as to furnish adequate protection to American homes near the
border, which they have been without for from five to six vears.
The mobilization of the militia in the large camps established at
or near Douglas, El Paso, Fort Sam Houston, and Brownsville has
also enabled these troops to receive practical instruction with trained
officers under field conditions which would not otherwise have been
possible.
THE ORGANIZED MH^ITIA AND THE NATIONAL GUARD.
According to the latest return of this force, before being called
into service 1,451 officers and 6,131 enlisted men belonged to the staff
noncombatant branch; 456 officers and 8,084 enlisted men to the Coast
Artillery; and 6,682 officers and 109,390 enlisted men to the mobile
branches, a total of 8,589 officers and 123,605 enlisted men.
The plan of organizing the mobile troops and the National Guard
into 12 tactical divisions has made some progress during the year;
however, no division is complete. The division in the State of New
York and the division in Pennsylvania are most advanced in divi-
sional organization. On June 30 both were deficient a few
auxiliary units. On a divisional basis there is an excess of Infantry
units equivalent to 17 regiments, and a deficiency of 52 troops of
Cavalry, 58 batteries of Field Artillery, 49 machine-gun companies,
12 medical supply detachments, 8J battalions of engineers, 26 field
hospitals, 17 ambulance companies, and 17 sanitary detachments.
There i? a deficiency in Coast Artillery of 261 officers and 9.239 en-
190 BEPOET OP THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
listed men in order to provide their half of the complete manning of
guns of harbor defense elsewhere referred to.
The nimierical strength of the National Guard was 18,195 enlisted
men below the minimum authorized peace strength. Reports show
that only about 43 per cent of the reported stren^h attended at least
24 drills of one hour per day during the year.
Reports on small-arms target practice are incomplete. Seven
States have submitted no report. Of the remaining States only 58
per cent fired range practice; 128 companies of Coast Artillery at-
tended camps of instruction at or near harbor-defense batteries. The
reports of 46 of these companies show that only 72 per cent had serv-
ice practice. Six batteries of Field Artillery attended camps of in-
struction and one battery had service practice prior to call of June
18, 1916. Six special camps of instruction were held for officers and
noncommissioned officers. Other camps which were planned had to
be abandoned by reason of the organizations being called into the
service of the United States.
The effect of pay for armory service is yet to be determined and
can not be judged imtil the National Guard in the service of the
United States has been mustered out and has assumed its normal
peace training. The plan of organizing the mobile and auxiliary
troops of the National Guard into tactical divisions will be modified,
both as to organizations specified and as to geographic distribution
in order to adapt it to the national defense act.
There was called into the service of the United States on May 9
and June 18, 1916, 108 regiments and 7 separate battalions of In-
fantry ; 3 regiments, 13 separate squadrons, and 22 separate troops of
Cavalry ; 6 regiments, 12 separate battalions, and 17 separate batteries
of Fidd Artillery; 3 battalions and 11 separate companies of Engi-
neers; 4 battalions, 16 separate companies, and 1 aero company. Sig-
nal troops; 22 ambulance companies and 37 field hospitals. There
were already organized on June 18 two Infantry divisions, 19 In-
fantry brigades, and one Artillery brigade. On July 31 reports
show that 110,957 were on the border and 40,139 in State mobilization
camps, aggregating 151,096. This aggregate strength was deficient
by 4,083 of the authorized minimum peace strength and short war
strength by 97,350 men.
Forty-four officers of the Army were commissioned in the Na-
tional Guard. Called into service were 3 as brigadier generals, 10
as colonels, 27 as lieutenant colonels, and 40 as majors. There were
also commissioned of noncommissioned officers of the Army, 34 in
the Infantry, 9 in the Cavalry, 7 in the Field Artillery, and 1 in the
Signal Corps. Two major generals and 24 brigadier generals of the
National Guard, in addition to the 3 brigadier generals commissioned
from the Regular Army, were mustered into the service of the United
States.
In 11 States from which complete returns are at hand 16,630
officers and men in the aggregate were on the rolls at the date of
call. Of this number 1,761, or a little over 10 per cent, failed to
report Of the remainder who reported in response to the call 4,385,
or about 29 per cent of those examined, failea to pass the required
physical examination. From the two causes combined 37 per cent
of the aggregate strength at the date of call failed to materialize as
soldiers. By these subtractions the original aggregate was reduced
REPORT OP THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 191
to 10,484 officers and men. To these were added 7,950 new recruits
without former service, making a final strength of 18,434. Making
a comparison by percentages, about 57 per cent of the final strength
were officers and men with more or less former training in the Na-
tional Guard and 43 per cent were without former service or training.
These figures will probably hold good approximately for the entire
bodv of the National Guard.
When we consider that the National Guard when called upon was
obliged to take with it, at a minimum strength, 43 per cent of men
without former service or training, which, when it is recruited up to
war strength of 150 men to a company, with its present state of
development would amount to 75 per cent of untrained men and
these commanded by officers of very limited experience, the con-
clusion is obvious that it is a very expensive military system, which is
no sooner called into service than the department is inundated with
requests for the discharge of individuals and Congress is called upon
to make provision for families left behind. Discharges from these
and other causes were so great that department commanders were
authorized to provide three recruiting parties for each regiment
mustered into the service of the United States. These parties con-
sisted of a commissioned officer, a noncommissioned officer, and a
Erivate, and were maintained at Government expense. The results,
owever, were so unsatisfactory owing to the lack of recruits that
orders have recently been issued to the commanding generals of
several departn^jBnts authoriziujg them to discontinue National Guard
recruiting service when in their opinion the results obtained do not
warrant its continuance. This may be illustrated in the State of
New York in which the militia organization was very much above
the average. From August 2 to September 6 only 351 recruits were
secured at an average cost necessitated by the keeping up of recruit-
ing parties of $40 per recruit. This was the cost to merely get the
man. The system speaks for itself in dollars and cents, which is
readily understood by the average man. In the State of Massa-
chusetts 20 recruiting stations wore established; between August 1
and September 25 they enlisted only 189 recruits.
THE Mn^rriA bureau.
The following is taken from the report of the Acting Chief,
Militia Bureau:
Under the provisions of section 81 of the amended militia law, the " Division
of MiUtia Affairs In the office of the Secretary of War " formerly con8titute<] by
War Department orders as a subdivision of the office of the Chief of Staff, be-
comes the Militia lUironu of the War Department *' under tlic immediate super-
vision of the Secretary of War and shall not form a part of any other bureau,
office, or organization.**
The National Militia Board created by the act of May 27, 1008, is abolished
and the President Is autliorized to nssiim one colonel and one lieutenant colonel
of the National Guard to duty In the Militia Bureau as assistants to the chief
thereof.
The officers of the National Guard who can be of most service as assistants
In the Militia Bureau are those who have had experience in an administrative
capacity, particularly as quartermasters and disbursing officers. As a general
rule experience of this sort should be a necessary quallflcatlon for assignment.
In drafting the provisions of the act of June 3, 1916, It was the evident in-
tention of Congress to exercise to its full extent Its constitutional powers to
192 REPORT or THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
" provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia ** within the limit,
"reserving to States, respectively, the appointment of the officers and the
authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Con-
gress.*' The National Guard is federalized as far as it can be federalized
under the constitutional restrictions.
This was the desire of the representatives of the National Guard Association
as expressed in their hearings before the Committee on Military Affairs of
Congress. There is, however, considerable evidence that the construction placed
upon the term federalization by these representatives did not Involve vesting
In the Federal Government the greatest amount of control over the National
Guard consistent with the terras of the Constitution On the contrary, a rejwrt
of a legislative committee of the National Guard Association proposed, in
November, 1915, to retluce the already Inadequnte powers conferred on the
Fe<leral Government in the militia law of 1903 by securing the adoption of a
constitutional amen<lment which would place the very important power of deter-
mining the organization of tiie National Guard, now a pi-erogatlve of the IVcl-
eral government, in the hands of the States. The adoption of such an amend-
ment would have resulted In complete heterogeneity In the composition of the
militia of the several States and would have destroyed all possibility of develop-
ing the National Guard Into a force organized to meet the necessities of national
defense. Further evidences of the opposition to any real federalization Is
found in draft of a bill "to provide for the organization, armament, discipline,
and government of militia of the United Stales and to further provide for thc^
national defense" (Committee print, J. 26698-1) which was offered with the
sanction of the executive committee of the National Guard Association. The
cnitstanding feature of this draft was the creation of a militia section of the
General Staff, composed entirely of National Guard officers, with powers so
extensive as practically to Insure the control of the National Guard by its own
members and to destroy such power as was possesseil by the War Department to
control the training of the mlUtia as an effective Federal force. The tendency
of the proposed legislation may be gathered from certain provisions here men-
tioned. The scoi>e of the examinations to determine the fitness of candidates
for commission in the National Guard was to be determined by tlie mllltla sec-
tl«>n of the General StafT. the examinations themselves to be conducted by
boards appointed by the governors of States or Territories. Regulations fixing
the standard of military fitness which should entitle members of the National
Guard to Federal pay were to be prescribed by the militia section. Although
projects evolved by the mllltla section could not be carried into effect until
apr)roved by the Secretary of War, he could not reverse their decision and ptit
into effect plans which appeared to him more effective, but could only interpose
his objection and if the militia section persisted, a deadlock would result.
These provisions are of Importance when considered In connection with the sub-
sequent amendment to the Army reorganization act which was urged for tlie
addition of five militia officers to the General Staff. It is difficult to escape the
conclusion that the purpose of this amendment was to create in the city of
Washington a body of mllltla officers In whose hands the control of mliltia
affairs would be vested and through whom a practically complete Independence
from Federal control would be attained.
Such a result would be deplorable. It would involve the predominance of
local interest over the interests of general national defense. Two systems
would have been built up, the existence of which, side by side, would have
destroye<l all Idea of the coordinated action under a common control which
is the real significance of federalization. It would be almost Inevitable that
militia officers serving In su^h a capacity would become the representatives of
local Interests and the wlelders of local Influence for the benefit of local Interests
In national mllltnrj* affairs in much the same way that this function was exer-
cised by a group of National Guard representatives in bringing local Influence
to bear on the legislation enacted at the recent session of Congress. Their
official position would give sanction to their statements, and their nonamen-
nbllity to military jurlstllctlon would relieve them from a sense of responsblllty
for their actions.
It is but just to say that there was not full concurrence on the part of the
National Guard In the views of their representatives and in the measures advo-
CO ted by them. Probably the provisions of the new defense act as they apply
to the National Guard much more nearly conform to the ideals and sentiments
of the National Guard as a body than the original measure proposed by the
r-ommittee of National Guard representatives.
REPORT OP THE CHIEF OP STAPP. 193
It l8 believed that under the act of June 3, 1016, the powers of Oongress to
vest coDtrol over the National Guard in the Federal Government have been
practically exhausted. Every power that can be granted to the War Department
has been conferred, and the necils of the National Guard In respect to conipen-
satton have been met. This leaves no further material legislative changes to
be sought to increase the efficiency of the system. A failure to attain a reason-
able degree of efficiency with the facilities provided will be attributable only to
defects too inherent in the militia system to be subject to correction by legis-
lative action.
MOBILIZATION OF THE ORGANIZED MILITIA AND NATIONAL GUARD.
Organizations of the militia and National Guard of the States of
Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas were called into the service of the
United States on May 9, 1916. These organizations were directed to
proceed from the home rendezvous direct to their border stations.
On June 18, 1916, the Organized Militia and the National Guard
of all the other States were called into the service and directed to
assemble at their State mobilization camps. The movement from the
company rendezvous to the State camps was under the control of the
State authorities and from those camps to the stations designated
on the border under direction of the War Department. These ti'oops
began leaving their mobilization camps June 27 and on July 1 there
were en route to the border from various sections of the United
States 122 troop trains, carrying over 2,000 pasK^ger and baggage
cars, with a total strength of 36,042 men. Four days later 101 troop
trains were en route to the border: 56,681 militia troops were either
at the border or en route to the borcjcr. Up to July 31, 112,000 militia
troops were transported to the border.
The task imposed upon the railroads of the country involved «S50
trains to carry the first 100,000 men. Over 3,000 passenger cars were
provided an(l, in addition, about 400 baggage cars, most of which
were equipped as kitchen cars for serving hot meals en route, 1,300
box cars, 2,000 stock cars, and 800 flat cars. This call upon the rail-
roails came at a time when their passenger traffic was at its height.
All railroads concerned gave preference to troop movements over
other travel. The distance traveled by the militia organizations was
from 600 to 3,000 miles, the majority of these troops being carried
over 2,000 miles. It was impracticable to furnish touri>t sleepers for
all the troops, but over 600 tourist and standard cars were made
available for the movement. In cases where tourist cars could not
be furnished, day coaches were supplied at the rate of a double seat
for each man where the distance was long. Wherever tourists could
be secured en route they were placed in the train and men trans-
ferred from coaches to these tourists up to the number that could be
berthed. Official reports from all departments show that no organi-
zation moved in coaches with less space than three men to every four
seats. The average number of men transported in coaches was 30 to
the coach. When we consider the great distance traveled, the celerity
with which trains were moved, and the entire absence of congestion
or delay, it is believed that there has been no case in our history
where troops have been so well and safely transported. Especial
credit is due the transportation division of the Quartermaster Gen-
erars Office for bringing abi)ut the cooperation which existed among
the transportation companies. Over a year ago the matter was taken
up by the head of that division, who outlined the plan of mutual
OOlTrt" w\nlJ)m -voi.l - i.'i
194 EBPOET OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
cooperation before several of the transportation associations and
brought about the establishment within the American Railway Asso-
ciation of a committee on military transportation with a view to co-
ordination and cooperation between the railroads and the War
Department in the transportation of troops and supplies for the
United States.
Immediately after the call for mobilization of State troops ar-
rangements were made through this committee for placing a compe-
tent railroad official at each department headquarters, at each mobi-
lization camp, and the office of the Quartermaster General, who could
act as advisers to the quartermasters at these various points on mat-
ters affecting rail transportation. In this way the railroad equip-
ment of the country became available to effect this movement in the
most expeditious manner possible.
A series of placards was adopted by which cars of Government
freight were given the right of way from point of ori^n to point of
destination and were placed in fast-moving freight trains to point of
destination where immediate delivery was made, the placards them-
selves serving to identify all ^ipments. The placards showed the
department to which the supplies belonged ana all information of
the car and contents. In this way many shipments have been sent
from Washington and vicinity to the Texas border in 4 days;
and from the Lakes to the border shipments have been made in a
little more than 48 hours. This cooperation of the railroads has
been rendered without hesitation, without additional charge to the
Government, and with all the energy possible. This placard, with
the full cooperation of the railroads, has removed one of the prin-
cipal sources of criticism applicable to the mobilization in 1898.
With the plan of cooperation now working with the transportation
interests, the problem of rail congestion has been eliminated and it
is not believed possible to repeat the mistakes of 1898. The coopera-
tion of the American Railway Association representatives, with their
knowledge of transportation conditions, eliminated a great deal of
trouble heretofore experienced in the mobilization of lar^e bodies of
troops, and the War Department is highly appreciative oi this volun-
tary and able assistance.
Subsistence. — When the National Guard is called into the service
of the United States they are subsisted at the expense of the Govern-
ment from time of arrival at company rendezvous, but it is super-
vised and provided for by the military authorities of the State and
also at State mobilization camps until sworn into the service; then
they come under the supervision and control of the Federal authori-
ties and are subsisted as are other troops of the Regular Army.
When these tr<> ps were transported to the Texas border, kitchen
cars or baggage or box cars, furnished with range installed, were
provided with each train by which the food could be prepared.
When ready for transportation 10 days' rations were furnished to
make the journey to destination and afford them a small supply in
addition for emergencies.
The.sul>sistencc of the soldier is of vital importance as conducive
to his health, contentment, and efficiency. Our Army ration is the
most liberal of that of any in the world, notwithstanding that cora-
olaint was occasionally made as to the poor quality and insufficiency
f food furnished various militia organizations. Each case of com-
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 195
plaint was investigated thoroughly and the records indicate that
practically all were unfounded or due to the inexperience of cooks .
of the National Guard or lack of experience and training of these
organizations in taking care of themselves. Extensive inspections
of the National Guard have borne testimony to the thorough and
satisfactory manner in which troops have l>een subsisted in Texas
and on the border.
Rollvna kitchens. — All European nations use some type of rolling
kitchen by which men, after the fatigue of march or action, can h^
quickly furnished with hot soup or other substantial diet. A number
of experiments or tests of various types have been made during the
year. An American type has now been procured and shipped to the
Southern Department for elaborate field test. These tests should
result in the adoption of a type as good as any in existence.
Field shoes. — The constant service on the border has demonstrated
that our regulation shoe was too light and did not possess the neces-
sary wearing qualities for service in the field. As a result of an
experiment with 600 pairs with uppers made of undressed side leather
and soles of adequate thickness and provided with hob nails, made
upon the lasts as heretofore used in the manufacture of Army shoes,
it is believed that a proper field shoe has been obtained. The Quar-
termaster Department is now purchasing 365,000 pairs which are
being sent to the troops as fast as accepted from the factory.
Uniforms. — The impossibility of importing dyes which have been
used to produce the fast color and shade in the olive-drab woolen
and cotton fabric entering into the manufacture of material for
uniforms for the Army for a while produced a serious situation, but
manufacturers now claim to be able to produce suitable dyestuffs in
the United States.
Motor transportation. — ^In 1907 the first motor truck for carrying
supplies was purchased. Since then there has been constant progress
in developing the motor truck as a means of transportation. During
the early part of 1916 motor transportation was confined to opera-
tion of trucks in transporting supplies to outlying camps on the
border. When instructions were given for the organization of a
force to cross the Mexican border in pursuit of the band which
attacked the town of Columbus, N. Mex., there was received a request
from the Southern Department for two motor-truck companies of 27
trucks each of 1^ tons capacity, equipped with the necessary per-
sonnel for their operation. Two additional truck companies, as well
as the necessary tank trucks, followed soon after. It was the use of
motor trucks which made possible the long advance of this expedi-
tionary force into Mexico. There was such an increase in the demand
for motor trucks that on June 30 there were in use 588 motor
trucks, besides tank trucks, motor machine trucks, and wrecking
trucks. It is reported that the approximate cost of operation of
trucks per ton-mile is 70 cents, which includes all incidentals such as
upkeep of repair shops, roads, etc. Motor trucks will remain an
important factor of transportation in our Army, as they have in
every other army.
HEALTH OF THE ARMY.
The general health of the Army was excellent during the year.
There were no epidemics or unusual incidents of infectious diseases.
196 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
The mean strength of the entire Army for the calendar year 1916,
upon which the statistics contained in the Surgeon General's report
are based, was 103,842.
The admission rate for the entire Army during 1915 was 726.19
per 1,000, as compared with 660.46 for 1914. With the exceptions
of 1914 and 1913, the 1915 admission rate is the lowest in the last 10
years and shows a marked decline since 1906, when it was 1,188.
The noneffective rate for the entire Army for 1915 from all causes
was 25.22 per 1,000 (for disease alone, 20.85), which is slightly
higher than that for 1914, the lowest noneffective rate in the history
of the Army, but still much below the rates for any preceding year,
except 1913, when the rate was 23.98 per 1,000. This rate during the
past decade shows a steady reduction. In 1906 the noneffective rate
was 47.86.
There were eight cases of typhoid fever in the entire Army during
the year 1915, only four of which occurred among troops serving
within the continental limits of the United States.
There were no deaths from typhoid fever during the year.
The noneffective rate for this disease was 0.02 per 1,000.
All of these cases, with one exception — a recruit — ^had been vacci-
nated against typhoid fever, with intervals elapsing between the time
of vaccination and the onset of the disease varying from 8 months
and 18 days in the shortest period, to 4 years 7 months and 2 days
in the longest. The average interval for the year 1915 was 2 years
2 months and 10 days. The average interval for the past 3 years
was 2 years 1 month and 5 days.
The admission rate from alcoholism and its results for the entire
Army during the year was 12.68, as compared with 13.64 in 1914
and 13.54 in 1913. This rate is the lowest in the history of the Army
and shows a steady diminution since 1907.
The death rate of the entire Army for 1915, from all causes, was
4.45 per 1,000, compared with 4.40 for 1914, which was the lowest
mortality rate in the Army for many years. The death rate from
disease was 2.53 per 1,000 for 1915; the same rate for 1914 was 2.35,
and that for 1906 was 3.77.
The discharge rate for the year from all causes was 14.06, somewhat
higher than for 1914, when the rate was 12.78 per 1,000, but still
markedly less than the discharge rates prior to 1910, when they
ranged from 16.64 upward.
The total losses or the Army from all causes (deaths, discharges,
and retirements) was 18.03 per 1,000 for 1915; for the year 1914 it
was 16.86, the lowest in the past decade.
Malarial fevers show the lowest noneffective rate in the history of
the Army, 0.54. In 1906 the noneffective rate for malarial fevers
alone was 2.55 per 1,000. The decade following that year has dem-
onstrated the effectiveness of the antimalarial measures that have
been unceasingly employed by the sanitary officers of the Army each
year, exhibiting, with but two exceptions, a marked decrease in the
mcidents of the disease.
The record in the Philippines ht\s been specially creditable com-
pared to former years, though here, as in Panama, the Medical De-
partment has been seriously handicapped at several posts through
lack of screening due to insufficient appropriation of funds.
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 197
The highest noneffective rate, for disease, for the year 1915 was
among the troops stationed in China, 31.79 per 1,000. Then follows
Panama with 21.66; the Philippine Islands, 21.42; the United States,
20.90; Porto Rico, 20.57, and Hawaii and Alaska with the lowest
noneffective rates for the year 1915, 16.20 for Hawaii and 6.02 for
Alaska.
Paratyphoid fever. — Nine cases of paratyphoid fever occurred in
the entire Army during the calendar year 1915. Three of these cases
were reported from the Philippine Islands and one from the Ha-
waiian Islands, leaving but five distributed throughout the United
States.
The Acting Surgeon General states:
Paratyphoid fever is a distinct clinical entity and is not typhoid fever, though
sometimes resembling typical cases of that disease. It is caused by a different
micro-organism, the bacillus paratyphosus, of which two types are distinguish-
able : B. paratyphosus ** A " and B, paratyphosus ** B ". In western Europe,
as reported, paratyphoid fever is much more frequently due to the " B " type
of bacillus than to the "A" type. CllnlcaUy they are hardly distinguishable,
but it is stated that the " A " fever is apt to last three or four days longer.
Paratyphoid fever, heretofore but infrequently met with in our
Army, appeared in the New York division of the National Guard,
stationed in the Brownsville district in August, 1916, principally
among the troops at Mission, Tex. A few scattering cases at other
foints occurred in the same district, in all, a total of about 120 cases,
t is probable that this portion of the State of Texas contains many
carriers and foci of paratyphoid fever.
The outbreak of tnis disease was promptly and satisfactorily met.
The vaccination against paratyphoid fever with mixed paratyphoid
" A " and " B " vaccine, prepared in the laboratories of the Army
Medical School, was immediately authorized and the searching of
carriers of the disease was vigorously prosecuted, camp sites were
changed and all sanitary orders rigidly enforced under the direc-
tion of inspectors of the Army Medical Corps.
The results of these measures were immediately successful in check-
ing this outbreak. The disease as it manifested itself in the New
York division of the National Guard was generally very mild in
character and no deaths occurred.
THE HOSPITAL TRAIN.
With the movement of the militia to the border, the majority of
whom had been suddenly removed from the comforts and luxuries
of civil life and stripped to the bare necessities of fighting men,
bringing the force along the border to about 150,000 men, it was
inevitable that a certain amount of sickness and disability would
occur. Camp hospitals were established at certain points, larger
(base) were located at El Paso and San Antonio. Motor and
animal drawn ambulances were provided for the transport of the
sick and injured from the field to the near-by camp hospitals. The
trivial cases, or those requiring only short periods of convalescence,
were cared for in the camp hospitals and the more serious cases
transferred to the base hospitals. A certain proportion of the latter
cases which required more invigorating climate and changed sur-
roimdings were evacuated to the interior general hospitals at Wash-
198 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF BTAFP.
ington. Hot Springs, San Francisco, and elsewhere. Provision was
made lor long-distance trips along tne border and in the interior by
a hospital train. The hospital train consisted of 10 modified stand-
ard Fullman cars, constructed at the Pullman shops and designed
jointly by a medical officer of the Army and the supervising con-
structor of the Pullman shops. This new train is different from
those of the Spanish War, which were standard Pullman cars, prac-
tically without modification. The total capacity of the new train
is 76 bed cases and 120 ambulance cases. Wherever the Pullman
equipment has been removed, the regulation Armj medical equip-
ment has been substituted. The use of hospital trains in active war-
fare is of modem development and very necessary for proper care of
the sick and wounded.
PHILIPPINE SERVICE.
The details of administrative matters, which in every department
of government are left to the responsible head, are, for the War
Department, often confused by limitations injected in appropriation
bills. To illustrate, the Army appropriation act, approved March 4.
1915, provided "That on ana after October first, nineteen hundrea
and fifteen, no officer or enlisted man of the Army shall, except upon
his own application, be required to serve in a single tour of duty for
more than two years in the Philippine Islands, nor more than three
years in the Panama Canal Zone, except in case of insurrection or of
actual or threatened hostilities."
Previous to this time, the War Department had fixed upon three
years as the tour of duty for the Philippines for officers. This
decision was based upon reducing the cost of the upkeep of this
garrison to a minimum, and increasing the efficiency of troops to a
maximum. Begiments had been made permanent ; tnis was done not
only to reduce the expense of upkeep, but because the plan of chang-
ing regiments once every two years had been given trial for 14 years,
with results that it was found practically impossible to maintain in
the Philippines any military organization well prepared for duty
which might be required in case of invasion.
About the time of the re^ilation of the matter by Congress, ap-
plications by officers for Philippine service had become so numerous
that the Secretary of War had decided that in order to give all an
equal chance that officers should go on a roster and take their turn.
The present law is very disrupting to the efficiency of the service,
expensive to the public funds in the carrying out, and it is involving
many of our young officers with families in serious financial prob-
lems. Every officer in the Philippines itiust change station at least
once everv two years, and they may be detailed on staff and other
dutv while there, and then return to a camp station on the border,
with the only provision for their family in rented rooms in houses in
a near-by town. For the young married officers of limited income
this frequent change of station is a veritable curse.
The length of service for the Philippines was fully considered two
years ago from every viewpoint, including that of health, and due
to the opinion of the great majority of general officers including
the Surgeon General, the tour was continued at three years. The
noneffective rate for 1915 per 1,000 for the Philippines, as previoudy
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 199
noted, was only 21.42, as compared with 20.90 for the United States.
The present reistriction should be removed and the Army permitted
to work out such problems in a rational and businesslike manner.
SHELTER FOR TROOPS.
The existing barrack accommodations were built to provide for a
minimum strength of 65 for Infantry companies. The national
defense act, which raises the minimum strength to 100 and provides
additional units to regiments in the machine-gun^ headquarters, and
supply companies for Infantry and Cavalry regunents, and supply
and headquarters companies for Field Artillery regiments, will neces-
sitate the extension of existing barrack accommodations to provide
for these increases. This will necessitate increased estimates for bar-
racks and quarters for the fiscal year 1918 to complete the work of
extension of existing barrack accommodations in permanent and
abuidoned posts of the United States for that portion of the first
increment oi increase to be taken care of in the United States and to
provide temporary quarters for that portion of the increment as-
signed to the Philippines and Panama and permanent quarters to
regiments assigned to the Hawaiian Islands. It will be necessary to
provide permanent construction for the second increment of increase
m the United States and Hawaii and to continue the temporary shel-
ter in the Philippines.
The estimates for construction work pertaining to the military
service on the Panama Canal Zone have heretofore oeen prepared by
the Panama Canal authorities, and these authorities will continue
to prepare estimates and undertake construction for that portion of
the Army there located.
TRANSFER OF GUARDIANSHIP OF YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK TO THE
INTERIOR DEPARTMENT.
United States troops have been used in the Yellowstone National
Park since 1886 under the provisions of the act of March 8, 1883,
to prevent trespass, intruders, etc. It was at first the practice to de-
tail a certain number of troops of Cavalry for this duty. In 1914
it was arranged to use a detachment for this purpose of 8 officers
and 200 enlisted men. The Interior Department being charged with
the care of national parks, the use of regular troops for police pur-
poses naturally caused conflicting responsibilities oetween the War
and Interior Departments. Since the passage of the act of 1883 con-
ditions have materially changed. The States surrounding the na-
tional parks extended the protection of State laws governing killing
of game, and the sentiment of communities surrounding the parl^
became more law-abiding and favored complying with the laws and
regulations governing park administration. In the interests of econ-
omy as well as the efficiency of the Army, it was deemed advisable
to urge the transfer of the guardianship of all national parks to the
Interior Department. This was effected for the Yosemite and
Sequoia Parks in 1914. The transfer of the Yellowstone National
Park was not acceptable at that time to the Interior Department,
owing to the lack of appropriations necessary for the employment of
civilian rangers. In July of this year the Secretary of the Interior
200
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
advised the Secretary of War that the Department of the Interior
was ready to cooperate in making arrangements for the complete
withdrawal of regular troops from the Yellowstone National Fark,
suggesting that the detachment of troops now on duty in the park
be retained there until shortly after the close of the present tourist
season, between September 15 and October 1, and that specially se-
lected cavalirmen he made available for service as civilian rangers
upon the withdrawal of the United States troops. Instructions were
given for this transfer of the guardianship of the park to the In-
terior Department to take effect October 1. Such enlisted men as are
qualified and desire to become rangers will be discharged from the
Army for employment by the Interior Department. Movable Gov-
ernment property at Fort Yellowstone has been ordered shipped to
other pomts. The buildings, water system, telephone lines, except
those required for use by the Engineer Corps in the park, will be
transferred to the Department of the Interior, as was done in the case
of the Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks at the time of their
transfer.
REVISED ARTICIiES OF WAR.
The project for the revision of the Articles of War has been
under consideration of the War Department for the past 13 years
and before Congress for the past 4 years, and was enacted into law
in the Army appropriation act approved August 29, 1916. With the
exception of a few articles which take effect immediately, the revision
will go into effect March 1, 1917. In the meantime the Jud^e Advo-
cate General will have the Manual for Courts-Martial revised and
distributed through the Army by February 1, 1917, in order that
there may be a month avaUable for its study before the new code, as
a code, takes effect.
DESERTION.
There were 2,382 desertions reported during the fiscal year 1916,
which is 2.40 per cent of the whole number of enlistment contracts in
force during the year, which is a decided improvement when com-
f>ared with 4,435 reported desertions and a percentage of 3.23 for the
ast year. These ngures include the cases in which the charge of
desertion was removed as having been erroneously made in which the
accused was acquitted and in which he was convicted of the lesser
included offense of absence without leave and retained or dishonor-
ably discharged from the service. The following table exhibits the
true as compared with the reported percentages for the past eight
years:
Year.
Deeer-
tiODS
reported.
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1910
4,993
3,464
2,504
3,411
4,451
3,882
4.435
2,382
ChtrgM
UDStU-
tafned.
True
oomber
of dflser-
tlODS.
311
096
380
500
871
810
795
588
4,682
2,768
2,124
2,851
3,580
3,072
3,640
1.794
Reported
percent-
agw.
4.97
3.00
2.28
3.00
4.15
3.10
3.23
2.40
True ptr-
oentsfes.
4.66
2.92
1.93
2.50
3.34
2.45
2.65
LSI
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 201
It is believed that a materiml improTement in discipline was effected
in the revised punishment order published two ^ears ago, which made
important changes in tiie regolations gjoveming punishment to be
imposed by military tribunals. The statistics of the Judge Advocate
Greneral show a very great lessening in the number of enlisted men
now placed in confinement in the guardhouse to serve punishments as
compared with former years.
AVIATION.
The concentration of forces under (Jen. Pershing to protect our
border marked a distinct step in military aviation in the United
States. It was the first time a tactical unit from this branch was
put in the field. There was only one such unit, the First Squadron,
San Antonio, Tex., equipped with ei^t low-power«i machines,
which, at the time of their transfer to Columbus, had been in service
for many months. The altitude up to 12,000 feet encountered in
Mexico and the long distances to be covered made Uiis theater a very
difficult one in which to operate aeroplanes. Valuable service and a
great amoimt of flying were rendered, but the machines were quickly
used up. The appropriation of $500,000 made by Congress March 81,
1916, for the Aviation Section was the large^ appropriation that
had been made for aviation up to that time. Civilian consulting
engineers were obtained in connection with the board of officers of
the Aviation Section, and this board recommended the purchase of
types of material. Twelve 160 to 200 horsepower biplanes were pur-
chased. Tliese, with other material, gradually equipped the aero
squadron with Gen. Pershing in all details — ^motor trucfcs, portable
machine shops, automatic photographic cameras, machine guns,
i^oulder rifles, bombs, and other accessories. Difficulty was found
with the propellers, due to the high altitude and the dry atmosphere
of northern Mexico. Finally a propeller-making plant was estab-
lished at Columbus and engineering talent all over the country con-
sulted in the solution of the problem, to the end that troubles were
satisfactorily solved.
The proj^ for the development of the Aviation Section contem-
Slates 7 aero squadrons for the Regular Army, 12 squadrons for the
rational Guard, and 5 for the defenses on the coast. The aviation
field is a new one to the United States, but the progress it is making
in training personnel and in developing material is so far satisfactory.
WASHINGTON-ALASKA MILTTARY CABLE AND TELEGRAPH SYSTEM.
This system embraces 2,627 miles of submarine cable and 448 miles
of land telegraph lines, 52 officers, and 10 radio stations. Receipts
for current busmess handled during the year were $159,819, and the
value of official business at commercial rates amounted to $194,571.
The yearly outlay for this system is about $442,000 and is charged
against the Army appropriation. There is no sufficient reason for
continuing this system at its present cost against Army appropri-
ations, for the reason that land commimication with the military gar-
risons in Alaska can be secured through Canadian lines in combina-
tion with our wireless system in Alaska. The maintenance of this
202 REPORT OF THB OHIEF OF STAFF.
system has been a heavy burden upon Anny api>ropriations as well
as upon the personnel of the Army, requiring as it does a number of
officers and about 200 Signal Cori)s men to conduct the business effi-
ciently and maintain it in operation. In addition to the personnel
it has been necessary to maintain a cable ship. For five years effort
has been made to have this system turned over to the "Post Office
Department, as it is of the greatest possible value to the commerce of
Alaska, mail service of that country, and to the various departments
of the civil government. A bill was introduced in Congress two
years ago to turn this system over to the Interior Department.
Either the Interior or the Post Office Department had better be
charged with the cost and maintenance of these lines than the Army
appropriation. It is recommended that further effort be made to
have this burden transferred.
SUPPLY DEPOTS.
In 1911 a policy was adopted which established depots of supplies
in areas withm which troops were to be mobilized in the event of war
and retaining in these depots the supplies necessary to supplement
and completely equip Organized Militia units should they be called
into service. Three field supply depots were established — one in
Philadelphia, one in St. Louis, and one in San Francisco. The
fundamental idea was that any call for militia would be made in
such time as to permit the shipment of supplies from these depots to
mobilzation camps in advance of the troops arriving from their com-
pany or regimental rendezvous. The lack of complete reserve stores
and the desire to decrease expense incident to storage limited these
depots to three. The largest of these depots, and the only one of the
three Teco^zed by specific appropriations, is the one located at
Philadelphia, in which were stores to eauip the Organized Militia of
16 States, containing the greater part ot the Or^amzed Militia. The
inadequacy of this plan was fully demonstrated m the sudden call for
the militia on June 18 last to meet an emergent condition on the
Texas border. It was deemed necessary to send these troops to the
border as expeditiously as possible, as their presence there was neces>
sary to save a vast amount of property and women and children in that
section in case a break should have occurred in our relations with
Mexico. This hurried call found the principal supply depot at
Philadelphia somewhat depleted in supplies, diie to lack of appro-
priation for complete reserve supplies, to the necessity of sending a
part of the supplies on hand to the Militia of Texas, New Mexico, and
Arizona, and to an increase of 20,000 enlisted men in the Regular
Army. The siding facilities at the depot were limited — two sidings
each capable of accommodating five cars at a time — so that it was
some days before supplies could reach the necessary points of mobili-
zation. It was a physical impossibility to expect supply departments
to anticipate the action and have blankets and clothing at mobiliza-
tion camps prior to the arrival of men and recruits, covering as it did
States from Maine to Florida.
These depots were an experiment, but it has demonstrated that in
a sudden call for troops, the system of a small number of supply
depots for so many troops is an impracticable one for expeditious
mobilization. As all calls for the Organized Militia will probably
REPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF, 203
be of a sudden and emergent nature, it seems imperative that supplies
and equipment of all kinds for each State that are necessary for im-
mediate use in the field should be stored within State limits and
where practicable in the storerooms of regiments themselves under
the direct control of the inspector-instructors on duty with regiments.
Arrangements should be made for reserves of animals. There was no
appropriation for horses and mules which had to be purchased after
the call. The equipment which can not be obtained on 15 days' notice
is that for which general supplv depots should be provided. Based
upon our experience in this moBilization, a board has been convened
to submit a new plan for the supply of National Guard and volunteers
when mustered into the service of the United States which when
made will be subject to the scrutiny and recommendation of the
General Staff.
AUTHORIZED LAND PURCHASES.
The current Army appropriation act makes provision for the
acquirement of lots of land for military purposes.
Three hundred thousand dollars is appropriated for the Aviation
School and Training Ground at San Diego, Cal. The site has been
recommended by a board of officers, and steps are now being taken to
acquire it. There was an additional appropriation of $300,000 for
other land for aviation purposes in case no militarv reservations were
found suited to the purpose. A board of officers has baan appointed
to examine the present reservations. Action will be taken as soon as
this report is received.
At Fort Sam Houston, Tex., an appropriation of $750,000 was made
for the acquisition of additional land for adequate supply depots,
for terminal facilities of that post and for the Southern Department.
The land is estimated to cost about $300,000. Steps are bemg taken
to acquire the land under consideration.
For Vancouver Barracks, Wash., $100,000 was appropriated to
provide suitable target ranges for each arm of the military service
stationed at that post. The land was to cost about $70,000. Suitable
sites are under investigation by department and post authorities.
For Fort Bliss, Tex., $120,000 was appropriated for the af*qulsl
tion of certain private holdings now within the target range. Effort is
now being maae to purchase these tracts within the appropriation.
If this falls, condemnation proceedings will be resorted to.
Three hundred thousand dollars is appropriated for the acquisition
of the necessary land for suitable ranges for field artillery practice.
These purchases are under investigation by the Militia Bureau.
The last Army appropriation act also directed the Secretary of
War to investigate and report to Congress as soon as practicable what
additional tracts are necessary for permanent mobilization, training,
and supply stations for use by the National Guard and by the Reg-
ular Army and the probable cost of same. A board of officers is
to be appointed to make thorough report upon this subject.
The fortification act approved July 6, 1916, provided the sum of
$1,400,000 for the acc[uisition of sites for coast defenses and this
amount is to be applied to the acquisition of the land required at
Rockaway Beach. Negotiations are now in progress with a view to
the completion of the acquisition of the land as soon as practicable
204 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
and the initiation of the construction of the defenses as soon as funds
may be provided therefor.
UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY.
Since my last report a law has been enacted by Congress increasing
the number of caaetships to 1,332. When that law is in full effect
four years from now it is anticipated that it will place about 1,200
cadets at the academy. This increase, although spread over a pe-
riod of four years, makes it imperative that the erection of the neces-
sary buildings to meet the increase should be started at the earliest
possible date. It will require two years and perhaps more in some
cases to complete the large buildings after they are started. This
coming year s increase can be handled with the present plant, but
further increases in the number of cadets call for material increase
of accommodations. The superintendent of the academy, in his
annual report, submits a construction plan calling for an expenditure
of approximated $3,000,000. A board of officers has been appointed
to report upon this important matter by December 1.
The growth in size and importance of this institution makes it im-
portant, in order to properly maintain the dignity of the position of
the superintendent, that he should have the temporary rank of a
general officer, whatever his rank may be when detailed to the posi-
tion. I therefore recommend that the law which now gives him the
temporary rank of colonel be changed to give him the temporary
rank of brigadier general. The authorized number of cadets at the
United States Military Academy, at the time of the passage of the
law, June 12, 1858 (sec. 1310, Rev. Stat.), giving the superin-
tendent the grade of colonel, was 282.
INEQUALITIES OF RANK IN MILITARY AND NAVAL SERVICE.
There is every reason that in the military and naval service of the
United States there should be such coordination of rank for duty
as will not induce invidious comparisons. In both services, where
similar interests are involved, they should be considered alike in the
enactment of laws. If a superior grade is created for one service,
a similar grade should be created for the other, so that all the officers
of one service will be on a footing of official equality with officers
holding similar commands in the other service and in the services of
the world. Otherwise embarrassment results when the two branches
are brought in contact with each other and with officers of foreign
services. If in all those joint matters in which the Army and Navy
are concerned, the Navy, by reason of the possession of superior
grades is entitled to outrank the Army, it is easy to see that the Army
will, perforce, be looked upon as a subordinate branch.
The act of March 4, 1915, provided the grade of admiral for the
commander in chief of the United States Atlantic Fleet, the com-
mander in chief of the United States Pacific Fleet, ana the com-
mander in chief of the United States Asiatic Fleet. The second in
command of these fleets was given the rank of vice admiraL These
ffrades correspond to the grades of general and lieutenant general
in our service. The duties of a fleet commander may properly be
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 205
compared to those of the commander of a tactical division, of a de-
partment, of the commander of the land forces of the United States
m the Philippine Islands, the Hawaiian Islands, and the Panama
Canal Zone. These officers of the Navy are given this rank only
during the performance of duty and then return to the lower grade
of rear admiral, of which there are 24 on the active list of the Navy.
The Navy has no grade corresponding to that of brigadier general
in our service, which grade has also disappeared from nearly all
the armies of the world. The chiefs of bureaus of the Navy Depart-
ment are thus superior to all bureau chiefs of the War Department
except the two who received the favor of special laws giving them in-
creased rank. The result is that most bureau chiefs of the War De-
partment and all brigadier generals of the line are junior in grade
to officers of the Navy performing corresponding duty. An adjust-
ment hj Congress of these differences and distinctions and doing
away with the grade of brigadier general would materially benefit
the efficiency of the military service.
The naval appropriation act for the current fiscal year, approved
August 29, 1916, provides for a Chief of Naval Operations, who
under the terms oi the act shall have the rank and title of admiral,
to take rank next after the Admiral of the Navy (Admiral t)ewey).
The Chief of Naval Operations under the new naval law has duties
corresponding to those of the Chief of Staff of the Army, and he is
given two grades of rank above the Chief of Staff of the Army. The
scope of his authority may be seen from the following extract from
the law :
All orders issued by the Chief of Naval Operations in performing the duties
assigned him shall be performed under the authority of the Secretary of the
Navy, and his orders shall be considered as emanating from the Secretary of
the Navy and shall have full force and effect as such.
A similar law covering the functions of the Chief of Staff would
solve many questions and relieve the Secretary of War from the
necessity of giving his personal attention to many small details of
administration which now take up his time.
In this connection attention is invited to the following provision
in the same act :
That officers of the Marine Corps with the rank of colonel who shall have
served faithfully for forty -five years on the active list shall, when retired, have
the rank of brigadier general ; and such oflicers who shall hereafter be retired
at the age of sixty-four years, before having served for forty-five years, but who
shall have served faithfully on the active list until retired, shall, on the com-
pletion of forty years from their entry in the naval service, have the rank
of brigadier general.
A similar provision for officers of the Regular Army would be very
appropriate, otherwise the Army becomes the object of comparison
with what may seem to be the more favored branch of Congress.
DELAYS IN PRINTING.
The War Department has experienced frequent and embarrassing
delays in obtaining from the Government Printing Office blank forms
for use of the Army under ordinary circumstances, and this em-
barrassment has been greatly increased by the many delays which
206 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
occurred in obtaining blanks for use of the National Guard while in
the service of the United States.
The delay in printing orders and bulletins is the same as that
experienced in the printing of the blank forms, and it is probable
that the pressure of work at the Government Printing Office is such
that prompt delivery of the department's printing can not be made.
This IS especially so while Congress is in session, during which time
the congressional work takes precedence of all others. The Public
Printer nas been uniformly courteous and obliging and has put forth
special efforts to meet the needs of the department, and the heads of
his several departments have cooperated to the full extent of their
ability.
It is recommended that an effort be made to have the present branch
printing office materially enlarged so that it will be able to handle
the printing of practically all the orders, bulletins, and changes and
all of the smaller blank forms that are printed by the department.
To accomplish this it will be necessary to provide much more com-
modious quarters than it is believed can be provided in the State,
War, and Navy Building. Ample provision in the way of space
for an office large enough to do the work referred to may be had by
removing the office to the building at 1725 F Street NW., which
belongs to the War Department, and is now occupied by a branch
of the Insular Bureau. Some years ago the War Department branch
printing office was located in this building and at that time printed
all the desertion circulars and the Army List and Directory, so
that there can be no doubt that it would be ample for the purpose
indicated.
CENSORSHIP OF INFORMATION IN TIME OF PEACE,
In my report of last year I invited attention to the importance of
devising some legal plan for a censorship during time of war. It
is reasonable to expect that if the public peace is in jeopardy or
our relations with another power become strained, most editors and
press associations would refrain from publishing information con-
cerning our troops and material which would be of advantage to the
enemy. On the other hand, the press must suppler the public with
news, and much information will be given out which will interfere
with plans for national defense or the preservation of peace within
our country. This matter has during the year been very fully con-
sidered by the General Staff, by the Judge Advocate General of the
Army, and by the Joint Board of Army and Navy officers. As a
result of this consideration the view was held that so long as the
freedom of speech and press do not permit publications injurious to
the public or private morals, there has never been a right to publish
matter endangering the safety of the country. In order to give full
sanction to this, the passage of a law was recommended to the chair-
men of the Judiciary Committees of the Senate and House of Rep-
resentatives, but no action was taken at the last session of Congress.
In order to invite full discussion of this proposed measure, and in
the hope that thereby action may be hastened in Congress, the pro-
posed draft is given herewith, as follows:
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of RepreientativeM of t?ie United
States of America in Congress assemhledt That whenever in his judgment the
BEPOET OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 207
defense of the country or the preservation of the public peace requires such
action, the President may issue a proclamation prohibiting the publication of
any or all information, facts, rumors, or speculations referring to the armed
forces of the Government, materials or implements of war, or the means and
measures that may be contemplated for the defense of the country, except when
such publication shall have been duly authorized, and he may issue such regula-
tions as may be necessary to render such prohibition effective.
Sec. 2. That after the President shall have issued such proclamation as is
authorized by section one of this act it shall be unlawful for any person or cor-
poration, or any officer, director, or agent of a corporation, in his capacity as
such, within the Jurisdiction of the United States to publish, or cause or
procure or willingly or through negligence permit to be published, or to assist
in the publication of any information, facts, rumors, or speculations prohibited
by the terms of the proclamation or regulations issued under this act, except
when such publication shall have been duly authorized under such regula-
tions, and any person who so offends may be punished by a fine of not more
than ten thousand dollars or by a term of imprisonment of not more than three
years, or both. Any corporation which so offends shall be punished by a fine of
not more than twenty thousand dollars; and any officer, director, or agent of
any. corporation who shall consent to, connive at, or through negligence permit
any violation of the provisions of this act by such corporation or by any of its
agents or agencies shall be punished by a fine of not more than ten thousand
dollars or by a term of Imprisonment of not more than three years, or both.
Sec. 3. That when, in the Judgment of the President, the defense of the
country or the preservation of the public peace no longer requires prohibition
of publication, he shall issue a proclamation revoking any proclamation issued
under section 1 of this act, and thereafter the pains and penalties authorized
by this act, except for violations thereof committed prior to such revocation,
shall not be effective until a further proclamation is issued under authority
of this act.
MOBILIZATION OF INDUSTRIES.
Section 120 of the national defense act of June 3, 1916, provides
that the Secretary of War shall make, or cause to be made, a com-
plete list of all privately owned plants in the United States equipped
to manufacture arms and ammunition or the component parts
thereof.
The President is authorized, in his discretion, to appoint a Board
on Mobilization of Industries essential for military preparedness,
nonpartisan in character, and to take all necessary steps to provide
for such clerical assistance as may be deemed necessary to organize
and coordinate the work.
Section 121 of the same act authorizes the Secretary of War to
appoint a board of five citizens, two of whom shall be civilians and
three of whom shall be officers of the Army, to investi^te and report
to him the feasibility^ the desirability, and practicability of the Gov-
ernment manufacturmg arms and munitions and equipment. The
Secretarv of War is directed to transmit the report or this committee
to Confffess on or before January 1, 1917.
The Naval Consulting Board has prepared extensive lists of manu-
facturing concerns and privately owned plants. Army officers have
cooperated with the Naval Consulting Board in preparation of these
lists. Inventories of some 20,000 concerns are now being arranged in
the office of the Naval Consulting Board. When completed, copies
of these lists are to be furnished the War Department.
The investigation required as to the Government manufacture of
arms is proceeding through the office of the Chief of Ordnance. This
investigation has been delayed on account of the great rush of work
due to the calling of the militia into the Federal service and increase
208 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
of the Regular Army. The committee will be appointed and the
report rendered on January 1, 1917, as required.
I have omitted from this report statistics usually embodied con-
cerning the authorized and actual strength of the nulitary establish-
ment, geographical distribution of troops, and information of de-
tached officers and other incidental details, as these matters are fully
covered in other reports.
Attention is invited to reports of department commanders and to
the reports of chiefs of bureaus and corps of the War Department
as containing interesting detailed information of their respective
responsibilities.
H. L. Scott,
Major Generaly Chief of Staff.
To the Secretary of War.
APPENDIX.
War Department,
Office of the Chief of Staff,
War College Division,
Washington^ September 11 j 1916.
Memorandum for the Chief of Staff:
Subject: Military policy.
1. Memorandums from your office, dated March 11 and March 17,
1915, directed the War College Division to make a complete and ex-
haustive study of a proper military policy for the United States, and
to prepare a clearly and succinctly expressed statement of the policy,
basing it, in a general way, upon the " Report on the Organization oi
the Land Forces of the United States, 1912," " eliminating every-
thing that is not necessary for the easy and quick comprehension of
the military policy, and adding anythmg which may be necessary to
afford such comprehension."
2. The following extract from the memorandum of March 17, 1916,
gives the subjects which the " statement " was to cover, viz :
The substance of this policy wUl, therefore, be a clearly and succinctly ex-
pressed statement, with the reasons therefor, of the recommended strength and
organization of —
I. (a) The Regular Army;
(6) The Organized Militia.
This should be followed by —
II. A careful study of the question of a reserve for both the Regular Army
and the Organized Militia and, if possible to agree upon it, a plan for the forma-
tion of such reserves.
III. The Volunteers: Their organization and relation to the Regular Army
and the Organized Militia.
IV. Reserve material and supplies which should be available and which can
not be promptly obtained if delayed till the outbreak of war.
The Secretary of War is of the opinion that a statement which shall contain
everything that is pertinent to the foregoing subjects will Inform Congress of
all the essential things that the best Judgment of the War Department thinks
it Is Justified In asking Congress to provide in peace and to be prepared to pro-
vide in war. These things, being such as commend themselves to the general
miUtary intelligence (if they do not so commend themselves there can be no
policy such as is now aimed at), may be assumed to be those that will be asked
for by succeeding administrations of the War Department — ^at least, they wUl
indicate the general line of ^development to be pursued. Such a statement wiU
constitute what he has in mind as a comprehensive military policy.
There are many other things that will from time to time be asked of Con-
gress or, when authority exists for it, that will be done without asking legisla-
tion. Such things may be requests for appropriations to build new posts in
view of the abandoning of others ; the concentration of the Army in a swaller
number of posts in definite areas of the country; projects for promotion, re-
tirement, etc. ; plans for training the Army and the militia, etc.
68176*— WAB 1916— VOL 1 14 209
210 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
Such things have no part in the statement of a general military policy which
the Secretary of War now desires to have prepared, and in order to save time
and labor and to concentrate attention upon that which is essential, he desires
any such extraneous matter to be eliminated from the study which he has
directed.
3. Following these lines the accompanying " Statement of a Proper
Military Policy for the United States " was prepared.
4. It is proposed to supplement this statement later with brochures
on such subjects as require more detailed discussion than would be
appropriate herein.
M. M. Macomb,
Brigadier Oeneraly Chief of War College Division.
A PEOPEE MILITARY POUCY FOE THE ITNITED STATES.
INTBODXTCTION.
THE MILITARY PROBLEM CONFRONTING THE UNITED STATES.
1. TJie evolution of national military policies. — National policies
are evolved and are expanded as the Nation grows. They renect the
national sense of responsibility and also the national ambitions.
They constitute the doctrine underlying acts of statesmanship and
diplomacy. A nation's military policy is the national doctrme of
self-preservation. The world is never without virile, capable, and
progressive nations, the circumstances of whose development have
imbued them with the belief that their vital interests demand an
active aggressive policy. They are forced to resort to imiversal
service in the effort to fulfill, at any cost, what they conceive to be
their destiny. In the United States the development of the Nation
has proceeded under an environment so favorable that there is no
well-defined public opinion in regard to what constitutes an ade-
quate military policy. Heretofore isolation, combined with the neces-
sity of preserving the balance of power, has been a sufficient guaranty
against strong hostile expeditions from Europe or Asia. The safe-
guard of isolation no longer exists. The oceans, once barriers, are
now easy avenues of approach by reason of the number, speed, and
carrying capacity of ocean-going vessels. The increasing radii of
action of the submarine, the aeroplane, and wireless telegraphy all
supplement ocean transport in placing both our Atlantic and Pacific
coasts within the sphere of hostile activities of oversea nations.
The great mass of the public does not yet realize the e&ct of these
changed conditions upon our scheme of defense.
Ajiother thin^ that militates against the evolution of a soimd
military policy lor our country is me erroneous conclusion drawn by
the people from our past experiences in war. In developing such a
1)olicy victory is often a less trustworthy guide than defeat. We
lave been plunged into many wars and have ultimately emerged
successfully from each of them. The general public points to these
experiences as an indication that our military policy has been and
still continues to be soimd. That this is not really the belief of those
in authority is shown b^ the fact that each war of importance has
been followed by an official investigation of our military system and
the policy under which it operated. The reports of these investiga-
tions give a startling picture of faulty leadership, needless waste of
lives and property, costly overhead charges augmented by payment
of bounties to keep up voluntary enlistments, undue prolongations of
all these wars, and finally reckless expenditure of public funds for
continuing pensions. These documents supply convincing proofs
that all such shortcomings have been due entirely to a lack of ade-
quate preparation for war in time of peace. But we have not yet
211
212 BEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
learned our lesson. It has never been driven home by the bitterness
of defeat. We have never known a Jena or a Sedan. At no stage
of our national life have we been brought face to face with the armed
strength of a great world power free to land sufficient forces to gain
a foothold at any desired portion of our coasts. That we have to
some extent felt this danger is evidenced by our efforts to provide a
navy as a first line of defense and to supplement it with the necessary
harbor fortifications ; but we have not yet realized that our ultimate
safeguard is an adequate and well-organized mobile land force.
Experience in war has shown the need of these three elements, but
the public has not yet demanded that they be perfected, coordinated,
and combined in one harmonious system of national defense. Not
until this has been accomplished will a proper military policy for the
United States be adopted.
2. Our abiding national policies. — The majority of our people have
always believed in asserting their own rights and in respecting those
of others. They desire that the cause of right should prevail and that
lawlessness should be crushed out. To live up to these high ideals
imposes upon us new duties as a world power ; duties that require
something more positive than a policy or mere passive defense. In
addition, there are two underlying and abiding national policies
whose maintenace we must consider as necessary to our national life.
These are the " ^Monroe doctrine " and the policy of avoiding " entan-
gling alliances." They are distinctive and affect our international
relations in a definite manner. In addition, policies may develop in
the future as a result of international relations with respect to trade
conditions.
A general consideration of our responsibilities as a nation and of
our geographical position indicates that the maintenance of our
abiding policies and interests at home and abroad involves problems
of defense measures both on land and on sea. The solution of the
general problem of national defense must be sought in the provision
of adequate land and sea forces and a consideration of their coor-
dinate relationship.
3. Coordinate relationship of Army and Navy. — ^Upon the Navy
devolves the solution of the problem of securing and maintaining
control of the sea. To accomplish this it must be free to take the
offensive promptly — that is, to seek out and defeat the enemy fleet.
The use oi any part of the high-sea fleet for local defense defeats the
chief object or tne Navy and is a misuse of naval power. A fleet de-
feated at sea and undefended by an adequate army is powerless
either to prevent invasion or even its own ultimate destruction by
combined nostile land and naval forces. In illustration compare the
cases of the Spanish fleet at Santiago and the Russian fleet at Port
Arthur with the present example of the German, Austrian, and
Turkish fleets under the protection of land forces.
Upon the Army devolves the task of gaining and maintaining on
shore the ascendency over hostile land and naval operations. To
accomplish this it must be able to seek out promptly and to defeat,
capture, or destroy the invader wherever he may attempt either to
secure a footing upon our territory or to enter the waters of our har-
bors with the object of threatening the destruction of the seaport
or of a fleet driven to seek refuge or repair therein.
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 213
The problems involved in operations against hostile land forces
are complex and include only as an incident the protection of harbor
defenses on the land side. The problems of harbor defense against
attack from the sea are simple and passive in their nature.
4. Coordinate relationship of statesman and soldier. — In our coun-
try public opinion estimates the situation, statecraft shapes the
policy, while the duty of executing it devolves upon the military
and naval departments.
Such a doctrine is sound in direct proportion to its success in pro-
ducing a military system capable of devoloping fighting power suffi-
cient to meet any given national emergency, at the proper time, sup-
ported by all the resources, technical and economic, oi the country,
m a word — preparedness. All the other world powers of to-day have
realized the necessity of maintaining highly trained and organized
military and naval forces in time of peace, and all, or nearly all, are
allied in powerf itl coalitions.
Without superiority on the sea or an adequate land force there is
nothing to prevent any hostile power or coalition of powers from
landing on our shores such part of its trained and disciplined troops
as its available transports can carry. The time required is limited
only by the average speed of its vessels and the delay necessarily
consumed in embarking and disembarking.
In order that the American people can intelligently decide on a
doctrine of preparedness which shall constitute the military policy
of the United States, and that Congress and the Executive may be
able to carry out their decision, information concerning the military
strength of other great nations and shipping available for transport
purposes must be clearly set forth.
The work of the statesman and of the soldier and sailor are there-
fore coordinate; where the first leaves off the others take hold.
5. Preparedness of the world powers for over-sea expeditions. —
Control of the sea having been once gained by our adversary or
adversaries, there is nothing to prevent them from dispatching an
over-sea expedition against us. In order to form an idea of the
mobile force we should have ready to resist it an estimate must first
be made of the approximate number of troops that other nations
might reasonably be expected to transport ana of the time required
to land them on our coasts.
The number of thoroughly trained and organized troops an enemy
can bring in the first and succeeding expeditions under such an
assumption is a function of —
(a) The size of the enemy's army, and
(6) The number, size, and speed of the vessels of the enemy's mer-
chant marine that can be used as transports.
Should our enemy be a nation in arms — that is, one in which all or
nearly all of .the male inhabitants of suitable physique are given a
minimum of two years' training with the colors m time of peace (and
this is true of all world powers except ourselves and England), it is
evident that the size of the first expedition and succeeding expeditions
would be limited only by the number of vessels in the transport fleets.
It also follows that as the capacity and number of steamers in the
merchant marine of any nation or group of nations increase in the
future, the number of trained soldiers which such nation could send
214
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
in such expedition will also increase, and our trained forces should
be correspondingljr augumented.
What the conditions were in August, 1914, is shown in the follow-
ing table, which may be regarded as a reasonable estimate :
Preparedness of the great powers for over-sea expeditions.
Nation.
Austria-Hungarj .
France
Germany
Great Britain ....
Italy
Russia
Strength
of army.
4,320,000
5,000,000
Tonnage available of ships
with capacity over—*
3,000
tons.
2,000
tons.
762,756
l,70fi,931
5.000,000 3,560,962 4,018,185
«69:>,00013,000,000
2,600,000
2,212,000
5,000,000
1,065,321
'42^619
1,000
tons.
First expe-
dition using
60 per cent
ol tonnage
given.
Men.
1,013,9S5
Ani-
mals.
72,000
160,931
« 387, 000
170,000
91,000
95,715
37,630
Second expe-
dition using
75 re cent
of tonnage
given.
Men.
Ani-
mals.
14,000 10S,000 21,600
32,1S6 243,295 4S,279
« Kl, •270,2 440, 000 > 94, 600
90,000 1
13,650 136,000i 20,475
24,416
7,940
142,6221 36,623
66,444| 11,918
Time
needed to—
Load
and
cross
ocean
with
first
expe-
tlon.
Daf8.
20.7
15.8
15.8
14.0
18.3
22.5
20.5
Re-
turn,
load,
and
re-
cross
with
sec-
ond
^
tion.
4a4
3ao
30.8
27.0
35.0
41.0
4ao
1 Fifty per cent has been assumed as the figure representing the amount of shipping In or within call of
home ports at outbreak of war.
s Using no ships less than 3,000 tons.
• 240,500 territorials.
< Japanese fleld regulations indicate the intention to use steamers of 1,000 tons; for this reason and becaoM
<tf the large amount of steamers between 10 and 12 knots speed, all Japanese steamers over 10 knots speed
and a thousand tons gross have been considered.
Note.— The allowance prescribed in our Field Service Regulations of 3 tons per man and 8 tons per
animal for ships over 5,000 tons and 4 tons per man and 10 tons per animal for vessels under 5,000 tons has
been used in estimating the capacity of ships, except where the regulati(xis of any country prescribe a
different allowance. Tnese allowances include rations, water, forage, etc., for the voyage ana a margin
for three months' reserve supplies. The tonnage allowance covers men, animals, and all accessories and
Is sufflcient to provide for vehicles (Including gims).
Fighting power is the result of organization, trainins, and equipment backed by the resources of the
country. Available shipping is a matter of commercial statistics.
The Quality, organization, and efficiency of these troops, except
those or Japan, which demonstrated their excellence in the Russo-
Japanese War, are now undergoing a supreme test of military
strength on land and sea. This test by the ordeal of battle is visibly
demonstrating their organization, their fighting power, and the rate
at which each is capable of developing and mamtaining its military
strength. In addition, where certain nations have transported troops
by sea their capabilities in this respect have to some extent been
shown.
This evidence, produced under conditions of actual warfare, pre-
sents an example of the resultant efficiency of any nation that has de-
veloped a sound military policy; the soundest policv being the one
which insures a successful termination of the war in the shortest time.
6. Statement of the military problem^ — From what has been stated,
we are forced to the conclusion that we must be prepai'ed to resist a
combined land and sea operation of formidable strength. Our prin-
cipal coast cities and important harbors have already been protected
by harbor defenses which, by passive method alone, can deny to an
enemy the use of these localities as bases for such expeditions.
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 215
The enemy being unable to ^in a foothold in any of these fortified
areas by direct naval attack will therefore be f orcea to find some suit-
able place on the coast from which land operations can be conducted
both against the important coast cities and the rich commercial cen-
ters in the interior. Long stretches of coast line between the fortified
!>laces lie open to the enemy. The only reasonable way in which these
ocalities can be defended is by provicfing a mobile land force of suffi-
cient strength, so located that it may be thrown in at threatened
points a|; the proper time.
It has just been shown what the strength of these expeditions might
be, as well as the time required for any one of them to develop its
whole effective force. Hence it can be seen, when we take into con-
sideration the possible two months' delay provided by the Navy, that
our system should be able to furnish 500,000 trained and organized
mobile troops at the outbreak of the war and to have at least 500,000
more availaole within 90 days thereafter. Here, however, it must be
pointed out that two expeditions alone will provide a force large
enough to cope with our 1,000,000 mobile troops, and consequently we
must at the outbreak of hostilities provide the srjrstem. to raise and
train, in addition, as least 500,000 troops to replace the losses and
wastage in personnel incident to war. To provide this organized
land force is the military problem before us for solution.
I. THE BEGXJIiAB ABMY.
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE REGULAR ARMY.
7. In the endeavor to reach a just conclusion as to the strength
and organization of a regular army adequate to play its part in
our national defense, it must not be forgotten that this defense is a
joint problem requiring for its correct solution the united efforts of
both Army and Navy, and that the ultimate strength of the greater
war army is dependent to a considerable extent upon the part to be
played by the neet. It is therefore assumed in this discussion that
the Navy is preparing to place and maintain in the Pacific, when the
occasion requires, a force superior to that of any oriental nation, and
in the Atlantic one second only to that of the greatest European
naval power.
The Regular Army is the peace nucleus of the greater war army of
the Nation. Its strength and organization should be determined not
only by its relation to the larger force but by its own peace and war
functions. It must be prepared at all times to meet sudden and
special emergencies, which can not be met by the army of citizen
soldiers. Its units must be the models for the organization and train-
ing of those of the ^reat war army.
Some of the functions of the Regular Army are:
(a) To furnish the entire strength of our garrisons outside of the
United States proper both in peace and war.
(6) To garrison our harbor defenses within the United States
proper in time of peace.
(c) To furnish detachments of mobile forces in time of peace suffi-
cient for the protection of these harbor defenses and naval bases
against naval raids which, under modem conditions, may precede a
declaration of war.
216 BBPOBT OF THE OHIEP OF STAFF.
(rf) To furnish sufficient mobile forces to protect our principal
cities by preventing the landing of hostile expeditions for their cap-
ture in the intervals between our fortified harbors or near such cities.
(e) To supply a mobile reserve to reenforce our garrisons outside
of the United States proper during periods of insurrection and dis-
order.
(/) To furnish expeditionary forces for minor wars resulting from
the occupation of foreign territorv where treaty rights or funda-
mental national policies may have been threatenea.
{ff) To prepare in advance its existing administrative and supply
departments for the equipment, transportation, and supply or the
great war army of the Nation.
(h) To assist in the training of organizations of citizen soldiers.
8. Concerning the strength and organization of the Regular Army,
the following points are U> be considered :
(a) At the outbreak of war the Regular Army at home should be
strong enough, with the addition of organized and trained citizen
soldiers, to form the first line of defense in order to give sufficient
time to permit the mobilization and concentration of our greater war
army, and to seize opportimities for such immediate initial operations
as may be undertaken before the mobilization of the army of citizen
soldiers can be completed.
i6) It should be so organized and located that it can be economi-
y and efficiently trained, quickly and easily mobilized and concen-
trated, and readily used as a model in the education and training of
the citizen forces.
MOBUJB AND COAST ARTILLERY TROOPS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS.
9. Ejcperience has shown that our regular land forces and others
modeled^upon them must consist of two distinct classes, i. e. :
(a) Mobile troops.
(b) Coast Artillery troops.
These two groups have their own special functions for which they
are trained and equipped and from which they should not be diverted
except in some emergency.
The function of the Coast Artillery is to man our harbor defenses
designed to protect important seaports from direct naval attacks and
raids from the sea. The armament and accessories of these forts are
intended to be so complete and powerful as not only to prevent
hostile landings at all places within range of the guns, but also to
cover all navigable waters in the vicinity of ^eat seacoast cities so
thoroughly as to leave no dead spaces from which enemy ships, either
at anchor or during a run-by, could bring them under bombardment.
While these harbor forts are important elements in our scheme of
defense, thev are, nevertheless, powerless to prevent invasion at
Eoints outsiae the range of their guns. The total length of our coast
ne is enormous, and the stretches covered by harbor defenses are
and must remain very small compared with the unprotected inter-
vals that lie between them. If we should lose command of the sea
an invader would simply land in one of these intervals. It there-
fore follows that the ultimate defense of our coasts depends upon
defeating a mobile army of invasion, and this can be done only by
having mobile forces prepaFed to operate in any possible theater of
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 217
war. At this stage of hostilities the problem becomes one of cooper-
ation between Coast Artillery and mobile troops, but there can be no
fixed relation in the strength of these two classes of land forces*.
The necessary strength of Coast Artillery troops depends upon the
number and character of harbor defenses established ; that or mobile
troops upon the nature and extent of the defensive and offensive
operations for which the Nation decides to be prepared.
RELATION BETWEEN HOME AND OVERSEA GARRISONS.
10. The most rational method of determining the proper strength
and organization of the Regular Army is based upon the fact that
this force is and must be divided into two distinct parts — one for
oversea service, the other for home service. Each of these parts
must have its proper quota, both of mobile and Coast Artillery
troops.
The troops on oversea service consist of the detachments required
to meet the special military problems of the Philippines, Oahu,
Panama, Alaska, Guantanamo, and Porto Bico. Each of these de-
tachments has a distinct tactical and strategic mission, and is to
operate within a restricted terrain. All of them are limited to over-
sea communication with the home country, and all of them may
therefore be isolated for considerable periods, especially in the criti-
cal fiist stages of war. It is obvious that imder these circumstances
these detachments should be prepared to meet all military emergen-
cies until reenforcements from the United States can reasonably be
expected. They must, therefore, be maintained at all times at full
statutory strength, and must, in addition^ be organized with the view
to being self-supporting, preferably during the continuance of war,
or at least until the Navy has accomplished its primary mission of
securing the command of the sea.
The Force at home is on an entirelv different basia It may or may
not be given an adequate number oi units in time of peace, but it is
supported by atl of the resources of the Nation. It may be increased
at the pleasure of Congress, and it may be reenforced by considerable
forces of citizen soldiery. It follows from these considerations that
the Military Establishment of the United States in time of peace
should first provide effective and sufiicient garrisons for the political
and strategic outposts of the United States, and that the residue at
home should be organized with the view to ultimate expansion into
such war forces as national interests may require. The possibility
of a satisfactory mobilization of this home force is dependent upon
keeping the units of the regular contingent at full statutory strength.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF OVERSEA SERVICE.
11. The Philippines. — ^A decision to defend the Philippines against
a foreign enemy is a matter of national and not of military policy.
But in studying the military requirements of such defense it must be
remembered that, under conditions of modem warfare, imless our
Navy has undisputed control of the sea, we can not reenforce the
peace garrison after a declaration of war or while war is imminent.
12. Oahu. — ^The maintenance of the naval base at Pearl Harbor,
Oahu, is an essential factor in the military problem of holding the
218 REPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
Hawaiian Islands. These islands constitute a vital element in the
defense of the Pacific coast and in securing to ourselves the full value
of the Panama Canal as a strategic highway between the two oceans.
The problem of holding the Hawaiian Islands can be solved by
making Oahu, and therefore Pearl Harbor, secure against all comers.
A satisfactory solution requires the joint action of the Army and
Navy. Pearl Harbor and Honolulu are already protected from
direct naval attack by fortifications now nearing completion. These,
v/hile deemed adequate to meet the conditions existing when they
were designed, must now be strengthened to meet the recent increase
in power of guns afloat; but no matter how complete these harbor
fortifications on the southern coast of Oahu may be, they are unable
to prevent attacks either on the remaining hundred miles of coast
lying beyond the range of their guns or on the other islands of the
group. Consequently there should be in addition a force of modern
submarines and destroyers forming part of the permanent naval
equipment of Pearl Harbor with sufficient radius of action to keep
the Hawaiian waters thoroughly patrolled throughout their whole
extent and to make them dangerous for enemy vessels. Should this
force be worsted in combat and withdrawn before the arrival of our
high-sea fleet, the complete control of the local waters might pass
temporarily to the enemy, so that the ultimate security of both Hono-
lulu, the naval base at Pearl Harbor, and indeed of the whole group,
depends upon including in the Oahu garrison enough mobile troops
to defeat any enemy that may land anywhere on the island. It is
clear that perfect coordination between the Army and Navy at this
station is absolutely essential to success in holding this key to the
Pacific. Unless we provide such dual defense of the Hawaiian Islands
we can not be sure of retaining control even of that part of the Pacific
lying within the sphere of defense of our western coast. By making
such provision the high-sea fleet is left free to seek out the enemy fleet
in Pacific waters.
13. Panama. — ^The Panama Canal is a very important strategic
position which it is our duty to hold. By our control <Jf this highway
between the two oceans the effectiveness of our fleet and our general
military power is enormously increased. It is therefore obvious that
the unquestioned security of the canal is for us a vital military need.
The permanent garrison should be strong enough to guard the locks,
spillways, and other important works and to prevent a naval attack
which, under modem conditions, may even precede a declaration of
war. We should therefore be able, even in peace, to man the sea-
coast guns and mine defense that cover the approach to the canal,
and we must have enough mobile troops to deieat raids. A modem
fleet might land a small raiding party of several thousand bluejackets
at any one or more of a number of places, and such a force landing
out of range of the seacoast guns could, if unopposed, penetrate to
some vulnerable part of the canal within a few hours. The permanent
garrison should therefore include a mobile force strong enough to
anticipate and defeat naval raids at the beginning of hostilities and
to protect the canal against more serious land operations liable to be
undertaken later. If the enemy is operating on one ocean only, it
might be possible to send reenforcements from the United States, but
to count on such relief would be running too great chances. By au-
BSPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 219
thority of the Bepublic of Panama, this garrison is given facilities
in time of peace to operate beyond the Canal Zone in order that the
troops may be properly trained for their special mission and made
familiar with tne terrain over which they may be called upon to
operate in defending the canal.
14. Guantanamo. — ^The policy of the United States contemplates
the establishment of a naval base at Ouantanamo. Garrisons of coast
artillery and mobile troops are necessary for its defense and should
be assigned to station there at the proper time.
15. Alaskcu — The garrison of Alaska should be large enough to
support the authority of the United States, and, in time of war, to
maintain our sovereignty over a small selected area of the Territory.
As work on the Alaskan Kailroad progresses, the military needs of
Alaska will increase.
16. Porto Rico is to be classified with the Philippines and Guam.
Unlike Alaska and Hawaii, these island possessions have not been
organized as Territories; nevertheless, they all belong to the United
States and must be protected.
GEXEfiAL REQUIREMENTS OF HOME SERVICE,
17. Oeneral distribution of Coast Artillery troops in fortified
areas. — It has already been ^own where we diould have garrisons
for oversea service and why. It now remains to show how we should
distribute our regular troops for service at home. Coast Artillery
stations should correspond to the fortified areas on the seacoast, and
these are indicated by the position of the harbor defenses, which are
at present located as follows :
Portland, Me. The Potomac. New Orleans.
Portsmouth, N. H. Chesapeake Bay. Galveston.
Boston. Cape Fear. San Diego.
New Bedford. Charleston. Los Angeles.
Narragansett Bay. Savannah. San Frandsca
Long Island Sound. Tampa. Puget Sound.
New Tork. Key West The Columbia.
The Delaware. Pensacola.
Baltimore. Mobile.
18. Oeneral distribution of mobile troops in strategic areas. — ^As
previously explained, the influence of harbor defenses is limited to
the areas within the range of their guns. To provide harbor defenses
without mobile forces necessary to cover the unprotected intervals
that lie between them would be comparable with attempting to make
a house burglar proof by barring the doors and leaving the windows
open. There is not a case in history where seacoast fortifications,
efficiently manned, have been captured by direct attack from the sea.
In all cases of capture mobile land forces have been employed for the
purpose, and an enemy that hopes for success must undertake landing
operations against us. We must therefore decide upon a rational
distribution of our mobile forces to meet this contingency.
19- Puget Sound area. — Western Washington is bordered on the
east by the steep and rugged Cascade Mountains, on the south by
the Columbia River, and on the north by Juan de Fuca Strait and
Canada. This comer of the United States is completely cut off from
the rest of the country by great natural obstacles and presents an
220 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
extensive front for attack by sea. While the maps show some twenty
passes across the Cascade Mountains, communication with the ea^
IS almost entirely by three railroads, all crossing at points less than
50 miles apart and having tunnels or other vulnerable structures.
The only practicable wagon road is effectually closed to traflSc for
between four and five months each year by heavy snows. Communi-
cation with the south is by one line of railroad, crossing the Columbia
River by bridge at Vancouver. Communication between this section
and the east and south is thus largely dependent upon a number of
structures readily destroyed by high explosives, and impossible of
restoration to traffic within a definite time. The two railroads along
the Columbia River, at the point where it breaks through the moun-
tains, could be easily wrecked so as to require considerable time to
repair, and the gorge could be held by a small force against a large
one coming from the east. If an enemy succeeds in entering western
Washington and in seizing and destroymg the important bridges and
tunnels, he would be so securely established as to render it extremely
difficult to dislodge him. In this rich region an invader could main-
tain himself indefinitely. The harbor defenses maintained in this
region are reasonably strong. Ordinary precaution demands that a
mobile force of reasonable strength be also maintained in this region.
20. California area. — ^There are five transcontinental lines of rail-
way entering California. The Western Pacific and Southern Pacific
by the passes through the Sierras northeast of Sacramento; the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, and the San Pedro, Los Angeles &
Salt Lake via Daggetts Pass northeast of Los Angeles; and the
Southern Pacific via the Salton Sea and Gorgonia Pass southeast of
Los Angeles. There are no other passes through the Sierras that have
been considered practicable. There is no railroad running south
into Lower Caliiornia. Only one railroad, the Southern Pacific,
runs north into Oregon. As in the Puget Sound region, communica-
tion with the east is largely dependent upon structures readily de-
stroyed by explosives and impossible of restoration to traffic within a
definite time; California and the greater centers of population are
separated by wide expanses of sparsely settled country. To trans-
port promptly large bodies of troops into California would be diffi-
cult if not impossible in face of opposition at the passes. The
invader would have a most fertile region at his back, while the reverse
would be the situation with us.
The harbor defenses maintained in this region are reasonably
strong, but they are of little use unless supported by a reasonably
strong mobile force maintained in this region.
To rely, for defense, during the first stages of a war upon a mobile
force shipped in from the east is to invite disaster.
21. Atlantic area, — In case of war with a first-class power on the
Atlantic, that portion of our country lying between and including
Maine and Virginia would undoubtedly be the primary object of an
invader. While all other points along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts
and all points on our land frontiers would undoubtedly be in danger,
the danger would be secondary to that of the North Atlantic States
above named. Here also the harbor defenses are reasonably stronff,
and here also a mobile force should be kept sufficient in size to hold
important points until the citizen soldiery can be mobilized.
R£POBT or THE CHIEF OF STAFF. 221
While many other regions are important^ the three regions de-
scribed— Pug^ Sound, California, and the North Atlantic States —
contain the critical areas.
22. Middle West area. — ^The center of jwpulation of the United
States is in the Middle West, and here diould be located a mobile
force for use in case of need on either the Pacific or Atlantic coast,
the northern or southern border.
NECESSAKY 8TREI«JGTH OF MOBILE TBOOPS FOE OVEB-SEA SEBTICE.
23. Constant study of the problem which confronts each of our
oversea garrisons in connection with the advance made in arms, trans-
portation, tactics, lines of information, methods of communications,
undersea craft, and aerial operations has led to the conclusions that
the strength of the over-sea garrisons herein given is the minimum,
below which they should not be allowed to fall at any time.
The general requirements of over-sea service have already been
stated for each of the several localities concerned. It now remains
to determine the necessary strength to meet these requirements, tak-
ing up each case in turn.
24. The Phnippiius. — ^If in accordance with national policy it is
decided to keep the American flag flying in the Philippines, m war
as in peace, it becomes essential to hold Manila Bay.
25. Oahu. — ^Having in mind the principles governing the relations
between home and over-sea garrisons, the force maintained at all
times in Oahu should include :
9 regiments of Infantry (3 brigades).
1 regiment of Cavalry.
2 regiments of Field ArtlUery.
2 battalions Engineers; 1 field battalion of Signal troops; 1 aero squad-
ron ; 1 telegraph company.
2 ambulance companies.
14 companies Coast Artillery.
This force will total about 25,000 combatant officers and men.
26. Panama. — ^The force maintained at all times in the Canal Zone
should include :
9 regiments of Infantry (3 brigades).
1 regiment of Cavalry.
1 regiment of Field Artillery.
2 battalions Engineers ; 1 field battalion of Signal troops ; 1 aero squad-
ron; 1 telegraph company.
1 ambulance company; 1 evacuation hospital.
21 companies Coast Artillery Cori)s.
This force will total about 24,000 combatant officers and men.
27. Guantanamo, — The policy of the United States contemplates
the establishment of a naval base at Guantanamo. Garrisons of
Coast Artillery and mobile troops are necessary for its defense and
should be assigned to station there at the proper time.
28. Alaska. — ^The garrison of Alaska should be large enough to
support the authorit;^ of the United States and in time of war to
maintain our sovereignty over a small selected area of the Terri-
tory. As work on the Alaskan Kailroad progresses the military
needs of Alaska will increase.
In time of peace it is believed that the Alaskan garrison should be
one regiment of Infantry (1,915 officers and men), to be increased
later as circimistances may demand.
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
29. Porto Rico. — ^The present garrison, reorganized into a full regi-
ment of three battalions, etc., is sufficient (1,915 officers and men).
80. The foUoTFing table gives a summary of the minimum garrison
to be maintained on over-sea service:
ea Hationi.
Locstittes.
miantry.
SH
11'
.«.,
s
SqUKl-
Corp..
9
1
18
1'
it
i
2»
t
3t
Si
*\
3
I Inclurlu I ulegripli compsny In eacb earrlsc
> lro!npBQy mounted lorCavalry brigade.
NECESSARr STRENGTH OP MOBILE TROOPS POD HOME SERVICE.
SI. Careful studies made at the War College, extending over a
Eriod of years, lead to the conclusion that the strength of the
fantry, Cavalry, Field Artillery, Engineers, and signal troops of
the Regular Army maintained at home in time of peace, and the
distribution of administrative units of these arms in the principal
strategic areas, should be as givea in the following table:
Combatant troops.
lAKmiie.
SS3
C««IrT
Pf.M
JSSS
End-
UUoil.
Corps.
■quad-
0
1
3
3
1
U
1
1
1
I
- ■
as
X
IS
10
J
•
•ttallon horn artUhrji 1 eompuiT mmaM EncUiMn; 1 cvmpaor
« organized in higher tactical units and dis-
ss substantially aa follows :
division (less dlvtsiooel Cavalry) and one CavaliT
Igade (ol 3 regiments).
division and one Cavalry brigade.
dtvlsloD and one Cavalry brigade.
division (less divisional Cavalrjr] and one Cavaliy
'lgad&
B£POBT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
223
NECE88ABT STRENQTH OF COAST ARTILLERT TROOPS BEQUIRED FOR SERVICE
OVERSEAS AND AT HOME.
82. The strength of the Coast ArtiUery depends upon the number
of guns and mine fields installed and projected and upon the assist-
ance to be received from Organized Militia units. An estimate pre-
pared in the Office of the Chief of Coast Artillery* gives the follow-
ing strength, in companies, required under the supposition that all
mine fields and all oversea guns and one-half the guns at home are
manned from the Regular Army :
Comj^anles.
Phnipplnes 26
Oahu 14
Panama 21
United States 228
Total 289
Total companies (gun and mine) 289
Officers and men 34, 413
TOTAL STRENGTH OF THE REGULAR TROOPS REQUIRED FOR ALL SERVICES.
83. Combining all previous estimates of Coast Artillery and mobile
troops required for service in oversea garrisons and at home, the fol-
lowing tabulaB statement of the required strength of the Regular
Army in units appropriate to each arm, results, viz :
Intentry
regi-
men tfl.
CavAlry
regi-
ments.
Field
ArtiUery
regt-
ments.
t\ wt
Artillery
com-
panies.
Engi-
neer
bat-
talions.
Signal Corps.
LocaUtltt.
Battal-
ions.
Aero
squads.
PblUppliMs*
0
9
8
1
1
3
2
1
26
14
21
2
U
1
1
1
Of^n" ..^.
1
CkdaI Z<m*
1
AJMka
Porto Rko
pQff1^f Soud4 mv*^.
3
4
4
3
t
3
I
1
2)
2
I
it
1
1
1
1
C^fomfft •
1
North AtlantJc SutM
1
ICIddia W«t
1
IffftT^ffii hordtr
1
UnlttdSUtas
228
Total required •
65
35
21
280
iH
11*
8
> This estimate can only be yerifled by an inspection of all the harbors in question, fbr which inspection
Umts has not been sufllcient time since this estimate was received.
• Nine regiments Infantry, 2 regimenU Field ArUUery, 2 battalions Engineers. Filipinos to be added,
n/no offloen and men.
These figures may be summarized as follows :
Oversea:
Mobile (combatant ) ..^•.
Goast Artillery Ck>ri»
74,600
7,500
In United States:
Mobile (combatant) 121,000
Goast Artillery Corps 27,000
Total :
Mobile (combatant) — 195, 500
Goast Artillery Ck)rps- .,■,. 34,500
82,000
148,000
230.000
224 BEPOBT OF THB OHISF 07 STAFF.
To this total should be added officers and men for the Sanitary.
Quartermaster, Ordnance Department, etc., appropriate to a force oi
this strength, amounting approximately to 30,000 officers and men.
Including Philippine Scouts, 21,000, the grand total becomes 281,000.
34. Organization. — ^The Tables of Organization, approved and
published on February 25, 1914, for the information and government
of the Regular Army and Organized Militia of the United States
have been taken as the guide in estimating the numerical strength of
the personnel of the various tactical and administrative units men-
tioned in this report. This was done as a matter of convenience and
because the service generally is familiar with these tables, which
are the latest official publication of the War Department on this
subject. They conform to the Field Service Regulations and are the
best that can be devised under the limitation of the present laws gov-
erning the Army, but it can not be too emphatically stated that they
are for emergency vse only and contain certain undesirable and un-
scientific features which should be corrected as soon as the necessary
legislation can be obtained. For example, the war organization
shown in the tables is provisional only, while the peace strength is
arranged so as not to exceed the total enlisted strength of about
93,000 men now permitted by existing appropriations.
This limitation falls heaviest upon the Infantry, whose organiza-
tions on home service are maintained at only 43 per cent of full statu-
tory strength, while the Cavalry organizations are maintained at 75
fer cent and those of Field Artillery at 77 per cent of such strength,
t is generally conceded that our Infantry companies should each
have the full statutory strength of 150 men in order topermit proper
training of the officers in time of peace and supply emcient fighting
strength in time of war.
In consequence of the greatly reduced strength of these Infantry
organizations, their efficiency is unduly decreased and overhead
charges correspondingly increased.
The requirements of modem war demand that a machine-gun unit,
a supply unit, and certain mounted men be attached to each regiment,
and that units of various strengths be assigned to brigade and divi-
sion head(juarters. None of these units is unthorized by law, yet all
are essential. Tables of Organization, 1914, represent an effort to
adapt an archaic statutory organization to modem reouirements by
organizing the nece^ary additional units, provisionally. This has
been done by detaching from statutory organizations the personnel
required. An examination of the tables will show that more than
5 per cent of the Infantry personnel authorized by Congress have
been diverted from their legitimate duty as members of statutory
organizations and have been assigned to provisional imits which,
while necessary and essential, have only the sanction of departmental
authority, and lack the efficiency which can only be given oy statute.
In the Cavalry more than 9 per cent are similarlv diverted.*
Recognizing these facts, the War College Division of the General
Staff has prepared a plan for organizing on modem lines an army
of the strength just shown to be necessary for the national needs.
Should this plan be approved, the organization of the Regular Army,
the militia, and whatever reserves are formed would proceed along
the new lines.
BEPOBT OF THE 0HIE7 OF STAFF. 225
n. THE OBGANIZED HILITIA.
85. Tho act of Congress approved April 25, 1914, commonly known
as the volunteer law, defines the land forces of the United States os
^ the Begular Army, the organized land militia while in the service
of the United States, and such volunteer forces as Congress may
authorize."
The Organized Militia, in addition to its use as a State force, is
available lor use by the Federal Government, as provided in the
Constitution.
36. Constitutional functions of the Organized Militia. — ^Its consti-
tutional functions are the following:
(a) A -State force to preserve order within the State limits, in
order to avoid calling upon the Regular Army or the Organized
Militia of other States to discharge such function.
(6) A Federal force when called forth by the President, and duly
mustered as prescribed by Congress, for any of the three purposes
authorized by the Constitution.
37. Some uses of the Organized Militia as a Federal force. — ^Hav-
ing been called forth as militia, they may be used as follows :
(a) As Coast Artillery supports and reserves.
(b) To guard and protect certain bridges, canal locks, arsenals,
depots of supplies, docks, navy yards, and other vulnerable points in
the home territory.
(c) To guard lines of communication within the limits of the
United States.
38. Limitations. ^rlt is stated later in this report that 12 months,
at 150 hours per month,^ ^^ is considered the minimum length of time
of actual training considered necessary to prepare troops for war
service." Due to constitutional limitations. Congress has not the
power to fix and require such an amount of training for the Organ-
ized Militia. No force can be considered a portion of our first line
whose control and training is so little subject to Federal authority
in peace. No force should oe considered a portion of our first line in
war unless it be maintained fully organized and equipped in peace at
? Tactically war strength. This would exclude the Organized Militia
rom consideration for service in the first line mainly l^cause of the
impossibili^ of giving it in peace the training required for such
function. It may be necessary to continue Federal support of the
Organized Militia in order that some organized force may he imme-
diately available for the purposes set forth in paragraphs 36 and 37>
39. Recommendations. — In the preparation of plans for the na-
tional defense and for the preservation of the honor and dignity of
the I'^nited States, the numl)er of troops that are deemed necessary
are largely in excess of the total regular and militia forces available
in the United States.
It is only during the existence of war, or when war is imminent,
that any other forces may l)e raised under existing law. WTien Con-
gi*ess so authorizes the President, he may call forth volunteers.
Section 3 of the volunteer law provides that under certain condi-
tions organizations of the Organized Militia may be received into
the volunteer service in advance of any other organizations of the
same arm or class from the same State, Territory, or District: and
69176'- WAB 1916^-voL 1 15
226 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
section i of the act of May 27, 1908, amending the militia law, pro-
vides that the militia shall be called into the service in advance of any
volunteer force that may be raised.
It is evident that it can not be known prior to the existence of the
imminence of war what organizations, if any, of the Organized
Militia will enter the volunteer service, and that no definite plans can
be prepared providing for the use or such organizations, either as
mihtia or as volunteers, imtil war is actually upon us.
No legislation affecting the Organized Militia is recommended
bejond the repeal of all provisions of laws now in effect whereby
militia or militia organizations may or must be received into the
Federal service in advance of any other forces.
This recommendation is not to be construed as advocating express
repeal of certain sections of existing laws relating to the Organized
Militia, but as suggesting that any legislation hereafter proposed
for the organization of a Federal reserve force shall contain the
usual concluding section repealing all laws and parts of laws incon-
sistent therewith, and that such legislation be so framed as to render
inconsistent with it the provisions of law just referred to.
m. BESEBVES.
40. Reserves include : (a) Well-instructed soldiers of the Regular
Army furloughed to what is herein termed the regular reserve, (b)
citizen soldiers, (c) reserve officers.
41. T?te regular reserve, — As the United States should have a
mobile force of 500,000 soldiers available at hom» at the outbreak of
war, the Army, with the regular reserve, should amotmt'to this
strength. In order to develop the necessary regular reserve with the
Army at the strength advocated in this policy, enlistments would
have to be for about eight years — two with the colors and six in
reserve. That would, in eight years, result in approximately the
following mobile forces at home available at the outbreak of war:
(1) Mobile regular troops (combatant) with the colors 121.000
(2) The regular reserve -— — 879,000
Total 500,000
During the first weeks of war in this country the military situation
will probably be critical. At that time eveir fullv trained soldier
should be put in the field. To do that with the small military estab-
lishmeiit herein advocated it is necessary that during peace the Army
be kept at war strength, and that the regular reserve be organized
and not kept back to replace losses expected during war. Such lo^es
should be replaced from depot units.
42. Citizen soldiers, — In addition to the 600,000 fully trained
mobile troops mentioned above, at least 500,000 more — a total of
1,000,000 men — should be prepared to take the field immediately on
the outbreak of war and should have had sufficient previous military
training to enable them to meet a trained enemy within three months.
Twelve months' intensive training is the minimum that will prepare
troops for war service. Therefore the 600,000 partly trained troops
above referred to require nine months' military training before war
begins. Military efficiency of reserves requires that Regular Army
oflooers be assigned thereto for training purposes — at least one to
BEPORT OP THE CHIEP OF STAFF, 227
every 400 men — and that organizations and specially designated non-
commissioned officers of the Army be utilized in instructing reserves
as far as practicable.
Based upon experience with Tables of Organization, 1914, the
War College Division has recently prepared a new plan of organiza-
tion for the Army. The Regular Army and the reserves should be
organized according to this plan. Or^nizations should be formed
of men from the districts to which their respective organizations are
assigned for recruiting. For this purpose, each organization should
be assigned to a district from which recruits most suitable for the
service required of the organization may be obtained — ^mounted units
to horse-raising districts, technical troops to manufacturing districts,
etc. As a rule the size of districts should be about in proportion to
population of the qualifications — age, etc. — required. Organizations
m war ^ould be kept at full strength from the depot units which
they ^ould have in their respective recruiting districts.
43. Reserve ojficers. — Officers for staff ana organizations of re-
serves, and officers for temporary appointment in the Eegular Army
as provided for in section 8 of the volunteer law (act of Congress
approved Apr. 25, 1914), should be selected and trained in time of
peace. The President should be authorized to issue, by and with
the advice and consent of the Senate, commissions as reserve officers
to citizens of the United States who, upon examination prescribed bv
the Secretary of War, demonstrate their physical, mental, moral,
and professional fitness therefor, and who duly obligate themselves
to render military service to the United States while their commis-
sions are valid. Such commissions should be valid five years, and
renewable under such regulations regarding examinations and quali-
fications as the Secretary of War may from time to time prescriDe.
IV. VOLXTNTEEBS.
44. In addition to any forces that may be maintained and trained
in time of peace, provision must be made for vastly increasing such
forces in time of war. These must come from the untrained body of
citizens, and provision for raising them is contained in the act of
Congress approved April 25, 1914.
45. This act meets the military needs for raising volunteer troops
as far as concerns the enlisted personnel, except in two particulars,
which are: First, that under the existing laws certain organizations
of the militia, with numbers far below the full strength, can enter the
volunteer force in advance of other similar volunteer organizations
from the same State; and, second, no volunteers of any arm or
branch have been called into the service of the United States. The
changes necessary to remedy these defects have been set forth in
paragraph 89 under the subject of the Organized Militia.
V. BESEBVE HATfiBIEL.
46. Of all the features disclosed by the war in Europe none stands
more clearly revealed than the power to be derived from national
economic organization behind the armed forces of a nation.
47. In a war of gigantic proportions the chances of success are
immeasurably lessened by wastage, abuse, and confusion. Steps should
228 REPORT OF THE CHIEP OF STAFF.
be taken looking toward a national organization of our economic and
industrial resources as well as our resources in fighting men.
48. In its report the commission appointed by the x^resident to
investigate the conduct of the War Department in the War with
Spain used the following language:
One of the lessons taught by the war is that the country should hereafter be
In a better state of preparation for war. Testimony has been taken on this sub-
ject and suggestions have been made that large supplies of aU the materiel not
liable to deterioration should be kept on hand, to be continuously issued and
renewed, so that in any emergency they might be available. £iSpeciaUy should
this be the case with such supplies, equipment, and ordnance stores as are not
in general use in the United States and which can not be rapidly obtained in
open market.
49. The lack of such articles as shoes, wagons, harness, rifles, sad-
dles, medical chests, and so on, will render ineffective an army just
as certainly as will the lack of ammunition.
50. For the purposes of storage military supplies may be divided
into four classes :
(a) Supplies that can be obtained in great quantities in the open
market at any time.
(b) Those that can be obtained in sufficient quantities on 15 days'
notice.
c) Those that can be obtained on throe months' notice.
d) Those that can not be obtained within three months.
51. The War College Division of the General Staff is of the opin-
ion that for purposes of defense we should maintain the troops
enumerated in Parts I and III of this report.
52. A fully trained force, to be effective during the critical period
when war is imminent and during the first few weeks of a war, must
not be hampered by lack of necessary supplies and equipment. For
this reason, supplies of all kinds which can not be obtained in the
open market at any time must be kept on hand, in use and in store,
at home and oversea, sufficient to equip without delay all troops whose
training warrants sending them promptly into the field.
53. It is probable that as soon as war becomes imminent, the Conti-
nental Army — 500,000 mobile troops — will also be called out. As
this partially trained force can not be expected to take the field within
three months' time, it is practicable to refrain, after the third year,
from keeping on hand or in store for it any articles of eauipinent
except those necessary to complete its training and those wnich can
not be procured within three months.
54. The total number of harbor-defense troops necessary is about
50,000. Due to conditions of service, it is believed that ultimately
supplies of all kinds for 60,000 should be kept on hand.
55. In any great war volunteers must be called out in addition to
the troops above enumerated.
56. It would be unwise to have on hand at the beginning of a war
merely the supplies sufficient to place in the field our first contingent
of troops and to complete the training of the Cdhtinental Army, and
to be unprepared to supply to even a limited extent the Volunteer
Army we should have to raise, not to mention replacements of arms,
ammunition, clothing, and equipment of all kinos for those already
in the field ; but on account of the great sum of money which will be
necessary, in entering upon a program for collecting and storing mill-
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
229
tary supplies it is believed that the subject of equipment for a volun-
teer army and replacements for the Regular ana Continental Armies
should be provided for by obtaining options with domestic manufac-
turers to lumish the required supplies, all of domestic manufacture,
in accordance with tentative contracts to be made by the supply de-
partments with such manufacturers in time of peace. By so doing wo
will be taking the initial steps toward organizing the industrial and
economic resources of the country as well as its resources in fighting
men.
57. Referring to Part III, approximately the following troops will
be available at the close of the successive years:
First y
Soetind year .
Third year..
Fourth y«ar.
Fifth year...
Blxthyear...
8e\cnth yew
Eighth )*ear.
Fully-
trained
mobUe
troops.
160,000
210,000
320,000
383,000
439.000
480,000
6M,000
674,000
PartlaUv-
trained
Conti-
nental
Army.
185,000
351,000
500,000
500,0(10
500,000
500,000
500.000
500,000
Harbor-
deieoM
troops.
30,000
40.000
SO.OOO
52,000
54,000
56,000
58,000
60,000
Total.
37.5,000
610,000
870,000
03.5,000
093,000
1,01.5,000
1,092,000
1,134,000
A study of those figures and of the difficulties we have experienced
in the past in the matter of supplies lead to the conclusion that the
program adopted for procuring reserve supplies should be such that
at the close of each year we should have in use and in store, at home
and oversea, supplies of all kinds necessary to equip :
Infantry
divisions.
First year...
Second year.
Third y<par..
Fourth year.
Fifth j-ear...
Sixth year...
Seventh year
Ejkhth year.
13
23
32
U
36
37
38
40
Ca^-alry
divisions
of 0 regi-
ments.
3
6
6
7
8
0
10
10
Harbor-
defense
troops
30,000
40,000
50,000
63,000
54,000
66,000
68,000
6>,000
The supplies acquired durine the first three ^ears should include
all articles which can not be obtained in sufficient quantities on 15
days' notice, those acquired during the last five years to include only
those articles which can not be obtained on three months' notice.
After the eighth year the program should be extended to provide for
the storing of sucn additional machine guns, rifles, field guns, ammu-
nition, etc., as may be considered advisable.
58. In order that vast supplies pertaining to one supply bureau
should not be secured and relatively nothing be done by other supply
bureaus, supplies should be obtained progressively in complete divi-
sion units.
59. In order that the efforts of the various supply bureaus may be
properly coordinated by the Chitt of Staff, reserve supplies should
230
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF.
be collected in general supply depots located in accordance with the
general principle below enumerated. Each general supply depot
should be considered a place of issue in time oi peace for all articles
of field equipment, so that the stock on hand will be continually
turned over and the machinery for the issuing and forwarding of
supplies will be in operation at the outbreak of war. The com-
mander of each general supply depot should be either a line or a
staflF officer specially selected by and reporting direct to the Chief
of Staff or to the department commander and independent of the
control of any one particular staff department, but keeping in touch
with all. The commander of each general supply depot should be
assisted by the necessary commissioned, enlisted, and civilian person-
nel. Supplies for not more than three division units should be stored
at any one locality. Each place selected for a reserve storehouse
should be one that will be at all times under adequate military pro-
tection, where ground is available and where abundant railroad
facilities exist.
60. As a general military principle, no supply depot, arsenal^or
manufacturing plant of any considerable size, supported by War
Department appropriations for military purposes, wiould be estab-
lidied or maintained east of the Appalachian Mountains, west of the
Cascade or Sierra Nevada Mountains, nor within 200 miles of our
Canadian or Mexican borders, and steps should be taken gradually
to cause to be moved depots and manufacturing plants already estab-
lished in violation of this military principle.
61. The estimated cost of the fiela equipment of one Infantry divi-
sion, Tables of Organization 1914, is as follows:
KlndofsappUei.
Signal supplies
guartermaster sapplies
neliiMr supplies
Ordnanoe supplies
Medical supplies
Can be ob-
tained in the
open market
in great
quantities at
anytime.
$722.12
61,983.35
1,835.26
6,77».«7
10,997.05
Can be ob-
tained on 15
days' notice.
Il,688w61
54,054.45
471.50
7,730.00
10,180.63
Can be ob-
tained on
8 months'
notice.
$6,030.46
8,177,083.47
7,703.07
257,489.80
88,801.51
Can not be
obtained oo
8 months'
notJoa.
$385,8ia26
8,428.05
4, IM, 77a 68
And the estimated cost of the field equipment of one Cavalry
division of nine regiments is approximately as follows:
Kind of supplies.
Signal supplies
guartermaster supplies
ngineer supplies
Ordnance supplies
Medical supplies
Can be ob-
tained in the
open market
in great
quantities at
anytime.
$370.80
55,102.48
l,7fi9.50
31,8r>2.02
13,464.00
Can be ob-
tained on 15
days' notice.
$1,638.63
76,143.40
416.53
18,630.56
13,060.57
Can be ob-
tained on
3 months'
notice.
$4,290.61
4,584.628.98
10.885.20
811,056.68
106,630.36
Can not bo
obtained oo
3 months'
notice.
$2n,156.4S
8,000.45
3,541,004.68
62. While the amount of money involved is large, practically all of
it will remain at home, especiaUy if every effort be made by toe sup-
REPORT OP THE CHIEF OP STAFF. 231
ply bureaus to eliminate from supply tables all articles not of domes-
tic manufacture. It must also be kept in mind that it is cheaper to
buy war supplies in time of peace than in time of war.
Utt of Broohiir«t Prepared by the War College DiTition, General Staff Oorpt,
ai Snpplementi to the Statement of a Proper ICiUtary Polloy for the United
States.
NOVKICBEB, 1916.
Poc.
No
606. Changes in orjcanlzatlon found necessary during progress of the Eioropean
War. WCD 4886-2S.
607. Comparison of costs of our military estabUshment with those of other
countries. WCD 9053-120.
608. Coordination of the mobile and coast artillery units of the army in the
national defense. WCD 8911-9.
609. Development of large caliber mobile artillery and machine guns in the
present European War. WCD 923^1.
610. Educational institutions giving military training as a source for a supply
of reserve officers for a national army. WCD 9053-121.
611. Elimination of unnecessary expense from army administration. WCD
9053-113.
612. Finances and costs of the present European War. WCD 9287-1.
613. Fortifications. WCD 4896-4.
614. General Staffs of certain belligerent powers. WCD 9286-2.
615. Military aviation. WCD 9311-1.
616. Militia as organized under the Constitution and its value to the Nation
as a military asset WCD 7835-9.
617. Mobilization of industries and utilization of the commercial and industrial
resources of the country for war purposes in emergency. WCD 8121-46.
618. Modern (»rf;anlzation for the Regular Army and its use aa a model In
organizing other forces. WCD 9302-1.
619. Motor transport in campaign. WCD 9318-1.
620. Organization and administration of the War Department adapted to a
change from peace conditions to a state of war. WCD 9262-14.
621. 1. Organization, training, and mobilization of a force of citizen soldiery.
2. Method of training a citizen army on the outbreak of war to Insure
its preparedness for field service. WCD 7641-12.
622. Organization, training, and mobilization of a reserve for the Regular
Army. WCD 8106-16.
628. Organization, training, and mobilization of volunteers under the act of
April 26, 1914. WCD 8160-26.
624. Outline of plan for military training In public aehools of the United
States. WCD 9064-16.
626. Pension roll as affected by the war with Spain in 1896. WCD 9290-3.
626. Personnel versus mat&lel in plans for national defense. WCD 9614-L
627. Places of origin and ability to procure supplies needed In vast quantities
in time of war. WCD 8121-89.
628. Proper relationship between the army and the press in war. WCD 8976-^
629. Recruitment of oflicers in time of peace in the principal armies of Europe.
WCD 9278-L
680. Standardization of methods of military instruction at schools and colleges
in the United States, with draft of a bill to establish a Reserve Oflicers*
Training Corps. WCD 9069-8.
681. Statistical comparison of universal and voluntary service. WCD 4886-26.
682. Strategic location of military depots, arsenals, and manufacturing plans
in the United States. WCD 8121-42.
688. Sanitary troops in foreign armies. WCD 9819-1.
634. Training of forces of belligerent nations of Europe. WCD 928^1.
686. Utilization of our resources in various means of transportation and of
the services of trained specialists. WCD 9068-111.
REPORT OP THE ADJUTANT GENERAL
REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL.
War Department,
The Adjutant General's Office,
October 5, 1916.
Sm: The following report covers the entire fiscal year 1916 and
relates to the organization and operations of the Army and National
Guard organizations in the Federal service as shown oy the records
of The Adjutant General's Office, and to the business of that office as
a bureau of the War Department.
AUTHORIZED STRENGTH OF THE ARMY.
The strength of the Regular Army authorized by the President
imder the provisions of the act of February 2, 1901, and of the joint
resolution of Cong;ress of March 17, 1916, which latter authorizea the
President to recruit the line organizations to the maximum strength
prescribed by the acts of February 2, 1901, and January 25, 1907, with-
out regard to the limitrtion of 100,000 men for the line and the
Philippine Scouts, imposed by the first-mentioned act, is shown in
the following table:
Branches of service.
General offlcw3
General Staff Corps
Adjatant GeneraPa Department
Inspector Oenerars Department
Judge Advocate General's Department.
SoartemiBster Corps
edlcal Department
Cwps of Enjf^eers
Ordnance Department
Signal Corps .-.
Bureau of insnlu' Afteirs
Professors, United States Military Academy.
Chaplains.
Cavalry
Field Artillery
Coast Artillery Coips.
Infant
itry.
3Ri(
Porto Rico Reeiment of Infantry
United States Military Academy dctochnicnt^
Recruiting parties, recruit depots, and unassicnetl recruits.
United States Disciplinar>' Barracks j. uarus
Service school detachments
With disciplinary organizat ions
Mounted orderlies
Indian scouts
Total Regular Army.
Philippine Scouts
Aggregate.
OflBcers.
24
34
23
17
13
256
»ei60
248
85
106
3
7
G7
810
262
747
1,606
50
6,018
182
5,200
Enlisted
men.
6,403
»5,388
1,982
1,115
1,472
17,594
6,358
19,321
54,443
599
632
6,098
350
746
110
7
76
122,693
6,733
128,426
Total.
24
34
23
17
13
6,659
6,048
2,230
1,200
1,678
3
7
67
18,404
6,620
20,068
66,049
649
632
6,098
360
746
UO
7
76
127,711
6,916
133,626
1 Includes 155 officers of the Medical Reserve Corps assigned to active duty under the provisions of the
act of Congress approved Apr. 23. 1908 (35 Stat. L., 66).
The a^of June 3. 1916, provides that the enlisted strength of the Medical Department is not to be
counted as a part of tne enlisted strength of the Army, which is similar to the provision contained in the
act of Mar. 1. 1887 (24 Stat. L.,4S6).
235
236
EEPOET OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAIi.
One of the temporary major generals referred to in the previous
annual report was retired from active service December 4, 1915,
causing a reduction during the year of one in the nimiber of major
generals.
The following increases in the authorized commissioned strength of
the Army were authorized by the national defense act approved
June 3, 1916, to take effect on the date of the approval of tnat act:
General Staff Corps, 34, resulting from the application of the provi-
sions of section 27 of the act of February 2, 1901, to oflScers below the
rank of brigadier general detailed to the General Staff; Quartermaster
Corps, 73, caused Dy the appointment of former pay clerks as second
lieutenants of that corps, and Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry, 19.
There was also an increase of 1 additional oflScer in the Cavalry arm,
an increase of 58 in the nimiber of officers of the Medical Reserve
Corps assigned to active duty, and 1 additional officer in the Medical
Corps. Tnere was a decrease of 1 additional officer in the Coast
Artillery Corps, makins a net increase in the authorized commissioned
strengtn of the Army during the year of 184.
There was an increase of 370 enusted men for the Ordnance Depart-
ment and 17 for the service school detachments authorized during
the year, in addition to the following increases authorized by the
joint resolution of Congress of March 17, 1916: Infantry, 19,104;
Cavalry, 3,446; Field Artillery, 823; Coast Artillery Corps, 302, and
Engineers, 40. There was a decrease of 27 in the number of author-
ized recruits during the year, and a decrease of 6 in the Field Artillery,
leaving a net increase of 24,069 in the authorized enlisted strength of
the Anny during the year.
The authorized enlisted strength of the Hospital Corps was in-
creased 1,376 during the year.
There was no change in the authorized strength of the Philippine
Scouts during the year covered by this report.
ACTUAL STEENGTH OP THE ABMT.
The actual strength of the entire military establishment on June
30, 1916, by branches of service, is shown in the following table:
Branches of aervloe.
GenerAl offloect
Btftfl corps and deptirtmuito..
Kngtnxis
CATtlnr
Field Arifltory
CoMt Artllkry Corps
Intentry
lUiotUintoas
TotaJ Regular Anny.
FhiUpptDe Scoots
Aoragato.
Officers.
94
t 1,206
22S
782
257
739
1,007
t4,S43
182
16,025
BnUsted
• 12,374
1,829
15,100
5,027
18,273
34,313
9,440
■»7,013
5,008
102,016
I Inchidss 154 first Ueutesiante of the Medical Beserrt Corpa.
■ InelodM 4,070 enlisted men of the Medical Departmaot.
TotaL
M
18,580
2,064
16,942
6,884
19,012
85,920
9,440
101,860
6,786
107, OU
XEPCHET or THE ABJITTAJTI GBSTEMAU 237
coMFABaas or avtbihuimd axd actual boxsotsl
The foIlowiDg table h preBeoted for the porpose of sliowing the
authorized and the actual fetreniTLh of the miiitarT estabBBhment on
June 30, 1916, and June 30, 1^15, K^thcr wiih the increases during
the year and the nmnber of vacancdef on each fjf tti'^>se dt^tes. 5
inchideB the enlisted Btreaigth of the 1i4edinal I>epartanenx and the
Quartermaster Corp&
*^®- i^ Total i2^ iSd TBial. ^ 1^
JtlIwaQ,19U 4,&4 »7.24» im.0a2 182 Ii,T33 i,9U 6,01ft 102 WSl 107,«B7
dtiriDcy«ar. IM 2.445 £,09 IW a.44& 25,aB
Actual Btren^h:
JllXii30, Ifiie 4.R43 97. Oi:, IfT. 8:^ l*fl 5 603 fi.TK", 5,025 102 r,]f> KT.Ml
Jm»30, 1915 4,C16 K.Ttii lX*.i**il lifi 5,430 5,fil2 4. TVs 101 IM 105,!
IncTMie donng year 227 l,Mi 1,«75 173 173 227 1,421 1,
:^= — - • =^ -I =^
Juoe3Q,lPl6 175 »,««0 26,855 1 130 1V> 175 25,BI0 25,«i
JimedO, 1915 1 as 1,4S3 1,701 303 ^f^i 21S 1,7W 2,0W
^ I ! I
The large number of vacancies (175) in commissioned personnel
on June 30, 1916, is due to the fact that the 124 graduates of the
Military Academy were not appointed until after the close of the
fiscal year and to the increase resulting from the appUcation to the
General Staff of the provisions of section 27 of the act of February 2,
1901. Tliat appUcation was authorized by the act of June 3, 1916.
The large number of vacancies in the enlisted force is due to the
fact that the authorized strength was materially increased by the
joint resolution of March 17, 1916, and during the short period
betwe^i March 17 and the close of the fiscal year it was found mipos-
sible to enlbt a sufficient number of men to fill the vacancies occurring
from time to time and those resulting from the increase in the author-
ized strength. Every effort was made, and is being made, to secure
a sufficient nimiber of recruits to fill the Army to its authorized
strength.
INCREASE IN THE ABMT.
(Authorized by the act of June 3, 1916.)
The act of June 3, 1916^ provides for a material increase in both
the commissioned and enlisted strength of the Regular Army, and
also provides for the federalization of the Nation^ Guard. Those
provisions of the bill that pertain to this office are mentioned in this
report under the subjects to which they relate.
The increases in the numbers of officers and enlisted men authorized
by the bill is to be made in five annual increments, with the provision
**That in the event of actual or threatened war or similar emergency,
in which the public safety demands it, the President is authorized
to immediately organize the entire increase authorized by this act,
or 80 much thereoi as he shall deem necessary/'
238 BBPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT OENERAIi.
Under the provisions of the act cited, the authorized enlisted
strength for the fiscal year 1917, which includes the first increment,
is as follows :
Infantry 51,224
Cavalry 17,357
Field Artillery 7,881
Engineers 2, 198
Coast Artillery Corps 21, 423
Quartermaster Corps 8, 000
Signal Corps 3,369
Ordnance Department 1, 241
MedicAl Department 6, 614
Service school detachments 752
Military Academy detachments 684
United States Disciplinary Barracks guards 468
Disciplinary oi]ganizations 101
Mounted orderuee 29
Seiveants on duty with National Guard 209
In<uan scouts 75
Recruiting parties and unassigned recruits 11, 539
Total Regular Army 133,164
Philippine Scouts 5, 733
Aggregate 138,897
In time of peace the total authorized enlisted strength of the line
of the Anny is limited to 175,000. Under that limitation the total
enlisted strength will be 175,000 for the line (including Ordnance
Department) and approximately 42,750 for the staff corps and
departments and miscellaneous organizations, making a total of
approximately 217,750 for the Regular Army, or an aggregate
strength of approximately 223,580 u the enlisted strength (5,733)
of the Philippme Scouts is included. Approximate figures are given,
because tlie strength of some of the staff corps and departments is
not fixed by the act, but will be fixed by the President from time to
time in accordance with the needs of the service. The total enlisted
strength of the Medical Department, limited to 5 per cent of the total
enlisted strength of the rest of the Army, can not be determined at
this time, because the strength of all of the other staff corps and
departments is not fixed.
The total number of officers authorized by the act in time of peace
is approximately 11,450, including the 182 officers of the Philippine
Scouts, while the maximum numoer of officers authorized womd be
about 580 more, all the additions being in the Medical Department.
The exact number of officers authorized can not be stated, because
the number of additional officers varies from time to time, and
because the number of retired officers that will be transferred to the
active list under the provisions of the act of March 4, 1915, can not
be foretold.
The total maximum enlisted strength (war strength) of the Army,
including the Philippine Scouts, is nearly 298,000. This figure is
approximate and is based on increases in the staff corps and Depart-
ments in proportion to the increases authorized for the nrst increment.
The total number of officers authorized for the fiscal year 1917 is
7|252, including 182 officers of the Philippine Scouts.
BEPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GEKEBAU
239
PHILIPPINE SCJOUTS.
There was no change in the organization and authorized strength
of the Philippine Scouts during the past fiscal year. The scouts are
organized into 13 battalions of 4 companies each, a total of 52 com-
panies of enlisted natives of the Phihppine Islands, with a total
authorized strength of 182 ofQcers and 5,733 enlisted men.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TROOPS.
The geographical distribution of the Regular Army on Jime 30,
1916, is shown in the following table:
Oeograpbical distribution.
In the United States!
In Alaska
In the Philippine Islands:
Regular Army
Philippine Scouts
In China
In Porto Rloo
In Hawaii
In the Isthmian Canal Zone
Troops en route and officers at foreign stations.
Total.
Officers.
8,622
23
480
182
41
85
333
253
66
5,025
Enlisted
•103,016
Total
67,416
71,038
760
702
U,404
^^'2*
5,603
5,785
1,233
1,274
679
714
8,112
8,445
6,846
7,090
554
610
107,641
1 Indudes troops serving in Mexico, it befaig deemed inadvisable at this time to give the exact number
of troops serving in that country,
s Includes 154 first lieutenants of the Medical Reserve Corps.
• Includes 4^70 enlisted men of the Medical Department.
OEOOBAPHICAL DEPARTMENTS.
There was no change during the past fiscal year in the constitution
of the geographical departments established for purposes of miUtary
administration. A statement showing the territory embraced in the
several geographical departments was printed in the annual report
for the year 1914.
CHANGES OP STATIONS OP TROOPS.
The following tables show the movement of troops to and from
the insular possessions, and changes of stations of troops within the
continental limits of the United States during the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1916:
Movements of troops on transports to and from the insular possessions.
Transport.
Left-
Arrived at—
Troops on board.
Place.
Date.
Place.
Date.
Thomas...
Sherman..
Tbomu...
San Francisco, Cal.
Manila, P. L
• .. . •QO. •••••••••••
1916.
Aug. 6
Aug. 16
Sept. U
Manila, P. I.
San Francisco, Oal.
a • ■ • «G0 ■•.•••••••*•
1016.
Sept. 2
Sept. 13
Oet. 13
Fourth, Seventeenth, Thirty-
third, Thirty-sixth, and One
hundred and eleventh Com-
panies Coast Artillery Corps.
Euhth Cavalrv and Company
rV Twenty-fourth Infantry.
Headquarters and 9 companlei
Twenty-fourth Infantry.
240
BEPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAIi.
MovementM of troops orCtransporU to and from (he insular ]K>M0M<on«— Continued.
Timnsport.
Buford
Sheridan..
Logan
Sheridan.
Do...
Thomas.
Kflpatiiok.
Do
Do
Do.
Do.
Left-
Place.
Qalyeeton, Tex....
San Francisco, Cal.
Manila, P. I.
.do.
San Francisco, OaL
do
Galveston, Tex....
.....do
New York, N.Y..
Fortlfonroe, Va..
Pensaoola, Fla....
Date.
1915.
Sept. 29
Oct. 6
Oct. 15
Nov. 15
1916.
Jan. 6
Feb. 5
Feb. 23
Mar. 11
Apr. 8
Apr. U
Apr. 18
Arrived at—
Place.
Manila, P. L
San Francisco, Gal.
Manila, P. I.
Honolulu, Hawaii .
Cristobal, Canal
Zone.
» • • • ttUV ■ • ••••••••• «
> • • • aUM ••••••••••••
Data.
1915.
Mar. 51
Nov. 5
Nov. 14
Dec 14
1910.
Feb. 3
Feb. 13
Mar. 1
Mar. 18
Apr. 28
> • •ViV* • • • •
Troops (m board.
Twenty-seventh Infantry.
Fifteenth Cavalry.
Companies C and I, Tweoty-
fourth Infantry.
Seventh Cavalry.
Ninth Cavalry.
Thirteenth Band, Coast Artil-
lery Corps.
First Squadron, Twelfth Cav^
airy.
Battories E and F, Fourth
Field ArtiU^ry.
Fifth Band and Ei^h,
Eighty-seventh, and On*
hundred and twenty-fourth
Companies, Coast Artillery
Corps.
Seventy-third Company, Coast
Artillery Corps.
Fifteenth Company, Coast Ar-
tillery Corps.
> Delay caused by slide in Panama CanaL
Changes of statione of troope within the United States.
Organization.
One hundred and eleventh
Company, Coast ArtiUery
Corps.
Fourth Company, Coast
Artillery Corps.
Seventeenth Company,
Coast Artillery Corps.
Thirty -sixth Company,
Coast Artillery Corps.
Thirty • third Company,
Coast Artillery Corps.
Eighth Cavalry
Fifteenth Cavalry
Seventh Cavalry
Ninth Cavalry
First Squadron, Twelfth
Cavalry.
Thirtieth Company, Coast
Artillery Corps.
One hundred and sixtieth
Company, Coast Artillery
Corps.
Twenty-fourth Infsntry. . . .
Batteries E and F, Fourth
Field Artillery.
One hundred and twenty-
fburth Company, Coast
ArtiUery Corps.
Eifl^th Company, Coast
Artillery Coips.
Etehty-seventh Company,
Coast Artillery Corps.
Left-
Place.
Fort Dade, Fla.»,
Fort MoU,N. 7.1
Fort Washington, Md.i.
FortMott.N.J.i
Fort Cohimbia, Wash.i.
San Francisco, Cal.
Fort Bliss, Tex.1..
San Francisco. Cal.
Douglas, Aris.>.....
Mercedes, Tex.s
Fort Rosecrans, Cal.
do
San Fruicisco, Cal.
El Paso, Tex
Fort Andrews, Mass.*
FortMcKinley,Me.>.
FortTotten,N.Y.i..
Dato.
1915.
July 24
July 25
...do
July 28
Sept. 21
Sept. 25
Dec. 21
Dec. 26
1916.
Feb. 21
Feb. 15
Feb. 17
Feb. 25
Mar. 8
Apr. 6
Apr. 7
Apr. 8
Arrived at—
Place.
San Francisco, Gal.
do
do............
do
do
Fort Bliss, Tex
San Francisco, Cal.
Douelas, Ariz
San Francisco, Cal.
QalvestoD, Tex
Fort Worden, Wash,
Fort Stevens, Oreg. .
Fort D. A. Russell, Wyo..
Galveston, Tex
New York, N. Y.
.do.
.do.
Date.
1915.
July 29
July 30
Do.
Do.
Da
Sept.2«
Sept. 28
Dec 23
Dec 28
1916.
Feb. 23
Feb. 19
Feb. 21
Feb. 28
Mar. 10
Apr. 7
Apr. 8
Do.
1 En route to PhUippine Islands.
• En route to Canal Zone.
The foregoing table does not show practice marches, temporary changes in stationSi
or movement ol troops along the Mexican border.
BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL. 241
TROOPS SBRVINa OUTSIDtl THE CONTINENTAL LIMITS OP THE UNITBD
STATES.
The troops serving outside the continental limits of the United
States, excluding those in Mexico, at the close of the fiscal year were
as follows:
PHILIPPINB DEPABTMBNT.
First Company, Second Aero Squadron.
Ninth and Fifteenth Cavahy.
Second Field Artillery.
Fourth, Eleventh, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-third, Thirty-third, Thirty-
flixth. Forty-second, Seventieth, Eighty-sixth, Ninetieth, Ninety-fifth. Ninety-ninth.
One hundred and eleventh, and One hundred and forty-second Companies, ana
Ninth Band, Coast Artillery Corps.
Eighth, Thirteenth, Fifteenth (headquarters, band, first and third battalions de-
tached in China), Twenty-fourth, and Twenty-seventh Infantry.
Companies K and L, Ciorps of Engineers.
Companies F and L, Signal Corps.
Fiela Hospital No. 4 and Ambulance Company No. 4.
HAWAUAN DSPARTMBNT.
Fourth Cavalry.
First Field Artillery.
Thirteenth Band, Tenth, Fifty-sixth, Sixty-eighth. Seventy-fifth, Ninety-first.
One hundred and fourth^ One hundred and fifth, One nundred and fo^-third, ana
One hundred and fifty-ninth Companies, Coast Artillery Corps.
First, Second, and Twenty-fifth Infantry.
Company I, Corps of Engineers.
Company E, Signal Corps.
CANAL ZONB.
Fifth Band, Eighth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Twenty-first, Fortieth, Forty-fourth,
Forty-fifth, Seventy-third, Eighty-first, Eighty-seventh, One hundred and sixteenth.
One hundred and nineteenth. One hundred and twenty-fourth, and One hundred
and forty-fourth Companies, Coast Artillery Corps.
First Squadron. Twelfth Cavalry.
Batteries E ana F, Fourth Field Artillery.
Fifth, Tenth, and Twenty-ninth Infantry.
Company M, Corps of En^neers.
Third Platoon, Company H, Signal Corps.
Ambulance Company No. 8.
The First Battalion, Fourteenth Infantry, and Companies C and
K, Signal Corps, are stationed in Alaska.
SECOND LIEUTENANTS APPOINTED.
During the year ended June 30, 1916, 163 second lieutenants,
graduate of the United States Militair Academv , were appointed to
the Army, 23 being assigned to the Corps of Engineers, 33 to the
Cavalry arm, 11 to the Field Artillery arm, 31 to tne Coast Artillery
Corps, and 65 to the Infantry arm. Five civihans^ were appointed
probational second lieutenants in the Corps of Engineers, under the
provisions of the act of Congress approved February 27, 1911 (36
Stat. L., 957).
Since June 30, 1916. the close of the fiscal year, 124 graduates of
the United States Military Academy have been appointed to the
Army. All of them, with the exception of 1 who was not gradu-
ated until June 29, 1916, and was not appointed imtil that date,
69176*— WAR 1916— VOL 1 16
242 BBPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL.
were appointed to rank from June 13, 1916, the date of the gradua-
tion of their class. Of those appointed, 24 were assigned to the
Corps of Engineers, 22 to the Cavalry, 10 to the Field Artillery arm,
20 to the Coast Artillery Corps, and 48 to the Infantry arm.
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS IN ACTIVE SERVICE.
On June 30, 1916, there were 4,843 commissioned officers on the
active list of the Arm v. Of these, 1,458 (including 65 chaplains) were
feneral officers or o&cers of the staff corps and departments, 782
elonged to the Cavalry, 257 to the Field Artillery, 739 to the Coast
Artillery Corps, and 1,607 to the Infantry.
Of the 1,458 general and staff officers 1,354 were present for duty,
27 on leave, 4 absent sick, and 73 on detached duty. Of the 3,385
line officers 2,699 were present for duty, 71 on leave, 22 absent sick,
and 593 on detached duty.
From the foregoing it appears that 20.26 per cent of the line officers
and 7.13 per cent oi the general and staff officers were absent from
their commanck. At the close of the preceding fiscal year 25.33 per
cent of the line officers and 11.66 per cent of the general and sti^
officers were so absent.
The decrease in the total number of officers absent from their com-
mands at the end of this fiscal year, as compared with the preceding
year, is due chiefiy to the decrease in the number of officers on de-
tached service as snown in detail in the section of this report relating
to "Officers on detached service."
In addition to the officers on the active list there were 128 retired
officers under assimment to active duty on Jime 30, 1916, as is more
fully shown ekewhere in this report.
ADDITIONAL OFFICERS.
The Army appropriation act apmt)ved March 3, 1911 (36 Stat. L.,
1058), provides that every line officer on the active list below the
grade of colonel who has lost in lineal rank through the system of
regimental promotion in force prior to October 1, 1890. may, in the
discretion of the President and subject to examination for promotion
as prescribed by law, be advanced to higher ^ades in his arm up to
ana including the grade of colonel, in accordance with the rank he
would have been entitled to hold had promotion been lineal through-
out the arm or corps to which he permanently belongs. It is ^o
provided that officers advanced to higher erades under the law cited
shall be ''additional officers" in those grades.
From the date of approval of the act to the close of the past fiscal
year there had been 76 advancements in grade (51 to the CTade of
colonel and 25 to that of lieutenant colonel) imder the act oi March
3, 1911, before cited. The table following shows the CTades to which
and the arms in which these advancements were made.
BEPOHT OF THE ADJUTANT GENEBAIj.
243
Anns Of servic*.
From
lieu-
tenant-
colonel to
colonel.
CAVftlry
Field AitiUery
Coast Artillery Corps
Intantry.
Total
19
2
6
24
51
From
major
to lieu-
tenant-
colonel.
14
2
0
25
Total.
83
2
8
33
n
Of the 76 advancements shown in the foregoing table, 32 were
advancements in the cases of 16 officers who were advanced to the
grade of lieutenant colonel and subsequently to that of colonel.
Twenty-three of the officers advanced were retired from active
service prior to June 30, 1916; 2 died; 5 were promoted lineaUy and
ceased to be '' additional officers/' and 5 were appointed brigadier
generals, leaving 25 additional officers in the service June 30, 1916.
Of these, 11 were in the Cavalry arm, 1 in the Field Artillery arm,
3 in the Coast ArtiUerv Corps, and 10 in the Infantry arm.
All of the officers advanced in grade had alreadv reached the grade
of major. The 25 majors advanced to be aciditional lieutenant
colonels left a like number of vacancies in the grade of major, which
caused the promotion to the next higher grade of the same number
of captains, first lieutenants, and secona lieutenants. Of the 51
lieutenant colonels advanced, 35 left vacancies in that grade and
caused the promotion to the next higher grade of the same nimiber
of majors, captains, first lieutenants, ana second lieutenants. The
16 additional lieutenant colonels who were advanced to be additional
colonels did not leave any vacancies in the grade of lieutenant colonel.
OFFICERS ON DETACHED SERVICE.
The number of officers absent from their commands on detached
service was lower than that of the previous year. On June 30, 1915,
there were 7.56 per cent of the general officers and officers of the
staff corps and departments and 21.32 per cent of the line officers on
detachea service. On June 30, 1916, those percentages were 5.11
forseneral and staff officers and 17.52 for officers of the line.
T^e character of the duty performed by the officers of the Army
on detached service on June 30, 1916, the numbers so detached, and
their ranks and branches of service are shown in the table following.
244
BEPOET OF THE ADJUTANT GENEBAL.
Rank.
Duty and branches of service from which
detadied.
■
1
n
1
•
1
s
Lieutenant
colonel.
1
B
First lieuten-
ant.
Second lieu-
tenant.
■
1
Army War College:
General officers ............................
1
Staff deoartments.
1
......
I
1
2
Field Artillery
1
Coast Artillerv Corns
1
2
Total
1
1
1
2
a
1
0
United States MiUtary Academy:
RtAfT <l«rM»'tTnAntii
10
1
1
4
4
3
5
3
13
10
"'i'
15
Cavalry
11
Field Artillery
4
Coast Artillerv Corns
1
24
20
Total
1
a
20
34
23
80
Army Service Schools, Fort Leavenworth,
Kans.:
Staff deoartments..........
4
2
1
2
8
6
Cavalry. .,...,-,,
1
Field Artillery
1
1
3
Infantry.. .......•••* » r-*--* r
4
18
Total
0
13
4
23
Artillery School, Fort Monroe, Va.:
Coast Artillery Corps
1
10
20
10
47
Mounted Service School, Fort Riley, Kans.:
Cavalry
1
1
2
4
Bchool of Fire for Field Artillery, Fort 801,
Okla.:
Field Artillery
1
1
***"""
School of Musketry, Fort SIU, Okla.:
Infantry •••
1
1
•
2
Instructors at civil educational institutions:
Cavalry
1
7
1
1
44
1
......
f
Field .Artillery
1
Coast Artillery Com
1
Intentrv. ^^r-^-r • T»»»Tr--
1
1
53
Total
1
2
88
7
08
Becruiting service:
Cavalrv
1
1
1
9
1
7
23
13
6
12
21
......
21
7
Coast Artillery Corps
19
Infantry
3
1
2
51
4
3
2
40
51
1
101
Aids-de-camp:
Cavalry
4
2
4
••••j*
4
2
1
1
3
10
Field Artniery
8
Coast Artillery Corps
s
Infantry
*'
******
1
8
Total
1 1
7
10
7
9i
1
2
Cavalry
1
Infantry
2
i
Total
1
3
8
J
With Panama Canal:
General officers
1
1
3
4
10
1
1
1
1ft
Coast Artillerv Corps
1
Infnntrv
1
.......
Total
1 '.
3
4
12
1
21
BEFOBT OF THE AI>JUTANT OENBBAIi.
245
1
Rank.
Doty and brandies ofserFiee from which
detadied.
•
1
Brigadier gen-
eral.
1
Lieutenant
ooloneL
1
First lieuten-
ant.
Seoond lieu-
tenant.
Total.
liUitaryattaehft:
8tan departments
2
1
s
Cayalry'.
5
5
Field Artlilery ^
1
1
Coast ArtlUery Corps
1
4
4
5
Infantry.
1
A
Total
a
1
1
13
1
1
10
With Philippine Scoots:
Cavalry
4
8
4
g
Total
12
12
1
In bureaus of War Department:
Staff departments
2
1
1
8
Cavalry
1
Field Artillery
1
1
Coast Artillery Corps
1
1
7
3
8
2
3
0
Total
2
5
12
3
22
At department and brigade headquarters:
Cavalry
2
1
2
1
■••*2*
3
8
Field Artillery
1
::::::•:::::
2
1
1
1
8
4
8
Total
6
1
3
5
6
20
At Disciplinary Barrc Ics:
1
......
5
1
1
11
"e"
2
Coast Artillery Corps
2
Infuitrv 7.....*
22
;
1
6
13
0
20
With militia:
Staff dejmrtmwits . x ......... a .
0
1
1
5
7
10
35
7
Cavalry'
1
5
8
1
20
12
Field ArtUlery
15
1
5
I
0
13
M
Total
1
6
u
58
34
1
118
Alaskan Road Commission:
1
Infantry
i
1
2
"****
Total '
1
1
1
8
OiDce Engineer Commissioner, District of ,
Columbia: ;
fttaff fifpartments . .
1
1
1
3
•
Staff departments
1
1
2
Coast Artillery Corps •
1
1
1
......
t
Total .J
_ . 1 .
1
1 1
1
3
.........
......
Cavalry ,
1
10
1
1
10
11
Field Artillery V.V.V.
1
J -
1
Coast Artillery Corps
1
......
,
2
Tnfantnr ....7...."
I
10
'
Total '
1
1
1
22
24
Special duty abroad:
Staff departments 1
1
1
2
Cavalry V. .
2
2
1
1
Coast Artillery Corps
2
2
Total j
• • * • * *i • * • * * * ••••••
1
2
4
••••••
7
246
REPOBT OP THE ADJUTANT GENERAL.
Duty and branches of service from which
detached.
Kember of board:
Coast Artillery Ck>rp6,
Special duty:
Infantry
With American Red Cross:
Staff departments
United States Soldiers' Home:
Staff departments
Observers with European armies:
Staff departments
Cavalry
Field Artmery
InCantry
Rank.
g
s
il
« 8
§
I-
= 9
Em
3
Total.
With Yellowstone P§rk detachment:
Cavalry ,
Alaskan Engineering Commission:
Cavalry
With Quartermaster Corps:
Cavalry
Field Artmery
Total.
Naval War College:
Coast Artillery Corps .
Duty toipedo depot:
Coast Artillery Corps .
Total.
22
23
5
1
6
65 232
3
250
6
5
2
1
1
8
2
10
3
82 MO
RECAPITULATION.
Rank.
Major general
Brigadier general..
Cirionel ,
Lieutenant c<^onel.
Major
Captain
First lieu tenant...
Second lieutenant.
Total.
Percentage.
General
oflloers
and
officers
of staff
corps and
depart-
ments.
1
1
3
10
26
27
5
73
5.11
Cavalry.
5
2
4
42
48
20
121
15.47
Field
Artillery.
1
3
18
17
4
43
16.73
Coast
Artillery
Corps.
4
4
6
47
60
20
141
10.08
Infantry.
10
6
16
08
120
38
288
17.02
Total.
I
1
22
23
55
232
250
82
666
13.84
It will be seen from the foregoing table that of the 593 line officers
on detached duty\ 532, or 90 per cent, were captains or lieutenants.
Of the 719 line omcers on detached duty at the end of the preceding
year, 672, or 93 per cent, were captains or lieutenants.
REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL.
247
The following table shows, by grades and arms of service, the
number of officers detached from their proper commands on June 30,
1916, under the provisions of the act of Congress approved March 3,
1911 (36 Stat. L., 1045):
Arms of aenrioe.
Cavalry
FWd Artillery
Coast Artillery Corps.
Infantry
Total.
Ondfli.
Colooal.
2
4
8
Lien-
tenant
coIoQel.
2
1
2
4
Mi^jor.
0
2
A
13
Cap-
tain.
19
7
IS
88
27
82
First
lien-
tenant.
18
5
16
85
74
TotaL
47
15
44
•4
200
The character of employment of those officers, by grades, on June
30, 1916, is shown in the following table:
Grades.
Character of duty.
Colonel.
Lien-
tenant
colonel.
Major.
Cap-
tain.
First
lien-
tenant
Total.
With OrKanised If ilitia of 43 States
5
4
5
22
84
48
22
52
es
On other than mUitla dqty,, , , . , , - ^ , . , ^ , . , , ^
8
134
Total
8
9
27
82
74
200
RETIRED OFFICERS ON ACTIVE DUTY.
On June 30, 1916, there were 128 retired officers under assignment
to active duty. The following table shows the grades and employ-
ment of those officers:
Dnty.
Lieu-
tenant
gener-
al.
Colo-
nel.
Lieu-
tenant
oolonel.
Major.
tain.
First
lien-
tenant.
Second
lieu-
tenant.
Total.
At Soldiers' TTome
1
4*
2
1
1
1
10
7
3
On recruiting service
11
9
3
1
30
With State militia
23
At Army Service Schools, Fort Lea-
venworth. Kans
1
At Army War Colleee
1
5
1
12
2
At dvil educational Institutions
10
8
2
32
Doorkeeper to President ...
*
1
i'
12
1
8
1
34
Withl^ignftlC<nT9... . '
2
Total
1
0
37
49
20
3
128
Of the retired officers on duty, as shown in the forgoing table, 1
lieutenant general, 1 colonel, and 1 major (all at the United States
Soldiers* Home in this city), 1 captain, and 1 second lieutenant (on
college duty) received from the United States only the retired pay of
248 BEPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENEBAIj.
their respective grades; 8 colonels and 9 lieutenant colonels received
the pay and allowances that a retired major would receive under a like
assignment; and 36 majors, 48 captains, 20 first lieutenants, and 2
second Ueu tenants received the active pay and allowances of their
respective grades.
OFFICERS EXAMINED FOB PROMOTION.
During the fiscal year 2,197 officers of the Army were examined and
2 were reexamined for promotion.
Of the 2,197 officers examined, 2,179 were found professionally
qualified. 4 were found professionally disoualified and will be sus-
{ tended irom promotion for one year, ana 14 were examined and
oimd physicaUy disqualified and were retired after the close of the
fiscal year. Of the 2 officers reexamined, 1 was found qualified and
1 was honorably discharged from the Army.
The act of Jime 3, 1916, extended the provisions of previous law
requiring examination to determine fitness of officers for promotion
to include examination for promotion to all grades below that of
brigadier general. Previous laws provided for the examination of
officers up to and including the grade of captain before promotion to
the next higher grade, except medical officers, who were examined
for promotion to any grade oelow that of brigadier general.
BETIBED OFFICEBS.
On Jime 30. 1916, there were 1,005 commissioned officers on the
retired list. During the fiscal year ended Jime 30, 1916, 36 officers
were placed on that list. In addition to the officers of the R^ular
Army placed on the retired list during the year there were 31 former
officers of the PhiUppine Scouts — ^20 captains and 1 1 first lieutenants —
who had been separated from active service by resignation, discharge,
etc., and subsequently placed on the retired hst as enlisted men
E laced on a list of retired officers of Philippine Scouts as of the grades
eld by them as officers of said scouts, under the provisions of section
26 of the national defense act approved Jime 3, 1916. Fifty of the
officers on the retired list died durmg the vear, 5 were restored to the
active list as additional officers, under the provisions of the act of
Congress approved March 4, 1915, leaving 1,017 officers, including
those of the PhiHppine Scouts, on the retire list, June 30. 1916. Six
of the brigadier generals were advanced to the grade of major
general^ 1 with me pay and allowances of a major general on
the retired list, and the other 5 with the pay and allowances of a
brigadier general on the retired list. One officer on the retired list
was advanced one grade imder the provisions of an act of Couctcss
approved March 4, 1915, on accoimt of services with the Canal Com-
mission in the Canal Zone in connection with the construction of the
Panama Canal. The table following shows the grades of the officers
on the retired list and the causes of the retirement of those officers.
BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT GENEBAIj.
249
GxBd«f.
i
I
Lioutenant general 2
UaiorwiDenl 16
Brigadier generaL 70
Colonel 57
Lieutenant ooIooeL 17
Major 10
Gaptab.... 4
Flnt lieutenant 2
Second lieutenant
Qiaplain: |
Lieutenant Ofdonel \ 2
Mik|or ! 5
Captain i 4
First lieutenant I
Philippine Scouts: I
Captain
First lieutenant i
Total.
189
QQ
P4
8
5
13
On own appli-
cation.
s
88
I
I
<
1
6
71
31
6
114
00
i
I
I
1
17
39
33
40
12
142
1
1
3
For disability.
In line of duty.
OQ
P4
3
16
32
25
78
122
66
21
10
3
1
374
12
44
45
20
121
s
it
I
1
I!
o
a*
OQ
P3
I
1
3
3
1
8
CO
I
20
11
31
1
2
6
12
I
8
25
183
166
94
183
192
91
23
8
16
7
1
20
11
1,017
Of the 4 officers retired under section 32 of the act of Congress
approved July 28, 1866 (14 Stat. L., 337), on account of disability
occasioned by wounds received in battle, with the full rank of the
command held by them at the time such woimds were received, 1 was
advanced three grades, 1 two CTades, and 2 one grade. All of them,
with the exception of the brigamer general, receive a further advance-
ment of one grade imder the act of Congress approved April 23,
1904 (33 Stat. L., 264). In addition to these, 67 origadier generals,
13 colonels, 27 lieutenant colonels, 54 majors, 16 captains, and 1 first
Ueutenant hold their present grades on the retired list through an
advancement of one grade tmder the act of Congress approved
April 23, 1904, making a total of 180 officers on the retired list June
30, 1916, who have been advanced one grade under that act because
of service during the Civil War.
The table following shows, by grades, the number of officers of the
Army retired from active service during the fiscal year ended June
30| I9I6, and the causes of their retirement.
250
BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL.
Ond«f.
lAf^oreeneral
Br^sadier general. . . .
G<doiiel
Lieutenant (xdonel. .
Major
Gaptain
First lieutenant
Chaplain (major). . . .
Philippine Scouts:
Captain
First lieutenant.
Total.
K3
2
1
7
11
On own application.
8,
> a .
t>>9
Is
1
"i
£^
1
1
3
Fordisabmty.
"CO
2 •
1
2
1
6
1
11
^^
III
9
1
1
CO
^<5
20
11
31
I
2
1
13
8
4
10
2
1
20
U
07
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS WHO HAD CIVIL WAR SERVICE.
The official records show that of the 4,811 commissioned officers
(including 154 officers of the Medical Reserve Corps called into active
service) on the active list of the Regular Army June 30, 1916, none of
them served in the Army, Navy, or Marine Corps during the Civil
War otherwise than as a cadet prior to April 9, 1865, the last officer
so serving being Col. John L. Clem, Quartermaster Corps, who was
retired by operation of law, 64 years of ace, on August 13, 1915.
Tliere were 986 officers of the Army, otner than Philippine Scouts,
on the retired list Jime 30, 1916. Oi these, 310 served m the Army,
Navy, or Marine Corps, otherwise than as cadets prior to April 9, 1865.
The following table shows, bv grades, the number of officers on the
retired list of the Army on thme 30, 1916^ and the number of those
officers who had Civil War service otherwise than as cadets prior to
April 9, 1865:
OradM.
Lieotenant general. . . .
Malor general
Bngadier general
Colonel ,
Lieutenant colonel . . . .
Major
Captain
First lieotenant ,
Second lieutenant
Chaplain:
Lieutenant colonel
M^or
Captain
First lientenant. . .
ToUl
Officen
1 on the retired list
June 30, mo.
Civfl
No Civfl
Total.
War
War
serrice.
servioa.
8
25
3
20
6
188
145
88
100
18
148
94
82
02
183
67
120
102
22
170
01
8
88
23
8
ss
2
1
16
8
7
7
1
7
1
080
810
070
BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT OENEBAL. 251
It will be seen from the foregoing table that approximately 32 per
cent of the oflBcers of the Army on the retired list June 30, 1916,
served as officers or enlisted men of the Army, Nayy, or Marine Corps
during the Civil War. On June 30, 1915, approximately 34 per cent
of the officers of the Army on that list had Civil War service.
officers' reserve corps.
Provision is made in the national defense act approved Jime 3,
1916, for an Officers' Reserve Corps, to consist of sections correspond-
ing to the various arms, staff corps, and departments of the Regular
Army. As stated in the law, its object is ^' ior the purpose of securing
a reserve of officers available for service as temporary officers in the
Regular Anny, * * * as officers of the Quartermaster Corps and
other staff corps and departments, as officers for recruit rendezvous
and depots, and as officers of volunteers." The corps is to be organ-
ized under such rules and regulations as the President may prescnbe.
These rules and regulations are printed in Oeneral Orders No. 32,
War Department, tmly 28, 1916.
The organization of the Officers' Reserve Corps is an effort to obtain
and train in time of peace the large number ot commissioned officers
necessary in war or when war is imminent.
Especial inducements to secure trained and educated officers have
been made to land-grant colleges, other universities and coUeges, and
to essentially military school!. When the act has been given full
effect, by appropriations made and regulations promulgated, it is
intended to supply students under military training at such institu-
tions necessary uniforms, military eouipment, and for those recom-
mended by the officer on duty and tne head of the institution com-
mutation of subsistence for the last two vears of the prescribed four-
year course. Additional officers have oeen provided for detail to
these coUeges, to bring the militarj^ instruction up to the standard
which its importance to the nation justifies.
That this is expected to add greatly to the nulitary strength of the
country is indicated hy a provision in the national defense act that
the total number of omcers that may be appointed and commissioned
in the Reserve Corps from this source is 50,000.
To secure the large number of educated and trained officers for
the large armies that will be necessary under existing conditions in
war IB one of the greatest miUtary problems; and it is noped that the
Officers' Reserve Corps provisions in the national defense act will
in time solve it.
Copies of the rules and regulations TOveming appointments in the
corps will be furnished to applicants tnercfor.
RETIRED ENLISTED MEN.
At the beginning of the fiscal year there were 4,028 enlisted men on
the retired list created by the provisions of the act of Congress
approved February 14, 1885 (23 Stat. L., 305), modified by the acts
of Congress approved September 30, 1890 (26 Stat. L., 504), March 2,
1907 (34 Stat. L., 1218), and August 24, 1912 (37 Stat. L., 575).
During the fiscal year 310 enlisted men were placed on the retired
list, 153 of the men on that list died, and 31 were transferred to
252 BEPOET OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL,
the list of retired commissioned officers of Philippine Scouts, under
provisions of the national defense act approved Jmie 3, 1916, leaving
4,154 enlisted men on the retired list at the end of the fiscal year.
PERSONS QUALIFIED TO HOLD TOLtTNTEEB COHHI8SION8.
Certificates were issued during the year, under the provisions of
section 23 of the act of Congress approved January 21, 1903 (32 Stat.
L., 779), in the case of 52 persons who were founa upon examination
by boards of officers convened for that purpose to be "specially
qualified to hold commissions in any volunteer force which may
hereafter be c^ed for and organizea under the authority of Con-
gress, other than a force composed of Organized Mihtia." Of these,
10 were from New York, 5 from Minnesota, 4 from Washington, 2
from Massachusetts. 1 each from Illinois, Indiana, New Jersey, Ohio,
Rhode Island, Soutn Dakota, Wyoming, and the Phihppine Islands;
17 were enlisted men of the Regular Army, and 2 were clerks of the
Quartermaster Corps, United States Army; 1 was a commissioned
officer of the Phihppine Constabulary, and 3 were commissioned
officers of the Philippme Scouts.
The board of officers appointed to recommend candidates for
appointment as volunteer omcera, as provided in General Order No.
42, War Department, 1915, reported on May 18, 1916 (date of latest
report), that 658 candidates had been found qualified. These candi-
dates werenot required to pass aprofessional and physical examination,
as were the persons to whom certificates were issued under the provisions
of section 23 of the act of Congress approved January 21, 1903, but
were required to make formal applications, upon a blank form fur-
nished by the department, and to furnish letters and other evidence
as to character and qualifications. The following table shows the
number of candidates by grade, arm, corps, or department found
quahfied by the board toMay 18, 1916, for appointment as volunteer
officers:
QndM.
i
|j
1
1
1
,
■3
1
1
1
.
1
l
1
1
1
1
*
1
15
33
S
3
35
a
1
13
i
»
2
\
n
•
■
M
>
^
"
6
113
18
24
S»
IT
'
ftSS
al the national defense act, June 3, 1916, anpli-
snt as volunteer officers are no longer considered
)rs referred to. Such apphcations will hereafter
section 53 of that act, or the candidates will be
afflisr*^--
liar--
.1
S' "^
254
BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT QENEBAU
HONOB SCHOOLS.
Culver Military Academy, Culver, Ind.
Kemper Militi^ School, Boone ville, Mo.
Kentuck^r Militiuy Institute, Lyndon, Ky.
New Mexico Military Institute, Roswell, N. Mex.
New York Military Academy, Comwall-on-Hudson, N. Y.
St. John's Military Aotdemy, Delafield, Wis.
St. John's School, Manlius, N. Y.
College of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minn.
Wentworth Military Academy. iiexinfi:ton, Mo.
Western Military Academy, Alton, 111.
STUDENTS AND GRADUATES OF CIVIL INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING AT
WHICH ARMY OFFICERS ARE DETAILED AS MILITARY INSTRUCTORS.
In December, 1914, an effort was made by this office to ascertain
for each of the 10 years 1905 to 1914, inclusive, the number of stu-
dents enrolled at, and the number graduated from, civil institutions
of learning at wnich officers of the Army were detailed as military
instructors. Requests for information on the subject were sent to
all such institutions (103 at the time), and all but 7 of them furnished
figures. Data on this subject have been obtained from time to time
since 1914, and the following table shows the numbers of students
at, and graduates from, those civil educational institutions at which
officers of the Army are detailed as instructors in miUtary science
and tactics that have furnished figures:
Year.
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
NumlMr
of stu-
dents
under
military
instruo-
tion.
17,8S5
18,138
21,616
24,191
35,222
27,122
28,843
29,979
31,028
33,424
32,313
85,091
Number
of mili-
tary stu-
dents
eradu-
at«L
2,880
8,078
8.441
8,789
4,215
4,701
4,757
5.188
4,970
>2.37«
2,474
1 Includes only those who graduated in military science and tactics, and does not represent the total
number of graduates that at some time during the course received instruction in that subject.
The report for 1914 included students enrolled at 101 institutions; that for 1915, students at 100 institutioaa;
and that for 1916, students at 106 institutfons.
STRENGTH AND LOSSES OP THE ARMY.
The tables facing show (A) the strength of the Army of the United
States June 30, 1915, and June 30, 1916, with losses from all causes
between those dates; (B) the strength and losses from all causes in
the Army in each month of the fiscal year; (C) the strength of the
Anny by departments, etc., at the end of each month of the fiscal
year; and (D) the number of deaths in the Army during the fiscal
year.
?Es PEOM All Causes bethtebn Those Dates.
TAXES Between July 1, 1915, and June 30, 1916.
WoUlfDED.
•
ENUSTED MEN.
J
Died.
•
•
1
a
«
•
1
•
9
4S
•S-S
«
1
1
1
f
'1
«
•
1
•
•
g
s
1
is
1
1
U
it
5
o
«
1
f
1
e
o
W
c
o
-<
«
QQ
^•^
§
p;
P
S
H
o
w
PS
4
1
1
3
......
13
22
18
6
17
5
11
3
7
8
23
23
28
468
483
402
......
2,796
2,921
2,739
214
2
1
1
4
3
360
0
i
338
0
4
21
6
1
5
2
25
331
2,736
8
236
0
1
18
6
6
334
30
272
1,824
2
243
2
25
12
26
17
6
9
6
12
2
8
3
4
7
5
3
3
4
7
3
1
576
997
602
620
29
31
29
29
213
208
228
207
1,976
2,387
2,302
2,157
254
2
227
7
"y-
1
1
173
4
3
10
143
8
5
1
20
4
3
1
597
28
367
i
2,134
9
143
3
4
29
4
3
5
7
621
20
380
2,020
6
143
9
9
2
22
9
3
3
2
190
26
489
3
1,493
1
13
170
1 ! 34
1
4
243
89
46
68
28
4,626
321
3,856
6
127,484
5
66
3,443
3
3 ,
5'
'
05
88
80
45
6
21
33
12
10
10
13
15
• • ■ •
1
1
2
1
......
1
..
»
5
2 -
3
4
5
2
1
1
2
4
1
2
2
t
1
1
1
2
t
5
2
1
3
3
1
3 1
»
3
i
1
7 1
1
1
1
2
1
11
1
1
1
11
13
428
9
34 t
1
7
254
90
46
59
29
4,637
321
3,869
5
«27,912
6
6
2,451
* Actual losses are 25,461, as the total ga!n from desertion during the year was 2,451.
ACH Month of the Fiscal Year.
6.
Febniary, 191C.
March, 1916.
AprU,1916. May, 1916. June, 1916.
1
8ted
1
1
Offloen.
937
60
1,664
803
347
Enlisted
men.
Offloen.
Knltvt«d
men.
Officers.
Enlisted
men.
OffleefB.
EnlistMi
men.
,401
,993
,105
,143
,000
1,009 25,645
173 , 3.<>57
1,337 24,731
360 8,423
348 1 9,038
2<i,639
562
31.200
7,472
8,969
947
60
1,673
803
846
28,898
565
81,667
7,378
8,510
818
59
1,903
228
384
19,819
595
87,697
6,071
8,167
760
63
1,987
337
388
17.887
618
40,476
6,888
6»11S
.878
,549
,196
,355
430
182
44
1.033
10,836
5,587
1.194
9.914
471
183
44
904
11,676
5,604
1,161
8,232
475
182
41
887
11,576
5,C04
1,281
9,632
486
182
38
857
11,327
6,006
1,271
9,659
480
183
41
963
11,404
6,608
1,338
11,601
,630
4,906 99,025
4,911
98,406 ! 4,912 j 99,600 4,905
> 1
100,202
6,036
ioa,6ie
dng troops at camps, en route, recmlti, etc
Jlt-t 1, 1915, AND June 30, 1916.
4e.
Murder
or homicide.
TotaL
:nllsted
r»i*«n
offlcers.
Enlisted
Officers.
Kntfatted
.TTWm
• »»1«»»« .
v^
BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT QENEBAL. 255
The losses in the Arm^r durmg the year ended June^O, 1916, are
summarized in the following statement:
REGULAR ARMY.
Officers:
Died of disease, etc 86
Resigned or discharged 38
DisimsBed 3
Retired 36
Deserted 1
113
Enlisted men:
Died of disease, etc 605
Discharged upon expiration of term of 8er\'ice 6. 793
Discharged for disability, by sentence of court-martial, or by order. 12, 378
Deserted (includes 2,442 deserters subsequently returned to mili-
tary control) 3, 866
Retired 321
Transferred to the Reserve 4,626
Missing in action 6
27,484
Aggr^iate 27,697
PHILIPPINE SCOUTS.
Officers: Resigned or discharged 3
Enlisted men:
Died of disease, etc 14
Discharged upon expiration of term of service 262
Discharged for disability, by sentence of court-martial, or by order. 128
Deserted (includes 9 deserters subsequently returned to military
control) 13
Transferred to the Reserve 11
428
Aggregate 431
AGOREOATB.
Officers:
Died of disease, etc 36
Resigned or discharged 41
Dismissed .^ 3
Retired 36
Deserted 1
116
Enlisted men:
Died of disease, etc 619
Discharged upon expiration of term of service 6, 066
Discharged for disability, by sentence of court-martial, or by order 12, 506
Deserted (includes 2,451 deserters subsequently retiuned to mili-
tary control) 3, 869
Retired 321
Transferred to the Reserve 4, 637
MiflHing in action 6
27, 912
Aggregate 28,028
As will be seen from the foregoing table, but 5,793 enlisted men
were discharged from the R^ular Army upon expiration of term of
service during the year. This small number of discharges upon
expiration of service is the result of the act of August 24, 1912, which
provided that alter November 1, 1912, all enlistments in the Regular
Army shoidd be for a period of seven years, four years with the
256 REPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAIi.
colors and tbtee years in the Reserve, or the soldier may be furloughed
to the Reserve after an active service of three years. In order to
reenlist for active service, he must serve four years with the colors.
Consequently, the only discharges occurring auring the year upon
expiration of term of service were of those men who enlisted prior to
November 1, 1912. The niunber (4,626) furloughed to the Reserve
during the fiscal year 1916 should be included in the separations from
service upon expiration of term of enlistment, for even though they
have not been actually discharged, they have completed the term of
active service for which enlisted. If tms number be added, the total
number of separations from active service because of completion of
term of enlistment, or that part of it calling for active service, is
10,419. Dxuing the preceding fiscal year the number of discharges
upon expiration of term of service was 27,020, and during the fiscal
year 1914 it was 25,027. Those numbers are, respectively, 8.4, 19.7,
and 20 per cent of the whole number of enlisted men in service or of
enlistment contracts in force during each of those years.
The losses from all causes other than completion of term of active
service among enlisted men of the Regular Army during the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1916, numbered 17,065, but from tnis number
should be deducted the nxmiber (2,442) of deserts that returned to
military control during the year, leaving 14,623 as representing the
nxmiber of losses during the year from causes other than completion
of term of active service. During the preceding fiscal year those
losses were 14,517, and during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914,
they were 12,487. Those numbers are, respectively, 13.4 (or 11.8, if
the nxmiber gained from desertion is deducted from the total losses
from desertion), 10.6, and 9.97 per cent of the whole nxmiber of
enlistment contracts in force dxuing the year.
DE8EBTIONS.
As shown by the official returns, the nxmiber of desertions from
the Army durmg the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, aggregated
3,856, which is 3.10 per cent of the whole number of enlistment con-
tracts in force during the year. This is a slight decrease as com-
Sared with the percentage (3.23) for 1915. The number of reported
esertions during the year 1916 is 579 less than the number reported
during 1915 and 595 less than the number reported in 1914.
Oi the 3,856 cases of reported desertion during the year, 200 were
declared erroneous; 2 of the men so reported were tried and acquit-
ted of the charge, and 580 were tried and found guilty of the lesser
offense of absence without leave, making a total of 782 cases im-
properly classed as desertions. If this number be deducted from the
3,856 reported desertions, as shown by the retmns, there remain but
3,074 cases, or 2.47 per cent, of actual desertions. However, this
figure does not represent the actual number of desertions occiuring
during the year, because it is impossible at this time to even estimate
the number of the men now regarded as deserters that will come under
military control and be acquitted of the charge or be convicted of the
lesser offense of absence without leave before the statute of limita-
tions will apply in their cases. Under the law now in operation the
trial of the men who enlisted and deserted during the fiscal year 1916
will not be barred by the statute of limitations until some time during
BEPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENEBAL.
257
the fiscal year 1925. Unless it can be assumed that all men reported
as deserters during the year who do not return to military control
or have not been tried before the annual report for that year is pub-
lished can be classed as deserters, the actual number of desertions
during a year can not be stated in the report for that year. As cases
have arisen in which men have been convicted of absence without
leave after having been absent more than two years from the date
of their reported desertion, no such assumption is possible. As the
figTures hereafter given in this report are comparative, and because it
is impossible to determine at this time how many of the men dropped
as deserters during the year will ultimately be regarded as such, the
number of reported desertions as shown by the returns will be used.
A comparison of the percentages of reported desertions in each of
the past 20 years is shown in the following table:
Fiscal yean.
Peroentace
deserted.
Fiscal years.
Peroentase
deserted.
1916
3.10
3.23
3.10
4.15
3.00
2.28
3.66
4.97
4.59
5.62
1906
7.43
1915
1905
6.79
1914 -.
1904
6.61
1913
1903
7 10
1912
1902.
5.00
1911
1901
4.12
1910
1900
4.09
1909
1899
3.22
1908
1898
1.57
1907
1897
8.13
The following table shows the percentages of desertions occurring
in each of the several periods of service during the past three years :
Period of service in which desertioo took place.
First 3 months of seiTioe
Second 3 months of service
Third 3 months of service
Fourth 3 months of service
First year of service
Second year of service
Third year of service
Fourth year of service
First enlistment
Second enlistment
Third enlistment
Fourth enlistment and subsequent enlistments
Total
Feroentase of whole number
of desertirais.
Year
ended
June 30,
1916.
10
11
10
8
(0
39
24
9
72
21
4
3
100
Year
ended
June 30,
1915.
13
17
14
10
64
20
5
79
16
3
2
100
Year
ended
June 30,
1914.
18
19
14
7
58
18
5
81
13
3
3
100
1 During the year 1916 there were 10 desertions during the fourth year of^rvice, but as that number is less
than one-third of 1 per cent, it is not shown in this table. I>uring the preceding years the enlistment period
ended at the expiration of 3 years.
During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, there was a material
decrease in the percentage of desertions occurring in the first year of
service, the percentages for the years 1916, 1915, and 1914, being,
respectively, 39, 54, and 58 per cent. This decrease is due no doubt
69176'— WAR 1916— VOL 1 17
258
BBPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL.
to the fact that during the first ei^ht months of the year 1916 the
original enlistments were comparatively few, as the Army had been
recruited to its authorized strength. Consec[uently, the total nimiber
of men serving in the first year of their enlistment period was much
less than the number so serving during the years 1914 and 1915, and
it naturally followed that the number of desertions during the first
year of service was less in 1916 than in preceding years.
The percentages of desertions by branches of service during the
fiscal years 1911-1916 are shown in the following table:
Branches of servioe.
Percentages.
1916
1915
1914
1913
1912
1911
Hospital Coips
4.15
3.78
3.53
3.43
2.58
2.48
2.82
4.64
3.72
3.87
4.82
4.08
2.28
3.12
3.34
3.48
3.48
5.20
2.94
2.49
2.68
4.24
4.19
4.53
6.11
4.68
3.95
3.18
3.03
3.38
2.95
4.07
4.26
2.37
3.32
3.10
Coast Artlltory Corps
2.43
Cavalry .' \
1.92
Field Ar^Itary
2.93
EiuriiMen
3.09
Infantry
1 85
All ot^ent, Indndlns onassfRned recruits
2.85
The Army
3.10
3.23
3.10
4.15
3.00
2.2S
The foregoing statement shows a decrease in the percentage of de-
sertions during the last fiscal year over the year 1915 in each branch
of the service except the Infantry, in which there is a slight increase
As in the preceding reports, the percentages of desertions hereinbe-
fore shown are basea on the whole number of enUsted men who were
in service at any time during the year, and not on an average enlisted
strength. All the losses during the year are included in the basic
figures used^ and those figures represent the whole number of enlisted
men who might have become deserters or the whole number of enlist-
ment contracts that might have been terminated by desertion at some
time during the year, it is clearly improi>er to use as a basis for cal-
culating the percentages of desertions a strength obtained by aver-
aging tne number of men in service at the end of each month of the
year — a number that does not include men who went out of service
during the year, and even does not include the deserters themselves.
If, however, the average enlisted strength is used as a basis, it is found
that the number of desertions from the enlisted force of the Armv
during the year ended June 30, 1916, was 4.07 per cent of the stren^n
as against 4.76 per cent during the preceding fiscal year, 4.55 during
the year 1914, and 5.48 during the year 1913.
An examination of the returns for the fiscal year ended June 30,
1916, was made for the purpose of ascertaining what organizations
serving within the continental limits of the United States had the
lowest and highest relative number of desertions. It should be borne
in mind that m the following paragraphs, showing the results of that
examination, the organizations that served apart or the whole of the
year in Hawaii, Alaska, the Canal Zone, Cnina, or the PhiUppine
Islands are not taken into consideration, because in those regions it is
unusually diJfficult for a deserter to make good his escape m>m mili-
tary control, and consequently the number of desertions that occur
there are so small as to oe of no importance for the purpose of this
report.
BEPORT OF THE ADJUTAKT GENERAL.
259
The r^ments serving in the United States that had the lowest
percentages of desertions during the year were the Twenty-sixth
infantry, Tenth Cavalry, and Twenty-fourth Infantrv, the first-
mentioned regiment being a white organization, while the other two
were colored organizations. The desertions from those regiments
are 1.46, 1.50, and 1.81 per cent, respectively, of the whole number
of enlisted men in the service, or enlistment contracts in force, in
those r^ments during the year. The Tenth Cavalry was one of the
two regiments having the lowest percentage of desertions during the
years 1910 to 1915, inclusive, the percentages for those years being
1.52, 0.78, 1.52, 1.99, 1.42, and 1.17, respectively.
As was the case during the years 1914 and 1915 the Third Field
Artillery had the lowest percent^e of desertions of any regiment of
that arm serving in the United States, the percentages of desertion
for that r^ment being 3.96 for the year 1916, 4.57 for 1915, and 5.19
for 1914.
The three r^ments that had the highest percentage of desertions
were the Twenty-first Infantry. First Cavalry, and Eleventh Infantry,
the percentage of desertions trom those organizations being 11.12,
9.16, and 6.35 per cent, respectively.
Of the white troops 3.72 per cent and of the colored troops 0.96
per cent were reported as deserters, as compared with 3.10 lor the
whole Army. The percentages for the fiscal year 1915 were: White
troops, 3.40, and colored troops, 0.44.
Tne following table shows for each month of the fiscal vears 1914,
1915, and 1916 the percentages of the total nimiber of desertions
occurring during each of these years:
MontbB.
July
August....
September
October...
November
December.
January...
Fiscal years.
1
1916
1015
1014
12.16
10.30
0.70
12.52
11.41
10.52
10.43
0.56
8.17
8.58
8.12
8.66
7.06
5.80
6.73
5.50
5.70
6.70
5.38
5.00
5.65
1
Months.
February.
March....
April
May
June
Total.
Fiscal years.
1016
5.01
5.87
6.02
7.40
12.68
100.00
1015
5.84
7.08
0.43
10.35
11.23
100.00
1014
6.02
8.06
0.20
0.31
11.48
100.00
That nationality is not an important factor in considering the sub-
ject of desertions from the Army was again emphasized by the fact
that during the past fiscal year the ratio of foreign-bom deserters to
the whole nimiber of deserters was approximately the same as the ratio
of foreign-bom men who have enlisted during tne past three years to
the total number of enlistments during that period.
Reports of return of deserters and escaped prisoners to military
control during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, were received in
2,501 cases, not including 52 cases in which the deserters were found
to be not amenable to tnal because of the statute of limitation. Of
the 2,501 returned to military control during the year, 997, or 39.86
per cent, surrendered themselves, and 1,504, or 60.14 per cent, were
apprehended. Of the latter number 706 were apprehended by the
municipal police, 390 by sheriffs or other county officers, 181 by pri-
vate detective agencies, 122 by the military authorities, including
260 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL.
those identified by finger-print records in The Adjutant General's
Office, 28 bv officers in charge of penal institutions^ 25 by United
States marsnals and their deputies, 13 by railroad pohce, 12 by naval
authorities, 11 by civilians (not civil officers), 7 by State detectives
or police, 5 by Mexican authorities, and 4 by immigration officers.
Of the total number apprehended during the year 46.94 per cent were
apprehended by the mimicipal pohce, 25.93 per cent by county
officers, 10.03 per cent by private detectives or detective agencies,
8.11 per cent by the mihtary authorities.
The disposition of the 2,501 men returned to mihtary control during
the year is shown in the foDowing table:
Disposed of without trial:
Ch&rge removed as erroneoiis under paragraph 131, Army Regula-
tions 200
Restored to duty 5
Discharged under paragraph 148), Army Reflations 123
Discharged on surgeon's certificate of disability 1
Escapeof .' 13
DiedT. 2
Dropped, turned over to Navy 2
346
Tried by court-martial:
Acquitted 2
Convdcted of absence without leave —
Not sentenced to discharge 486
Dishonorably discharged 84
Sentence of dishonorable discharge mitigated by re'viewing au-
thority 1
Sentence of dishonorable discharge disapproved by reviewing
authority 3
Sentence of dishonorable discharge suspended and restored to
honorable duty 2
Sentence of dishonorable discharge suspended, sentence imcom-
pleted 4
Convicted of desertion —
Not sentenced to discharge 77
Sentence of dishonorable discharge mitigated by reviewing au-
thority 10
Sentence of dishonorable discharge disapproved by reviewing
authority 6
Restored to honorable duty after being sentenced to dishonorable
discharge 59
Sentence of dishonorable discharge suspended, sentence imcom-
pleted 220
Dishonorably discharged and confined 1. 032
1,986
Reports of results of trial not yet received 169
Total 2,501
It will be seen from the foregoing table that of the men tried for
desertion 646 have been retained m service (61 after having been
sentenced to dishonorable discharge), 224 have been sentenced to
dishonorable discharge with that part of sentence suspended and
remaining unexecuted at date of this report, and 1,116 have been dis-
honorably discharged.
The lengths of sentences of confinement as approved in cases of
men dishonorably discharged, not including men restored to honorable
duty or serving under suspended sentences of dishonorable dischaige,
are shown in the table following.
BEPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL. 261
than 3 months 8
3 to 6 months 226
7 to 12 months 16
Leas than 1 year 250
1 year 425
1 J years 283
2 years 1 83
2J years 24
3 years 17
3 J years 3
4 years and over 7
1,092
No sentence of confinement 24
Total 1,116
RESTORATION OF CITIZENSHIP AND REENLISTMENT OF MEN WHOSB
SERYIGB DURINO THE LAST FREOEDINO TERM OF ENLISTMENT WAS
NOT HONEST AND FAITHFUL.
Applications were received during the year from 141 deserters for
restoration of the rights of citizenship under the provisions of the
act of Congress approved August 22, 1912 (37 Stat. L., 356). Favor-
able action was taken upon all of these applications.
Pursuant to the provisions of the act cited, the enlistment (under
certain conditions) of former soldiers whose service during their pre-
ceding terms of enlistment was not honest and faithful was continued
during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916. Of the 1,431 applications
for permission to enlist a^ain received during the year from such
former soldiers 99 were mvorably considered, 1,182 were denied,
either because the offenses for whicn the soldiers had been discharged
were of such a nature as to preclude their enlistment or because their
conduct while in service or after discharge had not been such as to
warrant favorable consideration, and 150 applications had not been
finally acted upon because evidence or reports needed for an intelli-
gent consideration of the applications haa not been received in this
office. During the year 45 men who had been granted permission
to reenlist (17 of them being former deserters) availed themselves of
the privilege. In addition 1 man (a former deserter) was reenlbted
at the United States Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Leavenworth, imder
standing authority given to the commandant, a total of 46. Of
these, 1 (a former deserter) has deserted, 1 has been discharged under
paragraph 148i, Army Regulations, and 44 (17 of them former
deserters) were serving with their organizations on Jime 30, 1916.
Of the 204 former soldiers (91 of them former deserters) referred
to in the last annual report as having enlisted during the fiscal years
1914 and 1915 after a prior service that was not honest and faithful, 1
has died while absent in desertion, 37 (13 of them former deserters)
have been dishonorably discharged, 2 have been discharged without
honor, 18 (8 of them former deserters) have been discharged under
paragraph 148^, Army Regulations, 2 (1 of them a former deserter)
nave died while in service, 14 (7 of them former deserters) have been
honorably discharged — 2 with the rank of corporal, 14 (9 of them for-
mer deserters) were absent in desertion at the close of the fiscal year
1916, 1 was serving sentence (dishonorable discharge suspended) for
desertion, 1 (a former deserter) was present awaiting tnal for deser-
262
BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT GENEBAL.
tion, and 114 (52 of them former deserters) were on duty with their
organizations at that time — 16 with the rank of corporal, 1 with the
rank of electrician sergeant, second class, 3 with the rank of sergeant,
1 with the rank of first sergeant, and 1 with the rank of sergeant,
first class.
The total number of these reenlistments prior to the dose of the
fiscal year 1916 is 250.
In tabulated form the results appear as follows:
1914
1915
1916
Totals.
Raenllsted
(34)
93
(57) 111
(18)
46
(109)250
Honorably discharged
(4)
10
1
31
1
fl
1
5
(2) 4
(») w
(8) 12
m "
Died
T)1«f>OP<Y^blV d*SCh«ri?«d . r . r r - t - - - r r r r r - - T
(13) 37
Discharsad without honor
2
Dischareed undar oar. 1484. Armv Raeulatloiis
1
(8) 19
Died In desertion
Absent in desertion, Jane 30. 1910
Serving sentence (dishonorable discharge sospended) for deser-
tion, June 30. 191«
(5) 9
1
(1)
1
(10) U
1
Present, awaituur trial for dwertton. June 30. 1916
(1»)
1
47
(1) 1
(69) 158
Present for duty. June 30, I91d. ,
(83) 67
(17)
44
Totals .*.
(34)
93
(57) 111
(18)
46
(100) 250
\*w«/ ^ww
NoTB.— Figures in paranthesai indicate nomlMr of men who were convicted of deMrtion prior to
Ustment.
DISCHABOES OF ENLISTED MEN BT OBDEB.
Of the 8,051 discharges by order, as shown in the table opposite
page 24 of thus report, 602 (not including 17 discharged upon suigeon's
certificate of disability) were discharged under the provisions of
para^aph 148^, Army Regulations, which provides for the discharge
of eiuisted men who are inapt, or who do not have the required degree
of adaptability, or who have undesirable traits of character; 5,747
were discharged by purchase imder rules governing such discharge,
and the remaining 1,702 were discharged for vanous causes, we
principal ones being on ac(K)unt of fraudulent enlistment, desertion,
imprisonment by the civil authorities, to enter the Soldiers' Home,
and for the convenience of the Government.
Of the discharges by purchase ordered, 611 were ordered by the
War Department, 2,953 by the commanding general. Eastern Depart-
ment, 132 by the commanding general. (Antral Department, 1,251
by the commanding general. Southern Department, 169 by the com-
manding general, rhilippine Department, 272 by the commanding
feneral, Hawaiian Department, and 359 by the commanding general^
Western Department.
Of the discharges imderparagraph 148^ ordered during the year
276 were ordered by the War Department, 137 by the commandinfi"
fenerd, Eastern Department, 6 by the commandiiLg general, Centnu
>epartment, 71 by the commanchng general. Southern Department,
36 Dy the commanding general. Western Department. 2 by the com-
manding general, Phihppine Department, and 44 by the commanding
general, Hawaiian Department.
Under the provisions of paragraph 139. Armv Regulations, a com-
mander of a territorial department or moDilizeci division is authorized
to discharge enlisted men by purchase, on accoimt of desertion or
imprisonment by civil court or imder paragraph 148^, Army Regu-
'tions.
REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL. 263
DISCHABOES ON SUBGEON's CERTIFICATE OF DISABIUTT.
It appears from the official returns that 1,329 enlisted men of the
Regular Army were discharged on surgeon's certificate of disability
during the year. This number is larger than the nmnber (1,168)
discJiarged during the preceding year, and was also larger than the
number (1,004) dischai^ed during the fiscal year 1914.
The number of discharges for disability is larger during the year
1916 than during any of tne three precedmg years, and based on the
number of enlistment contracts in force during the respective years,
the percentage is greater for the year 1916 than for either of the three
preceding years, the percentage being 1913, 0.99; 1914, 0.80; 1915,
0.85: and 1918, 1.06.
An examination of the records shows that 691 of the 1,329 dis-
charges on surgeon's certificate of disability during the past fiscal
year were based on disabilities that existed prior to enlistment. Of
the 1,168 men discharged on surgeon's certificate of disability during
the preceding year 707 were discharged because of disability existing
Srior to enlistment, and during the year 1914, out of a total of 1,004
ischar^es of this class, 545 were discharged because of disabilities
that existed prior to enhstment. These items in terms of percentage
for the past three years are as follows: 1916, 52.0; 1915. 60.6: and
1914, 54.2. The percentage of discharges on accoimt ot disability
existing prior to enlistment was less durmg the past year than it was
during any of the three preceding years.
THE ADJUTANT GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT.
The total number of officers of The Adjutant General's Department
remained unchanged during the fiscal year. Of the 23 officers con-
stituting the department, 4 are permanent and 19 are detailed from
the line of the Army. Three of the detailed officers were reheved
and were replaced by other officers during the year. One permanent
officer of the department was retired and his place was fiUed by the
detail of an officer.
The act of Jime 3,1916, provides for an increase of 27 officers of The
Adjutant General's Department, but none of the increase authorized
was for the fiscal year 1916.
THE BOLTrARY ACADEMY.
On June 30, 1916, there were imder assi^ment to duty at the
United States MiHtary Academy 99 conMnissioned officers (including
7 professors, 2 acting professors, and 2 associate professors), 1 libra-
rian, 1 master of the sword, 1 teacher of music, 4 civilian instructors in
languages, and 2 civilians employed as instructors in fencing, broad-
sword exercise, and mihtary gjTunastics. a total of 108. This is a
decrease of 7 since July 1, 1915, the date of the superintendent's report
for that year.
On September 1, 1915, there were 630 cadets on the rolls, includ-
ing 4 Filipino cadets and 2 foreign cadets from China. Between
September 1, 1915, and September 1, 1916, 39 cadets were dis-
charged for deficiency in studies; 1 was discharged for deficiency in
264 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAIi.
conduct: 1 was discharged for deficiency in studies and in conduct;
8 were oiscliaTged by reason of physical disability; 15^ induding 1
foreign cadet, from China, resigned; 125, including 1 Filipino cadet^
were graduated; and 1 was accidentally drowned. In June, 1916,
158 cadets were admitted; in July, 1916, 164 cadets, including 1
foreign cadet, from Cuba, were admitted; and in Auras t^ 1916,
3 were admitted. Four ex-cadets, who were reappointea, with the
approval of the academic board, were also admitted in Aurast.. 1916.
On September 1, 1916, the beginning of the current academic year,
there were 769 cadets on the rolls, including 4 Filipino cadets and
2 foreign cadets — 1 from China and 1 from Cuba. Those cadets
were divided among the four classes, as follows: First class, 141;
second class, 156; third class, 147; and fourth class, 325.
The usual examination of candidates for admission to the Military
Academv was held at various military posts, beginning March 21,
1916. An additional examination was held, beginning June 6,
1916, with a view to fill the 102 vacancies tnat existed after the
regular examination, and also to fill the vacancies (166) in the first
annual increment of the increase in the Corps of Cadets provided for
by the act of Congress approved May 4, 1916 (Public, No. 191, 64th
Cong.). Inasmuch as it oecame apparent that not enough cadets
to ffll the vacancies in the first increment would be obtained from
this examination it was decided to hold still another examination
(physical) on June 27, 1916, mental qualification being by certifi-
cate only. The total number of candidates designated for the three
examinations was 1,228. Of that number, 202 failed to report for
exanunation: 12 declined appointment, their appointments were
canceled or they were prevented by sickness from reporting; 109
failed to complete the mental or physical examination, or both;
515 were rejected u{>on mental or physical examination, or upon both;
1 was refused adimssion because of cribbing, and (at the June 27
examination) 2 qualified physicall]^ and failed to submit educational
certificates. There were no vacancies for 58 alternates and 5 candi-
dates at lar^e who qualified. The remaining 324 candidates were
found qualified and were admitted to the academy.
The act of Congress approved May 4, 1916, referred to above,
authorized an increase of 664 in the Corps of Cadets. It is pre-
scribed that that increase shall be divided into four annual incre-
ments, each increment to be as nearly equal as practicable. Alter
the examination of Jime 27 there were 26 vacancies in the first incre-
ment.
The number of cadets authorized for 1916 is 834. There were 767
cadets on the rolls (excluding the two foreign cadets) on September
1, 1916, leaving 67 vacancies on that date. That number has been
increased by resignations and death, so that the number of vacancies
now is 75. The number of cadets authorized for 1917 is 1,000; for
1918, l,166j and for 1919, 1,332.
Information concerning the operation of the several academic
departments, the enlarging of the Militaiy Academy, discipline of
the Corps of Cadets, and other matters oi interest are to be foimd
in the Annual Report of the Superintendent of the United States Mili-
tary Academy. As it is customary to print that report with the
other reports of the War Department, further reference to those sub-
jects is omitted from this report.
BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAIi. 265
BECBUTITNO FOB THE BEOULAB ABMT.
The general recruiting detail for the Regular Army at the begin-'
ning of the fiscal year 1916 consisted of 124 conunissioned officers
and 636 enlisted men. At the end of that year the detail consisted
of 126 officers and 1,077 enlisted men. Included in tiie number of
commissioned officers so detailed at the end of the year are 66 offi-
cers regularly on duty at general recruit depots and 60 officers on
duty at recruiting stations. In the last mentioned nmnber are in-
cluded 30 retired officers detailed on active duty under the provi-
sions of the act of Congress approved April 23, 1904 (33 Stat. L.,
264). Due to the increase in the strength of the Army authorized
by the joint resolution of Congress approved March 17, 1916, and
the act of Confess approved June 3, 1916, and the consequent neces-
sity for securmg the niunber of recruits authorized, the recruiting
personnel has been increased in niunber 443, the increase consisting
of 2 commissioned officers and 441 enlisted men.
At the beginning of the fiscal year 84 central recruiting stations were
maintained, and on June 30, 1916, there were 189. Of the latter
number, 54 were main stations, each in charge of a recruiting officer,
and the remainder were stations auxiliary to the main stations. In
three recruiting districts additional comnnssioned officers are assigned
to assist the recruiting officer in charge. New York having 3 and (3u-
cago and San Francisco having 1 each of such additional officers.
An additional main station and recruiting district, with a commissioned
officer in charge, was also authorized at Houston, Tex., within the
fiscal year covered by this report, but the station was not fully opened
for business until after the dose of the fiscal year. In addition to
the main and auxiliary stations, temporary stations were opened and
maintained after the increase in the Army was authorized in order to
canvass more thoroughly the territory embraced in the various
recruiting districts within the United States.
Within the fiscal year 1915 the largest number of stations of all
kinds — ^main, auxiliary, and temporary — maintained in any one
month was 270, and the smallest number was 94. Within the fiscal
year covered by this report the corresponding numbers were 366 and
94, respectively. In this connection, it may be remarked that prior
to the mcrease of the Army authorized, the average number of stations
maintained was not increased, although, due to the activity of the
officers and enlisted men on recruiting auty, a sufficient number of
recruits were secured to keep the Army filled to the strength then
authorized. As a matter of fact, prior to the increase authorized
March 17, 1916, the number of recruits secured in excess of the
number required to fill existing vacancies caused a practical cessa-
tion of recruiting in some arms of the service.
The practice maintained for several years of sending applicants for
enlistment, accepted at the recruiting stations, to the recruit depots
for physical examination and enlistment was continued throughout
the past fiscal year with the same satisfactory results experienced in
preceding years.
Included in the term "reenlistments" in this report are those former
soldiers who enlist again within three months of the date of termina-
tion of their prior service and are thereby entitled, under existing law,
to three months' additional pay, on second enUstment and continuous-
service pay on any such enlistment, while under the term "enlist-
266
REPORT OP THE ADJUTANT GENERAL.
ments" are included men of no previous service and also those men
who having had former service did not enlist again within three
months from the date of the termination of their former service.
Within the fiscal year 1916 enlistments and reenUstments for the
Regular Army numbered 27,468, including 35,450 for the line of the
Army, 601 for the Hospital Corps (now Medical Department), 329 for
the Quartermaster Corps, 374 for other staff departments, and 714
for the Phihppine Scouts. The enlistments numbered 22,182, includ-
ing enlistments of 3,238 men with former service. Of these enlist-
ments, 21,002 (2,920 with former service) were for the line of the
Army, 412 (92 with former service) for the Hospital Corps or Medical
Department, 116 (71 with former service) for the Quartermaster
Corps, 201 (66 with former eervice) for other staff departments, and
451 (89 with former service) for the Philippine Scouts. The reen-
listments numbered 5,286, of which 4,448 were for the hne of the
Army, 189 for the Hospital Corps or Medical Department, 213 for the
Quartermaster Corps, 173 for other staff departments, and 263 for the
PhiUppine Scouts.
With very few exceptions, rendered necessary by the demands of
regiments stationed on the Mexican border, the plan authorized by
the Secretary of War several years ago of furnishing recruits to organ-
izations senuannually, was adhered to throughout tne past fiscal year.
The total number of those who apphed for enlistment in the Army
in each recruiting district, the number of such applicants accepted or
rejected in each district, and the number of accepted applicants after-
ward rejected at recruiting depots are set forth m the following table:
lUmiltlindblrtlti.
Numlwral
•ass;
Nombwor
1
3C9
SW
ta
i
i
ass
i
1
§
!;S
an
i.om
i
1
i;os6
'«
l,OU
l,4H
■'i
1,333
1,114
930
12, 2m
i
i;<>ia
1'W7
'STB
,.!S
!:S
|;S
i)iw
i's
Ntwirk.K.J
J"
«»
BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL.
267
Recruiting dislricts.
Philadelphia, Pa
Pittsbtuih, Pa.
Portland, Me
Portland, Oreg
Providence, R. I
Richmond. Va
Roanoke, Va.
St. Louis, Mo
Salt Lake City, Utah
San Francisco, CaL..
Savannah, Qa.
Scranton, Pa.
Seattle. Wash
Spokane, Wash
Syracuse, N. Y
Terra Haate, Ind
Toledo, Ohio.
Wichita, Kans
ToUl
Number of
applicants
accepted.
837
353
176
353
289
2T7
18«
1,476
157
2,937
532
261
150
201
227
398
339
292
30,993
Number of
applicants
rejected.
2,190
2,173
576
1,347
1,250
488
482
3,865
864
12,505
2,221
968
404
410
1,171
723
1,163
925
102,097
Total num-
ber of
applicants.
Applicants
accepted at
stations
andsub8»>
aoently
rejected at
depots and
depot posts.
3.027
2,526
751
1,700
1.539
765
068
5,341
1,021
15,532
2,753
1,229
554
611
1,396
1,121
1,502
1,217
133,090
175
34
38
44
48
43
17
311
28
535
18
56
10
26
31
56
31
51
4,194
Analysis of the preceding table shows that 23 per cent of those who
applied for enlistment at recruiting stations were accepted and that
13 per cent of the accepted apphcants were afterward rejected at
depots. These iten^s for the preceding fiscal year were 26 per cent
and 13 per cent, respectively.
The following taole shows the number of enlistments for the
Regular Army and the number of applicants rejected at the recruit
depots and other military posts and m the field within the fiscal year
1916:
station or post.
Number
enlisted.
Namber
ri!)ected.
Total
namber
exam-
ined.
Oeoeral recntitiog stations.
Recruit depots:
Colnmoos
B«nieki.0l
(arrae]cs,M0
Jeflerson Barradcs,
Port Loan, Colo...
Port McDowed, CM.
PortSlocam^N.Y.
Ohio.
Total.
Depot poets:
Fort Bliss, Tte
Fort DooctMLUtah
Fort Gcorse Wr^bt, Wash,*
Jackson Barracks, L«,* ,
Fort Lawtoo, Wash^.
Fort Ofdetborpe, Ga.«
Fort Sam Hooston, Tex,,
United States Disdpltoarr Barracks, Fort Leavenworth, Kaos.
Vancouver Barracks. Wssb^
Total.
• f •tfrt0f0trtrftrr**»*»**»
193
6,611
6.667
L234
Z416
5,066
30. 9M
8
161
228
608
W7
29
370
Inthefldd -^^ j ^j^
Toeio Uko Bit^iafmi f4 tMi^j /
768
1,080
328
549
1,322
4.0«7
1
1
6
26
10
54
19
6 i
m
6,379
7,747
1.662
3,966
6.388
2&041
70
9
167
ra
278
657
206
36
327
2,002
2.421
1.348
136
In, 141
• Ptsront toosil as 4^v4 j^^M iUg H,*^
0 i/'fttAAMf* :4^iJf4 m 4^fi pff*t May 1% 1916.
* f/it^^j^U'M^i^ M 4*iM poet Hm. Vt, 1914,
268
BEPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL*
The foregoing table does not include 714 enlistments and 197
rejections for the PhiUppine Scouts. Including those, the aggregate
number of enlistments for the entire Regular Army within the &cal
year was 27,468 and the total number olrejections 134,149, of which
102,097 were rejected at the recruiting stations, 4,387 at recruit
depots, and 197 for the Philippine Scouts. This makes an aggregate
of 161,617 enUstments and rejections for the entire Regular Army
withm the fiscal year.
Of the rejected appUcants, 14,987 were rejected because of minoriU",
2.728 because they were aliens, and 3.537 because of illiteracy. Of
the accepted apphcants 2,196 declinea to enlist at depots or eloped
en route thereto.
The race and nativity of those enlisted and reenlisted in the Army
within the fiscal year 1916 are set forth in the following table:
Regular Army.
Phflip-
pine
Scouts.
Race ftDd nativity.
•
Line of
Army.
Staff de-
partments,
not includ-
ing Hospi-
tal Corps
and Quar-
master
Corps.
Medical
Depart-
ment.
Quarter-
master-
Corps.
Total.
^
Native white:
Enli*>i.ient8
18,243
3,306
190
187
367
146
96
166
18,808
3,764
18,808
Rfff^plfstments
3,754
Total
21.548
327
513
264
22,652
22,652
Forebn white:
E^nlistments *
2,136
057
11
36
43
82
16
86
2,206
761
2,206
Reenlistments. ...........
761
Total
2,793
47
75
52
2.967
2.967
Colored:
Enlistments
563
413
2
11
2
11
666
435
566
Reenlistinents
436
Total
975
13
13
1,001
1,001
Indians:
EnUstments
14
14
14
Rf^nit^tments ,
Total
14
14
14
Porto Ricans:
Enlistments
47
73
47
73
47
Reeolistmfnts
7S
......
Total
120
120
120
............
..........
FHiplnos:
Enlistments
451
263
451
Reenlistm^nts .. ..^...
^
283
Total
I
714
714
..........j
Total enlistments
Total reenlistmenti
21,002
4,448
201
173
412
180
116
213
21,731
6,023
451
263
22.182
5,286
AeKTeeate
25,450
374
GOl
329
26,754 714 i 27.4fia
'
Analysis of the last preceding table discloses that practically 90
per cent of the original enlistments of white soldiers were enlistments
of natives of the Lnited States. Within each of the three years last
preceding that percentage was 86, 84, and 87, respectively.
The table following shows the number of enlistments and reenlist-
ments monthly in the line of the Army within the three years ended
Jime 30, 1916.
BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT QENKRAL.
a«9
ICantlu.
Jaly
August
September.
October...
November.
December.
January...
February..
March
Apra
May
June
Total
Fiscal year ended—
June 30, 1916.
June 30, 1015.
Enlist-
ments.
1,325
1,547
1,582
1,423
1,460
1,441
1,488
1,104
1,961
2,483
2,058
3,130
21,002
Reenlist-
ments.
820
744
688
688
390
213
125
227
110
246
109
88
4,448
Total.
2,145
2,291
2,2T0
2,111
1,850
1,654
1,613
1,331
2,071
2,729
2,167
3,218
25,450
Enlist-
ments.
2,211
2.664
2,737
3,202
3,329
3,316
3,542
2,761
2,116
1,540
1,463
1,461
30,342
Reenlist-
monts.
1,318
1,439
1,348
1,353
1,249
1,506
1,535
1,074
1,035
7W
705
724
14,085
Total.
3,529
4,108
4,085
4,555
4,578
4,824
5, on
3,835
3,151
2,337
2,168
2,1HA
44,4/7
Jiwe30,l9l4,
Enllnt-
menti.
1,671
2,0(15
1,H74
2, (MO
2,454
3,447
3,2D5
2,3H8
2,311
2,754
2,4M
28,559
moMtJi.
431
mo
KA7
l,ao6
1,0A3
1,0JI7
l,(r/7
1,101
Total,
s.nwi
y. 4*11
»,44l
a.iil
4,^Ml
4,411
4,441
»,il7
n,m
»,A11
5l,f»47
M 'HA
The average total monthly enlistments, including reenlmtmi;ni«,
derived from the foregoing table are as followH:
For the fiac^ year 1914 %,V0
For the fiac*l year 191 5 Z,W£
For the fiacal yearlSB 2. Ui
The decrease observed in the numT>er of enViAimfmin an/i r^uUnf^
ments is bdieved to be doe to the lo\ifm'\u% fttnAfn: Fir^t, tb« r4^tnf>
tion on reemitiog that prevailed for pra/^jr ally th^ firnt two thirdtt of
the fiscal ^ear, due to the fact that fiunn/^ that p^ru//! th^ ^^fftf
was practicaDj filled. S'icond, <\nr\u^ tr.e la^t or#^^ tr^fH ^4 U^n
fiscal year when rerruj^intr wjw ^*irr.'iiA*^/i ff^ tr*^ purff^M^ ^4 oht^nfh'
ing the additional rv^^.^-i provK>>^l hy Ui^. k</><U'v'/f# tft^^^'n^tft^
the Armv. labor cor*^:-'. ^h *r.ro';$^r.'V^*» tr^ f/f^.wrj w^r^ «i*/fi ff.at
aO who iesmd to cVjur* '^rr.f^j*',;. rr.^,*. ,r, ti.A \A^ r^'^Uly o\^*.h t.f/\ *t
with good wagei. ^jlta r^.c^rs.t^ ." 't*ff,^./ V/ ^^jr^ r^z-ri/^* 7 f.,^4,
the provkirjCH /yf j«w *r.i>r, //.-'sr.gf ^%4^ f*r. r,^V/j v^,/,^"* nrf^'^
enlisted after ^,r^:y^m \ Vi/i i'%^:, r-Ar,*. * ^/ ,^^i ///•#/ /*^«
from the dai;^ 'vf *r..- ^ ^''* -<>r >-->!- / *"'. ^^a^; r>t f* »i:.'f^ ^4
The norr/'^r '/ "" .-■- *^'- 4' , '^^^ , .^^-^-^ '%f ',^^'/ ^,&9, <4 ♦'■^
service w.*"..-, *:>» -i?^ .;«^>*- ^' '-*'• "*--' X*'* -^^ *^.o'tr% .r, ^>< jm.
lowing tahf
.'.'',
* ^^-^
i^m r
"■■ >
»*•■
fta^VpWi
-y
C
.»*-*
• «
-jC ' '^
270
REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL.
The relative increase or decrease in the number of enlistments or
reenlistments in the different branches of the service is more apparent
when the nimibers in the last preceding table are reduced to percent-
ages of the total number of enlistments and reenlistments lor each
year compared. For that reason those percentages are shown in the
table which follows:
Bmicfaas of swvioe.
Staff departments. . .
Engineers
Cavalry
Field AitiDery
Coast Artillery Corps
Inlantry
MlsoeUaneoos
Total
Percentages of total nomber of enlistments and reenlistments daring the
fiscal year ended—
Jane 30, 1016.
Enlist-
ments.
2.72
1.17
25.70
4.60
21.fi0
25.43
.04
81.22
Re.
enlist-
ments.
2.15
.27
8.01
1.00
4.66
7.52
.17
TotaL
4.87
1.44
28.77
5.60
26.16
32.05
.21
18.78
100.00
Jon 1 30, 1015.
Enlist-
ments.
1.68
1.20
15.41
3.48
15.54
28.35
.04
65.70
Re-
enlist-
mmts.
4.57
.62
4.00
1.25
8.40
14.24
.32
34.30
Total
6.25
1.82
20.31
4.73
23.04
42.50
.36
100.00
Jane 30, 1014
Enlist-
ments.
1.02
.05
20.06
5.05
15.62
25.58
.05
Re-
enlfat-
ments.
4.35
.66
4.21
1.00
6.73
12.38
.45
70.13 20.87
TotaL
6.37
1.61
26.17
6.14
22.35
37.06
.50
100.00
The comparison similar to that made in previous reports of the
number of reenlistments in the several branches of the service with
the authorized strength of those branches shows with greater accuracy
the relative nimiber of reenlistments. Therefore, the following table
is presented showing the nimiber of reenlistments to each 1,000 of
the authorized enlisted stren^h of the several branches of the service
within the three fiscal years last past:
Branches of service.
Staff departments. . .
Engineers
Cavalry
Field Artillery
Coast Artillery Corps
Infantry
Miacellaneoas
The Army
Nomber of reenUstments to
each 1,000 of the anthoriaed
enlisted strength dnrtog
the fiscal year ended Jane
30-
1016
lOlS
1014
40
in
178
31
150
143
53
160
124
46
105
83
65
208
148
42
158
126
73
24
30
40
167
130
The marked decrease in the relative number of reenlistments in
each branch of the service within the past fiscal year is doubtless
entirely due to the fact that existing law, as previously pointed out,
precluded such reenlistments.
With the view of keeping fully informed as to the comparative
eflBciency of each of the vanous methods of advertising for recruits,
the practice has been continued of re(][uirin^ recruiting officers at
stations to report whether the applications Tor enlistment made to
them were, or were not, the result, wholly or in part, of any form of
KEPOBT OF THE ADJUTAIYT GENERAL. 271
adyertisingy and, if so, of what form. The number of applications
reported to have been the residt of each of the several methods of
aclvertising during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, is as follows:
Methods of advertisiDf.
Bight of rarniitizif flag and statloD
In parka and Muarts
Recruiting poston
Oanvaoe by recruiting parties
Recruiting circulars
Recruiting booklet. "The United 8Utei« Army aa a Career " . . .
Newspaper advertising
Special cireulan issoed by recruiting officers
Handbills
Bleetrte signs ra districts)
Advertising cards
Personal lelten fhMn recruiting officers
News items in newspapers
BasebaU team (1 dlstrwt)
Blidee is movittg-piolure booses (5 districts)
Signs on elevated stations (1 district)
Postal oards
Bookiei, ** BxpsrlMiee of a Reeruit in the United SUtee Army
Photographs a district)
Total
NottheiesoltofadTertisIng
Total mmber of applioants reported upon
Number
of applica-
tions.
50,011
25,288
19,009
8,9W
6,970
4,445
3,n5
3,350
3,253
500
500
480
446
416
115
»
10
5
128,862
4,000
U32,943
1 Thisnnmber Is 148 lees than the whole number of aeospted and rejected applicantsshown by trlmanthly
Nperts of reemitlng (p. 87), no rsporta having been received in that number of caaes.
Within the fiscal year covered by this report, as in previous years,
the sight of the recruiting flag and station proved the most proUfic
method of advertising for recruits, the park and square parties and
the recruiting posters being second and third, respectively.
The recruiting booklet issued in 1914 has continued to be a very
effective means of advertising and of conveying information relative
to the advantages received from an enlistment m the Army. A new
edition of this booklet has been authorized, amended to conform
with the provisions of the act of Congress approved Jime 3, 1916.
Another booklet which has been and whicn, it is thought, will con-
tinue to be a potent method of advertising for the recruiting service
is the ''Experience of a Recruit,'' pubfished by the department
within the past fiscal year. This booklet relates m a very readable
and attractive manner the experience of a recruit who enlisted at
Columbus Barracks, Ohio, and details ejmlicitly his experience while
at the depot. The personal statement of the recruit was so forceful,
truthful, and favorable to the Army that it was published by the
department without comment.
Another publication prepared and issued in connection with
recruiting for the Regular Army is the pamphlet entitled ** Guide to
Civil Employment for Ex-Soldiers." In connection with the prepara-
tion of this publication information was obtained from each recruiting
officer throughout the United States relative to civil emplovment
in the respective recruiting districts that might be open to former
Boldiors of the Army discnarged with character at least **Good."
A full list of these employrnonts arranged by States is included in
the pubUcation, together with ijistructions describing the method bv
whidi prospective appUcants, fonner soldiers, may get in touch witn
prospective employers.
272 BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL.
A copy of this publication will be placed in all permanent mess and
soldiers^ reading rooms and a copy will be given to every man leaving
the service whose character is not less than "Good." This guide to
civil employment has received favorable comment from all to whose
attention it has been brought and it is believed that it will prove to be
of great utilitv to former soldiers in enabling them to obtain emplov-
ment and will act as a stimulus to recruiting by pointing out to tne
prospective applicant for enlistment the advantages possible for
vocational training in the Army and assuring him that the military
authorities are prepared to aid him in applving that vocational
training in civil pursuits after he shall have left the Army.
Immediately upon the authorization of the increase in the Army
March 17, 1916, advertising for recruits, which prior to that time
had been largely restricted, was greatly expanded. As previously
stated many new stations were opened, largely increasing the number
of the recruiting fla^ and stations. Special circulars were issued.
Newspaper advertising was increased. Additional booklets were
printed and the recruiting oflBcers were instructed to work without
regard to hours in the effort to obtain recruits.
Under the provisions of the act of Congress approved June 3, 1916,
section 27, tne President is authorized in his discretion to utilize
the services of the postmasters of the second, third, and fourth classes
in procuring the enlistment of recruits lor the Army. For the
purpose of carryingout the provisions of this law the matter has been
taken up with the rost OflBce Department with the view of securing
the cooperation of that department and of the postmasters con-
cerned.
At the date of the preparation of this report information is not
available from which a definite statement can be prepared showing
the expense of the recruiting service for the fiscal year covered by
this report, but constant effort has been maintained throughout the
year to minimize expenses and eliminate all costs that were not
absolutely required for the needs of the service. Telegraphic cor-
respondence as heretofore has been carefully scrutinized with the
view of reduction in tolls. The large number of recruiting stations
previously maintained were kept closed during the greater portion
of the fiscal jear and were only reopened when the increase in the
Army necessitated such reopemng and a consequent increase in the
recruiting personnel. Prior to that time the number of stations had
been reduced greatly, with a conseauent reduction in rentals, pay,
and allowances for the personnel ana other expenses incident to the
maintenance of stations and the mileage expenses of officers.
As in previous years, applicants for enlistment who, after having
been accepted at recruiting stations and sent to depots, fail througn
their own fault to enlist there, are required, when such applicants
a^ain apply at recruiting stations, to reimburse the Government for
the expense incident to tneir former application and failure to enlist*
REGULAK ARMY RESERVE.
The act of August 24, 1912, provides for two classes of reservists —
those furloughed to the Reserve after an active service of four years,
or at the discretion of the Secretary of War after a service of three
■-ears, and those who were honorably discharged and voluntarily
REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL. 273
enlisted in the Reserve. Enlistment contracts entered into prior to
November 1, 1912, did not contain, imder the provisions of the law
referred to, any provision for service in the Reserve, and consequently
no furloughs to the Reserve could take place prior to November 1,
1915. For convenience, those furloughed to the Reserve will be
designated class A reservists and those who voluntarily enlist in the
Reserve will be designated class B reservists. While all furloughs
to the Reserve during the year were made under the provisions of
the act before referred to, it is proper to add that the act of Jime 3,
1916, provides that the enlistment period after November 1, 1916,
shall be seven years, three years with the colors and four years in the
Reserve, with a provision that if a soldier is considered sufficiently
trained he may be furloughed to the Reserve after an active service
of one year.
Between November 1, 1915, and June 30, 1916, the number of men
furloughed to the Reserve was 4,626. Of those, 1 was discha^ed to
enable him to complete his naturalization as a citizen of the United
States and to accept employment under the Grovemment, 2 were
discharged because they had been sentenced to imprisonment by a
civil court, and 2 died of disease, leaving 4,621 class A reservists on
June 30, 1916.
Because of conditions along the Mexican border, on May 17, 1916,
the Wax Department directedthat all furloughs to the Reserve at the
expiration of three years active service, except in the cases of mem-
bers of the Coast Artillery Corps, be suspended. Consequently,
there were very few furlougns to the Reserve during the last month
and a half of tne past fiscfd year, and the foregoing figure does not
represent the number that would have been in the Reserve on June
30 last imder normal conditions.
The act of June 3, 1916, authorizes the payment of $2 per month
to reservists andprovides for their field training each year. This
will enable the War Department to keep in closer touch with the
reservists, and, as a physical examination is provided during their
attendance at field traimng, the department will also be able to dis-
charge the physically unfit. Heretofore members of the Reserve were
carried as members of the organizations in which they were serving
at the time of furlough, but now they are transferred or assigned to
the arm or corps to which they belonged, and their records are sent
to the conmianding general of the mihtary department in which they
elect to reside, fit the event of mobilization they are directed to
report to the commanding general of the department in which they
reside for assignment to organizations. On June 28, 1916, orders
were issued to the several department commanders within the. con-
tinental limits of the United States to mobilize the Regular Army
Reserve, excepting members of the Coast Artillery Corps, for assign-
ment to Regular Army units serving on the Mexican Dorder in the
Southern Department. No figures are available at this time from
which the number of reservists who responded to the mobilization
call can be ascertained, but it is purposea to give such figures in my
next annual report.
On June 30, 1916, the class B reservists numbered 27 men. During
the year 12 men enlisted in this class, and 4 were dischai^ed upon
expiration of service, making a net gain during the year of 8.
69176''— WAR 1916— VOL 1 18
274 BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL.
ENLISTED RESERVE CORPS.
For the purpose of securing a reserve of enlisted men for the En-
S'neer, Si^al, and Quartermaster Corps, and the Ordnance and
edical Departments, additional to those furloughed to the Reserve
after completion of a term of active service in the Regular Army, an
Enlisted Reserve Corps was authorized by section 55 of the act of
Jime 3, 1916. The section referred to did not become eflFective until
July 1, 1916.
The corps is to consist of such nimibers of enlisted men of such
grade or grades as may be designated by the President from time to
time. The enlistments are to be for a period of four years and of
grades similar to those prescribed for the Regular Army. Each mem-
ber of the corps will be furnished with a certificate of enlistment by
The Adjutant General of the Army, showing the rank and corps or
department for which the recipient was enlisted. Regulations nave
been prepared for the administration of the corps and for the guidance
of recnutin^ officers in procuring enlistments. Every effort will be
made by this office to enlist men for the corps, and the result of those
efforts will be submitted in the annual report for the fiscal year that
will end Jime 30, 1917.
CAMPS OP INSTRUCTION.
Orders were issued early in the present calendar year to department
commanders in the United States and Hawaii to make the necessary
preparations for holding cam^ of instruction for officers and non-
commissioned officers of the Organized Mihtia and joint camps for
the several arms of the service of the Regular Army and the Organized
Militia.
However, in view of the necessity for the dispatching of the greater
part of the mobile Army in the United States to the Southern De-
partment, for duty on the Mexican border, and the consequent lack
of an adequate number of officers and troops of the Regular Army to
conduct properly these camps, the instructions for the holding of the
camps were rescinded with respect to all departments in the United
States, except the Eastern Department. The commanding general
of that department was authorized to hold such camps for the Cavalry
of the Regular Army and Organized Mihtia as were practicable.
Under this authority a camp of instruction for officers and noncom-
missioned officers of the Oi^anized Mihtia was held at Fort Myer,
Va., May 21-28, 1916, and a joint camp of instruction for the First
S<juadron, First Cavalry, Vermont National Guard (composed prin-
cipally of cadets of the Norwich University), was held at Fort Ethan
Allen, Vt., for about 10 days beginning June 4, 1916. As the reports
of these camps have not as yet been received, no statement can be
made at this time as to the nimiber of officers and noncommissioned
officers who attended these camps.
No reports have been received showing whether or not camps have
been held in the Hawaiian Department.
JOINT COAST DEFENSE EXERCISES.
Joint coast defense exercises, participated in bv ^e Regular Coast
Artillery and the Coast Artillery Militia, were '^ ^^^go held as
'allows:
REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL. 275
EASTERN DEPARTMENT.
Fort Constitution, N. H. Fort Williams, Me.
Fort H. G. Wright, N. Y. Fort Greble, R. I.
Fort Strong, Mass. Fort Andrews, Mass.
Fort Warren, Mass. Fort Screven, Ga.
Fort Howard, Md. Fort Moultrie, S. C.
Fort Caswell, N. C. Fort Monroe, Va.
WESTERN DEPARTlfENT.
Fort Winfield Scott, Cal. Fort Worden, Wash.
Fort Roeecrans, Cal. Fort Stevens, Oreg.
As the reports of the department commanders on these camps have
njt as yet Deen received m the War Department, a complete state-
ment as to the number of troops of the Regular Army and of the
Organized Militia participating m them can not be presented at this
time.
citizens' training CAMPS.
Owing to the satisfactory results obtained from camps of this char-
acter held in 1914 and 1915, and the enthusiasm displayed by those
who participated therein, department commanders were authorized
to establish similar camps for 1916, as follows:
EASTERN DEPARTMENT.
Flattsburg Barracks, N. Y.:
June 5 to July 2, senior division.
July 5 to August 8, junior division.
July 12 to August 8, senior division.
August 10 to September 6, senior di\4sion.
September 8 to October 5, senior division.
Fort Terry, N. Y.: July 5 to August 10, for students.
Fort Wadsworth, N. Y . : Six camps of two weeks' duration each, commencing May 28.
Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. :
May 3 to May 30, senior division.
June 3 to June 30, senior division.
July 5 to August 8, junior division.
Owing to the smaU enrollment for the July camp at Fort Oglethorpe,
and the necessity for the use of the available Regular troops at other
points in the department on accoimt of the mobilization of the
l^ational Guard;, the department commander terminated the camp
for the junior division, but all men enrolled were accepted for the
camps at Plattsburg.
CENTRAL DEPARTMENT.
Fort Benjamin Harrison, Ind. :
July 5 to Aiigust 4.
August 7 to September 6.
September 8 to October 5.
Under date of Jime 19, 1916, the commanding general. Central
Department^ was authorized to cancel the camps scheduled to be held
at Fort Benjamin Harrison on account of the lack of Regular troops
and the mobilization of the National Guard.
SOUTHERN DEPARTMENT.
JPort Sam Hoiuton, Tex.: June 12 to July 8.
Ll
276
REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAU
WESTERN DEPARTMENT.
Monterey, Cal.: July 10 to August 5.
American Lake, Wash. : August 14 to September 9.
Fort Douglas, Utah: August 21 to September 16.
As most of the reports of the camp commanders hare not been
received, a compilation of the number of troops of the Regular Army
and of the numoer of civilians participating in the camps can not be
presented in this report.
SMALL-ARMS FIRING.
Because the regular target-practice season varies in the several
departments, ana in some instances extends to the close of the
calendar year, it is impracticable to make a statement showing the
results of the practice lor the year 1916 in this report.
The numbers of qualifications in the several organizations of the
line of the Army in the grades of expert rifleman, sharpshooter, and
marksman since 1909 are shown in the following table:
Grades.
Years.
1909
Expert riflemen
Shwpsbooters..
Marksmen.
2,875
9,790
5,815
1910
2.151
8,857
5,741
1911
1,211
7,326
5.196
1912
1,312
9.323
6,307
1913
1,627
11.144
7,121
1914
2,180
8,236
13.423
1915
3,599
7,6es
2D.995
Under paragraph 1345, Array Regulations, as amended by chanfi;es,
Army Regulations, No. 43, War Department, Julv 24, 1916, an
enlisted man who qualifies hereafter as an expert rineman is entitled
to $5 a month, as a sharpshooter to $3 a month, and as a marksman to
$2 a month, in addition to his pay, from the date of qualification until
the next opportunity to requaUfy, or for one year if no opportunity
for recjualincation is presented within that year, provided tnat during
that time he does not attain a higher qualification and that he con-
tinues to be a member of an organization anned with the rifle, in which
qualification is authorized, or reenlists in such organization within
tnree months from date of discharge therefrom.*'
• The grade of expert revolver shot was established in revolver prac-
tice by the Provisional Small-Anns Firing Manual, 1909, and reports
of results of revolver firing in the several organizations of the line of
the Army during the target years 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, and
1915, show, respectively, 810, 1,050, 1,335, 1,412, 981, and 1.476
qualifications in that grade. A silver badge is provided for each
original qualification.
Paragraph 282, Small- Arms Firing Manual, 1913, provides that
departmental rifle and pbtol competitions shall be held in every
alternate vear. The Secretary of War has directed that they be held
in the oda-numbered years, and, accordingly, those competitions will
not be held in the year 1916.
There was held, however, in the PhiUppine Department, during this
year, a department rifle competition for Philippine Scouts, the Secre-
tary of War having directea that such competition be held in every
REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL.
277
alternate year, commencing \iHth the year 1916. In that competition
there were 52 enlisted and 13 commissioned competitors, 14 of whom
succeeded in winning medals.
The Nation^ Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice has arranged
for the holding of the national matches at State Camp, Jacksonville,
Fla., to commence Friday, October 20, 1916, and has prescribed con-
ditions and regulations for those competitions. Those conditions
and regulations, having received the approval of the Secretary of War,
were published in Bulletin No. 6, War Department, February 25, 1916.
However, by reason of the exigencies of the service, it was decided in
May, 1916, that there would be no participation therein by any
teams, oflRcei-s, or enlisted men of the Regular Armv. This decision
left to the adjutants general of the several States the matter of con-
ducting the matches. Under date of September 13, 1916, it was
decided by the Secretary of War, on recommendation of the Chief of
the Militia Bureau, that the National Matches be held and that Col.
Samuel W. Miller, Infantry, be detailed as executive officer of the
matches.
The National Matches for the year 1915, comprising the national
LDdividual match, the national pistol match, ana the national team
match, were held at Jacksonville, Fla., October 18-22, under the
supervision of Col. Richard M. Blatchford, United States Infantry,
as executive officer, and Capt. William C. Harllee, United States
Marine Corps, as assistant executive officer. The results of those
matches have been published in Bulletin No. 3, War Department,
February 7, 1916. In the national team match there were entered
2 teams, 1 Cavalry and 1 Infantry, from the Army, 1 team from the
Marine Corps, 1 team from the South Carolina Mihtary Academy
cadets, and 40 teams from the Organized MiUtia. No teams were sent
from the Organized Militia of Cahfomia, Idaho, Michigan, Mississippi,
Nebraska, Nevada, South Dakota, Texas, Virginia, or Washington.
The competing teams were divided into three classes. A, B, and C,
upon the basis of their relative standing in the national team match
of 1913, and prizes were awarded to each of the teams making the
highest aggregate scores in each class.
The foDfowmg table shows the winning teams, the scores made,
and the prizes won in that competition:
Prize.
CLASS A.
Unitod States Army Infantry
United States Marine C orps. .
United States Army Cavalry.
Massachusetts
CLASS B.
Pennsylvania
Minnesota
IlUnols
Wyoming
CLASS c.
Kentucky
North Carolina
New Mexico ,
Vermont
3,(4(1 . National trophy and $450.
3.013 S3oO.
3,508 $300.
3,587 $250.
3, .'it 3 I II nton trophy and $380.
3,5*2 $250.
3.5.59 ' $225.
3,540 , $200.
3,518 , Bronie soldier of Marathon and $300.
3,49S ' $200.
3.497 I $175.
3,493 i $150.
278 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL,
A bronze medal was also awarded to each member of the wmning
teams, the medals for each class being of a different design.
The interest manifested by the militia in the national team matches
is shown by the number of entries each year since the institution of
those matches. Eleven State teams were represented in 1903, 19 in
1904, 32 m 1905, 37 m 1906, 43 in 1907, 45 in 1908, 43 in 1909, 38 in
1910 and in 1911,41 in 1913, and 40 in 1915. It is observed that the
maximum number of State teams represented was reached in 1908.
There were no national team matches in 1912 and 1914.
The first prize in the national individual match — a gold medal and
$60 — ^was won by Sergt. James S. Stewart, First Corps of Cadets.
Massachusetts, with a score of 365, and the first prize in the national
Sistol match — a gold medal and $30 — ^was won by First Ldeut.
erry B. Garland, Third Indiana Infantry, with a score of 721.
DEMOBILIZATION OP THE SECOND DIVISION.
The Second Division, which was mobilized at Galveston and Texas
City, Tex., in compHance with orders issued by the War Department,
February 21 and 24, 1913, was ordered demobilized on October 18,
1915. rrior to the demobiUzation a hurricane occurred at the places
named above which caused the death of 13 enlisted men and the de-
struction of the property of the troops encamped there.
Prior to the date of demobiUzation, the Twenty-seventh Infantry,
one of the regiments of the Second Division, was sent to the PhiUp-
pine Department for station, in place of the Twenty-fourth Infantry,
retumea to the United States.
By the date set for the demobiUzation, the remaining organizations
of tne Second Division were, on various dates in September and
October, 1915, transferred to the Southern Department for duty
along the border.
THE RAID ON COLUMBUS, N. MEX., AND THE PUNITIVE EXPEDITION.
On the night of March 8-9, 1916, the Mexican outlaw, Francisco
ViUa, with a force variously estimated at from 500 to 1,000 men,
crossed the border, in small detachments, about 3 miles west of the
border line gate, and concentrated for an attack on the town of
Columbus, N. Mex. The attack was made during hours of extreme
darkness, it being the intention of Villa, accordmg to information
obtained by the miUtary authorities, to loot the town after disposing
of the gamson. In the fight which ensued, 7 American soldiers were
killed and 2 officers and 5 soldiers were wounded; 8 civiUans were
killed, and 2 were wounded. Mexican bandits killed in the town, the
camp, and on the border line, numbered 67 , while the woimded and
captured numbered 7. Immediately after the raid, one troop of
Cavalry mounted and pursued the Mexicans. The troop at the
border line gate also mounted and struck the retreating Mexicans in
the flank; the two troops then joining, continued the pursuit of the
Mexicans south of y the border for 12 miles, discontinuing the pursuit
only when the ammunition was exhausted, and the horses and men,
without water and almost exhausted, could continue no longer.
The bandits, in the meantime, retreated in a southeasterly direction.
The number of Mexicans killed in this running fight is estimated to
be between 70 and 100: but no accurate estimate of the number
BEPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL. 279
wounded can be made. Much property and many animals were
abandoned by the Mexicans in their flight.
On March 10, 1916, the conmianding general, Southern Depart-
ment, was directed to organize an adequate military force, under
the conmiand of Brijg. Gen. John J. Pershing, with mstructions to
the latter to proceed promptly across the border in pursuit of the
Mexican band of outlaws that had attacked Columbus. Under these
instructions, two columns were organized, one being from Columbus
and the other from Culberson^s ranch. The advance of the Columbus
colimMi, consisting of 7 troops of the Thirteenth Cavalry, the Sixth
and Sixteenth Infantry, Battery C, Sixth Field Artillery, and Ambu-
lance Company No. 7, started, on March 15, on the road through
Palordas, Ascension, and CorraUtos, toward Casas Grandes. Tne
Culberson column, consisting of the Seventh Cavalry, 10 troops of
the Tenth Cavalry, and Batterj B, Sixth Field Artillery, left the same
night by the Ojitas route, arriving at Colonia Dublan, 4 miles ilorth
of Plueva Casas Grandes. on the night of March 17.
THE PARRAL INCIDENT.
During the pursuit of Villa and his followers, Maj. Frank Tompkins,
Thirteenth Cavalry, and Troops K and M of that regiment, under
command of Col. W. C. Brown, Tenth Cavalry, camped outside of
the town of Parral, Mexico, and sent a detachment of soldiers to the
town for the purpose of purchasing suppUes, at about 11 o'clock a. m.,
April 12, 1916. Maj. Tompkins was cordially received by the higher
civil and military officials. The Mexican general, Lozano, accom-
panied Maj. Tompkins on the way to camp. On the outskirts of the
town groups of native soldiers and civilians jeered, tlu*ew stones,
and fired on the cohimn. Maj. Tompkins took a defensive position
north of the railroad, but was soon flanked by Mexican troops and
forced to retire. The American troops continued to withdraw, to
avoid further compUcations, xmtil thev reached Santa Cruz, 8 miles
from Parral. Gen. Lozano attempted to control his men when the
fighting first began, but failed. The known casualties were: Two
American soldiers killed, 2 officers and 4 soldiers wounded, 1 soldier
missing; 40 Mexican soldiers killed. The number of Mexican soldiers
woimded is not known, although it is known that 1 Mexican civilian
was woimded.
THE CARRIZAL INCIDENT.
Troops C and K, Tenth Cavalry, under the command of Capt.
Charles T. Boyd, Tenth Cavalry, while on their way to Villa Ahu-
mada on a scouting expedition, reached the town of Uarrizal, Mexico,
on the morning oi June 21, 1916, and permission was sought from
the commanding oflBcer of the Mexican forces garrisoning me latter
place to pass tnrough the town in order to reach Villa Ahumada.
Uen. Gomez, the Mexican commander, sent an oflBcer of his com-
mand to the American troops, denying the latter the permission
requested. During the conference Mexican troops began to move
toward the flanks of the American troops. The latter assumed a
defensive position, and in the engagement which ensued Capt.
Charles T. Boyd and Lieut. Henry K. Adair, Tenth Cavalry, ana 7
enlisted men were killed, and Capt. Lewis S. Morey, Tenth Cavalry,
280 REPORT OF THE ADJTJTAKT GENERAL.
and 9 enlisted men were wounded. Twenty-three enlisted men of
the Tenth Cavalry and 1 civilian interpreter were captiired and sent
to Chihuahua City, but they were subsequently returned to the
United States, llie estimated number of Mexicans killed, which
included Gen. Gomez, is 39; the ntunber of wounded is not known.
BANDIT RAIDS ACROSS THE MEXICAN BORDER.
In addition to the raid at Qolumbus, N. Mex., before referred to,
several raids of more or less impK)rtance occurred during the period
covered by this report, notably the raids at —
Glenn Spings, Tex., on May 5, 1916, the casualties being 3 Ameri-
can soldiers and 1 civihan killed; 3 American soldiers wounded. It
is estimated that 2 Mexican bandits were killed, but the number ot
wounded is not known.
San Ygnacio, Tex., on June 15, 1916, the casualties being 4 Ameri-
can soldiers killed and 5 wounded; 6 Mexican bandits kill^.
Near Fort Hancock, Tex., July 31, 1916, casualties being 1 Ameri-
can soldier and 1 civilian (United States customs inspector) killed
and 1 American soldier wounded; 3 Mexicans killed and 3 captured
by Mexican de facto Government troops.
GALL OF THE ORGANIZED MILITIA AN^ NATIONAL GUARD INTO THE
SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES.
Having in view the possibiUty of further aggression upK)n the terri-
tory of the United States and the necessity ft? the proper protection
of the Mexican frontier, the President thought proper to exercise the
authority vested in him by the Constitution and laws to call out the
Organized Militia; consequently, on May 9, 1916, he issued a call
Uu-ough the governors of the States of Arizona, New Mexico, and
Texas, and directed the concentration of the militia of those States
at places to be designated by the commanding general of the Southern
Department.
On the same date San Antonio, Columbus, and Douglas were desig-
nated as the places of concentration for the miUtia of Texas, New
Mexico, and Arizona, respectively, and upon the arrival of the mihtia
at the designated places of rendezvous the necessary procedure for
their muster into the service of the United States under the provisions
of the act of Congress approved January 21, 1903, as amenaed by the
act of Congress, approved May 27, 1908, was at once entered upon and
vigorously prosecuted, the greater part of the mihtia so called having
b^n duly mustered into service before the close of the fiscal year.
It was also directed by the department that the Federal authorities
assume the duty of recruiting for the miUtia in the United States
service and that this office take the necessary action. In accordance
with these directions the commanding general of the Southern De-
partment was ordered, on May 27, 1916, to detail such officers and
enlisted men from Texas mihtia mustered into the United States
service as might be necessary to recruit the miUtia of Texas to full
strength, and similar orders with respect to recruiting the militia of
the other States concerned were issued at a later date. On June 3,
1916, the recommendation of the commanding general of the South-
em Department that Fort Sam Houston be designated as a reoroit
"rendezvous for that purpose was approved.
%
KEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL. 281
In accordance with these directions and orders the recruitment of
the militia called into service as above set forth has proceeded as
rapidly as conditions permitted and is still being prosecuted at the
close of the period covered by this report.
The same reasons that caused the President to issue the call for
militia on May 9, 1916, impelled him on Jime 18, 1916, to call into
the service of the United States a large part of the Organized MiUtia
and the National Guard of the other States of the C^nion and the
District of Columbia, the call being duly issued on the date last
mentioned through the governors of all the States concerned and
the conmaanding general of the District of Columbia militia, a mobili-
zation point for the mihtia of each State and the District of Colxmibia
being designated in tho call.
In the meantime the national defense act had been approved June
3, 1916, providing among other things for the transition of the Organ-
ized MiUtia of the several States and the District of Colimibia to the
National Guard by taking the oath prescribed in that act, and this
transition was in progress in the several States when the call of Jime
18 was made. TJpon tho arrival of the mihtia at the mobiUzation
points or places of rendezvous designated the necessary procedure
for their induction into the mihtary service of the United States
was entered upon at once, those who had qualified as members
of the National Guard being accepted into the service of the United
States under the provisions of the act of Congress approved June 3.
1916, and the others being mustered into the service of the United
States under the provisions of the act of Congress approved January
21, 1903, as amended by the act of Congress approvoa May 27. 1908.
It is obvious that there is a large amount of work to be performed
and many matters of detail involved in the concentration of the mihtia
at the various mobilization points, in examining them individually
and inducting them into the mihtary service oi the United States.
While necessarilv this work was not completed at the close of the
fiscal year, satisfactory progress therein had been made, many of the
organizations had been inducted into the Federal service, and the
work connected therewith remaining undone was well in hand and
was being expedited by all concerned.
Urged DV tnc importance of having an adequate force on the border
at the earnest practicable date, instructions were given on June 23,
1916, to the commanding generals of the Eastern, Central, and
Western Departments that the moment any complete unit of militia
had arrived at a State mobilization camp and the mustering officer
had reported that the imit was reasonably equipped for field service,
the particular organization concerned be sent at once to the point
on the border designated by the commanding general of the Southern
Department.
On Jidy 31, 1916, the date of the latest complete returns received,
the troops in the Southern Department consisted of 2,352 officers and
43,338 enhsted men of the Regular Army, and 5,058 officers and
102,077 enhsted men of the National Guard, making a total of 7,410
officers and 145,415 enhsted men. On the date given there were
1,910 officers and 38,229 enlisted men in mobihzation camps, and 128
officers and 3,410 enhsted men of ihe National Guard serving m the
Western Department not mcluded in the foregoing figures, making
the total strwigth of the National Guard in the Federal service on the
dale JBpationed 7.096 officers and 143,716 enhsted men.
The practice, inaugurated in February, 1912, of separating as far as
possible prisoners convictetl of purely military offenses from those
convicted of statutory or common-law crimes, with a view to afford
the former every opportunity practicable to be restored to an honor-
able status, was continued throughout the year. In furtherance t^
BEPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAIi. 283
this policy an additional disciplinary company was organized at the
Pacific Branch of the Disciplmary Barracks m January, 1916. Up
to the close of the fiscal year 8 disciplinary companies and 2 dis-
ciplinary bands had been organized; 4 companies (formed into a
battaUon) and 1 band at the United^States Disciplinary Barracks, 3
companies and 1 band at the Pacific Branch, ana 1 company at the
Atlantic Branch. Since the close of the fiscal year a fourth company
has been organized at the Pacific Branch and tne 4 companies at that
branch have been formed into a battalion. The organization of a
disciplinary band at the Atlantic Branch also was authorized in
General Order No. 29, War Department, dated July 21, 1916. Men
whose conduct is such as to entitle them to ths privilege are assi^ed
to these companies, in which they receive a special course in mihtary
training and instruction during one-half of each working day. The
time thus devoted to mihtary training would other^'ise be expended
by these men at hard labor. After he has been deemed to have made
sufficient progress in his duties as a member of the disciplinary
oi^anization the prisoner is permitted to file his apphcation for
honorable restoration to duty. A recommendation is finally made
to the Secretary of War in these cases only after information has been
obtained by the commandant from all available sources relative to the
character and habits of the prisoner before his enhstment, during his
enlistment, and while in confinement. If the prisoner's conduct and
habits seem to have been such as to warrant favorable action, his
honorable restoration to duty is recommended. As stated in a
subsequent paragraph, 193 of the members of these disciplinary
organizations were honorably restored to duty in the Army dunng the
fiscal year. After having been restored to duty the soldier is detailed
for duty at the barracks tor at least three months, upon the completion
of which period of duty he is regularly assigned to an organization.
The Army appropriation act approved March 4, 1915, authorized
the Secretary oi vVar to establish a system of parole for prisoners con-
fined in the United States Disciplinary Barracks and its branches,
the terms and conditions of parole to be such as the Secretary of War
might prescribe. As stated in the last annual report, parole regula-
tions were approved by the Secretary of War and put into effect May
18, 1915. and one prisoner was released on parole prior to the close of
the fiscal year 1915. This man was discharged from custody during
the fiscal year 1916, while still on parole.
During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, 228 applications for
release on parole were received in this office. Of these, 159 were ap-
proved. 57 were disapproved, 1 was not acted upon owing to the fact
that a recommendation that the unexecuted portion of the appli-
cant's sentence of confinement be remitted had been approved prior
to the receipt of his application for release on parole, ana 1 1 haa not
received final consideration at the close of the fiscal year.
During the year 156 general prisoners were actu all v released on
Earole from the United States Disciphnary Barracks and its branches,
tf these, 2 violated the terms of their parole and were returned to the
barracks to serve out the balance of tneir sentence in confinement, 7
others who likewise violated the terms of their parole were in escape
at the close of the year, 81 were discharged from custody while on
parole on account of their terms of confinement having expired, and
66 were still on parole on Jime 30, 1916.
284 REPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL.
GENERAL PRISONERS.
At the beginning of the fiscal year 1916 there were 2,459 general
prisoners in custody. Of this number, 546 were m confinement at
military posts; 155 at the United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth,
Kans. ; 982 at the United States Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Leaven-
worth, Eans.; 432 at the Pacific Branch, United States DiscipUnary
Barracks, Alcatraz, Cal.; 257 at the Atlantic Branch, United States
Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Jay, N. Y. ; 34 at the Government Hos-
Jital for the Insane (now St. Elizabeths Hospital), Washington,
K C. ; and 53 were in transit from one place of confinement to another.
During the fiscal year 3,011 were committed to confuaement; 34
escaped prisoners were recaptured; 2,669 were released at expiration
of sentence; 58 escaped; 7 died; 213 were honorably restored to duty;
and the unexecuted part of sentence was remitted in 262 cases; leaving
2,295 general prisoners in custody at the close of the year. Of this
number, 205 were at military posts; 225 at the United States Peni-
tentiary, Leavenworth, Kans.; 1,083 at the United States Disciplinary
Barracks, Fort Leavenworth, Kans.; 430 at the Pacific Branch,
United States Disciplinary Barracks, Alcatraz, Cal.; 311 at the
Atlantic Branch, United States Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Jay,
N. Y.; 33 at the Government Hospital for the Insane (now St. Eliza-
beths Hospital) , Washington, D. C. ; and 8 were in transit from one
place of confinement to another. Of the 2,295 general prisoners
reported above as in confinement at the close of the fiscal year, 21
were on parole from the United States Penitentiarv, and 26 from the
United States Disciplinary Barracks and its branc&es.
As in previous years, applications for clemency in the case of pris-
oners undei^going confinement in execution of sentences of general
courts-martial added materially to the correspondence of the office.
At the beginning of the fiscal vear 87 applications for clemency pre-
viously made had not received final consideration, they having been
referred to the commanding generals of military departments or else-
where in the course of investigation as to the merits of the cases.
During the year 2,263 applications for clemency were received, but
173 of these were cases in which other applications were pending at
the date of their receipt. Clemency was denied in 1,515 cases, the
unexecuted parts of sentences were wholly remitted in 201 cases,
parts of the imexecuted sentences were remitted in 242 cases, and in
108 cases reports were made to the Department of Justice for con-
sideration in connection with applications for parole under the act
of Congress approved June 25, 1910 (36 Stat. L., 819>. One prisoner
was released prior to action on the application for clemency in his
case. At the close of the fiscal year 110 cases had not received final
consideration, having been referred to the commanding generals or
others, in the course of investigation as to the merits of tne case-, and
not having been returned to uiis office before the close of the year.
The number of cases received does not represent the number of
individual prisoners by whom, or in whose behalf, applications for
clemency were made. In many cases as soon as one application is
denied another is presented, as many as five consecutive applicationa
having been received during the year in the case of one general prid-
2t066 cases act^ u]>on during the year were applications
' of 1,836 general prisoners, as against 1,928 appUcatioos
i
KEPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL. 285
in the cases of 1,754 general prisoners acted upon during the pre-
ceding year.
It has been the poHcy to give special recognition on the Fourth of
Julv and Thanksgiving Day of each year to a limited number of gen-
oral prisoners confined at the United States Disciplinary Barriicks
and its branches who have served not less than 18 montns of their
terms of confinement and who have the best records of conduct, and
in accordance with that policy the unexecuted portions of the con-
finement of 8 general prisoners were remitted during the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1916.
The commandant of each of the barracks was authorized in De-
cember, 1915, to submit each year recommendations for the pardon
at Christmas time of not more than 3 general prisoners, without
regard to the restrictions as to length of sentences imposed by the
regulations with respect to the pardons authorized for July 4 and
Thanksgiving Day. Accordingly, the sentences of 6 general pris-
oners were remitted for Christmas, 1915.
In addition to the cases considered upon applications, the unex-
ecuted parts of sentences were remitted oy the War Department for
administrative reasons in the cases of 8 general prisoners without
applications for clemency having been made in their behalf.
Under the authority conferred upon the Secretary of War by sec-
tion 1352 of the Revised Statutes or the United States, which author-
ity was reaflSrmed in the act of March 4, 1915 (38 Stat. L., 1074).
honorably to restore to duty general prisoners confined at the United
States Disciplinary Barraclcs and its oranches, 193 general prisoners
(143 of them former deserters) were honorably restored to duty, and
under the authoritv contained in the act of Xfarch 4, 1915 (38 Stat.
L., 1074). honorably to restore to duty general prisoners confined at
places other than the DiscipUnary Barracks and its branchas, 20
general prisoners (12 of them former deserters) were honorably
restored to duty from confinement at military posts, a total of 213
general prisoners (155 of them former deserters) honorably restored
to duty during the fiscal year 1916. Of this total, 126 were restored
after sentence of dishonorable discharge had been executed, and 87
were restored without having been dishonorably discharged, the
execution of the sentence of dishonorable discharge in their cases
having been suspended.
Of the 193 general prisoners restored after confinement at the
Disciplinary Barracks or its branches, 2 (both former deserters)
have been dishonorably discharged, 2 (1 of them a former deserter)
have been dischaiwd under paraeraph 148^, Army Regulations, 7
(6 of them former deserters) have been honorably discharged, 15 (13
of them former deserters) were absent in desertion at the close of
the fiscal year 1916, 1 was present awaiting trial for desertion, and
166 (121 of them former deserters) were serving with their organi-
zations at that time — 5 with the rank of sergeant.
Of the 20 general prisoners restored to duty after confinement at
a military post other than the Disciplinary Barracks or its branches,
1 has been dishonorably discharged, 1 has been discharged under
paragraph 148^, Army Kegulations, 2 (both former deserters) have
oeen honorably discharged, and 16 (10 of them former deserters)
were serving with their organizations at the close of the fiscal year —
1 with the rank of corpord.
286
KEPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL.
Of the 194 general prisoners (171 of them former deserters), re-
ferred to in the last annual report as having been restored to duty
during the fiscal years 1914 and 1915, 19 (17 of them former deser-
ters) nave been dishonorably discharged, 8 (7 of them former de-
serters) have been discharged without lionor, 6 (all former deserters)
have been discharged under paragraph 148^^, Army Regulations; 1
(a former deserter) has been aischarged under paragraph 126, Army
Regulations, as amended; 1 (a former deserter) has died, 60 (54 of
them former deserters) have been honorably discharged — 9 with
rank of corporal and 5 with the rank of sergeant, 29 (28 of them
former deserters) were absent in desertion at the close of the fiscal
year 1916, 2 (both former deserters) were present awaiting trial
for desertion, and 68 (55 of them former deserters) were on duty
with their organizations at that time — 7 with the rank of corporal, 2
with the rank of sergeant, and 1 with the rank of battalion sergeant
major.
The total number of restorations to duty prior to the close of the
fiscal year 1916 is 407.
In tabulated form the results appear as follows:
Restored to duty.
Honorably discharged.
Died
Dishonorably discharged
Discharged wlthotit honor
Discharged under par. 148i, Army Repilarioas
Dischareed under par. 126, Army Regtilatlons,
amended.
Absent in desertion, June 30, 1916
Present, awaiting trial for dosertion, June 30, 1916. .
Present for duty, June 30, 1916
as
Totals.
1914
(38) 39
(21) 22
(5
(3)
(2)
5
3
2
(4)
(3)'
4
'3
(38) 39
ms
(133) 155
(33) 38
(I) 1
(12) 14
(4) 5
(4) 4
(133) 155
1916
(155) 213
(8) 9
(2) 3
(i)***3
(13) 15
1
(131) 182
(155) 213
Totali.
(32ft) 4<r7
(62) 69
(I) 1
(19) 22
8
9
(7)
(7)
(1) 1
(41) 44
(2) 3
(186) 250
(326) 407
Note.— Figures in parentheses indicate number of men who were convicted of desertion prfor to nsio-
ration to duty.
CURRENT WORK OP THE ADJUTANT GENERAL's OFFICE.
There was an increase in the volume of current work of the office
during the latter part of the fiscal year, as compared with the prior
year. This increase was caused by the increase of the Army under
the provisions of the act of Congress approved June 3, 1916, by the
offers of service and the correspondence in connection with the
troubles on the Mexican border, and by the calling of the National
Guard into the service of the United States because of those troubles.
Notwithstanding the vigorous efforts of the officers and clerks, their
unceasing interest in the work, and an extension by the Secretary
of War oi the office hours in divisions in which the work was falling
in arrears, it was found to be impossible to dispose of all cases re-
ceived during the year and, at the close of office on June 30, 1916,
there remained 2,775 ca?(*s undisposed of. During the fiscal vcar
471,655 cases were disposed of — an average of 1,546 for each working
day of the vear. During the preceding fiscal year this average was
1,100, and Suring the fiscal year 1914 it was 971 cases.
The table following shows either the source of receipt or the char-
•w^ter of the cases received in The Adjutant General's Office during
^ fiscal year ended June 30, 1916.
REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL. 287
From the Anny at large 108, 038
From the General Staff and chiefs of bureaus in the War Department 15, 433
Recruiting for the Army 10, 389
Whereabouts of individual officers or enlisted men or organizations of the
Army 13,883
Appointments in the Army or as cadets at the Military Academy 6, 457
Requests for blank applications or other forms or for printed orders 13, 811
Clemency for general prisoners 5, 556
Applications for certificates in lieu of lost discharges 4, 569
Applications for removal of charges of desertion (art of Mar. 2, 1.SR9) 494
Applications for certificates for purchase of campaign and certifi( ate of merit
badges /. 3, 520
From the Commisrioner of Pensions 36, 647
From the Auditor for the War Department 13, 663
From the Commissioner of the General I.<and Office 801
From Union associations and volunteer soldiers' homen 2, 024
From Confederate associations and homes and State pension oHlr ial.^ 24, 252
Notifications to the Auditor for the War Department of desertions and dis-
honorable discharge* from the Army 3, 700
All other cases, miscellaneous 211, 193
Total 474,430
Total number of cases disposed of during tLe year 471, 655
On hand June 30. 1916 2,776
The foregoing table does not include approximately 384,000 re-
ttims, muster rolls, enlistment papers, identification records, periodical
reports, and other similar records and reports received and med in the
omce during the year, nor does it include approximately 67,500 copies
of department and other general, special, and general courts-martial
orders also received in the office during the year. This represents a
total for the fiscal jear of 451,500 of these papers — an average of
1,480 for each workmg day in the year.
Mention was made m the precedmg annual report of The Adjutant
General with regard to the very largo number of requests that are
made in person or by telephone for information from the records and
which are answered orally without any record being made either of
the request or of the answer. The number of such personal and tele-
phone calls increased so much during the latter part of the last fiscal
year, principally in connection with inquiries as to the whereabouts
or status of officers and enlisted men of the National Guard called
into the service of the United States, that it became necessary to
install an additional telephone in the office of the chief clerk for the
EurpHOse of handling them. No count of such requests has been kept
ut it is certain that they amounted to thousands in the course of
the fiscal year covered by this report.
Extra efforts were made to keep the current work of the office as
nearly up to dat^ as possible, but, notwithstanding those efforts, only
85.4 per cent of all cases received were disposed of within 24 hours
from the time they reached the office. However, the cases that re-
quired more than 24 hours for investigation and adjudication or for
answer were either routine matters of little urgency or complicated
cases or those which required the compilation of extended lists or
lenethy answers to dispose of them.
it is proper to remark, in connection with this part of the report,
that much that can not be shown in any statement of the nimibcr of
cases received and disposed of has been added to the work of tho
office. This added work consists of the keeping of rosters and ret-
288 . REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAIi.
erence lists in order to meet legislative requirements concerning the
detached service of commissioned officers and the duration of foreign
service of both officers and enlisted men; the keeping of records of
enlisted men while on furlough in the Army Reserve; tne printing and
distribution of all publications issued by the War Department o^ork
that heretofore has been done by the War College Division) ; keeping
the records of the Officers' Reserve Corps; the obtaining, compiling,
and keeping continually up to date all obtainable information as to
the names, ages, addresses, occupations, and qualifications for ap-
pointment as commissioned officers of the Army, in time of war or
other emergency, of men of suitable ages who. by reason of having
received military training in civil educational institutions or else-
where, may be regarded as qualified and available for appointment
as such commissioned officers; and the making of other rosters and
lists in order to comply with all of the requirements of the so-called
'^national defense act, approved June 3, 1916.
The distribution to the Army, as prescribed in paragraph 803,
Army Regulations, of general and special orders, bulletins, and
changes was continued tliroughout the year. The following table
shows the number of copies of orders, bulletins, and changes dis-
tributed d\u*ing the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916:
General orders 714, 360
Bulletins 462.500
Special orders, full copies 95, 000
Spe<*ial orders, extraits 91. 200
Special orders, bulletined 85, 120
Recruiting, enlistment, and m«3t ellaneoiis circulars 61. 120
Changes, Army Regulations, manuals, et^- 661, 650
During the fiscal year 7,526,662 blank forms and 206,592 books,
manuals, etc., were distributed to the Army by this office, either
directly or to the proper officei's of the military aivision and depart-
ments for distribution by them, or were sold to the Organized Militia
of the several States and the District of Columbia.
The distribution of War Department public documents was trans-
ferred from the War College Division, General Staff, to this office
under the provisions of Paragraph I, General Orders, No. 21, War
Department, June 16, 1916.
In addition to the foregoing, approximately 9,765,000 circulars,
containing descriptions of deserters irom the Army, were distributed
during the year. Tlie data for those circulars were prepared in this
office and the circulars were distributed to police officials, United
States marshals and their deputies, comity officers, established detec-
tive agencies, and others, in connection with the descriptive cir-
culars, approximately 46,000 lists containing the names of deserters,
with circiuar numbers, who had been returned to military control,
were mailed to the recipients of the circulars.
IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM.
The use of finger prints, photographs, and personal descriptions as
a means of personal identification of enlisted men of the Regular
Array was continued throughout the year. At the close of the year
354,296 finger-print records had been received in this office, 107,931
of those records having been made in cases of reenlistment, in which
records made during the previous service of soldiers were on file.
REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL. 289
As has been indicated in previous annual reports of this office, it b
desirable to obtain finger-print records of men claiming prior service,
unless it is known positively at the post at which tne man seeks
recnlistment that he is the former soldier. This is necessary in detect-
ing cases, several of which have been discovered, in which a man with
a discharge certificate in his possession claimed the service represented
by and enlisted under the name appearing in that certificate, although
wnen his finger-print record was receiv^ in this office it was estab-
lished beyond doubt that he was not the man he claimed to be, but
was an impostor. On June 30, 1915, this office had on file the finger-
print records of 246,365 individuals who were then or had been
previously enlisted in the Regular Army.
Dming the fiscal year 414 cases of fraudulent enlistments of former
deserters^ general prisoners, and others were discovered through the
finger-pnnt system. Of these 414 cases, 17 had withdrawn from miU-
tary control when the identity was established. Of the remaining
397 cases, 58 were held in service, 229 were dishonorably discharged
and confined for various periods by sentences of courts-martial, 67
were discharged under paragraph 148^, Army Regulations, 5 were
dropped from the rolls of the Army and delivered to the naval
autnorities, either as deserters from the Navy or Marine Corps, and in
38 cases no report of final disposition has been received.
By means oi this system this office has identified also dead men who
were former soldiers and whose identity could not be satisfactorily
established in any other way, as well as civil offenders who sought to
evade arrest for their crimes by enlisting in the Army under assumed
names, and soldiers who left impressions of their fingers while in the
act of conmiitting some serious offense. As stated in previous reports
the use of finger-print records undoubtedly has deterred many
criminals from enlisting in the Army for the purpose of escaping
detection and arrest, fi the civil authorities have reason to suspect
that an offender wanted by them has enlisted in the Army and will
send his finger prints to this office, it can be determined promptly
Avhether or not such pereon has enlisted, thereby enabling the civil
authorities to apprehend persons wanted by them and materially
aiding the War Department in carrying out its poUcy of preventing
imdesirable pei^ons from serving in the Army.
The following cases are cited as examples of the utihty of the
finger prints in identifying dead men or malefactors whose identity
could not be established otherwise:
A man was killed by a train in Iowa; his finger prints were taken
and they finally reacned this office. The man was found to be a
former soldier. A somewhat similar case was that of a man killed
by an elevated train in New York City. His features were so muti-
lated that they were beyond recogmtion. His finger prints were
taken, and after they reached this office it was discovered that hb
was a former soldier. The body of a man killed during the storm at
Galveston was supposed to be that of a soldier. The remains were
so badly mutilated, however, that recognition was impossible, but
after his finger prints were taken and forwarded to tnis office his
identity was established beyond all doubt.
A soldier who broke into and robbed a tailor shop left finger prints
on a pane of glass he broke. The glass was sent to this office, and
69176'— WAB 1916— VOL 1 19
290 KEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL,
by comparing the impression on the glass with records in this office
his identity was established.
In addition to the finger-print records of the enlisted men of the
Regular Army received during the year, finger-print records of mem-
bers of the National Guard oi^anizations have been received and filed
in The Adjutant General's (Sfice. Records from but few of those
organizations had been received before the close of the fiscal year,
but it is expected that complete data on this subject can be fumishea
in the next annual report.
INDEX-BECOKD OARD WOKK.
The index-record card work performed during the fiscal year con-
sisted in the reproduction of 511,807 Confederate individual-service
record cards of the Civil War. This work is being- prosecuted as
rapidly as the current work of the office will permit.
The whole number of index-record cards prepared up to and in-
cluding June 30, 1916, comprised 51,721,759 mihtary cards and
8,655,868 medical cards, a total of 60,377,627 cards. The foregoing
figures do not include the medical cards (approximately 2,312,00^
pertaining to the Regular Anny. These cards are not made in this
office, but are received in the Surgeon General's office from the field
and transmitted to this office after they become noncurrent.
The total number of index-record cards prepared up to Jime 30,
1916, includes 8,204,360 Confederate mihtary cards and^ 740,781 Con-
federate medical cards. These cards were prepared in the process
of compilation, pursuant to law, of the roster oi officers and enhsted
men of the Union and Confederate Armies, and represent entries on
the records and not the number of diflferent individuals.
OFFICIAL RECORDS OF THE UNION AND CONFEDERATE ARMIES.
Eight sets of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate
Armies, consisting of 1,024 books and 1,424 atlas plates, were dis-
tributed during the fiscal year to Senators, Representatives, and Dele-
gates of the Fifty-seventh Congress, and to permanent libraries and
educational institutions designated by those Senators, Representa-
tives, and Delegates under the provisions of the act of Congress
approved March 3, 1903. (32 Stat. L., 1145.)
Thirty-nine volumes of that publication were sold by The Adjutant
General s Office during the fiscal year, the prices of the volumes
aggregating $27.10.
ROSTER OF OFFICERS AND ENLISTED MEN OF THE UNION AND CON-
FEDERATE ARMIES.
The compilation of the Confederate part of the '* Complete Roster
of Officers and Enhsted Men of the Union and Confederate Armies^**
authorized and required t^ be compiled by a provision contained m
the act of ConOTess approved February 25, 1903 (32 Stat. L., 884),
was continued auring tne year as rapidly as the condition of the cur-
rent business would permit. The le^slation under which the com-
pilation is being made does not require or authorize the pubUcatioQ
of the proposed roster, but Congress no doubt intended that the
BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT GENEKAL. 291
authority for its publication should be given when the work of com-
pilation shall have been completed or shall have been sufficiently
advanced to justify the beginning of the pubhcation.
The compilation of the Union part of the roster is comparatively
complete, and, as stated in previous annual reports, if the publication
is authorized by (Congress, the preparation oi printer's copy for the
part relating to Union volunteer troops can be begun.
The compilation of the (Confederate part will not be completed for
any one State until the carding of all the Confederate hospital records
shall have been completed.
COLLECTION OF BEVOLUTIONARr WAR RECORDS.
The provision of the act of Congress approved March 2, 1913 (37
Stat. L., 723), which authorized and directed the Secretary of War
to collect or copy and classify, with a view to publication, the scat-
tered military records of the Revolutionary War, has been complied
with as far as practicable with the money appropriated for that pur-
{)ose. The entire smn of $25,000 appropriated by that act for col-
ecting or copying the records has been expended and that part of
the work was completely suspended early in June, 1915.
The total niunber of records copied is 30,522, of which 19,796 are
from Massachusetts, 6,122 from Virginia, 4,073 from North Carolina,
527 from Connecticut, 2 from Kentucky, and 2 from the District of
Columbia.
The collection of Revolutionary War military records in the pos-
session of the War Department, including the records copied as indi-
cated above, is so far from complete that it is now impracticable to
arrange them for pubhcation.
MEDALS OF HONOR.
During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, there were 9 medals
of honor issued by the War Department. All of them were issued
to replace medals of the old design. The whole number of awards of
the congressional medal of honor up to and including June 30, 1916,
was 2,622, the same number as shown in the last report. Medals
of honor are issued by the War Department imder the provision of
the act of Congress approved April 23, 1904 (33 Stat. L., 274).
The act of June 3, 1916, provided for the appointment of a board
of five general officers on the retired list of the Army for the purpose
of investigating and reporting upon past awards of the so-called con-
gressionalmedal of honor by or through the War Department, with
a view to ascertain what, if any, medals of honor have been awarded
or issued for any cause other than distinguished conduct by an officer
or enlisted man in action involving actual conffict with the enemy.
The act provides further that in any case in which the board shall
find and report that said medal was issued for any cause other than
distinguished conduct by an officer or enlisted man involvinjj actual
conffict with the enemy, the name of the recipient of said medal shall
be stricken permanently from the official medal of honor Ust, and it
shall be a misdemeanor for any person whose name has been stricken
from said Ust to wear or pul)licly display said medal, and if such per-
292 BEPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL.
son is in the Armv, he shall be required to return the medal to the
War Department for cancellation. Pursuant to the provisions of the
act cited Special Orders, No. 136, War Department, June 10, 1916,
was issued convening a board of officers composed of Lieut. Gen.
Nelson A. Miles. Lieut. Gen. Samuel B. M. Young, Maj. Gen. Joseph
P. Sanger, Brig. Gen. Butler D. Price, and Brig. Gren. James N.
AUison.
MEDAL OF HONOR ROLL.
The act of Congress approved April 27, 1916, established the "Army
and Navy medal of honor roll," and provides for the issue of suitabfe
certificates to persons who have received the medal for distinguished
and hazardous deeds beyond the call of duty, performed in action,
and grants a special pension of $10 a month for life to all such nersons.
Between the date of the passage of the act and the dose of^the fis-
cal year certificates had been issued by the War Department to 121
former officers .ind enlisted men of the Army.
CAMPAIGN, CERTIFICATE OF MERFf, AND SERVICE BADGES.
A simimary of the campaigns for which the issue of campaign
badges has been authorized is published in General Orders, No. 129,
War Department, August 13, 1908. The issue of those badges, which
are intended *Ho commemorate services which have been or shall
hereafter be rendered in campaign," was authorized by Genernl Or-
ders, No. 4, War Department, January 11, 1905.
During the past fiscal year 181 names were added to the lists of
officers and enlisted men who were found to be entitled to campaign
badges, making a total of 42,881 badges issued to officers and enlisted
men found to be entitled to those badges. Of these 31,685 were
Philippine campaign badges, 7^259 Spanish campaign badges, 1,629
China campaign badges, 1,859 Indian campaign badges, ancr449 CivU
War campaign badges.
Campaign badges are a part of the uniform ; they are sold to officers
and issued to enlisted men in service by the Quartermaster Corps, on
data furnished by Tlie Adjutant General's Office.
It was decided by the Secretary of War in 1908 that campaign
badges may be issued to members of the Organized Militia who are
entitled to wrnr the uniform of the Army and whose service conforms
to the requirements of General Orders, No. 129, before cited. Since
the date of that decision. May 26, 1908, data have been furnished to
the Quartermaster General of the Army in the cases of approximately
2,015 members of the Organized Militia who made applications for
campaiojn badges.
In addition to the campai^i badges before referred to, the issue of
a service badge was autlionzed for service in the Army of Cuban
Pacification by General Orders, No. 96, War Department, May 11,
1909. Data fiavc been furnished to the Quartermaster General of
the Army- in the cases of 6,248 applications for those badges since
tlie date of the order authorizing their issue.
By authority of the President, the issue of an "Armv of Cuban
Occupation Badge '^ was provided for in General Orders, No. 40, War
Department, June 28, 1915. The badge is for issue to officers and
REPOBT OF THE ADJITTAKT GKiiKRAU 29JI
enlisted men who rendered service with the Annv of Cuban OiTupatiuu
between July 18, 1898, and May 20, 1902. Yhe onler CiiuetNrning
these badges was not distributea generally until July, 1915, Patik
have been furnished to the Quartermaster General m the oast^ of
3,134 appUcations for these badges during this fiscal year.
The issue of a certificate of merit badge and ribbon an a part of
the imiform to each oflScer and enhstod man in the service having a
certificate of merit was authorized in General Orders, No. 4, War
Department, January 11, 1915, as amended in Genertu Ordow, No.
129, War Department, August 13, 1908. At the close of this iiuoal
year 237 certificates of merit badges had been issued.
In order that former officers and soldiers now in civil life might be
able to obtain the campaign badges and certificate of merit badges to
which they would have been entitled if they were still in service, an
arrangement was made with the United States Mint at Phila(le)|)hiA
by wmch these badges would be furnished by the mint at a nominal
cost, covering expense of manufacture, upon receipt of certilicate*
from The Adjutant General of the Army in verification of the < lainw.
This arrangement was completed in December, 1913. and since
that date 19,417 appUcations for campaign bailges ana the Army
of Cuban Pacification badge have been receiveu in tliis oflico. In
16,551 of these cases the service was verified and certificaten were
issued accordingly, and in 2,866 cases the appli<tatiorm were denied.
The campaigns and service for which the«e certificat/i« W(*rft issued
are as follows: Civil War, 5,498; Spanisli War, 4,056; i'hiUppine
insurrection, 4,838; Indian wars, 778; diina cmnpuign, 321; Army
of Cuban Pacification, 190; Army of Cuban Occupation, 870, la
addition to these, ccrtificaU-s for purcha-^e of r:«rtificate of i/*mt
badges were issued in 17 cahCM.
The "Philippine hfrvw^. medsd/* authorizifd by tJie a/^:t of (U/fi'/f^^tm
approved June 2^i, U/f, ^Zi Sut, L,, 62Jy, ii» h»ju4 "U; ea/h of Uuj
sev^al officerb niid *ft '*i-*j4 u *^u ntA itL".A\\t-^. of Mi' }j «ui /.;ay f^ d-aid^
who, having roJ'ir.*.*-*f< 'i st' '\ *"., 't'\ •.( d*'r *h*' * >-:i^. of t/i<; iV-^.^i'-ut
for the War w>h ^.'^t^u, >■> ? - ', -r' y,u'l »;.*; U^rtt « of v.,*'.s *-?.;--! • ^nt
to help to fcUf^rr*-!?* \uK V '>\. '>: \ur. '*rt^AU*>U. %aA Vv;iO 1s^'/u<J^
?uently rec<:>v*:'; a.'- w^'.^a^'/^, '..a^ , iac/*: fro;', um hruri *A tii«
'nited Stat**, ^n v .o ', • -, •/r,'^/ V/ ^ ^' u ', v ;.*/;",
nisbed by T:*e - ^.\k.*.* ^>*''>-f.-
Up to aiid ii*''i -' *'Y '" *■'•> ^ ' - '^ ^ • ' ^ ' *"' *' ''' ^ *>^ * ''-*'* '-^'f or i>X
service Up'ilj ir5:**'i ,,,*- <;'>:**» .-- r*- v-,..//, irw .' ^' ' «kc V/ ^ ^A**/!"
iz^ the istfu^ of v;.«s* u> -^ . «.', •/« <-• i .- */ . V •> A '.^ , • !",♦ 0*f' *<-f J •
Office ifj 7,47^ 'a««« Jy.* - y '-. ** vw?- '.>/ .,, ^ < *f ».- .jcj e*fc*>-f'j*-"t#
were madi^ ii. Vi *<--»:> ^^ '// «. >/ >- '^ t,%$i «,/ r.* x.-.,^,'** f*/r
PhilippijJ^ b*^ i'> , >',' 1 '♦/« ■' <:! '*'< * *- A*' • ^r*.' *A '** i^-^-^iri*^
tion uefo« ^jU,^. ii t ,/^*- / .' > ' ^^^^ .* ,> * ».'* r *-■ *ov' ', v^ *^
IBSUe of tij<; l«».^
294 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL.
CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE.
The number of employees authorized by law for The Adjutant
General's OflBce during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, was the
same as the number authorized during the preceding year, although
after the close of the last fiscal year Congress provided for an increase
in the force proportionate to the increase in the Regular Arraj
for the fiscal year 1917, authorized bv the act of June 3, 1916. This
addition to the force is required to handle the large amount of ad-
ditional work that will fall upon this office as the result of the re-
organization and increase of the permanent military establishment
provided by the act of June 3, 1916, and the new duties devolving
upon the office as the result of certain provisions of that act, and was
not required to meet the temporary increase in the work caused by
the conditions along the Mexican border and the induction of the
Organized Militia into the service of the United States. The officers
of Tlie Adjutant General's Department on duty in the War De-
partment and the civilian employees of the office would have been
able to handle this last-mentioned additional work through an ex-
tension of office hours, but they could not be expected to handle the
enoraious increase in the amount of work occasioned by the increase
in the Regular Army and the conditions along the Mexican border.
Since last March part of the force has been working beyond the
regular office hours— often far into the night — to the limit of their
endurance. It mattered not whether the hours had been long and
the work exacting, the^^ all — officers, clerks, and messengers — re-
sponded promptly and without complaint when called upon to work
longer hours in order to handle the current work. I fully appreciate
the fact that it was their unselfish loj^alty and devotion to duty
that prevented the work of the office from falUng hopelessly in
arrears, and I desire to take tliis opportunity to extend my thanks
to each officer, clerk, and subclerical employee for the assistance each
has rendered.
Not including 1 clerk who entered the miUtary service of the
United States as a captain of a National Guard organization, and 5
clerks of short service who were transferred to other branches of the
Government service, 32 vacancies occiu*red in the clerical force of tliis
office during the fiscal year covered by this report, 20 by resignation
and 12 by oeath. The average age of those who died was a Utue over
70 and the average length of their service was over 34 yedrs. The
average length of service of those who resigned was a Uttle more than
8 years. Classified, by salaries, those vacancies were as follows: 1 at
$2,000, 1 at $1,800, 2 at $1,600, 2 at $1,400, 14 at $1,200, and 12 at
$1,000 — an annual average salary of $1,206.
H. P. McCain,
Tlie Adjutant General.
The Secbetaey of War.
REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL.
295
REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL.
War Department,
Office of the Inspector General,
Washington^ September 0^, 1916.
Sir: The following is a report relative to the work of the In-
spector General's Department during the fiscal year ended June 30»
1916.
personnel of the department.
The oflScers of the permanent corps remain as stated in my last
annual report, namely, one brigadier general and one colonel. Three
colonels, four lieutenant colonels, and nine majors served as in-
sp)ectors general during the fiscal year under the act of February 2,
1901; and four acting inspectors general, consisting of one colonel,
one lieutenant colonel, and two majors were doing duty in the de-
partment under the act of June 23, 1874.
Without exception, these officers performed their varied and
numerous duties in an intelligent, fearless, and zealous manner.
Under the national defense act, approved June 3, 1916, the In-
spector General's Department is to consist of 1 Inspector General
with the rank of brigadier general, 4 inspectors general with the
rank of colonel, 8 inspectors general with the rank of lieutenant
colonel, and 16 inspectors general with the rank of major — an in-
crease of 1 colonel, 4 lieutenant colonels, and 7 majors. Under the
same act this increase is to be made in five annual increments, and
the first increment, which has now become available, is to consist
of 1 lieutenant colonel and 1 major.
This increase, it is believed, will be sufficient for the additional
work of inspection resulting from the increase of the Regular Army.
Whether it will suffice for the inspection of the National Guard, im-
posed upon this department by the above act, can not at this time be
stated.
In this connection, I wish to point out the importance of placing
all the inspections of the Regular Army, other than those made by
commanding officers, including inspections of civil institutions of
learning, where officers of the Army are detailed as military instruc-
tors, under the control of the Inspector General's Department, and
providing a personnel sufficient in strength to perform these duties.
inspections.
During the past fiscal year the inspection of the Military Estab-
lishment, though not entirely completed, was approximately^ so. In
some of the geographical departments the remaining inspections had
297
298 EEPOET OF THE INSPECTOB GENERAL.
been arranged for and in some cases were under way when
emergency orders were received for the immediate inspection of the
mobilization camps of the National Guard, which had been callcNl
into the service of the United States. This was the latter part of
June, at the very close of the fiscal year.
The prescribed inspections embraced every phase of military affairs,
and included military posts, stations, and commands; camps of ma-
neuver and instruction; the staff offices at department headquarters;
the Military Academy and the service schools ; the armories, arsenals,
general hospitals, and the depots of the supply departments; the
recruit depots and main recruiting stations; the Disciplinary Bar-
racks and its branches; the numerous required inspections of Army
transports upon arrival at or departure from ports; the cable boats,
mine planters, and the harbor boats of the Quartermaster Corps;
and the biennial inspection of such national cemeteries and ungarri-
boned posts as became due during the year. Also included in the
work of the fiscal year were the inspections of the Soldiers' Home,
District of Columbia, and of the headquarters and 10 branches oi
the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers located in va-
rious parts of the country. The usual inspections of the money
accountability of all disbursing officers of the Army and the very
numerous inspections of unserviceable property presented for
condemnation, were also made during the year.
The irregularities and deficiencies noteci in these inspections were
reported in due and prescribed form, and the necessary steps were
promptly taken to secure proper and speedy remedial action.
In addition to the large number of regularly prescribed inspections
enumerated above, the officers of the Inspector General's Depart-
ment made during the year, under orders from the War Department
or of department commanders, many special investigations, involving
much time and labor, and they assisted in the annual tactical inspec-
tions of troops devolving upon department and brigade commanders
under paragraphs 193 and 194, Army Regulations.
NEW DUTIES ASSIGNED TO THE DEPARTMENT.
The national defense act, approved Jime 3, 1916, adds some new
duties to be performed by the Inspector General's Department, to
wit:
Sec. 67. • • • The governor of each State and Territory and the cora-
mnnding general of the National Guard of the District of Columbia, shall
appoint, designate, or detail, subject to the approval of the Secretary of War,
an officer of the National Guard of the State, Territory, or District of Colum-
bia who shall be regarded as property and disbursing officer for the United
States. • • • Provided further, That the Secretary of War shall cause aa
Insi)ectlon of the accounts and records of the property and disbursing officer
to l>e made by an Inspector general of the Army at least once each
year: • • •
Sec. 93. The Secretary of War shall cause an inspection to be made at least
once each year by inspectors general, and if necessary by other officers, of the
Regular Army, detailed by him for that purpose, to determine whether the
amount and condition of the property in the hands of the National Guard la
satisfactory; whether the National Guard is organized as hereinbefore pre-
scribed; whether the officers and enlisted men possess the physical and other
qualifications prescribed; whether the organization and the officers and en-
listed men thereof are sufficiently armed, uniformed, equipped, and being
REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL. 299
trained and instructed for active duty in the field or coast defense, and whether
the records are being kept in accordance with the requirements of this act.
The r^;x>rts of such inspections shall serve as the basis for deciding as to the
issue to and retention by the National Guard of the military property provided
for by this act, and for determining what organizations and individuals shall
be considered as constituting parts of the National Guard within the meaning
of this act
The act says that these inspections of the National Guard shall be
made by inspectors general, and if necessary by other officers, of the
Kegular Army detailed for that purpose. The presumption is that
the detail of other officers will not be necessary except when an in-
spector general is not available to make the inspection.
When the National Guard was called into the service of the United
States on June 18, 1916, inspections were at once begun by officers of
the Inspector General's Department. These inspections had for their
objects the following: The determining of the suitability of the
camps, sanitary condition, care of sick, water supply, drainage, the
efficiency of service of supply; and also inspections were made of
the organizations of the National Guard on the following points,
to wit :
Law complied with as to organization.
Food and preparation of same.
c) Physical condition of men and officers.
d) Typhoid immunization and smallpox vaccination.
[e) Equipment: Organization, individual, and camp.
(/) Fitness and sufficiency of uniform.
;?!
[g) Clothinff (shoes, special).
h) Wheeled transportation, including ambulances.
i) Pack transportation.
(j) Officers' mounts.
1%
) Field return of command.
Some of these inspections were made in the last fiscal year, but
most of them were not made until after its close.
The considerable increase in the numerical strength of the Regular
Army provided for by the national defense act of June 3, 1916, does
not impose any new duties upon the Inspector General's Department,
but it does add very materially to the work it has to do. As shown
above, however, new duties, as well as much additional work, are
added in connection with the inspection of the National Guard and
of the accoimts, etc., of the National Guard property and disbursing
officers.
INSPECTOR general's OFFICERS' RESERVE CORPS.
The War Department has authorized the appointment of 16 majors
in the Inspector General's Reserve Corps, authorized by the act of
June 3, 1916. All applicants for examination for appointment to
these positions must have had at least one year's active service as an
officer with some branch of the Armv, the Volunteers, or the Na-
tional Guard in the service of the United States. Applicants must
be under 45 years of age, and must show themselves qualified for the
position. Complete details as to the examinations required are given
in General Orders, No. 32, War Department, 1916, which may 1^ ob-
tained from The Adjutant General of the Army.
300 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL.
CLERKS FOR THE INSPFXTOR GENERAL's OFFICE.
In order to keep up with the current work the present force of
clerks in the Inspector General's Office has for some time past been
compelled to work overtime every day and is still doing so. A ^reat
amount of additional work will soon be imposed upon these clerks
by the new duties assi^ed to this department by the national defense
act of June t3, 1916; mdeed, the additional work has already begun
to come in, and it will continue to come in in increasing volume. An
estimate for the minimum number of clerks that will be required
to do the work has been submitted, and it is hoped that it will receive
favorable consideration.
DISCIPLINE.
Discipline, generally, throughout the Army, so far as reported,
has been good.
INSTRUCTION.
The troops appear to be generally well instructed. No serious
criticisms have been made.
It has been reported that the work of the mobile troops in field
training has been satisfactory; that the officers and men, generally,
in camps of instruction, were eager to learn.
In bayonet combat and fencing it was reported that the mobile
troops show marked improvement, notwithstanding the fact that
the fencing outfits are still criticized as unsatisfactory. It is stated
that many organizations have abandoned the outfits supplied them
and have improvised substitutes.
As a general thing, earnest effort has been made by troops to
acquire efficiency in signaling with the flag and general service code,
and to attain the standard prescribed by paragraph 1562, Army
Regulations, but it has been reported that the effort has not been
generally successfid. The success in mastering the semaphore, it is
stated, has been much more encouraging.
It appears that, as a rule, the work of garrison schools for officers
at the various posts has been satisfactorv, but in post schools for
enlisted men, in many instances, the results have not been satisfac-
tory.
In the Philippine Department the consensus of opinion among
Infantry officers is that the present allowance of ammunition is not
sufficient to permit the thorough training of companies in combat
practice. The opinion seems to be that an increase of about 100
rounds per man in the annual allowance would be of great benefit
in the more thorough training of organizations.
SERVICE SCHOOLS.
Since the Spanish- American War both the development and the
benefit to the Army of the service schools have been striking. These
schools could, however, be better coordinated, and it is believed in
such coordination is to be found a great possibility for the further
increase of their usefulness.
BEPOBT OF THE INSPECTOB GENERAL. 299
trained and instructed for active duty in ttie field or coast defense, and whether
the records are being kept in accordance with the requirements of this act.
The reports of such inspections shall serve as the basis for deciding as to the
issue to and retention by the National Guard of the military property provided
for by this act, and for determining what organizations and individuals shall
be considered as constituting parts of the National Guard within the meaning
of this act
The act says that these inspections of the National Guard shall be
made by inspectors general, and if necessary by other officers, of the
Regular Army detailed for that purpose. The presumption is that
the detail of other officers will not be necessary except when an in-
spector general is not available to make the inspection.
When the National Guard was called into the service of the United
States on June 18, 1916, inspections were at once begun by officers of
the Inspector General's Department. These inspections had for their
objects the following: The determining of the suitability of the
camps, sanitary condition, care of sick, water supply, drainage, the
efficiency of service of supply; and also inspections were made of
the organizations of the National Guard on the following points,
to wit :
a) Law complied with as to organization.
b) Food and preparation of same.
c) Physical condition of men and officers.
d) Typhoid immunization and smallpox vaccination.
^e) Equipment: Organization, individual, and camp.
7) Fitness and sufficiency of uniform.
[g) Clothing (shoes, special).
(A) Wheeled transportation, including ambulances.
(i) Pack transportation.
l) Officers' mounts.
) Field return of command.
iome of these inspections were made in the last fiscal year, but
most of them were not made until after its close.
The considerable increase in the numerical strength of the Regular
Army provided for by the national defense act of June 3, 1916, does
not impose any new duties upon the Inspector General's Department,
but it does add very materially to the work it has to do. As shown
above, however, neV duties, as well as much additional work, are
added m connection with the inspection of the National Guard and
of the accounts, etc., of the National Guard property and disbursing
officers.
iNSPEcrroR general's officers' reserve corps.
The War Department has authorized the appointment of 16 majors
in the Inspector General's Reserve Corps, authorized by the net of
June 3, 1916. All applicants for examination for appointment to
these positions must have had at least one year's active service as an
officer with some branch of the Army, the Volunteers, or the Na-
tional Guard in the service of the United States. Applicants must
be under 45 years of age, and must show themselves qualified for the
position. Complete details as to the examinations required are given
m General Orders, No. 32. War Department, 1916, which may be ob-
tained from The Adjutant General of the Army.
302 BEPORT OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL.
COOPERATION OF ARMS OF THE SERVICE.
The war abroad has accentuated the importance of close coopera-
tion between the different arms, especially between Infantry and
Field Artillery. Although the necessity of officers familiarizing
themselves with the duties of arms other than their own has been
realized in our service, it is believed that the steps thus far taken
have been along theoretical rather than practical lines.
It is believed that at stations in which organizations of two or
more arms are serving officers should be required to familiarize them-
selves with the powers and limitations of arms other than their own
through actually accompanying units of such arms during small
maneuvers, target practice, etc. Selected officers of Cavalry and In-
fantry should also be detailed for a period of a month or six weeks
at the School of Fire for Field Artillery.
COLONIAL REGIMENTS.
The department inspector of the Philippine Department reports
that the officers of that department are about unanimous in the
belief that the system of colonial regiments now in vo^e is not
desirable, the general opinion among them being that it is very
injurious to the discipline, the training, and the general efficiency
of organizations on foreign service. It is said that this system of
a constantly changing personnel compels a feeling of uncertainty
and lack of settled policy that is very narmful and is destructive of
organization esprit.
RECRUITS.
No complaint has been received of the quality of the recruits
received during the year.
The following extract from the report of the last annual inspection
of Fort Oglethorpe, Ga., relative to the training of recruits, is in-
teresting and instructive :
Under a system Inaiiiairated in this recclmeut [Eleventh Cavalry] about two
years ago, aU the recruits for the regiment are turned over to one troop for
training before being permanently assigned to troops. The present recruit
troop is Tnx)p H, under the command of • ♦ •, Eleventh Cavalry.
At the time of my visit a class of recruits had Just completed three months'
training and was ready to be turned over to the other troops for permanent
assignment. A careful inspection of the work of these recruits, mounted and
dismounteil, demonstrated beyond question that this method of training recruits
is the proper one. Their knowledge of the duties of a soldier is, I believe,
above that of the average enlisted man of a year's training assigned to a troop
in the ordinary way. Tlieir proficiency In riding and handling their arms
mounted was especially noticeable.
QUARTERMASTER CORPS.
There have been no complaints as to the adequacy of the ration
allowance and but few as to the quality of the ration or other com-
missary supplies.
The system of fuel supply has been reported as cumbersome and
as iuAohing much office work. Inspection reports show numerous
REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL. 303
complaints of the inadequacy of the fuel allowances properly to heat
public buildings. This is especially the case on the western coast,
and it has been urged that fuel allowances for the Western Depart-
ment be further considered with a view to its special needs, since
climatic conditions there differ so radically from other sections of
the country in the same latitude.
UNIFORMS.
While changes in imiform are, in general, imdesirable, and are
so regarded in the service, it is believed that certain changes in the
service coat are both desirable and necessary.
The service uniform should be designed for service in the field
rather than in garrison. The discontinuance of the sweater makes
it necessary to take the service coat into the field. For service
in the field a coat must be loose at the neck and in general must be
so cut, including a slit in the back of the skirt, as to permit freedom
and ease of movement. That the present service coat, with its close-
fitting collar and rigid cut, is unsuitable for hard work or even
moderate exercise must be admitted.
From an examination of the present field uniform of other coun-
tries it is apparent that a suitable coat for field work can be given a
military appearance quite as formal and as pleasing as that of our
present service coat.
It is recommended that a suitable service coat be designed and
adopted.
The opinion throughout the line of the Army seems to be in favor
of a shirt that opens all the way down the front. It is believed that
this change in the shirt will add to the comfort of the men, in warm
weather especially.
ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.
The war abroad has developed or emphasized the importance of
new articles of arms and equipments, besides improvements in the
old. The larger types of field guns and howitzers ; trench mortars of
the larger types, as artillery, and of the smaller types, as infantry
weapons; new types and methods of employment oi machine guns,
hand grenades, steel caps, etc., and the use of and protection against
gas, are all matters which claim our serious attention. The develop-
ment and manufacture of new materiel of these kinds which are being
undertaken by the Ordnance Department should be accompanied by
practical tests and instruction, which can only be obtained by putting
the new materiel in service as rapidly as it can be developed ana
supplied.
REPAIR SHOPS — QUARTERMASTER AND ORDNANCE.
Large quantities of quartermaster and ordnance property are un-
doubtedly lost to the Government through the lack of proper and
timely repairs. This loss is due, it is believed, to a variety of such
causes as lack of facilities in organizations for making proper re-
1)airs; lack of skill by organization mechanics; and, to some extent at
east, lack of care and attention on the part of organization com-
304 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL.
manders. Losses due to lack of proper and timely repairs are espe-
cially apparent in all articles of canvas, webbing, and leather. In
addition, in the Field Artillery the lack of timely repairs, made by
expert mechanics, to the materiel results in greatly increased ultimate
expenditures.
If suitable quartermaster and ordnance repair shops were estab-
lished at all points at which a regiment or more is stationed it is
believed that a substantial saving could be effected. Such shops
should be equipped with all necessary machinery and should be pro-
vided with expert mechanics as foremen, the greater part of the actual
labor of repair being done by the organization mechanics.
TRANSPORTATION FOR SANITARY TROOPS.
There is, no doubt, a universal recognition in the Army of the ad-
visability, if not the absolute necessity, of providing motor transpor-
tation for sanitary troops. Probably the necessities attendant upon
the present mobilization of a large number of troops upon the Mexi-
can border will result in causing motor transportation for the sanitary
troops to be supplied.
FIELD TRAINS.
It is believed that the field trains have been too greatly reduced.
In fixing the allowances of wagons, etc., for field trains the primary
object is, of course, mobility, but it is to be remembered that mobility
may be as readily reduced by too great a reduction in the number of
wagons allowed as by too great an increase in field trains. An unwar-
ranted reduction in wagons tends to overloading in spite of honest
efforts to enforce the regulations.
When our Army is compared to those of other nations the paucity
of trained soldiers affords a striking illustration of the necessity or
preserving the health and, in so far as possible, the comfort of our
men when in the field. To this end it is believed that the surplus
kits should be carried in the field trains, as was formerly the regu-
lation. In so far as concerns the Infantry, it is essential that at least
a st)are pair of shces be carried in the field trains.
On account of the general lack of ability in cooking among our
prople, it is particularly necessary to avoid individual cooking in our
service. It is believed that in the early stages of the present war in
Europe, rolling kitchens were frequently kept with their organiza-
tions until the arrival of the units upon the actual battlefield.
It is understood that several types of rolling kitchens are now
under test in the Southern Department, and that the issue of kitchens
to all organizations of the mobile forces only awaits the determma-
tion of the most suitable type. It is recommended that this be
expedited and that coincident with the supply of the kitchens, regu-
lations be issued providing that such kitchens shall habitually ac-
company their units on the march.
PUBLIC ANIMALS.
The requirements of active service on the border have resulted in
having quite a number of public animals inspected and condemned*
BEPOBT OF THE INSPEGTOB GENEBAL. 305
The data called for on descriptive cards of public animals are
said often to be incomplete, owing largely to lailure on the part
of purchasing officers to cause proper entries to be made on the
cards.
REMOUNTS.
The following extract from the report of the last annual inspection
of Fort Oglethorpe, Ga., relates to the training of remounts, and
is reproduced as being, as is believed, worthy oi consideration :
All remounts for the regiment [Eleventh Cavalry] are now turned over to
one troop (Troop O) to be trained for six months before being assigned to
troops. The remounts now at the post have been under training for three
months. The remounts, with one or two exceptions, appear to be of a good
type. They are somewhat light in weight, but this defect may disappear
after a year's training.
The system of turning the remounts over to one troop for training is, I
believe, the proper one to secure the l>est results.
First Lieut ^ * *, Eleventh Cavalry, is at present In conunand of the
remount troop and is accomplishing excellent work. His own opinion of these
remounts is as follows:
"The horses are very quiet and gentle; they show a very good degree of
suppleness and activity, and they jump, freely and willingly, small hurdles
and ditches of any character. I believe that by the end of another three
months, when they are turned in to the other troops, they will be as weU
trained as is necessary for troop horses, and very much better than the
average troop mount."
After witnessing the work of these remounts, I confirm the above estimate.
FARRIERS^ AND HORSESHOERs' SCHOOL.
The following extract relative to the establishment of a post
farriers' and horseshoers' school, which it is reported has been of
great value, is also from the report of inspection of Fort Oglethorpe,
Ga., viz:
Without interfering with the other instruction of the regiment [Eleventh
Cavalry] a farriers' and horseshoers' school has been established under the
direction of ♦ ♦ ♦, Eleventh Cavalry, assisted by the two veterinarians of
the r^ment The class consists of 24 farriers and 24 horseshoers, the regu-
lar horseshoer and farrier from each troop, with an apprentice from each
troop.
After a thorough investigation of this class, including the Inspection of the
work and examination of the men as to their theoretical and practical knowl-
edge, I am of the opinion that this school is of great value to the regiment
It systematizes horseshoeing and treatment of diseases, and stimulates the
interest of officers and men in these two important subjects.
PUBLIC FUNDS.
As a general rule the inspections of the accounts of disbursing
officers of the Army have shown that the public funds have been
honestly and efficiently administered.
POST EXCHANGES.
It has been reported that frequent irregularities of a more or less
serious nature have been discovered in the inspection of post ex-
changes, and these were almost in every instance made possible by
failure on the part of exchange officers, auditors, and exchange coun-
69176**— WAR 1916— VOL 1 20
306 KEPOBT OF THE INSPECTOB GENERAL.
cils to properly perform their duties. The financial losseG, in every
case where they could be definitely determined, were recommended to
be charged against the officers whose negligence was proven ; in other
cases wnere negligence was found it was recommended that it be
noted on the efficiency records of the delinquent officers.
PAPER WORK.
Generally speaking, business is so conducted as to reduce paper
work to a minimum and simplify administration so far as is pr^-
ticable under the Government system of transacting business. Not-
withstanding this fact, paper work in the Army still appears to be
excessive, as always heretofore.
PRISONERS.
The system of parole of general prisoners and of probation of
garrison prisoners appears to have been generally carried out, and
apparently with good results.
ARMY TRANSPORTS.
Reports show that the trans-Pacific transport service has been effi-
cientlv conducted; no complaints of any consequence have been re-
ceived relative to any of the departments of this service, but on the
contrary commanding officers of troops have generally commended
the efficiency and courtesy of the ships officers, the cleanliness of the
ships, and the excellence of the accommodations and food. The
life-saving apparatus is reported as ample and of the latest pattern.
DISCIPLINARY BARRACKS.
At the inspections of the Disciplinary Barracks and its branches
the disciplinary companies were found to be well instructed and well
trained, and affairs were in excellent condition.
RECRUIT DEPOTS.
At the various recruit depots it was found that the instruction of
recruits was carried out in conformity with War Department regula-
tions prescribed therefor, and the results obtained were good. The
depots appeared to be carefully and efficiently administered.
Very respectfully,
E. A. Garlington,
Inspector GeneraL
The Secretary op War.
REPORT OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL.
807
REPORT OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL.
September 14, 1916.
Sm: I submit the following report of the Judge Advocate General's
Department for the year enmng Jxme 30, 1916.
REORGANIZATION OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT.
The recently enacted national defense act (sec. 8) reorganized the
department by adding thereto 2 judge advocates with the rank of
colonel, 4 judge advocates with tne rank of lieutenant colonel, and
13 judge aavocates with the rank of major, these increases to be made
in five annual increments, as nearly as practicable one-fifth of the
total increase in each graae to be added each year. The vacancies
created or caused by the act distribute themselves under this rule
as follows:
Original yacanctos:
Colonels
LIeat€oant oolonals.
Mi^Ofs.
Appointmeot of mi^on to fin Increments.
1916
1
3
1917
1
1
a
1918
1919
1
1
2
1920
1
8
The additional lieutenant colonelcy corresponding to this year's
increment was filled by the promotion of Maj. Walter A. Bethel,
the senior officer of his grade. The four vacancies in the grade of
major corresponding to this year's increment have not yet been filled.
Additions to the clerical force of the Judge Advocate GeneraVs
Office of one clerk class 3, and two clerks class 1, with an additional
messenger, are authorized by the act of September 9, 1916.
REVISED ARTICLES OF WAR.
A project of revision of the Articles of War which has been pending
before tne War Department since December of 1903, and before Con-
gress since April of 1912, was, with amendments of the original proj-
ect, enacted mto law as a rider to the Army appropriation act for
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, approved Aiigust 29, 1916.
The first project of the revision of the Articles of War was prepared
during the uitter half of the calendar year of 1903. This project was
subnutted to department commanders and to a large number of
specially selected officers for criticism and was exhaustively consid-
ered by a board of officers convened by the then commandant of the
309
310 EEPOBT OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL.
Army Service Schools, Maj. Gen. J. Franklin Bell, but was not trans-
mitted to the Congress hj the War Department. It was not until
April, 1912, that the revision, perfected in the light of the criticism
it had received, was submittea by the then Secretary of War, Mr.
Stimson, to Congress as a basis of remedial legislation very much
needed. The revision was introduced in the House on April 22, 1912,
by the chairman of the House Military Committee, and in the oenate
on April 25 by the chairman of the Senate Mihtary Committee, and
was by both Houses of ConCTess referred to their respective Conmiit-
tees on Mihtary Aflfairs. Hearings were conducted by the House
Mihtary Committee covering the period from May 14 to May 27, 1912,
but that committee, though receiving the revision favorably and
su^esting a few amendments therein of a nature to improve the
revision, did not report the revision as a whole. The Senate com-
mittee reported out 9 articles of the revision relating to the composi-
tion, constitution, and jurisdiction of courts-martial, and these articles
were enacted as a part of the Army appropriation act approved
March 2j 1913.
The Sixtj-third Congress convened on April 7, 1913. The revision
of the Articles of War, carrying the amendments su^ested during
the House Military Committee's nearings and certain otners suggested
by further study was introduced by the chairman of the Senate Mih-
tary Committee on April 15, 1913, and referred to the Committee on
Mihtary Affairs. Hearings were subsequently held by a subcommit-
tee of the Senate Mihtary Committee, whicn reported the revision
back to the full committee during the second session of the Sixty-
third Congress, which reported the revision to the Senate on Febru-
ary 6, 1914, with certam amendments. The revision passed the
Senate with further amendments on February 9, 1914, and upon
reaching the House was referred to the Committee on Mihtary
Affairs, which took no action. On February 22, 1915, the Senate
Military Committee included the revision in the tnen pending Army
appropriation bill, and as a part of that bill the revision again passed
the Senate February 23, 1915^ and went to conference. The conferees,
after reporting back to their respective houses two disagreements
respecting the revision, finally rejected it and the bill passed without
this particular rider.
Shortly after the convening of the Sixty-fourth Congress, first ses-
sion, the revision was again introduced in the Senate January 6,
1916, and hearings were conducted before a subcommittee of the
Senate Military Committee. On February 9, 1916, the revision, with
amendments, was favorably reported by the full committee to the
Senate, and on March 9, 1916, the revision was again passed by the
Senate. On reaching the House it went to the House Military Com-
mittee March 11, 1916, but it was not until June 29, 1916, that a
subcommittee of the House convened to consider the revision. It
does not appear that the subcommittee made any report iipon the
revision. Meantime the Senate Committee on Mihtary Affairs, in
reporting to the Senate the Army appropriation bill on July 3, 1916,
includecT the Articles of War m tne form they had passed the
Senate on March 9, and with the articles included, the appropriation
bill was passed on July 25. The House disagreed to the Senate
amendments and the bin went to conference. On August 7 the con-
ference report, embodying the Articles of War amended so as to
BEPOBT OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL. 311
exempt retired officers and soldiers from amenability thereto, and in
certam other regards, was accepted by both Houses, and the bill
went to the President for his approval. On August 18 the President
vetoed the bill, basing his objections thereto on the amendment
introduced by the conferees respecting retired officers. The appro-
priation bill was inmnediatelv remtroduced in the House without the
Articles of War, and in that form was passed by the House on August
22. Upon reaching the Senate MiUtary Committee that committee
restored the Articles of War, with the changes necessary to meet the
objections of the President and with certain other minor amend-
ments, and in this form the bill was passed 'by the Senate. In the
House a motion to concur in all the Senate amendments prevailed.
The bill was approved by the President August 29, 1916.
With the exception of articles 4, 13, 14, 15, 29, 47, 49, and 92,
which take effect immediately, the revision will go into effect on
March 1, 1917. Meantime the Manual for Courts Martial will have to
be revised and circulated throughout the Army. It is proposed to
enter upon this work at once, and an attempt will be made to have
the revised manual distributed throughout tne Armv by February 1,
1917, in order that there may be a month available for its study
before the new code, as a code, takes effect.
GENERAL REVISION OF THE MILITART LAWS.
A much larger task than the revision of the Articles of War is the
revision and codification of all our military laws which this office has
been directed to prepare in pursuance oi authority granted in the
Anny appropriation act approved August 29, 1916. In 1911 this
office suDmitted a report to the Secretary of War recommending that
such a general revision be attempted, the revision to conform in scope
and character to the revision and codification of the laws of tne
United States of a permanent and general nature directed by the act
of March 3, 1901. Mihtary legislation since 1878, enacted mainly in
the form of riders to appropriation acts, is piecemeal legislation.
Related legislation is widely separated and there is real difficulty
within the military estabUshment in ascertaining the condition of the
statute law on any subject. Experiencing the same difficulty in
drafting the large amount of legislation enacted this year, the mili-
tary committees readily accepted the suggestion for a comprehensive
revision and codification and have provided an initial appropriation
of $5,000 for paying the expense of clerical hire, printing, and other
expenses incioent to the making of the revision. The work has been
already entered upon and substantial progress has been made with
the chapter relatmg to organization of the Regular Army. The
Sroblem in that chapter is to restate the provisions of the new
rational Defense Act of June 3, 1916, on tne subject of Regular
Army organization, incorporating the unrepealed provisions of prior
law and particularly of the act of February 2, 1901, and to make of
it a consistent whole. It is hoped to have this much of the revision
ready to submit with the preliminary report of progress which must
be rendered to Congress on the first day of the ensuing session of
that bodv. It is confidently expected that the general revision will
be completed well within the two-year period allowed by law. The
scope and character of the revision authorized by Congress will per-
312 EBPOBT OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL.
mit of the omission of redundant and obsolete matter, the making of
such alterations as are necessary to reconcile contradictions^ supply
the omissions, and amend the imperfections of the original text; and
permits also the embodiment in the revision of changes in the sub-
stance of existing law. It is hoped to take advantage of this authority
to rewrite the statutes in the light of the administrative and judicial
construction they have received, in the expectation that we may
thereby reduce the number of references to the War Department
and to this office for legal construction.
OTHER REVISION WORK.
The revision of the book on Military Reservations, etc., Title,
Jurisdiction, etc., has been completed and the book published and
distributed to tiie Army. The revision of Federal Aid in Domestic
Disturbances was interrupted by the relief of lieut.E.V. Cutrer from
duty as instructor in law at West Point and his assignment to station
in the Philippines, thus postponing indefinitely tne completion of
this work. On accoimt of the large increase in the volume of work
of this office, the revision of Winthrop's Military Law and Precedents
has been suspended for many montns, but with the increased per-
sonnel authorized bv the national defense act it is hoped thk work
may be resumed ana completed at an early date.
During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, this office has contin-
ued the preparation of the monthly bulletin giving a digest of the
opinions of this office, decisions of the Comptroller of the Treasury
and of the State and Federd courts, as weU as of the opinions of tlie
Attorney General on questions relating to the military service.
TRIALS IN CIVIL COURTS.
During the year a number of important insular cases, involving
considerable laoor, were prepared and presented by this office in the
Supreme Court of the United States and in the Court of Appeals for
the First Circuit, to which circuit the district of Porto Rico oelongs.
In addition, this office has represented the interests of the depart-
ment in various Federal courts and in several State courts in a num-
ber of habeas corpus and injunction proceedings arising out of the
call of the Organized Militia and National Guard into the military
service of the United States, and involving novel, difficult, andim-
E>rtant questions growing out of the reorganization of the National
uard prescribed by the national defense act.
TRIALS BY GENERAL COURTS-MARTIAL.
There were 4,743 trials by general courts-martial during the year
1916, of which trials 337 resiuted in acauittal, as against 5,339 for
1915 and 4,572 for 1914, showing a reauction of 11.1 per cent as
against 1915 and an increase of 3.6 per cent over 1914.
DELAY IK GENERAL COURT-MARTIAL TRIALS.
While the judge advocates at the department headquarters have
continued their efforts to reduce the delay between the arrest of the
soldier \mder charges and the final action Dy Uie reviewing authority
BEPOBT OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENEBAL.
813
in bis case, the UBsettled conditions affecting the Army, requiring a
lai^ portion of the troops to be stationed on the Mexican border,
away from their permanent stations, have caused the average number
of days of delay lor the year 1916 to increase to 36, as compared to 33
in 1915 and 34 in 1914. There has been a notable decrease in the
delay this year of 12 days at West Point, while in the Eastern,
Central, and Philippine Departments the average number of days
remained the same as last year. The average delay in the Western
Department was increased by 6 days, in the Southern Department
by 3 days, and in the Hawaiian Department by 4 days over last year.
TTiese delays have been caused principally by the difficulty in secur-
ing witnesses and depositions from great distances, due to the fre-
quent chan^ of stationed troops during the year — sometimes per-
sons belonging to oi^anizations in the field in Mexico — and other
causes which active duty in the field has served to counteract the
efforts to reduce the average number of days; also, another primary
counteracting cause to expeditious trials of cases has been the break-
ing up of courts by sending oflScers and organizations to the Southern
Department, thereby increasing the penod during 1916 over that
for the two preceding years.
The following taUe shows the average delays in the several de-
partments for flie past five years:
Eastern Department 1 .. .
Central Department 1
Western Department i. . .
Boathem Department . . .
Hawaiian Department. . .
Philippine Department^.
Canal zone
West Point
China expedition .
1912
Dairt.
48
48
44
25
Average.
41
1913
Day 9.
47
48
40
44
36
38
40
1914
Daf9.
42
45
41
89
32
30
26
34
1915
Daft.
37
40
40
80
22
37
38
33
1910
Dvft.
37
40
40
43
20
37
32
20
30
^ These were "Divisions" in 1912, and the figures given under that year so relate to them.
From July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916, this oflice received, recorded,
and filed 5,017 general courts-martial records; prepared 1,749
clemency reports, 255 reports on restoration to duty, 130 on citizen-
ship, 128 on parole, and 4 on reenUstment, making a total of 7,283
cases handled. During this period the oflBce loaned 451 general
courts-martial records to the united States Disciplinary Barracks at
Fort Leavenworth, Kans., 455 to the Pacific Branch, IJnited States
Disciplinary Barracks^ Alcatraz, Cal., and 105 to the Atlantic Branch,
Fort Jay, In. Y., making a total of 1,001.
TRIALS BY SPECIAL OOUBTS-MAETIAL.
During the year there were 2,163 trials by special courts-martial.
of which trials 159 resulted in acquittal, as against 2,533 in 1915 and
1,953 in 1914, showing a reduction of 15 per cent as against 1915 and
an increase of 9.2 per cent over 1914. There were also 88 general
prisoners tried by special courts during the year, of which 3 were
acquitted.
314
BEPOBT OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENEBAL.
TRIALS BY SUlOfARY OOURTS-MABTIAL.
The total number of trials of enlisted men by summary courts-
martial during the year 1916 was 37,877, of which trials 965 resulted
in acquittals, as compared to 40,905 in 1915 and 36,856 in 1914, show-
ing a decrease of 0.074 per cent as against 1915, and a decrease of 0 026
per cent as against 1914.
DESEBTnON.
The statistics show that there were 1,950 enlisted men tried by
general courts-martial for desertion in 1916, as against 2,535 in 1915
and 2,097 in 1914, showing a decrease of 23 per cent as against 1915
and 7 per cent as against 1914. There were also 432 enlisted men
tried bjr special comets-martial in 1916, as compared to 201 in 1915,
indicatmg an increase of 114 per cent.
The desertions reported durmg the fiscal year 1916 amount to 2,382,
or 2.40 per cent of the whole number of enlistment contracts in force
during the year, as compared to 4,435 reported desertions and a i>er-
centage of 3.23 per cent for last vear.
It snould be noted that these tigures include the cases in which the
charge of desertion was removed as having been erroneously made,
in which the accused was acquitted, in whicn he was convicted of the
lesser included offense of absence without leave and retained or dis-
honorably discharged from the service.
The reports of the judge advocates show that during this year there
were 5 acquittals, 105 cases in which charges were removed as
having been erroneously made, 364 cases in which the soldier was con-
victedof the lesser included offense of absence without leave and re-
tained in the service, and 114 cases in which the soldier was convicted
of the lesser includea offense of absence without leave and dishonora-
bly discharged, making a total of 588 cases, which, subtracted from the
nimiber of desertions reported, leaves 1,794, or 1.81 per cent, of the
total number of enlistment contracts in force during the year.
The following table exhibits the true as compared with the reported
percentages for the past eight years.
Year.
1900.
mo.
1911.
1913.
1913.
1914.
1915.
1910.
T)iKmi tlmn
Charges
True nam-
Reported
reported.
onsiis*
Uined.
ber of de-
sertions.
percent-
ages.
4.07
4,993
311
4,682
3,464
696
2,768
8.66
2,504
380
2,124
2.28
3,411
660
2,851
8.00
4,451
871
3,580
4.15
3,882
810
3,072
8.10
4,435
795
3,640
8.23
2,3^
688
1,794
2L40
True per-
4.66
192
LOS
2LS0
8.84
145
16S
LSI
REVISED PUNISHMENT ORDER.
The executive order published in War Department General Orders'
No. 70, September 23, 1914, making important chafes in the regu-
lations governing punishment to m imposed by miUtary tribunab
has been in operation now about 22 months, and the reports received
indicate that the failures to comply with its requirements have been
decreasing until now they are quite unusual.
BEPOBT OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENEBAL. 315
As to the figures which follow it may be said that in all but a small
percentage of the cases in which detention of pay alone, forfeiture
alone, or hard labor without confinement was imposed, or sentence
of confinement was suspended, the soldier imder former conditions
would have been awarded a sentence including confinement.
Sentence of confinement imposed in cases not involving dishonorable dis-
chaige 3, 143
Sentences of confinement suspended 79
Sentences of detention of pay alone 1, 416
Sentences of forfeiture alone 14, 437
Sentences of hard labor without confinement 674
Sentences of hard labor and forfeiture without c<Hifinement 846
Total without confinement 17» 452
CrVIL WORK OF THE OFFICE.
The civil work of the office is indicated by the following summary
classes of opinions and reports rendered and legal instrmnents
prepared.
Questions involving appropriations 51
Examination of bonds 559
To secure issues of Government property to rifle clubs under the act of
April 27, 1914 352
To secure issues of Government property to schools under the act of
April 27, 1914 66
To secure issues of Crovemment property to universities and colleges
having courses in military training 34
Of ofiicers of the Quartermaster Corps 63
Of Quartermaster agents 7
Of oisbursing officers of the militia 28
To secure the performance of contracts 3
Indemnity bonds 5
Of treasurer of Soldiers' Home 1
Claims against the Crovemment 50
Contracts 74
Clemency to general prisoners 1, 749
Detached service 21
Discharge 51
Eieht-hour law 64
Enlistment 16
Gratuities to disabled or deceased officers and soldiers 39
Instruments relating to Government property 118
Leases 49
Revocable licenses 69
Proposed legislation 92
Loans and mles of Government property 46
The militia 54
Navigable waters 54
Parole of general prisoners , 128
Pajr and allowances 72
Pnvate debts of persons in the military service 29
Permits for work in navi^ble waters 337
For wharves and similar structures, dredging, etc., under authority
of section 10 of the act of March 3, 1899 116
For bridges across waterways the navigable portions of which He
wholl V within a single State, under authority of section 9 of said act . 170
For bridges across navigable waters of the United States, under the
general bridge act of March 23, 1906, and special acts 30
Notices to alter bridges which have become unreasonable obstruc-
tions to navigation, under authority of section 18 of the act of
March 3, 1899 U
316 REPOBT OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE QENEBAL.
Permits for work in navi^ble waters — Continued.
For deposits of material in navigable waters, under authority of sec-
tion 13 of the act of March 3, 1899 3
For structures in navigable waters of Porto Rico, imder authority of
the act of June 11, 1906 7
Government reservations 186
Beenlistment of discharged general prisoners 4
Restoration of general prisoners 256
Retirement 31
Questions concerning taxation 11
Volunteers 3
Transportation 47
Restoration of citizenship 130
Transfer of general prisoners 139
Miscellaneous opinions and reports (estimated) 1, 100
Total of opinions, reports, and instruments 6, 056
Total, 6,056, compared with 4,211 for last year, which shows an
increase in volume of work of 43.81 per cent.
The following tables, marked ' * Appendix A," show detailed statis-
tics as to the number of trials by general and specieJ courts-martial,
and the classification of offenses tried by all courts-martial, as well
as the trials by summary courts.
There is also submitted herewith, marked "Appendix B," a sum-
marization of reports of judge advocates on duty at department head-
quarters and other generd court-martial jurisdictions during the
year, in order that the remarks and recommendations of each officer
may be scrutinized by the others and by the service generidly, with
a view to eliciting broader criticism as to the betterments of the
legal work of the Army.
E. H. Crowdeb,
Jvdge Advocate OenerdL
The Segbstabt op Wab.
APPENDIXES.
APPENDIX A.
Number of trials by general court-martUd.
CkymmifiGioned officers 31
OonvictionB 24
GonvictiQna disapproved
Acquittals approved 4
Acquittals disapproved 8
Awaiting action by the War Department (June 30, 1916)
Cadets, convictions approved 2
Enlisted men 4,660
Convictions approved 4, 262
Convictions di^pproved 81
Acquittals approved 206
Acquittals disapproved 26
Proceedings declared inoperative
Desertion proceedings declared void 5
Plea in bar sustained 2
Members of China expedition (report does not show action of reviewing
authority) 88
General prisoners 50
Convictions approved 45
Acquittals approved 2
Convictions disapproved 2
Trials null and void 1
Total 4,743
The statistics as to trials by general court-martial in recent years are as follows:
1909
1910
i9il
i912
1913
1914
1915
1916
CoinTn*s!«*An«!>d offl'W'^trfft'l
43
10
2
80
7
4
2
5,127
45
6.98
42
6
5
"3,*766'
48
5
29
6
10
6
4,345
53
5.2
33
8
7
2
5,121
48
&8
32
8
1
1
4,466
71
4.7
35
7
3
31
Commissioiied oflQcers dismissed
Cadets tried
3
2
Cadet? dismissed .......r.rwTr
KnHsted men tried ...,.-» t
5,449
56
7.4
5,235
66
4.3
4,660
50
Qeneral Drisoners tried
Percentage of trials of enlisted men to
average enlisted strength of the
Army
4.7
Additional general court-martial statistics.
Charges received reoonmiending trial bv general court-martial
Cases referred fortrialby eeneral court-martial
Cases returned for trial by inferior court-martial
Charges upon which no trial was ordered
Defective charges requiring amendment before reference
Cases in which prooeedinss were returned for revision
Enlisted men dishonorably discharged as result of trial
Where dishonorable discharge resulted only from 5 previous convictions.
1913
5,546
5,193
215
138
2,117
397
2,653
412
1914
1915
5,199
6,191
4,595
5,468
460
493
116
232
^»SS
2,436
207
422
2,732
3,241
299
368
1916
6,037
4,619
217
103
1,733
348
2,906
438
317
318
REPORT OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL.
Additional general court-martial statistics — Continued.
Total trials by general court-martial
Convictions approved
Trials of enlisted men by special coorts-mar-
tlal
Acquitted
Trial of enlisted men by summary court-
martial
Acquitted
1910
5,206
4,820
346
96
42,275
1,216
1911
3,851
206
33,062
1912
4,435
4,063
249
52
37,805
1,036
1913
5,209
4,831
884
54
39,795
1,023
1914
4,572
4,292
1,953
175
30,856
1,102
1915
5,339
4,992
2,523
202
40,905
1,166
1016
4,748
4,321
2,158
158
37,877
966
During the year 88 general prisoners were tried by special court-martial, of which 3
were acquitted, and 52 by summary court-martial, 7 or which were acquitted.
DESERTION.
statistics for desertion for the &ye fiscal years preceding June 30, 1916, are set forth
below:
Tried for desertion by general court-martial
Convicted of de8ertion.and dishonorably discharged . . .
Convicted of desertion and not dishonorably discharged .
Convicted of absence without leave only and dishonor-
ably dlsdiareed
Convicted of absence without leave only and not dis-
honorably discharged
Tried for desertion by speclal.oourt
Tried for desertion by special court and convicted of
absence without leave only
1911
1,347
932
14
101
283
1912
1913
1914
1,577
944
98
117
414
1,896
1,107
163
169
457
2,097
1,280
149
158
492
1915
2,635
1,637
120
161
531
201
11
1916
1,950
1,358
64
147
4sa
229
The above table does not specifically set out the number tried for desertion and
acquitted, and it does not include cases of desertion where action other than trial by
court-martial has been taken.
General Orders, No. 77, War Department, June 10, 1911, announced the policy of
the War Department as to the proper punishment for the offense of desertion in the
cases of inexperienced soldiers who desert in the earlier periods of their enlistment
contracts, and as well for the surrendered deserter.* Disciplinary punishment by
confinement and forieiture was therein suggested as an appropriate punishment for
such of these men as show a disposition to atone for their oQenses, and the cooperation
of reviewing authorities was invited in carrying out the new policy.
The order was issued near the close of the fiscal year 1911, and so does not materially
a£Fect the statistics of that ^ear. The execution which the order has received is very
clearly revealed by comparing the number of soldiers convicted of desertion who were
retained in the service for the two years preceding the issue of the order with the num-
ber so retained during the three years following the order. For the former years (1910
and 1911) these numbers were 38 and 14. respectively, the corresponding percentages
to the total number of soldiers tried and convicted of desertion being 3 per cent and
2 per cent. For the latter years (1912, 1913, 1914, and 1915) the number of convicted
deserters retained in the service rose to 98, 163, 149, and 310, respectively, the corre-
sponding percentages being 10, 13, 11, and 18. While the percentage increase of men
saved to the colors through the operation of this order has been most marked, the
numbers actually restored continue small in comparison with the total number con-
victed of this o£fense and dishonorably discharged. '
BBPOBT OF THE JTTDGE ADVOCATE QEKEBAIj.
319
CUusification of offenses tried by all eourts-martidl.
Article
or War.
Description of offense.
8 Making fialse return.
Offenses relating to pablic property:
16 Wasting ammunition.
17 Selling horse or arms.
1 7 Selling accouterments or clothing ^
17 Losing or spoiling horse or arms through neglect
17 Losing or spoilmg aoooutermmts or clothing
through neglect
62 Abusing public animals.
62 Destroying publ ic property.
62 Pawning and disposing of clothing.
62 Attempting to sell clotning
62 Losing arms, accouterments, stores or other prop-
erty
62 Disposing of equipment.
62 Disposing of other public property
62 Other offenses relating to public property tmder
sixty-second article of war
60 Purchasing Government property
Offenses against constituted autnority:
20 Disrespect to oommanding officer
21 Offering violence to superior officer
21 Disobeying superior officer
23 Mutiny
23 Failure to endeavor to suppress mutiny
24 Disobeying nancommissumed officer while quel-
ling n'ay, etc
62 Disobedience of standing orders or regulations
62 Disobedience of or failure to obey commissioned
officer
62 Disobedience of or failure to obey noncommis-
sioned officer
62 Dlsobed ience of or failure to obey sentinel
61 Impugning professionaleonduct of superior officer.
62 Disrespect or Insulting language or insubordi-
nate conduct or threats toward or striking or
assaulting a commissicmed officer
62 Disrespect or threats or insulting language or in-
subordinate conduct toward or assaults upon a
noncommissioned officer
62 Disrespect or insulting language or insubordinate
conduct or threats toward or assaults upon a
sentfaiel
62 Resisting arrest by military authorities
62 Breach of arrest
62 Breaking quarantine or restrictions or parole
62 Escape or conspiring to escape from confinement
or sentinel
62 Other offenses against those in authority
Offenses against subordinates: Abuse by officer or
noncommissioned officer of auth(H-ity over subor-
dtoates
Conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman:
61 Financial Irregularities
61 Other irregularilies
61 Violation of pledge
62 Fraudulent enlistment
62 Carrying concealed weapons
Offenses by guards:
39 Leaving post
30 Sleeping on post
40 Quittiiu; guard
62 Senti^^allowing prisoner to escape
62 Sentinel permitthig prisoner to obtain intoxicating
liqucM'
62 Sentinel sitting down on post
62' Other offenses committed by sentinels or others on
guard in connection with such duty
Offenses of violence:
62 Fighting
62 Threats to kill or injure
62 Assault with dangerous or deadly weapon
62 Assault with hitent to do bodily harm
62 Assault with Intent to kill
62 Assault with Intent to commit robbery
62 Assault, or assault and battery, nnd other offenses
of violence not against one In authority nor
otherwise classified under this subhead
08 Manslaughter
Number of ooovictJona.
OtHowB.
Enlisted
men.
6
6
183
90
464
270
62
47
6
188
5
0
213
60
14
141
1
1
3
3,730
840
2,852
151
273
2,510
174
100
1,610
25
150
326
18
411
41
74
117
194
51
21
140
057
17
51
43
301
38
1
410
7
Oaieral
prisoners.
Militia.
5
8
4
6
1
34
8
7
6
a
s
1
*i
2
2
7
a
3
8
320
REPOBT OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE QEmSBAL.
ClassificoHon of offenses tried by all oenirto-mortiol— Continued.
Article
oCWar.
Description of offense.
60
80
60
60
60
60
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
81
82
83
47
62
62
86
62
81
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
84
62
62
62
62
62
88
62
Oflteises involving personal dishonesty:
Embesslement or misappropriation
Forgery
Larceny
Making or pr«8enting false claims
Wrongful acquirement or disposition of Govern-
ment property
Any other violation of the sixtieth article of war .
Failure to pay debts
Failure to return borrowed property
Selling, pawning, or otherwise diq>08ing of bor-
rowed property
Perjury or sabomation of perjmy
Falsifying aooounts
Forgery and utterinc forged papers
Fraudulent flnancJaitransactions
Larcmy
Embezdement
Robbery
Having possession of stolen property
Burglarv..
emptinf
Attempting burglary
Obtaining money or other property under Itlse
pretenses
Other offenses under the sixty-eeoond article of
war involving persooaldishonesty of the offender.
Unauthorfied absences:
Lving out of quarters
Absence without leave
FaUure to attend drill, roll call, etc
Desertion
Absence without leave from duty
lUtary
Offenses closely connected with military duty:
Losing or abandoning eouipment
Hiring men to perform duty
Quitting ranks on march
Advisinc another to desert
Careless handling or discharge of firearms
False official statement or report
Impersonating superior officer or sentinel
Conspiring to desert
Refusing to submit to surgical operation or medi-
cal treatment
Refusing to submit to medical treatment for
syphilis
Malmgering
More than I mile from camp without pass
Sleeping while on duty
Failure to perform company punishment
Failure to report for prophylactic treatment
Failure to salute
Other neglects of duty not classified under this
lead
subh<
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
66
Offtaises connected with intoxicating liquor:
Drunkenness on duty
Drunkenness at post or in quarters
Drunkenness ana disorderly cooduot at poet (or
in quarters)
Drunkenness and disorderly conduct, causing
oflteider's arrest and conviction by oItII author-
ities
Having possession of or selUng or buying faitoxi-
catingUquor
Introducing liquor into camp, quarters, etc
Other offenses connected with intoncating liquor and
not otherwise classified under this subhead
Offenses against decency:
Committing a nuisance
Indecent exposure of person
Sodomv ana other unnatural practices.
Assault with intent to commit rape. . ..
Other similar offenses
Conduct (not involvjug drunkenness^ causing ar-
rest and conviction by civil authorities
Loaning monev at usurious rates of interest
Use or possMsion of narcotics
Oflteses against private property
Offenses against private property
Number of convlciiona.
Officers.
1
6
2
4
28
Enlisted
men.
22
5
191
4
68
8
348
29
39
7
12
99
33
629
28
24
2
23
2
41
816
9
14,841
6,117
1,593
1,244
8
6
8
2
821
886
15
2
67
4
43
1
68
6
1.094
10
1,609
1,624
8,424
1,728
811
347
876
1,787
346
19
62
4
46
76
7
34
1
18
Oenenl
prlsonera.
3
MOltift.
8
19
8
3
1
1
REPORT OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL.
321
Clasnfication of offenses tried by aU oenirto-mortJd^-Oontinued.
Articto
of War.
62
63
62
63
63
62
62
63
63
63
63
62
63
63
63
63
Description of offense.
Offenses to the disgrace of the uniform and service
Profane or provoking or threatening or indecent lan-
gnage or creating a disturbance in quarters
Qambling in post or quarters
Attenipts to commit suicide
Disorderly conduct and neglects not classified
Dirty arms, accouterments, or clothing
Visiting neighboring towns without pass
Wearing improper uniform or civiliah dothing with-
out authority
Fraudulent use of class A card
Having contraband in guardhouse
Missing or sailing on transport without authority
Prisoner refusing or failing to work
Resisting arrest by or interfering with civil authorities.
Trespass and loitering around private quarters
Offenses agataist civilmns
Offenses not otherwise classified
Number of coovictions.
OfBoers.
Enlisted
men.
63
170
29
1
238
53
34
51
7
12
12
21
3
30
15
1,023
General
prisoners.
Militia.
TridU by summary courts.
Posts.
each month, during year.
Alcatraz Island, Cal
Apache, Fort. Arix
Armstrong. Fort, Hawaii
Army ana Navy General Hospital, Arkansas
Baker, Fort, Cd
Balboa, Canal Zone
Baltimore, Md.. coast defenses of
Barry, Fort, Cal
Bayanl, Fort,N. Mex
Benicia Arsenal, Cal
Benj. Harrison, Fort,Ind
Bliss, Fort, Tex
Boston, Mass., coast defenses of
Brady, Fort, Mich
Cape Fear, N. C, coast defen'^es of
Casey, Fort, Wash
Charleston, 8. C, coast defenses of
Chei<t^>eake Bay, coast defenses of
Clark, Fort, Tex.^
Columbia,Fort, Wash
Columbus Barracks, Ohio
COTOzal, Canal Zone
Cristobal, Canal Zone
Crook, Fort, Nebr
D. A. Russell, Tort, Wyo
Davis, Fort, Alaska
Delaware, coast defenses of
Department Headquarters, Hawaiian Department,
Department Hospital, Hawaiian Department
DeRussv, Fort, Hawaii
DesMomes, Fort, Iowa
Douglas, Fort, Utah
Eastern N.Y.. coast defenses of
Empire, Canal Zone
E. 8. Otis, Camp, Canal Zone
Ethan Allen, Fort.Vt
Filler, Fort, Wash
Gaulard, Camp, Canal Zone
Galveston, Tex. , coast defenses of
Gatun, Canal Zone
George Wright, Fort, Wash
Gibbon, Fort, Alaska
Grant, Fort, Canal Zone
Harrison, Fort. Mont
Henry I5arracks, P. B
Average of
enlisted
strength
K resent on
kst day of
Total
number of
trials by
summary
courts
339
238
231
18
1,351
8
226
3.18
367
1,063
1.118
461
19
13
385
99
238
21
86
17
24
668
1,760
1,675
1.097
325
990
660
254
256
316
671
157
345
"63
118
119
83
8
14
718
82
36
133
276
251
294
30
2
208
49
114
2
56
121
3
212
833
592
436
47
262
245
99
169
73
490
35
Peroentaga
oftrlaUby
summary
Courts
during year.
34.8
50
35.6
.77
58
36
10.6
36
26
.23
63
1.80
.15
.54
49.5
47
9.9
65.3
.17
31
47
35
40
14.5
36
44
38
66
S4.0
73
16
69176'— WAB 19ie--voL 1 21
I i
■
I
I II
\i\ !;
' I
n.
1
J___
322
BEPORT OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL,
Trials by summary cowrts — Continued.
Posts.
Huachuca, Fort, Arls.i
Jay, Fort, N.Y
Jefferson Barracks, Mo
Kamehameha. Fort, Hawaii
Keogh, Fort, Mont
Key west Barracks, Fla
Lawton, Fort, Wash
Leavenworth, Fort, Kans
Letterman General Hospital, California
Llscum, Fort, Alaska
Logan, Fort, Colo
L^an H. Roots, Fort, Ark
Long Island Sound, coast defenses of
McDowell, Fort, Cal
Mcintosh, Fort, Tex.>
McPherson, Fort, Oa
Mackenzie. Fort, Wyo
Madison Efarracks, New York
Mason, Fort, Cal
Meade, Fort, 8. Dak
Miley, Fort, Cal
Missoula. Fort, Mont
Mobile, Ala., coast defenses of
Myer, Fort, Va
Narrf«ansett Bay, coast defenses of
New Bedford, Mass., coast defenses of
New Orleans, La., coast defenses of 1
Niagara, Fort, N. Y
Oahu. Hawaii, coast defenses of.
Oglethorpe, Fort, Ga
Omaha, Fort, Nebr..'.
Ontario, Fort, N. Y
Panama, coast defenses of
Pensacola, Fla. , coast defenses of
Plattsburg Barracks, N.Y
Porter, Fort, N.Y
Portland, Me^ coast defenses of
Portsmouth, N. H., coast defenses of
Potomac, coast defenses of
Presidio of Monterey, Cal
Quarry Heights, Canal Zone •
Randolph, Fort, Canal Zone
Rilev, Fort. Kans
Robbison, Fort, Nebr
Rock Island Arsenal, 111
Rosecrans, Fort, Cal
Ruger, Fort, Hawaii
St. Michael, Fort, Alaska
Sam Houston, Fort, Tex.»
Sandy Hook, rf . J., coast defenses of
San Juan, P. R
Savannah. Ga., coast defenses of
Schofield Barracks, Hawaii
Shaf ter, Fort, Hawaii
Sheridan, Fort, 111
Sherman, Fort, Canal Zone
Signal Corps A\iation Corps
SiJl, Fort, Okla.i
Slocum, Fort, N. Y
Snellhig, Fori, Minn
Southern New York, coast defenses of
Stevens, Fort, Oreg
Tampa, Fla., coast defenses of
Thomas, Fort, Ky
United States DisdpUnary Barracks, Fort Leavenworth, Kans.
Valdez, Alaska
Vancouver Barracks. Wash
Walter Reed General Hospital, District of Columbia
Ward, Fort, Wash
Washington Barracks, District of Columbia
Wayne, Fort. Mich
West Point, N. Y
WiUiam H. Seward, Fort, Alaska
WinfleM Scott, Fort, Cal
Wood, Fort, N.Y
Worden, Fort, Washlngtoo
Yellowstooe, Fort, Wyo
Average of
enlisted
strength
{>resent on
ast day of
each month
284
1,306
143
353
274
169
76
391
17
1,446
39
13
560
42
214
226
14
182
801
887
140
168
17
945
871
11
268
520
869
37
1,318
143
189
333
174
135
118
172
136
398
67
672
524
376
5,443
1,908
261
345
24
929
274
160
29
225
124
915
133
730
13
707
225
1,180
126
636
Total
number of
trials by
summary
courts
during year.
106
404
121
30
220
206
64
24
49
4
547
303
6
2
346
2
110
54
7
79
262
413
70
46
5
433
523
89
225
222
6
449
78
130
119
707
14
127
101
17
163
25
28
207
99
127
2,115
766
163
200
15
304
2
479
62
77
8
121
3
248
128
38
110
3
205
80
355
30
127
79
Peroeatag»
of trials b J
gnmmary
courts
during year.
37
.30
21
62.3
.75
37.9
3L6
.12
23
38
15
15
62
4.8
.51
23.9
.50
43
33
46
50
27
29
45.8
60
33
43
25
16
34
54
68
35.7
4.04
10
L07
.58
.12
4a9
'4L8*
31
19
34
38.8
4ai
.62
57
.08
51
22.6
48
28
.53
2.4
27.1
'28.6'
15
.23
2&9
3&2
sai
34
ao
BEPOBT OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL.
323
TriaU bff nanmajy eourU — Continued.
Posts.
Av«rm{!«of
prventon
wstday of
Tout
numborof
triatoby
tommary
coorts
Mch mooUL durtnc FMT.
Camps of instruction ,
Camp at San Diefo,CaI ,
Camp at Calexfco, CaJ ,
Miscellaiieous:
Augusta, Frank/ord, WatwtOArn, and Watervliet Arsenals and
Springfiald Armorr
TransMrts
R«cnuting and signal stations in the field, and miscellaneous. . .
Twenty-seventh In'antrv »
Ordnance Depot, Hawaii
946
236
PHILIPPINE 1SLAin>9L*
A Qgnr Barracks
Camp Eldridfe
CampGreo^.
Camp JiAin Hay
CampKeithiy
CampMcCkath
CampNidiols
Camp Overton
Camp Stotsenburg
Fortimis
Fort San Pedro
Fort WUUam McKlnley
Ludlow Barracks
Manila:
Cuartel de Espana, Department Hoq>ital, and Ordnance Depot . .
Pettit Barracks
Regan Barracks
Warwick Barracks
Miscellaneous camps, stations, etc
Transports
890
13
864
333
223
483
719
563
96
418
1,628
4,396
329
2,348
851
855
573
434
451
93
67
68
79
325
47
143
304
33
63
70
471
17
44
688
1,110
54
1,574
69
441
44
331
56
37
63
Perc«ntac»
of trials by
summary
courts
durtnc yMT.
37.4
6.00
16w6S
61.36
0.91
13.04
0.73
83.66
17.71
ia53
43.36
35.83
16.41
67.04
8wll
51.58
0.91
57.79
13.31
RECAPITULATION.
Eastern Department
Central Department
Western Department
Southern Department'
Hawaiian Department
Philippine Department
Unitea States Military Academy .
Canal Zone
China expedition
18,410
4,632
8,269
8,413
15,436
707
7,373
1,249
8,133
3,015
3,525
3,373
5,499
205
3,583
1,007
38.70
.38
33.10
4a 00
35.62
29.00
49.00
i^OO
1 The frequent shifting: of tro(n)s pertainfnt; to posts and camps in the Southern Department durinc
the fiscal year in connection with border patrols make it impracticable to complete statistics which would
be of any practical value.
s The summary court at Quarry Heights tries offenders from all posts on the Canal Zone for offenses
committed at or in the vicinity of Panama. The number of trials of members of the provost guard com*
pany was 50; hence the percentage given above would not be an indication ol the discipline of the com-
mand, the actual pat»ntage of whicn is 28.
s Twenty-seventh Infantry stationed on Canal Zone September, October, November, December, 1915,
and January, 1916.
* July 1, 1915, to May 31, 1916.
* Abandoned.
APPENDIX B.
Extracts From Reports and Recommendations of Judge Advocates of Depart-
ments AND West Point.
eastern department.
There have been very few cases of duplication of charges requiring correction before
reference for trial or reduction of sentence because of such duplication.
The failures to comply with the requirements of paragraph 8, General Orders, No.
70, War Department, 1914, have been constantly decreasing and are now quite unusual.
The same may be said of paragraph 9 of said order.
324 BEPORT OP THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL.
There were very few cases, only two or three as recalled, in which the court spread
upon the record its reasons upon which its findings and sentence were based.
(Signed) Lieut. Col. Dodds.
80T7THERN DEPARTMENT.
The daily routine work of this office throughout the year has included notation of
all points arising which suggest the advisability of changes in the procedure or in the
reflations pertaining to it. From time to time, when the importance of the points
arising seemed to warrant such action, recommendations relative thereto have been
submitted to the War Department. The following miscellaneous recommendations
gleaned from the notes made, while of minor importance, are nevertheless submitted
■as reHecting desirable changes resulting from questions of a routine nature.
Paragraph 126, Army Regulations, provides for discharge without trial of a deserter
foimd physically unfit for service. This paragraph should, I think, contain a qualifi-
cation so as to preclude discharge under its provisions when the umfitness for service
is due to insanity.
Paragraph 139, Army Regulations, provides, inter aliaj for the discharge of an enlisted
man on account of a sentence to imprisonment by a civil court, whether suspended
or not. This provision should include discharge because of any sentence of a civil
court resulting in imprisonment, whether suspended oir not, as well as sentences
resulting in probation or parole, either of which status is, I believe, inconsistent with
military service.
Paragraph 928, Army Regulations, provides designations for different classes of
Prisoners. I think prisoners sentenced to dishonorable discharge in whose cases the
ishonorable dischiu^ has been suspended should have a desifiiiation different
from general prisoners. I suggest that they be designated as ''disciplinary pris-
oners.
Deserters' descriptive circulars issued by the War Department are useful in con-
nection with the action of reviewing authorities upon the records of their trials, and
it is sug^ted that officers preferring charges for desertion be required to attach
thereto me descriptive drciuar of the alleged deserter.
It is important that all decisions of the Judge Advocate General be available at
Department Headquarters for use in the office of Department Judge Advocates, and
I, therefore, suggest that photographic copies of all opinions issued by the Judge
Advocate General be furnished each Department Juoige Advocate.
If it is the policy of the War Department to give effect to the provisions of the act
of March 4, 1915, in so far as it provides for honorable restoration to duty of general
prisoners confined elsewhere than in the Disciplinary Barracks, I think that the
service should be furnished with appropriate regulations.
The service at laive is, 1 think, unacquainted with that provision of the act of April
25, 1914, which decGires that no distinction shall be made between the Regular Army,
the Organized Militia while in the service of the United States, and the voluntew
forces in respect to the eligibility of any officer of said Army, militia, or volunteer
forces for service upon any court-martial, and which revokes section 6 of the act of
May 27, 1908, requiring that the majority membership of courts-martial for the trial
of officers or men of the militia when in the service of the United States shaU be com-
posed of militia officers. It is suggested that the attention of the service at large be
invited to this imfamiliar provision of law.
Six himdred and ninety-eight general court-martial charges, out of a total of 892
during the ^ear^ contained errors which necessitated either minor or material amend-
ment in this office. These errors were due principally to carelessness on the part of
the officers preferring them, and to their failure to conform to the prescribed models
for charges. I do not believe that this carelessness can be corrected and I consider
it quite the proper function for the Department Judge Advocate's office to correct
chfljges before reference to courts.
Sixty-three trials by general courts-martial out of 889 in this department during the
year were held in order that the accused inight be discharged from the service because
of five previous convictions. When the important and varied duties of the commis-
sioned personnel along the Mexican border during the past year and the diJ£culty of
holding meetings of general courts-martial are considered, I think the above fact is
a strong argument for an administrative discham by department commanders on the
approved action of boards of officers, and I therefore renew a recommendation recently
made that the discharge of soldiers with five or more previous convictions by depart*
ment commanders upon the approved action of boiuxls of officers be authonsed.
BEPOBT OF THE JXTDGE ADVOCATE GENEBAI^. 325
The average period of time aanued were in confinement before final action of the
reviewing authority ap<Hi the proceedingB amoonted for the past year in thia depart-
ment to 42 days. I consider Uiis average large, particularly when it is remembered
that depositions are not extensivelv used in the trial of cases in this department.
The delays have been due principally to the frequent moving of officers and enlisted
men, necessitating frequent changes of courts, of judge advocates, transfers of prisoners^
second reference of charges, ana to the difficulty of securing military witnesses. In
this connection I desire to renew a recommendation that I nave previously made to
the effect that time spent by accused in confinement awaiting trial and result of trial
shall be awarded as good-conduct abatement, provided conduct while in confinement
during service of sentence warrants such abatement. Such a scheme would. I think,
materially improve our system and ]>revent injustice due to long periods of confine-
ment awaiting trial and result of trial and preclude anj criticism of that system.
The department judge advocate should be mtrusted with the duty of preventing
trials from being delayed unnecessarily because of a knowledge on the part of those
concerned that the allatement would prevent any injustice due to delav.
I desire also again to submit a rec(Mnmendation that I have frequently made with
a view to securing an improvement of procedure in trials of desertion cases. I recom-
mend that when a desertion occurs the organization commander be required to make
a thorough investigation and to secure by means of depositions all pertinent testimony
as to the circumstances attendant upon the offenses discovered to have been committo<l
and to transmit the charges with accompKanyin^ P^P^ including the depositions so
secured, to the War Department to remain until notification is received there of the
deserter's return to mihtarv control, and that the papers then be mailed directly to
the proper commanding officer for investigation and action under the provisions of
paragraph 954, Army Keguladons. It has been extremely difficult to try deserteiv
from the organizations in Mexico who absented themselves before their organlzati/ms
entered that country. The records of these organizations were left in the United
States and have not been accessible to organization commanders, so that long [Hmods
of confinement awaiting trial have resulted. I do not think that the nincty-flrst
article of war, which permits the use of depositions if taken upon reasouahio notice to
the opposite party, would be interpreted to preclude their use when takoTi in the
manner above suggested, provided, of course, that the accused consents to tlicir uuo.
If he does not consent, then the delay is his own fault and not that of the Government.
The number of troops in the department has increased during the last six monttis
from a total of about ^,000 to a total of approximately 130,000. During this time the
work of this office has been carried on by exactly the same personnel that was on duty
when the department contained bv approximately one-fifth as many troops and with-
out any necessity of a change in tne enrstem in vogue, and without any necessity of a
subdivision of the court-martial jurisdiction of the department commander. In fact
the department commander has recently recommended that no such subdivision of
the duties of this office be made, but that the entire court-martial work of the dej)art'
ment continue to be conducted from this office as heretofore.
During the last few months the number of troops in the department has increased
very materially, with a natural increase in the work of this office, but it has been
impossible to secure additional clerks to assist the present clerical force in handling
the large amount of additional work thrust upon it. This fact necessitates, in my
opinion, the repetition of the recommendation so frequentlv made by dei>artment
judge advocates that judge advocates' clerks should be under tne exclusive jurisdiction
of the Judge Advocate General in order that assignments and promotions of these clerks
may be more equitably and expeditiously accomplished.
Ill conclusion, I desire to sav that the very vaned and extensive nature of the work
of this office for the past year has not only afforded a splendid test of the procedure in
vo^e in the Judge Advocate GeneraPs Department, but has demonstrated, in mv
opinion, that no material modification of that procedure, as exemplified in the work
here, is necessary.
(Signed) Capt. Howze.
HAWAIIAN DEPARTMENT.
In the last annual report of this office the desirability of making it easier to ^et rid
of worthless soldiers other than by general court-martial on five previous convictions
was stressed. In this connection attention is Invited to the amenaed excerpt from th&
one recommendation made by the undersigned on June 17. 1911. * * »
326 REPORT OF THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL.
It is submitted that this is still incomplete and inadequate in that it applies money
voted by the people for their defense to returning to the places of acceptance former
soldiers found to be of no value in such defense.
It should be impossible for a soldier who, either because of the existence of disquali-
fication or because of a vicious feigning of such disqualification, has earned a dis-
charge under this paragraph to enter or reenter, in time of peace, as a haven or asylum,
anv Branch of the public service.
If these two changes were written into the law and were made known to all men on
entering the service, they would result in great improvement.
It is recommended that the legislation necessary to e£fect these changes be secured;
that no discharce under paragraph 148i, Army Regulations, be ordered until the pro-
ceedings have been passed upon b)r the judge advocate of the general court-martial
jurisdiction; that the payment to interpreters of $5 a day be authorized; and that
judge advocates' clerks be placed in a separate class and promoted therein.
(Signed) Capt. Galloglt.
PHILIPPINE DEPARTMENT.
lu the last annual report of this office the hope was expressed that the Philippine
Legislature would pass an act similar to section 35, Federal Penal Code, punishing
the unaiitUorized purchase of clothing and other Government property from soldiers.
Such a law has been enacted. The terms are substantially identical with those of
section 35. No statistics are yet available as to the number of prosecutions imder
this new law.
The average period of time the accused has been in confinement under general court-
martial charges before final action of the reviewing authority on the proceedines has
been 37 days. The period was the same for the year ending June 30, 1915. Effort
has been made to reduce this period, but the time required to transmit mail between
the southern islands and Mamla and the absence of a sufiScient number of competent
stenographers to report proceedings of courts convened in the vicinity of Mamla are
two elements that have made it impracticable to reduce it further. .
During the past vear progress has been made in clearing up titles to military res-
ervations. The title of the United States to the military plaza in Manila has been
decided to include the filled-in land between the plaza and tne Cavite Boulevard.
(Signed) Lieut. Col. Morrow.
WEST POINT.
The statement of evidence submitted with a view to meeting the reouireraents of
para^pli 9o4, Army ReiruUtions, frequently consists solely ot a number of papers
bearing si«^ne 1 or uusignei statements of witnesses whose testimony is relied upon
by tie otficer preferring the charges. This practice multiplies papers and seldom
results in presenting for consideration a complete and logical summary of the avail-
able evidence. It is my opinion that more satisfactory results would be obtained if
the officer preferring the chuges were required by regulations to submit a communica-
tion, signed by himself, sotting forth in logical order a summary of the testimony that
may be expected of each witness, together with an appropriate reference to any other
available e^Hdence. The closer study which the officer preferring the charges would
find it necessary to make in order to prepare a complete and logical written summary
of available evidence would tend to reduce the number of charges requiring materia'
amendment before reference to general courts-martial or return for reference to in-
ferior courts. Such a summary would enable the officer detailed to investigate the
case to make his report with the least possible delay and also enable the judge advo-
cate to go to trial with the greatest promptness. The general effect of the adoption of
the plan outlined would, it is bolieve-i, be to lead to more accurate pleading and to
greater promptness in the final disposition of cases.
(Signed) Lieut. Col. Krbobr.
Iff TT TTT^a ia^;CjL!3 »UX-51k..4*
■UbJ.bi jUjtX.
* .-
K'latc-iusiiia; tut immr i umiKninBiii 'm ii«uutu«*tjtT4. . m'tj** Sai*'* .> . -^
aerknv jffiniftgn. T'auh f^-^s-' fifni^ it l^an^^ huuh m iv*t- r^umma'/tn^ i, .^,^,\is^\
erefflinr ▼•*«r or viili^ at ihik t»*imr rnmCMLrS^ ?vc in?'?»t 7; v<ifc? u»f r.uKit .»r.\«*>
hMTif "ULtHL fc'.'ii^*' HiepF Trrrjsrc "Uif- rrnkiarativTii and -^^nar-.lfiiirMa)! ix a f^u:.ic<r»'
tbe c&oerr kuq eLm^r-HC meE tif "drt- '■nniiuiiii ai»- :t if iiop^ xhw lixwr *iD.<n? mill
Dritpt --Tiif tinjr ^^iJ, ■eape^naL'T c^ntiijf if ii hit r»;iirujii: «n/ifidaiT iiirrwa^cTic.
Sev«a3 c^aiePF in iLh- x.^aaricrnf r.-u'^iue*- '^^sj'.t'i.'i in I*i.i:fi.TTii^ lis-vf ^»f»fiii It^cTY'it^*: t»iit
•ad irouciii bekre Xiie kicaid-e aiia :ii^ nitixiTi.iiiii ji'iiufti.iiHin , a t.iw iii JfM* I r.n<*d
Stjtqp nnTBXirT. air»r6<*d in ea^*i •'•apt-. Ti^ese r:»r%3 ^:j<-»Tif "were f»f^ruTY*d bv fsir.-'^}.^'-
VDZ swdi«» on cuiT a;t tiii-«f ii^i*d^iiaru*rF, iiirLi.siit*c'. viih fuDcif oxit iti nn v^ra
prkf^, £jjd dirwted to jiun-naftt' liaf drur iroiii lij^ f*uppfH"i^ ^eudllr<u I tx^e Tiie
-^,^E ' l»€dn^ «a."irr^d . h irae sein to itie patiicilari'.'aj ia!* w^uttt, Abcitii, C-aiiaJ Zi^fli*,
far atia^^-me. "W'liV, r>.is e^idenoe the 'im-viTniditf referred io irere cvbtaiihpd \\ was
rej^»on-:'d to me a.t tbe linkf of one of the tii&ls in t}»e alralde't oouri the alcaide pro-
docad SiTid Aowad 11 c^'un C'^e^ 5{t eniiJ] boxep, 2 mr^ t»otuwv, 1 >ial. and i lin bax,
cootajring about, o^er 3(i drwee of tbiF t-erriMe dmir. which his men had secured iixmh
v^kJois* i»laceR, freauented t>T The soldiera. aft^r pe-v^ral raids thereon, ebofrini: That
to aH appezLraaces ti>e supply of cocame in the city of Panama if aliDOf*l unliiun^d,
ae it k fe3t that a great iniiiiher of vendoTF of tlup diruf escaped del^ection,
I leel that it is Xkot to be expectcni that an iDdiA^duaJ (^oe^* should, from hif> own
liosited Boesiif, be reqtiired br our OovemiDeiii 10 meet the eJtpeiisap of lighting thia
penuckxis and dtaxkaraLuin^ practice, and 1 therefore reiterate and apdn reoew my
reoommendatioDft, aad request that mifficieiit funds be furnished this ofin^e to be
used lor this and lite purpoeee. * * ♦^
I am azaiii forced to call to your attentioo the fact that thi? command should be
made a d^nrtmeut without delay. The rapidity with which the disciplinary* mat-
ten are acted upon when comiiared to the oW method of refemnt them to the Depart-
ment <rf the East in New York City, has l>een oi in€%«timaMe >Jue to the command,
and ii» rajadity with which all other business could be handled were this a depart-
ment ia of aimiJar comparable chara<*teT. 1 c^an see no ai|rumeDt a^nst the otstab-
liriimeDt of a department and many in fa\ or of such actiou .
(^Si^ed) Herbert A. WnrrK,
Major, Jydge AdxKtaUe,
CHINA BXPEMHON.
The discipline of this command, from the nature of conditioDs here, most alwmyi
be maintained at an excepti<HiaUy hi^ standard, and that it has been so maintained
during the past year is diown by the reports of the department oommander and the
d^MTtment inspector.
328 REPOBT OP THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENEBAL.
In view of the fact that liquors of all kinds can be purchased uy our soldiers in the
immediate vicinity of barracks for less than one-third what they would cost in the
United States, the number of trials in this command is small.
Besides all kinds of liquors, cocaine and morphine are easily obtained here. Every
effort is made to prevent our men from becoming addicted to the use of these dru^,
and those found guilty of usine them are, as a rme, sent to Alcatraz, in order to give
them a chance to break the habit. I believe that here, as in most places, the great
majority of offenses committed by enlisted men are due, directly or indirectly, to
dnigs or liquor. The fact that this place is so accessible to all sorts of vice and ia not
supplied with wholesome amusements on the outside undoubtedly increases the
number of trials.
(Signed) Col. Hale.
CBNTRAL OBFARTMBNT.
None.
(Signed) Col. Hull.
WB8TBRN DBPARTMBNT.
None.
(Signed) Lieut. (3ol. Goodibb.
REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL
329
REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL.
War Department,
Office of the Quartermaster General of the Army,
Wdshington, September 6, 1916,
The Secretary of War.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the annual report of the operations
of the Quartermaster Corps for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916.
PERSONNEL.
Commissioned. — On June 30, 1915, the comnussioned strength,
Quartermaster Corps, was as follows:
Major ^neral 1
Brigadier generals 2
Colonels 14
Lieutenant colonels 18
Majors 48
Captains 102
Total 185
The two vacancies in the grade of lieutenant colonol which existed
Jime 30, 1915, remain unfiUed.
Of the 14 colonels in the corps Jime 30, 1915, 1 was retired and the
vacancy filled by the promotion of a lieutenant colonel who, later in
the year, was also retired and his vacancy filled by the promotion of
a Ueutenant colonel, leaving the number of colonels, June 30, 1916, 14.
Of the 18 lieutenant colonels in the corps Jime 30, 1915, 2 were
promoted to colonels and the vacancies filled by the promotion of 2
majors, leaving a total number of lieutenant colonels, June 30,
1916, 18.
Of the 48 majors in the corps Jime 30, 1915, 4 were relieved, 2 were
promoted, 2 were retired, 1 died, reducing the nimiber from 48 to 39.
Nine majors were detailed in the corps, bringing the total number of
majors in the corps, Jime 30, 1916, to 48, the number authorized
by law.
Of the 102 captains in the corps June 30, 1915, 45 were relieved
from detail and 1 was killed, reducing the number to 56. Forty-six
captains were detailed in the corps from captains of the line, making
a total of 102 in the corps June 30, 1916.
The duties being performed by officers of the Quartermaster Corps
on June 30, 1916, are shown in Exhibit No. 1.
Quartermaster sergeants^ Quartermaster Corps. — During the year 25
quartermaster sei^eants. Quartermaster Corps, were retired, 6 died,
3 transferred to the permanent school detachment, 2 discharged bv
purchase, 1 discharged to accept commission in National Guard,
t
331
332 BEPOBT OF THE QUAKTERM ASTER GENERAL.
and 1 dishonorably dischai^ed, making a total of 38 vacancies, 31 of
which were filled from eligibles who had qualified for appointment to
the position, leaving 7 vacancies Jime 30, 1916.
Pay clerks, — On Jime 30, 1915, there were 74 pay clerks in the
service. Between Jmie 30, 1915, and June 30. 1916, 1 pay clerk was
retired from the service, he having been found by an Armv Retiring
Board incapacitated for active service on account of disability inci-
dent thereto, leaving a total of 73 pay clerks in the service on June
30, 1916.
The regular annual educational examinations of enlisted men for
appointment to the higher grades of the Quartermaster Corps (quar-
termaster sei^eants. Quartermaster Corps, excepted) were hela on
March 6, 1916, pursuant to the provisions of Circular No. 18, Office of
the Quartermaster General, 1915. Attached hereto, as Exnibit 2. is
a statement showing the number of persons examined and the numoer
of appointments made of those who attained an eligible rating of both
the educational and noneducational grades during the period July 1,
1915, to June 30, 1916.
On Jime 30, 1916, a total of 1,941 civilian employees in the United
States and 243 in the Philippines, together with 2,045 enlisted men of
the line on extra duty in the Quartermaster Corps, had been replaced
by 5,379 enlisted men of the Quartermaster Corps.
Attached hereto, as Exhibit 3, is a statement showing the number
of men by grades apportioned to the diiferent departments and other
stations and to Hawaii and the Philippines, the number of men in
the service, and the number of vacancies as of June 30, 1916.
Civilian employees, — ^There are distributed throughout the United
States and its insular possessions approximately 7,900 civilian
employees.
NATIONAL CEMETERIES.
There are 83 national cemeteries, classified as follows:
First clasB 31
Second class 18
Third class 6
FourthclasB 28
The interments therein during the fiscal year were 1,752, the total
at the close of the year being 219,026 known, 153,138 unknown;
grand total, 372,164.
The appropriation for maintaining and improving national ceme-
teries, including fuel for superintendents, pay of laborers and other
employees, purchase of tools and materials, was $120,000. From
this sum the buildings, drives, walks, walls, fences, monuments,
etc., have been kept in proper condition, so far as practicable, the
most important improvements being made at the foUlowing ceme-
teries:
Alexandria, La. , new 45>foot well |250. 00
Arlinfftonj Ya.:
Repairing Mansion House 1,140.00
Providing parking space for automobiles 250. 00
New hot-water boiler for greenhouse 350. 00
Baton Rouge, La., new 75-foot steel flagstaff 315.00
Chalmette, La., window screens and screened balcony for lodge 425. 00
City Point. Va., new 75-foot steel flagstaff 614.00
Fort Donelson, Tenn., new wire fence around reservation 500.00
Qettvsburg, Pa., resurfocing lower road SOaoO
^obUe, Ala., new concrete sidewalkB 354.00
The ptiptthk: i-?i£ tilin^e :f tir arrr rr.: ::.ri *x the <»^i *v ^ise
fiscftl year ttas f ^^< .
of narion&. <»r:-e:>r>^, £-jl1 jriT :.->". wisi $^v\:>.\ ar.^^airt
expencled. $6^:;.::i.n : >4T^r t- ^mexrvr :.-i h&lAiicie of $1x1?.
There *r« 76 szp&r^'i^-Zr.i^ :f r.i-..-i* coir.-xeri^ axithv^-tsJ by
law. Scxen rerz.*-t^ri*? ^r^re- --irrr :iiij^^ of ■:jj>rtAkers dunng tb<>
year. There Lfcxe i.-rn iLr^ OL-uiliit^. all by dwitii, and
new Appob^zzz.^!.!.^ Live V«?-r- r .s-ie,
C^ooenuK/r^ c; ;** -::--• -.o: .^: .. — Ti.-? appropriaiic^n far rrpjdiing
the 17 roadiriys ::■ r.*::!.*: ••'".t'-n-es maintiiDed by the Gv^vent^
ment ^ras S12,<»j, cf wL; i. $il,^^7-5I■ wiiS expended, leavi-.^ an
unexpended biliir.:^ c-f ?: J.S-
The mo?t irLp:>n2Ln: r?j -irs Lixe >- n -^tde : d :Le f . "owing roads :
Astietam, Md. $<Pifl M
BaBsBfaiS. Va. 3VlOO
CoDiitiuMia. Lf?6.O0
FrBdcnckitazE. V&. 2^ 00
MoaadCirr. IX t v*< M
Hatcbez.Mis : ^ 00
NewbenuX. C 2 - W
BaliAnrv, K-C 4-T.OO
Bpost^e^Mo Z *;-::. 00
gtnnatan, Va. 22^.00
Vicicabin]^ JUS.. ........ - . - ^i*.»-50
Port cem^Urie^, — ^Approximately il/y/J wa« ♦'rpfrjd'vj irj the
repair and maintenance of |x>st cer:f't*'ri*-« durio^ tr^f; fi^ral y*'U".
Headttoneg, — A contract was ent-ered into J'Jy 2^. 191-5* for fnr-
ptfthmg 14,000 headstones for miliijown grave*; of Union *^'')dif'r3,
sailors, and marine^, and Confederat** buried in nittionaJ <i*Tnet*-rieB
and ctrilian emplorees buried in po^t eerneteries, undf*r the act% of
March 3, 1873, Februarr 3, 1879, March 9, 1906, April 2%, 1904, and
Jane 30, 1906, at S2^9 each.
YieTcxx thousand eigiit hundred and sixty-one headstones were
furnished and shipped for this purpose during the fiscal year.
DUpoiiiion <f rerruiins. — ^Appropriation for fiscal vear 1916,
J57^; expen<fod, $53,789.76; learing a balance of $3,710. 24.
Ihe following dispoeition was made of the remains of officers and
enlisted men ot the Army (active) and the remains of civilian em-
ployees in the emplov of the War Department who died abroad, in
Alaska, in the Canal Zone, in Mexico^ or on Army transports, or who
died while on duty in the field, or at military posts witnin the limits
of the United States:
Becehred at San FnuKuaoo, Cal. (including tLe remaine of 24 clviLiao0 mad
IZ ranaaisM handled (or tU« Nav/ liepartoMmt):
^Sbdupped bome ».,.. 49
DeUv«ced torelativee 15
Intecrod in San Franciaco (Cal.) National OemoWry 36
Awaiting diBpoaition July X, U>1« 6
IOC
334 REPORT OP THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL.
Buried in Alaska 3
Received at Seattle^Wash. , from Alaska and shipped home 1
Received at New York from Panama and shipped home 4
Received at New Orleans from Panama and shipped home 1
Interred in Canal Zone, Panama 6
Interred in Porto Rico 4
— 19
In the United States and Mexico:
Missing 6
Drowned, not recovered 5
Shipped home 311
Interred in post or national cemeteries 144
— 465
Total 590
To provide for the preparation of the remains of officers, enlisted
men, and civilian employees of the Army and transportation of their
remains to their homes when desired, contracts were entered into
with local imdertakers at all military posts for this service, which
included embalming, furnishing coffins, caskets, and shipping cases.
A burial corps was organized by the department quartermaster,
Southern Department, imder the charge of an experienced cmbalmer,
for service in recovering the bodies of soldiers who might be killed or
die in Mexico.
During the year the following remains of soldiers were removed
from fields and abandoned cemeteries and reinterred in national ceme-
teries. Two known soldiers from near Billing, Mont., to the Custer
Battlefield (Mont.) National Cemetery; 15 unlmown remains at City
Point, Va., to the national cemetery at that place; and 6 remains of
civilians from the abandoned post cemetery of Fort Washington, Md.,
to the Arlington National Cemetery.
During the year the remains of a British sailor who died in 1855,
and of a Unitea States Navy seaman, who died in 1850, were removed,
with the head and foot stones at their graves, from the Fort Baker,
Cal., military reservation to the cemetery at the Mare Island Navy
Yard, Cal.
Interment of indigent soldiers. — Forty claims, amounting in the ag-
gregate to $1,760.67, have been settled under the provisions of the
act for expenses of burying in the Arlington National Cemetery, or
in the cemeteries of the District of Columbia, indigent ex-Union sol-
diers, ex-sailors, or ex-marines of the United States service, etc., who
have been honorably discharged or retired and who died in the Dis-
trict of Columbia. The amount allowed in each case, exclusive of
cost of grave, is $45. Seven claims of burial expenses under this
law were rejected and two claims are awaiting settlement. One-half
of the exnenses incurred for this purpose is payable by the District
of Columbia.
Revocable licenses. — Revocable licenses authorizing the use of por-
tions of national cemetery reservations or Government approach road-
ways to national cemeteries have been issued by the Secretary of War,
as follows :
Annapolis, Md., to county commissioners for Anne Arundel County,
Md., to lay an 8-inch sewer pipe on the cem.etery reservation; October
30, 1915. *
City Point, Va., to E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., to lay a 6-inch
water pipe under the approach roadway; December 10, 1915.
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB OEKEBAL. 335
City Point, Va., E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., to lav two water
pipes, one 4 inches and one 6 inches in diameter, across the approaoh
roadway • February 14, 1916.
Corinth, Miss., to city of Corinth, to lay concrete sidewalk 4 feet
wide along the approach roadway; August 12, 1915.
Fort McPherson, Nebr., to Farmer's Cooperative Telephone Asso-
ciation, Brady, Nebr., to erect three telephone poles on the reserva-
tion, to string wires thereon, and maintain the same; August 2, 1915.
Newbem, N. C, to William T. Hill, for himself and 17 other resi-
dents of Riverview, Newbem. to cross the approach roadway with
water and sewer pipes from tne east to west sides thereon, in order
that water and sewer faciUties may be given to the residents of
Riverview; September 2, 1915.
Staunton, Va., to W. B. Johnson, to construct a crossing over the
approach roadway by placing a concrete slab acrosLi the gutter at
station No. 31 ; July 17, 1915.
A revocable lease issued by the Secretary of War, March 26, 1916,
to Jacob Hankins, of Brady, Nebr., for a term of one year from April
1, 1916, for cultivation of a portion of the Fort McPherson National
Cemetery Reservation, contaming from 6 to 8 acres, the lessee agree-
ing to seed the tract to oats, one-n)urth of the crop to be the property
of the United States.
The depot quartermaster, Jeffersonville, Ind., reported on October
18, 1915, that by an act of the legislature of the State of Tennessee,
fifty-eighth general assembly, 1913, approved April 14, 1913, the cor-
8 orate limits of the town of Dover were extended so as to include the
rovemment approach roadway to the Fort Donelson National Ceme-
tery, and under the proviso limiting the expenditure of the appropria-
tion "Repairing roads to national cemetenes'' to roads owned by the
United States within any town or village the authorities of the town
of Dover were accordingljr advised that the Government will make
no repairs on the roadwav in the future, the title of the United States
to the roadway being only a right of way.
Mommients have been erected during the fiscal year by the State
ot Minnesota in the national cemeteries at Andcrsonville, Ga.,
Little Rock, Ark., and Memphis, Tenn., in memory of its soldiers
buried there who died during the Civil War.
In October, 1915, a monument which had been erected on Flamenco
or Deadmans Island, in the Bay of Panama, by the oflBcers and crew
of the U. S. S. Lancaster, to the memory of nine shipmates who died
and were buried there in 1860 and 1861, and subsequently transferred
to the Ancon Cemetery, Canal Zone, was brought on the U. S. S.
Ohio to Philadelphia, and from that point shipped to and reerected
in the ArUngton National Cemetery. When the monument was re-
moved to Ancon Cemetery it was also intended to remove the remains
thereto, but no trace of them was found.
On August 4, 1915, a storm caused considerable damage to the
Poplar Grove National Cemetery, Petersburg, Va., destroying 138
trees, damaging the lodge and outbuildings, and destroying the wagon
sheH, part of inclosing wall was blown down, the Saltan bent, and
a large number of headstones were broken, etc., which required an
expenditure of $1,225 to put the cemeterv in good condition.
On September 29, 1915, a hmricane also caused damage to the
Chalmette National Cemetery and the national cemeteries at Baton
336 BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMA8TEB GENERAL.
Rouge and Port Hudson, La. At Chalmette 78 trees were destroyed,
Eart of inclosing wall was blown down, lodge was badly damaged,
itchen addition damaged, wagon shed demolished, stable unroofed
and waUs blown down, rostrum wrecked, and many headstones
broken. Expenditures to place the cemetery in good condition
amoimted to $4,204. At the Baton Rouge and rort Hudson National
Cemeteries $30 each was expended for repairs.
On October 4, 1915, a flood at the United States National Ceme-
tery, Mexico City, Mexico, washed away a large portion of the in-
closing wall and otherwise damaged the cemetery, repairs being made
at a cost of $2,150.
In April, 1916, a bronze tablet, including bronze supports for same,
was erected near the tomb of Maj. Charles L'Enfant, m the Arlington
National Cemetery, containing the facsimile of the inscription that
apnears on the tomb, at a cost of $297.
On May 9, 1916, the superintendent's lodge at the Mill Springs
National Cemetery, Somerset, Ky., was destroyed by fire, and a
thorough investigation of the matter by the depot quartermaster,
Jeffersonville, Ind., failed to disclose the cause. Steps are being
taken to reconstruct the lodge.
I can not too earnestly invite attention to the^ inadequacy of the
appropriation made annually ($120,000) for the care and mainte-
nance of the 83 national cemeteries imder the control of this office.
Of this sum 58J per cent is expended annually in the hire of labor in
keeping these cemeteries in proper condition, which leaves but a
very small sum available for repair to lodges, outbuildings, water
supply and sewer systems, reservation walls and fences, roads and
walks, trimming trees, etc., or the construction of new locoes and
outbuildings destroyed by fire, or of repairing damages occasioned
by hmricanes and storms.
During the past fiscal year the amount required to repair damages
by storms at three cemeteries in the South and in Mexico City aggre-
fated $6,414, and a new lodge is required to replace one destroyed
y fire at the Mill Spriijgs (Ky.) National Cemetery, which will cost
apm-oximately $4,500.
The price of labor and material has so far advanced in the past
year or two that most needed improvements and repairs at many
of the national cemeteries have been postponed, or only partially
made, for want of fimds. To meet this condition it is recommended
that in submitting estimates for the fiscal year 1918 the sum asked
for ''For care and maintenance of national cemeteries" be increased
to $150,000.
CLAIMS.
Miscellaneous accounts. — ^During the fiscal year there were received
for action 49 accounts for payment for services due to deceased
civilian employees of the Quartermaster Corps, amoimting in the
aggregate to $1,875.46. One account, amoimting to $58, was allowed
for pavment, and 48 accounts, amoimting to $1,817.46, were trans-
mitted to the Treasury or other departments for settlement.
Damage claims. — At the berinning of the fiscal year there were on
file in the office 16 claims for damages to private property of citizens
of the United States and its island possessions, amoimting in the
aggregate to $715.95. Thirty-six claims were received during the
3CEP0BT or THE QTJiSTEXMJLSTESi GEXSSUkL. ^T
fiscal yevr, smomitzng to S3«5&4.S9. Tot4J on hxnd «nd r^c«uvMi. ^!^
In tie CBtim&teB porgtsTDd in this offic* for the Ww IVr^ttTT^meTit
mod submitted to Cangrees aJ its present session in IVc<»mhor liist,
the sum of $5,0(K) ^iras iDcliided for the piyn^ent of duna^ c1iu7r$
theai cm £le in t^ office sod socb Additional ciaiTiis as ^'«(N' <!nh<)e-
<IiientlT reoerred and approTed bj tbe Secretjuy of War afrw an
investisatian to aBoertain viiat amount was iusvUv doe to tho r]jii;n-
ants. Tlus sera, h is nDder5t<K>i is inchidM in tbe hill making aT>*
|Rx>piiatians for tbe support of the Army durini^ the cnrront t»i"^
year, 'widci is now petnmng in Congress,* As the approrwiatjon oJ
$5,000 win eK-seed the amount required for pavnieint of the dATiiiure
claims now on file in tbe office, if that amount Is made avftU«blA, ti>e
balance, after paTmcnt of the claims now on lile^ will be used to p^^'
such additionju claims of this character as may be received dtmng
the present fiscal year.
ChnfederaU J^f/r^e da'tirt^. — ^At the beginning of the fissral yCAf there
was on file in this office 421 claims for payment for horses and l^>^::irA4^e
taken from paroled Confederate soldiers in violation of the tcr.^is of
the saiTCTider of the Confederate armies at Appomattox in April,
1865, pr^ented to this office under the act of Conaress appi\>>-e*i
FetMnary 27, 1902.
The time limit fixed by law for the presentation of these olaii>^:*
having expired on June 25, 1912, no claims were receive<i during the
fiscal year.
One claim was disallowed during the fiscal year, and two chin>!^
amoimting to $260 were allowed, leaving on hand at the cK\se of the
last fiscal year 418 claims.
It is beheved tluit of tlwse 418 claims, ncAriy, if not all, should W
dropped as abandoned and the papers sent to the i>ermanet>t tilcK <^
the office. Many of tbe claimants it is presume<i have died sinoe
their claims were presented, and others have been abandonetl by the
claimants for want of official evidence to enable favorable aotion U>
be taken upon them.
There remained at the close of the fiscal year of the appri>priatit>n
made by Congress for the payment of tliese claims the sum of
$5,399.05.
NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS,
For the supply of newspapers and periodicals for the use of the
enlisted men of the Armv there was authorized expondod d\iiinjx
the fiscal year the sum of $7,149.13, and the amount expoiuiod for
supply of reading matter for the troops serving in the Philipniiu^
Islands was, as reported, $632.74, making a total of $7,781.87 nutitor-
ized expended for this purpose.
Reading matter is bemg suppUed during the current fiscal year to
all posts and stations in the Lnited States, including the troo|xs serv-
ing on the Mexican border, and also the troops serving in Alaska,
the Canal Zone, and tbe island possessions.
FINANCE AND ACCOUNTINQ.
Apportionments, — Consolidated financial statement^ fiscal year
ended Jtme 30, 1916. (Exhibit No. 4.)
69176**— WAB 19ie~voL 1 22
838
BEPOBT 09 THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENERAL.
Detailed statement of expenditures of the Quartennaster Corps
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, itemized under different appro-
priations. (Exhibit No. 5.)
Statement of account of the Phihppine Islands (Exhibit No. 6) :
Letters, etc., received during fiscal year 1916 10, 671
Letters, etc., eex^t during the fiscal year 1916 13,781
OflScers' money accounte:
Onhand July 1, 1915 212
Received diuing the fiscal year 1916 2, 984
Examined and sent to the Auditor for the War Department during the
fiscal year 1916 3,045
On hand at the close of the fiscal year 1916 151
Certificates of deposit received 4, 278
Beneficiaries. — ^During the period July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916,
payments were made under authority of the act of Congress ap-
proved May 11, 1908. as amended by act approved March 3, 1909,
to the beneficiaries oi 31 officers of the Regular Army $50,205; for
321 enlisted men of the Regular Army, $49,112.60, and 11 enlisted
men of the Phihppine Scouts, $603, malang the total paid on account
of enlisted men $49,715.60, and a grand total disbursement on thb
account of $99,920.60.
Mileage. — For mileage disbursements for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1916, see Exhibit No. 7.
Letters, etc., received during fiscal year 1916 15,272
Letters, etc., sent during fisotl year 1916 23, 458
Property amounts. — Beginning with the fiscal year 1916 the rendi-
tion of annual returns of quartermaster property in the hands of the
Organized Mihtia was discontinued and the system of property
accounts provided in Circular No. 38, office Chief of the Quarter-
master Corps, 1913, for use in the Quartermaster Corps, was adopted
to account for this property.
The number of vouchers to property accounts handled during the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, is as follows:
Onhand July 1, 1915 9,295
Received during the fiscal year 284, 245
Posted to property accounts 279, 323
On hand June 30, 1916, to be posted 14,217
Letters, etc., received during the fiscal year 1915 6, 500
Letters, etc., sent during the fiscal year 1916 7, 332
Deposits and aUotments. — Report of soldiers* deposits received
and repaid during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916:
Number.
Amount.
Interest.
Deposits received
69.514
S1.&57.&44.02
PAivMits reDft^d by nnftrtenn«ut*j»^ ......,,.,,.,,,.,.,
44,308
1,143,614.77
16,036.36
$40,677.63
DebosJts rebeid by Treasury settlement
579.13
Total
1,159,651.13
41,156.75
Amount remaining to credit of depositors June 30, 1916, 12, 719,549.91.
During the period July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916, there was dis-
bursed $973,770.47 in payment of allotments made by enlisted men
of the Army,
BEPOBT OF THB QTJABTEBMASTEB GENERAL. 339
Total number of allotments in force on June SO, 1916 8,138
Letten, etc., received during fiscal year 1916 83,379
Letters, etc., sent during fiscal year 1916 16,481
Svhsistenee returns. — ^The number of subsistence returns handled
during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, is as follows:
On hand June 30, 1915 80
Received during the fiscal year 1,924
Examined during the fiscal year 1,894
On hand June 30, 1916 110
Letters, etc., received during fiscal year 1916 1,349
Letters, etc., sent during fisoil year 1916 2,323
Contracts. — ^There have been received, indexed, examined, and cor-
rected when necessary and entered on record of contracts during the
fiscal year ended Jime 30, 1916, contracts, leases, etc., as indicated
below:
Contracts with bonds 1,658
Contracts without bonds 1,777
Leases 1,143
Supplemental contracts * 189
Annual bonds 21
Notices of increase, decrease, termination of contracts 589
Letters, etc., received during the fiscal year 15,990
Letters, etc., sent during the fiscal year •••• 2,395
SUPPLIES.
Statement ofisma made during thefieedl year 1916,
Qairison, travel, reserve, trail, and field rations (36,487,325); average
cost, 28.0124 cents $10,220,989.99
Filipino ration (2,058,132); average cost, 17.4048 cents 358, 213. 85
Number, value, and average eoet of ratume, by geographical divieione, etc., ieeued during
the fiecai year 1916.
DlTiaions.
United BtatM (IncludM Canal Zona).
Alaska
Hawaii
PhfUppinaa (AuMrioan)
Total aTwaga coat:
Annrlcan
Phfllppinea (natlTa),
Canal zona
Nombarof
rations.
28,006,531
215,024
8,248,027
4,416,863
Vahia.
86,487,325
2,058,132
2,334,048
18,000,825.88
76,162.00
800,031.44
1,244,060.77
10,220,080.09
858,213.85
782,548.77
oott
(oants).
28.00
85.42
27.41
28.10
28.0124
17.4048
83.52
MILITIA.
Jima 21 to 36, inclnsHa, 5 dayi.
Jima 36 to 30, incioalva, 5 dayi.
Total ftv mmtia, Jona 21 to 30, IncOoalTa.
106,000
106,000
106,000
8807,600.00
150,000.00
556^500.00
178.00
t30.00
153.50
1 Par day.
Average cast of the roHon, wiih and without transportation. — ^The
averagje cost of the actual food included in the garrison ration
(Amencan) during the fiscal year 1916 was as follows:
Canta.
At all posts or stations in the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii). . 27. 9912
At all posts or stations in the Philippines 28. 1664
At all posts or stations in the Unitea States and Philippines 28! 0124
340
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB QENERAIi.
The cost of transportation charged on subsistence supplies was
$364^143.74. Charging this amount to the total cost of the garrison
ration issued, it gives for the fiscal year 1916 an increased cost for
each ration oi 0.998 cents, thus making the cost of the garrison ration
delivered, including food and transportation, as follows:
CeDts.
At all posts or stations in the United States 28. 9892
At all posts or stations in the Philippines 29. 1644
At all posts or stations in the United States and Philippines 29. 0104
Yearly and per diem cost of subsistence per man in the United States and the Philippine$.
Cost in United SUtes. .
Cost in Philippines. . .
Number of
rations.
Datty
average
ni mber
of men.
32,070,472
6,474,985
87,864
17,739
Netoost.
$8,976,920.23
1,602,283.62
^^^- (cents).
$102.17
90.33 I
27.99
24.74
Emergency ration, — Some difficulty has been experienced with the
emergency ration and it.s final adoption, owing to a slight odor and
rancidity which was noted after it had been packed for several months.
This defect has been traced and overcome, and 20,000 of these emerg-
ency rations have been procured in order to give an elaborate try-out
under difl'ering conditions and in various sections, especially on the
Mexican border and in the Philippines, where conditions should be the
most trying;, and if entirely satisiactory, a large quantity will be pro-
cured and kept as a reserve to meet possible needs.
The ration as devised by the fooa experts of the Department of
Agriculture, working in conjimction with medical officers and quar-
termasters of the Army, is composed of the following: Raw and
ground lean beef, 96 parts; flour, 96 parts; skim -milk powder, 64
parts; invert sugar, 3 parts. Salt to taste.
The nutritive qualities of the ration have been tested fully by the
experts and pronounced satisfactory, and it only remains to test the
keeping qualities, which may be determined only by long periods of
storage under various conditions of climate and temperature.
Restoration oj certain articles to subsistence list, — In the act making
appropriations for the support of the Army for the fiscal year 1913.
certain articles from the appropriation ''Subsistence of the Army
were transferred to the appropriations ''Reralar supplies,*' "Incidental
expenses/' and "Clothing, and camp and garrison equipage." The
act making appropriations for support of the Army for the nscal year
1916 authonzed the disbursement of the appropriations named
above, including "Subsistence of the Army," as one lund to be known
as "Supplies, services, and transportation." In view of this it was
deemecf advisable in order to facilitate supply, and in order to avoid
complaints as to deUveries and keeping the stock of the articles at
posts up to the required Quantities, to obtain authority to direct
the purchase of the articles listed below with purchases of subsistence
stores and suppUes for posts on monthly ana quarterly requisitions,
as outlined in Circular 15, O. Q. M. G., July 6, 1916:
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMA8TEB GENE&AIi.
341
Baaiiis, hand.
Bluing, ball.
Bluing, powdered.
Borax.
Brooms, whisk.
Brushes, hair.
Brushes, shaving.
Brushes, shoe.
Brushes, tooth.
Buttons, composition,
large and small.
Buttons, collar.
Candles.
Candles, lantern.
Combs, medium.
Combs, pocket.
Electrosilicon.
Equipment, dressing, olive
draD.
Equipment dressing,
white.
Handkerchief, linen.
Matches, safety.
Metal polish, paste.
Metal polish, powder.
Mugs, shaving, enameled.
Needles.
Polish, shoe, black, combi-
nation.
Polish, shoe, russet, combi-
nation.
Poliah, shoe, russet, paste.
Razors.
Razor strops.
Salt, rock.
Shoestrings, linen, black,
long.
Shoestrings, linen, black,
short.
Shoestrings, linen, olive
drab, long.
Shoestrings, linen, olive
drab, short.
Soap, issue.
jSoap, hand.
Soap, laundry.
Soap, scouring.
Soap, shaving.
Soap, toilet.
Starch, laundry.
Thread, cotton, black.
Thread, cotton, O. D.
Thread, cotton, white.
Thread, linen, black.
Thread, linen, white.
Thread, silk, olack.
Towels, bath.
Towels, huckaback.
Toweling.
RoUirw Icitchens, — Quite a number of experiments or tests of various
types of rolling kitchens, from both domestic and foreign sources,
have been made during the year, and some under severe service
conditions in Mexico and on tne border. It is beheved that a satis-
factory type of American design has been found, and over 25 of
the most promising designs have been procured and shipped to the
Southern Department for a most elaborate field-service test. A
special test is also being conducted at Fort Sam Houston, Tex., of
certain models, under the direction of the department authorities of
the Southern Department.
Among those tried out were several which developed the fact that
the^ simply added to the amount of transportation that had to be
mamtainea for an army in the field, and did not produce satisfactory
results in the way of hot food for men on the march and on the firing
line.
So far as information is obtainable or judgment can be depended
upon, it is believed that the type that is finally adopted after addi-
tional and elaborate tests have oeen made will compare most favor-
ably with the best designs of rolling kitchens in European armies.
Manual for Army bakers and Army cooks. — It was deemed advisable
to have the Manual for Army Bakers and the Manual for Army Cooks
revised and brought up to date. It was also desired when such
revision was made to have these two manuals, which are so closely
related and both of which are ordinarily used by instructors and
students at the bakers' and cooks' school, combined into one volume,
but divided into two parts. Such consolidation would reduce the
expense of printing, eliminate the necessity for carrying so many
puolications for distribution, and enable the volume to be more
readily carried or handled.
Capt. E. S. Wheeler, Fourth Field Artillery, who was well qualified
to do the work, was selected and bejgan the revision. He made
considerable progress, but his tour of^duty in the Quartermaster
Corps expirea before he could complete the work, and did not. in
consequence, conclude it. In view of this, Capt. Leonard L. Dei-
trick, Seventh Cavalry, who was also well prepared to continue and
complete the volume was selected for this duty and now has the
342 BEPOBT OF THE QUAETERMASTEB GENERAL.
work well on toward completion, and it is hoped to have it shortly
ready for issue.
Mobilization of the National Guard. — On May 1, 1916, the National
Guard of Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico was called into active
service by order of the President, and on June 18, 1916, the remainder
of the National Guard of the United States was called into active
service by the President. It became necessary, therefore, to at
once provide for their subsistence. Under law and regulations,
when called into active service they are to be subsisted at the expense
of the Government from the time of their arrival at company ren-
dezvous. The subsistence of the National Guard is supervised and
provided for by the mihtary authorities of the State at company
rendezvous, and also at State mobilization camps until sworn into
the service, when they come imder the supervision and control of
the Federal authorities and are subsisted as are other troops of the
Regular Army.
When the National Guard troops were transported from State
mobilization camps to the Southern Department, or Texas border,
kitchen cars were provided in which to prepare their food, or a
baggage or box car was furnished, with a range installed by which
the food could be prepared. When they were ready to be trans-
ported, 10 days' rations were furnished to make the journey to
destination in the South and to afford them a small supply in addi-
tion, so as to provide against anv delays and to care for their wants
until arrangements could be mad.e to meet their needs at destination
in the regular way.
The subsistence of the troops, suddenly mobilized in camps and
when transported to the Mexican border and after their arrival
there, was accomplished in a satisfactory and successful manner by
the department. This is borne out bv the extensive inspections of
the National Guard by inspectors, ana in the inspection and reports
of Maj. Gen. Tasker H. Bhss, who has borne testimony to the thor-
ough and satisfactory manner in which the troops have been sub-
sisted in Texas and on the border.
Isolated cases of inadequate subsistence have here and there been
urged by some, but even if true, it is hiunanly impossible to over-
come every objection and meet every possibility of hardship, but
where any mistake or hardship has occurred it will probably be
found traceable to lack of experience and judgment of the Nationdl
Guard in not knowing how to care for themselves as regulars do,
which is a most natural result, because of the fact that they have
not had the necessary training and experience in this direction, but
have done remarkably well, all things considered. Regular, troops
at posts, when traveling or when campaigning, have very rarcJy
complained. This is prmcipally due to the years of training and
experience regular troops have had in caring for themselves whereas
the National Guard come from homes where they enjoy aaily sur-
roundings, comforts, and cooking accustomed to, and the cnange
comes somewhat as a revulsion when they go from such homes and
food and cooking to the camp and the fooa and life of the soldier.
In short, most of the complamts as to the National Guard are due
to or can be charged up fi^ainst inexperience. Cooks who may be
first-class men in a restaurant, club, or home, but without experience
in the field cooking for himdreds and without the tools ana equip-
EEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB QENEBAIi. 343
ment at hand they would have at home, can not be expected to meet
every demand, and is one of the reasons for failure. Another reason
is the inexperience of commanding officers in not knowing how to
provide for their men. One company may be living in plenty on
the regular ration, wlule another company may be hungry because
of food spoiled through lack of proper care or preparation.
The niunber of meat inspectors of the Army is very limited. In
consequence meat inspectors from the Agricultural Department were
detailed, through the courtesy of that department, to cooperate with
and assist the inspectors of the Army in safeguarding its meat supply
by making a careful inspection of all fresh and canned meats before
issue to and consmnption by the troops.
Meat for use of the Army is riridly inspected at the packing houses,
the inspection beginning with tne animal before it is killed and all
througn the after process by inspectors of the Agricultural Depart-
ment stationed at tne various packing houses throughout the coimtry.
In addition to this, meat inspectors and experts of the Quarter-
master Corps are also stationed at the large packing centers, Uke
Chicago, Kansas City, Omaha, San Francisco, and elsewhere where
meat is being prepared or cured for the Army, and they also watch
it through tne wnole process from the killing of the animal until
turned over to the Government. Besides all this, the inspectors of
the packing houses also closely inspect all moats.
In addition to the above safeguards, meat inspectors from the
Agricultural Department have, with the cordial cooperation of that
department, been ordered stationed at all places where large bodies
of troops are located to inspect all meats oefore use by the troops.
With regard to other food articles or stores purchased for me
Army, trained experts at depots and purchasing stations carefully
inspect all supplies purchased, and at stations where troops are
actually locatea, inspections are made by the officers who procure
the supplies, who are assisted by trained inspectors if they are
available.
The pure food and drugs act of 1906, and amendments since, as
to the sale, etc., of poisoned or deleterious food, and also the meat-
inspection law of 1906, and amendments since, against the use of
meat that is * * unsound, unhealthful, unwholesome, or otherwise imfit
for human food," helps greatly to safeguard the food supply.
The health, contentment, and efficiency of troops are tne first care
of a commander. To make proper provision regarding the soldier
demands the best thought and effort of his superiors at all times.
The subsistence of the soldier is of vital importance, and it is ad-
mitted that the ration of the American soldier is the most liberal of
that of any army in the world, and, as stated, proper subsistence
or cooking of their food is of the greatest importance, for it is follv
to train soldiers to the highest state of efficiency ana then by lacK
of care or attention to their food for a short season prepare the way
to put them out of condition at the most critical moment.
The Army has also the latest designs and devices for cooking
food in the field and baking bread. Tne field bakery will compare
most favorably with the very best types of this kind, in any of^the
European armies of to-day, and the bread produced is uniformly
excellent. There are, too, trained cooks and bakers who prepare the
food and bake the bread for the Army. These trained experts are
344 REPOBT OF THE QUARTERMA8TEB GEKEBAL. .
taufbt in the various bakers' and cooks' schools that are estabEshed
at designated places in the United States, in the Hawaiian Territory,
in the rhilippmes, and it is hoped shortly to establish a school m
Panama.
To meet any possible exigency that might arise, it has been nec-
essary to procure and place in stock at the depots at El Paso, Fort
Sam Houston, Harlingen, CJolimabus, Nogales, etc., large quantities
of articles of the ration and other subsistence supplies for troops
on the border and in the Southern Department. The corps has
been able to practically meet every demand made upon it, so far
as the food supply of the Army is concerned.
Some complaints have reached this office as to the poor quality
and insufficiency of the food furnished various militia organizations.
After investigation of these cases, the records indicate that prac-
tically all the complaints so far as have been investigated have oeen
unfoimded, or due to the inexperience of cooks of the National Guard
or lack of experience and training of the National Guard in taking
care of themselves, though, as previously stated, they have done
remarkably well in this respect. The following indicates the char-
acter of the complaints and some of the replies thereto:
Hon. Hoke Smith, United States Senate; Hon. Carl Vinson, House
of Representatives; and Mr. C. T. Wiebis, reported to this office that
there was a shortage of food, etc., also that the food was not of good
quality at the Geor^a mobilization camp at Macon, Ga. The com-
plaints were immediately referred for investigation, and the reports
of the senior mustering officer at the camp at Macon,. Ga., indicated
that at no time were the rations inadequate, but that they were ample
and of excellent quality. Later on Senator Smith submitted a com-
munication from the lion. Hooper Alexander, United States attorney
for the northern district of Georgia, who stated that he had visited
Camp Harris and found the troops in fine spirits and prospering in
every way. Mr. Alexander's letter is as follows:
August 7, 1916.
Hon. Hoke Sioth,
UnxUd States SenaU, Washington, D. C.
Mt Dear Senator: I see by the ^pen that the customaiy crop of critics 10 com-
plaining at the administration of the War Department and its treatment of the militia.
It has occurred to me that the Secretary of War may be interested to know that the
Geors^ troops are in fine spirits and prospering in every way. I went to Camp
Hams a few days ago after they were concentrated there and personally inspected
the cooking arrangements and other camp facilities and I was delighted with the
situation.
I have a boy 19 years old, who enlisted with the Fifth Geonria Regiment and is now
in camp. He came here last night on a 36-hour furlough. He has gained 14 pounds
while m camp, and reports to me that everything there, especially the food, is as
nearly perfect as could be asked. He seems delighted with the situation, and sa^
that practically every man with the Georgia Brigade feels the same way about it.
There are a few critics there as you will fiuad them everywhere, but I am sure that
there is no ground for criticising the War Department, at least so far as concerns the
Georgia troops.
I am writing this because it may be of interest to the Secretary of War, if you should
see fit to communicate it to him.
Respectfully,
Hooper Alsxakder.
This communication was entirely volimtary and unsolicited, and
Senator Smith, who had previously deplored the alleged poor food
and conditions, stated that he was very much gratified to receive this
EEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB QENEBAL. 345
letter and to submit it to the Secretary of War, as he had very much
confidence in the statements of Mr. Alexander.
Mr. Frank G. Gorrell, secretary of the National Canners Associa-
tion, forwarded a clipping to this oflBce from the New York World
relative to the poisoning of the Massachusetts Militia by canned
salmon. A thorough investigation of this case disclosed the fact that
several cans of this salmon were brought by the Massachusetts
Militia with them from their mobilization camp at Framingham,
Mass. Through the carelessness of the cook a swelled" can was
mixed with other cans containing good food furnished by the Army
authorities, and the mixing of tne bad with the good food was the
cause of the illness of the troops. The illness was the direct result of
lack of judgment and experience of militia cooks. Steps were imme-
diatelv taken by the authorities to prevent a recurrence of cases of
this cnaracter, and orders were issued from this office looking to the
prevention of similar cases.
Mr. G. W. Pratt submitted a clipping from Mr. McCann regarding
the bad food furnished the militia on the border, particularly the
New York troops. A thorough investigation of tnis matter was .
made, and the commanding general of tne New York Division re-
ported that the complaint was entirely without foxmdation and
attached complete statements of company commander, mess ser-
feant, first sergeant, and cook of Company H, Seventh New York
nfantry (where it was alleged the bad food had been served), indi-
cating that the food furnished was of the best quality and that the
complaints were entirely imfoimded.
But one case reached this office and was investigated, wherein the
complaint of lack of food was well founded. This occurred in com-
plaint of the Hon. H. P. Snyder, House of Representatives, who
reported to this office that a member of Troop 6, First New York
Cavalry, on his way to the border by train, had been without food
for 24 hours. On investigation it was ascertained that the officer in
charge failed to provide for subsistence at the time. This failure
was due to lack of experience and poor judgment on the part of the
officer, for he should have met the emergency promptly by procuring
the necessary food if his rations were exnausted, at any eating
station, and made a charge against the Government the same as he
would or should have done if his men had been delayed and the ration
supplies were all consimied before reaching his destination, as is fre-
(juently the case with the Regular Armv. So that while the incident
is greatly regretted, it seems to have been due to the fact that the
militia officer in charge was lacking in experience and initiative in
caring for his men.
But, as previously stated, it is humanly impossible to provide
against every contingency, mistake, or even nardsnip in a great move-
ment of this character.
In conclusion it may be well to repeat that Maj. Gen. Tasker H.
Bliss, United States Army, Assistant Chief of Staff, made an ex-
tensive investigation of practically all the militia organizations en-
camped on the Mexican Tborder, and reported that the rations were
ample and of excellent quality, and that a general spirit of content-
ment prevailed among tne troops.
846 BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENERAL.
Value of miscellaneous supplies issued to the militia; fiscal year
1916, $38,446.65.
Losses, — ^The following losses occurred during the year, and are
based on the losses for nine months, which is the latest d.ata available:
Ordinary wastage $21,109.92
Deterioration 166,701.34
Loss in transit 2,001.80
Loss — carriers and sellers responsible 4, 747. 60
Theft or fire .-. 549.95
Miscellaneous 34,034.28
Losses on account of Galveston hurricane 10, 761. 90
Issued to replace losses to troops on account of Galvestou hurricane 11, 769. 86
Total 261,666.65
Deduct gains r23,228.68
Deduct sales at auction 32,750.36
Deduct reclamation made on carriers and sellers 4, 747. 60
Total 60,724.64
Total net losses 190,942.01
Issues to destitutes on accoimt of hurricane, etc 3, 041. 04
The excessive losses are due to the sale of surplus stock of the Corregidor Reserve and
to the Galveston hmrricane.
CLOTHING AND EQUIPAGE.
FINANCE.
Appropriation by Congress for the purchase and manufacture of cloth-
ing and equipage for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916:
Original amount -. $6,693,000.00
Deficiency 5,014,702.00
Total 11,707,702.00
Credit on account of sales to oflicers, etc 220,000.00
Collections and disbursements in connection with the settlement of the
clothina accounts of the enlisted men of the Army. — The following are
the collections from and disbursements to the enlisted men oi the
Armj in the settlement of their clothing accounts during the period
specified, viz:
Collections on accoimt of clothing drawn in excess of established allow-
ances:
Appropriation, 1915—
From Apr. 1, 1915, to June 30, 1915 $13,107.63
From July 1, 1916, to Mar. 31, 1910 76,349.91
Appropriation, 1916, from July 1, 1915, to Mar. 31, 1916 98, 783. 52
Total collections 188,241.06
Payments to enlisted men at time of discharge from service on account of
clothing undrawn:
Appropriation, 1915 —
From Apr. 1, 1915, to June 30. 1915 304,432.58
From July 1, 1915, to Mai. 31, 1916 457.705.37
Total disbursements 762,137.95
From the above it will readily be seen that the allowance of cloth-
ing established to properly clotne the enlisted men of the Army under
alTservice conditions is ample.
EEPOBT OF THE QUABTERM ASTER GENERAL. 347
Issues to the militia.^Theie were issued to the governors of the
several States and Territoiies and to the commanding general of the
District of Coltmibia Militia, for use of the Organized Militia during
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, clothing and equipage supplies
to the total value of $1,098,813.15, of which $931,104.08 was on
account of issues under the act of May 27, 1908, and $167,709.07
under the act of June 22, 1906, amending section 1661, Revised
Statutes.
The issues of these supplies were made upon requisitions submitted
by the governors of the respective States and Territories and the com-
manding general District of Columbia MiUtia, duly approved by the
Secretary of War. Reimbursements for the value of the property
issued have been and will, as soon as the receipts for the same shall
have been received by the officer making the issues, be submitted to
the Mihtia Bureau for transmission to the Auditor for the War
Department, in order that the appropriation *' Clothing, and camp
ana garrison equipage" may receive proper credit.
S3.es to the muitia, — ^The amount of money realized during the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, from sales of clothing and equipage
supplies to the governors of the States and Territories, and the com-
manding gener^ District of Columbia Militia, under the act of Con-
gress approved January 21, 1903, amounted to $70,352.85, which
sum has been placed to the credit of the appropriation *' Clothing, and
camp and garrison equipage.'*
Sales of clothing and equipage to various departments and bureaus of
the Government — By special authority of the Secretary of War, imder
the provisions of paragraph 671, Army Regulations, 1913, there were
sold during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, to various depart-
ments and Duroaus of the Government, clothing and equipage supplies
to the value of $87,301 .09. The amounts have been or wul be crodi tod
to the appropriation "Clothing, and camp and garrison equipage."
Sales of clothing and equipage supplies to military schools and col-
leges,— Tnere were sold dunng the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916,
under the provisions of the act approved July 17, 1914, to military
schools and colleges at which officers of the Army are detailed as pro-
fessors of military science and tactics, clothing and equipage supplies
to the value of $9,363.75. The amounts have been placed to the
credit of the appropriation "Clothing, and camp and garrison
equipage."
Sales at auction. — There was realized at the general depots of the
Quarteiinaster Corps during the past fiscal year from sales of con-
demned and unserviceable articles of clothing and equipage and cut-
tines the total sum of $27,532.53. The expenses connected with
making these sales amounted to $192.04, which were deducted from
the amount realized, leaving a balance of $27,340.49, which, under the
law, was covered into the Treasury of the United States, credited to
''Miscellaneous receipts."
Field supply depots. — For statement of quantities of clothing and
equipage ^\^ch, by direction of the Secretary of War, as stated in com-
munication from the office of The Adjutant General, of February 23,
1911, are to be kept available in field supply depot No. 1, also the
quantities on hand Jime 30, 1916, see Exhibit No. 12. It will be seen
that most of the supplies have during the recent mobiUzation of the
National Guard been drawn upon and that the articles constituting
348
BEPORT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENERAL.
the reserve supply have virtually become exhausted and no great de-
pendence can DC placed upon the same.
Cloihim and equipage supplies for the National Guard called out by
the President of the United States, — The Secretarv of War on June 18,
1916, under instructions from the President, called upon each of the
governors of the States (except the governors of Texas, New Mexico,
and Arizona, the militia of which States were called into service upK>n
a previous call), by telegraph, and directed the assembling at the re-
spective State mobiUzation points, or at such points as mi^ht be
designated by the conmianding generals of the respective imlitary
departments, of such organizations as were deemed necessary.
Kealizing that immediate steps should be taken to promptly and
efficiently furnish the troops thus called into service with the neces-
sary clothing and equipage supplies for field service, at war strength,
all the supphes available^together with such as imder s{>ecial author-
ity of the Secretarv of War were purchased at the general depots,
either in open market or after inviting proposals upon short notice,
were placea under the control of the several department conmianders.
The States in the Western Department to be supplied from the depot
at San Francisco, Cal., those in the Central and Southern Depart-
ments from the depot at St. Louis, Mo., and the States located in
the east from the depot at Philadelphia, Pa.
The action in making these pm*chases was due solely to the fact
that the stock of clothijng and equipage held in reserve proved to be
inadequate to meet the pressing demands so suddenly made upon
the corps, the limited appropriations by Congress heretofore made
for the procurement of a reserve supply not having been sufficient.
The loUowing is a statement showing the amoimts estimated by
the clothing supply branch as being required for reserve suppUes of
clotliing and equipage for the fiscal years 1909 to 1916, inclusive,
the amounts included in the annual estimates, and the amounts
appropriated by Congress for the purpose:
Fiscal year.
1909.
1910.
1911.
1912.
Amount esti-
mated by
clothing sap-
ply brancb.
Amount in-
cluded in
estimate.
12,500,000.00 $2,500,000.00
1,549,615.61 1,M9,615.61
1,494,653.64 I 494,653.64
332,011.70 1 332,04L76
1913 ! 2,051.889.34 1 131,70a00
1914 1 1,596,8^79 I 696,898.79
1915 1 2,900,064.45 j 225,880.95
1916 225,ooaoo i aoo,ouaoo
Total.
12,656,158.59 6,030,294.75
Amount ap-
propriatea
by Congress.
$1,274,873.85
1,549,61^.61
494,653.64
832,041.76
" *244;958!7»
225,389.96
4,121,53101
The stock on hand at the general depots had been further reduced
by issues to equip the trainmg camps, no funds having heretofore
been appropriatea to cover cost of such supphes.
Purchase of clothing for spedal issue to troops in Alaska. — ^Under
existing orders the troops stationed in Alaska perform duties which
require that they shoiild be suppHed clothing of a specially warm
character. The following is a statement of the articles prociired
during the past fiscal year, amounting in the aggregate to $8,758.46:
iAJSOJLL^ i^^
SMI V T'lrkK finest . > IKS
^ »L ■ fiumm ft. tmr , . ::.' nC ■
at m- f»ti»x«rfc7«r - . 4M .-Tilt
fi 14% 9 I 1111111 I ^ wBtt.. cnr.. , .3^ 4^ ■
M m. ■
!
Trial ^dsAimf mmimBf^ehtrrei ffxmt v(nt! o »* '7 : a- t. ?# ,v-:" '^ : --^ : r> —
Reports upoD the cotic«i loid wk>} matd ^t y*^ 'j * r i^-u'-i
for trial by tzoc«p« slAtJcosc^ At FtS Mjvrr Vi. T'-Tr^^i i r ::j*^
lOBtuJ rcpTTt fee liw- £?4nJ yew ^ZjIts - -r*' • ! IT. i.L-* *>«-
reeeived- The ti^^Ke of tbf*?^ rvpr-ri- m^Lj' ftT -rtJ' V > r- : . _ '**
conchishnp, as li>^ rt" ihr-.g h** i*-! r»^- >-** --vi :. v lt -• . j
fieU-s-e-rvice eocfedit>ciQ&. Jadg^.g fr^is r*T» ^1=. r'^-^.-'if -'• * '-^
oBr-PHlrab sliirte. vlurli «rp irc-m- #-x'iuf.- -It rr.hz. Jkf" ^-l ir :zi
flannel cooaposed of 75 per orT.t w-> -1 *r i 1* >^ rvr_: ", :*. :. ':i^.'* * ^t
no doubt Inat the C'lrrf^-drmb s-^iti'-v <j :1_.z »"~il i-r -* - -/-t--J **
aceeptabie acd serrioeable.
Searcity <!^ df^^ityTi. — As MAii^-i ir. tb?- 1^^*. 4^ - :ii.I r- -» n r'^t". ./'
ficidties were expenenoed br rr.Mr.vf^A^ir^T^ r c'^-l * -' i' " *> -: v*^
stuffs needed to produce the fa.st rrrkrv ^r : ^r.-..*^ f r •.;-'^ - ' '^-^-•t*^
woolen and cotton fabrics er.i*er.:-z ir.:^* li.'^ i^i' "-5^* * -r- •' .v..tv ; t^*
for the Army.
On account of the European wa»r &- •! f>:r.*^ .-> - • rr. 'r>*-/- „ \} -/
importing the dyes which har^ L-r*e:'>f -r^ xm^z^ • r'>' -r^*-; 5r'y;-% *^;'/t/i,
the situation became quite s«-r>.*us.
In connection with the purchise of \t.^ -l tLI: z :r,^>r^l* f*-, >,.''d
by the Quartennaster Corps, c^f^^i.^r *l' -r^e -.--i: .-rr ^-*t. ,v.^' ,-
factawrs represented thait it wo:Id t-^ irj^Tra/:.- ^'^^ •'^y ',*/•-<.,; r.'.^
needed dyes, which had entiivly di-^'j-irwi fro:a t.^'r A,v,< r.' >-r#
markeL
Contractors haTe, however, be^r* able to pr-vi-;'^ ^':.*t f^*/*-/'* ;^' J
the situation seems to hare beer* -onif^rr^.t t* ..^^*^A or •;,'- i'.,,.* y vf
American manufacturers to producer i^'i\tJ,\*^ dy#;^t*.:T* i;. t;.<: \,:.\***i
States.
The department no longer ifi^btj upo'. an orin^-^Jmb -f/Ior for
stockings, it having been decided to p'Jr^..A.-»rf? o;.!y t'.<r '-^y/.-./^i-r'^^J
article, therebv giving relief to manufA/:l»in'r^ of u-xiiif {3w*fT,t *..
Brawn mixei tpoolens. — In view of the var^ itv of rf v^* uiU t*^U^nt*A
to, this office realized that timely step«» -uould tjo ta^c^n fo f^ro'lu/^ a
fabric that would prove satisfactory a% a ser.i'e uniforrn and a» t}*e
same time eliminate the uncertainty of depending ufKjn Ay^^ 'A for<^ij{n
production, and samples of brown and gray mixed melt/jriA merw pro-
cured from various woolen mills, and it was'^demonstrated that, »h/>uJd
occasion arise, there will be no difficulty in obtaining woolen cl/Hht in
sufficient quantities.
Revision qf specifications for woolen fabrics. — It having been found
advisable to change the standards and specifications for woolen f ab-
rics entering into the manufactiu^ of uniforms, the specifications
governing the purchase of such materials have been revised by elim-
360 BEPOBT OF THE QUABTBBMASTBB GENERAL.
inating the 14 and 17 ounce olive-drab meltons and substituting
therefor a 16-ounce melton for service coats and breeches.
Changes in uniform, — For the purpose of making a studv of and
reporting upon the question of the uiiifonn and clothing allowances
of enlistod men, a board of officers was appointed under the provisions
of War Department Special Orders, No. 39, February 16, 1916, as
amended by Special Orders, Nos. 49 and 80, of February 29 and April
5, c. s.
It is understood that the board referred to has rendered its report
and submitted the same to The Adjutant General. Up to the present
time this office has not been advised of the action taken upon the rec-
ommendations of the board of officers referred to.
Previous to the appointment of the board this office, on several
occasions during the past year, recommended the abolishment of the
blue imiform as an economic measure and the discontinuance of the
clothinff money allowance, it having been found impracticable to
establish an allowance that would be equitable imder existing service
conditions.
Unauthorized wearing of uniforms. — ^The act of Congress approved
June 3, 1916 (sec. 125), provides that it shall be unlawful for any
person not an officer or enlisted man of the United States Army,
riayy, or Marine Corps to wear the duly prescribed uniforni of the
United States Army, Navy, or Marine Corps, or any distinctive part
of such imiforms, or a xmiform any part oi which is similar to a dis-
tinctive part of the duly prescribea uniform of the United States
Army, Navy, or Marine Corps. This provision is not, however, to be
construed so as to prevent officers or enlisted men of the National
Guard from wearing, in pursuance of law and regulations, the imiform
lawfully prescribed to be worn by such officers or enhsted men of the
National Guard; members of tne organization known as the Boy
Scouts, or such other organizations as the Secretary of War may
designate, are exempted from the provisions of this act.
Several organizations having made inquiry as to whether their
status was such as to prevent tnem from weanng the authorized uni-
form of the Anny^ The Adjutant General, by direction of the Secre-
tary of War, hds informed the representatives of such organizations
that a compliance with the following requirements, with the exception
of a distinctive hat band, would meet with the approval of the War
Departmcn t, viz :
Organizations must be purely military.
They must be composea of atizens of the United States, or those who have declared
their intention to become citizens.
The object of the organization must be to so drill and train its members that they
may be better able to take their places in the large armies that would be called in
case of great national emergency.
The organization must be armed with the rifle or other arm approved by the War
Department.
The drill and training must be according to the prescribed regulations and tw^nn^iiy
of the War Department.
Some mark or insignia of a distinctive character must be adopted to be worn on
the blouse or coat, or shirt when blouse or coat is not worn; also a distinctive hat-
band in lieu of a cord must be worn.
Officer must not wear the insignia of rank prescribed for officers of the Army, Navy,
or Marine Corps.
The insig[nia of rank prescribed for officers of educational institutions are reomi-
mended, with reference to which a circular now in process of pubUcadon will be
issued in a few weeks and furnished to the different educational institutions and
military societies.
REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL. 351
Fidd shoes. — ^ReaUzmg the fact that on account of the numerous
complaints that the regulation shoe, while excellent in all other re-
spects, was too li^it in construction and material, and consequently
Old not possess tl^ necessary wearinjg qualities for seryice in the fiela,
this office ordered the purcnase and issue to troops, for preliminary
trial, of 600 pairs conforming in pattern and substance, with minor
modifications, to those fumisned \>y American manufacturers to the
French and Belgian Armies during the present European war. The
uppers are made of undressed yeiQ or side leather. Ihe soles are of
adequate thickness and are studded with hobnails. The shoes are
made upon the same lasts as heoretofore used in the manufacture of
Army snoes, and in r^ard to ^diich no complaints haye reached this
office.
There are now being purchased under contracts at the Boston,
Philadelphia, and St. I>)uis depots 265,000 pairs, at an ayera^e cost
of $3.69 per pair, and they are dispatched to tne troops as fast as
accepted rrom the contractor.
Overhauling and repairing qfivom-out shoes. — ^It haying been demon-
strated that m many cases tne worn-out shoes discaroed by the en-
listed men could be oyerhauled and remodeled at a reasonable price,
thus rendering them fit for further service, the question of retaining
the ownership of the shoes by the Goyemment was submitted for
consideration by higher authority. The work connected with the
repair of such snoes, after collecting them from the principal posts,
could, it was suggested, be done eitner at the Disciplinary Barracks
or under contract with a firm specializing in the remodeling of old
shoes, which would result in a large saying to the Goyemment in the
cost of shoes.
In reply to the foregoing this office has been adyised that after
carefid consideration it has been decided that it is to the best interest
of the service to continue the clothing allowance system for enlisted
men instead of the Goyemment retaining ownership of all dothing
issued to enlisted men.
Aviators^ clothing. — Under the proyisions of paragraph 20, Special
Orders No. 274, War Department, Noyember 24, 1915, a board of
officers was apj)ointed to meet at Fort Sam Houston, Tex., to con-
sider the question of adopting clothing suitable for ayiation purposes.
This depiutment, upon the recommendation of said board, procured
from abroad, through the miUtary attachfi at London, England,
articles of equipment suitable for the purpose.
Upon receipt of these samples they were forwarded to the board
of officers referred to for consideration. No definite result has, how-
eyer, as yet been communicated to this office.
On the 27th of May last the Chief Signal Officer requested a de-
cision as to whether ayiators' clothing should be paid for from
appropriations of the Signal CJorps or from those for the Quarter-
master CJorps.
Under date of June 7, 1916, the Secretary of War approyed the
recommendation of this office that the clotmng required oy officers
should be paid for by the officers themselyes, and that sucn as may
be required by the enlisted men be furnished by the Quartermaster
Corps and issued on memoradum receipt.
Issue of civilian clothing to prisoners upon release from confinement —
Under tne proyisions of paragraph 1170, Army Regulations as
852 BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB QENEBAL.
changed by C. A. R. No. 27, 1915, each general prisoner upon release
from conmiement is furnished by the Quartermaster Corps with a
suit of citizens' outer clothing at a cost of not to exceed $10.
Experiments conducted at the .United States Disciplinary Barracks.
Fort Leavenworth, Kans., demonstrated that the clothing reqmred
for issue to discharged prisoners could be economically manufactured
by prison labor and tne savings would cover the cost also of an
overcoat.
Steps were taken during the past year to install a tailor shop at
the Pacific Branch, United States Disciplinary Barracks, Alcatraz
Island, CaJ., and the Atlantic Branch, Fort Jay, N. Y. A shoe-
repair shop has also been established at these barracks.
These aaded f acihties will not only enable the Quartermaster Corps
to manufacture the several suits required for issue to discharged pris-
oners, but will provide the means by which garments can be reno-
vated and repau-ed for issue to general prisoners in confinement.
Experience has shown that obsolete shoes and other articles can be
altered and utilized in this manner with considerable economy to
the Government.
Leather leggings, — A supply of leather leggings has been procured
and issued to the mountea organizations for whom they are intended.
From reports received it appears that they do not meet with favor,
partly due to xmsuitable material of which made. No action to dis-
continue their procurement and issue has thus far been taken, as the
department considers that a further and more extensive trial will be
necessary to arrive at a thorough and correct understanding.
Suggestions have been made that in case it should be decided to
a])o;ish the leather leggings it would be preferable to adopt for the
mouiite<l troops a suitable legging made of canvas and to reinforce
them with leather.
Canvas leggings, — Reports have been received that the present can-
vas legging is not suitable for the requirements of the service. It is
pointed out that a return to the pattern issued prior to the Spanish-
American War would be preferable. The pattern referred to was
provided with a leather strap to go beneath the shank of the shoe,
thereby keeping the legging m proper place and extending the ma-
t(»rial sufficientR'' over the instep to prevent sand and other substances
fro?n entering tne shoe.
Ponchos and slickers. — Experiments have continued during the
past year in the eflFort to develop a satisfactory poncho and slicker for
the service, it being found that the waterproof sheeting heretofore
used in manufacturing these articles was not suitable for the purpose.
As to shckers, so far experiments have shown that a double texture
material with a rubber interlining has given the most satisfaction.
Recently a fabric known as ** aeroplane cloth" was brought to the
attention of this oflfice, and preliminary experiments and tests indi-
cated that this fabric would prove especially serviceable for ponchos.
Contracts have been awarded for a quantity of this material, and it
will be given a thorough trial.
In general it can be stated that complaints with reference to pon-
chos and shckers have been less frequent during the past year, and
it is hoped that within the near future a perfect^ satisfactory article
will be evolved.
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB OENEBAIi.
353
Changes in speciJUationsfor clothing and equipage. — ^The following is
a statement oi the yarious changes that were made in the specifica-
tions for clothing, equipage, and materials dining the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1916, with the reasons therefor:
Mo.
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
123S
1239
1240
1241
1242
Articles.
Collar omftmeiits.
Cap ornaments
Leather leggings
Ambulance guidon staffs
Tent poles and pins
Tentage
Silken colors, guidons, and standards .
Field desks for companies andregi*
moital headquarters.
Woolens
Banting flaa, colors, standards, pen-
nants, ana guidons.
Containers for identification certificates
Reasons for change.
Adoption of ornaments for Disciplinary Guards.
Adoption of ornaments for Disdpllnary Guards.
Adoption of. for mounted oi^anJxations.
Readopted for ambulances.
New hexagonal pole for pyramidal tents in lieu of old pole
and tripod; new specmcations f<x- ward tents and con-
solidation of specifications for poles and pins.
Adoption of wall tent, large (formerly hospital, regulation);
adoption of ward tent; wall tent, small (formerly wall
tent, tropical) in lieu of pyramidal tent, small; canvas
cover for folded ward tent as prescribed in 0. 0. 39, W. D.,
1915; and oonsoUdation of all tentage speciflcatioos.
Adoption of guidons for ambulance companies, field hos-
pital compaoles, aero squadron, and telefpraph c(Miipa-
nies. Signal Corps.
New nllng arrangement.
Provide for mixture of cotton in 30-oance melton and shirt-
ing flannel; substitution of 16-ounoe for 14 and 17 ounoe
meltons.
Adoption of guidons for ambulance and field hospital com-
panies, aero squadron, and telegraph companies. Signal
Corps.
New.
Guidons for nutchine-gun troops. — ^Requisitions for guidons for
machine^un troops having been made upon this department, The
Adjutant General, by order of the Secretary of War, has advised
this office that the same are not required by such troops.
The officers in charge of the several issuing depots have been
advised accordingly.
Band instruments. — ^The change in musical instruments furnished
to the bands of the Army and the militia by the Quartermaster Corps
from hiffh to what is known as the low or mtemational pitch has re-
ceived the constant attention of this office in so far as the appropria-
tions available for that purpose would permit. About one-third of
the bands have been supphed with new instruments, or, whenever
Eracticable, alterations in the instruments on hand by means of sUdes
ave been made, thereby perfecting the changes in the most economi-
cal manner.
Mosquito bars for troops in Canal Zone. — The attention of this office
having been called to tne necessity of supplying the troops stationed
in the Canal Zone with mosquito oars of a nner mesh, in view of the
fact that those of regulation pattern did not afford sufficient protec-
tion against the sand ffies so prevalent in that part of the country,
the Department Quartermaster of the Eastern Department on June
28 last was authorized to purchase the necessary bars, to be of a
quality that may be found most suitable and satisfactory.
A report has been received from the officer referred to, from which
it appears that 5,610 bars have been purchased at the several posts
requiring them, at a total cost of $10,889.68.
Claims, act of March S, 1885. — ^There were received at this office
during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, 144 claims for personal
property destroyed or lost by officers and enlisted men while in
the service of the United States. The act of Congress approved
e917e*— WAB 1916— VOL 1-
23
854 BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB QENEBAL.
March 3, 1885, authorizes settlement of claims of this character by
proper accomiting officers of the Treasm'y Department.
The act contains a provision that the Uability of the Grovemment
shall be limited to such articles as the Secretary of War, in his dis-
cretion, shall decide to be reasonablcj useful, necessary and proper
for sucn officer or soldier to have in his possession while in quarters,
engaged in the public service, or in the Ime of dxitj.
The claims received were carefuDy considered in this office and
submitted to the Secretary of War for transmittal to the Auditor for
the War Department, the total amount reconmiended for settlement
amounting to $1,713.23.
Claims on account of the Texas flood. — ^A severe tropical storm or
hurricane reached the coast of Texas at Galveston on August 16,
1915. The storm was of exceptional violence and duration, and the
wind and the rain and the floods from the great tide and backwaters
caused enormous damage at the Army posts, camps, and stations at
and near Galveston ana Texas City.
In view of the extraordinary situation the Secretary of War ap-
f)roved recommendations for apphcation to Congress for special legis-
ation for the reUef of those connected with the Army wno suffered
loss of private property in the storm, including civihan employees,
and also to provide reimbursement for loss of articles personal to
the use of members of families and dependents of officers, enlisted
men, and civihan employees and for military organizations.
Up to June 30, 1916, there have been received appUeations* from
8,321 claimants for amoimts aggregating over $655,000. As revised
by several boards of officers, where there has been such review of
the claims submitted, the amount involved is reduced to $515,449.20.
Of this latter amount $414,306.29 is for articles that were personal
to the use of officers and enhsted men; $55,841.79 for articles used
by civihan employees connected with the Army and members of
famihes and dependents of officers, enUsted men, and civihan employ-
ees; and $45,301.17 for reimbursement of articles lost by mihtary
organizations.
The matter was reported to Congress by letters addressed by the
Secretary of War to the Speaker of the House of Representatives
imder dates of October 30, 1915, and January 11, 1916. Those com-
munications, with inclosures, were pubhshed in Document No. 582,
House of Representatives, Sixty-fourth Congress, first session.
The exammation of these claims is proceeding, but their trans-
mittal to the Auditor for the War Department must of necessity be
deferred until Congress shall have had opportunity to consider the
special legislation recommended by the Secretary of War.
The claims can not be adjudicated under the act of Congress
approved March 3, 1885.
Clothing danuiged by Galveston, Tex,, flood, — The large (j^uantities
of overcoats, blankets, sweaters, and other articles of clothing dam-
ped by salt water incident to tne hurricane and flood at Galveston.
%x., in August last, which it was beheved could be renovated ana
rendered serviceable for issue, were ordered to the depot at Phila-
delphia, Pa., for that purpose. The expenditure connected with
sucn renovation is reported to have amomited to $12,606.97.
BEPORT OF THE QUABTERMASTER GEXERAL. 355
Many of the articles were discolored with a brown color which it
was found impossible to remove, bat the discoloration was not suffi-
ciently noticeable to prevent the clothing from bein^ issued to troops
at the several disciplinary barracks, and it has therefore been set
aside accordingly. The remainder of the renovated property has
been placed in stock for issue.
Manx^adure cf maUressesfor prisoners at the AUantie UrUted States
Disciplinary Barracks. — On the 2l8t of March last The Adjutant
General informed this office of the approval of the request of the
commandant United States Disciplinary Barracks at Governors
Island, New York Harbor, that the old and present poMcy of fur-
nishing the prisoners with straw mattresses witn no pillows or sheets
be discontinued, and that they be supphed with cotton mattresses,
pillows, etc.
A requisition for the required articles having been submitted, and
it having been decided to make the mattresses at the United States
Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth, Kans., thus giving employ-
ment to prisoners, an order to manufacture the number needed (400)
was given after ascertaining that the necessary picking and filler
macbme and materials could be procured as cheaply at Fort Leaven-
worth as elsewhere. Purchase has been authorized at a cost of
$1,404.25.
Relief of sufferers from fre at Paris, Tex, — Congress, by act approved
April 11, 1916, authorized the Secretarv of War to supply for tem-
porarv use, under such rules and regulations as he may prescribe,
a sufficient niunber of tents to aflfora shelter for the suJOTerers from
the conflagration in Paris, Tex., and who may be in need of the same,
and to fiUTiish such cots, blankets, and supplies as, in his judgment,
woidd be necessary to give relief to such persons as were rendoix>a
destitute by said conflagration.
The act of Congress quoted made no provision permitting the use
of anv public fimds for the purpose referred to, and upon the receipt
of information to the effect that governmental aid would not be
required, no further action regarding the matter was taken by this
office.
Issue of tents to flood sufferers in the Mississippi Valley, — There
were issued in February fast, from the St. Louis, Mo., depot, to
sufferers from the overflow of the Mississippi River, 51 conical wall
tents, 2 pyramidal tents, large, 5 wail tents, small, and 17 wall tents,
large, all complete with poles and pins, valued at $2,875.10. The
cost of shipping the same from St. Louis to Arnaudville, La., was
$199.53, and report has been received that all this tentago would
be returned to the St. Louis depot.
Loan of cotsfoi' use of the United Veterans' reunion at Birmingham^
Ala, — There were loaned from the depot at Philadelphia, Pa., to the
committee having charge of the United Veterans* Reunion ncld at
Birmingham, Ala., in M^y last, under Senate joint resolution No. 76,
by authority of the Secretary of War, for use of the veterans attend-
ing said reunion, 5^000 cots, satisfactory bond for the value of the
property to insure its safe return having been given.
£oan of tents arid other property to sanitary organizations of the
American Na4ional Red Cross. — There were loaned for use of the
356 BEPOBT OF THE QUARTEBMASTEB QENEBAL.
National Service School, upon receipt of satisfactory bond, the fol-
lowing Quartermaster Corps suppUes, etc. :
260 each cots, mattresses, pillows, and mosquito bars.
520 pillowcases.
1,040 bed sheets.
150 galvanized-iron buckets.
2 field desks.
11 hospital tents.
65 p>Taniidal tents.
41 tent flies.
all complete with tripods, poles, and pms.
The property has been returned to the custody of the department.
Purchase of supplies under annual contracts, — Under the annual
contract system advertisements were issued and contracts awarded
by the Quartermaster GeneraPs office, for delivery of various classes
01 supplies, as required diuing the fiscal year, at the several depots
of the Quartermaster Corps. Under these advertisements 674 oids
were submitted and 319 contracts awarded.
These contracts covered supplies and services of the classes indi-
cated in the following statement, which also shows the total amoimt
of purchases under each class, viz:
Stationery and office supplies, wrapping and toilet paper, school books,
etc 1178,047.70
Hardware and tools 223, 731. 12
Rope and twine 66, 876. 38
Toilet articles, soap, and cleaning materials 253,384.75
Paints, acids, and glass 71,668.17
Canvas, duck 10,920.71
Iron, steel, copper, etc 5,530.23
Leather and harness hardware 167, 999. 00
Band instruments and parts 18, 565. 99
Clothing, equipase, and materials 2, 430, 471. 55
Manufacture of clothing 327,635.57
Packing and waste 14, 304. 55
Office furniture 23,813.57
Fire, garden, and steam hose 24,414.70
Tableware and kitchen utensils 27,934. 97
Total 3,845,298.96
Under these annual contracts orders are placed with the con-
tractor direct by the depot quartermaster requiring the suppUes^ from
time to time during the fiscal year, which simplifies to a great extent
the procurement of supplies.
Some diflSculty was experienced in a few cases in obtaining satis-
factory and prompt dehveries of certain supplies, due to the unusucl
market conditions existing and the shortage oi materials entering
into their manufacture.
CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR.
Appropriations and expenditures. — A tabulated statement attached
hereto as Exhibit No. 8 shows the appropriations and amounts avail-
able during the past fiscal year for the construction, repair, and rental
of buildings, hicluding plumbing, heating, hghting and equipment,
purchase and rental of land, construction and repair of water, sewer,
lighting and power systems, wharves, roads, walks, bridges, and other
nprovements on military reservations ; also the approximate amounts
^portioned from the several appropriations, the general purpose for
diB
for
WfM
the
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heading df ^Shooting gaUencs and ranett/' «^t«w Ui*r i^/i»ttiif :
S^^iiid S&S to b€^^
358 REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL.
The following report indicates the expenditures made thereunder:
Construction: Oo«t.
Dade, Fort, Florida, rebuilding tai:get-ran£:e shelter $150. 00
George Wright, Fort, Washington, material for construction of shooting
gallery. 31.96
Greble, Fort, Rhode Island^ target range house storeroom 246. 82
Kamehameha, Fort, Hawaii, target butts 1, 100. 00
Mcintosh, Fort, Texas, replacing revetment and target house on range
(Laredo)* 170.00
Brownsville, Tex . , material for target range, Fourth Infantry* 320. 10
Canal 2k)ne, temporary butts on range 1, 000. 00
Gaillard, camp, Canaf Zone, temporary range 309. 66
Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y., addition to range house for storage of
additional tat^gets 451. 80
St. Michael, Fort, Alaska, extending shooting-gallery building No. 43. . 266. 37
Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, revetting range site, excavating, etc 9, 681. 00
Sill, Fort, Oklahoma:
Target range for school of musketry 774. 60
Range house for school of musketry 605. 00
Williams, Fort, Maine, small-arms target range and house 396. 00
Total 15,503.31
Items followed by (*) pertain to Mexican border.
The following items, not included in the foregoing, indicate where
target ranges were rented, and cost, for the fiscal year 1916:
Buena Vista, P.I $111 . 30
Colchester, Vt 276. 00
Clackamas, Oreg 699. 99
Edsall, Va 750.00
Fabens, Tex. * 30. 00
Junemanns Pasture, Tex. * 600. 00
Laredo, Tex. * 420. 00
La Teria Tract. ( ameron County, Tex.* ; 75.00
Leichuang. China 180. 00
Do 30.00
Marfa. Tex. * 75. 00
Do.* 17.43
Nogales, Ariz. * 240. 00
Pbarr, Tex. * 15. 00
Total 3,519.72
Items followed by (*) pertain to Mexican border.
Militarif post exchanges. — The Army appropriation act, under
heading of '^MiUtary post exchanges,'' covers the following:
For continuing the construction, equipment, and maintenance of suitable buildings
at military posts and stations for the conduct of the post exchange, school, library,
readine, lunch, amusement rooms and gymnasium, including repairs to buildings
erected at private cost, in the operation of the act approved May 31, 1902, for the
rental of films, purchase of slides, supplies for and maian^ repairs to moving-picture
outfits, to be expended in the discretion and under the direction of the Secretary of
War, fl5,839.85.
The following indicates the expenditures made thereunder for
construction:
Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, completion of swimming tank $500. 00
Corozal, Canal Zone:
2 bowling alleys 650.00
Equipment 130. 60
Empire, camp at. Canal Zone, improvements in exchange 1,724.00
SEPOKT or THE QUASTOOl^STlJt :=X5TX%...> ]59^
y-t^m-'itTT- ^ ,^ f|i|1 41
C Si^YT^ lTi'A.'.trr .»#•» *
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iz^zirom^^ SR (Wf . W
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Leciee^aa <j«aeEaJ H:^cral ■ Al>i:rT.:t '-.osr-a \.,c •! mt-- I n*~ i^'
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Fori KilffT, KiaB_ ?-:aiscra"^i:iL :c r-jfcOf - , ^:,^ft^»
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Fen Mcrtherscc^ 'ja . viklf ij-fiir •»3i«ri'»Li;ii. I SO "^
Xaotomvee Iams^ivSel afeaL 'jutecmt-uui aJ viJi:* ..^ 4 f»?i 06
ITiffrr-'^. — ^At Yyn i^bJc*fr f'u..^ Mi'tio* '^ » - pw rel: fcirrwi can-
Crete vL^ vft§ r-r-'.^-trj'-v^ at « *-.»-: c*^ *-' J. '*•'■. Tri^ rpr:ifcr»rtflr rf
the work w** *.-:'j:*ra,it< frvtu fu*iC- '/ t*jt f'yj'.»v::i5 1^17 5scJ
some of tije mo-re jjr v-»rut' t ;,»* v ♦•^-u *./f ■ jf
Fort Gmpt. 'STiBi , r^^-mmnr-^rft. ^^^ ti. 4H~
Fort CoBK^ -ui<L »6i^M'it '.t »*utt*^ 1 41*:. 5<*
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Fort **it if '^miTi^'Ji T*5i CiaiiSij^ v- ij ui.C'iiiuj*«: ,^ 1 t%t 80
For: rinj.-'.^ ifl** u cnwuai^ v *'i<> Lt-j'^ , ^ Kri W>
F'.r: V!*»o!»5t *!<» -^i**?'/*' Tit^s^vuoC 5jui»^.*-^tiar^>;' ^'tiaff ^,-,-.-* i dW: BO
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360 BEPOBT OF THE QUABTERMASTEB QENEBAL.
Some of the more important projects undertaken during the year
were:
Fort Maaon, Cal., fire-protection eystem $1, 981. 75
Fort Mills, r. I., two air compreemrs, centrifugal pump, air receivers, etc. 9, 902. 00
Fort Sam Houston, Tex., pump house, tanks, etc., for aviation grounds. . 5, 330. 75
Scbofield Barracks, Hawaii, completing the water-supply system 31. 320. 00
Water disirilyuting systems:
Fort Huachuca, Ariz., water and sewer systems for new building 19, 000. 00
Fort Sam Houston, Tex., water-distributmg system for aviation post.. 4, 970. 00
Sewer systems:
Fort Miley, Cal., connecting post with city sewer 1, 445. 00
Fort Sam Houston, Tex . , sewer system for aviation post 7, 392. 00
Fort Sill. Okla., sewer for school of fire building 1,875.00
Purchase oflandy revocable licenses, leasee, etc. — ^Particular attention
has been given to leases of Government property under the control
of the Quartermaster Corps, in order that the greatest benefit might
be derived therefrom. The Secretarv of War has authority under the
law to lease property not required for immediate military use^or a
period not exceeding five years, and revocable at any time. When-
ever practicable such leases aie entered into after public advertise-
ment and award made to the highest bidder. Oftentimes the
grounds, buildings, etc., are kept in repair, etc., by the lessee, as a
condition of the lease, and the land, too, is thereby kept from weeds
and generally turned back to the Government, after having been
cultivated for a period of time, in a much better condition tiian it
would have been had it been allowed to remain unused. Although
the funds derived from the rental thereof are not recredited and made
available foi military expenditure, they are, however, deposited to
the credit of the Treasurer of the United States as miscellaneous
receipts and indirectly operate to loweiing the cost of the Military
Estanlishment.
Dm-ing the past fiscal year this office reconmiended, and the rec-
ommendation was approved by the Secretary of War, that hereafter
leases of Government property to others be executed in guintuphcate,
one copy to be fumisnod the lessee, one copy filed witn the records
of the post concerned, one copy returned for file in. the office of the
Jud^e Advocate General, as required by law, one copy sent to the
Auditor for the War Department, and the remaining copy furnished
for the information of this office. The point raised by this office was
that heretofore there had been no complete and adequate check
upon the receipts collected from the lease of such property, or of any
moneys received from licenses, and it is beUeved that ,the plan
adopted will eliminate that objection.
Tne amoimts expended for the purchase of land, etc., and a state-
ment of changes m military reservations, also a list of revocable
license? granted during the year, as far ao shown by the records of the
Quartermaster General's office, will be found in Exhibits Xos. 10
and 11.
Front Royal, Va, — Vouchers were prepared in October, 1915^
and payments made to Mrs. Alma Jackson and R. H. Jackson, in the
sum of $1 ,042.19, for the acquisition of lOS acres and 120 square poles;
and to Miss Lucy E. Barbee, in the sum of $1,068.13 for 85 acres and
20 square poles. This completed the purchase of the land authorized
by Army act of March 3, 1911. (See p. 35 of the annual report for
1915 for details.)
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTBB QENEBAL. 361
Presidio of San Francisco, Cdl. — ^The sum of $100,000, appropiiated
by the sundry civil act of March 4, 1909, remains available and
covers the purchase of land and acquisition of water rights on Lobos
Creek. An agreement, dated June 10, 1915, between the Depart-
ment and the opring Valley Water Co., under the terms of which the
Govenmient will pay to me above-mentioned company $98,937.50
upon being furnished with a deed conveying a good and valid title
to the property, remains in effect. The dteed has not as yet been fur-
nished, but the negotiations are in process and it is expected soon to
close this matter.
Tobyhanna^ Pa. — ^During the past fiscal year, the Henry Pratt
tract, compiising about 422 acres, was purchased from the owner,
Mr. Thomas Brady, for the sum of $1,255. This money came from
the original appropriation of $50,000 made in the Army act for 1914.
(See p. 36, annual report for 1915, for further details.) Two small
tracts still remain to be acquired through condemnation proceedings.
Fences. — ^The total amount expenaed from the appropriation
"Supplies, Services and Transportation, Quartermaster Corps,"
during the fiscal year, for the constiuction of reservation fences, was
approximately $2,937.50, which includes $1,632.10 for a fence at
Fort Barry, Cal., $388 for material for construction and lepair of
fences at Keno, Okla., $372.40 for extension of fences along southern
boimdary of Fort Sill, Okla.^ and $545.56 for a woven-wire fence on
the east side of the reservation at Vancouver Barracks, Wash. For
corral fences, which are constructed from the appropriation "Bar-
racks and quarters," see Exhibit No. 9.
Balce ovens and apparatus. — ^The cost of bake ovens, dough mixers,
bread racks, ana othei equipment for post bakeries, is defrayed from
the appropriation "Supplies, Services and Transportation, Quarter-
master Corps." Dming the past fiscal year these articles weie pur-
chased on approved requisitions by the depot quaitei master, Jeffer-
son ville^ Ind., at a cost of $11,466.12.
Heating installations. — ^There have been authorized during the
year in connection with heating installations the following:
Fort Bliss, Tex., hot- water heating apparatiis in 5 captains' quarters and
8 lieutenants* quarters $9, 090. 00
Fort Keogh, Mont., heating system in oflScers' quarters No. 2 .*. . . 850. 00
Fort Liscum, Alaska, supplies for installation of steam heating plant in
officers' quarters No. 33 593. 80
Fort Moultrie^ S. C, hot-water heating plants in 5 sets captains' quarters
and 5 sets lieutenants' quarters 6, 635. 00
Philadelphia Depot, Pa., material for connecting officers* quarters to central
heating plant 650. 00
Fort Sill, 6kla. :
Steam-heating plants in 13 sets officers' quarters, old post 11, 475. 00
Steam-heating plants in 6 sets officers' quarters, old post 4, 200. 00
Lighting systems. — Under this beading there has been expended
during the year from the appropriation * * Supplies, Services, and Trans-
portation, Quartermaster Corps," for the mstallation, extension, and
improvement of electric-lightmg systems, the following amoimts at
the posts named :
Fort Baker, Cal., material for electric-lighting systems on road between
poet and Sausalito - $942.83
Fort Hamilton, N. Y., extension of lighting system 411. 83
362 BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENERAL.
Fort Huachuca, Ariz.^ combination electric light, pow^, and ice plant,
including electric distribution system, wiring and fixtures in buildings
(lighting portion only) $77, 115. 00
Fort Keogn, Mont., electric-lighting system 2, 266. 00
United States Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Leavenworth, Kans. :
Traveling crane in power plant 1, 010. 00
Purchase and installation of 300-kilowatt turbo-generator and switch-
board 13,689.00
Letterman General Hospital, California:
Metering feed water-heater and purifier in power plant 2, 626. 00
Two bofler feed pumps in power plant 1, 144. 00
Fort Mcintosh, Tex., instollation electric-light system 2, 079. 23
Presidio of San Francisco, Cal., changing location of pole line and making
improvements to lighting system, West Cantonment 1, 274. 87
Fort Kuger, Hawaii, electnc line along engineers' trail to Diamond Head. 795. 00
Fort Sam Houston, Tex., exterior and interior lighting system, aviation
post 2,017.00
Fort Sill, Okla.:
Wiring and fixtures in extension of barracks and stables 800. 52
Wiring and fixtures in remodeled buildings, old post 1, 500. 00
Boiler feed pump, additional feed- water lines and steam header for
power plant 855. 00
Fort Snellin^, Minn.:
Installation electric motor-driven machinery for power plant 2, 878. 00
Smokestack for power plant 580. 00
Fort Strong, Mass., connecting hoisting engine with central power plant.. 859. 52
Fort Terry, N. Y., new street-lighting system 1, 765. 00
Ice and refrigeraiina plahts. — ^The following work has been author-
ized during the fiscal year in connection with ice and refrigerating
plants:
At Fort Bayard, N. Mex., the walls in refrigerating room of ice
plant have been rebuilt, at a cost of $1,131, ana a complete ice and
refrigerating plant, with a capacity of 20 tons refrigeration per day,
in combination with the electric light and power plant at Fort
Huachuca, Ariz., has been installed, at a cost of $20,050.
Laundry plant. — The only laundry plant installed during the year
is that at Fort Huachuca, Ariz., at a cost of $33,047.40.
Incandescent lamps, — There has been expended for the piurchase of
incandescent lamps in the United States, $20,868.01. All lamps
now being supplied are of the Tungsten type, and are purchased
through tne General Supply Committee and aistributed through the
New York depot. The supply of lamps for the ensuing fiscal year will
be of the nitrogen-filled Tungsten type in lieu of the vacuum Tung-
sten, on accoimt of the greater efficiency which will thus be obtained.
The supply of carbon lamps is exhausted, and the Gem lamp is nearlj
so. These latter two types of lamps are no longer purchased by this
department.
Purchase of light. — For the purchase of light there has been author-
ized during the fiscal year the following amoimts:
Electric current and gas $361, 287. 21
Mineral oil 48,014.98
Total 409,302.19
Fu^. — ^There has been expended during the fiscal year for fue' in
kind and purchase of heat the following amounts:
Fuel in kind, for heating public buildines, and power purposes 51, 755, 035. 76
Heat, purchase of 36. 837. 74
Fuel for pumping plants 132. 243. 75
Fuel for incineratorB 34,989.45
Fuel, blacksmith coal, and charcoal 5, 251. 40
BEPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL. 363
WaU lockers. — Wall lockers are purchased for installation in barracks
and the cost is defrayed from the appropriation ** Barracks and quar-
ters." They are also sometimes issued to offices. As they can be
gurchased cneaper when large lots are obtained, the Quartermaster
brps makes contract, upon which the Office of the Surgeon General
sometimes draws for installation in hospitals, in which event reim-
bursement of appropriation from which purchased is made from the
appropriation "Construction and repair of hospitals;" $23,044.01
expended fiscal year 1916.
^Annual repairs to huUdings, etc. — Based on the estimates of March 1,
1915, received from military posts and depots, apportionments were
made to departments and mdependent stations at the beginning of
the fiscal year 1916 for annual repairs to buildings and systems
From the apportionments to departments, allotments were made to
each post by the department commanders within the limits of the
funds available. Instructions were given to retain a reserve balance
in each department to meet unforeseen contingencies. The total
amount apportioned for annual repairs from each appropriation of
the fiscal year 1916, not including the Phihppine Islands, was approxi-
mately as follows:
Barracks and quarters: General repairs to buildings $616, 507. 03
Military post exchanges: Repairs to post exchanges, gymnasiums, bowl*
ing alleys, gymnastic apparatus, etc 11, 358. 00
Supplies, service, and transportation, Quartermaster Corps:
Kepairs to reservation fences, lighting and heating plants, exterior
lighting and heating systems, lighting and heating within build-
ii^, bakery buildings, bake ovens and equipment, ice and refriger-
ating plants, and laundry buildings 117, 908. 10
Repairs to water systems and pump houses, sewer sys-
terns, sewerage-disposal plants and crematories,
plumbing in buildings, and fire apparatus $134, 331. 57
Repairs to flagstaffs, picket lines, and electric-bell
systems 4, 171. 00
Railroad equipment 2, 832. 00
Total 259, 242. 67
Roads, walh^, wharves, and drainage: Repairs to roads, walks, curbs,
gutters, railroad tracks, wharves, seawalls, retaining walls, drains, and
drainage; also improvement of grounds 208, 303. 00
Shooting galleries and ranges: Repairs to buildings on target ranges, etc . . 9, 049. 15
Construction and repair of hospitals: Repairs to hospital buildings 77, 578. 26
Quarters for hospital stewards: Repairs to hospital stewards' quarters ... 10, 191. 15
Special repairs, aUerationSj and improvements. — In addition to the
annual apportionments for repairs as stated above, expenditures were
authorized in the course of the past fiscal year for special repairs,
exclusive of Mexican border expenditures (the necessity for which
could not be anticipated when tne annual estimates were prepared),
and for alterations and improvements in buildings, exterior systems,
and grounds of the various military posts and stations. The total
amount expended for special repairs, alterations, etc., from each
appropriation was approximately as follows:
Barracks and quarters (including door and window screens, storm doors,
etc.) $191, 991. 16
Military pK)et exchanges (including gymnastic apparatus, etc.) 25, 076. 25
Construction and repair of hospitals 29, 153. 99
Quarters for hospital stewards 814. 89
Supplies, services, and transportation. Quartermaster Corps 121, 093. 36
Roads, walks, wharves, and drainage 61, 804.86
Total 429,934.51
364 BEPOBT OF THE QUARTEBMASTEB QENEBAL.
Meiican border. — ^The following is a siimmarized statement of
expenditures made during the past fiscal year to provide necessary
accommodations and conveniences for troops on the Mexican border:
Temporary storehouses, kitchens, mess hails, stables, latrines, screening,
etc., flooring and framing of tents, assembly and amusement halls, hos-
pitals, bakeries, etc $213,932.43
Repairs to temporary shelter, etc 16, 663. 29
Electric lighting of camps, installation and repairs 9, 992. 08
Construction and repair of water-supply systems and plumbing 32. 070. 96
Roads, walks, drainage, etc., at camps 2,093.12
Fittinfi; up target ranges, repairs, etc. , including rentals 3, 037. 59
Miscellaneous supplies 42, 980. 80
Total 320.770.27
Losses by fire and storm. — The losses by fire and storm during the
fiscal year 1916 were as follows:
Fort Thomas, Ky., July 7, 1915, buildings Nos. 2, 3, 15, 17, 18, 19, 26, 43, and 56
were damaged by storm to the extent of $2,562.10. Extensive damage was caused to
glass, electric and telegraph lines and poles.
Valdez, Alaska, July 15, 1915, building No. 2 (post office, storeroom, and stables)
was destroyed by fire.
Fort Revere, Mass., August 9, 1915, stable No. 6 was struck by lightning and dam-
aged to the extent of $200, and forage loss amoimted to $300.
Camp Stotsenburg, P. 1., July 9, 1915, the machine-gun platoon stables, building
No. 382, was damaged by fire to the extent of $700.
Fort Howard, Md., August 4, 1915, damage by storm, $1,000.
Fort Carroll, Md., August 4, 1915, damage by storm $25.
Fort Armistead, Md., August 4, 1915, damage by storm $20.
Fort Small wood, Md., August 4, 1915, damage by storm $5.
Fort McHenry, Md., August 4, 1915, damage by storm $400.
Presidio of San Francisco. Cal., August 27, 1915, brigade commander's quarters
No. 22 was totally destroyed by fire, at a loss of $12,617.05.
Fort Crockett, Tex., August 16-18, 1915, buildings, roads, sewers, water system,
batteries, electric lighting, and telephone systems were damaged by severe hurricane
in the total sum of $338,680.
Fort Slocum, N. Y., September 18, 1915, the coal dock was damaged by fire, loos
$820.
N^'ashington Barracks, D. C, September 23, 1915, limiber shed and storeroom were
destroyed by fire, and on September 26, 1915, quartermaster stable (No. 24A) was dam-
aged by fire.
Jackson Barracks, Fort St. Philip, and Fort Jackson, La., September 29, 1915,
buildings, wharves, and property were ba<ily damaged by hurricane; estimated damage
to buildings $13,000, lignting systems $1,000, hospital $800, wharf $5,000. Launch
Mansfield was sunk.
Vancouver Barracks, Wash., October 4, 1915, building No. 145, brigade headquarten
ofllce, was damaged by fire.
Fort Bliss, Tex., October 15, 1915, storeroom in rear of basement under bakery in
building No. 57 was damaged by fire.
Fort Sill, Okla.. October 15, 1915, saddle shops, school of musketry, was damaged
by fire to the extent of about $125. A lot of target cloth was destroyed.
Fort St. Michael, Alaska, October 27, 1915, post laundry building No. 57 and con-
tents were totally destroyed by fire.
Fort Sill, Okla., November 1-2, 1915, post exchange building (new post) was dam-
aged by fire to the extent oi ^0.
Fort Ontario, N. Y., November 19, 1915, buildings were damaged by storm to the
extent of approximately $135.
Fort Slocum, N. Y., November 19. 1915, porch in rear of barracks, building No. 84,
was damaged by storm to the extent of about $71.93.
Madison Barracks, N. Y., November 20-21, 1915, buildings damaged by wiodstonn
to the extent of about $400.
Presidio of San Francisco, Cal., December 2, 1915, officers* quarters No. 19, main
post, was damaj^ by fire apparently due to defective flue. Damage confined to two
rooms and portion of roof.
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBBfASTEB OENEBAL. 365
•
F(»rt Dade, Fla., December 4, 1915, range shelter, building No. 32, totally destroyed
by fire, loss $150.
Fort Mills, P. I., December 7, 1915, btiildings, etc., damaged by typhoon to the ex-
tent of $11, 596.50.
Camp Eldridge, P. I., December 7, 1915, buildings, etc., damaged by typhoon to
the extent of $61.40.
St. Francis Barracks, Fla., December 13, 1915, building known as '"Monastery"
used for offices of militia, State of Florida, destroyed by fire. Quantity of militia
property and all records destroyed.
Valdez, Alaska, December 23, 1915, Hogan telegraph station destroyed by fire.
Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, December 25, 1915, three Infantry and two Cavalry
barracks were destroyed by tornado, and 150 other buildings were damaged. The
board of officers' report stated that the total damage was to the extent of $29,377.
Request was made for $25,000, but owing to the low state of appropriation, this office
authorized but $15,000 for immediate repairs.
Fort Hamilton, N. Y., December 26, 1915, roof of building No. 77S damaged by
storm to the extent of $200.
Fort Strong, Mass., December 26, 1915, building No. 42, barracks, partly unroofed
by storm; al^ damage to porch.
Fort Huachuca, Ariz., December 29, 1915, building No. 17, barracks, damaged by
fire.
Presidio of San Francisco, Cal., December 29, 1915, band barracks, building No.
164, main poet, was damaged by fire.
Fort Miley, Cal., January 2-3, 1916, buildings were damaged by gale to extent of
$800. Main sewer and drain pipe damaged to the amount of $100; also, shooting-
gallery roof damaged.
Fort St. Michael, Alaska, January 4, 1916, all buildings damaged by storm, porches
destroyed, and all docks dams^ed. Amount of loss, $5,000.
Unalaska, Alaska, January 9, 1916, building No. 49, telegraph station, destroyed
by fire.
Balsovia, Alaska, January 4, 1916, buildine No. 64, fish cache, destroy by storm.
Fort Ontario, N. Y., January 17, 1916, barrack building No. 24 was seriously damaged
by storm to the extent of about $1,793.10.
Fort Huachuca, Ariz., January 30, 1916, stable No. 28 collapsed under weight of
snow, amount of damage $430; telegraph line destroyed.
Fort Flagler, Wash., January 23, 1916, wharf building No. 42 damaged by storm to
the extent of $650.
Whipple Barracks, Ariz., January 26-27, 1916, old blacksmith shop destroyed by
storm, 200 yards of fence washed out, and county road damaged.
Governors Island, N. Y., January 27-28, 19*6, building No. 15, offices of depart-
ment staff, damaged by fire to the extent of $40.
Fort Ontario, N. ¥., February 7, 1916, buildings Nos. 5, 6, 8, 10, and 24 damaged
by wind storm.
Fort Reno, Okla., February 9, 1916, building No. 97 destroyed by fire.
Eagle Pass, Tex., February 22, 1916, hay sh^ destroyed by fire.
Fort Gibbon, Alaska, March 7, 1916, building No. 2, barracks, destroyed by fire,
including all property, records, etc. Three soldiers' lives lost.
Presidio of Monterey, Cal., March 13, 1916, administration building No. 20 destroyed
by fire. Original cost, $1,000.
Fort Slocum, N. Y., March 17, 1916, building No. 23, tinners' shops, damaged by
fire to the extent of about $44.50.
Fort Ixiaven worth, Kans., March 20, 1916, crematory (new) building No. 332, with
all electrical apparatus, destroyed by fire. Furnace and chimney not injured. Esti-
mated damage, about $1,495.29.
Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y., March 31, 1916, post hospital was damaged by fire and
$20 was authorized to repair the same.
Fort Williams, Me., April 8, 1916, post gymnasium damaged by fire to the extent
of $108.
Fort Walla Walla, Wash., April 21, 1916, barrack building No. 9 was totally destroyed
by fire, and building No. 20, formerly used as administration building and commis-
sary, about half destroyed.
Fort Mills, P. I., April 21, 1916, company barracks (C. A. C), was damaged by fire
to the extent of $10.
Fort Adams, R. I., May 9, 1916, building No. 42A was damaged by fire to the extent
of $60.
366 REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL.
Fort Crook, Nebr., May J.4, 1916, the chimney to the post hospital was damaged by
lightnine and $31.65 authorized to repair the same.
Fort Bliss, Tex., May 13, 1916, stables of Troops C and D were destroyed by fire.
Rentals. — The total amount expended from the appropriation
'* Barracks and quarters/' fiscal year 1916, for the rental of quar-
ters, offices, storehouses, stables, recruiting stations, lodgings, camp
sites, etc., was approximately $451,556.41. This amount includes
$50,000 allotted for all rentals in China.
It was not necessary to rent quarters for officers during the fiscal
jear 1916, and a large reduction in the total cost of rentals has
resulted thereby, all officers having been placed on a commutation
status by law. Barracks were rented on the Mexican border for
noncommissioned officers and enlisted men at a total cost of $3,867.64
the larger rentals being at Texas City, Tex., in the sum of $2,075.14,
due to the storm of August 15-16, 1915, and at Mission, Tex., in the
sum of $1,031.50. In addition to the above quarters were hired for
noncommissioned officers on general recruiting service, who were
authoiizcd by tne Secretary ot War to live separate from the recruit-
ing party at an approximate cost of $13,262.94. Quarters with the
heat and light included were obtained at an average cost of $15 per
man per month.
Offices weie rented at a total cost of $50,650.85.
Storehouses were rented at a total cost of $91,105.44.
The cost of stabling pubhc animals and authorized private mounts
of officeis during fiscal year 1916 was approximately $27,022.92, the
rentals being distributed over approximately 61 dliflferent cities in
the United States. The average rental paid, for stable proper was
$10 per horse per month.
The rental of main and auxihary recruiting stations during the
fiscal year 1916 (not including lodgings) amounted to approximately
$100,526.28. A total of 140 new auxiliary reciuiting stations were
rented dui*mg March, April, May, and June, 1916, when it became
necessary to mcrease the Army under emeigency.
The cost of lodgings for enlisted men on duty at recruiting sta-
tions, appUcants for enlistment and lecruits, amounted to approxi-
mately $81,810.88.
Congress appropriated $45,987 for rental of offices, warehouses,
and quarters in tne District of Columbia. An unexpended balance
of $13,347.90 remains.
TRANSPORTATION.
ABinr TRANSPORT 8BRVICB.
Ovmed service. — ^This service consists of 16 ocean-going vessels,
owTied and opeiated as required for the transportation of troops,
animals, and supplies for the Army. These vessels were engaged in
service or stationed at the close of the fiscal year as foUovrs:
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB QENEBAI..
367
Name.
Class.
Location.
PACmC FLEET.
Bumskie,
rAhlAflhfp ,
r&hle sArvir>A. TaramA. Wash.
Crook. ..'
Troop sliip 1 UndereoingriBpairs, San Francisco, Cal.
Fretent ftnd animal ship, . . , ' TraiKuPsu'ifip isAnHnA
Dix
Ix)gaD
Troop ship
Out of commission. Ban Francisco, CaL
Trans- Pacific service.
8her idfui
do
Bherm&D
do
Do.
Thoirms
do
Do.
Slocum
TuK
In service, San Francisco, CaL
At Manila. P. I.
ATLANTIC FLEET.
BufOTd
Troop ship
Kflpfttriek
CK)
New York and Canal Zone service.
Mf/lflllftn
Refrigerator ship
Out of commission, Newport News, Va.
Do.
If 6ade
Troop ship
Siimner
do
At Vera Cms. Mexico.
PHILIPPINE FLEET.
LJscum
Troop ship
Interisland service.
Merritt
do
Do.
Warren
do
Do.
Movement of transports. — ^The transports have been operated with-
out interruption upon a monthly scnedule between San Francisco,
Cal., and Manila, P. I. The Logan was dispatched as an extra trans-
port, leaving San Francisco January 7, 1916, and after taking aboard
the Twenty-seventh Infantry at Balboa, Canal Zone, arrived at
Manila March 5, 1916. Besides other cargo this transport carried
778 tons of ordnance material for fortification work in the rhihppines.
This ship returned to San Francisco April 20, 1916, and soon after
made ready for interchanging troops in Alaska, but the movement
was suspended, due to the mobilization of troops on the Mexican
border.
The B^ord was in service during the greater part of the year,
leaving Gfalveston, Tex., September 29, 1915, with the Twenty-
seven tn Infantry aboard for Manila, P. I., but the Panama Canal
being closed, the troops were disembarked and the ship utihzed for
the return of the Twenty-third Infantry from Jacksonville, Fla., to
Galveston, thence going to New York to carry Company A, Signal
Corps, with its complement of animals and equipment to the Canal
Zone. After completion of this duty, the Bujord was loaded at
Newport News and New York with turret material for the PhiUp-
pines, where the vessel arrived Mav 28, 1916.
The KilpatricJc left Galveston, Tex., September 20, 1915, with the
Twenty-tlurd Infantry, which was disembarked at Jacksonville, Fla.,
for duty at the National Matches. Commencing in February, 1916,
this transport made three voyj^es to the Canal Zone, taking on the
first trip the First Squadron, Twelfth Cavalry; on the second trip
Batteries E and F, Fourth Field Artillerv; and on the third trip, the
Fifth Band and five companies Coast Artillery Corps. After com-
pletion of this special service, the Kilpatrick was continued in ojpera-
tion upon a regular monthly schedule between Christobal, Canal
Zone, and New York, the expense connected therewith being divided
in accordance with tne terms of an agreement between the Panama
Canal and the Quartermaster Corps, mutually advantageous to aU
concerned.
368 BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB QEKEBAL.
The Sumner was hurriedly made ready for sea at the request of
the State Department and left Newport News Jime 23, 1916, for
Vera Cruz, Mexico, where 606 refugees were taken aboard for dis-
embarkation at Port Tampa, Fla., and New Orleans, La. At the
latter port 173 Porto Rican refugees from Progreso, Mexico, were
embarked after the close of the fiscal year and landed at I^once,
P. R., after which the transport was agam placed out of commission
at Newport News, Va.
Philippine cargo, — Owing to the shortage of ocean tonnage upon
the Pacific available for the movement of products of the Pmlippine
Islands, it was decided by the Secretary of War to utilize the cargo
space upon returning transports for the carrying of such products of
tne Philippine Islands as could not be taken bv conmiercial carriers.
By agreement the PhiUppine government will reimburse the War
Department for all additional expenditures incident to the handling
of such cargo upon the transports and will deposit the remainder of
the freight chaises collected from shippers to tne credit of the United
States Government.
Special duty for ^^ Crook.** — ^Under agreement with the Interior
Department, steps were taken to prepare the Crook for service in
connection with the Alaskan Engineering Commission between the
United States and Alaskan ports. The snip will be operated by the
Quartermaster Corps, but the entire expense of operation will be
borne by the Alaskan Engineering Commission. The Crook left
Seattle, Wash., for the first voyage on August 5, 1916.
RBPAIB8.
San Francisco. — ^The transports having San Francisco as a home
port have been maintained in good nmnmg condition by repairs at
the end of each round voyage, which have averaged in cost $3,850
per vessel for each vojrage. The Sherman and Logan have been
withdrawn from service in turn during the year for chipping of iron-
work and overhauhng, which could not lie accompUshed between
voyages.
Seattle. — Necessary repairs to the Dix were made during the year
at an aggregate cost of $24,457.38, and to the Bumside at a cost of
$13,699.87.
Newport News and New York, — Repairs to the KUpatrick during
the year have aggregated $31,786.59; to the Buford, $11,546.39; to
the Sumner, $27,810.64; and the McCleUan, $9,550.
Service for other departments. — ^There have been carried bv the
transports during the year for other departments and for the Philip-
pine government, passengers and freight, the value of which at tariff
rates would be as follows :
Navy Department $308,105.32
Poet Office Department (including 495,276 pounds mall) 157, 390. 30
Philippine government 158, 905. 86
Other departments 7.583.96
Total 631.985.44
WORK OF THE THAN8PORTS.
The following is the summary of the work performed by the
transports during the year:
BEPORT OP THE QUABTEBMASTER GENERAL.
369
PASSENQEBS.
Between—
•
Salllnei.
Officers.
Enlisted
men.
CiyOians.
Total.
Ran Francisco and Philippine Islands
13
13
3
1
7
367
288
6,792
7,477
18
2
2,564
12,507
1,500
1,906
7,669
9,670
18
Seattle and Manila
New York and Philinnlnes
2
118
864
25
81
3,022
29
United States ports and Canal Zone
Other ports...
2,763
16,393
Total
1,639
28,360
6,533
36,532
CARGO.
Between—
Animals.
Freight
(tons).
Remains.
Lumber
(feet).
Mans
(pounds).
Money (dol-
lars or pesos).
San Francisco and Philip-
pine Islands
138
33,521
17,614
14,623
4,601
10,165
12,322
234,059
76,745
1,823,854
184,773
Philippine Islands and San
Fraiicls'X*, . . . . ,
60
Seattle and Philippine
Islands
788
15
865
371
676,653
San Francisco and Hondulu.
45,340
United SUtes and Canal
Zone
Other ports
45
63,755
139,132
Total
2,171
92,846
106
740,408
495,276
2,008,627
Earnings arid expeTidiiures. — The eaxnings of the transports during
the year for the above service, based on the lowest rates offered for
similar service by commercial lines, have been:
For passengers $2,094,336.84
For cargo 1,583,966.33
Total 3,678,303.17
At pubHc commercial rates the earnings would be:
For passengers 2,103.816.84
Forcaigo 1,584,678.17
Total 3.688,395.01
The foregoing does not take into consideration the value of trans-
porting fs^ilies of officers, soldiers, and employees, or of the other
persons not entitled to transportation at the expense of an appropria-
tion of the United States or of the Philippine government.
The value of such gratuitous service auring the year, however,
agOTegated $568,612.97.
The expenditures for the operation and maintenance of the trans-
ports durmg the year were as follows:
Wages of oflQcors and crew
Repairs
FueL
Deck, engine, and steward's supplies
Miscellaneous .'
Total
69176'*— WAB 1916— VOL 1 24
In commission.
1671.683.81
165.608.24
418,556.37
562.009.56
1.58,464.09
OutofconunJs-
sion.
1,976,322.07
133,418.60
28,796.65
3,163.09
9,276.48
4,401.37
79,058.28
ToCaL
f705,102.S0
194,406.80
421,719.46
571,286.04
162,865.40
2,055,380.35
370 BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENERAL.
Shore expenses, including proportionate part of salaries of officers,
commutation of officers' quarters, wages of^ employees, rent of offices,
warehouses, wharves, etc., were as foUows:
San Francisco $53,349.52
Seattle and Tacoma 8,220.51
Galveston and Newport News 30, 678. 51
Honolulu 5,384.25
Nagasaki (estimated) 9,983.11
New York 1,781.32
Manila (estimated) 21,023.90
Total for this purpose 130,421.12
Grand total 2,185,801.47
Included in these expenditures is the cost of operating and main-
taining the Bumside while engaged in cable work for the Signal
Corps of the Army, the total of which was $106,004,83.
Inasmuch as the service rendered by the Bumside was not performed
in the interest of the Quartermaster Corps, the expenditure in
connection therewith should be deducted, leaving the net cost to the
Government on account of the transportation of troops, suppUes, etc.,
and the maintenance of all transports, both active and inactive,
during the year $2,079,796.64.
RECAPrrULATION.
Lowest com-
mercial rate.
Pnbllc com-
mercial rata.
Eamfnn of th* transports rtnrlnR th« y«ftf . ...-^-^-r-- tt
13,678,303.17
2,079,796.64
13.688,395.01
KxMins6 of OTX^rAtkni And niftlntmanoo dtuins th6 sani4 p^fod
2.079.796.61
Savinp to the Qoverament by using transports over same senr-
l,508,.'i06./»
1,006,506.87
HARBOR BOAT SERVICE.
Ovmed service. — ^The department has operated during the fiscal
year in the various harbors along the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf
coasts and rivers tributary thereto the following vesseb;
6 firstrclaai steel mine planten,
2 cable steamers,
2 ferry steamers,
24 passenger and freight steamers,
28 tugs and Artillery steamers,
3 lighters,
88 steam and gasoline launches,
30 distribution box boats,
a total of 133 owned vessels (exclusive of 118 mine yawls and mis-
cellaneous small craft) engaged in (^artermaster, ArtiUery, and
Signal Corps work. The totiS expenditure for wages of officers and
crews, fuel, supplies, repairs, water, etc., was $1,538,777.81.
These vessels carriea diuing the year 2,668,943 passengers and
153^83,520 poimds of freight.
Chartered service. — ^To supplement the foregoing service, chartered
vessels were operated in connection with the coast defenses of Nar-
ragansett Bay, between Newport and Fort Greble, R. I., at a total
cost of $9,288. The entire cost of th6 chartered service at all points,
EEPOBT OP THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENEBAL. 371
including the cost of the hire of substitute vessels for short periods
to replace owned vessels undergoing repairs and of vessels hired
for towing targets, vessel tracking, subcaUber practice and like
purposes for the Coast Artillery, which could not be performed by
owned vessels, amounted to $23,429.41.
Vessels disposed of. — ^The electric launch West Point having been
reported to be in an unserviceable condition and not worth the cost
of necessary repaire, was disposed of by sale November 11, 1915.
Vessels lost. — During the year the following small vessels were lost:
Lieut. Self ridge, lost in storm; distribution dox boat No. 5, lost in
storm; distribution box boat No. 16, run down by tank steamer and
sunk; mine yawl M-BS, lost in storm; mine yawl rio. 41 , lost in storm.
The launch Mansfield sank in the Mississippi River, but was subse-
quently raised and restored to serviceable condition.
Vessels acquired. — ^The following vessels were acquired or con-
tracted for during the fiscal year.
One 171-foot twin-screw steel mine planter and cable steamer, to
be constructed and deUvered before July 1, 1918, under contract with
the New Yurk Shipbuilding Co., at a cost of $331,000, without boil-
ers. This steamer will be known as the General Wm. M. Graliam,
and is intended for service at the Panama Canal Zone.
Eight 30-foot standard mine yawls (four with gasoline engines)
were constructed at the New York Navy Yard at an approxunate
cost of $7,500. Six of the yawls were assigned to the coast defenses.
Panama Canal Zone, and one each to Fort H. G. Wright, N. Y., ana
Fort Hancock, N. J.
One 64-foot large distribution box boat, afterwards named L-S6,
was constructed at Gulfport, Miss., xmder contract with T. M. Favre,
at a cost of $11,800, and assigned to duty in the coast defenses,
Panama Canal Zone.
One houseboat for service in the waters of the Panama Canal
Zone was authorized at a cost of $4,500 and also $1,600 for the pur-
chase of the material for a similar boat for the same coast defenses.
The latter vessel has been named the Capt. W. F. Endress.
Two motor sailing launches were purchased from the Navy Depart-
ment for service in the Panama Canal Zone at an approximate cost
of $5,600. These vessels have been named the Lieut. C. F. Conry
and Lieut. H. R. Adair.
Betterments. — ^During the year the masts of several mine planters
were lengthened, as reauired to permit the use of radio outfits of
greater range furnished oy the S^al Corps.
Philippine Army transport service. — ^The owned transports Liscunif
Merritt, and Warren have been operated during the year and made
a total of 34 voyi^es to various ports in the PniUppines and China.
These vessels carried upon these voyages 7,360 passengers, 599 ani-
mals, 45 remains, 26,495 tons of freight, 9;658 feet of lumber, and
$975,737.60 in United States or Philippine Islands currency, all enti-
tled to transportation at Government expense, the value of which
transportation at commercial rates for similar service amoimted to
$251,116.98. There were also carried 16,953 passengers and 1,062
cubic tons of freight, for which no credit has been taken, the value
of which at regular rates was $97,387.18.
The expenses of the whole service amounted to $585,239.25, and
after allowing the proper proportion of shore expenses chargeable to
374 BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENERAL.
and Morgan Line steamships (via Galveston and rail) from October 15,
1915, to May 31, 1915, at an agreed rate of 90 cents per 100 poimds.
On the latter date both companies canceled their agreements and
shipments thereafter were forwarded over various lines at regular
tanff rates, less land-grant deductions.
Bids were invited lor transportation from New York City to San
Francisco, Honolulu, and Manila for the fiscal year 1917, but no
bids were submitted carrying a lower rate than was available under
regular tariffs and all bids were rejected and shipments for the
fiscal year 1917 will be forwarded by such routes as desired at open
rates.
Cooperation between the transporte^tion companies and the Quarter^
master Corps, — EJspecial attention was devoted during the fiscal year
1916 to the establishment of a closer cooperation between the Quarter-
master Coips and the various transportation interests with a view to
coordination in the movements of troops and supplies for the Army.
The officer in charge of the transportation division. Office of the Quar-
termaster GreneraT, appeared before several of the transportation
associations and outlined a plan of mutual cooperation which would
be of benefit to both the carriers and the Government in case any
necessity arose involving the transportation of large numbers of
troops, the plan outlined oeing practically that which has since been
placed in effect.
Under date of October 16, 1915, a letter was prepared in the office
of the Quartermaster General reconmiending that the Secretary of
War commimicate with the American Railway Association (which
association is composed of the presidents, general managers, and
other chief operating officials of tne American railways) ana surest
the establishment within that association of a committee on mihtary
transportation to whom the department could look for any informa-
tion that might be desired as to the railroads of the United States,
and with a further view to coordination and cooperation between the
railroads and the War Department in the transportation of troops
and supplies of the United States. On October 26, 1915, a letter
of the nature indicated was sent by the Secretary of War to the
American Railway Association, and after some further correspondence
a** Special committee on cooperation with the military autnorities**
was appointed by that association. This committee was, and is,
composed of the following gentlemen: Fairfax Harrison (chairman),
S resident Southern Railway- R. M. Aishton^ president Chicago &
[orth Western Railway; A. W. Thompson, vice president Baltimore
& Ohio Railroad; W. 6. Besler, president Ontral Railroad of New
Jersey. Conferences were held with this committee, and a general
plan of cooperation outlined to be placed in effect at the time of any
public emergency.
Immediately after the call for mobiUzation of the State troops
was issued, this committee met in the office of the Quartermaster
General with Lieut. Col. Chauncey B. Baker, representing that office,
and the plans previously determmed were at once placed in effect.
Arrangements were made for placing a competent railroad official
at eacli department headquarters, at each mobilization camp, and
in the office of the Quartermaster General. These repre3entati\cs
were to act as advisors to the officers of the Quartermaster Corps at
these various points on any matters affecting rail transportation.
BEPOBT OF THE QUARTEBMASTEB GENERAL. 375
They were all men of the highest reputation in the railroad world,
and did not represent any particular railroad hut were representa-
tives of all lines interested.
Directly after the announcement of the mobilization this com-
mittee of the American Railway Association also called upon repre-
sentatives of the various railroads of the country to meet in Wash-
ington for the purpose of extending every possible assistance among
the railroads themselves. The object of this meeting was to make aU
of the railroad equipment, motive power, and personnel, of the
country available to effect this movement in the most expeditious
manner possible.
The main object of the special committee on cooperation with
the military authorities was to assist the War Department in the
transportation of troops and supplies, and the committee acted only
on instructions from the War Department, except in matters directly
affecting the operation of trains.
When it was definitely known that an organization was to move,
the camp quartermaster consulted with the American Railroad
Association representative at his camp and advised him as to the
strength of the organization, and it was the duty of the American
Railway Association representative to see that all railroad equipment,
other than tourist cars, was promptly assembled in time for the move-
ment. Tourist cars were ordered direct from the office of the Quar-
termaster General, and the camp quartermaster was immediately
advised by wire whether tourist cars could be furnished from point
of origin* if not, the American Railway Association representative
was so advised, and it was his duty to see that coaches were secured
for the movement.
In 1912 the Quartermaster General's Office took up with the
American Railway Master Car Builders' Association the question
of placing placards, in time of war or threatened war, on all carload
shipments of Government property. As a result of a large amount
of correspondence, a plan was formulated which was accepted by
all the railroads in the country and a series of placards adopted.
Through the agency of the American Railway Association all rail-
way officials and employees were notified that cars so placarded must
be given right of way from point of origin to point of destination.
Sucn cars are placed in the fastest moving freight trains and kept
constantly moving to point of destination, where they are imme-
diately delivered and at once identified, shifted into position, dis-
charged, and released without the necessity of waiting for the formal
bills of lading and official papers of the railways and the Govern-
ment: the placards themselves serving to fully identify all shipments.
All placards bear the legend '* United States Army" at the head,
foUowed by the department to which suppUes belong, the car initial,
car number, point of shipment, contents, consignee, destination,
routing, date shipped, and consignor. Cars bearing these cards are
never sidetracked nor shifted into yards except to be placed in
through freight trains. Should a car become damaged through any
cause, it is given preference and precedence for any repairs, and if
repairs require an extended period, contents are loaded into another
car and the movement continued.
As a result of this imderstandiiig between the railroads and the
Quartermaster General's Office, shipments of freight are being made
876 BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTBB GENERAL.
with remarkable expedition. Many instances are cited where freight
shipments have been sent through from Washii^ton and vicinity to
the Texas border in four days, and from New i ork and vicinity in
five days or less; freight from Philadelphia, Pa., has reached San
Antonio, Tex., in 79 hours, from the Lakes to the border shipments
have been made in an elapsed time of a Utile more than 48 hours.
The hearty cooperation of the railroads in making these shipments
has been rendered without any hesitation whatever, with all the
energy possible, and without admtional chcu^e to the Government.
It IS Deheved that this simple device, with the fullest cooperation
of the railroads, has removed one of the principal sources of criticism
appUcable to the period of mobilization m 1898.
Where special, urgent shipments have been made they have been
followed t&ough by wire to destination and most satisfactory results
have been obtained in every instance.
As a specific example showing how the cooperation of the railroad
companies assisted the Army, there may be cited the case of the first
motor truck company purchased for the expeditionary forces in
Mexico.
Bids were invited for a number of trucks, and award made about
6 o'clock the evening of March 14. Twenty-seven trucks were pur-
chased under this advertisement in Wisconsin. These truclra were
inspected, the personnel to operate them employed, the trucks were
loaded in 14 cars, and tourist car furnished for the personnel, and the
train left at 3.11 a. m. March 16. It arrived at Columbus, N. Mex.,
1,591 miles away, shortly after noon on the 18th, the trucks were
unloaded from the cars, loaded with suppUes, and sent across the
border, reaching Gen. Pershing's command with adequate suppUes
of food before he had exhausted the suppUes taken with him trom
Columbus.
In a Uttle more than four days after orders were placed with the
manufacturers, these trucks had gone across the border at Columbus,
1,600 miles away from the factory, loaded with supplies.
The generalplan of cooperation also provided for coordinating the
duties of the Pullman Co. in furnishing sleeping car equipment, and
under this plan when it became necessary to mobiUze the Organized
Militia the supply and distribution of tourist sleeping cars was handled
directly under the instructions of the Quartermaster General of the
Anny . In order to centraUze the furnishing of toiuist sleepers at the
point most convenient to the Government, to utilize the available
supply of these cars to the best advantage, and to keep them con-
Btantfy in service, the Pullman Co. changed the supervision of the
supply and movement of these cars from the heaaquarters of the
company, at Chicago, to Washington, where they stationed Mr.
C. W. Henry, assistant to superintendent of car service, with a com-
petent force. Mr. Henry was in immediate touch with the office of the
Quartermaster General, and on receipt of request from camp quarter-
masters for tourist cars, he was advised of the needs and at once took
steps to supply the cars if they were available at any point. Reports
were received by him daily from all parts of the United States showing
the number of tourist cars that were available in all sections of the
country and in cases when, on account of the necessity for immediate
departure, it was impossible to ftmiish cars from the starting point,
this branch of the Pullman Co. used every effort to furnish uie cars
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB QENEBAL. 377
en route, immediately starting such cars as could be secured over the
route to be taken by the troons, so that they could be transferred to
toiuist sleeping cars at the nrst possible opportunity. During the
first two weeks of the concentration this force was on duty until
nearly midnight every day, including Sundays, and deserves great
credit for the excellent assistance rendered the Government.
The great value of the plans made for cooperation and coordination
between the railroads and the War Department was fully demon-
strated in the mobilization and concentration of the Organized
Mihtia. Every assistance possible was rendered the Government,
not only by the American Railway Association and the Pullman Co.
but by the various passenger associations, and by the officials and
employees of all the railroads concerned, from the presidents of the
companies down to the minor employees. In addition to the rep-
resentative of the American Railway Association, nearly all the
important Southwestern railway lines had representatives in Wash-
ington during the entire movement, and these representatives kept
in close touch with the transportation over their respective Unes, and
were available for consultation at any time, if desired by the depart-
ment. The cooperation of the American Railway Association
representatives, with their expert knowledge of transportation con-
ditions, has proved of great value to the aepartment, and quarter-
masters have been reUeved of a great deal of trouble and annoyance
heretofore experienced in the mobilization of large bodies of troops.
It is believed that the careful plan of cooperation adopted and the
assistance of the transportation interests m this plan has demon-
strated that the problem of rail congestion, which was the bugaboo
of the mobihzation of troops in 1898, has been entirely eUminated.
TTie arrangements entered into with railway lines in eastern and
western territory, as referred to in the Annual Report of the Quarter-
master General for 1915, pases 50 and 51, were continued during the
fiscal year 1916, and resiiltea in a saving of approximately $40,000 on
8assenger traffic. Negotiations are now under way with lines in
few England and Southeastern territory on a similar basis with every
prospect of a successful conclusion; this arrangement will then cover
the entire United States. Briefly, it provides for a deduction of 5
per cent from the usual fare available to the Government and for an
equitable distribution of the traffic between all lines interested, it
simpUfies the settlement of accoimts, and insures the cooperation of the
various carriers.
Transportation of Regular Army organizatwns to the Mexican
border, — During the latter half of tne fiscal year 1916 conditions on
the Mexican border were such that it became necessary to augment
the troops stationed along that frontier, and the following movements
of Regular Army organizations were ordered on the dates indicated.
March 11, 1916, First, Eleventh, and 2 squadrons Twelfth Cav-
alry.
March 20, Fifth Cavalry.
May 9, Third, Twenty-first, Thirtieth, and 2 battalions. Four-
teenth Infantry, First battalion Third Field Artillery, and 21 com-
panies Coast Artillery.
June 11, First battalion Engiaeers.
378 BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB QENEEAIi.
The transportation of these organizations was accomplished in an
excellent manner, in exceptionally good time, and without any
accidents of any nature.
Mobilization of the Organized Militia and National Ouard. — On May
9 the President called into the service of the United States the
organizations of the Organized Militia and the National Guard of the
States of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. These oi^anizations were
not mobiUzed at their State mobilization camps, out directed to
proceed from their home rendezvous direct to the border.
On Jime 18, 1916, the Organized Militia and the National Guard of
all the other States of the Union were called into the service of the
United States and directed to assemble at their State mobilization
camps. The movement from the company rendezvous to the State
mobilization camp was under the control of the State authorities,
and from these camps to the station designated on the border was
under direction of the War Department.
Ixnmediately on receipt of tne order for this mobilization, routing
schedules prepared in tne office of the Quartermaster Greneral were
furnished to tne quartermaster at each of the four department head-
quarters; these schedules indicated the routing to be used bv each
organization from the State mobilization camp to the Mexican
border, 288 routes being shown, and were arranged with a view to an
expeditious movement, employing all available lines, as far as prac-
ticable, so that if it had become necessary to transport all the militia
at one time the carriers could have performed the service without
congestion and without delay.
A Handbook on Transportation by Rail, issued by the Quarter-
master General of the Army, was sent to each mobilization camp
immediately aiter orders were issued for the mobilization of the State
troops.
This handbook, amon^ other matters, consolidates the information
showing tiie manner and extent to which standard sleepers, tourist
sleepers, and coaches shall be furnished under existing regulations
for troops traveling; it provides for the methods to be i^ed to secure
an adequate suppfy of drinking water for the troops, and contains
full instructions as to the instalfiition of Army field ran^ in baggage
or box cars, so that hot coffee and hot meals may be furnished en route.
It also exhibits the details of assembling and loadiujg of equipment,
and the entraining and detraining of the men and animals.
The militia troops began leaving their mobilization camps for the
Mexican border about midnight June 26, the first organization to
leave its camp for the border being Battery B of the New Jersey
Field Artillery, which departed from Sea Girt, N. J., at 11.30 p. m.,
June 26, but was closely followed by the Ninth Massachusetts
Infantry, which left its canip at Framingham at 12.28 a. m. June 27.
Other organizations from Massachusetts and New Jersey abo left
the State mobilization camp for the border on June 27, as well as
organizations from Connecticut, New York. Oregon, Utah, and
Vermont. On July 1 there were en route to tne boraer from various
sections of the United States 122 troop trains, carrying over 2,000
freight, passenger, and baggage cars, with a total strengUi of 36,042
men. On July 4 101 troop trains were en route to the border and
62,681 militia troops (not including Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas
were either at the border or en route thereto.
B^POBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENERAIj. 379
From the beginning of the movement up to July 31, 1916, there
have been 111,919 militia troops transported to the border, as shown
by Exhibit 13.
Some idea of the task imposed upon the railroads of the country by
the transportation of the rJational Guard may be had when it is
considered that 350 trains were necessary to carry the first 100,000 of
the National Guard and that these trains, if combined, would have
made a train nearly 90 miles long. Over 3,000 passenger cars, in-
cluding standard Pullman and tourists and coaches, were provided
for the troops, and in addition about 400 baggage cars, most of which
were equipped as kitchen cars for serving hot meals en route, 1,300
box cars, 2,000 stock cars, and 800 flat cars were used in transporting
the equipment and materiel of the troops. An enormous number of
locomotives were required in these movements, as will be reaUzed
when it is remembered that at each division point a different loco-
motive, with crew, was attached to each train section, and the num-
ber of division points at which it was necessary to change locomotives
varied from three, in the case of the Louisiana troops, to 24, in the case
of the Connecticut troops. There were employea in the movement
of the first 100,000 of these troops approximately 4,900 engines and
crews, not including switching engines, yard engines, and their crews.
The call upon the railroads for the transportation of the militia
came at a time when their passenger traffic was at its height. In the
fortnight which includes the Fourth of July the greatest density of
travel of the entire year always occurs in the Eastern States.
Instructions were issued by all railroads concerned that the move-
ments of troop trains were to be given preference over other travel,
and it is beheved that this was done m all cases. Many of the
western roads being single-track lines, it was, in some cases, necessary
for the troop train to take the siding in order that a train proceeding
in the opposite direction could pass, but this action is sometimes
necessary on these roads with even the fastest limited trains. The
following wire received from one of the southwestern railroads is
characteristic:
Instructions have been issued to aU concerned that all military trains are to be
^ven ri^ht of way. Sunshine Limited was sidetracked last night for the first time
in its history. We are doing everything possible to facilitate the handling of this
business.
It is, of course, impossible to compare the concentration of the
United States Militia on the Mexican border with the mobilization
in Europe in the summer of 1914. In Europe all civil trafl&c was
stopped and the entire railroad system given over to the military
movement. The distances involved in this movement of the Organ-
ized Mihtia are very much ^eater than those in Europe, the long-
est run in the German Empire, from one frontier to the other, being
about 700 miles and those in Fr«\nce much less. The distances
traveled bj; the militia organizations of the United States yar^ from
608 miles, in the case of the Jjouisiana troops, to 2,916 miles in the
case of the Connecticut troops. Ihe majority of these troops came
from North and Northeastern States and were carried over 2,000
miles; in most cases in remarkably fast time. As an example, the
Seventh New York Infantry, about 1,400 men, with equipment,
ammunition, and baggage, left New York at 2 p. m. Jime 27, and
380 BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB QEKEBAL.
arrived at San Antonio, Tex., 8.30 p. m. June 30, a distance of
2,087 miles. Similar nms on time almost as last were made from
other points.
When it is considered that these trains were, as a rule, heavy trains
of from 17 to 22 cars each, and were composed of freight, passenger,
and baggage eauipment (which was necessary in order to enable each
unit to proceea to its destination intact with all its equipment and
impedimenta), it will be seen that the movement was made with
exceptional rapidity.
To have effected the entire movement of all the troops moving in
tourist sleepers would have required the use of approximately 3,000
cars; in otner words, approximately five times as many as there are
in existence. The Pullman Co., by utilizing some standard cars,
made available for the movement of these troops 623 tourist cars.
Tourist equipment was furnished troops from tne beginning of the
movement wnenever it was possible to do so.
Particular attention is invited to the fact that the effort to furnish
tourist ciXTS for organizations leaving in coaches did not cease imtil
the organizations had actually arrived at destination, and that
wherever tourists coidd be secured en route they were placed in the
train and the men transferred from coaches to these tourists up to
the number that coidd be suitably berthed. Taking as an example
some of the New York organizations: Headquarters, band, and
Battery A, First Field Artillery, left Yonkers, N. Y., for Browns-
ville. Tex., on J\dy 3, requiring four tourists. There was only one
available at startmg point, but the organization was furnished one
at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., one at Buffalo, N. Y., and one at Sapulpa,
Okla. The Seventy-fourth New York Infantry, leaving Buffalo,
N. Y., on July 5, required 25 tourists, but none were available at
Buffalo, Chicago, or Kansas City. Four were furnished at Herrington,
Kans., 13 at Caldwell, Kans., 3 at El Reno, Okla., and 5 at Fort Worth,
Tex. These two examples are fair illustrations of the efforts made
to furnish toiunsts for these organizations wherever they could be
secured. In other words, the department did not lose track of
organizations, but continued to serve these organizations in the
above manner and to loUow them until their arrival at destination.
In cases where tourist cars coidd not be furnished, day coachee
were supplied by the railroads at the rate of one double seat for eadi
man where the distance was long. In some instances day coaches
were suppUed at the rate of four seats for each three men for at least
a portion of the journey; this the railroads considered necessary,
due to the fact that at the beeinning of the mobilization it was
anticipated that movements womd be kept up in the same intensity
throughout this concentration as in the first 48 hours, in which case
the radroad equipment necessary coidd onl^ have been obtained by
annulling many of the most important trains of the railroads and
U}?ing the equipment therefrom for the movement of troops. The
railroads, in case of necessity, were prepared to proceea to this
extremity. In all cases, where it was possible to do so, tourist
equipment for the entire movement was furnished, but where not
immediately available the troops were met en route and transferred
to tourists in every possible case. This proved to be a wise method,
inasmuch as it kept all toiurist equipment in constant use.
BEPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAJj. 381
Official reports from all military departments show that no organi-
zation moved in coaches with le.ss space than three men to every four
seats, and wherever equipment was available the railroads furnished
two seats for each man. Tlie total nxmiber of men trr.ns} orted in
coaclies showed an average of 30 men to each coach.
With all this large number of persons transported in special trains,
on special schedules, but one accident involving any injury to the
men was reported. This occurred to a train of the First Minnesota
Field Artillery, due to a collision with a commercial train, in which
throe men were injured — two of them slightly and one seriously but
not dangerously — and with this exception tHe transportation of the
militia was accomplished without accident.
Although the movement of the Organized Militia to the border
came at a time when the commercial traffic on railroads of the United
States was the largest in years, the transportation of the militia was
performed with very Uttle interference with regular train service and
with no congestion whatever, either at initial or terminal po'mts or
en route. As an example, there moved into the Brownsville district
during the month of JuJy, 1916, 106 special trains, composed of 1,216
cars of passengers and 1,201 cars of ireight for the Army, a total oi
2,417 ciirs, in addition to 680 cars of Army supplies handled in
freight trains and the usual commercial traffic. This district is
reached only by one single-track railroad line, and all rolling stock
had to be returned over the same line. ITie cars were unloaded at
once and hauled back and there was at no time any delay in unloading
nor was there any congestion.
Considering the great distances traveled by the militia from the
various camps to the Mexican border, the fact that there was but a
single accident, and that of a minor character, the celerity with which
the trains were moved and the entire absence of congestion or delay,
it is believed there has been no case in history where troops have
been as well and safely transported or as well cared for while en route
as in the recent mobilization.
Drayage and hauling, — During the fiscal year 1916 the cost of dray-
age, cartage, and haming was $(>9,256.47, as shown below:
Drayage at poste $44,633.19
Drayage at depots and arsenals 24,623. 28
Total 69,256.47
The bulk of the expenditures for hauling at posts is incurred at posts
in Alaska and the Canal Zone, where owned means of transportation is
insufficient; at Coast Artillery posts in the United States that are situ-
ated on islands, necessitating hauling from railroad stations to docks;
and at some of the western posts that are situated a considerable dis-
tance from railroad, such as Fort Apache, Ariz., and Fort Clark, Tex.
The approximate division of the amoimt shown above is as follows:
Alaska $16,000 Interior western posts $12,000
Canal Zone 5,000 Miscellaneous posts 3,000
Coast Artillery posts 8, 000
The drayage at depots is incurred at cities where owned means of
transportation is either unavailable or insufficient.
Transportation accounts acted on, — During the fiscal year 1916 a total
of 1|442 transportation accoimts, aggregating $203^930.69, were re-
382 BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENEBAIi. ^
ceived and acted on in the transportation division, office of the Quar-
termaster General, as shown below:
Accounts payable from appropriations pertaining to other bureaus of the
War Department (699) .^ ^ $64, 885. 33
Disputed accounts payable from appropriation "Supplies, Services, and
Transportation " (743) 139,045.36
The accounts prepared by the disbursing officers of the Quartermas-
ter Corps, covermg transportation payable bv other departments of
the Government, are forwarded direct to sucn departments for pay-
ment. The accounts paid by the disbursing officers from appropria-
tion ''Supphes, Services, and Transportation" are not received in the
transportation division, but pass tm*oi^h the finance and accounting
division to the Auditor for the War Department, the 743 accounts
referred to above being those in which disputes have arisen as to the
proper basis of settlement.
The four offices of the Quartermaster Corps charged with the settle-
ment of transportation accounts during the fiscal year 1916 paid trans-
portation accounts in which were included a total of 76,353 transpor-
tation requests and 72,849 bills of lading.
Motor transportation. — ^The first motor truck for carrying supplies
was procured by the Quartermaster*s Department in Jime, 1907, since
whicn time the Quartermaster's Department has made constant prog-
ress in developing the motor truck as a means of transportation.
Appropriations for this purpose, until recently, have been very lim-
ited. The progress of oevelopment, however, considering these cir-
cumstances, has been very satisfactory. The Quartermaster's De-
partment first took up the matter of operating trucks seriously in 1911,
and extensive experiments and observations nave been made annually
since that time. Near the close of the fiscal year 1916, however, ex-
tensive opportimities were afforded for detennming the value of motor
transportation imder severe conditions in connection with the opera-
tions in Mexico and along the Mexican frontier.
The first specifications of the Quartermaster's Corps were written
in 1913, after extensive correspondence with manufacturers and
the Society of Automobile Engineers. These specifications have
been revised and brought up to date annually. The revision of 1916
was carefully prepared in consultation with the Society of Automobile
Engineers, which nas given this department valuable and much appre-
ciated assistance in solving the problems of motor transportation.
In this connection it may be stated that it is very difficult for motor-
truck manufacturers to immediately efifect changes to conform to the
reauirements of military trucks, for the reason mat orders for mate-
rials are placed many months in advance of the time when it is re-
quired to enter into the manufacture of trucks.
DuriM the early part of the fiscal year 1916 motor transportation
was confined to operation of motor trucks in connection with the trans-
portation of suppUes between base depots and outlying camps on the
Mexican border, in connection with the operation of Quartermaster
Corps depots, and at a few posts in the United States and over-sea
possessions where motor transportation could be installed at a saving
over animal-drawn transportation. By careful observations and such
experiments as could be undertaken with the Umited funds appropri-
ated for procurement of motor transportation experience of great value
was obtained, demonstrating that motor transportation can be relied
BEPOBT OF THE QUARTEBM ASTER GENERAL. 383
upon under severe road conditions. Tentative organizations and reg-
ulations for all motor units, repair shops, and suDsidiaries were pre-
pared in the office of the Quartermaster General and distributea to
those charged with handling these units, so that necessary steps were
taken, so far as it was possible for this office to do so, under these new
conditions.
When instructions were given for the organization of an adequate
mihtary force of troops to cross the Mexican border in pursuit oi the
Mexican band which attacked the town of Columbus, Pi. Mex., and
troops there on the morning of March 9, 1916, this office was in position
to take inmiediate steps k) procure necessary motor transportation
which it was foreseen would be required. On March 11,1916, the first
call was received from the Southern Department for two motor-truck
companies, consisting of 27 motor trucks each, of 1^ tons capacity,
equipped with necessary personnel for their operation. As soon as the
approval of the Secretary of War was received these trucks were pur-
chased and provided witn the necessary personnel, hired at the facto-
ries at which the trucks were manuiactured. The personnel con-
formed to the organization above referred to. The two motor-truck
companies first ordered left the region of the Great Lakes at 12 o'clock
midnight, March 15, and early on the morning of March 16. Both
were sent by special-train service to CJolumbus, N. Mex. Two addi-
tional truck companies followed soon thereafter, as well as the neces-
sary tank trucks for carrying gasoline, oil, and water.
It was soon found that motorcycles which originally accompanied
these truck companies for carrying a certain portion of the personnel
were unsatisfactory in operation over the heavy sandy coimtry in
Mexico where no made roads exist. Upon the recommendation of the
local authorities light automobiles of the roadster type were substi-
tuted for use of motor-truck company commanders and truckmasters
in heu of motorcycles and have been found more satisfactory.
One of the most important features in connection with the operation
of motor trucks is that they be equipped with a strong and suitable
body. This ia especially necessary where the roads over which they
operate are rough and imeven. The body should be specially con-
structed and smtable for the work for wmch intended. Whilst the
heavy body provided for in the specifications of the Quartermaster
Corps adds materially to the weight of the truck, it more th^ makes
up by its longevity and carrying capacity.
As the experience of the department becomes more extensive in the
operation oi motor trucks imder the extremely severe conditions to
be found in 'the operations in Mexico, many defects developed in some
of the trucks in use; some of them of minor character, which could be
easily corrected; others of a much more serious character. In gen-
eral, however, it may be stated that the provisions of the specinca-
tions issued by this department were found to be based on correct
principles for the service for which these trucks were intended.
The department has been greatly assisted by representatives of
various truck manufacturers in the study of defects and recommen-
dations for improvement in the motor transportation now in opera-
tion. By the end of the fiscal vear 10 motor-truck companies, each
consisting of 27 motor trucks oi 1^ tons capacity, 6 mo tor- truck com-
panies consisting of 28 motor trucks of 3 tons capacity, and 2 motor-
truck companies each consisting of 33 motor trucks of S t^x^ ^^^%£^^
384 ' BEPOBT OF THE QUAKTERMASTEB GENERAL.
had been purchased and were in operation along the Mexican border
or en route to that point to be placed in operation. Of the above
truck companies, 10 companies of l^ton trucks and 2 companies of
3-ton trucks were in operation on the line of communications which
extended from Columbus, N. Mex., to San Antonio, Mexico, 301 miles
from Columbus.
Upon the recommendation of the department authorities, Southern
Department, a proportion of 3-ton trucks were suppUed for use on the
line of communications into Mexico, and at certain points along the
Mexican border. At present there are 8 companies oi 3-ton trucks in
service in connection with troops operating m the Southern Depart-
ment. Reports received up to this time mdicate that these trucks
are satisfactory in dry weather, but it is reported that during the
rainy season the lighter trucks of 1 J tons capacity are more rehablo.
From reports received it would appear that these truck companies
were averaging somewhat more than 60 miles per day, in many
instances as high as 80 to 90 miles per day, but due, however, to con-
stant travel, the roads are reported to have become almost impassable.
Steps were taken early in these operations to provide road machinery
for necessary repairs to the roads This work was done by the EngT-
neer Department with funds and machinery furnished by the Quar-
termaster Corps.
From the time that the expedition went into Mexico to June 30,
1916, there were purchased for use on the Mexican border and with
the expedition into Mexico 588 motor trucks; 57 motor tank trucks for
carrying water, oil, and gasoline; 10 motor machine-shop trucks for
repairing motor transportation in transit; 6 motor wrecking trucks;
75 automobiles; 61 motorcycles; and 8 tractors for repairing roads,
miscellaneous road machinery, repair parts, and equipment, amount-
mgto $2,175,670.09.
The policy pursued in furnishing transportation for operations in
Mexico and in connection with the troops on the Mexican border was
to furnish only such makes of trucks as had been tried out under the
severe service conditions prevailing in Mexico and on the border and
had proven satisfactory to a committee appointed by the department
authorities. All motor-truck manufactiirers applying were given
authority to place their trucks on the line of conmiunications at
Columbus, N. mex., for demonstration and test. The operations of
these trucks were carefully observed, and upon their performance on
the line of communications subseouent purchases were made.
The commanding general, Soutnem Department, states that "All
motor-truck manumcturers agree, without exception, thtft their serv-
ice on our line of conmiunications from Columbus, N. Mex., south into
Mexico was the hardest test of motor-truck transportation they have
ever known, and no make of truck was purchased for this service that
was not first tested out on our line of communications and recommended
as satisfactory by officers who actually tested out these machines on
the line."
In this way it is believed that the Government has secured the best
makes of motor-truck transportation for this severe class of service
that can be procured in this country. Motor-truck manufacturers
have expressed themselves as being well pleased to have been afforded
an opportimity of testing out their trucks, even in cases where trucks
have not proven satisfactory for the service, inasmuch as it discloses
KEPOBT OF THE QUARTEBMASTER GENERAL.
385
the nature of the weaknesses of such truck and led manufacturers to
modify and improve their trucks for this class of service. It is real-
ized by them that the truck best suited for the military service is also
best suited for use of the average farmer over ordinary country roads
and across fields.
The conmianding general, Southern Department, reports that the
approximate cost of operation of trucks per ton-mile is $0.70, which
includes all incidentals, such as upkeep of repair shops, roads, etc.
Among officers of experience with motor trucks it is known and
realized that speed is the greatest menace to the successful operation
of trucks. It IS the hardest thing to control and causes more expense
than all other things combined m connection with the handling of
motor trucks. Manjr officers of the Army are now getting valuable
experience and gaining a considerable knowledge of motor-truck
transportation, and no doubt in the future will be able to handle such
problems better than they have in past, and all of them will realize
that care is essential in the handling of this class of transportation.
The commanding general, Southern Department^ states that, due to
the necessity of Quartermasters devoting their tune to the supply
situation on the Mexican border, it was impossible to obtain lull
reports with reference to the operation of motor transportation in the
Southern Department; therefore complete data with reference to
operating expenses of the various kmds of motor vehicles during the
fiscal year 1916 must be included in the report which will be renaered
for the fiscal year 1917.
This office is continuing its efforts in conjunction with the Society
of Automobile Engineers, manufacturers, and Government de-
partments in developing our present specifications, with a view to
making such changes as will adequately meet the requirements of the
Government and which it is felt will eventually harmonize to a greater
extent than has been expected heretofore with the needs of private
users of commercial motor vehicles. Some well-qualified experts feel
that within two or three years the commercial product will approxi-
mate what, according to the best opinion, will be suitable for opera-
tion in aU except special cases of Government service.
Trailers. — During the fiscal year eleven 2^ to 3 ton and one 1 J-ton
trailers were purchased for use in connection with the operation of
motor transportation on the Mexican border, costing $8,023.50.
So far trailers have not proven satisfactory. It is not believed
that they can be generally utilized in divisional trains, though in
certain instances it may be found practicable to use them on the line
of commimications.
Road machinery, — ^The following road-makii^ machinery was pur-
chased during the fiscal year for use in connection with the repair of
roads into Mexico:
Num-
ber.
Articles.
Cost.
Num-
ber.
Articles.
Cost.
i
2
1
3
3
18
Holt tractors
1
$14,250 ' Ifl
CouDllnr Doles
1180
Phoenix tractors
8,900
10,200
4,800
4,950
105
2,160
47
3
Russell CTa lers
2,724
Knox tractors
3
4
Austin era Jers
1,485
Buckeye tractor
Acme scrauers
632
Monarch roail rollers
Tractor Darts
600
TnriiATi ^aaI rlr&ff^
Total
Watson dumu trailers
61,083
4
Tractor Doles
69176°— WAB 1916— VOL 1-
-25
386
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENERAL.
Issues to the militia. — Supplies to the value of $275,059.75 were
issued by the transportation division to the Oi^anized MiUtia dur-
ing the fiscal year under authority of statutes providing for such
issues, as follows:
Items.
Ambolanoes, hdrse-drmwn . . . .
Harness, lead, s. s
Harness, wheel, i. i
Saddles, rldtai£
Wagons, esoort
Miscellaneous articles
Total.
Number.
87
2,1m
1,838
12
921
Cost.
18.309.00
41,350.85
42,500.00
336.00
118,780.50
20,786.83
4,984 ,232,150.18
Items.
Oats pounds..
Hay do...
Bran do
Bedding do...
Number.
Cost.
1,479,811
1,728.544
36.023
386,547
04,532.68
16,904.50
471. a
1,991.97
Total 3,630,925
42,900.6T
No gratuitous issues of such supplies were made to the Organized
Militia of the District of Columbia.
Forage. — ^The expenditures during the fiscal year for forage for
animals pertaining to the Army amoimted to $3^563,251.15. This
includes the forajge used in the rhiUppine Islands, Alaska, Hawaiian
Islands, Porto Rico, and the Panama Canal Zone, except native grass
and beading purchased in the Phihppine Islands. In addition to the
above there was purchased 127,179 pounds of dog food at a cost of
$8,237.60.
Quantities and cost of forage and bedding purchased during the
fiscal year 1916, except that purchased for the rhiUppine Islanos:
Kind.
Oats ,
Hay
Bran
Com
Barley
Shiveriok compressed forage.
Bedding
Peatmoss
Dog food
Total
Total forage and bedding purchased (except for the Philippines
and ex^islre of dog food)
Poands.
Total oo8t
108,152,007
140,198,523
2,674,662
1,008, 1S9
2,262,274
71,400
23,043,885
8,995
127,179
277,648,107
2n, 420, 928
$1,979,506.86
999,733.42
84,732.72
20,263.52
28,916.21
1,963.50
112,825.87
80.06
8,237.60
3,186,338.75
3,178,101.15
Ayeiage
cost.
SI. 8304
.7U1
L2008
Z008
L2S
i75
.4899
6l39
>•••••••••••
Of the above suppUes the following were shipped to Alaska, Porto
Rico, Panama Canal Zone, and the I^waiian Islands:
ALASKA.
Oats
Hay
Com.
Barley
Bran
Beidfaig.
Dog food
Total
POBTO UCO.
Oats
Hay
Bran
Bedding
Total
Poands.
501.149
1,013,544
10,000
140,000
24.990
240,900
127.179
Cost.
17,052.04
8,872.50
176.00
PANAMA CAKAL ZONE.
2,060.762
Oats.
Hay.
1,806.00 I S^^l;;
820.97. Bedding
1,080.45
8.237.60
27,664.65
487.885
720.609
6t.951
128.838
Total
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
11,006.34
9.722.50
993.55
1, 48^.05
Oats.
Hay.
Bran.
1,392,183 23,208.44
Total.
Pounds.
407,620
639,483
9,500
127,710
Cost.
S10,Ml.O
7,827.2ft
131.67
888. !•
1,184,213
10,600,000 146,741.gt
19,6».33
14,822.117
220.000
25,642,117
123, 003. 9t
3,722.30
371,088.42
SEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMA8TBB GENEBAL.
387
Of the above supplies the following were piirchased in the Hawaiian
Islands:
Pounds.
Cost
Hay
1,000
2,413,050
SIO 00
Bedding
16,069.36
Total
2^414,050
16,079.36
The following quantities of forage were purchased for shipment to
the PhiUppine Islands during the hscal year 1916:
Pounds.
Cost
Oats
14.000.000
ti5n Qxn iM
Hay ^....x .
24,000,000 1 204,200.00
«
Total
38,000,000
385,150.00
The following forage was purchased in the Phihppine Islands
during the fiscal year 1916:
Green forafce
Bedding
Total.
Pounds.
8,351,200
2,486,000
10,837,200
Cost
$21,559.16
6,446.20
28,005.36
Average
cost
10.259
.26
The matter of amending contracts for forage so as to permit con-
tractors to supply grades of hay and grain as fixed by the grain
associations and chambers of commerce was considered. It was
represented that the peculiar conditions existing in various sections
made it difficult for mspectin^ officers to accept forage that would
comply in all respects with the specifications. The Department of
Agriculture was consulted, as that department had assisted in the
preparation of the specifications in use by this department, and it
was concluded that contractors should have no dimciJty in meeting
the requirements called for in regular specifications. No change
was therefore authorized, except that a modification so that oats
which were clean and practically free from other grains could be
accepted. No change was authorized in the specifications for hay.
Compressed forage, — ^An extended test was begun in the Eastern
Department of compressed forage with a view to determining if
it will be possible either to definitely adopt this ration for certain
conditions of field service, or to suggest such minor changes as ex-
i>erience may indicate to be necessary. A quantity of compressed
orage was purchased and issued to posts in the Eastern Department,
but owing to the withdrawal of troops for service on the Mexican
border before the test could be concluded, no definite conclusion was
reached as to its value. A test on the Mexican border under service
conditions has been ordered, and this test should decide if there are
any merits in this type of forage.
888
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENERAL.
Forage shipped to the Philippine Islands. — Oats and ^in hay sent
to the Philippine Islands from the United States during the fiscal
year have been of good quality and sufficient at all times.
Remount service. — Animals purchased by the Quartermaster Corps
during fiscal year 1 9 1 6 :
Kiod.
Cavalry horses. .
Artillery horsses
RMiiignorses...
Youne horses. . .
Draft horses
Bell horses
Draft mules
Pack mules
Dogs
Number.
8,733
2,255
137
2.3M
2
2, £09
1,434
28
Total cost
$1,299,880.79
371,265.08
20,n4.14
320,574.92
1.470.00
200.00
511,288.25
189,451.50
1,400.00
Average ooflt.
1916
$148.85
164.64
146.82
137.64
245.00
100.00
203.38
132.11
50.00
1915
$146.00
150.15
152.11
134.46
218.24
184.55
140.13
5L68
The average cost of mounts for the year is $149:53 per head.
During the year 1,630 animals were condemned, sold, etc.; 437
died; a total oi 1,967. There remained on hand June 30, 1916, in the
United States, Hawaii, and Panama, excluding animals at remoimt
depots :
Cavalry horses 12,613 Pack mulee 2,073
Artillery horses 3,715 Riding mules 639
Ridine iiorses 2,042 Dogs 121
Drafthorses 930
Bell horses 27 Total 28,814
Draft mules 6,754
Fort Keogh Bemount Depot, Fort Keogh, Mont:
Animals on hand July 1, 1915
Animftiq received during the fiscal year 1916. .
► Total on hand and received
lasaed durine the year-
Cavalry norses 999
Artillery horses 164
Ridine norses 5
Horses sold tooi£cers 1
Horses died 62
Horses otherwise disposed of 4
Total disposed of.
Balance on hand June 30, 1916.
Fort Reno Remount Depot, Fort Reno, Okb.:
Animals on hand July 1, 1915
Animals received during the fiscal year 1016.
Total on hand and received
lasaed during the year-
Cavalry horses 1,056
Artillery horses 3S3
Riding horses 67
Horseesold tooflScers 29
Horses died 62
Horses otherwise disposed of 17
Total disposed of
Moles Issued 232
Moles otherwise disposed of 1
i of!^.
Total disposed
Balance oo band June 30, 1016.
Horses.
893
2,075
2,968
1,235
1,733
992
3,215
4,207
2,514
1,(»3
Moles.
6
Ml
au
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTERMASTEB GENERAL.
389
Front RojBl Remount Depot. Front Royal, Va.:
Animals on hand July 1. 1915
Animals Teoeired during the fiscal year 1916. .
Total on hand and received
Issued during the year-
Cavalry horses 535
Artillery horses 199
Riding horses 14
Draft horses •. 2
Horses sold tooillcers 34
Horses died 24
Total disposed of.
Mules issued
Balance on hand June 30, 10 16.
Sammary of remount depots:
Aniinals on hand July 1, 1915
Animals received during fiscal year 1916.
Total on hand and received
Issaed during the year-
Cavalry horses 3,490
Artillery horses 746
Riding horses.
Draft horses ,
Horses sold to officers
Horses died
Horses otherwise disposed of.
86
2
64
148
21
Total disposed of ,
liules issued 233
If ules otherwise disposed of 1
Total disposed of
Balance on hand June 30, 1916.
Horses.
448
1,104
1,552
808
744
2,333
6,394
8,727
4,557
Moles.
84
84
33
281
381
4,170
234
47
The number of horses that* passed through the Army remount
depots during fiscal year 1916 was much greater than the number that
were handled during fiscal year 1915, as shown by the following com-
parative table:
Received at jemoont depots
Issued from remount depots
On band at remount depots.
Fiscal
year
1016.
6,394
4,557
4,170
Fiscal
year
1915.
2,309
1,964
2,333
Increase
in 1016
over 1015.
3,005
2,503
1,837
The quality of horses purchased during the past fiscal year showed
a marked improvement over those bought previously, aue, in part,
to the stallions provided by the Department of Agriculture, and to
the better knowledge that^ farmers and breeders have of the type of
horses desired, as tne result of coining in contact with the remoimt
officers who can advise them as to the tvpe of animals required by the
Army. However, the breeding of suitable horses for military purposes
could be greatly improved and their number increased if the appro-
priations were mcreased so as to enable the Department of Agricul-
ture to purchase additional stallions and extend the present plan of
breeding.
Foreign Governments have purchased and exported thousands of
mature norses out of the coxmtry. This baa Tedwc^^di XJciftVox^^ ^\»^Ofi.
considerably in the United States and Yiaa vaeTe^ae^di ^Sci'^ ^^^^^ ^
390 BEPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL.
mature horses. However, it is not thought that the shortage in ma-
ture horses will materially affect the supply of animals needed by the
Regular Army during peace time, for the reason that a sufficient num-
ber of young norses can be obtained and handled through the remount
depots to meet the normal rec[uiremcnts of the Army.
In March, 1916, two auxiliary remount depots were established —
one at El Paso. Tex., and the other at Fort Sam Houston, Tex. — for
the purposb ot providing the necessary means of maintaining the
animals of the forces along the border in good condition. These are
the important reservoii-s from which animals are drawn for the
equipment of new troops and to replace those that are lost or become
unfit for service from any cause. At these points hospitals have
also been established, to which animals are withdrawn from the
service when they become sick or, from long continuous service,
reqiiirc- recuperation.
Keports indicate that horses shipped from the remount depots at
Fort Keogb, Reno, and Front Royal to troops on the borcter and
elsewhere arrived in good condition. On May 16, 1916, the depot
Suartermaster, El Paso, Tex., stated that horses shipped to tnat
epot from the Fort Keogh remount depot were received in excel-
lent condition ; that no horses were sick, none appeared to be gaimted,
and that the condition of the horses was so fine that his veterinarian
was most enthusiastic about them, remarking while they were being
imloaded, ''This, from a standpoint of condition, is the l>est shipment
we have receivea and appear ready to go to work at once."
On the other hand, a good deal of sickness and a number of deaths
were reported among mature horses purchased imder contract and
shipped to the Mexican border, due to the shipping fever contracted
in passing through stock yards. These animals had to be quaran-
tined for several weeks and doctoted before they became fit for
issue to troops.
In a report received from the authorities in the Southern Depart-
ment, they state that the wisdom of issuing green animals to oi^ani-
zations to bring to the border with them immediately is seriously
doubted; that about 150 deaths have been reported in the New
York division at McAllen, Tex., and a board of moimted officers has
reported as follows: ^'The board on mortalitv amon^ public ftnimRlfl
at McAllen considers that mortality is not abnorm^in view of con-
ditions of mobilization. Losses mostly occurred amongst horses
purchased for the emergency, of whicn nearly all were sick when
received by organizations and many sick when entrained."
The prudence of handling as many horses as possible through the
Army remount depot is apparent.
Fort Keogh remount depot — In the fiscal year 1916 the exterior
Eainting of all buildings around the narade and on entrance road has
een completed hj the use of depot laboi and material secured under
the annual apportionment for repair.
An interior and exterior electnc lighting system was installed at a
cost of $2,266.20, current being purcnasea from Miles City.
Four grooming machines, electrically driven, were installed at a
cost of $839.52, which will permit the thorough grooming of aU horses
being trained, an important training factor, which, without this
equipment, has necessarily been less thoroug^y done.
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB QENEBAU 391
A steam heating plant was installed in the commanding officer's
quarters by depot laoor at a cost of $617.19 for apparatus.
A tank of 8,000 gallons capacity was installed by depot labor at a
cost of $395.96, for storage of fuel oil for power farm machinery.
This enables the depot to receive the oil in car lots at about half
the cost of other methods.
Three windmills were installed at a cost of $217.50 at artesian
wells in pastures. They will provide water continually and the
overflow irom the troughs will fill holes and furnish water at all
times for animals in pasture. To accomplish this heretofore it has
been necessary to use several men with gas engines.
Two 30-60 oil pull tractors, each with gang plows, were purchased
at a total cost of $6,171.40. They were necessary to carry the farm-
ingoperations beyond the acreage of 1915.
The pasture area remained imchanged — about 35,000 acres. The
area cmtivated in 1916 was 1,625 acres, as against 1,275 acres in
1915. It is proposed to break about 300 acres of new land in the
fiscal year 1917, only to fallow an equal amount now cultivated, as
the total of about 1,600 acres is ail that can be handled with the
present personnel and existing irrigation plant.
Forage grown during fiscal year 1916:
Oats, 1,750,000 pounds.
TTov i500,000 pounds (alfalfa).
^*y 1450,000 pounds (blue joint).
Straw, 2,000,000 pounds.
Approximate value of above forage* $40,000*
Forage grown during fiscal year 1915:
Oats, 116,250 pounds.
Tra«/43,300 pounds (aMalfa).
^*y\21,750 pounds (timothy).
Straw, 296,390 pounds.
Approximate value of above forage, $3,270.
Front Royal remount depot — During the fiscal year the following
progress has been made in improving the depot:
Buildings completed and received from contractor:
3 colt stables. 1 coal storage (banker).
1 granary and hay shed. 1 oil house.
3 civilian quarters. 1 dispensary.
1 barracks. 1 set double noncommlamoned officers' quar-
1 administration building. ters.
1 quartermaster stable. 1 veterinary ward.
1 farm implement shed. 1 fire station.
10 Isolated quarters for en- 1 granary office,
listed men. 10 sheds.
Roads constructed:
Macadam road from main gate to officers' quarters. ^
Macadam road from officers' quarters to administration building.
Roads to feeding sheds repaired.
All feed sheds have been repau^.
200 trees have been planted at depot.
500 rods interior fencing completCKl.
About 100 acres of land were imder cultivation in 1916, compared
to 45 acres in 1915. It is contemplated to break up such land as it
is possible to farm where briars, locust, etc., have ruined the turf —
from 100 to 150 acres.
392 BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENEBAL.
Forage raised during the fiscal year: Vain*.
140.000 pounds hay $1,386.00
640 bushels rye 513.00
28.000 pounds com 280.00
32.450 pounds straw 145.22
Total 2,324,22
Forage has been raised as an incident to the main object, th©
planting of barren tracts with permanent grass pastures. This has
Deen sbghtly extended to the planting of tracts m alfalfa, so that a
permanent hav crop is assm'ea on an otherwise worthless field.
Fori Reno nemount Depot. — Improvements have been made at this
depot during the fiscal year, which have largely been in the nature
of caring for buildings, roads, and sroimds in the vicinity of the post.
Other improvements are contemplated and will be effected before
winter. Temporary shelter will be constructed in the vicinity of the
post where feeding can be readily carried on without the loss of time
and expense of labor.
Acreage imder cultivation during the fiscal year 1916 was the
same as that for fiscal year 1915. The acreage m pasture was also
the same as that for fiscal year 1915. Up to cume 30, 1916, 316 tons
alfalfa hay were baled and stored. Experiments were made with
Sudan erass, and this crop yields excellent returns. The feeding
value of Sudan grass has not yet been ascertained, but should it prove
to be a good feed crop and relished by the animals, a considerable
acreage of it will be sown next year. The feterita forage grown was
of excellent quality.
MisceUaneoua statements. — ^The following statements pertaining to
transportation are appended:
Statement showing principal movements of troops in the United States for etiictly
military purposes, marked "Exhibit No. 14.**
Statement showing special movements o! troops in connection with labor strikts,
parades, dedications, celebrations, etc., marked ^Exhibit No. 15.**
Statement showing number of National Guard and Organized Militia moved to
Mexican border from each State prior to August 1, 1916, marked ''Exhibit No. 13.*'
Statement showing operations of the tran^rtation division of the Quartermaster
Ck)rps in the Hawaiian Islands, marked ''Exhibit No. 16.**
Statement showing operations of the transportation division of the Quartermaster
Corps in the Philippme Islands, marked "Exhibit 16|.**
Statement showing weight of bagea^ of officers, noncommissioned officers, and
civilian employees transported at public expense, with cost of shipment and cost of
packing ana crating, marked "Exnibit No. 17.**
Statement showing cost to the Quartermaster Corps of operation of militarv telegraph
lines in Alaska exclusive of the operation of tne caole ship Burrmae, maiked
"Exhibit No. 18.**
Statement showing motor trucks purchased during the fiscal year, except the
Philippine Islands, marked "Exhibit No. 19.**
Statement showing automobiles in use June 30, 1916, except Philippine Islands,
marked "Exhibit No. 20.'*
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
Fuel. — ^The cost of coal for domestic purposes at posts in the
department was found so high that the ase of wood has been sub-
stituted at practicaly all stations in order to keep the cost of fuel
down to at least what it has been heretofore. The Army range is
adapted to either fuel and no change in fire boxes was required.
KEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENERAL. 393
Ndtwe lumber. — During the year native lumber has been used exclu-
sively for general purposes throughout the department. There seems
to be a diversity of opinion as to the suitability of native lumber as
compared with Oregon pine. A report on this subject was called for
from the different posts, and a statement of tne result, marked
"Exhibit 23/' is inclosed. On the whole, however, the native lumber
(Lauan, Tanguili, and Apitong) have proved so satisfactory and much
cheaper than Oregon pine tnat contract has been made for over
4,600,000 feet of rougn lumber at $24 per 1,000 board feet, and
411,000 feet of flooring at $30 per 1,000 board feet.
Oreen forage and hmding. — Green forage has been procured imder
contract to supplement the forage ration for animals in this depart-
ment at posts of Camp Eldridge, Camp McGrath, Camp John Hay,
Camp Stotsenburg, Fort Wmiam McKinley, and Manila. The
quahty of this class of forage has been very satisfactory. The class
usually furnished is known as native zacate, barn grass, and green
com. Rice straw and cogon grass, for bedding, have been supphed
imder annual contract. At Fort WilUam McKimey, in January, 1916,
the animals in several organizations were seriously affected and 11
died. The local veterinarians were puzzled as to the cause but
finally, by analysis, traced the trouble to musty rice straw used as
beddmg. With this exception no complaints as to the quality of
bedding have reached this oflBce.
Heavy furniture for officers' quarters, — The following heavy furniture
wasmanufactured at the land transport shops during the year, from
native woods:
50 chairs, dining, end 1832.94
228 chairs, dining, side 323.49
47 drawers, chests of 1,210.52
55 sideboards 1, 156. 55
13 tables, dining 652.67
74 tables, kitchen 269.09
Orders have recently been given for construction at the land trans-
port shops of additional heavy furniture and ice boxes. All quarters
occupied by officers with American troops are now fully equipped
with these articles, and when the furniture now imder construction
is completed all officers' quarters at scout posts will also be fully
equipped.
Fresh potatoes. — ^The procurement of fresh potatoes presented some
obstacles. Bids were mvited and opened on February 1^ 1916.
There was but one bidder (Pacific Commercial Co.) and their price
was 2.99 cents per pound as compared with 1.56 cents per pound,
their old price. The bid was considered excessive and a cable was
sent to the depot quartermaster, Nagasaki, to ascertain if he could
purchase 500,000 pounds of potatoes, and at what price. He repUed,
quoting 1.16 cents per pound f. o. b. Nagasaki. He was asked to
purchase 500,000 pounds. Later the depot quartermaster, Nagasaki,
replied: ** Government contractor(s) potatoes, fresh, crop cornered by
Pacific Conamercial. Will send particulars by mail. Was unable to
secure bond.*' Here we were confronted with a serious proposition.
TTie following letter was sent to aU posts, and in the meantime this
office began to look about for substitutes:
Keport is desired from commanding oflScers as to the possibility of procuring locally
potatoes or substitutes therefor during the months named (March, April, May, and
394 BEPOBT OF THE QUARTEBMASTEB GENERAL.
June), and accounts settled with issuing quartermasters at the end of the month, or
whenever necessary, on the basis of the price of the last lot purchased, at $0.02199 per
pound, instead of depending upon the quartermaster for supply as usual.
First. We bought 70,000 pounds of sweet potatoes at 1.25 cents
per pound from the Momungan Colony near (Jamp Overton. These
were issued and sold. We c5)led the depot quartermaster, San Fran-
cisco, and bought 63,000 pounds potatoes at 2.05 cents; they arrived
on Sherman,
Second. We ascertained that there was an excellent white notato
in the local market, and upon investigation found it was shipped from
Hongkong. Arrangements were at once made for an open-market
purchase of 150,000 pounds of these potatoes at 2.15 cents per pound.
This stock, together with the sweet potatoes and the San Francisco
shipment, broke the ''comer" on white potatoes required for month
of April. The low and only bidder (Pacific Commercial Co.) protested
any mtention of a ''corner," but at the same time desired to offer a
lower quotation after this oflBce had arranged for March deliveries.
For May and June deliveries this same firm offered potatoes at 2.4
cents per poimd, ascribing the difference to easier freight conditions.
This price was considered excessive, and the depot quartermaster at
Nagasaki was requested by cable to quote on 500,000 pounds in that
market, shipment to be made on the U. S. Army transport MerriU on
return trip from China. He quoted 1.65 cents per pound, and pur-
chase was made accordingly for the month of May. For the montn of
June potatoes were procured from China at 2.05 cents per pound. It
was impossible to prociire potatoes from Japan for June consimiption
on account of lack of transportation facihties.
Fresli fruit. — Fresh fruit received from San Francisco has been very
good quality and is much appreciated by the personnel of this com-
mand. Considering quantities handled and conditions of diipment,
losses have been comparatively small. The monthly shipment has
been increased as follows: Apples, 200 cases; oranges, 150 cases;
lemons, 70 cases; grapefruit, 100 cases. This will give ample fruit
to all.
United States Morgue and Burial Corps. — ^There has been no change
in the civiUan personnel during the year and the work has been car-
ried on successfully and satisfactorily. Eightv-four bodies were
embalmed and prepared for burial, 41 disinterrea, 44 shipped to the
United States, 31 transferred to other cemeteries, 3 awaiting ship-
ment. The cemetery at Camp Gres^ was abandoned and l>odie8
removed to the cemetery at Fort Wiffiam McKinley.
Quartermaster steam laundry. — ^To accommodate the needs of the
troops the capacity of the taundrv in buildings, machinery, and
employees, has practically been douoled during the year. This plant
is a great convenience ana in fact has become a necessity to the troops
in Manila and to a large number of organizations other than those
stationed in the city. The average number of pieces laundered for
the past 11 months was 301,507 per month, at a total cost of
$1,456 per 100 pieces. The number of employees has been increased
from 187 to 225, but the full number authorized is not employed
except in cases of necessity. In the past collections and delivery of
lauildry in the city o^Manila has been made by two wagons, wnich
has proved unsatisfactory, being both slow and imnecessarily expen-
sive. A Ford chassis has been purchased, for which a body is now
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENEBAL. 395
beins constructed at land transport shops. This light delivery car;
which will run at very moderate expense, will greafly facilitate the
collection and delivery of laundry. The cost of operation of this car
will of course be borne entirely from the revenues of the laundry and
will therefore be without cost to the Government. Due to increased
cost of supplies and replacement of machinery, the rate for enlisted
men was mcreased in January, 1916, from $1.26 to $1.50 per month,
and flat-rate work for the Quartermaster Corps and Medical Depart-
ment from $1.25 to $1.30 per month.
Beservations. — ^There has been very little change in the reservations
during the year. Camps Gregg and Treadwell were both abandoned
and aB buildings and other structures at those stations, in so far as it
was practicable to do so, were demolished and the material salvaged.
A small addition to the Camp Eldridge Reservation was purchased
for the purpose of making a necessary extension to the target range.
Agreement has been made with the owners for the purchase of two
Earcels of land lying within the limits of the Camp Gregg Reservation,
ut as yet the reqiured papers in the case have not been completed.
At Augur Barracks, Jolo, an old blockhouse and the grounds sur-
rounding it, not needed by the mihtary authorities, were turned over
to the constabulary for its use until further orders. The civil govern-
ment was given a license to construct a roadway through the Augur
Barracks Reservation.
BARRACKS AND QUARTERS.
All buildings at Manila depot have been repaired and repainted,
but the floors in some of the buildings will require additional work
in the near future, which will be taken up as soon as funds become
av^able. Twenty-eight iron-pipe posts have been installed in the
laimdry groxmds at the Manila depot and equipped with galvanized-
iron wire for the air drying of heavy articles, such as canvas bunk
bottoms, blue denim, and cotton O. D. cloth. The grounds have
been improved in appearance by the setting out of hei^es bordering
roads and walks and the use of flowering shrubs.
The condition of barracks and quarters at the different posts in
this department is as good as could be expected under the circum-
stances. The majority of them are old and badly in need of exten-
sive repairs. Althoiidn for several years the appropriation has been
insuflicient to keep the barracks and quarters m repair, this year it
has been particularly insuflBcient on accoimt of extra repaLre made
necessary by the succession of storms, one or more of which has
reached and damaged nearly every post in the department. In
order to repair the damages caused by these storms it was necessary
to use funds which had been allotted for annual repairs; consequently,
repairs much needed at the present time will have to be delayed
until funds for the next fiscal year become available. The following
construction of barracks and quarters is now under way or has been
completed:
Fori Mills. — ^Two Infantry barracks, permanent construction;
five scout barracks, temporary construction, to replace five barracks
demolished diuing typhoons; a hangar, complete with plumbing and
electric wiring.
396 BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB QENEBAL.
Fort WiUiam McEinley. — This post was provided during the last
fiscal year with a bakers' school barrack by enlarging and remodeling
a building formerly used for civilian employees. Also, a kitchen
was built in connection with the present post bakery building, for
baking pastry in conjunction with the bakers' and cooks' schooL
The two double sets of company^ officers' quarters, semipermanent,
are now imder construction at this post. *
Camp Stotsenburg. — ^Twelve old field officers' quarters, nipa con-
struction, are being replaced by new wooden construction, and in
addition, six new sets of quarters are being built at this post.
Camp Overton.— Two new sets of company officers' quarters were
constructed at this post during the past fiscal year.
Camp Keithley. —Fo}}T cottages bmlt as rest houses were, during
the year, remodeled into satisfactory officers' quarters.
Camp Nichols. — ^Two double sets of officers' quarters, semiper-
manent construction, have been completed during the year.
Camp John Hay.— Two frame barracks were constructed at the
scout garrison at this post from the same plans as the present bar-
racks. The scout barracks now have sufficient accommodations for
one battalion.
Bakeries, storehouses, stables, etc. — These buildings are in the same
condition as the barracks and quarters, being in need of extensive
repw^ during the coming fiscal year.
A large modern and well-eqmpped bakery, permanent construc-
tion, has been completed at Fort Mills during the year.
The bakine f acihties at Camp John Hay have been increased dur-
ing the year DV the installation of an additional oven.
Storage faciuties at Fort Mills, Fort William McEinley, and Camp
John H^y have been increased to some extent during the present
year.
No new stables have been constructed during the present fiscal
year, and very little change has been made in the old ones.
A small addition was made to the Signal Corps stables at Fort
William McKinley. The blacksmith shops and guard house in
connection with the Cavalry stables at Camp Stotsenburg wero
rebuilt by the use of material salvaged from Camp Gregg.
The following bake ovens are now installed and in operation at
the different posts in this department: Marshall, No. 30, 8: No. 40,
20. Middelby, No. 3, 2; No.l, 1. Blodgett Stanard, 3; No. 19, 2.
Knocked-down type, 1. Concrete, 1.
A number of ovens have been repaired and some have been replaced
during the year. All of them are now in good working condition.
Hosjoitals. — New hospitals under construction at Camp John Hay
and (Jamp Nichols have been practically completed. Sufficient
screening has also been furnished Camp Nichols to completdy
screen the hospital at that post. The hospitals at the other posts in
the department are in good condition and sufficient funos were
available during the year to keep them in repair.
A temporary smallpox hospital has been constructed at Augur
Barracks.
The hospital at Fort San Pedro, Hoilo, has been remodeled to
provide a dressing room.
Electric passenger elevators have been installed in the hospital at
Fort William McKinley, and at the department hospital, Manila.
BEPORT OF THE QUARTEBMASTER GEITBRAIj. 397
Water supply. — In general, the water supply at the different posts
is ample and water is of good quality, although in most places it is
not potable.
The water supply at Camp John Hay has been improved by the
installation of electrically driven pumps and an increase in the
reservoir capacity. Arrangements have been made for procuring a
hypochloride dosing apparatus for the water system at Camp John
Hay, which, when installed, will render the water potable and will
allow the distilling plant to be discontinued.
The water sup^y at Fort WilUam McKinley is derived from two
sources — ^wells and seepage water along the Pasig River. The well
system is satisfacory and is sufficient to supply potable water for
all purposes excepting fire and sprinkling. The seepage water
system has been remodeled and increased durmg theyear, in so far as
funds would permit. It is the intention to carry on the work during
the next fiscal year. When completed. Fort William McKinley wiu
have a water supply sufficient for all needs.
The water system at Camp Eldridge has been improved during
the year by the installation of a larger sized main to the reservoir,
and now it has a water supply sufficient for all purposes.
The water system at Camp Overton was improvea during the year
by raising the elevation of the intake and straightening the pipe.
Shortly filter this work was completed a flood carried away a por-
tion 01 the pipe line, but this has been replaced and the water system
is in good condition at present.
The water system at rettit Barracks is not satisfactory at present,
but as the city of Zamboanga is installing a water system which
when completed will be sufficient to supply both the city and the
post, nothmgis being done at present except to keep the system in
operation. When the city water system is completed arrangements
will be made to procure water from this system.
An attempt was made to drive an artesian well at Ludlow barracks
for the purpose of obtaining a satisfactory and potable water supply.
This attempt was not a success. It is believed tnat one of the reasons
why a successful weU was not obtained is that it was not properly
located. Further investigation will be made, after which it will be
determined whether or not the probabiUties of obtaining a potable
water supply are sufficient to justify another attempt.
Camp Stotsenburg has two sources of water supply, one from the
river and the other from artesian wells. Owing to the condition of
the pipe line and the failure of the wells, the water supply was reduced
below the needs of the post. The pipe line for the river water supply
has been placed in good condition and a reservoir in connection there-
with is being constructed. Two new successful artesian wells have
been driven. When the reservoir is completed and the machinery
installed for pumping the new wells, Camp Stotsenburg will have a
water supply sufficient for all necessary purposes.
Camp Nichols obtains its water from an artesian well. This has
been improved during the year by the erection of a new tank, and by
the installation of an auxiliary engine for use in case of emergency.
The water supply is now satisfactory and ample for all necessary pur-
poses.
The large product of water conservation at Fort Mills is well under
way. Downspouts have been placed on a number of the buildings, a
number of successful wells have been driven, and a number of springs
398 BEPOBT OF THE QUARTEBMASTEB QENEBAL.
have been opened up and arrangements made for conserving the
water therefrom, and the excavations for two of the reservoirs are
made. Work on the reservoirs is delayed on account of lack of mate-
rial, which has been ordered from the States.
A new high-power electrically driven triplex pump and other
equipment, including condenser, etc., for the more economical opera-
tion of the pumping plant and to increase its capacity, is being pur-
chased under contract. A new boiler to be installed in conjunction
with the present boilers, to increase the capacity of the boiler plant,
is also being purchased.
The Sisiman water supply has been placed in good condition, and
as soon as the new water barge is completed it will materially assist
in supplying water for Fort Mills and tne other Coast Artillery posts
in Manila Bay.
The project of increasing the water supply at Fort Frank by rais-
ing the intake and installmg a new pipe une from the mainland to
Carabao Island is now imder way. After this project has been com-
pleted Fort Frank will have a supply of water sufficient for all pur-
poses.
Water for the use of the military stations m Manila, excepting for
drinking purposes, is secured from the city water supply. This is olf
course paid for on meter readings. In the past it was customary to
have but one meter at each station, in consequence of which sewerage
charges were paid on all water consimied. During the past year this
has all been changed, so that water for sprinkling purposes,
watering stock, etc., is paid for on a different meter and no sewerage
charges paid tnereon. This has resulted in a considerable saving m
the expenditures for water for stations in Manila.
The water used for drinking purposes was formerly obtained from
the distilling plant located at the land transport corral. As the oper-
ating expenses of this plant were very large, it was decided to make
an attempt to obtain a successful artesian well for the purpose of
supplying drinking water to the different stations in Manila. A weJl
was driven at the Ouartel de Espana. Although the well was suc-
cessful, unfortunately, on account of the failure of the distilling
plant, the water from this well had to be used before it had been
pumped sufficient to clear it. Like all other artesian wells in this
vicinity, the water at first is very impalatable, but after having been
used for some time it finally clears up and becomes palatable. It is
believed that the result in this case will be the same as in others.
The distilling plant at the land transport corral having been
unserviceable, it was dismantled and installed in connection with
the fire system at the Manila depot for use in case of emei^ency.
A successful artesian well has been drilled at the department hos-
pital and the installation of machinery completed. It will deliver
sufficient water to supply this station.
Sewer systems, — At such posts that have sewer systems the same
have been satisfactory during the year. Sufficient fimds have been
available to keep these systems in proper condition. However, at a
number of posts dry-earth closets are still in use. These are being
replaced by sewer systems as rapidlv as funds will permit.
A sewer system has been installed at Camp Nichols during the
present year, and funds to start sewer systems at Camp Keithley and
Ke^an Barracks have been allotted. Work on these systems is now
under way.
BEPOBT OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL. 399
As soon as the post of Pettit Barracks is connected with the water
system of the city of Zamboanga, it is proposed to install a sewer sys-
tem at that place should the necessary funds be available.
The sewer system at Fort William McKinley is being improved by
the installation of a new bacteriological tank. When this tank has
been completed the sewer system at Fort William McKinley will be
satisfactory and in good condition.
New incinerators have been constructed during the year at Fort
Mills, Camp John Hay, and Regan Barracks.
lAgJUing systems. — ^The only stations in this department lighted by
electricity are Camp John Hay, Fort William McKinley, Fort Mills,
and the posts in Manila. Fort Mills and Camp John Hay have their
own lighting systems. At the other posts mentioned electric current
is purchased from the Manila Electric Railroad & Light 0>.
it is the intention to install a generating plant at Fort William
McKinley. and one generator, two exciters, one switchboard, com-
plete, ana one condenser, to be used in conjunction with street and
service lighting, for installation in the new power plant in connection
with the steam engine and generator now on hand, are being pur-
chased under contract. Electric house meters to replace those now
owned by private parties, as well as constant-current transformers
with street-lighting brackets and lamps to replace the present arc
lamps, are also under contract.
It is the intention during the fiscal year 1917 to pay on one meter
reading for all current consumed at the different stations in Manila,
and to this end meters are being purchased under contract for use
where it is necessary to measure current to comply with existing r^-
ulations to replace those now owned by the lighting companv.
Sufficient funds have been available during the year to keep the
system at Fort Mills in repair, and the same has been satisfactory.
The only additions made tnereto have been the necessary extensions
to furnish light to buildings completed.
Camp Stotsenburg was provided with a switchboard to be used in
conjunction with a small generator.
At Camp John Hay a concrete shed was erected for the protection
of certain electrical equipment and main valves for the hydroelectric
]>liuit: also the electric substation at this post was provided with addi-
tional equipment, and a machine shop was installed in conjunction
with the ice plant.
Complete apparatus has been purchased for the installation of series
street lighting at Camp John Hay, as well as cooking ranges, hot-water
heaters, and air heaters for the entire post, so as to utilize power now
generated by the hydroelectric plant.
Ice, distiUiryjj coid-stordge, and pumping plants. — ^These, in the main,
have been satisfactory throughout the department and sufficient funds
have been available to keep them in proper condition.
During the year an inspection of every plant has been made by an
engineer from this office, the result of wilcn has been an improvement
in the condition of aU these plants and a saving in the amoimt of
coal consumed.
During the year a new compressor was installed at Camp Eldridge.
New compressors have been purchased for Fort Mills, but as yet have
not been instaUed. Material and apparatus have also been purchased
for insulating one of the rooms in the present bombproof plant at this
400 BEPOBT OF THE QUAKTEBMASTER GENERAL.
post, as well as a new ammonia condenser, piping, etc., so as to in-
crease the cold-storage facilities, and to be used m conjunction with
the two 65-ton ammonia condensers already purchased.
The ice and cold-storage plant at Camp John Hav is being enlarged
and remodeled. When completed this post will have a plant sim-
cient for all needs and shoula be a very economical one, as it will be
operated by electricity. A machine shop was iostalled in conjunction
with the ice plant at this post, as stated in paragraph 48.
As stated before, the distiUing plant at the land transport was moved
to the depot. When the new well at the department hospital is in
operation, the distilling plant at that place can be discontinued.
Roads and walks. — ^The roads at the different posts in the depart-
ment are in good condition, and sufiBicient fimds nave been available
to keep them in proper repair.
Road extensions nave been made at Camp Eldridge, Camp John
Hav, Camp Stotsenburg, and Fort Mills.
A cableway is being erected at the hydroelectric plant at Camp
John Hay, so as to provide a better means of reaching the plant and a
safe exit for the employees in case of danger.
Considerable grading in connection wim the scout post at Camp
John Hay was done during the year.
At Camp Stotsenburg fimds have been allotted for the purpose of
building a road to connect the post system with the insular pubUc-
road system. After this road nas been completed there will be a
&st-class road from Camp Stotsenburg to Manila.
During the year funds were allotted for resurfacing the Overton-
Keithley road. WTiile this work was being carried on the road was
severelv damaged by flood, which carried out some of the bridges,
washed, out portions of the roadbed, and caused slides which covered
other portions. All steps possible were inmiediately taken to clear
this road and it is now passable for automobiles. Work is being car-
ried on in repairing the road and resurfacing it, and such funds as
could be used during the year were allotted. It is the intention to
carry this work on until completed, such funds as are necessary to
be provided from the fiscal year 1917 appropriation.
Considerable grading has oeen done at Fort Mills in connection with
new construction at that post.
The old bridge across tne moat at Fort Santiago has been replaced
by a fill and a macadam roadway, which has very much improved the
appearance of the entrance to Fort Santiago.
Wharves. — Pier No. 1, Manila, has been completed aiid surfaced
with block pavement during the year and is now in splendid condition.
Contract has been let for the construction of Pier B on the Port
Reservation, Manila. This pier will be constructed on the bay side
of the strip of land known as Lot No. 2, Port Reservation, Mafiila, and
will be directly opposite the present Pier A. The construction con-
sists of concrete piles of sufficient size and driven to sufficient depth
to provide for a future concrete docking. The present plan is to
install a wooden deck, with the necessary wooden beams, etc., pro-
tecting same with an asphaltum coating.
Extensive repairs have been made to the wharf at Camp Eldredge.
A new wharf has been buUt at Camp Keithley.
Two new wharves, in connection with water supply at SisimaUi are
being constructed.
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTBB GENEBAL. 401
A contract was made with the civil government for the dredging of
the approaches to the wharves at Fort Mills. Anchors and buoys
were also furnished Fort Mills.
The wharf at Iloilo has been improved by the installation of fender
piles, so that interisland transports can go alongside and unload at this
wharf at any stage of the tiae.
The old wooden wharf at Fort William McKinley was replaced by a
concrete wharf during the year.
The wharves at Ludlow Barracks, Augur Barracks, and Camp Over-
ton have been kept iq serviceable condition, and while the whan at the
latter post is not in perfect condition, suflSciont funds were allotted to
keep it in repair durmg the year.
Screenivg, — Such fimds as were available were allotted the different
posts in the department during the year for screening, and a state-
ment showing the condition of the dinerent posts in regard to screen-
ing is inclosed.
Typhoons. — ^This department was visited during the year by four
destructive typhoons and a disastrous flood at Camp Overton, which
occurred on the following dates: October 23, November 3, December
7, 1915, January 14 to 27 and May 6, 1916, resulting in damage to the
different posts as follows:
Camp Eldredge $73.40
Camp John Hay 8,713.92
Camp Overton (O.-K. Road) 32, 000. 00
Camp Overton 6,000.00
CampMcGrath 3,288.00
Camp Stotsenburg 4,737.00
FortMillfl 78,341.50
Regan Barracks 970.00
Augur Barracks 4,000.00
Fire apparat'us, — The fire apparatus at the different posts has been
kept in good condition. On investigation it was found that no
standard nad been adopted for the size of hose and hydrants at the
different stations. A standard has been adopted which conforms to
that in general use and the project is imder way to standardize all of
this apparatus at the different posts in the department.
Post exchanges. — The post exchange handball court has been con-
structed at Fort William McKinley, and jimiping standards have
been furnished all posts in the department.
Motor. — ^The economy of motor transportation over animal-drawn
is no longer debatable, but so far as this department is concerned,
the initialcost of motor trucks and the Umited appropriation available
prohibits consideration of any very considerable increase in trucks.
A recent board of officers on Corregidor Reserve recommended exclu-
sive use of motor transportation for Corregidor Island. Owing to the
distance from the factory, the cost of upkeep of motor transportation
in these islands is very great for two cogent reasons, viz :
First. In order to avoid delays in making repairs the department
is called upon to invest large sums of money in spare parts sent out
from the States, or,
Second. These spare parts are bought locally, as needed, at an
exorbitant pnce, because the local dealer nmst bear the outlay men-
tioned in firet paragraph above, and he makes his retail price to cover
interest on investment.
These conditions should not be overlooked m coT^idsra^ xsksA/^x
transportation for this department.
69176"— WAB 1916— VOL 1 26
402 BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENERAL.
One auto truck of IJ-ton capacity was purchased and placed in
service on the Overton-Keithley Road, wnich, together with the
supply of two trailers, which were manufactured at the land-transport
shops at a cost of $714 each, released for assignment elsewhere 22
draft animals.
Twelve 2-ton, one three-fourths ton, and four Ford truck chassis,
three Ford runabouts, and one 7-passenger touring car have recently
been ordered.
Three of the 2-ton trucks arrived here from San Francisco on July
3, 1916, and will be sent to Camp John Hay for use in hauling fud
for the post. Contract was made for 3,243 cords of wood, dehvfery
to be taken at a point 7 miles from the post, at a price $14,593.50
less than the lowest bid for delivery at post, and these three truck
chassis will be equipped with bodies constructed at Manila Depot
suitable for transportmg this wood to post.
Three of the 2-ton trucks will be used on the Overton-Keithley
Road and the post authorities at Camp Overton have been instructed
to submit plans for suitable bodies, and trailers, if desired, to be con-
structed at Manila Depot.
It is estimated that each of the 2-ton trucks to be used on the
O.-K. Road and in Manila will take the place of two 4-mule teams
at present in service, and the light trucks each take the place of two
light deUvery teams. Requisitions for animals for fiscal year 1917
will be reduced accordingly.
Railroads. — Regan Barracks has been connected by a spur track
to the Manila Rai&oad during the year. This utihty is now in opera-
tion and has resulted in a great saving in wagon transportation.
The electric railroad at Fort Mills has been kept in good condition
and funds have been allotted for double-tracking it. This project is
well under way and it will be nearly, if not entirely, completed by the
end of the present calendaryear.
Transportaiion, water. — The equipment of inter-island transports,
harbor boats, mine planters, distnbution box boats, laimches, lighter-
age, and rowDoats has been maintained in a satisfactory state during
the year. The following additions have been made to tnis equipment
at cost indicated : Scow No. I4S, $6,795 ; scow No. 144y $6,795.
Due to lack of water transportation and fimds pertaining to
fiscal year 1916 being available, contracts have been made for the
construction of five additional scows, viz: Two 110 feet long at an
estimated cost of $18,100; work was begun June 12, 1916, and calls
for completion in 76 working days. One 110 feet long ; contract price.
$10,515.60; work was begun June 28, 1916, and is to be completea
in 68 working days. Two 80 feet long ; contract price, $10,750 ; work
was begun June 28, 1916, and is to be completed in 90 working days.
The following equipment was lost during typhoons in October and
December, 1915:
Value.
Bcow No. 39 11,700
Scow No. 45 2,000
LorchaNo. 106 3,800
Bcow No. 121 1,760
Bcow No. 124 3,650
Total 12,900
Total| 1 lorcha and 4 scows.
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENEBAL. 403
Lorcha No. 90, value $13,814.37, was sunk at sea en route to
Aparri. Repairs to equipment, made necessary incident to typhoons,
amoxmting to $40,000, were made from apportionment maae to this
department for fiscal year 1916.
Manual for the QuartermcLster Cor^ps. — ^The compilation of a manual
for the Quartermaster Corps has been in progress for several months.
When completed it will cover the consoUdated corps and will embrace
all subjects contained in the manuals for the former Quartermaster,
Pay, end Subsistence Departments.
It is estimated that the manual will be ready for distribution to
the service by January 1, 1917.
Civilian employees, Oj^ce of the Quartermaster General, — The legis-
lative, executive, and judicial appropriation bill, fiscal year 1916,
provides for 295 employees of this office, 235 of the number being
clerks. The organization of the office is that approved by the
Secretary of War September 10, 1912. and with tms organization
CTeat economies in the administration of the business of the office and
Quartermaster Corps have been accomplished. The clerks have
attained a high state of efficiency and are entitled to great credit for
the splendid work performed during the year. Delinquencies have
been remarkably few. The office has kept step with modem commer-
cial developments in its business methods, and the work has been
simplified and so systematized as to require the fewest clerks possible.
The national defense act. approved June 3, 1916, will, it is beUeved,
after a careful analysis of its provisions, increase the work of tlus
office 40 per cent, and the clerical force must necessarily be in-
creased. With a view to obtaining additional clerical assistance
this office, on May 20, 1916, the date the national defense act passed
the House of Keprcsentativcs, submitted a supplemental estimate
for 30 clerks (3 principal clerks at $2,000, 4 clerks at $1,600, 6 at
$1,400, 8 at $1,200, and 9 at $1,000 per annum), an increase of
approximately 10 per cent. These clerks are urgently required in
tne grades indicated to assist in handling the large amount of ad-
ditional work imposed upon the office by the national defense act.
The need for tne grad!e of principal clerk of branch at $2,000 per
annum has been much felt since the consolidation of the Pay, Sub-
sistence, and Quartermaster's departments on' November 1, 1912
(fiscal year 1913), at which time the Quartermaster General in his
scheme for an office force for a consoUdated bureau, recommended
six such positions. This grade was again asked for for the fiscal years
1915 ana 1917. This latter year Congress authorized three of the
positions, and it is hoped that it will authorize the remaining three
which have been estimated for, thus completing the organization
originally proposed.
In a number of previous annual reports this office called attention
to the need for some equitable system of retirement for superannuated
clerks. Because of the consideration that has been given this
subject both in and out of Congress, I do not deem it necessarv to
say more in this report than that as each year passes the neea for
some such provision becomes more pressing. .
Very respectfully,
Henry G. Sharpe.
Brigadier General, Quartermaster Uorvs,
Acting Quartermaster General.
BEPOBT OF THE QDASTEBUABTEB QENEBAIt.
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B£PORT OF THE QUABTEBUASTBB OENEBAIi, 405
HEPORT OF THE QUARTEBMASTEB QBNBRAL.
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408
BEPOBT OF THE QUAHTEBMASTEB QENEBAL.
Exhibit 2.
Grade and examixiation.
Educational:
Master electrician.
Sergeant, flist class-
Baker
Blacksmith and horseshoer, foreman.
Carpenter, foreman
Clerk
Electrician
Engineer, foreman
Mechanic, foreman
Packmaster
Painter, foreman
Plumber, foreman
Superintendent of transportation.
Trainmaster
Truckmaster
Total.
Sergeant^
Chauffeur
Clerk
Electrician...,
Engineer ,
Foragemaster.
Storekeeper...
Total
Total educational.
Noneducational:
Sergeant-
Baker
Blacksmith and horseshoer.
Carpenter
Farrier
Fuel overseer
Mason
Overseer
Packmaster
Painter
Plumber
Saddler
Tinner
Trainer
Wagonmaster
"WheelwriRht
Total noneducational
Grand total
Number
ex-
amined.
Nomber
poixited.
17
17
15
27
122
18
29
5
6
11
Id
12
18
1
le
2
2
296
134
143
24
67
5
15
378
691
34
64
50
12
18
6
S3
11
34
23
41
5
1
40
5
427
1,118
3
»7
33
143
75
8
11
1
238
272
15
47
16
'»
at
17
1
31
8
5
10
18
2
1
10
183
453
1 Appointed after practical test.
Exhibit 3.
Statement showing number of enlisted men, Quartenruuter Corps, by grades, apportioned
for the performanceofthe variouLS duties of the Quartermaster Corps in the United States,
Hawaii, and the Philippines, the number of such men actually in the service, and the
number ofvaaincies as of June SO, 1916.
United States
Alaska. Porto
Canal Zone):
Apportioned.
In the sen,ice
Vacancies
Hawaii:
Apportioned.,
In the "service
Vacancies
Phillppine.s:
Apportioned.,
In the service
Vacancies
(including
nice, and
Totals:
Apportioned..
In the service.
Vacancies
Master
elec-
tricians,
4
4
3
3
Ser-
geants,
first
class.
94
86
8
5
5
18
14
4
Ser-
geants.
1,028
934
74
66
63
3
143
132
11
7
7
117
105
12
1,237
1,149
88
Cor-
porals.
615
464
51
26
25
1
46
43
3
5S7
532
55
Cooks.
75
75
0
6
II
8
3
92
89
3
Pri-
vates,
first
class.
2,2S1
2,lo:j
178
157
153
4
299
261
38
2,737
2,517
220
Pri-
vates.
543
621
27
25
2
32
14
18
602
660
ToUl.
4,540
4,307
287
277
552
475
Va-
cancies.
311
10
77
6,379
5,060
378
I
1
J
BBPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENEBAL. 409
Exhibit 4.
I\re(uury balance hool$, financial Mtatement, QuartermasUr CorpSf fiscal year ending
June SO J 1916.
For appropriatioDfl desiniatod as aimiial there was provided for the service
of toe Quartermaster Corps for the fiscal year aiding June 30, 1016, and
by allotments, the sum 01 $106,321,808.60
During the said fiscal year 1016 there was deposited to the credit of said
appropriations by Treasury settlements, sales, collections, balances, etc.,
thesumof. 0,062,308.26
And by department and Treasury transfers and miscellaneous items the
sum of 02,012.40
Total 1116,477,114.81
Of this there was remitted to disbursing officers upon requisitions, the sum
of 100,081,820.10
There was expended on account of settlements made at the Treasury, the
sum of 880,170.00
And by department and Treasury transfers and miscellaneous items 2, 630. 01
Total 110,873,630.10
Leaving a balance on hand July 1, 1016, available for payment of
outstanding obligations, the sum of 4,603,484.26
On July 1, 1016, there was on hand from annual appropriations for the
service of the Quartermaster Corps, pertaining to said fiscal year, the
sum of 4,656,735.74
Also on hand from appropriations of other fiscal years, including all special
and indefinite appropriations, the sum of 2,714,603.30
There was added during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1016, by appro>
priations and allotments, the sum of 2,467,703.03
During said fiscal year there was deposited to the credit of these appropria-
tions by balances, sales, collections, etc., and settlements made at the
Treasury, the sum of 3,548,588.00
And by department and Treasury transfers and miscellaneous items 34,184.23
Total 13,421,004.48
Of this there was remitted to disbursing officers on requisition the sum of. . 6, 233, 001. 75
There was paid out cm account of settlements made at the Treasury the
stmiof 1,023,008.21
And on account of department and Treasury transfers and miscellaneous
items 2,321,278.50
Carried to surplus fund, the sum of. 2,002,220.01
Total 11,580,505.46
Leaving a balance on hand July 1, 1016, available for payment of
outstanding obligations pertaming to fiscal years lOlo, 1014, etc.,
and special or inaefinite appropriations, the sum of 1,841,480.02
KECAPITULATION. '
Balance on hand, all appropriations, July 1, 1015, fiscal year 1015 7, 371, 420. 13
Appropriated by Congress for fiscal year ending June 30, 1016 106, 321, 893. 60
Credited to all appropriations by deposits, transfers. Treasury settlements,
allotments, etc 15,205,786.10
Total 128,809,108.88
Remitted to disbursing officers, all appropriations 116,215,730.^
Charged on account of translers and Treasury settlements, etc 4, 236, 177. so
Carried to surplus fund 2,002,22<i.91
Total 122,454,135.66
Balance on hand July 1, 1916, for all appropriations of the Quartermaster
Corps 6,444,973.27
Grand total for fiscal year ending June 30, 1016, of all appropriations
of the Quartermaster Corps, the sum of. 128,899,108.83
410
BEPOBT OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL.
Exhibit 5.
Detailed expenditures of the Quartermaster Corps for the fiscal year ended June SOy 1916,
itemized under different appropriations ^ as compared with cost for similar purposes,
fiscal year 1915.
APPROPRIATION: "SUPPLIES, SERVICES. AND TRANSPORTATION, QUARTERMASTER
CORPS."
Class and purpose.
Fiscal year
1916.
Fiscal year
1916.
1916 less
than 1915.
1910 greater
than 1915.
Net re-
ductirai.
Class A, supplies:
•Quartermaster depots, Independ-
ent stations, and constructing
Quartermasters
5358,329.11
8.5,974.05
332,069.27
118,734.75
3S0, f a5. 58
173,^oM.33
2S,WX5.17
92,306.06
$1,271,795.35
29,129.01
94,463.81
2,583.81
1,971.76
890.15
41,943.29
68,782.60
Central J epartment
Eastern I epartment
Hawaiian 1 epartment
Southern repartment
Wostem repartment
Civilian outer (lothing
Packing materials
Barbers' materials
Housewives
Tailors* materials
Toilet articles
107,1 S3. 48
Toilet kits
Total Class A
1,683,.S2^^.S0
1.501.550.78
*lSr2fifl-02
'
Class A-1, supplies:
Sub«Ustenee stores (formerly sub-
sistence of the Army) ...
12,947,771.24
642.50
11,414,673.30
Prizes for enlisted men who
graduate from cooks' and bak-
ers* schools
Total Class A-1
12,948,413.74
11,414,673.30
1,533,740.44
Class II, services:
Quartermaster depots, independ-
ent stations and constructing
quartermasters
27,174.99
12,-527.97
28, 307. W
12,374.52
13,550.52
15,459.05
12,073.03
120,87^96
14,125.92
Central department
Eastern F epartment
xiawaUan i epartment
Southern Department
Western I epartment
Altering, fitting, washing, etc..
Total Class n
121,468.02
135,004.88
$13,536. *-ri
Class I, personal:
Civilian employees
4,040,147.61
55,089.93
83,287.97
15,480.00
65,351.76
435,664.86
619,366.06
3,858,863.92
2^356.50
91,710.61
16,285.00
46,733.42
696,469.72
Extra duty
I^eserters, apprehension of
Ponations to dishonorably dfa-
disohorged prisoners
Reimbursement of travel ex-
penses
Travel allowances to discharged
enlisted men
Pay for clothhig not drawn due
enlisted men on discharge
Total Class I, personal
5,304,388.19
4,639^419.17
664,969.02
diss I, nonpersonal:
Heat, purchase of, account rent-
als, including recruiting sta-
tions
37,396.38
866,33L75
7,112.12
96,359.36
13,146.33
«),433.78
29,956.85
20,055.48
118,704.24
874,241.35
6,179.26
94,097.69
14,991.92
38,29t>.90
26,603.06
30,619.27
Light, purchase of, electric cur-
rent and gas, including light as
part of rentaJs of quarters, etc. .
Subscriptions, newspapers and
periodicals
1
Printing blank forms, Quvtw-
master Corps, and orders, etc.,
at headquarters of dlvislmis
and departments ....
1
Sboeine animals
Teletrams. pavment of
1 .,.-,,.
Telephones, rental of
Drayage at depots
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTGBMASTEB OENEBAIi.
411
Detailed expenditures oftlie Quartermaster Corps for the fiscal year ended June SO, 1916,
itemized under different appropriations , as compared with cost for similar purpoiCi,
fiscal year 1915 — ('ontinuecf.
APPROPRIATION: "SUPPLIES, SERVICES, AND TRANSPORTATION, QUARTERMASTER
CORPS "—Continued.
Class and purpose.
Fiscal vear
1916.
Fiscal year
1915.
1916 less
than 1915.
1916 greater
than 1916.
Net re-
duction.
dflSfl I, nonpcrsonal — Continued.
Haulin»! at posts
139,633.19
$46,837.50
2,5.00
63,504.00
4,318,951.26
217,337.46
9,884.00
Tolls and ferriages
Wharface
63,983.44
3,608,462.36
275,212.03
9,957.47
Transjx)rtation accounts
Purchas? of water
Garbage, disposal of
Total Class I, nonpersonal
4,598,970.54
5,349,272.90
1750,302.36
Recruit ing: Incidental expen.ses of
recruitind
121,570.45
109,692.79
111,877.66
..•••••••
Class B, supplies, and Class III, serv-
icesi
Annual repairs and maintenance,
heating apparatus
63,425.54
49,602.20
5,133.01
3,916.78
62,509.91
56,506.57
49,110.43
6,136.66
8,367.21
63,402.26
Annual repairs, lighting plants ..
Annual repairs to bakeries
Annual repairs to bake ovens
and equipment
Annual repairs (water and
sewers)
Total Classes B and III
174,587.44
168,423.13
6,164.31
Ntw construction, installations, and
betterments:
Appliances for cooking and serv-
ing foo^i at posts
21,704.90
21,478.16
2,849.25
10,858.09
8,722.04
86,803.65
42,704.17
1,328.35
2,931.35
12,213.68
77,407.29
3,270.00
35,577.40
Bake ovens and apparatus
Cold storaije, rental of
63,325.54
6,440.00
20,000.00
13,647.61
28,863.42
16,236.02
Field ranges
Fences, construction
Heating apparatus, installations
in coimoction with new con-
struction
Heating apparatus, renewals
and iiistallatioDs otber tlian in
connection with new construc-
tion
Ice machines, installations
Ice machines! maintenance of. . . .
Lighting fixtures in connection
with new buildings
2, 177. 76
13,685.36
7,606.36
7, 758. 90
Lighting plants, renewals and
installations
Post bakeries, construction
Laundries, construction and re-
pair of
1,121.00
Kitchen waeons
300.00
164.85
17,387.95
799.00
Laundries, maintenance
510.60
82,192.65
621.50
Fire apparatus, purchase and re*
pair of
Tune, flre-alarm service, etc
Garbaee crematories
Plumbing in new buildings
Repairs to plumbing in buildings.
Construction of water and sewer
systems
66,020.60
80, 140. 20
131,888.22
228.03
20,868.01
46,972.49
61,793.37
35,703.28
61.25
Sterilizers, incinerators, etc
TnnftnilASPAnt lAmnA .
Total
599,318.74
284. 941. 15
314,377.59
Contracts: Procurement of materials
for manufacture of clothing; pur
chase of clothing; manufacture of
clothing; purchase of equipage
9,942,009.23
6. 673. 805. 24
3,268,203.99
........ .|
Class D, supplies:
MisrAll:inAoti<9 .
114,835.24 86,736.25
Typewriters, purchase and repair
Addinc machines . . ....
36.179.35 16.474.Q1 1
4,562.25
173. 45
1
Technical books ....
344. nn '
T) ATiH in<ttTiiTn Aiitii
24,476.57 | 40,811.09 '
Total Class D
180,226.86
144,366.26 ^ .\ "ilb.^yift.^YX
412
REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL.
DetmUd expenditures of the QuarUrmaster Ccfrpefor the fiscal year ended June SO, 1916^
itemized under different appropriations, as compared with cost for similar purposes,
fiscal year IBIS—Coniimiea.
APPROPRIATION: "SUPPLIES, SERVICE, AND TRANSPORTATION, QUARTERMASTER
CORPS^'-Contlnued.
Class and purpose.
Fiscal year
1916.
Fiscal year
1915.
1916 less
than 1915.
1916 greater
than 1915.
Net re-
duction.
Glass IV, services:
If fwHklt AnAniiR ..
112,509.82
5,317.03
115,678.06
15,553.88
A. rt w«rt.l«infi'
Total Class IV
17,820.85
31,231.94
$13,405.09
""'
Foel, forage, and mineral oil:
Furi iiormerly R. 8.)
1,751,626.64
131,443.75
34,989.45
5,251.40
3,264,670.65
48,014.08
1,842,065.91
131,404.05
19,036.74
8,629.26
3,121,440.45
63,873.46
Fnel lor Dumnins plants
Fuel for Incinerators
Blacksmith coal............
Foraee and straw
Mhwm^oU ,
Total
5,235,996.87
5,187,349.87
?48,647.00
Harbor boats, supplies and services:
Fuel for harbor boats
209,331.63
141,865.38
23,529.41
16,401.94
15,031.05
357,877.93
232,408.00
129,467.50
18,127.50
13,317.40
8,049.56
51,012.50
1
Repair of harbor boats
Hire or charter of harbor boats.. .
. ..•••••••
Water for harbor boats
t 1
Class D, supplies
t
Other yessets (Artillery) pur-
chase of ...r....rr.n.^..,..
Total
764,037.34
453,282.46
310. 764. 88
Anny Transport Service:
353, 112. 19
161,906.00
9,680.31
227,733.28
143,197.20
6,630.90
79,280.00
120,762.79
12,676.00
182,097.30
Class A, supplies
1
Class P. ffuppllfls
1
Idfeboais . .".'
Water, stevedoring, pilotage, etc.
Wirelc^ eauipment
168,231.25
• • • •
Repair of transports .... r ....... .
205,498.24
Total
898,427.99
772,376.47
126,051.52
ICisoellaneous:
Strike. Colorado
7,165.80
2,485,283.34
1
Mexican border (supplies and
services)
7,853,352.66
977,091.50
29,289.10
5,837.54
48,250.00
1,743.14
ICHitia, FedenU service
::::::::::::::i::::;::::;
(}alvesion stock
50,803.56
5,455.43
28,967.00
2,961.23
5,989.83
47,3*4.20
65.415.00
.
1 :
Seeds, implements, and labor for
raising forage at remount
depots.
Saniiationt (3anal Zone
t
CJare of post cemeteries
Depot siock, manuevers division .
.. ..... ..
1
Purchase of draft and pack ani-
mals
92,602.75
1
Purchase of railroad eauipment..
Operation of railroad ebuipinent.
Autod) and trucks, purchase of. . .
9,999.26
8,53fi.lS
34.3<>0.49
1
Autos and trucks, maintenance. .
142,637.22
1,078.85
20,837.44
1 ""
Antr>? f^nd tonmlrfi, hire of .-,... ,
I ^
Wacons. purchase of...
3,886.66
1
Reserve stock (A. T.)
12S,276.77
2,575.02
1
Special expenditures ( A. T.)
1
1
Total
9,292,633.71
2,767.045.50
6,52.5.58S.21
Total expenditures, United
States
51,883,701.77
5,699,723.02
39,632,444.83
4,920,718.75
12.251.256.94
\
Apportioned the Philippine Islands
for all purposes of the appropria-
tion. ,..,
779,004.27
Total United States and Phil-
ippine Islands
57. 583. 424. 79
44 65.1 Ifwt .<»
13,030,»,1.21
*
Amount of the appropriation
Sundry credits to appropriation,
sales, Treasury settlements, trans-
hr from 191^17, etc
42,524,304.33
10.893.771.08
40,685.430.36
4,187,889.75
1,838,933.97
Total
53,418,13.5.41
44,873.321.11
1
Unexpondcyi balance.
:r
Poflcft 4.1«^,289.38
320, 15b. »
BEPOBT OF THE QT7ABTEBMASTEB GENESAIj.
418
Detailed expenditures of the Qwxrtermaster Carps for the fiscal year ended June SO, 1916,
iUmized under different appropriations , as compared with cost for similar purposes,
fiscal year 1915 — Continued.
APPROPRIATION: "HORSES FOR CAVALRY, ARTILLERY, ENGINEERS, ETC."
Class and purpose.
Fiscal year
19li
Fiscal year
1916.
1916 less
than 1915.
1916 greater
than 1915.
Net re-
duction.
Class D: Purchase of honm. United
States and Philippine Islands
Class IV, services: Advertlsine, etc...
1639,327.51
38L52
87,962.77
1,232,090.54,
101,315.00
1347,146.82
508.90
86,835.33
1 ------
Class I, services, personal: Civilian
employees
1
Miscedaneous:
Mexican hord^ir. r ^-,-,,,
1
ICnitia. Federal service
1 1
Total exnenditures
2,071,667.34
3,024,120.00
76,525.75
384,491.05
865,285.00
25, 824. OS
$1,617,176.29
1,658,835.00
Amount of the appropriation. . . .
1
Received (rom sales, etc
1
' ^
Unexpended balance
28,978.41
6,618.93
1
* ' i
APPROPRIATION: "BARRACKS AND QUARTERS."
Class A, supplies: Supplies to inde*
pendent stations, tools, etc
1226.61
81,396.50
1226.61
673.00
Class I, services, personal: Civilian
employees
180,723.50
Class I, services, nonpersonal:
Annual rentals, other than r»-
cruiting
IS'SSS ^ 4m AM^iT
Rentals, recruiting
183,704.92
1 "--» " — -•
Total Class I
358,785.35
404,622.47
45, 837. 12
Class II, services: Services, general...
Class IV: Advertising
575.00
1,447.24
628,853.20
8,185.92
1,518.78
623,234.61
7,610.92 '
71.54 !
i
1
Classes B and III: Annual repairs....
$5,618.59
Miscellaneous:
Minor naw construction .........
197,244.69
45,967.37
25,048.74
216,882.95
22,613.61
24,864.53
61, 153. 30
RAfrifflrators
14,517.01
15,035.00
151,480.30
81,207.15
4,389.31
53,440.68
399,244.01
5,835.15
70,000.00
164,004.53
22,765.21
1
Screois. storm doors, etc. .......
1 "'
Special repairs, alteratioas, etc..^
Wall lockers
, 1 1
1
••• • • • '
Piimitiim - -
'
Library building. Fort Leaven-
wortn. Kans
I
1
New construction
380,206.21
1
Rostrum, national cemetery,
Presidio of San Francisco
i
1
Philippine Islands
70,ooaoo
43,318.58
! ' ...
Mexican border (supplies and
services)
Strike . Colorado
. . . ! - "
Galveston stock
100.34
29,731.15
5,577.24
1
Militia Federal service
1
Sundry debits to appropriation,
account Treasury settlements,
ttc
k
Total
1,061,615.41 903,132.25
1
1 68,483.16
I
Total expenditures
2,131,999.70
2,0ys,858.00
2,112,317.14
2,123,997.00
1
19,682.56
Amount of the appropriation
2S. 1.^.00
' ' 1
Unexpended balance
11,679.86
1
m
Daficft.
33,14L70
414
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTERMASTBB GENEBAL.
Detailed expenditures of the Quartermaster Corps Jor the fiscal year ended June SO, 1916,
itemized under different appropriations ^ as compared with cost for similar purposes,
fiscal year iPi5— Continued.
APPROPRIATION: "MILITARY POST EXCHANGES."
Class and purpose.
Fiscal year
1916.
¥ixA\ year
1916.
1916 less
than 1915.
1916 greater
than 1915.
Netre-
ductloo.
Class IV:
Construction and equipment
116,322.81
21,413.23
} 1118.464.36
Maintenance
Totn.1 TTnited States
37,736.04
6,9^.08
118.464.36 S80.728.32
Apportioned the Philippine Is-
lands
24,818.00
17,883.92
Total United States and Phil-
ippine Islands
44,670.12
45,839.85
143.282.36
164,391.00
98,612.24
108,551.15
\
198,61X34
Amount of the appropriation
/
rinATnAndfid halanoA
1,169.73
11,108.64
APPROPRIATION: "ROADS, WALKS, WHARVES, AND DRAINAGE."
Class I, services, personal: Civilian
emnlovees
S3, 917. 50
13,475.00
$442150
Classes B and III:
Care and improvement of
erounds
38,854.35
30,930.39
101,9a=).64
32,806.93
48,017.08
30,792.90
31,909.64
98,126.03
18,453.50
48,703.36
*..•......•.
Drainaee. reoairs
Roads, repair
Walks . reoair
Wharves, reoair
Total
238.534.39
227.985.4.^
10,548.86
New construction and betterments:
Drainage. Drojects
15,391.17
6,469.00
63,008.77
13,891.05
44,591.50
13,739.46
17,730.34
44,261.72
8,164.44
4,884.88
DredKlng channels
Roads . construction
Walks . construction
Wharves, constnictlon..
Total
143,35L49
88, 78a 84
54,570.65
Class IV: Advertisine
131. 19
366.64
1233.45
1
Miscellaneous:
Mexican border
IIZOO
2,000.00
32.10
6,086.19
Militia , P'ederal service
Galveston stock
Total
2,144.10
6,086.19
3,»42.09
Total expenditures. United
States
388,078.57
209,896.00
326,6»i.l0
156,052.50
61,384.47
53.K43.50
Apportioned the Philippine Is-
lands
Total United States and Phil-
ippine Islands
597,974.67
6oo,ooaoo
680.77
482,746.60
485,000.00
115,227.97
ii5,ooaoo
Amount of the appropriation
Received from sales. Treasury
settlements, etc
Unexpended balance
2,706.20
2,353.40
APPROPRIATION: "MAINTENANCE ARMY WAR COLLEGE."
Class I, personal: CivULm employees.
Class I, nonpersonal: Light
Class A: Fuel
Toi A expenditures. .
Total of Lho appropriation.
Unexpended balance.
$5,700.00
i,i.jaoo
8,ooaoo
9,85a 00
io,7oaoo
85a 00
$5,7oaoo
1,481.56
3,369.00
10, 56a 56
io,7oaoo
149. 44
$331.56
369.00
70a56
SToase
REPOET OP THE QXTABTBBMASTEB GBNEBAL. 415
Detailed expenditures of the Quartermaster Corps for the fiscal year eroded June SO, 1916,
itemized under different appropriations^ as compared with cost for similar purposes,
fiscal year /Pi5— -Gontmued.
Supplies, services, and transportation, Quartermaster Corps: * 1916-17.
MUltia, Federal service |5,821,18a00
Mexican border .^ 205,286.61
Transportation accounts 339,000.00
Funds supplied on 1916 ledger accoonts, etc 4,760,258.28
Total 11,215,724.89
Amount of appropriation 14,631,103.88
Balance 8,415,378.94
Hones for Cavalry, Artillery, Engineers, etc.:
Purchase of horses 240,201.14
MUltia, Federal service 7,307,966.00
Total 7,548,167.14
Amount of appropriation 8,025,965.00
Balance 477,797.86
Exhibit 6.
Philippine Islands account ^ fiscal year 1916
Appropriation.
Pay, etc., of the Army
Mileage to officers and contract sur*
geons
Supplies, services, and transporta-
u<m, Quartermaster Corps
Horses for Cavalry, Artillery, En-
irineers etc
Barracks' and quarters, Philippine
Islands
Military post exchanges
Roads, walks, wharves, and drainage.
Construction and repair of hospitals.
auarters for hospital stewards
iiooting galleries and ranges
Disposition of officers, scddiers, and
civil employees
Barracks and quarters
Amount ap-
portioned.
16,564,754.00
17,173.51
16, 430,54a 15
8, 03a 73
401,853.86
6,934.06
209,896.00
40,00a00
1,000.00
10,264.19
14,000.00
50,000.00
Apportion-
ment funds
remitted.
16,487,754.00
16,355.36
4,340,769.24
3, 03a 73
334,855.62
6,104.52
202,176.55
32,519.00
1,000.00
10,261.19
0,295.86
50,000.00
Funds re-
mitted due
on account
of sales.
Treasury
settle-
ments, etc.
1242,682.87
892.06
Funds ex*
pended in
the United
States.
$876,570.94
66,998.24
829.56
7,638.90
7,479.87
4, 78a 70
Total re-
mitted and
expended in
United Stataob
exclusive of
amounts in-
dicatedin
column 3.
$6,487,754.00
16,355.88
s 5, 217, 34a 18
8, 03a 78
401,853.80
6,934.08
209,815.45
39,998.87
1,000.00
10,264.19
14,076.66
5o,ooaoo
) Of this amount $1,673,000 is for local disbursement for subsistence of the Army. Subsistence supplies
purchased in the United States not charged against apportionment.
' $213,199.97 withheld to cover net debit Treasury transfer settlements, Philippine accounts.
- The apparent overdraft is covered by net creolt Treasury transfer settlements, Philippine aooounti,
which have not been remitted.
The amounts apportioned and rtmltted, approprlatioo "Horaes for Cavalry, Artillery, Engineers, etc,''
are for local disbursements only.
416
BEPOBT OF THE QXTABTEBMASTEB QENEBAIj.
Exhibit 7.
Mileage dishtursements/or the fiscal year ended June 30, 1926.
Duty.
Ttinpectlon of the Army:
By generals oommaDdinK departments, aooompanied by officers of
their staffs, as provided by Army regulation 191
By generals commanding departments, accompanied by ofHoers of
their staff, as provided by Army regiilation 193
By brieve commanders, as provided by Army r^ulation 194
By Coast Artillery district commanders, as provided by Army
regulation 194
By officers of the Qeneral Staff ^
By officers of The AdJatantOenerars Department
By officers of the Inspector General's Department
By officers of the QoartermasterCofps
By officers of the Medical Department
By offlctfs of the Ck>rp6 of Engineers
By officers of the Onuutnce Department •
By officers of the Signal Corps
By officers of the Coast Artillery Corps ■
By officers of the Field Artillery
Inspection o^-
CollcMS.
Fortlflca
Horses.
Militia.
Signal Corps equipment under General Order 146, War Depart-
moit, 1911
tions by officers of C<»ps of Engineers .
Special inspection .
Total for inspections. .
Appropriatkms.
1914
Alaskan Road Commission
Attending athletic exhibition
Attending conference on disposition of buildings at Panama-Pacif)c
Exposition
Attending funerals
Attending Joint Armv and Navv conference
Attending meeting of Bureau of Standards
Attending meeting in connection with an exhibition of railway supplies ;
and equipn* en t I
Attending military carnival I
Attending National Guard Association
Attending Naval War College conferoice
Boards:
On aeroplanes
On business moi's camps
On Cavalry equipment and drill regulations
On examination of officers for assignment or promotion
On examination of gunners
On fire control and Installation
On land defenses
On military posts and buildings
On plotting
On ordnance and fortiflcations
On quartermaster supplies
On retirement of officers
On special diseases
On target ranges
On testing guns
Joint Armv and Navy boards
Cbange of station of officers of the staff departments
Change of station of officers of the line
Conducting prisoners
Conducting sick and insane
Consultation with bureau chiefs, department commanders, and others.
Court-martial duty
Delivering lectures to schools and colleges
Horsemanship or walking tests
Instmotions of Secretary of War (confidential duty)
Leases and other legal business
Line officers on duty pertaining to Quartermaster Corps
Maneuvers and camps ot instruction:
Joint Army and militia camps
Militia camps
Regular Army camps
Payment of troops or securin£ funds
19U
■•••••• .
116.40
256.50
150.60
14.40
167.29
9.12
32.27
41.16
696.74
481.15
399.07
f29.00
62.31
1,861.97
9,014.65
40.16
00.36
18.83 .
135.94
4.33
IS. 12
115.12
112.30
103.26
1916
12,130.80
1,007.28
1,535.96
3,000.01
180.96
471.60
18,126.90
11,543.63
56a 40
1,033.43
6,728.56
1,920.78
660.70
66.10
1,882.21
77.70
76a 86
9,184.96
loaso
214.67
173.24
66,977.07
02L56
9.60
400.02
11.34
23.82
65.94
lOiOi*
15.96
413.84
32.14
350.16
32.20
991.79
10.525.79
284.83
535.79
635.25
17a 22
80.23
1,736.97
11.71
8,t94.a
13.03
laoa
179.22
197.48
82,132.14
190,667.81
2,814.74
2,?«4.47
926.90
10,688. U
381. U
2.008.06
2,o«aoo
884.64
2,678.00
8,816.78
8,32F.27
8,190.0
3,717.67
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTERMA8TEB OENERAIi.
417
Mileage diilmneiMnt/or theji$eal ytar ended June SO^ lPi6— Continued.
Vntf.
Approprtetloiia.
1014
19U
ma
B«eniUliic MTvioK
Condiictinc reonilti.
Jolnlnc sUlion afUr ■wlnnmnt to rtenilttog duty.
ravel.
tlOS^M
RecuUu- recniltinE travi
Relief from recnutiSK duty.
Relief of KlBtissiimi flood sulTenn
Relief of stonn luneri Deer Texas City, Tex
Bpedal inTeetigattons.
Target pnM^ioe
Topographical duty
Travel in ocoDectian with awarding of Knox Trophy
Travel in ooDDeotion with expedition to China.
Travel in comieotion with Panama-Paciflc Expoeltlon
Travel of dental rargeons to render dental treatment
Travel of generals and aida, not inepectlon
Travel of nupector-lnstmotorSfOrnnixed ICilltla
Travel of mifitanr attachte after Jmning station and prior to relief fktan
dnty as attache
Tiavel of oflleers detaOed as military attaoMs in jotaiing for duty and
relief thenfrom
Travel of ofRoers detailed as military obseryers in Joining for duty and
relief therefrtm
41.08
9Bi82
104.40
47.43
31. a
$2.28
lOaftS
Travel ofoffieers detailed to study Spanish
Travel of profSmofS of ICiUtary Academy
Travel of ofSeers to and IhMn nospitals for medical treatment
Tiavel of Regalar Army oHoers In oonneotion with muster in of the
National Qnard
Witness before SMatelCilitary Committee
Witness balloon test
Witness coast-defense exercises
Witness target practice
Duty not stated
31.00
800.05
4&00
334.70
4a 66
Total dlsborsements by Quartermaster Corps.
Total paid on Treasory Department settlements. . . .
112.42
0a 34
14,017.18
0,028.42
Grand tolaL.
173.06
30,045.00
0043.03
4,6saoo
21,335.03
3,06a 48
113.13
3,ooao7
lO,0Oa88
3,001.36
08.40
03a 56
1,424.73
1,000.27
222.30
0,873.01
1,383.03
4,006.57
3,00aO7
668.00
104.04
13,055.00
783.76
480.10
01.83
134.80
305.08
91.43
470,034.40
35.16
470,000.50
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BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB QENERAU 427
Exhibit 10.
changes in military resbrvations other than those made by purchase.
Fori Armstrongt Hawaii. — ^The following tracts of land have been transferred by
Executive Order No. 2323, dated February 21, 1916, from the Navy Depcutment to
the War Department:
Tract No. 1. Esplanade lots Nos. 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, and 68, containing 30,000
square feet, approximately.
Tract No. 2. B^inning at the south comer of Richards Street and Halekauwila
Street, containing 5.69 acres, approximately.
Tiact No. 3. Be^:inning at the southeast comer of Richards Street and Halekau-
wila Street, containing 38,120 square feet, approximateljr.
Tract No. 4 . Beginmnc; at the south comer of Halekauwila Street and Mililany Street,
containing 5,728 square feet, approximately.
Tract No. 5. United States Naval Wharf No. 1, on Allen Street, on the foot of Rich-
ards Street.
Tract No. 6. Beginning at the north comer of immigration station reservation on
Channel street, containingabout 22.41 acres. '^ «
Fort Bayardf N. Ito.— -Executive Order No. 2393, of June 5, 1916, released sections
of land set aside for reservations for military purposes by Executive Order Nos. 1954,
dated June 6, 1914, and 1927, dated May 2, 1914, and tumed same back to the Depart-
ment of the Interior.
Fort Brown, TVa.— Executive Order No. 2377, of May 2, 1916, restored this mili-
tary reservation to the control of the War Department.
Coo9 Bay, Oreg. — Executive Order No. 2233, of August 6, 1915, withdraws from set-
tlement, location, sale, etc., and sets apart for military purposes a tract of land adjoin-
ing 32.CN6 acres on the south side of entrance to Coos Bay, Oreg., described as lot
No. 4.
Cam'p Eldridge, P. /.—Executive Order No. 2316, dated February 14, 1916, sets aside
a certain tract of land at Los Bancs, Province of Laguna, island of Luzon, as an addi-
tion to this reservation.
Emma Wharf Site, Hawaii, — Executive order dated March 6, 1916, No. 2335, restores
to the Territory of Hawaii the Emmes wharf site and the Esplanade lots, and sets aside
as a Government reservation the tract known as the Territorial Immigration Station.
Esplanade lots, Hawaii, — See preceding paragraph.
Henry Barracks, P, i?.— Executive Order No. 2322, dated February 21, 1916, trans-
fers from the War Department to the Navy Department, for use as a naval radio sta-
tion and for other naval purposes, all that piece or parcel of land situated just east of
the town of Aibonito, P. K., where the barracks now stand, containing 175,570 square
feet, more or less.
Letterman General Hospital, Cat, — ^Transfer of a small triangular plot of ground
between the hospital ana the main road from the Presidio reservation to the Let-
terman General Hospital reservation.
Pettit Barracks, P, I, — Executive Order No. 2234, dated Aiigust 13, 1915, reserves
or military purposes the *' Corral Pettit Barracks Military Reservation,'' situated
in the municipality of Ziunboan|;a, containing an area of 28,639 square meters.
Fort Rosecrans, Cal, — Executive Order No. 2328. of February 25, 1916, retransfers
to the War Department that portion of the naval reservation at Point Loma that
lies southerly and westerly of a line beginning at a concrete monument. No. 1, con-
taining approximately 159.4 acres, and transfers to the Navy Department that portion
of the military reservation on Point Loma that lies northerly and easterly of a line
beginning at a concrete moniunent. No. 4, containing approximately 57.8 acres.'
Exhibit 11.
ebvocable ucbnsbs, pbrmfts, and lbases qranted bt the war department
during the fiscal tear 1016 (so far as shown bt the records of this
office).
Fort Armistead, Md. — Permission to the Department of Commerce to build a timber
walkway from the Brewerton Channel range Iront light station to the shore, said
approach to extend from the military reservation to the light station mentioned.
Date, January 26, 1916.
Augur Barracks, P, I. — Revocable license to the municipality of Jolo, District of
8ulu, P. I., to construct and maintain a road X5 meters wide, across and through a por-
ticm of the reservation. Dated August 4, 1915.
428 BEPORT OF THE QUABTERMASTEB OENEBAL.
Fort Baker, Cal, — ^Revocable licenfle to the Pacific Gas & Electric Co., dated Sep-
tember 2, 1915, to erect and Tnaintain pole line for the transmission of electric cur-
rent. Pa3rment of 11.000 per annum to be made to the quartermaster at the f^residio
of San Francisco.
Fort Benjamin Harrison, Ind. — Lease dated October 15, 1915, to Madison Thomaa
of approximately 40 acres of the reservation for agricultiiral purposes, for the t^rm
b^:inning October 15, 1915, and ending August 31, 1916. The lessee is required to
pay the United States 20 per cent of the wheat and straw harvested, the straw to
be baled and stored.
Revocable license, December 16, 1915^ to Indianapolis Council of Boy Scouts of
America, to occupy a site on the reservation for camping purposes, during the pmod
commencing January 1, 1916, and ending December 31, 1916.
Fort Bliss, Tex. — Revocable license, March 9, 1916, to the El Paso & Southwestern
Railroad Co., to maintain and construct railway spurs and sidings and to operate
Buch trains thereon as may be necessary for purposes of the Grovemment.
Boise Barracks, Idaho. — Permission, December 30, 1915, to the Department of the
Interior for use of building No. 51 to enable the assistant supervisor of surveys to make
repairs to winter equipment of the surveying service.
Revocation of permit granted October 27, 1914, to Department of Agriculture to
use Cavalry stable building No. 34. Revocation dated December 24, 1915.
Permission, May 25, 1916, for the use of the Cavalry stable No. 49 for stabling the
visiting teams of polo horses on the occasion of the polo tournament to be held in
Boise banning May 30, 1916.
Fort Canhy, Wash. — Revocable license, November 4, 1915, to the Ilwaco Telephone
& Telegraph Co. to erect and maintain a line of poles at this post, following the Gov-
ernment road north to North Head.
Fort D. A. Russell, Wyo, — Revocable license, dated November 30, 1915, to the city
of Cheyenne to use the hi^h-tension transmission line on the military reservation to
the electric substation on tne reservation.
Revocable license, dated October 15, 1915, to the Mountain States Telephcme d
Tele^ph Co., for right of way for telephone and telegraph line through the re»-
ervation.
Lease, October 26, 1915, to the Pacific Market Co., for cutting hay and miing
stock for the term beginning January 1, 1916, and ending with June 30, 1916. Rental,
1400.
Revocable license, January 6, 1916, to the dty of Cheyenne, amending paragra|^
2 of license of November 30. 1915, so as to read: "That the electric light line shaQ
not be used by the licensee for the purpose of supplying current for the development
of power between the hours of 5 p. m. and 11 p. m. and between the^houra of 5 a. m*
and 8 a. m. each day.''
Revocable license, June 10^ 1916, to the Cheyenne Electric Railway Go., to con-
struct a loop at the end of their electric railway.
Revocable license, June 10^ 1916, to the Mountain States Telephone d Telegraph
Co., to construct and maintam a temporary building, with a lean-to for horses, on
the target and maneuver reservation.
Columbus Barracks, Ohio. — Permiaaion, April 24, 1916, to Capt. G. W. Biegler to
install a citizens telephone in his quarters, provided proper care was taken not to
demure the building wnen the installation was made.
Fort Crook, Nehr. — Lease, dated April, 8, 1916, to Herman Piatt, of the poet gardeni^
about 50 acres. Rental, $8.51 per acre.
Esplanade Lots, Hawaii. — ^Revocable license to the city and county of Honolulo
(Jan. 10, 1916) to construct, maintain, and operate a 24-inpn pipe line across these lota.
Fcrt Flagler, Trfl«A.— Permission, April 26, 1916, to Serg. William Smith to con-
nect his residence with the water system, provided connections are made and meter
installed without expense to the Government.
Fori Hancock, N. J. — Revocable license, Au^-ust 5, 1915, to the New York Telephone
Co. of Newark, N. J., for the purpose of supplyingcommercial telephone service to the
United States reeerv^ation, including the Sandy Hook Proving Ground. The amount
to be paid annually for the privilege is |100 instead of $50 as provided in licenas
granted December 16, 1914.
Henry Barracks, P. R. — Revocable license, May 31, 1916, to Fernando Perez to lay
and use a temporary portable railroad track for hauling sugar cane across that portion
of the re8er\^tion near the target ran^.
Fort Huachuca, j4ru.— Revocable hcense, February 1, 1916, to the El Paso «k South-
western system to extend a spiu" track to the electric light, power, and ice plant.
Jefferson Barracks, i/b.— Revocable license, March 16. 1916, to dty of St. Louis^
to straighten and change location of southern end of road leading to Koch Hospital.
REPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMA8TEB QENEBAL. 429
Fort Leavenworth^ Kam. — Lease, dated September 23, 1915, to John Schmidt
for gnudng piivilegee for term beginning October 1, 1915, and ending June 30, 1916.
Rental, |150.
PermisBion, May 9, 1916, to the Department of Justice for the use of 50 acres of land
on the Fort I^ieavenworth Reservation for the use of the penitentiary for farming
purposes.
Fort Logan^ Colo. — Lease, March 8, 1916, to R. T. Hawkey of the Fort Logan taiget
range at I^ker, Colo., for one year. Rental, $260.
Revocable license, May 15, 1916, to the Cherry Creek Telephone Co., to string tele-
phone wires upon the posts of the Government fence.
Fort McHeiyy, Md. — Permission, December 6, 1915, to the mayor of Baltimore
for tiie extension of a spur track upon the reservation to reeich the immigration station
in course of construction, track to oe removed after completion of structure.
Permission to the governor of the State of Marylana, March 13, 1916, to use and
occupy barracks No. 3, the conmiissary storehouse, and the stables, and to use the
grounos of the reservation for drill purposes by the field artillery of the State Militia.
Madison Barracks, N. Y. — Permission, December 8, 1915, to Mrs. D. M. Anderson,
Sacket Harbor, N. Y., to continue to use and purchase surplus water from the post
mains. This penmsslon is given under the same conditions as governed the former
owner of the residence, Mrs. Nellie Powell Koehler.
Revocable license, March 11, 1916, to the board of education, village of Sacketts
Harbor, N. Y., to obtain surplus water, not exceeding 1,000 gallons per day, for the
use of the public school of the village.
Fort Marion, Ala. — Revocable ucense, October 16, 1915, to the St. Augustine
Historical Society and Institute of Science to occupy and use rooms Nos. 9, 10, and 11
on the west side of the central court, in addition to rooms Nos. 1 and 2, and room C,
occupied under revocable license of November 20, 1914, as modified by revocable
license dated February 1, 1915.
Fort MUlSj P. /. — ^rermisBion, December 22, 1915, to the municipal authorities of
Cavite Province, for the erection of a temporary building upon land owned by the
United States in the military varrio of San Jose for the omces of municipal justice of
the peace and banio teniente.
Moanaluaj Hawaii. — Revocable license, November 4, 1915, to the Hawaiian Elec-
tric Co. to erect and maintain a pole line and to string wires thereon for the trans-
miasion of electrical light and power.
Fort Monroey Va. — Revocable license, November 1, 1915, to Charlotte Taylor
Evans, widow of the late R^kr Admiral R. D. Evans, to maintain in its present loca-
tion and for the occupancy of the present tenant as a residence the cottage erected
under license of the said Rear Admiral Evans.
Pemussion, August 14, 1915, granted by the Secretary of War that a portion of the
Eldredge property be made available for the purposes olthe Treasury Department.
Fort Myer, Va. — Revocable Ucense, dated November 17, 1915, to the Washington-
Viiginia Railway Co. to construct and maintain a passenger station at Hatfield Junc-
tion.
Fort Niagara, N. F.— Permissbn, April 27, 1916, to the Buffalo Chapter U. S.
Daughters of 1812 to place a bronze tablet on the old castle at this fort, which will
indicate the most important incidents in the history of this old castle.
Fort Omaha, Nebr. — Revocable license, August 2, 1915, to the Nebraska Telephone
Co. to make such installations of private telephones in quarters, etc., as may be
required by post authorities.
Omaha Depot, Nebr. — Permission, September 17, 1915, to the Mendelssohn Choir of
Omaha to use the third floor of the Army Building for holding its rehearsals.
Fort Pickens, Fla. — Revocation of license^ September 13, 1915, to Mr. H. H. Thorn-
ton to occupy and use in connection with pavilion bathhouses, etc.. a strip of land
approximately 500 by 600 feet. Original license dated September 24, 1908.
license dated December 9, 1915, five years at $5 per year, to Benjamin P. Eklmund-
Bon A Son, for the purpose of operating and maintaining thereon a public bathing
establishment, with hotel and dancing pavilion, etc., and in connection therewith
to maintain a temporary wbarf and to improve said bathing pavilion. These premises
were formerly occupied by him under revocable license dated January 26, 1911.
Fort Pike, La. — Permit, July 28, 1915, to the city of New Orleans to construct and
maintain a h%hway across this reservation.
Lease, November, 1915, to Jahncke Navigation Co. for reservation, with permission
to erect temporary clubhouse. Rental, $& per annum. Mr. C. A. Hassler assinied
his leasehold to Jones S. Irvine, who in turn assigned it to Jahncke Navigation Co.
Pittsburg Storage and Supply Depot, Pa. — ^Permiasion granted Bureau of Mines,
January 14, 1916, to erect two new temporary storehouses, naake an extension to testing
house, and erect new testing gallery.
430 BEPORT OF THE QUAETERMASTER GENERAL.
Permission, March 31, 1916, to the Bureau of Standards to lay 4-inch cast-iron main
to their furnace building (No. 38).
Fort Porter^ N. T, — LcAse for a period of five years from April 1, 1916, a certain
portion of this reservation, about 1.12 acres. Instnunent dated March 16, 1916, and
calls for the payment of 1100 per year rental.
Potomac Highway Bridge, Va. — License, May 24, 1916, to H. Rozier Dulany, Wash-
ington, D. C, to enter upon and fill in to the approximate level of road such of the
(jovernment land pertaining to the right of way for the highway bridge and Arlington
roadway as has not yet been filled, at the south end of the highway bridge.
Presidio of San Francisco, Cal. — Kevocable license, Septemoer 2, 1915, to the Pacific
(jas & Electric Co. to locate cable house on this reservation, and to extend pole line
across Fort Baker, |1,000 to be paid for the privilege.
Revocable license, March 6, 1916, to the Pacific Telephone & Tel^^ph Co. to erect
and maintain three poles on this military reservation in order to connect its telephone
system with the Ufe-savine station near Fort Point.
Revocable license, dated June 8, 1916, to the Y. M. C. A. to erect and maintain a
temporary building on the reservation, it being understood that steps will be taken
by the licensee to raise fimds for more pennanent buildings, and that work on eaid
permanent structure will be commenced within three years from the date of thia
ucense.
Fort St. Michael, Alaska. — Revocable license dated August 10, 1915, to Patrick
CoHey, covering the building known as Mess House, situated upon a tract of ground
22 feet front by 60 feet deep, which premises were formerly occupied by Robert E.
Flynn under revocable license datea March 31, 1915. Mr. Coney purchased the
rights of Mr. Flynn.
License, September 16, 1915, to Alexander Stevens to occupy a tract of land on the
reservation and to maintain and occupy thereon for residential purposes the building
erected under War Department license dated October 28, 1908, to John A. Tilly, the
license to the latter being revoked.
License, January 17, 1916, to Frank P. Williams, formerly a member of the firm of
Traeger & Williams, he ha\'ing acquired from Traeger, the other member of the firm,
by instrument dated June 28, 191o, all his right, title, and interest in and to the
business, buildings, and other property of said firm.
Fort Sam Houston, Tex. — ^Permission withdrawn November 24, 1915, to Miae
Katherine Stinson, aviator, to use hangars, etc., for storing her aeroplane. By same
instrument permission also withdrawn to Mr. R. E. Wa^er covering similar use.
Revocable license of January 17, 1916, to San Antomo Gas & Electric Co. to build
pole line across the reservation for Buppl>ing the new aviation post with electric
current.
San Di^o, Cal. — Revoca"ble license, December 2, 1915, to the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fe Railway Co. to maintain its wharf, known as the "Long Wharf," in the
harbor of San Diego, where i^ extends across certain submerged lands of the United
States.
License, December 31, 1M5, to Janus Bros., renewed for one year, and which now
expires December 31, 1916. This covers the occupation and use of that portion of the
reservation known as the "Wharf Lot," situatea near the foot of California Street,
for the purpose of harboring and launching flying boats.
San Juan, P. i?.— Permission by the SecreUuy of War, August 16, 1915, to the
Governor of Porto Rico for the construction of a jury room on the roof of the building
occupied by the District Court of San Juan and known as Santo Domingo Barracks,
the title of which is in the War Department.
San Pedro Military Reservation, Val. — Revocable license of December 4, 1915, to the
Southern Pacific Railway Co. to maintain and operate its railway lines across the
military reservation in Los Angeles County, Cal.
Sckofield Barracks, Cattail.— Revocable license of April 20, 1916, to Second Lieut
Dexter C. Rumsey, Fourth Cavalry, to build a garage of frsune construction in rear
of quarters. No. 1013, Artillery-Cavalry cantonment.
Fort Sheridan, III. — ^Permission, November 17, 1915, to the Illinois Field Artillery,
Battery C^ to occupy gim shed and barracks.
Permission, December 31, 1915, to the same organization to occupy stables (to use
south half of stable No. 98).
Fort Silly Okla. — Revocable license to the Lawton Lighting & Railway Co. dated
July 16, 1915, to connect the waiting stations on the line of its electric railway acroas
the reservation with the electric lightine, water, and sewerage systems of the poet.
Fort Snelling, Minn. — License dated August 11, 1915, to the Twin City Rapid
Transit Co. to construct a double-track extension of its electric railroad along the
northern and western boundary of the reservation.
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENEBAL. 431
New license dated August 24, 1915, to the same company and for the same piupose aa
above, except that the center line of the proposed extension will be located 35 feet from
the boundary line of the reservation. In the instrument of August 11, 1915, the center
line was 16^ feet.
Permission, December 15, 1915, to the Field Artillery of the State of Minnesota to
use and occupy Artillery Barracks.
Fort Standisn, Mass. — ^Permission, March 4, 1916, to the Lighthouse Service to
install at its own expense an independent pipe line.
Fort Terry, N. Y. — Permission granted April 11, 1916, to D. Milton Rackett, who
is engaged in the lobstering business on Long Island Sound, to land his boat at the
dock on Plum Island during stormy weather.
Fort Thomas, Ky. — ^Lease oated March 9, 1916, to John Schmidt of the target range
belonging to this post^ rental $100 per annum.
Tobyhanna, Pa. — ^License dated August 10, 1915, to Thomas Brady to flood and sub-
merge certain lands.
Lease dated May 3, 1916, to Tobyhanna Rod and Gun Club of 1 acre, about one-
third of a mile below the club house, for a yearly rental of |1,
Vancouver Barracks, Wash. — Permission dated April 22. 1916, to the Portland Rail-
way Light & Power Co. for permission to install an additional electric light line.
This company purchased the electric light line of the Mount Hood Railway Light <%
Power Co.
Fort Walla Walla, Wash. — ^Revocable license of August 9, 1915, to the Commercial
Club of Walla Walla to occupy for hospital purposes the porch of barracks No. 69
and the rear part of the old band quarters, and to keep cows and one horse in stable
No. 31.
Lease dated March 24, 1916, to C. S. Norman of certain portions of the military
reserv'ation for the term of one year from the 1st of April, 1916. Rental, $1,255
per year.
Fort Washington, Md. — Relinquishment to the War Department, August 21, 1915,
by the Commerce Department, of old brick building at Fort Washington Light Sta-
tion, used by the Lighthouse Service by virtue of license granted by the War De-
partment of November 8, 1882.
West Point, N. Y. — ^Permission, August 12, 1915, to the board of commissioners of
the Palisades Interstate Park to erect bridge and approaches upon reserv^ation of
Popolopen Creek, which was acquired by the Government for the protection of the
water supply at West Point.
Revocable license of January 12, 1916, to the same people to construct dams on
Queensboro Brook, in order to impound the water of the said brook and create arti-
ficial basins or lakes with the double purpose of conserving the water flowing from the
territory drained by said brook and adding to the natural beauty of said temtory.
Whipple Barracks, Ariz. — Revocation of license, November 4, 1915, to the Prescott
& Mount Union Railway Co. to construct, operate, and maintain a line of electric
railway. License was granted to the company on June 26, 1905.
Revocable license of November 4, 1915, to Thomas H. Hager to remove certain old
coi)per (trolley) wire acquired by him from the creditors of the Prescott A Mount Union
Railway Co.
Permission, March 2, 1916, to the board of supervisors of this county to relocate
a portion of the county road passii^ through this reser/ation.
Fort William Henry Harrison, Mo7it. — Permission dated August 12, 1915, by the
Secretary of War to the Helena Country Club to put in an entrance to the porch on the
south end of the bachelor officers' quarten.
432
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENERAL.
Exhibit 12.
SUUement shomng quantities of clothing and equipage to be hept in field supply depoi
No. 1 ana quantities remaining on hand xn that depot June SO, 1916.
Articles.
Breeches, service, cotton, foot pairs.
Breeches, service, cotton, mounted do...
Breeches, service, wool, foot do...
Breeches, service, wool, mounted do...
Chevrons, olive-drab wooL do...
Coats, wool, oUve-drab
Cords, hat
Drawers, lean pairs.
Gloves, olive-drab, wool do...
Hats, service
Leggins, canvas, N. P pairs.
Overcoats, olive-drab, without hoods
Shirts, flannel, olive-drab
Shoes, marching, russet pairs.
Stockings, cotton do...
Stockings, woolen, lightweight do...
Stockings, woolen, heavy do...
Sweaten, olive-drab, N. P
Tags, identification
Tape, for above tags yards.
Undershirts, cotton
■QUIPAOI.
Bags, surplus kit
Bkinkets, woolen, oUve-drab, lifi^t weight
Brassards
Brushes, tooth v.
Combs, medium
Elbows, stovepipe, tent
Flies, tent, storage
Flies, tent, wall, small
Beadnets, mosquito
Ofl, neat's-foot gallons.
Pins, tent:
8
Shelter, aluminum
Poles, tent:
Pyramidal, large
Wall, small, ridee
Wall, small, upright
Shelter
Storage, set.
Ranges, field. No. 1, complete with alamo attachments.
Ranges, field. No. 2, complete
Soap, toilet,! ounce cakes
Stoves, tent
Stovepipe, tent. Joints
Tent^:
pyramidal, large.
Wan. small.
Shelter, halves, N. P.
Storage
Towels, huckaback
Tripods
WhisUes,N. P
To be kept
in stock.
52,672
9,000
48,128
9,000
34,563
60,000
66,412
157,500
98,772
40,971
32,700
64,324
89,297
164.897
25,935
300,677
10,000
106,370
106,693
180,512
0,538
71,717
801
50,690
50,600
1,183
252
1,183
122,338
1,496
228,310
235,179
290,886
7,339
1,183
2,366
17,464
252
006
1A5
50,690
18,834
134,787
7,339
1,183
59,977
252
50,690
7,339
10,723
Total in
depot June
30, 1916.
50,690
122,338
606
165
50,090
18,834
42,337
50,000
REPORT OP THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL.
433
Exhibit 13.
Statement showing number of National Gvmd and Organized Militia moved to Mexican
border from each State prior to Aug. i, 1916.
Organization.
Arlxona:
1 regiment infiantry.
California:
1 brigade (3 regiments Tnfontry), 1 squadron Cav-
alry, 1 battalion Field Artillery, 1 company Signal
Corps, 1 ambulance company, 1 field nospitaT.
Connecticut:
2 regiments Infantry, 1 squadron Cavalry, 1 battery
Field Artillery, 1 company Signal Corps, 1 ambu-
lance company, field hospital.
Recruits
Delaware:
2 battalions Infantry.
District of Columbia:
1 separate battalion Infantry, 1 company Signal
C<xrps, 1 field hospital.
Idaho:
1 regiment Infantry .
Illinois:
2 brindes Infantry (3 regiments each), 2 battalions
Field Artillery, i company Engineers, 1 company
Signal Corps, 2 field hospitals.
1 regiment Cavalry
Indiana:
8 regiments Inluitry, 1 battalion Field Artillery, 1
company Signal Corps, 1 ambulance company, 2
Add hospitals.
Iowa:
1 brigade Infantry (3 regiments), 1 battalion Field
Artillery. 1 company engineers, 1 ambulance com-
pany. 1 field hospital.
1 iquaaron Cavalry
Kansas:
2 regiments Infantry, 1 battery Field Artillery, 1
company Signal Corps.
Louisiana:
1 regiment Infim try
1 troop Cavalry ,
1 battalion Field Artillery
Maine:
1 regiment Intentry ,
ICanrland:
1 brisade Inbintry (3 regiments), 1 troop Cavalry, 1
ambulance company, 1 field hospitaL
Maaaachusetts:
1 briffade Infantry (3 regiments), 1 separato regiment
In&ntry, 1 squadron Cavalry. 1 regiment Field
Artillery, 1 company Signal Corps, 1 ambulance
company, 1 field hospital.
Recruits ,
Michigan:
2 regiments Infantry
Minnesota:
1 brigade Infantry (3 regiments), 1 battalion Field
Missouri
Ibr:
ruiery.
ipany e _
pany, 1 field hospitaL
Montana:
1 regtment Infantry
Total
strength.
Date leaving
mobilization camp.
Destination.
915
Mftv 11
Douglas, Ariz.
June29-July 4
4,487
Nogales, Ariz.
2,186
June27-June29...
Do.
866
July 11
1
July 26
3,062
672
Deming, N.Mex.
July 4
500
Bisbee, Ariz.
July7
1,145
Nogales, Ariz.
June 28-July 4
7,904
San Antonio,Tex
1,233
July 1
Browns vllle,Tex
Jnly6-Julyl2....-
July 20-July25....
9,137
3,502
Mercedes, Tex.
4,247
Brownsvllle,Tex
267
July 23
Dnnn^, Tkt,
Julyl-July7
4,514
2,231
Eagle Pass, Tex.
1,619
Julyl8-July20....
San Benito, Tex.
Mercedes, Tex.
I Do.
1,043
3,189
June 29
Laredo, Tex.
June30-July5
June27-June28...
Eagle Pass, Tex.
5,081
£1 Paso, Tax.
2.268
Julyl0-July26....
7,299
2,556
July8-Julyl4
Do.
3,725
Julyl0-Julyl9....
Mercedes, Tex.
4,802
Juned0-July9
Laredo, Tex.
990
July 2.
Douglas, Ariz.
e9176*— WAB 1916— VOL 1 28
434
REPORT OP THE QUARTERMASTER QENBRAL.
Statement showing numher of National Ouard and Organized Militia moved to Jiexfean
border from each State prior to Aug, 1, 1916 — Oontmued.
OrganizatioiL
Nebraska:
2 reciments Infantry, 1 company Signal Corps, 1
field hospitaL
New Hampshire:
1 regiment Intentry
I'few Jorsev*
1 brigade Infontry (3 neimetfts), 1 sqnadron Cav-
alry, 2 batteries Field Artillery, 1 company Sicnal
Corps, 1 ambulance company, 1 field nospitaL
New Mexico:
1 regiment Infantry, 1 troop Cayalry
New York:
1 division, including 8 brigades of 3 regiments each.
Infantry; 1 reginient and 1 squadron and 1 ma-
chine-gun troop Cavalry, 2 regiments Field Artil-
lery, 2 battalions Engineers, 1 battalion Signal
Corps, 4 ambulance companies, 2 field hospitals. .
North Dakota:
1 regiment Inftotry
Oklahoma:
1 regiment Infantry, 2 troops Cavalry, 1 fi^ hospl-
Oregon:
1 regiment Infantry, 1 troop Cavalry
1 battery Field Artillery ,
Pennsvlvania:
1 division, including 3 brkades of 8 regiments each
of Infantrv; 1 regiment Cavalry, 1 regiment Field
Artillery, 2oompaniesengineers, 1 battalion simal
Corps, 2 ambulance companies, 2 field hospitals.
RJiode Isumd:
4 troops Cavalry, 1 battery Field Artillery, 1 ambu-
Iimce company.
Sooth Dakota:
1 regiment Infantry
Texas*
3 ragiments Infantry, 1 squadron Cavalry, 1 battery
field Artillery, 1 field hospital.
Utah:
2 squadrons Cavalry, 1 battery Field Artillery, 1 field
hospitaL
Vennont:
1 regiment Infantry ,
Virginia:
2 regiments Infantry ,
Washington:
1 regfanent Infemtry, 1 troop Cavalry, 1 company
Si^al Corps.
Wisoonsm:
1 brigade Infantry (3 regiments). 1 troop Cavalry,
1 battery Field Artillery, 1 field hospitaL
Grand total
Total
strraigth.
1,910
909
4,067
754
16,729
1,085
1,594
1,230
179
1,415
12,998
065
1,016
8,876
779
906
1,898
2, on
4,009
111,919
Date leaving
mobflisatioo camp.
July7-July9.....
July 15
Jane26-July2...
May 11
June27-July 15...
July 22.
July 19
June 27-June 29
June 28
June29-Jaly9....
June80-July9....
July 31
May 11
June 27- July 14...
June 27
July 6
June30-nJuly4...
Julyl-Julyl3
Destinatlofi.
Mercedes, Tex.
Laredo, Tax.
Douglas,
Columbus, N.
Mex.
Brownsville dli-
trlct,Tex.
Mepoedes, Test.
San Benito and
Donna, Tex.
San Diego, OaL
Calexioo.GaL
BlPM0,Tac.
Do.
San Benito, Tax.
San Antonio,
Tex.
Negate, Arls.
Eagle Pass, Tax.
Brownsvilla^
Tex.
Oalexloo,OaL
San Antonio,
Tex.
Exhibit 14.
Principal movements of troops for strictly military purposes, thanges of station, etc., with
cost of each movement.
(No movement less than one troop, battery, or company reported.]
Rnglneefi:
Company B, First Battalion, Fort Screven. Oa., to Washington Barracks, D. 0 88,00Qi0Q
Second Battalion, San Antonio, Tex., to El Paso, Tex 4,860 80
Company C. First Battalion, New York, N. Y, to Washhigton, D.C 485.00
Company F, Second Battalion. Santa Rosa, Cal., to Vaoooaver Barraeks, Wasn 79a 00
Company D, First Battalion, Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y.. to Tarrytown, N. Y. , and retuni. OOa 86
Company D, First Battalion, Plattsburg Banraoks, N. Y., to Washhigion, D.C 867.a
Company D, First Battalion, Washington, D. C, to Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y 1,848.4a
Company A, First Battalion, Washington, D. C, to Portsmouth, N. H 2,675. 7S
Company B, First Battalion, Washington, D. C, to Fort Screven, Oa. 3,126.46
Company C, First Battellon, Waahfaigton, D. C^ to Fort Odethqrpe, Oa. 2,041.00
Company C, Firat BattaUon, Fort O^borpe, Oa., to Fort Sam Houston, Tex. 2,9M.60
Company D, First BattaUon, Washington, D. C, to Plattsburg Barracks. N. Y 1.884.00
BEPORT OF THE QUARTEBMA8TEB QENERAL. 435
Prineipal movemenU qf trooptfor itrictly mUUary marpouBt changes of station, etc. , with
cost of each movement — Continued.
Bngineen— Continued.
SMond Battalion, OalTeftoQ, T«x., to San Antonio, T«z $1,626.88
Companv Knfdncen, Lowell, ICass., to Harrisville, R. 1 196.49
Company EnicinMrs, Bonme, lCa8t.,to Washington, D.C 463.66
Battalion En^MTB. El Paso, Tax., to Colomlms. N. Max l,ltt.80
Company O, Fort Blist, Tax., to Ooiombat, N. Itaz 1,W1.88
Flitt Cavalry:
Troop B, San Diego to Calaxioo, Cal No cost*
Troop M, San DieJKO to Calexico,Cal No cost
Haaaquartera Band, machJne-cun troop, and Troops C, E, F, O, H, and I, Presidio of Mon-
terey, Oal., to Dooclas. Arts 34,797.00
Troops A, D. K. and L, Fort Rosecrans. Cal., to Dooflss, Aria., and paok train No. 12 10. 884. 67
Troop A. Calexioo, Cal., to San Di«<^, Cal No cost.
Troop Kl Calaxloo, Cal., to San Diego, Cal Nooost.
Saoond Cavau^:
Troop A, Fort lCyer,Va., to Fort Oglethorpe, Qa 1,660.00
1 squadron, Fort Ethan Allen, Vt., to Springfield, Ifsss 6,248.00
1 squadron, Fort Ethan Alien, Vt., to FortHyer, Va 8,330.00
3 troops, Fort Ethan Allen, Vt., to rUttaburg Barracks, N. T 28160
6 troons. Fort Ethan Allen, Vt.. to PUttsbuiyBarrscks.N.Y 000.00
Second Squadron, Plattsburg Bamcks, N. V., to Fort Ethan Allen, Vt 340. 7S
Fifth Cavalry:
First Squadron. Fort Sheridan, ni.. to Columbus, N. Mez. 16,831.10
Hsftd iiiarters Band and Troops I, IC, L, and M, Fort Myer, Va.. to Columbus, N. Ilex. . 18, 078. 00
Seoona Squadron, Fort Leavenworth, Kans., to Columbus, N. Ilex 12,261. 7S
Sixth Ca%-alry: All, OalTsston to Harilngen, Tex 14,177.41
Baventh Cavalrv:
All, except Troops A, B. and C, San Frencisoo, C4d., to Douglas, Aris 10,714.11
Troops A, B, ana C, San Francisco, Cal., to HadiJta,N.lfex 6,604.00
Blghth ravalry:
All, ti^ui Francteco, Cal., to Fort Bliss. Tex. 14,644.01
Troop B, Foct Bliss, Tex, to Fabcns, Tex 60.70
Troop C, Fort Bliss, Tex., to Foft Hancock, Tex 80.66
Troop D, Fort HiLss. Tex., to Sierra Blanca,Tex 150.00
Two troops. Fort Bliss, Tex., to ICaratbon, Tex 894.40
Bleventh Cavalry:
All, Fort Oglethorpe, Oa., to El Paso, Tex 66.000.20
All, Kl Paso, Tex., to Columbus, N. Hex 0,846.00
Twelfth Cavalry:
First Squadron. Mercedes, Tex., to Galvestoti, Tex 3,346.06
Headquarters Band, Troops F and G, and machinei{un troop. Fort Robinsoa, Nebr., to
FtntSquadron.Crlstobal.C. Z., toCorotal.C. Z 28LflO
Troops E and H, Twalfth Cavahry, Fort D. A. RusselL Wyo., to Columbus, N. Hex 7, 103. 66
Third Squadron, Fort Meade, S. Dak., to Hachita, NTlCex 30,673.00
Fifteenth Cavalry: All, Fort bliss, Tax., to San Francisco, Cal., tn route to tha PhUtoplna
Islands. 10|300.9I
Second Fldd ArtUlery.
Battery C, San Antonio, Tex., to Anniston, Ala. 2.914.04
Regulation Headquarters, and Battery B, F, and A, San Antonio, Tex., to Sparta, Wis. . 0, 734. 80
Third Field Artillery:
Hsftdquarten and Battery B, Camp Robtaisan, Sparta, Wis., to Fort Sam Houston, Tax. 3, 782. 79
Band and Battery A, Gamp Robinson. SparU, wis., to Fort Sheridan, 111 1.907.00
Battery A and band. Fort Sheridan, lU.. la Fort Sam Houston, Tex 6,121.42
Battery D, Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y., to Harrisbarg, Pa 1,885.67
Fourth Field Artillery:
All. El Paso to Fort BlisB. Tex., en route Ikum Galveston, Tex 100.00
Battery D, Fort BUss to HarUngen* Tax 7,049.90
Flrat Battalkm, Fort Bliss. Tex., to Columbus, N. Mex 0,127.00
Beoood Battalion, Fort Bliss to Qalverton, Tex., en route to Canal Zone 11, 466.00
Fifth Field ArtUlery:
Battery A, Fort sni, Okla., to El Paso, Tex 6,34a46
Battery B, Fort sni, Okla., to BrownsvOle, Tex 0,788.41
Battery E, Fcrt Sill, Okla., to Brownsville, Tex 0,956.00
Battery E, Fort Sill, Okla., to El Paso, Tex 7.772.80
Battery D. Fort 8U1, Okla., to Brownsville, Tex 0,907.48
Battery F, Fort Bill, OkU., to Brownsville, Tax 0,907.48
Battery B, Fort KUl, Okla., to El Paso, Tex 6,340.46
Battery C. Fort Sm, Okla., to Kl Peso, Tex 0.082.00
Sixth Field Artillery:
BattaryD, ForfRlley.Kaii8.,toNoga]es. Arls. 11,404.06
Battery B. Gigling, CM., to Douglas, Arts 0,400i79
TMrteentn Band^ San DIeco. CaL, to San Francisco, CaL, an route to Honolulu, Haw^. . 383. 36
Thlrtasntli Company, San Diego, Cil., to Port Townsend, Wash., an route to Fort Woroen,
WMh rr^! :....... i,«w.88
One hnndrad and stxtieib Comnanj, Ban Diego, CaL. to Fort Stevens. Orec 1,138.16
Thlr^-thlrd Company, Port Ooiumbia, Waslu, to San Francisco, Oil., an routa to Manila,
P. I. 011.67
Twnty-eeventh Company, Fort WlnflaM Scott, Cal., to Prssldlo of Monterey. Oal No cost.
One hundred and lorty-seventli Company, Fori Winflek) Soott to PrsskSio or Monterey,
Oal Nooost.
Btvonty-fourth Company. FortSmvens. Ga.. to Fort Sam Houston, Tax 2,288.92
Oaa hundrod and sixty-seventh Company, New York, N. Y., to Laredo, Tex 6,234. 13
Oaa hundred and first, One hundred and sixty-flith. and Ona hundred and sixty<aevanth
Companies, Fort Tottan, N. Y., to Qofanon Island, N. Y Transport.
1
436 REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL.
Principal movements of troops for strictly military jaurj>oseSy changes o/stationy etc.^ rcith
cost of each movement— Coniinned,
Coast Artillery Corps— Continued.
Righty-soTenth Company. Fort Totten, N. Y„ to Panama Canal Transport
Forty-sixth and One nnnored and forty-first Companies, Fort Strong, Mass., to Fort Sam
Houston. Tex $8,064.00
First, Fifth, Eighth, Twenty-fourth, Thirty-seventh, Forty-nh»th. Fiftieth, Fifty-first,
Eighty-ninth, One hundred and seventh, and One hundred and fifty-fourth Companies,
Fort Williams, Me., to Camp White, Gambo Falls, Me., and return 476.00
Eijdith Company, Fort McKlnley, Me., to New York City, N. Y., en route to Fort Grant,
Canal Zone 349.13
Twenty-fburth, Forty-nfaith, and Bighty-nfaith Companies, Fort Williams, Me., to Platts-
burg Barracks, N. V 1.7ia21
Second Band, Fort Williams, Mt., to Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y 176.19
First and One hundred and fifty-fourth Companies, Fort McKinley, Me., to Fort Sam
Houston, Tex 10,9CS.28
Second Company. Fort H. G. Wright, N. Y., to San Francisco, Cal 5,736.04
One hundredth Company, Fort H. O. Wright, N. Y.. to Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y 92a 32
One hundred and twenty-fifth Company, Fort H. G. Wright. N. Y., to San Francisco, Cal. . 6,907. 88
One hundred and thirty-fourth Company, Fort H. G. Wright, N. Y., to Eagle Pass. Tex. 6,262. 36
One hundred and forty-sixth Company, Fort H. G. Wright, N. Y., to Eagle Pass, Tex. . . 6,262. 36
Company, Fort Rodman. Mass., to Fort Terry, N. Y 25.00
Two companies, Newport, R. I., to Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y 2,014.36
Two companies, Newixirt, R. I., to Eagle Pass, Tex. 8,964.39
Twentieth and beventy-seventh Companies, Fort Barrancas, Fla., to Fort Sam Houston,
Tex 3,902.03
Thirty-first Company, Fort Caswell, N. C, to Fort Sam Houston, Tex 3.506.83
One hundred and twenty-seventh Company, Fort Crockett to Fort Sam Houston, Tex 679. 00
One hundred and twelfth and One hundred and thirty-ninth Companies, Delaware City,
Del., to Fort Monroe, Va., and return 1, 156. 48
Fourth and Thirty-sixth Companies, Delaware City, Del., to San Francisco, Cal., en route
toManlla, P. 1 14,871.60
One hundred and twelfth Company, Delaware City. Del., to San Antonio, Tex 2. 353. 40
Thirty-second Company, Fort Baker, Cal., to Presiaio of Monterey. Cal No cost.
One hundred and sixty-first Company. Fort Barry, Cal., to Presiaio of Monterey, Gal No cost.
Sixty-third Company, Fort Worden, Wash., to Fort George Wright, Wash 707. 16
Ninety-third Company, Fort Stevens, Oreg., to Vancouver Barracks. Wash 248. 58
Ninety-fourth Company, Fort Flayer, Wash., to Fort Lawton, Wash 4.90
One company, Fort Hancock, N. J., to Laredo, Tex 4,777.66
One company, Fort Howard, Md., io Fort Monroe, Va., and return 650.00
One company, Fort Howard, Md., to El Paso, Tex 3.740.00
Forty-seventh Company, Fort Hunt, Va., to Fort Monroe, Va 100. 00
Seventeenth Company, Fort Hunt, Va., to San Francisco, Gal^ en route to Manila, P. I . . 3. 885. 00
One hundred and sixty-fourth Company, Jackson Barracks, La., to Fort Sam Houston,
Tex 1 , 500. 00
Three companies. Boston, Mass., to Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y 1,808.68
Forty-first and Sixty-ninth Companies, Fort Oglethorpe, Ga.. to Fort Sam Houston, Tex. 3,063. ^
Ei^t companies and band, Fort Monroe, Va., to Phoenix, Md.. and return 4,178.70
Four companies, Fort Monroe, Va., to Fort Oi^lethorpe. Ga 6, 126.00
One hundred and forty-fifth Company, Fort Moultrie, 8. C, to Fort Sam Houston, Tex. . . 2,375. 96
Sixtieth and Thirty-eighth Companies, San Francisco, Cal., to San Diego, Cal 2,962. 36
Provisional Battalion and Provisional Field Battery, San Francisco, Cat., to Calexico, Cal. 8, 707. 33
Third Infantry:
First Battalion, Malone Junction, N. Y., to Oswego. N. Y 1,033.96
Second and Third Battalion, Malone Junction, N. Y., to Sacket Harbor. N. Y 2,72!i.83
Two companies, First Battalion. Fort Ontario, N. Y^ to Ludlngton, Mich 1.082.00
First Battalion. Fort Ontario, N. Y., to Eagle Pass, Tex 11,778.76
Band, Sacket Harbor, N. Y.. to Ludington. Mfch 590.74
Machine-gun company, Sacket Harbor, N. V., to Indiana, Pa 317.66
Machine-gun company. Indiana, Pa., to Sacket Harbor, N. Y 308.51
All, Sacket Harbor, N.Y. to Eagle Pass, Tex 26,030.14
Fourth In&ntry: All, Galveston to Brownsville, Tex 11,368.63
Sixth Inftmtry: All, El Paso, Tex., to Columbus, N. Mex 6,922.90
Seventh Infentry:
All, Galveston, Tex., to EI Paso, Tex 23,755.14
AU, El Paso. Tex., to Fort Bliss, Tex lOaOO
(En route from Galveston. Tex.)
All, Fort Bliss, Tex. , to Douglas, Arix ll,8S6cfiO
Fourteenth In&ntry:
Headquarters, band, and Second Battalion. Fort Lawton, Wash., to Douglas, Arix 12,771.43
Third Battalion, Fort George Wright, Wash., to Douglas, Arit 15,744.19
Stxtenth Infantry: All, El Paso, Tex., to Columbus, N. Mex 5,658.00
Nfaietecnth Infantry:
Company E, Fort Sheridan. III., to Fort SUl.OkIa l.ST.Sf
Companies E and H, Fort Sill. Okla., to Spotford, Tex 3.614. tt
Companies A and B, San Antonio, Tcx^ to Del Rio. Tex 631.50
NineteenthlniiBitry, Galveston to Del Rfo, Tex., Third Battolfcn 3.646.23
Headquarten, First Battalion, and Companies F and G, Galveston to San Antonio, Tex. 4.17a W
Companies E and H, Galveston, Tex., to Fort Sill. Okla 1.907.96
Twentleu Infantry:
AU, Fort Bliss, Tex., to Douglas, Arfa 11.XK.00
First BattalfcMi, Fort Bliss, Tex., to Columbus, N. M« l.lOfi.46
Companies E and F. El Paso, Tex., to Demin£, N. Mex 70140
Companica E and F, Doming, N. Mex., to El Paso, Tex 796.00
Twoity-flrst InCsntry:
Company K, San Francisco, Cal., to Vanooover Barracks, Wash 83X64
Company K, Vancouver Barracks, Wash., to Presidio of San Franeiioo. Cal 3A96
Third Battaikm, Vanoouver Banaoks. Wash., to El Ccntro, Cal 4,6Ta m
Haadqaarter8,a&dSeooiidBattallon,VanooaT«rBaniola,Waah., to Yuma, Aria (,4I1M
EEPOBT OP THE QUARTEBMASTEB GENERAL. 437
Principal movemenU of troops for strictly miliiaryjpurj>08es, changes oj station, etc, with
' cost of each woi'«?n€nt— Continued.
Twenty-Ant Infantry— Continued.
Comnmy C, VanooQTer Barnoks, Waah., to Noeales, Ariz $1,871.07
Machine Qun. Company, Vanoouvcr Barracka, wash., to Calexico, Cal 616.22
Third BattaUoD, El Centre. Cal., to CalezloOfCal No cost.
Band, Camp at San Diego. Cal., to Yuma, Aril 226.80
CompanieaA, B,and D, Dan Diego, Cal., to Nogalee, Arts ^ 6,427.48
Twenty-lou^y* ^M^^yi - ' . _ .1. ' ' I
t^yo., to Columbus, >r. kex
Companies B and C, Fort Bliss, Tex^ to Columbus, N. Hex 1.960.45
All, San Francisoo. Cal.. to Fort D. A. Russell. Wyo #. 54,198.43
*""''' " ' " , N. Itej
All, Fort D. A . Russell , W yo. , to Columbus, N . Hex 53, 838. 25
Companies B and C, Fort Bliss, Tex^ to Columbus, N. Hex 1.
Twenty-sixth Infuitry: All, Galveston, Tex., to BrownsviUe, Tex 9,249.45
Tweo^-flinth Inbnt^: Company A, Culebm,C.Z., to Corocal,C.Z 13.40
Thirtieth InfiEmtry:
Company A, rlattsbuig Bamcks. N. Y., to Burlington. Vt.. 45.06
Maohine-gun company. Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y., to Burlington, Vt 45.S0
All, Platisburg Banacks, N. Y., to San Antonio, Tex 26,366.66
Signal Corps:
Company A, Fort Leavenworth, Kans., to Fort Sheridan, £11 1,849.92
CompanyA, Fort Sheridan, 111., to Weehawl«LN. J 2.551.36
First Aero Squadron, San Diego, CaL, to Fort Sill, Okla 7,604.41
FirstAeroSquadron, Fort Siir,Okla., to San Antonio, Tex 1,037.17
First Aero Squadron, San Antonio, Tex., to Columbus. N. Mex 3,968.00
Second Aero Squadron, Ftnt Company, San Diego, Oai., to San Francisco, Cal., en route
to Manila, P. 1 412.28
Medical Corps:
Ambulance Company No. 1 and Field Hospital Company No. 1, Camp McCoy, Sparta,
Wis., to North Platte, Nebr ! :. .....VT... 3,6ia60
Ambulanoe Company Na 1 and Field Hospital Company No. 1, North Platte, Nebr., to
Camp McCoy, Sparta. Wis 3,6ia50
Ambulance Company Na 1 and Field Hospital Company No. 1, Fort D. A. Russell, Wyo. .
to £1 Paso, Tex 4,994.05
Ambulance Company Na 2 and Field Hospital Company No. 2, Presidio of Ban Fran-
cisco. Cal, to nresidio of Monterey, Cal No cost.
Ambuunce Company No. 2 and Field Hospital Company No. 2, Presidio of Monterey,
Cal.. to Douglas, Aril 4,703.07
Ambulance Company Na 8 and Field Hospital Company No. 3, El Paso, Tex., to Colum-
bus, N. Mex •. 934.60
Field Hospital No. 3, Texas City to Fort Bliss. Tex 1,408.95
Ambulance Company No. 6 and Field Hospital Company Na 6, Plattsburg Barracks,
N.Y., to F(»t Ethan Allen, Vt 87.59
Ambulance Company No. 6 and Field Hospital Company No. 6, Fort Ethan Allen, Vt.,
to Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y 363.00
Ambulance Company No. 6 and Field Hospital Company No. 6, Plattsburg Barracks,
N.Y., to Fort Sam Houston, Tex 5,286.63
Ambulance Company No. 7 and Field Hospital Company No. 7, San Antonio, Tex., to
Cohimbus, N. Mex 3,856.00
Miscellaneous:
Provisional Wagon Company No. 1, Galveston to £1 Paso, Tex 1,364.55
131 officers and cadets from West Point. N. Y^ to Gettjraburg, Pa., and return 2, 066. 26
120 officers and cadets, West Point, N. Y., to Watervliet, N. Y., and return 35i. 75
Total 949,218.00
Exhibit 15.
Statement showina special movements of troops in connection with labor strikes, parades,
dedications f celebrations, etc., with cost of such movements.
Coast ArtUlerv Corps:
Nineteentti Company, Fort Caswell^ N._C., to GoUford Co^ House JulyJ celebration |96a 00
One comi
Memorial Day parade '_ i 'S .V. '..i .' 8.20
«nui Company, Fort Caswell. N. C, to GoUford Court House July 4 celebration
ompany, Fort Wadsworth, K. Y., to Cypress HUls Cemetery, Brooklyn, N. Y.,
lorial Day parade
One hundred and forty-fifth Company and Seventy-eighth Company, Fort Moultrie, S. C,
to Columbia, S. C, State fiiir No coat.
Provisional company and depot band. Fort Slocum, N. Y., to New Rochelle, N. Y., and
return. Memorial Day parade No cost.
Four companies, Fort Totten, N. Y., to Governors Island^ N. Y., Memorial Day parade No cost
Five companies, Fort Totten, N. Y., to Sandy Hook Proving Ground, N. J., Memorial Day
parade — No cost.
One hundred and fifty-fourth and One hundred and fifty-fifth Companies, Fort Williams,
Me., to Portland, Mc^July 4 parade - No cost.
First, Fifth, Eirfith, Twenty-fourth, Thirty-seventh. Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, Fifty-first,
Eimty^iinth, One nundred and seventh. One hmuuvd and fifty-fourth, One hundred
and fifty-fifth Companies, participated hi war-condition period in Boston Harbor No cost.
Second band. First and Fifth Companies, Fort WilUams, Me., to Portland, Me., Memoria]
Day parade — No cost
Thirty-seventh and Fifty-first Companies, Fort Williams, Me., to Portland, Me., centennial
parade — No cost.
Twenty-ninth Infantry: Company G, Culebra to Corosal, Canal Zone, funeral ceremony 24.00
From Washington Baixacks. D. C—
Eight ftmerals at ArUngion Cemetery, 240 street-car tkdrets 10.00
Band concerts. Washington, D. C, by Engineer Band, 8,451 street^iar tickets 375.35
Detadunents to Chevy i3>ase in connectiCHi with Women's Camp, 504 street-car tickets . 21. 00
Total 1,398.55
438
SEPOBT OF THE QUARTEBMASTER GENERAL.
Exhibit 16.
OperatioM of the transportation division of the Quartermaster Corps in the
Islands.
FREIGHT AND PASSENGERS TRANSPORTED.
A
Passen^rs:
Offioera
Enlisted men.
Ciyflians
Total
Horses
Stores:
Quartermaster
Ordnance .,
Medical
Engineer
Signal
Miscellaneous
tons.
....do...
....do...
. do...
....do...
do
TotaL.
Funds.
By
railroad.
110
10,334
814
11,258
2
64,026
1,347
18
10
26
307
65,734
By com-
mercial
vessels.
42
53
95
158
66
3
38
107
By wagon
or stage.
25
1
6
8
40
By
express.
1180,987.10
TotaL
10,387
814
U,358
160
64, US
1,M8
18
10
U
853
66,
1180,987.10
STATEMENT BHOWmG PRINCIPAL MOVEMENTS OP TROOPS POR STRICTLY MIUTART
PURPOSES, CHANGE OP STATION, ETC., WITH COST OP EACH MOYEMBNT.
Two battalions, Second Infontry, annual training of troops SSIAOO
Second Inftmtry, annual practice march . 205.40
Second Inltotry and Field Company E, Signal Corps, mapping and reconnoitering 212. 88
Total.
733.38
SPECIAL MOYEMENTS OP TROOPS IN CONNECTION WITH PARADES, DEDICATIONS, LABOR
STRIKES, ETC., WITH COST OP SUCH MOVEMENTS.
February 22, 1916, a provisional battalion consisting of detachments of Tenth,
Fifty-fifth. One hundred and fifth, and One hundred and fifty-ninth Companies. Coast
Artillery Corps, coast defenses of Oahu, participated In parade at Honolulu, Hawaii,
in honor of the anniversary of the birth of Georee Washington.
February 21 to 26, 1916, First and Twenty-fifth Infantry, Fourth Cavalry, And Piist
Field Artillery, less the necessary guard and fatigue, from Schofield Banacks, ^waii,
participated in the Mld-Paclfic Oamlval at Honolulu, Hawaii.
No cost to the Government In connection with the above movements.
Exmarr 16^.
Operations of the transportation division of the Qiuxrtermaster Corps in the PhilippinM
Islands.
FREIGHT AND PASSENGERS TRANSPORTED.
By railroad.
1
By com-
mercial
vessels.
By wagon
or stage.
By express.
Total.
Passensera:
Officers
9M
7,528
125
12
40
9
1
279
Enlisted men ^ ,
7,5«8
134
Civilians
Total
7,919
639
140
779
61
1
7,981
Animals:
Horses...
639
Mules
io
156
Total
16
79i
Stores (tons):
Qnart^nwaster
20,199
'it
1
36
2OT
20,744
$200,518.65
2
845
1
1
1
2,504
5
3
14
23,001
216
Ordnance
Medical
1
36
Engineer
3
8<pnftl . . r . . . , .
1
87
Miscellaneous
6
273
Total
„ 354
$41,139.22
27513^
15
23,636
Funds
-
041.~657r^
Remains , . x ^
3
i
BEPOBT OF THE QtTABTEBHABTEB QENBRAL.
Priiuipal wtovemeTttt o.
itihi, ChinA...
italn, China r^ J
loCunp StotMabotEi'F
137.71
1S7.71
Weigld of baggage (induding houteholdgoodi and pertottal tfftdi) md pro/aiioruil booki
trantpoTied at public expenie /or officeri, noneommittioned offieert, and dvilvm em-
ployea, tniih eoit of Aipmeal and oat of padxng ajid trating; alto vieight of haggagt
ihipptd in exeeti of authorized alloviimix at the expense o/ the owner.
PNITED STATES (INCLUDING ALASKA, CANAL ZONE, AND HAWAII).
Profoi-
Bkmal
iwon.
Poundt.
11, Ma, 788
10,307
r.^^
''^■i
H, 382, AM
1,511, sao
1,288,231
C«gt of shlpniBDt at public tipanse. . .
Coat o[ packing and oraUng at public i
TalBlooat
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
■B
Prolw-
■WpSsr
aipaiiM.
'%
'--$
'""uMi
m
873, J78
28,S34
13. «0
al ot iblpnuD
. Il.M4.7t
ii,eai.K>
. u,w7.a
440
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBBiASTEB QENEBAL.
Exhibit 18.
Oott
to the Qtutrtermcuter Cwps of operation of military telegraph lines in Alaska, exclusive
of the operation of the cable shxp **Bumside.**
ConstniotiQQ and repair of buildings $5,334.92
Rental of lodgings and quarters £07.25
Rental of offices 400.00
Sabfiistenoe 21,548.47
Clothtaif 3,e7«.0l
Water, beat, and light 16,dOL1D
Tetephone rentals la&OO
Scavenger service 34.00
Newspapers and periodicals 40. 05
Forace 3,130.37
Shoemg animals 377.10
Packing and crating 113.13
FmoliMeofdogs 680.00
Hire of dogs 0.75
Hire of launches 3.00
Purchase of sleds 818.07
Stabling public animals : 235. lo
Repairs to means of transportation 1S&.S5
WhsrCsge, dravage, and hauling 9,845.55
Snowshoes and snowshoe webbing, purchase of 100.57
Harness 65.14
Miscellaneous 3.75
Total .'- 02,199.83
Exhibit 19.
Motor trucks purchased during the fiscal year 1916, except the Philippine Islands.
Make.
Locomobile.
Do
Do
Do
Do
SS:::::
SS:::::
Do
Do
Do
Do ....
Do
Do
>o
>o
Do
Do
Do
Do
>o
>o
Do
Do
gS:::::
82:::::
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
gS:::::
Do ....
Do
Do
Do
g|
g;
Date
purchased.
June 34,1916
do..
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
....do
do
do
do
do
do
do
....do
do
do
....do
....do
...do
....do
do
....do
do
do
do
.....do
.....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
May 13,1916
do
....do
...do
do
....do
Capacity.
Serial
number.
Ton*.
3
2376
3
2277
3
2210
3
2717
3
2227
3
2258
3
2261
3
2363
3
1633
3
2115
3
2116
3
2117
3
2122
3
2209
3
2211
3
2218
3
2219
3
2220
3
2221
3
2234
3
2225
3
2226
3
2253
3
2254
3
2255
3
2256
3
2257
3
2250
3
2360
3
3262
3
2265
3
2266
3
2367
3
3260
3
2270
3
2272
3
2273
3
2274
3
2275
3
1615
3
1617
3
1621
3
1622
3
1634
8
1530
Cost.
Wheceused.
13,840.00
Mexican bordff.
8,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Do.
3,34a 00
Do.
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Da
3,84a 00
Do.
8,340.00
Do.
3, 34a 00
Do.
3, 34a 00
Do.
3, 34a 00
Da
3, 84a 00
Da
3,34a 00
Da
3,340.00
Do.
8,34a 00
Do.
3,340.00
Da
8,34a 00
Da
8,340.00
Do.
8,340.00
Da
3,340.00
Da
3,340.00
Da
3,840.00
Da
3,840.00
Da
3,840.00
Do.
3,340.00
Da
8, 34a 00
Da
8,340.00
Da
3,34a 00
Do.
3,34a 00
Da
3,84a 00
Da
3,340.00
Do.
3,84a 00
Da
8,84a 00
Da
3, 84a 00
Da
8,S4a00
Da
3,S4aOO
Da
8,84a 00
Da
3,840.00
Da
3,S4a00
Da
8,84a 00
Da
s,S4aoo
Da
8,84a 00
Da
8, 84a 00
Do.
BEPOBT OP THE QUABTBfiMASTEB QENEBAL. 441
Motor tntekt purdiatdduriny Ihtfixal ytar 1916, txeept lft« PkUippint /ijimdi— CoDtd.
llBk*.
porctuwd.
C»pMtty
Serial
C-.
Whmused.
M.7^W,ieifl
T^.
IBM
i
1837
i
B
MM
WiM
«M8S
tMSS
urn
E
40493
4MM
3
104W
E
1
1
s
40U3
40S53
S
405«
tosm
404S7
40631
40639
40633
i
00
00
00
00
00
Si
00
i
i
i
i
i
i
00
00
i
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
m
00
00
00
H*il™bord«.
1
i
1
S
!
>
j
1
1
3
1
S
3
BS:
Ub7. IB1«
JUD* 8,1018
M^^b0rt«.
B?
Iiina !H,ieiS
S:::;:::::::::::::::::::::
D?
P»
do
BS
-£::::
:::;:dS: ::::::
g
442
BEPORT OF TH£ QUABTEBMASTEB G£N£BAIi. .
Motor truck9 purchoied during tht JUeal year 1916, except the Philippine /«{andf— Ooatd.
Make.
^•eilMS.
Do.
DO,
Do.
Do.
ES:
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
- Do.
Do.
Do.
«:
Do.
Do,
Do.
Do.
^:
Do.
Do.
gS:
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
gS:
gS:
Do.
Do.
gS:
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Date
purchased.
June 34,1916
....do
do
do
....do
do
....do
....do
do.
....do
....do
....do.
....do.
....do.
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
Dec. 30,1915
....do...
Deo. 81,1916
Aug. 16,1916
do
Nov. 1,1916
ICar. 30,1916
....do
....do
do
do
.....do
....do
.....do
....do
do
....do
.do.
.....do
do
do
do
.....do
do
.....do
.....do
.....do.
do
do
.....do.
do.
do.
do
do.
do
do.
.....do
....do.
do.
.....do
do
.....do.
do
do
....do.
do.
do
....do
.....do
....do
do.
....do
do
...do
do.
do.
do
....do
....do
Ifar 14,1916
....do...
do.
.....do
Capacity.
Tonf.
3
3
3
8
8
8
8
3
8
3
3
3
8
3
8
8
8
3
8
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Serial
number.
40637
40628
40613
40534
40646
40521
40523
40526
40534
40486
10483
40544
40531
4a527
40523
40536
40641
40538
40640
64644H
64646
64641^1
64141
64136*1
64620
70942
70958
70959
70961
70963
70963
70964
70968
70909
70970
70992
72150
721.'.1
72163
73163
72164
72156
72156
72157
72168
72159
72161
72163
72163
72166
-^66
^67^
709471
70953
70956
70960
70966
70967
70972
70973
70976
70976
70977
70981
70982
70983
70984
709«7
70989
70990
70991
72144
73164
72168
72160
70966
709»«
70939
70916
70919
706S2
70673
Cost.
$3,05a00
3,05a 00
3, 06a 00
3,05a 00
8,060.00
3, 06a 00
3,06a 00
3,06a 00
3, 06a 00
3,06a 00
3, 05a 00
3,05a 00
3, 05a 00
3, 05a 00
3,050.00
3,050.00
3, Of a 00
3, 05a 00
3,OM).0O
3,50a00
2,6oaoo
2,6oaoo
2,5oaoo
2,50a00
2,5oaoo
2,778.00
2,778.00
2,778.00
2,778.00
2,778.00
2,778.00
3,778.00
2,778.00
3,778.00
3,778.00
3,778.00
3,778.00
3,778.00
3,778.00
2,778.00
3,778.00
3,778.00
3,778.00
3,778.00
2,778.00
3,77&00
3,778.00
3,77&00
3,778.00
3,778.00
3,77&00
3.778.00
3,77*00
3,77&00
3,77&00
3,778.00
3,778.00
3,778.00
3,778.00
2,778.00
3,778.00
3,778.00
3,778.00
3,778.00
3,778.00
3,778.00
3,778.00
2,778.00
3,778.00
3,778.00
3,778.00
3,778.00
3,778L00
3,778.00
3,778.00
2,778.00
2,778.00
2,nH.OO
2.62S.00
2,628.00
3,638.00
3,628.00
Where osed.
ICezioan bord«r.
Do.
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Panama.
Da
Da
Aero 8<iciadnML
Da
Fort Williams,
Mexican border.
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Do.
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Do.
BEPOBT OF TH^^IUABTEBMASTEB GENEBAI,. 443
MolortTuektpurehoHdduriTtg the JUealyiar 1916, txetptthtPhilippimltlMdB—Ootitd,
Itn
H&r. 14, IMS
iS::::::::::::::::::::::i:
.*'..'/"»
■«::::::::;:::::::::::::::: :::::a;;:::::::|
7087S
4660
OO l£«iksD bordv.
444
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBft^TEB GENEBAL.
Motor truch purchaied during the fiscal year 1916, except the Philippine Islandi — Contd.
Make.
Date
purchased.
Capacity
Serial
• number.
Cost.
Where used.
1
Tons.
White
May 16,1916
I
31117
S2,(.00.00
Mexican border.
. Do
do
!
31127
31130
2,000.00
2.600.00
Do.
Do
do
Da
Do
do
1
1
1
31137
sisan
2,fD0.00
2,600.00
Do.
Do
do
Do.
Do
do
31829
2,600.00
Do.
Do
.....do
1
31830
2,600.00
Da
Do
do
1
1
31038
2,600.00
Da
Do
Mar. 14,1916
31073'
2,430.00
Da
Do
do
1
31089 H
^ 2,430.00
Da
Do
do
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
310H9"
2,430.00
Da
Do
do
31086*
2,430.00
Da
Do
do
31096
2,43a00
Da
Do
. . . . .do>»>«. ...
31057
31075
31045-
31061
31068
^ 2,43a00
2, 43a 00
3,430.00
^ 3.43a00
2,430.00
Do.
Tio'.'.'.'.V.'.'.'.V.'.
do
Da
Do
.... .do..... ...
Da
Do
do
Do.
Do
do
Da
Do
do
1
1
1
31091'
2,430.00
Da
Do
• • • • •Uw««*«* • ••
31062
2,430.00
Da
do
31101 ->
2,430.00
Do.
Do
do
i
31053.
2,430.00
Da
Do
do
31042
2,430.00
Da
Do
do
31074
h 2,430.00
Da
Do
do
31026-
' 2.430.00
Do.
Do
do
1
1
1
i
31035-
2,430.00
Da
Do
do
31032
2,430.00
Da
Do
do
31063
2,430.00
Da
do
31064
2,430.00
Da
Do
do
31037
2,430.00
Da
Do
do
31039
2,430.00
Da
Do
do
31008
2,4.30.00
Da
do
1
31070
2,430.00
Da
Do
do
1
31059
2,430.00
Da
Do
do
1
31076
2,430.00
Do.
Do
Apr. 5,1916
1
31065
2,746.48
Da
do
1
31080
2,746.48
Da
Do
do
i:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
31024
2,746.48
Da
do
31052
31043
31(»S4
31049
31058
31118
31832
31056
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
Da
Do
do
Da
do
Da
Do
do
Da
do
Da
Do
do
Da
do
Da
Do
do
Da
Do
do
1
1
1
1
1
31033
2.746.48
Da
Do
.... .do. ......
31068
31034
2,746.48
2,746.48
Da
Do
do
Da
Do
do
31065
31055
2,746.48
2,746.48
Da
Do:.!*.;
do
Da
Do
do
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
• i:
1
1
1
1
1
1;
31121
31S41
3in?7
31029
31108
31079
31023
31066
31067
31028
31077
31129
31109
31123
31128
31119
31124
31092
31120
31842
31839
31054
31132
31122
31843
31099
31834
31112
31102
31827
2,746.48
2.746.48
2,746.48
2.746.48
2.746.48
2.746.48
2.746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2.746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2.746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2.746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2.746.48
Da
do
Da
Do
.... .do. ......
Do.
.... .do
Da
Do
do.
Da
do. ......
Do.
Do
.... .do. ......
Da
do
Da
Do
do
Da
do
Da
Do
do
Do.
do
Da
Do
Da
Do
do
Da
Do
do
Da
do
Da
Do
do. ......
Da
50.::::
do
Da
Do
do
Da
do
Da
Do
do
Da
do
Da
Do
do
Da
do
Da
Do
do. ......
Da
.... .do. ......
Da
Do
do. ......
Da
do
Da
Do
do
Da
Do .•
do
Da
BEPOBT OF THE QUAETEBMASTEB GENEBAL.
445
Motor trucks purchased during the fiscal year 1916, except the Philippine Islands — Gontd.
Make.
-IFhlte.
Do.
8S:
Do.
Do.
Packard.
-gS:
^:
^;
^:
^:
8S:
^:
^;
^:
ES:
^:
-^:
Do.
Do.
82:
^:
^:
■K:
8S:
■BS:
^:
^:
^:
^:
^:
^:
Date
purchased.
•I
Apr. 5,1016
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
June 30,1916
do
Hay 12,1916
do
.i...do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
.....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
do
do
do
do
....do
do
....do
....do
....do
....do
do
do
do
do
do
do
....do
do
....do
do
....do
..-.do
do
....do
.....do
....do
do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
do
....do
....do
...-do
....do
Apr. 5, 1916
do
do
do
do
....do
.....do
..-..do
do
.....do
do
do
....do
....do
....do
Capacity.
Serial
number.
Tont.
I
31106
I
31836
I
31096
I
31111
1
31103
1
31840
1
31133
1
31838
3
91828
3
92055
3
91452
3
91466
3
9180S
3
91816
3
91847
3
91852
3
91896
3
91900
3
91902
8
91904
3
91906
3
91909
3
91914
3
91924
3
91928
3
91933
3
92014
3
92153
3
92194
3
92201
3
92204
3
92206
3
92217
3
92220
3
92228
3
92244
3
92249
3
92270
3
91923
3
91835
3
92094
3
92259
3
91915
3
92295
3
91910
3
92273
3
92254
3
91941
3
92260
3
92138
8
91861
3
92252
8
91815
3
92274
3
91927
3
91922
3
92263
3
91952
3
91935
3
92271
3
92243
3
92219
8
92256
8
92203
3
92017
3
91865
1
74119
1
74130
1
74146
1
74122
1
73952
1
74157
1
74098
1
74134
1
74113
1
74117
1
74111
1
74124
1
74145
1
74123
l{
74109
Cost.
82,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
2,746.48
3,155.00
3,155.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
8,250.00
3,250.00
8,250.00
8,250.00
3,250.00
8,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
8,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3.250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
8,250.00
3,250.00
8,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3.250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,250.00
3,040.74
3,040.74
3,040.74
3,040.74
3,040.74
3,040.74
3,040.74
3,040.74
3,040.74
8,040.74
3,040.74
-3,040.74
3,040.74
3,040.74
3,040.74
Where used.
Mexican border.
Da
Da
Do.
Da
Da
Da
Da
Philadelphia depot.
Da
Mexican border.
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Do.
Do.
Do.
Da
Da
Da
Do.
Da
Da
Do.
Da
Da
Do.
Do.
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Do.
Do.
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Da
440
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMABTEB GENERAU
Exhibit 18.
Cost to the Quartermagter Corps of operation o/mUitary telegraph lines in Alaska, exdtisivt
of the operation of the cable ship **JBumside.**
Construction and repair of buildlDgs t5,334.93
Rental of lodgings and qoarters fi07.S5
Rental of ofSoes 400.00
Bnbslstenoe 21,548.47
ClothlnK 3,670.91
Water, heat, and Ught 15,fiOL70
Telephone rentals 130.00
Scavenger service 34.00
Newspapers and periodicals 40.05
Poraee 8,126.27
Shoeing animals 377.10
Packing and orating 113. U
Pnnbaseofdogs 680.00
Hire of dogs 63.75
Hire of launches 3.00
Purchase of sleds 318.07
Stabling pablio animals 236.10
Repairs to means of transportation 155.25
Wharfage, drayage, and hauling 9,846.56
Snowshoes and snowshoe webbing, purchase of 190.57
Harness 55.14
Miscellaneous 3.75
Total .'. 62,199.83
Exhibit 19.
Motor trucks purchased during the fiscal year 1916, except the Philippine lakmds.
Make.
Locomobile .
Do
Do
Do
Do
SS::::;
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do ....
Do
Do
Po
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
>o
io
Do
Do
?S::;::
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
^o
)o
Do ....
Do
J>o
Do
s:
Date
purchased.
8:
June 24,1916
do
do
do ,
...-do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do......
do
do
....do
do
....do
do
do
do
....do
do
do
do
do
do
do
.....do
do
do
do
do
.....do
do
do
do
May 13,1916
do
do
do
do
do
Capacity.
Serial
number.
Tons.
3
2276
3
2277
3
2210
3
2717
3
2227
3
2258
3
2261
3
2203
3
1613
3
2115
3
2116
3
2117
3
2122
3
2209
3
2211
3
2218
3
2219
3
2220
3
2221
3
2224
3
2225
3
2226
3
2253
3
2254
3
2255
3
2256
3
2257
3
2259
3
2260
3
2262
3
2265
3
2266
3
2267
3
2269
3
2270
3
2272
3
2273
3
2274
3
2275
3
1615
3
1617
3
1621
3
1622
3
1624
3
1620
Cost.
Where used.
33,340.00
Mexican bonte.
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Da
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Da
3,340.00
Da
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Da
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Da
3, 34a 00
Do.
3,340.00
Do.
8,840.00
Da
3,340.00
Da
3,340.00
Da
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Da
3,340.00
Da
3,340.00
Do.
8,34a 00
Da
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Do.
3, 34a 00
Da
3, 34a 00
Do.
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Da
3,340.00
Da
8,84a 00
Da
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Do.
8,840.00
Do.
3, 34a 00
Da
3,340.00
Do.
3,340.00
Da
3,34a 00
Do.
3,340.00
Do.
8, 84a 00
Do.
BEPOBT 0? THE QUABIEEMASTBB QENESAZi. 447
Uotor tniett ptirehattd during At fitoal ytar 1916, erupt the PktKppme Itlamii — Gontd.
DaM
nomlxr.
''
OfaOcnTlIta Foot- Wheel Prlw.
JdM 8.MW
""1
s
1
1
B03
BIO
1
i
se7
1
1
J00.(O
aottoo
300.00
100.00
300.00
aoo.00
mo. 00
ii
200.00
300.00
an. 00
300.00
200.00
an. 00
300.00
llaxicanbofto.
:::::S:::::::
si;
jgo
:::;:t:::::;:
s;
liEEiii;;;
eI;;e
dS;
lES
m.80
W6.80
4W 80
, 4M.80
Si
eeooo
ISSSSSSl
1I24S
1I2«
Aflia
"!•:«.'.■■:•:',
fasr"-"-'
'•V:.'™.
K: ?l:l!l!
fS. IMS!
1
>
May lo.ieta
May ie.»W
June 37,l«ia
g;s.oo
875,00
375.00
II
ill
IBS. 00
Ms' CD
aKioo
o.J^:::::::;:::::::::::;::::
S
FhUadctpUa depot.
(to
138
110
tin
!S
EsSJ*""
^^EEE
Da.
go
Mar. I0,m«
:::::do::;::::
i:
gS::::;:;:::::;:::::::;;:::
Do.
R TANK TRUCES.
iUU
M-
MO
00
D*
448
BBPOBT OP THE QUARTEBMASTEB OENEBAL.
Motor (rudb purduued during (he fiscal year 1916, except the Philippine i«2ancb— Oontd.
MOTOR TANK TRUCKS— Continued.
Make.
CUntonvflle Four-wheel Drive.
Do
Do
Do
Ptokard
Do
Do
Do
Peerless
>o
S
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
?S:
Do.
Do.
i^rblte.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do,
Do.
Do,
Do.
Do.
Do.
pmSSed. iCaP^ctty-
Serial
number.
June 8,1016
do.!....
do
do
Apr. 8, 1916
do
do
do
May 19,1916 !
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
June 8,1916
do
do
do
do
Mar. 20,1916
do
do
Mar. 30,1916
do
do
do
May 19,1916
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
.do.
Total,67.
Tom.
3
8
3
3
3
8
8
8
8
3
3
• 8
3
3
3
3
8
8
3
3
3
3
3
it
i
8
8
3
3
3
3
3
8
3
3
904B
906B
907B
908B
90711
90664
90667
90634
40466
40467
40468
40169
40470
40471
40472
40473
40474
40475
4730
4727
4729
4726
4728
3U35
30544
31781
?2179
32778
32777
32178
32741
32671
32726
82727
32740
82743
32730
32722
32541
32540
Cost.
13,500.00
3,500.00
3,500.00
3,500.00
3,825.00
3,825.00
8,825.00
3,825.00
3,450.00
3,450.00
3,450.00
3,450.00
8,450.00
3,450 00
3,450.00
8,450.00
3,450.00
3,450.00
3,450.00
3,450.00
3,450.00
3,450.00
3,450.00
2,550.00
2,550.00
2,550.00
2,850.00
2,850.00
2,850.00
2,850.00
3,500.00
8,500.00
3,600.00
3,500.00
3,500.00
3,500.00
3,500.00
3,500.00
3,600.00
3,600.00
196,100.00
Where used.
MexJoan border.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
MOTOR MACHINE-SHOP TRUCKS.
CUntonTllle Four- Wheel Drive
Do
'•"Uv;.::::;::;:;:::::::::;::
Do
Do
Do
Packard
Do
White • do
Do do
May 11,1916
....do
May 6, 1916
....do
do
do
do
do
do
Do.
Machine-shop equipment
above.
Total, 12
for
.do.
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
799
71182
71178
71174
71180
ni69
3(^114
30>8U5
380M
38066
38076
16,457.00
6,457.00
2,737.80
2,737.80
2.737.80
2,737.80
2,737.80
3,060.00
3,060.00
2,960.00
2,960.00
2.960.00
33,000.78
Mexican border.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
74,608.78
Non.— Two of the above diastis not equipped with machinery.
MOTOR WRBCKINO TRUCKS (REPAIR).
Jeffery...
Do..
Packard.
Do..
White...
Do-
Mar. 4,1916
Mar. 20,1916
do
AiN-. 5,1916
Mar. 14,1916
.\pr. 5,1916
Total, 6.
71070
72196
74009
74268
81107
31887
83,528.00
8,528.00
6,641.06
6,641.06
2,550.00
2,550.00
25,438.12
Mexican border.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENEBAL.
449
Motor tnicki purduued during the fiscal year for the Philippine Islandi.
Make.
Date
pnrehased.
Wblte
Hewttt-Ludlow.
Total, 9.
May, 1910
Jane, 1916
Capacity,
tons.
i*
Nombcr
purchased.
3
6
Unit price.
12,838.00
2,000.00
Total eost.
$8,514.00
12,000.00
20,514.00
Exhibit 20.
AtUomobiles in uu June SO, 1916, except the PhUippine leJandi.
Machine.
\ Ford, 1915.
DO
^f^''-"^
,„..-. 1915....
Cadillac, 1915.
Cadillac, 1911.
0 Ford, 1915
> Ford, 1914
/^Wlilte,1912....
.\Ford,1915
; l5o
C Do
v> Cadillac, 1914..
>Ford,1913
\ Rambtor, 1912.
\Fonl,1913
^ Rambler, 1912.
^ White, 1911....
\ Ford, 1916
Do
^Ford, 1916
Ford, 1915.
Nlriarcliff, 1910
Ford, 1915
Railroad motorcar.
Ford, 1915
Do
N^adillac, 1915.
N^ Ford. 1915
^MttdneU, 1912..
Snilto,1913....
N^ Ford, 1915.
^Ford, 1916.
. ^tadebaker, 1911.
^Franklin, lfi07 >..
Station.
Brownsville, Tex
do
Chicago, BL
Dougtts,Aris
Governors If]and,N.T.
do
El Paso, Tex.....
do
Front Royal, Va.
Haohita, N. Mex.
Harlingen, Tex. .
do
Hawaii.
do
do
.do.
.do.
do
Marlia, Tex
Fort Mcintosh, Tex. .
FortMHey.Cal
Mission, Tex.
New York, N.Y
Nogale8,Aris
Panama...
do
Presidio of San Fran-
cisco, CaL
Fort Sam Hooslon,
Tex.
do
do
.do.
San Francisco, Cal. . .
do
^Cadillac, 1915.
"Jeffery, 1915..
.do.
.do.
Washington, D. G.
do
Ford, 1913 do.
V Do do.
^:Franklin, 1913 | do.
^^ Hudson, 1911 1 do.
>* Packard, 1913 i do.
OStoddard-Dayton, 1909 , do.
OWhite,1911 ' do
OFord, 1916
^ White, 1911 (bus)
^White 1918...........
Oakland, 1916.
West Point, N. Y.
do
do
Fort Sam Houston,
Tex.
By whom used.
Fourth InAmtry. ,
ConunandingpfllMr . . .
Recruiting omoer
Commanoing general. ,
do
Department head-
quartflrs.
Omoersand troops...
do
Depot quartermaster. .
Commanding officer. . .
do
Officers and troops
Commanding generaL .
Attending surgeon
Department o o m •
mander.
Coast^efense com-
mander, Oahu.
Department quar-
termaster.
Emergency purposes. .
Officers and troops. .. .
Signal Corps
Commandfng general.
Anniiai
oost.
In-
coast defense.
Twenty-eighth
fuitrV.
Recruiting officer. . ..
Commanding ofDoer. .
Commanding generaL
do
Quartermaster
Commanding general..
Attending surgeon . . . .
Department quar-
termasttf.
Depar^ent head-
quarters.
Depot quartermaster..
Constructing quar-
termaster.
Commanding generaL.
Constructinji quar-
termaster.
Chief ofStair
Assistant attending
surgeon.
.....do
do
Attending surgeon
Emergency muposes. .
Secretary oiWar
Emergency purposes. .
Depot Quartermaster..
A tiendmg surgeon
Quartermaster Corps . .
Superintendent Mili-
tary Academy.
Officers
e9176'
1 Condenmed and sold dnring the year*
-WAB 1916— VOL 1 29
t25a44
80a92
673.15
98.86
1,38a IS
802.00
353.10
467.95
1,402.16
884.01
486.59
295.02
1,414.27
286.23
1,124.67
669.71
1,066.26
242.21
54a 63
277.44
21X27
866.16
926.11
819.37
416.25
309.91
813.67
786.76
94.84
1,217.15
85L55
1,536.75
225.77
1,75a. 52
1,129.63
1,422.90
174.21
253.69
157.22
46a 39
7a 58
1,742.52
87.22
43L63
236.97
803.77
1,182.00
U25
Mileage.
5,855
6,969
18,857
3,986
12,470
7,158
4,868
10,894
11,947
6,257
10,709
8,515
8.650
8.060
10,724
8,338
6,452
1,550
6,982
6,181
4,427
9,494
8,802
6,248
2,202
5,035
8,272
6,838
2,424
12,068
6,106
4,173
3,572
7,467
7,012
16,578
6,732
8,447
6,922
11,551
4,559
12,174
8,919
7,495
3,438
6,157
6,808
134
Cost per
mile.
8a 0437
.048
.05
.038
.11
.112
.04
.0«8
.117
.061
.045
.034
.16
.086
.16
.08
.17
.166
.077
.046
.048
.0S8
.248
.051
.19
.061
.038
.124
.039
.101
.14
.37
.068
.16
.06
.02
.03
.022
.04
.015
.148
.022
.057
.097
.13
.178
.001
450
REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL.
Automobiles in uu June SO, 1916, except the Philippine Islands — Oontmued.
Machine.
Station.
Cberrolet, 1010 El Paso, Tex
Dodge, 1916 Fort Sam Houston,
I Tex.
Do do
Do • do
Do ! do
Do do
Do do
Do , do
Do do
Do ' El Paso, Tex
Do I do
Do J Fort Mcintosh, Tex...
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do,
Do.
Do.
Do.
-Ford, 1916
' Do
Do
~ Btadehaker, 1916.
Do
Total, 73.
Marathon, Tex
Mission, Tex
Eaele Pass, Tex....
Del Rio, Tex
narlingeo, Tex
Laredo, Tex
Harlingen, Tex
Marfa.Tex
Fort Bliss, Tex
Fort Rinfkold, Tex
Brownsvufe, Tex. .
Eagle Pass, Tex
By whom used.
Officers.
....do..
.VnnnaJ
cost.
UiI«K^ **g£"
do •.,
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Commanding officer.
Officers
do
do
do
do
do
do
Remount depot
Commanding officer. .
Officers
do
Fort Sam
Tex.
Houston, : do.
S237.46
30.65
13.30
12.60
3.83
U.69
31.22
35.80
87.37
355.10
Ua73
92.04
289.63
5.93
177.90
177.74
209.33
116.79
44.45
285.70
4a 58
41.05
38.67
16.82
182.08
5,152
401
98
159
114
512
639
1,000
3,100
4,456
2, 142
3,749
234 '
2,009
980
1.965
1,020
1,587
1,206
2,952
1,050
875
961
1,500
ia04«
•<nv
.136
.07V
.lis
.119
.06
.0S6
.087
.114
.081
.(MS
.077
32,715.20 379,295
.181
.106
.114
.014
.04
.044
.OM
.13
Automobiles in use June SO, 1916, in the Philippine Islands.
Machine.
De Dion, 1913 (bos).
- le, 19U.
Station.
Camp ITay.
nopmobfle, 1913 • do
MitcheU,1912 1 Manila
Overland, 1913 do.
R.C. II.,1912....
White, 1913 (bos).
White, 1913.
White, 1912 (bos).
Do
Total, 0.
.do.
.do.
.do.
Fort MoKiQiey.
Manila
By whom used.
Quartermaster Corps. .
Post commander
.Vttendinf; surgeon . . . .
Departmmt quarttf^
master.
Quartermaster Corps. .
do
Departmmt C o m •
mander.
Quartermaster Corps. .
do
Annual
cost.
$1,685.22
1,049.06
293.13
504.80
169.73
1,360.94
1,797.58
792.66
892.80
8,544.90
MUeaee.
8,388
5,572
3,950
6,438
1,540
13,113
8,425
3,933
13,348
Cost per
mile.
50,606
Automobiles purchased during the fiscal year 1916, except in the Philippine Islands,
Make.
Date
purchased.
Dodtfe June 29,1916
Do I June 37,1916
Do June 31,1916
Do ; June 36,1916
Do do
>o June 39,1916
)o do
Do June 10,1916
Do June 20,1916
Do do
Do May 30,1916
^0 Apr. 6,1916
do
s:
J)0.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
74424
73623
71608
73653
74215
56120
9271
74183
73738
73749
69678
58821
58826
56663
58823
41955
43157
$817.00
890.00 I
808.08 I
896.08 I
898.08
898.08
898.08
888.08
896.08
806.08
898.08
898.08
888.08
898.08
808.08
910.00
910.00
Where osid.
Philadelphia, Pa.
San Franclioo, Cat
Mexican bordo*.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
EEPOBT OP THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL.
451
AuUmobilei purchased during the fiscal year 1916, except in the Philippine Islands—
Continued.
Make.
^
S
■i^l
)o.,
. Po..
>o..
>o..
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do..
Do.
Do.
^::
Do..
Do..
Ford...
^l:
Do..
Do.
Do.
Do..
X::
-BS::
Do..
Do..
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do..
Do..
)o..
)o.
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do.
Do.
^
Date
purchased.
Apr. 6,1916
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
.....do
do
do
do
Mar. 14,1016
Mar. 28,1916
Mar. 31,1916
Mar. 17,1916
May 28,1916
do
May 30,1916
May 11,1916
May 18,1916
May 16,1916
May 11,1916
May 29,1916
May 8,1916
liay 12,1916
May 18,1916
Nov. 2,1916
Aug. 24,1915
9,1915
2,1915
9, 1915
2, 1915
....do
Aug. 24,1915
do
....do
Sept. —,1915
Feb. 2, 1916
Nov. 2,1915
Dec. 1, 1915
Nov. 4,1915
Nov. 2,1915
Dec. —,1915
July 22,1915
Feb. 21,1916
Mar. 16,1916
Apr. —,1916
do
.....do
....do
do
....do
.....do
....do
do.
Dec.
Nov.
Dec.
Nov.
Do May 24,1916
Do I do
Do I May 28,1916
Do May 9,1916
Railway motor car , Nov. 8,1915
Chevrolet , Apr. —,1916
Studebaker ' May 22,1916
Do i.....doT?.
Do I May 25,1916
Overland June 27,1916
Nov. —,1915
June 26,1916
Sept. 11,1915
Jeffery
Oakland
Cadillac ,
Do •» ' Sept. 20;i915
Do I Aug. 16,1915
Serial
number.
Total, 89.
I
42154
39310
30519
46300
49162
50082
50330
39326
44015
39421
50294
53725
50397
44624
40306
54839
54591
69111
69148
60678
66370
65487
65482
65411
68736
50299
66654
66615
944239
U02188
967524
925476
999176
930219
57663
908229
822296
602215
012883
1013035
030847
048010
027881
047530
1005436
700834
1006261
1010092
1120883
1138829
1138819
10rai38
lO'^OllO
1085915
1080026
1087711
1085850
1034868
1079200
1027423
1171124
MC9
15489
484478
484505
483382
4728
49954
337204
53A921987
A21505
20443
Cost.
soiaoo
910.00
910.00
896.08
898.08
898.06
896.08
898.08
898.08
898.08
898.08
898.08
910.00
808.08
808.08
808.08
808.06
808.08
808.06
860.00
860.00
850.00
850.00
850.00
85a 00
850.00
062.63
898.08
524.00
524.80
524.00
524.00
524.00
524.00
524.00
624.80
524.80
524.80
440.50
570.00
524.00
493.25
550.00
500.00
425.95
566.85
499.85
500.00
523.85
523.85
523.85
523.85
523.85
523.85
523.85
523.85
523.85
525.00
525.00
466.10
523.85
6,370.72
863.50
850.00
85a 00
850.00
1,000.00
1,200.00
1,050.00
2,250.00
2,261.45
2,000.00
76,737.82
Where used.
Mexican border.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Ho.
Ho.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
1^0.
1>0.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Vo.
]>o.
Do.
I'o.
Do.
T>o.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Fort Mcintosh, Tex.
Fort Miley, Cal.
Mexican border.
Do.
Panama.
Presidio of San Francisco, CaL
Fort Sam Iloaston, Tex.
San Francisco, Cal.
Do.
West Point, N. Y.
Mexican border.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Panama.
Mexican border.
Mexican border.
Do.
Do.
St. Louis, Mo.
Washington, D. C.
Mexican border.
Governors Island, N. Y.
Fort Saoi TFouston, Tex.
Washington, D. C.
452
BEPOBT OP THE QUABTEBMASTEB GBNEBAL.
Exhibit 21.
Motor trucks on hand June SO, 1916, except Philippines.
Make of track.
/
Packard.
Do..
Jiffery...
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
l>o..
Do..
Do..
l>o,.
Do..
Do..
-Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
White...
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Do..
Serial No.
14467
14468
70943<
70968
70969
70961:
70962 <
70963'
70964'
70968
709091
70970^
7099a<
72150
72151-
72152
72163'
72154.
72165
72156
72157
72158
72159
72161
72162
72163
72165
72166
72167
'39086
^39087
64644
64646
^ 64641-
64121
64126
64123
39527
39531
39681
89589
39665
"89563
64135
^39657
64620*
^19748
-18763
16652
18714
^16795
20860
16639
• 20812
^- 13250
TBC4562.
TBC4550'
TBC4560^
TBC4561>'
20846
20842
16616
16540
20836
20837
N
20843
17578
11465
17372
13054
13071
13300
12806
31073
31089
31069^'
31086
Capacity
-M
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
I
1
^3
U
6
^3
I
3
i|
}
Location.
San Francisco depot.
— .do
Mexican border
do
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
...do.
...do.
..do.
...do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
Eagle Pass, Tex.
Panama
do.
.....do
.....do
.....do
.....do
do
Acrosqaadnm
.....do
.....do
....do
do
do
do
FortSiU.Okla
Fort Williams, Me.
Mexican border —
do
.....do
.....do
Army War College .
Fort Clark, Tex....
Mexican border
.....do
....do
Hawaii.
....do
.do.
.do.
.do.
do
.....do.. ,
Mexican border
Aero squadron
do
San Diego, Cal
San Francisco depot
do
.....do
Fart8IU,0kla
Washington, D. C
.....do
Washbigton Barracks. D. C,
West Pobit, N. Y
Mexican border
....do ,
....do
....do
Miles
run.
6,459
7,030
3,184
3,093
3,636
2,460
8,476
3,523
3,551
3,563
3,539
2,754
3,651
3,663
3,194
2,640
2,926
3,197
3,131
3,422
3,563
8,629
3,213
8,629
3,621
3,702
2,804
8,662
3,653
4.829
3,690
186
867
1,872
3,956
8,424
4,679
3,933
4,491
4,484
4,988
4,630
1,896
3,884
6,130
1,663
8,694
4,158
8,368
9,124
11,639
8,450
6,972
6,217
2,072
8,893
3,660
3,881
3,828
10,218
9,325
9,670
1,650
3,U4
6,706
8,207
9,391
6,787
6,048
4,389
?;%
6,960
8,8M
4,101
6,066
6,124
4,191
Tons
hauled.
2,883
2,609
292
289
317
270
803
314
308
306
299
280
307
391
290
270
284
283
291
297
296
804
288
811
308
830
384
306
216
100
439
303
3,930
3,396
3,267
818
960
970
1,005
418
464
486
349
304
849
408
616
918
1,060
3,100
1,083
1,791
436
342
456
6S8
1.380
801
830
347
121
734
490
1,322
3,877
3,648
100
1,470
1,475
488
4,386
3S7
363
357
Tons.
hauled
Imile.
6,736
6,087
4,100
4,684
4,940
8,308
4,516
6,300
8,683
4,974
4,790
3,784
4,683
4,974
3,963
8,268
3,976
3,334
4,098
4,464
4,974
4,638
4,110
6.083
4,U8
6,758
4,066
4,308
4,363
3,836
6,270
131
097
3,108
3,887
8,017
3,837
4,270
4,006
4,688
4,568
4,740
3,9a
8,987
8,188
1,914
7,878
8,818
6,807
14,004
6,608
0,087
3,007
4, an
3,631
8,488
8.343
3,977
8,646
8,488
8,106
8,181
1,101
1,470
8,880
3,880
3,144
9.038
6,00
8.1
3,888
8,8St
10.50
4,198
6. US
6,235
4.198
I Poimds.
BXiPOBT OF THE QUASTEBMA8TEB OENERAIi.
EimBrr 21.
Jfofor tmei* on hand June 30, 1316, exotpt Philippinei.
^■r,
imu
no. ST
T4.ao
"J^'S
tS, ™i
1S3.M>
AITM
%«
m
31 '."'.'.'.'.
U
1 ayi...
Nov. IJ, 1910
...do
Hat. IS, 1910
::::t;::::::
">
....do
■^
...do
....do
:::;£:;::;;;
— -^^
3«
::*;:::;;:
::::|:::;::::
ill
:::;:|:;;::;;
;;;;!do";;;!''
".'.'.'ao.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.
1 i^ii.'.'.'.
....do
:;::do!::;::i"
do
a 1 days.
'.'.'.'.'.iloS.'.''.'.'.'.'.
::;;:£:;::::::
V.'.'.Aa'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.
do
','."'.6e'".'.'."."
:::;:S;;;;:::
Aug. 1S,I91S
SS.-;;i!S
Ian. IS.IOH
Ua; 9,1014
iSiS!!!!
Jan. 19,1011
June 11,1914
5S'!:1!15
Dao. 0,1911
D*. 1,1914
::;;:l;;;;;::
,u«..l,,.,.
IE;;;;;;;:;;:
'■"ifiii^;;:
iDianUi.atdayi...
:;::;^:::::;:::
yr£'.:^^;::
Immth.Udaya...
do
iS:S;;
•sfeiv-
•EffiiiS:
ImonthlVilaTi!;"
lmai«h,3»dayi...
8montlu,13dap..
do.
■ui^&ibu:
a month., 131 day*.
do.
iiJ";::::::::
rtb
Not. is, 918
1111
::::;£;;;;;::
lmcath,4)dB)^...
do.
"■o^-lSidajra.
■^ii^:::
eAdayi.
*>.
8 monttu, 13 dajt.
454
BEPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL.
Motor trucks on hand June SO, 1916, except PWKppin«»— Continued.
Make of truck.
White ,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do,
Do.
Mack..
Do,
Do.
Serial No.
KeUy-Springfiekl,
Do,
Doplez
DollV.'.'.V.V.
Velie
Do
Do
Do.
Do.
Drtep-Seal
hury.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Federal.
Do.,
iriesi!
Peer
Oarfbrd
Eleotrio
Do
Studebaker
Do
GUntonviUe Four-
Wheel Drive.
Do
Oramm
Lord-Baltimore..
Wiloox
Aloo
Do
Boick
Do
Total.
31096"
31057
31075-
31045
81060-
31068-
81091-
31062'
81101'
81053
810424
81074
81026 -j
81035
81082-
81063-
81064
31037-
81039-
31098
31070
81059
81076
^2971
2970
1198
4017
-«547
5077
^^501
-^602
2045
2047
2046
8006
3005
3002
3003
8004
21426^
1082012 \
1029933
1015022V ;
1029870
1038116
1029938
925820
063572
584466
616.'i64
2061
142
140
09
80589-
66661
1174
0
11044
11090
^AQ5
452*
102061
1017
10411
824
477
128045
128038
(^macity
(tons).
I
i»
u
1
1
1
1
t
1
i
1
2
8
2
2
I
}:
1
Delivery.
Delivery.
Delivery.
Delivery.
Delivery.
Delivery.
Delivery.
Delivery.
Delivery.
Delivery.
a
1
LocatloD.
Mexican border
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
.....do
do
do
.....do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Washfaigton, D. C
Fort Bayard, N. Max
CSiicago, 111
Fort Worden, Wash
Fort Barry Gal
Preaidio of San Francisco.
Mexican border
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
NewYork.N.Y
Eastern Department
do
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
Fort Hamilton, N. Y.
Panama.
San Francisco depot..
.do
El Paso, Tex
Mexican border
U,5Q0 ,'
Fort Leavenworth, Kans.
Fort Sheridan, 111
HawaU.
Panama.
Philadelphia depot
do
Fort Roseorans, Gal
do
San Diego, Oal
8
2
Fort Sill, Okla
' San Franoisoo depot.
■I
11,600
11,500 do.
San Joan, P. R...
Washhigton, D. C.
West Potot, N. Y.
.do
.do
Miles
run.
5,124
4,312
5,056
4,056
6,066
5,124
5,066
4,672
5,117
5,124
5,057
5,124
4,250
5,066
5,174
5,066
4,287
5,124
5,124
5,152
4,191
4,191
5.124
9,139
7,205
4,478
3,984
3,858
1,014
8,789
5,274
4,278
1,578
5,917
3,140
5,248
3,434
5,916
8,296
5,103
8,484
4,472
2,324
8,215
2,872
8,060
30
1,587
9,010
4,793
4,006
1,824
2,059
4,878
8,024
1,275
876
1,061
9,815
8.085
1,627
1.515
4,«7
5,184
6,764
4,755
4,082
8,808
7,482
652,806
Tons
hauled.
262
257
299
299
262
259
258
262
262
259
262
260
273
275
250
270
262
262
260
257
257
261
886
833
766
221
790
864
1,268
1,758
1,256
233
1,604
895
862
1.410
751
1,844
880
75
80
76
100
56
75
101
966
837
106
551
664
1.645
594
917
450
278
1,158
100
1,555
8,857
4,7SS
1,067
1,
106,601
Tons,
hauled
Imile.
5.
4,735
5,133
5,133
5,13S
S.SSS
5,133
4,510
5,235
5,235
8.
5.
4,
5,133
5,810
5,133
4,254
5,285
5,235
5,205
4.109
4,193
5,285
7,466
6,122
1,694
1,287
2,674
1.868
11,810
5,358
8.641
1,433
8,644
8,854
8,424
2,408
7,085
2,868
1,716
888 I
798
702
606
276
2,907
1,U4
1,
1,456
1,746
6,ffl
6,486
787
i,m
2,900
4.6a
8,966
10,8M
1S,9»
8,868
8,Ta
> Pounds.
Awtfe cost par ton mUe 80.0046, axolnslTt ofohaaffeur.
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENEBAL.
455
Motor trucit on hand June 30, 1916^ except PhiUppines — Continued.
Cost
operation,
•xdusWe
of
cfaaofleur.
$416.71
423.97
485.98
601.56
643.48
663.44
683. «3
496.84
49a 08
662.96
606.63
473.90
4ia63
60a78
618.27
853.83
653.16
480.80
466.63
883.63
839.88
309.63
413.03
714.83
1,147.31
147.98
139.40
33a 57
36a 78
266.91
715.00
360.18
32a 40
37a 04
354.90
847.87
391.40
439.36
1,157.83
523.30
233.33
122.31
90.78
239.93
30ai3
238.85
26.04
58.01
178.82
214.69
158.70
34L78
26a 25
344.38
84.09
29.55
212.93
115.11
697.93
879.29
104.76
86.62
622.02
508.40
321 50
596.14
7ia30
531.39
55a 48
Cost of
tirfle.
Wages of
chaafTeur,
including
rations
and
clothing.
169.44
118.40
118.40
118.40
147.36
196.82
142.88
167.36
147.36
147.36
69.44
03.92
2a 48
44.96
167.18
2a 48
167.36
69.44
44.96
44.96
2a 48
2a 48
69.44
162.00
342.00
66.46
107.00
66.42
02.42
378.60
133.30
29.63
29.63
29.68
32.13
29.63
82.48
ia65
44.73
103.60
63.56
168.34
42.23
8136.68
136.68
136.68
136.68
13a 68
13a 68
13a 68
13a 68
13a 68
13a 68
13a 68
13a 68
13a 68
13a 68
13a 68
13a 68
18a68
18a68
13a 68
13a 68
13a 68
136.68
13a 68
803.90
780.74
720.00
234.15
1,147.93
29a 43
502.09
580.22
803.22
449.65
845.21
624.20
833.61
965.34
715.69
655.13
900.00
35.43
62.23
40.57
47.06
34.71
37.45
Time laid up.
6{days....
6dav8
6A days...
13 days...,
OAdays...
8aay8....,
8Aaa78...
6aa78.....
5i^ days...
OAdays..
8 days....
8 days.
8days
15 days.
12Aaays.
7laay8
itdays...!!!!.!!!!
11 days.
11} days.
4|days
6day8
15 days
Sdays
1 month, 14 days...
4 months, 17 days..
Imonth
16a 46
88a 00
887.79
1,142.33
33 days.
Imonth, 9 days...,
Imonth, 6} days..
9days ,
9 months, 3 days..,
Imonth, Sdays
1 month, 16 days
5 months
3 months, 3 days...
2 months, 17 days..
17 days
Imonth, 2 days
Imonth, Iday
7days
Condition at
end of
fiscal year.
1 month.
1 month, 6 days.
Imonth.
14 days.
14} days...
1 month, 14 days. .
3 months, 3 days..
Iia58
104.69
68.20
162.50
77.78
361.02
38a 48
265.53
303.06
67, 136. as ,11.35^.95
422.42
2ia44
4a 72
263.90
48a 76
684.63
687.04
28a 64
313.44
1,200.00
667.23
i,2oaoo
64a 22
494.22
524.22
492.22
3 months, 15 days.
2 months, 3 days..
Seryioeablo...
• * • •" v« ••••••••
• • • «^Aw« •«•••*• *
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
Good
Unserviceable.
do
Good
do
do
Falr....v
Good
do
Poor
Good
Poor
» B • • • U V* •••»•••<
» • • • • ^'^^w •••••••<
do
Fair
Good
do
do
Date pur-
chased.
do.
do.
....do.
....do.
.....do.
do.
do.
Poor..
do.
Iday.
l|days
29 days.
23 days
3 months, 10 days..
3 months, 7 days.
4 months, 7 days.
6 months, 18 days. .
67, 09a 80
2 months, 17 days.
3 months. 4 days..
1 month, 10} days..
lmontn,24} days.
....do.
....do.
Good..
do.
Poor..
Good..
Fair...
.....do.
Poor..
.do.
.do.
.....do.
do.
Good..
do.
do.
do.
Mar. 14,1916
■ • • • •U\l« ««••••■
• • • • • U V* ••••••<
do
do
do
do
do
do
do.
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do.
do
do
do
do
June 11.1914
do
Nov. 21,1911
Nov. 1,1915
June 11,1914
Nov. 1,1915
February ,1915
March, 1915
June 11,1914
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Jan. 19,1916
do...
do
.....do........
do
do
Nov. 18, 1915
Mar. 8,1915
Mar. 6,1915
Juna 11,1914
Recalved
flrom Medi-
cal Depart-
ment.
do
do
Mar. 1, 1916
March, 1916
June 26,1907
Jan. 19,1912
June 3,1914
do...
Jan. 11,1913
July 8,1915
Received
flrom Bab-
sistaQceDe>
partmant.
Jane 11,1914
Sept. 19, 1011
Dec. 30,1913
Deo. 4,1914
do
Time in operation
less than 1 year.
3} months.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Da
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
5 months.
Do.
Hauls tntlera.
3 months.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Imonth.
6montha.
4 months.
3 months.
7montha.
456
BEPOBT OF TH£ QUABTEBMASTEB GENEBAL.
Exhibit 22.
Motor trucks in use in Philippine Islands^ June SO, 1916,
Mftka.
Couple Q€ar, 1913.
I>elahAy6,1013...
De Dion. 1913
Ford, 1914
Ford, 1916
Jtfftry, 1914
Jtfftry, 1915
Peerless, 1914
Peerless, 1913
Do
Do
Wliite,1912
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
White, 1914.
White, 1913.
Do
Station.
Manila
Camp John Hay.
Manila'.'. II illlll!
do
do
do
Camp John Hay..
iiiiidoiiiiiiiiii;
do
Manila
do
do
do
do
FortMcKlnley...
Manila
Canm Kiaithley...
By whom used.
Qoartermaster
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Total, 20.
Exhibit 23.
Philippine Islands — Tabulation of imports received from posts in the Philippins Depart-
ment regarding Lauan versus Oregon pine.
Poet.
Augur Banacks
Camp Eldridffe
Camp John Hay ,
Camp KeithMy
Camp McOrath. ,
Camp Nichols ,
Camp Overton. ,
Camp StotsenhoTg
FortMills T ,
Fort San Pedro
Fort Winiam MoKhiley.
Ludlow Barracks
Pettit Barracks
Regan Barracks
Warwick Barracks
Depot quartermaster, Manila.
Preference as to
suitability.
E<iual.......
Oregon pine.
EquaL
Oregon pine.
Oregon
pine.
do ,
do
Lauan
Oregon pine
Equal
do
do
Lauan when pro-
tected from the
weather.
Oregon pine ,
Pref eranoe as to
durability.
Oregpi
nplne.
.do
do
Lauan
Oregon pine.
[IllldoIIIIII
do
Lauan
Oregon pine.
Equal
.....do
do
Lauan
Oregon pine.
Cheaper to put
in place.
EquaL
Oregon ^Do.
EquaL
Do.
EquaL
Oregon pina.
Do!
Lauan.
Oregon pine.
EquaL
Do.
Oregon pina.
Oregon ptue*
RECAPITIILATION.
Lauan
Oregon pine
£qi^
f
t
BEPOBT OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB GENEBAU
457
Exhibit 24.
Philippine I$land$ — Ice, cost per 100 poundi.
Station.
Augur Barracks
Gamp Eldridm
Oamp John Hay
Gamp Keithley
Camp McOrath«
Camp Overton
Oamp Stotsenborg
Fortiiills :
Fort San Pedro, Ik>ilo. ..
Fort William McElnley .
Ludlow Barracks.
Pettit Barracks
Regan Barracks
Warwick Barracks
Net cost of
ice per 100
pounds as
manufiio-
tored.
I0.asi3
.3000
.2782
.2S8S
.1002
.2387
.1642
.1178
1.304
.1533
.2023
.1736
.191
.3442
Depreda-
tion at 10
percent
pirannnm
per 100
pounds.
10.04
.0247
.043
.036
.0311
.0266
.0267
.014
.066
.0832
.0816
.0801
.0307
.061
Total cost
of ice per
100 pounds.
to. 8212
.2256
.3102
.2048
.2002
.2653
.1009
.1318
.460
.1865
.2338
.2127
.2307
.4052
> Should be slightly kss, but the exact amoont of distilled water to be credited can not be determined.
Exhibit 25.
Cost per 1,000 gaUons of water pumped at posts in the Philippine Department.
[The following costs of pumping water at the several posts in the Philippine Department are based upon
the reports of water systems for one year from Apr. 1, 1915, to Mar. 31, 1916.]
Station.
Aetnal
ooetof
operating
pumps
and inci-
dentals
for or-
dinary
repairs.
Esti-
mated
cost to
be added
for depre-
dation
based on
value of
plant and
equip-
ment.
Esti-
mated
cost to
be added
to cost
of coal
stated
in report
to cover
drayage.
Net esti-
mated
cost per
1,000
gallons.
Remarks.
ingnr Barracks
Oamp Keithley
OampMoGrath
Camp Nichols
Fort William ICo-
Kinley.
Ludlow Barracks
PetUt Barracks.
Regan Barracks
Warwick Barracks..
Camp J<^m Hay i. . .
tao6
.19
.13
.04
.081
.060
.147
.065
.103
taoi6
.064
.03
.06
.063
.06
.083
.022
.027
taoi2
None.
.028
.003
None.
.035
.01
.02
.01
taOTS
.254
.188
.103
.134
.174
.19
.107
.14
Low head; required to handle ooal; ship
to pile, pfle to wagon, wagon to plant.
High head; wood fuel delivered at plant.
High head; ooal handled; scows to ooal
shed on beadi, ooal shed to wagon,
wagon to plant.
Low head; intemaKoombustion engine
pmnp; uses mineral oiL
Deep wells, high head; ooal delivered on
soow to plani.
Very hMi head; ooal, same as Augur
Barracks.
Very low head; ooal, ship to oar, car to
plant.
Hlj^ head; same as Augur Barracks, ex-
cept longer haul.
Low head; same as Augur Barracks, ex-
cept shorter hauL
Very high head.
High head.
Very high head.
Camp Stotsenburg *. .
Fort'MiUss T...
1
1
1 Now all electrical power; not sufOdent length of time in operation to determfcie cost.
* New plant read v to install at new wells; old wells fsHed.
* Plant not oompleted; data on hand too variable to quote.
Comparison of estimated cost of water in 39 puitiping plants in MassachusettB with
those <n the Quartennaster Corps in the Philippine Department.
Average...
Minimum.
Maximum.
liassacho-
setts.
tail5
.065
.257
Philip-
pines.
tai51
.078
.254
u
muttrnm
s
a M
IP
nnhni
HIHHiiN
\:\\\\
i ;i
M
ij
U
i3^5M
a| ^iiii| iiiiiiiiii i
BEPOBI OF THE QUABTEBMASTEB OENEBAIi.
§4
I
!l
■^4 444S44 «S'
m^^ ^^-3^ :|^|s4^^^^ ^1^^^^
ISS 8SRSS8 f!S8RKS 8SS8S;:asa38S8 83118388833
'M ««;«e-
f,
'."■"".■
'Mi'
Mlt-
, ,.... iil|..
|ssi ssssss sissss 'Jss'Jsis&sis isssfisass
I is SI I
SEPOBT OF THE QUABXBBMASIEB OENESiLU
461
• • * • t
ISSSSS
8
§
o :u
I
462
BEPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL.
Exhibit 27.
From the apportionmenta made to the Philippine Department fro-n the 1916 appro-
priations, the following amounts were allottea for new construction, annual repairs,
special repairs, alterations and extensions, rentals, purchase of water, and purchase
of electric current:
Appropriations.
B. &Q.,U. S 1310.00
8. 8. & T. Q. M. C, 1016 272.231.36
S. 8. A T. Q. M. C, lOlo-lrt 75.000.00
M. P. E 1.097.60
R. W. W. AD ft6.364.71
B.& Q.P.I 133,P35.31
C. & R. H 22,208.42
8. O. &R 460.12
n.8. Q
Xew con-
struction.
Annual re-
pairs.
146.243.76
2.215.34
43.076.10
121.846.84
12.746.40
8,437.11
5.'»i.48
Special rfr>
pairs, alter-
ations and
extensions.
S500.00
37,378. U
1.809.(9
8.360.09
20,098.S2
1,074,17
41S.O0
Totals:
New construct ion 1821. 207. 4t
Repairs 235 117.08
Specials, etc 70,.'W.46
Total 926,631.91
Rentals:
B. &Q. P. T 3.675,41
B. AQ. U. 8 35,915.50
8. G. A R 321-30
Total 39.943.21
waver: o. o, s x . Vc* aa. >-'..••••••.••••••••.••••.••••••.«.•••••.•..'..«•••.•..•.•...••••••.•.• *if Ovi. ss
Electric current:
8. 8. & T. Q. M. C, Manila 19.968.83
S. 8. & T. Q. M. C, Fort William McKinley 27.517.90
Exhibit 28.
The following amounts for new construction, annual repairs, and 8{>ecial repairs,
alterations, and extensions were allotted the different posts and stations in the Pnilip-
pine Department from the 1916 apportionment:
Headquarters and Manfla.
Augur Barracks
Camp Eldridge
Camp Oregg
Camp John Hay
Camp Keithlev
CampMcGratb.
Camp Nichols
Camp Overton
Camp Stotaenbur?
FoftMOte
Fort San Pedro
Fort William HcKinley . .
Ludlow Barracks
Pettit Barracks
Regan Barracks
Warwick Barracks
China
New con-
struction.
115,427.44
96.44
3,176.60
57.199.25
4,245.83
5.377.18
32,481.53
51.765.07
382,524.51
3.758.11
34,329.62
2,039 12
1,300.00
5,656.55
873.04
956.23
Annual re-
pairs.
138.415.26
8.149.83
7,540.78
918.96
28,829.88
4,270.44
0,004.94
491.72
9.311.36
22,299.40
23,955.06
4,261.74
51,675.74
8,960.52
5,964.73
8,072.49
2,781.06
202.00
Special re-
pairs, alter-
ations, and
extensions.
•4.066.73
3.624.62
1.6Sl.aO
10.299.28
2,084.21
1,157.94
1.256.00
8.016.04
2,785.00
17,010.25
663.10
10,774.49
462.50
310.20
3,208.08
1,037.71
1,874.01
Totals:
New construction.
Repairs.
$621,207.49
235. 117.08
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
463
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
War Dbfabtment,
Office of the Surgeon General,
Washington, September 1, 1916,
The Secretary of War.
Sm: I have the honor to submit herewith the annual report upon
the work of the Medical Department. This covers a study of the
health and sanitary conditions of the Army for the calendar year
1915| and a financial statement for the fiscal year ending June 30
1916. I desire here to invite attention to certain matters of interest
in this report.
geographical distribution.
The United States Army, ag^egating approximately 100,000 men,
had during the year 1915 a wide geograpnical range in its various
activities. Troops were stationed m greater or less numbers from
the sixty-sixth meridian of west longitude to the one himdred and
fifteenth meridian east of Greenwich, and from the sixty-fourth
degree north latitude to within 7** of the equator; distributed over
two hemispheres, literally, from St. Michael to Mindanao, and from
Porto Rico to Pekin.
The significance of this far-extended field of action in its relation
to' the health and disease of the Army is readily appreciated by the
most superficial investigator, and to the student of vital and social
statistics and their appbcation to the comparative study of races and
nations, it assumes a particular importance.
The medical officers of the Army in their capacity of sanitary
advisers to the line, have thus had the opportunity of studying and
applying the recent advances of moden^ preventive medicine under
the most varied and interesting conditions.
In all the changing circumstances of garrison, camp, and field, the
work of the Medical Corps has measured well up to the best tradi-
tions and to the highest standards of the profession. The success they
have achieved is the result of earnest and painstaking effort coupled
with the most important factors — the sympathetic cooperation and
loyal support of those they served.
The following are the officers who have held, during the last year,
the responsible position of department surgeon in the several mihtary
departments of the Army:
Col. Charles Richard, Medical Corps.
Col. Rudolph G. Ebert, Medicid Corps.
Col. William H. Arthur, Medical Corps.
Col. Henry P. Birmingham, Medical Corps.
Col. William Stephenson, Medical Corps.
Col. Guy L. Edie, Medical Corps.
e9176'— WAB 19ie— VOL 1 80 465
466 REPORT OF THE SURGEON OENERAU
Col. William D. Crosby, Medical Corps.
Col. Charles M. Gandy, Medical Corps.
Col. Walter D. McCaw, Medical Corps.
Col. Henry S. T. HarriS; Medical Corps.
GENERAL HEALTH OF THE ARMY.
The general health of the Army was excellent during the year 1915.
There were no epidemics or unusual incidence of infectious diseases.
The mean strength of the entire Army for the calendar year 1915,
upon which the statistics contained in the annual report are based,
was 103,842.
The noneflfective rate for the entire Army for 1915, from all causes,
was 25.22 per 1,000 (for disease alone 20.85), which is slightly higher
than that for 1914, the lowest noneflfective rate in the hStory of the
Army; but still much below the rates for any preceding j^ear, except
1913, when the rate was 23.98. The noneflFective rate during the past
decade shows a steady reduction. In 1906 it was 47.86 per 1,000.
The admission rate for the entire Army for 1915, was 726.19, as
compared with 660.45 per 1,000 for 1914. With the exception of
1913-14, the 1915 admission rate is the lowest in the last 10 ^ears.
The admission rate shows a marked decline since 1906, when it was
1188.00 per 1,000.
The death rate of the entire Army for 1915, from all causes, wap
4.45 per 1,000, compared with 4.40 for 1914, which was the lowest
mortality rate in the Armv for many years. The death rate from
disease was 2.53 per 1,000 for 1915; tne same rate for 1914 was 2.35,
and that for 1906 was 3.77.
The discharge rate for the year 1915, from all causes, was 14.06 pei
1,000, somewhat higher than 1914, when the rate was 12.78 per 1,(X)0,
but still markedly less than the discharge rates prior to 1910, when
they ranged from 16.64 upward.
The total losses of the Army, from all causes: Deaths, discharges,
and retirements, was 18.03 per 1,000 for 1915; for the year 1914 it
was 16.86, the lowest in the past decade.
Malarial fevers show the lowest noneflfective rate in the history of
the Army, 0.54. In 1906 the noneflTective rate for malarial fevers
alone was 2.55 per 1,000. The decade following has demonstrated
the eflTectiveness of the antimalarial measures that have been unceas-
ingly employed by the sanitary officers of the Army each year, exhib-
iting, with but two exceptions, a marked decrease in the mcidence of
the disease.
The record in the Philippines has been speciaUy creditable com-
pared with former years, though here, as in tne Canal 2jone, the Med-
ical Department has been at some disadvantage, through lack of
screening or other antimosquito requisites, due to insufficient appro-
priation of funds for this important work. There should be no fur-
ther delay in properly screenmg all buildings in the Tropics occupied
as hospitals, barracks, or quarters.
The nigheet noneflTective rate, for disease alone, for 1915 was among
the troops stationed in China, 31.78 per 1,000. Then foDows in
order: Panama with 21.66; the Philippine Islands with 21.42; the
I
I
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENEBAU 467
United States, 20.90; Porto Rico, 20.57; and Hawaii and Alaska with
the lowest noneffective rates for the year 1915, 16.20 for Hawaii and
6.02 for Alaska.
TYPHOID FEYEB.
There were eight cases of typhoid fever in the entire Army during
the jesiT 1915; no deaths resulted, all making ^ood recoveries. Oi
the eight cases mentioned, four only occurred within the continental
limits of the United States; the four other cases of typhoid fever
were reported from Hawaii.
During the Spanish-American War, from May 1, 1898, to June 30,
1899, the total number of deaths in our armies. Regular and Volunteer,
was 6,619. This was equivalent to an annual mortality rate of 33.03
?>er 1,000 of strength: the rate for disease alone being 25.68. Typhoid
ever was accountable for more than one-half of the deaths from dk-
ease. The total number of deaths from typhoid fever was 2,774 —
equal to an annual rate of 13.84 per 1,000.
In the United States the r^ulars lost 361 and the volunteers 1,890
from this fever; these numbers being equivalent to the respective
rates of 7.78 and 18.21 per 1,000 of stren^h.
The record of the fight against typhoia fever in the United States
Army during the decade and a half smce the Spanish War, constitutes
one of the most interesting and brilliant chapters in the history of
preventive medicine, beginning with the epoch making investigation
of the "Typhoid Fever Soard into the manner of infection and dis-
semination of the disease in the mihtary camps of 1898, and culmi-
nating 12 years later in the equally notable adoption of antityphoid
vaccination in the United States Army. ^
The results following compulsory vaccination in the Army are now
well known and are exemplified by the record of the present year.
MAT.ARTAL FEVEBS.
Malarial fevers no longer occupy the high place of a few years past
in the sanitary statistics of the Army, when tney ranked well up to the
top of the list of those diseases producing the greatest admission and
noneffective rates in our service. These rat^ have been steadily
falling for the past decade, with the exception of the year 1912,
when an imavoidable exposure of troops m a tropical campaign
occurred with a resulting increase in tne number of cases. The
control of the disease in the Philippines since that time deserves
special notice.
The admission and noneffective rates for the year 1915 for these
fevers are the lowest^ in our experience in the Far East. This result
has been achieved in spite of a serious sanitary handicap existing at
certain of the posts where lack of screening in barracks and quarters
and a badly malarial infected native population in close proximity
makes the task a discouraging and dimcidt one. Appropriation of
adequate funds for the proper screening of all hospitals, barracks, and
quarters in the Philippme Islands should not be further delayed.
The admission rate lor the entire Army dining 1915 was 25.16 per
1,000, and the noneffective rate was 0.54 per IjOOO.
468 BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON QENEBAIj.
Measles is a disease rarely considereci as serious by the layman I
and the practitioner, who see only an occasional isolated case without ^
complications. Under ordinary conditions the mortality from the i
disease itself is not high, but in certain epidemics occurring amonfi; |
nonimmune (native) populations, in large institutions, schools, and
armies, pulmonary and middle-ear complications make measles the
most formidable and deadly of the eruptive fevers.
In the United States Anny, outside of the recruit depots, but few
cases of measles occur, and these iisually in a mild form. The experi-
ence with the disease at several of our recruit depots has been quite
otherwise, however. At these depots, during the winter monUis the
period of most active recruiting, large nmnbers of yoimg adults are
assembled for instruction and equipment. A great many of these
youths are from the country districts and particularly susceptible to
mfectious disease. Given cold weather, necessitating indoor life, an
overcrowded barracks, young and noninmiime individuals in con-
nection with the appearance of a specially virulent form of measles
such as has repeatedly prevailed at Colmnbus Barracks, Ohio, and
Jefferson Barracks, Mo., and you have the conditions which make an
epidemic of measles much more to be feared than smallpox.
As has been stated, respiratory complications, particularly broncho-
pneumonia and empyema, together with frequent involvement of the
middle ear, inevitably results in a high mortality and discharge rate.
The insidious onset of this disease among recruits and its rapid
spread, when once started, through congested quarters, has, in the
past, necessitated the cessation of recruiting for months and the rapid
evacuation of the depots; all ordinary methods for the control of
those epidemics having proved unavailing.
The chief factor in the spread of measles, as it has appeared in our
Army, has resulted almost always from the overcrowdmg of suscept-
ible and infected recruits.
Before another season brings its usual round of cases, complications,
and criticisms, prompt steps should be taken by the proper authority
to provide at all of these recruit depots, and particularly at Coliunbus
Barracks, Ohio, and Jefferson Barracks, Mo., the much-needed and
of ten-reconmiended additional barracks.
TUBERCULOSIS.
Tuberculosis is the cause of the highest death rate in all armies
under peace conditions, differing in no way in tins respect from the
experience among the civilian population, where it produces the
greatest mortality of any infectious disease.
In the United States it has been stated that tuberculosis is respon-
sible for approximately one-tenth of the deaths annually.
The dimculty of recognizing tins disease in its early stages accounts
in part for its appearance among soldiers in spite of the rigid and
thorough physical examination to which they are subjected on
admission mto the service.
All cases of tuberculosis among American troops are sent, without
delay, to the United States Army General Hospital, Fort Bayard.
N. Mex., for prolonged treatment, if necessaryi under climatic ana
J
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENERAL. 469
other conditions most favorable for the arrest of the disease. The
Army Greneral Hospital at Fort Bayard, N. Mex., is intended, mi-
manly, only for those who have pulmonary tuberculosis. The
highly creditable record of cases in this hospital, for a decade or more,
under the conmiand of Col. Geoi^e E. Bushnell, Medical Corps, a
very distin^shed authority on all that relates to tuberculosis, has
been a gratifying feature oi Army medical administration.
The admission rate for this disease for the entire Army for 1915
was 3.49 per 1,000.
VEKEBEAL DISEASES.
Venereal diseases still continue to constitute in the Army of the
United States, as in those ol other countries, a very serious factor
against military efficiency of the Army, just as in civil life these same
diseases occupy a similar commanding and threatening position in
their relation to the welfare and usefulness of the community and
State.
It should be clearly understood that the Army sanitarians and the
military authorities generaUy are fully aware at this time, as they
have been for many years past, of the necessity and importance of
attacking and limiting by every possible means these so-called social
diseases. To that end there have been formulated and put into
vigorous oi)eration measures designed to control to the greatest
degree possible these infections, which always have their ongin, so
far as the soldier is concerned, quite outside of his military me and
duties and far removed from any military authority or discipline.
It is believed that no more comprehensive system of attack against
a disease has ever been institutea in the Army or elsewhere than that
at present in active operation in the United States Army.
It includes, among other features, reg[ular medical examinations
twice a month; prompt isolation, quarantine, and hospital treatment
until cured of all f oimd with infective conditions ; court-martial and
stoppage of pay; the hearty encouragement of athletic games and
sports of all kinds; the furnishing of rational amusements; libraries,
opportunity for study and for school; the best of food and clothing;
and last, but not least, an earnest appeal to the moral and ethical
side is not neglected.
In brief, the Army is controlling its own limited area and is suc-
cessful within its garrisons and camps. The same measures, or
similar ones, adopted by nearby civil commimities would be equally
effective. Until either the sex instinct is abolished or much altered.,
or Federal control is invoked as in certain other diseases far less
threatening, we may expect that the disability from this cause will
continue. In the meantime there should be no relaxing of effort
on the part of the Army. The fight wiU be vigorously continued,
with constant hope for increasing assistance and cooperation from the
civil communities whose interests are quite as vitally concerned as
those of the Army.
In connection with the subject, attention is invited to the remark-
able report of the Royal Commission on Venereal Diseases, lately
i>ublLBhed in England, and also particularly to the recent State legis-
ation in Austria, dealing drastically with venereal infections of
every character.
470 BEPOBT OF THE SUBQBON GENEBAU
ALCOHOLISM.
The admission and noneffective rates for alcoholism in our Army
have steadily diminished during the past decade and a half, keeping
{)ace with the general public sentiment and decreased use of stimu-
ents of this character among all classes in all walks of life in this
coimtry.
The Army has banished alcohol from its garrisons and camps and
the Navy has eliminated it from its ships and yards. All this oef ore
the outbreak of the great war, the struggle which, if it proves nothing
else, has demonstrated long since, by the similar action of the various
nations engaged, that alcohol and military efficiency have nothing in
common and must hereafter be held unqualifiedly antagonistic.
LEGISLATION.
As a result of legislation reorganizing the Army imder the national
defense act of 1916, the Medical Department was placed, for the first
time in its history, upon a satisfactory basis. This is especially true
of the commissioned personnel.
The Medical Corps was reorganized upon a basis of seven medical
officers to each one thousand of the enlisted strength of the Army, the
increase to take place in five annual mcrements. This increase will
add 1,107 officers to the Medical Corps of the Army, raising the total
from 443 to 1,550. The ratios in the various grades remain as pro-
vided by law in the act of April 23, 1908;
Percent.
Colonels 3. 16
Lieutenant colonelB 5. 42
Majors 23. 70
Captains and lieutenants 67. 72
The Dental Corps was reorganized and the probationary contract
system abolished. Dental surgeons are now commissioned as first
lieutenants and after eight yeare' service promoted to captains. It
is further provided that after 24 years' service, not to exceed 15
dental surgeons may be promoted to the rank of major.
The Veterinary Corps was established and becomes an integral part
of the Medical Department. Appointments are made to the Veteri-
nary Corps as assistant veterinarians with the rank of second lieu-
tenant. After five years' service they are promoted to first lieutenant.
The law provides that after 15 years veterinarians attain the rank of
captain and after 20 years' service the rank of major.
A very important provision is made in the national defense act of
1916 for the assignment of not to exceed five officers of the Medical
Department of the Army for duty with the military relief department
of the National Red Cross^ and also permits the erection of store-
houses on military reservations for the use of the Red Cross and the
use of Government buildings for the storage of their medical supplies.
Col. Jefferson R. Kean, Medical Corps, distinguished as a sanitarian
and executive, becomes the first director general of military relief of
the Red Cross, and has already utilized his extended experience to the
very great advantage of both the Red Cross and the Army.
BEPOBT OP THE 8UBQE0N OENEBAIi. 471
ABMT MEDICAL SCHOOL.
The Army Medical School, located at Washington, D. C, has had
an imusuallj successful year.
Col. WiUiam H. Arthur, Medical Corps, is the present head of the
school and has been its commandant since Octooer, 1915. Aj3soci-
ated under his direction, the staff of professors and assistant professors
and special lecturers have given a valuable course of instruction to
the student class, consisting of officers of the Medical Reserve Corps,
who were candidates for appointment in the Medical Corps, medical
officers of the Army and National Guard, and eiJisted men of the
Medical Department who were ordered to the school for special
instruction.
The coxirse has covered a wide range of subjects relating to medico-
military science, the instruction being both tneoretical and practical.
The laboratories of the school have produced all the vaccines used
in the United States Army and in the National Guard, and have like-
wise furnished the antityphoid vaccine for the United States Navy.
The importance of this school to the military service can hardly
be overestimated, and it is recommended that steps be taken looking
to the securing by the Government of a suitable modem building
specially designed for the Army Medical School. Heretofore its
activities have been handicapped by crowded or imperfectly arranged
rented buildings, and while tne present quarters, recently occupied,
are much better adapted to the purposes of the school than any of its
former homes, yet they are far from ideal either in location or arrange-
ment and leave much to be desired.
The Government should provide the Army Medical School with a
permanent and modem home of its own.
LIBRARY OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
It is desired at this time to call attention to the remarkable devel-
opment during the past half century of this important adjunct of the
Medical Department of the Army, and particularly to the great
present neea of a modem fireproof building for the proper housing of
these valuable collections.
The Suigeon General's library began as a small collection of medical
books in the office of Surg. Gen. Lovell in 1835, numbering about 228
volumes in 1840, and increased to about 587 in 1862.
The library in 1865 came first under the master hand of John Shaw
Billings, and to this able medical officer and distinguished bibliogra-
pher must be riven the greatest credit for several unique features in
connection with its development. In 1889 the collection consist|ed of
about 1,000 volumes. In 1895 it had grown, under the administra-
tion of Capt. Billings, to 300,000 portraits, books, and pamphlets.
During this period the Ubrarian conceived and promptly initiated the
ingenious plan of a medical catalogue, indexed for author and subject,
that should embrace not only monographs and standard works but
the reports of individual cases upon wnich so many conclusions of
medical science depend.
From this beginning has developed the universal catalogue of med-
ical literature, The Index Catalogue, the first volume of which was
472 BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENEBAL.
issued in 1880 and consisted of 880 quarto pages. Since that date at
least one such issue has been made annually by him and his able suc-
cessors; Billings hbnself having edited the entire first 16 volumes,
which ran through the alphabet.
This index, requiring great technical knowledge, infallible arrange-
ment, and unceasing inoustry, has been kept fufly up to date and to
the latest professional advances, and, makmg its way over the earth
wherever medical science is known, has brought great credit to the
Army, fame to its designer and compilers, and has received the high
commendation of the whole world — praise not given to mediocre
work.
The present librarian, Lieut. Col. Champ C. McCuUoch, jr., in his
annual report to this office, makes certain recommendations which
are concurred in.
The Sui^eon GeneraVs library on June 30, 1916, contained 563,238
bound volimies, theses, journals, transactions, unbound volumes and
pamphlets, constitut'mg the largest collection of medical literature in
the world.
ABMY MEDICAL BfUSEUM.
The Army Medical Museimi was begun under the direction of Surg.
Gen. William A. Hammond, United States Army, in 1862. It begaa
very modestly, as all the great collections have, but with the passme
years and under the skilled direction of many capable and devot^
hands, it has grown into one of the largest, most instructivei and
valuable museums in existence.
It consists now of approximately 47,000 specimens: Pathological,
anatomical, comparative anatomy, microscopical, and miscellaneous,
and about 15,000 photographs ana negatives. About 8,000 specimens
have been donated or exchanged with other instititions.
MEDICO-mLrrARY OBSERVERS OP EUROPEAN WAR.
The Medical Department has had six representatives with the
armies of the countries now at war. Thase oflBcers of the Medical
Corps are Lieut. Col. Alfred E. Bradley, Majors Joseph H. Ford,
James Robb Church, Clyde S. Ford, and WiUiam J. L. Lyster, and
Capt. Perry L. Boyer.
Maj. Joseph H. Ford spent approximately 13 months with the
Austro-Hungarian armies on the eastern front, his detail extending
from September 26, 1914, to October, 1916. His reports received in
this office have covered a wide range and are most comprehensive and
valuable.
Maj. James Robb Church, who has been present with the French
Army on the western front since January 28, 1916, has already for-
warded much information of value in nis reports on the medico-
military conditions coming imder his notice.
Col. 'feradley, Maj. Qyae S. Ford, and Maj. William J. L, Lyst-er
were officially detaded by the War Department as observers with
the British forces in May, 1916, and are now actively engaged with
their duties in the field. Their arrival in Europe was opportune,
and the information received indicates that their observations will be
of great interest and value professionally and scientifically.
BEPOBT OP THE SUBGEON GENERAL. 473
Maj. Perry L. Boyer was in London, England, at the outbreak of
the war ana departed therefrom September 10, 1914, en route to
Paris, France, as an observer with the French armies, being on duty
in France imtil November 25, 1914, when he returned to the United
States.
The reports made by the members of the Medical Corps detailed
as observers in Europe are of such a character as to warrant, at the
proper time, their presentation in an extended form for the informa-
tion not only of the medical and military student, but for the interest
they will have for the general reader.
ARMY NtJBSE CORPS.
The reports of the work of the Army Nurse Corps have been most
gratifying, and a much-needed increase has been authorized for the
coming uscel year. Great care is exercised in the scJection of its
personnel, with the result that most satisfactory work is being done.
The mobilization of the regular troops and militia having resulted
in the 'establishment of many hospitals on the border, the appoint-
ment of 276 nurses was authorizeci to meet the emergency. At this
time there are on duty at the border hospitals:
Base hospitak:
Fort Sam Houston, Tex » 54
FOTtBliflB, Tex .• 26
Brownsville, Tex 20
Eagle Pass, Tex * 24
Nogales, Ariz 16
Camp hospitals:
Deming, N. Mex 10
Laredo, Tex 10
Douglas, Ariz 10
McAllen, Tex 12
Total 182
Nurses have been and are being appointed in the regular corps as
rapidly as possible to meet the need, and their numbers have oeen
further augmented by the assignment to active duty of a large num-
ber from tne reserve Ust, the enrolled nurses of the American Red
Cross constituting this reserve.
HOSPrTAL TRAIN.
A hospital train, designed in the office of the Surgeon General and
consisting of 10 Pullman cars built in the Pullman car shops at
Chicago, has been prepared to meet the needs of the Medical Depart-
ment and is now in operation. Five of the cars are stripped of berths
and regular hospital beds have been installed; two large side doors
for loading and unloading stretcher cases are provided; two of the
cars are regulation sleepers and equipped with extra fans, call bells,
medicine cabinets, Unen cabinets, extra water and ice tanks, etc.,
installed for ambidant cases. One car has a complete operating
room. The kitchen car is complete and so designed that it can care
for over 200 sick.
'Includes 7 for anlgnmtnt to duty on the hospital train.
474 BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON GENEBAL.
In addition to the Regular Army personnel there will be nurses
from the Army Nurse Corps to act as ward nurses in certain cars^
diet nurses, and two are to be assigned to the operating car.
The train is painted maroon, with the insignia of the Army Medical
Department, and with the train number and car number on each car.
This train will operate between the Mexican border, the west coast,
Hot Springs, and the East. Such additional trains as may be neces-
sary to meet the needs of the service will be provided, including a
completely equipped bath and disinfecting tram for use, if needed,
on tne border in connection with any possible appearance of tjrphus
fever among troops.
EXPEDmON INTO MEXICO.
In March, 1916, an expeditionary force, consisting of United States
troops of all branches, crossed the Rio Grande and entered northern
Mexico. This force during most of the time has consisted of from
8,000 to 12,000 men (a monthly average of about 10,000). During
an experience covering several months of arduous service imder the
most trying climatic and insanitary conditions this 10,000 has main-
tained a remarkable record of health and efficiencv.
Its noneffective rates compare favorably with the best of the home
troops under garrison conditions. The work of the medical officers
and the sanitary personnel has been the subject of special commenda-
tory reports by the commanding general of the expedition.
MOBILIZATION OP THE NATIONAL OUABD.
Under the provisions of the national-defense act of June 3, 1916,
the State troops of the country were called into the Federal service
in June, 1916, by an order of tne President.
The National Guard of the United States, comprising a force con-
sisting of approximately 135^000 officers and enlisted men of various
branches, was rapidly mobilized in their respective State camps.
Here they were suojected to a rigid physical examination, when time
allowed, conforming to that requu*ed in the r^ular service : inspected,
mustered, and eqmpped under the direct supervision of officers oi
the United States Army specially detailed for that duty. As rapidly
as possible these soldiers from ci\U life were transferred to the large
concentration and training camps in the Southern Department and
stationed in close proximity to the troops of the Regular Army,
some 40,000 of which had been occupying the border district adjacent
to the Rio Grande for several years. Tnis sudden and rapid move-
ment of a large body of partially trained or quite inexperienced
troops threw an enormous amount of work and responsibility on
those charged with its execution, and particularly upon the staff and
supply departments of the Army.
To the officers of the Medical Corps of the Army was given the
task of making the physical examinations and administering the vac-
cination against typhoid fever and smallpox, immediately compul-
sory on entering the Federal service imder the existing regulations.
Their assignment to the different camps as sanitary inspectors and
instructors added further to their important duties.
It can be fairly stated that this mooiUzation has been accomplished
with promptness and with the minimum of disease and discomfort.
BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEON GENERAL. 475
In view of the general situation and the suddenness of the call there
is little ground for complaint of any kind, and particularly from the
standpomt of hygiene and sanitation. A comparison with a some-
what similar mobilization of citizen soldiers in the sunmier of 1898
and its results shows clearly the advance that has been made in the
^owledge of preventive medicine and camp sanitation in the Army
since the days of the Spanish-American War.
From the weekly telesraphic reports of **sick and wounded" for
the combined forces on the southern border the sick rate since mobil-
ization has been less than 2 per cent, which, expressed in terms of
noneffectiveness, is eqmvalent to a rate of 18.13 per thousand.
The mobilization of the National Guard in 1916 offered a unique
and valuable opportimity for instruction to the members of both the
National Guard and the Kegular Army. The medical officers of both
branches have rendered excellent service, and the exceptionally low
sick rates that have prevailed during the first few months in the
combined camps of the border speak in the highest praise of their
ability and efficiency.
HEALTH OF THE ABHT.
International Nomenclaturb.
The diagnostic terms for diseases and injuries, adopted by the
Medical Department in accordance with the International Nomen-
clature, are used with the international nimibers for the fourth year
in this report.
The International Nomenclature is used by most of the imj>ortant
foreign countries. It is also used by the Census Bureau in this
country and by an increasing nimiber of boards of health and large
hospitals.
In studyuig statistics for other countries where the terms used are
expressed in a foreign language, the international nimiber furnishes a
ready key for their interpretation.
Following Table No. 81 vdll be found the 10 tables giving ihe
military statistics for the year 1916, as agreed upon at the Liter-
national Conmiission for the Unification of the Medical Statistics of
Armies, held at Budapest in 1894, at Madrid in 1903, and modified
by the last meeting held at Berlin in 1907. The dic^ostic terms and
nimibers used in these tables are those i^eed upon by the com«
mission, and are not to be confused with the terms and nimibers of
the international nomenclature used in the remainder of this report
and based upon the second decennial revision by the international
commission held in Paris, July 1 to 3, 1909.
As in 1912, 1913, and 1914, only original admissions are used in
compiling the statistics in this report. In the years 1904 to 1911,
inclusive (reports 1905-1912), the readmissions were counted as
admissions. In this report in making comparisons between cases and
admissions, the terms case admission (reports 1913-1916, inclusive,
and prior to the one for 1905) and total admission (reports 1905-
1912, inclusive), will be used.
Admission Rates.
Table No. 81 shows the total admission and case admission rates for
American troops of the Army, for the United States, continental
(exclusive of Alaska), and for American troops in the Philippine
Islands, for diseases, external causes, and all causes separately for
each year 1904 to 1911, inclusive.
Table No. 68 J gives the rates per 1,000 for the entire Array. So
much interest has been shown concerning the incidence of certain
diseases, especially tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and venereal diseases,
for the entire Army — that is, for all officers and enlisted men, both
American and native troops — that it was deemed advisable to pubUsh
this data to include all troops together. The rat^s for American
troops, enlisted men, placed in comparison for ready reference, may
be found in Tables Nos. 69 and 76.
476
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENERAL.
OFFICERS.
477
The mean strength of officers was 4,394, as obtamed from the
reports of sick and wounded of the Medical Department, and 4,873,
from the office of The Adjutant General. There were 2,430 admis-
sions. 18 deaths, and 103.58 constantly noneffectiye from all causes,
equal to ratios of 553.03, 3.69, and 23.57 as compared with ratios oi
495.76, 4.76, and 23.12 per 1,000 for the year 1914. The constantly
noneffective rate was higher than for 1914; the admission also was
hidber.
The chief causes of admission and their rates were: Influenza,
60.54; bronchitis, 42.33; diarrhea and enteritis, 39.14; diseases of the
pharynx, 31.63; diseases of the nasal fossae, 29.59, and dengue, 20.94.
OFFICEIBS RETIBED.
Eighteen officers were retired on account of disability diiring the
year, making a rate for retirement for disability of 3.69 per l.olOO as
compared with 6.22 per 1,000 for 1914. The oischarge rate tor dis-
ability in enlisted men (all) was 14.06, as compared with 12.78 per
1,000'^for 1914.
The foUowinff table shows the principal causes for which retire-
ments were made and the rank and age of the officers retired :
Tablb No. 1. — Retirement of officers. United States Army, year 1916, for disability, hy
causes and rank, grouped by ages.
Total.
Ages of officers, quinquennial groups.
Num-
ber.
Ratio
per
1,000
of all
offi-
cers.
24
years
and
un-
der.
25 to
29
years.
30 to
34
years.
35 to
39
years.
40 to
44
years.
45 to
40
years.
50 to
54
years.
55 to
50
years.
60
years
and
over.
CAUSES or BrrnuciiKirT.
NemasthCTLia
4
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.82
.62
.41
.41
.21
.21
.21
.21
.21
.21
.•21
1
......
1
2
BrUdit's disease
2
1
OmmiclM>Artdi!W&<ie... ^
1
Fractures, results of . .............
1
1
Diabetes
1
1
Myelitis
EDUeDST
1
neatness and otitis media... .....
1
Peoumonia reimlts of.,r,
1
1
Ai^pfocliolithi
Flat foot
1
i
EANK IN SEBYIOE.
Colonel
1
3
4
8
1
1
.21
.62
.82
L64
.21
.21
1
Lieutenant oolonel
i
1
2
1
1
Major v.:....:::.:::.
2
1
Captain
1
1
1
4
Flrtt lieutenant
Second lieutenant 1..
1
t
Number of retirements
18
4,S73
3.09
*2i6'
1
906
LOO
1
801
L12
2
966
2.07
4
860
4.66
2
487
4.11
4
258
15.50
4
140
26.85
Number of ofDcers in service
Ratio per 1,000 of each group
82
There were 18 deaths, with a rate of 3.69 per 1,000| as compared
with 23 deaths, with a rate of 4.76 in 1914.
478
BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEON QENEBAL.
The following table shows the causes of deaths of officers:
Table No. 2,— Deaths of officers, United States Army, year 1915, by causes and rank,
• grouped by ages.
Total.
Ages of officers, qolnqaenniml groopi.
Num-
ber.
Ratio
per
1,000
of all
offi-
cers.
24
years
and
under.
26 to
29
years.
90 to
34
years.
35 to
30
years.
40 to
44
years.
46 to
40
years.
60 to
M
years.
66 to
60
60
yoan
and
ow*
CAU8B8 or DIATO.
By onishing (2 by fall of
aeroplane, 1 by over-
tonune auto, 1 by fall
from none in polo
game)
4
8
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
0.82
.62
.41
.41
.41
.21
.21
.21
.21
.21
1
1
a
1
1
By soidde (2 by gonsbot,
Iby hanging)
Organic heart disease (1
valvular, 1 hypertro-
phy and'dflatation)
Pneumonia
1
1
1
2
Pancreas, dLwase of the . .
Septicemia
1
I
I
Carcinoma
1
Apoplexy, cerebral
Uioer of stomach
1
1
Causes unknown
1
••■; :'.
•••••••
-i—i— ^
RANK IN flKBVICX.
Colonel
1
2
4
6
4
2
.21
.41
.82
1.03
.82
.41
1
Lieutenants c<Monel
1
8
1
Vb^f^ -
1
1
4'
Captains
Firet lieutenants ] .
i*
1
1
8
Beoood lieutenants. .....
Number of deaths.
Number of officers in
service.
18
4,873
3.80
1
215
4.66
2
006
2.01
8
801
8.87
2
066
2.07
4
850
4.66
4
487
8.11
268
1
140
6.71
1
6»
Death rate per 1,000 of
each group
lf.S>
ENLISTED MEN.
The mean enlisted strength of the Army, American troops, white*
and colored, for the year 1915, as reported on the monthly sick reports
of the Medical Department, was 93,262, and on the returns oi TTie
Adjutant General s Office, 94,729. The former represents the
strength of the commands from which the sick returns were made and
was used in calculating all ratios except those for deaths and dis-
charges. As all deaths and discharges were reported, even of those
absent from a command, the total strength as obtained from The
Adjutant (General was used in calculating ratios pertaining to those
headings. There was an increase in strei^h over the year 1914, for
which the medical returns showed 87,228 and The Adjutant General's
Office, 88,133.
During the year 1915 American troo^ were stationed in the United
States proper, the Philippine Islands, China, Alaska, Hawaii, and the
Canal Zone. Native troops served in Porto Rico and the Philippine
Islands. Statistics for the native troops, Porto Ricans and the Phil-
ippine Scouts, have been separately compiled, and when reference
BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEOK GENEBAL.
479
is made to the "Army" in this report the entire Army — officers,
white, colored, and native enUsted men — is meant.
The size of garrisons in the Tropics, which constituted such a large
f percentage of our military forces, renders of more importance than
ormerly the general rates for the entire Army.
Charts A, S, C, D, E, F, and G are for the entire Army for the dec-
ade 1906-1916. For years prior to 1906 the same data as shown in
these charts will be found published in the report for 1912, pages 14,
15, and 16.
Table No. 76 gives American troops, enlisted men by countries,
placed in companson for 1915.
The admission and noneflFective rates for the entire Army and for
the troops in geographical divisions are readily oomparable m the fol-
lowing tabulation :
Admission and noruffective rates for entire Army and for troops in geographical divisiont
for years 1915 and 1914-
Army
(entire).
Ameri-
ran
troons
of the
Army
(en-
listed
men).
Enlisted men serving in geographical divisions.
United
States
(at
home).
Alaska.
Canal
Zone.
Hawaii.
Philippine
Islands.
Chhia.
Porto
RIoo.
Ameri-
can
troops.
Native
troops.
Admissian rates:
1916
72itl9
660.45
25.22
23.78
744.59
665.83
25.88
24.02
704.01
629.84
25.74
23.37
38(L63
422.96
8.91
10.52
871.00
955.22
26.00
37.30
568.94
523.27
20.44
18.75
990.45
877.69
29.15
30.68
573.84
714.14
15.68
20.30
1,462.17
1,080.23
35.00
29.68
655.07
1914
629.30
Noneffective rates:
1915
22. 7S
1914
22.52
The rates are slightlv higher this year for the United States,
Hawaii. China, and for the American troops in the Philippine Islands.
A decided reduction in admission and noneffective rates occurred in
Alaska, Canal Zone, and the Phihppine Islands (native troops). The
niost marked reduction is noted in the admission rate for the Philip-
pine Scouts and in the noneffective rate for the troops serving m
Canal Zone.
ADMISSIONS TO SICK REPORT (AMERICAN TROOPS, ENLISTED MEN).
[See Tables Nos. 60 and 76.]
The admissions to sick report during the year 1915 show a slight
increase, being 744.59 as compared with 665.83 in 1914. The admis-
sion rate for disease only is 610.32; in 1914 it was 539.46. Table
No. 81 shows the case admission and total admission rates for all
American troops, those in the United States and those in the Philip-
pine Islands, 1904 to 1911, inclusive. The diseases causing the
nighest admission rates were: Venereal, 107.71; diseases of the
pharynx, 66.10; bronchitis, 35.17; influenza, 34.27; and diarrhea and
enteritis, 31.51. The rates just given are for the American enlisted
men of the Army and are g^esn. first for convenience of comparison.
For the entire Army (all officers and enlisted men, including native
480 REPORT OF THE SURGEON QEKERAL.
troops) the rate is 726.19. For disease only the rate is 597.02. The
rate for disease this year is slightly higher both among the American
troops and for the entire Army. This is probably accoimted for by
the mcreased rates for venereal diseases.
For venereal diseases the rate for white troops was 1 05.81 , a decrease
over 1914; for colored, 136.30, which was slightly higher than for
1914. The rates in the Philippines for these troops were 177.08 and
258.76, respectiveljr, which are higher for both races over the rates
of 1914 in the Philippines, 174.79 and 233.76, respectively. Th^
high rates are undoubtedly due to social conditions and indicate tiie
necessity for a change of conditions before rates comparable to those
obtaining in the United States may be expected. As the rate for
1912 for colored troops in the Philippines was 524.06, the highest
recorded in the Army, the present rate is an index of the effectiveness
of the measures instituted for improvement in this condition.
The case admission rate for external causes, American troops,
enlisted men, was 134.27. In 1914 this rate was 126.37, and in 1913,
136.52. The principal causes for this rate were: Traumatism by
fall, 36.16; injuries by animals, 12.33; traumatism by cutting or
other piercing instruments. 10.57; traumatism by crushing, 6.66;
bums, 4.12; and poisoning by food, 3.44.
NONEFFECnVB BATES.
Chart B shows for the entire Army the constantly noneffective
rate for all causes from the year 1906 to 1915, inclusive. This rate
is the true measure of nonemciency of the Army from sickness and
injury. The rate for disease and injury obtained for the total Ameri-
can troops, enlisted men, for the year 1915 was 25.88, as compared
with 24.02 for 1914 aiid 24.33 per 1,000 in 1913. The rate for 1914
is the lowest recorded noneffective rate in the history of the Axmy.
The highest noneffective rate on record was for the year 1898, whai
the total rate was 82.83 per 1,000, and the rate for diseases alone was
69.09.
The noneffective rate for all troops in the military service, or the
entire Army, from all causes, was 25.22 (for disease alone, 20.85),
which is slightly higher than that for 1914, but still much below the
rates for any preceding year, except 1914, when the rate was 23.78.
This rate during the past decade shows a steady reduction. In 1906
the noneffective rate was 47.86.
DISCHABGES FOB DISABUJIT.
Chart D gives the rates for discharges for disability for the Army
from the year 1906 to 1915, inclusive.
Soldiers stationed outside of the territorial limits of the United
States are brought to the United States for discharge, except those
belonging to the Porto Rican Regiment and the Pmlippine Scouts.
They are, however, credited in the tabulated reports to the coontr^
in which the soldiers were serving when they became disabled, if their
commands were there at date of discharge.
The present system requires that all soldiers certified by medical
officers to be permanently incapacitated for the miUtary service shall
be critically examined by a board of two medical officers before ~
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
OiOTt A.~ATmy. Offieeri
™o;».
•/ears
-7?sies^.
/ X- 3 1
a a o 6
7 o e o c
/ /
'^ f £ -r 9 f a /
e e o o e a o
a o a o a o o
*•
1
\ \.A i 1 ,1
'"#
1
1
1
*
/ / C X.
I
1
1
1
1
/ o V T-
1
1
1
1
1
? <( i^.
_
_
=
^
_
1
1
i
i
1
/f/e
^ -^ a.
1
1
1
1
1
/f//
S s-^.
=
=
=
=^
^
=
■
■
■
1
1
1
/f/z
9 a i(.
1
1
1
i
1
~
/f/j
^ iS iS.
=
=
^
=
1
1
1
1
/f/V
i( t: a.
1
/?/}
-- J 1 1 1 1 I..I.
1
482
REPORT OF THE SURGEON OENBBAU
Chart B. — Army. Offioert and American and native troop*.
INoneOectiTe rates, all causes, years IM)&-1915.]
P^frs
TZe^^s
/o. xo. So. &^o.
/fo 6
^r.^^
/for^sss
/fOS
^/Ms
/far
^a.^8
/f/^>
^^.sf
«■
/f//
Jx.as
/f/n
^f.zv
/f/sz<?ss
/^/YX^.Ti
/f/^zsiz^
lAMMM
i
J-
BEPOBT OF THE SITBGEON OENEBAL.
483
Cfuoi C. — Army. Officers and Ameriean and native troopt.
INonelltotive nUs (or disease, yean 1W6-1015.)
yesrs.
-T^fif^s.
0 s: /o. /f. zo. :zf: So. ^s: j/o.
/ f O 6
'^/.Z ^
/ ? a y
^r.r^
/ ^ a S
^ -r-.^f
/ r ^/
^'^.fS
/ f / Cf
Zf.^ ^
/ f / /^7:z 7"
/ ^ y ^
z&^.^ /
/ f / ^
/y.yo
/ ^ / ^
/r-
/ f / J-'Z o.^ r
484
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
discharged. The reports of these boards go to the departmeat head-
quarters from where discharges are ordered^ except in the cases of
soldiers at a recruit depot or general hospital, and Uie reports of
boards on insane patients. In the latter circumstances the reports
are sent to the Aojutant General of the Army, who directs the dis-
charge or issues the order when insane are recommended to be trans-
ferred to the Government Hospital for the Insane, Washington, D. C.
The discharge rate for 1914 was lower than for any year since the
Spanish-Amencan War, being 12.99 as compared with 14.26 for the
year 1915. In 1915 there were in the Army 1,351 men, American
troops, discharged for disability , as compared with 1,145 during 1914.
The corresponding rate for 1913 was 13.24. The rate for 1867 was
13 per 1,000, and the lowest rate from 1894-1898, inclusive, was that
for 1895, the lowest on record in the Anny, 9.15 per 1,000. The
highest rate in any year for discharge for disability was in 1849, when
the total rate for discharge was 76.7 per 1 ,000. The rate for the entire
Army was 14.06 per 1,000.
The discharge rate for disease in 1915 (American troops) was 12.79
per 1,000, as compared with 11.39 in 1914, and that for external
causes was 1.47 in 1915 as compared with 1.60 in 1914. The diseases
causing the highest discharge rate in 1915 were as follows, absolute
numbers and rates per 1 ,000 being given :
DiBchargeSf enlisted men (American troop8)t year 1915.
DisMse.
Number.
Ratio.
M«ntii1 Allmatfon
8U
170
118
78
85
47
8.91
Taberculosis (all)
L7f
Flat foot :
l.S
VoneraaldiffMiMs.. . . ..^ .. .. . . . x.......^^^^,^...^,*
.81
Epilepsy
.61
Oy^niflhffartdlaoftoe. . . ....... ... .. ..... . .. .. ............... ..
.98
DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES.
Chart E shows the total death rate for all causes for the Army from
the year 1906 to 1915, inclusive. (See also Table 3A.)
For American troops, enlisted, the total rate for 1915 was 4.60 as
compared with the corresponding rate of 4.45 for 1914 and 4.86 for
1913. The rate for 1916 is but httle above the rate for 1914, which
was the lowest on record in the Army. Hie highest death rate oc-
curring in any year was in 1849, when the total rate for deaths was
80.2. The deatn rate for diseases was 2.60 in 1915; 2.36 in 1914, and
2.57 m 1913. The total number of deaths in 1915 was 436. The
following diseases caused the highest number of deaths, absolute
numbers and rates per 1,000 being given:
Deaths, enlisted m^n {American troops), year 1915,
Disease.
Taberculosis
Pneamonla (lobar)
Organic heart disease
Measles
Appendicitis
Epldemio cerebrospinal meningitis
0.88
.81
U
U
REPOBT OF THE SURGEON GENEBAL. 485
The following were the principal causes of deaths, among officers
and enlisted men, American troops, from external causes, with Uie
niunber in each instance: Suiciaes, 53; homicides. 21; drowning,
accidental, 34; traiunatism by fall, 9; traumatism oy other crush-
ing, 29; traumatism by firearms, 12.
INFLUENCE OF STATION ON TBOOPS.
R^arding the comparative healthfulness of the yarious countries
in which American troops were serving during the year (Army trans-
ports being excluded)^ it will be noted that Alaska maintains the lowest
admission and noneffectiye rates, 386.63 and 8.91 per 1,000, respect-
ively; the Canal Zone the lowest death rate, 2,37 per 1,000; China
had uie lowest discharge rate, 9.74; China also had the highest non-
effective rate. 35.00, as well as the highest admission rate, 1 ,462.17 per
1,000; the Philippine Islands the nighest discharge rate, and the
Unit^ States the highest death rate.
486
BEPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
Chart D. — Army, Officers and American and native troop$.
[Disoliarge rates, all causes, yean, 1906-1015.]
/'
e ffrs.
"Tds^cs
/ ? O 6
X¥.^ S
/fa?'
/ f./Z
/ f 0^
/ T'.SZ
/f^r
/^.^
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/ s.^r^
////
/f/x
/ ^.x a
/^.^
/f/s
/x,^
/ T / ^ / x.y 7
/f/r
/&^.o^
BEPOBT OF THE STJBGEON GENEBAL.
487
Chart E. — Army. Officers and Ameriean and native troops,
[D«atti ntes, aU causes, years 19(»-1M6.]
Y^ers.
/rVa'eJ.
a / X S ^ s- ^
1 1 1 1 r '
/7^^
6.r3
1
/f or
r.r/ HjHHHHJI
1
*
/ f O 8
x ^^^^^^^^^^^^H
1
/?^f
F ^^^^^^^^^H
/ f/ o
•
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/ f/x.
>K7'r^HHH|Hi
/ f/ ^
^,/ r-^^^^^^^^^M
1
/^/y
^yo HHHH|
/ ? /r
y.^X MMjjj^MHI
Chart F. — Ampt Officer » and Amenean and va^ve iroopt.
(Death, dlscbaigs, anid noneffecUv* rates (or dlseaee, years 1906-ins.l
/e4rs.
T^st^s.
ffa6
ffar
/fa?
/fa?
/f/c
/f//
/f/z
/f/s
///>/
/f/s-
7>«f*X. "^'st/ttyt ^tet/fft
3.rr
J.rr
3.6 3
^.ag
z.rp
z.^y
zMf
z,^o
z,s
z.s-3
XZ.2*/¥/.Z
/^.f?
/r.ff
/ s:csjv.f
/ZiOdZf.^
/Z.S /z7:z
/ /.T'o
/ /,Z3
/z,^s
Tis^es. a jr /A /fza zsrSo. SJt^o.
^r,r?
3ry
/ ay? z&i^ /
/fT"'
Za.9
488
J>/sc/^ry«s ^§^ J^e/f/ectf^ K^^^
CAart Q. — Armg, Offieert and AtMtitan and native tnopt.
[Total loa«, dl OMlMi, jwn UOO-UU.)
7>e^As^^^ ■7fiei'/r^'^i2^fJte^'fr^ ^^-^tv/^o^jw
490 BEPOET OF THE SURQEON OSNEBAI>.
Chart S. — Arm^. O^fxn and Ameriean aitd Tuttive troopi.
BBPOBT OF THE STJBGEON GENERAL.
491
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492
HBPOBT OF THE STTBOEON QENEBAL.
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11
I
BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON OENESAL.
493
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6
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to
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A*
O
A*
I
i
I
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«i4*i4^4«HC4«^'^ «i4 ^4 ^4 ^4 9i« v4 *i« *^
88
SS^S388Sl;s^;S9«S
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^8
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I
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494
BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON GENEBAK
INFLUENCE OF ASMS OF SEBYIOB.
The admission rate for disease was highest for the Field ArtiHerj,
being 764.67, wiiile the Ordnance Corps had the lowest, 426.21 per
1,000..
The death rate was highest in the Ordnance Corp^, 6.78, and lo^rest
in the Field Artillery, 1.79; the Hospital Corps being next with 2.02
per 1,000.
Tablb No. 4. — Influence of disease on enlisted American troops of the Army, hy camu of
service, for the year 1915.
Mean
strength.
Infontry
Cavalry
Coast Artmery
Field Artillery.
Enclneen.:...
Oramanoe
Signal Con;)e...
Hospital Corps
Others
TotaL...
34,090
14,406
18,963
5,509
1,877
725
1,364
3,891
12,435
93,262
Ad-
mitted.
22.535
8,361
10,194
4,212
1,282
309
594
2,135
7,298
56,920
Dis-
charged
on certi-
ficate of
disabU-
ity.
461
149
273
76
21
1
10
50
162
1,212
Died.
Con-
stantly
non-
effective.
75
30
49
10
7
5
5
8
67
246
781.60
284.01
882.31
133.^
57.58
9.60
23.83
74.77
245.73
1,992174
Ratio per 1,000 of
Ad-
mitted.
66L04
58a 80
537.57
764,57
683.00
426.21
435.48
548.70
586.80
6iaa2
Dis-
charged
onoerti-
flcateof
disabil-
ity.
13.31
iai8
14.17
13.60
11.01
1.36
7.21
14.08
12L83
1X79
Died.
2117
2L06
2L54
L79
3.67
6.78
8.61
Z03
4.51
XOO
Ooo-
stantly
non-
IOlTS
aaie
94.19
aa68
13Lg7
17.47
19.23
19. TV
2LS7
The following table shows the relative frequency of the occurrence
of the more important diseases for the various arms of service; figure 1
indicating the nighest ratio and figure 8 the lowest in each case for
each arm:
Tablb No. 6. — Rdaiivejrequeruy of occurrence of certain important diseateit by arms </
service, in the Army, among American troops, enlisted men, year 1916,
Arms of sanrlos.
Intentry
Cavalry
Coast ArtiUery
Field Artillary
E •
O
Signal Corps. . .
Hospital Oorpt.
1
4
6
2
3
8
5
7
Most important diseases.
2
3
4
1
6
8
7
5
k
I.
i
4
3
8
1
2
7
6
6
3
6
5
2
1
8
7
4
2
3
4
1
5
6
8
7
J
6
7
5
8
8
4
3
1
3
5
3
7
6
4
8
1
4
7
6
6
3
8
8
1
3
1
A.
I
J
BEPOBT OF THE SXJBOEON GENERAL.
495
Chart L — UniUdStatet andPhUippine Islands. Officers ondAmmcan andnaUve troops,
(KodflfleoUve rates for special diseases, year 1016.]
t'-
^
^
■Site
y^.
^
^
%
i
I
g
;:^
I
^
7-
I
I
p?:
^
^
I
^
^
^
^
^
^^s
3.i¥sr.75
.2-/
/.-z^
y^
\
0
V
A)
5
\
.Vi
I
\
■5:
N
l
.sr/
/3
^7
1
\
'J
I
1
<0
/^-
'^/ercuAsU "DyreM^er^,
496
BEPOET OF THE SURGEON GEKEBAL*.
Chart P.^-Army. Officers and American and native troap§,
(AdmiBsioii lotos for malarbl feven, yean 1906-1916.]
/
Ctfrs
'7?e¥'e.s.
9 /a Xo Jo 'i'a ^ ^o'T'o •g'o To /oo ^/o ^XO
/fa6/x "^ya
/9 ay
^ /,'yo
/ffig
-rf.^^
/faf
^.fM/
/f/o
^il.Z'^
/f//
^r.^z
/f/:i
/f/s
/f/¥
/f/j- xr,/6
*«i
♦^^
BEPOBT OF THE BUBQEON GENEBAIi.
497
Chart K. — Army. Officen and American and native troopi.
(NooaOacUve rates for malarial ferws, years 1800-1015.]
yefrs.'Kr^es
^fo /.oo /.^a z.ao ieS'o
/fO&
Z.S-S-
/fo7
/.^X
/fOZ
S^
/fOf
/f/C
.9^
/f//
,8'S-
/f/Z
/.or
/?/s
.AS
/f/&^
.-//
/f/s .^^
Chaari L, — ilrmy. Total Anurioan enliited men.
CAdmteloo Mid nonsfleotiv* rates, all oauaes Mid dbwM, by tnm o( nrylot,
191&.]
^ /^^ ;?0O ,9^0 4<9o Joo 4oo 7^ too ^o
s^
g/ 4.xa\
3 O.dS
Y93.4
^m
^i^/<
^F3.?
r
^z/'*^A
9
ZS.3'
rz*/./*
/3.3:
^
^/t^yacy/rt^/reffs^
BEPOBT OF THE SX7BQE0K GEKEBAIj.
499
The f ollowiiig tabulation exhibits the admission and noneffectiye
rates for the mfferent races for the principal diseases causing the
greatest nonefficiency;
DiieaieBeauringihegrmfeHamourUcffumiffi^^
theraoUh, together wUh their admiuion raU»j in raUoe per 1,000 of mean ttrength.
Army, total
enlbted.
White.
Colored.
Porto Rioans.
PhDippfaie
Scouts. '
Nonef-
fective
rates.
Admis-
sion
rates.
Nonef-
fective
rates.
Admis-
sion
rates.
Nonef-
fective
rates.
Admis-
sion
rates.
Nonef-
fective
rates.
Admis-
sion
rates.
Nonef-
fective
rates.
Adml».
sion
rates.
Venereal diseases —
Tubercolosis
Mental aUenatlom. . .
Bronchitis
4.62
1,72
.85
.62
.50
.50
.54
.46
.44
.41
.40
.88
108.52
8.56
8.74
84.56
42.44
' 8.24
25.74
9.80
82.25
81.76
6.45
JLiS2
4.68
1.74
.80
.68
.67
.68
.50
.47
.47
.42
.45
.41
.88
106.81
8.44
8.88
85.06
46.48
8.84
28.60
ia80
85.06
81.87
7.22
6.92
8.80
6.25
2.60
1.04
.65
.84
.65
.17
.54
.81
.20
.01
.28
.26
186.80
4.66
8.27
86.87
28.60
7.24
8.44
9.82
22.40
26.19
.84
4.18
X24
4.82
.19
.28
80.67
1.47
L47
1.96
.58
.16
.48
.06
.03
1.54
.17
.04
.45
.07
.03
.06
34.88
4.54
X86
28.52
TQnsiUitis,aoutelol-
Ucular..
.06
2194
8.00
Appendicitis
.78
.85
8.81
80.11
Mamps
8.00
tnfliMnia
.10
.23
X04
17.62
1.68
Piarrliea and enter-
itis
87.60
Heaslcs
1.45
Articular rheoms-
tism, acute and
chronic ..••• •
.41
4.41
.54
Sernia
.86 1 2.50
.78
1
It win be seen from the above tabulation that the "white troops
have next to the highest rate for venereal diseases, 105.81 per 1,000;
the colored troops the highest, with 136.30. while the native troops
(Porto Ricans and Philippine Scouts) had tne lowest rate, 89.57 and
84,33| respectively.
INFLUENOB OF BAOE.
[See Tables 67 and 75.]
Table No. 67 shows that the white trt)ops had the highest admission
rate, while the colored troops have the hidbiest death, dischiurge. and
noneffective rates. Porto Kico had the lowest admission ana dis-
chaj^ rate, and the Philip{)ine Scouts the lowest death and non-
effective rates. The admission rates were: White trt)ops, 745.17;
coloredi 735.87; Philippine Scouts, 573.84*; and Porto Ricans, 665.07.
The constantly noneffective rates were: Colored, 28.46; white,
26.70; Porto Ricans, 22.78; and Philippine Scouts, 15.68 per 1,000.
The discharge rates were: Colored, 15.85; white, 14.16; rhOippine
Scouts, 11.44; and the Porto Ricans, 7.34 per 1,000.
The death rates were: Colored, 5.51; white, 4.54; Porto Ricans,
4,41: and the Philippine Scouts, 2.54 per 1,000.
The rates for total losses were: Colored, 21.36; white, 18.70; Phil-
ippme Scouts, 13.98; and Porto Rican troops, 13.45 per 1,000.
The average number of davs lost for each case treated was : Porto
Ricans, 14.98; colored, 14.12; white, 12.59; and Philippine Scouts,
9.97 per 1,000.
500 BEPOET OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
COMFABISON WITH FOBEIGN ARMIES.
As in previous years it has been customary to make an effort to
compare the health conditions in the United. States with the same
conoitions in the armies of Great Britain, the continental powers, and
Japan. Owing to the unusual conditions which have existed throngh- |
out the calendar year 1915 in Europe, no effort at comparison is made >
in this report. |
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. I
Table No. 66 shows the principal surgical operations performed by
medical officers upon the personnel of the Army. Operations up<m
families of officers and enlisted men and other civilians who are en-
titled to treatment at Army hospitals at the various posts are not
included. During the year 1915 there were 6,323 operations per-
formed, of which 6.244 were successful, 36 partially successful, ami
15 failures; 28 deaths resulted. Of the anesthetics used, ether was
more prominent, bein^ xised in 2,459 cases, chloroform in 135, local
anesthesia in 2,865, chloroform and ether or gas in 63, and other
general anesthetics in 7 cases. Six hundred and eleven appendec-
tomies were performed, of which 15 were gangrenous, 6 resulting
in death; 289 herniotomies and 14 operations for goiter.
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GEBEBAL.
XTVITED STATES (COB'TIB'EB'TAL) EXCLXTSIVE OF ALASTfA
ADMISSION BATE.
Cases only are counted; readmissions for the same illneas are
omitted in counting cases. Table No. 81 shows case admissions and
total admissions for enlisted American troops of the Army for the
United States and American troops, Philippine Islands, 1904 to
1911, indusire.
i
I
Tear.
Caae admissloo rate.
Noa-
effeotive
rate, all
oauses.
tirerato far dl»>
All
causes.
For
disease.
External
oauses.
VenereaL
niliiiii.
1915
704.01
629.84
619.90
73a 70
837.00
840.00
564.49
498.83
487.94
596.94
680.00
662.00
139.52
131.01
131.96
141.76
157.00
178.00
25.74
23.37
22.94
27 15
81.40
33.96
3.90
3.75
3.58
&96
8.82
10.14
2.33
1914
xm
1913
xm
1912
i.«
1911
urn
1010
i.fi
The admission rate for 1915, 704.01, is slightly higher than for the
precedmg year; this rate is compared with the rate for five years
preceding m tne total above. The noneffective is lower than the
average for preceding five years.
DISOHARGES FOR DISABIUTY.
The disability discharge rate for the United States for 1915 was
13.60 per 1,000, as compared with 14.82 for 1914, 13.45 for 1913.
14.48 for 1912, 15 for 1911 and 15.28 for 1910. It will be noted
that the rate is considerably lower than for 1914.
Table No. 7. — Di$charge$ fordi$ability,vear J915, Uniud Stata, ecmHnental (exdutHm§
Alatka).
Number
die-
diarged.
Per
oent-
ageof
total
dia-
diarns
for<U».
eases
or ex-
ternal
causes.
Disdiarses tor disability.
Oauses of dJioharce.
In
line of
duty.
Not in line of
duty.
Disoliarsad 9ot
disability betee
sislpifneiil
Con-
traoted
oenre
enlist-
ment.
Con-
tracted
after
eniist-
ment.
In
line of
duty.
Not la
Una of
dnty.
DISBA8C9.
Nervous system and orpuM of special sense.
Nervoos system
280
S53
164
«S
S6
12
7
1
1
14
SO
13
10
87.00
S2.81
21.27
0.47
4.07
l.M
.01
.13
.18
l.fl2
6.00
1.50
1.30
70
S2
21
11
201
187
131
82
30
15
14
12
4
S
IS
•
IfeatalaUenatioo
m
Dementia preooz .... . ^ . ^ . . , * .. x . .
IS
Defseti ve mental development
General paralysis of the insane
•
12
1
1
1
7
2
0
0
s
T'^^chasthenia. ..... r. ...... ^^ . i .. i .
Pmbosis, traumatic ..... ^ ........ .
7
37
6
2
Epuepsy • .. •....■•..•..•••...••*•■■.•.•
n
Nearasnienia............ ........... .
1
Hysteria. :::..::::.:..:....:......
3 7
........
502
^^
BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEON GENERAL.
503
Tablb No. T .—DMuxrga for dUabUity, year 1916, UniUd States, contmerUal (exduding
AUuka) — Continued.
Number
dls-
efaarced.
Psr
cent-
age of
total
dls-
diaries
fdrdJb-
orex-
temal
oauses.
Discharces tor disability.
GauMs of diioliarft.
•
In
line of
duty.
Not in line of
duty.
Disdiarsed for
disabUity before
assignment.
Con-
tracted
before
enlist-
ment.
Coo-
tracted
after
enlist-
ment.
In
line of
duty.
Not in
line of
duty.
Nflrrous lystam— Continnad t
NeurttiB
6
6
4
3
3
8
5
30
4
3
3
3
10
13
11
3
228
106
101
2
1
2
2
57
85
38
0
1
3
30
13
4
1
1
1
3
17
13
4
13
8
4
1
13
8
5
3
3
1
1
1
111
3
1
1
1
1
7
44
27
10
0.78
.78
.52
.26
.26
.30
.65
3.50
.52
.36
.26
.26
L30
LOO
L43
.26
20.57
14.01
18.10
.36
.13
.36
.26
7.80
4.54
3.08
M7
.13
.36
3.50
L60
.53
.13
.13
.18
.36
3.30
LOO
.63
LOO
L04
.53
.13
LOO
L04
.65
.36
.36
.13
.13
.13
14.40
0.00
LOO
.01
.30
.13
.13
.18
.18
.01
5.71
8.60
L30
.30
.18
.13
.18
.18
m
1
1
Epidemic cerebroq>in>l meninfttis.
Pumlysis witboat spedfled ouiae
3
1
Mflitnjttfc.irfinple."
2
........
Otben of the spinal eord
10
115
80
75
i*
i'
1
8
0
1
DisMUHi <rfthe eye.. . ......'....
1
Catanet
Cooiunctivitis
1
3
4
5
4
1
67
27
35
1
Amblyopia
Iritis..?....::;.:;;....;;.:.;:;;:;;:;::;
others of Uie eye
1
DisBascioftheear...... **.......
3
3
1
Otitis media...
1
Others of the ear.
Oeneral diseases.
46
1
1
13
2
1
1
38
Tubercnl^wls......... ...................
11
11
Of the pleura
OftbOTertebra
Abdominal
1
Of other organs
Venerpal diseases
35
21
15
8
1
3
4
8
1
31
14
8
6
5
Syphilis
8
Tertiary ;;;;.;;;;;;;;.;;;.;
3
Secondary X X a X a x .xx.xx.x.
HBiedita^'.";;;;;;. ;;::;;;;;;;;
Period undetermined ...........
1
15
10
8
3
1
Urethritis ::;.:...
Of theeye (Innoosotly inonnad) .
Epididymitis, gonorrheal
Oib^r R^morrneel infeotioos
1
1
1
3
8
3
1
Chancroid.' .......x...
0
6
3
13
8
4
4*
5
5
5
i*
8
3
1
8
8
8
Chronic tMticular
2
Acute articular
1
' Measies.:;... .'..'..'.'./.:'..:;;:'.;;;;.;
• • • • V • •
Dysentery, entamoebio
Erysipelas
1
4
Ai<x4M>)fsiPf dimiic
8
2
2
Cancer T ........x. . .x. .
3
1
I^aofismia
1
1
1
1
20
0
11
5
r
i*
8
0
7*
1
i*
nnrfiririnff* dtoense
Diabetes
Pellafra
Diseases of the organs of locomotion
W*
68
3
3
8
1
5
4
Arthritb
1
1
Synovitis
Tf aII^t Talrns. ... x ............ x . x ...... .
M«fft<«MHis r
Periostitis
1
1
TenontosynoVitis \\ ].
Others of the order V,/./.,,'..,
5
85
27
8
3
1
1
Diseases of the genito-nrinary system (non«
Tsnereal)
0
Bnurwis.
0
Brisht's disease
N«phT0lHh%fffs
Cairalns in bladder
TTnrthr*. dbflasM of . X . . .....x.........
1
1
Hydrocele
504
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
Table No. T.— Discharges /ot disability, year 1915, United States, conlinenial (excluding
A /(u£z-~Contmued.
Nnmber'
dis-
diarged.
Per
cent-
age of
total
dis-
charges
iordis-
ea.ses
or ex-
ternal
causes.
Discharges for disability.
Causes of discharge.
In
line of
duty.
Not in line of
duty.
Disdiarged for
disability beta*
assignment.
Con-
tracted
before
enlist-
ment.
Con-
tracted
after
enlist-
ment.
In
line of
duty.
Not In
lino of
duty.
DiSKASES— continued.
Diseases of the cimilatorr STstern.,
37
29
25
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
38
14
3
3
2
V
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
2
a)
7
6
3
2
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
3
1
4.80
8.76
3.24
.52
.26
.13
.13
.13
.13
.13
.13
4.93
1.82
.39
.26
.26
.13
.26
.13
.13
.13
.13
.13
.13
.13
.13
.13
.13
.13
.13
.26
2.59
.91
.78
.39
.26
.13
.13
.78
.13
.13
.13
.13
.26
.13
18
15
13
2
r
i*
1
2*1*
7
2
1
1
2*
I
1
1
1
1
1
i*
1
13
7
2
2*
r
1
1
10
11
11
2*
V
3
3
1
3
1
1
1
4
Onanic heart disease r . -
4
Valvular d^sewpe.T. .r
4
Chronic endocarditis
VaricosA veins
AratA Midocftrditis . ............«•••«•«•
Anirlna iMctoris .....................
1
I .,
Embolism . .......................
Variooofilfl ..........•...•...•■..•..
1
1
16
6
1
1
1
1
TAAhvAArrliA .
DiiiMMM of thft diirnstive svsteni.... . ........
1
1
1
1
7
Inmlnal hemlsi
5
Other hernia......
n\o0tr nf iitnfnAr>h _
Gastritis, chronio catarrhal
Dilitatibn of the stomach
Othftr^ of the stomach
Dental caries
1
1
1
1
Tl vnArHvtnhiA timcflii
Hvnerchlorhvdria
1
Anmvlostomiasis.
1
AnnAndicitis .....................
Constination ......a........
Cirrhosis of liw
BilllarycalcuU
Choleovstitis
......m
Ruhnhrank* nhimwii
Others of the intestines r
1
Others of the Uver
Others of the dieestive svstem,
1
8
DiseasM of the resDiiatorv system. .........
1
1
1
Pleurisv
Aflthmci . . ....•••••••••••.•••••••
4
3
Goiter
1
Bronchitis, chronio.
Rhinitis, atroohic
1
Bronchonnenmonia. , , - . r
Diseases of the skin and cellular tissues
4
1
Cellulit^
Bromidrosis
1
1
1
1
1
Chilblain
H vneridrosis
Other skin di/WMVws. .-....-.- ^ r r r
1
Congenital m<^i'''^nnations
Total for dismae. , .
771
87.71
275
430
66
31
•1
BXTBBIfAL CAUSES.
36
25
18
8
5
6
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
83.33
23.15
16.07
7.41
4.63
4.63
2.78
1.85
1.85
.93
.93
.93
.93
34
21
1
4
4
5
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
i7
1
1
3
4
3'
Gunshot ^^owndf. ..,,,--.,,,,
i'
Secondary results of fniuHes. ... r r,r , -,-.,■,--
s
CmshiniF ^,^,.,-,-^.,
1
DislocatuKis
1
Snralns
Bums
Incised wounds
1
1
1 jmersfjMl wounds -r » ^.r
PimrtiirMi wounds ..........t....
Pnntiiwwl vrrMindft
Concussion ,,T.^,-r...r,r.-
Contusion .............. .......'r.r.*....r.TT
•
Total for eztirnal caasM
108
100.00
78
275
78
19
430
10
U
1
ai
1
ft
Total for diseese
771
108
87.71
13.29
06
U
91
Total for external causes. . x . x ^ x . ^ . ^ . ^ . ^ . x x ^
6
,
Grand total
879
100.00
353
449
77
23
96
Chart M.— United States. Officers and men.
[Admission rates for disease, years 1906-1915.]
/*
/TVr^-^-
O /^o. zoo. ^oo, ^ao. Sao. £00. Too, Soo-
* Excess of cases dedncted to corwBPODd with years pfeoedlng 1906 and 1913 16 1916.
s Enllstad men. ofBoers not inolnded.
605
506
BEPOBT OF THE SURQEON OENEBAL..
Chart N.— United States. Enlitted men.
[Discbarge rates, sll causes, yean 1906-1015.]
X
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
509
Table No. 8. — Deaths among officers and enlisted troops serving in the United States,
continental (excluding AUuka)^ year iPi5— Continued.
Cftoses of death.
DisxASES— continaed.
Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitia.
Cerebral bemorrhaffe, apojriexy
BroQcho-pneiunoiua ,
Pamlentinfectioii and septicemia ,
.Influenza
Venereal diseases ,
Tertiary syidiUls t ,
Secondary syphilis
Ctonorrh^
Alcoholism, aente
Diseases of the pancreas
Diabetes, mellitus
Uental flOienatioQ
General paralysis of th^ insane
p8ychoe£B, nuuiiac<leivesBlve
Pleurisy
Empyema. ,
Sero^brinoos.
Ulcer of dnodennm
AestiTo-aatumnal malarial fever
Angina pectoris.
Aneorlsm. ....•..•...•.•••••••.•.*•.••••••••.••••.•.•••.•••••••■•....••.,
Arterialsclerods.
U^cer of the stomach.
Litestmalobstmotioii.
CeUuUtis.
Scarlet fever
Erysipelas.
Benicntnmor of brain
Pemicioas anemia.
Aortic stenosis.
Embolism
Bronchitis .ohrooio
Angina. Vincent's
Dilatation of the stomach
Acute yellow atrophy of the liver
Cirrhosis of the liver
Acute degenerative hepatitis
PeritonitiSfgeneral
Total for disease
BZTEBNAL CAUSES.
Suicidal ...••••••■......•......•.••••..•.«.••...•.•••••■•..■..............
By firearms (rifle, 10; revolver, 13)
By hanging
By poisaaCDlchloride of mercury, 2;strychnine,l; hydrocyanic acid,l)
By drowning
By cutting throat with raaor
Bylump&ngfirombaloGiiy,stri]dngOQhead
HomicidaL •
Bv firearms (rifle, 6; revolver, 8; not stated, 8) (by comrades, 6; by
Mexicans,3; by civilians, 2; by miknown person, 1)
By stab wounds (in brawls, 2; unknown,!)
By blow on head from a rook by unknown man in a drunken brawlin
a saloon)
Found dead (head mashed by unknown instrument)
AcddentaL
Bv drownixig (during hurricane and flood at Galveston, Tex., 6; wMle
bathinff, S; by boats overtumlne, 6; by falling from boata, 8; by
falling from precipice into canal, 1; by being knocked overboard off
trestle by train and fallingintooanal,!; while attempting a rescue,!;
drcurostances unknown, 3)
By crushing (by falling walls during hurricane and flood at Galveston,
Tex., 12; Dv railroad trains, 3; by switch engine,!; by street car,!;
by automobile overturning, 2; run over by, 1; on bicycle colliding
with, 1; by falling with aeroplane, 1; with hydroaenq;>lane, 1; by
being thrown from runaway team,!; run over by wheel of camum,!)
Number.
Ratio per 1,000 of—
Mean
strength.
201
40
22
9
4
3
1
1
17
12
S
1
!
104
25
25
0.13
.00
.07
.07
.06
.06
.03
.0!
.01
.06
.06
.04
.04
.03
.0!
.04
.03
.01
.04
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.01
.01
.01
.01
.0!
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.0!
.01
.01
Death
from
disease Of
external
f9aU86S«
2.05
.59
.32
.13
.06
.04
.01
.0!
.25
.18
.04
.01
.0!
1.53
.37
.37
44.78
29.85
24.88
24.88
10.90
19.90
9.96
4.98
4.98
19.90
19.90
14.03
14.03
9.96
4.96
14.03
9.96
4.96
14.03
9.96
9.96
9.96
9.96
9.96
9.96
9.96
4.96
4.96
4.98
4.98
4.98
4.98
4.96
4.96
4.98
4.96
4.96
4.06
4.06
555.86
248.45
136.65
55.90
24.84
18.68
6.21
6.21
105.69
74.68
18.68
6.21
6.21
645.90
155.28
166.38
RBPOBT OF THE SUBQEON OENEBAL.
Rtht United SlaU$,
Number.
B*tlop«r 1,000 of-
OumoldWlL
^-„\
^5
iii«K*t CiOiM-contlnued.
a
0.S7
lU-X
'
.,.l «..
a
.0«
n.sr
t
.ot
».N
a
.01
U.4t
■
.01
•.B
J
.u
n.»
iSI
tn
361 S-U
PREVALENCE OF SPECIAL DISEASES.
TYPHOID FEYEB.
Eight cases of typhoid fever (officers and enlisted men) occurred in
the entire United States Army during the calendar year 1915. Only
four of these were among troops stationed in the United States, the
other four occurred in the island possessions. During the year the
Aimy was scattered over the earth through a wide ra^e of latitude
in Alaska, in Panama, in Oiina, in Porto Rico, in ^waii, in the
Philippmes. m Mexico, and m the various camps, posts and garrisons
north, soutn, east and west of the continental temtory of the United
States. The mean stren^h for the jear was 103^42.
There were no deaths &om typhoid fever and no serious complica-
tions followed the cases that occurred.
Of the eight cases reported one was in the person of an officer and
seven in enusted men, mcludin^ a recruit, who is now known to have
been in the prodromal stage of the disease when accepted for enlist-
ment. All except the recruit received the antityphoid vaccination:
the officer four years seven months and two days oefore; the enlistea
men showed the following intervals of time between the date of vac-
cination and the date of sickness:
1. Private, 8 months 18 days.
2. Private, 2 yean 1 month 23 days.
3. Recruit, not vaccinated.
4. Private, 1 year 8 months 27 days.
5. Private, 1 year 8 months 12 daysi
6. Private, 8 months 9 days.
7. Private, 2 years 7 months 12 days.
Of the four cases occurring in the island possessions (Schofield Bar-
racks), three were enlisted men of the same organization. First Inf antrv
and the fourth an enlisted man of the Fourth Cavalrv, all of whicn
occurred within a period of 25 days from the onset oi the first case.
Revaccination against typhoid fever upon reenlistment is now re-
quired in the same way as revaccination against smallpox. Officers
are required to be revaccinated five years after the first course. After
two completed courses of vaccination are ^ven no further is required.
Duration of immunity: The question of the duration of immunity
conferred by antityphoid vaccination is still an open one, statistical
information being at this time too meager to draw definite and satis-
factory conclusions on this point.
The English observers from their experience in India and elsewhere
have inclined to the belief that the protection against typhoid fever
furnished by the vaccination as they give it^ begins to declme between
the second and third year following administration.
Students of this subject in our Army, including;; those most com-
petent anywhere to discuss the matter have with few exceptions
611
512
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
ascribed a much ^eater degree and longer period of protection against
typhoid, when the vaccination was made with the vaccine prepared
by the Medical Department of the Army and ^ven, as now pro-
scribed, three doses at intervals of 10 days, a tot^ of 2i cubic centi-
meters, the first dose being one-half cubic centimeter, the succeeding
doses 1 cubic centimeter each.
It is jgenerally imderstood, of course, that the protection from the
typhoid vaccine has never been considered absolute in all individuals,
a certain smaU percentage of persons being incapable of complete
immunization against the disease, as is shown by tne fact that actiial
attacks of typhoid fever itself do not always anord freedom from a
second attack. Other reasons for the appearance of typhoid among
those vaccinated are inert vaccines or defective methods of adminis-
tration and unusual exposure to highly infective typhoid material.
It may be stated that the disease occurring after antityphoid vacci-
nation, with but few exceptions, shows a much milder course than
ordinary, and the death rate is markedly lower among those who have
receivea the antityphoid vaccination.
The following tabulation is for the purpose of comparing the figures
for 1915 with tnose for the years 1914 and 1913:
TyphotdfeveTf the Army, officer and enlisted men
, American and native troops.
Cases.
Deaths.
Klpenoos.
Tear.
Number.
Rates far
1,000
mean
Number
cases.
Rates for
1,000
mean
strengtli.
Cases.
Deaths.
1915
8
7
4
ao6
.07
.04
7
1
2
1914
3
0.03
1913
Attention is invited to Chart P, showing the admission and death
rates for officers and enlisted men serving in the United States.
This chart shows graphicaUv the remarkable decrease in both rates
as the result of the use of tne antityphoid vaccination. This vacci-
nation was begun — ^but was volimtary — ^in 1909, and was made com-
pulsory for the entire Army in 1911. (For the various steps from
voluntary to compxilsory vaccination, vide annual report of this office
for 1912, pp. 62 et seq.)
The increasing use of antityphoid vaccination as a prevention
against typhoid oy the National Guard is to be encouraged. This
procedure is now necessary before these troops can be mustered into
the Federal service, or be accepted as Volunteers; and to have this
already accomplished is to materially expedite the mustering in of
such txoops. It is also deemed desirable, in order that standardized
results may be obtained, that the vaccine made for the R^?ular
Army and supplied by the laboratery. Army Medical School, "Wash-
ington, D. C, DO used for the troops liable to service.
BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEON OENEBAL.
516
OQ
I
3:
g
s
m
I
Hi
lilH
III i|n
III 4i
8 ii
A
»4 ^ >
-IS
9
CD
l2^i
tejo;
mo
Oil a
1^
•3 €
8
s
o»
«1
Ok Ok
,-s K^. 5
•»
;i^
•• •
8i
s
s
8g U
0 li |i |i it it |i
'1^
I
i
s
<S €
.8
9
U
o
n s
3§ 5- 3j
"I
iii
a
S| S| S|
,9
^
Pd
^3
H
-I
M
-I
CO
a . a .
Si s
I
^
S A
I
*
I
9^
Sfr
M
a
^i i
s4
a .
15
^1 d|
I
I
^P«
Z I
e9176'— WAB 1910— VOL 1-
CO
X
^
Chart P.— United States. Offioen and men.
[ Admtwhm and death latet tor typhoid tevgr, years IgOft-lMS.]
Chart P>.— United States. Officers and men.
(Ncoflfltetive rates for typboid few, years 1906-1915.]
f«'£"n/'/i^«'«»5
m^n.
4h ^^/<f ^rs net /nc/u^^^^
516
BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEOV GENEBAL.
Chaart Q.—Army. Officers and American and native troop$,
( Admtekm rates for typhoid foYer, years 1906-1016.]
BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEON GENERAL.
517
Chart Q*. — Army. Officer* and ArMfiam, and native tfoopi.
[Nouasctlve tatM for tjrpbold (evw, ytm UOe-ins.]
y^'^s
0 ./o .Ha ,So Mo .Jo .^<> .Ti '9o
no6
.93
/fo?
.rs
/fas
.S-3
/fo?
.6/
Iflo
fl'-?
^^
^•^«"
/?//
vf/
/f/Z
.06
/f/^.<?/
/f/¥
.a/
/f/S
.oz
\
518
BEPOBT OP THE SXmOEON GENEBAU
InUrvaU oftvme daptmg bettoecn antityphoid vaccination and onset of typhoid fever, with
number of cases and stations, years 191S, 1914, and 1915.
Tear
1913.
1914.
1915.
0M6
No.
«1
2
«3
4
»1
2
3
M
15
i«
7
1
2
3
M
6
6
7
8
Date
taken
sick.
1013.
Jane 26
Noy. 24
Dec 13
Oct. 23
1914.
Feb. 26
Mar. 23
June 24
July 4
Sept. 11
Noy. 22
Deo. 1
1915.
Feb. 13
July 6
Aug. 8
Oct 12
Oct. 19
Oct. 28
Nov. 2
Nov. 13
Number
of doses.
3
3
3
3
Interval of
time.
yff.jrotJ>cf«
8
1
3
8
3
2
0
23
1
0
0
3
3
1
3
21
2
2
2
23
2
0
0
3
3
4
7
2
3
0
8
18
3
2
.. . ..
1
23
1
1
0
2
8
8
8
7
27
12
9
12
Station.
SnelUng, Fort, Minn.
Stevens, Fort, Ores.
McDowell, Fort, Gal.
Tientsin, China.
lefleison Baira^s. Mo.
Nia«kra,Fort,N.Y.
Madison Barracks, N. T.
Columbus Barrat^s, Ohio.
Slocum, Fort, N. Y.
Columbus Barrat^s, Ohio.
Screven, Fort, Oa.
Key West Barracks, Fla.
Huachuca, Fcrt, Aris.
Mission, Tex.
Oglethorpe, Fort, Oa.
Schoflela Barracks, Hawaii.
Do.
Do.
Do.
t Indicates recruit: no doubt in the prodromal stage o( the disease when enlisted.
PABATTPHOm PEVEB.
Table No. 10 shows that mne cases of paratyphoid fever occurred
in the entire Army during the calendar year 1915, eight of which
were confirmed by bactenological diagnosis, the other being diag-
nosed clinically. Three of these cases (Nos. 1, 3 and 8) were re-
ported from the PhiUppine Islands, and one from the Hawaiian
Islands, leaving but five distributed throughout the United States —
two at Fort I^venworth, Kans., and one each at Fort Niagara,
N. Y., Presidio of San Francisco, Cal., and Douglas, Ariz. All cases
had received the full three doses of the antityphoid vaccine (see foot-
note), except case No. 1, to whom it was administered after his
return to duty, and case No. 9, appointed from the Naval Academy,
who had not received the prescribed three doses due to the fact that
antityphoid vaccination was not instituted in the naval service imtil
1912, the officer in question having been commissioned in the Army,
September 28, 1911.
It is. of course, well understood that paratyphoid fever is a distinct
clinical entity and is not typhoid fever, thougn sometimes resembling
atypical cases of that disease. It is caused by a different micro-
orgamsm, the bacillus paratyphosus, of which two types are dis-
tinguishable: B. paratyphosus A and B. paratyphosus B. In western
Europe, as reported, paratyphoid fever is much more frequently
due to the B type of oacillus than to tJie A type. CUnicaJly they
are hardly distinguishable, but it is stated that tne A fever is apt to
last three or four days longer.
^ Of the nine cases of paratvphoid fever among our troops in 1915,
six were caused by the bacillus paratyphosus A, two by tne bacillus
paratyphosus B, and in the remaining case the diagnosis was clinical.
An important feature in the prevention of paratyphoid fever, as
in typhoid fever, is the active searching-out oi "earners" and tneir
prompt isolation and treatment.
NoTB. — ^It mtut be undentood that antityphoid vaccine is not effective in the
prevention of p«ratyphoid fever.
; OF THE SUBOEON GfNBBATj.
519
I
i i t i i t i
1 1 1 1 1 1 ' I
ii
all
ilJ!
^ lit I Si 11
^" H ill I i i I I
9
1 fm n
i j n rj i J j!
520
BEPOBT OF THE STJBOEOK GEKERAK
It may be stated at this time that paratyphoid fever, heretofore
but imfrequently met with in our Army, appeared in the New York
division of the National Guard, stationed in the Brownsville district,
in August, 1916, principally among the troops at Mission^ Tex«
A few scattering cases at other points occurred in the same district;
in all a total of 120 cases.
The outbreak of this disease was promptly and satisfactorily met.
The vaccination agamst paratvphoid with a mixed Para-typhoid A.
and B. vaccine prepared in tne laboratories of the Army Medical
School was authorized; the searching out of possible ''carriers" of
the disease was vigorously prosecuted; camp sites were changed, and
aU sanitary orders rigidly enforced under the direction of inspectors
of the Army Medical Corps.
VENEREAL DISEASES.
Special measures for protection against this class of infectious
diseases were f oimulated nve years ago, since which time, so far as lies
in the power of the Medical Department, they have been vigorously
and conscientiously carried out. and it is further believed that in
tiie great majoritv of instances tnere has been no laxness in the strict
enforcement of the regulations by others in military authority. It
should be understood that the prime source of infection in venereal
disease lies not within military jurisdiction and control^ but in
the civilian life, quite apart from the inmiediate garrison life of the
soldier and the rigid supervision incident thereto.
Tablb No. 12!. — Venereal diseases, Army and United States continental (excluding
Alaska) enlisted American troops, compared/or years 191S, 1914, and 1916.
Anny (enlisted Ameriean
troops).
United States oootiDBntal
(ezolnding Alaska) enlist-
ed men.
1915
1014
1013
1015
1014
1018
Batfos per 1,000 of mean strength for:
Cases admitted
107. n
4.78
110.60
4.78
07.22
4.61
88.00
8.00
80.84
8.75
85. 81
8.58
Tablb No. 13. — Venereal diseases^ admissums and discharges, Army American troops
{enlisted men), year 1915,
Mean
strength
Syphilh.
Chancroid.
Dlsdiaifes.
A<lin<Bffiftnn
DisehaifesL
Nom-
ber.
Ratio.
Nnm-
ber.
Ratio.
Nom-
ber.
Ratio.
Num-
ber.
Ratio.
United states
68,726
768
11,834
8,672
5,721
1,885
1,312
1,000
8
483
380
01
68
IS
17.31
3.03
40.78
27.58
15.01
5a 04
0.01
85
a54
1,007
6
450
06
800
386
41
15.80
7.86
88.03
1L30
53.44
214.28
8L26
2
aoo
Ateffka
F*»n*ppiin»
6
4
1
1
.50
.45
.17
.75
Hawaii
inuama. •..>...•.•..•....•
Cbina
AnDl7 trSDHKItS..... ......
TotaL
08,383
1,003
31.36
47
.50
3,186
23.44
2
.08
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
521
Tablb No. 13. — Venereal diteaseSf admMont and dikharges, Army American troops
(enlisted men), year i9i5-Oontinued.
Gononhea.
TotaL
Adxnlssioos.
Disdiarges.
Admissions.
Disduuges.
Num-
ber.
Ratio.
Num-
ber.
Ratio.
Num-
ber.
Ratio.
Num-
ber.
Ratio.
United States
3,222
18
1,273
517
300
319
128
60.66
23.59
107.67
60.31
68.17
238.95
97.66
20
0.31
5,828
27
2,205
840
781
673
182
83.60
85.30
180.32
00.04
136.51
504.12
138.72
57
0.88
ptiilfnpfiiM^
5
1
3
.42
.11
.51
11
5
4
1
.03
HB«iA ,.
.56
Panama ,
.68
China r . T
.76
Army transports
Total
5,867
62.91
29
.31
10,045
107.71
78
.82
Total
days.
Con-
stantly
sink.
Ratio
per
1,000.
f«7Phlifff
45,706
20,653
87,216
125.23
81.24
238.95
L34
CfaknerOid r . ..rwrr,-. -
.87
Ofnvinliaa.
2.66
•
Total --
102,577
445.42
4 78
Tablb 'No. 14. — Venereal diseases j hy years, 1911 to 1915, United States, continental
(excluding Alaska), enlisted men,
[Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.]
Oononfaea and le-
■ults:
1016
1014
1013
lOU
caianoroid:
1016
1014
1013
1012
1011
Syphilis:
How
1014
1012
1011
Total Tcoereal:
1016
lyi^ •••••••••••
1012
lOU
Admitted.
o
60.56
61.36
40.46
70.07
85.87
15.80
10.06
15.38
20.00
23.55
17.24
18.53
20.00
25.56
26.37
83.60
80. »t
85.83
115.74
146.20
60.56
51.35
40.46
70.07
04.52
15.00
10.06
16.38
20.00
25.04
17.24
18.53
20.00
25.58
44.30
60.01
52.04
40.14
GO. 87
04.48
15.73
20.00
15.11
20.62
25.22
17.44
18.86
20.06
25.84
46.33
83.60184.08 71.75
80.84 00.00 52.52
85.83 85.23106.18
115.74116.24104.60
163.85166.031142.86
41.82
28.00
60.14
74.36
45.12
17.63
18.66
24.76
10.45
21.82
12.30
7.66
21.23
10.60
25.01
Discharged on
certificate of
disability.
a
asi
.32
.66
.60
.79
.OS
.03
.54
.56
.35
.62
.52
.88
.87
1.01
1.26
1.31
a82
.33
.68
.61
.84
.021
.08
Died.
I
ao2
0.40 .02
.41
.51
.48
.20
.61
.48
.85
.77
.07
1.26
1.31
1.23
4.38
2.36
.80
1.36
1.64
4.38
2.36
1.21
1.86
.05
.05
.07
.08
.11
.06
.05
.07
.06
.11
ao3
.02
.06
.06
.06
.03
.U
.06
.06
.06
.06
.11
Noneffective.
o
a4i
• * • • •
.6M
.41
» • • •
.50
2.06
1.80
1.84
3.26
4.68
.72
.80
.57
1.01
1.82h
1.22
1.16
1.17
L70
2182
8.00
1.15
3.68
6.06
8.82
2.04
1.81
1.84
8.27
4.72
.71
.70
.56
1.03
1.84
1.23
l.U
1.151
1.68
2.85
8.96
1.11
8.55
6.06
8.01
2.10
1.44
1.66
2.04
3.03
.85
1.18
.08
.50
1.05
1.18
2.46
1.0O
2.11
2.80
4.32
2.46
4.53
6.56
7.20
522
BBPOBT OF THE SUEGEON GENERAL.
Table No. Ib.^SyphxliSy United States, continental {excluding AUuha), yean 1911 to
1916 f enlisted men.
[Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.]
Tear.
1915...
1914...
1913...
1912...
1911...
Primary- syphilis.
2.86
8.10
2.73
3.89
3.75
a
o
2.86
8.10
2.72
3.89
4.09
1
8
ai5
.17
.13
.18
.26
Secondary syph-
ilis.
I
11.53
12.78
15.45
19.01
28.66
o
II
11.58
12.73
15.45
19.01
35.54
I
8
a 67
.63
.78
1.20
3.14
Tertiary syi>hilis.
&
2.39
2.25
1.90
2.50
8.64
a
o
ea
00.
2.39
2.25
1.90
2.50
4.29
^
I
a35
.82
.27
.31
.43
Hereditary sjrph-
ilis.
a
o
...
«
I
0.06
.05
.02
.17
.33
0.06
.05
.03
.17
.38
0.01
.03
.01
.01
.02
TotaL
I
17.24
18.531
20.99
25.58
36.37
O
o
ie
17.34
18.68
20.99
35.58
44.80
1.39
1.15
1.17
LTD
3.81
Table No. 16. — Recruit depots, total number of admissions, venereal diseases, toith ratioB
and mean strength, officers and enlisted men, years 1916, 1914 ^ and 191 S.
1915
1914
1913
Reonilt depots.
Admissions.
Mean
strength.
Admissions.
Mean
strength.
Admissions.
Mean
Total.
Ratia
TotaL
Ratia
Total.
Ratio.
stvengtiL
TefFefson Bairaoks, Mo. . .
FortMoDoweU.Cal
Columbos Barracks, Ohio.
FortSlocam,N.Y
Fort Logan, Colo
222
' 104
110
77
32
167.11
119.40
94.34
50.82
56.04
1,418
871
1,166
1,287
571
203
97
194
139
76
136.48
94.36
138.89
88.30
116.93
1,491
1,028
1,611
1,461
650
170
66
188
114
77
153.15
74.45
156.51
104.78
131.86
1,110
779
1,186
1,088
584
Total
645
102.68
6,306
608
113.66
6,141
607
137.87
4,747
The admission rate for enlisted men in the United States is some-
what lower than for 1914, being 83.60 compared with 89.84 per 1,000.
The noneffective rate was considerably higher, being 3.99 per 1,000
for 1915 as against 1.15 in 1914, which may De accoimted for (in view
of a reduction in the admission rate) bv tiie presence in hospital for a
greater length of time of cases of sypnilis, there being a decrease in
the numbe? of cases so diagnosed of 38 over 1914. Tor gonorrhea
the number of cases is 71 more than last year, and in the local in-
fection, chancroid, the increase is 218. In 1912 there was a large
fallmg off in tiie number of secondary and tertiary cases of S9>hi&
with a slight increase in the case rate for the primary cases, it will
be noted irom Table No. 15 that a like decrease has taken place in
the number of cases of primanr and secondary syphilis, while there
is a slight increase in the rate for tertiary cases.
In comparing the figures for 1915 and 1914 with those for 1912 and
1913 andf the preceding years it must be borne in mind that the
diagnoses made prior to 1911 were determined without the aid of the
Wassermann realction. Bv reason of this many latent cases are now
detected which were largely missed prior to 1911.
By reference to Table rl^o. 12 it will be seen that the admission rate
for the total American troops of the Army also was lower than for the
EEPOBT OF THE SUHQEON GENERAt. 523
year 1914, the rate being 107.71 as against 110.69, while the non-
effectire rate was but sU^Uy higher, being 4.78 per 1,000 in 1915 as
compared with 4.73 in 1914.
'•S
l.OOS
«0
i,on
..s
us
s
IDS
i
7U
S!
033
M£
MM
i
MO
1
J
41
SI
1
U
31
ao
s
1
1
»
3S
48
a
14
as
11
I A OS
107.06
SI
K.04
S3. 71
II
aa.to
11
t&2S
si
H.eo
II
4s! 53
4fi.U)
as
33.33
31.35
30.76
27.46
•a.x
ii.n
120
1
1
!S
31
19LW
93.30
S7.U
S3. 50
Prjsldlo^^ ftiid««, oil'
".
1
3S
31
33
«5
34
40
U
1
Si
33.33
80.00
£8.70
37.37
50.00
50.88
30.08
"^ISS"'^"'^""""-
fSfSv"-"""":;-:;;-:;;;
«
fi
Fort Twry, N.Y
35
as
36.31
at
IsSjs*;;;:;:;;;:::;;;::;
FartUDWard. Ud
K:fB^i£\tii;5;Y::::::::::::::::
33
S6.P7
30
43
13
S
Fcrt BUTans, One
«
»
"
524
BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON GENERAI..
Table No. 18. — Venereal diseases t Army, American troops j officers and enlisted men, by
departments ana divisions, year 1915,
Army American troops
United States oonuDental
(axdading Al&ska)
Eastern Department
Central Department
Southern Department (ex-
oludinf tro<^ on Mexican
border)
Troops on Mexican border. .. .
Second dlTisian, Texas
Western Department
Independent stations
Recruit depots
General hospitals
Alaska
Panama Canal Zime
Hawaiian DeparUnent
China
Philippine Islands (Ameri-
can troops)
Arrnvtranamls
Philippine Scouts
Porto Rican Regiment
Mean strength.
Ofla-
oers.
4,394
3,064
958
258
230
590
328
341
205
106
42
24
182
304
43
666
73
38
En-
listed
men.
93,262
63,725
19,145
2,748
6,073
14,239
6,895
7,898
2,016
5,202
509
763
5,721
8,572
1,335
11,834
1,312
5,505
681
Total.
97,656
66,789
20,108
3,006
5,303
14,835
7,223
8,239
2,221
5,308
551
787
5,903
8,876
1,378
12,500
1,385
719
Offi-
cers.
20
12
3
6
2
Cases.
En-
listed
men.
10,045
5,328
1,341
199
588
1,130
785
598
75
545
67
27
781
673
2,205
182
189
61
Total.
10,065
5,340
1,344
199
588
1,136
787
598
75
545
68
27
782
850
673
2,211
182
61
Rates per 1,000 of
strength.
Offi.
oers.
4.56
8.10
iao7
6.10
23.81
5.49
3.29
0.01
En-
listed
men.
107.71
8S.60
70.04
42.42
115.91
79.36
113.85
75.72
87.20
104.n
13L63
8&39
136.51
90.04
50112
186.82
13&72
34.83
80.57
ToteL
UK.07
66.85
66.90
iiass
76w5S
lO&ftft
72.50
82.77
102:68
123.41
34.31
132L48
0&.78
176.88
13L41
84.84
Table No. 16 shows the rates of admission for three years of venereal
disease at the five recruiting depots. With the exceptions of JeSet-
son Barracks and Fort McDowell, a marked decrease in the admis-
sion rates over 1914 and 1913 is noted. Fort Logan has the lowest
rate for 1915, being a reduction of over one-half compared with the
rate prevailing for 1914. Taking the five recruit depots as a whole,
the total admission rate is lower for 1915, being 102.68, as compared
with 113.66 in 1914 and 127.87 for 1913. Jeflferson Barracks has
the highest rate of any of the depots, 157.11 per 1,000 in 1915. as
compared with 135.48 m 1914, with a rate of 119.40 in 1915 at Fort
McDowell, as compared with 94.36 for 1914.
Table No. 17 gives the relative standing and rates .with reference
to venereal disease for 45 posts in the United States. The post
having the highest rate for venereal disease is Fort Sam Houston,
Tex., changing places with Fort Oglethorpe, being third and first,
respectively, for 1914. The fact that Fort Sam Houston leads all
other posts for venereal disease this year can be accoimted for by the
mobilization of a good portion of our troops on the southern border.
But such facts seem only to extenuate, but not to excuse, the failure
to lower the ratio of these preventable diseases.
The most marked improvement is shown at Fort Greble, R. I.,
where the admission rate was reduced from 94.94 in 1914 to 47.75 per
1,000 in 1915; where formerly Greble stood No. 14 on the list, tnis
year it stands No. 31; Fort Howard, which lastyear stood No. 23
on the list, this year stands No. 41, while Fort Totten moved from
No. 20 last year to No. 32 this year.
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENEBAL.
525
MALARIAL FBYEBS.
The adlnission rate for malarial {ever, officers and enlisted men, in
the United States is slightly higher than for the year 1914, being 12.37
per 1,000, as compared with 10.74 in 1914, and with the exception of
1913 is lower than for the previous three years. The rate lor 1913
was 8.62; that for 1912, 13.99; that for 1911, 14.35; and for 1910,
16.07.
The noneffective rate for 1915 was 0.27, as compared with 0.24 in
1914, 0.18 in 1913, 0.30 in 1912, and 0.35 per 1,000 in 1911.
No discharges, but 2 deaths, resulted from malarial fevers during the
year. Chart K shows comparative rates for this disease for llie entire
command, including officers.
Tablb No. 19. — Maiarial infectionSy United States, continental (excluding Alasha)f
years 1911 to 1915, inchtsive, officers and enlisted men.
[Ratio per 1,000 of mean stnogth.]
Admitted.
MaJarfalferars.
Qoartan and tertian:
191^
im
1W3
1912
mi
Estivo-aatumnal:
\9lb
1914
1913
1912
1911
Malaria cachexia and
undetermined mala-
rial fever:
1916
1914
1918
1912
19U
Total malarial diseases:
1916
1914
1913
1912
1911
1
US
o
9.25
9.28
7.16
12.20
13.26
1.87
.71
.09
.94
.88
1.24
.76
.78
.86
.21
12.37
10.74
8.62
13.99
14.36
6.22
6.68
4.17
7.92
6.26
.33
2.00
.96
.66
.69
L63
2.00
.32
.99
1.04
7.18
9.68
5.46
9.67
7.99
Enlisted men.
9.44
9.46
7.31
12.42
13.63
1.96
.66
.67
.96
.89
L23
.09
.81
.84
.16
12.62
10.79
8.79
14.22
14.68
Noneffectira.
9.61
9.67
7.50
12.80
14.36
1.97
.67
.09
1.00
.94
L27
.71
.64
.77
.17
12.86
11.06
8w82
14.26
16.47
5.33
2.19
L18
2.01
.68
L23
6.^
2.41
6.56
2.19
7.67
4.42
.68
3
Enllstedn
Si
3^
1
►
^
•
S
o
>3
o
IT:
H
o
H
^
a20
a22
a20
a20
.18
.16
.18
.18
.14
.14
.13
.14
.24
.12
.24
.25
.28
.08
.29
.30
.04
.07
.04
.04
.08
.02
.02
.02
.02
.13
.14
.03
.02
.24
.25
.04
.06
.29
.30
.08
.10
.03
.03
.03
.04
.04
.03
.00
.02
.02
.03
.03
.02
.02
.02
.11
.03
.02
.27
.40
.27
.27
.24
.37
.24
.24
.18
.16
.18
.18
.29
.17
.30
.31
.34
.24
.35
.38
1
6
0.09
.09
.01
.04
.01
.04
••••••
0.C3
.01
.04
.01
.11
.02
ao2
.18
.08
.06
.12
.06
.02
.01
I
Tablb No. 20. — The 10 posts of metre than tOO (officers and enlisted men) in the United
States, continental (exctudina Alaska), Jiaving {he highest admission rates for malarial
duteases, year 1915, compared loiih 1914-
fRatio per 1,000 of mean strength.]
Posts.
Port Moultrie, 8. C
Jeffersoo Barracks, Mo
Wadiington Barracks, t>. C
FortM7er,Va
Fort D. A. Russell, Wyo
Fort8ffl,0kla
Fort SoreveEtf Oa
Fort Leavenworth, Kans. (military prison)
Fort Sam Houston, Tex
Fort Caswell, N.C
Mean strength.
1915
397
1,413
506
694
264
1,182
444
272
1,293
290
1914
469
1,491
725
702
178
1,013
508
258
1,0W
329
Malarial diseases,
total ratio.
1916
1914
73.06
8.53
37.51
22.13
33.46
73.10
27.38
28w49
26.52
26.23
5.92
22.52
13.92
22.06
27.18
17.79
2164
17.24
2L28
526
BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEON GENEBAL.
From the above table it wOl be noted that Washin&;ton Barracks^
D. C; which had an admission rate in 1914 of 73.10, £is year shows
bui 33.46 per 1,000, a remarkable reduction, due to the vigorous
antimosquito campaign that is being waged where mosquitoes are
prevalent. The excessive rate shown for Fort Moultrie, S. C,
which is No. 1 on the list, is not enviable when compared with that
for 1914, 8.53 per 1,000.
TUBEBCULOSIS.
The following tabulation shows for the total American Army, and
separately for the different coimtries 'frhere the Army has been
stationed continually, the case rate for tuberculosis (all forms) for
enUsted men for the last seven years. In this tabulation all read-
missions during each year have been eliminated, so that the actual
occurrence of tuberculosis (all) is shown :
Tuberculosis (aZZ), enHsled men^ case rates only.
Year.
1916
1914
1918
1913
1911
1910
1909
United
SUtes.
Phflip.
pine
Islands.
Alaska.
Hawaii.
Trans-
ports.
Panama.
China.
2.68
2.69
3.07
3.25
3.64
I 3-34
6.42
7.31
6.70
5.02
3. 77
5.46
6.06
1.31
1.00
1.75
4.18
2.68
1.85
3.76
362
301
4.24
2.07
1.99
4.10
2.96
5.34
2.85
4.37
2.74
1.76
.80
3.00
6.12
2.49
3.76
5.24
6.69
329
4.53
i
1
1
ToUL
S.S5
3.66
3.49
S.66
S.65
4.tt
The above tabulation shows that for the year 1915 the rate for
tuberculosis in the United States is lower than for any previous yejar
recorded, bein^ 2.68, as compared with 2.69 per 1,000 for 1914. The
general rate For the Amencan Army was 3.52, which is slightly
higher than for the year 1914. All of the places shown in the tabu-
lation have higher rates than for the tJnited States, with the
exception of Alaska, the rate for which is 1.31 per 1,000, as compared
with 1.09 for 1914. The rate for the United States, when compared
with former years, is encoura^gly low, while, with the exception of
the Phihppine Islands and Cmna, the other places show an increased
rate, all or which exceed that for the American Army.
Tne following tabulation shows for the total American Army, and
for those parts stationed in the United States and the Philippine
Islands, the rates for tuberculosis (all) for discharges for disability,
for deaths, and for noneffectiveness for the last four years :
Anoy, Amerioan troops.
Amarioaa troops, Unitsd States.
Amsffoan troops, Philippine Islands.
Year.
1915
1914
1913
1913
1915
1914
1913
1912
1915
1914
19U
1912
Dis-
charged
fordba-
Mllty.
1.79
2.07
2.26
1.66
1.67
2.10
2.16
1.67
3.28
3.41
3.96
1.46
Deaths.
ass
.47
.49
.31
.28
.47
.40
.27
.60
.28
.79
.67
NonflaiB»>
tive.
1.80
L77
L04
2.U
2.28
3.S4
1.65
.50
.00
.56
.58
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENEBAL.
527
Prom a study of Table No. 21, giving the occurrence of tuberculosis
at Army posts in the United States, Vancouver Barracks, Wash.,
after dropping down on the list to one case during 1914. has, as in the
years 1913, 1912, and 1911, more cases of tubercmosis man any other
station, with the sinde exception of Sam Houston, Tex., both naving
seven cases recorded for the year 1915.
Four more cases of this disease occiured than during the year 1914,
although a reduction over 1913 of the same number of cases.
Table No. 21. — TSiberculotit (all) at Army stoHonSj United States, continental (exdud-
ing AUuha), 1915, camparm with 1914 and 191S, officers and enlisted men.
Admissions.
1015
1914
1913
Number.
Ratio per
1,000 of
mean
strength.
Number.
Ratio per
1,000 of
mean
strength.
Number.
Ratio per
1,000 of
mean
strength.
Vanooavw Banaeks, Wash
7
7
5
5
5
8
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7.31
5.41
7.32
7.20
6.06
21.39
4.59
3.66
3.43
3.11
2.83
12.88
5.91
5.04
3.92
2.73
2.22
14.81
12.82
6.51
5.00
4.22
3.60
3.18
3.16
3.14
3.12
2.47
2.80
58.82
13.70
7.87
6.94
6.94
6.58
5.15
1.14
1
5
3
2
4
5
1
8
5
3
2
ao6
4.56
4.49
2.85
5.95
26.60
.97
6.41
3.31
2.05
1.34
10
4
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
5
4
1
2
1
3
2
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
4
4
7.73
Fort Bam Hniflion. ^fix ....^... .
3.21
FortH. O.WririitlN.YV.„i;i. III. 1.111.
2.96
FortMyer.Va.T..!
1.72
Fort Bliss' Tax '..'..'.'.'./.,,
1.40
Lettonnan GeDeral Ho^ital, CaUfornla....
FortMcDowelLCal.........
ia87
3.85
Prv^io of flan l^»TtfM?isw>» Oai.
2.15
C<4um1>i]8 Barracks. Ohk>
4.22
Fnrt Rlncnm, N. Y.'. V.]"]
4.60
j4M*(irm>n Barradn. MOx..x... x
3.60
Fort Ontario, N. 1^ 1.11111111111111111
3.65
2.97
1.82
Plattsborg barracks, N.Y..1..1
2
2.56
3.84
Fort WinBeld Soott, CaL
2.15
Fort Monroe, Va
2
6
3
3
5
3
3
2
5
1
2
1.77
42.86
19.11
11.76
15.02
4.57
4.62
3.28
7.76
L62
3.33
2.70
Waltv Reed Qeneral Ho^ital, District of
Colombia
32.26
General Hosplta], Fort Bayard, N. Hex. . .
Fort Baker, Cal.. ....T!
13.16
3.30
Fort BberidaTi, HI ,
2.28
Fort Kiley, Kans , . . ,
.76
Fort liOnn, Colo ,
1.71
FflrtHa»nfltmi^ Y. .
7.30
Fort Wordw, tVash ^ x ^
2.73
Fort Barrancas, Fla.
Madison Barracks. N.Y
Fort Leavenwortl^ Kans
5
3
4.96
Fort Ethan AUen, Vt ..111.
1
1.07
4.68
Fort Wayne, MM
Genwal Hospttal. Hot Sprkigs, Ark
Fort Hunt, ta... ......7.
1
14.71
2
1
34.48
8.85
FortMott,*N.J
FortWashhigtoo,Md
FortConstitu^an, N. H 111.
1
7.14
Fort Crockett, Tex. 1
FortHuadmca. Arix
5
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
10.44
11.40
ia56
6.91
6.40
4.78
8.91
8.89
2.96
1
1
2
4
1
1.83
Fort Stevens, Oreg
2.29
Fort Niagara. N.Y
7.22
Fort Mcmtosh, Tex.
1
2.61
10.60
FortMol2ltri^S.C
2.15
TTnrt Ut>lCln}my^ M^ , . .
Presidio of Monterey, CaL
1
1
1
19
2.42
1.33
.85
4
2
1
3.54
Fort Hancock, N.r/. 111111111
2.76
Fort Sill, Ok£
1.03
19 stations not included above had 1 case
each in 1015
4 stations not included above had 2 cases
each in 1914
8
18
13 stations not included above had 1 case
each in 1014
7 statioos not included above had 2 cases
each in 1913
14
23
49
n stations not included above had 1 case
each in 1013
Field misoeUBneons, etc
53
45
TotaL
179
•
2.68
175
2.72
183
8.07
528
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL
Table No. 22. — Occurrence of tuberculoeie {dU) among American troopi, Army,
1915 1 by years o/servicet enlieted men.
Years of seryfoe.
First.
Second.
Third.
Fourth.
Fifth.
Hfxth
and
oyer.
Total.
Unltod States, continental (excluding Alaska):
Mean -strength
•
171
A^^mlttMl "
48
31
17
22
10
43
Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength
2.68
Duty .*....'. r.
5
5
18
6
14
2
3
4
1
21
4
<
1
3
2
2
5
5
1
30
14
Died
16
DischarsBd on certificate of disability
Otherwise..
5
2
10
4
38
10
^^mahning Dec. 31. 1915
14
4
98
Alaska:
Mean strwigth ,
76S
A^n^Htivf
1
1
Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength
L31
RfimiifpinE'PfH?. 31 . 1915 ". .
1
1
FhUlppfaies:
Mean strength
11,834
Admitted..''.
39
13
8
3
3
10
78
Ratio per 1.000 of mean strength
ft. 43
Duty
1
4
19
1
14
3
1
2
5
Died
........
6
Discharged on oertlficate of disability
Otherwise
2
1
7
2
2
4
1
21
4
FemalningDw. 31,1915 ......
2
3
7
37
Hawaii:
Mean strength
8,672
31
Admitted..".
10
9
8
1
1
2
Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength
3.83
Duty." -..-' .1
1
1
1
1
3
Died
1
Dischareed on certificate of disability
2
6
1
1
3
Remafplnir Dec. 31 . 1915
10
6
1
21
Qanal Zone, Panama:
5.721
At\mHt*A - - , , ,,
10
7
6
3
1
8
35
6.12
Duty
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
4
Died
1
2
Discharged on oerti^ate of disability
1
1
6
s
Rematnlnc Dec. 31 . 1915 , , '.
9
5
2
S6
China:
Mean strenirtb , . .
1,385
7
Admitted
4
2
1
Ratio ner 1.000 of mean strength
5.24
Duty
1
1
1
Died
1
1
•
2
Otherwise
1
RemalninK Dec. 31 . 1915
2
1
3
Transports:
Mean strength
1,312
AdmHt^.T
4
1
S
Ratio per 1.000 of mean strength
5.34
Dischareed on certificate of disability
4
1
1
1
6
Remaining Dec. 31, 1915
1
Total:
Mean strength
98,263
•Admitted..".
110
«2
39
30
15
«6
328
Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength
Z.S2
Duty .'....'. r.
7
11
41
7
SO
7
5
9
3
38
2
1
7
4
25
6
6*
1
3
3
4
7
8
1
46
27
Died
27
Discharged on certificate of disability
74
16
Remaining Dec. 31. 1915
18
8
186
REPORT OP THE SURGEON GENERAL.
529
Table No. 23. — UndeUrmined fevers, 1915, by courUriei, officers and enlisted men,
il^cluding Philippine Scouts and Porto Rican troops.
DiBOnes.
United
States
(conti-
nental)
exdad-
ing
AJauB.
Alaska. Hawaii
Philip-
pine
Islands.
Canal
Zone,
Pan-
ama.
China.
Porto
RIoo.
Army
tiana- TotaL
ports.
25
8
72
5
i'
6
6
1
27
33
30
2
50
Fever, simple oontiiiQed
Fever, type Qndetenniiied
^PuBosBnu fover. . . • . •
2*
1
U
47
i'
120
5
'
Total
110
1.66
1
1.27
11
1.24
90
5.00
2
0.34
12
8.71
6
6.95
231
Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength
2.22
From the above table it will be noted that the admission rate for
these fevers in the United States was 1.65 per 1,000 of mean strength.
The same rate for 1914 was 1.49, that for 1913 was 2.65, and for 1912,
1.94 per 1,000. China has the h^hest admission rate for this class
of fevers, 8.71 per 1,000; Porto Rico comes next with 6.95 per 1,000.
The rate for the United States alone is lower than the total rate for
these fevers. It mi^ht be wdl to apain state, as in previous reports
that in questions of doubt, procecnires are used in the laboratory
diagnosis of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers so as to exclude any
possibility of overlooking tnese two diseases.
MENTAL ALIENATION (ENLISTED MEN).
It is impracticable to compare the admission rate for this class of
disturbances with the rate for diseases formerly classified and pub-
lished under the term ''insanitv." 'Die diseases included imder the
term ''mental alienation" used in the present nomenclature, which
was put into use January 1, 1912, include several conditions not taken
into consideration under the term insanity, such as defective mental
develo]>ment, constitutional psychopathic state, hypochondriasis, and
nostalgia. The case admission rate for mental alienation (all) for
1915 was 3.04 per 1,000, and the discharge rate 2.54, as compared
with 3.83 per 1,000 for the admission rate and 3.02 for discnarge
rate during the year 1914. The admission and discharge rates for the
entire Army for 1915 were 3.84 and 3.30 per 1,000, respectively.
^ ALCOHOLISM.
The admission rate for alcoholism in the United States for the year
1915 was 13.07 per 1,000, which is lower than for the preceding year,
when it was 13.46. It is exceedingly gratifying to note that there
has been a steady decrease in this rate smce 1907, when the rate was
36.09, before which year there was a steady increase for eight years.
The rate for 1915 is the lowest on record in the Army since the year
1870. As it has been stated b^ore, the rates given are not repre-
sentative of the true amount of intemperance existing in the Aimy .
but as they are all calculated from similar data, i. e., the number oi
cases in which medical assistance intervenes, thev are useful as
indices of alcoholic excesses. There can be no doubt but that this
remarkable decrease in the rates is properly attributable to the effect
produced by the act of Congress in stopping the pay of officers and
enlisted men when incapacitated for duty because of sickness due to
drug addiction, alcoholism, or other misconduct.
69176*— WAR 1916— VOL 1 34
REPORT OF THE SUBOEON OENERAU
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BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEON GENEBAL. 531
SMALLPOX.
Three cases of smallpox occurred within the United States proper
during the year, making an admission rate of 0.05, with no deatns.
MEASLES.
During the year 1915, 555 cases of measles occurred in the Army
in the United States, with 20 deaths and 8 discharges. In 1914 there
were 448 cases, with 8 deaths and 1 discharge.
An epidemic during January, February, March, April, and May at
Jefferson Barracks, Mo., resulted in 147 cases being reported, while
at Colmnbus Barracks^ Ohio, during February, W) aomissions for
measles are recorded, with 6 and 10 deaths, respectively. Of the 147
cases at Jefferson Barracks, 56 occurred during the month of January
and 50 during the month of March. The depots having the next
highest niunber of admissions for the year were Fort McDowell, Cal.,
with 27 cases and no deaths, and Fort Ix)gan, Colo., with 26 cases and
1 death. The mean strengths during the year at the above-mentioned
recruit depots were: Jefferson Barracks, 1,391; Colmnbus Barracks,
1,143; Fort McDowell, 854; and Fort Logan, 553.
The diversion of accepted applicants to other stations resulted in
the disease assmning no greater proportions than shown at Columbus
Barracks. With the advent of milaer weather the change in habitat
from the barracks to out-of-door life usually marks a decUne in the
incidence of the disease, which would tend to bear out the contention
tiiat crowding is a very material factor in the spread of this disease.
This office renews its recommendation that either additional bar-
rack room be provided or that the number of accepted applicants sent
to the recruit depots be curtailed, in order that an epiaemic such as
thireatened at Colmnbus and Jefiterson Barracks might be averted.
The continuance of an epidemic is in the main attributable to contact
of noninmiimes with infected cases before the latter have shown any
symptoms. That the death rate was not higher for the year 1915 is
(urectly due to the response on the part of The Adjutant General to
reconunendations of this office for the removal to other quarters of the
majority of the personnel before the disease had assumed greater pro-
portions than the figures above given would indicate.
EPIDEMIC POLIOMYELITIS.
No cases of this disease occurred among soldiers or civilian em-
ployees of the Army or among the families resident in the various
gwrisons. During the past year, however, poliomyelitis appeared in
the vicinity of Beveraf of the larger military reservations in the
eastern Umted States^ notably at Highland Falls, N. Y., immediately
adjoining the United States Military Academy Reservation at West
Point, N. Y. Nineteen cases with five deatHs occurred. Stringent
quarantine measures were promptly and successfully put in operation
%' the academy authorities upon tne recommendation of the surgeon,
ese measures were as follows:
The following quarantiDe regulations with reference to iK)liomye]itiB are established:
1. Children under 16 years of age residing at West Point will not be permitted to
leave the reservation. Children under 16 years of age residing elsewhere will not be
permitted to enter the reservation.
2. All general pleasure travel to and from West Point is discontinued.
3. Guests of individuals residing at West Point and guests of the hotel to be author-
ized to visit the reservation by permit only. Upon arrival at West Point they wiU
be held pending investigation and issuance of permit if warranted.
532 BEPOBT OF THE SUBGBON GENERAL..
4. Travel to and from West Point on buflineflB to be by permit only. Ilioee cowSi^
to Weet Point will be held at point of entrance until neceesary investigation ia made
and permit iasued.
5. All soldiers of the garrison at West Point will be quartered on reservation and
will not be allowed to leave the reservation during the continuance of the quarantiiie.
6. Clasaified civilian employees to be permitted to enter and leave the reservation
by permit only.
7. Employees of the West Point Army mess and cadet mess will, as far as practicable^
be quartered on the reservation, and others not so quartered will enter and leave the
reservation by permit only.
8. Tailors and similar employees of the cadet store will enter the reservation at the
railroad station or south gate and will proceed directly to the cadet store, and when
through with their work at that place will leave the reservation by the most direct
route.
9. All servants employed on the reservation will be required to live thereon and
will not be permitted to pass back and forth from the reservation.
10. Launoresses will assemble at the south gate at the time specified by the officer
in charge of the cadet laundry and will there be transported by wagons to me laundry.
Upon completion of their work at the laundry, they will be tran^rted back to the
south gate. They will not be permitted to pass back and forth on foot through the
reservation.
11. General laborers employed under the quartermaster will assemble at the south
gate and be conducted by a noncommissionea officer to their work. Upon completion
of their work they will again be assembled and conducted back to the south gate.
12. The vending of food products' of any kind on the reservation is prohibited.
Vegetable, fruit, bakery, and butcher wagons will not be permitted to ent^ the
reservation.
13. In all cases not covered by the above, entrance to and departure from the
reservation will be by special permit only, to be issued from these headquarters.
14. All persons residi^ on the reservation or who may be employed on the reser-
vation wiU at once noti^ the surgeon of any suspicious case of illness occurring in
their families or in the same house in which they reside.
15. The i^ve measures are adopted as necessary for the health of those resident or
employed at West Point.
OEBEBROSPINAL MENINGITIS.
Twenty-three cases of this disease, with 9 deaths, occarred doling
the year 1915 in the United States. In 1914 there were 14 cases
with 5 deaths.
INFLUBNCB OP STATION.
The posts haying the highest admission rates, from all causes, were:
Forts D. A. Rnsaell, Wvo., with a rate of 1,303.03; Caswell, N. C.,
with a rate of 955.17; Geoi^ Wright, Wash., 943.61; Leavenworth,
Kans., 930.95; and Mver. Va., 880.40.
The posts having tne nighest noneffective rate for the year 1916
were: Forts Bliss, Tex.- Sam Houston, Tex.; D. A. RusseU. Wye;
Huachuca, Ariz.; and Sheridan, HI., in the order named. The rates
from all causes were 95.24, 77.63, 37.86, 34.91, and 25.43 per 1,000,
resi>ectively. The average number of days' treatment for each case
was as follows: Fort Bhss, 43.68; Fort Sam Houston, 35.68; Fort
D. A. Russell, 10.60; Fort Huachuca, 39.12; and Fort Sheridan, 11.65.
The five posts having the lowest admission rate, from all causes,
during the year, were: Forts Casey, Wash., 190.62; Yellowstone,
Wyo., 261.90; Stevens, Oreg., 294.57; Winfield Scott, CaL, 330.60;
and West Pomt, N. Y., with 343.68 per 1,000.
The posts having the lowest noneffective rates, from all causes, wiUi
their rates, were: Forts Preble, Me., 3.96; Hamilton, N. Y.. 6.90;
Yellowstone, Wyo., 6.06; West Point, N. Y., 7.16; and Alcatras
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL. 533
Island, Cal., 8.63 per 1,000. The average number of days' treat-
ment for each case was: 4.15, 6.53, 8.44, 7.60, and 7. 90, respectively.
Of the recruiting depots Fort Slocum, N. Y., had the hi^nest admis-
sion rate from all causes, 1,341.10, and Jefferson BarracKs, Mo., the
lowest, 815.99 per 1,000; the latter depot had the highest average
nimiber of days' treatment for each case, 15.52. Fort Slocum had
the highest noneffective rate from all caus^ 38.64 per 1,000, and
Fort McDowelL Cal., the lowest^ 11.12. Tne highest death rate
occurred at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., being 14.86 per 1,000, and the
lowest at Fort McDowell, Cal., 1.15.
Tlie Western Department, as last year, had the lowest admission
rate, 556.47 per 1,000, as compared with 437.09 for 1914, with the
exception of the indep^ident stations, which had a rate of 508.43
per 1,000, as compared with 579.81 per 1,000 for 1914. A consider-
able increase is noted in the Eastern Department, whose rate for
1915 was 654.32, as compared with 567.44 per 1,000 for 1914. The
rate for the recruit depots, while still high, is slightly lower than for
1914, being 1,070.17 for 1915, as compared with 1,087.43 per 1,000
for 1914.
The independent stations had the lowest noneffective rate, 10.46
B^T 1,000, for the year 1915, as compared with 11.18 for the Western
epartment, 12.72 for the Mexican border, and 16.21 for the Eastern
Department.
The Central Department had the lowest death rate, 2.29 per 1,000
for 1915, as compared with 7.97 for 1914, and the Western and
Eastern Departments and the Mexican border next in order with
6.26, 6.28, and 6.33 per 1,000, respectively.
Tables Nos. 24 and 25 show the posts having the highest and the
lowest ratios of admission and noneffectiveness in the United States
as a whole.
INPLUBNOE OP RACE.
The colored troops (enlisted) had higher rates than the white for
noneffective and discharges, bemg 31.26 and 22.96, as compared with
25.52 and 13.23 per 1,000, respectively, for 1915. Hie respective
rates for 1914 were 33.73 and 27.90 as compared with 23.05 and
14.42. The admission rate for white troops was higher than for the
colored, being 708.51 as compared with 590.81.
For venereal diseases the admission rate for the white troops was
84.08. and for the colored 71.75 per 1,000 for 1915; for alcoholism the
rate lor the white troops was 13.49, and for the colored, 2.46; for
tuberculosis (all kinds) for the white was 2.72 and for the colored,
1.64; for bronchitis the rate for white was 37.07, and for colored,
33.21; for diarrhea and enteritis the rate for white was 32.12. and for
colored, 35.26: and for tonsilitis, acute follicular, the rate tor white
was 62.18, ana for colored, 21.32.
The relative prevalence of the other diseases in the two races with
comparisons are shown in Table No. 7.
534
BEPOET OP THE SURGEON GENERAL
CJuirt R. — United States, Officers and men,
(Admisskm rates for typhoid fever, undetormined fever, and malarial fevers, years 1906-1015 J
Ty^Xo/i ^ever-
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Chart T.~UmUdStatet. Enlutedmen.
fgr Tnma] dtMow and atcobotkm, jma IMM-UU.]
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Chart U.— United States, Officers and men.
lAdmissioQ and noooflective ratas for malaril fevers, yean 1906-1015.)
yP^^^/^^/oKIS
^ne^^c-iive
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538
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENERAL.
Chart F. — Army. Officers and American and native troop;
[Admission and death rates for tuberculosis, years 1906-1915.)
yafrs
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BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEOK OENEBAIi.
541
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542
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENEBAL.
Table No. 26. — Influence of disease on enlisted men, American troops, serving in the
United States, by arms of service, for year 1915,
Anns of 8«nrioe.
Infantry
Oavalrv
Coast Artillery,
Field Artmery.
Engineers. . . . .
Ordnanre
Signal Corps...
Hospital Corps
All others
Total....
Mean
strength.
16,570
11,703
16,057
3,707
1,262
647
843
2,898
11,038
63,736
Ad-
mitted.
9,807
6,323
7,797
2,586
825
271
393
1,507
6,463
35,972
Dis-
diarged
oncertifl'
cateof
disa-
biUty.
210
110
188
48
13
6
46
161
771
Died.
41
26
44
8
4
4
4
7
55
193
Con-
stantly
nonefleo-
tive.
380.00
227.18
288.91
91.27
41.89
8.27
17.90
57.18
217. 18
1,329.77
Ratio per 1,000 of mean strencUi.
Ad-
mitted.
591.85
540.29
517.83
697.60
653.72
418.86
466.19
520.01
585.52
604. «)
Dis-
charged
onoeitifi-
cateof
dba-
bility.
12.49
9.26
12.31
12.77
10.16
5.85
15.65
13.49
11.93
Died.
2.44
2.19
2.88
2.13
3.13
6.10
4.68
2.38
4.91
3.99
stantly
elliB^
tire.
19.41
19.19
24. «a
33.19
12.78
21.23
19.73
19. S7
20.87
Tablb No. 27. — Influence of season. United States, continental {exdvding Alaska), year
1915, officers and enlisted men.
Month.
Ratios per 1,000 of mean strength.
All causes.
Admis-
sions.
January..
February.
March....
Apm
May
June
July 166,663
August 68,762;
68,914
69,968
!«.114
68,117
66,684
66,291
61.02
64.77
n.65
61.57
62.82
49.00
,4»|
8.pt-nUr .5, ,
October 64,782^
NoTsmber.. 66,771
Deoonber... 67,068
62.93
62.68
67.44
I
n
45.120.34
47.93! .49
51.80 .49
42.84 .45
Non-
effect iye.
36.73| .27
33.40 .37
53.84| 36.65 .34
51.90 37.10| .09
37.87i .39
36.43 .63
26. 80^
64.84 46.14 .66
.41
Total . 66, 789 696. 04,493. 14 5. 31
"1
24.76
36.99
I
28.50!
27.95
25.30
I
24.23
24.16
24.78
24.61
I
24.74
I
25.78
27.32
21.09
22.99
24.21
23.01
Exclusive of
venereal dis-
eases, alcohol-
ism, vaccinia,
and injuries.
•9
41.14
47.99
52.55
42.36
21.201 32.22
20.80 29.79
30.20
31.17
33.96
31.12
20.63, 33.61
20.77
31.61
33.64,
33.77
36.36
45.62
24
.32
.35
.32
.18
.18
.13
.12
.22
.24
.16
.35
36.77, 21.70461.29
2.83
I
§
55
Prevailing diseases (exclusive of
venereal diseases, vacdnia, atoobol-
ism, and injuries).
16. 24, Tonsillitis, 620; acute brondiitte, 321;
influenza, 202.
18.95 InflueiuaTMO; tonsillitis, 491; aoote
bronchfas^299.
30.37 Influeoza, 523; tonsillitis, 483; acute
bronchus, 340.
19.35 Tonsillitis, 380; influenza, 380; acute
bronchitis, 198.
16.58 TonsOlitfe, 216; Acute broncfaitta,
109: furuncles, 102.
15.48| Tonsillitis, 177; furundes, 125;
laria 84.
16.56 Tonsillitis, 156; furuncles, 126;
stipation, 112.
15.69^ Tonsillitis, 132; furuncles, 116; aoata»
bronchitis, 106.
16.32 Oastro-enteritb, 144; tonsillitis, 134;
intestinal fermentations, 133.
15.21 Tonsfllitis, 142; gastro^iteritis, !«;
acute bronchitb, 139.
16.671 Influenza, 281: acute bronchitis, 312;
tonsiUitis,198.
16.92 Imfluenza, 880; acute broodiitis, 861;
I tonittUtfa,284.
16.78 TonsiUitis, 3,313; influenza, 3;919;
acute bronchitis, 2,414.
SANITATION, UNITED STATES.
The general sanitary conditions throughout the United States for
the Amiy have been very satisfactory. Such defects as were re-
ported were of a minor character and were promptly remedied
through the cooperation of those in authority. At several of the
newer posts in the Canal Zone complaints havo reached the office
in regard to the absence of screening against mostjuitoes. Unfor-
tunately it has not been possible to make corrections in all cases
through a lack of appropriation of funds.
The department surgeon, Eastern Department, under the subject
of hospital treatment in the Canal Zone, remarks:
I desire to invite attention to the unsatLsfactory condition in the matter of hoe-
pital treatment in the Canal Zone for thoee in the military service, and more
particularly for the dependent members of their families, who are accorded the privj-
lege of hospital treatment, subject to a charge for subsistence and medicines, every-
where else in the service where troops are serving and the facilities exist, except in
this district. Aside from the hardship just mentioned, I consider the present arrange-
ment, whereby all the sick of the service are sent to the Canal Zone hospitals except
those requiring dispensary treatment only, and b^r which the medical officers there
on duty are deprived in la^ part of the care of the sick and in whole of the professional
work and administration of hospitals, as tending to the deterioration of the efficiency
and morale of the medical officers concerned. In my opinion, the restoration to the
Medical Corps of its proper function of the care and control of all military sick, by the
establishment of military hospitals in the Canal Zone on exactly the same basis as else-
where in the Army, is the most important medico-military matter in this department.
On the subject of sanitary inspections, he further remarks:
No sanitary inepections were made during the year. The War Department under
date of July 8, 1915, decided that "Such general inspections except for troops in the
field in large camps should be made as a rule by officers of the Inspector General's
Department, that inspections by sanitary inspectors should be limited to special
cases requiring unusually detailed and careful inspection of a more or less technical
cluuucter,'' etc. A great part of the work of the sanitary inspector is of a technical
nature, and no other inspector is capable of giving such expert information to the depart-
ment commander or the Surgeon General, who are by these inspections kept fully in-
formed as to the proficiency of the personnel, care of the sick, sanitary conditions and
health of the troops, not to speak of the inestimable disciplinary value that accrues to the
mediceJ personnel of the various posts from a knowledge that searching technical
inspections will be made each year of all things pertaining to the Medical Department
by an official sanitary inspector. As a matter of^fact, the sanitary inspector was called
upon to tfi^e over the inspections previously made by the department surgeon^ who
was required by regulations, ever since the Civil War, to inspect every post in his
department at least once a year.
Further he states:
In the matter of winter armory inspections by medical officers, the ^t that there
have been assigned to districts five medical inspector-instructors, has improved the
situation very much, so far as the post surgeons are concerned, it having been necessary
to recommend very few details for this duty. But in regard to the summer encamp-
ments, where the services of a medical inspector-instructor are required for every
organization which has attached to it sanitary persormel, the department was put to it
to find officers available at the times and places required. In tne vicinity of Boston,
last summer, there were six different encampments of the Massachusetts Volunteer
Militia at different places at the same time. Tne encampment of United States troops
at Plattsbuxg, to which students and business men were invited, lasting, as it did,
543
544 BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
more than three months, required the services of a number of medical officers in addi-
tion to those serving at Plattsburg Barracks. The situation was such that It wbb
necessary to recall the sanitary inspector from leave and send him up to Plattsboig
Barracks to administer the hospital at that post.
In commenting upon the sanitary conditions in that department
during the year, tne department surgeon, Western Department,
states*
The sanitary conditions throughout the department for the year were very good.
A few defects were noted on the monthly reports, and where possible were promptly
corrected. The following is deemed worthy of special note:
The water supply for the Presidio of San ftancisco, Fort Winfield Scott^ the Letttf-
man General Hospital, Fort Mason, and the transport docks, is obtained from a small
stream that arises from springs on the Presidio Eeservation and flows a short course
near the southern boundary of the reservation to the sea. There are many buildings
just outside the reservation and the slope of the creek is abrupt and such that con-
tamination by drainage from the adjacent streets and building and leaking eewers
is alwa]^ a possibility. At the pumping station the water is subjected to rapid
mechanical nitration, with the addition of a coagulant, and the laboratory findings
of the filtered water have been satisfactory; but tne dam is wooden and in oad ord^
and the sediment tank is too small to pencnrm its function. Recommendations have
been made that a concrete dam and two sediment tanks be built, and the item has
been included in the 1917 estimate to Congress. As the laige number supplied with
water from this plant, and the liability of the supply to contamination makes it im-
portant that the filtration plant shotdd be kept in the highest state of efficiency, it is
believed that the work recommended is of considerable importance.
The suigeon at Vancouver Barracks reported the water supply endangered by a
cesspool in use within 75 yards of the wells. A requisition for the c<mstruction of
a septic tank for the disposal of this sewaee was fomrarded to the War Departmoit
' 'approval recommended under date of November 30, 1915.
The suigeon, Presidio of Monterey, Cal., recommended in the sanitarv report for
December, 1914, the ''Extension of existing barrack buildings to provide sufficient
BQuad rooms to give at least 60 square feet floor space to every man; the installation
of an adequate neating and ventilating system in all barracks; the installation of
modem plumbing (water-closets and urinab) and adequate hot water system for
bath rooms; connection of barracks to bath rooms bv covered passage.'' The fore-
going has been the subject of considerable correspondence, and the present status is
that estimates for this construction (as modified in the office of the Quartermaster
General) were to be included in the estimate for the fiscal year 1917.
The department surgeon, Central Department, in his annual repK)rt
for the calendar year 1915, states:
All conditions were cheerfully met and the duties required of the medical officem
were satisfactorily performed, no complaint being received as to unsatidacUny or
inadequate service. The service of the medical officers assigned as locum tenens at
posts was also satisfactory.
Speaking of the venereal situation in the department, the surgeon
at Fort Leavenworth is quoted as follows :
The venereal rate has been somewhat above the a\'erage for the Arm}r. Care has
been taken to make every provision for the convenience, comfort, and privacy of the
men who come to the hospital under the provisions of G. O. 17, W. D., 1912, for the
cleansing and disinfecting treatment prescribed. A man of the Hospital Corps
detachment is on dutv at all hours of the day and night to supervise the procedure.
The medical officers also take occasion to point out to the men the importance of this
sanitary precaution for those who will expoee themselves.
A wide difference exists between the various organizations as reeards the carrying
out of the provisions of G. O. 17, W. D., 1912, and it is believed that this has direct
relation to the amoimt of interest which the company officers take in the matter.
The success of some officers in educating their men to take this sanitary precaution
shows that all could achieve a reasonable amoimt of success by earnest and persLstent
efforts. It is believed that in the case of company officers who fail to attain a r^umi*
able amount of success in the matter the fact snould be noted on their efficiency
reports by commanding officers under the heading of remarks.
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEOK GEKEBAIj. 545
Regarding sanitation, the department surgeon adds:
The poets in this department, all with ganisons depleted by the departure of the
Secona Division to the southern border, nearly three vears since, have, as a rule, all
been caring for themselves, with more or less difficulty, owing to their shortage of
personnel.
The annual reports concerning sanitation from all posts are usuall^r brief, expressing
satisfaction, and there is no reason to suppose that there are any sanitary questions in
the department of real urgency.
The following conditions, however, have existed for several vears, during which
complaints have come from Forts Leavenworth and Brady of a smoke nuisance from the
use of soft coal, with recommendations for the substitution of hard coal. The greatly
increased expeDBe of such a change has, however, militated against its adoption.
At Fort Russell the completion of the new poet dty water-supply plant is expected
within a few weeks, which will permit the use of city water with confidence. This
wiU apparently terminate an agitation for pure water lasting for years.
At Fort Meade the damming up of the post sewer at terminus into Bear Butte Creek
has for years prompted recommendationB for the construction of a septic tank.
The sanitary conditions, as reported by the department surgeon,
Southern Department, have been generally good. The men are well
Protected from weather. Suitabfe buildings were erected for the
itchens and mess halls and they have been effectively floored and
screened. Latrines are boxed and fly proof. Lime and flytraps are
suppUed latrines. Kitchen wastes and manure are usually carted
away daily by outlying farmers. Habits of men are, as a rule, very
gooG. Food supply and preparation are satisfactory.
In speaking oi tne preventable diseases with which they have to
contend on tne southern border, the department surgeon remarks :
War and famine have paved the way for typhoid fever, smallpox, typhus fever, and
influenza in severe forms, and these epidemic diseases have all pre\^ed in Mexico
and among the refugees who have flocked to this side of the border. The fact that
smaUpox has been limited to two cases, typhoid fever to two, and epidemic menin-
gitis to one show how splendidly under control are these diseases, whidi formerly
caused such morbidity and mortality.
Further, he adds :
The prevailing diseases have been gastrointestinal, bronchial, and venereal.
Acute follicular tonsillitis and influenza have prevailed exUsnmyeiy during the colder
months, espedall^r at Douglas, Ariz. They seem connected, in their mode of spread,
with poor ventilation in the tenta of the men and in the various moving-pictuie shows
frequented by the commands. Improvement has followed a neater care in seeing
that the tents are properly aired during the day and ventilated at night. The pro-
prietors of the various picture theaters have likewise cooperated to improve tneir
ventilation.
There were relatively a laige number of cases of diphtheria. Twelve of these cases
occurred at Fort Mcintosh from Januarv 6 to May 3. The usual methods of isolation,
careful bacteriological examinations of throats, and immunization of contacts with
antitoxin kept the disease well in check. The majority of cases seem to ha\e been
contracted in Laredo, where an epidemic prevailed during the spring.
In explanation of the high rate of venereal diseases it is stated :
It is partly due to the soldiers obtaining 24-hour passes and idling to take the
prophylactic treatment soon enough after exposure to be of much value. For such
as meee, and especially for the use of troops serving: on the border and on detached
service, where me usual prophylactic can not be given, it is recommended that the
prophylactic tubes formerly authorized be again issued.
Continuing on this subject of venereal disease, the following is
quoted from the report of the surgeon. Fourth Infantry, Brownsville,
Tex.:
At Brownsville the usual factors are: (a) The small number of prostitutes present
in a small town; (6) the exceedingly low grade of those who are here. Cause: (a)
Operates by the whole number of women becoming more rapidly diseased than in a
6917e'— WAR 1916— VOL 1 36
546 BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
laiger town and increasing the chances of contagion. Lic^ht is shed as to the grade of
these women by the fact that pedicidosis pubis is exceedingly prevalent in tne com-
mand, as many as eight cases lutving been foimd in one company at the semimonthW
physical inspection. The large majoritjr of these women are Mexican-Indians, whicti
fact needs no further comment as to their hygienic condition.
The large number of prophylactic treatments given indicates a general knowledge
of the importance of the measures and would give ground to expect a small veneroJ
rate were it not for the well-known means of circumventing the order or of piartial
compliance that is sufficient to avoid legal penalties but not sufficient for therapeutic
benefit. All cases of venereal exposiu^ without venereal prophylaxis, where the
facts could be established, have been tried by summary coiul-martial. There have
been 17 convictions for this offense during the year.
The surgeon, Twelfth Infantry, Camp Stephen Little, Nogales,
Ariz., contributes the following on the subject:
This station can point with pride to the unusually low venereal rate for the year,
which could only have been secured through the system of venereal prophylaxis in use.
During the year there were recorded 5,401 prophylactic treatments, an average of 450
per month. These figures show the great extent to which the men have been exposed
to venereal disease. Prostitution in this vicinity is not regulated and most of the pros-
titutes are Mexican women who loiter in the vicinity of the camp. Undoubtealy a
very favorable influence in reducing the number of vereneal infections has been the
absence of saloons in the town of Nogales. A sober soldier after exposure to venereal
disease resorts to the prophylaxis and properly carries out the treatment, but a
venery associated with drunkenness is a serious menace to an individual's health and
undoubtedly is the cause of so-called failures of our venereal prophylaxis.
The following, quoted from the report of the surgeon, Eighteenth
Infantry, Douglas, Ariz., has the approval of the department surgeon:
When cases are transferred to other hospitals their subsequent history under present
methods is unknown to the medical officers who cared for patients originaAy. It
would increase the interest in following cases^ and be very instructive, if some
method could be instituted of reporting changes m diagnosis, complications, and final
disposition of these patients to tne officers who have formerly treated them.
The surgeon, Fort Sam Houston, Tex^ in his report to the depart-
ment surgeon, submits the following on * * Patients refusing operations:"
The service on the border is not attractive, and as a result many men take advantage
of every opportunity to leave the Armjr by discharge. In my opinion this accounts
for the many refusals to undergo operations to render the patient fit for the military
service. I am keeping a list of these refusals, and at the proper time will forward it
to The Adjutant General of the Army, with remarks, with a view of having the present
privilege of refusing operations revisisd.
The surgeon. Sixth Cavalry, which was stationed at Harlingen, Tex.,
reports the following:
Skin and subcutaneous affectums. — ^There has been a great number of sores, boils,
abscesses, and ulcers with adenitis and lymphadenitis from infection. The prevalence
with which slight scratches became spreaain^ sores, which resist or at least require
treatment over a long period, leads one to consider infection from some parasitic fungi.
Abrasions from thorns, as well as bites from sand fleas and ticks, common to this section,
could easilv promote this infection. Tropical ulcers are in some cases simulated.
Intestinal aisturhances. — Quite a number of cases of acute dysenterjr have been seen.
These \'ary in severity, but have run a fairly similar course, characterized by fever and
rapid onset and diarrhea of varying severity, but often with blood and mucus. They
have responded rather quickly to treatment, and it is believed to be a bacillary dy»-
entery. No amoebic cases have been observed, except one with a past history.
Malaria and fevers undiagnosed. — ^There have been a few cases of malaria of the type
Plasmodium vivax diagnosed, and more called malaria, but the disadvantagef* of not
navin^ a microscope, and the habit of the corps men on dutv with the troops on the riN~or
of giving (|uinine has precluded diagnosis in these cases, out I believe malarial infec-
t'on in tnis section to oe a negligible factor. There have been, however, quite a num-
bor of cases of fever type undetermined. These were characterized by rapid onset,
with or without diarrhea, quite high and continuous fever lasting three or lour daya»
RBPOBT OP THE SUBGEON GENERAL. 547
and rapid recovery. With the coming of cooler weather and fewer insects, this affec*
tion seems to have lessened or disappeared.
Sanitation. — ^The troops at the outlying stations are for the most part in tents and
have been supplied lumber for floors and Kitchens. They depend upon such water as
the community affords, as wells, rivers, or small lakes, and each troop is supplied with
a Lyster bag. The remainder of the regiment at Harlingen is well camped and sup-
8 lied with water from the town waterworks, and with electric lights. Tents are
cored and kitchens screened. Deep-pit latrines are used and are satisfactory.
Flies were very numerous during the warm weather, but few remained after December
1, 1915. Mosquitoes at no time nave been troublesome, and these mostly of the culex
type. It has, nowever, been very dry since the troops arrived and all standing water
in the vicinity of camp has been oiled. The climate since October 1 has been ideal,
and it is believed the men are reasonably content. The splendid shooting has afforded
the chief amusement. The outlying troops have depended largely upon Hospital
CoTpa men for medical attendance, and the necessity of reliable men for the corps
has been most apparent, and that they should have sufficient training. An automo-
bile ambulance was asked for shortly after the troops arrived in Harlingen, and was
approved but never supplied. It would have been most useful, and the scattered
troops could have been much more easily and effectively cared for. The ambulance
company has supplied service only within the town, whereas an automobile ambulance
could have collected the sick and wounded over most of the district.
CAMP SANITATION.
This subject has been one of unusual importance and interest during
the past year.
The camps of instruction for civilians at Plattsburg and elsewhere,
the assembling of the State troops in camps of mobihzation, and the
muster in to me Federal service of 140^000 National Guard in Jime,
1916, have necessitated a thorough consideration of all measures rolat-
ingto the care of troops in the field.
The following circular relating to camp sanitation and personal
hygiene, prepared by the Surgeon General of the Army, was early sent
to The Adjutant General with a view to its publication for the informa-
tion and guidance of all concerned.
With sught modification this circular has been approved and issued
as a general sanitary order of the War Department.
As will be noted, this order embodies largely those methods which
the experience of the regular troops in their camps at Vera Cruz,
Galveston, Texas City, San Antonio, and other places on the border
and in Mexico proved to be most valuable and satisfactory for field
conditions.
The following sanitary regulations are published for the guidance of all concerned
and should be strictly enforced:
1. Chief surgeon. — ^The chief or division surgeon is charged with the general conduct
and supervision of the Medical Denartment in the i>erformance of its duties^ and will
make such assignment of personnel as may be required.
2. Sanitary inspector. — ^The sanitary inspector is charged especially with the super-
vision of the sanitation of the camp. It is the duty of commanders to remedy defects
reported to them by the inspector.
8. Water supply. — Precaution must be taken to prevent contamination of the camp
water supply by keeping all containers scrupulously clean and protected from dust
and other sources of infection.
An appliance designed bv Mai. William J. Lyster, Medical Corps, and carried on
the supply table as ** Water bag, field, sterilizing, ** consists of a canvas bag of special! v
woven flax, 20 inches in diameter and 28 inches in length, sewn to a flat galvanizea*
iron ring, hinged so it folds at one diameter. Spliced at four equi-distant points on
the ring are two crossed pieces of hemp rope, enabling the bag to be suspended on
any convenient support capable of holding the weight of the bag when filled witii
water, which is about 330 pounds. Five nickel spring faucets are placed at equal
spaces about the bottom edge of the bag. The necic of these faucets is small enough
548 BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEOK GBNEBAI^.
to enter a canteen which can be filled in 10 seconds. The self-closing faucets pre>
vent wastage.
The purpose of the bag is not for transporting water, but to provide a stationary re-
ceptacle in which water can be held long enough to sterilize and then distribute it.
The empty bag weighs from 7 to 7) pounds and folds into a convenient package for
carriage in the field. It thus can be carried by the soldier on the Inhmtry pack when
other transportation is wanting.
After the bag is suspended and filled with water, it is sterilized by the addition of
a small amount of hypochlorite of calcium. This is carried in measured doses, sealed
in elass tubes. A package of 60 of these tubes weighs 10 ounces and measures 7} by
3} oy 4i inches. Packed in corrugated parser it will stand rough usage.
The tubes themselves are 3 inches in length by three-fifths of an inch in di-
ameter and are marked with a file enabling them to bo easily broken in the finders
without fragments. They contain from 14 to 15 grains of calcium hypochlorite.
This chemical contains from 30 to 32 per cent chlorin, which forms in tiie water
hypochlorous acid and results in sterilizing the water. The process is one of oxida-
tion. In the strength used waters highly infected are rendered safe. Of course, in
such strengths (1-500,000) grosslv polluted water such as sewage will not be rendered
safe. Water ordinarily used will be entirely safe after beins so treated. As the chem-
ical acts more efficientlv in clear waters, a filter-cloth, to oe fastened over the open-
ing of the b^ and weigning 1 ounce, is provided, or water may be strained through
a blanket. The bag is filled after it is in place. Susi>ended matter, such as clay, is
lai^ely removed and not left to interfere with the action of the chlorin.
Comprehensive experiments demonstrate the bacteriological efficiency of the
appliance. The organisms causing typhoid fever, the dysenteries, including amoebic
or tropical dysentery, and ciliates are promptljr destroyed. Even in the vegetative
form amoebae are killed in 15 minutes — ordinarily 5 to 10 minutes suffices uter the
addition of the powder to render the water safe to drink. Exposure of 30 minutes haa
been found to destroy all amoebse and ciliates under most severe conditions in a
test.
4. Disposed of garbage. — ^For detachments or companies in camps, or in isolated
locations where other means are not available, the incinerator shall be installed.
If wood is plentiful and medium-sized stones can be obtained, both liquid and solid
refuse can be disposed of by using incinerators improvised for each company aa
follows:
A pit is dug about 5 feet long, 2i feet wide, and 6 inches deep at one end and 12 at
the other; the excavated earth is banked around the pit and tne latter is then filled
with stones on which a fire is built; when the stones have become heated liquid refuee
is poured into the pit (shallow end) where it gradually evaporates; solid matter is
burned on the fire.
The efficiency of this type of incinemtor depends largely upon the fact that porous
earth absorbs a very large part of the liouid slops, but it is not considered practicable
to destroy the usual accumulation of slops every day without using an extravagant
amount of fuel.
A type of incinerator having a fire bed of rock 1 foot deep will not permit the heat
from the fire to penetrate beyond that depth. The rock wall on three rides of Ihe
fire bed absorbs much heat that otherwise mi^t be dissipated into space, idiidi
increases the evaporating capacity of the incmeiator enormously, ana requires a
comparatively very small amount of fuel. Incinerators built of huge rocks are con-
sidered to be most efficient.
About one-sixth of a cord of wood per dav per com|Miny is considered more than
sufficient for the destruction of all slops and garbage, if ordinary care and attention
is given the incinerator. Liquid slops should be evax>orated by being poured slowly
along the vertical walls of the incinerator, not upon the fire bed, and tne solid garbage
should be placed on top of the fuel. It has been determined that a skilled attiandant
can destroy 100 gallons of liquids and 23 cubic feet of solid garbage in about 12 houn
by using one-sixteenth of a cord of wood.
'Where rock is not available, material (brick, 340; Ume, three-fourths ba^) will be
obtained on requisition from the quartermaster. Where disposal in a sanitary way
can be made by means of carts, the garbage can may be used. The cans shall be thor-
oughly cleanea, scalded and coated with crude petroleum after emptying.
5. Disposal ofmanure and care of picket lines.— \U manure shall be hauled to the
camp dump. Picket lines shall be kept broom swept and all manure and stimw hauled
off oaily. A weekly indneration of the picket Imes shall be ccccompUshed with
crude oil at the rate of 10 gallons to each fine. Crude oil may be obtained ttom the
Quartermaster Corps on usual requisition.
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENEBAL. 549
6. Disposal of eoccreta,— Where a water carriage syBtem is not feasible, the Havard
box ahall be used over the earth latrines. Daily inspections of this 63r8tem are en-
joined on the |)art of the medical officer of the organization, who will see that ^e
following plan is carried out:
(a) The latrine shall be burned out thoroughly with crude oil and hay twice a day.
(Each burning, I eallon crude oil and 7.5 pounds of hay, or straw.)
(6) The boxes shall be at all times kept fl^^-tight; this implies closure of all cracks
and care of the hinges and a back construction so that the lids drop automatically.
The latrine seats shiQl be washed o£f twice weekly with a I to 100 solution of cresoline,
or other disinfectant, and whitewashed inside twice weekly.
(e) Latrines shall be rebuilt when filled to within 2 feet of the top.
(a) Where water-carriage system is in vogue, either the automatic flush or trough
system shall be installed.
7. Kitchens and mess rooms. — Kitchens and mess rooms shall be securely screened
and an efficient fly trap provided for catching such flies as gain entrance thereto.
An effective fly trap consisting of a light wooden frame, covered with wire gauze,
extending to about one-eighth of an inch of the floor of the trap, is readily conBtructed.
It has been found that sweetened water, slightly acidulated with vinegar, is an excel-
lent bait.
Ice boxes installed shall be inspected daily and drip pans emptied and scalded out.
Garbage cans shall be kept on wooden racks and elevated from the ground, and
cans burned out daily with oil to prevent fouling, and kept clean outside with a coat
of whitewash.
8. Arrangements shall be made for the installation of shower baths for all troops and
a careful inspection shall be made daily to see that waste water therefrom is so dis-
posed of as to prevent moeNquito breeding.
9. The use of the mosquito bar is imperative and it shall be used in all districts where
mosquitoes are prevalent.
10. Food ana drinks, — No food, drinks, or like commodities will be sold in camp
except in the authorized exchanges.
Attention is called to the use of the following foods, the elimination of which from
the messes will serve to prevent a variety of intestinal disorders:
(a) Canned milk and nsh opened the day before. (Fish and milk poisoning.)
( h) Hashes of meats and potatoes prepared the night previous. (Ptomaine poisoning
of severe type.)
(c) Locally grown green ve^tables^ uncooked. (Dysenteries and diarrhea.)
11. Malana. — ^When malaria prevails, the daily use of three ^;rains of sulphate of
quinine, to be increased as indicated, as a malarial prophylactic is made compulsory.
12. Insptciions. — Suigeons of orguiizations shall make a daily inspection of the
commands to which tney pertain, covering the following: Picket fines, latrines,
kitchens, barracks, inclosed toilets, baths, garbage receptacles, incinerators, and all
food supplies; they shall make a verbal report at once to tkeir respective commanding
officers for the correction of any sanitary defects noted^ and a similar report, with the
action taken, to the sanitary inspector on his next visit.
13. A special report shall oe made at once by the surgeon of each organization to the
sanitary inspector for the information of the chief surgeon, in the following cases:
{clS Acute infectious or contagious diseases developing in barracks or camps.
JbS Gases of fever of 101° or over, attended with albuminuria.
) Unusual prevalence of mosquitoes in vicinity.
; Development of amoebic or bacillary dysentery or malaria in the command.
14. Venereal prophylaxiB and venereal inspections shall be carried out thoroughly
and the required monthly report of the number of new cases of venereal diseases snail
be sent to the chief surgeon, through the sanitary inspector, each month.
15. Areas about camps in which mosauitoes could breed, such as cisterns, tanks,
woods, gutters, pools, and drains shall be kept under close observation by the surgeon,
and the proper remedies appfied. i. e., screening, draining, oiling, etc.
16. Sanitary sauads composed of medical officers, noncommissioned officers, and
privates of the Medical Department will be organized by the chief suij^eon. The
sanitary sqimd will supervise and assist in the disposal of camp wastes. Givilians em-
ployed as sanitary laborers will be employed by the Quartermaster's Department
and turned over to the Medical Department.
The sanitary police officer will make requisition on the Quartermaster General for
such transportation, labor^ material, etc., as may be needed. When assigned to this
service they will not be diverted to other uses except by competent authority.
17. Flies, — All possible breeding places of flies, accumulations of wastes and filth,
should be destroyed by incineration and particular attention given to the manure
and refuse from the picket lines and stables.
550 REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
An energetic campaign must be befi;un at once against the mature fliee.
Each company or organization will provide itself with several large fl3rtrap8, to be
placed near kitchen doors, store tents, and wherever flies are present.
INPEOnOUfi DISBA8B8.
Certain infectious diseases are of primary importance in military nnitation and
will be mentioned briefly in the following notes:
Typhoid fever. — Is caused bjr a specific organism, the bacillus typhosuB. When
the oacillus finds an entrance into man's intestinal tract typhoid fever is likely to
result.
The excreta, and particularly the stools of the victim of typhoid, and his urine are
loaded with tne t3rphoid bacilli. Hence the necessity for extreme care in properly
"' lin^ of excreta, and the strict avoidance of camp pollution.
^, jhoid fever, like cholera, is due to the transference of fecal matter of the in-
ectea individual, either directly or indirectly, to the alimentary canal of another
nonimmune person.
Typhoid fever is, therefore, chiefly a filth disease and one widely distributed over
the world. Its presence in a camp or community is chiefly determined hy the personal
cleanliness of the occupants, and largely by their method of disposmg oi human
excreta.
Through careless means of disposing of feces and urine, water, milk, and food be-
come infected, very largely through the agency of insects, principally the fly, which,
breeding in accumulations of refuse, manure, and various forms of mth, traosfer the
disease germ mechanically on their bodies and in their secretions from the infected
source to the food. Absolute protection of food supplies of all kinds and persistent
warfare on the fly are imperative.
The most common mode of infection in typhoid, as was shown in the camps of
1898. was by contact, direct or indirect, with them fected individual. About 60 per cent
of all cases, as shown by investigations, are believed to be due to contact infection.
Direct contact infection follows intimate association with the infected person.
Indirect contact infection results from clothing, bedding, drinking cups, food,
dishes, etc., which may serve to carry the infection from one person to another.
The necessity for great care as to personal cleanliness is obvious.
Frequent bat*hing, the washing of hands before eating, attention to laundering under-
clothing, and general personal cleanliness are obli^tory, as well as the prompt sterili-
zation of all articles which have been used bv those suffering from the disease, as
well as by "carriers," those excreting typhoid bacilli, thougn presenting no active
symptoms of the disease.
These "carriers" are an insidious menace, an even greater one than a frank case of
typhoid fever, because so frequently imrecognized. The greatest precautions must
be taken by sanitary officers for the prompt recognition, isolation, and treatment of
these "earners."
The regulations direct that all soldiers, immediately on entrance into the service,
be protected against typhoid fever by vaccination, as well as against smallpox. This
regulation will be strictly enforced.
Malaria. — Is caused by a microorganism (the Plasmodia malaris) which gains
access to the body through the bites of mosquitoes belonging to the g^us anopheles.
The predispos'mg causes of the disease are those that &vor the development of
mosquito life.
On account of the nocturnal habits of the malaria-bearing mosquitoes, the disease
is more likely to be contracted at night.
Camps will not be located near ewamps or in places where standing water favors
the development of the mosquito. Every precaution will be ta':en to destroy theee
breeding places by draining and filling, or by oiling them and by the cutting away
of all gra88 or undergrowth tor a distance of 200 yards about camps and habitattons in
order that the adult mosquitoes mav not find loogment and protection there.
S'nce the malaria mosquito is cliiefly a night biter, the reffolation re<}uiring the
use of the mosquito bar at night will be rigidly enforced ana frequent inspectioiia
made to see that no evasion of this order occurs.
In certain conditions the use of preventive doses of quinine may be required and
administered by order under the supervision of the medical officer. All cases of
malaria will be promptly isolated for treatment and protected from attacks by
mosquitoes.
Yellow fever. — Is transmitted by the bite of the yellow-fever moequito (the SUgo-
miffia calojnu^ as proved by Maj. Walter Reed, Medical Ocurps, United States Army,
Id 1900.
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENERAL. 551
Yellow fever is essentially a disease of the Tropics, and its existence is entirely
dependent upon the distribution of this single species of mosquito, small and silver
striped, active principallv at evening time, and breeding generally in small accumu-
lations of water close to the habitations of man.
The prevention of this disease, as in malaria, depends chiefly on the destruction
of the mosquito and its breeding places, the proper protection against the bitee of the
insects at all times, and the eariv isolation, protection, and treatment of each case of
yellow fever as soon as suspected.
Cholera. — Is an acute infectious disease caused by a comma-shaped microorganism —
the cholera bacillus.
These germs breed in the intestines of man and find their way into the mouth of
another individual through the medium of infected water, milk, and food; or the germs
can be conveyed by earners — by flies — and by contact infection, as in tjrphoid fever.
In every case this connection is certain and absolute. The disease extends in no
other manner.
In the cholera patient practically the only infected discharge is the stool. It is
therefore essentially a filth disease.
As in typhoid fever, contaminated food, dirty hands, flies, and infected clothing
and bedding are frequent sources of danger. All the sanitary precautions used in
the prevention of typhoid fever should be exercised, including tne careful searching
out of carriers — those individuals having the germs of cholera in their intestines ana
excreting them in their stools, thus scatteiing the infection and unknowingly infect-
ingUiose about them and greatly assisting in the rapid spread of the disease.
lliese *' carriers'' in an infected district are often numerous, ranging in numbers
from 5 to 10 per cent of the apparently normal population in a community where an
epidemic prevails. '^Carriers '^ are specially dangerous if connected in any way with
the handhng of the food supply.
In cholera, as in typhoid fever, djrsentery, and other so-called diarrheal diseases,
great care should be exercised to provide that —
fl) Only sterilized water is used.
2 J Only recently cooked and properly served food is allowed.
3) All kitchens are screened.
[4) All refuse is burned and constant warfare made against the fly and its breeding
places.
Ajiticholera vaccination has been proved an effective preventive measure also, but
again, as in typhoid fever, the application of vaccination in these diseases does not
lessen in any degree the responsibility or importance of rigidly enforcing all the gen-
eral sanitary rules which have been here briefly stated.
Dysentery. — Under this head are included at least two severe specific diseases —
baculary dysentery and amebic dysentery — each caused by distinctive organisms.
In addition there may be mentioned under this heading all the various forms of
diarrhea and colitis characterized by colic, bloody stools, and tenesmus.
Some of these are undoubtedly of a nonspecific and temporary nature, due to chill
or to indiscretions in eating and drinking.
Prevention ia the same as in typhoid fever and cholera, since there is no doubt that
in the specific bacillary and amebic djrsenteries the cause of the infection leaves
the infected man by his excreta, largely in his feces.
Attention is again directed to what has already been said, to the great importance
of strict attention to the disposal of all excreta and wastes, and to the careful investi-
gation and protection of the water supply.
The three diseases, typhoid fever, cholera, and dysentery, may from the stand-
point of prevention be considered as forming a well-marked group.
In all the mode of departure from the infected man is in his dejecta, in all it enters
the infected man in food and drink, and in all three the fly very often provides the
most important link.
Typhtis fever. — Is an acute infectious disease caused by a specific germ, character-
ized by sudden onset, high fever, marked nervous symptoms, and macular eruption.
It has prevailed in Mexico since the middle of the sixteenth century.
Typhus fever is transmitted to man only by the bite of the louse, which infests the
body and clothing of the victims.
Tne prevention of typhus fever depends^ therefore, upon personal cleanliness and
the avoidance and destruction of infected hce.
Frequent bathing and cleansing of clothing, with repeated inspections of garments,
particularly the seams, where we eggs of the louse are deposited, are imperative
precautions.
552 REPORT OF THE SURGEON OENERAL.
The body louse lays its egsa among and attached to the fibers of clothes, with a spe-
cial preference for seams and linings, a point to be remembered in the destruction of
lice.
These eggs are the size of a small pinhead, yellowish white in color, Roblet-flhaped,
and attached at the lower end to the cloth by a cement excreted by the lemale. 'They
can be destroyed with boiling water or kerosene.
The avoidance of buildings, places, and persons known to be infected with lice ii
of first importance.
In case troops are sent into a typhus area, a railway disinfecting and bathing train
will be provioed and stationary pmnts of like character established at the bases.
SmaUpox. — hXL soldiers will be vaccinated against this disease on enlistment.
Vaccination confers immunity against smallpox for a number of years.
Any case occurring among recruits will be isolated, and contacts not protected by
recent successful vaccination will be revaccinated.
Epidemic cerebro-meningitis, — Preventive measures in this disease consLst of prompt
recognition, isolation, and treatment of the patient.
'^GamerB'' will be also carefully sought for and kept under close observation.
Measles, mumpSf and scarlet fever. — When these diseases appear in a command all
cases will be Immediately isolated, all '* contacts" inspected daily, .and, where the
diseases show a tendency to spread, a detention camp will be established, where all
recentlv arrived recruits will oe detained under observation for a period of 12 day ■
before being permitted to join their organizations.
Venereal diseases,— The cause of these diseases is a matter of common knowledge.
They are entirely preventable, and the Qovemment punishes those who expose
themselves and contract venereal disease by prompt stoppage of pay and restriction
of privileges while under treatment.
All preventive measures prescribed by Army Regulations against infections of
this cli^uracter will be rigidly enforced.
WATER SUPPLY.
The complaints as to insufficient and impotable water supply at
the various posts, mentioned in the last annual report, have l>een,
in the main, remedied, and those made during the year 1915 will, it
is believed, be satisfactorily adjusted by the appropriation of funds
necessary to make such necessary alterations as will insure an ade-
quate and potable supply.
In connection with the "Bags, water, sterilizing'' placed upon the
supply table, mention of which was briefly made in the last report
of this office imder this caption, it is considered meet to mention
the highly satisfactory results obtained, as evidenced by the reports
reaching this office, by the troops serving in the United States, as
well as those making up the pumtive expedition into Mexico, in the
use of the bags in question.
Too much credit can not be given Maj. William J. L. Lyster.
Medical Corps, the officer who oe vised this most useful article oi
equipment. During the last year certain improvements have been
made in the origin^ ba^ which, judging from the reports of triab,
stamps it at once as an mdispensable article of equipment. Among
the more important merits which the ba^ possesses may be mentioned:
1. Its portability, thereby making it adaptable for use by ^mall
commanos segregated by necessity from the main column of troops.
2. Simplicity of operation, thus insuring prompt and efficient
service and a supply of potable water, not raised in temperature,
whenever the demand arises.
3. Availability of potable water^ obviating the desire to quench
the thirst at streams, irrigation ditches, etc., on the march, since
the canteen is sterilized and the filling of it supervised by those
competent to determine potable water.
4. The lessening of the possibilities for ingesting, through unster-
ilized water, of organisms causing typhoid fever, the dysenteries,
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL. 553
including amoBbic or tropical dysentery, thus making for a minimum
sick rate and for a greater efficiency among the troops.
The hypochlorite of calcium used as the sterilizing agent in con-
nection with the bag is put up in hermetically sealed glass tubes and
the tubes packed in a corrugated paper container, making a light,
portable package, with little or no weight added to the pack on the
soldier's back. The containers being made of corrugated paper will
stand much roii^h usa^e without danger of breaking the tub^ and
robbing them oi its active agent — chlorin.
BARRACKS AND QUARTERS.
Attention is again invited to the matter of overcrowding at the
recruit depots, particularly at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., and Columbus
Barracks, Ohio. Crowding adds to the ready spread of infection,
especially during the winter months, when the morbidity and mor-
tality rates for measles have been rather high. Too much emphasis
can not be laid on the evil results of crowding at this time of
the year, when the recruiting is au^ented, and with the prospect
of an increased volume of recruits m the future this defect should
be remedied. It has proven such a serious defect not alone in
causing temporary suspension of the work at the depots, but in
causing a very lar^ number of deaths among young men contract-
ing measles and otner contagious diseases who had reported at the
depots in robust health.
During the stmmier months, when an open-air Ufe is permissible,
the question is not so vital; but when climatic conditions are \mfa-
vorable and infections so rife and of such increasing virulence as
experienced during the winter months, at which time recruiting is
so much increased in volmne, crowding is a most serious defect and
should, for the best interests of the recruit depots, be reduced as
much as possible, even if necessary to move the permanent ner-
sonnel, as nas been done in the past when an epidemic threatenea.
It is believed that the expense of added buildings would, in the
lon^ run, prove a great savmg in reducing the disability and mor-
tidity inciaent to overcrowding and the resultant spread of infection.
CLOTHINO.
There has been no change in the clothing to be worn as provided for
in Uniform R^ulations since the last report. However, owing to
the scarcity of materials it has been found necessarjr to make some
change in the fabric used in the hat, this with the idea of meeting
abnormal conditions in the National Guard.
A board of officers with the punitive expedition in Mexico give it as
their opinion that the present cuff legging is not a success and urgently
recommended the return to the leegmg similar in shape to that used
in 1898, with certain parts reinforce with leather for the Field
Artillery and Cavalry.
Several recommendations have been submitted from various
sources to do away with the high collar on all of the coats, more
especially in the Canal Zone, and adopt for the officers in particular
a coUar similar to that worn b v the British officers, and for the men
a turn-down collar similar to the old blouse collar worn before 1898.
No definite action has, however, been taken on any of these recom-
mendations.
554
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON QENEBAL.
UNITED STATES MIUTARY ACADEMY, WEST POINT, N. Y.
The surgeon at West Point reports as follows on health condi-
tions, etc.:
Corps of cadets. — ^The health of the corps has been excellent throughout the vear.
There were 579 hospital admissions during the year, equivalent to an annual admis-
sion rate of 1,000 per thousand, a decrease of 127 per thousand as compared with the
preceding year; this is the smallest admission rate recorded during the past 10 years.
The nonenective rate, or the number of cadets constantly in hospital, was 13.82 per
thousand, as compared with 19.83 per thousand in 1915; this is ^e smallest rate during
the past 10 years except in 1914, when it was 11.92. The avera^ number of days
treatment of each case was 5j as compared with 6.4 for the preceding year, 4 days for
1914 J and 4.8 for the preceding four years. The following table shows the hospital-
admission rates and the none£fective rates per thousand for hospital cases for the past
10 years.
Table I. — Admissions.
Year.
1906-7.
1907-8.
1908-9.
190^10
1910-11
1911-13
1912-13
191S-14
1914-15
1915-16
Mean
actual
stren^
com-
mand.
440
404
422
417
407
531
515
562
612
579
Cases.
682
641
992
967
7B0
764
587
612
690
579
Rates per
thousand.
Nooef-
rectfve
rates per
thousand,
hospital.
1,650
1,586
2,310
2,366
1,916
1,438
1.139
1,088
1,127
1,000
35.22
32.17
32-77
35.73
28.25
17.70
16.89
11.92
19.81
13.83
There were no cases of critical illness nor of dangerous injury under treatment
during the year. A mild but extremely contagious epidemic of influenza occurred
during December and January, lasting about one month and affecting about 16 per
cent of the corps; 108 cases were admitted to the hospital for treatment, the average
duration of each case being about four days; there were no serious complications.
Forty-one cases of contagious catarrhal conjunctivitis were treated in hospital during
the year. None of the cases were at all serious. One case of laryngeal tuberculosis,
occurring in a cadet on furlough, was transferred to Fort Bayard, N. Mex. Five
cases of malaria appeared during the year, one a new case and four recurrences from
previous infections. Three cadets were discharged for physical disability, for valvular
disease of the heart; one case followed an attack of articular rheumatism, in line of
duty; the other two occurred previous to entrance into the Military Academy.
Of the 579 hospital admissions, general diseases, including 108 influenza, furnished
the greatest proportion, 135, or 23.31 per cent; injuries and other affections due to
external causes furnished 132, or 22.79 per cent; diseases of the digestive system 96,
or 16.58 per cent; diseases of the respiratory system 79, or 13.64 per cent; and diseases
of the eye and ear, including 41 cases of conjunctivitis, 56, or 9.65 per cent.
Of the 132 affections due to external causes, the greatest proportion were as usual
due to accidents during riding; the next most frequent were due to football, to gym-
nastic exercises, to badly fitting shoes, to basket ball, and to baseball, as foUowB:
Table II.
Accidents dur in;; rldtng
Injuries due to football.
Accidents during fO'mnastics
juries from baalr-f^tttne shoes....
luries due to basket ball
ries due to baseball
Mborilaneous accidents and iz^urlM
Total ,
1915
1914
43
49
25
36
17
13
7
11
4
7
7
3
30
37
132
156
BEPOBT OF THE 8TJBGE0N GENERAL.
555
The football seaaon was marked by an unuBually small number of accidents, most of
them of a trivial nature, no injury being permanent. Twenty-five cases required hospitsd
treatment entailing an absence of 159 days from duty, as compared witn 36 cases and
221 days lost in hospital during the preceding season. The freedom of football players
from serious accidents is grati^dng and is to be attributed to tiie fine physical condi-
tion of the members of the squad when active fall practice is begun and also to the
careful overdght on the part of the medical officer on duty with tne sqiiad and of the
coaching staff. Accidents are far more likely to occur when a player begins to tire
and when the fine edge of mental and physical fitness has begun to turn. If at that
point the nlayer is taken out of the rame most of the serious accidents of football may
be avoided. This is the policy which is followed at the academy and which has given
excellent results.
The following table shows the number of football injuries during the past nine years
and the numb^ of days lost by treatment in hospital:
Table III.
Year.
Number
of
Days
lost in
hospital.
Average
day 8 per
case.
•
1907
25
62
34
27
34
35
28
36
1 *
117
362
174
210
160
259
157
221
150
4.6
1008
5.8
ijbtf
5.0
1910
7.7
1911
4.9
1912
7.4
1913
5.6
1914
6.1
1915
6.3
In the last annual report from this office, mention was made of the fact that badly-
fitting shoes were the cause of much foot trouble, particularly in tJiefourUi class during
summer camp. An effort was made to prevent these troubles in the incoming class
by requiring that all new cadets be measured and that shoes of proper size be issued
in accordance with the detailed instructions prescribed by the War Department for
fitting enlisted men. The practical results of this scheme have been exceedingly
satisfactory. Capt. H. C. Cobum, jr., Medical (Dorps, on duty with the corps dunng
their week's practice march in August, reported as follows:
''In closing this report I desire to call especial attention to the exceedingly small
number of foot injuries treated on this march. Only eight cadets reported to the
hospital during the entire week on account of blisters or corns due to marching and
these were all of such a trifiing nature that no duties were missed. I consider this
excellent showing due to the good work done this year in accurately fitting the fourth
class with shoes of proper size immediately upon admission to the academy. Last
year many cadets reported daily with foot trouole, the bulk being made up of fourth
classmen with all forms of injuries due to short shoes. The improvement this year
was very noticeable and it is hoped that the good results may be perpetuated by the
same careful supervision of footwear as was practiced this summer. '*
A minimum standard of vision has been fixed by the War Department for graduation
at the Military Academy. The vision ''shall not be less than 20/100 in one eye and
20/70 in the other, these defects to be entirely correctable bv proper elasses. ** TMs
is in accordance with the recommendation of Maj. S. H. Waahams, Medical Corps,
who was detailed by the War Department to make a special study of visual defects
among cadets at the academy.
3. Enlisted ?n^.— During the past year there were 231 admissions to sick report,
equivalent to an admission rate per tnousand of 326, the lowest on record in recent
years. The noneffective rate was also lower than in 1915, being 7.9 per thousand as
compared with 9.35 for 1915. Both the admisEdon and the noneffective rates are very
considerably lower than for the Armv at large. The following table shows the numbcur
of admissionfl, the admissi n rate and the noneffective rate per thousand among enlisted
men for the past six years:
Table IV.
AdmlssloDs to sick report
Ratetper thousand (admfesion). . .
NoDeffective rates
ICean annual strenjjth of coinmaud
1911
622
82.-)
18. .S7
649
1912
1013
1014
1915
359
401
415
902
626
m3
468
501
14.81
15.26
11.25
0.35
648
688
702
716
1916
230
328
7.01
706
556
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEOK GENERAL.
The number of admissions for transmissible diseases was smaU, including venenaL
28; influenza, 25; malaria, 3; tirt)erculoeis, 3. The three cases of malaria reported were
recurrent attacks; the three cases of tuberculosis were transferred to Fort Bayard,
N. Mex., for treatment. No case of pneumonia was reported during the year.
4. Civilian population. — ^Health conditions among civilians attached to tlus com-
mand have been very satisfactory. A mild epidemic of mumps occurred during
December and January among the children of officers and enlisted men, numbering
42 cases; 9 cases of measles were reported during the year, 3 of chicken pox, and 1 m
whooping cough.
5. Sanitation. — ^The sanitary conditions of the post have been excellent througfaont
the year. The stringent measures against mosauito and fly breeding heretotoe
adopted have been successfully carried out. Only eight cases of malaria occurred
during the year, of which seven were recurrences of previous infection. Five cases
were among cadets, equivalent to an annual admission rate of 8.6 per thousand, the
lowest on record except in 1914; three cases were amon^ enlisted men, an e<]uivalent
rate of 4.2 per thousand. The admission rates for malaria for cadets and enlisted men
are shown in the following table:
Tablb V.
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1016
Cadets
19.0
69.4
126.3
72.2
127.6
76.2
58.9
36.9
88.5
41.6
25.2
23.2
.0
5.6
11.4
8.8
8.6
Enlisted men
4.2
The following tables show the character and amotmt of certain of the profeesional
work done during the year:
Tablb VI. — Dental operations.
Affecting teeth and gums 3, 165
Affecting mouth and jaws 204
PiUingB 1,724
Bridges SS
Crowns 76
Artificial dentures 4
Miscellaneous treatments 3, 610
Total 8,816
Tablb VII. — Surgical operations.
Abortion, inoomplete, oaietta^e
Abtoess. molsion and drainage
Adenoids, excision
AppendioBctomles
Ampatation, Anger
Celloiltis, incision and drainage
Cinnuncttions
Corns, ezdskm
Cysts, excision
Dislooations, reduction
Empjrema, antrum of Hlghmore, incision and drain-
age.
Bxoetosii, excision
Fistula in ano, incision
Frsctures, reduction
Hematoma, aspiration.
Hematoma, incision
Hemoniioiai, exdsion.
Herniotomies
Hydrocele, aspiration
Ingrowing toe mil, exciston ,
Lipoma, excisioo
Mole, exciskm
Neonwis, bones of wilft, tauUha. .
OTariotomy
Paracentesfa, membrana tympanl.
Pwliioonmpliy
Civilians.
4
31
36
13
1
18
8
1
4
1
1
2
I
Cadets.
46
8
4
5
2
a
0
1
1
7
1
Officers.
0
1
1
3
Enlist«l
10
4
1
«
2
3i<
1
TotaL
S7
31
2
3B
10
5
3
1
1
16
1
1
11
a
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON QENEBAIi.
557
Tablb VII. — Surgical operations — Continued.
Plastio opwatioii, ramoTal of tissue
P<ri7pa8, nasal, removal of.
Polypus, aural , removal
Septum, deflected nasal, submucous resecti^m
Synovitis, aspiration
INansiUectomjes
Thyroidectomy, partial
Uloer, eiccision ,
XJloer, curettage ,
U terus, curettage and dilatation ,
Uterus, cuiBttaee and removal left tube and ovary . . .
Varicocele, excision
Warts, excision.
Wounds, suture
Total.
CiviUans.
33
1
1
1
4
1
1
20
189
Cadets.
2
1
12
30
OfBcers.
132
Enlisted
men.
2 '.
34
36
Total.
1
1
1
1
2
3d
1
1
1
4
1
1
12
66
380
Tablb VIII. — Laboratory toork.
Examination of —
Blood 249
Fecee 15
Urine 1,259
Pub 13
Throat cultures 103
Sputum - 63
Examination of —
Stomach contents. .
Water
Milk
Urethral discharges.
4
12
5
54
Total 1,777
Table IX. — MiseeUaneous.
Badiograms 237
Bye refractions 244
Typhoid prophylactics 203
Vaccinations 235
Surgical dressings 3, 555
Prescriptions filled 4,916
There have been 26 births and 7 deaths during the year.
Tablb X.— Births.
Hales 11
Females 15
Total
26
Table XI.— Deaths.
Cause.
OfBcers.
Retired
enlisted
men.
CiWlians.
Children.
TiL^iiitrition
•
1
If ltTA.1 {rL«nfn<*iAnrrv
1
TntjMtinAl ohfttnmtion
1
nnnithot wound of beftdr ^.^^t-^
1
atfllbom .,,,..,-
3
Total
1
1
1
4
ALASKA.
The mean strength of the troops, officers, and enlisted men serving
in Alaska during the past year was 787, as compared with 958 in 1914.
This force consisted of Infantry, Signal Corps, and Hospital Corps,
all white. Alaska still remains the healthiest region in which tne
Army is stationed.
The admission rate for all causes was 378.65 per 1,000 in 1915, as
compared with 408.14 in 1914. The rate for disease was 292.24 per
1,000, and that for external causes 86.40, as compared with 303.76
and 104.38, respectively, in 1914. The corresponding rates for the
United States were, for total causes, 696.04 per 1,000; that for
disease being 559.43. and that for external causes, 136.61. The dis-
eases having the hignest admission rates are shown in the following
tabulation:
Admission raUs for some of the principal diseases for Alaska^ American troops, officers
ana enlisted m^n.
34.81 i ao.88
3a 49 , 10.83
3S.41 : 39.23
15.26 ia44
12.71
10.17 1(L70
iai7 I 9.89
8.89 34.01
7.«3 7.81
0.35 12.53
6.06 4.18
^64 I 4.18
2.64 8.13
2.54 2.09
1.27 , 2.09
1.27 1.04
AUOMIM.. 878.05 , 408.14
Vcneral diseases
BnmobttiB
Tonsillitis
Rheumatism, musoolar . . . .
Phanmgitis
Alooliol£m(aU)
Ifental alienation
Influensa
Diarrhea and enteritis
Appendicitis
Rheumatism, articular (all)
Constipation
Gastritis, acute and chronio
Synovitis
Mialarial fevers
Tuberculosis (all)
Total officers
and enlisted
men.
Enlisted
35.89
28.83
30.31
1&73
18.11
ia48
ia48
9.17
7.80
0w66
5.34
3.02
2.02
2.02
1.81
1.31
880.03
SL80
aa77
saoo
laoo
17.49
ia»
34.04
7.05
18.11
4.87
4.87
8w8B
a. 19
3119
1.09
428.90
The noneffective rate was 8.71 per 1,000 in 1915, as compared with
10.17 in 1914. The rate for disease was 6.02 and for external causes
2.70 por 1,000,
558
BEPOBT OF THB 8UBQE0N OBNERAU
&59
The diseases causing the highest noneffectiye rates are shown below.
Nontffecdve raiufotr wmt of (he principal di$etuetfar Alaska^ Ameriean troop$, officen
andefUiiUd men.
Total offioers
and enlisted
Enlisted men.
1915
1914
1915
1914
Veneral diseases
a53
.39
.37
.33
.27
.13
.15
.18
.06
.07
.06
.04
.04
.08
.02
.01
8.71
a29
.63
.29
.10
.96
.33
.33
.83
.19
"".'oi*
.06
.04
.06
.01
.04
iai7
a54
.40
.34
.34
.28
.14
.15
.14
.06
.07
.06
.04
.04
.03
.02
.01
8.91
a 31
Append Icitis
.60
Bronchitis
.81
RhAiimf%ti«ni, inillM?Ulftra.x . . x .^^ ...^»..x ..
.10
1.08
T<^<||iftf<^ . . ,
.82
Tuberculosis (all) -...
.34
TPflUfP«<l ..... . , . r . T . r , . r . . r . . , . , r .
.82
Alcoholism (all)
.20
Pharyngitis .*
Rhenmatism. articular (all)
.06
Diarrhea and enteritis
.06
Synovitis .•«■•.•............••••..•••..........•.....•...•.•.•••••.••..
.04
Constipation
.06
.01
if alarial i^fvns ,
.04
All causes
10.52
The death rate in 1915 was 2.54 per 1,000, and in 1914 was 8.35.
In actual numbers 2 deaths occurred, one from disease and one from
external causes.
The discharge rate, all for disease, in 1915, was 11.80 per 1,000, as
compared with 8.74 in 1914.
Tables Nos. 3 and 76 give general figures for all enlisted men as
compared with those serving m other coxmtries, and Table No. 73
for cQl officers and enlisted men, together with proportionate figures
for disease and injury.
EnlisUd men invalided home from AUuhit i915.
Cause.
Number
of cases.
Mental alienation (defective
mental development, 1: de-
mentia precox. 1; psychosis
manaic depressive, 1) . .
Flat foot
Pulmonary tuberculosis
Exophthalmic eoiter
Chronic alcohofi»m
Hvsteria
Ptourisy
Asthma
Uloerofstomadi
Arthritis
Total
Peroentaf • of total cases
Per.
rentage
of total
cases.
Duty.
1
7.60
Dis-
charged
oncer-
tiflcate
of dis-
ability.
8
2
Dtod.
8
01. M
(
Other-
wise dis-
posed of.
Remain-
ing at
end of
year.
1
1
7.M
1
1
8
28.06
560
BEPORT OF THE SUBOEON OENEBAI*
O
a
>
In
II
CO t^ooooco
^1
'a
g
iSg
• • ■ ■ • •
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ocoo
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I
'A
It
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o
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<oaor«i»0<o
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lisl ill j
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ils:
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la il tl I
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o yi
eoeo
I-
1^
8
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3
3
3
3
3
I
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«
•3a>h
w-S-=='§^-a|
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33
5 o o e o d «
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
AMERICAN TROOPS (ENLISTED MEN).
By reference to the figures furnished below it will be noted that no
marked improvement in the health of the American troops serving
in the Phihppine Islands resulted during 1915 when compared witn
the fijgures for 1914. While the rate for venereal diseases (all) com-
pared favorably with the admission rate for 1914, these diseases still
remain a matter of concern. The adnussion rate for malarial fever
has taken a remarkable jimip, compared with the rate prevailing for
that disease during 1914, being 45.26 for the latter and 63.12 per
1,000 for 1915.
The mean strength of the enlisted American troops stationed in
the Philippine Islands for the year was 11,834 (S. 6. O.). Of this
number 10,493 were white and 1,341 colored. The statistics for the
Philippine Scouts, of whom there were 5,505, will be given separately.
ADMISSION RATES.
During the year there were ll,72i case admissions for all causes,
white and colored troops, making a case admission rate of 990.45 per
1,000, as compared with 8,999 case admissions and a case admission
rate of 877.69 per 1,000 for 1914, 922.06 for 1913, and 1,246.99 forl912.
The case admission rate for disease only was 871.05 for 1915,
746.61 for 1914, 776.28 for 1913, and 1,075.34 for 1912.
The case admission rate for white troops for all causes was 954.35,
as compared with 1,272.93 for colored troops, the latter having a
mean strength of 1,341 during the year.
The case admission rate for injuries for white troops was 120.08
r 1,000 as compared with 114.09 per 1,000 for colored troops, and
or the total American troops, white and colored, 119.40 per 1,000,
the lowest rate for several years.
CONSTANTLY NONEFFECTIVE BATES.
The total constantly noneffective rate for the year was 29.15 per
1,000; that for white troops being 28.20 and for colored, 36.57.
The total noneffective rate for disease only in 1915 was 25.42 per
1,000, as compared with 24.62 for white troops and 31.73 for colored.
Tlie rates for 1914 were 26.60, 27.29, and 23.56 per 1,000, respectively.
DISCHARGE ON CERTIFICATE OF DISABILnT.
The American soldiers are very rarely discharged in the Philippine
Islands, being invaUded home and discharged in the United States;
however, those so discharged are credited to the Philippines. Table
No. 28 shows the diseases for which these discharges were made.
The discharged rate for 1915 was 23.22 per 1,000 as compared
with the corresponding rate of 10.62 for 1914. The rate for disease
only was 22.04 per 1,000, and that for injury, 1.18, as compared with
e9176'— WAB 1916— VOL 1 36 561
K
562
BEPORT OF THE SUBGEON GENERAIi.
the corresponding rates of 10.24 and 0.38 for 1914. The total rates
for the white troops was 23.79 as compared with 18.64 per 1,000 for
the colored troops.
The diseases causing the highest number of dischai^es were : Mental
alienation, with a rate of 7.99; tuberculosis, 3.28; flat foot, 2.27, and
venereal diseases, 0.93. The corresponding rates for the United
States were 2.54, 1.67, 1.19, and 0.88 per 1,000, respectively.
Table No. 2S.—Di8charge8 far duabUity, American troops in the PkUippine Islande,
year 1915,
CAOse of discharge.
DISEASES.
Diseases of the nerv^ous system and organs
of special sense
Bi^Dtalaliflnatioii
Dementia precox
Defective mental development
Psytdio8isnfanicdepr>ssive
Qeneral paralysis oi the insane
Psychosis traumatic
other forms
Epilepsy
Neurasthenia
Otitis media.
Other nervous diseases
Neuritis
Hysteria.
LocomoUM' ataxia
Anterior poliomyelitis, acute
Choroiditis
General diseases
Tuberculosis
Of the lungs
Of the'ioints
Venereal diseases
Syphilis
Tertiary
Secondary
Oonorrhca
Arthritis
Cystitis
Endocarditis
Alcoholism, chronic
Drue habit
Morj^Ine
Cocaine
Mori^ineand cocaine
Dysentery, chrtRiic cntomebio
Rheumatic fever, subacute
Ezophthalraic goiter
Pernicious an?mia
Diabetes insipid is, chronic
Diseases of the organs of locomotion
Flat foot
Others
Periostitis
Ankylosis, chronic
Arthritis, chronic
Hammertoes
Metataisalgia, chronic
Diseases of the circulatory system
Organic heart disease
Chronic valvular disease
Chronic myocarditis
Ctironio eodooarditis
Num-
ber dls
charged.
180
05
60
21
2
1
1
20
16
6
4
8
2
2
1
1
1
67
30
38
1
11
6
5
1
5
8
1
1
6
6
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
I
84
27
2
1
1
1
1
1
11
8
4
3
1
Per-
centage
of dis-
charges
fordls-
abUity
for dis-
ease.
40.62
86.26
10.08
8.02
.76
.38
.38
7.63
6.11
1.01
1.63
1.16
.76
.76
.38
.38
25.67
14.88
14.60
.38
4.20
2.20
1.01
.38
1.01
1.16
.38
.38
2.20
2.20
.76
.76
,76
.38
.38
.38
.38
.38
12.06
10.30
.76
.88
.38
.38
.88
.38
4.20
8.06
1.&3
1.16
.38
Discharged for disability.
Inline
of duty.
16
0
8
1
1
1
10
18
18
Not in line of
duty.
Con-
tracted
before
enlist-
ment.
Ill
84
42
21
1
20
16
1
4
8
1
2
Con-
tracted
after
enlijst-
ment.
Inlhie
of duty.
31
21
20
1
6
4
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
82
27
2
8
2
17
Dischar00d for
disability bete*
assignment.
6
2
2
4
3
1
5
6
2
2
2
2
2
Not In
line of
duty.
1
1
1
1
1
B£POB¥ OF THE SURGEON GENEBAL..
563
Tablb No. 28. — Diicharge for disability, American troops in the Philippine Islands^
year 1916 — Continued.
Num-
ber dis-
charged.
Per-
centage
of dis-
charges
for dis-
ability
for dis-
ease.
I ischarged for disability.
Cause of discharge.
Inline
of duty.
Not in Ifaie of
duty.
Discharged for
disability before
assignment.
Con-
tracted
before
enlist-
ment.
Con-
tracted
after
enlist-
ment.
Inline
of duty.
Not in
line of
duty.
DisxAfiia— continued.
Diseases of the circulatory 8y8teni--<k>ntd.
Fndoctnlltis. ecate r . . . r
1
1
1
8
2
2
2
1
1
8
4
1
1
0
4
1
1
0.88
.88
.88
8.05
.78
.76
.78
.88
.88
2.29
1.68
.88
.38
2.29
1.63
38
.38
1
Anenrjsni .••••...*...... •••«••«••«•«.••
1
Tadiy^anlia ,
i'
i*
1
1
6
2
2
1
Diseases of the digestive system
Ulcer of the stomach ^ ^ ^ ..... ^ ..... ^ ..... .
InfmfnAl hMtif A. „..^^^,..^^..
QastritiSx catanhal. chronic . ^ .
AnDendicltis. catanhal. chrooic
1
6
Asthma. ''. .'...''...........
•••••■•*
4
1
1
6
4
1
1
Bronchitis, chronic
Diseases of the senito-urinary system
Knnrpsto
Nephritis, chronic interstitial
ProBtatitis. diroalc
Total for disease
262
100.00
44
197
21
! 2
KXTEBNAL CAUSES.
Secondary resolts ctf injuries
6
8
2
1
1
1
42.88
21.48
14.29
7.14
7.14
7.14
3*
2
1
1
6
, ,,t ...
Tnm'nfitifqn by mnffhof^ -.,.
Traumatism bv Bicised wound
Traumatism, fracture of hand by striking
object ...,..\V7r..
1
Total for external causes
14
100.00
7
6
1
Total for disease a . . . . ^ x
262
14
94.93
6.07
44
7
197
6
21
1
2
Total for external causes
Grand total
278
100.00
61
203
22
2
DEATHS.
Deaths occurring in the United States in the persons of those
invalided home from the Philippine Islands are credited to that
station.
There were 36 deaths among the American troops, oflScers and en-
listed men, during the year 1915, 34 of which were enUsted, white
and colored; 20 from disease and 16 from injury, the total death rate
being 2.87 per 1,000; that for disease 1.59 and for injury 1.27 per
1,000. The figures here given are taken from Table No. 29 and are
for officers and enlisted men. The figures sUghtljr differ from those
given in Table No. 72 at the back of the report, which are for enUsted
men only. The total death rate, officers and enlisted men, for 1914
was 3.64 per 1,000; that for disease being 1.95 and for injury 1.69
per 1,000. There were 3 deaths from drowning in 1915, as compared
with 4 in 1914. Six suicided in 1915 as against 2 in 1914.
564
BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEON GENERAL.
Tuberculosis caused 6 deaths in 1915 and 4 in 1914; dysentery,
2 in 1915 and 1 in 1914; alcoholism, no deaths in 1915 and 2 in 1914.
Table No. 29. — Causes ofdeaih^ American troops^ PkUippine Islands, year 1916, officers
and enlisted men.
Causes of death.
DISEASES.
Tuberculosis (all of the lungs)
Purulent infection and septiolBmJa
Dysentery, entamoeblo
Diphtheria, laryngeaL
Syphilis, tertiary
Myelitis, acute diiluse
Apoplexy, cerebral
Valvular disease of the heart
Aneurism of aorta
Dilatation of stomach, acute
Nephritis, acute
Nephritis, chronic interstitial
Total
BXTEBNAL CAUSES.
Suicidal
By gunshot wound (rifle, 2; reyolver, 2)
By hanging
Homicidal
By gunshot
Ifjsaue unknown
Accidental
Drowning (while swimming, 1; circumstances unknown, 2)
Crushing (railroad accident, 2; automobile accident, 1)
Bums, general (explosion of wood alcohol)
FaU(inloweU)
Total
Total for disease
Total for external causes
Grand total
Number
of
deaths.
6
3
2
20
6
4
2
2
1
1
8
3
3
1
1
16
20
16
30
Batio per 1,000 of—
Mean
strength.
0.46
.24
.10
.08
.08
.08
.08
.08
.08
.08
.08
.08
1.50
.48
.32
.16
.16
.08
.08
.64
.24
.24
.06
.08
1.27
1.50
1.27
2.87
Deaths
frain
300.00
isaoo
100.00
Ml 00
fiaoo
60.00
5a 00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
60.00
l,000i00
375.00
125.00
125.00
62.80
02.60
500.00
187.60
187.80
02.60
02.80
1,000.00
655.60
444.44
1,000.00
PREVALENCE OF SPECIAL DISEASES, AMERICAN TROOPS
(ENLISTED MEN).
TYPHOID FEVER.
None occurred in 1915 or in 1914 and 1913.
MALARIAL FEVERS.
The admission rate for aU fevers of this class was 63.12 per 1,000
as compared with 45.26 in 1914 and 112.08 in 1913. The rates for
American and native troops are shown graphically in charts X and Y.
By reference to Table No. 31 it will be seen that Camp Stotsenburg
had the highest admission rate for American garrisons, 121.18 per
1,000, as compared with 81.12 in 1914. Camp Eldridge, last year
stood in second place, this year has dropped down to No. 4. Fort
Mills, which was No. 7 on trie list in 1914, now takes second place
with a rate for 1915 of 88.48, compared with 31.75 per 1,000 in 1914.
In this connection it shoidd be noted that the posts garrisoned with
native troops have considerably higher admission rates than those
garrisoned with American troops.
Tablb No. 31. — lialarialfeven, year 1915 ^ compared with year 1914tfor stations in the
rkUippine Islands,
Posts.
Prindpally of Am«rkan troops:
Camp Stotsenburg
FortliiDs.
Regan Barracks
Camp Eldridge
Port Santiago and headqoarters of Philippine Department
Fort William McKinley
CamplIcQrath
Cuazielde Elspana..
Prlnotpally of Philippine Sbouts:
Ludlow Barracks
Camp Overton
OampOregg
Pettit Barracks
Aogor Barracks
Port San Pedro
OampKeithley
Camp Nichols
Warwick Barracks
Camp John Hay
Ratio per 1,000 of
iiieoD streugtb.
1916
1914
121.18
81.12
8S.48
81.75
37.15
39.77
32.44
75.47
27.82
15.62
17.95
33.28
12.40
16.97
10.01
72.84
213.42
778.49
iiaoo
75.47
70.06
247.01
62.90
isa46
57.42
178.90
56.88
183.96
43.85
62.62
26.79
17.78
21.65
152.50
13.13
37.27
UNDETERMINED FEVERS.
The admission rate for these fevers during 1915 was 4.31 per 1,000|
as compared with 4.39 m 1914, 5.27 m 1913, and 15.46 in 1912. The
various diagnoses imder this head are:
Febricola 27
Fevera, simple, continued 33
Pev er , type unde tennined 30
Total 90
666
566
BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON GENEBAL.
The diagnoses given above are for officers and enlisted meii« Ameri-
can troops, and rnilippine Scouts.
SMALLPOX AND VARIOLOID.
No cases occurred in the islands. One case developed in a casual
transferred from a transport en route to the United States.
VENEREAL DISEASES.
Notwithstanding vigorous efforts made by the authorities and the
carrying out of the provisions of G. O. 31, 1912, and G. O. 45, 1914,
venereal diseases still hold first place for both admission and non-
effective rates. Of the total admissions for the year over one-fifth
were due to venereal diseases. There were 482 admissions for
syphilis, 450 for chancroid and 1,273 for gonorrhea. Of the total
noneffective rate for disease, 25.42 per 1,000, venereal diseases alone
contributed a rate of 8.10 during 1915 as compared with 10.41 in 1914.
The following tabulation shows the admission rates and their causes
for the enUsteapersonnel serving in the PhiUppines during 1915:
Venereal dUea*e9, Philippine Islands lenlisted men).
Syphilis.
0
Chan-
croid.
Gonor-
rhea.
Total
▼eiMnaL
yrhite troops:
1915
87.93
47.28
62.64
48.46
4a 73
47.40
88.79
47.40
32.06
88.46
88.02
65.10
100.35
8a 11
164.05
96.85
107.67
83.00
177.08
1914
174.79
Colored troops:
ldl5
2Sa.76
1914
233.76
All American troops (enlisted):
1915
186.32
1914
185.60
Tab LB No. 32. — Venereal diseases among officers and enlisted men at pasts in the PhU-
ippines having strength of more than SOO men, year 1916.
Posts.
Principally Amwican troops:
Regan Barracks
CampEldridm
Camp Stotsenburg
CampMoOrath
Coaziel de Espafia
Fort Wflliam MoKinley . .
Fort Mills
Principally Philtopine Scouts:
Augur Barracks
Fort San Pedro
Camp John Hay
Warwick Barracks
PeUit Barracks
Ludlow Barracks
Camp Keithley
Camp OvartoQ
Admissions.
Total
230
164
433
148
175
572
416
78
28
18
U
9
IS
9
8
Ratios.
856.04
312.96
213.80
203.86
194.66
19a 15
88.90
93.30
68.25
83.77
28.81
18.87
14.30
13.93
a88
Mean
strength.
646
624
2,090
726
3,006
4,679
836
887
477
909
646
486
BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL. 567
ALCOHOLISM AND ITS RESULTS.
Tlie admission rate for this disability for 1915 was 18.08 per 1,000
as compared with 22.14 in 1914, a considerable reduction when con-
sidering the increase in this rate in 1914 over that for 1913.
The noneffective rate was 0.21 per 1,000 as compared with 0.34 in
1914. The rate for white troops was 0.22 and that for colored 0.14,
the former having 197 admissions as against 17 for the colored troops.
CHOLERA.
No case of cholera reported among the American troops during
1916.
TUBERCULOSIS.
Seventy-six cases of tubercidosis occurred among American troops,
making a ratio of 6.42 per 1,000 All of these cases were transferrea
to the United States. Of the 6 deaths reported all occurred in the
cases invalided home. In 1914 there were 75 cases of this disease,
with an admission rate of 7.31 per 1,000, with 3 deaths,
BERIBERI.
No case occurred among American troops.
DYSENTERY.
A marked decrease in the incidence of this disease is noted for 1915,
but 63 cases occurring with an admission rate of 5.32 per 1,000, as
compared with 133 cases with a ratio of 12.97 in 1914. Of the
63 cases reported, 2 were bacillary, 58 entamoebic, and 3 cases im-
dassified. The entamoebic dysentery gives an admission rate of
4.90 per 1,000.
The noneffective rate for dysentery (all) was 0.31 per 1,000 for 1915,
as compared with 0.76 for 1914.
DENGUE.
This disease, which appeared in epidemic form at seven posts in
the islands, had the second highest admission rate as well as the sec-
ond liighest noneffective rate, being 131.31 and 1.94 per 1,000,
respectively, as compared witn 33.16 and 0.55 per 1,000, respec-
tively, in 1914. One thousand five hundred and fifty-foiu* cases in
all were reported during the year. No discharge or death, however,
residt^d in this number of cases.
MENTAL ALIENATION.
There were 86 admissions for mental alienation in 1915, with an
admission rate of 7.27 per 1,000. In the United States Hhe rate was
3.04 per 1,000. In 1914 the rates were 6.24 for American troops
in the Philippine Islands and 3.83 in the United States.
568
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL
DIARRHEA AND ENTERITIS.
A marked reduction over 1914 is noted in the cases of this disease,
being 449 in 1916 as compared with 647 in 1914. The admission
rate per 1,000 in 1915 was 37.94; in 1914 it was 63.10; in 1913, 67.48;
and m 1912, 60.69.
The noneffective rate for 1915 was 0.51 as compared with 0.91 per
1,000 in 1914, being a marked improvement over the rate for 1913,
when it was 1.14.
TYPHUS FEVER.
No case of this disease occurred among the American troops. Three
cases, however, were reported in the native troops from Camp
Keithley.
INVALIDING TO THE UNITED STATES.
The disease causing the highest number of men to be invalided
home were, with actual numbers: Tuberculosis, 93; mental aliena-
tion, 93; fiat foot, 50; epilepsy, 18; syphilis, 17, and neurasthenia, 12.
Table No. 33. — EnluUd men invalided home Jwm the Philippine Islands^ year 191S.
Cmim.
Tuberculosis (polmooBry, 91; of oUmt orgAot,
2)
Msntal alleoatioo (defectlTe mental develop-
mant 20; general paralysis of the Insane, 1;
dementia precox, 50; othera, 22)
Flat foot
BpUMMy r
B/phms
Neurasthenia
Organic disease of heart
Dysentery
Oonorrbca
Secondary rssults of injury
Drug habit
Chronic aloohottsm
Pleurisy
Fracture.
Exophthalmic goitre
Otidi media
Knuresls... • •
Asthma
Inguinal hernia... ••••
Other intestines (adhesions S, enteroptocis 1) . .
Chronic articular rheumatism
Neuritis
Othernervous diseases
Ohfonle ptftntis
Chronie gastroenteritis
Bpcue*
Cnronlc
lo nephritis....
Othera of locomotion .
Gunshot wound
Nnm*
berof
cases.
-of stomach
Arthritis
BynoTitis
Indsed wound
Crushing
Chronic materia, tertian
Rheumatlo IbTsr, subacute . . .
Arthritis detormaM
Pemloious anemia.
DUbetesittstpldut
I^ooomotor a£axia«>*.
Anterior poliomyelitis, acute.
«S
60
18
Per-
cent-
age of
total
cases.
30.70
90.70
11.10
4.02
8.70
3.08
2.40
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.60
1.S4
I.S4
1.S4
1.12
1.13
1.12
.09
.07
.07
.07
.07
.07
.07
.07
.07
.07
.46
.46
.46
.46
.46
.46
.33
Duty.
8
4
I
S
6
3
0
1
1
9
1
S
9
1
9
I
Dis-
charged
on cer-
tificate
ofdisa-
biUty.
38
86
34
1
Died.
Other-
wise ' mais>
dLv Inf at
posed endof
of
5
9
1
1
i
9
1
1
8
10
1
1
1
t
9
f
9
1
1
1
1
REPORT OP THE SURGEON GENERAL.
569
Tabls No. 33. — Bnlitted men invalided home from the Philippine Islands, year, 1015—
Contmued.
Cause.
Nom-
berof
caset.
Per-
cent-
age of
toUl
cases.
Duty.
Dto-
cbargod
oncer-
tffleate
of disa-
bility.
Died.
Other-
wise
dis-
posed
of.
Re-
main-
fngat
end of
year.
Paralyids. candle tmdetennined
0.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
1
MuttiDle neuritis
1
Chronic ooniunctl vlti* --^^^-,^,^Tr,T,»»-T-Tr--
1
i*
i*
• * . .
TiM^ODia ....-T.,,r^
i'
1
Ontic atronhy
::::;:::i::::::::
rmf 1L^, "*^"* ................................
Strabisnins ..r,r.f.T,..T.f.f. r. -r-,-
• " "••""••
1
Endocarditis acute.............
1
Aneurism
Arterial sclerosis 1
....
TiVnii^iadenitls oervioaJ--»r.»,r,-rT--rrT,TrrTi i
1
TaoliTCArdia--. ..r.^.r ,-
i
1
.. }
Rhinitis atrophic
Chronic bronchitis ' 1
1
1
A nthPtCOSlS ........ ...^.r,-.r,..T.,T-. 1
Chronic colitis i
••...•..
i
\ nnendlci tin »,, r»r»rT r ^t--^,,...
*
1
Ischiorectal abscess
......
Ulcer of duodenum
1
Abecessof liveTr. ,.T.r r .......
1
Cholecystitis
1
Chronic cvatitis
,
1
*
Prostatitis, non venereal ^-^-..,,..
1
1
Pg^rrtaSii r r-r-
Painful scar
1
Frontal sinusitis r . r
1
i'
1
-
A nkvIOSiS ........T-ir.'Tr.-.r.r........
1
1
'**t
Hammer toee. .......^r^t-T ^-..t.,.,, r . .. .
t
llf^tatan»*Rfa ,r r---T- r, ..
1
( * •••-•
•••••••
(
Pnnctnred wound •
1
1
448
*i66.66'
55
12.28
281
7
20
5.80
79
Peroentase of total eans
63.72 1.58
17.63
1
570
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
Chart W. — Philippine Islands. American erditUdmen
(Admission, discharge, death, and noneffective rates for diseases baring hi^iest
191A4
j9Bm/ss/ans.
"TiH^so
Kn^ree/ Ji'sesses.
/S6^Z
^e'n^4d,<.
/S/.S/
^s/yr/W /^rers.
63./X
eo
^tS-^/P^-g
^■^/otu
¥?.?
'p/^rr/^^AtftT/^'e
^r.?
3>/scj{erf
*^_u — 3 — Zx — 21
X
^*n^9//'//»n^^/»n.
r.f
i^mmmmmmmm
^€C/9^Te €4. /OS/S'
^s/^
•vW. *♦•♦•*•• >"••.•♦ *I*
/^/^^
^/^//e^^y
yi.
^fier^^/^/s^9s e
^fteZ/ecf^/ye.
s.
d / ;? ^ 4^
6 r 9
Venere^/^/Se^ses
s./ommmmmmmm\
2^C^f4l^
/•:
2
.^f^/^rvy/'/^V*yy
/./¥m\
ve/^/s.
■frm
^iro pt c//Ws^^/A It^^
Chart X, — Philippine Islands. Officers and American and native troop$.
CAdmisioQ ntes for malarial fovws, yean 1906-1915.)
r
€irs
"Ti^^es.
a S'o /ao /So Stoo zs'd 9oo
Mk-
/fa£3z8.YS
/fOt
/rs.o9
fjo?
/Sf.CS
/f/o
/zr.sr
////
/:t/.9?
/f/z
/ss.rs
/f/3
/s*^.s^
/f/4^
?f.y
/f/s
/ir.s /
j£-n//'rf^ *n«-rt.
571
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j'.re
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1
■
/fas
/23.9y
1 l^s^^^g=l
/f?
zos.f.^^ 1
/T'o
"'■■'■^^^M
1 1 j
ff//
7-r.s-£
Z'/X./X
^1
/f/X
/Y/.ao
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i
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/f^.ff^^^m
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/?/4'
y/:^^
^'y-^'^^
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B.
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w
^'ift ^r^c^nTrvojps. I
: OF THE SDBOEON
i
1
•5
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m
111
K85S 8SS 3S»Si:5!lE:»
i
III
^'i|
--jit* <4ai<j gci-;«iJ--»-
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SSRS asa SSBS232Sa
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3PS33 CSS S!3SSE!SX3£
=aasi Elas ssasa'dss^
i
9SSS S3S &S7RXSE33
1
i#
l!
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«l
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l#l
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Mill
SSSS Me RSSSSS2SRS
M
aas5 SS3 spb£ssf:s8
af
%m m u^uuu^
k
1
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1^
574
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GEKERAIj.
XNFLUBNCB OF SEASON.
The highest admission and noneffective rates (all causes) occurred
in July, oeing 116.65 and 33.59 per 1,000, respectively. likewise,
exclusive of mjuries, venereal diseases, alcoholism, and vaccinia,
which are not influenced by season, July had the highest admission
rate, 88.33, with August running a close second, 87.82.
^Tablb No. 35. — Injhtence of season on American troops in the Philippine Islands, pear
1916 (enlisted men).
Months.
Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.
All causes.
Admis-
SiODS.
January
February. . .
Mardi
11,519
13,097
13,696
April 13,810
May 12,864
June
July ,
August.....
8H>tember..
Oetober
November. .
December...
Total.
13,566
13,464
11,153
10,769
10,747
9,896
86.98
68.53
n.99
85.13
84.36
84.19
116.65
11,990113.43
88.85
70.39
56.76
55.17
n
I
I
83.680.17
64.97
68.37
75.96 .39
.34
.16
83.01
79.83
104.78 .16
98.35
85.18
66.95
53.76
51.33
15
.33
NoneiTeO'
live.
.49
.18
.19
.30
.30
3
t
n
33.31 31.86
30.75 30.35
38.13 37.77
30.85 39.87i
31.56 31.03
31.05 30.68
33.50 33.43
30.66 38.90
30.30 39.85
33.98 33.50
30.88 30.75
33.351 33.01
Exclusive of ve-
nereal diseases,
alcoholism,
vaccinia, and
injuries.
I
«0
I
I
53.60...
39.360.08
44.75 .16
55.97
54.03
63.31
88.33
87.83
64.91
45.41
33.59
39.51
.31
.08
.08
.06
.35
> • ••
.19
.30
>
18.03
17.96
16.53
19.10
18.59
18.95
31.73
19.68
17.57
18.10
10.78
10.74
3.86 39.15' 38.48666.64 1.43
17.11
Prevailing diseasM (ezdushr* of
venereal diseases, etc.).
Malaria, 81; acute bronchitis, 67;
sillitis, 35; dengue, 33.
Malaria. 49; tonsUlitIs, 38; acute
bronchitis, 38; dengue, 31.
TonsflUtis, 43; diarrhea and enteriUi,
39; malaria, 38; acute brond^itli,
33.
Malaria, 110; constipation, 88; toD*
sillitis, 44; acute bronchitis, 43.
Malaria, 141; tonsillitis, 44; eonstl-
Mtion, 44; diarrhea and enterttii.
Malaria, 118; constipation, 81; den-
gue, 71; diarrhea and enteritis, 80.
Dengue, 408: constipation, 133; o*-
Uria, 63; diarrhea and enteritis, 50.
Dengue, 473; constipation, 99; diar-
rhea and enteritis. 67.
Dengue, 807; constipation, 53; dlif^
rhea and enteritis, 48.
Dengue, 133; diarrhea and enterttii,
36; constipation, 84.
Dengue, 36; malaria, 80; tonsilHtli,
34; diarrhea and enteritis, 33.
Malaria, 38: tonsiUitis, 35; dlVTbea
and enteritis, 35.
Dengue, 1^554: malaria, 747; consti-
pation, 501: diarrhea and enteritli.
449; tonsillitis, 417.
Table No. S6.— Influence of disease on enlisted American troopSy by arms of service^
sennng in the Philippine Islands^ year 1915,
Arms (tf service.
Ad-
Mean mitted
strength, for
disease.
Dis-
charged
on o^tifi-
cateof
disabU-
ity.
Con-
tive.
Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.
Ad-
mitted.
Infimtry
Cavalry
Coast Art Ulery.
Field Artillery.
Engineers
Ordnance
Signal Corps. . .
Hospital Corps.
All others
5,510
1,706
1,988
906
340
78
155
678
571
5,(H8
1,578
1,377
1,330
300
35
UH
345
383
' 131
13
31
3
63
1
i »
1
7
1
1
1
13
4
i
148.30
41.34
43.69
31.09
8.60
I.IU
3.44
9.41
15.77
916. 15
933.89
643.35
1,367.55
883.35
448.73
671.01
596.89
669.00
Total I 11,834 10,308 j 363
18 ; 300.83
871.05
Dis-
charged
oncerttA'
cateof
disabil-
ity.
33.67
13.34
31.05
35.37
30.47
13.83
6.41
30.65
6.97
38.04
Died
3.17
1.17
.50
1.10
13.83
1.74
L61
Con-
stanUy
tfva«
36.99
34.14
3L47
84.88
35.80
15.31
15.73
16.31
37.68
S&.48
PHILIPPINE SCOUTS.
The health of the troops (native) in the Philippines for the year
1915 was very good, being a marked improvement over that for the
year 1914. The mean strength of these troops during the year was
5|505, as compared with 5,020 dm*ing 1914.
ADMISSIONS.
During the year there were 3,159 admissions for all causes, with a
case admission rate of 573.84 per 1,000, as compared with 3,585 ad-
missions and a case admission rate of 714.14 per 1,000 for the year
1914.
The rate for disease for 1915 was 482.65 and that for injury 91.19
per 1,000 as compared with 618.33 for disease and 95.82 for injury in
1914.
The following tabulation gives the admission rates for some of the
principal diseases in 1915 as compared with the year 1914:
1915
Malaila] fevere
Diarrhea and antcritis.
Venereal diseases.
Bronchitis
Dengue
Dysentery
Ankylostomiasis
Tuberculosis (all)
1914
sail
201.80
37.60
26.49
34 33
57.57
38.52
24.60
16.71
5.58
9.99
8.96
9.45
16.53
4.54
6.67
CONSTANTLY NONEFFECTIVE RATES.
The constantly noneffective rate for 1915 was 15.68 per 1,000, as
compared with 20.30 in 1914. The rate for disease was 13.31 per
1,000 in 1915, and 17.48 in 1914, while that for external causes was
2.37 per 1 ,000 in 1915 and 2.82 in 1914.
The following tabulation shows the noneffective rates for the
principal diseases in 1915 as compared with 1914:
Venereal diseases
Malarial fevers
Acote abscess and cellulitis
Tuberculosis (all)
Dysentery
Furuncle and carbuncle. . . .
Bronchitis
Diarrhea and enteritis
Ankylostomiasis
Mumps
Rheumatism, articular
1915
1914
1.96
3.66
1.54
3.48
1.05
.79
.58
.82
.56
.39
.48
.62
.48
.60
.45
.30
.19
.46
.17
.41
.03
.23
575
SPECIAL DISEASES.
TYPHOID FEYEB.
There were no cases of this disease among the Philippine Scouts.
MALABIAL FEYEBS.
The admission rate for all fevers of this class was 80.1 1 per 1 ,000,
as compared with 201.80 in 1914 and 193.49 in 1913. This rate is
the lowest in the history of the Philip]3ine Islands, an evidence of
the persistent and vigorous antimosc^uito campaign that is being
waged. Certain posts in the Philippmes, however — notably Camp
Stotsenbu^. Pampac^a — continue to show high admission rates for
malaria. Tnis post is not properly screened, in spite of repeated
recommendations. The same statement is true of other Army posts.
The relation of mosquitoes and other insects to disease incidence is
now so well known tnat to defer the matter of complete screening of
all quarters in the Army is inexcusable. "Lack of Junds" or "insuf-
ficient appropriations " for this important work should no loiter be
accepted and the responsibility lor this serious defect demiitely
placed.
TYPHUS PEVEB.
There were 3 cases of this disease among native troops at Camp
Keithley, Mindanao, where last year an epidemic resulted in 24
cases, 18 among the scouts and 6 civilians. A special report on the
epidemic occurring in 1914 was made to the Surgeon General, and
tne article was considered of sufficient importance to public it in
the Arrhives of Internal Medicine, September, 1915.
VENEBEAL DISEASES.
These diseases furnish an admission rate of 34.33 per 1,000, as
compared with 57.57 in 1914^ a marked reduction. Of a total of 189
admissions, 31 were for syphilis, 17 for chancroid, and 141 lor gonor-
rhea, as compared with 45, 34, and 210, respectively, for 1914. TTie
noneffective rate for all venereal diseases was 1.96| as compared with
3.66 per 1,000 in 1914.
SMALLPOX.
No case occmred during the year.
OHOLEBA.
Two cases of this disease occurred during the year, with one death.
An epidemic occurred at Tamoaran and the immediate vicinity of
Camp Keithley, Mindanao, resulting in 20 deaths among the civilian
popiHation. This epidemic seemed to be continuous with the one that
nad been traveling through the island of Mindanao during the vear
1915. The disease appeared at Tamparan during the last week of
November in a company of Constabulary soldiers recently brought
there from Gannassi.
578
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENEEAIm 679
TUBERCULOSIS,
There were 25 cases of this disease, with an admission rate of 4.54
per 1,000, as compared with 33 cases and an admission rate of 6.57
m 1914. There were no deaths, all being discharged.
dtsentebies.
Fifty-five admissions for this disease during the year, of which
number 21 were classed as bacillary, 28 as entamoeoic, and 6 im-
classified. The rate for this disease was 9.99, as compared with 8.96
for 1914. The noneflfective rate was 0.56 per 1,000. One death
resulted in the unclassified.
DENOUB.
Dengue, or "breakbone fever," is an acute disease of tropical and
subtropical countries, characterized by severe pains in the muscles
and jomts and by an eruption similar to measles. ^ The mortality is
practically nil. It has been demonstrated that it is transmitted by
the culex fatigans species of mosquito.
Ninety-two cases of this disease occurred among the native troops,
with an adnussion rate of 16.71 per 1,000 and a nonefifective rate of
0.28. There were no deaths.
DIABBHEA AND ENTEBITI8.
Two himdred and seven cases occurred, making an adnussion rate
of 37.60 per 1,000, as compared with a rate of 26.49 in 1914. The
nonefifective rate was 0.45.
ALCOHOLISM AND ITS BESULTS.
But one admission is recorded for this disability^ the admission
rate being 0.18 per 1,000.
BEBI BEBI.
No case of this disease occurred among the scouts during the year.
UNDETEBMINED FEVEBS.
There were 32 cases of undetermined fevers during the year.
Under this heading are included febricula, simple, continued, and
ol^er fevers of imdetermined causation. The admission rate was 5.81
per 1|000| as compared with 3.78 in 1914.
580
REPOBT OF THE SUBGEOK GEN£BAI«.
The foDowing table exhibits the various surgical operations per-
formed on the rhilippine Scouts durmg the year:
Table No. 40. — Surgical operations performed on Philippine ScouU, year 1915.
Operation.
Transplantstioo
Incision and drainage
Do
Amputation anterior end right
middle turbinate.
Inolffion of abscess
ToDsniectomy
Do
Aspiration
Tbora-laparotomy, tenth rib ... .
Appendectomy, 1; laparotomy
and drainage. 1.
Laparotomy exploratory
Laparotomy
Bassini's operation
Indsioo and drainage
Incision and drataiage. 1 ; sphlno-
ter dilated, tract laia open and
caretted, 1.
Incision and evaouation of blood
dot
Incised and punctured
Epldidymotomy
Jaboolay's operatloo
Qrcnmcislon
InelBion and drainage, 78; Inci-
sion and curetment, S.
Incision and curetment. 2; exd*
slon. 1; curetment and caut«r-
liatfon, 1; incision and drain-
Incision and drainage
Exdsion, 5; partial excision, 1:
Cotting's operation, 1 ; removal
ofnaU, 1.
Indslon and curetment, 1; ind-
slon and drainage. 6.
Indsioo and drainage
Bzdslon. •••••••..••••.••••••••.
Disease or iiUury.
J
Result
Anesthetie.
S
•
1
i
1
1
EYE.
Ptervfdum
7
1
1
1
1
4
3
1
1
3
«1
1
4
1
3
1
1
3
1
S
75
8
30
8
t
S
1
7
1
1
1
1
4
3
I
1
3
1
1
0
1
I
1
1
4
3
Daciyooystitis
Chalazion
NOSE.
Frontal sinusitis
MOUTH AND PHARYNX.
Alveolar abscess
Hypertrophy of tonsil
TonsiUtis'...!
THORAX.
Pleurisy
1
AB1>01IEIf.
Abscess of liver
1
3
1
I
4
1
3
Appendicitis
Penetrating vound of abdomen
Punctured wound.
1
• • • •
Tngpfn^l Nmia
4
1
3
1
1
3
I
S
76
8
30
8
0
s
1
AinrS AND RECTUM.
Isdiio-reotal abecess
Fistula in ano »...x a
Hemorrtioids.
1
GENrrO-URDfART SYSTEM.
Epididymitis gonorrheal
Epididvmltis
1
3
1
S
31
S
14
1
S
3
1
Hydrocele
Phimosis
Abscess
8
I
3
ti
Carbuncle
1
a
Cellulitis
4
Incro^^iF toe nail.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.
Adenltb Inguinal nonveoereal.
MUSCLES, TENDONS, BTa
Ganglion
1
1
••••
3
• •••
• ••«
• •• •
••••
> Patient died 6 hooxB after operaticQ.
BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEOK GEKEBAL.
581
Tabls No. 40,— Surgical operations performed on Philippine SeotUs, year 1P15— CJontd.
Operation.
DapTMMd frtotcm raistd and
loose bone removed.
Fredwning and resettinf ftrao-
tured ends of bones.
Wound enlarged, fractured bone
removed and wound dosed.
Beseetion ooe4oarth distal cod
proximal pi
iidaionaDa<
Dadaion and drainage.
Amp^tion of flngv.
Extraction.
Do.
Exdsfon, 7; tndslon and drain-
Sotorlng. ........ .....
Indsloo and drainage.
Total number of
Disease or ii^ary.
BONIS.
Depresssd firaoturs of sknU . . . .
Fraotore simple, both bones,
forearm.
Fracture, compound, oomml*
nuted, tibia and fibula.
Non-union old fracture
Periostitis.
JODfTS.
Arthritis, knee, gonorrheal.
▲MFUTAlIOIia.
F8nostitis.k
Gunshot woimd.
fOEBION BODIE8.
Piece of lead
TUMOBa.
Fibroma ....«•....
Lipoma ,
8e oaceous cyst ,
Tumor, type not stated ,
macBi.f.ANious ofbrahootl
Incissd wound
Punctured wound..
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
10
1
6
191
Result.
&
1
I
I
I
2
1
1
4
1
10
1
6
190
I
Anesthetic
1
1
1
1
9
8
9
1
116
1
9
a
INFLUENCE OF SEASON.
Excluding injuries, venereal diseases, alcoholism, and vaccinia, as
uninfluenced by the seasons, the highest admission rate was in June
and the lowest in October.
The highest noneffective rate for the same was in June and the
lowest ^^ovember. The highest rate for malarial fevers was in Maj.
582
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEOK OEKEBAL.
Table No. 41. — Influence of season on Philippine Scouts, year 1916,
MoDthf.
Jtonary....
Febfiiary..
Hanh
ApflL
Itay
lone
July
Angost.
September.
October
November.
December..
Total
6,441
6,445
6,480
6,444
5,456
5,431
6,487
5,463
6,513
5,601
6,621
5,675
Ratio per 1,000 of mean strength.
Alloaosee.
Admis-
• sions.
i
66.14
47.94
48.00
48.68
50.40
60.05
53.76
42.47
43.53
30.64
42.16
4L94
I
53.850.18
45.92...
47.45...
6,5051573.84
47.21
50.04
68.74
52.31
41.87
42.08
38.03
40.53
5S7.132.54
.18 14.17 13.83
.66
.18
» • • •
.18
.86
.36
16.71]
40.381 .181 14.41
.35
Noneffeo*
tlve.
i
o
18.36
16.04
16.25
16.35
17.41
15.09
14.86
14.62
15.90
15.66
s
»
18.03
16.77
15.99
16.06
17.06
14.84
14.67
14.32
16.39
14.03
15.39
Exdosive of re-
nereal diseases,
alcoholism, rao-
olnia, and inju-
ries.
43.190.18
36.73
38.51
40.32
61.92
44.47
32.58
29.93
28.21
30.00
81.89
.37
.18
» • ■ •
.18
.18
.36
.18
16. 37* 447.05
1.63
i
1
12.96
11.08
U.98
10.41
1L33
13.10
12.54
U.34
10.04
laos
9.29
10.74
1L82
Preralllng dlMaset (ezahiilra cf
Teoereal diseases, i«o.).
Malaria, 55; acate broochitti, 16; di-
arrhea and enteritis, 13; ooo^Up^
tion. 12. ™— r-
Malartt, 55; diarrhea and enterttli^
25; acute abscesses, 13.
Malaria, 54; coostipatioo, 90: acute
bronchitis, 19; dttrrhea and ente-
ritis, 17.
Malaria, 50; constipation, 24; diarrhea
and enteritis, 17; acate brondUtiL
15.
Malaria. 73; diarrhea and enteritis, S8(
constipation, 13.
Malaria, 56; autotntoxicatkm, 86;
denme, 28; acute brooobttis, 27.
CoDstfoation, 35; malaria, 25; aengne,
19 ; diarrhea and enteritis, 19.
Constipation, 19; malaria, 16; acate
brcmchitis, 15.
Constipation, 15; diao-hea and ente-
ritis, 14; malaria. 13; acaU ab-
scesses, 12.
Acate bronchitis, 15; constipation, 16;
malaria, 13: acute abscesses, 13.
Diarrhea and enteritis, 22; malaria,
15; constipation, 14; acate bcon-
chilis, 12.
Constipation, 27; dlorrtiea and ente-
ritis, 18; acute abeoeases, 17;
ria^l6.
Malaria, 441; constipation, 221; dlw-
rhea and enteritis, 907; acute '
chilis, 156.
PREVALENGB OF DISEASES, BY RACES.
With the exceptions of diarrhea and enteritis, fnrunculosis. mala-
ria, conjunctivitis, trichophytosis, dysentery, and intestinal para-
sites, the rates for the rhuippine scouts were all lower than for
either the white or colored American troops. It should be borne in
mind that the native troops are serving in their own country under
conditions natural to them, to which American troops are not accus-
tomed.
The rates for the American white and colored troops and Scouts
are compared in the following tabulation:
Admission rate..
Noneffective rate
Peatbrate
DiBoharfermte...
White.
964.36
28.20
2.46
2179
Colored.
1,372. 93
86.67
6.97
18.64
16. li
2.M
BEPORT OF THE SUBOEON GENEBAL.
583
Tabls No. 42. — Important diseases by races, Philippine Islands, year 1916,
on rates.
Disetsea.
White troops.
Colored troops.
Philippine Reonts.
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
VoneTMl
105.81
67.34
35.06
35.06
31.87
17.01
15.90
14.34
14.06
8.84
5.53
4.94
4.04
3.98
8.44
3.34
3.06
1.06
174.79
27.83
32.72
2.75
68.78
25.79
48.60
35.67
34.15
13.73
6.09
8.34
5.85
10.63
6.45
.96
12.66
3.03
136.80
33.91
36.87
22.40
26.19
8.63
7.75
6.89
68.75
7.24
10.86
3.27
5.51
3.63
4.65
8.45
.53
.69
333.76
16.50
36.63
84.33
7.08
38.52
1.63
87.60
19.63
58.77
.18
16.71
.73
.18
.64
13.17
9. 06
4.64
3.00
9.99
6.99
67.57
ToDsfllitis (all)
2.19
Bronchitis (all)
M.50
lDfliiep«ft ,..,....
Pterrheaand enteritis. ....<..^.....
37.81
11.71
80.35
6.39
38.75
3.73
13.25
1.06
3.19
15.44
U.18
.53
14.38
.63
36.49
FniTTPfnlosis.
39.88
Malf^H*
201.80
Alcoholifflii X.
.60
Pwgnfl .. .,......- ^...... ....... ^...
6.58
Appendicitis «
HMnorrholds
.60
.60
Articalar rhetunatism (acate and ehrooio).
OcninjM^tivitis,
8.30
8.76
Trichophytosis.
16.98
Taberailosis
6.57
Pneomonia (lobar)
1.69
JDysentery.. ',
8.96
iDteMinaf partiffites
10.76
SANITATION IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
The department surgeon, Philippine Department, reports as follows:
AUOUR BARRACKS, JOLO.
This station shows a marked decrease in admissions on account of malaria and a
sl^t decrease in the number of venereal cases.
The surgeon reports:
"Malaria, reported by my predecessors and continued by myself until I could
verify or disprove it, as the chief disease here, does not in the light of over 30O
blood examinations appear to prevail so extensively as stated * * * Novem-
ber 1, two companies, on surgeon's recommendation, stopped taking quinine, llieir
bloods (204 cases) were all examined between Novemb^ 20 and December 12, with<Hii
finding the plaonodium. The number of admissions, all cases from these two com-
panies, were 13 in November as against 14 for the preceding month. In addition, all
admissions to the medical ward had from two to tour blood examinations, and only
five times was the Plasmodium found in the entire conmiand."
He adds that the studies along this line vill be continued, and a report will be made
diould the results show any cause for a change of opinion.
The usual antimoequito measures are carried out at the post.
He remarks ^ith reference to the venereal problem:
''The venereal diseases constitute a large factor in the morbidity. There is evi-
dently much clandestine prostitution, and Hie native soldier does not yet understand
the seriousness of the veneresd disease and the value of prompt prophylaxis after
exposure. Prophylaxis stations and short, frequent lectures r^arding Uie same and
the necessity ot early prophylaxis after exposure are employed to combat venereal
disease.**
Diu'ing May and June cholera was epidemic in the adjacent barrios and throughout
the island, but only two cases, with one death, occurred amon^ troops.
Bacillary dysentery appears from time to time. This is attributed by the suigeoa
to contact infection m>m the civil population, in which the disease appears to be ever
present.
CAMP ELDRIDOE, LAQUNA.
This post sho^;^ a decided improvement in the morbidity on account of malaria and
a marked increase in the venereal diseases.
The usual antimalari^ measures have been carried out.
The surgeon reports as follows with reference to antivenereal procedures:
"The special stefM that have been taken to control venereal diseases are: Treating
in hospital all syphilitic cases in the infectious stage and isolation in post of all other
venereal cases; providing venereal prophylactic; disciplinary measures instituted
in all cases of ven^eal oisease where failiu-e to take venereal prophylaxis is shown;
lectiu'es by medical officers given to the command on personal samtationj the source
of all cases of venereal disease sought out and the woman's name submitted to the
authoritiee of Los Bancs for isolation and treatment; semimonthly inspection of the
command by medical ofiicers.*'
CAMP JOHN HAT, BENOUBT.
The surgeon reports skin diseases due to the wearing of "G" strings and foot injuries
due to going barefooted. The uniform of Igorot scouts has now been changed to con-
form to that of oUier scout soldiers, and they now wear breeches, leggings, and dioes as
a part of the uniform.
CAMP KErrHLBT, MINDANAO.
An epidemic of measles appeared at the post in October following the arrival of tiie
Forty-seventh Company of Fnilippine Scouts from Fort Mills, where the diaeaso had
been more or less prevalent.
584
BEPOBT OF THE SXJBGEOK GEKEBAL. 585
Tliere ia very little venereal disease at the poet. The surgeon reports that existing
orders relating to the prevention of this class of diseases are strictly complied ^ith.
There has been a decided decrease in the malarial rate over that of the previous
year. The surgeon reports the folio .ving measures for the control of the disease.
1. The constant use of mosquito bars in barracks and hospital , the bars being lowered
at 4 p. m. daily.
2. Koutine blood examinations of all cases of v hatever nature admitted to hospital.
3. All positive cases kept in hospital and undei treatment for at least one week,
subsequent daily observation with treatment for two weeks, and weekly observation
for a period of three months thereafter.
The sui^eeon a^in calls attention to the unfortunate condition at the post resulting
from the large civilian population thereat, members of families of native soldiers,
far whom no adequate accommodations are provided. Thi^ matter was referred to
in the last annual report from this office, and the comment appears on page 113 of the
annual report of the Surgeon General for 1915.
CAMP M'GRATH, BATANOA8.
The prevailing diseases have been dengue and venereal troubles.
The records enow a considerable reduction in both venereal diseases and malaria
over the rates for the preceding year.
The post authorities have cooperated ^ith tliose of the nei^boring municipality
of Batangas in the matter of the general sanitation of the latter, and also with reference
to the venereal problem.
The surgeon reports as follows with reference to measures against the venereal
diseases:
"The name and address of the woman, or the license number of the house and
inmate, with the time of intercourse, are recorded on prophylaxiB cards. When a
man contracts a venereal disease the woman Is examined oy an Army medical officer,
and if positive, ehe is quarantined by the municipal health department until the
health officer is notified by an Army medical officer that she is cured, the necessary
examinations being made at the poet hospital. The Japanese prostitutes are examined
and certified to by the surgeon. There has been a marked improvement under this
plan. In addition to the prophylaxis station at the hospital, a separate one is main-
tained at the corral, whicn is located practically on the outskirts of the town, thus
affording the opportunity for prompt treatment. Men who contract these diseases
are kept on sick report until danger of dissemination thereof has passed. Those idling
to take the prophylactic are court-martialed.''
CAMP 8TOTSENBUBO, PAMPANOA.
Notwithstanding the efforts of the post authorities the admissions to sick report on
account of both malaria and the venereal diseases have been greater than for tne pre-
ceding year.
The surgeon reports as follows:
'*The most marked sanitary defect has been the absence of screens in barracks and
auarters. Also the scout post is located in an infected area, and troops quartered
lere have shown a high malarial incidence.
"A very active antimosquito war has been constantlv waged, and the grass, brush,
and undergrowth have been cut for a wide area about tne p(^. * « * All ditches
are kept open, all holes are filled, ditches and moist places are petrolized, and breed-
ing places are constantly sought."
With reference to the venereal problem he remarks:
"Most of the cases come from Angles, a town 6 miles distant, and in which there is
no adequate regulation of prostitution. A model or sanitarv barrio is situated about
1 mile from the post and which is countenanced. Kecoras kept of venereal admis-
sions show relatively few venereal cases originating in this barrio. The prostitutes
who are unable, on account of venereal disease,. to secure admission to this barrio
become inmates of houses of prostitution in Angeles, and those who become diseased
in this barrio^ and are not permitted to operate there, immediately go to Angeles and
continue their operations unmolested.''
FOBT MILLS, CORREOIDOR, AND SUBSTATIONS.
At this group of stations there have occurred at various times during the year among
the population cases of mumpsMneasles, dengue, whooping cough, smallpox, cholera,
and all the venereal diseases. The one case of cholera occurred in a native employee
586 BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENERAL.
at Fort Hughes (Oaballo Island). One case of smallpox develoi>ed in a native dvifiaa
employee at Fort Drum (El Fraile Island) and one of varioloid in a Coast Artilltfy
soloier at Fort Mills.
There has been an increase in both venereal diseases and malaria over the rate lor
the preceding year, the latter increase being a very decided one.
The siurgeon reports:
'*A11 re^ilations complied with in regard to veneral diseases and malaria fever/'
"''*"■ ' ' ' ' 'ebeennea^j
are good.
He also reports that during the year sewase and drainage systems have been ^reaUy
improved, and that sanitary conditions at this post (Fort Mills proper)
FORT SAN PBDBO, ILOILO.
This post shows a very decided reduction In the admission rate for both malaria
and venereal diseases over the figures for those diseases for the preceding year. Tlie
venereal rate is still high for a station sarrisoned by native troops, but is hut below
that for any of the American garrisons, being 77 per thousand as against 214.7 for the
year 1914.
The methods reported by the surgeon in handling both the malarial and venereal
problems are well planned and appear to have been carefully carried out, and with
good results.
FOBT WILLIAM m'KINLET, RIZAL.
The prevailing diseases during the year have been venereal, dengue, digestive
disorders, and cutaneous troubles. The venereal rate has been somewhat reduced,
but is still high. Prophylactic measures are conscientiously carried out at the poet,
and the various prophylactic stations in Manila cooperate with the authorities of this
and other stations in the vicinity, but the proximity of a large oriental dtv makes the
problem a difficult one. The malarial rate is low and shows a considerable reduction
over that of last year. The surgeon reports that most of the cases coming under
treatment have been contracted in other localities.
Two cases of diphtheria, with one death, have occiirred in enlisted men during the
year, and several cases have occurred among the civilian population of the post.
The sewage disposal system has given trouole, and a new plant is under considera-
tion, and plans tnerefor have been prepared. The surgeon repK)rts that the trouble,
due to lack of capacity of the tank, has oeen remedied by allowing the sewaee to peas
directly into the Pasig River. Inasmuch as either bank is dotted with haSitattons,
singly and in barrios, and since the river passes through the city of Manila a few
miks farther down, this is a most undesirable expedient.
LUDLOW BARRACKS, MINDANAO.
Malaria has been the prevailing disease at this post during the year. There was
also an epidemic of mumns. There has also been a considerable amount of cholera
and smallpox in the immediate vicinity of the post, but no cases of either at the station.
This post shows the highest admission rate lor malaria of any station in the depart-
ment, but the rate per tnousand has been cut down from 791.3 in 1914 to 220.4 for
1915 The surgeon reports the following as the measures for the control of the disease:
1. Prompt isolation and treatment in nospital of all cases.
2. Weekly administration of 1 gram quinine in solution to every man of the com-
mand
3. Daily administration of quinine to all cases of malaria for six weeks after return to
duty.
4. All barracks and quarters screened, and the general use of the mosquito bar is
enforced.
5. Grass cutting and drainage of standing water in constant proeress.
6. Standing water incapable of drainage oiled weekly by details from the hoi^ital.
Only 13 new venereal cases were taken up during the year. The surjgeon report!
that there has been no case of chancroids and no new cases of syphilis dunng the time.
Prophylaxis, semimonthly inspections, and hospital treatment are the preventive
measures in force.
The surgeon rei)orts the following as the sanitary defects at the post:
1. Water in mains drawn from mtuan River, and highly infected, is used for bath*
ing and washing.
2. Swampv section in northeast comer of poet.
3. Six pad closets, remaining from old system of disposal of excreta, still in use.
cogon
Wi1
BEPOBT OP THE SURGEON GEKEBAL. 587
4. The great extent of the post, necessitating a large amount of work in keeping
m grass and other undesiraole v^tation under control.
1th reference to the correction of these defects, the surgeon states as follows:
'1. An artesian well-drilling outfit is at work on the post, and it is expected that
a supply of artesian well water will eventually be available for use in the mains.
"2. A i^uction of Uie area of the swamp referred to by drainage by post labor has
been effected, and the work is being continued to the extent of keeping open the
ditches. He believes that further improvement is possible only by extensive filling
ftt a cost which would prolMibly be prohibitive, and certainly so under present con-
ditions.
"3. Plans have been prepared and estimates made and forwarded for the replace-
ment of all sanitary pMsdls by water-closets. "
CITT OF MANILA..
The following stations are located within the city limits: Cuartel de Espana, Cuartel
de Infanteria, department hospital, Fort Santiago, medical supply depot, Manila
ordnance depot, and quartermaster's depot.
Of theee stations, Cuartel de Espana has normally a garrison consisting of regimental
headquarters and a battalion of Infantry.
Fort Santiago (department headquarters) has one company of Infantry as a head-
quarters guard, one company of si£pal corps is quartered at Cuartel de Infanteria, a
detachment of ordnance at the Manila Ordnance Depot, and detachments of the
Hospital Corps at the department hospital and medical supply depot.
In general terms, and with the restriction that the)r are under military control,
it may be said that the sanitary conditions of these stations are those of the city, and
the sewer s>'stems, general water supplv, and environment are those of the city.
The department hospital is practicalljr the post hospital for all, as only dispensaries
are maintained at the individual stations.
Stations for venereal prophylaxis have been established at the department hospital,
and the dispensaries at ( uartel de Espana and Fort Santiago where treatment can be
obtained at all hours, not onjy by the enlisted men stationed in the city, but also by
those on pass in Manila from Fort McKinley, Fort Mills, and other posts in the vicinity.
The existence of these stations is officially made known to the members of the com-
mands of such posts, and form part of the prophylactic system thereof, cards from the
stations referred to being forwarded to the surgeon of the command to which the man
belongs.
At Cuartel de Espana, the only station of the group having a garrison of any con-
siderable size, the venereal rate is somewhat higher than for tne previous year (226.2
per 1,000 as against 203.4). From March to October, 1915, the garrison consisted
of colored troops. The usual methods have been followed with reference to venereal
diseases, and all orders and instructions relating thereto have been carried out. The
rate of admissions on account of malaria has been greatly reduced. Mosquito destruc-
tion, use of mosquito bars, and the segregation and following up of cases being the
methods employed for its control.
In common with other stations of the Manila group, dengue has been the prevailing
disease, the principal epidemic occurring dunng the months of July and August,
witli occasional cases throughout the year.
An artesian well between seven ana eight hundred feet in depth has recently been
bored at Cuartel de Espana, and a covered steel tank of 10,000 gallons capacity with the
necessary pumping machinery has been installed. The purpose of this well is to
supply not only Cuartel de Espana but the entire military population of Manila
with potable water to replace distilled water should the plan prove satisfactory.
The water from this well nas a slightly saline, or more properly ** mineral,*' taste so
common in waters from wells of this character. When taken directly from the well
it gives a bacterial count of about 60 colonies per cubic centimeter, with no gas pro-
ducers. The water in the tank later showed a oacterial count of 20,000, and from Uie
outlet pipe 60,000 per cubic centimeter, with no gas producers. The matter of disin-
fection of the tank was turned over to Maj. Carl R. Darnall, Medical Corps, and on
November 30 he put into it a solution of hvpochlorite of lime containing suflicient
available chlorine to give a concentration of about 16 parts per million in the 10,000
gallons of water in the tank. This strongly chlorinated water was allowed to remain for
48 hours. The water was tlien drained oiit and the tank refilled on December 2, 1915,
and the water allowed to stand. The first sample from this filling was taken December
3 and gave a count of 5,500 per cubic centimeter. The second sample of the same water
taken December 4 gave a count of 50,000 pe rcubic centimeter. The third sample taken
on December 6 gave a count of 30,000. The fourth and last sample from this filling
588 REPOBT OF THE SURGEON GENEBAL.
was taken December 7» five days after the tank was filled, and gave a count of 550,000
per cubic centimeter. No gas producers in any of the samples. The tank was then
emi)tied and refilled, and a sample taken 24 hours later gave a count of 25,000 per
cubic centimeter. This was likewise free from ^as producers.
To observe the action of the water under service conditions the water was drawn off
during the forenoon of December 8 and refilled during the afternoon, and the process
repeated for the six succeeding days, samples being taken while the tank was being
emptied. These samples gave respective counts as follows: December 10, 55,000;
December 11, 40,000; December 13, 20,000; December 14, 23,000. No gas f^merB were
present in any sample.
The bacteriological work was done at the department laboratory by Capt. W. H.
Allen, Medical ( orps.
In submitting his report, Maj. Damall comments as follows:
**From this series of tests it appears probable that the few harmless bacteria in the
water as it comes from the well rapidly multiply in the tai^, which, when wanned by
the sun, acts as a very efficient incubator. Hence a hi^ bacterial count in the water
taken at the outlet 24 or more hours after fiUine the tank is of no sicnificance in itself.
It diowB, however, that the water contains suostances on which the bacteria (of the
kind found) grow readily, and the possibility of pathogenic germs doing the same,
should they by chance gain access to the tank, must be considered. "
He furUier comments on the possibility of contamination during the procen of
delivery.
On December 21, 1915, after consultation with Maj. Damall, the department suigeoD
transmittcKi to the department commander the repK>rt referred to, with the following
comment:
*'2. The inference to be drawn from the results of the very thorough study which
Maj. Damall has made of the subject is that the water of the well is potable, but that it
is of a character which favors the rapid growth of bacteria, and tnat it will require
exceptional care in handling. The bacteria which have already been found are in
themselves harmless, but their rapid multiplication affords an index of what would
happen in the event of the infection of any part of the svstem of supply by the acci-
dental introduction of the organisms of cholera, typhoid fever, or otner water-borne
diseases.
''3. If proper precautions are taken and unceasing vigilance is exercised, it is
believed that this well can be safely used as a source ofsupply, but in the event of its
beinff so used, the danger of careless handling should be thoroughly understood by
all wno are responsible for its distribution.
"4. I recommend that the well be put in use, and that pumping be regulated by
the daily requirements in order that surplus water be not allowed to accumulate;
that water wagons and utensils used in distributing be frequently sterilized by steam;
and that all possible precautions be taken in handling the water. I further recom-
mend that samples of water from the tank, service pipe, and water wagons be collected
weekly and sent to the department laboratory for examination."
Water from the well has recently been supplied with more or less regularity, and
the matter is still under investigation, additional samples being taken for examinatian
from water coolers and other places of terminal distribution. Certain complaints
from consumers have been personally made to the writer, but these ordinarily refer
to the taste of the water, which is appreciable to persons accustomed to the use of
distilled water. In this respect it is considered that the Cuartel de Eepana water
is equal to or superior to that furnished by the artesian wells at Fort McKinley.
A new difitillinff plant is being installed by the Quartermaster Department at its
depot to replace ^e one now in uar*. This will be held in reserve for use should the
well water oecome infected or be finally considered unfit for use.
A second artesian well is now being bored at the department hospital.
PETTrr BABaACKS, lONDANAO.
The surgeon reports that there have been no prevaidng diseases during the year.
A slight outbreak of dengue occurred in June. Venereal diseases have been raro.
There has been a marked decrease in the malarial rate. Troops sleep under mosquito
bars in screened buildings, and draining and the usual antimosquito measuresnaw
been carried out.
There is no sewerage sysU*- ^^^ ^nr-earth closets are in use at the post
BEPOBT OP THE SUBGEON GENERAL. 589
BEOAN BARRACKS, ALBAT.
The venereal rate at this station has practically doubled during the past year, and,
with the exception of that among troops of the China expedition, is the highest in
the department. The matter was taken up from this office, and tne post au&orities
attempted and partially succeeded in enlisting the assistance of tibe load civil authori^
ties in an attempted solution of the problem. In November the surgeon sent to the
department laboratory a considerable number of blood specimens for Wasserman
test, and explained to this office that these were from prostitutes who had been airested
by the civil authorities. He reported as follows in connection therewith.
''All known prostitutes are being arrested and examined by the district health
officer and the medical officers of tne command. All found infected are tried and
sentenced to jail. During their confinement thejr are treated until noninfective.
These 24 specimens are from women now underling confinement, as it is desired
to know the number suffering from syphilis in addition to having gonorrhea and chan-
croids. The civil authorities have set aside a designated area, and when these pros-
titutes are rendered noninfective will require them to live in that area and be sub-
jected to weekly inspections. All prostitutes found outside of the area will be arrested
and confined.
The surgeon further reports that all orders with reference to inspections and pro-
phylaxis are carried out, and that all infected men are quarantined and treated until
they cease to be infective.
In this, as at all other stations, clandestine prostitution is undoubtedly an important
factor in the spread of this class of diseases.
The admission rate for malaria has been considerably reduced during the year.
WABWICK BABBACKS, CEBU.
The surgeon reports that dengue is endemic in Oebu, and that with the exception
of minor acute gastrointestinsd disturbances and respiratory disorders this disease
has furnished the greater part of the admissions to sick report during the year.
He also states that there is practically no malaria in Cubu, and states that the cases
are usually imported ones, aoout 30 of these having recently been brought to the
post with the battalion of native troops transferred from Camp Overton. The usual
antimalarial precautions are taken.
The venereal rate is small. Existing orders with reference to this class of diseases
are carried out.
The cuartel and hospital are reported as beine located "in the dirtiest part of the
dty,'' and officers are quartered in rented buildings in the town. "The quarters
of married enlisted men hving out of barracks are usually dirty and badly overcrowded.
The poor housing is undoubtedly a prominent factor in the causation of the respiratory
disoraers with wnich these people are affee'ed.'*
TIENTSIN, CHINA, AND 8UBP08T8 OF CHINA EXPEDITION.
This command continues to lead the department in the admission rate on account
of venereal diseases, and the figures are slightly larger than those of the preceding
year. The surgeon reports that all War Department instructions with reference to
these diseases have been carried out, supplemented by restriction to barracks of all
cases undergoing treatment outside of hospital until they have ceased to be infective.
He further states that the rates have been high, owing to local conditions. "On
account of the delicate international relations existing here it is not believed that
it will be practicable to institute any control over prostitution and prostitutes in the
various concessions." This question has been taken up by this office at various
times and it is believed that the military authorities are taking every possible step
to control the evil.
The malarial rate is not large and shows little change from that of the preceding
year. Owing to local conditions no extensive antimosquito work is practicable.
There have been no prevailing diseases except venereal.
The general sanitary condition is reported as "excellent, when due allowance is
made for the lack of modem heating, plumbing, and lavatory conveniences."
CONCLUSION.
In closing, the department surgeon desires to say that general sanitary conditions
thzoudiout the department are satisfactory. There has been a decrease in the num-
ber ofdeaths, ana had it not been for the extensive prevalence of dengue and the
590 REPOET OF THE SUBGEON GENBRAU
slight increase in the venereal rate the saiHe remark would have applied to the
morbidity.
It is interesting to note that over half the deaths in the department among white
troops during the year occurred as a result of traiunatism or drowning, and it is a
still more interesting fact that practically 25 i>er cent of the total deam rate in the
same class of soldiers *is made up by cases of suicide.
The question of Medical Department personnel for this department was folly dis-
cussed in the department surgeon's report to the department comnumder, and wis
by him embodied in his annual report wnich has already reached the Surgeon Gen^^'s
Office. When the personnel now under orders for duty with this command shall
have reported, it is oelieved that all ordinary conditions can be successfully met.
The commissioned personnel has been generally efficient, and the department
Bur^n has been particularly pleased with the manner in which a number of the
junior, and consequently imtried, officers of the Medical Corps have acquitted them-
selves when it became necessanr, owine to a deficient personnel, to place them in
positions of responsibility which would not ordinarily nave been given to officen
of their rank and experience. The manner in which they have taken hold of and
carried on their work has furnished another evidence of the value of the training
given at the Army Medical School.
The work of the Hospital Corps has been generally satisfactory. As in all bodies
of men of considerable size, there are many wno could have been replaced with great
advantage. It is desired to mention particularly the sood work of many of the older
noncommissioned officers^ as well as other old and faithful soldiers who have not
been so fortunate as to win their chevrons.
It is regretted exceedingly that the law does not permit compensation commeA-
forate wiui the value of their services.
EAWAn.
The mean enlisted strength of the troops serving in Hawaii dxirin^
the year 1915 was 8,572, as compared with 7,971 during 1914. 09
these, 1,863 were colored. A remarkable feature in connection with
the rates for Hawaii in comparison with those for the United States
is that while the total admission rate, noneffective, discharge, and
death rates are lower, vet the individual rates for the preventable
diseases are somewhat higher, especially that for venereal diseases.
The average number of days' treatment for each case was 13.11, as
compared with 13.34 for the United States.
ADMISSION RATES.
The admission rate during 1915 was 568.94 for total enlisted men
per 1,000, as compared with 523.27 for 1914. The rate for disease
alone was 440.85 per 1,000 and that for external causes 128.09; that
for disease in 1914 was 401.96 and for external causes 121.31.
CONSTANTLY NONEFFECTIVE RATES.
The constantly noneffective rate was 20.44 per 1,000 ior all causes
in 1915, as compared with 18.75 for 1914. Tne rate for disease was
16.39 and that lor external causes 4.04 per 1,000, as compared with
14.33 for disease and 4.42 for external causes in 1914.
DISCHARGES ON CERTIFICATES OF DISABILITT.
The rate for dischai^es for disabiUty was, for aU causes, 10.92 per
1.000, 9.79 being for disease and 1.13 for external causes. In 1914
tne total rate was 9.02, that for disease being 7.89 and for external
causes 1.13 per 1,000.
DEATHS.
The death rate (total) was 3.04 per 1,000, that for disease being
2.25 and for external causes 0.79, as compared with a total rate oi
1.63, 1.13 for disease and 0.50 for external causes per 1,000 in 1914.
In actual numbers 27 deaths occurred among the enlisted personnel,
20 being due to disease and 7 to external causes. Two of these deaths
from external causes were due to suicide; 1 from suffocation, strangu-
lation; 1 from drowning, accidental; 1 from traumatism by crushing;
1 from homicide; and 1 from other external violence.
691
592
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENBRAU
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BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEOX QBNEBAL.
593
INYALIDINO TO THE UNITED STATES.
In 1915 there were 142 cases invalided home; in 1914 there were
141, and in 1913 there were 106.
Tiie diseases or conditions causing the highest number of cases to
be invalided home were:
Mentol alienation, 33; tuberculosis, 28; syphillis, 9; organic dis-
ease of the heart, 8; chronic alcoholijam and epilepsy, 5 each; and
5 cases of enuresis.
Enlitted men invalided home from Hawaii, year 1916,
Cftuaa.
Nnm-
btfof
Percent-
age of
total
Dnty.
Discharge
onoertifl-
eateof
disabO-
ity.
Died.
Other-
wise dis-
posed of.
Remain-
ing at end
of year.
Itaital altonatkwi (pMftlysb of Um in-
sane, 4; donentift precox. 17; defee-
ttve mental developfneni, 5; other
vmrieties, 7)
39
28
9
8
23.24
19.72
6.34
5.83
3.52
3.52
3.52
2.82
2.82
2.11
2.11
2.11
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
1.41
.70
.70
.70
.70
.70
.70
.70
.70
.70
.70
.70
.70
.70
.70
.70
.70
.70
.70
.70
.70
3
3
1
i*
1
2
i'
i*
25
8
3
7
3
5
2
1
1
Tubercoloeis: polmooair, 27; Potts'
1
20
Rn>hiUs
Orninfc dfieam of the heart
Epfleponr
Bnnresn
3
2
Chrontf arttmlar rhmmatlnn
Secoodary reooltfl of taihinr
2
1
8
2
Qooorrhea
Biinioo.. .•.•••...••••................
Pncture
Paraplegia.... 7
1
1
1
2
1
Hysteria
Goitre
Chronic l»vw*»itiji»»r-t-,--»r,. .......
•
AjlthTna , - . - t - r - t r r r
Dyaeotery
Cerebrospinal meningitis, epidemio. . .
Ohncoma
i*
i*
i*
1
1
1
Otitis media
I
1
flhinitis hypertrophic ^ ,,,.,
1.:::::::::
Oinffiritlsr ." '--
Intestinal tn^^wa^*^ . t t . t t . ,
i*
1
Peritoneal adhesions
Chronic nePhriti* » r
Kcsema , rrr ,,T.,T-.r... ...
Pataifnl scar - - , r - . . - . .
**********i
Necrosis, .-t -r,.
1
Periostitis
1
Arthritis
1
Synovitis
1
flat foot
1
Incised wqimd , ,.,..,,,
1
I^acerated wwind
1
Pnnntnrnd wound T
1
1
Dislocation
.. .. 1
Total cases ......--, t
142
20
14.08
70
49.30
2
1.41
6
4.23
44
Perotfi tace of total cases
100.00
33.99
The following tabulation for enlisted men furnishes a comparison
of general rates for Hawaii with the United States:
Adpiiss
Ion rate.
Noneffective
Death rate.
Discharge rate.
rate.
1916
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
Hawaii
568.94
704.01
523.27
629.84
20.44
26.74
1R.75
23.37
3.04 1.G3
1 5.42 4.82
10.92
13.60
9.02
United States
14.82
1
«H76'— WAB 1916— VOL 1-
-38
'
594
REPORT OF THE SURGEON QENERAIi.
Table Nos. 43 and 74 ^ve fimires for all troops servinjg in Hawaii.
The diseases causing tne hi^est admission and nonenectiye rates
among officers and enlisted men are shown in the following tabula-
tions:
AdmUnon rates for some of the principal diseases in the Hawaiian Department , American
troops^ officers and enlisted men.
Total ofUcers and
enlbted men.
Total enlisted man.
1915
1914
1915
1914
Venereal diseases.
95.76
29.63
26.36
19.83
19.37
14.06
13.53
11.37
10.59
8.90
7.89
7.44
6.76
4.39
8.49
S.37
3.48
1.93
1.69
.79
65.07
83.65
36.85
15.34
38.43
33.63
17.43
11.61
6.89
11.01
6.93
1.94
6.05
8.63
8.03
3.66
3.54
.97
LS8
.48
99.04
38. 9S
34.85
19.95
18.31
14.85
18.77
1L56
9.93
8.53
7.93
7.47
7.00
4.65
8.63
8.88
3.45
1.98
L75
.83
67.87
Bronchitis
8X87
Diarrhea and enteritis
36.60
TOaiilMtfS T , , , T T T T - T - .
15.18
Influenza
36.73
Furuncle ............*.T...rTWT t t--,t -,,»
33.96
Constlnatlon
17.69
Aloohollsni
13.01
Annendloftis. .,t ^^,^.-»r .r»
6.90
RneumatlsTi. 'niiscular.
10.41
Gastritis, ac^ite and chronic .. , ^r t-TTT,
5.61
Rhinitis, acute
Ltt
Cellulitis
5.90
If ental alienation ..^. ............. ...-r......
8.64
Tuberculosis. •
8.01
Rheumatism, artfc^ihir. acute and chronic
3.68
livmnhadenitis. nonvenereal
3.63
Knurcsis .........r....... .......
LOO
Malarial fevers ,.. ...t ..... r t . r r ....... r t .... .
L35
Flat foot
.80
Noneffective rates for some of the principal diseases in the Hawaiian Department ^ American
troops^ officers and enlisted men.
Total officers and
enlisted men.
Total enlisted men.
1915
1914
1915
1914
Venereal diseases. .1
4.78
.71
.57
.88
.88
.87
.86
.37
.33
.33
.33
.18
.17
.14
.18
.18
.18
.07
.06
.03
8.41
.54
.69
.56
.87
.36
.84
.33
.08
.31
.86
.37
.14
.09
.30
.19
.16
.03
.08
.04
4.96
.67
.68
.87
.87
.88
.85
.38
.34
.38
.38
.18
.18
.18
.18
.14
.18
.07
.06
.03
8.58
A DDendioitis ...............••.................^...1-1- ^,^....,
.58
Bronchitis
.79
Influenia
.58
Plarrhea and enteritis r ...... r t r r - t - - t . t . ,
.87
Too^itis. acute
.38
If ental alienation , t . . . t
.88
Tuberculosis ...........rT.-rTr ....•
.81
Bnuresis
.08
Rhwimatisni articular, acute and <dutnilc. .. tti-.-^ ^.,^^t.**.
.31
PimniOla T,r,r.....r.r....
.88
Rhenmatinm muscular
.37
Alcoholism r......i- .- ^
.M
Tivmrhadenitis. nooveMreal.
.M
Oellnlitis /
.38
Constipation ..
.19
GastriCls. acute and chronic .........r....--^-rT-r-rT-r-T .^
.14
Rhinitis, acute , r
.09
Malarial feyers
.08
Flat foot
.01
SPECIAL DISEASES.
TYPHOID FEVER.
An epidemic of typhoid fever occurred at Schofield Barracks dur-
ing the latter part oi the year 1915, the last case of which occurred
in February, 1916, to determine the incidence of which the surgeon
at that post appointed a board of medical officers to investigate it
carefully. The work was carried out under three heads, viz, first, a
careful tabulation of the cases according to the form desired by this
office; second, a survey of the food and water supplies; and, third,
an attempt to establish the presence of a carrier.
The board, composed of Mai. H. D. Bloombereh and Ldeuts. G. R.
Callender, R. W. Bliss, and K. H. Duenner, ably assisted by Capt.
F. H. Foucar, of the Department Laboratory, Hawaiian Department,
investigated the following cases, which occurred on the dates specified :
No.
1
2
8
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
DaU.
1915.
Oet. 16
• • • UV« • • • •
Oct. 25
Oct. 27
Oct. 28
...do.. ..
Nov. 2
Nov. 15
Nov. 18
Dm. 24
1916.
Jan. 14
Jtn. 29
Feb. 20
Name.
A. H.1.
O.t.
Female
ICale...
.do.
.do.
I Y »
B.
D.
L.
B..
Female
Male...
...do-...
...do....
Yv 1
...do....
Female
Male...
.do.
T. 8. *....•.. .....' Female
Age.
8
8
23
29
26
24
19
24
23
25
25
30
25
Nationality, etc.
Japanese..
American.
Soldier...
Japanese.
« • • • ■ U V • * •
Soldier.
dD.
do.
White civilian.
Japanese
> • • • •UW» • • «
Soldier...
Japanese.
Place.
Lieat Sears's quarters, First In>
ftmtry.
Son of Capt. Fair, Qoartermastcr
Corps.
Company F, First Infant
"apt. Ki" " *
mntry.
Capt. Knight's quarters
itry.
, First
In>
Mi^. Sorley's qnarters, First In-
fantry.
Company L First Infantry.
Company E , First Infantry.
Troop K, Fourth Cavalry, near
Flnt Infantry.
Civilian emplovee. Quartermaster
Corps, near First mfantrv.
Quartermaster camp, 7 mifes from
camp.
Lieut. Kieffer's quarters. Fourth
Cavalry.
Company I, First Infantry.
First Infantry tailor shop.
1 Transferred to other bospltali .
* Died in department hospitals.
At Schofield Barracks during the two years prior to October. 1915,
there have been no cases of typhoid fever and but one case of para-
tyj^oid fever in July, 1915.
Schofield Barracks in its entiretv extends, roughly speaking, over
3 square miles of territory. Locally it is known to consist of two
parts, the upper, old, or cantonment section is called Schofield Bar-
racks, while the lower, new, or concrete portion is called Castner,
after the railroad station of that name. All of the cases of typhoid,
with one exception, occurred in the Castner section, the excepted
case (U.) arising at the quartermaster construction camp connected
with the building of the new water-supply system, and aistant from
the post about 7 miles. The entire command was on maneuvers
near Fort Shafter from October 13 to October 23, when the enlisted
mes visited Honolulu, where typhoid fever is endemic. Notwith-
505
596 BEPORT OF THE SUBQEON GENERAL.
standing this fact, it is believed from a study of the clinical records
in cases 3, 6, and 7 that these soldiers most likely were infect-ed in
the post and not at Honolulu.
The water supply of Schofield Barracks proper is obtained from
tunnels driven into the Waianae Range of mountains. The tunnels
bring the water into reservoirs located about 1^ miles from the post,
from whence it is pumped into tanks, which then supply the post
by gp'avity. No cases of typhoid fever have occurred in the Schofield
section.
The water supplyof the Castner section at present comes from the
South Fork of the Kaukonahua River, the water being conducted to
the post by means of an extensive systena of partly concreted tun-
nels, which pick up the stream high up in the Koolau Range and
carry it through hillsides or in the open for a distance of 3 mite to a
reservoir, whence a pipe line takes it to the post, a farther distance
of 6 miles. While tnese typhoid cases were occurring this system
of water supply had not been put into effect. The water supplied
to the Castner and only occasionally to the Twenty-fifth Iniantry
section of Schofield came from the reservoir. This reservoir is formed
by a dirt embankment across a gulch and is fed by surface water
and small springs. The flow from this reservoir was augmented at
times by water pumped directly from the South Fork by a pumping
station 3^ miles from the post.
For the construction oi the tunnel system a camp for employees
was established in the vicinity of the line of construction. On an
inspection trip made January 22, 1916, inquiry was made of various
white and Japanese anployees with the idea of determining the
possibilities of a water infection of the Castner section. Water was
pumped from time to time between September 14 and December 26,
1915, from the open South Fork River into the main supply line to
the post and twice in January, 1916, for three hours at a time. The
course of the river is through uninhabited regions, and the water is
as safe as such waters can be.
It seems further that about December 22, 1915, a Japanese laborer
left the camp sick of some unknown condition and. a lew days later,
a sick Japanese woman went to Honolulu from tne camp. About
this time the department of health in Honolulu gave the information
that a Japanese woman formerly employed in Scnofield Barracks was
sick at the Japanese hospital with typhoid fever. This seems to refer
to one and the same woman and the name of the sick woman was
S'ven as U. Unfortunately there is an irreconcilable conflict of
ites as to the occurrence of this illness. During the construction of
tunnels, the camp for Japanese workmen referred to was maintained
about 2 miles aoove the reservoir. The sanitary arrangements of
the camp were very good. It was learned, however, that while these
workmen were supposed to use buckets for their excreta while working
in the tunnels, in spite of this fact the tunnels became soiled; further-
more, that about December 26, 1915, the tunnels were cleaned out and
that this filth was swept into the reservoir.
It is an easy assumption to make (but one untenable on account of
the lack of exact information) that U. acquired her typhoid fever
at the quartermaster camp along the tunnels, that she went out of
the camp by way of the tunnels, that she scattered the organisms
along the route, and that this one case gave rise to cases 11, 12, and 13.
REPORT OF THE BURGEON GENERAL. 597
But assuming for the sake of argument that this woman might have
been so responsible, such fact would throw no Ught on the earUer
cases unless she had acquired her disease from some earlier carrier in
the camp.
On February 13, 1916, the following report of water examination
was made by Capt. Foucar, in charge of tne department laboratory:
, Fourth Cavalry supply (Scbofield Barracks): No gas formation in three lactose
fermentation tubes; colony count per cubic centimeter 0.25 (1 colcmy in 4 cubic
centimeters).
First Infsmtry supply (Castner): Gas production, No. 1 tube, 30 per cent; No. 2
tube, 30 per cent; No. 3 tube, 40 per cent; still active gas production at end of 24 hoxirs
in all three tubes; colony count per cubic centimeter 0.40.
Vegetables and fruits are suppUed to the post very generally by
Japanese, Chinese, and Korean hucksters. There are about 18 of
these men who have their own wagons and peddle their supplies
daily, with the exception of one or two. These men get all of their
vegetables and fruits from gardens at Waialua, 8 miles from the
post. These gardens are kept by six Chinese famiUes, and are irri-
gated by runnmg water from the Koolau range in a series of ditches.
Tlie gardeners Uve in wooden shacks by the side of the gardens and
have dry earth closets in the rear of these gardens. They use no
human excreta for fertilizing purposes and the gardens are especially
well kept. The gardeners are in all instances Qiinese who deny sick-
ness. Two of the nucksters have their own gardens at Wahiawa. They
also have diy earth closets and do not use human excreta for fertilizer,
and show no evidence of ill health. There are two vegetable markets
in the post, one run by an Hawaiian woman, who gets her vegetables
from tne gardens, and a Chinese who gets his vegetaoles from Wahiawa
and Wai^ua. At times these markets and the post exchange and the
different organizations purchase vegetables and other supplies from
the markets in Honolulu.
Milk and cream are suppUed to the post from two sources. All
of the officers are supphed from the T. ranch, which is situated
3 miles from Wahiawa and 6 miles from the post. The dairy is
conducted in a fairly clean manner. Mr. T. has a herd of about
70 tuberculin-tested cows. These animals are fed, for the most
part, on imported alfalfa, the grazing f aciUties of this country being
very poor. The cows are milked twice daily in sheds with cement
floors by four Japanese. There is nmning water in the milk shed
and the milkers are clean and fairlv careful. The milk is milked into
small-mouthed tin pails and is taken to another building where it is
cooled. The cooling system is crude, but answers the needs fairly
well. The milk is then collected in glass bottles, which are kept
clean by soap and water, and immediately delivered by means of a
motor truck to the post. The cows are milked at 4 a. m. and 1.30
§. m., and two deUveries made daily. All of the employees of this
airy have been examined (by Widals), with negative results. The
different exchanges and restaurants. connected with them set their
milk from the Honolulu Dairymen's Association, deliverea to the
post by motor truck.
For the sake of completeness the following table shows the result
of examinations, made by the department laboratory, of the milk
from the post dairy during 1915.
598
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GBNERAIi.
Date
1915
Junes
June?
June 17 ,
July?
July 22
Aug.?
Aug. 19 ,
Oct. 15 ,
Butter
1
Specific
fat.
gravity. |
Percent.
3.2
L029
3.0
L029
3.2
L030
3.4
L030
3.6
L030
2.7
L030
8.2
L030
4.4
L031
10,000
uaoo
16,000
1,250,000
9,000,000
2,000,000
20,000
4,000,000
A bacteriolofirical count made February 11, 1916, showed 246,000
bacteria per cubic centimeter.
The milk gave no reaction to tests for formaldehyde, salicylic,
benzoic, and Doric acids.
The following table gives the most essential features of the cases
among the enlisted men :
No.
Name.
Tmnnniitttioa
completed.
3
F« ,.
Jan. 22,1914
6
f^
Feb. 10.1914
7
D
Feb. 23.1915
8
Apr. 1, 1913
Mar. 16,1915*
12
C
1 Transferred to department hospital; no record.
*2 doses only
•
These cases were clinically typhoid fever. Case No. 8 was mild.
Cases Nos. 6 and 12 were moderately severe. Case No. 7 was ex-
tremely severe and characterized by delirium. All recovered. None
had hemorrhage. Case No. 6 had two relapses, and case No. 12 had
phlebitis, left leg, and cystitis.
In the attempt to isolate a carrier, it was deemed advisable to make
routine Widals of various servants and employees. All the servants
of the officers of the First Infantry, numbering 70, mostly Japanese,
were examined, and the reactions were negative except in three
cases previously vaccinated. On the supposition that a carrier
might oe found in the restaurants at Castner, Widals were made on
specimens of blood from the seven Chinese employees of the First
Infantry restaurant and the four Chinese employees of the Fourth
Cavalry restaurant. The reactions were negative.
On February 20, a case having been foiind in the First Infaaitr^
tailor shop in the person of a Japanese, Widals were made on spea-
mens of blood taken from the nine employees of this estabUshment.
The reactions were negative.
In addition seven Widals were made on Japanese foimd at the
Quartermaster camp connected with the building of the tunnels for
uie Nv'ater supply and also on the five employees of the post dairy.
The reactions were neg:ative.
Systematic attempts were made to isolate carriers by stool and
urine examinations. Eight examinations were made for typhoid or
paratyphoid in this manner of the employees of the First Infantry
tailor shop; 2 cooks of K Troop, Fourth Cavalry; 3 cooks from F
Company; 3 cooks from I Company; and 2 cooks from E Company,
BEPORT OF THE 8UBGE0K GENERAL. 599
First Infantry. Liater stools or urine were examined of 8 hucksters,
Chinese or Japanese, and of 13 employees of restaurants, the latter
comprising all the enlisted men on duty in the restaurants in whose
cases the Widal reaction would be useless on account of typhoid im-
munization. Additional examinations were made of suspect carriers
Srior to the establishment of this board, after the occurrence of the
isease in B., a civilian employee. Carefid stool examinations were
made of all cooks and mess attendants at the prison stockade mess,
8 in niunber, with negative results.
In summing up the findings of the board, the following general
review is given :
The first two cases occurred on October 15, 1915, in two children,
both 8 years of age and attending the district school, which is located
in the Schofield Barracks section. No other cases occurred in this
school. The two children went back and forth from school in different
wagons.
The board has been unable to trace any connection between the
two cases which occurred on October 15 and the four succeeding cases
which occurred between October 25 and 28, 1915, but it believes that
the same cause was common to the first six cases.
Following the discovery of typhoid fever in the son of Capt. F.,
stool exammations were made of Capt. F., who had typhoid fever
in 1898, and also of O., a house servant. These were negative for
typhoid bacilli and their respective Widals were also negative.
After close scrutiny of the foregoing data, the board can not decide
even Uie probable origin of the disease.
It is recognized that a single examination does not decide whether
an individual is or is not a carrier.
As far as examinations are concerned, the results indicate that
there is no carrier among the dairy employees, the hucksters, and
thepost exchange employees.
Tne evidence wirows suspicion on the water supply, but the epidemic
was not of the explosive type characteristic of water-borne disease.
Even if the disease disappears coincidentally with the instdlation
of a new and improved water-supply system, at the same time some
carrier connectea with the food-supply system may have left the post
or been transferred to some other d!uty.
While the report is submitted witn no conclusions reached, the
board believes tnat considerable valuable material has been collected
and made available, in case further cases should develop.
The surgeon, Schofield Barracks, in transmitting the report of the
board, remarks:
Though poaitive proof is not available, the suigeon is strongly of the opinion that a
Japanese carrier was responsible for all the cases cited in this report.
PARATYPHOID FEVEB.
One case of this disease occurred.
MALARIA.
Fifteen cases were reported during the year.
600 REPOBT OF THE SUBOEON QENERAU
SMALLPOX AND VARIOLOID.
None occurred.
MEASLES.
rVenty-two cases of measles occurred with two deaths.
INFLUENZA.
This disease caused the highest number of admissions, venereal
diseases excepted, 171 cases being reported, with an admission rate of
19.27 per 1,000.
DTSENTEBT.
Owing to the niunber of cases of amcebic djsentery occurring dur-
ing the year, 20 in number, a board was appouited consisting oi three
medical officers to investigate and report u{)on the cause and submit
recommendations for the prevention of this disease in the future.
The board met at Fort Ruger, Hawaii, April 25, 1916, and their con-
clusions and recommendations may be summed up as follows:
That amoebic, or more properly entamoebic, dysentery is not
especiallv prevalent in Oahu, and while sporadic cases do originate
in the island, it can not properly be considered as endemic.
That its apparent incidence is imderstood to result principally from
importation of chronic cases, carriers, and persons in long incuDation
period (average 64.8 days).
That the carrier'' theory is the method in which entamo&bic
dysentery is disseminated, but that its transmission is still unde-
termined.
That infection usually occurs through the ingestion of cyst-beariog
food and drink either directly or contaminated through handling by a
carrier, or indirectly contaminated by rodent, fly, or other insect
transferences of cysts from infected stools to food, or by the use of
nifi^t soil or polluted water in irrigating and washing garc^n produce.
That the fife of the cysts of entamoebic histolytica in water or on
vegetables before losing their infective power is not known at this
time.
That the usual bacteriological and chemical examination of water
and milk woidd be useless m attempting to determine the presence
or absence of these cysts, and tliat after an examination nothmg more
conclusive than an opinion as to whether the water was polluted with
sewage coidd be given.
That the local sanitary defects noted at the different posts visited
is not directly related to the occurrence of the cases considered, but
that the more scrupulous the individual and oi^anization hygiene
the less frequent will be the cases of entamoebic inaction.
That Uie prominent part played by carriers should be constantly
borne in mind in determining the details of administration pertaining
to food and its preparation.
That the immediate proximity of latrines to the kitchens as seen
in the new barracks at Fort Eamehameha is considered dangerous and
likely to rapidly disseminate any intestinal disease that might gain
a foothold m the organization even if contrair to the present condi*
tion, both kitchens and latrines were property screened.
REPORT OF THE BURGEON GENERAL. 601
The board recommended that —
All cooks m organizations from which patients showing entamceba
histolytica in their stools are received have their stools examined once
a month for three months thereafter.
AU enlisted men, and especially noncommissioned officers, be in-
structed r^ularly in hygiene of entamoebic dysentery especially with
regard to tne danger from allowing men with histories of abdominal
cramps, diarrheas, etc., who might be carriers, as cooks and kitchen
police.
All medical officers be instructed to prepare complete histories of
all cases diagnosed as diarrhea, intestinal fermentation, coUtis, enteri-
tis, gastritis, ptomaine poisoning, gastroenteritis following the form
outhned above and that the stools of such cases be examined repeat-
edly for entamoeba histolytica as invariably as the Wassermann reac-
tion is now being requested in cases of venereal sore.
Increasing eflU)rts be made everywhere in garrison and in the field
to make latrines, kitchens, and dining rooms flyless and flyproof.
The importance of this can not, in the opinion of the board, be over-
emphasized and it beUeves that apparent comphance with but real
indifference to the thorough execution of these principles is a sanitary
menace.
Experimental work be ii^stituted to determine whether the rat is a
carrier of entamoeba histolytica, and how long the cysts of that para-
site retain their infective power after leaving their host.
BRONCHITIS.
There were 263 cases of bronchitis with an admission rate of 29.63.
TUBERCULOSIS.
There were 31 cases, 28 of which were pulmonary tuberculosis.
VENEREAL DISEASES.
There was a considerable increase in the venereal rate for 1915 over
1914, 850 cases in all occurring, with an admission rate of 95.76.
Of these cases 237 were syphilis, 96 chancroid, and 517 gonorrhea.
ALCOHOLISM AND ITS RESULTS.
There were 100 cases admitted for this cause, with an admission
rate of 11.27, which was slightly lower than for 1914.
DIARRHEA AND ENTERmS.
Two hundred and thirty-four admissions are chargeable to this
cause, producing an admission rate of 26.36.
HilMORRHOIDS.
There were 55 cases admitted during the year.
MENTAL ALIENATION.
Thirty-nine cases of mental aUenation were reported, resulting in
an admission rate of 4.39, an increase over last year.
SANITATION.
The following sanitary defects are reported by the department
surgeon:
PORT ARMSTRONG.
Septic tank too small (January ceport). War Department declines to act, as it ia
the policy to remove command to Fort Kamehameha and retain only a caretaker
(fifth indorsement, Mar. 13).
FORT DS RU88T.
The old and temporary buildings are to be replaced by new construction, for which
bids have been invitedf. Estimates have been made to properly fly-proof kitchen of
Tenth Oompany, Coast Artillery Corps (December report).
FORT KAMEHAMEHA.
Authority has been given to correct faulty location of windows in permanent non-
commissioned officers' quarters if source of discomfort ^special sanitary report, Mar. 12).
From special sanitary report of November, it would appear that the plans of new
permanent barracks overlooked essentials of sanitation and that chanrai in original
plan further increased difficulties. This has been made the sub|ect or investigation
and report of sanitary inspector and is now receiving the special attention of the
department commander, it is not known b v whom the original plans were drawn and
approved, but one can not conceive them obtaining the approval of a sanitarian.
The filling of the near-by swamps is urged by the surgeon as a sanitary matter in
December report, and as me labor and expense involved is great, will require the
action of the War Department.
FORT SHAFTBR.
The reconmiendation of the surgeon (March report) to hold recruits on mainland
until all likelihood of introduction of infectious diseases is passed, is impracticable
and inadvisable.
In August report the following defects are noted: No kitchen and dining room for
band of Second In^try. Room so used inadequate in size and so situated that dust
from grounds of quartermaster stables blows into door. This is awaiting aodon of War
Department. Drainage ditch through post imperfect and should be cemented to
assure free flow of water and prevent breeding of mosquitoes. Cement is now available
and rock crusher of post has been repaired, so that work can be done with post labor
(December report). Imperfect sewage plant for the present and proposed future gar-
rison. The present plant was intendfed for one battalion at peace strength. Present
garrison: One regiment of Infantry, one company of Engineers, one company of Signal
Corps, all at war strength. Future garrison probably will be one or two additional
regiments. Estimates ($140,000) for a proper main sewage system are being prepared
(December special report). This should be installed prior to permanent constructi<Hi.
September report shows the need for a proper dispensary building. The need is
acknowledged by the department commander, but not approved for a temporary
structure, as estimates for a permanent post have been submitted for action of Con-
gress (November report). Inadequate water-closet facilities in cantonment barracks.
This has received as yet no action.
80HOFIBLD BARRACKS.
The necessity of sanitary provisions in advance of the arrival of troops is shown by
the many defects noted in tne reports of Schofield Barracks.
The shortage of water supply has been one of constant complaint. With the cement
lining of the ditch from Koolau Range to reservou^ it is believed this will end. It is
thought that thi^ cement lining of ditch would have been provided for in the beginning
bad a hydraulic engineer, familiar with Hawaiian conditions, been in chai^ge. The
602
BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEOK GENERAL. 603
dispoeal of sewage oEfers an opportunity for similar comment regarding the employment
of a competent sanitary engineer in planning a comprehensive svstom provided fore
knowledge is available of wnat the gaxrison is to be. Defects in tnis respect are noted
in sanitary report of September, and it is believed will continue until remedies pro-
posed are earned out. A proper plan of post would not have constructed noncommis-
sioned officers' quarters in the proximity of septic tanks when so much other land is
available.
The following recommendations of surgeon on December report await action of
higher authority:
(a) Barracks to be built to repiace casual (quarantine) camp."
Widi a post the size of Schofield Barracks infectious diseases are almost sure to be
brought with each lot of recruits from the mainland. Should the enlistment period
be decreased, such arrivals will be more numerous and more frequent than in the
past, and the need of proper quarantine greater.
"(6) That a guardhouse be erected in place of the stockade camp for general pns-
oners."
The recent severe storms have demonstrated the need for this.
'*(c) That permanent roads be built to replace the quagmires now used as roads.''
This only indirectly affects sanitation.
^'((f) That the makeshift and partial sewer system be extended to all parts of the
post and completely modernized."
"(«) That the septic tanks of the sewage disposal plant be covered to prevent fly
breeding."
These last two are covered by remarks above as regards a competent sanitary engineer
furnishing a proper plan and strict adhesion thereto.
«
DEPARTMENT HOSPrrAL.
Quarters for medical officers and noncommissioned, officers of Hospital Corps are
required, as stated in January report. The War Department has been asked for the
money to buy adjoining lana and Congressional action is sought. Until that time
gublic buildings will be inadequate for command and the officers be obliged to live
t>m 3 to 10 miles from hospital.
SANrrABY PERSONNEL.
«
With an increase of 13 medical officers, the compkint of last annual report as to
scarcity tor peace conditions no longer holds. The Hospital Corps is deficient, espe-
cially in competent noncommissioned officers, of whom there are but 31. These, wiUi
the 185 privates first class and privates, including lance corporals and acting cooks,
give but 2J per cent of the command, a number barely sufficient to do the ordinary
routine work of hospitals and dispensaries and not having time to devote to the neces-
sary field instruction at Schofield Barracks and hospital training at department
hospital. Should an active campaign become necessary, this shortage would most
seriously affect the sanitary conditions and consequent morale of the troops.
The needs of the Medical Department for war in Hawaii were set forth in a report to
the department commander under date of October 1, 1915.
INSTRUCTION OP PERSONNEL.
With the arrival (Jan. 15, 1916) of 25 recruits, Schofield Barracks will be enabled to
give some needed field instruction. In January. 1915, a class of 10 men was formed
at department hospital from selected privates oi the various stations for a course in
nursing. These men were returned to their stations after four months' training and
were given certificates of having completed such special course of Army nursing.
Report of school inclosed. In November another claiss of 10 was organized, a greater
number not being available. It is intended to continue this training for six months.
The or^nization of the United States Service Medical Society of Hawaii, of which all
commissioned officers of the Medical Department (excepting three) are members, for
the discussion of medico-military matters, it is believed will oe of benefit to the Army
service as well as individuals. Paragraph 45, General Orders, No. 2, Headquarters,
Hawaiian Department, July 1, 1915, has resulted in a better study, especially by
junior medical officers, firom a military sanitary point of the conditions liable to be
met in war.
Until ambulance companies are given this department, proper field training and
consequent sanitary preparations can not be gained.
604 BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON QENEBAI«.
HOSPITALS AND DISPENSARIES.
The confitnictlon of a nurses* quarters and clinic building have given much-needed
additions to the department hospital. The alterations ot one oi the buildings into
prison and detention wards, witn hvdrotherapeutic section, is under way, and will
permit better handling of cases for which instituted. A laundry should be provided.
Quarters for commissioned and married noncommissioned officers is an uigent need.
It is not known what progress has been made In obtaining the necessary land adjoining
the hospital upon which these buildings can be erected, but the need therefor is
great, and the expense to the Government in the form of commutations for quarten
makes a considerable item. As it is, commissioned and nonconmiissioned officers
are obliged to reside at distances of 3 to 8 miles from their work, are under expense
in going to and fro, and are not as immediately available as though they lived nearer.
The estimates for these 14 sets of officers' and 6 sets cf noncommissioned officeis*
quarters call for approximately $75,000.
A 240-bed hospital should be one of the permanent structures at Schofield Barracks.
Estimates have already been submitted for a plan which can be readily expanded. It
is understood that the Surgeon General has asked for $150,000 for this purpose.
The construction of the Iwilei prophylactic station has already been mentioned.
As it was occupied only subsequent to June 22, its workings can not be told.
Additionid room for dental suigeons and a larger detachment of Medical Department
is required at the Fort Kamehameha dispensary. Until such space is available, this
post can not be made a base dental station, and the people entitled to treatment
must, in many instances, go either to department hospital or department hesdquarteis
for proper treatment.
A proper dispensary Ib an urgent need at Fort Shafter. The present shack offers
but poor facilities for doing the great amount of regular dispensary work of a station
having a strength approximating 2,000 with many families of officers and enlisted
men in addition. Snould additional regiments be stationed at this ganison, it is
recommended that additional dispensaries be provided.
The establishment of a medical supply depot by authority of Secretary of War
(Dec. 9, 1915). and actual oiganlzation in March, 1916, has added much to the pre-
paredness of tne medical department In case of emergencies. Suitable storehouses
and offices are needed. The reserve supplies, valued at approximately $105,000, have
not been entirely overhauled since their receipt in these islands in 1910. and tms work is
hampered by reason of lack of room, and, in the past, shortage of help. In 1915 the
leather equipments of the ordnance department for sanitary field units were over-
hauled, and it was estimated that they had deteriorated many per cent (20-40).
The condition of canvas and cloth material ia not known. Stored as it has been in
the past, and still is, in all kinds of structures, and wherever space is available, hao not
been in the interest of economy. Undoubtedly niuch of the medical supplies are
deteriorated. As the advance copies of Manual Medical Department, which make
changes in supply tables, has just been received, these units will be oveihauled at
earliest practical opportunity and be brought up to date. But proper storage facili-
ties must be proviaed. To nave an efficient department of any kind requires proper
personnel, with sufficient time to train, needed mat^iel storea and assembled where
it can be safqs^arded and issued, and, in the case of the Medical Department, proper
hospital facilities. In all these respects there is much lacking, and efforts to secure
the same have met with only partial success.
PAVAMA CAVAI ZOVE.
The mean strength of all troops, indudmg oiB&cers, serving in the
Panama Canal Zone during the year was 5,903, as compared with
2,076 for 1914.
ADMISSION RATES.
The admission rate for all causes was 859.22, that for disease heing
709.81 and that for external causes 149.41, as compared with*938.35,
818.88, Mid 119.46, respectively, for the year 1914.
The diseases causing the highest admission rates were: Venereal
diseases, 132.48; malarial fevers, 85.55; influenza, 46.76; bronchitis,
29.65; tonsillitis, 29.14; and funmcle, 26.09.
It is considered worthy of comment to call attention to the remark-
able reduction in the malarial fever rate from 205.20 in 1914 to that
given above, which would indicate that mearures looking to the pro-
tection against and destruction of mosquitoes are effective, if properly
carried out.
Admisnon rates for some of (he principal diseases for Panama Canal Zone^ American
troops, officers and enlisted m£n.
OfBoers and enlisted
men.
Enlisted men.
1915
1014
1015
1014
Venereal diseases
Melarfal fnmTi
13X48
85.55
46.76
20.65
20.14
26.00
16.60
15.02
15.25
13.21
1 0.32
8.13
6.78
5.03
5.25
4.41
3.22
1.02
131.50
205.20
31.31
18.30
46.72
12.52
15.41
21.68
0.63
21.68
8.10
13.07
7.71
2.41
6.26
4.84
7.23
136.51
87.57
47.37
20.80
29L36
26.57
16.78
16.06
15.78
13.63
&31
&22
6.20
6.12
5.42
4.54
2.07
1.05
135.83
206.06
Infloeim
31.84
Bronchitis
TdndlliUs.
Ponxnch^.
18.01
47.76
12.04
Diairheft and enteritis
15.02
Appendidtis
21.80
Alealiolisn] (mU)
T.ymph4(rfAiiit4, nonvmerml .......
0.05
22.38
'Plv«n'nAt1sni| mrawnlar ,
&46
Hemflrrhoidsl
Rhinitis, scate
ToberculoBis (mU)
FUtfbot
14.43
7.46
2.40
6.47
RheaniatiBfQ. articnlar (all) . .
4.48
Pleurisy
7.46
Dysentery
CONSTANTLY NONEFFECTIVE BATE.
The noneffective rate was 25.63 for all causes, as compared with
36.45 for 1914; that for disease being 21.66 per 1,000, and that for
external causes, 3.97. The diseases causing the highest noneffective
rates were: Venereal diseases, 5.05 per 1,000; malarial fevers, 2.27;
appendicitis, 1.06; and lymphadenitis (nonvenereal), 0.95.
605
POBTO BICO.
The troops are all recruited from and partly officered by native Porto
Ricans. The regiment is commanded by a United States Anny of-
ficer. The sanitary work in connection with this organization is in
charge of a medical officer from the regular corps and a medical
officer from the Medical Reserre Corps. The two garrisoned posts
have a mean strength of 719 officers and men.
ADMISSION RATES.
The admission rate for all causes in 1915 was 552.16, as compared
with 615.28 in 1914; for disease, 496.52 as compared with 534.65,
and for external causes, 55.63 as against 80.62 in 1914.
An improvement in health conditions among the troops is evi-
denced by the reduction in the rates for 1915 over the year 1914.
It is regrettable that the rate for venereal diseas^ is higher this year,
as compared with 1914 which showed an appreciable reduction over
1913, these diseases causing the highest admission as well as the high-
est nonefifective rate, dengue fever taking second place, with rates
of 84.84 and 76.50 per 1,000, respectively.
NONBFFECnVB BATES.
The noneffective rate for all causes is also slightly hig|her than for
the precediiu^ year, being 22.36 for 1915, as compared with 21.64
for 1914. Tne rate for disease was 20.57, as compared with 18.93
for 1914.
It will be noted that there was a marked decrease in the malarial
rate.
Some of the principal diseases, with the admission and nonef-
fective rates as compared with the preceding year, are shown in the
following tabulation:
Admission and noneffective rates per 1,000 of mean strength for the most prevalent diseases
among officers and enlisted men in Torto Rico,
Wwrnmldiamam
Chancroid and results
Oonorrbea and results.
SypbiUs and results
Donsue
Aoito abscess and oeUnUtis.
Diseases of tha lymphatio system. . .
Rhinitis, acuta
Furuncle
Dysentery
Diarrhea and enteritis
Rheumatism, muscular
Malarial fevers
Febrlcula and undetermined fevers
Rheumatism, articular (all)
Ankylostomiasis
Tonsillitis
Smallpox
Tuberculosis
608
Admi)tsi<
on rates.
NooeffsctlTa rates.
1015
1914
1915
1914
IM» IM
68.48
4.57
3.84
96.43
16.97
L66
1.19
83.38
18.39
L56
.75
34.90
81.18
L33
L89
7«.50
&49
3.94
.U
44.51
5a 93
L16
.90
81.99
19.80
1.06
.71
20.48
115.98
.40
L88
23.64
15.56
.45
.88
21 ?S
7.07
.56
.31
19.47
8178
.87
.75
11.18
9.90
.it
.38
8.84
1&78
.34
.81
6.95
1.41
.13
.01
5.58
1L33
.43
.a
5.50
5.66
.36
.s
&78
13178
.05
.16
L89
&83
.33
.17
1.89
L41
.18
.48
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL. 609
DISCHARGES ON OERTIFIOATB OF DISABnJTT.
The rate for discharge for disability was 7.34 per 1,000 for disease
for 1915, as compared with 8.97 for diseases in 1914.
DEATHS.
The death rate was 4.17 per 1,000, there being three deaths during
the year, two due to disease and one to injury. In 1914 there were
also three deaths, all due to disease.
SPECIAL DISEASES.
YELLOW FEVER.
The surgeon at San Juan, P. R., in September^ 1915, called atten-
tion to the existence of several cases of febrile disease coming under
his observation and resembling in certain features, yellow fever.
He expressed the opinion that the so-called ''seven-day fever,"
" dengue,^' and ''black-water fever" as they exist in Porto Rico,
were possibly all closeljr related to yellow fever, and accordingly so
tentatively aiagnosed nis cases. ^
On furtner study the diagnosis of yellow fever in these cases was
not confirmed by either the local health authorities or by the Surgeon
General of the Army, who in person investigated the matter very
thoroughly upon the request of the Bureau of Insular Affairs.
e9176'— WAB 1916— VOL 1 39
OHIVA.
The mean strength of all troopKs, includmg officers, serving in
China during 1915 was 1,378. This force consisted of Infantry, a
detachment of Signal C!orps, Hospital Corps, and noncommissioned
staff, all white.
ADMISSION RATES.
The admission rate for all causes was 1,438.32, that for disease
1,328.74 and that for external causes 109.58, which are, with the
exception of the latter, all higher than for the year 1914. The dis-
eases causing the highest admission and noneffective rates are shown
in the following tabidations:
The principal diseases for China — Admission rates for American troops^ officers and
enlisted m^n.
Ofiloen and en-
listed men.
Enlisted men.
•
1915
1914
1915
1914
V« iwr^ftl dbMsm
488.39
80.55
77.65
48.62
32.65
29.03
27.57
27.57
24.67
23.22
15.24
10.88
10.16
5.06
5.06
4.35
4.35
1.45
381.30
50.00
40.33
57.74
39.41
20.16
30.26
18.33
31.16
22.00
7.33
4.56
8.25
6.42
.92
10.06
.92
9.17
604.12
83.15
78.65
47.94
33. n
26.23
26.22
28.46
24.72
21.72
15.73
n.24
9.74
5.24
5.24
4.49
4.49
1.50
306. S7
Ccnsttpatkm
86. as
fYmllMth , -
41.07
D iarrhM and entarltis.
S7.S1
AlmhQiism (•II)
4L07
Tfiflfienffi, r . , . . . ....
19.10
BTOHchUffi ..-.,-...,
38. OS
Lymuhiidffnltls. iionvMi#rtftl , . ,
19.10
Rnftninatisin. moscaltr
S3. 47
If altffftl fevws . .
30.06
FUnlQCI* ... .. ,. r -,r - . r. ,. ., -r-
7.64
Rhmnnfttisiii. irticular (all )
s.n
ADDendJcitis
8.60
Tuoerculosis (all)
6.60
Mumps
.96
PnAumonia (lobar)
10.61
Plourfay
.96
Dy Mntery
160
Noneffective rates for American troops ^ officers and enlisted men.
Venereal diseases
Lymphadenitis, nonrenereal.
TonsUJitis
Tuberculosis (all)
Constipation
Rheumatism, muscular
Brooch Itis
Diarrhea and enteritis
llalarial fevera
Humps
Influenta
Aleoholism(aU)
Appendidtii
Dysentery
Furuncle
PneumooJa (lobar)
Rheumatism, artioolar (all) . .
Pleurisy
Officers and en>
listed men.
1915
13.
1.
1.
57
15
06
70
69
57
53
48
42
40
38
37
31
38
28
27
23
1914
15.39
1.06
.41
.92
.89
.47
.39
.40
.29
.02
.33
.34
.51
.31
.04
.57
.12
.01
Bnllsted
1915
14.01
1.19
1.07
.73
n
.56
.58
.46
.40
.41
.35
.38
.31
.33
.01
1914
16.06
1.10
,41
96
40
46
37
41
37
39
04
60
or
610
BBPOBT OF THE SUBOEON OENERAL.
611
DISOHABOE ON CERTIFICATE OF DISABILTTT.
The discharge rate for disability was 9.74 per 1,000 for all causes.
DEATHS.
The death rate was 4.35 per 1,000, the rate for disease being 2.90,
and that for external causes 1.45. Tlie death rate was lower than for
1914, bein^ 5.50 for the latter jear.
Tables Nos. 3, 73, and 76 give all figures for the troops serving in
Chma for the year 1915.
The rates would indicate that the general health conditions have
decidedly deteriorated during the year 1915, although not so marked
as last year (1914) over 1913. An appreciable increase in the admis-
sion rate for venereal diseases is noted, with a decrease, howover,
in the noneffective rate for the same disease.
Tablb No. 46. — Compariicn of rata for the several courUries garrisoned by the United
StaUs Army,
COMPARISON OF BATSB (PER 1,000 OF ICE AN STRENGTH) YEARS 1014-15, OFFICERS
AND ENLISTED MEN.
Admissions.
Noneffective.
Discharges.
Deaths.
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
American troops, ezcladinr officers:
United StiStt
696.04
378.66
976.88
1,43a 83
568.50
859.33
633.38
408.14
865.79
1,063.34
533.58
038.35
35.77
8.71
38.70
34.45
30.34
35.63
33.41
iai7
3a 56
38.88
18.69
36.45
13.60
11.80
33.33
9.74
ia93
13.03
14.83
8.74
10.63
3.83
9.03
10.94
5.31
3.54
3.87
4.35
3.36
3.46
4.87
AlMk^.
8.35
PtalllDpine Islan<1fl ...............
3.64
Cbfalfl X X. . X a a X ^
5.50
Haw«U
1.81
3.31
The Anny
735.97
555.07
573.84
657.73
615.38
714.14
35.77
33.78
15.68
33.98
31.64
30.30
14.36
7.84
11.44
13.99
8.97
9.56
4.57
4.41
3.54
4.53
Nati^ troops (enlbted):
Porto RJcan Reeiment
4.34
3.19
Venereal diseases.
Malaria
1 fevers.
Tuben
:al06is.
Admis-
sions.
Nonefleo-
tive.
Admis-
sions.
Nonefliec-
tive.
Admis-
sions.
Noneffec-
tive.
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
American troops, including
oAcen:
United States
70.05
AS. 84
3.84
.53
7.70
13.57
4.78
5.05
8.58
.39
9.78
15.39
3.41
6.63
13. 3*
1.3-
61. 6f
33.32
1.61
S5M
J ia74
J 3.00
J 46.97
I 3100
) 1.33
> 305. 30
a37
.01
1.13
.43
.05
3.37
0.34
.04
1.39
.39
.03
7.67
3.68
1.37
3.73
1.04
3.83
.15
.47
.70
.37
.35
3.34
AifMpinf
84.31 afL8R
.33
Philippine Islands
Chfaia V /
Hawaii
170.88
488.39
06.76
174.86
381.30
65.07
6.08
5.08
3.49
7.05
6.43
3.03
.60
.93
.33
Panama, Canal Zone .. .
133.48
131.60
5.03
3.41
.16
The Army
103.07
89.67
34.83
106. n
4.50
1.M
4.51
3.84
3.66
33. 1{
8.81
80.11
) 30.16
I 13.73
1301.80
.48
.35
1.54
.&7
3.44
3.34
1.41
6.57
1.79
.19
.58
1.78
Native troopa:
Porto Rlean Reelment.
Phll^ypine Booott
66.
57.
48
57
I
.38
1.48
1.-
4.1
17
S4
.43
.83
ABMY TBAVSPOBTS.
The sanitary condition of the Army transports and the accommo-
dations provided for troops and passengers have been satisfactory.
With one exception, hospital accommodations were reported ample.
On the homeward voyage of the Sheridan in April and May, 86 patients
were received by transfer from Manila and Honolulu, in addition to
the casuals admitted from time to time from command, necessitating
the placing of 20 or more patients in the troops quarters of hold.
During the voyage of tne Sherman from San Francisco to Manila
in January, 16 cases of mumps and 19 cases of measles occurred. On
the next voyage of the same transport in April, 22 cases of mumps
and 3 cases of measles developed.
Twenty-six cases of mumps developed on the transport Thomas
between Februarv 5 and March 8 while en route to Manila. One
case occurred at Manila, and one case during the retxim voyage.
A case of smallpox was foimd among casuals coming n*om Fort
MiUs, P. I., on October 14, prior to the sailii^ of the Logan from
Manila. The patient was taken to the San Lazaro Hospital, and
isolation ward and quarters of casuals disinfected.
~ The following is a statement of enlisted men carried between the
several ports during the year:
San Francisco to Honolulu 8, 978
San Francisco to Manila ; S, 445
Honolulu to Manila -16ft
Manila to Nagasaki 8
Manila to Honolulu 21
Manila to San Francisco 6, 397
Honolulu to San Francisco 1, 946
Nagasaki to San Francisco 273
Total 18,174
Some difficidty has been experienced by transport sui^geons in
obtainin£[ from uie casual officer, prior to arrival at port of desti-
nation, the health records (descriptive lists) of enlisted men from the
Navy and Marine Corps given transportation on Army transports.
This office has recommended that nealth records be sent to the
ship's surgeon instead of to the casual officer.
612
GEVEBAL HOSPITALS.
LETTERMAN GENERAL HOSPITAL, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
lliis hospital is used as a base hospital for the Philippines and
Hawaii; a post hospital for the Presideo, San JVancisco, Fort Winfield
Scott and several smaller posts in the harbor of San Francisco, and
a general hospital for the western part of the country. It is the
lai^est general hospital in the Army.
Curing the year the following new buildings have been completed:
Addition A to nurses' dormitory, ward for special surgical cases,
garage, and storehouse for combustibles.
The number of patients admitted during the year, including civil-
ians and general prisoners, was 3,195, being an increase of 178 over
the preceding year. There were 183 cases remaining in hospital
December 31, 1914, making a grand total of 3,378 patients treated in
the hospital during the year. Of this number 2,433 were officers
and enlisted men, 46 general prisoners, and 899 others. There were
1,940 medical cases, 907 siirgical, 293 venereal, and 234 mental.
Tne daily average number of patients was 283.86. Of this number
21.28 were officers, 214.38 enlisted men, 4.63 general prisoners, and
43.58 others. The average number of days in hospital for each case
was as follows:
Medical..
Surgical.
Veoeraal
llantal..
Officers.
46.00
5A.58
74.00
5&00
Solisted
men.
84.83
21.17
84.10
«&61
General
prisonen.
26.45
4«i36
5a 50
laaoo
Civilians.
Male.
2a 75
15w23
85.77
26^62
Female.
17.00
11.89
21.00
4.00
The following tables show the movement of the sick, together with
the principal sources of admission, during the calendar year 1915:
ADMISSIONS.
Command
Transter
Otherwise
Bemaining, 1914 ,
Toftal
MSPosrnoNS.
Duty
Died
Discharged for disabUity
Deserted
Discharged, expiration of term
Transfierrea to Government Hospital for the Insane
Transferred to Fort Bayard, N. Mex
Transferred to other hospitals
Otherwise disposed of
Remaining, 1915
Total
Officers
and
enlisted
men.
122
2,115
54
142
2,433
1,410
35
474
10
25
21
93
8
85
272
2,433
Qeneral
prisoners.
41
46
25
1
2
6
9
46
Civilians.
27
16
820
36
899
6
36
1
803
53
899
Total.
140
2,172
874
183
3,378
1,442
72
474
10
27
21
93
11
894
334
3,878
613
614
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON QBNEBAI^.
There were 72 deaths in all during the year, 35 officers and enlisted
inen, 1 general prisoner, and 36 civilians and others. The principal
causes for these deaths are given below:
Tuberculosis of the lungs 8
Cancers and other malignant tumors 4
Simple peritonitis (nonpuerperal) : 4
Bright's disease 4
Purulent infection and septicemia 3
O rganic diseases of the heart 3
Broncho-pneumonia ^ 3
Diseases of the intestines 3
Simple menin^tis 2
Cereoral hemorrhage (traumatic) 2
Pericarditis 2
Pneumonia (lobar) 2
In addition to the above list 4 civilians were suffocated in burning
building.
There were 474 discharged on certificate of disability. Of this
number 403 were not in line of duty and 71 in line of duty. The
principal causes were as follows:
Mental alienation 125
Diseases of the on;anB of locomotion 65
Tuberculosis of the lungs 39
Epilepsy '. 24
Orgamc diseases of the heart 28
Other diseases of the nervous system 16
Other external \dolence : 16
Syphilis 14
Neuralgia and neuritis 12
Diseases of the bladder 12
Gonococcus infection 10
Diseases of the joints 10
The following is a statement of the admissions and dispositions of
insane patients during the year:
Movements of the imane.
DisposiUoa.
Returned to duty
Lefthosplwl
Discharged on certificate of disability at this hospltaL.
Died.
Transferred to recruiting officers for dlspot^ition
Transferred to the Oovemment Hospital for the Insane.
Sent home for discharge
Discharged without honor for fraudulent enlistment.. . .
Total.
Officers
and en-
listed
men.
130
2
8
21
6
1
177
General
Otben.
TMaL
11
S
00
4
8
11
•
184
An active surgical clinic is maintained at tins hospital, the follow-
ing being a condensed tabular statement of the surgical operations:
BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEON GENEBAU
615
OperatUmi.
Operations.
Crantntn,
Ftoe....,
Nedc....
U^por(
Abdomen (laparotomy),
Oenito-urinary
Beetom and anus
Oyneoological, Internal..
Oyneooloiical, external.
Lower exvemlty
l^or (not included) . . . .
Minor (not Included)
Obstetrical
Total.
m
o
0
4
6
18
■*2
89
3
1
5
31
7
106
35
30
TO
333
o
3
1
5
31
7
116
30
38
68
'n
373
1
1
3
1
1
4
6
3
16
15
36
3
3
1
7
12
3
86
18
11
64
61
17
3
38
20
350
I
1
0
14
5
100
33
13
65
61
18
3
60
30
3
2
14
36 *
13
316
61
48
65
61
80
3
138
30
890
771
Seven hxindred anci seventy-one operations were performed, as
against 528 last year (the eye, ear, nose, and throat cases not included),
an increase of 243. In adclition and not listed in the above state-
ment, there were 5,165 dressings done and emergencv cases treated
in the dressing room of the operating pavillion, and 8,240 in the
dressing room of the surreal ward for infected cases. There were
also made 163 gynecological and obstetrical examinations. There
was a total of 50 confinements cared for during the year, one of which,
puerperal eclamptic case, resulted in death.
On September 6, 1915, orthopedic work was begim and 42 cases
were treated.
The following is a statement of the work done in the eye, ear, nose,
and throat clinic:
Offloen
Enlisted mien.
Families of offloen and enlisted men. . .
Civilian employees
Army None Corps
civilians, including CivH War veterans
TotaL
Hospital
68
601
184
11
1
36
800
Oat
134
396
433
46
66
83
1,037
TotaL
103
797
606
67
67
118
1,837
There were 1,837 cases treated, and 463 operations performed
during the year.
Tbere were 368 cases of all classes refracted.
The dentist on duty at the hospital reports 1,248 persons treated for
afiFected teeth, with 3,363 sittings.
A large department laboratory is maintained for the use of the
hospital and for the special work of the posts in the Western Depart-
ment. The report of the work done will be foimd imder the general
head of "laboratories."
616 KBPOBT OF THE SUBGBON GENERAL.
The mean strength of the personnel on duty at this hospital for the
year was:
Officers 12.10
Dental surgeons 2.02
Acting dental surgeons .00
Armjr Nurse Corps 43. 56
Hospital Corps Ite.OO
There were 27 civilians employed by the Medical Department, and
11 by the Quartermaster Corps on mity in the hospital during the
year.
WALTER REED GENERAL HOSPFTAL.
This hospital is located at Takoma Park, D. C, near the northern
border of tne District. It serves as the general hospital east of the
Mississippi and as the post hospital for Washington barracks. The
patients from the latter place are transferred in automobile ambulances
of which this hospital nas, at present, foiu*, while another is being
constructed.
As heretofore, there are but two sets of officers'* quarters at the
hospital,' although nine medical officers are assigned to duty there.
The rental of quarters for these officers is an item of large expense
and results in their being unsatisfactory and inconveniently housed
both for their comfort and their work.
The reservation and buildings are kept in ^ood condition, though
improvements are needed on the roads and it is hoped that they can
be accompUshed during the comuig spring or summer. An improve-
ment recently completed is a new concrete roadway back of the
main hospital building, which, together with its drainage system,
serves not only to make the service of wagons easier and deaner, but
alsb to divert much surface drainage that formerly ran directly
toward, and partly through or into the basement.
Two new wards for enlisted men have been opened since the time
of the last annual report, and are found very satisfactory. Another
small ward is completed and available for use but it nas not yet
been put into use. Work is progressing on a basement ward to be
used lor psychopathic cases, and it should be completed by March.
The X-ray laboratory has been remodeled and the f oUowmg improv-
ments made :
(1) Additional apparatus installed — Coolidge tube, verticle roent-
genoscope, overheaa wiring system, Alberene tank, illuminating
viewing box.
(2) Complete renovation of X-ray room; installation of labyrinth
to dark room.
(3) Two himdred and twenty-four cases were X-rayed (some
retaken many times for comparison). Excellent work is now being
done.
The laboratory does onlv simple routine work for clinical purposes,
all Wassermann tests, blood cultures, laboratory examination of
Sathologic specimens, and other special work being done at the Army
[edical School. It would not be possible to do it all here without
an increase of personnel, and the scnool's work is very satisfactory.
Req[uisition has been made for apparatus and supplies that will
permit of the imdertaking of the new work on blood chemistry,
BSPOBT OF THE 8XJBQB0N GENBRAL. 617
esfxeciallT in cases of renal disease, which is now coming into use.
This work wiU be taken up as soon as possible.
The hydrotherapiButic department nas been put to much use of
late and has proven very satisfactory. At present the hospital is
fortunate in having the services of an enlistea man who is skilled in
that work. He receives extra pay from the hospital fund. It is
desirable and just that the Government should allow extra pay for
the position. The work is arduous as well as skilled and is entirely
for me benefit of the Government, not for the benefit of the detach-
ment on duty here, whose fund now pays.
A similar opinion is entertained as to the pay of maids for work in
the rooms of women patients. Maids are necessary, the detachment
(soldiers) can not be expected to work in women's rooms, yet their
fund pays for maids.
The hospital messes, both for sick officers and for enlisted men are
excellent. It is doubted if they could be much better. They are
now run at very much lower cost than formerly.
The discipline is, in general, very good, but the hospital's near-
ness and convenience to a metropolis and the monotony of sickness
make for dereUctions in the way of drink by too many Hospital
Corps men and patients. Increased efforts are to be made to pro-
vide interest ana amusement at the hospital. It is thought that a
gymnasium should be established for the use of men on duty here.
Among these are some excellent enlisted men, but many are not of
as good type as could be desired. It is doubted, however, if the
average can be made higher while the pay remains what it is now.
In view of the certain increase in the use of automobile ambulances,
it is desirable that there be established the grade of chauffeur sergeants
in the Hospital Corps.
There is a shortage of one man in the personnel of the Quarter-
master Corps at this station. The allowance of 12 men for this
post is inaoequate, necessitating the detail of 6 Hospital Corps men
for this duty.
The work of the hospital is somewhat interfered with by details
of officers to work outside the hospital, such as instruction work at
the Army Medical School. These details have not in any way inter-
fered with the adequate and proper care of the sick, but they do
occasion inconvenience in such internal matters as officer-of-the-day
duty, instruction of the Hospital Corps, disability boards, consulta-
tion boards and committees and attendance at Journal club and cUni-
cal meetings. These last two duties have been added within a few
months to those formerly obtaining. They are thought to be help-
ful to the medical officers as well as benencial to the patients, and
to make for the increased efficiency of the hospital. The clinics have
eiso been attended by the postgraduate students at the Army
Meiiical School. Medical and surgical clinics are held alternately.
The members of the Army Nurse Corps on duty here have in gen-
eral rendered exceUent service. The number of nurses is adequate
for ordinary duties but is a bit small for times of stress and to pro-
vide for sickness among the nurses and for their leaves of absence.
Because of the peciniar plan of this hospital, nursing is arduous
here and a larger proportionate number of nurses is needed than in
a hospital built on tne Letterman plan.
618
BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEON GENERAL.
The number of patients admitted during the year, including civil-
ians, was 1,175. This was an increase of 191 over the preceding
year
The average number of days in hospital for each case was as follows :
Medical.
Surgical.
Venereal
llmtal..
OiBoers.
85.23
21.82
11.50
24.00
Enlisted
men.
22.23
88.18
40.54
44.75
Cfrillaiis.
ICala.
18.06
9.19
21.00
18.00
U.O0
ISuOl
The following table shows the movement of the sick, together
with the principal sources of admission, during the calendar year
1915, including civiUans. No general prisoners were admitted.
Officen
enlisted
men.
General
prisonen.
Civlliani.
TotaL
AdmteioDB:
Command ........< ................. .
107
589
72
78
9
6
808
15
116
Transfer. ......... t ... t
9ft
Otherwise
465
Remain ins Dec. 81 . 1914
18
Total to be aoocKiDted fof •
846
422
1.268
Disppsiticos:
l)uty
606
16
64
2
5
5
12
7
8
6U
Died
21
Discharced for disability
64
I>e6«rted
2
I>l8chaived. expiration of ter™
6
Trans'<*iTra to Oovemment Hospital for bsme
5
TransWrwl to Fort R^TWd. N, m«x .,.»--^.--..r-T-T-rTr..
12
TransCemKl to othfr hotnitals
Otherwise diSDOsed of
49
85
886
21
%
Remaining Deo. 31 . 1915.
TotaL
846
422
1.218
■f "■"
There were 24 deaths. Of this mmiber 12 were enlisted men, 3
were retired officers, 1 a retired soldier, 7 civilians, and 1 member of
the Army Nurse Corps.
The following were the causes of death:
Poflt operative shock 3
Diabetes, mellitus 2
Nephritis, parenchymatous 2
Nephritis, interstitial 2
Lobar pneumonia 1
Sarcoma 2
Tumorofcecum 1
Tuberculosis, pleural cavitiee and
peritoneum 1
Pernicious anemia
Aortic r^urgitation
Cancer ofstomach
Aortic aneurism
Ataxic paraplegia
Broncho pneumonia
Cerebral nemorriiage
Renal insufficiency and tuberculosis
of lungs and bladder
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
There were 64 dischai]ged on surgeons' certificate of disability.
Of this number 40 were m line of duty and 24 were not in line of
duty.
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAU
619
The causes were as follows:
ofdfsabilitj.
Vflsieiilltis. seminal
Pgf chot^thic constltatlop
Injarlm and diseaoes of ofgant of looomotion.
Pain and tendemeas. poat operatiya
Djseasea of organs of TisloQ
ArthrltiB, goQORheaL
Landry's paralysis.
Eneureals.....
BTphiUs.
raesis.,
lis.
Ankylosis
Arthritis, jvodactive
Valvular heart disease
Lvmj^ stasis.
Abscesses, Tenereal
Uleer. gastric
Spoodylitls, traumatic
Carcinoma of rectum, colloid
Diseases of ear
Drug habit, cocalnism
Hyperthyroidism
C«nes of spine, tuberoular
Adhesions, post operaUve.
Fistula, post operative
Epilepqr
Oastiie neurosis...
RecurgitatioQ of food, post operative.
Apnonia.
Amputations
Empyema «.
Paranoid state
Fracture of vertebrae
Neuritis
Exophthalmic goitre
Dysentery, entamcBbic
Paralysis and total deaftiess.
Tuberculosis, ri^t ankle
Total.
Yea.
7
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
{
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
40
No.
1
1
1
2
34
Total.
3
10
04
The following is a statement of admissions and dispositions of
insane patients during the year:
Returned to duty
Left hospital
DIsoharged on surgeons' oertiflcate of disability..
Transferred to Oovemment Hospital for Insane.
Left hospital on sick leave
DIsdiarged.
Remaining.
TotaL.
OlSoers
and
enlisted
men.
a
6
1
1
1
li
Civilians.
3
620
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENEBAIi.
An active surgical clinic is maintained at the hospitaL the follow-
ing being a condensed tabular statement of the surgical operations:
Eye
N086
Ear
Throat
Face
Neck
Upper extremity
Tnorax
Abdomen, laparotomy..
Qynecologicai, external.
Gynecological, internal .
Lower extremity
llaJOT, not included
Minot, not included —
Total.
i
2
32
1
8
11
3
2
10
70
S
»
2
84
4
24
5
1
8
1
39
14
7
44
233
4
116
5
32
5
2
8
1
60
17
9
54
303
1
PS
2 i,
0
u
6
12
45
s
14<H
1
4
2
46
33
8
4
1
24
339
e
12
46
8
1«
1
7
2
33
8
4
5
24
U%
3
3
1C8
11
in
3
IS
%
9»
3S
«
14
651
Included in this list are 40 operations for appendicitis, 24 for
hernia, 15 for hemorrhoids, and 44 gynecological*. Four women
were deUvered at term. Of operations performed, 3 were followed
by death.
The following is a statement of the work done in the laboratory
during the year:
Examinations of —
Urine 3,714
Blood 7«7
Sputum 842
F^es 1,029
Stomach contents 109
Urethral discharges 427
Miscellaneous 28$
Total 7,171
The following is a statement of the apparatus in use and the work
done in the hydrotherapy plant and gymnasium during the year.
There are four rooms occupied.
Apparatus in use:
Punching bag and platform 1
Rowing machine 1
Wei^t-lifting machine 1
Medicine balls 1
Indian clubs, pairs 5
Boxing doves, sets 1
Added during 1915 —
Dumb-bells, pairs S
Plinth 1
Baking apparatus:
Body baking apparatus 1
Local baking apparatus 2
Electric vibrator 1
BBPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENEBAL. 621
Bfttha:
Cabinet
Needle and shower
Douche jet
Tub
Sitz
Carbonated
Pack, hot, cold, or dry,
Drip sheet
SUMMARY OF TREATMENTS OIYBN.
Baths:
Needle and shower 3, 096
Douche jet 789
Douche, Scotch 2, 847
Douche, fan 1,923
Douche, perineal 144
Tub 387
Carbonated 32
Sitz 63
Pack, cold 89
Pack, hot wet 132
Electric cabinet 2, 044
Vibration 731
Massage 4,003
Baking .' 1,643
Gymnasium 1,164
Number of patients treated 156
Patients remaining under treatment, Dec. 31, 1915 27
Total 183
Two attendants, members of the Hospital Corps, gave the treat-
ments the greater part of the year. During the summer only one
attendant was available. One of the present attendants is very
proficient. His assistant is still under instruction.
The following is a statement of the work done in the eye, ear,
nose, and throat clinic:
Officers and enlisted men 408
Families of officers and enlisted men 154
Civilian employees of tbe Government 14
Army Nurse Corps 6
All others 28
Total patients treated during 1915 610
Personnel on duty at Jiospital. — ^The mean daily strength of the
personnel on duty during the year was as follows:
Medical officers 10.96
Post noncommissioned staff 1. 00
Hospital Corps and Quartermaster Corps 123. 38
Army Nurse Corps 24. 33
Mean aggregate 169. 67
The character of the personnel received at this post (28 recruits)
was not satisfactory. Facihties for drill and instruction as Hospital
CorffQ men are lacking, and the multiform duties require men of
service and above the average.
622
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
GENERAL HOSPITAL, FORT BAYARD, N. HEX.
The general hospital at Fort Bayard is deyoted to the treatment
of pulmonary tuberculosis in soldiers and in beneficiaries of the
soldiers' home.
Fort Bayard is situated in Grant Coxihty, N. Mex., in the extreme
southwestern part of the State. On accoxmt of the southern loca-
tion of the hospital, it is generally assumed by those unfamiliar with
the local conditions that the climate is very warm. But the alti-
tude, 6,165 feet, lai^ely coxmterbalances the influence of the southern
s\m and renders the climate cool rather than warm. The usual
vicissitudes of the seasons are experienced. In the winter there is
occasional snow; frosts occur nearly every night, rarely there is
severe cold approaching the temperatiu-e of zero Fahrenheit, but
such cold is of brief duration. On the whole, the winters are rela-
tively warm, dry, and clear. In suminer the heat is tempered by
the dryness of the air, with the resulting diathermancy. The fact
that summer is the time of the chief precipitation also exercises an
important eflfect upon the temperature, clouds and rain very fre-
quently being present during what would otherwise be the hottest
portion of the days. These factors result in producing sin^la^
cool weather, the summer being far more comfortable for the human
organism, whatever the thermometer readings, than that of the
greater part of the Northern States of the East and of the Mississippi
Valley. For the treatment of tuberculosis, the peculiar excellence
of the climate of Fort Bayard consists in the fact that it is one that
avoids harmful extremes of temperature, yet in its diurnal and
annual variations affords a sufficient stimulus to the human organism
to favor activity of the metabolic processes.
An additional ward for ambulent patients is under construction.
This building consists of a central structure containing offices and
storerooms^ with two wings used as wards. The material used is
cement bnck pebble dashed, with tile roof. The capacity of the
building is 40 patients.
The number admitted during the year, including beneficiaries of
the soldiers home, civilians, and general prisoners was 738, being
an increase of 7 over the preceding year. The average number oi
days in hospital for each case was as follows:
Officers.
Cftdets.
Enlisted
men.
Beoefl-
ciariet
of the
soldiers,,
home.
Genenl
pris-
oners.
ayfltens.
Male.
PemAle.
Medkal
125.79
asi.tt?
100. M
20.00
23.75
(«)
1S4.26
57
103.41
IS. 00
57. U
BarsJcal...
16.90
VeDoreftl
IfenUl
> One tabercnloos oese lAter developed Insanity and Is ooanted among the medical.
The following table shows the movement of the sick, togetha*
with the principal sources of admission durinp; the calendar year
1915, civiluuis and general prisoners being included:
BBPOBT OF THE 81TBOEOK OENBBAIi.
623
Offioen
and
enlisted
Oeneral
pris-
oners.
Civil-
ians.
Benefi-
ciaries
of the
soldien,
home.
TotaL
Adminioiis:
Commend
118
251
6
117
33
151
TranafBT
261
Otherwiee
58
273
184
330
3
21
325
Total
491
3
112
457
f,063
DtopeMoos:
Doty
178
25
12
206
Died
15
103
1
6
1
8
..........
26
58
Pifeh«rK«d for dteebiltty
103
Deeerteo.
1
Dieoharged ezpiretion term
'
6
Tmukifnd to'Oovemment Hon>ital lot Insane..
1
TransfMTfKl to Hot Rprlnn. Ark
1
8
Transferred to other nospitals
! !!***
Othervin disposed <rf...'
12
172
3
48
27
267
104
880
RemainiM, ifts ,
368
401
3
112
457
1,068
There were 53 deaths. Of this number 11 were of enlisted men,
1 of a retired soldier, 11 of civilians, and 26 of beneficiaries of the
soldiers' home. The causes of deaUi were:
TuberculofliB 46
Septic endocarditis 2
Dilatation of the heart 1
Chronic ulcerative colitis 1
Sarcoma of the lun^
Shock following operation for
pyema
Fracture of skuU
em-
1
1
There were 103 discharged on certificate of disabiUty. Of this
number, one was not in line of duty, and 102 in line of duty. The
causes were as follows:
Notm
line of
duty.
Taberooloeis, pulmonary. . .
Phierisy
Empyema, nontuberculous
One enlisted man was transferred to the Gtovemment Hospital
for the Lisane.
The following is a condensed tabular statement of the surgical
operations performed:
Offl-
oert.
Enlisted
men.
Total.
Retired
enlisted
men.
Army
Nurse
Corps.
clv^^
ians.
Total.
Grand
totaL
2
7
3
12
2
0
3
12
2
Noae 2
"********
""2
32
2
33
1
10
2
2
1
84
8
84
8
10
2
3
1
48
Bar
1
1
6
Throat
46
Thorax .. ,
2
8
Abdamen (laparotomy ) 1 1
OTneoolosical. extemsl. ' 1
1
11
2
OTneooloelcal. internal
3
T/Over extrtmitiee.
2
1
8
2 ..
8
Malor (iiot tnchided)
1
3
1
IflDCr (nrt Included). /-,..- ^ - ,
t
....... «'• ••.»•
4
2
1 2
4
2
2
7
OeniW>urtnary..<..
1
2
Anna #nd recfiim , ,
2
2
1
4
Total
2
33
35
2
4
01
07
132
624
BEPOBT OF THE 8UBOEON GEKEBAL.
The foHowing is a statement of the work done in the laboratory
during the year:
ETMiriiHtdona of:
Urine 1,025
Blood 251
Sputum 10,159
Feces 67
Stomach contenta 3
Examinations of:
Urethral dischazges 4
MucellaneouB 5»2S7
Total 16,766
The number of completed cases of puhnonary tuberculosis in 1915
was 446. Important complications were present as follows:
Tuberculous laryngitiB 60 | Nephritis 6
Otitis media 40 i Tuoerculous epididyrmitis 3
Svphilis 48 j Tuberculous peritonitis 3
Valvular heart disease 2 Pneumothorax 2
Fistula in ano 9 , Pyopneumothorax 2
Tuberculous enteritis 7
Tuberculous spondylitis 5
Tuberculous hydrothorax 2
Tuberculous cystitis 2
Aortic aneurism, tuberculous prostatitis, and septic endocarditiB, 1 of each.
The result of treatment in completed cases ^ of pulmcHiary tuber-
culosis was as follows:
CiMi.
I
Incipient 64
Moderately advanced. . ^ 175
Far advanced |216
Acutemlliary i 1
Totol.
'446
Ap- ' ' Ap.
parently Arrested, parently
cured. arrested.
I
8
9
U
I
i
fi.65 ; 13
6.14 11
i I
• I
2
34.00 23 43.50
S.38 ; 14 , 8.00
.46 '....'
3.00 35 I 6.60 . 37 , 8.39
Quies-
cent.
2:
3
18
4
35
2
5.55
10.2s
1.85
5.60
Im*
proved.
i
Z
&
9 16.60
84 '48.00
81 37.50
174 39.01
Unim-
proved.
II
&
8
88
87
6.55
18.85
4a 35
133 27.57
Died.
i
6
a
1
50
i
3.4
19.90
100.00
U.!
The following table shows the residt of treatment in all cases of
pulmonary tuberculosis:
Claii.
Incipient
Moderately advanced.
Far advanced
Acute mlliaiT
Total.
if
i
Ap-
parently
cured.
82
356
861
1
*800
^ I
17
30
ia97
4.77
8.13
Ap.
Arretted. ' parentlv
arrested.
§
16
30
3
88
£
19.51
5.61
.55
36
27
5
4.75
58
&
31.70
7.38
1.38
7.35
Quies-
cent.
11
31
4
46
13.41
8.70
LIO
5.76 880
Im-
proved.
17
196
167
I
30.78
55.05
46.36
47.50
Unim-
proved.
I
Z
3
59
140
303
I
165
16.67
^78
36.31
Pied.
i
i
7i
6
O
I
iO
i
1.68
ll.«
uoaoo
&ai
I By "ooliqtieted oases" are meant all
In any WKf,
t lnqliHi.96 OMSS tmdsr treainMa kss than 1 moetli.
which have terminated thalr ^^yamHTtign with tha hoiplSil
BBPOBT OF THE 8X7BGSON GENEBAIi. 625
The mean daily strength of the personnel on duty during the year
was as follows:
Bledical officeiB 11.79
Other officera 1.46
PoBt noncommiflsioned staff 1. 89
Hospital Cora and Quartermafiter Corps 148. 35
Anny Niine Corps 22.31
ARBfT AND NAVY GENERAL HOSPITAL, HOT SPRINGS, ARK.
This hospital was originally intended especially for patients having
diseases in which hydrotherapeutic treatment is indicated. Para-
graph 1441, Army Regulations, 1913, states that —
The Army and Navy General Hospital, Hot Springs, Ark., is under the direction
of the Secretary of War and is devoted to the treatment of the officers and enlisted
men of the military and naval service of the United States, cadets at the United States
Military Academy, officers of the Revenue^utter (now Coast Guard) Service, officers
of the Public Health Service, and honorably discharged soldiers and sailors of the
R^;ular and Volunteer Armv and Navy of the United States, for such diseases as the
waters of the hot springs of Arkansas have an established reputation in benefiting.
This hospital has served in part as a general hospital for the
Southern Department and for the Second Division.
An addition to the bathhouse has been completed to accomodate
officer patients, being fitted with up-to-date therapeutic equipment,
the flooring constructed of tile and the wainscoting and partitions oi
marble.
The Hospital CJorps barracks, which was completed during Novem-
ber, 1915, IS designed to accomodate 60 men and contains reading
room, barber shop and post exchange in the basement.
The double set of noncommissioned officers' quarters has been
completed.
An addition to ward building Nos. 3 and 4 has been bmlt, thus
increasing the bed capacity of the hospital by 50 beds. It is purposed
to use a section of this addition for convalescent officer patients,
iherebv increasing the facilities for caring for this class of patients
by 10 beds.
A diet kitchen has been added to Ward No. 1, so as to facilitate the
serving of this ward, in which are treated the most serious cases
admitted to the hospital. This addition, 20 by 20 feet, has a tile
floor and tile wainscoting, and is equipped with gas range, water
heater, dish washer, food warmers, etc.
An operating suite has been completed which is connected with the
administration on one side, and with ward 2 on the other, so as to
make it accessible to both the officers' section and the sumcal ward.
This addition contains a modern operating room, tiled throughout,
with skylight, electric overhead light, and electric wall outlets u)r the
use of special electrical instruments during operations. The steri-
lizing room is equipped with a new combination sterilizer outfit, three
modem lavatories tor hand sterilization and new instruments and
dressing cabinets. In addition there is an etlierizing room and a
surgeon's dressing room.
.^nong other improvements made during the year mav be men-
tioned the laying of tile floors in the toilet rooms of wards 1 and 2 .
replacing with Vermont marble the old slate partitions to stalls ana
unnals replaced with floor apphances; wooden floors in lavatories of
e917e'— WAB 1916— VOL 1 10
626 BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON QENEEAI^.
wards 2 and 3 replaced with tile, tile wainscoted, and old lavatorieB
replaced by modem type, while each new building in connection with
the hospital has been connected with the post system of drainage^
fire mains, roads, walks, mineral water, steam heat, sewers, electric
lights, ana in the case of the operating room and noncommifwioned
Peers' quarters with gas and city water, to complete which con-
siderable construction work was required.
The total number of admissions dining the year was 860, an increase
of 75 over the preceding year. Of this number 58 were officers, 169
enlisted men, 9 retired officers, 43 retired enlisted men, and 581 ciTil-
ians, including honorably discharged soldiers and sailors of the Army,
Navy, and Marine Corps. The daily average number of patieats
treated in hospital was 102.25.
The following tables show the principal causes of admission and
method of disposition of all cases:
Remalniiig in hospital Dec. 31, 1914 117
AdjUifisions:
Alcoholism 3
Disease of the respiratory system 4
Disease o£ the b eart 24
Disease of the urinary system 6
Djrsentery 6
Eczema 9
Mvalgia 16
Rheumatism, articular 93
Rheumatism, muscular.., 22
Sprains and muscular strains 6
Gastritis 14
Hernia, inguinal 11
Appendicitis 9
Disease of the kidneys 49
Arthritis 57
Syphilis and results 80
Gonorrhea and resulta 24
Carcinoma 8
Disease of the circulatory system 134
Malarial infection 12
Pulmonary tuberculosis 4
All other causes 271
Total admissions 860
Total to be accounted for 977
Dispositions:
Returned to duty 196
Died 18
Dischaiged on surgeon's certificate oldisabiuty 29
Transferred 2
Discha^ped from hospital (civilians) 626
Otherwise disposed of 5
Remaining in hospital Dec. 31, 1915 101
Total dispositions 977
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL. 627
DEATHS.
E^ighteen deaths occurred during the year, including one oflBcer
and one enlisted man on the active Hst of the Army (all others civilian
patients), from the following causes:
Oarcinoma of upper right quadrant of abdomen, involving right kidney ^
Post operative shock following gastro-enterostomy and appendectomy '. .
Cancer of the stomach
Post operative shock following amputation of right thigh
Uremia
Pneumonia, catarrhal
Septicemia i
Diabetes, mellitus
Nephritis, parenchymatous
Tuoerculosis of the lungs.
Carcinoma^ gastric, pyloric
Atrophic cirrhosis and endocarditis
S3rphili8, tertiary (Gumma of the lungs)
Ix>Dar pneumonia
Necrosis head of first metatarsal bone, following senile gangrene of great toe,
right
Broncho-pneumonia
Arteriosclerosis
Total deaths 18
DISCHARGES FOR DISABILITT.
During the year 29 enlisted men were discharged on account of
disability; the causes were distributed as follows:
Nephritis, interstitial, chronic 3
Nephritis, parenchyinatous, chronic, and adhesions to cecum, following appen-
dect<Hny
Nephritis, parenchymatous, chronic
Arthritis, infectious^ multiple, chronic
Arthritis, chronic, right knee
Arthritis, gonorrheal, chronic, metatarso-phalangeal joints, both feet
Arthritis, chronic, anecting lumbar vertebrae
ArUiritis, chronic, left sacro-iliac joint . .
Neuritis, subacute, involving right brachial plexus
Neuritis, traumatic^ right ulnar nerve
Neuritis, chronic, right radius
Neuritis, chronic, traumatic, left external popliteal nerve, with motor paral3r8iB. .
Neuritis, traumatic, right knee
Polyarthritis, chronic, both knees, both ankles, and both wrists, caused by septic
infection from wound on web of right thumb
Flat feet
Sarcoma of right kidney
Syphilis, intractable
Eixostoeis, planter surfoce of os calds, bilateral
Paral3r8is, partial, left lower limb, following anterior polyomyelitis
ParalysiB of circumflex of right brachial plexus, podt syphilitic, with resultant
loss of motion in right Joinder
Pflychasthenia, with tendency to self-depreciation and introspection
Rhexmiatism, articular, chronic, general, and endocarditis, rneumadc, chronic. .
Rheumatism, chronic, gonorrheal.
Mitral stenosis, post rheumatic
Gastritis, chronic, catarrhal, and neuritis left brachial plexus
S]povitiB, chronic, right knee
Inabetes, mellitus
Total discharges for disability 29
> Snlistad man on the active Ust o( the Anny. > Officer on the active list o( the Armj.
628
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEOK QENEBALb
SURGICAL QTEBATIONS.
Following is a r6sum6 of the surgical work done during the past 12
months:
Name of operation.
Transplantations
ExtnKtion
Iridectomy.
Curettment and draina^
Sabmucous resection
Tonsillectomy
Appendectomy
Excision
Cholecystectomy
Gastroenterostomy
Do
Do
Chloecystenterostomy
Partial gastrectomy (Mayo opre-
ation).
Fo-guson's modified
Gastroenterostomy and appen-
dectomy.
EzplOTatory laparotomy
Andrew's radical core
Excision
Cholelithotomy with removal of
stone from conmion duct.
Excision of hemorrhoids
Excision
Prostatectomy suprapubic
Cystotomy
Excision
Cystotomy suprapubic
Do
To
Drainage of seminal vesicles
Orchldectomy
Excislcm of sac
Incision and iodoliorm injection.
Subcutaneous excision
Excision
Lo
Do
Inddonand removal
Do
Do
Do
Do
Disease or injury.
EYE.
Pterygium
Cataract, senile
Glaucoma
NOSE.
Occlusion left frontal sinus . . . .
Deflected na^ septum.
MOTTTH AND PHABTNZ.
Hypertrophied tonsils.
ABDOMEN.
Appendicitis
Aonesions between stomach
and gall bladder.
Cholecystitis
Ulcers, multiple, pyloric end
of stomach.
Pyloric ulcers
Carcinoma of stomach
Sinus Ibllowfaig cholecystos-
tomy.
Carcinoma of stomach
Inguinal hernia
Ulcers of stomach, pyloric,
and hepatic cirrhosis; ap-
pendicitis.
Sarcoma involving rl^t kid-
ney.
Ventral liemia
Necrotic area of liver
Biliary fistula
ANUS AND SECTUM.
Hemorrhoids, external
Fistula in ano
OENITO URINART.
Prostatic hypertrophy
Septic cystitis
Hydrocele of spermatic cord.. .
Vesical calculus
Prostatic hypotrophy
Carcinoma oi bladder
Vesiculitis
Neuralgia, right testicle
Hydrocele r^^t tunica vagi-
nalis.
Adenitis, inguinal
SKIN AND CELLITLAB TISSUES.
Varicose veins
Pigmental mould of neck
Epithelioma of lower lip
Fibroma ov«r sternum
Foreign body in wrist
Bullet fragment in leg
Sebaceous cyst left side of neck.
Subtendo achillcs bursa, left . . .
Exostosis OS cak-is
Num-
t>e«'of
15
7
1
18
14
1
3
1
8
1
1
5
2
6
5
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
Sao-
cessfuL
15
7
1
18
14
1
2
1
8
1
1
8
2
6
5
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
6
Died.
Anesthetic
Ether.
14
1
2
1
8
1
1
5
2
8
2
5
1
1
i
15
7
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON OENEBAL.
629
Name of operation.
Disease or injury.
Num-
herot
cases.
Suc-
cessful.
Died.
•
Anesthetle.
Ether.
Local.
Wiring of greater tuberosity to
hmnenis.
Thorocoplasty and partial de-
eortJcation.
Excision . . , .
BONES.
Fracture upper end of humerus
8inus opening lateral chest
wan.
Displaced bone fragment from
tibialis anticus, following
gun-shot fracture.
Complete ankylosis right knee
Halux valgus metatarso-phal-
aneeal joint (first), both
feet. Osteoarthritis of meta-
tarsophalangeal joint of
second, thini, fourth, and
fifth Joint, both feet.
AMPUTATIONS.
Senile eanKrwe - r t -
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Artbroplaffty.
1
1
•
1
1
Resection of base of each pha-
lanx any and enlarged area of
>*mA of first metatarsal bone.
Amputation of thlg^ at middle
third.
Amputation of thiidi at lower
T^iabetir^ WHIKrefW
tlSrd ^
L/BORATOBY.
Following is an abstract of the laboratory work done during the
year 1915:
WaflBermanns 520
Bacteriological examinations 7
Feces 56
Blood examinations 71
Milk examinations (hi and bacteriological determination; 31
Sputa 34
Pnenolsulphonephthalein tests for renal efficiency 11
Urine 1,391
Tissues, sectional 1
Luetin tests 115
Urethral smears 10
Vaccines 7
Spinal fluid examinations 9
Total 2,262
PERSONNBL ON DUTY AT HOSPrTAL.
The mean daily strength of the personnel on duty during the year
was as follows:
Medical officers 5.78
O^er officers (dental surgeon) 03
Post noncommissioned staff 1. 00
HospiUl Corps and Quartermaster Corps 71. 80
Aimy Nurse Corps 7. 32
Mean aggregate 85. 93
DEPARTMENT HOSPITAL, MANILA, P. I.
This hospital is the general hospital for the Philippine Department.
It differs from the general hospitals in the United States m that it
is not directly under the control of the Surgeon General, but owing
to its geographic location it is under the autnority of the department
commanaer.
630
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAIi.
The addition over the officers' ward, to serve as an accommoda-
tion for women and children, has been completed, and occupancy
took place July 30, 1915. This addition consists of one lar^e ward
divided into 10 rooms, is screened and well ventilated on cul sides,
and has direct commxmication with the cmerating room by an elec-
tric elevator. * Bathrooms adjoin the ward.
An item for painting the outside of all buildings, except recent new
construction, was included in the annufd estimates for tne fiscal year
1916, and the work is now bein^ done. The material for screening
the venereal ward has been furnished and the work commenced.
A cement water tower with a 10,000;^allon tank is in course of
erection on the eastern part of the hospital groimds to fiunish arte-
sian water for use of the hospital from a well 760 feet deep, which
it is expected will furnish 25 gallons of water a minute. Upon the
completion of this tower the distilling plant will be discontinued.
An alteration much needed at the nospital is another room in the
administration building for use as a library and reading room for
medical officers. Such a room might be provided by cutting the
commanding officer's and the adjutant's offices in two by a partition,
or preferably by putting a second story on the whole administration
bunding. This item wm be taken up on the annual estimate.
During the year 1915 2^510 cases were admitted to hospital, of
which number 82 were officers, 1,760 American enlisted men, 87
Philippine Scouts, and 591 civilians. Of the entire number 1,611
were medical, 899 surgical cases. The total daily average number
of patients in hospital was 96.25. Of this number 4.10 were officer,s
70.89 American enlisted men, 6.10 Philippine Scouts, and 15.16
civiUans.
The following table shows the movement of the sick, together with
the principal causes of admissions, during the year 1915:
Offloen.
Admissions:
For gunshot woonds ... .
Diarrhea and dysentery.
Malarial fevers
Tvphoid fever
Rneomatio ttffections . . .
Venereal diseases
Ii^uries.
3
Insanitv...
Aloohouun,
All other causes.
3
6
1
83
Enlisted
men
(Ameri-
2
10
17
24
234
134
67
49
1,223
Total.
S3
Diroositioos:
JEtetomed to duty
Discharged on oertiOcate of disability
Discharged per expiration of term of service.
Discharsed per general court-martial
Deaths (all causes)
Transferred to other hospitals
Othcnrise disposed of
Total
76
11
l,7fi0
1,203
1
2
1
3
465
87
1,764
Philippdne
Scouts.
8
1
6
0
6
57
87
46
S3
1
3
1
83
CfvUians.
11
14
a
8
13
65
3
3
484
mi
12
IS
666
Total admlasioas during the year 8,610
RemaJntng on tkik report Dee. 31, 1914 97
Total to be accounted for 2,607
BEPOBT OF THB SUBQBOK GENSBAIi.
631
The following tabulation shows the deaths, with causes, for the
year 1915:
Caostt.
Asphyxia dorinif labor, dm to inspiratkm of amniotic fluid ,
Broncho-pneumonia, acuta
Cardiac dUatation
Kther anesthesia and operatiTe abode
Kzbaustion and hemorrhage from gums, due to spleno-myelogenous leu-
kemia.
Enlisted
men
(Ameri-
can).
FhHippftte
Scouts.
Gastroenteritis, acute, catarrhal
Hemorrhage from bowel, due to ^hoid fever
Impetigo oontaelosnm
Obstruction of auodenum by ooostrietifln from ulcer
Oedema of the brain, aloohoUc
Premature birth
Bopture of saccular aneuiTsm of ascending arch of aorta
S^ticemia following acuie suppuratiye ethmoiditis and empyemia of
antoum of Hi^unore
Shock and intenial hemorrhage (abdominal) fidlowing traumatic i^|ury. .
Toxnmia and exliaustion following pyemia
Tomfimia following carcinoma oi liver
Total
Aggregate.
1
1
2
(Tivilians.
1
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
13
17
American sol(iiers are not discharged for disability in the Philip-
pine Islands except in very rare cases; there was one discharge there
in 1915. All the native enlisted men physically disabled for service
are discharged in the islands. The following taole shows the number
discharged, with causes therefor:
Philip-
pine
SooutSL
Per expiration of term of service.
Ovtiflcate of disability
Per general oourt-martial
Total.
Causes of disability.
Aneurysm, saccular, transverse portion of arch of aorta 1
Ankylosis, right knee joint, sequel to gonoirheai arthritis 1
Bronchial asthma and pulmonary emphysema 1
Oataract, cortical, immature, right eye 1
Defective mental development 4
Dementia precox 4
Keratitis, chronic, affecting upper half of right cornea 1
Lateral curvature of spine, congenital 1
Leprosy 1
Neuritis, multiple, chronic, involving upper and lower extremities 1
Tuherculosis, pulmonary, chronic 16
Tuberculosis, pulmonary, chronic, and tuberculosis of pleura 2
Total 34
In 1914 there were 41 discharged for disability at this hospital.
682 REPOBT OF THE SUBQEON OENERAI.
An ftctive surgical clinic is maintained at lias hospital. The foU
lowing la a condensed tabular statement of surgical operations daring
the year 1915:
OparBttom.
Omcers
■udoi-
iiiwd
H
TotoL
CMUuu.
^
OfMlum.
'i
30
\
18
sa
*
1
i
1
M
13
1
xu
•
330
»
Operations of eye and ear clinic are shown above to complete the
table, although it is a separate service. There were 50 dehveries at
term in the obstetrical ward with 4 stillbirths and 1 maternal <^di.
The following is a report of the hospital laborator7 work done
during the year:
ot—
Blood 4,969
Urine 3,871
Bputum 2,040
F»thoIo^cal sections S2
AniiuAl injections 4S
WaBBermann reactions 4, 535
Examinations of —
FecM 2,ttS
Smean and cultures 1,885
Wal«r esaminationa, bacterio-
logical 504
Chemical, biological, and mis-
cellaneous Sll
The mean strength of the personnel on duty at this hospital for
the year was as follows: Medical officers, 10; dental surgeons, 2;
Aimy Nurse Corps, 23.89.
DEPABTMENT HOSPITAL, HONOLULU, HAWAH.
This is the general hospital for the Hawaiian Department. It
serves as a post hospital for the garrisons in the vicinity of Honolufat
and receives from Schofield Barracks cases of a serious nature and
those requiring special treatment.
During the year the hospital has been more than doubted in size and
ifiicers' ward and operating
3rps detachment have been
itional buildings, a nurses'
, are under course of con-
) considered as 300, which
re bv the use of the porches.
las oeen converted into an
nth dehvery and steriUzing
irt one of the main warcS
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON QENEBAL.
633
into three separate detention wards, one for the care of psychopathic
cases, one for prisoners with contagious diseases, and one for prisoners
with diseases that are not contagious. An interim telephone system
of 30 instruments has been installed. The gas supply has been
extended to all wards and departments, and cooking, sterilizing and
water heating are now done by gas. Large store rooms have been
completed for the storage and issue of all classes of property. Car-
penter, pliunbing, and paint shops have been built. An enlargement •
of the latchen has been made. A hydrotherapeutic clinic has been
established. An enlargement of the dining room and a further
enlargement of the kitoien will become necessair when the full bed
capacity of the hospital is made use of. In tne basement of the
isolation building a disinfecting chamber and rooms for infected
clothing are needed. Refrigeratmg facilities are inadequate. Plans
for a refrigerating and cold storage plant are in preparation. There
are no quarters K>r medical officers at the hospital and but one set
of noncommissioned officers' quarters. The acquisition of land is
necessary for this purpose and is dependent upon congressional
action.
The work in all departments of the hospital has increased during
the year, especially in the work of the X ray, the surgical and gyneco-
logical service, and the laboratory. During the year 2,283 cases were
admitted to hospital, of which nimiber 34 were omcers; 4 Army Nurse
Corps; 1,965 enlisted men; 268 civilians, and 12 general prisoners.
Of these cases 1,126 were medical, 732 surgical, 389 venereal, and 36
mental.
The daily average number of patients in hospital for the year was
111.67.
The following table shows the movement of sick, together with the
principal sources of admissions, and the disposition of all cases daring
the year:
AdmlflBioiis:
From command. .
Tranafer
OtberwiM
Bamatntng, 1014..
TotaL
Dfapoaitiopsi
Ketnrned to daty
Wed
Transferred to other hospitals . .
otherwise disposed of
Bemainhig, 1916
OfOcera
anden«
listed
men.
Total.
General
priscDera.
SI
1,846
76
76
2,076
1,815
12
160
4
70
2,076
10
2
12
1
8
12
Cfyflians.
4
206
6
276
TotaL
8
* ■ • • •
248
10
276
81
1,869
343
80
2,363
1,818
20
167
260
08
2,363
The principal causes of admission were as follows:
Gunshot wounds
Diarrhea, gastroenteritis
Malaria
Typhoid
Rheumatic a£fections. . .
Veai&esX
8
66
8
2
47
389
Injuries 277
InsaniW 36
Alcohousm 48
All others 1,402
Total 2,283
636
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENEBAL.
Summary of clinical laboratory examinations of typhoid fever caset.
Ezamination of t3rphold cases
Convalescents examined:
Podtlve
Negative
Suspected carriers or contacts examined:
Positive
Negative
Widals:
Positive
Negative
Blood cultures:
Positive
Negative
Blood cultures from clots:
Positive
Negative
Bzamination of feces for b. typhosus:
Positive
Negative
Bzamination of urine for b. typhosus:
Positive
Nesati ve • .•.••...•..••.
Examination of feces for b. dysenteria:
Positive
Negative
Six months' periods
June 30,
1916.
164
0
11
9
38
12
74
2
22
0
4
0
24
0
12
Doc SI,
1916.
137
1
6
5
32
2
66
0
6
0
14
0
6
Jane SO.
1916l
in
1
4
2
i
27
S
0
0
No chronic bacillus carriers were detected during the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1916.
As there are only a few cases of paratyphoid fever reported yearly,
it has not seemed necessary, at least in our service, to use a mixea
typhoid and paratyphoid vaccine, and none has been used.
Summary of dinioal laboratory examinatums.
Blood counts:
Red
White
Differential counts
Malaria:
Positive
Negative
Blood cultures:
Positive
Urinalyses
Sputa for tubercle bacilli:
Positive
N^lve
Feces for parasites, etc
Water, bactertologkal
Cultures of pus, exudates, etc
Animal inoculations for immune sera, etc
Histological examinations of operative and post-mortem tissues.
Miscellaneous examinations, gonocooous, etc
Wassermann examinations
Positive
Negative
Reexaminations
Tests made on survey
Examinatfons for treponema pallidum:
Dark field microscope-
Positive
Negative
Six moDths* period
JmieSO,
Dec. 81,
191ft.
191ft.
02
74
94
70
98
70
1
0
114
80
0
1
4
3
88
112
7
4
72
84
36
18
45
57
96
56
• 299
240
210
218
174
102
5,567
2,047
240
2n6
510
442
9G8
978
3,849
361
6
4
28
8
liUi
71
1
S
s
8
80
19
84
75
8U
297
101
2,519
815
827
968
719
8
8
LABOEATOBIES.
A laboratory is proTided for each of the departments, the one at
the Army Medical School, Washington, D. (;., for the use of the
Eastern Department; at Fort LeavenworUi, Kans., for the Central
Department; at the Letterman General Hospital, Presidio of San
Francisco, Cal., for the Western Department; at Fort Sam Houston,
Tex., for the Southern Department; and at Honolulu, Hawaii, for
the Hawaiian Department. The laboratory of the tropical board
has become a department laboratory for the FhiUppine Department,
and located at Manila, P. I.
Abmt Medioal Sohool.
bactebiolooioal dftision.
No changes of importance have been made in the bacteriological
laboratories during the past year. The work has been of a varied
character, as shown in the following summaries :
TYPHOID FEV£B PROPHYLACTIC.
Vaccine prepared in the laboratory was distributed during the six
months' periods as follows:
Army
Navy
National Ooard
Various Govemment departments
OlvUfans and dTlMan institutions.
Total
June 30,
1916.
C.c.
107,833
48,528
U,709
1,153
1,063
170,394
Dec 31,
1915.
C.c
83,517
50,374
15,713
3,389
761
151,654
June 30,
1916.
840,506
84,586
83,466.
1,148
586
460,331
No changes have been made in the preparation of the typhoid vac-
cine, since our results from that at present in use have l>een all that
could be desired.
ifycdUmwva vaccines prepared and distrUmted to Army posts during the six months*
periods. • *
Qonojpoccns:
Prepared....
Dis&ibuted.
Sta^yloooocus:
Prepared....
Dlsbibuted.
St
June 30,
1915.
Ibuted
Sta^iTtoooccus-acne:
jPrepared.....
Di^ibixted
■Antoganoas, prepaied aiid dteiaiboted number.
BOe media was distributed to Army posts bottles.
C. e ,
1,700
1,006
280
580
575
383
883
666
33
Dec 31,
1915.
C.c.
3,280
2,457
335
373
800
153
875
424
80
47
June 30,
1916.
C.c.
3,750
i.no
433
316
435
300
800
376
41
68
685
638
beport of the surgeon general.
Letterman General Hospital.
Capt. Henry J. Nichols, Medical Corps, has been in charge of the
laboratories for chemical and pathological work the greater part of the
{rear, having assumed charge January 15, 1915, when an independent
aboratory service was inaugurated. Capt. C. G. Snow, a valuable
assistant, was transferred to the laboratory at Fort Bayard April 14|
1915. Sergt. Eancaid, who had been in the laboratory for seven
years, was on February 11, 1915, reUeved by Sergt. Higgins, who waa
replaced on August 6 by Sergt. Augsburg. The present force consists
of one sergeant and 6 privates first class, and privates.
An addition to the laboratory has been authorized at a cost of about
S5,000 and has recently been occupied. This building, with some
additional equipment, has made it possible to devote certain rooms
to certain kmds of work, and it is beUeved that the increased effi-
ciency thus gained will justify the expenditure. The old laboratory,
consisting of two large rooms, was badly overcrowded. With toe
installation of gas, the laboratory will be thoroughly equipped for
regular and special work.
The laboratories served as clinical laboratories for the hospital with
its 3,195 admissions and as a department laboratory for the western
department. The work covers parts of chemistry, bacteriology,
f parasitology, pathology, and serology and may be simunarizeoas
oUowb:
Wassermann reactions 3, 148
Skin reactions 387
Throat cultures for diphtheria 1, 196
Examinations of feces for para-
sites and ova
Smears, miscellaneous
Vaccines made
Animal inoculations
Typhoid examinations:
Blood
Stool
Urine
Agglutinations
Stomach contents, routine 30
Stomach contents, toxicological. . . 2
Miscellaneous 20
414
75
60
103
32
10
6
13
Urine examinations 4,288
Sputum examinations for tubercle
bacilU...., 1,554
Blood examinations 638
Examination oi venereal sores and
discharges 313
Cultures, miscellaneous 103
Vaccinations and injections 361
Functional tests (unne) 13
Water examinations:
Chemical 13
Bacteriolo^cal 85
Milk examinations:
Chemical 13
Bacteriological 13
String tests and occult blood tests. 26
Chemical examinations, flour, lem-
onade, candy, breau , tablet 5
Autopsies. — ^Under orders of the commanding officer, poet-mortem
examinations were made on all officers and enlisted men dying in the
hospital, and nermission was obtained for examination of most of
other cases. Of the 73 deaths, 58, or about 80 per cent, have been
followed by autopsies.
A parallel list of clinical and pathological diagnoses has been kept
and iJie following lesions not cunically dia^osed have been found:
Glioma of brain, hemorrhagic pachymenmgitis, softening of the
brain (2), tubercular abscess of apex of lung (2), one with extension
into spinal canal and producing a transverse myelitis by pressure,
empyema, pleural effusion (5), miliary tuberculosis, diaphramiatic
hernia, pericarditis (5), atrophic cirrhosis of liver (2), gumma m pan-
creas, cancer of stomach, general peritonitis (5), appendicitiSy cancer
of prostate.
RBPOBT OF THE SUBOEON OENEBAL.
639
In general, about 75 per cent of clinical diagnoses were confirmed
at autopsy.
Syphilis. — On October 6, 1915, a survey of most of the wards was
mad.e for the presence of syphilis, and of 215 patients, 47, or 21.9 per
cent, were found to have syphilis; 12 per cent were in hospital for
recognized syphiUtic lesions and in 5.5 per cent syphilis was coinci-
dent, while in 3.5 per cent it had not been diagnosed and was found by
Wassermami reaction.
Capt. Snow had developed a delicate technique for the Wasser-
mann reaction, using different amoimts of serum and a carefullv con-
trolled hemolytic system of goat cells. This system was usedf until
Capt. Snow left for Fort Bayard, and then in the interest of uni-
formity with the other service laooratories the method devised by
Capt. Craig at the Army Medical School was adopted and has been
sati^actory. Tlie use of the cholesterinized antigen has proved to
be superior to the ordinary antigen in known cases, such as m pri-
mary cases and m cases of aneurysm, tabes, and paresis, and false
positives have not been proved to occur. Spinal nuid examination
nas proved of great value in the diagnosis and prognosis of syphilitic
conaitions. Routine examinations nave been made of all mental
cases and should be made in all cases of syphilis before treatment is
suspended. Twenty examinations have been made in the primary
ana secondary stages. No instance of involvement of the nervous
svstem has been K)und in 6 primary cases, 5 early secondary cases
snowed no abnormalities, 6 snowed slight changes, and 3 aefinite
changes.
Eighteen intraspinal injections of salvarsanized serum have been
given in 9 cases. Two cases of tabes have shown definite improve-
ment, but none was seen in cases of paresis. Mercurialized serum
was injected 13 times in 4 cases. These injections had some effect
on the smnal fluid findings, but apparently less than salvarsanized
serum. The intraspinal method is Delieved to be a rationfd and effec-
tive local treatment of syphilis of the nervous system. In the mili-
tary service its use is apt to be limited, because while many patients
can be improved they can not be returned to full duty, and are there-
fore discharged for ^is&bility. In selected cases, however, its use is
indicated.
Under War Departm^t orders requiring a Wassermann reaction on
an accepted recruits, 1,106 specimens have been sent to this labora-
tory from Fort McDowell since July 23. The results of examination
are as follows:
XX
X
X-
-
ToUI.
XX
RcctdHs
44
6S
1
16
6
28
19
643
396
731
375
PereenL
6.0
BMnUsted men
14.1
Total
97
8.7
,^
47
42
941
85.0
1,100
Percent
It will be seen that in this set of examinations reenlisted men show
more than twice as many cases of infections as recruits.
Capt. De Voe has checked up the (XX) cases clinically and has
f ouna a history of initial lesion or other evidence of probable infection
in about 50 per cent of the positive cases.
640 BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON OENEBAU
Typhoid group. — ^No case of typhoid fever has occurred durine
the year. One case of paratypnoid A was diagnosed by blood
culture, in a soldier who had antityphoid vaccination two years
before.
The typhoid case record for the hospital for the last five years is as
follows: 1911, 19; 1912, 2; 1913, 1; 1914, none; 1916, none. These
results are undoubtedly due to compulsory antityphoid vaccination.
Some writers on the subject have claimed that the freedom of the
Army from typhoid was only apparent and that mild and atypical
cases occurred which were not recognized. With this criticism in
mind, blood cultures have been made on all cases of continued fever
and at autopsies the condition of the ilemn and gall bladder has been
carefidly examined, but no cases have been detected. The con-
clusion IS that typhoid fever has not been present in the 3,195 persons
admitted.
The descriptive lists of all miUtary patients have been examined
for record of antityphoid vaccination and 25 have been found appar-
entlv incomplete. On further examination 11 have been found to be
really incomplete, and in 5 cases the necessary injections were g^ven;
in the other cases the patients were dischai^^ed for disabiUty.
Diphtheria. — ^Diphtheria occurs annually during the winter months
in San Francisco and usually spreads to the nearby jgarrisons. In
December a few cases occurred in Companv G. Twenty-fourth
Infantry, and scattering cases elsewhere in the rresidio. Company O
was isolated and examined; 5 cases and 25 carriers were found, or
19 per cent of carriers. This figure has been maintained for the other
contacts examined.
The Schick test has been made on 12 nurses, and 4 were found
immune. One untested nurse in charge of diphtheria patients be-
came infected. Thirty-seven medical officers and Hospital CSorps
men were tested and 17 found immune. A niunber of tests have been
made on cases and contacts and carriers in children and adidts and
the same general results have been obtained as have been reported
in the Uterature of this subject. From the military point of view the
test seems to be of value in detecting those who are naturally inunune
before an epidemic appears. A list of immunes can be kept among
doctors, nurses, and corps men, and details for care of patients can
be made from this list. The drawbacks to the test are, the difficidty of
securing good toxin at remote places, the poor keeping quaUties of
the toxm, the difficulty of reading partial reactions, and the necessity
of observation for several days before a final reading va made. In the
presence of an epidemic these are disturbing factors, but during
mtervals they could bo obviated.
AmcBbic dysentery. — ^This disease presents a distinct problem in
treatment at this hospital because nearly 50 cases have been admitted
and there is no concensus of opinion as to the best treatment. Ekne-
tine is of great value, clinically, but practically 100 per cent of cases
relapse under emetine alone. With the cooperation of the medical
service, patients in one ward have been treated with emetine and
ipecac oy mouth, in another ward a series has been started on emetine
and bismuth with quinine irrigations. None of the first set are free
from amoeba, but several of the second series have been free for sev*
eral months.
BEPORT OF THE SUBOEON GENERAL. 641
Two caaes of bacillary dysentery were admitted from a transport.
A dysentery bacillus was isolated from the stool, but has not yet oeen
fully identified.
Amount of work and needs. — ^The work done exceeds that of the
previous year by about 33 per cent. An analysis shows that over
80 per cent of tne examinations gave^ negative results, and this em-
phasizes the large amount of work that must be done in a laboratory
m order to arrive at the small percentage of positive results. Nearly
all advances in clinical medicine have a laboratory element, and the
demands on the laboratory are constant and increasing. This point
is made in order to state that the number of men required for the
proper laboratory work of this hospital will increase, and that if any
amount of special work is to be done — and it should be done — another
medical officer should be detailed.
At present, in equipment, the greatest need is gas, without which
makeshifts will continue to be necessary.
In personnel there is a distinct need for men with some training in
'chemical and clinical laboratory work, and it seems that Hxe Anny
Medical School mi^ht serve as a school for enlisted men as well as
for officers along the line of the other service sdiools. At present
the finding of trained men, or of men capable of training, is more or
less a matter of chance.
Special work. — ^Ten specimens from autopsies have been sent to the
Army Medical Museum and four specimens and cidtures have been
sent to the Army Medical School.
One lecture on sjrphilis was given at the Stanford Medical School,
two papers on antityphoid vaccination and two on tropical medicine
have been read at medical meetings. Three of these papers have
been published.
Some work on gall-bladder infections in the rabbit with typhoid,
paratyphoid, and dysentery bacilli, as bearing on the carrier problem, is
under way, thanks to a special appropriation from the Surgeon Gen-
eral's Office, for animals.
Seventeen cases have been examined for the presence or cure of
syphilis by the Wassermann provocative Wassermann, luetin and
spmal fluid tests. All tests were negative in 7 cases and one or more
tests were positive in 10 cases.
Fort Sam Houston, Tex.
The department laboratory has served practically one-half of the
mobile army during the whole period and complied with requests
for almost 13,000 laix)ratory examinations and operations and filled
398 requisitions for supplies of various kinds,
e9176'—wAB I9ie— VOL 1 a
642
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL
A summary of these activities follows.
Miscellaneous vaccine prepared and distributed during the year 191S,
Cobfo
StaphylococcuB: centimeters.
Prepared 358
Distributed 288
Streptococcus:
Prepared 319
Distributed 276
Staphy lococcus-streptococcus :
Prepared 261
Distributed 206
Staphylococcus - streptococcus -
pyocyaneus:
Prepared 105
Distributed 96
Staphylococcus-acnc :
Prepared 27
Distributed 18
Pyorrhea, mixed:
Prepared 66
Distributed 54
Cobio
Pyocyaneus: cenUiaetien.
Prepared 120
Distributed 96
Pneumococcus:
Prepared 64
Distributed 42
Paratyphoid A:
Irepared 125
Distributed 36
Paratyhpoid B:
Irepared 88
Distributed 12
Melitensis:
Prepared 69
Distributed 60
Autogenous, miscellaneous 2, 248
Lots of vaccines prepared 49
VACCINES.
The great variety of infections usually met with in military prac-
tice have been extensively treated by suitable vaccines and the
prompt and favorable results obtained fully justify the following
conclusions :
The use of properly selected vaccines —
1. Markedly reduced the intensity and period of suffering on the
part of the patient; and
2. Reduces to a minimum (a) time lost from duty, (ft) period of
hospital care and treatment, (e) the direct expenditure for medicines
and dressings.
Summary of clinical laboratory examinaiions of typhoid and paratyphoid fever
Cases examined for typhoid fever 36
Widals:
Positive (2 soldiers and 1 civilian) 3
Negative 0
Blood cultures:
Positive M
Negative 25
Examination of feces for B. typhosus:
Positive 3
Negative 13
Examination of urine for B. typhosus:
Positive 1
Negative 11
Agglutinations for paratyphoid B:
Positive
Negative
Examination of feces for B .dysentena:
Positive
Native
Agglutinations for B. dysenteria:
Positive
Negative
1
0
1
6
1
6
TTPHOID AND PABATYPHOID FEVERS.
Typhoid fever appeared for the first time since the concentration
of troops (amounting to 45 per cent of. the mobile army of the United
States) in the Southern Department, in the persons of two soldiers
belonging to organizations attached to small units. In one case no
previous history was obtained but in the other the soldier passed
>Two coltaiis trooi one
BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEON GENEBAL.
643
most of his time in the home of a civilian living adjacent to the
camp. A member of this family was ill and this laboratory found
B. typhosus in specimens submitted from this patient prior to the
receipt of specimens from the soldier. The etiological organism was
isolated from blood cultiires and feces in the three cases (one civilian)^
the urine in one case, and positive widals were obtained in the three
cases.
A comparison of the incidence of typhoid fever in large, semiper-
manent camps similar to those of 1898 as made below confirms the
fact that since the introduction of typhoid prophylaxis in the Army
the typhoid rate in such camps has progressively diminished, a fact
that is not affected by the two cases nere reported, these having
occurred in small, isolated and widely separated \mits.
Cases of typhoid.
Deaths.
Certain.
Certain
and prob-
able.
Typhoid.
All
canMB.
1898 — CamD at Jacksonville, Fla. (troops, 10,759)
1,729
3,693
248
281
1911 — Caidp at San Antonio. Tex. (troops, 12.801)
11
F«b. 98. 1913. to Aug. 31, 1915— Camp at Texas City and Qalves-
tcm. Tex. (troops. 11.500)
0)
No report
B. varatyphostLS B was isolated from the purulent exudate from
the stands of a soldier suffering from a midtiple lymph-adenitis,
which was clinically diagnosed as Hodgkin's disease. The soldier
gave no history of previous illness resembling typhoid fever, and Uie
condition for which he appeared on sick report was not one of the
sequelae of such infection.
Clinical laboratory examinations of Mediterranean fever case$.
Number of cases examined for Mediterranean fever 34
Positive 17
Negative 17
MEDITERRANEAN (mALTA) FEVER.
The presence of Mediterranean fever in the Southern Department
is wortny of serious attention. Out of 34 examinations made for
this disease 50 per cent were found positive, 16 being cases of civilians
connected with the goat-raising industry, and the other one an Army
officer who gave a History of naving eaten * 'barbecued" goat meat
but denied having used goat's milk m any form or having served in
the vicinity of goat herds. One of the cases of civilians proved fatfd.
Summary of clinical laboratory operations.
Blood counts 761
Red 197
White 564
Differential counts 325
Hemoglobin estimated 215
Malam 395
Positive 35
Negative 360
644 REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL*.
Urine analyses, total 2, 178
Positive for albumen, no casts 835
Positive for casts, no albumen 412
Positive for casts and albumen 167
N^ative for albumen and casts 1, 264
Sputa for tubercle bacilli 685
Positive 7S
Negative 612
Feces for parasites, etc '. 337
Water 19
Bacteriological ; 15
Chemical 4
Cultures from pus, exudates, etc 80
Animal inoculations 255
Histological examinations of operative and post-mortem tiBsuee 107
Urethra smears for gonococci 315
Positive 140
Negative 175
Wassermann reactions 6, 604
Blood serum —
Positive 851
Nq?ative 2, 785
Reexaminations 2, 714
Spinal fluid —
Positive 14
Negative 124
Reexaminations 16
Examinations for treponema pallidum, dark field microscope 146
Positive 32
Negative 114
Luetin testa 22
Spinal fluid 136
For noguchi butyric acid test fi6
Lange's colloid gold test 25
Pleocyte counts 56
Rabies 3
Positive for negri bodies 2
Negative for negri bodies 1
Milk 99
Mother's milk 8
Cow's milk 91
Diphtheria 97
Positive 20
Negative 77
Stomach contents 23
Malt beverages 17
Antigens pfepared 14
Autogenous serum treatment for psoriasis 5
Miscellaneous examinations 36
Autopsies periormed 12
Slides added to cabinet 330
MILK EXAMINATION.
The method of making milk examinations that has been in use in
this laboratory for the past three months has been found satisfac-
tory, and monthly submission of sample from the dairies supplying
Fort Sam Houston, Tex., Fort Bliss, Tex., and Camp Douglas, Ariz.,
has been directed b^ the commanding general of the department.
This method furnishes information as to (a) bacterial contenti
(6) leucocyte count, (e) presence of certain known disease-producing
bacteria, (d) the presence of some preservatives, (e) the percentage
of fat, and (f) the specific gravity and presence or absence of added
water.
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
645
Hiese results caa be detennined from a sample of milk small
enough to be easily shipped by mail after preparation h^ the post
surgeons and furmsh them with accurate aata upon which report
can be made as to the quality of the milk suppfy as required by
A. R, 1387.
8uppl%e$/urnithed to pa$U in the Southern Departmenif in additum to thote fwmuhed the
hate Ju>»pitalf Fort Sam Houston, Tex.
Secured on requiAtion :
€k>iiococcu0 vaccine cubic centuneteiB. .
Typhoid prophylactic do
Sinallpox vaccine units..
Mailing tubes
Si>ecimen bottles
Prepared in laboratory:
Autogenous vaccines cubic centimeters. .
Wrist's capsules
Loemer's blood serum tubes. .
Agar agar, etc do
Miscellaneous, stains, etc requisitions. .
Bile media bottles. .
Blank requisitions supplied to avoid delay
Total number of requisitions filled during the year
The W<u$ermann reaction — Table of results in eases of known syphUis.
640
5,040
10,390
1,280
98
578
6,182
236
96
22
86
30
398
Blood serum.
Oases.
PositiTe.
Negative.
Percent
positive.
rflllKlfV «••»....,.,...,......,.......
100
667
213
828
2
71
616
166
107
29
161
67
221
2
71.00
Sfloon<iary . . , ^ , , r , , . , , , ,- ,..
77.36
Tertiary.'.
73.11
lAtent".
32.62
Hflredltary..... ...
Total..... ,
1,309
849
860
64.86
Spinal fluid.
Oases.
Positive.
Negative.
Percent
positive.
PrimarT
8
11
31
18
8
10
23
14
Swondary a .
1
9
4
9.1
''^flrtlary'
29.03
Latent
22.23
HflndJtary .
TotaL
68
14
64
2a6
Spinal fluid reaction positive with positive serum 6
Moal fluid reaction positive with negative serum. 3
flptnal fluid reaction negative with positive serum. 14
Miscellaneous information gained from Wassermann tests.
Oases.
Positive.
NegaUve.
Percent
positive.
Afplltints for enlistment
123
5
13
110
6
10.&
AniUeants for United States Military Academy
lidaded from the above flgnies:
False Inhthitioos 42
6
I
646
BEPOBT OP THE SUBGBON QENEBAL.
Comparative table of resuUs of the Wassermann reaction with relaUon to treatment {
of known syphilis). ^
PoslUve.
Negative: no
record of treat-
ment.
Negative; treated
prior to test
with record of
previous positive
reaotion.
ilegativ^: treated
prior to test
with no record of
previous posttive
reaction.
Coses.
Percent.
Cases.
Per cent.
Cases.
Per ouk.
Gtoee.
Percent.
Pr1m«ry .
71
513
155
107
7L00
77.43
73.11
32.62
17
21
8
1
a
17.00
3.14
3.77
.31
100.00
5
67
20
144
5.00
laoi
9.44
43.90
7
63
29
76
7.01
Secondary
9l41
Tertktfy
IS. 68
Latent
SLIT
Hereditary . ...... .
Total
351
64.91
40
3.74
236
18.00
175
IIJS
1 Classifloation made on dinioal data accompanying requests for the tests.
Particular attention is paid to the Wassermann test, and it is be-
lieved that the results are satisfactory.
CLINOSTOMUM MABGINATUM.
Specimens of this fluke were foimd in fresh-water bass caught at
Medina Dam in the vicinity of San Antonio, Tex.
This is mainly interesting because of its economic importance and
the fact that hitnerto it has not been reported as existing so far south,
the previously known distribution being from Kansas City and St.
Paul on the west to Montreal on the east, and St. Paul on the north
to Philadelphia on the south. This parasite is not known to be in-
J'urious to tne human system, but does render the edible portion of
ood and game fishes unfit for consumption.
Honolulu, Hawah.
The department laboratory, Hawaiian Department, was established
in June, 1914. It is a part of the department hospital and takes care
of all routine laboratory work of the hospital and Fort Shafter, as
well as the more speciaUzed work for other posts in the department.
The work is at present done in one small room in the admmistration
building. Examinations of urine and feces and the preparation of
vaccines are carried on side by side, which constitutes a condition
far from ideal. These conditions must be tolerated pending the
completion of the new clinic building, which will contain for the
laboratory a large room extending entirely across one floor, with a
smaller room for the office and records.
The eouipment added recently includes a large electric centrifuge,
new incubator, and dark-field substage with arc lamp. The last obs
proven invaluable for the quick, easy diagnosis of chanores and
mucous patches. Additional equipment will be added when there is
a |^|ftce to put it.
The personnel in charge of this work consisted of Capt. Frederick
H. Foucar and two privates, which can not make for a further incraaae
in the volume of work put out. It is contemplated, with additional
Quarters, to add a nonconmiissioned oflScer to the personnel, to can
for the records and lumdle a great deal of the routme work.
BEPOBT OF THE SXTRGBON OBITEBAIj.
647
Summary of dinical laboratory examinationt.
UxineB 2,877
Blood counts 619
Sputa 342
Feces 389
Urethral smears 347
Milk-fat estimatioiia 57
If ilk-bacteria estimations 40
Throat cultures 156
Throat smears 54
Stomach contents 163
Bacterial examinations 200
Wassermanns 2,967
Water bacterial 67
Chemical examinations, water. ... 25
Tissue sectioning 27
Blood cultures
Animal inoculations
Dark-field examinations.
Alcohol determinations..
Medico legal tests
Malaria hunts
Autogenous vaccines
Autopsies
Tuberculin reactions
Phenolphthalein
ChemioEd tests
Spinal fluid (butyric acid).
20
9
85
6
0
71
96
16
9
22
18
18
Serum agglutinations 115
Total 8,815
The oflScer in charge furnishes the following as the most interesting
data to be observed on looking over the above table:
Two outbreaks of diphtheria— June, 1914, and November and December, 1915.
An outbreak of dysentery (bacillary) occurred in September-October, 1915— about
40 cases among solcuerB; 2 fatal cases (both children.) Organism isolated was of the
Hiss-Russell type; a vaccine prepared, and 50 children of Fort Shafter were inocu-
lated (3 doses); there were no additional cases among the children isolated.
A Wassermann survey was started on the Twenty-fifth Infantry at Schofield Bar-
racks, but was discontinued after 500 specimens had been turned in; 8^ per ccdit
were double plus; it has been foimd very \'aluable to have record of these positive
Wassermanns, for in several instances it has materially hastened arri%dng at a diagnosis
in these men vi hen subsequently admitted to the department hospital for treatment.
It would be ideal if such a Wassermann record— containing, as it does, history of all
venereal infection — could be had, kept up to date, from time to time for all men of
the command.
The technique of the Wassermann is identical with that of the Army Medical
School, with the exception that a liquid amboceptor is employed, for it is thou^t
that it keeps better in this climate, is quicker and more accurate in titrating. By
means of tne dark field, in the past 12 months 40 primary lesions have been diag-
nosed— ^many before onset of a positive WasBermann.
In routine examination of urine the frequency of a dietetic glycosuria is noted.
Examination of stools revealed numbers of cases of amoebic dysentery and hook-
worm— all these cases contracted in States, though these conditions do exist amonff
the natives. The cases of malaria were all in men newly arrived from the States and
giving definite history of previous attacks.
An outbreak of t\'phoid fever at Schofield Barracks starting in November, 1915 —
first case that of a Japanese servant — four cases (with positive blood cultures) among
soldiers; several other cases occurring among servants and children.
Two sharp outbreaks of food poisoning, both involving almost an entire company.
Fiist at Schofield Barracks, and due to absorption of toxins produced in meat by the
B. paratyphnid B; abrupt onset* short course and lack of agglutination on part of
Satients ruling out diagnosis of paratyphoid fever. Second, a company at Snafter,
ue to eating a mess containing poisonous fish.
MEDICAL DEPABTHE9T.
The following statement shows the strength of the personnel com-
missioned, enlisted, and employed by contract or otnerwise, of the
Medical Department on June 30, 1916:
Medical officers 443
Medical reserve officers, active duty 146
Contract suigeoDS 17
Demtal surgeons, commissioned 40
Acting demtal surgeons, under contracl 35
Arm^ Nurse Corps 160
Medical Department enlisted personnel 4, 670
Civil employees 291
Total medical personnel 5, 792
MEDICAL CORPS.
The Medical Corps is composed of the commissioned medical
officers of the Regular Army:
Authorized strength June 30, 1916 444
In service June 30, 1915 433
Appointed during the year 14
Total 447
Losses during the year 4
In service June 30, 1916 443
On October 1, 1915, 20 candidates who had passed the preliminary
examination for appointment in the Medical Corps reported at
Washington to take the course of instruction at the Army Medical
School. Seventeen successfully completed the course of instruction
at the school and were graduated June 1, 1916. Fourteen graduates
were recommended for appointment in the Medical Corps of the
Army.
Losses dwring the fiscal year.
mad
lUtirwl..
KmigfMd.
Colooet
CapUtn.
First U«a-
Uoaot.
Aangato.
ToUL
1
1
1
The following promotions were made: 2 lieutenant colonels to be
colonels; 2 majors to be lieutenant colonels; 2 captains to be majore;
22 lieutenants to be captains.
The department held two preliminary examinations for appoint-
ment in the corps, Uie first on July 12, 1915, and the second on
January 10, 191o, at various Army posts throughout the oouniry.
Nineteen applicants passed the preliminary examinations. Of this
number 12 attended the session of the Army Medical Sohooly which
C48
BEPOBT OF THB STJB6EON GENEBAU 649
ended June 1^ 1916, leaving 7 who will attend the next session of the
school. Prehminary examinations will be held on July 17, 1916,
August 14, 1916, and September 5, 1916, at various Army posts
throughout the United States, Panama, and Porto Rico, to which
over 200 candidates have been invited.
MEDIOAL RESEBVE CORPS.
On lorter June 30, 1915 1, 426
Appointed during the year 542
1,968
es during the year:
Resigned 34
Discharged 6
Died 11
(}ommiflaion8 vacated by appointment to regular corps 14
65
On roeter June 30, 1916 1, 903
Of the 1,903 on roster June 30, 1916, 140 were on active duty and
1,757 on the inactive list.
On active list June 30, 1915 86
Ordered to active duty during the year 136
222
Relieved from active duty 62
Gonunlsrions vacated 14
76
On active duty June 30, 191 6 146
An officer of the Medical Reserve Corps residing in the vicinity of
each military post has been designated as a locum tenens, and the
policy has been adopted of calling such officer into actual service for
duty at his post wnen all the regular medical officers thereat are
called upon to accompany troops into the field.
CONTRACT SURGEONS.
In service June 30, 1915 14
Contracts made during the year 11
Total "25
Contracts annulled during the year S
Contracts in force June 30. 1916 17
These contract surgeoQs are on duty at arsenals, remount depots,
transports, etc., at &e rate of pay ranging from $75 to $150 per
montin.
DENTAL CORPS.
Dental surgeons:
Number of dental surgeons in service June 30. 1915 34
Appointed during the year 7
"41
Resigned during the year 1
On duty June 30, 1916 40
Acting dental surgeons:
Number of acting dental surgeons in service June 30, 1915 35
Appointed during the year 15
"lo
/
660 BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEON QENBBAL.
Acting dental surgeons — Continued.
Contracts annulled 8
42
Contracts annulled by acceptance of commission as first lieutenant,
dental suigeon 7
On duty June 30, 1916 35
Total "75
One examination of applicants for appointment as acting dental
surgeon, United States Anny, was held during the year, on October
18, 1915. At this examination 10 were successful; the 10, with 5
who had passed a previous examination, were given contracts.
Under the act 01 March 3, 1911, acting dentol surgeons who have
served three years in a satisfactory manner become eligible for ap-
pointment as dental surgeons and after passing the prescribed exam-
mation are eligible for commission in the Dental Corps with the rank
of first lieutenant, providec^ the total number of dental surgeons of
that rank did not exceed 60.
Dimng the year 10 acting dental surgeons, having served 3 years.
became e^gible for such promotion; of these, 7 passed the requirea
examination and have been promoted.
ENLISTED FORCE OF THE MEDICAL DEPAETMENT.
Strength at date of last report, June 30, 1915:
Sergeants first class 299
Seigeants 408
Corporals 42
Acting cooks 187
Privates first class and privates 3,057
Total j,993
Gain, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916:
By enlistment 586
By transfer from line, including unaasigned recruits from depots 1, 419
By return from desertion 153
General prisoners restored to duty 6
Total 2,164
Leas during same period:
By discharge —
Expiration of term of service 272
By order 398
Certificate of disability 49
Sentence general court-martial 165
Transfer to reserve 201
Transfer to line 102
By retirement 29
By death-
Due to disease 16
Drowned 1
Suicide 1
By defi«ertioo 251
Dropped 2
Total 1.487
Leaving in service June 30, 1916:
Sergeants first class 334
Sergeants 524
Corporals 40
Cooks 199
Privates first class and privates 3.573
Total 4,670
BEPOBT OF THE 8UBGE0K QENEBAU 651
The enlisted personnel of the Medical Department was also reor-
^mized. The aesignation Hospital Corps was changed to Medical
department (enlisted force). Two new grades above sergeant, first
class, were established: Master hospital sergeant, with pay of $75
per month, and hospital sergeant, with pay of $65 per month. The
pay of sergeants was made to compare to tnat of tiie similar grade in
otner stafiTcorps, $36 per month.
Tlie percentage basis was adopted for the Medical Department,
5 per cent of the enlisted strength of the Army being allowed: in
time of actual or threatened hostihtics the ^cretary of War is
authorized to cause to be enlisted such additional number of men as
the needs of the service may require.
Following are the grades as now established: Master hospital
sergeant-s, Hospital sergeants, sergeants first class, sergeants^ cor-
porals, cooks, horseshoers, saddiers, farriers, mecnanics, privates
first cdass, privates.
Ratio of privates first class to privates is now the same as in the
Quartermaster Corps.
Ratings for adcutional pay tor privates first class were estab-
lished as follows: Dispensary assistant, $2 a month; nurse, $3 a
month; surgical assistant, $5 a month.
ARMY NURSE CORPS.
The authorized strength for the Army Nurse Corps for the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1916, has been 150, which, however, has been
far from sufiScient to supply the domand for nurses. Two nurses
from the eligible list have been employed imder contract since
April 28, at the Walter Reed General Hospital, Takoma Park, D. C.
owing to the increased work at this station. The appointment of
12 aaditional nurses was authorized on Jime 9 by the Secretary of
War, and in consequence 12 nurses were assigned to duty at the
base hospital, Fort BUss, Tex. Eight more have been ordered to
the base hospital, Fort Sam Houston, Tex. Additional nurses will
be sent to both these hospitals as soon as provision is made for an
increase in the Nurse Coips. Four nurses who have been on duty
at Fort Leavenworth have been transferred from there, on accoimt
of the transfer of the troops to the Mexican border.
New quarters for nurses have been furnished and are occupied at
the department hospital, Honolulu, and the quarters at Letterman
General Hospital will be ready for occupancy in August. Plans are
being drawn also for nurses' quarters at Fort Sam Houston, the
nurses in the meantime occupying rented quarters at the post as a
temporary arrangement.
Seven nundrea and fifty requests for application blanks have been
received during the year. During the same period there have been
34 discharges and 1 death; 40 appointments and 7 reappointments;
total, 47.
The appropriation bill for the coming fiscal year now before Con-
gress provides for 56 additional nurses, out on accoimt of the recent
mobibzation on the Texan border of the mihtia, in addition to the
regular troops^ a further increase will be required.
ABHT MEDICAL SCHOOL.
Col. WiUiam H. Arthur, Medical Corps, relieved Col. Charles
Richard, Medical Corps, on September 30, 1915, as commandant of
the school and professor of military^ su^ery.
Maj. Eugene 1^. Whitmore, Medical Corps, assumed the duties of
professor of military medicine and tropical medicine on August 4,
1915, relieving Lieut. Col. Champe C. Mc£!ulloch, Jr., Medical Corps.
In taking up this duty Maj. Whitmore did not relmquish his profes-
sorship in bacteriology, patholo^v, and laboratory diagnosis.
Capt. Ralph H. Qoldthwaite, Medical Corps, refievea Capt. Ed^ward
M. Talbott, Medical Corps, as assistant professor of ophthahnology
on November 3, 1915.
Capt. Paul L. Freeman, Medical Corps, reported on January 26,
1916, for a special course of instruction, relieving Capt. Thomas D.
Woodson, Medical Corps.
The twentieth session of the school began on October 1, 1915, and
ended May 20, 1916.
The number of accepted candidates appointed in the Medical
Reserve Corps and ordered to the school was 20. Of this number,
one failed to report, one resimed after reporting and before commenc-
ing the course, and one was later relievea from attendance by reason
of physical disability.
Two members of the Medical Corps of the Organized Militia, one
from the Geor^a National Guard and one from the Pennsylvania
National Guard, were admitted to the school. Both of these officers
finished the course for medical officers of the Organized Militia and
were found proficient. Certificates of proficiency were issued to them.
The post-graduate course for officers of the Medical Corps was
inaugurated and six officers (Capts. Charles L. Foster, Joseph F.
Slier, Craig R. Snyder, Lucius L. Hopwood, Lee R. Dunbar, ana Wil-
liam S. Shields) were ordered to and reported at the schooL This
course was very successful and of great advantage to the officers taking
it, though it was curtailed by the exigencies of the service.
Of the 17 student candidate imder instruction at the school, 16
qualified at the final examination. Of this number 15 were recom-
mended for commission in the Medical Cori>s, one failing to receive
such recommendation because of deficiency in aptitude hr the mili-
tary service.
The following table exhibits the course of instruction, the names of
the professors and assistant professorsi the value given to each sub-
ject, and the hours of instruction;
662
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
653
Na
1
t
S
s
7
8
9
10
Sol^ect.
Houn
of in-
stnio-
tioo.
Ifflitarr surgory
Medku Department edmlnistratioo
Mm tary medicine and tropical med-
Oplitbalmology
ICilltarT hygiene.
Bact«riol(«y, pathology, and labo-
ratory diagnosis.
Sanitary chemistry
Sanitary tactics
Operative surgery
Roentgenology
20
20
364
70)
23
270
150
70
8
19
Professor.
Col. Wm. A. Arthur
Lieut. Col. J. D. Glennan
Lieut. Cd. C. C. MoCulloch and ICaJ.
E. R. Whitmore.
lla). T. C. Lyster, professor, and
Capt. R. H. Goldtbwaite, assistant
in^essor.
Mii. W.J. L. Lyster
M^. E. R. whitmore, professor;
Oapt. Edw. B. Vedder and IC A.
Reasoner, assistants.
MaJ. R. B. Miller
Capt. P. L.Jones
Capt. Arthur C. Christie
do
Value.
Mazl-
mnm.
800
800
800
400
800
900
600
500
400
310
Mini-
mnm.
040
640
640
a>
640
720
400
400
320
240
In addition to the above the following instruction was given : Scries
of lectures on psychiatrjTi general paralysis of the insane, mental defec-
tives, psychosis occurring in mental defectives, dementia precox,
hebepm'enic type, paranoia; manic-depressive psychosis; psycho-
analytical methods; hysteria and psycno-neuroses, by First Lieut.
WiUiana A. White, M. R. C, superintendent of the Government Hos-
pital for the Insane, special professor. In addition to these lectures
there were clinical demonstrations b v Capts. Thomas D. Woodson and
Paul L. Freeman, Medical Corps, as follows : Dementia precox^ general
paralysis of the insane, manic-depressive psychosis, paranoid state,
paranoid dementia precox, involutional melancholia, senile dementia.
Saresis, progressive muscular atrophy, paranoia, maUngering in ola
ementia precox, juvenile paresis, and mental defectives. Twenty-
four hours were devoted to the general subject.
Thirty hours instruction in equitation bv First Jjieuts. Sloan Doak
and David H. Scott, Fifth United States Cavalry.
Twelve lectures on military law by Maj. Walter A. Bethel, Judge
Advocate General's Department.
No special professors were designated during the 1915-16 session.
Two servants, Hospital Corps, were detaUed at the school for
instruction in X-ray work and pnotography ; they both proved to be
apt, and acquired the technical knowledge ana skill necessary to
<piaiify them as instructors in these subjects, and were given certifi-
cates of proficiency.
The closing exercises were of an informal character. The diplomas
were presented to the graduates by the Surgeon General of the Army
with a few appropriate remarks. The two medals — the HoflF memorial
medal and tne Sternberg medal — ^which were awarded to First Lieuts.
iJdward A. Noyes and Paul A. Schule, respectively, were not pre-
sented during tne exercises, there not being sufficient time between
the final examinations and the date of graduation in which to have
them properly engraved.
All the officers assigned to duty at the school have performed their
various duties in a most satisfactory manner.
The enlisted personnel has also shown itself to be satisfactory in
overy respect. There has been no infraction of discipline among the
inen of tne detachment.
654 BEPORT OF THE SUBGEON GENEBAIj.
The commandant, in closing his report, remarks that —
The clerical force has performed its duties efficiently^ and satisfactorOy.
In view of the fact that the request for an appropriation for the building of an Anny
Medical School has been disapproved, and that tne present building is too small for
the enlarged classes that may be expected in the future, and generally very poorty
adapted to the needs of the school, it has been recommended that another building
be occupied for the purpose, and one has been selected at No. 604 Louisiana Avenue,
which, while it increases the expenses very little, will* give more thaA twice the space
of the present building.
It seems to me that too much time is given up to laboratory work in the school and
not enough attention paid to sanitary tactics. I therefore recommend that in the
future the students be required to spend at least two weeks in camp. A camp could
be established on the ^unds of the Walter Reed General Hospital, and two, or piefer-
Bb\y three^ell Qualified medical officers selected to pye the students some field
training. While tne laboratory work is very important, it is not strictly miHtary, and
the students have no opportunity of leamin£[ to care for themselves in camp, the
details of camp sanitation, and the general duties of medical officers in the field.
If it is practicable, it is considered that the post-graduate course for medical officen
be repeated during the next session of the school for at least six officers of the cons
if they can be spared for the purpose. Some of these officers might incidentally be
utilized as instructors in the students' camp, if my recommendation for its institatioo
is carried out and the necessaiy equipment for such a camp can be supplied from the
Quartermaster Corps.
SPECIAL WOBK BT KEDICAL OFFICEBS.
BUIXETINS.
In the sundry civil bill for 1916, under the appropriation for print-
ing and binding for the War Department, it was provided:
That the sum of $3,000, or so much thereof as mav be necessary, mav be used for
the publication from time to time of bulletins under the direction oi the Surgeon
General of the Army for the instruction of medical officers when approved by the
Secretary of War.
Under the authority mentioned above, two bulletins were issued
during the year, viz:
Bulletin No. 9. Gunshot roentgenograms, a collection of roentgenograms taken in
Constantinople durine the Turko-Balkan War, 1912-13, illustrating some gunshot
wounds in the Turkish Army, by Maj. Clvde S. Ford, Medical Corps.
BuLLSTiN No. 10. Officers of the Meaical Reserve Corps, United States Armv,
inactive list, with post-office addresses of each, compiled under the direction of the
Surgeon General.
Material is now on hand for three bulletins, which will probably
be issued some time during the fiscal year 1917.
ABTICLES BY HEDIOAL OFFICEBS.
NoTB. — It is desired to include in this list all articles written by medical officers
during the fiscal year. It is therefore reauested that the title and place of publica-
tbn of articles wntten by medical officers be sent to the office of the Surgeon ueneral.
Articla by medical officen of the Army, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916,
Aotbor.
Article.
DlqiKifitioii.
Aitlnir, Col. Wflliam H....
Adiford, M^. Bailey K....
Do
Do
Do
AAlbnl, Capt. Mahlon
Do
Berbir, G4>t John B ,
Binptngham, Col. Benry P..
Biipham, Ifi^. WiUJam N.,
wittle, C^yt Arthur C. .. .
Postgraduate instmctioa at the
.Army Medical School.
The dietetic treatment of qnne. .. .
Sorgery related to odontology
Further experimentation in animals
with a moniliaeonmionly found in
sprvB.
Tropical diseases
A proposed motor-ambolanoe com-
pany.
Tne American doctor and military
preparedness.
Sanitary problems of prison and
concentiation camps.
Coordination of the Medical Depart-
ments of the Army and Navy in
campaign.
A review of the sanitary service in
Uie present war.
Demogn^hy in so Car as It relates to
the vital statistics of armies.
A motor amhnlanee lior field service.
Military Surgeon, February, 101ft.
Bead by title before American Soci-
ety of Tropical Medicine, San Fran-
cisco, Cal.. July 14-10, 1916.
American Journal of Tropica] Die*
eases and Preventive Medidne,
January.lOlO.
Bevista Dental, Babana, Caba,
December. 1915.
American Journal of Medkal Sel-
enoes, April, 1010.
Cliapter ibr iburth volume of Musser
and Kelly's Practical Treatment,
1910.
Military Surgeon. October, 1910
Awaiting publication.
Bead before Southwest Medical and
Surgical Associatfon, El Paso, Tex.,
Deo. 9-11, 1915; awaiting pubUea-
tfon.
Military Surgeon. April, 1910.
Awaiting publloation.
Do.
Do.
655
666
BBPOBT OF THE SUBQEON OENEBAU
ArtieUt hy medical officers of the Army, July /, 1915 ^ to June 30, /9/tf— Continued.
Author.
Goto. Capt. Clarence L
OoDDor, Copt. Qarenoe H...
Cooper, Capt. Alexander T. .
Coulter, Capt. John S... . . . .
Craig, Capt. Charles F
Do
Do
Do
Culler, Capt. Robert H.
Darby, Capt. Taylor E
Davis. First Lieut. Henry
L., Medical Reserve Corps.
De Laney, Ma). ICatthew....
Duncan, Capt. Louis C
Do
Bbert, Col. Rudolph O
Edger, ICaJ. Benjamin J., Jr.
Ferenbaugh, Capt. Thos. L..
Fisher, Lieut. Col. Henry C.
Foster, Capt. George B., Jr. •
Fbuoar, Capt. Frederick H. .
Friok, Lieut. Col. Eudld B..
Oorgas, Ma). Gen. W. C,
Surgeon General.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Ben. MaJ. I.ouIs T
Do
Report of a case of infection of lymph
^ands with Bacillus Paratypho-
susB.
The special physical examination of
aviators lor the United States
Arniy.
The Wassermann reaction and its re-
lation to tuberculosis. (Collabo-
rated with Capt. C. G. Snow.)
Study of pathology of gall bladder
and biliary passages in cholera.
Observations upon complement fix-
ation In the diagnosis of pulmonary
tuberculosis.
Observations upon the endamoebs
of the mouth: L Endamoebs gil-
glvalis (buocalis).
Importance of tropical diseases to
American practitioner, as illus-
trated by their occurrence in the
United States.
Some practical points regarding the
results and interpretsytion of the
Wassermann test ibr syphilb.
An intermediate method of blood
transfusion.
Hygiene f6r the Boy Scouts
A case of poisoning by methvl alco-
hol, fluid extract hamameUs, and
a hair tonic, with recovery.
Epidemic of baclllary dysentery due
to Hiss-RusseU-badllus.
Some experiences of the territorial
armies of France, 1870-71 (trans-
lation from the French).
The sanitary service (translation
fh>m the French Journal L'lllus-
tration).
Some Medical Department problems
of over-seas garrisons.
Some cases of appendicitis at Scho-
fleld Barracks, Hawaii.
A note concerning the occurrence of
hydrophobia in the foxes of A laska.
Preparedness of the Medical Depar^
ment for war.
Etiology of common colds
BacHlary dvsentery, recent epidemic
at Fort Bhafter, Hawaii, from the
laboratory aspect.
Venereal disease in the Army
Tropical sanitation in its relation to
general sanitation.
The relation that modem tropical
sanitation will probably have on
the future movements of popula-
tions.
Report on the sanitation of Guay-
aquil.
Dr. Carlos G. Flnlay
The effect that the sanitary work
accomplished in Cuba and in
Panama has had and will have
upon the sanitation of the Tropics.
Yellow fever
Paner on reoruitinf
Dencienoy of sanitary units of the
Organlxed MlUtla.
Disposition.
Journal of Infectious Dlseasaa, ApriL
1916.
Awaiting publtnatton.
Amerten Journal of the M^iitwi Set-
•noes, August, 1910.
Phil^plne Journal of Sdsiioa, liaaHa*
November. 191&.
Journal of Medioal Sctencee, Dmsb-
ber, 1916.
Journal of Infeetfcws Diaeaaas, Fsb-
ruary, 1916.
Amerioan Journal of TroplQal Dl^
eases and Preventive MadWna,
July, 1916.
Military Surgeon, Maroh, 191A.
Awaiting publioatioo.
Pamphlet prepared fer pubUealioo ••
a handbook for the Boy Seoots «f
Awaiting publioation.
icnitary Surgeon, May, 19ie.
Journal of Military Service loitftii-
tkm.
Military Surgeon, January, 191«.
Military Surgeon, August, 1916w
Bead before United Servloe Medioal
Society of Hawaii, Dee. 4, lAlS;
awaiting publication.
Military ftirgeon, June, 1916.
Military Surgeon, February, 1916.
Journal of American Medioal AsMd-
atkm. Apr. 16, 1916.
Military Surgeon, May, 1916.
Read before Nfiith International
Purity Congress, San Francteo,
Cal., July 23, 1916.
Address delivered before flftecnth
annual conference oC health c^Bescs
of New York State, at RodieBtv,
Sept. 6. 1915; Journal of Amerlean
Medicai Association. Dee. 26. 1916.
Address delivered before Sou^sfB
Couunercial Ckmgress at CharMoB,
S. C, Deo. 16, 19U.
The Southeni Medioal Journal, No-
vember, 1915.
Address delivered at farty4hM
annual meeting of AmerloanPubUD
Health Assodatian, Rocbvlsr.
N. Y., Sept 7, 1916.
Address delivered before VermoBt
StaU Medioal Society, BurUngtoB,
Oct. 14, 1916; Southflm uSSoA
Journal, February, 1916^
Commemoratloo volume of the
Amerfcan Medical AasootOtatt,
1916.
Awaltingpublical
MiUtaryBurgeon,
April,10ta.
REPORT OF THE 8XJBGE0N QENEBAIi.
657
ArHcUi by medical officers of the Army, July 1, 1916, to June SO, /9/^— Continued.
Author.
Hopwood , Capt. Lucius L .
Huntington, Capt. P. W..
Do
Johnson, Capt. H. H
Johnson, Capt. T. H
J(m68| Capt. E. C
Jones, Capt. Harold W....
Jones, Capt. Percy L
Do
Kean, Col. Jefferson R . . ..
Do
Keefer, Lieut. Col. F. R..
King, Capt. Edgar
Do
Do.
La Garde, CoL Louis A.,
retired.
Leslie, Lieut. 8. H., Dental
Corps.
Lyster, Maj. W. J. L.......
Do
McKellar, Capt. Harry R . .
Maddux, Capt. H. C
Midiie, Capt. H. C
Article.
Duties of ambulance companies
Transmissible diseases in war
Camp sanitation
The trailer ambulance
Diseases complicatixig dironic pul-
monary tooerculosis.
Transportation of ambulance com-
panies.
The oi^anization of an ambulance
company.
Individual equipment for the Hos-
pital Corps.
The hospital train deluxe
Lessons of the great war
New r61e of American Red Cross. . .
The sanitary problems of trench war-
fare.
The military delinquent .
Certain problems in the treatment
of criminals who are mentally ab-
nonnal.
The use of habit-forming drugs
(cocaine and its deriyatives) by
enlisted men.
The new war surgery requires more
surgeons.
Dental service in the Army
Diq>ositlon.
Vaccination against typhoid in the
United States Army.
Present status oC disinfection of
drinking water in the field.
Do
Miller, Maj. Reuben B .
Do
Do
Modd, Capt. Leo C.
Monaon. Lieut. Col. Ed*
wardL.i
Do.
Neboo, Maj. Kent.
Malingering
Ho^tal treatment of acute gon-
orfbea.
Rocky Moontain spotted (tick) fever
(collaborated with Dr. Houston
A tuberculosu survey of an Eskimo
village.
ProDosed equipment for the Hos-
pital Corps soldier.
The new manual for the Medical
Department.
The new field belt for medical officers.
Some experiences with venereal dis-
eases at Schofleld Barracks,
Hawaii.
Medical preparedness for campaign..
Awaiting publication.
Military Surgeon, Aprfl, 1016.
Military Surgeon, March, 1916.
Military Surgeon . June, 1916.
Read before United Service Societv
of Hawaii, Honolulu, Feb. 5, 1916;
awaiting publication.
Read before Second Pan American
Scientiflo Congress, Washington,
D. C, Dec. 27, 1915; awaiting pub-
lication.
Read at Second Pan American Soiex^
tiflo (ingress, Washington, D. C,
Dec. 27. 1915; Military Surgeon,
June. 1916.
Read before twenty-fourth annual
meeting of Association of Mili-
tary Surgeons, Cincinnati, Ohio,
September, 1915; Military Surgeon,
February, 1916.
I Nnmeroos editorial contributions to the Military Surgeon, the official organ of the Association of Mili-
tary Surgeons of the United States, of whkdi he has been the editor secretary since the last annual meeting
«f the asMdation in Washington, September, 1915, have been made by this officer.
The proper function of the Medical
Department in relation to general
staff work.
An Army motor ambulance.
Mllitarv Surroon, September, 1915.
New York Medical Journal, July 8,
1916.
Awaitingpublication.
Military Surgeon. July, 1916.
Awaiting publication.
Military Surgeon, November, 191ft.
Awaiting publication.
Read at twenty^ourth meeting of
Association of Military Surgeons,
Cincinnati, Ohio, September, 1915.
Military Surgeon, October, 1916.
Presidential address delivered before
Association of Military Surgeons,
Washington, Sept. 13, 1915. Milt-
tary Surgeon, October, 1915.
Military Surgeon, May, 1916.
Read before the annual meeting of
United Service Medical Society of
Hawaii, Honolulu, Jan. 8. 1916;
Military Surgeon, June, 1916.
Read before twenty-fourth annual
meeting of Association of Militarr
Surgeons, September, 1915; Mili-
tary Surgeon, December, 1915.
Read before annual meeting of Kan-
sas conference of Charities and
Corrections, Lawrence, Kans.,Nov.
19, 1915; published as part of pro-
ceedings of sixteenth annual con-
ference of Kansas Society of Chari-
ties and Cknrections meeting with
Kfuisas Society of (Criminal Law
and Criminology.
Military Surgeon, October, 1916.
Military Surgeon, March, 1916.
Read before Massachusetts Dental
Society, May 3-5, 1916; Journal of
Allied Dental Societies, N. Y.,
June. 1916.
Journal of American Medical Asso-
ciation. Aug. 7, 1915.
Read at twenty-fourth annual meet-
ing of Association of Military Sur-
geons, Cincinnati, Ohio. Septem-
geon
Der,1915; awaitingpublication.
Awaitingj>ublication.
Military Surgeon, December, 1915.
Medical Record, Feb. 12, 1916.
e9176'— WAB 1916— VOL 1-
-42
658
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGBON QENEBAL.
ArticUs by medical offieen of the Army, July 1, 1915, to June 30, iPi6— Oontimied.
Autbor.
Nelion, IfuJ. Kent.
Artlole.
Nichols, Gapt. H. J
O'Connor, Lieut. CM....
Ow«n, CoL Wm. O
Pattaraon, Hi^* B* U
Pbalen, MaJ. J. M
Do.
Do.
Powell, Ueut. Cnthbert,
Medical Reserre Oorpe.
Raymond, Col. H. I
Do
Reasoner, Capt. M. A ,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Reno, MiO- Wm. W.
Do ,
Do
Do
Reynolds, MiO'C.R.
The use of mercurr salicylate In
syphilis; a record of its influence on
the Wassermann reaction in 50
cases (collaborated with E. A.
Anderson, M. D.).
Possible reasons for lack of protec-
tion after antityphoid vaccination.
A record march by sanitary troope. .
Relation of the Army Medical Corpe
and the Medical Reserve Corps to
the Medical Corps of the Organised
MiUtia.
The American National Red Cross
in first-aid and accident preven-
tion.
Typhoid preventSoo by bacterial
vaccine.
The Medical Reserve Corps, U. 8.
Army.
The Camp MoCoy School for Sani-
tary Troops.
A consideration of a few of the many
lessons in medicine and surgery
taught by the present European
Duties of Medical Supply officers
and their methods (oolttborated
with MaJ, Edwin P. Wolfe).
Observations upon the cure of syphi-
lis.
Some general information concern-
ing the diagnosis and treatment of
syphilis.
A case of hereditary syphilis
Some phases of experimental syphi-
lis, with special reference to the
subject of strains.
Earlv death from cerebral syphilis,
with a successful rabbit inocula-
tion: Report of a case.
A march and rail trip by sanitary
troops.
The wheel litter tra vols
Pitching Armv tentage
Laying out a neld hospital
Local anesthesia
Sdmiitter, Capt. Ferdinand.' The treatment of leprosy ,
Shaw, Lieut. Col. Henry A..' Transmissible diseases; syllabus of
the.
The correspondence course for Med-
ical Reserve officers as conducted
at the Army service schoote.
The ductless jdaod
Barbados in British West Indies. .. .
Shockley, Ma). M. A. W.....
Siner, Capt. J; L ,
Sitar , Capt. Joeeph F
Do.
Skinner, MaJ. 0. A
Smith, Capt. Lloyd
Pellagra in Jamaica.
Diqxisitlon.
Surrical experiences in Jolo. P. I ... .
Sypnllls M 3 ran«e of mental disease
in the military ser^'ice.
Journal of American Medical
ciatioo, Nov. 27, 1915.
Read by tUle at tw«nty4oiirtt ■»-
nnal meeting of Association of MO^
tary Surgeons, Clndnnatl, Ohio,
September, 1915; Military SugaoB.
March, 1916.
Awaiting publication.
Read at twenty-fourth
ing of Assooiation of Military
Surgeons, Cincinnati, Ohio, Sep-
tember. 1915; Military Smgooo.
December. 1915.
Maryland Medical Jonmal, Xods^
1916.
Read before Ontgamie County C^'is.)
Medical Sodetyand officers d 8e&*
ood Intentry. wlacoosin National
Guard, Apptoton. Apr. 39, ms;
Wisconsin State Medkal JonnaL
Mardi, 1916.
Read before Tristate Medical Sooisty,
CbktfO, ni., Oct. 7, 1915; Chlc^o
Xidical B^eord, March, 1916.
BeM'bafbn twanty^oiirth annoal
nWit Ing of the AsK)eiatloa of MB-
itiU-y Stugeons, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Sept. 15, 1915; awaiting poblioa-
tion.
Read at meeting of Denver City and
County Medical Sodety. Denw,
Mar. », 1916; Colorado Medldne,
May, 1916.
Military Surgeon, July, August, Se^
tember, aiul October, 1916.
New York State Journal of MedlolBS^
January, 1916.
Awaiting pablleation.
Read before District of Cofannhte
Medical Society, Washington, Oet.
6, 1915; Washfaigton Medical An-
nals, November, 1915.
Read before meeting of Amerieaa
Medksal AssocJatton, Detroit,
Mich., June 14, 1916; awaiting pab-
lleation.
Journal of American Medical Asnel>
ation, June 17, 1916.
Military Surgeon, September, 1915.
Military Surgeon, February, 1916.
Infantry Jooinal, July-Augiut, 1916^
Military Surgwm, Augi^, 1916.
Read belbre United Servioe Medical
Society of HawaU, Jan. 8, 1916;
awaitmg pubUoatlon.
Awaiting publication.
Arranged for the course In military
), U. S. Miatary Academy,
Military Surgeon, January, 1916.
Awaiting pubUcatlon.
American Journal of Tropical IM^
eases and Prevantlve MedldM^
July, 1915.
American Journal of Tropical Dis-
eases and PrevsntivB MediolB^
February, 1916.
Awaitingpublicatioa.
Military Surgeon, November and Da*
camber, 1915.
BEPOBT OF THB SUBGSON GBNSRAL
659
ArtkleB by rrudieal offieen of the Army, July 1, 1925, to Jtnu SO, iPitf— Oontinaed.
Snow, C^. CO...
Tasktr, Capt. A. N.
Van Poole, MaJ.O.M
Do
Vodd«r, Capt. E. B ,
Do
Do
Do
Do
VoD Schrader, Capt. A
Wadbams, MaJ. S. H
Do
Wilcox, First Lieut. R. W.,
Medical Reserve Corps.
Wilde, Capt. A. 0
Wolfe, M^- Edwin P
The Wassvmann reaction and its
relation to tabereolosis (collabo-
rated with Capt. A. T. Cooper).
The diagnosis and treatment of the
fianllate diarrheas (coUaborated
with Dr. Arthur F. Chace).
A case of gunshot wound of abdomen
with immediate operation.
An epidemic of dysentery at Fort
Shafter, HawaU. with 3 cases of
Hiss-Russell or V bacillus infec-
tion.
Beriberi and cottonseed poisonlitf
in pigs: A preliminary note (col-
laborated with Dr. Geo. H. Rom-
mel).
PrevaJenoe of syphilis
The known and unknown with re-
gard to the etiology and prevention
of beriberi.
The relation of diet to beriberi..... . .
Remarks on the preTalenoe and pre-
ventlon of syphilis.
The importance of the early recogni-
tion of syphilis as a cauntive no-
tor in delated union of fractures.
Report of discussion at Joint camp
of instruction for sanitary troops,
Tobrhanna, Pa.
The civilian physician's part in the
scheme of jveparedness.
Medical Corps In peace and war
Army medical records
Duties of Medical Supply ofUcers
and their methods (oollaborated
with Col. H. I. Raymond).
American Journal of Medloal 8el-
enoes, August, 1919.
Read before meeting of American
Medical AssocteOon, Detroit,
Mfeli., June, 1910; awaiting publi-
cation.
Military Surgeon, December, 19U.
Military Surgeon, May, 1910.
Journal of Agricultural Research, voL
489, Dec. U, 1915.
Therapeutic Oasette, May 15. 1910.
Read before Section Vm, Second
Pan American Sdsntlflc uongrsM,
Washington, D. C, December,
1915; ifiUtary Surgeon, October,
1910.
Read at meetlngof American Medical
Association. Detroit, Mich., June,
1910; awaitbig publication.
Social Hygiene, July, 1910.
Awaiting publication.
Do.
Do.
Address delivered before graduate
class of Arxny Medical School,
Washington, D. C, June 1, 1915;
Military Surgeon, July, 1915.
Awaiting pubucation.
Military Surgeon, July, August, Sep-
tember, and October, 1910.
SANITARY TROOPS— NATIONAL GUARD.
Since the date of last report the following new organizations have
been completed up to June 30, 1916: 4 ambulance companies, 3 field
hospitab, and 14 detachments, making a total of 22 ambulance com-
panies. 31 field hospitals, and 174 detachments. Since Jime 30
there nave been completed 4 ambulance companies and 7 field hos-
pitals, making a total of 8 ambulance companies and 10 field hos-
pitds oi^anized since last report. The following table shows the
existing sanitary imits and the number required for the 12 National
Guard oivisions, also the States furnishing same, and those deficient:
Division.
Fifth...
Sixth...
Seventh
B^th.
States comprising divisional districts.
Maine, ncme: New Hampshire, 1 F. H.; Vermont, none; Massachu-
setts, 2 F. H. and 2 A. C.; Connecticut, 1 F. U. and 1 A. C; Rhode
Island, I A. C.
New York, 4 F. H.and4A.C
Pennsylvania, 2 F. H. and 2 A. C.
New Jersey. 1 F. H. and 1 A. C; Delaware, none; District of Colum-
bia, 1 F. H.: Maryland, 1 F. H. and 1 A. C; Virgfaiia, 1 F. H.;
West Virginia, none.
Organised.
4F.H...
4A.C....
4F.H...
4A.C....
2F.H...
2A.C....
4F.H...
aA.c...
Short-
•g«.
None.
Da
2F.H.
aA.c
3A.C.
660
BEPOBX OF THE SUBGEON QENEBAIj.
Division.
■
States comprishig divisional districts.
Organised.
Shoft-
age.
Ninth
Tenth
Eleventh
North Carolina, 1 F. H. and 1 A. C; South Carolina, 1 F. B.; Georgia,
1 F. H.; Florida, 1 F. H.
Kentucky, 1 F. H. and 1 A. C; Tennessee, 1 F. H. and 1 A. C; Ala-
bama J F. H. and 1 A. C; Mississippi, none.
Ohio, 3 F. H. and 2 A. C; Michigan, 1 F. H. and 2 A. C
4 F. a • • •.
lA.C
3 F. Ix. s *•
3 A.C
4F.H....
4 A.C
3 F. H« •••
2A.C
2F.H....
lA.C
3 F. H..>.
1 A.C
3F.H....
lA.C
2F.H....
lA.C
8 A. a
IF.H.
1 A.C.
NcBie.
Twelfth
T|Hiioi<,2F. H.: Indiana, 1 F. H. and 2 A.C.».......
IF.H.
Thirteenth. . .
Fourteenth...
Fifteenth
Sixteenth
Iowa, 1 F. H. and 1 A. C; Wisconsin, 1 F. H.; Minnesota, none;
North Dakota, none; South Dakota, none.
Colorado, 1 F. H.^Nebraska, 1 F. H.; Missouri, 1 F. H. and 1 A. C;
Kansas, none; Wyoming, none.
Louisiana, 1 F. H.: Oklahoma, 1 F. H. and 1 A. C; T«as, 1 F. H.;
Arixona, none; New Mexico, none; Arklansas, none.
California, 1 F. H. and 1 A. C.; Utah, 1 F. H.; Washhigton, none;
Oregon, none; Idaho, none; Nevada, none.
Total. :
2 A.C.
2F.H.
3 A.C.
IF.H.
3 A.C.
IF.H,
3 A.C.
2F.H,
3 A. a
38F.H...
26 A, C«««.
IOF.H.
Total units
22A.a
(M
32.
While this increase in sanitary units is encouraging, it was largely
due to mobilization of the National Guard, with prospects of active
service. Newly organized sanitary units, under most favorable con-
ditions, could not De made ready for efficient service in campai^
within a less period than six months of intensive training after receiv-
ing their equipment and transportation. The formation of these
organizations should not await the necessity for them by a threatened
conflict. They should be organized, equipped, and trained in time
of peace. If this mobilization results in impressing upon the medical
profession and the responsible State authorities the necessity of ade-
(juate sanitary units, properly trained and equipped in time of peace,
it will have done much toward the cause of preparedness.
The strength of the sanitary troops on Jirne 30 was 884 officers
and 4,436 enlisted men, a total gain of 884 during the year. The
strength has been greatly augmented since mobuization by new
imits and detachments, also by increasing the personnel of organiza-
tions to war strength.
Out of a total of 884 commissioned officers, 125 were not inspected.
Of 4,436 enlisted men, 639 were absent from the inspection. While
this is an improvement over last year, yet it is a large number for
which there is no accurate information as to their suitability and
qualifications for military service.
In the majority of the States the efficiency of the sanitary troops
relative to organization, training, and equipment shows improve-
ment over last year, although it is far from having reached the
desired standard which is necessary if immediate use of these oi]gan-
izations for campaign is considerea. The degree of efficiency dmers
widely. In many States but a short period of preparation would be
needed to make tne sanitary troops ready for field service. In others,
however, much time and labor would be required.
INSTBUCnON AND TRAINING.
In addition to the number of inspector-instructors reported last
year, one other was authorized and assigned to the States comprising
the fifth division, making a total of 6 medical officers of the R^ular
Army on this duty. AUnave shown commendable zeal in their enorte
BEPOBT OF THE STJBQEON OENEBAU 661
to increase interest among the sanitary troops, and to improve their
efficiency, but the nimiber is entirely inadequate to accomplish the
results aesired. However, the results have oeen so gratifying and
the numerous requests from States for additional officers, warrants
the detailing of at least five or six medical officers to each of the 12
divisional districts. This would make it possible for frequent virits
of instruction to sanitary organizations, wnile with the present num-
ber only two visits of instruction can be made to the organizations
in the district to which the inspector-instructor is assigned, and this
pertains only to the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh,
twelfth, ana part of the thirteenth divisions. The sanitary organ-
izations of the remaining divisions can not be accorded this oppor-
tunity for personal instruction because of lack of sufficient inspector-
instructors. The number of sergeant-instructors for sanitary troops
was increased during the year by three at the earnest request of the
Militia Bureau, mafing a total of 15 on this important duty. The
result of their work warrants the detailing of a sergeant of the Afedical
Department for each National Guard sanitary unit, and sufficient
adoitional ones to provide adequate instruction to the sanitary
detachments. The value accruing to the Federal Government of
detailing of officers and noncommissioned officers with the National
Guard n-om the viewpoint of increasing their efficiency can not be
overestimated. The money spent in this way will produce results
that can not be secured by any other method.
COBRESPONDENCE COURSE.
In addition to the personal instruction, a correspondence course
for medical officers ol the National Guard was conducted by the
inspector-instructors. Upon request, the War Department detailed
sufficient medical officers from near-by posts, who, in addition to
their post duties, conducted the correspondence course in these States
for wnich no sanitary inspector-instructors were provided. While
these officers performed the duty assigned to them in a satisfactory
manner and tne medical officers of the National Guard were able to
get some theoretical instruction, yet the numerous changes of sta-
tion of these officers seriously interfered with the work and made
it impossible to secure the good results obtained by the inspector-
instructors. The policv adopted last year of having all the questions
prepared and sent out from tne Militia Bureau establishing a uniform,
systematized, and correlated course, has proved much more satis-
factory than the previous method of having each inspector-instructor
prepare the questions for his district. It is deemed advisable to
continue this method. More than 60 per cent of the medical officers
successfully completed the prescribed course. No reports were
received from some States, partly due to the mobilization order,
and partly to the necessity of sendmgthe medical officers conducting
the course to the border lor duty. The best showing was in States
having medical officers detailed as inspector-instructors.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND TRAINING.
Recent reports received show that all States, except two, have
adopted the physical standards prescribed for the Regular Army,
andi the majority of the States claim a rigid enforcement of same.
662 BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEON OENEBAL.
Reports of inspectors indicate that great laxity exists in the majority
ol the States in this matter, which has been confirmed by the recent
ijDobiJjzatiQn. In view of th^ fact tbat^ the requir«n^nt^^ the regular
service make it necessary that the physical findings at each and every
enlistment and reenlistment must oe passed upon oy a medical officer,
it would appear that the Mcsdical Corps of tne National Guard was
responsible for any of the personnel found physically disqualified.
This is no doubt true to a certain extent. BCowever, in order to
determine to what extent they are responsible, those who were
enlisted without a physical examination, those who were enUsted in
spite of rejection by medical officers, and those who were examined
by civilian doctors whose reputation was not at stake, should be
euminated. It is not deenxed advisable to expend money on the
training and instruction of men who, when needed for active service,
are found to be physically disqualified. Every man in the National
Guard should be physically qualified for any duty devolved upon him,
This can best be accomplisned by instituting a thorough physical
reexamination of each person as soon as practicable after enlisting
and reenlisting in the National Guard by a medical officer of the
re^ar service, also that the same be done annually for the com-
missioned personnel. In this way the physically disqualified could
be weeded out, and those having defects that are not disqualifying
could have them waived, resulting in not more (barring venere^
diseases and acute maladies) than 1 per cent of the personnel being
found disqualified when called into the Federal service.
There are a large number of persons rejected for physical defects,
such as poor physique, deficient chest expansion, and similar defects,
who do not conform to the prescribed standard physical requirements,
but who imder proper physical training would in a short time meet
these reouirements and be able to endure the physical strain of cam-
paign, if more time and attention were paid to the physical devel-
opment and training of a soldier, a large number of the above type
of men could in time of peace be enlisted in the National Guard and
Army without decreasing its efficiency.
TYPHOID FBOPHTLAXIS.
There is very little change in the status of typhoid prophylaxis as
reported last year. Some States have ^en considerable attention to
the matter, while others have not. The annual inspection report
shows that 2,481 officers and 24,866 enlisted men had received com-
plete antitvphoid prophylaxis out of a reported strength of 8,864
officers ana 129.333 enlisted men, making a total of 27,347 protected
against typhoid fever out of a total strength of 138,197. As com-
pared with the report of last year, showing 22,551 receiving complete
antityphoid propnylaxis out of a total strength of 129,398, making
19.78 per cent during the past year, as against 17.4 per cent during
the year previous. This increase is encouraging. However, too
large a percentage are unprotected. It is believed the recent mobili-
zation, which brouglit the National Guard under regulations pre-
scribed for the Regular Army, requiring vaccination of all persons in
the Federal service, will do much toward further populaming these
preventive measures, and it is further beUeved that the time has ar-
rived to make it compulsory in the National Guards thereby making
it prepared for a hasty call mto the Federal service.
EEPOBT OF THE 8UBOEON OSKBBAL. 663
AOT OF JX7NE 3, 1916.
The ac£ of June 3, 1916; coiiJbainslii}i,c^4)cp^^
^--i#hen*^nfoi45ed/'wm great^ improve thfe efficiency of the Medical
Department of the National Gufuxl. It provides for uniform courses
of armory and field instruction, along lines prescribed for the Regular
Army. It provides for an increased number of inspectors and sergeant
instructors. It provides for horses for the samtary troops, and it
provides for examination of medical officers and noncommissioned
officers under Federal supervision. It will mean greater devotion to
duty, and acquisition of military knowledge on the part of the
personnel.
CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR OF HOSPITALS.
During the past year plans and specifications were prepared and
contracts were entered into for the construction of additions to hos-
pital buildings -at the following general hospitals and military posts:
Letterman General Hospital, San Franctsco, Cal. — ^New concrete
ward, medical and surgical dispensarv, addition to nurses' dormitory,
and an addition to the department laboratory.
^ Fori Bliss, Tex. — ^Rear annex addition to hospital containing
kitchen, mess room, and dormitories for the Hospital Corps detach-
ment.
Fort Sam Houston, Texa^. — ^Building for central heating plant, a de-
partment laboratory, dormitories for the Hospital Corps detachment,
and a surgical pavihon.
Temporatoiy buildings for hospital purposes in connection with
the Mexican border were also provided from the appropriation for
construction and repair of hospitals at Fort Bliss, Camp Douglas, and
Fort Sam Houston.
In addition to the regular annual appropriation for construction and
repair of hospitals, Congress appropnatea $100,000 to construct tem-
porary builoings lor hospital purposes on the Mexican border, or
where necessary. Fifty-eight tnousand dollars of these fimds went to
Brownsville, Eade Pass, and Laredo, Tex., and Nogales, Ariz., and
$25,000 to Fort Sam Houston, Tex. The $17,000 remaining will be
needed for additional construction at the first four places, ana request
was made for $1,000,000 additional to provide for general hospitals
and temporary hospital accommodations for the large nimiber of
troops on duty at tne Mexican border.
The following hospital buildings which were contracted for during
the fiscal year which ended June 30, 1915, have been completed: Builf
ing for central heating plant. Fort Leavenworth, Kans. Rear annex
aodition to hospital, Fort Odethrope, Ga., containinff kitchen, mess
room, and dormitories for tne Hospital Corps detawmient. Clinic
laboratory and nurses' dormitory, department hospital, Honolulu,
Hawaii. Rear annex addition to hospital Fort Terry, N. Y., con-
taining kitchen, mess room, and domutories for the Hospital Corps
detacmnent. Hospital Corps barrack building, storehouse, and one
double set of noncommissioned officers quarters for the Army and
Navy General Hospital, Hot Springs, Ark., also addition to ward
building No. 6, operating pavillion and diet kitchen. A ward for
664 BEPOBT OF THE SX7BQE0N OENEBAI/.
special surgicfil cases, a new concrete ward, and an addition to the
mirse Corps dormitory were completed for the Letterman General
Hospital, oan Francisco, Cal., ana a ward for ambulant patients at
the General Hospital, Fort Bayard, N. Mex.
An allotment of $40,000 was made from the appropriation for con-
struction and repair of hospitals for use in the Pnilippine Department
during the fiscal year, and $1,000 was allotted from tne appropriation
for quarters for hospital stewards, for quarters for sei^eants, fiiBt
class, Hospital Corps, to cover the cost ol construction and repair of
quarters for these noncommissioned officers in the Philippine Islands.
In addition to the foregoing, all general hospitals m connection
with the Army, and the hospitals at miUtary posts were unproved or
kept in proper repair so far as funds would permit. Temporary hos-
pitals for standing camps and cantonments were also provided in a
number of cases.
The Army and Navy General Hospital, Hot Springs, Ark., has been
improved in a manner to meet several of the most unportant neces-
sities, and it is beUeved that sufficient additional accommodations for
patients can be provided when required by inclosing the porches wiUi
glazed sash, thus avoiding the necessity for further ward buildings,
and no new construction is estimated for this general hospital for we
fiscal year 1918.
General Hospital, Fort Bayard, N. Mex, — ^A few years ago authority
was given to erect three additional ward buildings for this general
hospital, but it was possible to enter into contact for the erection of
only two of these wards, and the following buildings are now neces-
sary: One infirmary for enUsted men, estimated to cost $50^000; one
inmmary for officers, estimated to cost $60,000, and an addition to the
officers' dormitory, estimated to cost $40^000, or a total of $150,000,
and fimds for these buildings have been mduded in tibe annual esti-
mate for the fiscal year 1918.
Lettenmn &eW HospUal, San Francisco, Cal.-The wards of this
hospital are constructed of wood, and have been in use for quite a
number of years, and are dangerous in case of fire. It is proposed to
safeguard the lives of patients bv replacing these wooden building
from time to time with reinforced concrete structures, and $75,000 is
included in the annual estimate for the fiscal year 1918, to be used for
thispurpose.
Walter Reed General Hospitaly Takoma Park^ D. C. — ^This is one of
four general hospitals. It is one of the most important, and is used
for the treatment of officers, retired officers, patients from Washing-
ton Barracks, enlisted men, special cases, observation of patients
imder consideration for discharge on account of disability, ana for the
education of students attending the Army Medical School. New
buildings and additions have been erected from time to time. Two
new one-story wards have lately been added to the east and west ends
of the administration building, and these two ward wings require ad-
ditional stories to complete tnem The additional room is necessary
and these improvements are estimated to cost $90^000, and funds for
this purpose nave been included in the annual estimate for the fiscal
year 1918.
As stated in previous reports, new modem hospitals are required
at various military posts to replace old and dilapidated structures
which have been in use for many years, and which require large sums
BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON OENEBAIi. 665
of money annually for repairs and improvements. New buildings of
modem type would be econoniical, but it is impossible to erect a
suitable modem military hospital for the maximum sum allowed by
law from the general appropnation for such purposes. Section 1136,
Revised Statutes of the United States, limits the cost of permanent
structures to $20,000, unless special authority is first obtained from
Confess. This law was enacted in or before 1859 when material
and labor were much lower in price than they are at present, and
before many modem plumbing and other necessary fetures were
available which are now indispensable. Tao statute Umiting cost
should be modified to suitpresent conditions.
Fort Michie, N. Y. — ^The hospital at this post is a temporary
wooden structure, and the inspecting officer stated September 14,
1915, that the hospital building is unsuitable, and if it is intended to
maintain a permanent garrison at Fort Michie, a new hospital will be
needed. In 1905, the Secretary of War authorized the use of fimds
to erect a new hospital at this post, but owing to location, cost of trans-
portation, etc., it was not possible to erect a suitable hospital within
the limit of cost fixed by section 1136, Revised Statutes of the United
States. A modem hospital for this post is estimated to cost $30,000.
Fort McPherson, Ga. — ^The hospital at this post is in size entirely
inadequate. It is located in close proximity to a railroad and has
no ceuar except a small excavation for a heating apparatus, which
was made some years after the building was erected. The neating
and ventilation are not suitable for a modem hospital. The plumb-
ing is crude, and efforts have been made from time to time to improve
it, but it falls far short of meeting the modem sanitary requirements.
The operating room is located in a small annex, with a small labora-
tory adjoining. There is no instrument room, etherizing room, prepa-
ration room, nor surgical ward. There is no suitable ward for the
isolation of contagious diseases, nor prison ward; and the Hospital
Corps detachment is quartered in an old temporary wooden building
which was erected for use as a ward during the Spanish-American
War. The mess room and kitchen are too small and are imsuited for
their purpose, it being necessary to set tables two or three times to
accommodate the patients. The entire hospital is such that it would
be in the interest of economy to replace it with a modem structure.
A hospital should be erected with a capacity of 87 beds for patients,
necessary attendants, noncommissioned officers, etc. The estimated
cost of such a building is $90,000.
Fort Dade, Fla. — In 1910 the surgeon at this post recommended
that a new hospital be erected, and stated:
The kitchen and dining room are near the center of the building, and it ia necessary
to pass through them in going from the operating room to the ward. The ward is too
small, and tne quarters for hospital corps men are inadequate. It is not believed
that the present structure can be remodeled to meet the requirements of a modem
hospital.
The present hospital is entirely inadequate and imsuitable. It is
a temporary structure with crude pliunbing, lacks modem appUances,
and the conditions are such that they can only be remedied by the
erection of a new hospital. A suitable building is estimated to cost
»35,000.
666 REPORT OF THE SURGEON OENERAU
Schofidi Barracks^ Hawaii. — The department authorities prepared
sketch plans for a 250-b^iiospital, whickis considered necessarjior
th^ iposti. ' An^ appre^dmste' e^tin^te. of -tlie-t^ntempI&Ced ' strength
of tte garri^^n orSchofidd Bafracks is 6,000 *men, and' this >)n]l'
require the number of beds estimated for. In addition to the bed
capacity, other buildings will be needed in the future to complete the
group, but six wards and an administration building will be sufficient
for tne present. The estimated cost of these buildings is $150,000.
Army Medical School. — ^This school occupies a rented building in
the city of Washington, at a rental of $8,680 per annimi. As it is
one of the permanent service schools it would be much more economi-
cal, as well as more fitting and convenient, for it to be hoiised in
buildings erected by the Government. It is proposed to locate
these on the tract of land occupied by the Walter Reed General
Hospital, so that the students may have the clinical advantages and
the instruction in administration afforded by the hospital, and that
the hospital may enjoy the laboratory conveniences of tne schooL
These buildings are estimated to cost $350,000.
Quarters for ser^earUs, first clasSy Hospital Corps. — Owing to the
limited appropriation for these buildings, it was not possible to erect
additional quarters, and various necessary additions and improve-
ments had to be disallowed. A number of large military posts are
in need of such quarters for these noncommissioned officers, and the
appropriation should be Uberal imtil such time as the Hospital Corps
sei^eants are supplied with suitable habitations. EUeven single sets
ana seven double sets of these quarters are needed, but only the most
necessary are included in the annual estimate for the fiscal year 1918.
Estimates for new construction which is essential to the proper care
of the sick have been for some years lopped o£F the estimates in
accordance with the instructions of the Secretary of War in order to
reduce the War Department estimates until the necessities of the
department, in this respect, have become very urgent and have accu-
mulated to a large total. The following are the items which are con-
sidered to be most necessary, and are accordingly included in the
estimates laid before the Secretary of War for the nscal year 1918:
New construction:
Anny general hospital, Fort Bayard, N. Mex $150,000
Letterman General Hospital, San Francisco, Cal 76, 000
Walter Reed General Hospital, Takoma Park, D. C 90,000
FortMichie, N. Y 30,000
Fort McPherson, Ga 90,000
Fort Dade, Fla 35,000
Schofield Barracks, Hawaii 150,000
To enlarge and improve hospitals at Artillery poets 50, 000
Additions and repairs, general hospitals 65, 000
Repairs, hospitals, all posts in the United States 200, 000
Repairs, Hawaiian Department 30, 000
Repairs, Philippine Department 50,000
Army Medical School 350,000
Total for construction and repair of hospitals 1, 365, 000
Hospital Gofps sergeants* quarters:
6 single sets, new quarters 21, 000
4 double sets, new quarters 26,000
Philippine Islands, repairs, etc 1,000
Repairs, all posts in the United States 15, 000
Total for Hospital Corps sergeants' quarters 63,000
BSPOBT OF THE 8UBOBOK GENERAL. 667
MEDICAL AND HOSPITAL SUPPLIES.
- The. apim)piiation made, b J Con^'e^ for the. fisc^^r year 1^16 fot
die siipporl oT 'the Medical t)epartinent was» 4787,500, thi»-bemg
$87,500 more than the amomit appropriated for the fiscal year 1915.
The new Manual for the Medical Department was completed and
ready for promulgation about June 15. It is being issued by The
Adjutant General of the Army. This manual prescribes a medical
officer's belt and a belt for the Hospital Corps medical equipment,
both recommended by the equipment board. The latter is intendea
to take the place of the poucn. Hospital Corps, M. M. D., 1911.
Since this new personal equipment has been approyed various diffi-
culties have arisen with reference to l^e manufacture of the other
ordnance equipment which should be issued with it. The issue of
this equipment is therefore being held in abeyance, and the old equip-
ment win be continued in use for the present.
The medical supply depot at Galveston, Tex., belnjg no loiter
needed, was discontinued about January 7, 1916. Field medical
supply depots have been established at San Antonio and El Paso,
Tex., for the purpose of promptly furnishing supplies to the border
camps. A reserve medical supply depot was also temporarUy estab-
lished at the advance base, Columbus, N. Mex. Later this was dis-
continued, it being decided that aU necessarv suppUes for this vicinity
could be satisfactorily obtained from the El Faso depot. In addi-
tion a divisional reserve supply was furnished to the punitive expe-
dition and located at Colonia Dublan, Mexico. A new medical sup-
ply depot for the storage and issue of both post and field supplies
was established in Honolulu, Hawaii, in March. 1916.
Motor ambulances have been furnished to tne ambulance compa-
panies in Mexico, and field hospital No. 7 has been equipped with
motor trucks. Ambulances of the following type have oeen pur-
chased: G. M. C, Buicks, White, Service, and Fords. Trailers were
also furnished with these ambulances for trial. The light cars and
trailers were found to be unsatisfactory for use in Mexico.
At the beginnii^ of the militia mobilization period the officers in
charge of the medical supply depots at New York and St. Louis were
directed to purchase full ward eauipment for one hundred 50-bed
wards as promptly as possible, witn a view to having these complete
equipments ready for emergency use on the border.
Sufficient typhoid and smallpox vaccines were furnished to each
mobilization camp for the immunization of the Organized Militia,
and a camp hospital was furnished to each mobilization camp not
located at a post for the care and treatment of members of the Orga-
nized Militia who required such attention at the camp. The post
hospital and medical supplies were available for the use of all mooili-
zation camps located at Army posts.
ABTIFIOIAL LIMBS AND APPABATUS.
Under the laws relating to artificial limbs and apparatus or com-
mutation therefor, orders on manufacturers were given during the
fiscal year for 22 artificial legs and 1 foot. Commutation certifi-
cates were issued for 129 cases of amputated leg, 77 of amputated
arm, 9 of amputated foot, and 1,320 cases of loss of use of limb.
668
BEPOBT OF THE STJBQEON QENEBAIi.
Under the act of June 17, 1870, and subsequent amendmentB
thereto, 23,703 disabled soldiers and sailors have been furnished
artificial limbs and apparatus or have received commutation in money
since the passage of the act, as follows:
Total number benefited to June 80, 1916 23, 70S
Died 16,063
Dropped irom roUs 592
Rejected after one or more payments 572
B^naining on rolls at end of fiscal year 6,485
Lorn of beneficiaries during the year 367
It is estimated that the simi of $210,000 will be required to pay
the claims during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1918.
#
APPLIANCES AND TRUSSES.
One hundred and sixteen appliances were issued during the fiscal
?rear ending June 30, 1916, and 204 trusses for disabled soldiers were
umished and fitted.
LIBRARY OF THE SURGEON GENERAL^S OFFICE.
During the year 430 books and 3,407 pamphlets and journals were
presented to the Ubrary, and 256 portraits were added to ttie collec-
tion. The Ubrary now contains 226,128 volumes, bound and um-
bound (of which 191,802 are bound), and 337,110 pamphlets, a total
of 563,238 volumes and pamphlets. It is now receiving 1,895 peri-
odicals exclusive of transactions of societies. Eight hundred and two
volumes were bound during the year. The following table shows in
detail the additions made to the library during the year:
H«dical Journals
Medical transactions. .
Bound thesM
Othar bound vtdumw
Total
Unbound vohimas . . .
Pamphlets
Total
On hand
Juno 30,
1915.
60,480
8.090
3,099
U3,068
186,637
83,888
341,653
275,641
Added
during
fiscal
year.
1,895
47
492
3,731
6,165
438
95,457
Total
JuneJOL
1916.
62,175
0,097
3,6n
116, 7Bt
191,
S4.J
337,110
95,895 I 371,430
Volume XXI of the second series of the Index Catalogue is in course
of preparation and will appear in due time. A complete list, arranged
alphaoetically, of the medical neriodicals and transactions of socie-
ties in the Ubrary will be publisned with this, the concluding volume
of the second series of the catalogue.
To meet the needs of the Ubrary in its scientific and technicid
branches, the following changes have been submitted in the estimates:
Prindpol aasiotant librarian, from $2,250 to $2,500 per annum, an inereaae of.. $250
Aaootant Ubrarian, from $1,800 to $2,000 per annum, an increaoe of 200
Superintendent of reading room, $1,800 (mm clerk at $1,600^, an increase of. 200
Superintendent of library haU, $1,800 (from clerk at $1,400), an increase of. 400
Total increase 1,060
BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEON GENEBAL. 669
Of this increase; $500 was made up last year by the abolition of one
clerk^iip at $900 with this end in view. The net increase asked for
over former appropriations is, therefore, $550.
These increases are necessary to give salaries equivalent to those
paid in other departments of the Govenmient (Librarv of Congress,
etc.). The salaries in this library have been at a standstill for many
years, while other departments nave had increases. This was due,
perhaps, principally to the fact that the employees here have been
mostly designated as clerks, although doing the same class of work
as men with professional titles elsewhere. The change is especially
necessary in view of the very large Army expansion now taking place.
It is hoped that the continued efficiency of the Ubrary may be pro-
vided for in this wav by Congress at its next session.
It is also urgenthr recommended that the following provision be
inserted in the legislative, executive, and judicial bill:
Sunday openino: To enable the Ubrary of the Suieeon General's Office to be
kept open for reference use from four-thirty until ten o dock, post meridian, daily,
and from two imtil ten o'clock post meridian on Sundays and legal hoUdays, within
the discretion of the Ubrarian, including the extra services of employees and the
services of additional employees under the Ubrarian, $5,000, or so mudi thereof as may
be necessary."
This would put the Siirgeon General's library on the same basis as
to opening as the Library of Congress, and it is asked for in response
to urgent demands from the m^cal profession of the countnr for
improved service by the Ubrary.
*
ABMT MEDICAL HTTSEXTK.
The total number of specimens in the museimi at the close of the
fiscal year June 30, 1916, is 47,313.
The following statement shows in detail the additions and changes
in the different sections:
Ftithological secdoii:
In muBeum June 30, 1915 13,088
Discarded 5
Donated 123
128
12,910
Received during the year 179
In museum June 30, 1916 13,089
Anatomical section:
In museum June 30, 1915 1,205
Received during the year 46
In museum June 30, 1916 1,251
Comparative anatomy section:
In museum June 30, 1915 624
Donated 23
In museum June 30, 1916 601
Microscopical section: In museum June 30, 1915 and 1916 12, 916
Miscellaneous section:
In museum June 30, 1915 3,975
Discarded 1
3,974
Received during the year 40
In museum June 30, 1916 4, 014
Ftoviflional anatomy section: In museum June 30, 1915 and 1916 293
Photographic section including negatives:
In museum June 30, 1915 14,944
Received during the year 205
In museum June 30, 1916 15,149
RBCAPrrULATIOH.
In museum June 30, 1915 «. 46,995
Discarded and donated 152
46,843
Added during the year 470
In museum June 30, 1916 47»S13
670
BEPOBT OF THE 8UBGE0N OENEBAL. 671
The following are some of the more mteresting specunens received
during tlie year ending June 30, 1916:
Miuformatiana. — Specimen 14491, a pig showing syncephalus;
Snrchased. Specimen 14621, male infant showing decephalus
ibrachius; purchased. Specimen 14479, skull of idiot showing
microcephaly; capacity 765 cubic centimeters; purchased. Specimen
14455, skull of adult showing deformity caused by premature closure of
sutures; purchased. Specunen 14621, dicephalus dibrachius, human;
purchasea.
Ectopic pregnancy. — Specimen 14406, tubal pregnancy at two
months removed by operation; recovery: woman, aced 42. Con-
tributed by Capt. J. W. Humer, Medical Corps, Unitea States Army.
Animal parcm^.— Specimen 14587, hookworm exhibit of the
International Health Commission; consists of models, transpar-
encies^ photographs, and stereomotograph. Specimen 14511, filaria
sanjgumis hominis Bancrofti. Contributor, Dr. Leonel Plasencia,
Habana, Cuba. Specimens 14624-14626, Echinococcus cysts in
liver and spleen; soldier, aged 22. Died suddenly. Contributed by
Capt. C. T. Eang, Medical Corps, United States Army.
Fibrchsarcoma o/ Zejr.— Specunen 14494, soldier, aged 35; amputa-
tion of 1^; recovery. Contributed by Maj. G. A. Skinner, Medical
Corps, Umted States Army.
Hernia through diaphragm. — Specimen 14457, colon through dia-
Shragm; man, aged 40: had lifted heavy weight: died the thirteenth
ay. Contributed by Col. G. L. Edie, Medical Corps, United States
Aimy.
Quintuplets. — Specimen 14503, bom at seven and a half months;
all males ; one placenta ; five cords ; livedfrom 5 to 15 days ; purchased.
Eixceedingly rare; about once in more than a million births.
Amebic dysentery.-^pecimen 14461, large ulcers of colon, edges
partly healed; soldier, aged 57; died of bowel obstruction from peri-
toneal adhesions. Contnbuted by Col. H. C. Fisher, Medical Corps,
United States Army.
Brain.— Specimen 14471, acute meningitis from streptococcus;
man, aged 35. Had protrusion of eyes ana thrombus in ophthalmic
veins. Original cause beUeved to have been a boil on the nose.
Contributor Dr. J. H. Bryan. Washington, D. C. Specimen 14451,
acute purulent meningitis, from staphylococcus pyogenes aureus.
Soldier, had acute endocarditis (see 14452). Contributed by Capt.
J. W. Griesinger, Medical Corps, United States Army. Specimen
14405, abscess in left frontal looe, streptococcus and pneumococcus.
From an old soldier who had a small abscess also m mediastinal
lymphatic nodes. Contributor, Capt. A. D. Tuttle, Medical Corps,
United States Army.
^Tearf.— Specimen 14493, adhesive pericarditis; calcareous plates.
Same case as 14492, cancer of Uver. Contributor, Capt. C. L. Cole,
Medical Corps, United States Army. Specimen 14452, acute endo-
carditis vegetations on mitral valve; soldier. Same case as 14451,
meningitis. Contributor, Capt. J. W. Griesinger, Medical Corps,
United States Army. Specimen 14510, acute gonorrheal endocarditis;
culture showed gonococci; soldier, aged 26. Contributor, Col. G. L.
Edie, Medical Corps, United States £noDj.
Ooiier. — Specimen 14472, adenoma, from a man. Contributor,
Capt. D. P. Card, Medical Corps, United States Army.
672 BEPOBT OP THE SUKGEON QENEBAIi.
Mydogenous leukemia. — Specimen 14622, spleen weighing 8^ pounds.
Soldier, aged 41 . Had been lU about a year. Contributor, Capt. A. D.
Tuttle, Jfedical Corps, United States Army.
Tee^A^.— Specimens 14463 to 14465, anomalies and diseases. Con-
tributor, First Lieut. H. G. Voorhies, Dental Corps, United States
Army.
Duodenum 'perforating ulcer. — ^Two cases, specimen 14458, soldier,
aged 28, was ill three days, had had *' indigestion." Also snecimen
14459, a soldier. Both specimens contributed by Capt. H. J. Kichols,
Medical Corps, United States Army.
Appendicxiis. — Specimen 14623, large concretion in * appendix;
from a soldier; appendectomy; recovery. Contributor, Capt. C. E.
Doerr, Medical Corps, United States Army.
Ileum. — Diverticulum, specimen 14627, causing fatal bowel ob-
struction. Contributor, Fu^t Lieut. S. T. Millard, Medical Corps,
United States Army.
Lwer. — Specimen 14508, shot laceration; soldier; died four hours
after injury. Contributor, Capt. H. J. Nichols, Medical Corps,
United States Army. Specimen 14568, abscess; ameb® not foimd;
man, aged 37, had been fireman 15 years on transport. Contributor,
Capt. W. H. Alien, Medical Corps, United States Army. Specimen
14492 primary carcinoma, weight 11 pounds 2 oimces; soldier; had
also adhesive pericarditis (14493), Contributor, Capt. C. L. Cole,
Medical Corps, United States Army. Specimen 14509, common bile
duct obstructed by gallstone ; woman ; aged 45 ; had had epigastric
{>ain for 16 years; obstructive jaundice lor 2 months; hemorrhage
rom bowel. Contributor, Col. G. L. Edie, Medical Corps, United
States Army.
Urinary organs. — Specimen 14456, kidney; weight, 46 oimces;
multiple cvsts and niihary abscesses; other kidney in same condition;
man, aged 47; specimen removed after death. Contributor, Lieut.
T. S. Proxmire, Medical Reserve Corps, United States Army. Renal
calculi, three cases; specimensl4467, 14468, and 14469; from soldiers;
removed by operation ; recovery. Uontributed by Capt. J. W. Ban-
ner, Medical Corps. United States Army. Specimen 14462, calculus
from lu'eter; discna^ed through lu^ethra; man^ aged 18. Ccm-
tributor, Capt. J. L. Kobinson, Medical Corps, Umtea States Army.
Specimen 14470, calculus from lu^inary bladder; removed by opera-
tion, recovery; soldier. Contributor, Capt. J. W. Banner, Medical
Corps, United States Army. Specimen 14629. laceration of kidney
from kick of mule; nephrectomy; recovery. Contributor, Maj. R. F.
Metcalfe, Medical Corps, United States Army. Specimen 14628,
uterine fibroid; woman, age 41; hysterectomy. Contributor, Capt.
W. B. Moncrief, Medical CJorps, United States Army.
Bone. — Specimens 14497 to 14499, multiple injuries; specimen
14497, healed fracture right radius; s]>ecimen 14498, dislocation ri^t
hip joint; head of femur atrophied; acetabulum perforated; speci-
men 14499, healed fracture left femur. From woman about 38 years
of age; purchased. Specimens 14577, 14578. osteomalacia; skull
and pelvis; from an ioiot, aged 26, who haa al^o spondylitis de-
formans; purchased. Specimens 14569 to 14586, series of bones
from Indian burial places, showing anomalies, fractures, and inflamma-
tion. Contributor, Clarence Moore, Philadelphia, Pa. Also series of
BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEON OEKEBAL. 673
bones showing anomalies, inflammation; fractures, and dislocations.
Purchased.
Anatomical dwedtorw.— Specimens 4177 to 4184 and 4189 to 4192,
series of normal preparation of joints and muscles; purchased.
Specimen 4162, dissection of arm, forearm, and hand. Contributor,
Dr, Eldmond Souchon, New Orleans, La.
MisceUaneotLS. — Specimen 4179, a prosthetic appliance made by
Dr. J. P. Michaels, dentist, Paris, France, to replace excised portion
of h\imerus. Contributed by Dr. E. A. Bogue, New York City.
Specimen 4178, Sims's duckbill speculum, nresented by Dr. Sims to
Prof. Alonzo B. Palmer, of University of Michigan, by him to the
father of Maj. W. J. L. Lyster, Medical Corps, United States Army,
who gave it to the museum. Specimens 4154 to 4177, series of first-am
Jackages, missiles, etc., from the European war. Contributor, Maj.
. H. Ford, Medical Corps, United States Army,
69176'— WAB 1916— VOL 1 43
DEITTAI AKD OBAL DISEASES.
Tablb No. 47. — Dental and oral diaeases, year 1915, offieen and enlUted men.
United States (oontinoDtal) exclusive of Alaska
PhillppiDe Department
Hawaiian DeiMurtment
Canal Zone, Panama
China
Alaska
Total
Cases admitted to
treatment.
Number.
72,747
17,777
14,442
6.516
1,244
798
113,524
Ratio.
1,089.21
987.34
1,627.08
1,103.85
902.76
1,013.08
1,115.85
Opomttons
fMmed.
Number.
88,663
18,530
15,108
7,603
1,010
833
131,854
Ratio.
1,127.51
1.029.6t
1,712. ao
1,2S7.9»
730.48
1,057.18
1,996.02
DENTAL CARIES— NUMBER OF TEETH TREATED.
White troops.
Colored troops.
Philippine Soouts.
Total.
Number.
Ratio.
Number.
Ratio.
Kumber.
Ratio.
Number.
RllllD.
United States (oontinental)
excluding Alaska.
41,043
7,919
7,610
3,669
764
592
637.81
709.65
1,070.87
621.65
554.43
752.22
740
667
1,841
303.40
497.39
988.19
41.783
10,708
0,351
8,000
704
508
62Sw00
Philippine"Department —
Hawaiian Departmoit
Canal Zone. Panama
2.117
384.66
5M.4S
i.os3.a
631. 5S
China
654.41
Alaska
752.33
Total
61,497
678.86
3,248
576.68
2,117
384.56
66.862
657.90
While the tabulation above given does not portray the character
of the work performed, which has been varied, yet it indicates either
that the dental work of the past years has placed the teeth of those
treated in such condition as not to warrant treatment this year, or
that the condition of the teeth of new recruits are closely watcned
with a view to eliminating those not meeting the requirement in this
respect. It is to be notea that the troops serving in the Canal Zone
have next to the highest admission rate for dental treatment, the
Hawaiian Department leading.
674
BECBXnTDrO.
AMERICAN TROOPS.
The movement of recruits is shown in Table No. 48. There were
37y993 examined by medical officers, as compared with 57.244 for l^e
year 1914. Of eadi 1,000 examined, 125.84 were rejectea and 21.08
declined enlistment, as compared with 106.60 and 24.46, respectively,
for 1914. Of each 1,000 examined by medical officers, 853.08 were
accepted, as compared with 868.94 for 1914. Of the number ex-
amined and enUsted, 494.91 per 1,000 were original enlistments and
358.17 reenlistments, as compared with 502.62 and 366.32 for 1914.
Table No. 48. — Movement ofrteruiu, white andcolored^ 1915,
White.
Colored.
ToUl.
Number.
Ratio.
Number.
Ratio.
Number.
Ratio.
Examined by medical ofQcers
35,533
30,271
1,000.00
8S1.91
2,460
2,140
1,047
1,093
285
35
1,000.00
869.02
425.61
444.31
116.85
14.23
87,093
82,411
18,808
13,608
4,781
801
1,000.00
853.08
Accepted by medical officers
By first enlistment
17,756 499.70
494.01
By all other enlistments
12,515
4,496
766
352.21
126.53
21.56
358.17
Relecied by medical officers
125.84
Declined
21.08
Table No. 49. — Nativities of accepted recruiter white and colored, year 1915.
Accepted recruits, 1015.
Total accepted.
Accepted first eo-
Ustment
Number.
Ratio
per 1,000
of total
accepted.
Number.
Ratio
per 1,000
of total
accepted.
United States:
White
26,000
2,140
802.47
66.02
15,408
1,047
810.44
Colored
65.68
Total native born
28,140
868.50
16,456
875.18
Russia
863
686
642
483
229
216
193
175
170
157
62
48
47
44
43
41
28
25
21
14
14
10
51
26.63
21.17
10.81
14.00
7.07
6.66
5.05
5.40
5.25
4.84
1.91
1.48
1.45
1.36
1.33
1.26
.86
.77
.65
.43
.43
.31
1.57
582
272
426
170
170
86
00
102
67
107
27
21
26
20
31
32
10
14
17
0
13
6
84
80.05
Qermany
14.46
Austria .'
22.65
Ireland
0.52
Italy
0.04
England
4.52
Nornniv ftnd Swed^Ti .,.,..,.. , , , .,,,,,,.,.
4.79
Hnnearj
6.42
C«^nodft,... ■ .
3.56
Denmark
5.09
SwiUerland
1.44
Scotland
1.12
Holland
1.38
Rftximan^a
1.54
Turkey
1.65
Greece
1.70
France
.53
West Indies
.74
Belgium
.00
Aus^lia
.48
South America
.64
Spain
.82
Others
1.81
Total foreicn bom
4,262
131.50
2,848
124.87
Grand total
32,411
1,000.00
18,803
1,000.00
676
676 REPOBT OF THE SUBGEON QENEBAI^
Tablb No. SO.—Age» of.
U, U'Aife and colored, and the pnporlion at rack age, ymr
191S, per 1,000 accepted.
The proportion of accepted recruits, 24 years of age and under,
was 565.39 per 1,000 as compared with 544.78 in 1914. The greatest
number was enlisted at 21 years of age, 5,275, and 3,440 at 22 years;
the two ages comijined giving 284.38 per 1,000 of all enlistments in
the year.
Tablb No. Sl.—JtthHon of height to age.
ABSOLUTE NCMDERS-WHITE
^ECRL'
T3. leii.
API.
Ilelehl.
H
ytaa.
3D
re»n.
y»ra.
y«Mi,
j*m.
y»ort.
r»Mi.
o\-or.
TflUl.
i reoi 1 Inch and
I.HO
"i
147
B9
21
ZTi
1
331
303
K
1
&
!
KIJS:::::::
(tetn ni-hw
leoi- mhea
IhIK IK'lWS
IMte TK'hes
SKES::::.:
s
IS7
231
8
IS
3K
133
M
43
MS
S
43
30
189
37
1
J!
IS
S,1TI
fMt a Inchea ond
TotiJ
l,BMi i.3TS
»'
S,J7S
■■"
»,03S
i,lM
■•-
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
Table No. 51. — Relation of height to age — Continued.
PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS— WHITE RECRUITS, 1915.
677
Age
.
Height.
18
years
and
under.
19
years.
20
years.
21
years.
23
years.
23
years.
24
years.
25
years.
26
years
and
over.
Total.
5 feet 1 inch and
upfler , . ,
a 49
a27
.73
5.95
54.99
102.93
147.39
169.45
164.50
137.42
96.71
54(16
43.64
13.45
8.42
_
0 18
5 feet 2 inches
a 19
4.93
51.18
93.27
136.68
170.24
182.18
138.20
104.45
62.74
38.48
ia8i
6.63
a29
4.94
56.98
101.45
136.63
158.43
177.33
141.28
107.85
56.98
37.79
13.95
6.10
.33
5feet3inches
5 feet 4 inches
5 feet 5 inches
5 feet 6 inches
5 feet 7 inches
5 feet 8 inches
6feet9inches
5 feet 10 inches
5 feet 11 inches
6 feet
7.63
62.64
145.97
165.58
191. 18
156.32
129.63
71.35
34.31
25.60
7.63
2.18
8.00
71.27
130.91
176.00
177.46
163.64
119.27
87.27
42.18
14.55
5.09
4.36
7.28
54.61
121.36
156.55
199.03
168.70
111.65
87.38
38.84
3L56
12.14
ia92
4.41
64.74
101.52
138.30
149.09
192.74
123.59
104.95
62.78
36.29
14.71
6.38
6.49
53.98
101.87
141.64
151.38
176.14
144.07
104.71
59.66
34.90
17.05
8.12
7.18
52.20
93.87
14a 33
161.40
157.07
148.47
106.80
62.26
45.98
16.76
7.66
5.91
56.13
104.65
145.39
167.42
170.96
136.37
99.00
55.40
38.29
6 feet 1 inch
12.88
6 feet 2 inches and
over
7.14
Total
1,000.00
i,ooaoo'i,ooaoo
i,ooaoo
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
i,ooaooi,ooaoo
Table No. 52. — Relation of height to age.
ABSOLUTE NUMBERS— COLORED RECRUITS, 1916.
Age.
Height.
I*'
years
19
20
21
22
23
34
25
26
years
Total.
and
under.
years.
years.
years.
years.
years.
years.
years.
and
over.
5 feet 2 inches
1
1
3
63
101
145
164
\n
83
55
80
6
1
a
5 feet 3 inches
1
13
17
83
85
89
19
17
10
6
1
1
12
22
86
27
45
34
18
9
8
7
3
12
23
28
29
28
18
18
7
7
8
5
5 feet 4 inches
5feet5inches
5feet6inches
5feet 7inches
5feet8inches
5feet9inches
5 feet 10 inches
5 feet 11 inches
6feet
4
8
15
12
7
9
5
1
1
6
9
11
14
9
10
5
1
1
1
6
14
9
7
3
1
1
9
33
41
45
47
29
22
15
5
1
1
14
80
43
44
46
27
27
10
10
1
1
123
248
365
379
374
252
191
109
67
6feetl inch
18
6 feet 2 inches and
over. ..............
7
Total
62
66
42
248
354
188
213
162
906
2,140
PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS-COLORED RECRUITS, 1915.
5 feet 2 inches
3.94
LIO
8.31
58.50
0.03
5 feet 3 inches
5.32
63.83
4.72
56.60
74.07
2.34
6feet 4inches
64.52
90.91
23.81
36.29
55.12
57.48
5 feet 5 indies
129.03
136.36
142.86
133.06
118.11
90.42
103.77
135.80
in. 48
115.88
5 feet 6 indies
341.94
166.67
333.33
165.33
169.29
170.21
109.81
172.84
160.04
170.56
Sfeet 7 inches
193. 5S
212.12
214.29
181.46
173.24
186.17
127.35
179.01
181.02
177.10
5feet8inches
112.91
136.36
166.67
189.52
181. 10
207.45
212.36
173.84
161.15
174.77
5 fieet 9 inclMS
145. 16
151.52
71.43
116.94
106.30
101.05
113.20
80.34
130.24
117.76
6 fieet 10 indies
80.65
75.76
23.81
88.71
106.30
90.42
84.91
80.34
91.61
89.25
5 feet U Inches
16.13
15.15
23.81
60.49
39.37
53.19
42.45
48.31
60.70
50.94
Oteet
16.13
15.15
20.16
4.03
39.37
3.94
36.60
87.74
83.02
48.21
18.52
33.11
6.62
31.81
6feetlfaich
8.41
6 feet 2 inches and
over
4.03
3.94
5.83
14.16
1.10
8.37
Total
1, 000.00! 1-000. 00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1 000 00
-» - — --
678
REPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENBBAIi.
From a comparison of the above tables it will be noted that 52.00
per cent of the white recruits were 6 feet 8 inches or over, and 0.64 per
cent were imder the minimum height^ as compared with 49.44 and 1.25i
respectively, for the jear 1914.
For colored recrmts 47.57 were 5 feet 8 inches or over and 6.07
per cent were imder the minimum height as compared with 45.85 and
0.98 per cent last year.
The average height for recruits was 5 feet 7.62 inches, as compared
with 5 feet 7.56 inches for last year.
Tablb No. 5S.—Relat!um of weight to age.
ABSOLUTE NUMBERS— WHITE RECRUITS, 1915.
Age.
•
Wdgbt.
18
years
and
under.
19
years.
20
years.
21
years.
22
years.
23
years.
24
years.
25
years.
26
years
and
over.
ToUL
119 pounds and
12
238
354
339
272
227
174
99
56
31
22
7
7
171
231
263
252
156
107
80
41
25
18
8
7
8
8
73
128
130
144
107
05
61
49
24
15
9
7
4
18
298
607
706
844
815
648
494
325
229
127
84
33
47
15
178
328
443
477
529
469
347
252
166
93
55
41
47
13
102
171
310
293
269
217
152
95
70
35
17
85
16
107
216
264
323
349
345
Z
143
93
54
49
53
14
79
160
203
268
297
278
249
177
101
96
63
38
56
96
878
736
1,021
1,3U
1,234
1,287
1,145
894
763
529
415
29^
828
198
130 to 134 potmds
125 to 129 pounds —
180 to 134 pounds. .. .
135 to 139 pounds
140 to 144 pounds
145 to 149 pounds
150 to 154 pounds... .
156 to 159 pounds....
lOOto 164 pounds....
105 to 109 pounds....
170 to 174 pounds
175 to 179 pounds. . . .
1,094
2,M0
4,«l
4,007
8,«4S
2,998
2,168
1,578
1,068
710
486
180 pounds and over.
5
1.088
Total
1,836
1,375
824
5,275
3,440
2,039
2,464
2,068
10,930
80,871
PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS— WHITE RECRUITS, 1915.
119 and under
120 to 124 pounds. . . .
125 to 129 poimds. . . .
130 to 134 pounds. .. .
135 to 139 pounds... .
140 to 144 pounds. .. .
145 to 149 pounds....
150to 154 pounds....
155 to 159 pounds....
lOOto 164 pounds...,
165 to 169 pounds... .
170 to 174 pounds...,
175 to 179 pounds....
180 pounds and over.
Total.
6.54
129.63
192.80
184.64
148.15
123.64
94.77
53.92
30.50
16.88
11.98
3.81
2.72
5.O9I
124.36
168.00
191,27
183.28
113.46
77.82
58.181
29.82
18.911
13.09'
5.^
5.09'
5.1
^:
9.71
88.59
155.84
157. n
174.75
129.85
78.88
74.03
59.47
29.13
18.20
10.92
8.50
4.85
8.41
56.49
115.07
133.84
160.00
154.50
122.84
03.651
61.61
43.41
24.06
15.92
6.26
8.91
1,000. 0011,000.001,000. 00.1,000. 00
4.361
51.74
95.35
128.78
138.66
153.78
136.34
10a87
73.26
48.26
27.04
15.99
11.92
13.66
6.38
50.02
83.86
127.51
152.02
143.70
131.93
106.43
74.55
46.59
34.33
17.17
8.34
17.17
6.49
43.43
87.66
107.14
131.09
141.64
14a 02
99.84
83.60
58.04
87.74
21. «a
19.89
21.51
1, 000. 00|1, 000. OOJl, 000. 00|l, 000. 00 1, 000. 00
6.70
37.83
80.94
97.22
128.35
142.24
133.14
U9.251
84.76
48.37
45.97
80.17
1&»
26.82
8.
84.58
67.34
BS.42
119.95
112.90
117.75
104.76
81.80
69.81
48.40
87.97
26.90
75w76
6l54
53.05
97.11
119.88
138.78
132.87
120.31
97.06
71.10
51U
8Swtl
24.11
16l05
85.78
l,000i60
BEPOBT OF THB SUBGEON QENEBAIj.
Tablb No. M.^IUlatUm of weight to age.
ABSOLUTS NUMBER— COLORED RECRXnTS, 1015.
679
Aga,
W«4^t.
18
years
and
undar.
19
20
21
yaaft.
22
years.
23
years.
24
years.
25
yaaft.
36
years
and
over.
TotaL
U9 pounds and
undflT
.
3
17
43
71
10(^
185
108
136
68
^
31
29
57
3
120 to 124 pounds....
ISS to 129 pounds....
180 to 134 pounds....
136 to 130 pounds .
140 to 144 pounds
145 to 140 pounds....
150 to 154 pounds....
155 to 150 pounds....
160 to 104 pounds....
165 to 160 Dounds....
6
7
13
11
1
1
7
1
5
it
5
1
4
4
8
7
7
4
4
2
2
5
i
36
38
37
20
17
13
5
0
3
4
^
25
2
81
26
21
il
0
1
i
2
13
14
28
35
i
17
1
9
6
21
23
87
31
36
30
9
8
6
6
10
6
7
16
14
23
25
23
19
9
13
3
3
3
64
138
314
366
827
273
368
171
143
90
170 to 174 DOunds....
66
175 to 179 DOunds....
1
46
180 pounds and over.
78
Total
62
66
42
1
248
254
188
212
163
906
3,140
PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS-COLORED RECRUITS, 1915.
119 pounds and
under
2.21
18.76
0.08
120 to 134 pounds....
96.77
106.06
95.24
20.16
31.50
10.64
42.45
37.04
29.91
125 to 129 pounds....
113.91
196.97
05.24
92.74
86.61
60.15
28.30
43.21
47.46
64.49
130 to 134 pounds....
193.55
136.36
190.48
153.23
98.42
74.47
99.06
98.76
78.36
100.00
135 to 139 pounds....
177.42
136.36
166.67
145.16
126.98
122.34
106.49
86.42
110.37
119.16
140 to 144 pounds
103.55
75.76
166.67
153.23
177.17
186.17
174.53
141.97
137.97
152.80
145 to 140 pounds... .
80.65
90.91
95.24
149.20
122.06
138.30
146.28
154.32
119.20
127.67
150 to 154 pounds....
80.65
151.52
95.24
80.65
102.36
148.94
122.64
141.97
139.07
125.28
155 to 150 pounds....
32.26
75.76
47.62
68.55
82.68
90.42
04.34
117. 2»
75.05
79.91
160 to 164 pounds....
32.26
15.15
47.62
52.42
70.87
63.83
42.45
55.5^
80.24
12.35
18.52
12.35
04. W
66.82
165 to 169 pounds....
2a 16
86.29
12.10
16.13
47.24
35.43
3.94
15.75
31.91
42.55
15.96
5.32
37.74
28.30
28.30
47.17
57.30
34.22
32.01
62.91
44.86
170 to 174 DOunds....
80.37
175 to 179 DOunds... .
15.15
21.50
180 pounds and over.
36.46
Total
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
The average weight of aU recruits was 138.56; of the white troops
72.28 per cent were 135 pounds or over, and 0.65 per cent weighed
less than the minimum, 120 pounds, as compared with 57.74 and
1.60 for 1914.
Of the colored troops 70.46 per cent weighed 135 pounds or over,
while but .09 j^er cent weighed less than the minimum, 120 pounds,
as compared with 66.55 and 1.09 for 1914.
680
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENEBAIi.
Tablb No. 55. — Relation of chest measurement to age.
ABSOLUTE NUMBERS— WHITE RECRUITS, 1915.
Age.
Chest measurement.
18
years
and
imder.
19
years.
20
years.
21
years.
22
years.
23
24
years.
25
years.
20
years
and
over.
TotaL
30 inches and under.
31 inches
162
407
572
414
199
59
18
4
1
82
259
461
332
156
59
22
4
89
144
216
224
109
58
27
5
2
200
621
1,339
1,430
949
475
197
61
11
2
100
350
776
932
608
367
143
50
20
5
40
186
437
533
465
229
106
30
8
5
48
205
427
663
498
330
186
60
36
21
81
135
875
626
448
290
175
63
31
14
160
606
1,630
2,190
2,225
1,606
1,101
685
979
460
SSI
2,913
6,233
7,358
6.747
3,462
1.975
32 inches
33 inches
84 inches
85 inches
86 inches
87 inches....
861
38 Inches
478
39 inches and over...
607
Total
1,836
1,375
824
5,275
3,440
2,039
2,464
2,08a
10.930
»,m
PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS— WHITE RECRUITS, 1
1916.
80 inches and under.
81 inches
88.23 59.64^ 47.33' 87.91
221.68 188.36 174. 76« 117.72
311.55 335. 27i 262. 14| 253.84
225.49 241.46: 271.84' 271.00
29.07
101.74
S25.58
19.62
91.22
214.32
19.48
83.20
173.30
269.07
202.11
133.93
75.49
24.35
10.65
8.62
14^85
64.65
179.60
261.92
214.56
138.89
83.81
30.17
14.85
6.70
13.72
55.44
3&14
32 inches
148.22, 30&68
301.19 230. flO
83 inches
270. 93i
2A1.4Q
84 inches ,
106.39
32.14
9.80
2.18
.54
113.45
42.91
16.00
2.91
132.28 179.90
70.39 90. 0&
202.91 22a65
103.78, 112.31
41.57 51.99
17.15 14.71
5.81 3.92
1.45| 2.45
303.57
146.84
100.73
53.63
84.68
42.09
180185
85 inches
114.87
36 inches
82.77
6.07
2.43
37.34
9.67
2.09
.38
66.34
87 inches
38.44
38 inches
16.79
89 inches iM^d ovetr . .
lfi.76
Total
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00)
1,000.00
1,000.001.000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.001-000.01
r
Tablb No. 56. — Relation of chest measurement to age,
ABSOLUTE NUMBERS-COLORED RECRUITS, 1916.
Age.
Chest measurement.
18
years
and
under.
19
years.
years.
21
years.
22
years.
23
years.
24
years.
36
years.
36
years
and
ovar.
TotaL
80 inches and under.
81 inches
6
13
18
14
6
4
6
12
26
16
6
1
1
1
4
16
11
6
8
7
84
72
63
66
16
8
8
10
33
57
65
67
23
8
1
6
11
42
63
12
22
11
2
•
16
47
64
41
26
18
6
2
3
6
7
86
86
46
19
8
4
1
36
63
168
169
199
116
93
85
33
17
71
lit
22 inches
483
33 inches
471
34 inches
46t
85 Inches
388
86 inches
141
37 inches
1
n
88 inches
1
18
89 inches and over. . .
•
If
Total
62
66
42
348
254
188
213
163
906
%l^
PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS-COLORED RECRUITS, 1916.
80 Inches and under.
31 inches
96.77
209.68
290.32
225.81
96.77
64.52
75.76
181.82
393.94
242.42
76.76
16.15
15.16
23.81
95.24
380.95
261.90
142L86
71.43
28^23
187. 10
200.33
213.71
225.81
6a 49
32.26
12.10
39.37
129.92
224.40
365.91
234.40
90.65
31.60
3.94
36.60
68.51
223.40
281.90
223.40
117.02
68.61
ia64
38.80
76.47
231.70
364.73
193.40
122.64
61.33
23.68
9.43
9.43
80.80
43.21
38.70 83.18
MLM on ia
32 inches
332.3al ifls^ol nan
33 inches
333.22
38L06
117.38
49.88
3160
6l17
18168 23101
84 inches
219.66 21101
36 indies
12198 10164
86 inches
10L66 6189
87 inches
16.13
8168 28wa
88 inches
28.81
3l.3il 12.16
89 inches and o^v. . ^
117U 188
Total
l,000i00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
L 000. 001 000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
681
The chest measurements of 43.04 per cent of the white recruits was
34 inches and over, and 2.81 per cent were 30 inches and imder, as
compared with 40.94 and 8.82 for 1914.
The chest measurements for colored recruits show 21.73 per cent
were 34 inches and over, and 3.32 per cent were 30 inches and imder,
as compared with 39.30 and 8.02, respectively, for 1914.
Tablb No. 57. — Causes of rejection, by medical officers of the Army, of candidates exam'
inedfor enlistment, 1915,
Total.
White.
Colored.
Causes of rejection.
Num-
ber.
Ratio.
Native bom.
Foreign bom.
Total.
Num-
ber.
*
Num-
ber.
Ratio.
Num-
ber.
1
Ratio.
Num-
ber.
Ratio.
Ratio.
Venereal diseases
623
375
349
280
230
197
184
139
116
115
104
99
97
88
83
60
fiO
55
51
32
30
29
26
24
21
15
14
5
138
130.31
78.44
73.00
58.57
48.11
41.20
38.49
29.07
24.26
24.05
21.75
20.71
20.29
1&41
17.36
12.55
12.34
11.50
10.67
6.09
6.27
6.07
6.40
5.02
4.39
3.14
2.93
1.05
28.86
461
310
297
239
187
179
150
118
92
88
79
83
64
79
74
45
57
50
45
28
25
28
24
20
17
15
12
5
117
123.06
82.75
79.28
63.80
49.92
47.78
40.04
31.50
24.56
23.49
21.00
22.16
17.08
21.09
19.75
12.01
15.22
13.35
12.01
7.47
6.67
7.47
6.41
5.34
4.54
4.00
3.20
1.33
31.23
44
46
38
36
33
17
24
14
18
21
23
12
28
6
7
12
2
5
3
2
6
1
1
4
1
58.67
61.33
50.67
48l00
44.00
22.67
32.00
ia67
24.00
28.00
3a 67
16.00
37.33
8.00
9.33
16.00
2.67
6.67
4.00
2.67
6.67
1.33
1.33
5.33
1.33
505
356
335
275
220
196
174
132
110
109
102
95
92
85
81
57
50
55
48
30
30
29
25
24|
18
15
13
5
128
112.32
79.18
74.51
61.17
48.93
43.50
38.70
29.36
24.47
24.24
22.69
21.13
20.46
1&91
18.02
12.68
13.12
12.23
ia68|
6.67
6.67
6.45
5.56
5.34
4.00
3.34
2.89
1.11
2&47
118
19
14
1
i 5
10
1
10
7
6
6
2
4
5
3
2
3
414.04
Heart disease
66.67
Diseases of the ear, including
defects of hearine .*.
49.13
Diseases of the eye, including
defects of vision
17.54
Flat feet
35.00
Alcoholism
3.51
Diseases of the orgaas of loco-
motion, except spinal curva-
ture
35.09
TfT^rnJa. ,
24.56
Diseases of the skin
21.05
Ui;der weight
21.05
Diseases of tht. respiratory
system.
7.02
Ddfective teeth
14.04
Weakness of mind
17.54
Defects of development
Diseases of the genito-urinary
system, nonvenereal
Varioose veins
ia53
7.02
ia53
Diseases of the nervous system,
exoept as shown in detail. . . .
Oeneral diseases, except as
iihown In detail r
Tuberculosis
3
2
10.53
Varicocele
7.02
Qiest development insufficient
Diseases of the digestive sys-
tem, exoept as shown in ae-
taU.......
Physical debility
1
3.51
Curvature of the spine
Over weight and obesity
3
ia53
Under height
1
1.83
1
3.51
Diseases of the circulatory
BVBtem, except as shown in
Ii^juries
11
14.67
10
35.09
Rejected for causes phys-
Iceland mental
Rejected for causes not physical
3,638
1,143
76a 93
239.07
2,988
758
797.65
202.35
415
335
553.33
446.67
3,403
l,093j
756.90
243.10
235
50
824.56
176.44
Total rejected
4.781
1,000.00
8,746
1,000.00
750
i,ooaoo
4,496j
1,000.00
285
1,000.00
Venereal diseases caused the greatest number of rejections this
year, as in 1914, 1912, and 1911. It occupied only third place in
1913. This cause of rejection for whites gave a rate of 136.31 per
1,000, and for colored, 414.04, as compared with 107.92 and 353,25,
respectively, in 1914.
I
682
BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEON QENEBAU
Tablb No. 5S.^Prineipal oeeupaHans of recruUi, Jlnt enUrtnuntj 191S.
Oocupfttloou
Laborers
Fanners
Clerks
Drivers
Ifachlnists
Carpenters
MfakBrs
Chauffeurs
Cooks
Electricians....
Painters
Firemen..
Plumbers
Mechanics
Musicians
oalesmen ....«•
Printers
Barbers
Tailors
Waiters
Bakers
Metalworkers..
Engineers
Telegraphers...
Railroaa hands.
Blacksmiths...
flaUors
Shoemakers....
Butchers
Porters
Btudents
Wearers
Millworkers . . .
Linemen.......
Masons
Tinners
Molders
Drumists
inbermt
Number in each case.
Total.
en.
Luml
Nurses
Boilermakers
Jewelers
Civil engineers and sur-
veyors
Stenographers
Motormen
Teachers
Draftsmen
Leather workers ,
Paper workers
5,865
2,548
913
575
431
380
383
309
360
352
349
253
242
236
234
233
213
209
207
188
177
170
146
145
144
136
132
117
96
92
86
77
74
71
68
64
64
63
56
50
42
42
37
37
36
34
31
28
White.
5,294
2,471
1,280
871
567
417
372
353
817
356
849
389
251
240
224
234
231
202
193
166
185
177
168
146
138
138
124
126
117
35
91
86
77
74
67
67
61
63
59
56
49
42
42
37
37
35
34
31
28
Col-
ored.
571
77
5
42
8
14
17
80
52
4
8
10
2
2
12
Occupation.
2
11
16
41
3
7
6
12
6
61
1
Plasterers
Agents
ofass workers...
Cement workers.
Inspectors.
Packers...
Photographers
Coopers
Dairvmen
Conductors
Florists
Moving-picture operators
Tobacco workers
Merchants
Laundrymen
Foremen
Oilers
Gardeners
, Upholsterers
Broom makers
I Hatters
1 Roofiers
' Bridge workers
' Confectioners
\ Actors
Box makers
I Designers
1 Watchmen
Core makers
I Rubber workers
* Fishermen
TTndertakers
I Knitters
Dentists
Lawyers
Cranemen
Wheelwrights
Chemists
Bartenders
Locksmiths
Furriers
Aviators ;
Lithographers
Button makers
Dyers
Kmbn^derers
Miscellaneous
Number In etdi
TotaL
Total.
37
26
25
32
31
19
18
18
18
17
17
17
16
16
15
15
15
14
13
13
12
12
12
11
11
11
10
10
9
8
8
8
6
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
1
115
White.
Ooi-
18,803
33
96
35
21
30
19
17
18
18
17
17
17
16
16
15
15
15
14
IS
U
13
13
12
11
10
U
10
10
9
8
7
7
6
6
6'
5
5
5
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
1
110
1
1
t
1
17,756
1,047
PHILIPPINE SCOUTS.
The proportion of Filipinos accepted to all of those examined by
medical officers in the year 1916 was 80.46 per cent, as compared
with 90.88 in 1914. The total nimiber examined was 1,090 in 1915,
and 3,521 in 1914.
Tabls No. bd.^ExandnatUm ofPkiKpffine appliearUifar enKttmmUf fftar 191S.
Bianilpid by nudlcal ofllogi
Aooeptad hy medleal ofllevt.
By flrn enlistmnt
Other enlktiiMuti.
SaleeCad bT nwd*fal offlosn*.
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
683
Tablb No. eo.— Philippine reeruUi (accepted).
18 years and onder.
19 years
90 years
71 years
Syears
13 years
94 years
95 years
96 years
97 years
98 years
90 years
80 years
Nomber.
Ratio.
31
33.06
5
5.70
11
13.54
140
150.84
00
78.88
48
54.73
03
104.00
68
80.44
38
31.08
57
85.00
87
78.40
47
53.50
43
40.08
Ratio.
81 years
82 years
33 years
84 years
85 years
88 years
87 years
38 years
80 years
40 years and over
Total
Tablb No. 61. — Philippine recruiti—Rdaiion of height to age,
ABSOLUTE NXJMBBR8, 1015.
Age.
Height.
18
years
and
under.
10
years.
years.
31
years.
32
years.
33
years.
24
years.
35
years.
38
years
and
over.
Total.
4 feet 11 inchee and
under
3
10
18
30
33
18
33
7
5
3
3
i
11
13
5
^
7
3
1
1
3
1
3
4
8
7
0
3
7
4
1
1
1
15
10
17
11
8
5
3
3
1
1
1
1
8
10
0
7
13
4
3
1
1
3
17
38
51
84
03
50
48
35
31
7
3
4
f
3(^et
3
1
3
5
4
3
1
1
88
Sfeetlhich
i
3
1
i
4
3
1
3
1
1
70
SfeetSinchee
8 feet 3 inches
5feet4inches
SfeetSinches
5feet81nches
8 feet 7 inches
SfeetSinches
138
183
183
113
00
53
82
8 feet 0 inches
14
8 feet 10 inches
1
7
h feet 11 inches and
over... ........... .
1
8
Total....
31
5
11
140
80
48
03
53
438
877
PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS. 1015.
4 feet 11 inches and
onder
8feet
8feetlinch
8 feet 3 inchee
8feet3incliee
8feet4inches
8feet5inches
8feet8inohos
8f8et7inches
8ltet8inches
8feetOinches
8ltet 10 inches
8 feet 11 inchee and
over...
Total.
142L88
47.831
142L86
33&10
10a48
0&34
47.82
47.63
47.83
1,000.00
3oaoo
4oaoo
3oaoo
3oaoo
383.84
181.821
oaoi
18L83I
oaoi
oaoi
i,ooaooi,ooo.oo
3L43
7t43
138L57
314.30
157.14
114.301
184.30
6a 00
35.71
31.43
14.39
7.14
14.40
11&04
173.01
150.43
173.01
73^47
88.08
10L45
43.48
14.40
14.40
38L00
i,ooo.ooi,ooaoo
30183
4L87
83.33
188187
145.83
187.60
82.50
14&88
83.33
3a 83
3a 83
3a 83
i.ooaoo
3L74
3L74
88.08
183.04
308.53
184.78
119.57
8a08
54.35
3L74
3L74
ia87
1&87
1&87
1&87
68180
188L88
180.81
133.08
94&38
7&47
87.74
1&87I
1&87
1,00a O0|l,00a 00
4.87
88 81
6a 38;
lia44
19L80
313.33
134.701
106.03
57.08
47.05
15.08
a85
ai3
ia38
4L05
7a 83
14a 35
184. n
i84.n
127.71
108.83
6a 30
38140
15.08
7.96
ai9
1,00a 00 1,00a 00
Of all recruits accepted. 45.61 per cent were below the minimmn
standard for American soldiers, 5 feet 4 inches, while only 6.95 per
cent were above the average height of American recruits, 5 feet
7 inches.
684
BEPOKT OF THE SURGEON GENEBAU
Table No. 62. — PhiHppine rearuUt — Rtlation of weight to age,
ABSOLUTE NUMBERS, 1915.
Weight.
Wpoaedsand ODder
100 to lOi pounds —
lOStolOOpoonds
110 to 114 pounds ... .
115 to 110 pounds....
130to 124 pounds ... .
12S to 129 pounds .. .
130 to 134 pounds .. .
136 to 139 pounds...
140 to 144 pounds...
145 to 1 49 pounds...
160 to 154 pounds...
16d to 159 pounds .. .
160 pounds and over
Ag».
18
years
and
nndw.
19
years.
1
3
ft
4
3
1:
30 ' 31
years, years.
li
2.
2
1
4
2
2
1
4
34
32
16
i
z
i:
i!
I
22 23
years. ' years.
34
years.
7i
T
21
10
7
10
4
1
2
1
3
9
12
10
3
5'
II
1
^
9
12
21
1^
13
11
6
1
1
35
years.
36
years
and
over.
ToteL
Total.
21
11
140
69
4&
92^
29
4S
<VS
83
63
54
36
24
13
4
3
3
4
!•
8t
115
150
15S
110
98
»
34
23
6
e
3
4
63
43S
877
PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS. 1915.
99pounds and under
lOOto 104 pounds
106 to 109 pounds
UOto 114 pounds ... .
1 16 to UOpounds . .% J
130 to 134 pounds .... I
125 to 139 pounds
ISOto 134 pounds I
135 to 139 pounds.... I
140 to 144 pounds....
145 to 149 pounds....'
UOto 154 pounds....
155 to 159 pounds
lOOpounds and over . I
47.62.
142. 86i.
285.721.
190.48,
142. »
47.62
I
isi.'o
90.91
400.00 363.64
300.00 181.82
'96.'9i
400.00
95.24
47.62.
90.91
28.57
193.86
300.00
171.43
157.14,
114.29
71.43
35.71
14.29
7.14
7.14
101.45
101.45
304.35
144.93
101.45
144.93
67.97,
14.49
38.99
30.831.
63.50;
187. 60l
350.001
208.33;
63.601
104.17
30.83^
30.83
4L67^
39.83
97.83
130.44
328.26^
306.62
130.44
119.67
65.22
10.87
10.87
18.87
113.21
76.47
113.21
160.94
113.21
132.08
113.21
56.60
56.60
18.87
37.74
I
20.55
66.21:
109.59,
14S.40
189.51;
143.84
133.29
82.19
54.80
29. 6S
9.13
6.85
6.85;
9.13
18.34
98. OB
131. U
181.30
180.16
125.43
111.74
68.43
38.77
.25.09
6.84
6.84
3.43
4.56
Total 1,0001 00 l.OOOi 00 1,000. 001,0001 00 1, 000. 00 1,000. 001,000. 00,1,000. 00 1,000. 00 1,0001 00
! \ \ I ! I ! !
The weight of 60.89 oer cent of all recruits is less than 120 pounds,
the minimum standard for American recruits. Only 4.67 per cent
were of the avarage weight or over for American recruits.
Tablb No. 63. — Philippine recruite — Relalion ofdkeet mmamement to age,
ABSOLUTE NUMBERS. 1915.
Age.
Chast measurement.
18
and
under.
19
years.
30
years.
31
yean.
33
years.
33
years.
34
yeoff.
35
years.
36
years
and
orec.
TotoL
37 Infhea
1
3
11
38
41
35
17
1
3
i
3
1
*3
S
38indl«
15
28
8
,5
J
3
3
1ft
SS
06
U7
87
34
12
U
0
SOinchet....
5
5
1
1
m
aOlnchea
8^ 5
19 18
IM
fUnfliM.,
5. 4 5
4 l! 3
39i
S3 inohee . . . x > ^ . . . . .
24, 6. 37
233
33 Inches
3
3
10
3
1
9
5
1
1
12
4
I
la
14 InftHW . ,
»
35lnftHW r
30
36 inotuM and orer...
n
1
Total
21
6
U
140
60
48
tl
1
4SI
MH
BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEON QBNEBAL.
685
Table No. 63. — Philippine recruits — Relation of cheet measurement to age — GontinuecL
PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS, 1915.
Age.
Ch63t measaromcxit.
18
yeors
and
under.
19
years.
20
years.
21
years.
22
years.
23
years.
24
years.
26
years.
26
years
and
over.
Total.
27 inchos
7.14
21.43
78.57
200.00
* '1*4.49
43.48
115.94
275.36
347.83
144.93
43.48
14.49
20.83
*4i.*67
104.17
375.00
125.00
187.50
104.17
20.83
20.83
2.28
28 inches
........J........
10.87
43.48
163.04
304.35
283.48
130.44
43.48
10.87
i8.8T
94.34
150.94
132.08
320.75
76.47
100.81
37.74
6.85
41.10
132.42
223.74
267.13
198.63
77.63
27.40
25.11
10.26
29inch6S
238.10
238.10
238.10
113.48
95.24
" 866. 00
200.00
66.91
90.91
55.87
30 inches
145.96
31 inches
32 inches
454.55; 292.86
181.82 250.00
256.56
265.68
33 inches
181.82
121.43
7.14
21.43
163.06
34 inches
63.86
35 Inches
22.81
34 Inches and o'ver . . .
13.68
********i'""*'^"''
Total
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.001,000.001,000.001.000.001,000.08
1,600.00
The TninJTnum standard chest measurement for American recruits
is 32 inches at expiration. Forty-seven and nine himdredths of 1
per cent of all Phuippine recruits have a chest measurement below
the standard.
Table No. 64 gives the cause of rejection among 1,090 Filipino
applicants for emistment, examined by medical of^rs during the
year.
Tablb No. 64. — Causes 0/ rejection of Philippine applicants for enlistment, 1915,
Total.
Causes of njectkm.
Total.
Causes of rejection.
Number.
Ratio
per 1,000
rejected
fbraU
causes.
Number.
Ratio
per 1.000
reacted
IbraU
causes.
Heert diiwwWr.T
41
22
19
17
15
11
9
8
7
4
4
4
200.18
112.25
96.94
86.74
76L54
66ulO
45.92
4a 82
35.72
20.41
2a 41
2a 41
Hernia
3
8
S
S
s
1
1
2
1&31
Underwel^t
Underfaeigfat
1&31
Diseases <Mtbe eye, including
defects of vision
Diseases of the digestive sys-
te'Qi
laso
Tab«x!ulosis
Chert development lnaa^
flciont
Oenito-urinary system, non-
■•wiereal ... u ^^
laso
Flat feet
ia2o
Qcneral diseases except as
mentioned in detail
Varicose veins. ...............
&10
Defects of development ex-
cept as shown in detail ..... .
Injuries
Defective teeth
&10
Diseases of the ear including
ia2o
Rejected for causes physical
and mental
Diseases of the respiratory
system
177
19
903.06
Venerea] diseases
Rejected for causes not phys-
ical
Diseases of the skin. . . . .n
96i94
Diseases of the organs of loco-
motion
Total rejected
196
1,00a 00
Heart disease caused 20.92 per cent of aU rejections by medical
oflBcers; diseases of the eye, including defects of vision, 9.69 per cent;
tuberculosis, 8.67 per cent, genito-urinary system, nonvenerea),
7.65 per cent, and general aiseases, dxcept as mentioned in detail,
5.61 per cent. Venereal disease, which last year caused 6.67 per cent
of all rejections, in 1915 caused 2.04. Twenty-two applicants were
Injected because of underweight, a total of 11.22 per cent of aU
686
BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEON GENEBAU
rejections, while but 2, or 1.02 per cent, were found to have insof*
ficient chest development.
POETO BIOAN TROOPS.
Ninety and three one-hundredths per cent of the recruits examined
by medical officers, for the Porto Rican Regiment, were accepted,
as compared with 91.44 per cent in 1914. Two himdred and seventy-
one appUcants were examined, and 244 accepted, of which number
only 47 were first enlistments. Of the causes of rejection, 37.03
per cent were for imderweight; 14.81 for venereal diseases, 7.47 for
underheight, and 3.70 for insufficient chest development.
In hei^t 51.64 per cent were 66 inches or under and only 6.56 per
cent attained the neight of 69 inches. Sixty-eight and eighty-nve
one hundredths were under the average height oi American recruits;
38.52 per cent weighed less than 130 poimds, and 31, or 13.92 per cent,
weighed over 150 pounds. Seventy-one and thirty-one one him-
dredths per cent had a chest measurement of 33 inches or under, and
10.06 had a chest measurement of 35 inches and over, as compared
with 13.45 per cent last year.
Applicants.
Bzamined by medical offlcen.
Accepted by medical officers..
Bv first «^nlistraent...
Other enlistments
Rejected by medical offlcen..
Declined
Ratio
per 1,000
ined.
i,ooaoi
0O0L37
173. a
TaOLM
oa«
Table No. 65. — Causes of rejection of applicants for enlistmeni^ Porto Rican regiment^
1915.
Causes of rejection.
Underweight
Venereal diseases .
Diseases of the eye
Defective teeth...
UnderheigLt
Varicose veins....
Beart disease
Tuberculosis
TotaL
Ratio
Number.
per 1,000
rejected
fbraU
causes.
10
87a 37
4
14a 15
3
74.07
3
74.07
3
74.07
1
37.04
1
37.04
1
87.04
TotaL
Causes of reJeotioD.
Number.
Ratio
per 1,000
rejected
foraU
causes.
Hernia
1
1
1
1
87.01
Chest development tnsof-
fldent
37.01
Defects of development^other.
Flat feet
37.04
37.01
Total rejected for phys-
ical disability
37
i,ooao
FnrAVCIAL STATEKEITT, 1916.>
Medical and Hogpitdl Department, 1916.
Appropriated by act approved Mar. 4, 1915 $750,00a00
Appropriated by act approved Mar. 31, 1916 37,500.00
Refundments during the year 280.33
Total to be accounted for 787,780.33
DiabinnBed during the year:
Expenses of medical supply depots $836.87
Medical and hospital supplies 429,836.17
Medical attendance ana medidjies (except at recruit-
ing stations) 10,880.57
Medical expenses of recruiting (including medical at-
tendance and medicines at recruiting stations) 4, 719. 81
Pay of employees 148,850.73
Hospital laundry 45,038.53
Expressage 476.36
Cmb and electricity for laboratory apparatus 3, 101. 51
Customs duties and internal revenue taxes on medical
supplies 5,042.26
Miscellaneous 86.64
648, 869. 45
Balances on hand June 30, 1916:
In United States Treasury 68,779.47
In transit from disbursing oflScers to the Treasury 1, 748. 09
In handa of disbursing officers 68, 383. 32
138, 910. 88
Total accounted for 787,780.33
Medical and Hospital Department , 1916,
Balances on hand July 1, 1915, act Apr. 27, 1914 -- 131,500.02
Refundments during the year 5. 03
Total to be accounted for 131,505.05
DlBbursed during the year:
Expenses of medical supply depots $246.74
Medical and hospital supplies Ill, 965. 29
Medical attendance ana medicines (except at recruit-
ing stations) 2,564.72
Medical expenses of recruiting (including medical at-
tendance and medicines at recruiting stations) 508. 30
Pay of employees 2,572.82
Hospital laundry '. 6,189.43
Expressage 9 . 33
Gas and electricity for laboratory apparatus 400. 32
Miscellaneous 17.27
124, 474. 22
Treasury transfers to "Medical and Hospital Department, 1916,'' to
correct erroneous payments therefrom 265. 43
BiOance on hand June 30, 1916, in United States Treasury 6,765.40
Total accounted for 131,505.05
> TA dJsboraemeats in this 8tatem«nt indade settlements with pablio erediton made by the aocoont*
Incoffloen of the Treesmy and oharged to these appropriations.
687
688 REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL^
Medical arid Hospital Department, 1914>
Balance on hand July 1, 1915, acts Mar. 2, 1913, and May 25, 1914 |6, 276. 86
Disbursed during the year:
Medical and hospital supplies $23. 78
Medical attendance ana medicines (except at recruiting
stations) 21.00
Medical expenses of recruiting 8.00
52.78
Carried to surplus fund 6,224.06
Medical and Hospital Department, certified claims.
Appropriated by act approved Feb. 28, 1916 13.60
Disbursed during the year 13. 60
Medical and Hospital Department, expired appropriations.
Refundment during the year 47. 90
Carried to surplus fund 47.90
Replacing medical supplies, 1916-17,
[Act June 12, 1906, 34 Stats., 256.]
Amounts accruing to this fund during the year:
On account of supplies transferred to other branches of the Gov-
ernment 71,309.89
On account of supplies sold 32, 296. 88
On account of collections for medical supplies lost or destroyed 526. 50
Treasury transfer from "Replacing medical supplies, 1915-16," to
correct erroneous deposit 18. 62
Total to be accounted for 104,15L98
Disbursed during the year for medical and hospital supplies 6, 732. 93
Treasury settlement to reimburse officer for erroneous (duplicate)
deposit 12.75
Balances on hand June 30, 1916:
In United States Treasury $79,139.23
In hands of disbursing officer 18»267.07
97,406,30
Total accounted for 104,15L96
Replacing medical supplies, 1915-16,
Balance on hand July Ij 1915 121,618.67
Amounts accruing to this fund during the year:
On account m supplies transferred to other branches of
the Government $14,324.49
On account of supplies sold 2,662.93
On account of collections for medical supplies lost or
destroyed 336^13
" 17.823.56
Total to be accounted for 138,942.22
Disbursed during the year for medical and hospital supplies 39, 499. 62
Treasury transfer to "Replacing medical supplies, 1916-17/' to correct
erroneous deposit 18^ 62
Treasury settlement to reimburse officer for erroneous (duplicate)
deposit 10.25
Balances on hand June 30, 1916:
In United Stotes Tr^suiy $48,913.35
In hands of di^ursing omcer 50,500.38
99.413.71
Total accounted for 138.942 22
EEPORT OF THE SUBGEON GENEBAU 689
Replacing medical supplies^ 1914-15,
Balance on hand July 1, 1915.... $11,947.31
Amount accruing to this fund during the year on account of collections
for medical supplies lost or destroyed 15. 70
Total to be accounted for 11, 963. 01
Disbursed during the year for medical and hospital supplies 3, S20. 00
Balances on hand June 30, 1916:
In United States Treasury $30.93
In hands of dbburaing o£Scer 8, 112.08
8, 143. 01
Total accounted for 11, 963. 01
Replacing tned'cal supplies^ I9hi-U.
Balance on hand July 1,1915 |219. 52
Carried to surplus fund 219.52
Hospital care, Canal Zone garrisova. 1916.
Appropriated by act approved Mar. 4, 1915 45, 000. 00
Disb ursed during the year 27, 709. 18
Balances on hand Jime 30, 1916:
In United States Treasury ^6,13:1. 65
In hands of disbursing officer 1, 157. 17
17, 290. 82
Hospital care, Canal Zone garrisons, 1915.
Balance on hand July 1, 1915, act Mar. 4, 1915 45, 000. 00
Disbursed during the year 31, 162. 32
Balance on hand June 30, 1916, in United States Treasury 13, 837. 68
Library, Surgeon GeneraVs Office, 1916.
Appropriated by act approved Mar. 4, 1915 10, 000. 00
Disbursed during the year 2, 226. 35
Balances on hand June 30, 1916:
In United States Treasury $-1,992.24
In hands of disbursing officer 2, 781.41
7, 773. 65
Library, Surgeon GeneraVs Office, 1915.
Balance on hand July 1, 1915, act Apr. 27, 1914 6,270.08
Disbursed during the year 3, S54. 55
Balances on hand Jime 30, 1916:
In United States Treasury $948.75
In hands of disbursing oflScer 1, 4C6. 78
2, 415. 53
Library, Surgeon GeneraVs Office, 191 4 *
Balance on hand July 1, 1915, act Mar. 2, 1913 108.35
Disbursed during the year 52. 29
Carried to siurplusfund 66.06
69176°— WAB 1916— VOL 1 H
690 BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEON GENEBAU
Army Medical Museum^ 1916.
Appropriated by act approved Mar. 4, 1915 |5,OOOl00
DisDUTBed during the year 2,776.10
Balances on hand June 30, 1916:
In United States Treamiry $1,500.00
In hands of disbursing officer - 723.90
2,223.90
Army Medical Museum^ 1916,
Balanceon hand July 1, 1915, act Apr. 27, 1914 3,224.50
Disbursed during the year 763L 82
Balances on hand June 30, 1916:
In United States Treasury $1,918.56
In hands of disbursing officer 542. 21
2,46a77
Army Medical Museum^ 1914*
Balance on hand July 1, 1915, act Mar. 2, 1913 1,565.81
Oarried to surplus fund 1,565.81
Artificial limbs ^ 1916.
Appropriated by act approved Mar. 3, 1915 95,000.00
Disbursed during the year 79, 674. 74
Balances on hand June 30, 1916:
In United States Treasury $11,817.26
In hands of disbursing officer 3,508.00
16,326.26
Artificial limbs, 1915,
Balance on hand July 1, 1915, act Aug. 1, 1914 47,363.66
Disbursed during the year 1, 677. 23
Balance on hand June 30, 1916, in United States Treasury 45,686.42
Artificial limbs, 1914*
Balance on hand July 1, 1915, act June 23, 1913 11,046.70
Oarried to surplus fund 11,046.70
Trusses for disabled soldiers, 1916,
Appropriated by act approved Mar. 3, 1915 8,000.00
Disbursed during the year 1,440.96
Balances on hand June 30, 1916:
In United States Treasury $1,400.00
In hands of disbursing omcer ^ 159. 04
1, 559. 04
Trusses for disabled soldiers, 1915.
Balanceon hand July 1, 1915, act Aug. 1, 1914 1,886.42
Disbursed during the year 177. 75
Balance on hand June 30, 1916, in United States Treasury 1,708.67
Trusses for disabled soldiers, 1914,
Balance on hand July 1, 1915, act June 23, 1913 1,997.58
Oarried to surplus fund 1,997.58
BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEON QENEBAL. 691
Applianee$for disabled soldier$t 1916,
Appropriated by act approved Mar. 3, 1915 $1,500.00
DisDuned during the year 802. 24
Balances on hand June 30, 1916:
In United States Treasury $500.00
In hands of disbursing officer 197. 76
697.76
Appliances for disabled soldiers, 1915,
Balanceon hand July 1, 1915, act Aug. 1, 1914 797.11
Disbursed during the year 106. 26
Balance on hand June 30, 1916, in United States Treasury 690. 85
Appliances for disabled soldiers, 1914*
Balance on hand July 1, 1915, act June 23, 1913 1,090.01
Garried to surplus fund 1, 090. 01
General summary of all appropriations.
Balances on hand July 1, 1915 391,912.68
Appropriated 947, 013. 60
Accrued to replacing funds, act June 12, 1906 (34 State., 256) 121, 472. 61
Refundments during the year 67. 83
Transfers between appropriations debits 284.05
Total to be accounted for 1, 460, 750. 77
Disbursed during the year 975, 886. 39
Transfers between appropriations, credits 284. 05
Treasury settlement on account of duplicate deposit 23. 00
Carried to surplus fund 22,247.66
Balances on hand June 30, 1916 462,309.67
Total accounted for 1,460,750.77
VITAL STATISTICS.
The following tables show in detail most of the statistical data
upon which the statements in this report are based:
66. Surgical operations periormed on American troo^.
67. Numerical view of the effect of disease and injury on United States troope
flerving at home and abroad in the year 1915, compared with the corresponding data
for the year 1914, by races.
68. Admissions to sick report, dischar^ and deaths in the Axmy, with ratios per
1,000 of mean strength, in which all available data for the decade ending December
81, 1914, are placed in comparison with the year 1915.
68^. Admissions to sick report, discharges, deaths, and noneffectiveness, with
ratios per 1,000 of mean strength, for the Army; separately for officers, total enlisted
(incluoing American, Porto Kican, and Philippine troops), and grand total, year
1915.
69. Admissions to sick report, dischargee, deaths, and noneffectiveness, with
ratios per 1,000 of mean strength, for the Army; officers, total enlisted American
troope, and grand total^ vear 1915.
70. Admissions to sick report, dischargee, deaths, and nonefPectivenees, with
ratios per 1,000 of mean strength, for the Army, American troops, total enlisted, and
separately for white and colored.
70^. Admissions to sick report, dischargee, deaths, and nonefPectivenees, with
ratios per 1,000 of mean strength, for the United States, continental (excluding Alaska),
separately for officers and enlisted men, and the grand total.
692
REPOBT OP THE SURGEON GENEBAL.
71. AdmissioDa to sick report, discharges, deaths, and noneffectivenesB, with
ratios per 1,000 of mean strenc;th, for the year 1915, United States, continental (ex-
cluding Alaska), total enlisted, white and colored; and separately for the white and
colored troops (enlisted) serving therein.
71). Admissions to sick report, discharges, deaths, and noneffectivenesB, with
ratios per 1,000 of mean strength, for the officers separately; total enlisted^ including
Philippine ScouU; and total officers and enlisted men, including Philippine Scouta,
serving in the Philippine Islands, for the year 1915.
72. Admissions to sick report, discharges, deaths, and noneffectiveneas, with
ratios per 1,000 of mean strength, for totm American troops, enlisted men, white
and colored; and separately for white and colored American enlisted men serving
in the Philippine Islands, year 1915.
73. Admissions to sick report, dischaiges, deaths, and noneffectivenesB, with
ratios per 1,000 of mean strength, for American troops serving in Alaska, Panama
Canal 2ione, and China, officers and enlisted men, for the year 1915.
74. Admissions to sick report, discharges, deaths, and noneffectiveness, with
ratios per 1,000 of mean strength, for American troops serving in Hawaii, 1915, aepar*
ately for officers, enlisted men, white, colored, and total.
75. Admissions to sick report, dischaiges, deaths, ai\d noneffectiveness, with ration
per 1,000 of mean strength, for American troops serving on Arinv transports, officers,
and native troops serving in Porto Rico, and for the Philippine Scouts, for year 1915.
76. Admisdonsto sick report, discharges, deaths, and noneffectiveness exprcaocd
in ratios per 1,000 of mean strength, for American troops (enlisted men) serving on
duty at home stations placed in comparison with the same data for those serving at
distant stations, year 1915.
77. f Foreign table not used this year. J
78. (Foreign table not used this year.)
79. showing the most important diseases, by departments, in the United States
(continental, excluding Alaska), officers and enlisted men, year 1915.
80. Comparative figures. Army, enlisted American troops, 1911-1915.
81. Admissions and cases compared, 1904-1911, inclusive.
Table No. 66. — Surpical operations performed btf officere of the Medical Corpe on
officeri anaenlieUd men of tne Army during the calendar year 1916,
Disease or injury.
•
en
CO
2
1
2
1
3
2
3
1
1
Result.
Anesthetic.
Operation.
.
a
S
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
Partially suc-
cessful.
•
£
1
i
•
s
1
o
•
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
Chloroform
and ether.
-c ei
O
1
•J
2;
EYE.
fdifinoAfna.
Phthisis bulbl
—
...
Uvoilb
Rupture of sclera
Eoudeat Ion. ...... ......
l.acerated wound of eve. . .
Penetrating wound of eye.
Foreign body In eye (bul-
let).
Gimshot wound of head,
Involving eye.
Laceration of jrlobe
• • • •
• • •
....
• « « •
1
1
1
• • • ■
• • •
• « •
• • « •
*•• •
1
1
Suturlne of elobe
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
3
.....
1
1
S
s
Suturine
■ '1
Wound of sclera
Extraction
1 )|cataract, traumatic
. _ 1 Cataract
• • ■ •
1
Combined extraction.. .
Extraction
Iridectomy
Cataract with adherent
iris.
A nterior synedila
....
1
1
2
Keratotomy ---
Totl's cperatlon
1
2
I
1
Dacryocystitis
1
I>acryocystotomy
Resection external rec-
tus
StrabiamtM
1
1
Tenotomy Internal rec-
tus
ExDresskm
Trachoma
* • « •
• • • •
Paracentesis
Ulcer of cornea
1
« • • •
1
• ••
ReraovU of granulativeareal
Granulating area, cornea . .
• • •
• ••
• •••
**"( i'
• •• • m
• ••
BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
693
Tablb No. 6Q,— Surgical operatiom performed by officert of the Medical Corp$ on
officers and enlisted men of the Army during the calendar year 79/5— Continued.
Operation.
Disease or injury.
If cFarland's ofieratlon . 1
McReynoIds operation . 26
Knapp's operal Ion 1
Transplantation 5
Excision r»
Excision and suture 12
Adhesions incised 1
Resection 1
Strangulation 1
Cauterization 1
Incision and drainage. . . 4
Incision and curetmen t . B
Excision 2
External excision 1
Scar tissue remmed, wound
sutured.
Caothotomy
Incision and removal of
hair.
Excision of sac
Extraction
Extraction piece of lead
Mastoidotumy 8
Partial Schwartz opera-
tion 1
Radical operation 2
Radical operation
Curctment
Incision of tympanum . . 8
Stacke-Schwartz opera-
tion 1
Paracentesis 39
Incision and drainage
Removal with snare
Kilian's operation 4
Turbinectomy 10
Trephining and curct-
ment 1
Puncture and drainage,
Canfield-Lee 2
Puncture and drainage,
Canfleld-Ballioger.... 3
Exploratory puncture.. 1
Aspiration and drainage I
Puncture and drainage. 1
Drainage through
socket , first upper mo-
lar 1
Turbinectomy 5
Radical antrum opera-
tion 1
Exploratory puncture.. 2
Turbinectomy, perforation
antrum Highmore.
Turbinectomy with exen-
teration ethmoid cells
Exenteration sphenoid
sinus.
Septum straightened ... 5
Submucous resection.. 221
Turbinectomy 1
Resection of ^ur 2
Resection of septum 0
Uelhicture ana resetting
Pterygium .
Chalazion
Ptosis.
Contraction external can-
thus.
Dermoid cyst external
canthus.
Sebaceous cvst of lid . . .
(Foreign body in iris
Foreign body In sclera..
Fweign body in cornea.
Gunshot wound cornea.
KAR.
Mti.Htniditis
Mustoid abscess
Sinus following mastoid
operation.
-till*. me«JiH.
<Ultis externa.
Polyp
NOSE.
> Frontal sinusitis.
Maxillary sinusitis.
Maxillnry empyema.
Sinusitis, chronic, ethmoid
Ethmoid itis, suppurative.
Empyema sphenoid sinus.
[Deviation and deflection
of septum.
Nasal devlatkm due to
fracture.
&5
13
5
1
1
16
1
11
1
2
48
2
1
15
8
9
1
2
1
235
Result.
a
en
a
CO
6
s
•as
C9
54
13
16
1
11
48
2
1
15
8
9
1
2
1
235
Anesthetic.
I
o
2
9
9
1
1
6
6
o &
2
u er.
54
11
5
1
1
1.5
1
35
9
1
I
22J
1
• *-
I
7
2
694
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENEBAK
Tablb No. QQ,— Surgical operations performed by officers of ike Medical Cotm em
officere and enlisted men of the Army during the calendar year iPi5— -Oontinuea.
Operation.
Torbijiectomy.
Resection and redaction .
Submuoooa excision
Submacoas reseoticm
Do
Resection 1
Turblneotomy 8
Do 13
Partial resection 1
R emoval with snare 1
Removal with scissors. . 1
Removal tips of turbin-
ates 4
£ lectric cauterizaticm . . 1
Linear cauterization.... 3
Kxdsion 11
Submucous resection. . . 1
Curetment 9
Adenectomy 20
Removal with snare. ... 9
Excision 15
Disease or injury.
Noa— continned.
Nasal obstmctlon. with
external deformity.
Dislocation of septum
Ridge of septum
Thickening of septum
Chronic turgesoent tur-
binates.
iRhlnltis hypertrqphio. . . . .
Hypertrophy of turbi-
nates.
Nasal and septal spur.
lAdenoids
JPoIypus
Excision triangle of lip .
MOUTH AND PHABTKX.
Chronic ulceration lip,
probably epithelloma-
tous.
Epithelioma Up.
Varicosities lower Up.
Cleft palate
Epithelioma, tongue.
Carcinoma.
inner side of
Do 1
Excision, plastic repair,
and exoslon lymph
nodes 1
Excision and suture
Edges freshened and su-
tured.
Excision and cauterization
of base.
Excision
Do ' 1 ibroma
cheek.
Incision and drainage
Do
Do
Do 3
Tracheotomy 1
Incision and drainage
Do 97
Tonsillectomy 10
Curetment Abs'-ess of pharynx
?S^&;.:::::::;2l!:}">-i*rtrophyo(t«.su
^SsrmV.::::;:::^*}^'"-"""'
Excision
Ranula
Cyst Wharton's duct.
Submaxillary absoesi
I Ludwig's angina
A bsoess retropharyngeal...
ITonsitlar ana peritodsUlar
o
24
12
29
24
'Sress.
Amputation..
Excision
Do 88
Curetment 4
ExtirpatioQ
Eplglottidectomy\ . . .
Electric cauterisation.
Tonsillectomy
Excision
Hypertrophy of Ungual
tonsil.
E ion^-ation of uvula ,
Tumor of pharynx, tuber-
culous.
V Adenoids, pharyngeal.
Thyroglossal duct,
mains of.
re-
NECK AMD TBOBAZ.
Tuberrulosis of eplclottls.,
Laryngjt is, tuberculous . . ,
Lar>iigitis ,
P^Uloma vocal cords. . . . ,
}
1
1
1
1
2
4
1
107
1
237
164
1
4
1
42
1
Result.
2
OQ
24
12
29
24
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
107
1
237
154
1
4
1
42
1
1
1
1
2
i.
VI
*3
Anesthetic.
a
o
9
x:
24
2
8
2
1
M
29
80
1
u
1 !.,.
1
1
48 0
165
125
1
4
1
10
iL
BEPOBT OF THE 6TJBQB0N OENERAIh
Excision right tain. . .
Exclsfco rl^t lobe md
£iclska ridit, md i«-
■ntlon leftloba
UgaUon mparlor (by-
nld irtarT
Ttafratdcctomj
Excision I«fl loba, ud
tlntlon of left ninerior
and Inferior tbynld
Tboncotomr — E*it-
CostaUetotn; 4
Rewptton ol rib tiA
dnJnigB IS
remrtlcathHi, partial,
rlghtluDg 1
Tborarotomr and drainagt.
R*9*ctt0D tigtatb rib, post
axillary Una, with aptn-
Asplratlon t
Baocctlon Dl lib *
?iwuindbfa — Fndnicb'a
tabtmhottni (resMllon
nccod to Imth ribs, tai-
Oaatrotom]'— Scon's
TboiacaplartT and partial
• decortfcalioD.
laclslim and dralnaaB ■ - 1
LviarotoDiy aiplorv-
OaGtrDenterostom J- , - , . 3
LapBrot<jmy, flutun and
cIraJnagB 1
Laparolomy aiplon-
. lory I
Lunrotomy J
Bib Tcsectlon, trans-
Wldonlng iluiu to ab^
■COS cavity, plaural
aaltn(3errtk!)
Empymna
Abscega, acuta, right lung. .
Absnas, tubcicnloas, Mt
upper lobe.
'Pleniisr
EmpyDma chrankt tuber-
UodlaaUnal tniDor
Staus tbroagh lateral cbast
waa.
lannahot wound, thorax. . .
Clcet of stomach, pytorlc,
hapatio drrbosa, and
appendlcltlB.
Oaslralgia severe, follow-
ing operation far gaatro-
enteroatomy (old).
ITlcar oldoodaiuiil.
AbKaMofllTer
Cholangitis.
»
1
3
'
■
■
.6
1
3
13
„
'
S
1
'
•
■
696
BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEON QENEBAI..
Table No. Q6,—Surgxcai operationB performed by officen of the Medical Corpa
officen and enlieUd men of the Army during the calendar year 7915— Ctntinued.
Operation.
Cbolecystectomy, with
appendectomy 2
Cholecystotomy 2
Cholecystostomy 2
Do ,
Cholecystectomy ,
Cholellthotomy and cho-
lacystostomy 1
Cbolecystotomy 1
Cholellthotomy, chole-
cvstostomy, and ex-
ctsion mucous mem-
brane of gall bladder. . 1
Laparotomy
Bemoval of stone and gpall
bladder.
Cholellthotomy and re-
' moval of stone from com-
mon duct.
Laparotomy 1
Aspiration peritoneal
cavity 1
Li^paroiomy exploratory . . .
Po
Spleenectomy ,
Laparotomy exploratory . . .
Paracentesu
Talma-Morrison operation .
Resection ascendmg colon
and ileum 1
Evacuation 1
Laparotomy 3
Division of bands ,
Laparotomy exploratory.. .
Vo ^
Division of bands and
glication of m^en-
sry 1
Plastic 1
Adhesions freed 8
Release of kink, and re-
pair of bowel 1
End to end anastomosis
andsuture 1
Resection 6 inclus of
ileum 1
Enterostomy
Evacuation of abscess
and drainage 5
Appendectomy 600
Appendectomy, flush-
ing abdominal cavity
and drainage 6
Appendectomy
Excision of flstnloos tract
and closure.
Incision and drainage
Laparotomy expltra-
tory 2
Laparotomy and freeing
of adhesions U
Laparotomy exploratory . .
Disease or injury.
ABDOMEN— continued.
h
holecystltis.
Cholecystitis and i)erl-
cholecystltls, with ad-
hesions.
Choleiyletitis. with adhe-
sions after cholecystos-
tomy.
CholeUthiasls.
HepatoUthlasis
Choledochollthiasls.
Biliary fistula.
h
irrhosis of liver.
Aneurism abdomina^ aorta
Polycjrthemia
Pernicious anemia
Peritonitis tubetx iilous
Suspected abdominal tu-
berculosis.
Ascites tuberculous
Peritonitis.
Membranous pericolitis.
Constipation, chronic . .
Scleros is of ileum
LaneUnk, fleum.
Fecal fistula, doe to tuber-
culous ulceration.
Ulcer of cecum, perforated.
Appendicitis (16 cases gan-
grenous).
Routine procedure In ab-
dominal operations.
Fecal fistula caput ceci
after old appenaectomv.
Sinus following appenal-
citis.
Adhesions Intra-abdo-
minal (8 ca<ies followed
the opmition of appen-
dectomy).
Sarcoma abdominal, in-
volving kidney.
o
6
1
8
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
Oil
18
Result.
to
£
8
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
i'
6
602
1
1
1
11
£?3
8
«9
1
Anesthetic.
g
&
o
o
6
.a
6
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
6
590
1
1
1
18
♦* eS
O
2
«.S
19 ....
I
g
5z
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
OptrMlon.
Dl««»orlnlui7-
i
IS
3
I
1
1
3
t.
i
.
!
Anuthetlc.
i BOOMIN— amllnoftj.
twiKe. .melocMClnonia
to side.
Andrawa' operattoil i
2
DOtstat^ 13
lUmOTOloISBCKldlU-
tnr* of perilODouni
moBclMuidfUda.... 1
Ha; o|a opoatlon «
Btato'i'^ti™;;:::: i
louoil the operation of
oppendfi-tDinv, and 1
followe'l supra - piit>lc
pro«lal»cioaiy).
Repali of hernia, melh-
odnolslslad 6
EicLHon of jrar Hwue,
uii bringing tisiuBs
tnto corrwt apposl-
Bissliirs'opmtloii!;;;! J
Palnfi.l-Bir after Basslni's
GunsiiJt wound .nbdomen.
do
sulure of colon »nd draih-
iS^^n of^wuids oi
■
1
do
1
»ndrTs»ct[onoli;i"nchos
oltleuni.
.
1
Oiiii-Vwoim'joiuilao
Rji';;'.''i"foll;irP3K'»s
.
.
lApaiMomr, and toilet of
hemonhaii, bd'1 repnb
ollaceratlono(iii««n'tTv.
wteryBnddnlniwe.. 1
laparolomT eijplora-
■
1
LacOTsilonol spleen
perli'ineiim, and I1\-(t,
and rupt>ire of blw>j
v»s.-,sl! In poflorlor me-
(llflsilnnm and pleural
Ltab wound or abdomen..
with hemJaol omentum.
1
3
I
BBPOBT OF THE SUBOEOK OEKEBAL..
LaparMomr ex{i]on-
toty and npali '
liBpaiotomy 3
Do
Do
LapHotomy, Umponads,
aod postM-lor dralnai*.
Indalon, •ncuaUcn, and
LanratamT and dnloica .
ludsloD taa antoMgt
WhllabHd's opmUDQ . . .
iDdalonuidcuntnwnt, 1
EidiloD of OBCuloua
tncX
Inslilan uid dnbugt . . 3
Dlr^lon ud tanimi-
I«tlOQ
DlUUiion
DfliUtlon and cunt-
iDclalon sod cuntmant .
iDdsIon, cunlman I, and
OiuUriuil^ . .'." II. ! ! !
ExclsloD I
Excision, cuntmant,
■nd dnUnan 1
Exclslco and lUtun. .
Alllngham's oparatloc
>and cautary 3
mndllgatlonlllll 1
andaxclilod....
, caulary. and
rial" p. caulary, and »i-
Cbini) I
icbliu. daiDp, aad
Dlaaasa or Injury.
locisad wound Involving
Funoturvd TOnnd. . . ,
Contusion aa wa
Hamatoma abdominal
wall, aaqual to (agtro-
•DlerMlomy.
Abuen pcrlceal
Abscesi umbUlnl
Prolapat of nctum , . _ ^ . . . .
lachlo-iadal abuass
Fbamxtanu*.....
Ftitula In ano
FislulalnanD.tnbaccuIouj.
Parlnflo-raclAi absoass . . .
> Perl-nclal abnan
InFecitil sinus saqual t<
Loss ol Bphinclsr conlrt.
niter oparaUcn [or flslula
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENERAL.
699
Table No. 66. — Surgical openUUms performed by officen of the Medical Corve on
officere and erUiiUd men of the Army during the caUndar year 1915 — Continuea.
Operfttion.
iDdsIon and eTacnatlon
of clot 32
Ldgation 4
Ligation and ineisioii... 15
Ligation, damp, and
caatary 4
Liffation and excision.. 87
Pifcher'8 operation 14
Thewell - Thomas oper-
ation. 7
Dilatation of sphincter and
oaaterization.
Disease or tnjnry.
▲NUB AMD BBCTVM— con.
Ezcbion.
NephrectomT
Do 1
PjeloUthotomy 1
Nephrolithotomy with
resection of upper pole
ol kidney.
PyeloUthotomy (18 stones
removed).
Nephrotomy, exploratory . .
Do
Nephropexy
Ureterolithotomy .
Do
Lithotomy suprapubic
Cystotomy, exploratory. . .
Orchidectomy
Do
Do
Do
Do 2
Indsion, exploratory ... 1
Operation to plaoe testi-
de in scrotum I
Excision portion of cord
Vesiculotomy with drainage
Drainage of seminal vesides
Incision and drainage
Paracentesis 7
Indsion and multiple
punctures 3
Haener's operation..... 10
Epulldymotomy 70
Epidldymectomy
Excision
Bevan's operation 4
Lewis's operation 3
High excision of veins . . 148
Low excision of veins . . 6
Excision, site not stated 3
Ligation and removal... 4
Highradicaloperation.. 1
High excision and cur-
tailment of scrotum . . 2
Jaboulay's operation ... 3
Volkmann's operation.. 2
Aspiraticm 6
Tapping 2
Excision of sac 6
Andrews's bottle opera-
tUm :.... 20
Hemorrhoids.
Neuralgia drenmanal, after
clamp and cautery for
hemorrhoids.
Papillomata circumanal...
OEinTO-XTRINAXT STSTKM.
Pyonephrosis...
iNephrdlthiasls..
NephroUthiasls with hy-
dronephrosis upper pole
of kidney.
Pyelitis, chronic
Suspected nephrolithiasis.
Nephralgia.
Torsion of ureter (DietPs
crises).
Calculus, ureteral
Urinary fistula, stone in
ureter.
Calculi in bladder
Hematuria
Neuralfiaoftestlde
Orchitis nodular
FibrcHMlenoma of testes. . .
Epididymitis, tuberculous
Undescended testide. .
Tumor of spermatic cord. .
Cysts of seminal veside. . .
Vesiculitis
Orchitis
Epididymitis.
Epididymitis chronic tu-
D«t!UlOUS.
Tumor of epididymis
Variooode.
Hydrocele..
358
1
2
1
96
1
1
170
51
Result.
r8 ^
OQ
63
858
1
2
1
2
1
1
"i
06
1
1
170
51
cs
Anesthetic.
o
5 g
25
233
67
1^
II
o S
8
115
33
s
92
23
47
U
700
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENEBAU^
Tablb No. 66. — Surgical operatiom performed by officers of the Medical Corps en
officeri and enlisted vnen of the Army curing the calendar year J91S — Conticuea.
Operation.
Aspiration and In'eo-
tion of phenol 2
£ version of sac 8
Resection of tunloa vagi-
nalis 4
Buttonhole operation. . . 1
Radical operation 1
Incisionand drainage... 1
Excisionofsao 2
Evacuation and li^eo-
tlon of phenol 1
Aipiraticm
Disease or injury.
QENITO-XmiNAIlT SYSTEM-
continued.
Prostatectomy
Perineal section, and super-
pubic cystotomy .
C^totomy suprapubic and
retrooatheteHzation and
drainage.
Cystotomy, perineal
Perineal urethrotomy and
suprapubic cystotomy.
Asp&ation suprapubic
Prostatotomy.
Dilatation
Incision and drainage
through perineum .
Incision and drainage... 10
External urethrotomy
andouretment 1
Incision and evacuation. . .
1
Incision and cauteriza-
tion.
Incision and drainage. . .
Incision and curetm ent .
U rethrotomy, internal . .
Meatotomy and sounds.
Meatotomy
Plastic operation 1
Excision 1
Plastic operation
14
2
10
1
Hydrocele.
Hydrocele of cord.
Hematocele following her-
notorav.
Prostatitis chronic
Rupture of deep urethra
and urinary infiltration.
Q unshot wound with rup-
ture of deep urethra.
Stricture, multiple mem-
branous urethra with re-
tention of urine.
Stricture of urethra, deep . .
Hypertrophy of prostate
and chronic cystitis.
Abscess of prostate
Stricture of prostatic
urethra.
Cowperitis
1
Perineal abscess.
Perineal abscess, chronic
tuterculous.
' Periurethral abscess.
Clreumdston.
Ezotslon.
Trout's operation 3
Resection 2
Incision and drainage
}
Stricture of urethra.
Stricture of meatus.
Fistula of urethra..
Trephining and drainage 1
Decompression and ex-
ploration of parietal
region.... 1
Ligation
Hypospadias
Elonj^ted and redundant
prepuce.
Pnimosis
Pa^phiraosis
Venereal sore
Ualaultis
Herpes pro^nitalis
Enuresis
Scar tissue resulting from
circumcision.
juedundant scrotum
Abscess of scrotum
Ligation of blood vessels. .. ,
VASCVLAB STSnif .
Cerebral hemorrhage (1
traumatic).
Laceration suptffldal fe-
moral art«y.
Incised wound of face and
neck.
51
3
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
4
1
20
1
17
11
4
9
1
151
2Q0
13
10
5
2
1
1
5
2
Result.
2
CO
v.
8
o
D
QQ
51
8
1
2
2
1
2
2
4
20
1
17
11
4
2
1
151
260
13
19
6
2
1
1
5
2
6
a
en .
08
«9
(14
•2
ft
Anesthetic.
I
o
s .
o <i
'ja 3
o
83
y
js a
o
2
2
1
2
3
1
18
20
8
9
2
4 1
1
1
1
11
17
13
2
3
1
1
131
299
5
10
3
2
t
9
1
BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEON GENBBAIj.
BicWan at luil Bnd
Eielalcm and KvuUtim..
XicWmaiidoucebiMnt
Ancor'i operallon '..','..'.
■a^bi uid r^\ini-
H»niDval or n»U, cniiUi-
bat Ion uid cuTolmeat
.dgranul
catnda]
I
i
1
•
»
BEPOBT OF THE BUBGEON QENBBAI..
Incbtonuldciiretmiinl. I
InchlonBDdilrBio^e... t
RtmovelaiiM'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 1
ExrlaloD
Do
AdeDtdtom;
Do IH
iDdfaloDUideurMmMit. 18
likolglOD snd dralnigt. ■ -HO
CwMrlulkm 1
Ineblon uid cuntmant ■ 8
Indsloo tad draliun..lC6
IndiloD and Inltcuou of
iodofmn.
Adenootomr 4
IndsloiianddniDsgc... 16
iDciiloD and ciualm«ot S
loctsloDuid dialiuga
Svitim of muidra, fncb,
TmofThapby
Fraring o( idhaloTu,
ind ttndoD iM^tica-
Tviotomy and loigUi-
tgodoD ^ 1
Twatomr, dmIUI
Bidilon acd fiMing of t«n-
ETscuBllon
Frw end of vMluaaittirTna
anchmd to quadrhspa
But lira ol muacto and ibeatb
Exclabm of buraa and tu-
barde, vltb attachtneut
ol lltaincntuin patclte to
tnalitDod tlhla.
Tanutomy ol flaxor Iodeiu
hftllucb laodoD oppa.ll«
lDt«rnal nullaoliu.
Tanolnmy, tleior tandoD.. .
Eiclikin of bursa T
AiplralUm 1
IncltlonanddlilDBge... 8
InrlsIgDaudcuntmsit. 1
Eitlslon
Bamoval of fka(iiiaiita and
draliuga.
TTcptUnlof and nmoval oI
dnmaad fncmant oDtar
— oontlnmd.
pnydiia
Defonnad loanall,
AdaiJtb, I
lAdaoitli, Ingobial, vaoa-
[ real.
lAdsnltEs. Infulnal, noa-
notata^. '
I A danitb, Tarloiu locsttooa ,
[ Datura not italad.
Lymphanritii
Crst, carvlcal ijniptiBtlc
■DSCLU, nNI>OI>9, fAS-
Indaed vound ol guplno-
Incised wound ofbSDd
SaTSvd tandona
Icontractad teadon, Ungir . .
Old Knra invdVli^'ianl'
TenmvnovllEj
Rupture of quadrlcapa ax-
Rupiiira ol nctoa Camorlg
2lncb« below patella.
BunUb.du-oDlc llraman-
turn patella; with da-
taclinient of tubercle.
Flaied onntractui* ol tbe
Stoea.
IlanuMTto*
iBuriltis
flanglloo
PraoluT*, oompound oom-
minulad, fronlo-parlatal
juDctlon.
Practun. compoond, d*-
pnaad parktal bcoa.
Result.
1^
ii
1
=1
h
3
1
1
■ I
3
t
no
c
11
3
1
33
...IT
n
-n
'
■
^
1
1
1
.,
1
,
1
1
1
'
'■
I
1
■'
....
I
1
'
1
BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEON QENERAL*
703
Tabls No. 66. — Surgical operations performed by officers of the Medical Corps on
officers and erdisted men of ike Army awring the calendar year 191 S — Contmuea.
OperatkiD.
Etovfttion and rtmoval of
bone fragments.
Do
Inter-moscalo-Umporal <!»•
compression.
Coshlne's decompreeskn
operation.
Tr^hining. removal of de-
pressed Done, and epi-
dural and subdural clots.
Decompression 2
Trephining 2
Elevation of depressed frag-
ments.
Laminectomy
Exploratory operation
Coretment and wiring of
fragmwits 1
Wiring of fragments 10
Exploratory operation,
with a view to wiring
fragments, found im-
practicable, teeth
^dred 1
Circniar wire to fracture 1
Application (rf Lane
Done plate 5
Bemovalofwira 1
Removal of Lane bcme
plate 2
Frahening of ends, and
resetting.
Osteotomy, r es e 1 1 i n g
and wiring 1
Excision, fibrous tissue,
resection and plating. 1
Bemoval of spicula of bone.
Bemoval of small fragments
Wfring to humerus of
grealtf tubtfosity 1
Beposition of fragments,
and insertion of two
bone grafts from crest
oftlbfai 1
Application of Lane bone
plate.
Removal of loose fragments
and partial repair of joint
capsule.
Redaction and application
of Sherman plates to both
bones.
Bmpcal firacture, removal
01 redundant callus, re-
setting and appUcation of
cast.
Fractured ends freshened
obliquely, brought into
apposition, two holes
inade with bone drill and
parts held firmly with
kan^roo tendon.
Wiring of fragments 1
Application of Lane
Doneplate 1
Do
Disease or injury.
BONB8--oontinoed.
Fracture, ccmipoand com-
minuted, fhmtal bone.
Fractura, oenressed frontal
bone, gunshot.
Fracture of stnill with sub-
dural hemorrhage.
Fractura, compound com-
minuted, base of skull.
Fractura oi skull, com-
minuted, with epidural
and sobdural dots.
JFractura of skull
Gunshot wound of cranium
Fracture,complete .seventh
OMTlcal vertebra.
Congenital mair(»ination
iter comua hyoid
one.
Fractura, inferior maxilla.
Fractura of clavicle.
Fractura of clavicle with
vicious union.
Fractiu^ of clavicle with
nonunion.
Fractura, incomplete,
clavicle.
Fractura of scapula
[Fracture, greater tuber-
osity of humerus.
Old fractura, ununited,
humerus.
Fracture compound ocnn-
minuted lower end of
himierus and upper end
of ulna.
Fracture simple transverse
radius and ulna.
Slight angulation and re-
dundant callus follow-
ing fracture of radius
and ulna.
Fracture simple radius,
junction of upper and
middle thirds with non-
union.
^Fracture simple of radius..
Deformitv of wrist from
old Colles's fracture.
u
12
2
1
Result.
Anesthetic.
:3
a
00
8
1
2
1
^2
2 1
I
1
1
1
8
1
1
1
0
8
2
1
B
ss
— • o
X3 CS
9^
1
i
1
1
BBPOET OF THE SUBQEON OBNEBAIa
CoccrgMtoniT
Presiienlnf oifractorfl, aail-
lUK uid spNntin;z.
C»J!ua lemoYnd, t«luotlon,
Lane plat» applied.
Appllcadon Ot Luu bous
mrlneoflreginanu
Indslon tod lutnrine ol
trmsmcDt).
Runoval olwlrs
RcductloQ rewotloD md
■Pplu:BU(ia of Lane boa
IncialoD and wlrbig of
(rapnenls
EicIsIqd of piotrudbiz
spJcuU of honfl In mu-
Fraclure eipoud HUd
melal plaUlnurted..
Frcfilieniiv ot enda and
Wiring c^traEmeD
Incision, frasbrnlng ot trac-
tion with ctlgut.
Removal of LAna bona platfl
Do.
Removal of wlra
lndiioB through old Kai
and removal of wlr*.
ChfMllnE of reduadeai cal-
Id9, itralEbtenlng (Ibla
end splinting.
Removal of eaqneotra
Satnre of fntimanM . .
Lembotte'g opecalioo
Indilga ukT remoi
.. 1
CoccyEodfnla
suicical neck often
duced, middlB thli
Fraciure of femor. . .
Fr»l ute simple tranirene
of palellL
Fracture almple ot patella.
Fracture ilmple tibia and
fibula.
Frecture compoand cotn-
mlnulad Ubieuid flbole.
Fracture almpla of tlbl*
andflbula.
Fnoture ununtled Ubie
Fracture ot tibia and fibula
Fracture cwn pound of tibia
l-'raclure simple of tibia.
FiBcliiTsofiniia,ald
FiBclure of fibula
Fracture ot ifhla
Painful leg fiom old Irao-
BuiuriDC of wound and let-
Kicisioo oltrapnants
Removal of looee Iracmants .
Remoral of painful trac-
Bidilca of fngments
lodslon and removal of wire
Curetmanl of Ilnul
Fracture compoimd cc
NactoEli, lila <d old traotore
i
3 .^ .
II
1
1
1
a
I 1 s
...■-:::
i
1
1
:"i:n I
1
...J
i
BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEON OENEBAL.
705
Table No. 66. — Surgical operations performed by officers of the Medical Corps on
officers and enlisted men of the Army during the calendar year 1915 — Contmued.
Operation.
lUmoTft] of seqaestram. . . ,
R«moval of dead bone
Do 7
Incision and coretment. 5
Trephining of femur
Removal of bone plate and
excision of excessive cal-
lus.
Cnretment of bone and
medulla.
Excision of anterior surface.
Excision 6L terminal pha-
. lanx.
Curetment
Excision of perioeteum.
curetment of bone ana
drainage.
Excision of periosteum. . . . .
Disease or injury.
Incision, curetment, and
drainage.
Do
Do 1
Incision and drabiage. . 8
Cnretment of periosteum
and bone with drainage.
Do rrrrr 6
Incision and curetment. 1
Excision
Do
Do
Do
Do
Arthrotomy, removal of re-
dundant capsule.
Capsular ligament short-
ened by plication ante-
rior route.
Do
Incision and dndnage
Reduction and suture
Excision head of radius.
Removal..
Resection,
Removal <rf callus ,
Freeing of adhesions...
Incision and removal
tached fragments.
de-
Exploratioo of Joint 1
Indsion and drainage.. I
Do
Excision of villi ,
Aspiration
Do
Excision
Resection interphalangeal
BONsa— continued.
Necrosis of tibia, site of
fracture.
Necrosis of metacarpal. . . .
>Necro8i8, site not stated. . .
Osteomyelitis of femur
Osteom velitis chronic sup-
Eurative at site (tf screw
1 bone plate.
Osteomyelitis tibia, site of
fracture.
Osteomyelitis, middle
third of tibia.
Osteomyelitis thumb
Rarefying osteitis tibia..
Osteopofostitis tibia . . . ,
Osteoperiostitis plastic,
tubercle of tibia.
Osteoperiostitis tibia
S3rpbilitic
Osteoperiostitis, site not
stated.
Periostitis of tibia
Periostitis suppurative
fibula.
PeriosUtis, site not stated.
Exostosis, tibia
Exostosis, osoalcis
Exostosis, scaphoid, foot. .
Exostosis, first metatarsal.
Exostosis, site not stated..
JOINTS.
Dislocation chronic sub-
coracoid.
Recurrent dislocation
shoulder.
Subluxation shoulder
Arthritis elbow, gon(»Theal
Dislocation, acromio-dav-
icular.
Limitation of extensi<m
and rotation of elbow
joint.
Foreign body elbow Joint..
Recurrent dislocation fin-
ger.
Ankylosis, thumb
Ankylosis phalangeal Joint
Partially detached seg-
ments inner condyle of
femur.
jsynovltis knee Joint
Arthritis, site not stated . .
Synovitis chronic due to
hvpertrophied synovial
Hydrarthrosis knee Joint. .
Hydrops articuli
Contusion knee Joint .....
Post-patellar fringe ,
Hammertoe ,
1
12
2
I
Result.
s
1
10
2
1
1
1
8
I
1
1
1
2
2
I.
es
3
fe
Anesthetic.
U3
o o
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
8
8
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
3
I
1
1
1 ...
1
1
69176°— WAR 1916— VOL 1-
-45
BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEON GBNEBAIi,
Arthrotomj, eiciskm of
MmllunBT CBr(IJai.-u and
pliestion of jolnl capaule.
EldSlDD
Biclaloiiof vxoatOGia--, 2
EieEslon bind first met-
Partiul exVbion' ailjou-
Hajo'a operation J2
KaJler'a operation ^. t
Ksllo-'B modlflHl opera-
tion I
looisioD and drainaj^o .^.^-.
Inci^on and removal.. .._ .
Amputallon:
taterscapulo ■ thoracic,
Arm, upper third
Arm, site aot9tatad....
Forearm, middle third.
Thigh, middle third'. 1! '.
Thifh, upper third
teitl middle third.'!!!!!
Leg, lower third
Do
Amputation ol Dnger
AmputatloD el toe . . .
Incision and fliplarathm. .
Dislocation wmllunar ca^
lllaf»s and relaxation
joftit.
Loose, Iraotnred, and dis-
located cartUag* knee
Joint. ^
Infected wound, meta-
O^sifled foreisn body In
johit cavity.
Sarcoma, left upper w-
tremlty.
Cuns^«ound,(oraarm..
Ounsholwound'orwrlit..
Flbrosureoma, thigh
^SufflSe^'"""^'
Gangreue of root jiid lower
Gunshot woimd 15
i^aceraled wound S
Jtlierinjiiry!!!!!!!!!! 3
8upemumerar7 little
.n'oTwoiid!!!!!!! J
^TuSi^iiiii^uilVn 1
2St£rf°?! I
aitemitlr^^.!!!!!!!! 2
BuiielambMldedlnbom.
j
3
IS
'
■
1
1
,..L.
' r
45
37
'
18
19
s
a
u
ZX
1 ...
>
BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEON OENEBAU
707
Tablb No. 66. — Surgual operations performed by officers of the Medical Corps on
officers and enlisted men of the Army during the calendar year 1915 — Gondnuea.
Disease or injury.
•
i
Result.
Anesthetic.
Operation.
i
2
1
17
6
63
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
: Partially suo-
: cessful.
•
•
1
•
1
1
Chloroform
and ether.
1 -
•
1
^
RMUOval
roEBaw BODOS-contd.
Nail in, situplastic opera-
tion anlde joint.
Piece of drill in external
malleolus.
Foreign body in wrist
Piece of steel
2
1
2
17
6
53
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Removal piece of drill and
necrosed bone.
Incision and extraction
1
Do
I
Excision
TimOBfl.
Carcinoma, metastatic
Sarcoma . .
1
I)n
1
2
1
Do
Fibro-endothelioma, paro-
tid and submaxillary
glands.
Osteosarcoma of fibula
Epithelioma Inferior max-
illa.
Epithelioma of thigh
JEpithelioma^site not stated
Ephithelioma, benign
Chondroma
1
1
Section of bonv tumor for
microscopical examina-
tion.
Kx^ion with r^'^^K^ion*
1
lower Jaw.
Excisi<m with electric knife.
1
1
Excision of rodent ulcer. 1
1
Excision 1
Do
t
Do
2
4
6
1
4
Do
Cyst
Incision and drainaf;e .. . 1
-1 '
>DMinoid cyst
2
Excision 6
Do
Enchondroma
Do
Fibroma
2
Inci'^'on and c1raiTuir<* ......
Hematoma
2
Exc{^ion
Lipoma
5
2
12 ...
Do
Myoma
Do
Neuroma
1
Do
Osteoma, base fifth meta-
tarsal.
Papilloma
1
2
3
Excision and suture
4
44
1
1
Do 4
Incision and drainage . . 12
Excision 28
Sebaceous cyst
ft
Excision and cauteriza-
tion 2
Excision and curetment 7
Incision
Serous cyst
Incision and removal
Subcutaneous tumor,
wrist, type not stated.
ITumor ofbreast, type un-
/ determined.
Timior of plantar fascia,
type not stated.
Tumor, type and site not
stated.
PLASTIC OrSBATIONS.
Scar upper lip
Amputation of breast ... 1
Exdslon 2
Do
2
1
1
1
Do
Plastic operation forming
1
1
new lip.
Plastic operation to close in
Granulating area from op-
eration for cleft in nose.
(Lacerated wounds
granulating area.
1
Cicatricial contracture of
finger .
Cicatricial adhesions,hand,
from gunshot wouiid.
Cicatrix inner angle of eye.
Chronic dislocation of
shoulder.
Arthritis, knee
Gunshot wound of hand...
1
1
Plastic operation, method
not stated*
1
1
1
1
708
BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEON OEKEBAL.
Table No. 66. — Surgical operaHong performed by offieen of the Medical Corpi on
officers and enlieUd men of the Army during the calendar year 1915 — Gontiiniea.
OpentkxL.
ExpIoratoTT op6ratioii
Injectlan of peroxide of hy-
drocen.
Sotunng
Do 39
Bmnoval of porcelain
fragments, repair and
sature 1
Incision and suture 1
Incision and drainage . . 7
Indslon.curetment, and
pbenoi 3
CMXterlzatlon 1
Eroloratory operation . 1
Snturing and cleansing. 2
Incision and drainage. . 8
Do
Excision
Total number of cases.
Disease or Iqlnry.
MISCELLANEOUS OPEKA-
TIONS.
Suspected psoas abscess.
Contusion
Incised wound.
Lacerated wound .
Punctured wound.
Gunshot wound.
Infected wound .. .
Calcareous nodule.
1
1
57
40
12
6
24
1
Besolt.
s
1
1
67
40
12
3
24
1
6,32316,244
6
g .
3
36
=3
15, 28
I I
1352,
fe
5
u
©•o
3
5
S.l
O 0
I
13'36
15120
15
1
,450j 63 7A
I
BEPOBT OF THE STJItOEON OENEBAIi.
709
•s
o
m
12
IS
9 to
g
I
8
a
If
§1
5^
«-^
3
O
I
I
3
1
3
It
«c5
<{to«aft^eOiOw»
§ffiSS'
o»»-*
l|gsa"*^ss
SS*2
•o-*
ggss-^^s^
||8P'««>S5S
g§S§^«iS
•lO
^ M a^ i^ •» «
jgj^co coco
CO Q 2 00 •-4 A lO O
«« <« M ^ «« ««
^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^H ^^ "H •i^
a
s
O g CO
JS 8 S
P^ Ai
00
;|
H
a*
n
S
U>
M
Z
§
»
i
'3
S5
^
O
•H
»^
O
1
8
o
1
£
S
1
«
I
o
3
1^
1
b*
5
3
O
3
O
8
§1
Q
I
I
I
!t
a
t;
•oe<9oo<dc5o(Se<lc5
^d
$£s:ass
ss
OQ Q 'I 00 -* » »0 <
SoS'^'^
lOiO
&
i?
9
ill
9 S ^^ O.
-^ -i 8 2
^ O A« P4
712
BEPOBT OF THK SUBOEON OENEBAU
t
•^
-2i
I
I?
•s-S
I-
>-%*
1^^
^
Is
§
'Oi
I""
a
.•8
to-
a
I
1%
•a
If
3
o
<
8
o
6
OQ
S
I*
O
d
i
o
o
IB
$
S
o
1
09
I
'r.
S38S
c5 • • •
^^e*'*
ooooo
tH>Ot«<^v4
S8
MCO
ss
-^Oft
S8SS
^MOOft
S3SS
«o^^c«
C^ tHCQ<^tHv4
2-^3
88
N.H
SSS3
^«ea<H
S9'
I
e«
|sgaa|5SS|gg-»»|-sss82S||gs|§« s
« ^m
e«
««
s
8
o
1
88S88
• • • ■ •
«3«>a^
SS888888
_• •••••••
I
•S-'«SSS5'^
28
• 00
888888S38
• • •
S9S888388^8?SS
• ••■•••••■•**
^o«>ooaN55«eog5«5-
CO
s
8
c«
8
S2S83
Ok
851'
o
I
SS3£SSSSSSS98S;?SaSS;8BI^8SSSSS3f3sRSSS 8
• • •
N t^9C«t-l«oe« to
'S2
I
^
•s
I
o
H
O
I
s
■2
y
3
8
K
O
8
I
•23
Pliifl
iilPl
a?
2 si
r
3
o$o
713
BS8 SS I ;S'>nMSci «> So 3
sa= 8=ais8S!iSs=s^|
^' liKPiipiP-
• «-*- E-l| %,-«- **
'?T'^ °*1 i^*?^^" .'^ I ; .
^i'
2 ■ gs8 Rsa-iiajsiis- =
III |feM-|pP-"5 ll I
P
714
REPORT OP THE SURGEON GEKEBAIj.
Table No. 68^. — Admisnons to sick report, discharges , deaths, and nonefeetiveneBS^ wiA
ing American, Porto /Ham, and PMHppim
Tnter-
ratkinal
classi-
fica-
tkm.
Officers, Army.
M«ftf1 Strfmtrth , , , , , t r - r - r - -
8. 0. 0., 4,394— A. G. O., 4.873.
Serial
Not.
Causes of admission to sick report.
Admis-
sions.
Disdiarges.
Deaths.
Ncm«aec-
UV«L
m
1
'A
1
1
1
0.23
.23
1
6
•
•
f
(4
S
9
55
.9
m
1
1
la
2
4
5'
?
7
9
10
12
13
14
is*
19b
19d
19e
19k
30
25
38-34
28
29
30-34
36
37-38
37
38a
38b
39-45
46
47-48
47
48
1 50
51
56
67 58
59
61
61a
62
63
64
66
07-68
09
TvDboId fever ..-.
1
0.301 0.9
.id .«!
2
I'aratTDboid fever .-
5
Tvohus fever
7-11
IkffiliMift
53 12.06
12] i73
4" .91
2.1>S .501
7
.63^ .14]
g
Malarial cachexia
.40 .09
0
Qnartan malarial fever
: 1
10
29 6.60
R 1.S2
".vTl'Val
11
Undetermined malarial fever. .
Smallpox and varioloid
.ISj .04,
12
13
Vaccinia
.•••••
::::::l :(
14
Measles
2
2
5
266
.4^
.46
1.14
60.54
.l(fe .08
15
Scarlet fever
.11 .<a
17
Diphtheria
.18. .041
aL50i .80
IS
Inuoenza
19
Asiatic cholera
20
Cholora nostras
21-23
Dysentery
26
1
22
3
1
92
1
5.92
.23
5.01
.68
.23
20.94
.23
3:06 .47
21
Baddary
.OX .Vk
22
Kntamwblc. .,..
L9^ .441
.10 .02
23
TTiTclMKffi^ , .
37
Krysipelas
.06 .01)
29
Dengue
L6« .3i
31
Oerman mwwles. , ... . .
.03i .01
32
Hemoglobinuric fever
34
Mumps
7
1
1.59
.23
.04 .05
.03: .Off
37
PunifentinliBction and septieemk. .
Mycoses
1
a 21
42-46
L... '
49-67
Tuberculosb. all
7
i.82
1.60
ft. 81 i.js!
49-51
Tuberculosis of lungs
6.65
U6t
52
Miliary tuberculoeLs^ acute
63-57
Tuberculosis of other organs. . .
Scoliosis (fit kets)
1
.23
.17
■ "."oi'
58
69-74
Venereal diseases, all
30
4.55
1.8«
2.43: .&5,
1. 7S .40
69-64
Svphilis '.
66-67
Soft chancre
2 .46
.17 .OC
68-74
Qonoooocus infection
10
1
1
16
11
5
2.28
.23
.23
3.64
2.50
1.14
.51' .1*
75-79
Cancer and other malignant tumors
Benign tumors
1
.21
.04 ,01'
80
.39 .0»
81-85
Rheumatism, articular, all
Acute articular rheumatism . . .
Chronic articular rheumatism..
Diabetes
L21 .Jft
81-82
.47 -11'
83-85
.73 .IT
87-88
2 .46
1 .23
20 4.55
. . A . . .
.11 .at
89
Exophthalmic goitre
"""•"■
.15 .fO
97-100
Alcoholism ancTresults
.68 .16<
101-102
Chronic occupational poisonine
..... '......
103-104
Other chronic poisoning, inclualng
drug habit
107
Simple meningitis
......
...... ...*.•
108
Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis.
Locomotor ataxia
::::::'::::::i::::::
100
1 .23
2 .4.
1 .2:i
3 .OS
8 1-S2
1
.20 .6i
110-115
Other d iseases of spinal cord
C«rebral hemorrhage, apoplexy
Paralysis without speclflea cause...
Mental alienation
..... .i.
65, .15i
ur>
1 .21
1
,27 .Ofll
117-119
.43 . 1»
120-126
.84 .191
127
Epilepsv
3
51
.r,s
.^ . Itt
129-1,33
73
75«
75b
Neuralgia and neuritis
11. (il
3. 37| .rr
138-141
Conjuncthltb
20 4.55
V .23
.3A .<M
142
Trachoma
.Uj .»
\m
77
78
79
80
81
82
Pericarditis
1
167
Acute endocarditis
::::::i:::::'
........ ....^
16^174
Organic heart disease
lOf 2.2S
r ii'
64 .Iti
175
A nglna pectoris
1
4
.23
.ot .08
176-177i
Diseases of the arteries, atheroma,
aneurism, etc
.91
i -If
178-179
£mb<^ism and thrombosis
... . .- ---J
181
83b
Hemorrhofds
W
'eJeo
LOO
.ni
BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEON OBHERAIj.
a™,.
(mUated man <lQClndtne Forto Ricau
and nimi.pin« (iooiiW).
.™„!
tSfSS&SZ^-^'SS^&S
B.aO„»»,«8-A. G. 0.,
X.BtS.
fil
Si.3
SB,*
U.S
His:
S.3:
ix'
.00
:os
.«
ioo
:»
8.0.0
10344J-A. 0. O.
10S,7S8.
„:g
1
3o:i:
I
1!
1
7
I, "IB
1
J, 107
J
'i
Off
a. 30
.v.
l.W
.a
«.<:
nil:
.«
.z
m;
si
' 'i
4
.ss
.00
»
0.08 11
'.y
'tS
B
0,08 M
;*
.98
.01
.00
.10
.Oi, 3
.OS
i.e9
i
.OS 3 .01
£
.09 3
!CH
l.W
s
.OS 3
.01
'
.6i, 1
IT*«
»
.01 I
;i
i
J
i7i:i
a;*
.M
OD
.00
!os
44. 71
*
.OS
'.'ii
3.10
191
""i;94"ji
iw' l.« 3
!»
'1
.15
10 .10 *
.16
10
.10 4
sin
M
»■
ar,
so
.2
i
1
.so a .08
.47 < .o\
1
1
.at
:i
1
!oo'
o.sii w.ij
1,049 10. n
81
i
.w) e .OS
.471 4 .04
ii
ao.,ii
1
17. a
J:S
.04. 1
.m
SMR.
.31
.0?
.00
^S
;
400 4.4B'
S :S'
'lO *
'li *
.04
■ ra
'^io
24
.W| e
.Ob
' '
"ffl
.14 1
.OS
-»
1
J
)
0»'
01
.ai. 7
:^f .;
■"■
Ml .aa
:« w
!oi
.09
.08
.a
'.-"i ,
1
19
sso
■M
.OS,
!0!
io!
5
319
^.os| 1
1
.05
!g3
(.57 i
-JO, 1
S4« S-M
47 4.W
-.■6i! a'
;«! 7
ii;
loi
'.V
.09
Br
.09
1.13,
4:
:s ^,
.01
716
REPOBT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
Table No. 68). — Admissions to sidt report, diichargesj deaths, and nonefeetiveness, vitik
ing American, Porto Riean, and Ph^ppine
Inter-
natiofial
classi-
fica-
tion.
Ofllcers, Army.
iff^wi 5trwgth
8. O. 0., 4,394— A. O. O., 4,873.
Berial
Nos.
Causes of adiuKsioii to sick report.
Admis-
sions.
Discharges.
Death.*!.
Nooifleo-
Uve.
•
1
1
•
1
i
•
o
i
•
1
•
o
1
•
S
s
aw
.03
.11
L7l
.361
1
*
.9
s
183
83d
83e
84
86
87
88
89-90
91
92
93
94
96
97
98a
98b
99a
99b
100
102
103
105
106
107
108
109
110a
UOb
113'
114
115
117
119
130
123
134
134b
125
126
137
143
144
146
147
U7g
ISO
154
189Aa
180Ba
189Db
Varicose veins
3
!
130
20
0.68
0.04
184
Variooele
.23
.91
29.59
4.55
.01
186-187
Diseases of the lymohatic system. .
Diseases of the ni^9^ fo^^s^ . . .....
1
.Oft
193-199
1
.31^
300-202
Diseases of tlie larynx
•0^
303-304
Diseases of the thvroid bodr
305-206
Bronchitis
186
6
5
9
42.33
1.37
1.14
2.05
2.H
.63
.34
.49
.or
207
Broncho>inMuinonia
.14
206
Pneumonia
3
a 41
!ob!
300-315
Pleurisy
.11
316-217
Pulmonary congestion and pul-
1
219
Asthma x x x
5
1
1.14
.23
1
.11
.16.
.03
220
Pulmonary emphysema ...........
1
04
221
Hemoptysis ,
1
222
Hay feyer
1 1
■
234-327
Diseases of the teeth and gums
Other diseases of the mouth and
annexa
28
5
139
8
57
172
6.37
1.14
31.63
1.82
12.97
39.14
.6»
.07
3.01
L43
.88
8.68
.tt
228-231
03
332-336
DiiMAMM nf the phiinmx
.4A
238
I7lr«r nf !itn»na«n , , . . ^ .
i .«
.33
239-344
Other diseases of stomach (cancer
excepted)
.2^
245-253
Diarrhea and enteritis
.84
254
Ankylostomiasis
255-250
Intet^tvii^i parasites x x x x x
2
60
13
9
88
1
.46
13.65
2.96
2.05
20.03
.23
■
.01
4.26
1.53
.60
1.9»i
.20
.00
260
Appendiciiis
.97
261-263
Hernia.
.3S
264-267
Diseases of the anus and feeal fistula
Other diseases of the intestines
Cirrhosis of liyer
.14
36S-272
* •• **1
.4&
275
.0&
276
Biliary calculi '.
...,;:
277-281
Other diseases of liver and gall
bladder
17
3.87
L31
28a-284
Simple peritcoitis
288
A cute nephritis
5
17
7
6
1.14
3.87
1.59
.24
3.73
.62
.2&
•OS
289-291
Briefs disease
•^
283-299
OtHer diseases of the Iddney and
annexa
.14
.0.
803-306
Diseases of the bladder
1.37
304
Enuresis
307-309
Diseases of the urethra, urinary
abscess, etc
4
2
10
39
2S
12
18
3
4
.91
.46
2.28
.17
.54
.33
.Tt
.78
1.35
1.5ft
.17
6.71
.04
310-312
Diseases of the prostate
.i3
313-^19
Di^teases of the male genital organs
(non venereal)
.OS
.16
.18
.31
.34
.01
.01
322-323
Furuncle and carbuncle
8. ST
6. 38
2.73
4.10
.68
324-325
Acute abscess and cellulitis
Diseases of the bones
353-357
358-360
Diseases of the Joints
367
Flat foot
••••"•
372
Congenital malf(Minations
.91
373-374
flMifllty ,
375
Febricula, simple continued, and
othw- fevers of undetermined
causation
8
15
1.82
3.41
.13
2.77
.08
.61
a*.*.*
379
Under observation, undiagnosed
and unknown
1
.31
880
Malingering.. .••••••••••••.....•..
BEPOET OF THE SURGEON QBNEBAL.
pi)an(j
troopi) and grand total, yeM l£ll5-^Coiitinued.
I
718
BEPOBT OF THE STJBGEON GENEBAL.
Tabus No. 68). — Admissions to sick report, (tischarges^ deaths , and notufec^ivenus^ triA
ing American, Porto Rioan, andPhOipfim
Int«r-
Serial ^^^
tion.
425-434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
448
449
450
452
453
455
456-458
459
460
462-466
462
155-163
164
165a
165b
166
167
168
168a
169
170
170a|
171
172
174
175
176
178
179
181
182-184
185
186
1-19
20-59
60-74
75
76
77-85
86-98
99-118
119-127
142-145
146-149
150
154
180
155-186
Mean strength.
Ofltoen, Amy.
S. G. O., 4,394— A. G. 0., 4,873.
Causes of admission to sick report.
Admis-
sions.
Arnccnoxs produced bt kxteb-
NAL CAUSES.
Suicides, oil
Pois<mingby food
Venomous bites and stings
Other poisoning (deleterious gases
excepted)
Conflagration
Bums (oonfla^ations excepted) . . .
Absorption of deleterious gases
Suffocation, strangul iticm
Drowning, accidental
Traumatism by firearms (other
than specified )
Shot by sentry or guard
Traumatism by cutting or piercing
instruments
Traumatism by fUl
Traumatism by ra-iclnes
Traumatism by ot er c.nistvl:ig
Injuries by aniniil •
Effects of excessive cold
Effects of heat
Effects of electricity
Homicides, all
Fractures, causes not specified
Other external violence
Killed or wounded in action
BybuUet
%
'A
12
21
8
&
2.73
.46
1.82
l.U
12 2.73
121 28.22
i; .23
20 4.55
3H 8.65
Disdiarges.
I
5, 1. 14
DISEASES AND INJUBIE8 GROUPED.
General diseases
Epidemic diseases
Other general diseases
Diseases of the nervous system and
organs of special sense
Of the nervous system.
Of the eye and its annexa.
Of the ear and its annexa
Diseases of the circulatory system. .
Diseases of the respiratory system. .
Diseases of the digestive system. . .
Diseases of the genito-urlnary sys-
tem
Diseases of the skin and cellular
tissue
Diseases of the organs of locomo-
tion
Malformations, etc
Diseases, results of old age
lU-deflned diseases
115 20.17.
2 .40.
2 .46.
540122.89
469106.74
71 16.161
197
123,
56'
18
55
363
44.83
27.99
12.74
4.10
12.52
S2.61
60»il37.4<)
681 15.47
113! 25.72
107 24.35
4' .91
t
28 6.37
e
Total for disease.
External causes
2,07y473.15'
351 79.88
Total for dl-^ease and ext«iial
causes
2,430553.03
Deaths.
•
&
a«2
21
.62
a .41
1
1
2
2
11
71
18
.41
.21
.21
Nonaffte-
tlve.
I
%
.9
&
.41;
.21
2.26)
1.44
S3. 11
11.05
12L06
14.73
1L46
L9l!
1.36,
3.49!
6.64
1&79
5.V
X$l|
2.75)
3.3H
2.611
:^
.:^
4. 38
5.45^ 1.M
aL73
6.71
.091
2.01
•1
1.53'
a
84.66^ l«.Sr
18.831 4.31
8.09|1Q9L58|
^
BEPOBT OF THE STTBGEOK OENEBAIj.
719
ratios per 1.000 of mean strength Jot the Army; separatdyfor officers, total enlist^ (indud-
troops) ana grand total, year 1915 — Continued.
Army, enlisted men (uicluding Porto Rican
and Philippine bcouts).
troops
Armv (entire^, officers and enlisted n-.cn (inrlud>
ing t'orto Bican troops and Philippine Scouts).
8. Q. 0., 99,44a-A. 0. 0., 100,915.
8.Q.
0., 103342-A. 0. 0.,
105,788.
Admissions.
Discharges.
Deaths.
Noneffective.
Admis-
sions.
Discharges.
Deaths.
Noneffective.
•
s
S
•
•
1
•
o
?
a
•
a
•
e
I
i
1
55
1
•
1
a
i
1
3
•
0
P3
•
S
s
•
1
on
•
1
0
1
13
323
100
64
2
399
2
4
0.13
3.25
1.01
.54
.02
4.01
.02
.04
61
1
a5i
.01
13
335
102
54
2
407
2
4
0.13
3.23
.98
.52
.02
3.92
.02
.04
64
0 !i\
1 .01
6
.OS
6
.05
3
0.03
1
.01
3
0.03
1
.01
3
34
13
2
2
8
.03
.34
.13
.02
.02
.08
«•«•■•
m • • •
"'3 .03
34, .32
13l .12
2 .02
2 .02
9 .09
283
5
1,054
3.515
78
640
1,154
10
142
1
9
3
5,094
19
19
i33.14(^
;10,363
12.778
3,023
1.326
1,047
650
1,789
6.847
16,080
963
6,851
3,434
372
3
416
2.85
.05
10.60
35.35
.78
6.44
11.00
.10
1.43
.01
.09
.m
51.22
.19
.19
232.68
1(H.20
128.49
30.40
13.33
10.53
6.54
17.99
58.80
161.69
9.68
68.83
24.48
3.74
.03
4.18
28
.28
288
5
1,006
2.77
.05
10.26
35.04
.76
6.35
11.48
.10
1.42
.01
.09
.03
50.16
.20
.20
228.04
104.30
123.73
31.00
13.95
10.62
6.43
17.76
59.86
160.66
9.93
57.43
24.47
' a. 62
28
.28
2^
2
.06
.28
.02
.24
.09
2I
2
24
9
.00
.28
.02
.24
.09
3,6.31'
79
660
1,192
10
147
1
9
3
5,209
21
21
23.680
10.831
13,819
3,220
1.449
1.103
26
4
.26
.04
2S
4
.27
.04
1
1
23
.01
.01
.23
••••••••
■ 1
1
23
.01
.01
.22
*
;
14
3
3
368
16
352
515
469
26
20
65
41
55
63
8
168
2
.14
.03
.03
3.65
.16
3.49
5.11
4.65
.26
.20
.61
.41
.55
.53
.08
1.66
.02
10
11
11
101
35
66
25
25
.10
.11
.11
1.00
.35
.65
.24
.24
.
14
I
368
16
352
515
469
26
20
65
41
55
53
8
168
2
.14
.03
.03
3.65
.16
3.49
5.11
4.65
.26
.20
.64
.41
.55
.53
.«
1.66
.02
10' .09
11 .10
11
103
35
68
26
26
.10
.97
.33
.61
.25
.25
968.41
254.52
713.88
208.34
151.17
34.32
22.86
93. S4
141.68
331.21
60.78
144.10
120.27
11.16
.03
10.74
9.74
2.56
7.18
3.10
1.52
.35
991.52
265.58
725.95
333.07
162.62
, 36.23
24.22
97.03
148.32
349.99
66.23
146.84
126.98
11.25
9.55
2.56
6.99
3.15
1.57
.35
.23 668
'
.33
37
41
32
17
2
1
.37
.41
.32
.17
.02
.01
.9i
1.42
3.33
.61
1.45
1.21
.11
.00
.11
1.844
6.210
16,681
1,031
5,961
2,541
376
3d
43
35
17
3
1
.37
.41
.33
.16
.02
.01
.93
1.43
3.37
.64
1.41
1.33
.11
21 .02
444; 4.28
' .03 .00
1
.01
2
.02
13.66 .IS
... ..
60.917
13,063
602.50
131.35
1.275
12.63
1.43
257
196
2.55
1.94
2,080.26
434.79
20. 9261, 990. 597.02
4.3713,413|l29.16
1,275
144
12.63
1.43
2682.53 2,164.91 20.85
203|1.92j 463.72 4.37
72,979
733.84
1,419
1
14.06
453
4.49
2,516.04
35.29175,409 726.19
1 1
1,419
14.06
,47X
1
4.452,618.63 25.22
I
720
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEOK QENERAK
Tablb No. 69. — Admiaions to sick report, discharges , deaths , and noneffecHcenetM^ ivtift
Berial
N08.
Inter-
tiODAl
daasifl-
catioa
1
2
7-11
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
17
18
20
21-23
21
22
23
27
29
31
34
37
42-46
49-57
49-61
52
63-57
69-74
69-64
65-67
68-74
75-79
80
81-85
81-82
83-85
87-88
89
97-100
101-102
103-104
107
108
109
110-115
116
117-119
120-126
127
129-133
138-141
142
166
167
100 174
175
176-1771
178-179
181
183
184
185-187
193-199
200-202
Mean strength.
1
la
4
6
5b
6
7
9
10
13
14
18
19b
19d
SF
20
25
28-^
28
29
37-38
87
38a
38b
39-45
46
47-48
47
48
60
51
56 ,
67-68
69
I
61
6la
62
63
64
66 '
67-68
69
73
75D'
77
78
79
80
81
82
83b
83d
83e|
84
86
87
Caosee of admissiQa to sick report.
Typhoid fever
ParatTphoid fever
Malaria.
Esti voHUitomnal fever ,
Malarial cachexia
Quartan malarial fever
Tertian malarial fever
Undetermined malarial fever.
Smallpox and varioloid
Vaccinia
Measles
Scarlet fever
Diphtheria
Intluenza
Cholera nostras
Dysentery
BacUlary
Entamoebio
Unclassified
Erysipelas.
Dengue
German measles
Mumps
Purulent infection and septicemia
Mycoses
Tuberculosis, all
Tuberculosis of lungs
Miliary tuberculosis, acute
Tuberculosis of other organs . . .
Venereal diseases, all
Syphilis
Soft Chan ere
Gonococcus infection
Cancer and other malignant tumors
Benign tumors
Rheumatism, articular, all
Acute articular rheiunatism . . .
Chronic articular rheumatism..
Diabetes
Exophthalmic goitre
Alconcrfism andresults
Chronic occupational poisonins. . . .
Other chronic poisoning, including
drug habit
Simple meningitis
Epidemic cereoroifpinal meningitis.
I^roraotor ataxia
Other diseases of spinal cord
Cerebral hemorrhage, apoplexy....
Paralysis without specined cause...
Mental alienation
E pilepsy
Neuralgia and neuritis
Conjimctlvltia
Trachoma
Pericarditis
Acute endocarditis
Organic heart disease
Angina pectoris
Diseases of the arteries, atheroma,
aneurism, etc <
Embolism and thrombosis
Hemorrhoids
Varicoee veins
Varicocele
Diseases of the lymphatic system.
Diseases of the nasal fossae.
Diseases of the larynx
Oflloeriy Army.
8. O. C, 4,394— A. G. C, 4,873.
Admissions.
I
o
1
Discharges.
I
1 0.23
1, .23
53 12.06
12 2.73
4 .91'
29, 6.60
8. L82
2 .46
2 .46
5 1. 14'
266 G0.54
I
Deaths.
I
26 5.92
1 .23
22 5.01
3 .68
1 .23
92 20.91
1 .23
7 1.59
1 .23.
8 1.82.
7 l.CO.
1 .23.
20 4.55,
81 1.82.
2 .46.
10 2.28.
1 .23,.
1 .2^
16 3. 64 .
11 2.50.
5
2
1
1.14.
.46!.
.23;.
20 4.55
1
?i
3
.2?
.46
.2V
8 1.S2
3 . *\S
Ul II. ul
20 A. ho
1 .23
03
tky.
%
Z.
97
.18
.10
.11
i .ift
I 3.50
1 0.21
.1 Z06
.03
LO
.10
.06
1.06
.03
.24
.01
.21
21
.201
I .6s;
.84!
I 3.8r
.36
10 2.28
1 .23
4 .91
29 6.60
3 .68
i; .23
4 .91
130, 29.59
20) 4.f6l
.41
.64
.01!
.9
&
.10 .oa
2.18 .5i
.6} .li
.40 .9
.01
.01
.04
.47
.00
.44
.OS
.01
.3S
.01
.0&
1 6.81
LS5i
' 0.6&.
1
l,H
.17
.04
2.43
:S
1.75
.17
.04.
.51
.13
.04
.01
.39
.00
L2I
.a«
.47
.u
.73
.17
.11
.03
.15
.03
.68
.15
-!
LSI
.00
.10
.19
.10
.n
.OS
.u
.11
.01
.01
SEFOBT 07 THB BITBOEON GENEBAL. 721
of nuan itrtngSi, for A* Arvty, offieen and Amtrican Inopi for A*
Amarion IrooM Am^.
X
.%
-us
2
.m
6
.06
;
.03
.01
.01
7
.U7
IS
!:S
5
I
...
.33
loi
71
.1
.31
1
3
.U
!o:
.«
:
-<*
xl
7
:S
i
:
.3
»
.w
1
"i
'".03
:oi
■>
0.08
1
1
31.45
.01
2.1'
%.»
.09
.0!
03.0;
will
.US
2
.02
s
2
.02
.01
1
.01
8
,08
1.19
1.80
»
,31
.23;
s
^
%
io':!o
wS 10
<
o.<
1
:i4
•
.!»
i
1
.0
ij
iio
1
■SI
.:!S
I'aoi ^85
.0.
.01
i:?
!
"■,*6^""3
.« 1
.00
!02
.oa
.02
.02
.02
.02
17.4?
t.os
IXTTi
722
BEPOBT OF THB'SUBGEON QBNEBAI^
Tablb No. 69.— ^dmiMioru to siek report, discharges, deaths, and noneffecHveneas, wiA
1915—
Inter-
na-
tional
clansifl-
catiou.
OfDoen, Army.
Mewi fftmiffth ^........^.^......^x
8. G. O., 4»S04-A« O. O., 4,873.
Beria)
Nob.
Causes of admisslou to dck report.
AdrnJasiona.
Discharges.
Deftths.
NoiMflecv
ttrsu
1
^
i
•
1
is
•
o
1
1
55
i
•
1
•
o
s
303-304
88
80-00
01
03
03
04
06
07
08ft
08b
09ft
00b
100
103
103
106
106
107
106
100
110ft
110b
113
114
115
117
110
130
133
134
134b
135
136
137
143
144
146
147
140g
150
154
180 Aft
180Bft
180Bb
I
1
15S-16S
164
165ft
165b
M7
168
Diseases of the thyroid body
305-306
Bronchitis
186
6
5
0
4i'33
1.37
1.14
3.05
2.M
a«r
307
Broncho-pnmiinonia
308
Pneumonia
2
a 41
300-315
Pleurisy
.49f ««l
316-317
Pulmonary congestion and pulmo-
nary apoplexy
310
Aathmii... ,
5
1
1.14
.33
Ai
.16
M
330
Pulmonary emphysema
:m
331
Haemoptysis..'...'
333
H ay fever
334-227
Diseases of the teeth and gums
Other diseases of the mouth and
anpexft , - , T
38
5
130
8
57
173
6.37
1.14
31.63
1.83
13.07
30.14
.60
.07
2L01
L43
.88
1.68
....J.
238-331
d
333-336
Diseases of the pharynx
*j3
338
UliMff of stomach. . . .'.
1
.21
'3
380-244
Other diseases of stomach (canoo-
excepted )
■j
245-353
Diarrhea and enteritis
M
354
Ankylostomiasis
356-350
Intestinal parasites
2
60
13
0
88
1
3
17
.46
13.65
.01
4.25
LSS
.60
1.06
.80
.34
L31
flfl
360
Appmdicitis
:S
.86
.14
.4S
.06
.06
.29
361-263
HemSkT. : :....:.::::::
3.06
364-367
Diseases of the anus and fecal
fistula
3.05
30.03
368-373
Other diseases of the intestines
Cirrhosis of liver
•****•
375
.33
......
376
Biliary calculi
.68
3.87
377-381
Other diseases of liver and gall
bladder
383-384
Simple peritonitis
388
Acute nephritis
5
17
7
6
iAi
•34
3L73
.63
.36
OB
380-391
Brl0it'8 disease
3.87
1.50
a
303-390
OttTer diseases of the kidney tJoA
anneT^a
:ii
809-306
Diseases oi the bladder
L37
ao4
EDQFVil .••••.•.•...■..•...■.......
107-aoo
Diseases of the urethra, urinary ab-
cess, etc
4
3
10
38
38
13
18
3
4
.01
.17
.54
.33
.72
.78
LSS
LSO
.17
.00
.04
.U
.06
.16
.18
.31
810-313
Diseases of the prostate
.46
a 87
6.38
3.73
4.10
.68
.§1
813-310
(nan venereal)
333-333
Furuncle and carbuncle
834-335
Acute abscess and cellulitis
Diseases of the bones
353-357
856-360
Diseases of the Joints.
367
Flat foot
373
r^mgenital malformations ... .
.«
373-374
Senility
375
Febrinila, simple continued, and
other fevers of undetermined
causation . . . .
8
15
L83
3.41
.12
2.77
:
370
Under observation, undiagnosed,
and unknown
1
.21
380
Mikltpgfrffig
426>434
AyncnoNS pRonvrrn bt ex-
TBENAL CAVSK«.>
lfoloides,il1
S
.68
435
Poianninf by I^khI ,
13
3
2.73
.46
436
Venomous Isttes and stincs.
Other potsoning (delcterloiis gases
487
480
Bums (conflanfttioDs excepted). . .
AbeorpUon of oetoterloos tases
6
1.83
440
441
16Bft
i
1 NooellMUYttMn Ite iDdtrtdoftl
ftxten
■ICftO
MS not
tftbah
itftd.
BEPOBT OF THE BUBOEOK OENXRAL.. 723
mean ttrengA, for At Army, ojfietrt tmd American troop* for the ytoT
724
BEPOBT OF THS SXTBGBOH fflfflTtRAT*.
Tabls No. 69. — Admistioni to tick report, ditthargti, deaA$, and notufectivenen, wiA
iDtor-
na-
tional
daHifl-
oattoo.
Oflleat% Anny.
V mm fftrwigth . ^ . ^ . , . . ^ . x . ^ . ^ . . . . . -
a 0. 0, 4,3M-A. O.
C. 4.873.
.s rial
Noa.
Caoaes of adminSon to dck raport.
!
'Admiaaions. Pischafgea.
Daatha.
tfT«.
Number.
Ratio.
•
1
s
•
o
1
•
1
•
o
5.
Number.
1
' 1 1
442
160
170
170a
171
172
174
175
176
178
179
181
182-4
186
"i-ii*
30-59
60-74
75
76
77-«
86-96
99-118
119-127
142-145
146-149
150
154
180
155-186
AfTBCnONS PEODUCKD BT KX-
TERNAL CAUSES— coDtinoed.
Drowning, ao'idental
443
Tiaamat&m by firearms (other than
SDecified)
5 L14
V"
...... — - -,
I
444
Shot bv flflntrv of mftrd
i T
445
Traamatism by catting or piercing
instruments
12 2.73
124 2S.22
■ ; 1
446
Traumatism bv fall
1
aii
^
448
Tra^imatism by ma^^iiinw r ,
1
20
38
.23
4.55
.
449
Traumatism bv other < rushing
Tniuries bv ftnimals
3
.62
t
450
8.65
i ;
45^
453
455
Efiscts of excessive cold
:.:...j::::..!
Effects of heat
5
1.14
j !
Effects of electricity
456-458
460
Homicides, all '
Other external violence
115 26.17
t
462-466
Killed or wounded in action
By bullet
2, .40
2f -46
462
DISEASES AND INJVEtES GROUPED.
General diseases
540
i22.m
«
2
.41
25.11
.V^ft
Enidemic diseases
469106.74
71 16.16
11.06 2.51
Other eeneral diseases
2
1
1
.41
.21
.21
12.06 2.:3j
14.73. S.S&
Diseases of the nervous system and
orsans of snecial sense
1971 44.83
Of the nervous system
123
56
18
55
363
604
68
113
107
4
27.99
12.74
4.10
12.52
82.61
137.46
15.47
25.72
11.46^ 2.6IJ
Of the eye and its annexa
Of the ear and its annexa
Diseases of the circulatory system .
Diseases of the respiratory system. .
Diseases of ttie digestive svstem
Diseases of the gmito-urmary sys-
tem
1.91< .43}
1.36; .3L
S.49 .7«
6.64^ 1.5U
2
8
.41
.41
.62
18.79 4.381
5.45' i.a«|
1
2.73 .09
Diseases of the skin and cellular
tissue
Diseases of the organs of locomotion
Mftltormations. etc
24.35
.91
6.71. l.a
.09; .w
Diseases, results of old age
ni-deflned diseases.
28
6.37
1
.21
2.9II .M
Total for disease
2,079
351
473.15
79.88
11
4
2.36
1.44
84.65 19.17
External causes
1&03 4.SI-
Total fbr disease and external
causes
1
2S.57
2,430
553.03
18
3.60
1
103.58.
BEPOBT OF THE 8UBGEOK OENEBAIj.
725
ratios pet 1,000 of mean strength ^ for the Army, officers and American troops for the year
Continued.
AmarJ
[can troops. Army.
Officers and American troops, Armj
•
8.G
f. 0., 93,262-A. O. 0., 94,720.
8.O.
0., 97,666-A. 0. 0.,
99,602.
Admitfions.
discharges.
Deaths.
Noneffective.
Admissions
Discharges.
Deaths.
Ncneffectiye.
•
1
d
1
1
7^
•
S
1
a
34
12
2
1
8
1
1
5z:
i
1
•
o
s
i
B
•
o
1
a a
1 s
1
^
•
0.36
.13
.02
.01
.08
34 0.34
275
5
986
3,372
76
621
1,150
10
127
1
7
4,845
18
18
22,101
9,626
12,475
2,854
1,290
940
624
1,739
6,600
lj^316
927
5,283
2,367
367
2
374
2.95
.05
ia57
36.16
.81
6.66
12.33
.11
1.36
.01
.07
51.92
.19
.19
236.98
103.21
133.76
30.60
13.83
10.08
6.60
18.65
60.04
161.22
9.94
56.65
25.27
3.94
.02
4.01
27
0.29
280
5
998
3,496
77
641
1,188
10
132
1
7
4,960
30
20
22,641
10,095
12,546
3,051
1,413
996
642
1,794
5,963
15,920
096
5,396
2,464
371
2
402
2.87
.06
10.22
35.80
.79
6.56
12.16
.10
1.35
.01
.07
5a 79
.20
.20
231.84
103.37
128.47
31.24
14.47
ia20
6.57
18.37
61.06
163.03
iai9
55.25
25.23
3.80
.02
4.12
27
0.29
12 .12
2 .02
1 .01
6
26
2
24
9
.06
.27
.02
.25
.10
6
26
2
24
9
.06
.27 9 .09
.02
26
4
.27
.04
.25
.10
■*29 .29
4 .04
....J....
1
21
10
11
11
98
33
65
24
24
.6i
.22
.11
.12
.12
1.03
.35
.69
.25
.25
1' .01
2i: .21
10 .10
14
1
1
337
14
323
493
449
24
20
64
38
54
53
7
165
1
.15
.01
.01
3.56
.15
3.41
5.20
4.74
.25
.21
.68
.40
.57
.56
.07
1.74
.01
14
1
1
337
14
323
493
449
24
20
64
38
64
53
7
165
1
.15
.01' 11. .11
.01
8.56
.15
3.41
6.20
4.74
.25
.21
.68
.40
.57
.56
.07
1.74
.01
11
100
33
67
25
25
.11
1.00
.33
.67
.26
.25
929.50
234.47
695.03
202.50
148.20
32.02
22.28
91.13
135.48
319.93
49.57
126.49
117.46
10.99
.03
9.67
9.97
2.51
7.45
2.17
1.50
.34
.24
.98
1.45
8.43
.63
1.36
1.26
.12
.00
.10
952.61
245.52
707.10
217.23
150.66
33.93
23.64
94.61
142.12
338.72
55.02
129.21
124. 17
11.06
.03
12.58
9.75
2.51
7.24
2.22
1.63
.35
.24
34
40
30
16
2
1
.36
.42
.32
.17
.02
.01
36
42
33
16
2
1
.36
.42
.33
.16
.02
.01
.97
1.46
3.47
.56
1.32
1.27
.11
.00
1
.01
2
.02
.13
66,920
12,522
6ia32
134.27
1,212
136
12.79
1.47
246
190
2.60
2.01
1,992.74
420.47
21.37
4.51
58,999
12,873
604.15
131.82
1,212
139
12.79
1.47
257
197
2.58
1.98
2,077.39
439.41
21.27
4.50
09,442
744.59
1,351
14.26
436
4.60
2,413.21
25.88
71,872
735.97
1,351
14.26
454
4.56
2,516.80
25.77
726
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON 6ENEBAI4.
Table No. lO.—AdmisnonM to tidt report^ diicharges, deathi, and noneffeetivene99, wiA
eeioni,
B«ria<
No.
Inter-
na-
tional
classi-
flcation.
1
1
2
la
7-11
4
7
8
9
10
11
12
5
13
6b
14
6
15
7
17
0
18
10
20
13
21-23
14
21
22
23
27
is
29
19b
31
19d
34
19g
37
20
42-46
25
49-67
28-34
49-61
^
52
23
63-67
30 34
59-74
37-38
Or* fH
37
65-07
38a
68-74
38b
75-79
89-45
80
46
81-86
47-48
81-82
47
83-85
48
87-88
50
89
61
97-100
56
101-102
57-58
• IOa-104
50
107
61
108
61a,
109
62
110-115
63
110
64
117-119
66
120-126
07-68
127
69
129-133
73
138-141
75a
142
75b
166
77
167
78
109-174
79
175
80
176-177i
SI
17^179
82
181
83b
183
83d
184
83«
185-187
84^
Mean strength.
Causes of admission to sick report.
Typhoid fever
Paratyphoid fever
Malaria.
Estivo-antonmal fever
Malarial cadiexia
Quartan malarial fever
Titian malarial fev«-
Undetermined malarial fever. .
Smallpox and varioloid
Vaccinia.
Measles
Scarlet fever
Diphtheria.. «
Innuenza .*
Cholera nostras
Dysenterv
Badllary
Entamoebic
Undassifled .'.
Erysipelas.
Denjnie
German measles
Mumps
Purulent infection and septicemia.
Mycoses
Tuberculosis, all
Tuberculosis of luno
Miliary tuberculosis, acute
Tubernilosls of other organs . . .
Venereal dfcieasfs.all
SvphUi^
Soft chancre
Oonoooccus infection
Cancer and other malignant tu-
mors.
Benign tumors
Rheumatism, articular, all
Acute articular rheumatism . . .
Chronic articular rheumatism..
Diabetes
Exophthalmic goitre
A Iconolism and results
Chronic oocapational poisoning —
Other chronic poisoning, hiclnd-
Ing drug habit
Simple meningitis
Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis.
Locomotor ataxia
Other diseases of spinal cord
Cerebral hemorrhage, apoplexy —
Paralysis without specioea cause. .
Mental alienation
Epilepsy
Neuralgia and neuritis
Conjunctivitis
Trachoma
Pericarditis
Acute endocarditis
Organic heart disease
Angina pectoris
Diseases of the arteries, atheroma,
aneurism, etc.
Embolism and thrombosis
Hemorrhoids
Varicose veins.... ^
Varicocele
Diseases of the lymphatic system..
Army, Amerku troopt, white and oolond.
8. O. O., 9S,2B2-A. O. O., 94,729.
Admissions.
6
2,113
535
8
16
1,421
134
4
371
6331
50
61
3,196
1
183
17
138
28
23
1,629
75
958
7
2
82^
299
4
251
10,045
1,V»2
2,186
^^
23
o
Dlsdiarges.
a08
.06
22.66
5.74
.09
.16
15.24
1.44
.04
3.98
6.79
.54
.65
34.27
.01
1.96
.18
1.48
.30
.25
17.47
.80
10.27
.06
.02
3.52
3.20
.04
.2i
107.71
21.?^
23.44
62.91
.24
119 1.28
642 6.82!
451
911
14
21
1,294
44
4.84
.98
.15
.26
13.87
.04
.47
.02
2
26
12 .13
9 .10
8 .09
26 .27
358: 3.82
114j 1.22
482 6.17
385 4.13
15i .16
5| .05
ft .10
10^' 1. 13
lOi
14
3
547
63
245
627
.11
.15
.OCJ,
5.8u'.
.68i
6.72>
i
B
52;
8
170
160
10
7S
2D
6
19
5
14
2
10
24
3
7
8
6
4
313
65
23
2
1
2
47
1
4
2
2
o
P3
ao6
6 .05
.06
.01
1.79
1.60
Deaths.
a
s
o
I
Noneffective.
20.02
2. .021
22 .23,
II .01^
1; .01
31 .OS
1
02
.01
r .07
.10
'.9»
.03
.31
.06
311 .33
33, .34
4I .04
4) .04
6|
4
.30
.06
.15
.02
.11
.25
3
9
.10
.03
.07
.03
.06
.041
3.30
.69
.24
.03
.01
'.W
.03
.01
.04
.06
^ Oil
101 .11
II .01
.07
-^
61 .06
.02
.50
.01
.04
.03
S .08
33 .33
3 .03
6; .06
1 .01
.02)
.oy
.03
I
I
BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEON QENEBAlj. 727
>0 of fiuan itretuflh,/or the Amg, Amtrican troop*,' mlitted men, viMte and
728
BEPOBT OF THE STJBGEON QEKEBAL.
Table No. 70. — Adrntssiona to iiek report, discharges, deaths, and noneffectiveness. with
colored, year
Serial
No.
103-199
900-202
303-204
a0&-206
207
206
309-216
216-217
219
230
221
222
324^227
328-231
233-236
238
23^344
24&-2S3
254
2S5-259
261-:
264-267
268-272
275
2276
77-281
283-284
288
28^201
293-209
303-306
304
•307-309
310-312
313-319
322-923
324-325
352-367
358-360
867
372
873-374
375
879
380
436-434
435
436
487
480
Into--
na-
tional
classi-
fication.
Mean strengtii.
86
87
88
89-90
91
93
03
04
06
07
06a|
98b
99a
99b
100
102
103
105
106
107
108
109
110a
110b
113
114
U5
117
119
120
122
124
124b
125
126
127
143
144
146
147
149g
150
154
180Aa
189Ba
189Bb
166-163
164
165a
165b1
167
Causes of admission to sick report.
Army, Amflrimn troops, white and colored.
8. G. O., 93,26»-A. G. O., 94,729.
Admissions.
Diseases of the nasaJ fosste
Diseases of the larynx
Diseases of the thyroid body.
Bronchitis
Brondio-pneomonia
Pnenmonia.
Pleurisy
Pulmonary congestion and pulmo-
nary apoplexy
Asthma
Pulmonary emphysema
HsBmoptysis
Hay fever
Diseases of the teeth and gums. . .
Other diseases of the mouth and
annesca
Diseases of the
Ulcer of
Other diseases of stomach (cancer
excepted)
Diarrhea and enteritis ,
Ankylostomiasis
Intestinal parasites
Appendicitis
Hernia
Diseases of the anus and fecal fia-
tula
Other diseases of the intestines
Cirrhosis of liver
Biliary calculi
Other diseases of liver and gall
bladder
Simple peritonitis
Acute nephritis
Bright '8 disease
Other diseases of the kidney and
annexa
Diseases of the bladder
Enuresis
Diseases of the urethra, urinary ab-
scess, etc
Diseases of the prostate
Diseases of the male genital organs
(ncm venereal) ,
Furuncle and carbuncle
Acute abscess and cellulitis
Diseases of the bones
Diseases of the Joints
Flat foot
Congenital malformations
Senfllty
Febricula, simple continued, and
other fevers of undetermined
causation
Under observation, undiagnosed
and unknown
Malingering
▲ITlCnONS PBODUCED BT IXTSB*
NAL CAUSB8.>
Suicides, all ,
Poisoning by food ,
Venomous bites and stings..
leterious
gases
Other poisoning (del*
excepted)
Bums (oooflagratioos exoepted)
I
i
1,416 15.18
S5 *
34
3,280|
53
225
259
1
78
2
8
4
4941
84
6,071
1,122
2,939,
4ll
96
815
353
76
2,772
5
9
380
1
321
54
27
196
109
143
16
403
1,625
1,253
236
382
263
367
3
186
79
85
13
S21
96
53
884
Disdiarges.
2.52
.26
35.17
.57
2.41
2.78
.01
.84
.02
.09
UM
6.30
.90
05.10
.2^
12.03
31.51
.44
1.03
8.74
3.701
.81
29.721
.05
.10
4.17
.01
.34
.68
.29
2.10
1.17
1.53
.16
4.32
17.42
13.44
2.53
4.10
2.71
3.94
.02
1.99
.14
3.44
1.03
.57
4.131
I
I
1
5
7
1
4
19
6
1
121
1
33
33
1
1
1
6
23
118
1
.0^
.01
.07
.05
.01
Deaths.
.07
141 .15
.01
.01
.05
.07
.01
.01
.04
.20
.06
.01
.01
.021
.13
.01
.35
.35
.01
.01
.01
.01
.06
.24
1.25
.01
1
6l
I
.01
.06
29: .31
8 .031
.01
.01
1
2^.03
4 .04
IX
8
1
6
0
.13
.03
.01
.01
.02
.06
.10
3 .03]
1> .01
1 .01
50, .53
.01
^NoneffectlveneM for individual external
81 .
not tabnlatsd.
youaffeili^Sb
I
22.00
4.57
3.40
50.34
4.05
16.40
18.86
.01
6.61
.08
.48
.06
0.13
2.15
86.56
4.10
30145
SSL 11
X64
LOO
68.64
86.00
4.45
85.06
.66
LOS
17.83
,07
ZOO
0.36
1.86
18.18
0.03
4.15
L45
1L80
37.60
31.74
14. S3
31.07
S3. 44
ILOO
.01
S.68
8.07
LOS
.M
.06
.M
.64
.01
.18
.n
:sa
.01
M
.01
EEPOBT OF THE SUBQEON GENERAL
n
0.01
21. <»
t.z
li
is! 31
.01
J
2.01
86. i;
*.K
19.01
1:g
l.K
33: SI
4. SI
32.11
s
B.li
I.X
2».'7l
•Ik
.03
3.0
3.44
.K
;«
'.«
:
■■^
'.a.
:*
'.3:
'.a
.0;
n
13. -^1 1' 0 17 1
1.00
.34
2; 24
i
in
.CO
214
J6.g;
2t:
^ii
'
1
■'
*
2, .34
.2S
■
.01
1
4:
m
1
.ns
*
.«.
1
,
7! a
2.24
i
.(X
"
:S
';''*
S.WI
'
.17
.le
.17
■0[
I
.01
.02
!
!o2
1«
3.27
...1 '
I.K
i
i
.34
1|.17
'.01
4!»
l.M
12
S3
I....l....
.37
.37
'.0]
.J j ..
„
:zrc.
,r
TO 12.0.
3
10
,01
3.W
.01
lia
>
i:»i
43
7.41
1 i
,.
1
.01
.3
s
»
.M
a.oa
K
8.»l
.S2
■a
730
REPOBT OP THE SUBGEON QENEBAL.
Tablb No. 70. — Admisnoru to iiek'report, discharges, deaths, and noneffeetiveness, %oitk
colored^ fear
Serial
No.
440
441
443
443
444
446
446
448
449
450
453
453
455
456-458
460
462-466
463
Inter-
na-
tional
classi-
fication.
168
168a
169
170
170a
in
173
174
175
176
178
179
181
183-184
186
1-19
30-50
60-74
75
76
77-85
86-98
99-118
119-137
143-145
146-149
150
154
180
15»-186
Mean strength.
Causes of admission to sick report.
ArrBcnoNS producxd bt exter-
nal CAUSES— continued.
Absorption of deleterious gases.....
Suffocation, strangulaticm
Drowning, accidental
Traumatisni bv firearms (other
than specifiea) ,
Shot by sentry or guard ,
Traumatism by cutting or piercing
instruments ,
Traumatism by fall ,
Traumatism by machines ,
Traumatism br other crushing.. . . .
Injuries by animals ,
£n<>cts of excessive cotid ,
Effects of heat ,
Effects of electric!^ ,
Homicides, all ,
Other external violence ,
Killed or wounded in action ,
By bullet
DISEASES AND IN/XTRIES OBOUTED.
Army, American troops, whits and colored.
8. O. O., g3,36»-A. O. O., 04,739.
Admissions.
"A
3
0.02
.03
Discharges.
I
375
5
3.95
.05
986 10.57
3,373| 36.16
761
621
1,150<
10
137
1
7
4,815
18
18
General dfs^as-^ 33.
Epidemic diseas'^ \ 9.
Other general diseas'^s ; 3,
Dis?as^s of the nervous system and
orsuns of special sense
Of the n rvoos system
Of the eye and its annexa
Of the ear and its annexa
Diseases of the circulatory system. .
Dis >ases of the respiratory system . .
Diseas(>s of the dig^tivr system
Diseases of the genito-urinary sys-
tem
Diseases of the skin and cellular
tissue 5,
Diseases of the organs of locomotion 3,
Malformations, etc
Diseases, results of old age
lU-deflned diseases
.81
6.66
13.331
.11
1.36
.Oil
.07
51.93]
.19
.19
1,
5,
15,
101236.98
626,103.31
475)133. 76
854
390
910
624
739
600
316
30.60.
13 83]
iao8'
6.69,
18.65^
60.04
164.331
937 9.94
56.65
35.37
3.94
.02
4.01J
Total for disease '56,92081033
External causes 12.532134.37
3S3
357.
33r
8741
27
6
26
2
24
9
14
1
1
337
14
323
493
449
34
301
64
38
7
165
1
Total for disease and external
69.442744. 50l 1,351
1,313
139
o
0.29
Deaths.
I
Noosffectlv*.
.06{
.271
.02,
.25
.10
3 0.03
34 .36
12 .13
2 .02
.01
8 .061
26i .271
4 .041
.151
.01
.01
3.56
.15
3.41
5.301
4.74
.351
.31
.68
.40
.57
1 .011
31< .22
10 .11
11
11
.12
.12,
.071
1.74
.01
981.03 939.50!
331 .35 334.47
65, .69 695.03
34
34
84
401
aoi
53 .66 16 .17 49.57
3
1
.25
.36
.43!
.82f
203.50!
148 30
33.03
23.38
01.13
185.48
319.03
.02,
.01
.01
136.49
117.46
laos
.08
9.67
13.79^ 346 3. 6ai, 998. 74
1.4r 190i3.01 430.471
14.36 4364.663,413.31
4.S1
35w88
BEPOBT OF THE 8UBQB0K OENSBAIj.
731
ratioi per 1,000 of mean etrength^for the Army, American troopt, enUiUd men, wkUe and
1915— Continued.
Annj, AnMricaa troops, wliito.
Army, AnMrfcan troops, colored.
8. G
L 0., 87,458-A. O. 0., 88,925.
8.
G. 0.,
5,804-A. G. 0.
.MOl.
Admisskms.
Disdiargfs.
Deaths.
Noneffoctivo.
Adni(ffi<Vm«,
Discharges.
Deaths.
N<HieffecthFau
i
a
s
6
•
1
>5
•
1
1
•
0
•
1
•
a
s
•
1
9
1
•
52;
•
1
•
a
9
•
0
1
2
3
a 02
.03
3
33
11
2
1
8
a 03
.37
.12
.02
.01
.09
........
io. i?
257
4
921
3,167
71
600
1,071
10
124
1
4
4,585
17
17
20,531
8,949
U,5S2
2,601
1,211
872
608
1,618
5,252
14,489
864
5,063
2,225
334
2
338
3.94
.06
10.53
36.21
.81
6.86
12.25
.11
L43
.01
.05
5X43
.19
.19
234.75
102.32
132.43
3a 77
13.85
! 9.97
[ 6.95
18.50
, 6a06
I66168
9.88
57.78
35.44
3.70
.02
3.86
25
a23
18
1
65
3.10
.17
11.20
2
a 34
1
.17
5
34
2
33
8
.06
.27
.02
.26
.09
1
2
.17
. .34
205| 35.32
5 .86
21, 3.62
79^^ 13. 61
24
4
.27
.04
{
.17
.17
2
'.■34
3
.52
.
.....
1
19
10
11
11
88
83
65
23
23
.01
.21
.11
.12
.12
.99
.37
.62
.26
.26
(
3
360
1
1
1,570
677
893
163
79
68
16
.52
44.80
.17
.17
27a 51
116.64
153.86
28.09
13.61
11.72
2.76
2
.34
1
313
14
298
458
418
20
20
60
35
62
53
7
151
■1
.16
.01
.01
3.51
.16
3.35
5.14
4.70
.22
.22
.67
.39
.58
.60
.06
1.70
.01
1
1
861.34
221.11
64a 24
188.12
137.73
28.37
22.01
85.25
137.3^
302.68
47.00
119.36
107.62
9.33
.03
8.44
0.85
3.53
7.32
3.14
1.57
.32
.25
.97
1.46
3.46
.54
1.36
1.23
.11
.00
.10
35
4.31
10
1.72
68.16
13.36
54.80
14.38
ia47
3.65
.26
5.87
8.12
17.24
3.48
7.18
11.74
2.30
25
35
31
\ A
4.31
6.03
5.34
.60
10
1
1
L72
.17
.17
9.44
X48
1.80
.63
.06
27
36
27
15
2
1
.30
.46
.30
.17
.02
.01
121 2a 85
348 59.96
827142.50
63 ia86
230 39 fa
2
.60
.53
.34
7
4
3
1
1.21
.60
.53
.17
1.01
1.40
2.97
.4S
•
1.23
132
43
22.74
7.41
14
3.41
9.84 1.70
1.66 .39
1
1
.01
36
6.30
.
1.23 .31
• ••••• «W»*|.««.
53.383
U,784
6ia43
134.74
1,129
130
13.70
1.46
220
' 184
2.47
3.07
1,856.64
391.42
21.23
4.48
3,533
73&
608.73
127.15
83
9
14.30
L55
264.48
61.03
136.10 33.45
39.06 &01
1
86,171
745.17
1,250
14.16
404
4.54
2,348.05
25.70
4,3n
735.87
93
15.85
326w51
1
165.17 38.46
732
BEPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
Table No. 70i,—Admis9ion9 to sick report, discharges, deaths, and noneffeetiveness, wM
officers and total American troops.
i
1
1
Officers, United States.
Mfian strenirth .,,...,.», ^.-■,
8. O. 0., 3/)64-A. O. 0., 8,402.
m
Causes of admission to sick report.
Admis-
sions.
Discharges.
Deaths.
Noneftectire.
1
1
1
Num-
ber.
•
0
I
Num-
ber.
i
•
1
•
0
1
0.10
.08
.40
.07
.06
1
C)
(«)
0)
(«)
1
1
la
4
6*
6b
6
7
9
10
13
14
is*
19b
19d
20
25
28-34
28
29
8C^4
87-38
37
88a
38b
89-45
46
47-48
47
48
60
61
66
67-68
60
61
6U
63
68
64
66
67-68
69
73
76a
75b
77
78
79
80
81
TvDhoid fever
1
1
22
1
2
0.33
.33
7.18
.33
.66
0.30
.10
1.23
.23
.25
2
ParatvDhoid fever
7-11
MalariA
7
Ettiv(Hiutuniiial fever
8
9
QiiArtATi niAlAii^l fever. .....
10
Tertian malarial fever
Undetermined malaria] fever.
Smallpox and varioloid
16
3
5.22
.98
.60
.06
.22
.02
11
12
13
Vl^M*-Jxilf». . r , . . , -
14
Meafflffl , . , ,
1
2
4
239
.33
.65
1.31
78.00
.02
.11
.13
3.00
.01
.04
.04
1.01
16
Scarlet fever
17
Diphtheria
18
Innuenw r ...»
20
Cholera nostras
21-23
Dvsenterv
■■•l7
5.55
1.68
.65
21
nsrJllAiy, ,-,,..
22
Kntamoebic^ ^ . . . . ^ x ^ . .^
15
2
4.90
.65
1.59
.00
.52
.03
......
23
TTnnlojwlflfMl
27
Wryiiipeliui.
29
Pttirne^ X X . . X . X . X X X t
4
1
3
1
1.31
.33
.98
.33
.06
.03
.10
.02
.02
.01
.03
.01
31
Gfrmnn mefMlfifl.x...
34
Mampa
37
Purulent Infection and aeptloemia
Hjoosea
.29
42-46
49-67
Tubeiculosis. all
8
7
2.61
2.29
6.81
6.65
2.22
3.17
49-61
Tuberouloais of limga
Miliarv tuberculosis, acute.. .
62
63-67
Tuberculosk of other organs,
v^nerenl disefUMs. All
1
12
5
2
5
1
1
14
11
3
2
.33
3.92
1.63
.65
1.03
.33
.33
4.57
3.60
.08
.17
XOl
1.46
.17
.38
.04
.39
.96
.47
.48
.11
.14
.06
.66
.48
.06
.12
.01
.13
.31
.15
.16
.03
.05
.23
69-74
69-64
Ajmhllln... , .,
65-67
68-74
Oonocoocus infection
Cancer and other mall|^iant
tumors *xx. •
76-79
1
1
.29
80
81-66
Rheumatism, articular, all
Acute articular rheumatism.
Chronicartioularrheiimatism .
Diabetes
81-«2
83-85
>
87-88
.66
89
Exophthalmic Koitre
97-100
Alcoholism ana results
Chronic occupational poiscndng. .
18
6.87
101-102
.
103-104
Other chnmfc poisoning, includ-
ing dnig habit
107
Rumple meningitis .
108
Epidemic oerebrospfaial menin-
gitis
109
LoccMnotor atasda
1
2
".'33
.65
*
.20
.65
.07
.21
110-115
Other diseases of spinal cord
Cerebral hemorrhage, apoplexy..
116
117-119
Paralysis without specified cause
Mental alienation
1
6
3
40
11
1
.33
.30
.75
.69
^S
.12
!04
120-126
1.96
.9R
127
Epilepsy
129-133
Neural^ and neuritis T
13.06
.33
188-141
CaE^imctivitis
142
Trachoma
■ ■ 1
166
Pericarditis
167
Acute endocarditis
1*'"
169-174
Organic heart disease
4
1.31
:::::i: :
.39
.30
»10
176
Angina pectoris
176-177J
Diseases of the arteries, arthe-
roma, aneurism, etc
3
.98
• • ■ •
.50
.10
'Induding those ooomrlng in the United States proper from commands on duty In Alaska or Jnaolir
EBPOBI OF THE HUBQEON OBKEBAU
igTrfirftni thoM ooDonliic In th* United Steta propir from ouaanuidi oo dnl; In Aluk> at
734
BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEON QENEBAU
Table No. 70}. — Admi$9ion» to tick report, discharges^ deaths, and tymeffeetiveness^ wHk
officers and total American troops^
International classiflcation.
Officers, United States.
Mean strength
8. O. 0., 3,064— A. O. O., 3,492.
Causes of admission to sick report.
Admis-
sions.
. Discharges.
Deaths.
KoDeffeciiva.
•
8
•
1
1
5z:
•
o
1
Num-
ber.
•
o
1
Nun»-
ber.
•
•
1
1
1
C)
(«)
0)
C)
1
§
178-179
82
83b
83d
83e
84
86
87
88
89-90
91
92
93
94
96
97
98a
98b
99a
99b
100
103
108
105
106
107
108
109
110a
110b
113
114
115
117
119
130
133
124
124b
125
126
127
148
144
146
147
UH
160
154
189 Aa
180Ba
189Bb
EmboUsm and thrombosis
181
Hemorrhoids
1^
3
1
3
103
15
5.87
.98
.38
L37
.18
.03
.U
1.4i
.19
•.45
183
Varicose veins
-
.001
184
Varicocele
•^
185-187
Diseases of the lymphatic system.
Diseases of the nasalloess
Diseases of the larynx
.98
19^199
33.29
4.90
.47
.06
300-303
303-3O4
Diseases of the thyroid body
305-306
Bronchitb
134
4
4
6
43.73
1.31
1.31
1.96
2l10
.45
.30
.38
.69
.IS
307
Broncho-pneomonia
306
Pneumoi^
1
i'ft'oo
.lOl
309-315
Plwrisy
.12
316-317
Pulmonary oonxestion and pul-
monary apoplexy.
Asthma... ,
319
4
1.31
"1
.a
330
PulnMMiary emphysema
321
H»mopty8is....r
...
333
Hay fever
*****
234-337
Diseases of the teeth and gums...
Other diseases of the mouth and
ftnnexa.
Diseases of the pharynx
20
2
103
5
38
110
0.53
.46
. Oi
1.G2
1.18
.53
176
.15
.<n
.58
338 231
.65
33.61
1.63
12.40
35.90
...
333-336
"i
"i
• • • •
.29
338
TTkfir of stomacn
1
*....'-
.3K
339-244
Other diseases of stomach (cancer
excepted).
Diarrhea and enteritis
.17)
24^383
.98
254
i---
255-250
intestinal parasites
1
30
11
4
51
1
1
U
.33
9.7^
3.69
1.31
.61
2L10
.25
1.10
•J?
.21
.93
■|
260
Appendiciis
.....
361-263
Hernia.
264-267
Diseases of the anus and fecal
fistula.
Other diseases of the intestines. .
Cirrhosis of liver
268-272
16.-64
.38
J
275
•OTt
376
BUiary calculi
.33
*07!
377-281
Other' diseases of liver and gall
bladder.
Simple peritonitis
3.59
:»
288-284
288
Acule nephritis
3
13
5
4
.98
4.24
.801
2l53
.56
.18
■"■;S
289-291
Bright's disease
29a-299
Other diseases of the kidney and
annexa.
Diseases of the bladder
1.63
.181
808^306
1.31
.0.
304
Enuresb
*•»•
807-300
Diseases of the urethra, urinary
abscess, etc
310-312
Diseases of the prostate
2
8
18
14
8
11
3
3
.65
2.61
* * *
.54
.15
.30
.42
1.14
.97
.17
.07
.18
.06
313-319
Diseases of th«> male genital organs
(nonvvnereai)
822-?7!l
Furuncle and carbuncle
5.88
4.57
824-325
Acute abscess and c ^lluiitis
Di» as^s of the bon s
* mI
352-357
2.61
3.5t^
*37l
358-360
Diseas-^s of the Joints
. 33I
367
Fiat foot
.qS
872
rone^nHal raa:fonnttion«
Senility
.96
'
<o3
873-374
875
Febricuia, simple continued.and
other fevers of undetermined
causation
1
9
.33
.01
2L44
.00
879
Under obeervationp undiegnosed
194
1
• • •
1
.29
•3
880
Halingenng....
..."
tlndnding tboee occurring in the United Statee proper from oommaivis on duty in Alaska or
SEPOAT or THE BUBOBON OBNEBAI..
N occorrlni In llu DiUt«d Bfitt pnptr Iram <»mmuiili on Aatj In Alukt «
736
REPORT OF THE SURGEON. QENERAL.
Table No. yO^.—AdmUtiom to skk reporty du(harge$y death», and noneffedwenem, wiA
officen and total Ameriean froopt,
1
§
-a
1
Oflkwt, United SUtet.
MfNui straosth
8. 0. 0., 3/)64-A. O. 0., S,«2.
•
Causes oCftdicissioo to sick report.
1
Admis-
sions.
Discharges.
Deaths.
Neneffecti ? il
1
•
1
•
o
1
Num-
ber.
•
o
1
Num-
ber.
d
1
•
1
0)
(«)
(>)
(«)
426-434
155-163
164
165a
165b
167
168
168b
169
170
170b
171
172
174
175
176
178
179
181
182-184
186
**i-i9'
20-59
60-74
75
76
77-86
86-08
99-118
119-127
142-145
146-149
150
154
180
155-186
AFWECttOm PRODUCED BT £X«
TBXNAL CAUSES.*
Suicides, all
1
1
435
PoisonlDE by food
5
1.63
...:...
486
Venomous lutes and stings
437
Other poisoningrdeleterious gases
excepted), accidental
439
Bums (conHagrations excepted)..
Abs<Hption of deleterious gases...
5
1.63
440
441
'Suffocation, strangulatioo
442
Drownme, accidental
443
Tianmatisan by fliearms (other
than specified)
3
.98
444
Shot by sentry or guard
445
Traumatism by cutting or piero-
tne instruments
9
77
1
10
34
2.M
25.13
.33
3.26
11.10
446
Traumatism by fall
448
Traumatism by machines
Traumatism by other crushing...
TDhlT*f>* by i^nim^l"
449
3
3
.86
450
452
Ei^ects of excessive cold .........
:::::::t:::::i
453
Effects of heat
5
1.63
455
Effects of dectricity
456-458
Homicides, all
......
t
:::::;:::::: ::::::i
460
Other external violence
75
24.48
462-466
KUled or wounded in action
By bullet
2: .65
2| .65
364118.80
306 99.87
58 18.03
1
143 46.67
96 31.33
36 11.75
11' 3.59
34 11.10
270 88.12
890127.28
1
50| 16.32
58 18.03
68 22.19
a; .«
.....
1 *
462
DISEASES AND INJURIES QKOUPED.
General diseases
2
2
.67
18.76
«ul«
Epidemic diseases
.....
7.89*2.41
U.ST 3.n
12.78 4.1i
Other general diseases
Diseases of the nervous system
and organs of special sense
Of the nervous system
Of the eye and iis annexa... .
Of the ear and its annexa....
Diseases of the circulatory system
Diseases of the respiratorysystem
Diseases of the digestive system.
Diseaset of tha genito-urfaiary
system
2
2
.57
.....
!..
10.00 zM
1.55 .501
.....
1.24 .4Q|
2.76 ,m
1
1
8
i
1
8
'^29
.29
.86
4.05 l.tt]
12.66 4.U|
4.78 1.5«
L«, .J
5.4^ LTfl
Diseases of the skin and oeUular
tissue
Diseases of the organs of looomo-
tkm
IfBifnrmatfonf . etc
.07 .oi
Diseaset. resulis of old an .......
ni-deflned diseases
12 3.92
*••••('""
' i
"i
'.'w
'rih" 'm
Total tor disease
rsrs
1,392 454.31
233 76.04
8i 82.29
06.14
Rxtenial causes
f
41.15
14.80| 4.a|
Total for disease and ex-
ternal oautes
1
1.625530.35
12
12S.44
80.04
»-A
1
1
n
I Including those occurring in the United States proper from commands on daty in
oiseisions.
t Excluding those ocoarrlng in the United States proper from oommands on dotj in
or
or
BBPOBT OF THE 8X7BOEON OENBBAIj.
737
ratioi per 1,000 of mean itrength, for the United States (eontinerUal), exduding Alofka
for the year 19i5--Continued.
Enlisted men, United States.
Total, United States.
B.
0. 0., 63,725— A. G. 0., 64,636.
B. O. 0., 66,789— A. 0. 0., 68,138.
Admis-
sions.
Disebsfges.
Deaths.
Kon-
effoctive.
Admis-
sions.
Discharges. Deattis.
Non-
effective.
•
1
1
1
1
Num-
ber.
•
o
Nam-
ber.
1
0 60
.02
•
1
•
1
Nnm-
ber.
•
o
i
PS
Num-
ber.
•
0
•
1
V
0)
0)
0)
38
1
38
1
0)
o
0)
39
1
0)
39
1
11
83
63
83
268
2
3
0.17
1.30
.83
.60
4.05
.08
.05
*
11
0.1ft
88, i.32
1 .01
53' .79
5
5
.06
32
263
3
.48
3.94
.03
.04
6
5': .07
3
3
0.05
8
3
0.05
•**l**'*
2
26
12
2
2
25
12
2
1
7
.oi
.39
.19
.03
.02
.11
**2!"2,'.03
25 25: .37
1
12 12! .IR
217
4
683
S.554
3.40
.06
9.15
40.07
27
24
.37
330
4
602
3,631
8.29
.06
8.86
39.39
r
24
.87
2
1
7
2; .03
1
1> .01
6
26
2
24
9
8
32
2
15
9
.05
.34
.03
.23
.14
6
36
3
24
9
8
32
2
15
9
.05
.34
.03
.23
.14
•■«h** •
7
.10
63 .991
364 6.71
1,018| 15.971
64 .96
374 5.60
1052^ 16.75
.6i .Oft
*22| 22
.34
.06
25
4
26
4
.37
.06
4
' 6
56
1
6
8,466
il
13,464
5,616
6,948
1,727
828
574
825
1,114
4,034
10,617
602
8,428
1,641
226
2
217
.09
.8S
.02
.Og
54.38.
195.59
86.66
109.03
27.10
12.99
9.01
6.10
17.48
68.30
165.03
9.46
63.79
26.76
8.65
.03
3.40
61
1
5
3,541
30
30
7,006
1,870
994
610
836
1,148
4,304
10,907
652
3,486
.91
.01
.07
53.02
.30
.80
19106
87.17
104.90
27.99
18.88
9.18
6.01
17.19
64.44
163.88
9.76
6130
35.69
3.48
17
9
11
11
84
28
56
20
20
« • •
17
9
11
11
72
28
44
18
18
• • •
.27
.14
.17
.17
1.11
.43
.68
.28
.28
• •
17
9
11
11
86
20
20
17| .25
9 .1.1
14
1
1
336
14
322
482
439
34
19
63
38
64
63
7
166
1
228
13
215
286
263
20
13
37
20
38
44
6
111
1
.17
.02
.03
3.63
.20
3.33
4.42
8.91
.81
.20
.57
.31
.69
.68
.09
14
1
1
836
14
833
^
34
19
64
68
7
166
1
11
315
386
368
30
18
37
30
86
44
•
111
1
.17
.02
.02
3.53
.20
3.33
4.42
3.91
.81
.20
.57
.81
.56
.68
.09
L72
.02
11
11
74
28
46
.16
.16
LOO
.41
.68
.26
.96
60L78
136.77
465.93
148.69
107.18
33.66
13.76
89.44
97.46
316.74
84.36
•
8147
81.96
6.64
.03
6.39
9.44
113
7.81
126
8.39
.64
1.39
1.39
.10
.00
.10
620.46
143.16
477.30
156.37
117.18
34.20
14.98
6121
10141
228.41
39.14
83.88
87.44
6.70
.03
a86
9 29
2.14
7.15
183
1.75
36
.32
27
36
26
12
2
1
27
36
24
12
2
1
.42
.56
.37
.19
.08
.03
'i
28
12
2
1
28
37
27
12
3
1
.41
.64
.40
.18
.01
.01
.93
1.53
3.42
.59
1.96
1.81
.10
2 :»
.00
1
1
.02
229
3.43
2
3
.03
.18
85,972
8,891
664.49
189.52
'-IS
771
108
11.93
1.67
208
156
103
156
Z99
3.41
1,829.77
810.44
30.87
4.87
37,364
9,124
559.43
136.61
1,199
139
771
106
11.93
1.67
216
160
201
160
2.96
2.36
1,395.91
325.24
20.90
4.87
44,863
704.01
1,338
879
13.60
864
349
6.40
1,64a 31
35.74
46,488
696.04
1,338
879
13.60
376
361
5.30
1,72L15
25.77
* Noneffeotiyeness 16r indiyidual external causes not tabulated.
e9176*— WAB 1916— VOL 1 47
BBPOBT OF THE 5URQE0N OENEBAL.
Porulmt InlKtkm aiid MpUcamii.
KrCOBM
TatMrcolotli, dl
TiibcrmiliHbDfliiiiKa
imiu; tubcmilosla. acul*.
Tubereuhnbr' —- —
Dtabrtii
Eiophthalmlo nltn. . .
ALcDDoLisiil anl rOflulti.
Cbraolc oocuMlknul polionliic. . .
Otber chnniK poiioiimc, includ-
ing drug babft
Slmpl* iiiailDCltIa
EptaMnle otnbnisptiu] nunlnci-
Lnoomotar *t4Zia
OttMrdiMUMolipliuliiord
Csnbnl tMnuRtugs, *poplur...
Pinlyib irltlnut (pacibai oinM. .
N«iml«aiMl DeortUi.
CanJimellTKla
Pwicwditi; ;;■."!! "1" ! ";;""
AniU OMloovdttls.
On«Dlo hnn disHH
ADgtn* pwMcla.
DImm oI Um utaiB, ■UHnim,
Uuimtnib.
til* Onlud 8uu>
*
i
IM
J<
81
3
I
I
;
t
i:
to.
s.
j^-
7 n u .n itt.si i.n
.M ntu ym
il .m
, .a
«,7S .«|
is.a .»
iu .n{
.m
:d
I
.a M
.!» .n
.«o, .at
ilk' .IK
■"J ■"
i<K .m!
.m' .»
BBPOBT OF THE BUBQEOB GENBBAL.
BEPOBX OF THE SUBOEOIf GENERU^
tTnltod SiBtn, tnUl ailktid mai, wtalto Hid CO
i
1
1 ;«
3
9.0:
*'0T
J
J .11
1.
( .0)
1
1 .01
7i
■
1 1
4
1
3! si
i«
1 .03
7 .as
.1;
3 .0
a .03
.08
■ M
.«
1
I
1
1
I.W
Lit
■•■u"
t
1 .m
«.M
I
1 .01
1.0
i
1 .03
4 .0
7 l!l'
1 .01
!az
.33
BEPOBT OF THE 8UBQE0N GENERAL.
741
ratioi per 1,000 of mean strengthjfor enlisted American troops serving in the United States
Alaskan/or the year 1915 — Continued.
United SUtM, white, enlisted
men.
United States, colored, enlisted men.
B.
0. 0., 61,28&-A. O. O., 62,197.
8.
0. 0., 2,439-A. 0. 0., 2,439.
Admissions.
Discharges.
Deaths.
Noneffective.
Admissions.
Discharges.
Deaths.
Noneffeotive.
1
1
Nom-
ber.
•
o
1
Num-
ber.
•
o
1
•
1
a 16
.08
.14
.81
.36
.05
.08
.63
.05
.19
.23
.00
.07
.00
.01
.00
.10
.02
1.02
.05
.24
.41
.03
.02
.54
.41
.06
.80
.01
.01
.17
.00
.02
.12
.03
.13
.10
.04
.02
.13
.31
.34
.15
.35
.30
.10
.00
.03
.05
.01
•
1
•
s
Num-
ber.
d
1
Nam-
ber.
1
^
0)
(«)
0)
0)
0)
(«)
(») («)
P
340
38
5.56
.62
9.74
2.12
8.66
18.96
16.01
8.25
1.85
88.14
3.29
11.48
14.29
.01
3.99
.06
.44
.01
5.98
1.42
6.25
3.15
14.40
26.23
1.70
.95
33.32
25.18
3.43
18.40
.66
.48
10.15
.07
1.19
7.18
1.90
&22
.62
2.36
L08
&22
19.05
30.35
9.04
21.51
1.86
6.23
.06
1.85
2.89
.73
36
14.76
0.92
(LM
i' 2
0.03
.02
160* 2.61
356, 5.81
965; 16.07
183 2.99
ft .13
2,272 37.07
43 .70
164, 2.68
161 2.63
l| .02
50| .82
2! .03
2
2
; }
7
5
1
1
2
5
30
10
.82
2.05
12.30
4.10
.04 .02
.35 .14
1
0.41
.38 .15
.29 .12
3
2
1
.06
.03
.02
1
4
25
3
1
4
25
3
0.ti2
.06
.40
.05
81
1
11
12
33.21
.41
4.51
4.92
1.57 .64
1
2
io.4i
2 .82
.08 .08
1.35 .55
7
7
.11
.32 .13
12
6
.10
1
.41
2
1
.18 .07
6
1
.08
.02
1
317^ 6.17
59 .96
4,534 73.96
13 .21
789 12.87
1,968' 32.12
19 .31
63 1.03
47r 7.69
247 4.03
53f .86
1,410 23.01
5 .06
4 .07
1
1
.02
19
2
79
^ 1
41
86
1
1
5
1
5
56
7.79
.82
32.39
.41
16.81
35.26
.41
.41
2.05
.41
2.06
22.96
.28 .11
.08 .08
1
5
7
1
1
1
I
.02
.03
.10
1
1
1
1
.02
.02
• • " •
1.62 .62
.02 .01
1
1
.41
.58 .24
4
3
.05
1
.99 .41
1
.02
.01 .00
.01 .00
4
18
1
16
.02
.26
10
2
10
2
.16
.03
1.10 .45
1
.41
,, 1
.36 .15
.25 .10
5
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
.08
.02
.02
.03
1
1.18 .48
1
1
.02
234
1
16
33
17
125
73
72
9
276
1,111
799
131
256
141
208
2
94
m
21
3.82
.03
.26
.54
.28
2.04
L19
L17
.15
4.50
18.13
13.04
2.14
4.18
2.30
3.39
.03
1.53
1.01
.34'
1
]
1
1
3
8
.02
.02
.05
.13
12
4.92I
.78 .82
i
li
1
2
1
1
1
3
**."41
.82
.41
.41
.41
1.23
.09 .04
12
1
83
33
1
1
1
10
1
27
27
1
.i6
.02
.43
.43
.02
.30 .12
.04 .02
■
.01 .00
.00
.13
.00
.06
1
.03
8
15
12
3.28
6.15
4.92
.35
.22
.37
.26
.73
2.56
.41
.14
.00
1
5
21
107
1
1
4
20
71
1
.02
2
2
1
.03
.02
.15
.06 ll
.....
.11
.32
1.14
.02
4
2
18
"l.64
.82
7.38
:::::':::i
.30
....
11 6
2.46
1.06
.17
15
&15
1
•
.28
.35
.11
1
1
.02
• « • •
.14
:::!!! ::::::i:::::i
• • •
• • • •
s Bxdoding those ooourring in the United States proper from commands on duty pi Alaska or insular
742
REPORT OF THE SUBQEON GENEBAU
Tablb No. 71.— Admisiions to tick report^ diicharges, deaths, and noneffeetivenest, wWk
cantinental, exdudm§
42^434
435
438
437
439
440
441
4421
443
444
445
44«
448
449
450
452
453
455
4fi<M58
460
I02-4M
462
8
155-103
104
165a
165b
167
168
168a|
169
170
170al
171
173
174
176
176
178
179
181
182-4
186
1-19
30-50
60-74
75
76
77-86
86-98
99-118
11»-137
143-ltf
146-149
160
154
189
156-186
Mean strength.
CaoMS of admission to sick report.
▲FTECnONS FBODUCSD BY
TKENAL CAU8X8.*
Suicides, all
Poisoning by food
Venomous bites and stings
Other poisoning (deleterious gases
excepted)
Bums (conflagrations excepted)..
A bsorption of deleterious gases. . . .
Suffocation, strangulation
Prownlng, accidental
Traumatism bv firearms (other
than speciflea)
Shot by sentry or guard
Traumatism Sy cutting or pierc-
ing instruments
Traumatism by Hall
Traumatism by machines
Traumatism by other crushing. . .
Injuries by animals
Emcts of excessive cold
ElTtetsofheat
Effects of electricity
Homicides, all
Other external violence
Killed or wounded in action
By bullet
DtSEASU AND INJtnUES GROUTED.
General diseases
Epidemic diseases
Other general diseases
Diseases of the nervous system
and organs of special sense
Of the nervous srstem
Of the eye and Its annexa. . . .
Of the ear and its annexa
Diseases of the oirculatorr system .
Diseases of the respiratory system .
Diseases of the digestive system . .
Diseases of the geoito-^irinary
system
Diseases of the skin and cellular
tissua
Diseases of the organs of looomo-
tioo
Halformations. etc
Diseases, results of old age
lU-deflned diseases
United States, total enlisted men, white and colored.
8. 0. 0., 63,726— A. O. 0., 64,630.
Admissions.
i
11
83
63
82
258
2
3
217
4
583
2,654
63
364
I.OIS
6
56
I
Discharges.
Num-
ber.
0)
0.17'
1.30
.83!
.SO^
4.05i
.03
.05
3
3.40
.06
9.15
40.07
. w
5.71
15.97
.09
.88;
l! .021
5! .08
3,466; 54.38! 14
27
A
24
6 3
26, 22
2
24
91
2
15
9
18
18
.28
.28
12,464 195.59
5.516 86.56
6.948100.03
11
1
1
1,727
828
674
325
1,114
336228 3.53
14 13 .20
322 215| 3.33
o
3
0.05
.37
.05
.34
.03
.23
.14
.17
.02
.02
27.10
12.99'
9.01'
5.10,
17.48
4,034; 63.30
10,517165.03;
602
3,428
1,641
226
2
217
482 286' 4.
439 253 3.
24 20! .
19 131 .
63 37
38 20
64! 38
42
91
31
20
Deaths.
Num-
ber.
0) («)
38 38,0.59
1, 1 .02^
NoneffecUra.
I
6 6
2
26
12
2
1
7
23
4
.06
2| .03
25 .39
12
2
1
71
221
4
17 17
.191
.03
.02
.11
.34
.06
.27
6
1
9 9 .14
11 111 .17
11 111 .17
84 72
28 28
66 44
30
20
18
18
9.
53.79
*i
25.75
3.55
.03
3.40
63 44
7. 6
165ill
1 1
Total fbr disease 36,972564.491,199
Externa] causes I 8,8911139.52, 139
Total fbr disease and ex-
ternal eaiAes
27
1.
57, 27
31 36 36
60 26 34
68 13
09 3
1
72
02
13
3
1
1
1.11
.43
.68
.38
.38!
601.70.
135. n
465.03
.43
.66
.87
.19
.03
.02
143.50.
107.
22.061
13.75,
.08
M8^
L06^
1.75,
69.441
97.40^
li.74
S4.16|
82.47.
81. 9M
0.04)
oiaSj
9.44
2.13
7,31
2.36i
l.<
:3
.93
l.SS
3.39
.64
L3B
1.19
.10
.00
.10
771 11. 93i30e,193l3. 90 1,839.77, 30.87
1081 l.e7tl60tl66,X41 310.44 4.87
S38|879|ia.00|304 340|fi. 40|i,«I0l &
m,n
Inrhidlnc tliota ceoorring In the United States proper tnm ooMmanda on duty In Atekm gr
t Exduding thoae ooourrlng In the United Statet proper from ootnmandt on doty la AlMka or
BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEON OEKEBAL.
743
wutios per 1^000 of mean ttrengih,for erUieted Ameiican troops serving in the United States,
Alaska, far the year 1915— Contintted.
United Statog, wfaHe, cnUiUd nMO.
United States, ooloiad, enlisted dmo.
8. O. 0., 61,286-A. 0. O.. 62,197.
8.
O. 0., 2,43^-A. O. O., 2,439.
AdmissioQS.
Ditdutfces.
Deaths.
Noneflectiva.
Admissions.
Discharges.
Deaths.
NoneflectlYe.
•
Xi
Num-
bff.
•
O
Nom-
ber.
d
•
1
d
*
1
•
o
1
Num-
ber.
•
1
p;
Num-
ber.
5
•
i
55
g!
Num
Ratk
0)
(«)
0)
(«)
0)
(«)
0)
(*)
1
11
.19
38
1
38
1
.61
.02
80; L31
53 .»)
3
L23
30
253
2
3
.40
413
.03
.05
5
5
.08
2
5
.82
2.05
3
3
.06
2
25
11
2
1
2
25
11
2
1
.03
.40
.18
.03
.02
207
3
559
3.38
.05
9. 12
25
22
.35
10
1
24
119
3
7
77
410
.41
9.84
48.79
1-23
2.87
31.57
2
2
.82
1
1
.41
5
24
i
8
2
20
2
14
8
.03
.32
.03
.23
.13
1
2
1
2
.41
.82
2.435 99-73
GO
357
941
6
54
1
3
3,368,
17
17
12,104
5,360
6,744
1,656
788
545
323
1,067
3,888
10,208
566
s,ao6
1,600
308
2
202
.98
5.83
15.35
.10|
.881
.02!
.05
54.96i
.281
.28,
197.50
87.46
iiao4
27.02
12.86
8.80
5.27
17.41
63.44
166.57
9.56
54.93
36.11
3.39
.08
3.30
22
4
22
4
^3^
.06
1
1
" 1
1
.41
.41
"ii .«2
16
9
11
11
75
28
47
19
19
16
9
11
11
69
28
41
18
18
.26
.14
.18]
.18
1.11
.45
.66
.29
.29
2
08
1
1
360
156
204
71
40
29
2
47
146
309
16
62
41
18
.82
40.18
.41
.41
147.60
63.96
83.64
29.11
16.40
11.89
.82
19.27
59.86
126.60
6.56
25.42
16.81
7.38
1
1
.41
14
1
1
311
14
207
447
11
1
1
213
13
200
.02
3.42
.21
3.22
4.28
3.81
.26
.21
.53
.31
.50
.71
.10
1.09
........
...
1
574.24
132.55
441.70
133.78
99.97
20.08
13.72
56.84
93.31
208.58
33.43
79.68
77.56
6.23
.08
6.77
9.37
2.16
7.21
2.18
1.63
.33
.22
.93
1.52
3.40
.55
L30
1.27
.10
.00
.09
• • « • •
35
15
6.15
9
3
1.23
37.46
3.22
34.23
9.81
7.21
2.58
11.36
1.33
35
35
31
4
15
20
6.15
8.20
9
1
1
3
1.23
9.94
4.03
408237
20> 1ft
16 6.56
4' 1.64
2.96
1 06
19
59
35
52
53
7
151
1
13
33
19
37
44
6
105
1
.02< .01
24
33
24
12
2
1
24
33
23
12
2
1
.39
.53
.37
.19
.Ob
.02
4
3
3
4
1
1
1.64
.41
.41
3
3
1
I
1
1.23
1.23
.41
2.60
4.15
7.16
.9^
2.79
4.40
.41
1.07
1.70
2.94
.38
1.14
14
6
2.46
1.80
.02
.17
1
1
.02
15
6.15
.62
.36
•••( —
34,887
8,535
509.25
139.37
1,116
130
724
99
11.64
1.50
191
154
183
154
194
2.48
1,200.43
294.54
30. n
481
1,085
356
444.85
145.95
83
9
47
9
19.27
3.69
17
2
If
2
4.10
60.34
15.90
34.74
6.53
68,422
706.51
1,3M
m
13.33
345
337
5.43
1,663.99
25.52
1,441
soasi
93
56
22. 9f
19
12
4.92
1
76.34
31.36
• Noneflectiveness Idt individual external causes not tabulated.
744
BEPOBT OF THE 8XTBOEON GBKERAL.
Table No. 71). — Admimona to iiek report, diicharge$, deaUu, and nonefectiveneu, wiA
grand total.
•
1
•**
o
1
1
Si
a
Philippine Islands, ofBcen.
8. G. O., 66&-A. G. O^ 674.
Cauaes of admission to slA report.
Admis-
aiaos.
Dis-
ehaifea.
DeaOv.
Noo-
eifectlvo.
i
•
i
1
1
Num-
ber.
■
i
§
2
e
1
1
0)
(«)
2
la
2
4
5*
5b
6
9
10
12
14
IB
19b
19d
l?
20
28^
28
80-^
87-38
37
38a
38b
39^5
46
47-48
47
48
51
56
59
62
63
64
66
67-68
69
73
75a
75b
77
78
79
80
81
83b
83d
83a
84
86
87
88
89-90
Parat3rphoId fevar. . ••
5
Typhus fever
1
7-11
Ifolaria '.'.'.
24; 36.04
10 15.03
0.71
.33
.15
l.Ofl
7
EstlTo-antomiial fever
'Malarial cachexia
.47i
8
3 3.0O
.... 1
2f)
9
10
7i 10.51
.13
.13
.19
11
Undetermizied malarial fever..
Smallpoz and varioloid
5
7.51
.18
13
....
n
13
VfMM-liila
1
14
Measles
.OSj
.05
.02
1
17
Diphtheria.
1
3
1.50
4.50
18
Infiiieiua
19
Asiatic cholera
il-38
Dysenterv
5
7.51
.39
.44
21
Bacilury
22
Rntamopbic
5
7.51
.29
.44
38
TTnclassnftwl. . . ..,..
37
Erysipelas . . . ^ . . ^ . x .. *..*.... x
39
Pencne....x .^x... ......^......
85127.63
1.54
3.83
81
Ofrman measles . . • «
84
Mumps ... a . X
* 2
3.66
.06i
.09
87
PuroTeBt infection and sepUoemia.
Tobercnlosis, all
49-67
49-61
Tuberculosis of lunin
53-57
Tuberculosis of other onnns. . .
59-74
Venereal diseases, all ^ ^ ^ ^ . .
6' 0.01
"■.■40
"*.*66
.89
59-64
Syphilis. ...^.......i.. .......
2
3.00
66-67
Soft chancre
68-74
Oonocoocus infection
4
6.01
.14
.n
T5-79
Cancer and other malignant tumors
Benign tumors
80
1 1
81-85
Rhamnatism, articular, aU
1
1.50
.32
.84
81-83
83-85
Chronic articular rheumatism..
Exophthalmic cxtitre
1
1.50
.23
.84
89
97-100
Aloohalism and results
Other chronic poisoning, indud-
injf druF habit
1
1.50
.01
.01
103-104
109
TiOComotor ataxia
:::::: ::::::!
110-115
Other diseases of spinal cord
::::::::::::!
116
Cerebral hemorrhage, apoplexy....
Paral vsis without specined cause . .
1
1.50
1
**ii.'48
1
.09
.u
117-119
130-136
Mental alienation
1 1.50
.m
.OS
137
Epilepsy
...
139-133
"NftiirftlHa. gjvl DeuritUl
* 3 4.50
6 9.01
.02
.04
.01
.05
138-141
Cenluiictivitis
143
Trachoma
166
Pericarditis
****! 'I
167
Acute endocarditis
1
...I 1
169-174
Organic heart disease
2 3.00
1 1.50
1 1.50
6 9.01<
1
***ii.4«'".'id
•H
175
.01
.01,
.1»
.01
176-ini
Diseases of the arteries, atheroma,
aneurism, etc
,
.01
181
Hemorrhoid
1
■ AV
183
Varicose veins
1
184
Varicocele
1
186-197
Diseases of the lymphatic system .
Diseases of the nasal fosste
Diseases of the larvnx
1
198-199
12 18.03
4 6.01
1
.oa
.05
1
Ai
30(V-303
1
....
.67
303-304
Diseases of the thyroid body
(
305-306
Bronchitis
— J7
40.54'
1 *.
• • • •
• . . «
.o
.71
Number of discharges and deaths which actually occurred.
BEFOST OF THE STTBOBON OINBBAL.
* Number of dlichartM Mid dMtbt, tneliidliii tboa* ol cum liiTkUdcd bom* and dtdoetod (raa the
746
Table No. 71}.-
OF THE SUBOEON OENEBAL.
!o Mci report, ditdiarytt, deatht, and ru
1
PMUpi>tDebludi.offl<»r«.
MewnlreiKth
C»u«a ol KlmlMion to rick rapwt.
'e-
eSeMl^. 1
t
1
1
1
1
•ST
1
j
1
i
m
.,
%
aa
M
E.
ICO
103
IDS
lOS
lOT
loe
log
llOb
IS
1X2
i»
Its
ite
147
a?
IMBi
insb
IM
I«M
.
.M
.og
11B-Z17
1
I l.SO
DImuu of tlia tiath iiid gums. . .
OUht diHBau of the moutb (md
li
i
IM
i& ■
SI. 01
-OS, .(■
.01 .09
.33 .»
.» .U
.IS .M
.Bl ,77
M»-a31
339-M*
i
Li.
i.a
La
.01
IH-MT
Dls«s^~ot'tbe uii]> knd Itcal Ds.
gtr.'sssrL'"'*"'"'""""-
an-%1
K3-2M
W7-3W
DljHtuHH Of the untlira, uriDuy
1
8.01
.>
»13-3»
i
.31
.a
'.X
:|
S^MSiii^
7
.10
.11
m
10.81
a. 00
m
"S£™"°°' '°™i^^*^~*
imCITONS raODVCSD BY u-
;
id
SSHssi&i;;:;
!
xoo
BEPOBT OF THE SXTBOEOK QENERAIi.
747
ratios per IfiOO of meai^ strengthy for the PkUippine Islandt, officers, total enliited and
year 191& — Oontmued.
PhiUpptne Islands, total enUsted (Induding
PtiUippfm Rooats).
(innniding tooats).
8.<
[}. 0., 17,339-A. O. 0., 17,394.
8. a. 0., 18»005-A. O. O., 18»068.
Admis-
Dis.
charges.
Deaths.
Non-
effective.
Admis-
sions.
Dis-
oliarges.
DeatlM.
Non-
efieotiTB.
•
1
Num-
ber.
•
o
I
Num-
ber.
1
•
1
1
"A
•
o
1
•
55
1
Num-
ber.
•
Num-
ber.
d
I
J
•
0)
0)
0)
(«)
0)
(*)
i})
(•)
1
11
37
56
1
18
.63
2.13
3.24
.06
L04
.72
2.89
2.76
.031
.90
.04
.17
.16
.00
.05
12
.67
.76
2.89
2.76
.03
.90
.16
.03
1.60
.49
10.38
.52
3.04
9.00
L68
.98
12.94
8.87
.84
13.36
.80
•
4.62
.33
.83
.59
L94
.89
.62
.25
L58
6.11
12L40
2.74
5i29
3.02
166
L72
.83
16
.04
1
1
.06
37; 2.05
56| 3.11
1 .06
18 1.00
Ij .06
2 .11
1
1
.06
.16
.1-....
.15
1
...|
1
1
1
.00
1
5 .291
1
5
".29
.01
"
.01
2
77
20
711
2
155
656
69
46
144
34
12
1,084
3
80
9
12
4
32
14
29
5
60
.12
4.44
L15
41.01
.12
8.93
37.83
3.96
2.65
8.30
L96
.69
62.52)
.17
4.61
.52
.09
.23
1.S5
.81
1.67
.29
3.46
.03
L55
.48
10.16]
.28
2.89
&49
1.68
.98
1L43
3.61
.48
12.81
.28
4.35
.30
.82
.53
L85
.89
.45
.25
L58
6.85
I2L11
2L50
4.93
8.92
X64
L62
.78
.16
.00
.09
.03
.59
.02
.17
.49
.10
.06
.6^
.21
.03
.74
.02,
.25
.02
.06
.03
.11
.05
.03
.01
.09
.34
.70
.15
.28
.23
.15
.00
.04
.01
1...
.00
82
21
4.55
1.17
i
.08
.08
;
730 40.54
.58
* .11
1| .06
4
eoo*
.22
9.22
38.32
2
1
.11
.06
.08
1
1
.06
1
1
.06
.17
.10
1
1
.06
1
x.o^
69 3.83]
47 2.61
1
1
.06 1
1
.06
.09
.06
1
2
.06
.11
1
1
.06
162
35
17
1,107
5
86
11
13
6
34
14
S3
5
60
318
467
84
66
64
71
90
13
7
1
144
17
13
2
58
1
9.00
L94
.94
6L48
.28
4.78
.61
.72
.83
L80
.78
L83
.28
1.38
17.66
25.93
4.67
8.67
3.56
3.94
5.00
.72
.89
.06
&00
.94
.72
.11
1
2
.06
.11
1
1
.06
.72
.21
.06
2
.11
• • •• •
2
.11
.74
.03
.26
1
2
1
2
.06
.11
1
2
1
2
.06
.U
.03
1
.06
1
.06
.01
.03
4
4
.23
.23
4
4
".'23
...
.11
.23
.05
...
.08
•
1
.06
1
.06
.01
.09
303 17.47
455 2Su24
.84
,69
81
61
64
70
83
U
7
1
138
15
13
2
56
1
4.67
3.52
3.69
4.04
4.79
.63
.40
.06
7.96
.87
.75
.12
3.23
.06
1
1
.....
2
3
27
1
".11
.17
1.55
.06
1
1
.....
. . . . ■
2
3
27
1
.11
.17
1.55
.06
.15
.20
.22
.U
.10
.06
.01
•
7
7
.40
7
7
.39
.
1
1
• • *
.06
m 9 • m
1
• • •
1
• • •
.06
• • *
• • •
• MoDSffeettTMMM for lUrwtX Indirldaal oaoaas not tatmlattd.
748
BEPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAIj.
Table No. 71} . — Admissions to sick report, discharges, deaths, and noneffecHveness, wiA
grand totA^
*
I
442
443
446
446
448
449
460
463
450-466
450
400
463-400
402
8
100
170
m
172
174
in
170
170
102-4
186
180
1-19
20^
00-74
76
70
77-85
80-98
09-118
119-127
142-146
140-140
160
189
1166-180
Mean strength.
CMiset of admission to sick report.
AfFBCnONO FBODUCKD BT BZTKB-
KAL CAU8X0— continued.
(other
Drowning, aocidantal
TraomatSm bv flreanns
than spedflM)
Traomaibm by catting or pierc-
ing instnuntnts
Traumatism by tall
Traumatism bj machlneg
Traumatism by other crushing
Injuries by anftnah
Effects of neat.
Homicides, all
Fractures, causes not spedfled
Other external violence
Killed or wounded in action
By bullet
DISBASBS AND INnTKlXS OBOUPBD.
General diseases
Epidemicdiseases
Other general diseases
Diseases of the nervous system and
orrans of special sense
Of the ntfvous system
Of the eye and its annexa
Of the ear and its annexa
Diseases of the circulatory system.
Diseases of the respiratory system.
Diseases of the dii^ive system. . .
Diseases of the genito-uriiiary sys-
tem
Diseases of the skhi and cellular
tissue
Diseases of the organs of locomo-
tion
Malformations, etc
Hi-defined diseases
Total for disease.
External causes
Total for disease and external
causes
Philippine Islands, officers.
B. G. O., 060— A. G. O., 074.
Admis-
sions.
i
2
1
o
I
1.60
Die-
charges.
I
V 1.50
25 37.54;
9.01
26 39.04
129 193. 70
121181.68,
8 12.01'
28
12
11
10
45
128 192. 19
12' 18.02
39. 68.56
20, 3a03
ll 1.50
9 13.51
42.05!
18. 02;
10.521
7.51
15.02
07.57
421 632. 13
00103.601
490 736. 74
Deaths.
Num-
ber.
0)
(«)
Noo-
S
••
2
1 Number of discharges and deaths which actually occurred.
BEPOBT OF THB 8XTBOEON GBNBBAIi.
749
roHoi per 1^000 of rruan itrength, for the PMUppme Mmd$, offioen^ total enUtted and
year 1915 — Oontmued.
Phflipplne Islands, total enlisted (Includlnf
PhlUpplne Scouts).
Philippine Islands, total offloan and enlisted mni
(including scouts).
S.<
3. 0., 17,339— A. O. O., 17,394.
8. G. 0., 18,005— A. 0. 0., 18,068.
Admis-
skuu.
Dis-
charges.
Deaths.
Non-
effective.
Admls-
SiODS.
Dis-
charges.
Deaths.
Non-
effectira.
•
Xi
1
•
o
1
Num-
ber.
•
0
1
Num-
ber.
1
.17
.06
.06
.06
•
1
•
•
0
Num-
ber.
1
Num.
berT
1
.17
.06
.06
.06
•
1
1
•
0)
(«)
0)
3
1
1
1
(«)
3
1
1
1
0)
(«)
(»)
3
1
1
1
(«)
8
1
1
1
1
22
184
L27
10l61
1
.....
2
1
5
.11
.06
.29
23
1*5
1.28
10.27
1
2
1
.11
.06
.29
463 26.70
3 .17
119 6.86
63 3.63
55 3.17
8 .17
3 .17
746 43.03
1 .06
488 27.10
3 .17
125 6.94
63 S.5I)
55 3.05
3 .17
3 .17
772 42.88
li .06
1 .06
2; 5
2
.11
3
3
17
2
.111 a
3
.17
1
••"! —
4
4 .23
4
**4l .23
........
•"2
2
28
2
26
21
19
2
?
1
2
1
1
2
2
95
3
92
151
144
3
4
12
9
9
6
1
36
1
.06
.11
"2
2
28
2
26
21
19
2
8
1
1
1
2
2
95
3
92
151
144
3
4
12
9
9
«
1
.06
.11
.11
..,
1
6,058
3,261
2,797
712
238
284
.06
349.39
188.07
16L32
41.06
13.72
16.38
.11
5.46
.17
5.29
8.68
8.27
.17
.23
.69
.52
.52
.34
.06
10
5
5
2
2
16
5
11
2
2
.92
.29
.63
.11
.11
193.56
09.23
124.34
25.03
14.65
5.79
4.59
13.15
21.82
59.46
5.91
33.99
1L16
3.99
7.17
1.44
.81
.33
.26
.76
1.26
3.43
.34
1.QA
6,187
3,382
2,805
740
250
295
343.63
187.84
155.79
4L00
13.88
16u38
5.46
.17
5.29
a68
8.28
.17
.23
.60
.52
.52
.34
1
5
3
3
10
5
11
3
a
.80
.28
.61
.17
.17
196.92
71.96
124.97
25.93
15.33
5.91
4.68
13.46
22.67
63.62
6.27
34.79
16.50
2.66
2.75
10.94
4.00
6.94
1.44
.8f
.38
190 10.96
297 17.13
837 48.27
3,094178.44
1
155 &04
1,248; 7L08
388 22.38
70 4.04
106 6.11
...
195 10.83
.26
2
1
3
3
2
1
3
3
.11
.06
.17
.17
307
882
3,222
167
1.287
17.05
48.99
178.94
0.28
71.48
8
1
3
3
8
1
3
8
.17
.06
.17
.17
.75
L26
3.68
.86
1.08
2.07
.06
15. 94 .02
408 22.66
71; 3.94
115| 6.39
1
36* 2.07
.02
2.64
2.59
.15
.15
1
.06
.15
.15
*
21.57
3.30
1
...
...
12,965 747.74
1,915110.44
59
5
:{20
19
18.40 21
1.09 21
271.55
211.21
374.10
57.18
13,386743.46
1,984110.19
59
5
320
19
18.40
LOO
li
291.61
211.16
385.67
59.33
21.42
8.80
14,880
858.18
64
339
19.49 42
1
482.77
431. 28 24. 87 15, 370 gfHI. 65
1 1 1
64
339
10.49
44
501L77
444.99
3179
s Number of disohaiges and deaths, including thoee of
Cnited States.
invalided home and deducted from tho
750
BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL
Table No. 72. — Admisiions to tick report^ discharges^ deaths^ and nonefeelivenas, mtt
wkUe and eoiond^
•
s
Philipphie Islands, total Ainerieui, enlisted am,
white and colored.
Mfiftii stmurth x t , , r
S. O. 0., U,834— A. G. O.. U,889.
Causes of admlsskm to sick report.
Admis-
sions.
Discharges
Deaths.
NoDeflKU\^
i
•
1
1
%
1
747
131
3
4
592
17
1
Num-
ber.
•
o
Num-
ber.
d
•
S
2
d
I
0)
(•)
0)
1
3
la
4
6*
6
9
10
14
is*
19b
S^
20
36-84
28
30-34
37-38
37
38A
38b
S»-45
46
47-48
47
48
51
56
59
63
63
66
67-66
69
78
ParatYDboid fever
ao8
63.12
11.07
.25
.34
5a 01
1.44
aQ»
13.47
3.801
.16
.06
laio
.35
.74
3.63
.13
3.41
.10
.m
23.99
9.85
.05
5.93
5.61
.33
95.881
22.40
13.84
59.64
.39
.50
3.95
L78
1.16
.33
2.50
.35
.31
.U
.06
6.65
1.38
LSI
LIS
.08
.02
.02
L34
.00
.19
L93
.56
3.10
A-lOf
L36
.36
.21
.30
L96
SLU
7-11
mSJSt
7
Estivo-aatumiial fever
Malarial cachexia
8
9
Qnartan malarial fever
Tertian malarial fever
Undetermined malarial fever.
Smallpox and varioloid
10
. ^3
11
411
12
.OU
14
Mea"MM , . , ^ X ^ . X ................ .
23
1
38
1.94
• ut
17
Diphtheria
.08
3.21
1
1
ao8
»o8
18
TnnnenrA
• OV
tl-lZ
Dysentery
63! 5.32
2j . 17
5S 4.90
.....
a 08 "2
2
.17
.311
21
Badl&ry
Qu
23
-
.08r 2
2
• • *
.17
• » • •
IM
33
TTnrlamified . x
3 .25.
!5|
27
Erysipelas
1 .OS
1,554 131.31
154i 13.01
39
Pengne. . ^
• • .. .
LW
34
Mnrnps . .
w
37
Purufent infection and septicemia
Tuberculosis, all
3
76
74
2
.25
6.42
6.25
.16
3
8
6
6
.35
.50
.50
:SI
49^7
39
38
1
11
6
8.28
3.20
.08
.93
49-51
53-57
Tuberculosis of Imigs
Tuberculosis of other organs.
v«ner«al difffiase!^. alL ...... .
:^
59-74
2,205186.32
482 4a 73
1 .08
KW
59-64
Syphilis
.mJ
1
1
.06
L89(
65-67
450 38.02
1,273107.57
1
2 .17
11 .93
39 3.29
1.111
66-74
Oonocoocus infection
5
.43
iM
76-79
Cancer and other malignant tu-
mors
J
80
Benign tufnors . ...
.08
81-85
Rheumatism, artknlar, alL
Acute articular riieumatism..
Chronic articular rheumatism
Exophthalmic goitre
1
1
.08
.06
.a
81-83
30' 2.53
.u
83-85
9 .76
. ..!---
.M
80
4
214
5
3
3
1
.34
• 1
6
6
1
1
.08
.50
.60
.08
.08
1
97-100
Aloci^Usm and'resuhs
Other chronic poisoning, includ-
*»ig drug habit
18.08
1
.42'
.25
103-104
.or
109
Locomotor ataxia
Other diseases of spixttl cord
Paralysis without specified cause.
Mental aUenatioo.rrr
.01
110-115
117-119
.25
.OS
1
1 .08
:»
120-136
85 7.27
95
16
4
7.99
1.35
.34
1
137
Sfrflepty
18 1.52
45 3. 80
139-138
Neuralgia uid neuritis.
...
138-141
TSbi
CcDjuikbtivitis
69 5.83
2, .17
:»
143
Trarhoma . ........ ^ ...... . .
wyv.
..",
166
71
78
79
80
81
88b
Pericarditis
1
,9k
167
Acute endocarditis
2, AT ..'.V.
16 1.35
1
8
.08
.67
.m
169-174
OriDsnic heart disiiMse
• • « •
.ift
175
Angina pectoris
Diseases of the arteries, atheroma,
aneurism, etc
1 .08
2 .17
65 5.49
7 .59
46, 3.S'»
119 10.05
<!3 7.H6
.m
176-177J
1
1
.06 1
1
.06
.fd
181
Hemorrhoids
.It
18S
83d
83«i
Varicose veins.
184
Varioooele
.15
185-187
84
86
87
88
89-W
91
93
n
96
Diseasesof the lymphatic system.
Diseases of the nasal fossfB
Diseases of the larynx
q|
196-199
■ul
900-303
IT
2
417
1.44
.17
t
Sj
308-304
Diseases of the thyroid body
Bronehitis
4
306-306
.08...
..-
• • • •
i
307
2 .17'
20] 2.30
44 3.72
111 .93
306
309-315
Plaortoy
1
M
319
Afthm^.
".*84
• • •
* ••%
i Number of discharges and deaths which actoally oooarrad.
KEFOBI OF THE SUBOEOK QENEBAI,.
Phlllppla.
Phil
nttlHl
,
oolordd
Amvlcu, <nlM«d
a. O. O., 10,483— A. 0. 0., lO,Sig.
B.O.O.,l,Jll-A.a.0..1,341.
Admlnlau.
DlKOuna.
».«..
-
1
i
•ST
1
b«f.
1
1
1
o
(.i
a
a
i
S2
X76 .80
.1 02
»"»■ "SI
21.63
-.«
.03
.3«
-»
"id'BS
j 1— '■-
:^
X
%
SI
•1
■•s
K
SI
it
LSa .17
.W .TO
' ■"»
;
7.49
L40
1 O.W I 2 .ID
s!4 .32
.13 .01
S.3-
I3.3>
.21
!^
m.os
37. K
1
3, .11
1.40
17 «
lis
82117
DO
LSI
.'oi
1:1
1.16
4.e;
301
»«.S(
S.i!
3:
3.x
2
1
.10
.19
i:
J
1
.75
3 2.24...
"'2*i.«"i
li .TS| I
1
'.71
,J
i
:«
62. S4
?-s
*
-M
'i '"r
31
H
1);
-
i
I
in
.Js] 10
i.os
1
.09
.09
.JS
.33 '.a
a. 31 .»
li
.. ..,..
'm
I
'.a
":i
IT
1
11. «8
I
„l
.J. .01
.a
1
V
g.'i5
'is;
]
"■"jjl
1
.SI
1
I.»
.00
■1
if
:::::
i
.OB
!oo !oc
.181 .a
11
.34 .a
1
l.»
.1»
.
1
,7S
7.«
'
1
.73
■"^
i
3.73
lis
L49
Id
1
.OB
St
*9.23
L!ll
;
1.41
S'S
■s-s
■ innlldtd boin* tod daductad li
752
REPORT OF THE SXXRGEON QENERAL.
Table No. 72. — Admissions to sick report, discharges, deaths, and wmejfeetivenes9fWi0i
tmte and eoiond.
221
224-227
22^231
232-236
238
239-244
245-253
254
255-259
260
261-263
264-267
268-272
276
277-281
288
28D-291
293-299
303-306
304
307-309
310-312
313-319
822-323
324-325
852-^7
358-360
367
372
375
379
880
426-434
435
436
437
430
442
448
446
446
448
449
450
Mean strength.
Causes of admission to sick report.
98a
99a
99b
100
102
103
105
106
107
108
109
UOa
110b
114
115
119
120
122
124
124b
125
126
127
143
144
146
147
147g
150
189Aa
189B»|
189Bb
155-163
164
165a
165b
167
109
170
171
172
174
175
176
Hemoptysis
Diseases of the teeth and gums. . .
Other diseases of the mouth and
annexa
Diseases of the pharynx
Ulcer of stomach ,
Other diseases of stomach (cancer
excepted)
Diarrhea and enteritis
Ankylostomiasis
Intestinal parasites
Appendicitis
Hernia.
Diseases of the anus and fecal
fistula
Other diseases of the intestines...
Biliary calculi
Other diseases of liver and ^1
bladder
Acute nephritis ,
Bright's disease ,
Other diseases of the kidney and
annexa
Diseases of the bladder
Enuresis ,
Diseases of the urethra, urimuy
abscess, etc
Diseases of the prostate
Diseases of the male genital or-
gans (nonvenereal)
Furuncle and carbuncle
Acute abscess and cellulitis
Diseases of the bones
Diseases of the joints
Flat foot
Congenital malformations
FebricuJa, simple continued, and
other fevers of undetermined
causation
Under observation, undiagnosed
and unknown ,
Malingering
Pbilippfaie Islands, total An erican, eollrttd
white and colored.
8. 0. O., 11,834— A. O. O., 11,889.
ATTECnONS PBODUCED BT EX-
TERNAL CAUSES.*
Suicides, all
Poisoning by food
Venomous bitos and stings
Other poisoning (delettfioos
gases excepted)
Bums (conflagrations excepted).
Drowning, accMentaL
Tranmatinn by firearms (other
than speclflea)
Traumatism by coUtng or pierc-
ing instruments
Traumatism by fail
Traumatism by machines
Traumatism bv other crushing...
Injuries by anhnals
Admis-
sions.
I
2
56
15
672
2
134
41?
17
13
140
30
7
752
2
77
8
9
4
32
14
29
5
I
.17
4.73
1.27
56.78
.17!.
Disoharges.
40
187
11.32
37.94!
1.44
I.IO'
11.83
2.53'
. ow.
63.54'
.17
6.51
.68
.76
.34
2.70,
1.18
2.45'
.42
3.38
I5.8I;
2541 21.46
66, .5.58
49 4. 14
64; 5.41
65! 5.49
51
8
7
1
136
12'
.68
.08
11.49
1.01
12 1.01
43
15
I
3.63
Num-
ber.
0)
1.27
122 10.31
330 27.88
3 .25
1011 8.53
601 5.07
(«)
o
I
.17
.08
OS
.17
.1:
.08
.34
.34
.08
1, .(«
21 .17
27 2.27
Deaths.
Num-
ber.
Q)
(•)
Nonefreettv«.
o
1
.06
i
I
.08
.08
6 6
06
08
25
2 .17
.51
.08
.26
.08
.25
.03
1.21
.36
9.58
.28
2.09
6.02
.63
.29
11.28
S.15
.34
9.38
.26
3.36
.26
.64
.53
L85
.89
.45
.25
1.17
3.23
6.18
Las'
3.9V
2.471
.94
.50
.16
.001
.lA
I
.Oil
.811
.OH
I
;S
.Qt
.9&
.»!
.08
.01
»,
.01
Ofr
\
.04*
.M
.0*
.lOl
.27
.55|
,W
.til
.01
.01
I Number of discharges and deaths which actoally occurred.
< Number of disoharKes and deaths, inohidhig taoae of cases inTalided home and dednotsd fkom fbi
UnHwi States.
BEFOBT OF THE SUBOEON GENEBAL.
753
ratio8 per 1,000 of mean strengthyfor Philippine lelands, American troopt, enlittedmsn^
year 1915 — Continued.
Philippine Islands, white American, enlisted nien.
Philippine Islands, colored American, enlisted
m<si.
8. 0. O., 10^9J-A. G. 0., 10,648.
S.G
. 0., 1,341— A. G. 0., 1341
i.
Admissions.
Discharges.
Deaths.
Noneffective.
Admissions.
Disdiarses.
Deaths.
Non-
effective.
•
1
1
i
Num-
ber.
d
1
Num-
ber.
1
•
1
d
.00
.11
.03
.82
.03
.21
.64
.06
.03
.86
.24
.03
.74
.02
.29
.02
.06
.05
.17
.09
.04
.02
.10
.26
.50
.14
.37
.26
.14
.08
.04
.01
•
1
Num-
ber.
•
Num-
ber.
•
0
•
1
•
0)
(«)
0)
(«)
0)
(«)
0
1
(»)
(«)
.S
2
52
12
604
2
.19
4.96
1.14
57.56
.10
.03
1.16
.30
&62
.28
2.22
5.68
•s
.27
9.06
2.48
.27
i.n
.26
3.04
.25
.64
.47
1.82
.89
.38
.25
1.02
2.78
5.18
1.44
3.85
2.74
1.49
.85
.41
.09
• • •
4
3
68
2.98
2.24
6a 71
.05 .04
.07
.95
.05
.71
'*2 ''ia
118, 11.25
411 39.17
17l 1.62
12 1.14
113 ia77
25: 2.38
1
6; .57
589' 56ul3
2 .19
73 6.96
7i . 67
91 .86
3 .29
30 2.86
14 1.33
25i 2.38
4 .38
35 3.34
162 15.44
222 21.15
50 4.77
46 4.38
48 A ^7
1
.09
1
.00
1«
38
11.93
2&34
*• •
.47
.34
.36
1
.25
• • * • •
.j..
•
1
27
5
1
163
.75
2a 13
3.73
.75
121.55
.02
2.22
.67
.07
1.61
.02
2' .19
1
^
1.66
1
.50
.06
"i ".'6»
1 .75
1.20
1
4
1
(
2.98
.75
•■« ■••*-
.32 .24
.....
1
1
1
.75
.01 .01
**i".d9 i
1
.09
1
2
.75
1.49
1
.05' .04
4 .38
4 .38
1
.04 .03
1...
4
1
5
25
32
16
3
16
18
2
2
4
2.98
.75
3.73
18.64
23.86
11.93
2.24
11.93
13.42
1.49
1.49
2.98
.07 .05
1 .09
.00 .00
* • •
....
.16 .12
• 'I""""
1
.44 .33
I '
1
.99 .74
'.'.'.'.j'i'.OQ
i
-..|
'
.45 .34
1
.....
2 1.49
5 3.73
.52 .39
22 2.09
1
1
1. 18 .88
47
49
4.48
4 ft?
.97 .73
.09 .07
6 R?
I
. .••.)... ...
.08 .06
3
1
.29
1
1
1
.07 .05
in
c
A
M
—
1
135' 12 87
1 I
'
1
1
' *' .75
.75
...
...1
11 1 05
1 '"'\
; 1. ;/
12 1 14
•
1
1
...J
41 ^ oi
... ...
1 1 .09
3 3 .28
2
1.49
1
••*i 1
I"'i "'"
\ '
^__i ....!.....
14
100
277
3
1.33
9.53
26.40
.29
9.53
5.58
1
1
.09
no
1
22
53
.75
16.40
39.52
' 1 !
t
1
1
3! OA
11 1 no
(
1 1
' • • •
1
• • • I- - -
100
68
2
• • •
10 9 a 10
1
2
.75
L49
...1
1
il .75
'...
'..-
L...
I
J
■ • •
1....
s Noneffectiveness for individual external cases not tabulated.
69176'— WAB 1916— VOL 1 18
754
BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEON OENEBAIi.
Table No. 72. — Admissions to sick report^ disdtarges, deaths, and noneffeeUveness, wUh
white and ooiored^
8
463
456-458
460
170
18^4
186
1-19
20-50
60-74
76
76
77-«5
86^08
00-118
1119-137
142-145
^46-140
150
180
155-186
Mean strength.
Causes of admtealon to sick report.
AJTECnONB PRODUCED BT KX-
TXKNAL CAU8K8— COntiOOed.
E fleets of heat
Homicides, ail
Other external violenoe.
DI8XA8X8 AND Uf JUBII8 QEOUPKD.
General d iaeases
£ pidemic diseases
OUier general diseases
Diseases of the nervoos system
and organs of special sense
Of the nervmis system
Of the eye and its annexa
Oftheearanditsannexa
Diseases of the circulatory sys-
tem
Diseases of the re^iratory sys-
tem
Diseases of the digestive system . .
Diseases of the genito-urinary
system
Diseases of the skin and cellular
tissue
Diseases of the organs of locomo-
tion
Malformations, etc
Ill-defined diseases
Total for disease.
External causes
Total for disease and ex-
ternal causes
Philippine Islands, total Amvioui, enlisted
white uid colored.
S. O. O., 11334— A. O O.,U,880.
Admia-
-ifins.
5?
401
I
511
5,1671436
2,604
2,563
557
210
180
167
271
615
2,367
131
744
o
I
3.38
.08
43.18
631
220.04
216.581
47.061
17.74
15.21
14.11
22.00
51.07
^00.02
11.07
62.87
320 27.04
65 5.49
71' 6.00
10,306871.05
1,413119.40
Il,72r00a45 1
Discharges.
Num-
ber
(*)
C)
Pi
1 .08
67 5.64
1 .08
66 5.55
I
130,10.03
125ia51
1
4
11
6
34
.061
.34
.03
.50
8i .67
.50
Deaths.
Num-
ber.
(»)
1
1
2.85'
(«)
13
8
10
1
1
3 3
I
.17
1.00
.35
.84
.08
.06
.06
.08
.17
Noneflectlvo
I
X
161 34
53.05
100.30
e
I
13.73
4.48
0.31
30.18* L70
12.55 LOi
8.55 .30
4.07 .34
11.80 .07
16l17
5.30
i&ao
LS7
48L87t 4.13
.45
1.56
14.08, 1.10
3.47] .81
1.63' .14
1126222.04 12 181.51
14 1.18 16 161.35'
800.82 35.43
44.13' 3.73
376i23.22
28. 343.86
344.06 30. Ul
■ Number of dlMharses and dieaths which actually occurred.
BEPOBT OF THE BUBGEON GENEBAIj.
755
ratios per 1,000 of mean strength, for Philippine Islands, American troops, enlisted m^n^,
year 19/5— Continued.
Philippine IslandB, white American, enlisted men.
Philippine Islands, colored American, enlisted
men*
8. 0. 6., 10^03-A. G. 0., 10,548.
8. G. 0.,
1,341— A.
0. 0., 1,34]
I.
Admissions.
Discharges.
Deaths.
Noneffective.
Admissions.
Disdiarges.
Deaths.
Non-
effective.
•
1
5?
•
s
1
Nnm-
ber.
•
o
1
Nam*
ber.
•
o
i
•
•
0
1
•
1
6
s
Nam-
ber.
•
0
1
Num-
ber.
d
1
•
6
I
0)
(•)
0)
(«)
(»)
(•)
(»)
(«)
80
1
445
4,318
2,136
8.72
.10
42.41
411.51
203.56
1
.75
2 9
.18
i
.....
1
61
1
.00
5.78
.00
66|
840
468
881
44
15
16
13
41
06
330
14
03
61
18
8
40.22
6
8
3
1
1
8
3
5
1
1
.78
.28
.47
.00
138.86
44.80
13.24
4.27
633.11
348.00
6
4.47
1
53.73
1
23.4817.51
8.25 6.1s
2,182207.06
513 48.80
105 18.58
164 15.63
154| 14.68
230| 21.02
510' 40.46
2,087104.12
t
117 11.15
1
651 62.04
250 24.68
47 4.48
63 6.00
60 5.60
12011.37
04.06 8.06
18,74! 1.70
11.70 1.11
8.2I1 .31
284.11
82.80
6' 4.47
10 7.46
10 7.46
53.73
15.22 11. 3S
1.44, 1.0»
11510.00
11.18
1 ■
.85 .64
1
1
1 .00
4 .38
11 1.04
5 .47
7 .66
6 .57
11.03
0.60
.35* .26
8.83
0.85
13.03
.37
.04
1 M
.24
1.64
2.21
.la
30.57
71.50
1
.75
1.2s
1
1
.75
-75
1.67
i
1
1 .00
1
1 .00
42.06! 4.01
4.07 .47
15.06 1.52
11.01 1.05
1.40 .14
i.eoj .13
246.00!
... —
6.80 5.07
10.44
60.35
45.40
1' 1
.75
.32 .24
2.34 1.75
27 2.56
1
7; 5.22
..J
1
3.07' 2.»
13.42
5.07
.....
...
.071 .7a
1 * " " "
1
• • •
i ••j---j---
.24 .U
1
237
14
i
,,
1
I
31.73
4.8&
1
,36.57
8.75*
1,260
'834.27
120.08
054.35
1
22.47
1.33
O' 11 1.01
15 ^1.42
258.2824.62
37.641 3.50
1,554
153
i
1.158.84
114.00
2518.64
3
1
5.22
.75
42.54
6.50
1
1251
1
(
4
10,014
23.70
24
26
2.46
205.02
28.20
1,707
1.272.03
25
18.64
8
5.07
40.04
s Namber of disohanes and deaths, including thoae of cases invalided home and deducted from th»
United States.
756
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENEBAI..
Tablb No. 73. — Admissions to sick report, discharges, deaths, and noneffectweness,
"Canal Zone^
i
1
1
o
1
1
Alaska, officers and enlisted men.
Ififan fltnineth
787
CauMs of admiaBioD to nick
report.
Admissions.
Discharges.
Deaths.
NonelTectiTs.
i
•
•
a
Num-
ber.
•
o
1
Num-
ber.
•
o
1
•
1
•
o
1
i
0)
(«)
(")
(«)
7-11
4
6b
6
10
14
is'
10b
lOd
lOR
38-34
28
20
80-34
87-38
37
38a
38b
30-45
46
47-48
47
48
50
51
56
50
61
61a
63
66
67-68
60
73
75a
75b
77
78
81
82
83b
83d
83«
84
86
87
88
89-00
01
02
93
96
Malaria
1
I
1.27
0.01
.01
0.011
7
£stivo-autumiial fever
Quartan malarial fever
1.27
.01.
9
10
Tertian malarial fever
11
Undetermined malarial fever.
Vaccinia
13
14
Measles
1
18
Tnfluenzii
7
1
8.89
1.27
.la
.01
A
21-23
rWsenterv
21
Baciliary
22
EntamoDbic
1
1.27
......
.01
.01
27
Fryslpelas.
29
Dengue
--\'--
1
31
fierman measlM
' i;:.
•"f"
34
Mumps
1 .-
' 1 * *
49-57
Tuberculosis, all
i
1
1.27
1.27
1
:S
.15
19-51
Tuberculosis of lunffi
Miliary tuberculosis, acute.. .
l5
53
1
\
53-57
Tuberculoses of other (Hisans. .
:::::::::::
1
:::::::: ""f
69-74
Venereal diseases, all ^ x
27
3
6
18
1
1
4
3
1
34.31
3.81
7.62
22.87
.41
.1*
.03
.37
.01
.02
!04
.01
.
50-64
Syphilis
1«(
65-67
So/t chancre
.68
68-74
Oonoooocus tnfecti<Hi
Cancer and other malignant
tumors
.34^
76-79
1.27
1.27
5.08
3. SI
1.27
.01
80
Rfiniirn tiimonp --rr
.OB!
81-85
Rheumatism, articular, all
Acute articular rheumatism .
Chronic articular rheumatism
Diabetes
.001
81-82
.05
83-85
.01
87-88
80
Kxonhthiilrai« goitre ....... t ... .
1
8
1
1.27
10.17
1.27
07-100
Alcoholism amfresults
Chronic poisoning, including
druK habit
1
1.31
.05
.01
.08!
103-104
.n
107
fll^npie mfninpitifl ...-.,,,
106
Epidemic cerebrospinal menin-
idtis
110-115
^{her dimwwe of spinal cord ...
117-110
Paralysis without spedfled cause.
Mental alienatioin
*
120-126
8
10.17
3
3.93
11.27
...1....
.23
.ir
127
Epilepsy
120-133
Neurahda fmd neurit
5
6.35
1.31
1
.16
.21
138-141
Coniuxictivitia
142
Trachoma
166
Pericarditis
167
Acute endocarditis
176-177i
Diseases of the arteries, atheroma,
iineiiriam. etc
178-170
Embolism and thrombosis
*•*(
181
Hemorrhoids
* !
183
VftriOOlW V«IPS. - , r r . , - t , . r - .
*!
184
Varioceie., .......... ............
' 1
iavi87
Diseases of the lymphatic sys-
tem
1
. . .1 . . . .
103-100
Diseases of the nasal fosse
Diseases of the larynx
5
6
6.35
7.62
1
1
.6»
ii
300-302
>
.06
........
.Oft
303-304
Diseases of the thyroid body
••'(•**•
1
305-306
Bronchitis
24
1
1
4
2
do.ij \..-'' y."-
.2»
.06
.11
:§i
307
1.27
1.27
5.U6
2.54
---^^.r--.--
306
Pneumonia
1
.1*
300-315
Pleurisy
::.i:..
:S
aii
Asthma
i""
I •
■ Number of discharges and deaths which aotaally ooconed
BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEON OENEBAI« 757
I Altuta, Panama
• Nuinbw of illKlur|M*Dd dtath), IncJiidIng Umm oImm* innlldtd borna *iid dadnclfd b
758
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
Tablb No. 73. — Admission to sick report, discharges, deaths, and noneffeetiveness. trith
Canal Zone, and China,
5
Alaska, officers and enlisted men.
Mean strength
787
International dassiflcaiic
Canaaa of admission to aick
report.
Admissions.
Dim
Nui
bei
charges.
Deaths.
Noneffective.
•
1
4
n-
■
•
•
Num-
ber.
•
.01
o
1
1
0)
.(«)
5
«
J
221
96a
HsenioptTsis
1.27
.01
222
96?
99a
Hay fever
^24-227
Diseases of the teeth and inims. .
Other dlseaaee of the mouth and
annexa
4
5.08
.04
.06
228-231
99b
100
102
103
106
106
107
106
109
110a
110b
U4
115
119
120
122
124
124b
125
120
127
143
144
140
147
149k
150
189Aa
189Ba
l89Bb
155-163
232-230
Diseases of the pharynx
35
1
4
6
44.47
1.27
5.08
7.62
1 (
,
.33
.02
.06
.03
.41
.03
.11
.04
238
Uloer of stomadi.
Other diseases of stomach (can-
c«r excepted)
1 1.31
1
,
239-244
245-2S8
Diarrhea and enteritis
' i
254
Ankyln«ftAtnift«{« , . ^ ^
. 1 1
255-259
Intestinal parasites
1
.. ..... ...
i
! 1
260
Appendicitis.
5
4
6.35
5.08
... ..... ...j... ....
1 1
•38
.22
;S
261-263
Hernia.
I ' '
204-267
Diseases of the anus and fecal fls-
tola
' 1
268-272
Other diseases of the intestines. . .
BUiary calculi
4
5.06
i
.05
"",m
276
t 1 ■
277-281
Other diseases of Urer and gall
bladder
4
5.06
1
.09
.11
288
Acute nephritis.
*'*' !"*l
289-291
Brlght's disease.
1
29^-299
Other diseases of the kidney and
annexa
t
■■■|
1
308-300
Diseases of the bladder
1
1.27
1. ..
.01
.«
304
1 1
'
307-309
Diseases of the nrethim, urinary
abeoen.eto
1
310-312
Diseases of the prostattf
f
^^^1,^^^^ *_
813-319
Diseases of the male genital or-
gaot (nonvenerMil)
2
3
3
2.54
.05
.04
.07
.07
822-323
Furuncle and carbuncle
3 81
3 81
1 1
.......
.091
324 325
Acute abscess and cellulitis
Diseases of the bon<>s
1 -. "
352-357
' * 'i
1
358-360
Diseases of the JoinU
3
2
4
1
3.81
2.54
5.06
i.r
] .' J. _ ^1
* .61
.36
.15|
.01
.46!
367
Flat foot
2 2.62
1- —
372
Febrkmla, simple continued . and
other feven of undetcnnln?d
causation
".'"'
.Ift
375
1
.01
379
UndfT observation, undiagnose,
and unknown
1
380
Malingering I
........... .J
420-434
ATRCnONS PRODUCED BT EX-
TERNAL CXVSES.*
Sulcidos, all
1
1
1 97
435
164
165a
165b
167
169
170
170a
Poisoning by food
.
436
Venomous bites and stings
Other poisoning (deleterious
1 gases excepted)
2
2.54
r"
* ^
437
(
1
439
Bums (confTagratloM excepted).
Drownine, accidental
2
2.51
1 - 1....
.
442
.1 ' . . ..
1
443
Traumatbm bv flreanns (otbrr
than specified)
1
1 :
1
........'. .....
444
Shot by sentry or guard
* 1 " ■
1
f
446
171
172
Traomatism by cutting or plerc-
in^ iii«tpiiiv«ntt
5
16
1
6.35
» 33
1.27
......
440
Traumatism by fall
448
174
175
176
Traumatism by machines
Traumatism by other crushing. .
I...I
449
1 !
450
loJurirs by animals
1
• • «
1 1 I "
* Number of discharges and deaths which actually occurred.
• Number of ditcharfes and deaths, inchiding tnose of oases taiTmUded home and deducted fhun the
vmtad State*.
BEFOBT OF TOE BtTSOEOK OENEBAIi.
rof iDdJvIdutkl uMioal CE
760
BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL
Tablb No. 73. — Admisnons to sick report, discharges, deaths, and noneffeetiveness, wii
Canal zone, and Ckina^
•
s
1
1
1
1
a
Alaska, officers and enlisted
men.
IfffAn Rtron^th ,.tt
787
Causes of admission to sick
report.
Admissions.
Discharges.
Deaths.
Noneffective.
i
•
•
o
«s
Num-
ber.
•
0
s
Num-
ber.
d
1
•
1
:2:
6
1
(')
(«)
(»)
(«)
452
178
179
181
182-4
186
1-19
20-59
60-74
75
76
77-85
86-98
99-118
119-127
142-145
146-149
150
189
155-186
AFFECTIONS PRODUCED BY EX-
TERNAL CAUSES— continued.
Effects of excessive cold
3
3.81
453
Effects of heat
1
455
E ffects of electricity
j
**"*"l***
6-458
Homicides, all
1
.
'
460
Other external violence
36 45.75
DISEASES AND INrUBIES OBOUPED
GmAn) ; diseases
53
R7.%*
1
1.31
aso
.13
.67
.69
.54
.03
.02
.01
88
L16
.07
.18
.88
.15
.02
1.01
.16
.85
.7©
.04
Epidemic diseases
91 11.44
44 55.91
1
22 27.95
18; 22. 87
2 2.54
Oiher general diseases
Diseases of the nervous system
and organs of special seDse
Of the nervous system
Of the eye and its annexa
Oftheearanditsannexa
Diseases of the circulatory
system
*****
1
1
1
6
6
1.31
7.86
7.86
1
1
1.27
1.27
2
1
44
2.54
1.27
5.<».01
.03
.02
Diseases of the respiratory i
system ,
1.12
Diseases of the digestive system. .
Diseases of the genito-urinary
system
67 85.13
1
1.31
1.48
.09
3
11
23
4
2
3.81
13.98
29.23
5.08
2.54
Diseases of the skin and cellular
tissue .'
.23
Diseases of the organs of locomo-
tion
2
2.62
L09
Malfcmnatkms, etc
.19
TlMAflnAd dL4i<«Mm ^
1
.02
Total for disease
'
230 292.24
68, 86.40
1
91L80
1
1
1.27
L27
4.73
2.12
6.02
External causes
1
1
2.79i
Total for disease and ex-
ternal causes *
*l
a9837R.A.^
1
911 fln 1
2
2.54
6b 86
fikTli
1
> Number of discharges and deaths which actually oocorred*
BEPOBT OF THE BTJBQEOlf QENEBAIi.
Puun* CuuU Zon*, oOcta and «allaWd m
■■
China. 0(5
■»"
■nd
■nUiMtiH
B.O.O.,S,«03-A.a.O.,«,l08.
1,378
1 1 !
1 1 1
=.«.
Ndnellec-
1
j
bar.
|.u..
1
1
1
b^
1
..j
b<r.
1
1
1
(')
m
1
01 ('■
s
1
18, 3.K
1
■i--..
.73
»
IS
VJ
■
«7B
Ml 50
63.13
M1.3-
1,817 307. SI
1; IS a.M
,
•1
S3.76
1
I.4S
». 49 17. OS
9Misi.ai
1 laiH..
'
S 3.7S
4 3.01
1| .7S
1
1.45
iL17l&.3»
?n^JJ
lis .3:
4a 64
laiz?
13.08
,1 ,.
3«l SL»' . ; -m .
■'l ■ ^;"
1
i
4^ &13
Ti 1
.1*
1.BS .M
•■.g,':S
-III .w
1
„| .,
l' 7S
i'
'Xl
14 Z37
'i'tS.
'w 8.9
Ij .75
4,1907MS1 11
ft!!| ss-i!;
'fs
'109.5
!
*.i.»(l 43.7931.78
21.45, 3.88 l«7
»,OT^S».K 1
:,;,.«
«
1g'2.M m.381E.IQ
i.wa
i-l"
.
..
47 47 34.45
• Number of dbobarni and deslba, Inoludlni tboae ol cuei InTallded borne and dedacled It
United auiM.
i
1
1
i
d
JBPOBT OF
1
THE B
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e ■ ■
[JBOEON QENERAL.
S 88SSSi;35::SS8381t A E
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1
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1
li
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1
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BEPOBT OP THE
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....
....
- -«
-
I
iriini ^rifipf^Tiiiff
BEPOBT OP THE StJBQEON QENEBAIi.
S3 32s»is!; s itK sun ess s
Ur^
"II
■ as SS^SSS 8 SS &»!; !;SS 8
8 :g" Rg^-Sa - §- S"' -SE R
S 8S!S ::ISSSf:K 8 SS SS8 S^SS ;
8S« !3IS!3£:^3 S Z!( SiS3 SS5 Z
!3 =ss si^E;ssE; ;3 gs s;;i? $!;8 s
8 -g- 8§"'"X8 " S- 8"'- -as «
;i;5
;!'
TsSig S8£S8§ I 3S 3§a X^g
g a Ms UnU% S SS %n SIS
766
BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON GENEBAI..
8.
J* 3
00
O
d
I
00
O
6
o
o
a
o
5?
o
I
a
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o
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a
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52
!l
iCe4 u5 r4 • • • • .4
S3 S
assays
r4 «f e4 el mS id
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to »-• ^ 1^
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CO CO
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9 a
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§3
8
9
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H 8
EST
hii
ill?
S3S
si
r^n
93§
BEPOBT OF THE SUBQEOII GENEBAU
767
6 ^ S 3SS
ei ' ^ • • •
9 Z Z SS$
gj «5 g5 1^ • •
f6^
i xaS
a S
M ^
ss ^
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a t: 8 SsSSo
t t^ ^ rC^d
S •-« 8 Seoci
P! ^ o Soo
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af «5 oS tC * '
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M f-i
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t •
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88
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82
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^2
«oog:
« r<» P coer
fd n t^ ode^ci
o ^ •* ^
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C:8
ro'
2
9
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(5
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to
8
p5
^
8
S
<5
&;
s
A p p Q S3
S {; :$ 9 33 S
^ di ^ $
:&
bCI
BEPOBT OF THE SUBOEON QENEBAL.
1
1
i
I
1
i
6
i
6
6
1
3
n
: is i : is :
: 1 ; ;2? it a
SSI
|i
:3 ; : :2 :
:= : : ■ :
: : i :!:SS is 3
328
1
1
1 :& 5 s
U
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; ;
i i : 1 > - -
: ;
£
: :
■
1
i
: i 1 ; :" "
Z3Z
is
E
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E
; : ; : i i : i
i 1 i
1
1
;S ;3 :
: :S3 :JS D
1^
i" ■- ■
: ;n« ;• •
-gs
i
1
1
1
i
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6
t
1
d - ■ ■ ■ ■ i^J
ii
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e -J ■ dpi - ■ ■-■■^ - -J ■ :grf
1
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i 1 :a : : : :
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r
p
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: ;:«::::
:::;:::- -
£
i ; > ; ; i ;
:
■
:;:!;;;= s
253
|i
£
^
;;;■,; i :« -
— "
£
1
a
If
P
— £ = -"a"'a£-'=""as-ij a - is
8
1
*1^
3
It
1
ligiiiii
mn\m
■s :
1
1
1
—
■ e.—ar
: : issSSssR " ? ;B
ll
p
s
^SStiSX^^I 3
n
1
s 58 a ! = ;s s a =!!SS=3SS5 ;s= ; J S8 ;a ;=a
-n-t
hi ; ■
~!-^T
-U44+
i - M ;- ;
FT
4=::^
m-
1:^
ti-rt
fH-H — h-f
tl-i-rt
!■;■;■;■ M ■ ; r'Mir '
! : ; ; ! , ;' — hH-r-HrrT+fi-h — rti rhrrtf |f
Si S, = » =S! s !
jscllc
ggiSs s tcS I
11 'in II ^i^riPir^mri
1
f
1
!
P3
i
6
o
d
B
EPOBl
1
OF
THE SnSQEON GENERAI.
8 8S9 SS :gR8 S K : S3S ;SS fl
B
|i
ef
; 8::8 :3S S S
1
1
Z
i^ ;
ii
£
-
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£
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; :
,
i
p
£
- :
£
1
& S8Z S5 :
- -a ■ s= ;
5Sa 2 8
■ ■ ■ :- ■ rf rf
ls
<. .g- aa ;
,=- * 5
""" ]'
-as
1
!
n
i
6
d
-<
i
1
s susses s ss sss sss s s
Is
1
1
2
i
p
£
-
'•
i
E
1
1
S :
=
z
' ;*
8
Is
£
" :
-
-
- >
"
£
: i
1
1
Is
- 50- ss"*iaa - 8- a— 'as s s
1
3
{
1:
It
i
Mil
1
1
1
i
111
i
8 III mill
1 33 SS9 !
is a
iff'
II
n
i ii
1
V
m
S SSSS = S 38
« 5Sir| II Hi i » i SS S £5 a SSJ5
;S |I85 % r~S |8S S 8 5 S! ^S " sFTlSi
772
BBPOBT OF THE SUBGEON GENBBAL.
9ke: ssasessess
P ^
P
niL
sss sRest:ne»a&
|«j; «nit''8«gsKfi
86!! Qssasssi
s sgsaasasea
!9 : !9 as
SS? sKaaaigesg
:i sis
,000
ss Rsesasg99
REPOBT OF THE SUBQEOl) QENSBAL.
773
a*'
»s
s
eo
1-^
eo
eo
^eo
s
1=
2SS
r«o»
ss
s
SS8
32
8S
E8
i
3&
32J
S
s;
^
d
9
9
co^
•o
^
H
I
OQ
-a
&
o
o o
9
774
Table No. 75.-
REPORT OP THE SURGEON GENERAIi.
-Admissions to sick report^ discharges, deaths, and noneffecHveness, toiA
ports, for officers ana native troops serving in Porto Rieo^
Serial
N09.
3
6
7-11
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
18
19
21-23
21
22
23
29
31
34
49-57
49-61
63-67
69-74
69-64
65-67
68-74
80
81-86
81-82
83-85
87-88
89
97-100
103-104
108
109
110-115
116
U7-119
120-126
127
129-133
138-141
142
166
167
169-174
176-177J
181
183
185-187
193-199
300-202
908-204
906-206
207
208
909-2U
316-217
219
i
Inter-
na-
tional
clisei-
fica-
tion.
la
3
4
6
6b
6
7
10
12
14
Me«m strength.
Causes of admiaslon to alck report.
19b
19d
l»g
28-34
28
30-34
87-38
87
38a
38b
46
47-48
47
48
60
61
66
60
61a
62
63
64
66
67-68
69
73
75a
75b
77
78
79
81
83b
83d
84
86
87
88
8^«>
91
92
98
94
96
Paratyphclld fever
Typhus fever
Malaria.
Estivo-autumnal fever
Malarial oaohexia
Quartan malarial fever
Tertian malarial fever
Undetermined malarial fever
Smallpox and varioloid.
Vaccinia.
Measles
Scarlet fever
Influenza
Asiatic cholera.
Dysentery
Badliary
Entamoeblo
Unclasslfled
Dengue
German measles
Mumps
Tuberculeels. alli
Tuberculosis of lungs
Tuberculosis of other organs .
Venereal diseases, all
Syphilis
Soft chancre
Oonoooccus infection
Benign tumors
Rheumatism, articular, all
Acutearticularrheuniatlsm. . . .
Chronic articular rheumat ism .
Diabetes
Exophthalmic goitre
Alcoholism and results
Other chronic poisoning, including
drug habit
Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis.
Locomotor ataxia
Other diseases oi spinal cord
Cerebral hemorrhage, apoplexy ...
Paralysis without specified cause.
Mental alienatioB
Epilepsy
Neuralgia and neuritis
Conjunctivitis
Trachoma..,
Pericarditis
Acute endocarditis
Organic heart disease
Diseases of the arteries, atheroma,
aneurism, etc
Hemorrhoids
Varicose veins
Diseases of the lynrobatic system.
Diseases of the nasal fosflB
Diseases of the larynx
Diseases of the thyroid body
Bronchitis
Broncho-pneumonia
Pneomonk
Pleurisy
Pulmonary congestion and pul*
monary iq^oplexy
Asthma
Army transports, oflQoers and enlisted men.
8. O. O., 1,385— A. O. O., 1,385.
Admis-
sions.
16
16
1
1
281
1
81
106
7
7
182131.41
13
41
1281
6
6
8
6
33
Dtseaaea of the teeth and gams.
a
ea
0e:
Discharges.
I
55
11.66
11.65;
.72
.72
20.22
.72
6.78
2.89
2.17
.72:
2.17
76.63
6.05
6.05
9.39
29.60
92.42
3.61
3.61
.72
3.61
.72
3.61
6.05
2,17
.72
2 1.44
1.44
3.61
16.61
35
1
6
6
25.27
3.61
8.61
Deaths.
I
6
Non-
effective.
B
.81
.00,
0.72
.72
.08
.11:
».
,78,
.181
.10)
.06
.02,
.OBf
1.13
.14
i
.72.
:9
a46 asv
.08 .c
.06| .041
X16 L66I
7.88 6.C
7.70 6.56
.18 . «
3.83 2.7S
1.94, L40
.081 .OS
1.81( 1.31
.64
.31
.33
.01^ '
. SB
.691 .
.44
.04] .08
.08; . .01
.13* .Oi
.Otf .06
8.311 6.O0
1.S6; I. II
.74- .54
.07
.06
.01
81
.16 .U!
.31j
BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON OENEBAL.
775
ratios fer 1,000 of mean strength, for officers and enlisted men serving on Army
for native troops tn Philippine Iskmds, year 1915.
trans-
Porto Rioo, offlc«n and enlisted natire troops.
PhiUpptne Islands, nattre troops.
a 0. 0., TW^-A. G. 0., 71«.
8.
O. 0., 5,506— A. 0. 0., 5,505.
Admi»-
ikma.
Diaefaarges.
Deaths.
Non-
effeotive.
Admis-
sions.
Discfaarses.
Deaths.
1
Non-
effective.
1
Z
i
el
•
d
•
2
6
1
6
1
•
1
1
•
1
1
1
1
1
i
§
6
3
8
441
82
3
4
392
61
a36
.64
80l11
14.90
.36
.73
53.04
1L08
ai9
.13
&50
3.17
.05
.07
5.19
L02
0.04
.03
6
&34
a24
a34
L54
.39
.01
.01
6
8.34
.24
.34
.94
.19
1
L39
.16
.22
6
8
L09
L45
.18
.37
.03
.07
2
2.78
.07
.10
9
3
55
31
38
6
92
3
17
35
35
1.63
.36
9.99
3.81
5.09
1.09
16.71
.36
3.09
4.64
4.54
*"."22
.08
3.09
L16
1.62
.30
1.56
.06
.92
3.17
3.07
.10
ia79
2.79
.85
7.14
.55
.16
.16
.04
I
1
a 18
.18
.01
16
22.25
.41
.56
.56
.21
9
7
&5
12.52
9.74
76.50
.18
.23
2.83
.24
.32
3.94
.30
1
.18
.05
.28
.01
.17
1
1
L39
1.39
1
1
1.47
1.47
.13
.13
:}|
25
25
4.54
4.54
.58
.56
.02
61
18
19
34
1
4
1
3
84.84
25.04
26.43
33.38
1.39
6.56
1.39
4.17
2
2.94
i29
.95
1.21
1.12
.06
.30
.13
.17
4.57
L33
1.68
1.66
.09
.43
.18
.24
189
31
17
141
15
3
8
34.33
5.63
3.09
25.61
2.72
.54
.54
1
.18
1.96
.61
.15
2
2.94
1
.18
1.30
.10
.03
.03
•"""*•
2
2.78
.01 .02
1
.18
.00
.00
1
•
1.39
.46! .64
1
1
1
1.47
' ".08 .*ii
.19 .26
1
13
3
8
67
5
2
.18
2.36
.54
1.45
12.17
.91
.3i\
1 0.18
.15
.90
.10
.84
. w
.29
.30
.03
1
i.39
10
1
2
2.9i
.18
.30
(
.16
1
.03
6
2
6.95
2.78
.12
.16
1
.15
u03 .A4
"*1
.18
::;::: :::::i::::::
.06
I
1.39
1
1.39
.00
.00
1
.18
.05
2
.36
•
.32
.06
1
1.39
1
2
16
10
12
.18
.36
2.91
1.82
2.18
.02
.16
.79
.10
.30
.00
1
.18
.03
23 3i.99
.76
.29
.11
.15
.14
20 27.81
1
.18
.02
2 2.78
• . .
.05
167
9
11
12
1
7
31
28.52
1.63
2.00
2.18
.18
1.27
3.81
2.62
.42
.91
.65
.03
.41
.33I
.48
.08
1
.18
.17
1 1.3»
.09
.13
.12
.01
4
6l
6.56
8.341
.09
.06
.12
.091
1
.18
.07
.60
776
Tablb No. 75.-
BEPOBT OF THE SUKGEON GBNEBAIj.
'Admissions to sick report, discharges, deaths, and noneffectiveness, wiUk
ports,/or officers arid native troops serving in Porto Bico,
Serial
Nos.
228-231
282-236
238
280-244
245-2S3
254
2S&-2S0
200
281-263
264-267
268-272
276
277-281
288
280-291
203-290
80^406
804
807-809
810-312
813-319
822-323
82i-325
85»-357
868-360
367
372
376
370
iDter-
na-
tional
danl-
flca-
tion.
Mean strength.
CauMS of admission to sick report.
426-134
435
436
437
480
441
442
443
446
446
448
440
450
453
456-458
450
460
OObI
100
102
103
105
106
107
106
100
UOa
110b
114
116
110
120
122
124
124b|
125
126
127
143
144
146
147
149g
150
180Aa
189Ba
Other diseases of the mouth and
155-163
164
165a
165b
166
167
168a|
169
170
171
172
174
175
176
170
183-4
185
186
annexa
Diseases of the pharynx
Uloer of stomach
Other diseases of stomach (cancer
excepted)
Diarrhea and enteritis
Ankylostomiasis
Intesttaial parasites
Appendicitis
Hernia
Diseases of the anus and fecal
fistula
Other diseases of the Intestines
Biliary calculi
Other diseases of liver and gall
bladder
Acute nephritis
Bright's disease
Other diseases of the kidney and
annexa ,
Diseases of the bladder
Enuresis ,
Diseases of the urethra, urinary
abscess, etc ,
Diseases of the prostate
Diseases of the male genital organs
(non-venereal)
Furuncle and carbuncle
Acute abscess and cellulitis
Diseases of the bones
Diseases of the Joints
Flat foot
Congenital malformations
Febricula. simple continued, and
other levers of undetermined
causation
Under observation, undiagnosed
and unknown
Army transports, offloers and enlisted men.
& O. O., 1,385— A. O. O., 1,386.
Admia-
sions.
73
6
52.71
20^ 14.44
571 41.16|
Discharges.
.72
2.80
.72
14
10.11
.72
3 2.17
d
I
1 .72
4 2.89
3 2.17
9 6.d0>
3, 2.17
ArrEcnom pbodvckd bt
XXTCBKAL CAV8BS.1
Suicides, all
Poisoning by food
Venomous bites and stings
Othtf poisoning (deleterious gases
excepted)
Ck>nflagration
Bums (OQDflagrations excepted)
Suffocation, strangulation
Drowning, accidental
Traumatism by firearms (other
than specified )
Traumatism by cutting or piercing
instruments
Traumatism by fall
Traumatism by machines
Traumatism bv other crushing
Injuries by animals
Fleets of boat
Horol idee,aU
Fractures, causes not specified
Other external violeote
Killed or woowlad fax aeiion:
By ballet
By Shan
.72!
Deaths.
i
55
Non-
effective.
I
o
0.79, 0.57
.16' .12
.471
.76
0.72i
.01
.271
.33
.70
.06
.27
.11
.41
.08
.50
.50
.00
.06
.07
.03
.34
.11
.65
4.13
.0%
.34
.65
.00
.30
.21
.67
.15
.72
3.611.
14 10.11.
2j 1.44
1.44
.72;.
0 6.50
1 i .72
.11
1 Noiieflec4tT(
for individual external causes not tabulated.
BEPOBT OF THE StTBOEON OEITBBAIi.
777
ratios j>er IflOO of mean strength, for officers and enlisted men serving on Army trans-
fer native troops xn Philippine Isltrnds, year 1915 — Continued.
Porto Rioo, ofBoen and cnUstod natlTe troops.
Phflippine lalaada, natlTe troops.
a 0. O., 719-A. G. O., 719.
a 0. 0., 6,506— A. 0. 0., 6^.
Admis.
sKnu.
DiachargM.
Deaths.
Non-
effective.
Admis.
aioiia.
Discharges.
Deaths.
Non-
effective.
•
1
2
o*
1
•
1
1
•
i
1
6
1
i
6
•
1
o'
1
•
§
5?
•
1
•
1
2
1
•
M
1
z,
d
6
39
a 91
7.06
ai2
.58
0.02
6
8.34
0.10
ai3
.11
2
14
4
2.78
.06
.27
.18
.09
.37
.26
21
207
62
33
4
4
6
332
1
3
1
3
3.81
37.60
9.45
6.99
.73
.73
.91
60.31
.18
.54
.1*
.54
a2o
2.47
1.05
.60
.15
.46
.14
3.43
.02
.96
.04
.18
0l04
19.47
.46
6.56
1
a 18
1
0.18
.19
.12
1
.18
.Oft
.0&
1
5
1.39
6.95
.04
.07
.06
.09
03
62
00
2
1
2.78
1.39
.02
.06
.03
.09
17
. If
.01
1
.18
.03
1
i
• •••••1. •. .. .
«
10
13 Q1
•
.53
-74
20
116
201
15
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BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL
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BBPOBT OF THE SUBOEON GEKEBAIj.
791
Tablb No. 81. — Ratios per 1,000 of mean etrmgthfor '* total admissions" and for **case
admissions" for enlisted American troops in the ArmAf {as a whole), in the United
States (continental), excluding Alaska, and in the Philippine Islanas, for the years
1904 to 1911, for disease, external causes, and all causes.
Tear.
Enlistad American troops.
Army.
United States (con-
tinental), exclud-
ing Alaska.
Philippine latands.
Total
admia-
sioos.
Case
admis-
sions.
Total
admis-
sions. ~
Case
admis-
sions.
Total
admis-
sions.
Case
admis-
sions.
1904
Diseases
1.114
241
1.002
22«
1,019
257
951
242
1,473
215
1.293
External causes
204
AU causes
1.355
1.230
1,306
1,193
1,688
1,497
Diseases .. * * .
1906
1,068
.238
975
226
908
252
921
239
1,387
213
1.260
KrterTMri cwiJWfl....
207
All causes
1,296
1,201
1,250
1,160
1,000
1,467
Diseases.
1906
1,053
224
987
216
944
236
879
226
1.4W
206
1,409
Krt«7»aJ c*Miw*s. ...... ^
202
All causes
1.277
1.203
1,180
1,105
1,700
1.611
Diseases
1907
1,005
213
926
206
956
216
885
203
1.260
223
1,153
EyterTMri CW1SW
216
All causes
1,218
1,132
1,172
1,093
1.483
1,360
Diseases.. k
1908
963
225
891
217
922
227
860
219
1.208
232
1.097
Fxtemal causes ..x........... ...
222
All causes
1.188
1,108
1,149
1.079
1.440
1,319
Diseases
1900
866
197
791
190
822
202
750
195
1.156
192
1,062
External causes .'
185
All causes
1,063
981
1.024
946
1,348
1.247
Diseases
1910
766
184
707
178
715
1»1
662
178
1.048
195
956
External causes
188
AU causes
950
885
899
840
1.243
1,144
Diseases
1911
770
166
718
161
726
162
680
157
1,028
190
947
External causes.
185
All causes
036
879
888
837
1,218
1,132
DTTERlf ATIOlf AL HILITAET MEDICAL STATISTICS FOR THE
YEAR 1916.
These tables are those agreed upon at the International Commission
for the Unification of the Medical Statistics of Armies, held at Buda-
pest in 1894, at Madrid in 1903, and modified by the last meeting held
at Berlin in 1907. They are calculated for the United States Army
proper (white and colored) and include enlisted men only. Disposi-
tions include cases remaining from last year. Deaths include suicides
and accidents. Days lost inmde those lost this year by cases remaining
from last year.
Table I shows in absolute numbers, by divisions, the mean strength
of the command, the admissions to quarters, to hospital, and total
admissions; the disposition of the sick, total, and the number returned
to duty, died, and otherwise disposed of, and the total number of days'
sickness.
792
REPOBT OP THE STJBGEON GENEBAI*
Table U gives the same data in ratios per 1,000, and also shows the
davs lost per soldier and per admission.
Table III shows, by arms of service, the mean strength, the total
admissions, and those admitted to hospital only, the total dispositions,
and the number of those returned to duty, and the number that died.
Table IV rives the same data as Table III by months.
Table V shows for each of the larger garrisons the mean strength,
admissions to hospital, total admissions, and the deaths.
Table VI shows for each of the 38 diseases or disease groups agreed
upon by the international commission, the nimaber remaimng imder
treatment at the commencement and close of the current year, the
admissions and dispositions for the year, the total sick days^ and the
average number of days per case.
Table ^^[I shows the admissions, bv arms of service, for the diseases
and disease groups referred to in Table VI.
Table VIII shows the same data as* Table VII by months.
Table IX shows deaths by rank, by length of service, and by age-
Table X shows the same data as Table IX for discharges for physical
disability.
International Table I. — Movement of tick by Army corps (departmerUi).
ABSOLUTE NUMBERS (ENLISTED MEN).
United States (excluding
Alaska):
Eastern Departm«it
Central Department
Southern Department
(excluding Cavalry di-
vision)
Weston Department . . .
Second tactical division.
Mexican border (field) . .
Independent stations . . .
Recruit depots
General hospitals
Total
Alaskai
Canal Zone. Panama 1
Hawaiian Department
Chlna>
Philippine Department
Army transports
Army
Mean
strength.
10,145
2,748
6,073
7,898
6,895
14,239
3 016
6,203
509
63,725
763
5,721
8,572
1,335
11,834
1,312
93,362
Admitted sick.
Total.
12,627
2,334
3,631
4,395
4,815
10,278
1,025
6,567
506
44,8(»
295
4,983
4,877
1,953
11,721
751
69,443
To hos-
pital.
11,086
1,846
3,246
3,577
2,902
3,349
555
6,389
484
32,534
254
3,755
4,497
1,403
10,910
615
63,968
To
quar-
lers.
1,441
878
185
818
1,913
6,934
470
178
32
13,829
41
2,228
649
811
136
16,474
Sick disposed ol
Re-
turned
to duty
recov-
ered.
11,405
3,118
4,830
3,119
4,341
8,103
053
6,160
1,898
43,135
259
4,503
4,698
1,711
10,980
466
64,831
Died.
74
6
48
30
46
63
10
40
46
349
8
14
37
6
34
4
436
other-
wise
dis-
posed
ot
304
68
307
68
90
66
18
301
454
1,456
10
116
145
81
634
7
TotaL
11,773
3,181
6,104
3,197
4,476
080
6,410
3,496
43,030
371
4,721
4,870
1,748
11,638
467
3,388 I 67,546
Total
116,008
31,061
01,586
23,385
60.818
67,001
7,0W
00,410
168,000
606,677
8,488
64,890
68,080
17,0M
185,010
18, 4n
880.8a
1 Separated from tlie deparUnaot to whldi they belong for parpotes of oomp«riaoik
BEPORT OF THE SUBOEOK OENEBAIi.
793
Intbrnational Tablb II. — Movement ofeick, by Army corps (departmentM).
PROPORTIONATE NUMBERS (ENLISTED MEN).
In 1,000 of mean strength.
In 1,000 disposed of.
Days lost.
Total ad-
missions.
Admifl-
sions to
hospital.
Deaths.
Returned
to duty
(recov-
ered).
Died.
Other-
wise
dis-
posed
of.
Per
sol-
dier.
Per
admis-
SiOQ.
United States (excluding Alaska):
Eastern DeDartment
654.32
809.32
606.04
556.47
698.33
721. 47
508.43
1,070. 17
994.11
679.05
671.76
639.86
452.90
420.88
235.20
275.30
1,035.95
3.87
1.82
9.46
2.53
6.53
3.65
4.96
9.42
976.39
971.11
6.28
2.29
17.33
26.59
•
59.11
18.14
20.11
8.03
18.37
37.15
181.76
6.00
7.99
18.04
4.10
7.30
4.71
3.94
11.61
9.18
Central Department
9.87
Southern Department (ex-
cluding troops on Mexican
border)
931.65 9.24
26.92
Western Department
Second tactical division
Mexican border
975.60
969.84
985.65
6.26
10.05
6.33
7.36
10.46
6.63
Independent stations
Recruit depots
971.43 10.20
953.79 9.06
799.84 18.41
7.74
10.86
General hospitals
Total
704.01
510.54
5.40
958.91
7.94
33.14
9.39
13.34
Alaska
386.63
871.00
5«8.94
1,402.17
990.45
672.41
332.90
481.56
524.61
1,050.94
921.93
468.75
2.62
2.37
3.04
4.49
2.86
3.05
955.72
972.68
964.68
978.83
951.64
976.45
7.38
2.97
5.54
3.43
2.95
8.67
36.90
24.36
29.77
17.73
45.42
14.99
3.25
9.49
7.46
12.77
10.64
14.08
8.41
Canal Zone, Panama
10.89
Hawaiian I^epcutment
13.11
China .'
8.74
Philippine Department
10.74
Army iransports
34.60
Army
744.59
667.96
4.60
969.67
6.46
33.87
6.44
13.66
International Table III. — Movement of «db, by arms of service — Army — Enlisted
men, American troops.
Mean
strength.
Absolute numbers.
Proportionate nambers.
Arms of
Sick ad-
missions.
Sick disposed of.
Per 1.000 of mean
strength.
Per 1,000 of siok
disposed of.
service:
TotaL
To
hos-
pital.
Total.
Fit
for
duty
(recov-
ered).
Deaths.
Total
sick
admis-
sions.
Ad-
ml«»-
sioas to
hospi-
tals.
Deaths.
Fit
for
duty
(recov-
ered).
Deaths.
Infantry
Cavalry
Coast Artillery..
Field ArtiUery..
Engineers
Ordnance
Signal Corps
Hospital Corps.
Others V..
34,090
14,408
18,963
6,609
1,877
725
1,364
3,891
12,435
26,620
11,435
12,494
6,313
1,532
380
745
2,418
8,505
17,603
8,864
11,090
4,041
1,118
346
653
2,129
7,324
25,444
11,305
12,230
6,184
1,518
372
727
2,376
8,389
24,387
10,911
11,736
6,007
1,447
369
701
2,267
8,007
147
73
79
81
11
8
0
13
76
780.87
793.66
668.86
964.42
816.30
634.14
646.19
621.43
683.96
513.44
615.21
584.82
733.53
595.63
477.24
406.43
647.16
588.96
4.24
4.99
4.10
3.76
6.77
10.85
6.49
3.29
6.94
968.46
966.16
960.63
966.86
953.22
965.00
964.23
964.23
964.46
6.78
6.46
6.46
4.06
7.26
21.61
12.38
6.47
8.94
Total
93,263
69,442
62,968.67,646
64,821
436
744.69
667.96
4.60
969.68
6.46
794
REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
Intbrnational Tablb IV. — Movement of nek, by months (enlisted men).
AMERICAN TROOPS AT HOME.
Absolute numbers.
Proportionate numbers.
Month.
Mean,
strength.
Sick admis-
sions.
Sick disposed of.
Per LOGO of mean
strength.
Per 1,000 sk^
disposed of.
Total.
•
To hos-
pital.
Total.
Fit for
duty
(recov-
ered).
Deaths.
Total
sick
admis-
sions.
Admls-
to hos-
pital.
Deaths.
Fit for
duty
(reooT-
ered).
Deaths.
January...
February..
March
April
May
June
July
August
September.
October...
November.
December.
65,805
66.8G8
65,989
64,948
63,583
63,216
62,574
60,875
62,411
61.750
02,726
63,951
4,064
4,346
4,760
4,038
3,406
3,144
3,448
3,231
3,356
8,289
3,620
4,161
3,009
3,308
8,540
2,878
2,425
2; 188
2,379
2,338
2,444
2,320
2,650
2,995
3,780
4,165
4,545
4,120
3,572
3,165
3,362
3,179
3,224
3,266
3,353
4,199
3,614
4,002
4,368
3,930
3,427
3,025
3,240
3,047
3,080
3,118
3.196
4,078
24
35
34
28
18
23
23
44
25
84
27
34
61.76
64.99
72.13
62.17
53.57
49.73
55.10
53.08
53.77
53.26
57.71
65.07
46.64
49.47
53.65
44.31
38.14
3461
38.02
38.41
39.16
37.57
42.25
46.83
a36
.52
.52
.43
.28
.36
.36
.69
.39
.54
.42
.53
956.08
960.86
961.06
953.88
959.41
955.77
963.71
958.48
955.34
954.68
963.18
97L18
8.88
8.40
7.48
6.80
6.04
7.27
6.84
13L84
7.78
10.41
8.08
8.10
Total.
63,725
44,863
32,534
43,930
42,125
349
704.01
510.54
6.40
958.91
7.04
AMERICAN TROOPS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
January...
February..
March
April
May
June
July
August....
September.
October...
November
December.
Total.
11,619
12,097
12,626
13,310
12,8G4
12,566
12.464
11,990
11,153
10,769
10,747
9,896
1,082
829
909
1,133
1,084
1,058
1,454
1,348
991
757
610
546
11,834 11,721
964
786
862
1,011
1,055
1,003
1,306
1,178
950
721
567
507
10,910
019
856
872
1,072
1,018
1,059
1,438
1,338
1,016
867
553
530
11,538
883
825
836
1,011
967
1,005
1,349
1,263
960
833
534
514
10,980
2
8
2
6
2
3
2
6
2
2
2
3
86.98
68.52
71.99
85.12
84.26
84.19
116.65
112.43
88.85
70.29
56.76
55.17
83.68
64.97
68.27
75.96
82.01
79.82
104.78
98.25
85.18
66.95
52.76
5L23
34 990.45 I 921.93
a 17
.24
.16
.39
.16
.23
.16
.40
.18
.19
.20
.30
960.83
963.79
958.72
943.10
940.90
949.01
938.11
943.95
944.88
960.78
965.64
969.81
X18
8.00
LOO
XI
L{
L07
2.81
8.62
5.66
2.86 05L64
2.88
REPORT OF THE SITROEON GENERAL.
795
International Table V. — Movement of tick in the larger garrisom, officers and en-
lUted men, year 1915,
Garrison.
Jefferson Barracks, Ho
Fort Monroe, V»
Fort Sam Houston. Tex
Fort Slocum. N. Y.
Fort8IU,Okla
C<4umbus Barracks, Ohio
Fort Oglethorpe, Ga
Fort Winlield Soott, Cal
Presidio of San Francisco, Cal . .
Vancouver Barracks, Wash
Fort Huachuca, Arii
Fort McDowell, Cal
Fort Ethan Alien, Vt
West Point, N. Y
Fort Bliss, Tex
Fort Leavenworth, Kans
Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y
Fort Hancock, N. J
Fort Myer, Va
Fort H. G. WriAt, N. Y
Fort Terrv, N. Y.
Madison Barraclo. N. Y
Fort Barrancas, Fia
Fort Worden, Wash
Fort Hamilton, N. Y
Fort Gibbon, AlaflJca
Fort Wro. H. Seward, Alaska. .
Fort Da\is, .Vlaska
Schofield Barracks, Hawaii
Fort Shaiter, Hawaii
Fort Kamehameha, Hawaii
Fort Ruger, Hawaii
Fort De Russjr, Hawaii
Fort Mills, P. I.
Fort WOlbm McKinley, P. I...
C-amp Stotsenburg, P. I
Ludfow Barracks, P. I
Coartel de Espana. P.I
Augor Barracks, r. I
Camp McGrath, P. I
Camp Keithley, P.I
Camp Jotm Hay, P. I
Camp Eldridee,P.I
Pettit Barracks, P. I
Warwick Barracks, P. I
Camp Overton, P.l
Fort San Pedro, P. I
Camp Gregg, P. I
Mean
strength.
1,413
1,352
1,293
1,287
1,182
1,166
1,096
1,098
'■^
875
871
860
838
823
811
766
750
694
683
681
641
637
633
629
234
214
107
5,349
1,944
444
287
204
4,679
8,008
2,030
909
899
836
726
646
533
524
477
462
436
337
314
Total admissions.
Absolute
numbers.
1,153
994
1,027
1,726
953
1,312
896
363
770
501
285
754
726
665
755
527
442
611
577
456
859
293
319
345
96
96
34
3,146
1,033
297
134
93
3,911
3,849
3,628
540
1,346
610
675
317
462
517
198
235
210
304
280
Per 1,000
of mean
strength.
815.90
735.21
794.28
1,34L10
806.36
1,125.21
816.03
33a 60
706.13
616.91
325.71
866.60
835.44
343.68
795.87
930.95
687.99
589.33
880.40
844.80
660.60
500.06
450.07
508.96
389.51
410.26
448.60
317.76
588.15
531.38
668.92
466.90
455.88
622.14
947.14
1,294.58
603.96
1,497.22
729.67
929.76
490.71
866w79
986.64
415.09
508.66
481.66
902.08
891.72
Admissions to
hospital.
Absolute
numbers.
1,U6
899
9S7
1,678
838
1,295
753
250
547
566
245
663
673
349
630
443
443
411
545
532
350
352
267
280
218
76
85
34
3,899
963
160
109
90
2,754
2,708
2,487
537
958
565
639
801
447
4n
188
216
189
282
259
Per 1,000
of mean
strength.
Deaths.
803.96
664.94
768.34
1,303.81
708.97
1,110.63
685.80
227.69
50a92
579.33
28a 00
761.20
773.80
297.14
765.49
546.24
577.02
548.00
785.30
778.91
513.95
549.14
419.15
442.34
34a 58
324.79
397.30
317.76
541.07
505.66
36a 36
379.79
294.11
588.50
900.37
1,225.13
59a 76
1,065.63
675.84
88a 17
465.94
838.66
898.86
394.18
467.64
433.40
83a 80
824.84
Absolute
numbers.
31
4
15
7
8
16
8
4
3
10
1
5
3
14
1
8
8
1
Perl.OOO
of mean
strength.
3
1
13
1
8
6
10
4
3
a
1
1
4
8
8
1
8
3
1
14.86
2.96
11.60
5.44
an
13.73
3.73
3.64
2.09
11.43
1.15
5.75
3.39
17.01
1.23
3.92
4.00
1.44
2.94
3.13
3.14
4.77
4.27
2.43
.51
a 76
1,28
3.32
1.97
2.23
2.39
1.88
1.55
7.50
6.78
a39
3.16
a88
5.93
3.18
BEPOBI OF THE SXmaEOK QENEBAL.
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REPORT OF THE SURGEON GENERAL.
801
Intsrnational Tablb IX.—Deaths by rank, by length of service and by age, 1915.
Cmims of death.
Deaths from sickness
SoldJws present with troops
Soldiers absent from troops.
Accidental deaths
Soldiers present with troops
Soldiers absent from troops.
Suicides
Soldiers present with troops
Soldiers absent from troops .
Total
Total
number
of deaths
(enlisted
men).
a
9
a
S
I
246
147
09
140
95
45
50
38
12
436
oft
2.60
1.55
1.05
1.48
1.00
.48
.53
.40
.13
Deaths by rank
and lenith of
serrioc.
50
28
31
19
14
5
13
12
1
4.60
01
CO
73
53
20
26
20
6
8
5
3
CojC
i-oi
36
22
14
25
21
4
6
5
1
107
67
78
44
34
70
40
30
23
16
7
I
10
14
5
10
8
2
171 I 29
Deaths by age.
.
•
•
•
^
%
»
§
o
o
o
o
*«
**
*»
4>*
^
s
CO
27
81
42
36
57
25
18
13
24
17
18
14
62
29
20
11
43
19
14
19
10
6
15
12
9
10
9
6
5
3
3
• • • •
158
83
65
45
o
i
o
41
20
21
8
4
4
7
6
1
56
International Tablb X. — Diechargesfrom the Army for physical disability, temporary
or permanent, by rank, length of service, and by age, 1915,
Causes of discharge.
Physical disability existent
prior to enlistment
Phjrsical disability incident
to service
Physical disability not inei-
dent to service
Total
Total dis-
diarges (en-
listed men.)
a
I
761
471
119
1,351
§i
8.03
4.97
1.26
14.26
Rank and length
of service.
9
54
11
74
•^8 5 8 -S^j,
•a
a '
Eo
S
i2o
1^
« o >
C o
'c Sg
OQ
522
102
28
652
153
80
26
77
235
54
250 366
•a
s
98
33
4
135
Age.
2
452
192
42
686
8
o
149
119
26
294
o
52
62
23
137
^
8
28
14
50
>
o
9
2
37
10
49
Very respectfully,
The Secretary op War.
e9176'— WAB 191G~voL 1 51
H. p. Birmingham,
Coland, Medical Corps,
Acting Surgeon Oeneral.
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE.
803
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE.
War Department,
OmcB OF THE Chief of Ordnance,
October i, 1916.
Sir : I have the honor to submit the following report on the prin-
cipal operations of the Ordnance Department during the past nscal
year, together with certain remarks as to its interests and necessities :
PERSONNEL.
The department has not suffered from abnormal losses of officers
since the date of my last annual report, but it is still embarrassed by
the losses which occurred previously and which were mentioned in
that report. Congress has, in the national defense act of June 3,
taken action for the relief of the department in the matter of officers
by providing for an increase of 67, in the previously established force
of 85. The increase is to take place in installments over five years,
which is probably at as rapid a rate as the officers can be instructed
for duty as Ordnance officers and assimilated. The act has in addi-
tion provided for the detail of 30 line officers for a preliminarv course
of instruction looking to their eventual regular detail in the Ord-
nance Department, with the object of affording personnel for the
authorized increment of the department and for making good normal
casualties. The provisions made by Congress ought to be satisfactory
and doubtless will ultimately be so. In the meantime, while new offi-
cers are receiving the special training necessary to make them useful
Ordnance officers, the department will have to do its best with its
existing trained personnel and with such assistance as it can com-
mand from sources outside of it. Assistance of this latter class has
been made available in the matter of production by experience of
many American establishments in the manufacture of war materiel
for European nations, but in the matter of design there is less
trained ability to draw upon, and until training in design shall have
produced additions to the present available number of competent
designers the department will have to get along as best it can, with
the assistance of such designs as have been evolved in Europe and
can be secured, probably at considerable expense. The best possible
is being done to meet the situation which there is no quick way of
covering satisfactorily.
Of the 30 officers allowed for instruction, contemplating their later
detail in the department, effort has been made to secure 15 this year,
but because of other demands for the services of officers of proper age
and condition it has been possible to get only 8. These 8 have been
ordered to the Sandy Hook Proving Ground ror a year's course in the
805
806 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE.
theoretical engineering work of ordnance construction. The second
year'a course will be entirely practical.
^ The conditions along the Mexican border have called for the estab-
lishment of some half dozen depots for the supply of troops with
ordnance materiel. These depots have called for supply officers from ]
the Ordnance Department, who have been fumishedf from the depart-
ment's existing personnel. This requirement has made a draft upon
the officers available for designing, manufacturing, and inspecting
work; but it is a necessity which must at any time be expected and
which the organization should provide for. nfhus far it has been met
without the mcrease of the Ordnance Department by any members
outside of its organization, but it is obvious that it can not be carried
much further without such increase.
New systems of supply and accountability of regiments and of the
collection of tfoops at posts have devolved upon regimental and post
ordnance officers an incTTased amount of work, and to meet this the
enlisted force of the Ordnance Department has been increased so as to
provide theproper assistance to these o3irv*rs. and avoid the depletion
of line organizations by the detail of Jucn for this kind of work.
These enlisted men will form part of the force of post ordnance offi-
cers when in garrison, btit will be attached to and go with the regi-
ments to which they belong when these regiments take the field.
FISCAL AFFAIRS.
The statement giving the receipts and expenditures of the Ord-
nance Department under general headings for the fiscal year of 1916
is herewith submitted in tabular form so as to show the data under
the various appropriations made for the service of this department,
including those for experiments conducted under the direction of the
Board or Ordnance and Fortification and for the purchase of sub-
marine mines, the control of which rests with the Chief of Coast
Artillery.
The tables constituting the statement show that on July 1, 1915,
there was in the Treasury and in the possession of disbursing officers
the sum of $18^00,774.13.
BBFOBT OT THB OHIKT OV OBDNANOB.
807
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KEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF OBDNAHOB.
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11^
814 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE.
The total amount of the appropriations and allotments for the
fiscal year 1916 was $25,508.a48.03. The total amounts with which
the appropriations were creoited in accordance with law from sales,
transiers, etc., was $638,172.69. The total payments made by dis-
bursing officers and by Treasury settlements during the year
amounted to $12,766,698.57. The total sales of condemned stores
during the year amounted to $112,355.85, all of which was credited
on the books of the Treasury Department to "Ordnance material
(proceeds of sales)." The total sales to other parties covered into
the Treasury Department to the credit of the fund "Miscellaneous
receipts" amounted to $14,648.38. The total amount to the credit
of disbursing officers on June 30, 1916, was $2,092,353.53, and tho
total amount in the Treasury on the same date was $10,345,012.04.
(See note, p. 11.)
FUNDS ON HAND AT THE BEGINNING AND CLOSE OF THE FISCAL TEAR.
The principal amounts on hand at the beginning of the year per-
tained to the following appropriations :
Field arUUery for Organized MUltla, 1914-1916 $1. 399. 718. 08
Field artillery for Organized Militia, 1915-1917 2. 089. 707. 03
Ammunition for field artillery for Organized Militia. 1915-1917.. 2, 859. 505. 77
FortiflcatioDS in insular possessions 976. 657, 06
Armament of fortifications 5.323.906.35
The status of these appropriations at the close of the fiscal year
will be seen by reference to the tabular statement.
The principal amounts on hand at the close of the fiscal year per-
tained to the following appropriations:
Ordnance stores and supplies, 1916 and 1917 $871, 564. 07
Field artiUery for Organized Militia, 1915-1917 1. 840. 379. IS
AmmunlUon for field artiUery for Organized Militia, 1915-1017.. 1, 534, 826. 84
Arming and equipping the Miiitia 438, 896. 11
Armament of fortifications 8.166,512.41
The balances under the appropriations " Field artillery for Or-
ganized Militia, 1915-1917 '' and "Ammunition for field artillery for
Organized Militia, 1915-1917 " are available for the fiscal year 1917.
Of the above amounts reported on hand at the close of the fiscal
year the greater portion in nearly every case had been allotted to
meet outstanding obligations. The available balances under the
above-named appropriations at the close of the fiscal year are as
follows:
Orduance stores and supplies. 1916 and 1917 $44, 218. 30
Field artUlery for Organized Militia. 1915-1917 60. 93a 95
Ammunition for field artiUery for Orgauixed Militia. 1915-1917-. 185. 733. 71
Arming and equipping the Militia 24,521.01
Armament of fortifications ., 371, 783. 46
TRANSFERS AND SALES OF SERVICEABLE ORDNANCE STORES.
The value of ordnance stores transferred to the execative depart-
ments and the Organized Militia daring the last fiscal year, for
which settlement was made directly or by Treasury settlement,
amounted to $414^72.84. Of this amount $229,393.43 was on account
of transfers to the Navy Department; $111,177.36 on account of
transfers to the Marine Corps; $66J581.45 on account of transfers
to other executive departments ; and $7,220.60 on account of transitera
to the Organized Militia.
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF OBDNANOB. 815
The practice of advancing militia funds to this department di-
rectly at the beginning of the year, so that the procurement of the
stores required may be inau^rated, mentioned in previous reports,
has worked satisfactorily and is being continued. A similar practice
is also followed in connection with Navy funds.
In other cases settlement is made directly or by Treasury settle-
ment, the money received being taken up in the fund ^^ Replacmg ord-
nance and ordnance stores,'' and remaining available dunng the year
in which the corresponding stores were transferred and the follow-
ing year.
The total transfers and sales amounted to $765,176.92.
PAYMENTS.
The total payments made by disbursing officers amounted to
$12,505,066.60, and by Treasury settlements to $261,631.97; a total of
$12,766,698.57.
The amounts of disbursements made at the principal arsenals and
in the Ordnance Office during the fiscal year are as follows :
Frankford Arsenal $3. 799, 135. 09
Rock Island Arsenal 8, 416, 428. 60
Springfield Armory 683, 03G. 78
Picatinny Arsenal 775, 291. 22
Watervllet Arsenal 741, 675. 23
Ordnance Office. 1, 101, 184. 68
AMOUNTS COVERED INTO THE SURPLUS FUND.
The principal amounts covered into the surplus fund of the Treas-
ury were:
Small-arms target practice, 1913 and 1914 $1, 758. 68
Manufacture of arms, 1913 and 1914 844. 16
Field artiUery for Organized Militia, 1913 and 1914 896. 41
Replacing and repairing ordnance property at Gulf forts 10, 690. 41
Armament of fortifications 13, 531. 61
COMPARISON OF THE FISCAL STATEMENT WITH THAT OF THE PRECEDING
YEAR.
Comparing the fiscal statement with that of the preceding year
it will DC found that the amount of appropriations during the year
was increased from $19,125,343.53 to ^5,508,348.03, an increase of
$6,383,004.50. The amount of disbursements decreased from $14,-
961,527.47 to $12,766,698.57. The amount received from transfers to
the executive departments and the Organized Militia decreased from
$1,328,292.44 to $414,372.84. This reduction was caused by the ad-
vancing of militia funds to this department and by the placing of
Navy funds to the credit of this department on the books of the
Treasury, subject to requisition by disbursing officers of this depart-
ment. The amount available at the close of the fiscal year decreased
from $18,500,774.13 to $12,437,547.57, a decrease of $6,063,226.56.
Had the fortifications act, referred to on page 11, been approved
prior to June 30, 1916, the amount available for disbursement at the
close of the fiscal year would have been $31,855,147.57, an increase
of $13,354,373.44. (See note, p. 11.)
CASH REWARDS FOR EMPLOFEES.
In previous annual reports reference has been made to the passage
of an act authorizing the payment of cash rewards for the most
816
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE.
valuable suggestions submitted by employees, and in my last report
a table was submitted showing the payments made since the passage
of that act. That table is repeated below, including the data for the
fiscal year 1916 :
Oct. 1, 1912, to June 30, 1913
July 1, 1913, to June 30, 1914
July 1, 1914, to June 30, 1915
July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916
Number of
meritorious
suggestions.
12
7
8
24
Total
amount
paid.
S148.46
169.36
337.46
1,545.44
Average
for
saggestion.
$12.37
24.19
42. IS
64.19
It will be noted that the total paid and the average amount for each
suggestion have increased each year since the law went into effect
OPERATION OF LIABILITY ACT.
A table of data showing the operation of this act was given in my
last annual report. That table is repeated below with data for the
fiscal year 1916 added :
Year.
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
Total
Total
in-
jured.
286
372
518
612
800
1,518
1,956
1,765
7,827
Absent on account of Injury.
TotaL
236
284
326
358
441
566
630
496
3,337
0to5
days.
87
78
115
131
178
229
281
228
1,327
5 to 10
days.
33
37
29
29
44
75
58
46
351
10 to 15
days.
13
19
12
11
17
37
26
24
150
15 to 20
days.
44
47
47
65
64
101
88
77
20to25 »;SP
over.
days.
13
39
43
43
48
34
63
32
46
64
80
79
90
90
114
80
533
315
652
Total
Amount ncuii>
paid on < beroT
account of
disability, ploy-
83,714.70
11,54L15
15,218.85
15,865.90
18,376.30
18,631.02
25,152.99
27,066.36
136,468.36
6,028
6,087
6,444
6,317
6,306
6,127
7,ltt
6,212
Considering only those absent over 15 days, and therefore enti-
tled to payment on account of the injury sustained, it will be noted
that the average payment for each injury has varied from year to
year, but the tendency is upward, being $36.06 in 1909. $84.84 in
1912, $94.92 in 1915, and $142.68 in 1916.
A new law embodied in the act approved September 7, 1916, has
taken the place of the former law for the compensation of injured
employees. It has been too recently enacted for any experience to
have been had with its operation, but its provisions give promise of
being much fairer both to the employees and to the Government
than the previouslv existing law, imder which there was an incentive
to extend to at least 15 days the period of disability, since no
compensation was allowed for any less period ; and there was an in-
centive not to shorten a period after it had reached 15 days, since
full compensation was allowed beyond that time, up to a year. The
new act shortens the i>eriod of disability necessary for securing pecu-
niary compensation to 3 days, and makes the compensation such
a percentage of the employee's full pay, instead of the full pay itself,
BEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE. 817
as to furnish an incentive for returning to the full-pay status. In
other words, the loss arising from disability is not imposed upon
either the Government or the employee entirely, but is divided be-
tween them. There are other advantageous features of the new act.
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT.
The Army appropriation act of March 4, 1915, prohibited the
making of time studies and the payment of premiums, as far as
work done under that act was concerned. This operated to stop
time studies, since these were made under the direction of officers
who were paid out of the Army act appropriations; but as most of
the premiums which had been paid in the department had been paid
from funds appropriated in the fortifications act, it had little effect
upon these. At its last session, however, Congress placed the restric-
tive legislation not only upon the Army appropriation bill, but also
upon the other supply bills affecting this department, so that time
studies and premium payments are now effectively forbidden. A
time stud^ is a scientific method for determining the best order and
sequence m which a ^iven piece of work should be performed, and
for ascertaining the time which it ought reasonably to be expected
to take; so as to permit the setting of a fair rate of compensation
for the job. The reliability of the method depends upon the degree
to which the scientific character which it ought to have is attained.
The restrictive legislation interferes with the scientific character of
the method, by prohibiting the division of a job into component
parts for separate timing, out it does not abolish the method alto-
gether, and a less perfect method of rate setting than the time study
IS therefore still possible.
A premium is a means of payment of a workman for output, with
an assured minimum of his regular wage. The employment of this
means has been prohibited, but the Comptroller of the Treasury has
decided that the piecework method of payment for output, which
makes the compensation correspond with the production, but with-
out an assured minimum, is not prohibited, and is therefore still
available. Piecework has prevailed to a large extent in the Ord-
nance Department for many years, and is Sill pursued. At the
Watertown Arsenal, where there is not much repetition work, there
has heretofore been little piecework, and the compensation for output
has been in the form of premiums, which are now forbidden. With
the assistance of such time studies as have been made in the past it
will be possible to carry on a good deal of this work under the piece-
work system, and this possibflity is under study. In the meantime
premiums have ceased, to the expressed dissatisfaction of a number
of the employees. If ajgood method of rate setting is available it
does not make much dinerence whether the stimulus to extra earn-
ings is afforded by the piecework, the premium, the bonus, or any
otKer system of payment; and if such stimulus is to be avoided, and
payment made altogether irrespective of the output, it must be by
the prohibition altogether of payment for output.
LEAVES OF ABSENCE.
The naval appropriation act approved August 29 last extends the
leave period of 15 days with pay, theretofore granted, to 30 days for
69176'— WAB 1916— VOL 1 52
818 BEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF OBDNANOB.
the employees of this department. In addition to the statutory leave
thus granted, the employees receive pay each year, without work, for
7 legal holidays and for about 11 Saturday afternoons during the
simmier season. Therefore, under the new act they will receive
pay for some 42^ days per year without work. Under the rule of
paying the same daily wage as that of the vicinity for work of like
character a Government employee will, therefore, receive about 16
per cent more pay for the time actually worked than a private em-
ployee doing work of like character in 8-hour days, since the pri-
vate employee is paid only for the time actually worked. If the
hours of work of the private employee are 9 hours per day, the
Government employee will receive in compensation 30 per cent
more pay for the time worked. The difference makes a very con-
siderable handicap in the labor cost of the Government work, and
afforda some measure of what must be overcome in order to meet
the contention that a better output, resulting from diminished hours
of labor and increased holidays, is sufficient to offset the handicap.
EXAMINATION AND SETTLEMENT OF ORDNANCE PROPBBTY RETURNS.
The auditing of property returns has progressed satisfactorily
during the year. Any lessening of the work due to the imit accounta-
bility system of accounting has been partially offset by a large in-
crease in the number of schools and rifle clubs accounting for prop-
erty and to the work of acquainting them with existing methods of
accounting. In spite of this increase this work is found in a slightly
more advanced state than one year ago.
The amounts which the audit of property returns showed as due
the Government, and the collection of which was assured and ob-
tained by that agency during the fiscal year, are tabulated below :
Collected from officers of the Army |789. 02
Collected from enlisted men 25,692.99
Paid by States ; 568.84
Paid by e<lucational institutions 12,695.88
Paid by rifle clubs 167. 76
Paid by transportation companies 2,410.90
Paid by executive departments, etc .., S24.0T
Total collected 42,649.46
The total cost of the clerical force engaged in auditing the returns
was $24,500.
ORDNANCE EQUIPMENT FOR MOBILE ARMY.
During the past year this department has been called upon to issue
reserve e(iuipnient to the various branches of the mobile army. The
first demand came as a result of the Executive order raising all or-
ganizations of the Regular Army in the United States to maximum
strength. The plans of this department contemplated that the arms
and ecjuipments set aside for this purpose at the various recruit depots
should be issued to recruits when forwarded to their organizations,
but as a result of recommendations made by the commanding officers
of recruit depots the arms and equipments tor the recruits were
packed and shipped with the recruits as baggage. So far as this de-
partment is concerned this method of issuing reserve equipment was
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF OBDNANOE. &19
satisfactory, although some expense was involved in repacking the
equipment. The second demand came when the Organized Militia of
the States of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas was mobilized imder
the call of the President dated May 9, 1916. The third demand came
when the National Guard of all other States and Territories and the
District of Columbia was called into the service of the United States
under the call of the President dated June 18, 1916. .
Information received to date indicates that where the reserve
ordnance stores were under the direct control of the department
they were promptly supplied and in some cases reached mobilization
camps before the organizations. It is reported that there was some
delay and confusion m the receipt by the States of the stores set aside
in Army field supply depot No. 1. The concentration of such large
quantities of stores as was the case in this depot is unwise, as delay
in shipment, in case of emergency, is unavoidable. This subject is
now being considered by a board of officers appointed by the Sec-
retary of War.
SMALL ARMS.
A utomatic pistol, — The automatic pistol, caliber .45, model of 1911,
has now been issued to all branches of the Regular Army and to most
of the National Guard of the various States and Territories. Re-
ports received indicate that this arm is proving satisfactory in
service.
Issue of rifles^ model of 1898^ to schools and rifle clubs, — Since
the provisions of the act of Congress approved April 27, 1914, have
been put into effect, 6,342 rifles and 6,279,736 rounds of ammunition
have been issued to 859 rifle clubs, of which 624 drew both rifles and
ammunition; 234 ammunition only, and 1 rifles only; 71 schools have
taken advantage of this act and have drawn 6,671 rifles, 2,508 carbines,
and 843,610 rounds of ammunition therefor. The rifles are of the
model of 1898: the carbines of the model of 1899 (both Krag-Jor-
gensens.) The work in connection with these issues has been increas-
ing throughout the vear, and in view of recent legislation it is be-
lieved that this work will approximately double during the coming
fiscal year. The supply of carbines, model of 1899, available for issue
is exhausted. While there are repairable carbines on hand, there are
no funds available for their repair, except as they may be provided
by schools desiring the issue of this arm.
Infantry equipment^ model of 1910, — No further change has been
made in the matter of the issue of Infantry equipment, model of
1910, although it is expected that during the ensuing fiscal year
issue of a limited amount of this model of equipment will be made to
the National Guard.
Cavalry equipment^ model of 1912, — In view of the criticisms con-
cerning tifiis equipment received after issue had been made to certain
regiments, a board was appointed by the Secretary of War, to con-,
vencat the Rock Island Arsenal, for the purpose of deciding what
changes should be made therein. No full report has as yet been re-
ceived from this board, and no statement can be made at this time as
to what changes will ultimately be made in the model of 1912 equip-
ment, although it is believed that radical changes will be made m
the saddle, and probably in the manner in which troopers carry the
rifle. The board has developed and recommended a model of ofiBcer's
SiO BEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE.
saddle, and experimental saddles have been manufactured. The
design is awaiting the approval of the Secretary of War. Upon
recommendation of the board the design of the pistol holster has
been changed by omitting the hanger and swivel, shortening the
holster, thus eliminating its tendency to swing. Pending action of
the present Cavalry Equipment Board manufacture of model of 1912
Cavalry equipment has been suspended.
Polo saddle. — The 48 polo saddles referred to in my last annual
report as being issued for further test proved satisfactory, and this
model has been adopted for general use in service ; to be desi^ated
as " training saddle." These saddles are to be manufactured m two
sizes, 17-inch and 18-inch, in the ratio of two 17-inch to three 18-inch.
In view of the limited funds available for the manufacture of these
saddles the new model is to be issued to the service only for replace-
ment of such polo saddles as have become unserviceable.
Range finders^ SO-centimeter hose. — Issue of these range finders
to all Infantry and Cavalry organizations of the Regular Army has
now been completed. The original recommendation of the School
of Musketry contemplated providing each company or troop and
each machine-gun company or troop with one of these range fmders.
Thus far some regiments have been supplied with the full number, 13,
and other regiments with but 4, 1 for each battalion or squadron ana
1 for the machine-gun company or troop. As a result of experi-
ence had in the Southern Department, the Secretary of War Las di-
rected that the number of 80-centimeter base range finders be limited
to 4 per regiment. One hundred and twenty ox these range finders
have also been issued to the National Guard of the various States
and Territories.
Arrmmnition for the national matches. — During the past year
existing law prevented the procurement of small-arms ammunition
for this purpose from commercial manufacturers, as was formerly
done, and such ammunition as will be used this year will be furnished
by the Frankford Arsenal.
SmaU-arms ammunition pack. — ^A satisfactory design of small-
arms ammunition pack has been decided upon, and the manufacture
thereof in limited quantity has been undertaken in order to provide
a sufficient number for service test.
Electrically operated targets. — Considerable difficulty has been ex-
perienced with the targets installed at Fort William McKinley, P. I.,
because of faulty installation; otherwise the targets are promising.
Steps have been taken to correct the trouble above mentioned, and
to submit the targets to further test.
Fencing equipment^ Cavalry. — As a result of tests conducted in the
service, a new design of Cavalry fencing equipment has been adopted.
The funds available for the manufacture of this class of materiel
have not been sufficient to permit the replacement of the materiel now
in service except that which has become unserviceable.
Fencing equipment^ Infantry. — ^A fencing outfit for Infantry,
which has given satisfaction in extensive tests in the Philippine
Idands and in the Southern Department, has been adopted. The
fencing musket is made of wood, after a design developed in the
Philippine Department; the plastron and gloves are practically the
flame as those now issued, but the mask has been somewhat modified.
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF 0RDNANC5E. 821
Manufacture of this equipment will be undertaken with funds which
have become available.
SmaU-arms ammunition^ caliber .SO, — ^It has heretofore been the
practice to reload small-arms cartridge cases turned in from the
service. Extended investigation has shown, however, that such re-
loaded/cases are unreliable in machine guns. Owing to the greatly
increased importance attached to the machine gun as a result of the
present European war, it has been considered necessary to discontinue
the use of fired cases in manufacturing small-arms ammunition.
Battle sight. — Tests are still being made to determine the proper
setting for the battle sight. As yet no final decision has been arrived
at in this matter. Due to unavoidable interruptions which have taken
place at the School of Musketry, it has been impossible for that insti-
tution to submit a final report.
Steel kehnet^ plastron^ and shield. — In view of the fact that general
use is being made of eteel helmets, plastrons, and shields in the Euro-
pean war, the department is now conducting experiments to deter-
mine the most suitable type of these articles for use in the service.
Aiming device. — ^An aiming device similar to that in use in the
French Army has been adopted and general issue thereof is to be
made to service in lieu of the present design.
Wire eidter. — ^The insulated handles of service wire cutters show a
great falling off in resistance after a few months' storage. The de-
partment is endeavoring to get reliable information on this subject
from abroad to assist in devising a new type of wire cutter.
Pouch for sergeants. — ^As a result of recommendations from the
service, a limited number of pouches have been manufactured and
issued for test. The object oi this pouch is to provide a safe and
convenient receptacle for sergeants to carry adhesive tape, foot pow-
der, the " housewife," etc.
telescopic musket sight. — Following tests conducted at the School
of Musketry, the Goerz telescopic mui£et sight was recommended for
adoption. On account of the European war none of these sights
could be procured up to this date. The manufacture of one, working
from the sample on hand, which has been tested at the School of Mus-
ketry, has been imdertaken.
Armor-piercing steel bullets, — Reports received from the theater
of war in Europe indicate that the belligerents are using armor-
piercing bullets tor penetration of various types of steel armor found
in trenches, etc., and against Field Artillery materiel. A satisfac-
tory bullet of this type has been developed at the Frankford Arsenal.
Gallery practice pistol^ caliber £2. — A gallery practice pistol^ cali-
ber .22, having the same weight and balance as the service pistol,
has been developed at the Springfield Armory and recommended for
adoption. A limited number are being manufactured for service test
before undertaking manufacture in quantity.
RifiCy hand^ and Ulu/ndnating grenades. — Although satisfactory de-
signs have been perfected for some time and a limited number of such
grenades have been manufactured, no provision had been made for
training men in the use of grenades, and for a reserve supply. The
appropriations for the present fiscal year carry funds which provide
grenades for instruction purposes and will permit the inauguration
of a reserve supply.
822 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE.
CAPACITY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF WAR MATERIEL.
The European war has brought into sharp prominence the neces-
sity, in a war of magnitude, for employing all the manufacturing re-
sources of the Nation, both public and private, in the production of
fighting materiel for the use of the armies in the field ; and it h^s also
demonstrated that the failure to make preparation in advance for
the use of private industry in the aid of Government factories gives
rise to dangerous delay in the commencement of production on the
large scale which has now, for the first time, characterized war be-
tween civilized countries. In the military legislation of the session
of Congress just past the necessity for this advance preparation has
been realized and partially provided for. The national-defense act
makes in order the appropriation in supply bills of funds for pro-
curing special jigs, dies^ fixtures, etc.^ for fitting private establish-
ments for the manufacture of the particular models of arms and am-
munition which are employed in tne military service, and grants the
War Department relief from the statutory competitive methods in
providing for the fitting out of particular establishments with these
special appliances, and in placing what might be called educational
orders, in pursuance of the policy of insuring the readiness of these
establishments to turn out war materiel of satisfactory quality. The
supply bills make appropriations, under various headings, for carry-
ing out the policy of the legislation in the national-defense act, both
in the procurement of fixtures, etc., and in the placing of orders to
insure practice and understanding in the use of these appliances for
their intended purpose.
These special provisions are all in the right direction, and will
materially aid this department in its plans for utilizing private
industry for supplying such einergencv needs as may arise. Unfor-
timately, they do not constitute the only kind of legislation found in
the supply bills upon the special utilization of private industry^ and
are to a certain extent offset in their intentions by restrictions upon
the employment of appropriations in general for such patronage
of private manufacturers as would of itself operate to prepare
them for the Government's use, or to keep in existence plants which
have already fitted themselves for the manufacture of war materiel
in order to meet the orders of European Governments. Some of the
appropriations are accompanied by the provision that they shall
not be used for placing orders with private manufacturers at prices
exceeding bj more than 25 per cent the cost of manufacturing the
same materiel in the Government arsenals, or the estimated C(^ of
such materiel when it has not been previously manufactured in the
arsenals. As the Government has been able, in some cases, to manu-
facture quite cheaply, this may operate to prevent the placing
of orders with private manufacturers. Other appropriations ai-e
accompanied by the provision that they shall not be expended in
such a manner as to prevent the operation of the arsenals at their
most economical capacity. As this capacity is probably that of a
two-shift rate, the effect of the legislation is to prevent any of the
funds appropriated from being applied to private orders until after
the arsenals shall be running at full capacity upon a two-shift basis^
and then only to the extent of the excess of the appropriations over
BEPOBT OP THE CHIEF OF OBDNANCE. 823
the amounts necessary to keep the arsenals going upon this basis.
Many of the appropriations are of such size as to afford some excess
for private orders, but the number of private establishments which
can be utilized and trained in time of peace will be less than it would
be if there could be employed for the purpose the funds in excess
of the amounts which will be necessary to operate the arsenals upon
a one-shift basis only, at which rate they would themselves also have
a larger reserve of expansibility for the needs of war time. There
are thus opposing tendencies in the legislation which has been enacted
with reference to what has sometimes been spoken of as the mobiliza-
tion of industry.
NITRIC-ACro SUPPLY.
In mv last annual report I called attention to the important part
played by nitric acid in the manufacture of smokeless powder and
nigh explosives; to the fact that nitrogen in nitric acid is obtained
from sodium nitrate which comes from Chile ; and that this country
is therefore dependent for its powder and high-explosive manufac-
ture upon Chile. Congress has met this situation by appropriating a
considerable sum for increasing the reserve suppl}^ of sodium nitrate,
and also by appropriating $20,000,000 for a nitric-acid plant. The
first step in the work of developing a supply of nitric acid, which
shall be independent of any foreign source of raw material, is an
investigation to determine the best, cheapest, and most available
means for the production of nitrates. The War Depai-tment has
called upon the National Academy of Sciences for a report which
will assist it in reaching a conclusion as to the best method among
those known for manufacturing nitric acid by a process which does
not involve dependence upon a foreign source of supply, taking into
consideration all the legislation, with reference to the use of the plant
for the manufacture of fertilizer and other substances, contained in
the section of the act making the appropriation above mentioned.
The National Academy has associated with it the American Chemical
Society, and a committee has been appointed from the membership
of both bodies for the consideration oi the subject. A report is ex-
pected in a short time. In addition, this department is making
certain investigations relating to individual steps in the process of
manufacture of nitric acid and to the practice in various Europeaii
countries, in which it is receiving the active and efficient assistance of
the Bureau of Mines of the Department of the Interior.
SEACOAST GUNS AND MORTARS.
Installed armament. — Reports received from armament officei-s and
from the Coast Artillery indicate that the gjuns and mortars mounted
in the seacoast fortifications have been maintained in a satisfactory
State of efficiency during the year. No serious defects were developed
during the annual target practice of the troops of the regular serv-
ice and of the National Guard. The difficulties reported in connec-
tion with the 12-inch mortar, model of 1912, mounted in the fortifi-
cations of the Canal Zone, have been successfully overcome hj making
the indicated modifications, but reports covering the continued use
of these mortars as originally issued indicated that the difficulties
824 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF OBDNANOB.
were being overcome without modification, at least in part, by the
use of special lubricating methods adopted as a result ox careful ob-
servation of the behavior of this materiel under the peculiar climatic
conditions of the Canal Zone.
Gun construction. — ^The designs of the new types of cannon in-
cluded in the approved project of the Board of Review are well under
way and their manufacture is about to be undertaken. In addition
to larger and more powerful guns and mortars for fixed seacoast
emplacements, there are included types for the attack of aircraft
and for mounting upon specially designed railroad cars.
FACILITIES FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF SMOKELESS POWDER.
For the past three or four years the department has manufactured
its entire supply of both caliber .30 powder and cannon powder; but
of the amounts called for by the greatly increased appropriations
made at the last session of Congress, Picatinny Arsenal will be able
to manufacture only 40 per cent of that to be procured during the
fiscal year 1917. Congress has appropriated funds for rounding out
the capacity of the Picatinny Arsenal for'the manufacture of smoke-
less powder to 11,000 pounds per day, on a three-shift basis, of which
6,000 pounds may be reworked powder.
There has also been a recent appropriation by Congress of $500,000
for a new Army powder factory. While the act appropriating this
money is so worded that it may be expended for the enlargement of
any existing plants owned by the Government, a new factory, on a
new site, will probably be decided upon. In another part of my re-
port I refer to the congressional appropriation for a Grovernment
nitric acid plant, and there are many considerations pointing to the
desirability of locating the new powder plant at the same place.
The requirement that the plant be reasonably inaccessible to a pos-
sible enemy calls for a site between the Allegheny Mountains and the
Sierra Nevadas, well withdrawn from the northern and southern
borders.
MACHINE GUNS.
The greatly increased prominence which the European war has
given to machine guns renders appropriate an examinaticHi of the
subject, especially with reference to our own service. This class of
weapon had been developed to a serviceable stage at the time of the
Spanish- American War; but neither in that war, nor the Boer war,
nor the Philippine insurrection, nor the Pekin relief expedition, nor
the Eusso-Japanese War, nor the Balkan War had it attracted any-
thing like the attention which has resulted from its use in the Euro-
pean war. The fire effect attainable by the use of machine guns had
received ample proving ground demonstration, but the use in the
European war of large numbers of troops, in comparatively dense
formations, together with the diminished weight and correspondingly
increased portability of machine guns, have shown for it an effecti\*e-
ness which was not realized in the earlier contests when more dis-
persed orders of battle were the rule. The Germans had apparently
realized better than anyone else the value of machine guns in the
kind of wars which they expected to be engaged in, and therefore
BEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE. 825
supplied their troops in greater numbers than did other powers. We.
in common with most other civilized nations, had an appreciation of
the need for machine guns which was expressed in our established
allowance of about 4 per regiment, the supply of which for the Regu-
lar service was complete, and for the National Guard and for war-
time reserve was in process of accumulation at the very moderate
rate corresponding to annual appropriations of about $150,000.
An appropriation of this size was made in the Army act of 1912,
but before the consideration of the bill for the next year expressions
of dissatisfaction with the rifle with which the service was then, and
still iSj principally armed, the Benet-Mercie, otherwise known as the
light Hotchkiss, had reached the ears of Congress. This dissatisfac-
tion was, I believe, largely due to lack of proper instruction in the
use of this class of weapon, and the belief on the part of numbers
of officers in the service that there was some other machine gun of
such simpler construction that no great amount of special instruc-
tion would be necessary for its use ; which was a radical error. The
Army appropriation act of 1913, therefore, instead of making an
appropriation for machine guns authorized the Secretary of War to
contract for their construction to the extent of $150,000, "if in his
opinion it be for the best interests of the service." This legislation
reflected doubt in the mind of Congress as to the suitability of the
service machine rifle, and threw upon the Secretary of War a more
impressive burden than usual of responsibility for the type of
machine rifle for which contract should be made. Before urging
upon the Secretary, therefore, the exercise of the authority which
had, with some warning, been conferred upon him, the Ordnance
Department joined in the dispositions for a competitive test of auto-
matic machine rifles, which was held in the autumn of 1913 and
continued in the spring of 1914; the guns now most prominent among
those which were tested being the Ben^t-Mercie, the Vickers, and the
Lewis. At the searching test held in the autiunn of 1913 all the
competing guns were eliminated except the Benet-Mercie and the
VicKers, and of these a field test was made in the spring of 1914
which resulted in the selection of the Vickers. During tne course
of the tests the Army bill of 1914 was passed, but as no conclusion
had yet been reached the bill made no appropriation for this class
of weapon. At the time of the passage of the bill of the following
year, 1915, the Vickers gun had been adopted as the approved type,
and that bill therefore made an appropriation of $150,000 tor
machine rifles, and in addition reappropriated an unexpended
balance of $44,421, which had been left over from preceding appro-
priations, at the time when the question of substituting a new rifle
for the Benet-Merci6 was actively taken up. The funds thus made
definitely available, without conditions, were made the basis of a
contract for Vickers guns. No delivery of these guns has yet been
had, owing to the interference of the European war, both with
deliveries from abroad and with preparation for the manufacture
of this British gun in this country.
It is thus seen that the suspension of procurement of machine
rifles commenced in 1913 owing to doubt as to the service type in
the mind of Congress; that is, of the Military Committee of the
House of Representatives; that tests to resolve this doubt were
826 BEPORT OF THE CHEEP OP OBDNANOB.
undertaken ; that the tests showed the Benet-Merci6 and the Vickera
guns to be the best in existence, and the Vickers to be the better
of these two; that up to the present time it has not been possible
to procure a supply of Vickers guns. It can be stated, however,
that an abundant capacity for the manufacture of Vickers guns
will be available in this country within a few months.
Under these conditions, if such a necessity had been considered
to exist as to call for the earlier procurement of machine guns than
was possible of the Vickers type, the manufacture of the Ben6t-
Mercie gun would have had to be continued at the arsenal and the
private factorv which were then turning it out. There would have
been no justification for getting any other gun. It may be that
the Ordnance Department should have urged upon the Secretary
of War, and upon Congress, with insistence, the expenditure of
larffe sums for the further procurement of Ben6t-Merci6 guns, not-
withstanding the fact that a better gun had become known. It did
not do so; and if a mistake was made it will be shown by the rise
of an emergency really calling for the use of a larger number of
machine guns than we 'may have when it comes. So far this has not
taken place.
Since the conclusion of the tests above described, one of the promi-
nent guns tested, the Lewis gim, has received an additional trial,
in April last. This test, like the preceding one, was made by a
board consisting of officers of different branches of the service,
including one Ordnance officer. As a result of the test the board
reported that the Lewis gim was not equal to either the Vickers
or the Ben6t-Mercie ^m employed in the preceding test. If, there-
fore, it had, at any time up to the present, been decided to under-
take the manufacture of additional guns, without waiting for
the Vickers, they would have had to be Ben^t-Merci6 and not Lewis
guns, unless the most careful conclusions it had been practicable
to obtain had been disregarded ; since it must be borne in mind that
the considerable use of the Lewis gun by the British Army has
given no comparative information as between it and the Benft-
Mercie, which is used by the French, Russian, and Japanese armies.
When the militia was called into the Federal service last June,
44 regiments had been equipped with 4 machine guns each, of the
Benet-Merci6 type, which is that still used in the regular service,
although the Vickers has been approved for future supply. The
number of guns required for special purposes alonff the Mexican
border was such that the very small number available did not per-
mit equipping the additional militia regiments with this type, and
as there were available but few Maxim machine guns, which had
been superseded by the Ben^t-Mercie when it became the adopted
type, it oecame essential to procure machine guns for the remaining
militia regiments as promptly as practicable. As a result, 353 guns oi
the Lewis type, upon the recommendation of this department, were
procured under terms of practicallv immediate delivery. The
majority were shipped to the commanding officer of the San Antonio
Arsenal for distribution, as the militia regiments were beinff sent
forward to the Southern Department as rapidly as practicable and
hence no certainty existed of being able to make deliveries to organi-
zations before their departure for that department As the design
BEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF OBDNANOE. 827
and manufacture of pack outfits for these guns would have required
a considerable period, light automobile truoks, five to an organi-
zation, were procured in place of packs.
So little time has elapsed since the delivery of these guns that no
comment in regard to their service performance is now practicable.
Advantage has been taken of the mobilization of troops in the
Southern Department to do everjrthing possible to further instruc-
tion of the machine gun organizations in the operation and care of
their arm, which has heretofore been in a very oackward condition,
due largely to the fact that such organizations were not until
recently recognized by law, ^pd were of a temporary character,
made up of details from other organizations. In addition, there
was no honor or reward attached to proficiencv in the use of
the gun, but the members received medals and additional pay
for proficiency with the small-arms riflcj which is not used at
all in a machine gun imit. The necessity for thorough train-
ing in the use of this arm has also not heretofore been appre-
ciated in the Army, nor is it now as well understood as it sliould
be. As a result of experience gained in the war England and France
now have machine gun schools, some of them with many thousand
pupils, and they do not permit the assignment of either officers or
enlisted men to this branch of the service until after the most thor-
ough training. Mechanics specially trained for the work have been
sent to the Southern Department from the Springfield Armory to
assist in the instruction of troops in the mechanical manipulation of
the Benet Mercie and the Maxim guns, and as to the Lewis guns the
policy was adopted of not issuing them to organizations until the
personnel had oeen given training in their use. Schools were imme-
diately started at San Antonio Arsenal, at Harlingen, at El Paso, and
at such other places as were practicable, and employees of the Savage
Arms Co., from which the Lewis guns had been purchased, were
employed by the Ordnance Department in connection with the work.
The resultsobtained, even in the limited time which has elapsed, are
an encouragement to further effort, and the Lewis guns are entering
the service with the advantage which their predecessors ought to
have had but did not g^t.
The Army appropriation act approved August 29, 1916, carries
appropriations amounting to $12,000,000 for the procurement of
machine guns, which is sufficient to considerably relieve the existing
stringency in the supply of this class of weapon when the guns shall
have been procured. Heretofore appropriations for this purpose
have averaged about $150,000 per annum, sufficient for the procure-
ment of less than 100 guns. As yet the War Department has not
reached a decision as to the manner of expenditure of these funds and
the procurement of guns must await sudi action. A board has been
appointed to consider the subject.
FIELD-ABTniLEBY MATERIEIj.
The tests of the 3-inch gun and split-trai' carriage, with approxi-
mately 45 de^ees traverse of the gun on the carriage, 50 degrees
elevation, variable recoil, etc., have been carried to a point where
manufacture in quantity has been undertaken. The limber and
caisson of this gun have now been tested over all classes of roads,
828 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE.
including cobblestone, at speeds up to 12 miles per hour, for a dis-
tance of 3,000 miles, with practically no damage. Orders have been
^ven to subject them to such violent treatment as to cause breakages,
m order that the weakest points may be determined. The caisson is
provided with springs between the chest and the axle to relieve the
road shocks.
The 3.8-inch howitzer and carriage to which I referred in my last
annual report, and which is generally of the same type as the 3-inch
gun and carriage mentioned above, have been modified for increased
ranges and are now undergoing test.
Drawings have been completed und^r a contract for a 4.7-inch gun
and split-trail carriage, and a 6-inch howitzer and split-trail car-
riage* both with wide traverse, angles of elevation up to 50 degrees,
variable recoil, driven spades, etc., and the pilots are under manu-
facture. It is expected that as soon as these pilots have been sub-
jected to test, and have been found satisfactory, a considerable
quantity of this materiel will be procured.
A 7.6-inch howitzer and carriage, with transport wagons, have been
completed and are undergoing test. This piece fires a 240-pound
projectile from a wheeled carriage. The type is 100 per cent more
powerful than the 6-inch howitzer, the heaviest field artillery con-
templated by approved projects heretofore in force, and was de-
signed for the purpose or anticipating probable demand for a larger
caliber and in accordance with the general scheme for the ratio of
increase in calibers heretofore followed. Within the last few
months, however, the War Department has decided to omit this
caliber from the field-artillery scheme and make the 9.5-inch howit-
zer, firing a 480-pound projectile, the next in size after the 6-inch.
As the 7.6-inch howitzer is of a power e^ual to the usual foreim
equipment of from 8 to 8.5 inches caliber, it will in case of need be
very useful, and the pilot is being tested with a view to removing
any difficulties that may be encountered, and being prepared to
manufacture this tjrpe in quantity at any time pending the develop-
ment of other heavy types.
SUPPLY OF MOBILE ARTILLERY.
Progress in manufacture under appropriations made for the last
fiscal year has been at the usual rate. The appropriations available
were about the same as for the preceding year, and were sufficient
for an appreciable progress. The appropriations and authorizations
made in the fortincations and Army acts, approved, respectively,
July 6 and August 29, 1916, totaled very much more than for any
previous year and there will be correspondingly more satisfactory
progress. It has not yet been developed whether full advantage of
the appropriations made can be taken, due to restrictive legislation.
The Army act requires manufacture at arsenals equal to their ca-
pacity for approximately two years^ and the fortifications att places
a limitation upon the price at which contracts may be let, which
may cause difficulty, although it should not do so.
CHANGE IN THE APPROVED FIELD ARTILLERY PROJECT.
The project for the procurement of field artillery under which the
War Department has Seen operating since 1911 was that prescribed
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE. 829
in the proceedings of the so-called "Greble Board". With the infor-
mation available at the time this board reported it was considered
that the quantities of field artillery and ammunition therefor which
were recommended were perhaps excessive, judged from the stand-
point of the probable appropriation of funds. Although that project
called for an increased number of guns per thousand of infantry
and cavalry, and an increased allowance of ammunition per gun, as
compared with any previous estimate, it was, even in 1911, when
compared with the supplies accumulated abroad, very conservative.
Something over a year ago another War Department board was
convened for the purpose of recommending quantities and types of
field artillery and ammunition to be procured in time of peace.
Report of this board was submitted to the War College Division of
the General Staff and to the Chief of Ordnance, and after very
thorough consideration, was, in a modified form, approved by the
Secretary of War. This report is generally referred to as that of
the " Treat Board," from the name of the senior officer of the board,
Col. Charles G. Treat, Field Artillery. The approved project in-
volves an increase in the number of gjjns per thousand of Infantry
and Cavalry of about 60 per cent. The increase in the allowance
of ammunition per gun is approximately 40 per cent, and the increase
in the force for which ecjuipment is to be procured is about 100 per
cent, all as compared with the Greble Board report. The quanti-
ties of field artillery, and ammunition therefor, used in the present
European war are so enormous as to have been undreamed of before
the war. It is consequently thought that if there be any criticism
of the approved project referred to it will be against its conservatism.
HEAVY MOBH.E AND MOVABLE ARTILLERY.
A railway mount for 4.7-inch howitzer and machine guns has
been designed and manufactured and is almost ready to be tested.
It is anticipated that from the firings with this equipment a great
deal of information with regard to heavier pieces will be secured.
Such heavier pieces, with their railway equipment, are being designed
and two should shortly be ready for manufacture, fimds for the
purpose having been appropriated at the last session of the Con-
gress. In addition, negotiations are in progress to ascertain whether
such equipment may be obtained from commercial firms. A repre-
sentative of this department is now in Europe with a view to deter-
mining what desirable designs, if any, for this and other classes
of equipment may be procurable. A 12-inch howitzer, to be fired
from a wheeled mount and to be handled by motor traction, has
been designed, and a pilot is being manufactured. This also is
among the class of heavy artillery of which a pilot may possibly
be procured by purchase.
The great value of movable and mobile artillery of power sufficient
for combat with ships of war lies in the prevention of landing troops
or using as a base those portions of our coast which are not pro-
tected by seacoast fortifications, or rendering such use difficult. As
the number of places which can advantageously be fortified is lim-
ited and our coast line is extensive, this equipment assumes perhaps
a greater importance with us than for any otner country. It should
not, however, be overlooked that it necessarily has certain disad-
830 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF OBDKANOE.
vantages as compared with fixed fortifications, due to its method
of momiting and employment and its lack of protection. Substitu-
tion of this class of armament for fixed defenses is, however, not
intended. As the attack of the Dardanelles forts, which are of com-
paratively small defensive power and not modem in either construc-
tion or equipment, by the most powerful ships in the English and
French fleets during 1915 has served but to confirm previous experi-
ence to the effect that modem land defenses of reasonable power are
practically impregnable against the attack of ships, it follows that
substitution of heavy movable artillery for fixed fortifications would
be merely giving up a considerable part of the advantages which the
latter possess; in other words, if heavy movable artillery of the type
and calibers now used in a given fortification were available for that
neighborhood it would be concentrated in places where the fixed
emplacements now are and would be without the advantages of pro-
tection, fixed fire-control systems, etc., which the permanent emplace-
ments possess.
DESIGNING WORK.
Due to the developments of the European war and to the increased
activity in the line of preparedness for war in this coimtry that has
been evident during the past eighteen months, particularly the desire
for the attainment of ranges wnich have heretofore been considered
impracticable, it has become necessary to make new designs for all
types of field and seacoast gun carriages intended to be employed.
This requirement refers not only to those existing types which it was
previously intended to duplicate in future manufacture, many of
which are of comparatively recent date, but also to the production
of designs for new types and new calibers. There has also developed
the need of heavy movable artillery on railway mounts, anti-aircraft
artillery both field and seacoast, and other classes. As this country
has practically no ordnance-designing experts excei)t those in the
Army and Navy and a very small number at one private manufac-
turing plant, and as the number of officers in this department is in-
sufficient to carry on its routine work, this increase m demand for
designs can not be met as promptly as the department would wish.
The designing work must be done mainljr unaer the supervision of
the head of the department and therefore in this city, and restrictive
legislation prevented a prompt effort to expand the drafting force,
as the law did not permit increasing the number, or securing space
in which any increased number could work in Washington. Both
of these difficulties have been met by le^slation enacted at the last
session of the Congress, and the mechanical facilities for designing
work have been greatly increased. The procurement and training of
additional men are being pushed as rapidly as practicable, but it is
at best a slow process.
Such assistance in this line of work as could be procured from out-
side the department has been obtained, but the available help is not
large. In this connection it should be remembered that all of the
munition work that has been done in this country for the European
nations at war has been in accordance with designs fumishea by
those nations.
BEPOBT OP THE CHIEP OP ORDNANOB, 831
6EAGOAST CARRIAGES.
The issue of seacoast guns and carriages to the Panama fortifica-
tions has been completed so far as provided by appropriations avail-
able previous to the last session of Congress, except that the 16-inch
disappearing carriage is undergoing test at the Sandy Hook Proving
Ground. This test has been nearly completed for the carriage as
built, without developing anj difficulty of consequence. The carriage
as originally designed permitted a maximum elevation of 15 degrees.
The nexiessaiT parts for increasing this elevation to 20 degrees are
under manuiacture and will be ready for assembly to the carriage
in the near future. It is contemplated that the changes will be made
at Sandy Hook and that a few rounds for test of the new mechanism
will then be fired.
The design and production of the 16-inch disappearing carriage,
which is the first of its kind ever made, and which successfully con-
trols the forces resulting from a muzzle ener^ of 188,894,720 foot-
pounds, constituted a very considerable engineering success. The
production of this carriage was not undertaken at the time the gun
was manufactured and tested, because for a long time there was
question as to whether the gun would be emplaced in the seacoast
lortifications, and if so, at what point. It would have been difficult
to defend the design and manuiacture of so expensive a carriage
when there was no project for its utilization, and when it might con-
sequently be devoid of the improvements which would surely result
from experience, and become one of the older types before it had
been used.
Practically all of the manufacture of the armament for the San
Pedro and insular fortifications provided by appropriations made
prior to the last session of the Congress has been completed.
Appropriations made in the fortifications act approved July 6,
1916, for the procurement of armament were considerably increased
over those of previous years. The capacity of the arsenals manufac-
turing this class of equipment is comparatively small, and it will
consequently be necessary to procure a very considerable part by
contract. It is hoped that the limitation placed by the law which
forbids, except in an emergency, the letting of contracts at prices
greater than 25 per cent more than the arsenal cost, or in the absence
of an arsenal cost the arsenal estimate, for the same article, wiU not
delay procurement.
COST OP MATERIAL AND LABOR.
The cost of material and labor has increased so extensively, even in
the last year, and a continuation of the increase seems so litely, that
it is anticipated the procurement of field and seacoast artillery ma-
teriel and many other classes of ordnance supplies in the quantities
covered by the estimates submitted at the last session of the Con-
gress will not be possible unless additional funds be appropriated at
the coming session to complete the work. While the increase varies
for different classes, and not in accordance with any fixed rule, it
is conservatively estimated that the average increase in cost of ord-
nance materiel during the past 12 months is from 25 to 40 per cent.
832 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE.
The legislation contained in the naval appropriation act which
adds 15 working days' leave of absence with pay for all employees
of the Ordnance Department, the provisions of the Army appropria-
tion act which forbid time studies and the pajrment of premiums, and
the tax on munitions imposed by the revenue act will further increase
the cost of production over that anticipated at the time the estimates
were submitted.
MAINTENANCE OF ARMAMENT OF FORTIFICATIONS,
This work has proceeded satisfactorily during the year, and service
guns, mortars, and carriages have been maintained in a good state of
efficiency. There has been encountered a rather serious difficulty
with the 14-inch disappearing carriage in that several elevating
screws have been broken. The pilot carriage at the Sandy Hook
Proving Ground was fired 189 rounds before this defect appeared,
but several carriages emplaced in the fortifications of the Canal
Zone had the screws broken on the first proof firing. This matter
is under investigation and it is known that the difficulty can be cured,
although the best method of accomplishment of this result requires
some experimentation and consequent time. A design for increasing
the maximum elevation permitted by these carriages from 15 to 20
degrees is under way, which will correct the difficulty referred to, but
a considerable time for manufacture and assembly of these new parts
will be recjuired. In the meantime steps are being taken for modifi-
cation which can be made promptly and will make the carriages
serviceable for use at any elevation now permitted until the gearing
for the 20-degree elevation can be installed.
IMPROVEMENTS IN INSTALLED SEACOAST GUNS AND CARRIAGES.
Modification of the seacoast materiel of the older types has pro-
ceeded as far as funds have permitted. The modification of the 15-
pounder balanced pillar carriages, model of 1898, is nearing comple-
tion. The firing magnetos referred to in my last annual report have
been procured and are being attached to all carriages for gims of
6-inch caliber and over, and are being supplied to all mortar batteries.
The tests of the 12-inch disappearing carriage in which the maximum
elevation permitted has been mcreased to 15 degrees have been satis-
factorily completed, and the necessary parts for making this altera-
tion to carriages in service stre in process of manufacture.
MOTOR EQUIPMENT AS APPLIED TO ORDNANCE MATERIEL.
The Army appropriation act approved March 4, 1915, contains an
appropriation of $50,000 for the procurement of armored motor cars,
including shielded motor-cycle outfits. This class of equipment is a
development of the European war and has had, in effect, no practical
trial in this country ; nor is it easy to determine what are the best
types in use abroad and what constitutes the best use of such types.
The department purchased four automobile chassis trucks, equipped
them with armor and made such modifications as were necessary for
the mounting of machine ^ns, and shipped them to the troops on the
Mexican border for experimental use. Two of these cars were each
BEPORT OF THB CHIEF OF ORDNANCE. 833
provided with two revolving turrets, and were capable of carryiiig
considerable ammunition with a rather large crew, and were very
completely equipped, with the result that they weighed in the neigh-
borhood of 11,500 pounds, which is likely to prove too heavy for this
class of materiel. It was nevertheless deemed expedient to determine
what could be done with so much weight, as an equal or greater load
on the wheels will be necessary for the mounting of ^ns of caliber
greater than the machine guns, with which class of equipment experi-
ments are to be made.
Two of the armored automobiles each had one revolving turret
mounting one machine gun, and weighed about 8,500 pounds each.
This latter type will, it is believed from reports thus far received,
Erove to be more satisfactory for general use than the heavier type.
Ixperiments are now imder way with a still lighter type which should
weigh not more than 6,500 pounds, which, of course, will require that
the crew shall be reduced, tne size of the armored space reduced, and
the amoimt of ammunition carried lessened. This type, however,
gives great mobility and will, it is believed, in spite of the cramped
quarters, prove to serve a very useful purpose.
The armored motor cars which were sent to the Southern Depart-
ment had not been thoroughly tested hj this department and would
not under normal conditions nave been issued to the service without
exhaustive trial to remove any practical difficulties that could be
located. The mobilization of the militia and apparent probability
of hostilities resulted, however, in the cars being forwarded as they
were at the time the emergency arose, with the expectation that they
would be at least of some use.
The design and procurement of a number of motor-cycle machine-
gun outfits was also undertaken, resulting in a unit consisting of a
machine gun mounted on the side car of a motor cycle, two ammuni-
tion and supply caisson side cars, and one motor cycle without side
car for the commanding officer of the detachment, for each two guns
and pertaining equipment. There has since been added to the unit an
additional caisson for each gun. A number of these units, including
two different types of motor cycles, were manufactured and furnished
to the troops on the border, and they are now undergoing test. The
machine-gun mounts were permanently attached to the side cars and
arrangements were made for the removal of the guns from the mounts
and their use independently thereof by tripods, which were furnished.
In addition, spare guns were supplied. As in the case of the armored
motor cars, this equipment was entirely experimental and was sent to
the border before any opportunity had been had for test. Some diffi-
culties have therefore been encountered which are being corrected,
and it is expected that the use now being had will develop other
troubles and will eventually result m the procurement of a satisfac-
tory type. A change in the design is now being made so that the
gun will be mounted on the side car chassis by means of a tripod
which is readily detachable, thus enabling use either on the side car
or removed therefrom.
The appropriation for this class of equipment made by the Army
appropriation act of August 28, 1916, is $500,000, so that it is expected
to mate considerable progress during the year toward procurement
of a supply of armored automobiles and shielded motor-cycle outfits
for the service.
69176'— WAB 1916— VOL 1 53
834 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF OBDNANOB.
• There have been conducted at Fort Sill and at the Bock Island
Arsenal tests of tractors and trucks for use in connection with heavy
field artillery, in replacement of horses. The promise of success with
the caterpillar type of 45-horsepower tractor, nauling approximately
16,000 pounds, made up of a 4.T-inch gun or 6-inch howitzer, with a
loaded ammunition limber and caisson, has been such that one battery
of heavy artillery has already been equipped for experimental triid
of this class of traction. The battery is^ also being furnished tructe
for transporting one-half of the ammunition and for replacement of
the battery and store wagons. In addition, the men who have here-
tofore been mounted on horses are to be transported on motor vehi-
cles or motor cycles. The experiment was not &tended to a greater
number of organizations because of lack of funds at the time. There
is now being procured motor equipment of the class referred to above
for the entire Ninth Regiment of Field Artillery, which is stationed
in the Hawaiian Islands, where motor traction has even greater ad-
vantages than is ordinarily the case. It is considered that the de-
velopment of motor traction as applied to ordnance equipment is
one of the most important subjects before the department at mis time,
and every effort is being made to test and procure satisfactory
materiel.
COAST ABTILLERY PRACTnlCE.
Reports received during the year of Coast Artillery target practice
indicate generally satisfactory behavior of the ordnance mat^d
used in this work.
Owing to the high pressures encountered in target practice during
the past few years a number of lots of powder have been withdrawn
from the service and a suspension placed on the use of certain other
lots pending further investigation or ultimate replacement. Tlie
results obtamed in target practice with each lot of powder are being
carefully recorded and analyzed. The data thus obtained form a
valuable record of the performance of different powders in the
service and will have considerable bearing upon the question of
withdrawal of powders for reworking.
The satisfactory results obtained at the Sandy Hook Proving
Ground with the use of single-section core-igniter charges in major
caliber guns have led to the use of this form of charge in lieu of the
standard multiple-section charge for this year's target practice with
major caliber guns. All rei)o^ so far received indicate a marked
improvement in the uniformity of pressures and velocities wherever
single-section charges were used.
High magazine temperatures in certain outlying possessions, par-
ticularly in the Canal Zone, have led to a study bemff made of these
conditions with a view to possible correction of established charges
for the prevailing temperatures.
FIELD ABTILLERY PRACTICE.
Behavior of materiel. — Reports from the service covering recent
target practice indicate that the Field Artillery cannon, carriag^es,
and ammunition are giving general satisfaction. The target practioe
reports received are consolidated and classified to form a permanent
and valuable record of the behavior of the mat&del, supplementing
BEPOBT OP THE CHIEP OF OEDNANCE; 835
the proving ground and acceptance tests records. The enlarged ex-
penditure of ammunition authorized for next year will afford an in-
creased opportunity to observe the behavior of the materiel, correct
defects, and effect improvements.
Allowance of ammunition, — Recent legislation has provided a much
needed increase in the amounts available for expenditure for target
practice purposes for the Field Artillery, so that it will be possible
next year to provide a more adequate allowance for the proper in-
struction of the personnel of the Field Artillery batteries and of the
student officers at the School of Fire. This increased allowance is
particularly required for calibers larger than 3-inch to determine
the best method of handling these cannon to develop their full effi-
ciency. With such cannon the Field Artillery has had little and in
the majority of cases no experience.
Suhcaliber guns. — ^A subcaliber gun, using a projectile weighing
1.7 pounds, has been adopted for guns and howitzers of 3.8-inch
caliber and larger. The caliber .30 subcaliber gun has been retained
for the 2.95-inch mountain and 3-inch field guns. The velocity of
the 1.7-pounder subcaliber gun has been established, so that in its
use the service range scale may be used. Adequate allowance of
ammunition for these guns has been provided.
INSPECTOR OF^ORDNANCE, RICHMOND, VA.
The duties of inspector of ordnance at Richmond, Va., and at the
Washington Steel & Ordnance Co., Giesboro Manor, D. C, were
Performed by Maj. M. L. Brett, in addition to his duties in the
office of the Chief of Ordnance.
The inspection of magnetos at the works of the National Electrical
Supply Co., in Washington, D. C, was included in the work of the
district, and was in charge of Capt. J. B. Bose, in addition to his
duties in the Office of the Chief of Ordnance. ^
The principal articles under inspection at Richmond were common
.steel shell and cast-iron shell, under manufacture at the works of
The Tredegar Co. This company and the Wadiington Steel & Ord-
nance Co. have greatly increased their capacity for the manufacture
of projectiles during the past year.
A number of 6-inch cast-iron projectiles were manufactured by
the Covington Machine Co., Covington, Va., during the year. The
National Electrical Supply Co., of Washington, D. C., has prac-
tically completed deliveries under its order for firing magnetos,
and has received a supplementarv order.
The total value of the materiel under contract at all places imder
the supervision of this office during the year was $561,956.21. The
value of the materiel completed during the year was $383,647.22,
INSPECTOR OF ORDNANCE, NEWPORT NEWS, VA.
Maj. J. B. Dillard performed the duties of inspector of ordnance
at Newport News, until January 5, 1916, on which date he was re-
lieved by Lieut. R. S. Oberly, who continued on this duty until
March 4, 1916, when the office was closed, work having been com-
plete
836 REPORT OF THE CHIEP OF ORDNANCE.
The Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. had a contract,
dated November 21, 1910, for two ll-inch gun turrets, model of
1910. During the year progress of work on the second turret was
somewhat delayed, due to unexpected difficulties with the electrical
apparatus, referred to in my previous annual report. These diffi-
culties, however, were corrected by the contractor and the second
turret was finally completed on December 30, 1915, and delivery was
made on February 28, 1916.
BETHLEHEM STEEL CO.
The duties of inspector of ordnance at the Bethlehem Steel Works
were performed during the year b^ Maj. E. D. Bricker, in addition
to his duties as inspector at the Imdvale Steel Works and those de-
volved upon him at the Frankf ord Arsenal, where he is stationed.
Work nas been in ^ro^ress on 85 different contracts and orders,
which consisted principslly of the following material: 3-inch gun
carriages; design and manufacture of 4.7-inch field guns and 6-inch
howitzers, includinj^ carriages and Umbers therefor; forgings for
4.7-inchj 6-inch, 10-mch, and 14-inch guns; 3-inch shrapnel case forg-
ings; 3-mch, 3.8-inch, 4.7-inch, 6-inch, and 16-inch projectiles; armor
shield plates; axle forgings for field artillery vehicles, and miscella-
neous forgings and bars. Work of infection on 14 contracts and
orders consisting^ of 3-inch shrapnel case forginfi;s at the works of
the Harrisburg Fipe & Pipe Bending Co., Harrisbure, Pa, ; 8.8-inch
shrapnel case forgings at the wcH'ks of the Milton Manufacturing
Co., Milton, Pa. ; miscellaneous bar steel at the works of the Penn-
sylvania Steel Co., Steelton, Pa. ; and 3-inch and 4.7-inch projectiles
at the Standard Steel Works (Baldwin Locomotive Works), Bum-
bam, Pa., was also performed by this office.
The value of the material imder manufacture during the year was
$1,034^54. The value of the material completed during the year
was $72,055.27. The total weight of shipments made daring the
year was 2,773,169 pounds.
«
INSPECTOR OF ORDNANCE, PriTSBUROH, PA.
The inspection work covered by this office was in charse of Capt.
J. B. Rose during the entire year. It has included all ordnance ma-
terial manufactured in western Pennsylvania and Ohio, consisting of
107 different orders or contracts, under which manufacture was in
progress at 26 different plants. The principal articles under inspec-
tion were as follows : Azimuth instruments, at the works of the War-
ner & Swasey Co.; 3-inch shrapnel cases; forgings for 8.8-indi and
4.7-inch shrapnel cases; forgings for 3-inch common steel dieU; 21-
second combination fiizes, and orders for miscellaneous forgings, bar
stock, and finish madiining.
INSPECTOR OF ORDNANCE, MIDVALE STEEL WORKS.
The duties of inspector of ordnance at the Midvale Steel Works
were performed during the year by Maj. E. D. Bricker, in additioa
BEPOBT OP THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE. 837
to his duties as inspector at fhe Bethlehem Steel Works and those
devolved upon him at the Frankford Arsenal, where he is stationed.
The work consisted principally in the inspection of material for
guns and gun carriages; 14-inch armor-piercing shell ; steel for shrap-
nel cases, manufactured at the works of the Midvale Steel Co., and
at the works of the Carpenter Steel Co., Beading, Pa. ; f orgings for
3-inch and 4.7-inch common steel shell, manufactured at the works
of the J. G. Brill Co., and the Baldwin Locomotive Works, Phila-
delphia, Pa.; and of miscellaneous ordnance material manufactured
at 13 other establishments in Philadelphia and vicinity. The total
number of different contracts and orders was 157.
The total value of the material under manufacture was $774,641.22,
of which that to the value of $577,325.77 was completed. The total
weight of material shipped during the year was 4,461,362 pounds.
SANOr HOOK PROVING GROUND.
Sandy Hook Proving Ground was commanded by Lieut. CoL
T. C. Dickson, from July 1 to August 16, 1915; by Maj. J. W. Haw-
kins, from August 17 to October 15, 1915; by Ma], W. I. Westervelt,
from October 16 to December 10, 1915 ; and by the present command-
ing officer, Lieut. Col. C. L'H. Eug^les, since December 11, 1915.
Lieut. Col. Buggies is also president of the Ordnance Board, member
of the Board for Testing Kifled Cannon, and armament officer of the
Sandy Hook armament district.
The amount of proof work completed during the year was greater
than that of preceding years. This work included, among others, 33
tests against armor plate; 154 tests of fuzes; testing and retesting
of 133 lots of powder; proof firing of 39 guns of various calibers.
This entailed the preparation and completion of 113 programs of
tests and the firing of 6,955 rounds fi-om cannon.
The U. S. S. Ordnance carried 30,358 passengers and 2,658,133
pounds of freight during the year. The distance traveled was 12,287
nautical miles ; the amount of coal consumed was 1,006 long tons.
The sundry civil appropriation act approved March 3, 1915, car-
ried an appropriation of $25,000 for permanently filling a portion of
the railroad trestle connecting the Government reservation with
Highland Beach. This work is now being done by contract, under
the supervision of the Engineer Department. During the year
165,083 passengers and 26,744,755 pounds of freight were transported
over this railroad, requiring a total movement of 1,343 cars of freight;
the amount of coal consumed was 450 longtons.
Ordnance School of Application. — ^Maj. W. J. Hawkins had charge
of the school until August 30, 1915, since which time Mai. W. L
Westervelt has been in charge. The student officers visited IT plants
during the year and saw much of interest in the manufacture of
smokdess powder, electrical material, gas engines, steel and steel
products, ammunition for all calibers oi guns up to 16-inch, and in
the generation of power. These trips, especially those to plants mak-
ing projectiles and fuzes in vast quantities for use abroad, were of
much value to the student officers.
838 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF OBDNANOS.
BOCK ISLAND ABSENAL.
This arsenal was commanded by Col. Geo. W. Burr, who is also
Ordnance officer of the Central Department.
Volume of business. — ^The volume of business was approximately
the same as during the preceding year. In the property department
the number of shipments of stores received and issued during the year
was 13,467, comprising 149,172 packages, weighing 20,072,516 pounds.
In addition there was received for manufacturing purposes raw ma-
terial aggregating 32,330,812 pounds. The number of invoices of
stores received and issued was 9,069, and the total number of quarter-
master's bills of lading received and issued was 3,150. In the dis-
bursing division the total number of cash vouchers paid was 4,245.
The disbursements for material amounted to $1,868,308.69; those for
labor to $1,548,202.52. The average number of employees was 1,884,
varying from a minimum of 1,786 to a maximum of 1,921 on June
30, 1916.
Issues to the service. — Issues to the service and to depots for reissue
have been promptly made, except in a few instances when the neces-
sary stores were not on hand and had to be purchased oi* fabricated
before issue. On June 20, 1916, telegraphic notification was received
of the mobilization of the National Guard, and by June 27 the arsenal
had shipped the ordnance equipment necessary to raise the mobilized
guard from peace to war stren^h to the mobilization points in the
States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota,
Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, Nebraska,
Colorado, and Wyoming. Many other extraordinary issues were
made during the same period.
Needs of the arsenal. — ^The principal needs of the arsenal are
additional storage facilities, which should be provided by a ware-
house building of large capacity, equipped with adequate handling
and shipping facilities; a central steam heating plant of a capacity
to provide iSr present needs and prospective expansion, fitted with
modem labor and fuel saving appliances; a connecting curtain
between shops 6 and I to put the field artillery shops under one
roof, instead of in two disconnected buildings as at present;
rearrangement of the equipment and carpenter shops, the former
in shop H and the latter in shop C buildings, with necessary replace-
ment of old and addition of new machine facilities ; additional quar-
ters for officers not now provided with quarters; and additional
facilities for the manufacture of field artillery materiel.
General repairs and additions to plant. — During the year approxi-
mately 1,200 feet of 8-inch water main have been laid and one-half
mile of taroid macadam roads built. The entire roadway of the
wagon bridge and viaduct connecting the island with the city of
Rock Island has been renewed with creosoted timber sul^tructure
and brick paving, and the entire structure has been repainted. A cast-
iron casing, filled with concrete, has been applied to the imderside of
the viaduct span to protect it from the blasts of locomotives. A
modern ^stem of semaphore signals for the protection of the draw
BBPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF OBDNANOB. 839
gpan of the Bock Island Bridge, provided by the appropriation of
^,600, contained in the sundry civil act approved August 1, 1914,
has been installed and is working satisfactorily. The repairs to the
foundations and walls of shop H building, provided by an appro-
priation of $65,000^ contained in the same act, have been completed,
and this building is now in condition for use. The repairs to the
arsenal building, provided by an appropriation of $2,400, contained
in the act approved March 3, 1915, have been completed, and the base-,
ment of this building is again in condition for use. The appropria-
tion of $15,000, also contained in the last-mentioned act, has oeen
expended in the construction and equipment of a flat-roofed, con-
crete storehouse for the storage of oils and other inflammable mate-
rials. This building adjoins storehouse A, to which it is connected
by a tunnel, and is known as " Storehouse A Annex."
Welfare of employees. — Continued attention has been given to the
subject of adequate safety devices to reduce the number of preventable
accidents. Sanitary drinking fountains have been installed in shops
G and L. The employees' sdiool, inaugurated last year for the pur-
pose of giving to employees who desire it instruction in simple math-
ematics and in the reading of drawings, has been continued with
beneficial results. At the end of the jrear approximately WO
employees were availing themselves of this instruction, and the effect
of the schooling is noticeable in the reduced loss to the Government
in spoiled work attributable to mistakes which the schooling is
designed to correct.
Apprentices, — Effort is being made to interest the proper class
of boys in the apprentice courses at the arsenal. Continued atten-
tion IS being given to these apprentices throughout their course.
All apprentices are required to attend school four hours each week,
two sessions of two hours each. The draftsman in charge of the
employees' school mentioned in preceding paragraph is also in
charge of the apprentices' school. The subjects pursued, .theoretical
and practical, are suited to the needs of the inaividual apprentice.
At the end of the year the arsenal had on its rolls 47 machinist and
2 patternmaker apprentices.
Principal output, — ^The shops in operation at the close of the
year included a mobile artilleiy vehicle shop, harness shop, leather
and cloth departments, smith shop, foundry, equipment shop, tin
shop, polishing and plating shop, woodworking and painting shops,
and small-arms repair shop. The output of these shops necessarily
embraces a great variety of articles, including the manufacture and
alteration of carriages, limbers, caissons, battery wagons, store
wagons, reels and carts for mobile artillery, the manufacture of
artillery harness, pack outfits for mountain artillery and machine
guns, horse equipments for cavalry, personal and mess equipments
for all arms of the service, targets and target supplies, miscellaneous
insignia, cartridge storage cases and other material for Coast Artil-
lery, in addition to the repair for reissue of unserviceable but repair-
able material of these different classes turned in by the service for
that purpose. It has included a large amount of work on the
infantry equipment, model of 1910, and targets and target material.
In the mobile artillery carriage shops it has included the comple-
840
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE.
tion of 512 artillery vehicles of 32 different kinds ; the armoring of
four motor cars; the manufacture of sets of test tools for six differ-
ent vehicles, in addition to miscellaneous test tools and gauges; the
inspection, correction of defects, and modifications of 149 vehicles
of 4 different kinds received from contractors; the preparation
for issue of 16 complete batteries of various calibers and of 211
vehicles of different kinds ; the conduct of 20 road tests of various
vehicles and appliances, in addition to the test of nine motor trucks
and tractors of different makes ; the performance of a large amoimt
of work on 95 carriages and 1,269 other vehicles in process of manu-
facture, as well as the manufacture of a multitude of miscellaneous
{)arts for issue to the service and the overhauling and repairing of a
arge number of mobile artillery parts turned in from the service
for that purpose. In addition, these shops have carried on a large
amount of experimental work of various kinds, have tested and
submitted reports on various devices, and have originated many
improvements in existing material.
improvements in manufacturing methods, — ^Improvements in the
rapidity and economy of manufacturing operations have been c<m-
tinued during the year. These improvements are due to the instal-
lation and use of multiple spindle drills wherever practicable; to
the use of jigs with cam-action fastenings and quick-release lie vices;
to the use of autogenous welding in saving otherwise defective or
spoiled material; to the use of light portable motors with flexible
shafts for countersinking, reaming, and burring; to the use of
double and multiple jigs instead of single jigs; to the use of
spot welding instead of riveting, and of punching instead of drill-
ing for rivet holes in sheet metal, thus saving time and, in many
cases, expensive drill jigs; to the use of continuous-milling fixtures;
and to the speeding up of drill presses to take full advantage of the
possibilities of high-speed drills.
Increased- output. — These improvements in the methods of manu-
facture largely increase the output of the machine, as is indicated by
the following examples:
Brake crank shaft bearingai, milling nnd drilling
Apron latch bodies, millmg and drilling
Lock bars, hollow milling
60-inch wheel fastenings, milling
Brake shaft bearings, drilling
6S>tnch hub bends, milling wrench clots
Brake lever catches, milling
Doubletree rods, milling
Clasps, millixig
Door hinges, female, milling
Door hinges, male, milling
Former
Prmnt
output,
output.
Shours.
Sboun.
32
aoo
S2
200
16
IfiO
75
200
S3
64
20
100
eo
120
sa
280
200
800
fiO
4M
fiO
450
Reduction in labor costs, — Improvements in shop administration
and in methods are frequently better indicated by the reduction in
labor cost of an article than in its total cost, as it may happen that
the cost of the material entering into the manufacture of the article,
which cost is beyond the control of shop management, will offset any
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE.
841
reduction in manufacturing costs. The following figures are, there-
fore, ffiven as indicating some reductions which have been made in
the hiDor costs of articles manufactured at this arsenal during the
past year as compared with former costs. These reductions are en-
tirely due to better methods of doing the work, or to slight changes
in design for the purpose of facilitating manufacture. The actual
wages paid the employees of the arsenal have been increased during
the year, so that the showing in reduction is not as great as the im-
provements in methods would justify.
D targets for Hollifl^M outfits
Y uu-gcts for UolUfleld outfits
Carpeuter's chests, woodwork
66-iDch artillery wheels, woodwork
Canteens, model of 1910
Cups, model o( 1910
Currycombs, model of 1913
Bervlce saddles, model of 1012, metal work
Thimbles for sewing palms
Expert rifleman's badces, bronze
Pistol e]q>ert badges, silver
Bridoon reins for Cavalry bridles
Ctxrb reins for Cavalry bridles
Side bars for service nddles
Canvas bai^ for snudl stores
CUivas l>a^s for nails
Bridles, complete, model of 1910
Cavessons, complete, model of 1912
Case, complete, for battery commanders' telesc ope
Harness, complete, for Signal Cvrps
Saddles, service, complete, model of 1912
Pommel pockets, model or 1912
Ixxm for stlmin tread, model of 1912
CuTD bit branches, model of 1909
Spnni, model of 1911
nckei pins, model of 1912
Mouthpieces for bolo and bavonft $>• aM arls
Picket pins. Cavalry
Spanners, double end
Bpaanara, single end
Brake beams, first openuion ^
Canteen collars
l>lnrh snap hooks
Bub liners:
66-tnch wheel
6l>>inch wheel
Oilman noules
Axles, forging of ends
Doubletree hooks
Doorhandles
BtDf^tree hooks for 3-lnch mat<-riol
PlvoC stakes
Tirsi (srarflng), 56>lnch wheels
Seat supports (trimming)
Neck yoke stops (trimming)
Wheelhooks (trimming)
Stay rods (complete) for sliding (arcet
Koritier ( 08t
1 recent o)sl
por UK).
per KK).
to. 03067
10.02047
.075
.067
1,015.00
1.193.00
240.00
165.00
12.00
11.00
3.00
2.00
3.04
3.25
100.00
111.00
9.50
3.00
24.00
9.50
24.50
11.00
7.80
4.79
6l80
4.46
10.90
A. 00
30.00
13.00
29.00
n.oo
75.00
50.00
90.00
70.00
850.00
45a 00
900.00
750.00
eoo.oo
450.00
80.00
55.00
1.687
1.607
ZOl
1.91
2.121
1.742
13.00
6.90
4.5716
3.40
37.00
12.00
105.50
16.50
6.40
4.30
114.00
8100
.80
.20
.45
.40
17.50
4.00
35.00
&00
2.00
.65
129.00
82.00
28.35
17.3^4
A9.70
26.70
52.70
40.00
2.40
1.41
31.64
19.00
17.00
2.00
7.00
1.00
46.53
37.00
61.87
3.84
842
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF OBDNANOB.
Reduction in total cost — ^The following table gives a few of the
reductions in total costs of articles made at the arsenal during tlie
year :
Cunyoombs, model of 1913
Thimbles (or sewing palms
Expert rifleman's badges
PIflxol expert's badges
Bags, for oacan, complete
Ba^, feed, model of 1912. complete
Bags, ration, model of 1912, complete
Boot^riflecarrier, model of 1912, complete
Bridle, halter, model of 1910, complete
Covers, pack, complete
Covers, canteen, dismounted, model of 1910, complete
Ca vessons, mode I of 1912, complete
Case, battery coomiander's telescope, complete
Harness, artillery, lead, complete
Harness, artillery, wheel, complete f...
Harness, Signal Corps, wire cart, complete
Pocket, pommel, service, model of 1912, complete
Bcabbara, bolo, model of 1910, complete
Saddle, service, model of 1912, complete
0 lands, 3-inch gmi carriages
Hub liners, 60-fiich wheel.
Stufnng boxes. 4.7-inch ran carriage
Stuffing box glands, 4.7-moh gun carriage
Spade pins, 4.7-inch gun carruLge
finbade keys, 4.7-inch gun carriu^
Elevating bevel piniffli, 4.7-inch gun carriage
Elevating bevelgear, 4.7-inch gun carriage
Cylinder nead, 4 J-inch gtm carriage
Brake rod ends, 4.7-inch gun carriage
Brake spring cover ends, 4.7-tnch gun carriage
Brake rod ends, 6-inch howitzer carriage
Cylinder heads. 6-inch howitzer carriage
Lunettes, 6-incn howitzer carriage
Piston-rod glands, 6-inch howitzer carriaM
QuiclE -return pinion. 6-incb howitzer carriage
Hub liner, 56-incb wneel
fl^OO
17.00
4&.00
67.00
ILOO
ll&OO
830.00
513.00
808.00
25L00
40i00
479.00
2,015.80
12,557.00
14,408.00
10,005.00
078.00
96.00
3,212.00
65a 00
653.00
1,445.00
80&00
643.00
siaoo
1,013.00
1,900.00
1,234.00
854.00
1,225.00
6iaoo
960.00
1,854.00
8oaoo
715.00
4a 50
814.00
8L0O
2100
4a 00
8L0O
108.00
83a 00
440.00
4Baoo
ML 00
3&00
34&00
1,60100
11,80.00
13,57100
0,S7aOO
55100
8100
lOSlOO
18100
47100
84100
447.00
36100
837.00
60100
LJ17.00
60LQ0
30100
71100
47100
ssaoo
95L00
51100
008.00
180
The following table indicates some reductions in costs of artillery
vehicles as compared with former costs:
Vehiclee.
3-inch gun carriages* model of 1903, complete ,
Do
4.7-inch howitzer carriage limber, model of 1009, complete
Do
Do
4.7-inch howitzer forge limber, model of 1902
Do
4.7inch howitzer s^ore limbers, model of 1903
Do
No.
30
20
16
13
16
3
6
3
6
Data
completed.
Dmu, 1913
July, 1915
Feb., 1915
...do
July. 1015
Feb., 1915
Dec.. 1915
Feb.. 1915
Dec, 19U
Oort
83,18L9t
3,13147
7S8.a
83118
60138
81177
73111
78187
81
Savings due to improved methods. — Since the amounts of funds
allotted this arsenal for manufacturing purposes are based on the
former cost of the articles ordered, the oalance of these funds unex-
pended on completion of the articles ordered is a just measure of the
economies in production due to improved arsenal methods, provided
the cost of material remains constant During the past year the
cost of material has increased, yet, in spite of this fact, on orders
completed during the past year the net savings measured as above
indicated aggregate $417,896.14, or 13.1 per cent of the total allot*
ments involved.
BBPOBT OF tHB CHIE^ OS* OftDNANOB. 848
Testing department and drafting room. — ^In the physical laboratory
8,540 separate tests were made. In the diemical laboratory 2,720
analyses were made. In this laboratory much time has been devoted
to the study of leather analysis, and the requirements of the depart-
ment's leather specifications nave, as a result, been made more dennite.
A total of 588 rounds were fired in proof and experimental tests at
the proving ground. The work of the drafting room has been of the
same character as in former years.
Saddlers^ and Battery Mechanics' School. — About August 1, 1915,
34 enlisted men reported for instruction in the training school for
saddlers and 9 for instruction in the training school for battery
mechanics. Of this number, 32 completed the saddler's course and
7 the mechanic's course. All of the men who completed the course
have been thoroughly instructed in the care and repair of the ma-
teriel used in their organizations.
SPRINGFIELD ARMORY.
The armory was commanded during the year by Col. W. S. Peirce.
Grounds and buildings. — ^The exterior repairs and painting of
buildings have been completed during the year, with the exception
of the main arsenal building; this last-mentioned work is now in
progress. An appropriation of $7,200 for the repair of Federal
Street became available on July 1, 1915. This was performed, under
contract, during July and August. As examination has shown that
the base was extremely uneven and entirely too thin in many places,
the whole roadbed was torn up, graded, and an even, thoroughly
rolled base of crushed stone applied. Upon this a hard surface of
<5rushed stone with asphaltic bond, known as " Topeka " surface, was
placed. This surface differs from the " Warrenite " process applied
m the previous year to Pearl Street, chiefly in the grading of the
stone used. Both Pearl Street and Federal Street are now in very
satisfactory condition, and no evidences of wear are yet perceptible.
The sundry civil appropriation act approved July 1, 1915, carries an
appropriation of $7,200 for repairs of streets, under which appro-
priation the repair of Lincoln and Magazine Streets, which are in
very bad condition, will be undertaken. Byers Street will then be
the only remaining street in urgent need of repairs.
An appropriation of $14,500 for the construction of new coal bins
and installation of coal-handling machinery at the Hill Shops be-
came available on July 1, 1915. The work was performed by con-
tract during the past year. The bins are constructed entirely of
reinforced concrete and, besides giving the storage and handling
facilities needed, form a very sightly structure. Coal is now dumped
from the cars into the pit, run through the crusher, from which it is
taken by an inclined conveyor to a central hopper above the bins.
Chutes from this hopper permit the distribution of coal to any bin.
A small bin is reserved for ashes, which are dumped into an ash
hopper and conveyed to the bin by the coal conveyor.
Maniifactures. — The volume of manufacturing and repair work
performed at the armory during the past year was less even than
during the year preceding. It was accompli^ed also imder the ad-
ditional handicap of a continual loss of experienced employees
844 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE.
throughout the year and a reduction of one in the number of officers
assigned to this establishment.
Tne principal articles manufactured or repaired, and the respec-
tive quantities of each, are as follows: United States rifles, cabber
.30, model of 1903, 11,299 manufactured, 6,662 repaired; 1,811 star-
gauged manufactured, 304 repaired ; 518 specially selected and star-
gauged for the national matches manufactured, 6 repaired; gallery
practice rifles, caliber .22, model of 1903, 272 manufactured, 356 re-
paired; knife bayonets, model of 1905, 15,649 manufactured; auto-
matic pistols, caliber, .45, model of 1911, 4,966 manufactured, 996 re-
paired ; bolos, model of 1910, 2,500 manufactured, 124 repairs ; bolo-
bayonets, model of 1915, 3,200 manufactured; noncommissioned
staff officers' sabers, 1,000 manufactured; scabbards for noncommis-
sioned staff officers' sabers, 1,000- manufactured; fencing muskets^
1,450 manufactured; fencing-sword blades, metal, 126 manufactured;
fencing-saber blades, metal, 153 manufactured; pistol-cleaning kits,
model of 1912, 233 manufactured; armorer's tool chests, complete, 9
manufactured; sets of tools for securing front sight, 200 manufac-
tured; 3-inch shrapnel heads, 7,511 manufactured; 3.8-inch gun
shrapnel heads, 5,924 manufactured; 4.7-inch gun shrapnel heads,
8,748 manufactured, 3-inch shrapnel diaphragm, 151,369 manufac-
tured; 3.8-inch shrapnel diaphragm, 3,605 manufactured; 4.7- inch
shrapnel diaphragm, 1,500 manu^ctured; diaphragm forgings for
4.7-inch shrapnel, 1,800 manufactured; automatic machine rifles,
caliber .30, model of 1909, 153 manufactured; Colt's automatic ma-
chine guns, caliber .30, 39 repaired ; Maxim automatic machine gun,
caliber .30, model of 1§04, 7 repaired; United States magazine car-
bines, caliber .30, model of 1899, 144 repaired.
Issues^ receipts^ and sales. — The total weight of stores issued was
943,414 pounas, and of those received, 475,567 pounds; 5,517 net
tons of coal and 1,180 net tons of other manufacturing supplies and
materials were received. The transportation of this property was
covered by 825 bills of lading for issues and 331 for receipts. The
values of the issue of spare parts and accessories for the nfle to the
service, the National Guard, and the Nayv and Marine Corps, were as
follows: Army, $16,975.91; National Guard, $9,121.42; Navy and
Marine Corps, $20,647.31 ; a total of $46,744.64. Issues of parts for
the automatic pistol, calioer .45, model of 1911, were made as fol-
lows: Army, $2,488.45: National Guard, $602.15; Navy and Marine
Corps, $724.36; a total of $3,814.96. Issues of parts for the auto-
matic machine rifle, caliber .30, model oi 1909, were made as follows:
Army, $24,006.60; National Guard, $17,751.18; Navy and Marine
Corps, $4,424.30; a total of $46,182.08.
Sales of arms, etc., have been far in excess of previous years. The
material increase in this work is indicated by the fact that the value
of the sales for this year is $59,907.12, as compared with $26,845.78
for last year.
Inspection of outside manufactures. — ^During the past year the in-
spection of articles manufactured at Hartford, Lowell, and- Utiea
has been made from this armoir, and up to the month of October
last, in addition to the above, those under manufacture at Bridge-
port and Worcester. The total value of all material inspected was
$334,886.77.
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE, 845
Experimental work. — Two types of motor cycle with side car and
machine-gun mount have been developed, and a limited number of
^each type have been manufactured and issued for test. A imit
of each type consists of one motor cycle with side car and machine-
gun mount, three motor cycles with side car and ammunition carrier,
and one motor cycle with side car for the conmiander of the unit.
The necessary dies, tools, fixtures, jigs, and gauges for the manu-
facture of the bolo bayonet, model of 1915, have been completed, and
3,200 of these bayonets have been finished and turned into store.
An automatic pistol, caliber .22, firing the caliber .22 short car-
tridge, has been designed, and six have been manufactured and tested.
The results of the tests were satisfactory, and the manufacture of
an additional number of these pistols is contemplated.
Course of practical instruction. — In the spring of the present year
^ course oi instruction was inaugurated with a view of providing a
total of 14 employees who should have the training and experience
to qualify them for detail as instructors or demonstrators of machine
guns. It is believed that the policy of instruction of machine-gun
personnel foreshadowed by the direction to form a body of practical
instructors is a most important one, but that the desired success in the
use of machine guns will not be fully realized until the machine-gun
service shall have been made and organized as a distinct branch of
the line and its oflScers and noncommissioned officers thoroughly in-
structed at permanent schools corresponding to those pertaining to
the Field Artillery and Cavalry.
FRANKFORD ARSENAI*.
During the fiscal year this arsenal was commanded by Lieut. Col.
George Montgomery.
Fiscal and property transactions. — The estimated value of ord-
nance property, the manufacturing orders for which were completed
during the year, amounted to $4,120,611.34. The value of the ord-
nance property covered by manufacturing orders which had not been
•completed at the expiration of the fiscal year 1916 amounted to
$3,720,000. The amount disbursed during the year was $3,799,-
151.77, and the corresponding number of money vouchers was
'9,380. The weight of the property shipped during the year was
19,284,534 pounds and the weight of the property received during
the year was 40,827,627 pounds; the corresponding number of prop-
erty vouchers was 7,800. The minimum authorized stock at the end
of the fiscal year 1916 was $957,335.19, and the amount of the stock
fund returned to credit of appropriations pertaining to the Ordnance
Department by means of the utilization of surplus property and
scrap amounted to $288,006.53. The amount similarly returned dur-
ing the preceding year was $198,868.23. The average number of em-
ployees during the year was 2,001, and the average amount of each
monthly pay roll was $118,502.78. The value of the ordnance prop-
erty completed during the year increased about 1.9 per cent over the
fiscal year 1915 and about 50 per cent over the fiscal year 1914. The
disbursements, however, were about 20 per cent less than those for the
fiscal year 1915 and 0.8 per cent less than those for the fiscal year
1914.
846 BEPOBT OP THE CHIEF OP ORDNANCE.
Administrative methods. — ^During the year the number of civilian
guards or watchmen was consideraoly increai^, and manuals were
prepared prescribing the duties of guards and watchmen for the
safety of the public Duildings and for more efficient fire protection.
During the year it was found advisable to place all the inspectors in
each ox the manufacturing shops under the direct supervision of the
officer in charge of each department, and as a result of this arrange-
ment it is thought that a better quality of product will be produced.
The various overhead expenses have been scientifically distributed
throughout the year, such oistribution being on a rate per hour given
to each machine or appliance used in connection with the productive
work; but while such distribution of overhead expenses without
doubt is excellent and thoroughly equitable to every cost, the use of
the system has developed the necessity of frequent revisions to meet
changing conditions.
Shop management. — ^The system of shop management inaugurated
about five years ago in connection with the manufacture of smidl-arms
ammunition, and which system was subsequently extended to the
manufacture of artillery ammunition, etc., has l)een entirely satis-
factory, and. excluding the increase in the cost of materials during
the fiscal year 1916, the savings which may be attributed almost en-
tirely to such improved shop management, have been considerable.
Uriefiy, it may be stated that the ag^gate saving in the manu-
facture of small-arms ammunition, artillery ammunition, and sights,
instruments, etc., since the introduction of scientific shop manage-
ment, have amoimted to approximatelv $1,865,966.89. Furthermore,
the savings made by the utilization oi surplus stock and scrap have
aggregated during the past four years, and since the establi^iment
of the stock fund, the sum of $1,447,388.07.
The premium and bonus systems of compensation at the arsenal
were abolished by act of Congress, and notwithstanding reports to
the contrary, every employee engaged in the manufacture of small-
arms ammunition or in the assembling of artillery ammunition who
was paid under this system, was perfectly satisfied therewith. The
real objectors to the premium system of compensation on the part of
the employees of this arsenal were almost entirely those wno did
not enjoy the benefits thereof.
Much work was done during the year in providing for storing and
issue of tools, fixtures, etc, in the various shops at the arsenal, and
in providing adequate supplies thereof, and the appropriate records
to show whether or not tne situation in each shop in respect to tools
and fixtures was satisfactory. There is no doubt that a great saving
can be effected in costs of manufacture when tooling is properly and
appropriately provided for in advance of manufacturing orders.
The only oraers of any magnitude given to outside manufacturers
during the year were for the machining of 8-inch high-explosive ^ell,
and, owing to the fact that no orders were completed at the arsenal
for similar machining, a comparison of costs can not be made.
Manufacture of smaU-arms amm/unition. — ^The principal articles
of small-arms ammimition manufactured during the year were
48,416,540 ball cartridges, caliber .80, model of 1906 ; 9,695,260 pistol
ball cartridges, caliber .45, model of 1911 ; 2.030,260 blank carindffes,
caliber .80, model of 1905; 7,800 special ball cartridges, caliber lUi;
BBPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE. 847
800,000 guard cartridges, caliber .30, model of 1906; and 101.180
dummy cartridges, caliber .30, model of 1906. The accuracy of rifle
ammunition has been maintained throughout the year, although, due
to the difficulty of obtaining cartridge metals of the desired standard,
the accuracy was impaired at certam intervals. Considerable work
was done during the year in preparing the small-arms ammunition
department for manufacturing during the coming year on a much
larger scale than has hereto^re been done. The appropriate in-
creases of tools and fixtures to meet this condition have been made,
while numerous installations of lighting have been made in the shops
to provide for night work. Experiments have been conducted dur-
ing the year which indicate that steel may be substituted for cupro-
nickel in the manufacture of bullet jackets. The experiments, how-
ever, have been limited and do not demonstrate that, when manu-
factured in quantity, such bullet jackets would be satisfactory.
The savings made in the manufacture of small-arms ammunition
during the year, as comi>ared with the cost of the same ammunition
prior to the introduction of improved shop management, was
$205,611.34. There was, however, due to a great increase in the cost
of materials, an actual loss in the manufacture of small-arms am-
munition, as compared with the preceding year, of $132,522.75. The
average appropriation cost of rine ammunition during the year was
$24.32 per thousand, as compared with $22.15 per thousand for the
preceding yean There was, however, an increase in the cost of ma-
terial per thousand cartridges of $3.37, as compared with the cost of
the same material for the preceding year. The cost of pistol ball
cartridges, caliber .45, was $14.52 per thousand, as compared with
$11.58 per thousand for the preceding year; much of this increase is
due to the increase in cost of material, jvhich amounted to $2.39 per
thousand.
Manufacture of instruments. — The principal output of sights, in-
struments, etc., during the year consisted of elevation quadrants for
12-inch mortar carriage; 8-inch telescopic sights; observation tele-
scopes, Pratt range boards; Warner & Swasey azimuth instruments;
Whistler-Heam plotting boards; deflection boards; sights for 2.95-
inch mountain gim carriage; sights for 4.7-inch howitzer carriage;
balloon sights; front sights for 3-inch gun; rear sights for 3-inch
gim; sights for 6-inch nowitzer carriage; rear sights for 4.7-inch
gim carriage; range quadrants; panoramic sights, hand fuze setters;
testing levels; battery commander's rulers, etc. There has been a
very rigid inspection of finished sights, instruments, etc., and a high
standard of quality has been maintained in the output of these ar-
ticles. A consistent effort has been made to improve the quality of
the various instruments by recommending changes in drawings when-
ever it became evident by reason of frequency of repair or failure
to function properly that an improvement could be made.
The cost of sighte, instruments, etc., manufactured at the arsenal
shows a saving of $9,008.21, as compared with the costs prior to the
introduction of improved shop management, but there was, however,
an increase in their cost during the fiscal year 1916, as compared
with the preceding year, of $2,385.31, which was due to the great in-
crease in wages of machinists and instrument makers engaged on
this class of work.
848 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OP ORDNANCE.
Manufacture of artillery ammunition. — The principal output of
artillery ammunition during the year consisted of 145,498 fixed com-
mon shrapnel for 3-inch field-gun; 9,606 common steel shell for 3-
inch field gun; 8,004 unfixed common shrapnel for 3.8-inch howitzer;
3,914 fixed common steel shell for 4.7-inch gun; 988 semifixed com-
mon steel shell for 4.7-inch howitzer, model of 1913; 6,699 unfixed
common shrapnel for 4.7-inch howitzer; 3,893 fixed common shrapnel
for 4.7-inch gun; 2,176 semifixed common shrapnel for 4.7-inch
howitzer; 1,504 unfixed common shrapnel for 6-inch howitzer; 1,933
unfixed common steel shell for 6-inch howitzer; and 11,047 smoke
shell for 1.457-inch subcaliber gun. There were also completed 7,279
45-second combination fuzes; 300 sensitive point fuzes; 3,248 hand
ffrenades; and approximately 450 each of dummy hand grenades and
dummy rifle grenades.
The manuiacture of artillery ammunition during the year showed
a saving over the costs prior to the introduction of improved shop
management of $398,955.64, and, notwithstanding the increase in
wages and in the cost of material, there was an ad;ual saving in its
cost over that of the preceding year of $64,698.80, although much of
this saving was due to the purchase of materials prior to the great
advance in their cost. There has been marked improvement in the
quality of the combination fuzes manufactured during the latter part
of the vear. These fuzes have a powder time train and therefore
do not lend themselves to high angle firing and high fnuzzle velocity
conditions. A clockwork mechanical time fuze offers a solution
of this problem, and contracts have been made with two leading
watchmakers for the development of a suitable clockwork system
with a running time of about 45 seconds.
The manufacture of shell ammunition has been undertaken in
large quantities; but it has been difficult to obtain satisfactorv forg-
ings from the various contractors, which is in part responsible for
the limited output of this class of ammunition. The machinery of
the arsenal formerly adapted for the manufacture of shrapnel was
altered to manufacture shell, but it is probably not as satisfactory
as machinery built expressly for shell making. Hi^h-explosive
shrapnel have not yet been manufactured satisfactorilv m c]uantity,
although the design when followed appears to meet all reouirements
except in respect to premature bursts of the shrapnel head in flight
on tne time action of the shrapnel proper. Contracts have been
made for high-capacity shelly and detonating fuzes are being de-
veloped therefor. Fuze seat liners have been adopted for detonating
fuzes for seacoast projectiles. A 2- wire electric primer has been
developed. Considerable development work has been done in con-
nection with rifle and hand grenades, illuminating and incendiary
projectiles, night tracers, and drop bombs of various weights.
Manufacturing plant. — ^There was constructed during the year a
tin shop, at a cost of $72,000; an extension was made of the lumber
^d so as to provide for additional manufacture of shrapnel, at a
cost $22,500; an extension was made of the double-action press diop
building, to provide additional storage room, at a cost of $6,000;
and mechanical stokers were installed in the power plant, at a cast
of $15,000. All expenditures authorized at Uie preceding sessioii
of the Congress were made except those for additional fire protection.
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE. 849
for which the amount appropriated was inadequate and which led.
to an additional appropriation of $24,000 at the session just closed.
Considerable machinery was purchased for the new tin shop, and a
limited amount for the manufacture of artillery ammunition.
General iTn/provemenU. — ^The Pennsylvania Railroad Co. has recon-
structed, for a distance of about 600 feet, the sea wall alon^ the
Frankford Creek, which sustains the embankment upon whicn its
tracks reach the arsenal. Vacuum heating mains and return lines
were installed to the extent of about $5,500, so that the vacuum sys-
tem of heating has been practically completed in so far as the manu-
facturing plant is concerned. A new automatic telephone system
has been installed at a cost of about $3,000.
Advance in labor and material, — The year was marked by great
advances in the wages of employees at the arsenal, and a further
increase of wages is contemplated at the date of writing this report.
The most noted increases have been of machinists and toolmakers to
the extent of 20 per cent; of instrument makers to the extent of 47
per cent ; of automatic screw makers to the extent of 16 per cent ; of
machine operators to the extent of 20 per cent ; and of assistant fore-
men to the extent of 35 per cent. The cost of materials has been
even more marked. Pig antimony advanced 621 per cent ; high-speed
steel, 573 per cent; optical glass, 416 per cent; trinitrotoluol, 266 per
cent; Tobm bronze, 200 per cent; cartridge brass, 145 per cent, etc.
Marked economies and dispatch in manufacture can not be obtained
under such conditions.
WATERVLIET ARSENAL.
This arsenal was commanded during the year by Col. W. W. Gib-
son, who is also a member of the Board for Testing Rifled Cannon.
Operating department. — ^The gim manufacturing plant was oper-
ated during the year with an average of about 87 per cent of the shop
employees on tHe first shift, about 10 per cent on the second, and
about 3 per cent on the third. Due to a decrease in the amount of
available work, the average force of employees during the year was
approximately 25 per cent less than the average during the preced-
ing year. The following is a summary of the most imi)ortant items
completed : Army cannon — four 14-inch ^uns, twelve 12-inch mortars,
four 3-inch (15-pounder) guns, nine 4.7-mch howitzers with pedestal
mounts, four 3.8-inch field howitzers, six 4.7-inch field howitzers,
and ten 6-inch field howitzers. Navy guns, five 14-inch cuns and
five 6-inch guns. Other important items of work completed include
the relining of five large caliber Armv seacoast guns and two 12-inch
Navy guns, and the manufacture of breech mechanisms of an im-
proved type for seventy-three 3-inch (15-poimder) seacoast guns.
There remain under manufacture the following numbers and types
of cannon : Four 14-inch seacoast guns, 150 mobile artillery cannon,
from 3-inch to 4.7-inch in calibers, and 53 Navy guns, from 4-inch to
6-inch calibers.
Number of employees. — On June 30, 1915, the arsenal had 424
employees. Due to extraordinary demands for munition workmen
elsewhere, many skilled workmen resigned, but these have been re-
placed by new men so that the number now employed is practically
tho same, namely, 422. Unless there is a general change in labor con-
6dl76'— WAB 191d— VOL 1 54
850 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE.
ditions, difficulty is anticipated in promptly expanding the force to
meet the needs under the large orders resulting from largely in-
creased appropriations.
New machine tools. — ^There has been procured and is being installed
a large boring and turning lathe of sufficient capacity for the manu-
facture of the largest guns now proposed — the 16-inch, 50-caliber
guns. Congress has not only provided fimds for modifying the laree
^un shop to make it otherwise suitable for this work, but also for ad-
ditional machine tool equipment sufficient to double the present capac-
ity for the manufacture of the largest caliber ^ns.
Wage readjustment. — In December, 1915, the wages of all shop
employees were readjusted to conform to those paid by commercial
firms in the vicinity. This readjustment was made on the basis of
data collected by a committee composed of one of the assistant officers
at the arsenal and one of the machinists, elected by the shop em-
ployees. This readjustment involved a general increase in the wages
of the various classes of employees to meet similar increases found to
have occurred in the more important plants in the vicinity.
Planning room. — ^There have been compiled in the planning room
card records indicating the times taken to perform all important
steps in the work of gun manufacture under various orders covering
a period of about five years. Similar records of current work as com-
pleted are being entered for ready comparison, to serve as an indica-
tion of relative efficiency. There has been installed in this connec-
tion a merit record system which provides for recognition of work
done in an especially expeditious or economical manner. This serves
as the basis for raising a workman's efficiency rating, thus placing
him in a position to secure higher pay.
Instruction sheets. — There has been adopted a system of instruction
sheets to be furnished workmen with every important job. These
give a list of the tools and fixtures reauired, and specify in detail the
steps to be taken in executing the work. Tnese instruction sheets are
prepared by highly skilled mechanics, thus insuring the most expe-
ditious and economical methods of doing the work. As their use be-
comes more extended there is expected to result a material lowering
of costs.
Costs of manufacture. — Costs of manufacture under orders com-
pleted for the year show, with few exceptions, a gratifying down-
ward tendency. This is ascribed to the improvements in the details
of the system of shop management, and to more normal working con-
ditions in that the fluctuation in the size of the force has been less
marked than during the previous years.
Power plant. — To meet the increasfed demands for power, a new
250-kilowatt motor-generator set, together with the necessary switch-
board panels, have been procured and are being installed in the cen-
tral power plant. This will serve to meet present needs and provide
a reserve for future expansion in the machine tool equipment taking
{)Ower from this plant. The old switchboard is being moved to a new
ocation, and other changes are being made which will greatlv im-
f)rove the general arrangement of the power plant. Three of tne six
arge boilers for steam production have been extensively repaired dur-
ing the year, thus putting this part of the plant in excellent condition*
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE. 851
Disbursements. — ^The total disbursements for this establishment
amounted to approximately $741,675, this amount being about equally
divided between expenditures for material and those for labor.
WATEBTOWN ARSENAL.
This arsenal was commanded during the year by Col. C. B. Wheeler,
who is also the armament officer of the Northern Armament District,
and a member of the Board for Testing Rifled Cannon.
The principal operations have comprised the manufacture of sea-
coast gim carriages, armor-piercing and deck-piercing shell, and
parts rejiuired for the alteration and repair of carriages already in
the service. The amoimt of work done during the year, as measured
by total expenditures, has been somewhat less than that of the pre-
vious year. The total number of employees at the end of the year
was 615.
Field artiUery am/mtmition. — During the past year the arsenal has
continued the manufacture of the larger calibers of field artillery
f)ro]ectiles. The equipment of the arsenal is more suited to these
arger calibers than it is to the 3-inch projectiles previously manu-
factured. Manufactures during the year included 4.7-inch common
steel shell, 4.7-inch common steel shrapnel, and 6-inch common steel
shell. For the manufacture of this class of ammunition some addi-
tional machines were installed during the year, but under the best
conditions the shop is not suited to the manufacture of field artillery
projectiles in any large quantity without very considerable rearrange-
ment.
Projectile shop. — ^This shop is used for the machine operations on
all seacoast projectiles. Its capacity, working two shifts, is approxi-
mately 2,500 12-inch projectiles per year. During the past year there
has been installed a motor-driven hydraulic press for testing pro-
jectiles. Appropriations having been made by Congress for increas-
mg the capacity of this shop, it is proposed to hereafter do all the
work required in the manufacture of projectiles therein.
Power plant. — ^In connection with the construction of the new press
shop for seacoast projectiles, the boiler capacity of the power plant
has been increased by the installation of four 185 horsepower Keeler
water-tube boilers and accessories. This boiler capacity will be ample
for the 2,000-ton forging press now installed and such smaller presses
as may be necessary.
Improvements. — Improvements in manufacturing plant have been
made as funds permitted. During the past year new tool rooms have
been built, tools classified, and the double-check system installed in
the foundry, smith shop, and erecting shop. In the establishment of
these tool rooms it was foimd practicable to make a considerable re-
duction in the kinds and quantities of various tools kept on hand. A
new 20-inch motor-driven engine lathe, and a 21-inch turret lathe
have been installed in the machine shop during the year.
Principal output. — The following gun carriages, projectiles, etc.,
were completed: Ten-inch dummy disappearing carriages, model of
1912; 14-inch disappearing carriages, model of 1907 Mi; 16-inch dis-
appearing carriage, model of 1912; 1-pounder balloon gun mount,
model E; 15-pounder balloon gun mounts, model of 1916; 4.7-inch
852 BEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE.
howitzer carriages, model of 1910; 6-inch barbette carriages, model
of 1910; amnuinition trucks for 12-inch mortar carriage, model of
189(5 Mm; sets of parts for modification of 15-pounder barbette car-
riages, model of 1898; 3-inch shrapnel cases; 4.7-inch conmion steel
shell, model of 1905: 6-inch armor-piercing shell; 12-inch mortar,
1,046-pound, deck-piercing shell; 12-inch, 700-pound, deck-piercing
shell; 12-inch, 700-pound, armor-piercing projectiles; 6-inch armor-
piercing projectiles; and 10-inch, 12-inch, and 16-inch cast-iron shell.
Testing lahovatory, — ^The number of routine and commercial tests
undertaken during the year was somewhat greater than that for the
previous year. Among the investigative tests, the following gave
particularly valuable results: Examination to determine the cause
of the breaking of 14-inch elevating screw; examination of defec-
tive 14-inch gun bushing; investigation of the heat treatment of
hot chisels and high-speed steel twist drills.
8hoy management, — This arsenal has operated under the system
of scientific shop management in practice at that establishment for
a number of years, except that in accordance with the provisions
contained in the Army appropriation act approved Marcn 4, 1915,
all time study was discontinued on that date and no premiums have
been paid from appropriations carried in that act. Owing to the
large amount *of standardized data that have been secured in con-
nection with the system of management, it has been possible to con-
tinue rate-^tting, without any considerable difficulty, without the
use of time study.
NEW YORK ARSENAL.
This arsenal was conunanded during the year by Col. O. B.
Mitcham, who also performed the duties of inspector of ordnance,
Ordnance officer of the Eastern Department, and armament officer
of the Central Armament District.
The ai^senal has no special facilities for the manufacture or repair
of Ordnance material ; its principal use is as a purchasing, receiv-
ing, and shipping point. Y rom its proximity to New York City its
advantages as a purchasing and storage depot are manifest. As a
depot for equipping troops, especially for military expeditions in
time of war, its location renders it particularly valuable. During
the year the Ordnance dock was rebuilt and a steel oil storage house
was erected thereon, at a cost of $20,000, for which purpose funds
were appropriated by Congress.
During the year 29.152 packages of stores were received, weighing
1,635,046 pounds. The number of packages issued was 15,721,
weighing 2,542,638 pounds. The amount of funds disbursed during
the year was $388,443.41.
AUGUSTA ARSENAL.
This arsenal was commanded during the year by Col. J. W.
Benet, who is also armament officer of the Southern Armament
District.
The shops have been employed in the manufacture of cast-iron
projectiles for target practice cast in the arsenal foundry, the manu-
facture of targets for seacoast target practice^ and in repair and
alteration work for the Southern Armament District
REPOBT OP THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE. 853
The disbursements for the year, exclusive of sales and deposits,
amounted to $83,567.37. The number of receipts and issues of ord-
nance stores during the year was 1,353. The stores received on
quartermaster's bilJs-of-lading amounted to 883,192 pounds; the
stores issued amounted to 3,7(M,828 pounds.
BENICIA ARSENAIi.
This arsenal was commanded by Lieut. -Col. J. W. Joyes from
July 1 to October 20, 1915, and by Maj. H. W. Schull during the
remainder of the fiscal year. The commanding officer of this arsenal
is also ordnance officer of the Western Department and armament
officer of the Western Armament District. This arsenal is the
depot of supply for the Regular troops and the National Guard
in the Western, and, to a certain extent, Hawaiian Departments,
and it is the depot of reserve for Ordnance Supply District No.
5. It has shops equipped for all the usual repairs and for cer-
tain manufacturing work. During the year the shops have been
engaged principally in the manufacture of propelling charges for
seacoast artillery; in overhauling ammunition for field and siege
guns; in the manufacture of cast-iron projectiles of 6-inch and 12-
inch caliber, of target material for seacoast artillery, mobile artillery,
and small arms; and upon the usual repairs and alterations of mis-
cellaneous armament. In addition the small-arms repair shop has
overhauled and repaired about 2,854 United States rifles, caliber .30,
model of 1903; the cleaning and repairing section has overhauled,
cleaned, and repaired a large amount of personal and horse equip-
ment turned in by organizations. During the year a number of
minor additions to the equipment of several of the shops were made,
and some additional safety and welfare work was completed.
The installation of a new system of high-pressure water mains for
increasing the facilities for fire protection was completed during the
year. Available funds, however, were not sufficient to permit the
purchase and installation of a centrifugal motor-driven pump to sup-
plement this installation.
The disbursements for the year amounted to $138,638.77, of which
about $26,900 was for manufactures, including the overhauling of
ammunition; about $13,800 for cleaning and repairing arms and
equipments; and about $30,860 for the upkeep of armanent. During
the year 482 requisitions were received, and 1,451 invoices and 614
bills of lading were drawn to cover issues. The stores received
amounted to 4,892,376 pounds ; those shipped to 4,616,465 pounds.
SAN ANTONIO ARSENAL.
This arsenal was commanded during the year by Maj. Harry B.
Jordan. The commanding officer of this arsenal is also ordnance
officer of the Southern Department, and in charge of the mainte-
nance, repair, and alteration of Field Artillery materiel in that de-
partment.
The arsenal has supplied ordnance stores and equipments through-
out the year to 17§ regiments of Cavalry, 124 regiments of Infantry,
and 19 regiments of Artillery. This arsenal constitutes the central
854 EEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE.
distributing point for the Southern Department, to which materiel
in large lots is shipped for subsequent distribution. Its functions
are threefold, namely : the supply of troops, the repair and mainte-
nance of field artillery materiel, and the storage of war reserve sup-
plies and equipment.
The sundry civil appropriation act approved July 1, 1916, contains
appropriations for a storehouse^ for increasing the water supply, and
for repairing roadways at this arsenal, all of which were much
needed. Work on these projects is now progressing. A temporary
storehouse, constructed under authority of the Secretary of War to
incur a denciency obligation for the purpose, was appropriated for in
the general deficiency act approved September 8, 1916.
• The total weight of stores shipped from this arsenal during the
year was 4,533,669 pounds ; that of stores received, 4,759,557 pounds.
The total expenditures amounted to $50,600.70.
PICATINNT ARSENAIi.
This arsenal was commanded by Lieut. Col. O. C. Horney until
July 15, 1915 ; by Maj. J. C. Nicholls from July 16 to November 9,
1915: and from that date by Lieut. Col. J. W. Joyes. The Arm^
powder factory and high-explosive factory are located at this
arsenal, which is also 'a depot for the storage and preparation of
powder, ammunition, and high explosives. Approximately 1,212,000
pounds of cannon powder, 313,000 pounds or caliber .30 powder,
and 92,000 pounds of high explosives were manufactured during
the year, an increase of about 12 per cent over the production of
the preceding year. During the year over 50,000 propelling charges
for crnnon were assembled or modified, and about 15,000 projectiles
modified. An increased amount of experimental work has been car-
ried on in connection with the manufacture of high explosives and
powder and in the investigation of extraneous questions.
Due principally to the increased cost of raw materials and of
labor, and partly to changes in methods of manufacture to improve
the quality of powder, the cost of cannon powder was approximately
39 cents per pound, and that of caliber .30 powder approximately
46 cents per pound, an increase as compared with the cost of the
preceding year of approximately 6J cents per poimd and 4^ cents
per pound, respectively. These are factory costs and include certain
overhead charges only. The year began with the cost of all raw
materials markedly higher and the market rising, so that all new
contracts made were at still higher prices. Examples are: mixed
acid, from $3.10 to $6.64; fuming sulphuric, from $0,725 to $1,225
(present market, any price from $5 up) ; cotton, from $0.06 to
$0,078; alcohol, from $0,046 to $0,079; diphenylamine, from $0.22
to $1.0015, etc. Prices are still rising, and in all probability the
cost of powder ^will be still higher next year.
Nearly 4,300,000 pounds of cannon powder, and approximately
875,000 pounds of caliber .30 powder have been manufactured since
the factory has been in operation. The operation of the plant for
manufacturing high explosives for projectiles has been satisfactory,
and its capacity is being increased to approximately 500,000 pounos
per year.
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF ORDKANOE. 855
Several fires incident to manufacturing and other operations have
occurred. There was no loss of property and no loss of life, although
four employees were severely burned. Precautions against fires and
injury, especially to personnel, have received special attention, some
improvements in this respect having been made and others planned.
The total disbursements during the year amounted to $775,291.22 ;
the number of cash vouchers was 1,618 ; the number of receipts and
issues of stores was 1,070; the weight of stores received and
issued, exclusive of materials for manufacturing and building, was
14,233,877 pounds; the number of employees on June 30, 1916, was
408, as compared with 373 at the commencement of the year.
MANHJi ORDNANCE DEPOT.
The depot was commanded by Lieut. Col. C. L'H. Ruggles from
the beginning of the fiscal year to October 4, 1915, by Maj. G. F.
Jenks from October 5 to November 5, 1915, and since the latter date
by Lieut. Col. Samuel Hof. The commanding officer of the depot is
also ordnance officer of the Philippine Department and armament
officer of the Philippine Armament District.
VoluTJie of business. — Eight hundred and twenty-two property re-
turns were received and given preliminary examination, all irregu-
larities being investigated by correspondence. The number of vouch-
ers for stores issued was 1,162; for stores received, 1,388. The weight
of stores issued was 3,303,343 pounds; that of stores received, 4,076,596
pounds.
Disbursements. — The total amount of funds disbursed at the depot
during the year was $130,771.78. The sales of ordnance and ordnance
stores during the year to officers, the insular government, and other
departments amounted to $23,653.56.
Work at the depot. — The work of the past year has inchided the
repairing of a large quantity of materiel turned in for that purpose,
the preparation of propelling charges for seacoast guns, the manu-
facture of targets and target material for small arms, mobile and
seacoast artillery target practice, and of miscellaneous stores for
sale and issue. The installation and care of the seacoast armament
have added largely to the labor and responsibility of the depot. In-
creased storage facilities and more efficient fire protection are the
most important needs of the depot.
ORDNANCE BOARD.
The membership of the board on June 30, 1916, was as follows:
Lieut. Col. C. L'H. Ruggles, Ordnance Department; Maj. Alston
Hamilton, Coast Artillery Corps; and Maj. G. G. Gatley, Third Field
Artillery. Lieut. Col. Samuel Reber, Signal Corps, is a member on
matters connected with aeronautics, and Capt. Thomas M. Robins,
Corps of Engineers, is a member on matters involving engineering
work. Lieut. Col. T. C. Dickson, Ordnance Department, was a mem-
ber of the board until August 16, 1915, on which date he was retired
under the provisions of the act of Congress approved March 4, 1915.
Lieut. Col. C. C. Williams, Ordnance Department, was a member of
860 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIOKAL OFFICES.
archaic and should be changed* Officers so detailed are, as a role,
neither trained in themselves, nor can they train others, and I believe
that neither the Signal Corps nor the line of the Army, as a whole,
desires this exchange or are benefited thereby. I am, therefore, led
to recommend, as urgently as may be possible, the return to the sys-
tem of permanent appointments of field officers and captains in Uie
Signal Corps. Selection may very properly be made to these per-
manent grades by examination of officers of the line who have served
in the corps as lieutenants, who have proved their value to the corps,
and who have made their own decision as to the branch of the service
in which to make their careers.
During times of peace the duties of the Signal Corps are extensive
and important, but events abroad and in our own Army oo the
border emphasize the constantly increasing importance of supply-
ing and operating the highly technical apparatus re<][uired for main-
taining aaequate means tor collecting and transmitting military in-
formation necessary to an army, in order that the most modem
methods of performing this duty may be utilized to the fullest extent,
every effort must be made to Keep informed of advances in science
and use made of the discoveries and developments of new means for
applying electricity, mechanics, and aircraft to warfare. •
The Signal Corps has long been handicapped in the proper per-
formance of its duties by the lack of an aaequate personnel. This
situation has, however, been partially relieved by increases in men
and officers of the corps under the national-defense act of June 8, 1916.
Under this act, the Signal Corps will ultimately have, when aU five
increments have been authorize, a commissioned strength of 1 chief
signal officer, with the rank of brigadier general, 3 colonels, 8 lieuten-
ant colonels, 10 majors, 30 captains, and 75 first lieutenants, while the
aviation section oi the corps will have a commissioned strength of
1 colonel, 1 lieutenant colonel, 8 majors, 24 captains, and 114 first
lieutenants. The enlisted strength of the corps will be fixed by the
President. The number of master signal electricians will be 2 per
cent of the total authorized enlisted strength of the entire corps; the
number of sergeants, first class, will be 7 per cent ; the number of
sergeants, 10 per cent, and the number of corporals, 20 per cent.
The grade of horseshoer has been added to the Signal Corps, and
under the Army appropriation bill, approved August 29, 1916, the
number of privates, first class, will be 45 per cent and the number of
privates 9 per cent.
The first increment added 1 colonel, 1 lieutenant colonel, 1 major,
8 captains, and 11 first lieutenants to the Signal Corps proper, and
1 major and 16 other aviation officers to the aviation section, so that
on July 1 of this year the authorized commissioned strengtn of the
Signal Corps was as follows :
siaivAL coaps pbopkb.
Brigadier general and chief signal officer 1
Colonelg 2
Lieutenant colonels 3
Majors 7
Oaptalns... ^ 21
First lleotenants 29
BEPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 861
AVIATION SECTION.
Major 1
Captains 11
First lieutenants 65
The President has fixed the enlisted strength of the Signal Corps
to become effective July 1, 1920, when all five increments will be
available, at 4,000 men, the number in each grade being as follows :
Master signal electricians 80
Sergeants, first-class 280
Sergeants 400
Corporals 800
Cooks 88
Horseshoers 30
Privates, first-class 1,853
Privates 463
The increases authorized for the first increment, which became ef-
fective July 1, 1916, were 6 master signal electricians; 27 sergeants,
first class; 46 sergeants; 113 corporals; 16 cooks; 16 horseshoers; 225
privates, first class; and 57 privates, so that the Signal Ck)rps, includ-
ing the aviation section, now has with the increases authorized under
the first increment added to its previously authorized strength, an
authorized enlisted strength of —
Master signal electricians 54
Sergeants, first class 171
Sergeants 214
Corporals 347
Cooks 48
Horseshoers 16
Privates, first class 859
Privates 269
ORGANIZATION OF THE SIGNAL CORPS.
It is proposed to organize this force into two field battalions (less
outpost companies) : 2 telegraph battalions; 1 depot battalion; 1 wire
company; 2 radio companies; 4 depot compames; 3 platoons of a
telegraph company; 2 aero squadrons; 2 aero companies; and a
school detachment for duty at the Signal Corps Aviation School at
San Diego, Cal. There were organize at the end of this fiscal year
4 field companies, 1 radio company, 2 telegraph companies (less 2
platoons) ; 1 aero squadron ; 1 aero company, and 6 depot companies.
These organizations will be expanded into the units proposed.
The field and telegraph battalions will be stationed in the United
States and will be organized from signal troops now serving in the
Southern Department. A wire companv and a platoon of a tele-
graph company will be stationed in the Philippine Department, while
a radio companv and a platoon of a telegraph company will be sta-
tioned in the Hawaiian Department and in the Canal Zone.
The depot battalion will be assigned to diity in connection with
the operation and maintenance of the Washington- Alaska Military
Cable & Telegraph System, and will be organized from the two
depot companies now on that duty. The four depot companies will
be stationed in the United States, one company in each territorial
department. The personnel of these companies will be used for sup-
862
REPORT OP THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFIGBB.
plying the men needed for detached service at posts and depots, such
as raaio and telegraph operators, telephone men, clerks, etc., for fur-
nishing radio operators for service on transports, and for duty in
connection with the instruction and training of recruits at Signal
Corps schools for enlisted men.
Two of the aero squadrons will be organized and stationed in the
Southern Department; one aero company will be assigned to the
Philippine Islands and one to the Canal Zone.
Field battalions have been authorized, with a few minor changes
as to the number of men allowed in the various grades, practically
the same as recommended in my last report. The battalion is or-
ganized for duty with a division and is intended to furnish the com-
munication that knits the division into a whole. It is commanded by
a major, with a first lieutenant as battalion adjutant and supply
officer; a sergeant major and battalion supply sergeant, both having
the rank of sergeant, first class; a color sergeant and clerk, each of
the ^ade of sergeant; 9 privates for duty as drivers and orderlies;
1 wire company; 1 radio company; and 1 outpost company; each
company having a strength of 1 captain, 2 first lieutenants, and 75
enlisted men. The enlisted personnel, by grades, of each company
is as follows :
Master signal electricians
Sergeants, first class
Sergeants
Corporals
CooVs
Horseshoers
Privates, first class
Privates
wire
Radio
company.
company.
1
1
5
6
7
9
13
15
2
3
1
1
39
35
8
6
Outpoet
o<Mnpany.
1
S
5
U
2
I
37
IS
The wire company is organized into two platoons of two wire
sections each and is equipped for establishing buzzer communications
for the four combat lines to the brigades. Its transportation and
equipment consists of 6 wire carts and 1 instrument wagon, and it
has 65 riding horses, 12 draft horses, and 4 draft mules.
The radio company is organized into four radio pack sections
and one wagon raaio section. The pack sections are intended to pro-
vide constant communication with divisional cavalry or supply trains
and for any other necessary communication where the laying of wire
is impracticable. The wagon set is to be used for communication
with other divisions, field Army headquarters, and the base. The
company has assigned to it 5 pack sets, 1 wagon set, 1 instrument
wagon, 70 riding horses, 4 draft horses, 4 draft mules, and 12 pack
mules.
The outpost company has not yet been organized, but the Tables
of Organization contemplate that it shall be organized into four
platoons, one to each brigade for the necessary interior communica-
tion witnin the brigade. It will be supplied with 1 instrument
wagon, 18 riding horses, 4 draft mules, and 4 pack mules.
The tele^aph battalion is intended for service with a field army
corps, and is organized to maintain communication between the inte-
BEPOBT OF THE OHIBF SIGNAL OFFIOBB. 868
rior and the field army corps or to connect the headquarters of the
field Army with its component parts. It is commanded by a major,
with a first lieutenant as battalion adjutant, and a first lieutenant as
supply officer; a sergeant, first class, as battalion sergeant major; a
sergeant as battalion supply sergeant; three privates as drivers and
orderlies, and two teleCTaph companies of 100 enlisted men each.
The organization of a telegraph company has been materially
changed and its personnel greatly reduced since my last report. The
number of sections has been reduced from six to four, so that its
present organization consists of four sections, two telegraph and two
telephone. The personnel of a telegraph company is 1 captain; 2
first lieutenants; 2 master signal electricians; 8 sergeants, fii^ class;
11 sergeants; 17 corporals; 2 cooks; 1 horseshoer; 48 privates;, first
class; and 12 privates. Its transportation and equipment consists of
4 lance truc^, 2 telegraph wagons, 4 telephone wagons, 2 repair
wagons, and 3 field wagons. It has 39 ridmg horses and 60 draft
mules.
An aero squadron is required for service with each division, or when
divisions are operating as parts of a field army corps the squadrons
may be detached from divisions and grouped under the immediate
control of the field Army commander. The recommendation in my
last report that aero squadrons of 12 machines be the basis of our
organization has been approved, and existing Tables of Organization
provide for three companies of four machines each for a squadron.
A major will be in command of the squadron, with a first lieutenant
as squadron adjutant and quartermaster; 2 master signal electricians;
2 sergeants, first class; 6 corporals; and 2 privates, first class, for duty
with the headquarters and supply detachments. Each aero company
has an authorized strength of 1 captain ; 5 first lieutenants ; 1 master
signal electrician; 2 sergeants, first class; 6 sergeants; 9 corporals;
2 cooks ; 14 privates, first class ; and 6 privates.
The restrictions as to the age, rank^ and marital condition of
officers detailed in the aviation section, imposed by the act creating
the aviation section, approved July 18, 1914, were removed under
section 13 of the national defense act of June 3, 1916, as recommended
in my last annual report, and, contrary to earlier expectations, it is
now believed that with these restrictions removed little trouble will
be experienced in obtaining sufficient officers from the line to fill the
vacancies existing in the aviation section. Under the law as now
constituted, it will also be possible to obtain sufficient officers of the
proper age and experience to command the squadrons to be organized
and for the necessary administrative work incident to the develop-
ment of this service.
The act of June 3, 1916, also wisely made provision for the ap-
pointment of civilian aviators in case sufficient officers should not be
available to fill existing vacancies. These aviators will have the base
pay of $150 per month and the allowance of a master signal elec-
trician. So tar as can be seen at this time, it will not be necessary to
appoint any aviators from civil life, unless additional increments are
authorized for the aviation service, as sufficient officers of the line
have already applied for aviation duty to fill all vacancies. At the
present time there are 39 officers detailed in and 46 students attached
to the aviation section, while the first increment authorizes a strength
of 77 officers.
864 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.
OFFICEKS' RESERVE CORPS AND ENLISTED RESERVE CORPS.
Among the most important sections of the national defense act are
those authorizing the organization of the Officers' Reserve Corps and
the Enlisted Reserve Corps. It is considered most desirable that the
Officers' Reserve Corps and the Enlisted Reserve Corps be developed
to the fullest possible extent. By doin^ so, it is believed a body of
experienced technical men can be organized and trained in times of
peace and be available for service in times of need. Evenr encour-
agement will be afforded to applicants for appointment in the Signal
Officers' Reserve Corps, and real efforts will be made to enlist as large
a number of men as possible for the Enlisted Reserve Corps.
During the present period when aviation is used so extensively in
modem warfare, the desirability of having a reserve of experienced
aeronautical men for service with the aviation section of the Army
in case of war needs no argument. As there are comparatively few
men in this country skilled in this art, it is all the more important
that a large i*eserve be trained and that every facility and encourage-
ment be afforded men desiring to perfect themselves in this work.
This office has therefore obtained authority for an Officers' Reserve
Corps and an Enlisted Reserve Corps for the aviation section in
numbers and grades as follows:
OFl-'ICEBS* RESERVE CORPS.
Majors 10
Captains 48
First lieutenants 232
ENLISTED RESERVE CORPS.
Master signal electricians 40
Sergeants, first class 140
Sergeants 200
Corporals 400
Privates, first class 805
Privates 915
In view of the time required for becoming a skilled flier and the
comparatively few opportunities and facilities afforded throughout
the country for obtaining this training, this office purposes to call
members of these reserve corps, with their consent, into active
service a considerable pjeriod during the coming year. It is also pur-
posed to utilize the civilian aviation schools of the country in train-
ing desirable applicants for service in the Officers' Reserve Corps, and
thnt these schools will be compensated for each reservist undergoing
instruction.
If this plan is successful, it is believed the reserve of officers and
men for aviation. duty will be put on a practicable basis which, in
due course, could supply the coimtry with an efficient reserve of flying
men in case of need.
OPERATIONS OP THE SIGNAL CORPS IN ALASKA, THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, HAWAII, CANAL ZONE, AND
THE UNITED STATES.
The Washington- Alaska Military Cable & Telegraph System is
now composed of 2,626.8 statute miles of submarine cable, 848 miles
of land Imes, and 52 offices, including 10 radio stations.
There were 24 interruptions on the submarine cables during the
year, the most serious one being that of the Sitka- Valdez cable from
January 30 to March 8, 1916. The delay in effecting repairs to this
cable was due to the fact that the cable ship was imdergoing repairs
which were not completed until the latter part of February. Business
was routed during interruptions via naval radio stations and Fort
Egbert and the Dominion lines. Some delay was experienced in the
handling of this business. This has been corrected by an arrange-
ment with the naval radio service under which a sufficient force of
trained operators of the Signal Corps were transferred to the Sitka
and Cordova naval radio stations to assist in the handling of the
|;raffic through these stations during interruptions to the trunK cables.
The total " this line " receipts during the year were $159^819.74, a
decrease of $17,415.01. The " other line receipts, which were
credited and paid to connecting lines, amounted to $29,162.94. an
increase of $8,660.98, as compared with last year. The value oi all
official messages, computed at regular commercial rates, aggregated
$194,571.01, an increase of $78,031.18. Telegraphic money transfers
to the value of $59,669.02 were effected, giving a revenue of $741.
There were no losses to the Government in the handling of these
funds.
An all-night service at Seattle, Sitka, Juneau, Valdez, and Fair-
banks was ^ablished on February 18, 1916, and in July, 1916, the
Nome radio station was made a continuous (24-hour) service station.
It has been recognized for some time that the rates on the Alaskan
system should be revised, and in view of the numerous requests from
commercial bodies, firms, and others in Seattle and Alaska, the Sec-
retary of War on July 1, 1916, upon the recommendation of the Chief
Signal Officer, directed a general revision and reduction, effective as
soon as practicable. The new rates will become effective on October
1, 1916. and the reductions will range from 15 to 50 per cent. The
plan 01 having several offices in one zone, or square, similar to the
method adopt^ by commercial telegraph companies and the parcel
post, was followed in this revision as far as practicable.
FIBST SECTION.
The condition of the telegraph lines from Valdez to Fairbanks,
comprising the first section, have been satisfactory during the past
69176*— WAB 1916— VOL 1 66 866
866
BEPOBT OF THE OHIEF SIGNAL OFFICEB.
^ear. The interruptions for the entire year totaled 9 days and 10
ours. The longest was 4 days, due to one of the severest storms in
the history of that section. The other interruptions were caused by
forest fires.
A motor generator equipment, eliminating all local and main line
batteries, was installed on this section last September and has given
excellent service. A cable recorder has been installed in the naval
radio station near Cordova, thereby permitting business being han-
dled direct between the radio station and Valdez, Seward, or Cor-
dova proper, eliminating extra handling of messages and the neces-
sity for an additional operating force at Cordova during cable inter-
ruptions. During such interruptions, three men are sent from
Valdez to the naval radio station at Cordova to assist the personnel
of that station.
The usual necessary work of replacing old and worn out poles and
such other repairs necessary in the proper maintenance of the lines
have continued during the year.
The storehouse at "Valdez and the station buildings at Hogan were
destroyed by fire during July and December, respectively. Funds
have been allotted and new building[s are now in the course of con-
struction. Modifications and additions were made to the station
buildings at Richardson and Salcha.
The following table shows the stations and distances of the land,
cable, and radio portions of the Alaskan telegraph system :
SUtlons.
LAND LINES.
Vftklez-NcUAto:
VaW«
Wortmans
SalHui (relief cabin)
Beaver Dam
Stewart Creek (relief cabin)
TelkheU
Kimball Pass (relief cabin)
Tonsina.
Copper Onter
Omkana
Hogan
Paioon
Fazson (relief cabin)
McCaUum
HcOalhxm (relief cabin)
Doanelj
Dome (relief cabin)
Beal'tt Cache (no station)
McCarj^
Shaw (^k (relief cabin)
Richardson
Ovotend (relief cabin)
Salcha
Salcha (relief cabin)
Fairbanks, radio station
Fairbanks, otty o(Doe (end of first section).
Ohftna, ,
Monument (relief oal^)
Nenana
NenanaMisskm(nUef cabin)
Minto (no station)
Tolovana
HotSnrinn.
American Crsek (no station)
FortOibboo
Birohes
Kokrtnes.
Melosi.
Louden
EoTukuk
Nalato Tend of second seotioa).
Interm^
diate.
AHlts.
TotaL
MOes.
0
0
18
18
14
82
10
42
6
48
1 4
58
' 14
m
14
80
33
103
I 25.5
128.5
' 27
155.6
35
190.5
11
201.6
0
107.5
1 18
225.6
10.5
242
8
2S0
10
2ao
18
278
! 12
2B0
1 0
290
10
818
18
386
16
851
18.5
869.6
.5
370
10
880
20
400
17
417
11
428
17
446
82
477
32
600
21
500
27
667
51
008
»
oa
87
683
m
712
48
760
20
780
BEPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFPICEB.
867
Stations.
Hot Springs-Rampart: »»^''^ "^ ^° ">^™-
Hot Springi* ••••
Eoriika
Rampart.
Fort Egbcrt-Botrndary:
Fort Egbwt (radio)
Botmdary (no station)
Fort Gibbon loop (Fort Olbbon radio to dty office)
Nolato loop (Nuiato radio to city office)
Nome-Fori Davis:
Nome (radio)
Nome (dty office)
Fort Davis.
Seattle-Seward:
SeaUle
Sitka
Valdei
FortLiscum
Valdee-Montague Island . . .
Montagoe Island-Seward. . .
Montague Island-O)rdova..
CordovarC^De Whiteshed. .
Sltka-Skagway:
Sitka!:....
Cape Fanshaw (no station).
Jnneau
Haines.
CABLES.
Bkagway. . . .
Jnneau-Douglas.
SitkaJapendd Island:
Sitka.
Japonskllsland
Cape Fanshaw-Ketchlkan:
Cape Fanshaw (no station).
WrangelL
Hadley
Eietohikan
Fort Lawton-Fort Worden:
FortLawton
Fort Worden
Fort Lawton-Fort Ward:
Fort Lawton
Fort Ward
Seattle-Fort Lawton:
Seattle .-
Fort Lawton
RADIO.
Bgbert-(^ircle
(^le-Fairbanks
Egbert-Fairbanks
Fairbanks- Gibbon
Oibbon-8t. Michael
Nom»-8t. Michael
St. Mkdiael-KotMk
KoUik-Nome
Petersburg- Wrangell . . .
Fairbank»-Nu]ato
Gibbon-Nome
Gibbon-Nolato
Gibbondrde
Gibboo-Egbert
St. Mldwd-Nulato
Noma^Nulato
Nom»-St. Paul (naval).
Nulato-KotUk.
Interme-
diate.
MiUi.
0
22
28
0
13
.25
.25
0
.75
3.75
1.
0
066.08
595.42
4.10
68.87
127.79
58.99
9.72
0
210.6
91.1
106.72
17.88
2.82
.35
0
74.27
80.06
31.83
0
39.59
0
11.85
0
8.67
110
126
197
130
330
127
52
139
30
305
400
181
232
320
150
220
558
214
RECAPrrULATION.
Land lines.
CablM
TotaL
MiUs.
780
802
830
830
843
843.25
843.5
843.5
844.25
848
0
1,086.08
1,681.5
1.685.09
1,754.5«
1,882.35
1,941.34
1,951.06
1,951.06
2,161.06
2,252.76
2,350.48
2,377. {6
2.380.18
2,380.18
2,380.53
2,380.53
2,454.80
2,534.86
2,566.60
2,566.09
2,606.28
2.606.28
2,618.13
2,618.13
2.626.80
848
2,626.8
Total i 3,474.8
Ten radio statkms.
Note.— For administratirt parposis the Washington-Alaska Military (Sable & Telegraph Svstem is
divided into three sections, vis, cable section from Seattle to Sitka, indusive, with headquarters at Seattle;
first section from Vildes to and induding Fairbanks city office and radio station, and the cable stations
at Seward and Cordova, with headquarters at Valdtf ; second section indudes the remainder of the land
IhMs and all other radio stations in the interior of Alaska, with headquarters at Fort Gibbon.
868 BEPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICES.
While there were 24 interruptions of the cables on this section
reported during the year, most of them were of comparatively short
duration and caused by the operations of the cable boat in insert-
ing new special type deep-sea cable where the action of ocean cur-
rents and unfavorable location had caused the cables to become weak,
physically and electrically. The improvement has been so marked
that it is hoped that serious consideration can soon be given to du-
plexing of the main cable. This work of improvement will be con-
tinued.
SECOND SECTION.
The lines and stations of this section, extending from Chena to
Nulato and inclusive of all radio stations except I^ airbanks, are re-
ported in excellent condition. The line from Fort Gibbon to Nulato
was completely traversed and thorough repairs made, also from Ram-
paii; to Eureka and from Fort Gibbon to Hot Springs. Interruptions
to the land lines totaled 12 days. The longest was of seven days
duration due to the great storm of January 4, 1916. Interruptions
to the radio only totaled 16 hours, of which 8 hours was due to the
breaking of a mast at the St. Michael station during that storm.
The former stations at Minto and Nenana have been abandoned
and consolidated into a station at the new town site of Nenana, 13
miles below the old Nenana station and 20 miles above the old Minto
station. This change was made on account of the construction of
the new railroad, which will cross the Tanana River at this point.
RADIO.
The radio stations continued in efficient operation during the entire
year, the total of interruptions being less than one day. They con-
tinue to demonstrate their value as a link in the telegraph system,
being especially adapted for use in Alaska, where the topographical
and climatic conditions are almost wholly unfavorable to the con-
tinuous maintenance and operation of land line construction. All
traffic for St. Michael, Nome, and other points west of Nulato is
now bein^ handled satisfactorily by radio and new stations, which
will furnish communication to a district heretofore without tele-
?:raphic facilities, are now in the course of construction at Holy
)ross and Fort Yukon.
Detailed statement of expenditures under Army appropriation act, appraised
March 4, 1915.
Appropriation for fiscal year 1916 $50,000.00
1. For all radiotelegraph installations $5, 202. 28
2. Rebuilding and betterments to the military
telegraph lines, second section 3, 530. 21
3. Rebuilding and betterments to the military
telegraph lines, first section 13,950.53
4. Extensions and betterments to the Alaskan
cable system 27,316.98
60, 000. 00
CONDrriON OF ENLISTED MEN IN ALASKA.
There were 207 enlisted men of the Signal Corps on duty in oon-
nection with the operation and maintenance of the system at the end
REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICEB, 869
of the fiscal year 1915 and 187 on June 30, 1916, making a loss of
20 men during the year. The average number of infantrymen on
duty with the Signal Corps in Alaska was 26. There were two de-
sertions during the year and no deaths.
PHUiIFPINB ISLANDS.
Construction, maintenance, and operation of post telephone sys-
tems, military telegraph lines, radiotelegraph stations, the installa-
tion of fire-control systems, the issue and maintenance of unit
accountability equipment for the organized strength in the Philip-
pines have been satisfactorily conducted during the year.
There are 17 post telephone systems in operation, having a total
of 1,091 telephones. Bepairs and improvements have been made to
the systems at Be^an Barracks, Camp John Hay, Camp McGrath,
Camp Eldridge, Camp Overton, and Forts William McKinley and
San JPedro. The telephone systems at Augur Barracks (Jolo), and
subpost Asturias were reconstructed. Changes and betterments were
made at other posts. The systems at Warwick Barracks and Camp
Grege were discontinued ; the telephone service at the former post is
now being supplied by a commercial company.
Military telegraph offices at Camp Jonn Hay (Mountain Prov-
ince) and Camp McGrath (Batangas) were maintained with equip-
ment supplied by the Bureau of P(^, but enlisted men of the Signal
Corps were detailed for duty as operators.
The Manila-Fort Mills submarine cable gave excellent service
throughout the year. During the year there was a total of 19,278
messages handled over this cable.
Bamotelegraph stations were maintained at Fort Mills, Fort
William McKifiley, and Manila. The station at Fort Mills (Cor-
regidor) gave excellent satisfaction throughout the year, establii^-
ing communication with trans-Pacific transports in the vicinity of
Guam and to some distance east of Nagasaki, after their departure
from Manila. This station also communicated with the interisland
transports, and commercial radiograms 8 re exchanged between Fort
Mills and merchant vessels. The receipts during the year were $751.58
for " this line " and $293.09 for the " other line." The total number
of messages handled was 21,135.
A radio set was installed on the mine planter San Pedro. Oper-
ators are detailed for duty on the interisland transports Liscwn^
Merritt^ and Warren. The latter vessel was equipped with a storage
battery auxiliary for emergency use.
Extensions and repairs to tne fire-control system were continued
throughout the year, rather than new work. All material for the
fire-control installation at Fort Drum has been transferred to the
district engineer for installation by the Corps of Engineers.
During the year 48,338 feet of cable were laid at Fort Mills for the
fire-control and post telephone systems, 122 new telephones were
added to the system, and a signal mast and Ardois lights were
installed. The target range at Fort Mills was equipp^ with a buzzer
annunciator system.
The Signal Corps general supply depot at Manila carries a large
stock of both fire-control and signal-service material, and during the
year 1,380 shipments were made. The shop at this depot makes all
870 BEPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.
necessary repairs to equipment sent in for that purpose, and during
the year manufactured and repaired 2,665 articles, having a total
value of $47,978.84.
Two companies of the Signal Corps are on duty in the Philippine
Department — Field Company L, stationed at Fort William Mc-
Kinley, Rizal, and Depot Cfompany F, stationed at Manila. The
majority of the members of the latter company are on detached
service throughout the islands performing autv as telegraph and
radio operators, telephone repairmen, fire-control construction work,
machinists, clerks, storekeepers, etc.
HAWAII.
The original authorized fire-control system in the coast defenses
of Oahu was completed, but a number of changes and extensions have
been found necessary. A small amount of original work and a con-
siderable amount of repair work required the services of several
Signal Corps men during the year.
An electrical range-transmitting device was installed at Battery
Harlow, Fort Ruger. Detailed estimates have been prepared for
the Signal Corps material for the land defense scheme on the north-
east fronts at Pearl Harbor and for antiaircraft gims. Conduits
for the permanent underground telephone system at Fort Kame-
hameha have been completed and are ready for the installation of
the cables.
A switchboard and 30 telephones were installed in the department
hospital at Fort Shafter, the material being supplied by the Quarter-
master Corps.
The Signal Corps has but one permanent radio station in the
Hawaiian Islands, this being located at Port De Russy. While tiiis
station is of comparatively small power (2-kilowatt) , it operates very
successfully with the transports to and from Honolulu up to a dis-
tance of about 1,000 miles.
Military telegraph lines were maintained connecting departmental
headquarters at Honolulu with all stations of troops on Oahu. They
were:
Honolulu via Fort Shafter to Schofield Barracks, 27f milea
Honolulu via Fort Armstrong to Forts Kamehameha, De Russy,
and Ruger, 19 miles. Six offices handled a total of 24,245 messages.
THE PANAMA CANAL ZONE.
The Signal Corps engineer sent to the Panama Canal Zone in con-
nection with the installation of the fire-control systems is still on
duty there. The work has been under the direction of the canal
authorities and is practicallv complete.
Radio Company A, Signal Corps, was transferred from the United
States to the Canal Zone during the year, and arrived at Corozal
December 16, 1916. This company consisted of 2 officers and 74
enlisted men. To meet the need for additional signal troops in the
Southern Department it was necessary to return this organization
t» the TTnited States for duty in that department. Twenty-eight
enlisted men with the 1-kilowatt skid set and 2-kilowatt wagon set
assigned to this company left the Canal Zone for New Orleans on
BEPOBT OF THB OHIBF SIGNAL OFFIOBB. 871
April 23, 1916, and the remainder of the company sailed June 25,
1916. A platoon of Telegraph Company H, Signal Corps, remained
in the Canal Zone during the year and was engaged in the installa-
tion and maintenance of telephone systems.
UNITED STATES.
The operations of the corps have, in addition to the work of the
aviation section, included the management of military telegraph
lines; the construction of military telephone lines and camp tele-
phone systems; the establishment of post telephone and annunciator
buzzer target-range systems ; the supply of signal unit accountability
equipment to the Army and the National Guard ; the supply of ma-
terial for the maintenance of fire-control systems for the coast de-
fenses and equipment for fort signal stations for communicating
with vessels of the Navy ; the enlistment and training of recruits in
visual signaling, electricity, radiotelegraphy, and telephone matters;
electrical and other experimental work; and the preparation of the
corps for war and .other emergencies.
Kadio Company A : A detachment of 28 enlisted men of this com-
pany arrived at Fort Sam Houston from the Canal 2k)ne April 29,
1916. Fourteen men of this detachment with radio skid set No. 2 were
stationed at Mission, replacing the detachment with radio tractor
No. 2, which was orderea to Columbus. The remaining men of this
detachment with wagon radio set No. 6 were stationed at Del Rio.
The headquarters of Radio Company A, consisting of 2 officers and
47 enlisted men, with all equipment, animals, and transportation,
arrived at New Orleans from the Canal 2k)ne June 30, 1916, and
transferred from Texas
took over all the lines of
communication established and operated by Telegraph Company H
in that section and installed additional camp telephone systems and
telegraph and telephone lines. A detachment, stationed at Ojo de
Agua, was attacked by bandits on the night of October 21, 1916;
two men were killed and three seriously wounded, and the radio
pack set destroyed. On March 11, 1916, a detachment of 20 men of
this company with radio pack sets was ordered to Columbus for
duty with the punitive expedition. On June 22, 1916, the company
left Mission en route to Brownsville for station, arriving at that
point June 26, 1916.
Field Company E : A detachment of 18 enlisted men of this com-
Eany with wagon radio set No. 1 arrived at Fort Sam Houston from
[awaii May 13, 1916, and was sent to Eagle Pass for station. The
headquarters of this company, consisting of 1 officer and 76 enlisted
men, was ordered from Hawaii on June 18, 1916.
Telegraph Company H: This company, less one platoon which is
stationed m the Canal Zone, has been on duty in the Southern De-
partment during the year. Detachments have been engaged in the
construction and repair of border telephone and buzzer lines; the
construction of a telephone line from Fort Sam Houston to Leon
Springs; the installation of camp telephone systems; and the main-
tenance and operation of the buzzer system in the " Big Bead " dis-
trict. During the month of March one telegraph section of this com-
872 REPORT OP THE OHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.
•
pany, consisting of 23 enlisted men with section equipment, trans-
portation, etc., was ordered to Columbus for duty with the punitive
expedition, and 10 additional men joined the detachment at that
pomt March 18, 1916.
Field Company E and a platoon of Depot Company M were ou
duty in this department during the year. Field Company E, in
addition to its routine duties, carried on a great deal of experimental
work in visual signaling. A detachment of 18 enlisted men with a
radio wagon set were returned from Honolulu in April, 1916, for
duty in the Southern Department. The balance of the company sub-
sequently proceeded to the Southern Department, sailing from Hono-
lulu July 5, 1916. The personnel of the platoon of Depot Company
M was engaged on fire-control maintenance and telephone work in
the Hawaiian Department during the year.
Field Company I : This company has been on duty in the Southern
Department durmg the entire year with headquarters at Camp Fort
Bliss until March 23, 1916, when it was transferred to Columbus for
duty with the punitive expedition. This company operated and
maintained the ouzzer system in the " Big Bend" aistrict until re-
lieved by a detachment of Telegraph Company H during January.
The company also operated the wagon and pack radio stations m
the Hachita and Douglas districts.
GENERAL DEPOTS OF SUPPLY,
The administration of the Signal Corps general supply depots at
Fort Wood, Fort Mason, and Omaha has continued satisfiictory dur-
ing the year. To meet conditions on the Mexican border and to fa-
cilitate the issue of unit-accountability equipment to troops assigned
to border duty, additional supply depots were established at San
Antonio and El Paso.
The total weight of material received and shipped by the depots,
not including the San Antonio and El Paso, aggregated 3,593 tons,
comprising 56,830 packages, boxes, and crates; and 8,736 requisi-
tions were received and disposed of.
The depot repair shops nave been economically utilized in the
quick repair of unserviceable equipment received at depots. The
total value of material repaired was $107,992.22; the cost of repairs
exclusive of labor was $1,264.76.
BORDER TELEPHONE LINES.
During the months of September and October last the military
telephone line from Laredo to Zapata was extended from the latter
point to San Pedro ranch and from that point to Roma, connecting
at the latter place with the commercial telephone system. This work
was completed on October 22 and provides continuous telephonic
communication from Laredo to Brownsville. A Government tele-
phone line is also in operation from Laredo northward to Palafox.
A Signal Corps telephone line is in operation from Eagle Pass to
Blockers ranch and from Eagle Pass to Lehman's ranch.
Following the raid on the patrol station at Glen Springs in May,
a detachment of Telegraph Company H was ordered to Marathon
BEPOBT OP THE CHIEF SIGNAL OPPICBB. 873
for the purpose of constructing a buzzer or telephone line from that
point to Boquillas, on the river. A buzzer line was first constructed
and later converted into a telephone line.
A telephone line between Hachita and Las Cienegas was completed
on June 28 and is being extended to Culberson^s ranch and Alamo
Hueco. Buzzer stations were installed at Marfa, RawPs ranch (Ma-
hon ranch), Terlingua, Presidio, Shafter, Candelaria, Quinn's ranch,
and Alpine.
There are at present approximately 677 miles of buzzer and tele-
graph lines, 642 miles of telephone lines, and 19 radio stations in
operation, giving what is believed to be a complete system along
the entire border and enabling the officer in command to keep in
constant touch with all organizations and outposts.
CABLE SHIP.
The United States Army transport Bumside^ with headquarters
at Seattle, Wash., has continued on duty as cable ship in connection
with the repair and maintenance of the Alaskan cable system.
MILrrAHY TELEGRAPH LINES.
The following military telegraph lines are operated and main-
tained in the United States :
(a) Holbrook to Fort Apache, Ariz. This line handles official and
commercial business. A relay station is located at Snowflake, 30
miles from Holbrook.
(b) Spofford to Fort Clark, Tex. — 10 miles — handles official and
commercial business.
" This line " receipts, amounting to $683.68, were collected and de-
posited with the Treasurer of the United States. " Other line " tolls,
amounting to $293.31, were collected and turned over to connecting
commercial companies.
Twenty-eight offices were in operation at the close of the fiscal
year^ 25 being operated by enlisted men of the Signal Corps and 3
by civilian operators.
ARMr SIGNAL SCHOOL.
Eleven student officers composed this year's class, which was given
instruction in the same subjects as the previous year, but, owing to
circumstances, it was found necessary to shorten the course and
graduate the class on May 10, 1916.
POST TELEPHONE SYSTEMS.
On account of the absence of the garrisons from a large number
of posts but little work was undertaken during this year, and at
several of the posts it was necessary to place the telephone systems
practically out of commission, leaving only such telephones as were
necessary for general administrative purposes. Extensive repairs
were made at Fort Ontario and Fort Oglethorpe. Material was
supplied and telephone systems constructed at the camps of instruc-
874 BBPORT OF THE OHIEF SIGNAL OFFICEB,
tion at Plattsburg, Tobyhanna, and Oglethorpe. They were more or
less of a temporarjr nature and were partially dismantled when the
camps were discontinued.
In the Panama Canal 2k)ne common battery systems were installed
at head(][aarters, United States troops, Ancon, consisting of a 50-
drop switchboard and 48 telephones; camp at Empire, 100-drop
switchboard and 81 telephones; Camp GaiUard. 100-drop switch-
board and 69 telephones; Corozal, 100-drop switchboard and 72 tele-
phones ; Gatun, local battery system with a 60-drop switchboard and
24 telephones. The telephone system at Camp E. S. Otis was recon-
structed and new motor generator set and switchboard were installed.
At Fort Huachuca a complete new underground system with a 200-
line common battery switchboard and approximately 100 telephones
and all the necessary underground distribution was installed, giving
this post a telephone system of the most modem type.
New switchboards were installed at Forts George Wright, Mc-
Dowell, and Clark. These switchboards are of greater capacity, to
care for extensions.
TAROBT-RANGB BUZZER ANNUNCIATOR SYSTEMS.
No new installations were undertaken. More or less work was
necessary at all ranges to place them in proper condition for the
target seasons. Extensive repairs were made to the ranges at Foils
Ethan Allen and Leavenworth and I^eon Springs. These systems
were thoroughly overhauled and placed in first-class condition. Plans
and estimates for a new system to be installed on the range at Fort
Huachuca were prepared and submitted.
FIBE-CONTBOL SYSTEMS AT COAST-DEFENSE COMMANDS.
While the Signal Corps is now only charged with the supply of
material for the installation and maintenance of the fire-control
systems at coast-defense commands, advice and recommendations are
usually requested in connection with all estimates. The usual amount
of mamtenance work has been performed. It consisted of more or
less reconstruction work in connection with both the fire-control and
post-telephone systems at practically all the Coast Artillery posts.
COMMERCIAL TELEPHONE SERVICE FOR COAST-DEFENSB COM-
MANDS.
Commercial telephone service at posts in the coast-defense com-
mands is provided for from funds specially appropriated for this
purpose and expended by the Signal Corps. iTiis service is ob-
tained in most cases through trunk lines to the Government switch-
board. At the remaining posts the local authorities desire to con-
tinue the present system of renting lines and the necessary instru-
ments. Provisions nave been made for commercial telephone service
at all the coast-defense posts, with the exception of the defenses at
Mobile, where the local conditions do not warrant the expenditure.
Eight thousand five himdred dollars was expended for this purpose
during the past fiscal year, and a like amount has been appropriated
for the fiscal year 1917. The policy of arranging for the direct con-
REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL. OFFICER.
875
nection of the commercial trunk lines to the post telephone switch-
boards has resulted in a decided improvement to the service.
PEBSONNEL OF THE SIGNAL COBPa
The enlisted strength of the Signal Corps aggregates 1,638 men,
including 339 men in the aviation section. During the fiscal year
the following changes took place: Enlisted and reenlisted, 315, of
whom 258 were recruits; deserted. 26, being 1.76 per cent of the total
force; died, 6, 0.4 per cent; discharged for disability, 14, 0.95 per
oent; discharged by purchase, 98, 6.65 per cent. There were 77 en-
listed men transferred to the reserve during the year.
ENGINEEBING DIVISION— SIGNAL OFFICE.
The work handled during the fiscal year was: Orders placed, 1,950;
vouchers audited and paid, 2,629; transportation requests prepared,
900; advertisements for proposals issued, about 7,000 copies dis-
tributed, 850; shipping manifests on supply depots, 3,021.
Letters, memoranda, post-card notices, and a large number of
other miscellaneous papers pertaining to these items are not in-
cluded in the statement, it bemg impracticable to maintain a record
of the number.
Eighty-one illustrations were prepared and 35 revised for use
with the revised edition of Signal Corps Manual No. 3. Approid-
mately 8,500 copies of blue prints and lithographs were issued in con-
nection with the purchase of supplies and lor the information of the
technical force in the field.
The following shows the disbursements from Signal Corps ap-
propriations during the fiscal year :
Appropriation.
fiigDAl Service of the Army 1916
Signal Service of the Army 1916-17
Maintenance, etc., fire control installations at seacoast defenses . . . ,
Maintenance, etc., fire control installations at seacoast defenses, insa
lar possessions
Washington-Alaska Military Cable and Telecraph System. 1916....
Commercial telephone service at Coast Artillery posts, 1915-16
Commercial telephone service at Coast Artillery posts, 1916
Repairs of deep sea military cables
Expenses, commission on selection of site for aviation school, 1916..
Amount.
1600,000.00
600,000.00
135,327.23
11,244.13
60,000.00
1,222.00
6,500.00
5,901.97
1,000.00
Disburse-
ments.
1600,000.00
600,000.00
128.534.67
10,500.31
50,000.00
1,220.10
5,673.31
5,991.07
074.10
Balance
unex-
pended.
•6,792.56
653.92
1.90
826.69
25.90
The following shows the disbursements i'or allotments to the
Signal Corps during the fiscal year :
Appropriation.
Fire control installations
Board of Ordnance and FortiAcatfons.
Equipment of Coast Artillery armories, Organized Militia.
Panama fcortifications
Arms, uuirorms, equipments, etc., Orguiized Militia, 1916
Field ArtiUery for Organized Militia, 1915-1917
Amount.
186,865.47
18,000.00
960.62
2,170.26
17,068.00
16,000.00
Disburse-
ments.
158,688.24
8,606.31
080.62
2,170.26
17,068.00
4,895.02
Balance
unex-
pended.
128.177.23
14,351.69
n,6ai.96
876 RBPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICEB.
SIGNAL CORPS LABORAlt)RY.
The laboratory, maintained in connection with the Engineering
Division, is proving more and more valuable each year in connection
with the development of equipment and the construction of models,
as well as the construction of certain radio equipment which it is
impracticable to procure from manufacturing companies.
A larse portion of the work during the past year was in connection
with radio equipment and numerous improvements have been made
in both the portable and station sets, especially the receiver used
with these. In order to obtain satisfactory field equipment that
will withstand the hard use to which it is subjected, it is necessary
that some portions of the pack radio sets be constructed by the
Signal Corps as well as a complete set assembled under the direct
supervision of those having expert knowledge in this line. While
this work has taxed the laboratory to its utmost capacity, practically
no delay has been experienced in getting these sets out, and during
the year 36 were assembled.
It has still been found impracticable to have the portable radio
masts used for field sets made up elsewhere and it has therefore
been necessary that this work be done in the laboratory. During
the year there has been made up fifty-six 40-foot masts and twenty-
four 80- foot masts.
Another field telephone switchboard for brigade purposes, similar
to the one made up last yearj but embodying many improvements,
was constructed and is now m the field for test. Several models
of a new and improved breast reel, also for use in connection with
the brigade telephone equipment, were constructed and are now
undergomff tests m the field with the other equipment. A model of
a new field induction telegraph set embodying improvements over
the present set was constructeKl and is now being tested.
PUBLICATIONS.
RADIOTELEORAPHT.
l%e revised edition of this manual, which is issued as Signal
Corps Circular No. 1, 1914 (revised May, 1915), has been distributed
to the service. This manual, in its new form, treats in an elementary
way of the general principles of radiotelegraphy and has been an
important aid in lamiliarizing the service with the operation,
care, and maintenance of the radiotelegraph sets issued by the
Signal Corps.
RADIO LOG BOOK.
The new edition of the Radio Log Book has been received from
the printer and issued to the personnel at radio stations of the Army.
The revised edition of this book contains instructions and infor-
mation for the station personnel.
PRICE LIST.
The price* list of equipment and material, issued annually to the
Army and the National Guard, was revised to June 30, 1916, and
issues have been made. This pamphlet, in its new form, shows the
unit price, weight, and revised nomenclature of standard equipment,
maintenance parts, and material issued bv the Signal Corps in con-
nection with visual signaling, fire control installations of the Coast
and Field Artillery, and post telephone and small-arms target-range
systems.
SIGNAI] CX)RPS MANUAL NO. 2.
The revised edition of this manual, " Regulations for United States
Military Telegraph Lines, Alaskan Cables, and Telegraph Stations,
U. S. Signal Corps," with all technical matter eliminated, has been
received from the printer and issued to the service.
SIGNAL CORPS MANUAL NO. 3.
Signal Corps Manual No. 3, "Electrical Instruments and Tele-
phones of the U. S. Signal Corps," has been rewritten. The new
manual is entitled " Technical Equipment of the Signal Corps." Re-
vised text of portions of Signal Corps Manuals 3, 4, and 7 are em-
bodied in the new manual, together with a great amount of original
text fully illustrated. This manual contains technical information
on various subjects relative to telephony, telegraphy, cable systems,
aerial-line construction, post-telepnone systems, submarine cables,
and submarine telegraphy, as well as an enumeration of all standard
Signal Corps equipment, with detailed description of various ap-
877
878 BBPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIOKAL OFFIOEB.
paratus and their uses. The new edition is now being printed and
will be ready for issue in the near future.
SIGNAL CORPS MANUAL NO. 8.
The revised edition of Signal Corps Manual No. 8, "Apparatus for
Fire Control and Direction," fully described in my last annual re-
port, has been received from the printer and issued to the service.
SIGNAL BOCK, UNITED STATES ARMY.
The Army Signal Book (1916) has been received from the printer
and distribution made. This publication has b^n completely re-
written and all existing inconsistencies in signaling methods elimi-
nated.
RADIOTELEGRAPHT.
Continual improvements are being made in the radio equipment
furnished by the Signal Corps, in order that the equipment supplied
may keef pace with the rapid advancement of the art.
There are now being constructed under the direct supervision of
the Engineering; Division of this office eight wa^on sets, which will
embody many miprovements over those previously constructed.
Much work is also being done toward the development of equip-
ment for the construction of a number of additional 2-kilowatt trac-
tor sets, which will be along the lines of those now operating so suc-
cessfully along the Mexican border.
More or less work has been done with a view of equipping the
radio hand generators with an engine drive, and while this, to a
certain extent, has been successful, a satisfactory engine has not yet
been found. The sets so equipped, however, aVe ^^ving very g6<xl
service, and by their use make available several men in each case
for other purposes who would be required to operate the hand gen-
erators.
Material is being assembled for the construction of a large radio
station at Fort Bliss, which will be similar to the one now erected at
Fort Sam Houston. Estimates have also been prepared for stations
at Forts Mcintosh and Huachuca, and it is expected that these sta-
tions will be erected during the coming year.
While no large installations were made during this year, several
of the Coast Artillery posts and harbor boats were equipped with
250- watt sets. Th^ were the Randal^ Morrison^ Anderaar^ Arnold^
Oetty^ Bramvofu JVeeks^ Pickering^ and Reno. These installations
were made partlv under the supervision of the Signal Corps. Sets
installed on the harbor boats Mifflin and Howard were installed by
the personnel of the Coast Artillery. Two hundred and fifty-watt
table sets were also installed at Fort Constitution, Fort Caswell, Fort
Moultrie, Fort Date, Fort Terry, and Fort San Jacinto. Fort
Adams, K. I., was equipped with a 1-kilowatt coast defense radio
station.
An additional motor generator set was installect in the radio sta-
tion at Fort Winfield Scott, this set to operate from the direct-current
post power system. With the installation of this set three sources
of power are now available for the operation of the station and its
continuous operation is practically assured.
The five mine planters in the United States, namely, Armistead^
Rinpgoldy Schofield^ Ord^ and Franks were equipped with 1-kilowatt
radio sets, including the antenna and other necessary equipment. On
several occasions, wnen the transports stationed on the Atlantic coast
were placed in or out of commission, the Signal Corps has overhauled
or dismantled the radio sets. The radio equipment on the trans-
Pacific transports has been properly maintained, and such repairs
879
880
BEPOBT OF THE OHIEF SIONAI. OFFIGEB.
as were necessary were made during the st^ of these transports at
San Francisco. At Fort Wood, New York Harbor, a new steel tower
was erected to replace a wooden mast partially destroyed by storm.
The Signal Corps radio laboratory at the Bureau of Standards
has continued to render valuable service in the improvement of the
present radio equipment and in designing and testing such new ap-
paratus as conditions have shown to be necessary. Improvements
iiave been made in the pack and larger sizes of receiving sets, so that
it is possible with the present sets to handle messages that would
have been inaudible with the former types. The work of standardi-
zation of the radio equipment has been continued so as to secure as
far as possible complete interchangeability of parts.
Mutual benefits have been derived by the cooperation of the labora-
tory of the Signal Corps with those maintained by the Department
of Commerce and by the Navy Department, particularly in the con-
stant interchange of data that has prevented a needless duplication
of work.
Radio stations installed by the Signal Corps,
Name of station.
VNITED STATES.
Fort Adams, R.I
Fort Andrew, Mass
Fort Barrancas, Fla
Brownsville. Tex
Fort Caswell. N . Y
Fort Constitution, N. H
Fort Crockett. Tex
Fort Dade, Fla
FortH. G.Wriiht.N.Y
Fort Hancock, N. J
Fort Howard. Iffd
Fort Leavenworth, Kans
Fort Leavenworth, Kans., Army Signal School.
FortLevett, Iffe
Fort Iffonroe, Va
Fort Monroe, Va., Coast Artillerv Bchool
Fort Morsan, Ala.
Fort Motutrie. 8. C
FortRIlej, Kans
Fort Rosecrans, C^l
Fort Sam Houston, Tex
Fort San Jacinto. Tex
Fort Screven, Oa
Fort Stevens, Oreg .-.
Fort Terry, N.Y
FortTotten, N. Y
Washington, D. C, Signal Corps Laboratory
Fort Whitman, Wash
Fort Wbifield Scott, Cal
FortWood. N. Y
Fort Worden. Wash
WUU
WUA
WZD
WUZ
WUT
WZE
WUX
WZK
WUC
WUB
WZB
WUD
WUV
WUE
WUF
WUO
WUR
WZF
WUI
WUS
WUJ
WUY
WZA
WUK
WUW
WUL
WUF
WZC
WUO
WUM
WUN
ALA8K\.
Circle City ! WVA
Fairbanks i WVB
Fort Egbert I WVC
FortOlbbon WVD
Fort St. Michael WVE
KoUIk WVF
Nome I WVO
Nulato
Petersburg.
WrangeU..
FBUrpDIK tSLAKDS.
Fort Fnnk (Carabfto Iitand)..
Fort Hughes (CabaUo IilaiKi).
Fort MUbTComgidor lalaM).
Fort MUlt (Oomgldor laland)
WVH
WVI
WVJ
WVL
WVM
WVN
WVZ
Power,
kilowatts.
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
8
1
1
1
1
1
10
]
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
6
5
10
3
1
10
10
1
1
10
I
Whether open to public
MCYiee.
Not open to public
Do.
Do.
Da
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Experimental.
Not open to public
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Da
Do.
Do.
Do.
Da
Do.
Do.
Do.
Experimental.
Not open to public
Do.
Do.
Open to public service
Open to pabUc
Da
Do.
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Not opeo to pablir eervica.
Da
ot open ti
(aujoUary
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.
881
Radio stations installed by the Signal Corps — Continued.
Name of station.
pHiLipnNX ISLANDS— continued.
Fort Drum (El Frafle Island)
Fort William McKjnley (Kizal)
Fort Wint (Grande Island)
Manila
HAWAD.
Fort De Roflsy (Honolulu)
FortShafter
UMITBD STATES ASMT TRANSPOET 8EBVICB.
Buford
Bumside (used as cable ship)
Crook
Dix
Kflpatrick
Liscum
Logan
Meade 1
McClellan
Merritt
Sheridan
Sherman
Sumner
Thomas
Warren
CABLE SHIPS.
Bumside. (See Transports.)
Cyrus W. Field
Joseph Henry ,
ATBILLEBT HABBOB TU08.
Captain A. M. WetherOl. .
Captain Chas. W. RowelL .
Captain Gregory Barrett . .
Captain James Fomance. .
Captain T. M. Morrison. . .
(leneral A. M. Randol
General G. W. Getty. ,
General George H. Weeks. . . ,
General Harvey Brown
General J. M. Brannan ,
General MifRin
General Nathaniel Greene
(}eneral R. B. Ayers
General R. H. Jackson
General R. N. Batchelder. . . .
General Richard Arnold ,
(leneral Robert Anderson. . . .
(General Robert Swartwout . . .
Generals. B. Holabird
General Timothy Pickering. .
Henry Wilson ,
Lieutenant George M. Harris.
Major Albert G. Forse
Ma, or Evan Thomas
Major Guy Howard ,
Reno.
Spricx (Carroll.
San Pedro
Colonel (3eorge Armistead. .
(General Royal T. Frank. . .
(General Samuel M. Mills. . .
Qen«al Henry J. Himt. . . .
Qen«al Henry Knox
General Edward O. C. Ord.
General John M. Sohofleld..
Migor Samuel Ringgold
UNRXD STATES ABMT MINB PLANTBB8.
laUTIA ABMOBHa.
Fvirtland, Me.
CaU
Power,
letter.
kilowatts.
WVP
1
WVQ
WVR
1
WVU
1
WZO
2
WZH
1
WXA
3
WXR
3
WXB
2
WXC
3
WXD
2
WXE
2
WXP
6
wxo
2
WXH
2
WXI
2
WXJ
6
WXK
6
WXL
3
WXM
6
WXN
2
WX8
3
WXT
1
WYT
1
WYI
WYP
■
WYM
'
WYZ
WYJ
.
WYS
.
WZT
WYK
■
WZV
WZX
WZR
WYL
WYW
,
WZW
WYY
WYH
1
WYU
,
WYV
, .
WZQ
WZ8
WYR
WYQ
WYO
■ i
WZY
,
WYN
WZU
WZZ
Y
WYG
WYA
WYB
2
WYD
WYB
WYF
wxw
WYC
WXV
i
Whether open to public
service.
Not open to public service.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Not open to public aervksu
Do.
Open to public lervloe.
Not open to public servloew
Open to public aervioti
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Not open to pabllo
Do.
NotopsntopabUo
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Not open to pahlle
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
e8176'— WAB 1916— VOL 1-
56
MILITARY AVIATION.
The concentration of the forces composing the punitive expedition
to Mexico marked a distinct step in military aviation in the United
States. It was the first time tnis branch of the service had been
called upon to put a tactical unit into the field. There was only one
such in the service, namely, a small squadron, the First, at San An-
tonio, Tex. This^ while equipped with as good material as could be
obtained at the time, had only eight low-powered machines, Th^
machines at the time of their transportation to Columbus had been in
service for many months. The altitudes encountered in Mexico, up
to 12,000 feet, the vast distances to be covered, and the lack of culti-
vated areas and resources in general made this theater one of the
hardest to operate in which any army had ever entered. The few
machines were rapidly used up, although they did a great amount of
flying and rendered extremely valuable service to the punitive
expedition.
The urgent deficiency act of March 31, 1916, gave the aviation
section of the Signal Corps $500,000, the greatest sum up to that
time that had been appropriated at any one time for aviation in the
Army. A board of officers of the aviation section, who were experts
in the construction and purchase of material, was assembled at Wadi-
ington and consulting engineers of the highest caliber obtained. This
board recommended certain types of material to be bought, and, as a
result, a squadron equipment of twelve 160-200 horsepower military
tractor biplanes was purchased and delivered to the aero squadron
with the punitive expedition in Mexico. Other material was pur-
chased for the squadron, so that it gradually became a spendidly
equipped organization complete in all details, that is, aeroplanes,
motor trucks, portable machme shops, automatic photographic came-
ras, machine gims, shoulder rifles, bombs, and other accessories.
In spite of the success obtained in organizmg and equipping this
first squadron, although, indeed, much time and effort has been re-
quired to do so, it appears that even up to the present time the state
of the art of aeroplane construction in this country is not satisfac-
tory and it is still impossible to obtain suitable material in large
amounts on short notice. Due also to the entire difference of the
theater of operations of the American Army in Mexico from the
European theater of war, the aeroplanes required in the United
States must be of quite a different type. Many things relating to
them remain to be learned and worked out before an entirely satis-
factory machine is obtained.
One deficiency which made itself very apparent was the propeller
difficulty that was experienced in the hiffh altitudes and dry atmos-
phere of northern Mexico. For a while the difficulty of keeping
propellers in condition and obtaining suitable onc^ nullified the oper-
ations of the squadron. This, however, proved in the end to be an
882
BEPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 883
advantage, because experience was gained in the construction of pro-
pellers that could have been obtained in no other way. All sorts of
propeUers were ordered, a propeller-making plant established at Co-
lumbus, and engineering talent all over the country enlisted in the
solution of the problem. The results have been good, and the squad-
ion is now in service condition. Indeed, it is reported that aero-
planes are habitually carrying the mails from Columbus to the com-
manding general's neadquarters at Colonia Dublan some hundred
miles away, the distance being covered in about 65 minutes.
As to the general development of material, the technical aero ad-
visory and inspection board of the Si^al Corps, assisted by consult-
ing engineers, has sent out specifications for various types of aero-
planes, has assisted manufacturers in the .design of equipment of all
sorts, and has availed itself of all sources of information — ^the Bu-
reau of Standards for the test of material, the opinions of distin-
guished engineers, and the actual trial of various devices in the air.
In addition, aeroplanes of the latest type have been ordered from
abroad.
An inspection department, composed of civilian engineers, has
been organized and distributed among the various factories that are
manufacturing aeroplane equipment for the Army.
The field oi inspection not only embraces the manufacture of all
sorts of heavier-than-air equipment for the aviation section, but
extends also to the units in the field and to the determination of what
materials must be obtained in advance for possible emergencies.
An aerostatic division has been established in the aviation section.
Its organization is now going forward and recommendations have
been made that the first balloon school be established at Fort Omaha,
Nebr. A large balloon shed, a hydrogen gas plant, and other equip-
ment is already there. Captive balloon organizations will be equip-
ped as soon as practicable and instruction with training dirigibles
will be inaugurated.
The aero company in the Philippine Islands has been maintained
as originally planned, and is gradually building its quarters, hangars,
and equipment. It still has the old equipment of aeroplanes which
will be replaced as soon as possible.
The Signal Corps Aviation School at San Diego, Cal., has con-
tinued to turn out expert military aviators, and, it is believed, that
the principles of flying, as taught at this school and evidenced by
its graduates, are second to none. A field officers' course in aviation
has been established here in accordance with Paragraph V, Bulletin
No. 35, War Department, September 13, 1916. There are at present
45 officers of the Army undergoing instruction at this institution,
which is the greatest number that has ever been on duty at that
place at one time. In addition, two officers of the Marine Corps are
being trained and some enlisted men.
The matter of the location of the aviation school, to be permanently
established in California, is receiving consideration, ana a site will
be purchased in the near future.
The site for an experimental and proving ground is now being se-
lected and will be purchased as soon as a decision is reached. A
f roper site which fulfills all the conditions is quite difficult to obtain.
t must be located near manufacturing centers, have water enough so
884 BBPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICSB.
that the firing of all sorts of ordnance and the dropping of explosive
missiles may oe carried on. It must be near railways, comparatively
flat, and well drained.
The project for the development of the aviation section contem-
Shites 7 aero squadrons for the Regular Army, 12 squadrons for the
lational Guard Divisions, and 5 for the defenses on both coasts
besides aerostatic units for the mobile Army and Coast Artillery.
The personnel for these will be made up from the Regular Army,
both officers and enlisted men, of officers and enlisted men of the
Reserve Corps, and of National Guard units. To train this personnel,
the facilities of the civilian aviation schools will be utilizeKi to their
maximum, and finishing schools for such personnel have already
been established and are being maintained at Chicago in the Central
Department.^ and Mineola, Long Island, in the Eastern Department,
by the aviation section. The tentative system to be followed in the
general organization of the aviation section is as prescribed in Gen-
eral Orders No. 55, War Department, 1916, which is as follows:
TENTATIVE SYSTEM FOB THE GENERAL OBOANIZATION OF THE AVIATION SECTION,
SIGNAL CORPS.
Aside from the officers and enlisted men of the Regular Army, the aviation
personnel will consist of civilians employed by the aviation section of the Signal
Corps, reserve officers, enlisted men of the Enlisted Reserve Corps, and Na-
tional Guard organizations mustered into the service of the United States.
As far as flying is concerned, nearly all the personnel must be trained from
uninstructed materiaL This also applies, to a great esctent. to mechanicians
and chauffeurs.
In general, the central office will provide for three divisions of duty.
First. — ^The provision of adequate material, such as aeroplanes and their ac-
cessories. This involves the preparation of specification for the material and Its
Inspection under the Inspection department of the central office. The inspection
department in future is Intended not only to reach all manufacturing plants and
producers of material, but also all materials in the hands of tactical units.
Second, — ^A system by which the personnel will be trained. This Involves a
school system for the officers and a training system for the men in both civilian
and military institutions.
Third, — ^The establishment of tactical units, their administration and supply.
The first will be handled by the central office through Its technical depart-
ments, and issues of supplies ordered when and where necessary.
The second will be decentralized, as fat as possible, but will be under the
general Jurisdiction of the central office in the same manner as other military
educational institutions and service schools are under the War Department.
There will be two general categories of schools: (a) The United States Army
aviation schools (such as the one now at San Diego, Cal.). whose number, for
the time being at least, is intended to be 8; that is, 1 for the Pacific coast 1
for the Central States, and 1 for the East; (b) civilian schools maintained
by manufacturers or others, which may be utilized for preliminary trainiug
purposes.
The country will be divided into three school districts. The conunanding
officer of the school at San Diego will have general Jurisdiction over all the
schools in the Western Department, the commanding officer of the school In
the central part of the country will have Jurisdiction over all the schools In
t) • Central and Southern Departments, and the commanding officer of the school
in the E^t will have Jurisdiction over all the schools in the Eastern Department.
It is intended to send aviation personnel for all formations, except those of
the Regular Army, to civilian aviation schools to obtain their preliminary In-
Btructlon, after which they may finish their course at the Army aviation schools
and obtain their military aviators* ratings.
Th'> civilian schools will be handled along the following lines :
(o) A type of training machine will be prescribed by the Government for the
TS'i ci the schools; (5) the schools will be given a certain compensation tor thm
REPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 885
Instruction of such personnel as may be assigned to them — this reimbursement
will include the average breakage and will be paid when the student satis-
factorily completes the course; students before assignment to a civilian school
will be subjected to an examination by a board to determine their physical,
mental, and moral qualifications to take the course.
Having completed their instruction the students will be available for com-
missions as reserve officers and assignment to units or other duty.
mhjtabt depabtments.
Each department will have an aviation officer, to be designated as such, on the
staff of the department commander. The aviation officer, under the department
commander, will have general supervision over all aviation personnel and stores
(with the exception of aviation schools, testing grounds, and general supply
depots of aviation material) within such departments; the general control of all
officers, men, and civilian employees of the aviation section within the depart-
ment; the instruction and equipment of all tactical units of heavier-than-alr
and lighter-than-air craft ; the preparation of requisitions for the proper supply
of aero units in his department; the plans for the creation of new aero units
within the department, both In the Regular Army and the reserve of the Regu-
lar Army ; and all other matters affecting the aviation section, including lists of
the personnel of the aviation section, Signal Officers* Reserve Corps, and the
Enlisted Reserve Corps, aviation section. Signal Corps.
When this system is fully put into effect, the aviation officers of the various
departments will remain the same in peace and war, and the organization
will be^capable of rapid expansion to take car of war conditions. The tactical
units (an aero squadron hereafter will have a depot unit of 3 officers and 20
men) would move off into the field. Jeaving behind them their respective depots^
which depots could be moved wherever necessary, and personnel supplied
directly to them from the school and depot systems.
The above indicates merely a general plan to be followed, as it Is not deemed
expedient to specify minute details to too great an extent at present. To begin
with, this system will be put into effect by the issuance of orders and directive
letters to the various officers concerned. Later, when all the points have bieen
tried out, these matters may be incorporated into Army regulations.
Personnel will be obtained for the aviation section. Signal Corps, United
States Army, as now prescribed by law and Army regulations.
Personnel for the aviation section. Signal Officers' Reserve Corps, under sec-
tion 37, national-defense act, will be obtained as prescribed in General Orders,
No. 32, War Department, July 28, 1916, and as per Appendix A, herewith.
Personnel for the Enlisted Reserve Corps, aviation section. Signal Corps,
under section 55, national-defense act, will be obtained as prescribed In Appen-
dix B, herewith.
Requirements for civilian aviation schools are contained In Appendix C, here-
with.
The method by which ofllcers and men of the National Guard may be detailed
for duty at aviation schools under section 99, national-defense act, is mentioned
in Appendix D, herewith.
Appendix A.
BEQUIREMENTS FOB SERVICE IN THE AVIATION SECTION, SIGNAL OFFICERS* BESEBYS
CORPS.
1. Authority has been issued by the Secretary of War for the organization
of the aviation section. Signal Officers' Reserve Corps. The section may con-
sist of 296 officers. The grades in said section will be in the same propor-
tion as those obtaining in the aviation section of the Signal Corps, United
States Army, up to and Including that of major. Unless especially authorized
by the officer In charge of the aviation section, all successful applicants for
commissions In the aviation section. Signal Officers' Reserve Corps, will be
commissioned in the grade of first lieutenant.
2. Any male citizen of the United States, not under 21 nor over 30 years of
age, desiring a commission In the aviation section. Signal Officers' Reserve
Corps, will submit a letter in the following form to The Adjutant General,
United States Army, to the adjutant of the department in which the applicant
886 KEPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.
lives, or to the officer in charge of the aviation section, Signal Corps of the
Army:
Letter of application for examination for commission in Officers* Reserve Corps.
(Under section 37, act of June 3, 1916.)
, , 19_-.
The
Str: I have the honor to apply for examination for a corauUssion as *
of * " In the Officers' Reserve Corps, organized under
the authority of Congress.
I have served years in*
I have pursued a regular course of instruction for
years In •
I graduated In the year from • , after having
creditably pursued the course of military instruction therein provide^l.
I was born , , and am ' a citizen of the
United States. My business is My experience is
I inclose letters of recommendation and addresses of citizens wlio know me as
follows: —
Respectfully,
The correctness of the statements above made was sworn to and subscribed
before me, , 19 — .
The communication authorizing the examination of the npplicayt will be
sufficient authority when submitted to the president of tlie examining board
before which the applicant will be ordered to appear. This board will consist
of from two to five commissioned officers of the Regular Army of the United
States, or of regular and reserve officers of the Signal Corps, including at least
one and not more than tw^o medical officers ; at least one officer of the Regidnr
Army will serve on each board. This board will be appointed on the recom-
mendation of the officer In charge of the aviation section of tlie Signal Corps
of the Army.
Each applicant will be subjected to the same physical examination as Is re-
quired of officers of the Regular Army applying for aviation duty. Applicants
will not be examined mentally, but the equivalent of a college education will
be required. The examining board will consider documentary evidence sub-
mitted by the applicant. It may seek additional Information by practical
tests, personal questions, or by procuring additional documentary evidence.
Flying ability will be given first consideration, noted and reported In the pro-
ceedings of the board. No applicant for a commission as an officer of the
aviation section. Signal Officers* Reserve Corps, will be considerecl proficient
until he Is able to pass the flying test for reserve military aviator, unless spe-
cially excepted for reasons stated by the officer In charge of the aviation section.
Signal Corps of the Army.
After the required examination, the proceedings of the board will be for-
warded to the headquarters of the convening authority, with the recommenda-
tions of the board as to the qualifications of the applicant. The offi<*er In
charge of the aviation section. Signal Corps of the Army, will recommend to
The Adjutant General the grade in which each candidate should be commla-
^ Insert gimde.
> Insert branch of service, staff corps, or deimrtment, as CaTalry, Field ArtUlery, Coast
Artillery, Infantry. Quartermaster Corps, etc.
* Name staff position, and in this case rule out 1 and 2.
* Insert service In R^ralar Army of the United States, or Volonteer forces of the Tntted
States, or Organised Militia of any State, Territory, or District of Columbia ; also state
In what capacity.
* Insert name and location of school or collese.
* Insert the name and location of the educational Institution In which an officer of tlM
Army or Navy has been detailed as superintendent or professor pursuant to law.
* Insert '* not '* If In accordance with fact
* Oath to be taken before* and signature to be made by, officer authorised by law to ad-
minister oaths.
NoTB. — The foregoing Is the form to be followed in applying for examination and la to
be addressed to the adjutant of the department In which the applicant lives. The A4|Q-
tant General of the Army, or the head of the staff corps or department concerned.
EBPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFIOEB. 887
sioned. After appointment by the President, The Adjutant General will issue
the commission. The commissions of the officers of the Officers' Reserve CJorps
will be in force for a period of five years, unless sooner terminated at the dis-
cretion of the President Such officers may be recommissioned either in the
same or higher grades for successive periods of five years, subject to such ex-
amination as may be prescribed.
In time of actual or threatened hostilities, officers of the Officers' Reserve
Corps are subject to such duty as the President may prescribe. The officer
in charge of the aviation section, when authorized by the Secretary of War.
may order reserve officers to duty for periods not to exceed 15 days a year,
and while so serving such officers will receive the pay and allowances of their
respective grades in the Regular Army.
With the consent of the reserve officers concerned, and within the limit of
funds available for the purpose, officers of the Officers' Reserve Corps will be
retained on active duty for such periods as the Secretary of War may pre-
scribe.
In order to qualify for examination as officers of the aviation section. Signal
Officers' Reserve Corps, especially qualified citizens of the United States not
under 21 nor over 27 years of age will be assisted by the United States as
follows: To become eligible for obtaining such instruction, the person desiring
it shall make application to the officer in charge of the aviation section, Signal
Corps, who, if the applicant is considered desirable, will cause such applicant
to be examined by the same board convened for the examination of officers of
the aviation section. Signal Officers' Reserve Corps, which board will pass on
the applicants' physical, mental, and moral qualifications. The physical test
shall be the same as that required for officers of the aviation section of the
Signal Corps. In the mental test the applicant will be required to establish
the fact that he has the equivalent of a college education. The moral test will
require the applicant to establish his reliability and good habits. The candidate
will be required to state in writing that if he successfully passes his aviation
tests he will become an officer in the aviation section. Signal Officers' Reserve
Corps. If the candidate successfully passes, the board will so recommend to
the officer in charge of the aviation section, Signal Corps. The officer in
charge of the aviation section, Signal Corps, will then designate the applicant
as an aviation student If the student desires to enlist in the aviation section
of the Enlisted Reserve Corps he will be made a noncommissioned officer and
placed on active duty up to the time his course is finished and he is discharged
to accept a commission in the aviation section, Signal Officers' Reserve Corps.
If he fails in his course, he may apply for his discharge from the aviation
section of the Enlisted Reserve Corps. If the student does not desire to enlist
he may attend the course as a civilian at his own expense. The aviation student
will then be assigned by the officer in charge of the aviation section to a school
for his instruction. Such school may be either a United States aviation school
or a civilian aviation school. The civilian aviation school will be one approved
by the officer in charge of the aviation section. Signal Corps, as to instructors,
machines used, and character of instruction given. The manufacturers' schools
shall receive $500 for each aviation student who qualifies for the preliminary
flying test the test to be conducted by an officer or agent of the aviation section
of the Signal Corps. For any aviation student who qualifies as a reserve
military aviator upon graduation from a civilian aviation school an additional
$300 will be paid to such school. Upon the candidate satisfactorily passing
the reserve military aviator's test he will receive a commission as an officer
In the aviation section. Signal Officers' Reserve Corps, without further exam-
ination.
It is the intention gradually to organize reserve aero squadrons in various
parts of the country from the commissioned and enlisted reserve personnel.
Appendix B.
bbquisementb fob 8ebvicb in the enlisted besebvb coups, aviation section,
signal cobps.
Qualiflcatiana.
1. (General requirementa. — Service in the Enlisted Reserve Corps, aviation
section. Signal Corps, is by enlistment. Applicants must not be under 18 nor
over 45 years of age. Tbey must be of good antecedents and habits and free
888
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.
from bodily defects and diseases. They must be citizens of the United States
or have made legal declaration of their intention to become citizens of the
United States and be able to speak, read, and write the English language.
Before enlisting, they are required to pass physical examination to determine
their fitness for service in the United States Army. Before authority for
enlistment is granted the applicants will furnish two or more certificates of
good moral character. As the service is technical, men qualified as aviators,
balloonists, or mechanicians, who have had experience in the construction and
repair of aeroplanes or internal-combustion engines, are particularly desirable.
2. Following are the numbers authorized in each grade:
(1) 54 master signal electricians.
(2) 100 sergeants, first class.
(3) 271 sergeants.
(4) 543 corporals.
(5) 1, 381 privates, first class.
(6) 276 privates.
2, 715 total.
8. Qualifications for enlistment direct into each of these grades are as follows :
(1) Candidate must have a working knowledge of gasoline motors, magnetos,
carbureters, telegraphy, and a fair knowledge of the principles of electricity
and photography.
(2) Working knowledge of motors, magnetos, and carbureters.
(3) and (4) A general knowledge of subjects given under (1) and (2) and
have sufficient training and interest to show that he is adaptable to work of
this kind.
(5) Applicants must show an interest in the subjects mentioned, be compe-
tent, and keen, to insure that he will develop along the proper lines In training.
When nien enlist in any of the above grades, certificates of enlistment in the
Enlisted Aviation Reserve Ck)rps will be issued by The Adjutant General of the
Army. The certificates will confer upon the holders when called Into active
service or when called for purposes of instruction and training, and during the
period of such active service instruction or training, all the authority, rights,
and privileges of like grades of the Regular Army. Members of the Enlisted
Reserve Corps, aviation section, Signal Corps, shall take precedence In said
corps according to dates of their certificates of enlistment therein, and when
called Into active service, or when called out for purposes of instruction and
training, shall take precedence next below all other enlisted men of like
grades In the Regular Army. The President is authorized by law to assign
members of the Enlisted Reserve Corps, aviation section, Signal Corps, as
reserves to particular organizations of the Regular Army. The Secretary of
War Is authorized by law to order enlisted men of the Enlisted Reserve Corps,
aviation section. Signal Corps, to active service for purposes of instruction or
training for periods not to exceed 15 days per year, provided that, with the con-
sent of such enlisted men and within the limits of funds available for such
purposes, such periods of active service may be extended for such number of
enlisted men as may be deemed necessary. Enlisted men will receive the
pay and allowances of their respective grades in the Regular Army, but only
when ordered into actual service, including the time required for actual travel
from their homes to the places to which ordered and return to their homes.
4. Rates of pay, — ^The grades and pay of the enlisted force of the avIatioD
section. Signal Corps, United States Army, are as follows:
ICasttf slfnial electilcfans
SwKeants, fint^K^lass
Scrstaots
Cooks
Corporab
PrlvstaB, flnt-olMs
?rtT»tti
While senrinr
in tbe United
States, Hawaii,
Porto Rloo,or
the Canal Zone.
Per month.
rs.oo
45.00
36.00
30.00
24.00
liLOO
16.00
While I
in Alaska.
China, or the
Philippines.
Per momtk.
100.00
M.OO
4S.30
8e.oo
21.flD
18.09
REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 889
In addition to the above there will be a slight Increase per month after each
enlistment period of four years. All enlisted men, in addition to their regular
pay, receive rations, quarters, clothing, fuel, bedding, medicine, and medical
attendance when required.
When called into active service of the United States members of the Enlisted
Aviation Reserve Corps will receive the rate of pay corresponding to their grade.
5. Retirement. — Enlisted men of the Aviation Reserve Corps will not be
entitled to retirement or to retired pay, nor will they be entitled to pension
except In case of physical disability Incurred while on active service or while
traveling under orders of com];)etent authority to or from designated places of
duty.
6. Uniform. — ^The uniform tc be worn by the enlisted men of the Enlisted
Reserve Corps, aviation section, Signal Corps, except corps insignia, shall be
the same as prescribed for enlisted men of the aviation section. Signal Corps of
the Regular Army Reserve. In time of peace there shall be Issued to each
enlisted man of the Enlisted Reserve Corps, aviation section. Signal Corps, such
articles of clothing and equipment as may be prescribed. All clothing and
equipment shall remain the property of the United States.
7. Term of erUi$tment. — ^The term of enlistment is four years.
Appendix C.
bequibements for civilian aviation schools.
(An inspectloD will be made by an officer of the aviation section of the Signal Corps to
determine whether the requirements are fulfilled.)
1. Field. — ^The field should be of sufficient size and shape to permit of landing
and getting away In at least two different directions under normal conditions.
The ground must be fairly level and free from obstructions of all kinds. These
requisites will be determined on Inspection by an officer or agent of the aviation
section of the Signal Corps.
2. Training machines. — ^The training machines will comply with the specifica-
tions prescribed by the aviation section for the preliminary and advanced trains
Ing types. These specifications will be furnished all civilian schools who
instruct students for the Government, or desire to do so.
3. Inatructora. — ^Instructors must be men of experience In fiylng and thor-
oughly competent to teach through the reserve military aviator stage. They
should be level-headed, have good Judgment, and sufficient mental balance to
Impart what they know.
4. Cfiaracter of instruction. — ^The course of Instruction will be divided Into
two stages. The first stage will include instruction and qualification through
and to Include the preliminary fiylng test. This test will be held under the
supervision of an officer or agent of the aviation section of the Signal Corps.
The second stage, which Is optional with the school authorities, will consist of
advanced training necessary to qualify an aviation student as a reserve military
aviator. An advanced training type of machine will be used at least during
the last stages of this Instruction. Detailed information as to the course to be
followed in this stage will be furnished the school authorities. The reserve
military aviator test will be held under the supervision of an officer or agent
of the aviation section of the Signal Corps.
5. Preliminary flying test. — (a) Three sets of figure eights around pylons
1,600 feet apart In making turns around pylons all parts of machine will
be kept within a circle whose radius is 800 feet.
(6) Stop motor at a minimum height of 300 feet and land, causing machine
to come to rest within 150 feet of a previously designated point.
(c) An altitude test consisting of rising to a minimum height of 1,000 feet
(d) Glides with motor throttled, changing direction 90 degrees to right and
left
Non. — (a) and (5) may be executed In one flight; (c) and (d) In one flight The
same rules apply In starting from and landing on water. Special attention will be paid
to the character of landings made.
Should any aviation student desire to take the pilot license test prescribed
by the Aero Club of American, every facility will be offered for him to do 00.
890 BEPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.
Report of these tests will be submitted to the officer in charge of the aviation
section, with the information as to whether or not the school will complete
training of the aviator through the reserve military aviator stage.
6. Reserve military aviator teat will be as follows :
(a) Climb out of a field 2,000 feet square, and attain 500 feet altitude, keep-
ing all parts of machine inside of square during climb.
(b) Glides at normal angle, with motor throttled. Spirals to right and left.
Change of direction in gliding.
(c) At 1,000 feet, cut off motor and land within 200 feet of a previously
designated point.
{d) Land over an assumed obstacle 10 feet high and come to rest within
1,500 feet from same.
(c) Cross-country triangular flight of 30 miles, passing over two previously
designated points. Minimum altitude 2,500 feet.
(/) Stralght-away cross-country flight of 30 miles. Landing to be made at
designated destination. Both outward and return flight at minimum altitude of
2,500 feet.
ig) Fly for 45 minutes at an altitude of 4,000 feet
7. Pay for tuition, — Upon the student passing the preliminary flying test sat-
isfactorily the school will be paid $500. If the student is continued under
instruction until he satisfactorily passes the reserve military aviator test, an
additional $300 will be paid the school.
8. All candidates for the aviation section, Signal Officers' Reserve Corps,
will be required to pass the prescribed physical examination, must weigh not
more than 190 pounds, stripped, must furnish evidence of having a college
education, and be of good moral character.
9. Applicants for commissions as reserve officers who hold the pilot certificate
of the Aero Club of America, will, after successfully undergoing the prescribed
physical examination, be given a flying examination embodying at least the
requirements of the preliminary flying test. If competent, they may also take
tlie reserve military avlator*s test.
If the preliminary flying test Is passed satisfactorily and a candidate qualifies
in other respects, he will be eligible for further Instruction to qualify as a
reserve military aviator.
If, In addition to the preliminary flying test the candidate also passes the
reserve military aviator's test satisfactorily, he will be given a commission
In the aviation section, Signal Reserve Corps, provided all other qualifications
are fulfilled.
Appendix D.
detail or officers and enusted men of the national guaad at signal 00sp8
avlation schools.
Officers and enlisted men of the National Guard may be detailed at Signal
Corps aviation schools under section 99 of the national defense act. National
Guard officers and men desiring such course will apply to the adjutant general
of their State, who will forward the applications direct to the Chief, BilUtla
Bureau, War Department, Washington, D. C. Such officers and enlisted men
will be required to pass the prescribed physical and mental examinations which
will be similar to those required of reserve officers, aviation section, Signal
Officers* Reserve Corps. On approval by the Militia Bureau, orders will be re-
quested from The Adjutant General of the Army, assigning such officers or en-
listed men to duty at aviation schools.
The plans for the equipment of our ioreij^ possessions with proper
aero units are being carried out The equipment for these units con-
sists of hydroaeroplanes. Suitable ones are very difficult to obtain,
but specincations covering high-powered machines of this character
are now being sent out, and it is hoped within the near future to have
adequate equipment along this line.
It is believed that the arrangements made will result in a growth
of Uiis branch of the service, which will not only be rapid, but which
will be based on such sound prindplee as will be able to stand the
RBPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 891
test of any emergency. The field is an entirely new one for the
United States Army, and there is no precedent to follow. As a
result, therefore, it can not be foretold with certainty what time will
be required to train personnel or develop material. Every known
agency, however, for the development of both of these elements is
being made use of in this country.
However, the experience gained in this country and the reports
received from abroad indicate that a number of changes and addi-
tions will be necessary in any contemplated organic law for a sep-
arate air service, but the Chief Signal Officer stands ready to submit
recommendations for such changes whenever the question is taken up.
The plan of the General Staff, approved by the Secretary of War,
contemplates, and as I think very properly, the eventual separation
of the aviation service from the oignal Corps. The separation of
this service from any technical corps should take place when the air
service is capable of standing alone. This time has not yet come.
In conclusion, I desire to report that all of the recommendations
contained in my last annual report have been carried out with the
exception of those relating to a detail system of officers for the Signal
Corps, additional pay for enlisted telegraph operators, and increased
salary for the position of chief clert These I renew and urgently
recommend favorable action.
Oeorgb p. Scrivbn,
Brigadier Oeneral^ Chief Signal Oificer of the Army.
The Secbetary of War.
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
893
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
War Depabtment, Militia Bubeau,
WdshingtoTif D. C, October 1, 1916.
Sm: The foDowing annual report concerning the Organized Militia
and National Guard affairs is submitted. The report is brought up to
date as far as practicable; however, the mobilization of theNational
Guard is touched on only incidentally and in fiscal matters the report
is made to include Jime 30, 1916, only.
OEKEBAL BEMABKS.
Accoraing to the latest returns prior to Jime 18 the total reported
strength of the Organized Militia and the National Guard is 8,589
commissioned officers and 123,605 enlisted men, a decrease over last
year of 116 officers and an increase of 2,932 enlisted men. Of this
lorce 1,451 officers and 6,131 enlisted men belong to the staff and
noncombatant branches, 456 officers and 8,084 emisted men belong
to the Coast Artillery, and 6,682 officers and 109,390 enlisted men
belong to the mobile oranches (Engineers, Field Artillery, Cavalry,
and Infantry). The plan of organizing the mobile troops with aux-
iliary forces of the National Guard into 12 tactical divisions has made
some progress since last year. However, no division is complete.
The division in the State of New York, and the one in Pennsylvania
are the most advanced in divisional organization, though on June 30
both were deficient in auxiliary units. The most strikingdeficiency in
the divisions called out from tne States of New York and rennsylvania
was in machine guns, there being at the date of call only 8 machine guns
with the New York division when there should have been 40. In
Pennsylvania there was a complete deficiency of 40 machine guns.
In tramed personnel, there was a greaterlack than in machine guns and
equipment. On a divisional basis there is an excess of Infantry units
eauivalent to 17 regiments and a deficiency in other elements as
follows: Fifty-two troops of Cavalry, 58 batteries of Field Artillery.
49 companies of machine guns, 8i oattalions of Engineers, 26 fiela
hospitals, 17 ambulance companies, 12 medical-supply detachments,
and 17 sanitary detachments. There is a deficiency m Coast Artillery
of 261 officers and 9,239 enlisted men based on Table 3, O. C. S..
C. A. p.. September 17, 1915. There is a deficiency in the total
numerical strength of the National Guard of 18,196 enlisted men
below the minimum authorized peace strength.
895
896 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
The mobilization of the major portion of the National Guard under
call of Jmie 18 was not comjoletely accomplished imtil after the ter-
mination of the fiscal year. Data have been collected with r^ard to it
and these data, with a study of measures to be taken with a view to
facilitating and expediting mobilization; will be made the subject of a
separate report at a later date.
Organizations called into the service of the United States on May 9,
1916, and June 18, 1916, were as follows:
Infantry, 108 regiments and 7 separate battalions.
Cavalry, 3 regiments^ 13 separate squadrons, and 22 separate
troops.
Field Artillery, 6 regiments, 12 separate battalions, and 17 separate
batteries.
Engineers, 3 battalions and 11 separate companies.
Signal, 4 battalions, 16 separate companies, and 1 aero companv.
Sanitary troops, 23 ambulance companies and 37 field hospitals.
Of the organizations shown there were already oi^anized on June
18, 2 Infantry divisions, 19 Infantry brigades, and 1 Artillery brigade.
On July 31, 1916, reports show that 110,957 were on the border and
40,139 in State mobilization camps, an a^ejgate of 151,096. The
aggregate strength was short the authorizeammimujn peace strength
4,083, and shorty war strength, 97.350.
Forty-four officers of the Regular Army were commissioned in the
National Guard in the service of the United States, 3 as brigadier
fenerab, 10 as coloneb, 27 as lieutenant colonels, and 4 as majors,
roncommissioned officers of the Regular Army were commissioned
in the National Guard in the service of the Umted States as follows:
Tliirty-four in Infantry, 9 in Cavalry, 8 in Field Artillery and 1 in
Signal Corps. Two major generals and 24 brigadier generals of the
National Guard, in addition to the 3 brigadier generals commissioned
in the National Guard from the Regular Army, were mustered into the
service of the United States.
Reports show that 85 per cent of the numerical strength of the
National Guard were present at the annual armory inspection, and
that 56,563 officers and enlisted men, or about 43 per cent, of the
reported strength, attended at least 24 drills of one nour and a half
each during the year. Six special camps of instruction were held for
officers and noncommissioned officers at which there were present
283 commissioned officers and 441 noncommissioned officers. Other
camps of instruction which were planned had to be abandoned on
account of the call into the service of the United States.
Reports on small-arms target practice for the calendar year 1915
are incomplete. Four States have submitted no reports. In the
remaining States of a strength of 108,561 men armea with the ritie
only 63,841, or 58 per cent, fired range practice. This is a slight
improvement over 1914. In general, instruction in small-arms firing
is still unsatisfactory. In the present calendar year 128 comptmiea
of Coast Artillery attended camps of instruction at or near coast-
defense batteries. The reports on 46 of these companies have been
received at this date and snow that 72 per cent of these organizations
had service practice, the remainder being prevented from firing by
reason of fog. Six batteries of Field .A^dlery attended camps of
instruction and one battery had service practice prior to the call of
June IS, 1916.
BEPOBT OP THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUKEAU. 897
During the past fiscal year the system of property accoiintability
has been unsatisfactory in the survey and disposal of imserviceable
property and the enforcement of strict rules ofaccoimtability; how-
ever, it is believed that the act of Jime 3, 1916, will remedy these
defects partially if not wholly. There was a deficiency of 87 wagons
with harness to equip the neld and combat trains for the existing
xmits called into the service of the United States. Available fundS
were used during the year to decrease the deficiency shown last year.
Three hundred and mnety-nine horses were purchased and issued to
the Field Artillery and are available at all times for the use of 102
batteries.
The force of the act of Jime 3, 1916, can not be measured in full
at this time. The effect of this act as a whole can not be other than
beneficial in renderiuj? the National Guard a more effective force for
the United States. Briefly, it enables the Militia Bureau —
1. To enforce a strict responsibility for property.
2. To more effectually control the expenditure of fimds.
3. To specify the requirements for pay for armory service as well as
for service in camps oi instruction.
4. To pre^ribe the training and attendance for organizations.
5. To insist upon the keeping of the necessary records.
6. To make uniform and effective the physical examinations.
7. To inquire into and specify the qualmcations for officers.
8. To prescribe thorough oi^anization of all units.
9. To control the oi^anization, and the proportion, of units in the
different arms of the service.
10. To increase the number of horses for instruction of Field
Artillery.
11. To provide horses for the instruction of Cavalry.
12. To increase the number of cominissioned and noncommis-
sioned officers of the Regular Army as instructors for the National
Guard.
13. To provide for additional instruction visits by inspector-,
instructors and sei^eant-instructors on all units.
Owine to the brie! interval between the approval of this act on Jime
3 and the date, June 18. when the greater portion of theX>rganized
Militia and the National Guard were callea into the service of the
United States, no time was afforded for the adequate study of the new
law and the determination of its exact application. The essential dif-
ference between the old Organized Militia law and the new National
Guard law lies in the new oath of idlegiance to the United States. The
conversion of the Oi^anized Militia into National Guard had not been
completely accomplShed on June 18. The effect of pay for armory
service in view of the increased requirements is yet to be determined
and its full effect can not be judged until the National Guard in the
service of the United States has been mustered out and has resumed
its normal peace training. The plan of oi^anizing the mobile and
auxiUary troops of the National Guard into 12 tactical divisions will
be modified both as to organizations specified and as to geographical
distribution in order to adapt it to this act. A few men nave passed
from three years' service into the National Guard Reserve. The CTOwth
and control of the reserve are to be studied with interest. Regulations
are now being prepared to put into full effect the prov'sions of this
69176**— WAB 1916— VOL 1 57
898 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
new law. An increase in the number of officers and noncommissioned
officers of the Re^ar Army as instructors for the National Guard and
a closer association of the National Guard with units of the Regular
Aimy at summer camps of instruction should greatly improye the
discipline and training of the National Guard. These aayantages
have been provided for by the new law in a greater degree than ever
before and it is to be hoped that the Re^ar Army mav be found to
be available to meet every demand maae upon it in these respects.
If, after all that has been provided by law in the way of facilities and
inducements, there is inability to attain a reasonable degree of effi-
ciency, the failure must be attributed to defects inherent in the militia
system which are beyond correction by l^slative action.
The subjects included in this summary, except the mobilization ci
the National Guard, are treated more fully under appropriate heads
in the body of the report.
ORGANIZATION.
The act of Jime 3, 1916, has made important and far-reaching
changes in the organization of the National Guard, i^d the Fedenu
Government now has the requisite authority to prescribe the particu-
lar units as to branch or arm of service to be maintained in order to
secure a force which, when combined, shall form complete higher
tactical units. The necessity for the proper quota of auxiliary troops,
which are and have always oeen deficient in the National Guard, oue
to the desire of the several States to maintain Infantry imits, has been
brought forcibly to the attention of military authorities by the events
of the war in Europe, and the new organization for tne^ National
Guard requires additional Field Artillery for Infantry divisions.
It must be accepted as a principle that the quota of auxiliary troops
required for the higher tactical organization of the National Guard
should be provided before additional Infantry organizations diould
be formed, although existing Infantry organizations in StatcMi where
the eventual requirements of the act of June 3, 1916, will require their
continued existence should not be disbanded except where the ecm-
ditions in a particular State require a transfer to some other organiza-
tion. Although there is authorization in the law for the completion
of the complete five yeai^' quota for each State, this provision must
be considered in connection with the efficiency of existing organiza-
tions, and estimates made for their supply and payment. ^
The past year has shown a slight increase in the auxiliary troops
required for the higher tactical oi^anizations of the National Guurd,
which was accentuated to some extent by the mobilization of the
National Guard in response to the President's call of June 18, but
nevertheless the program of 12 tactical divisions first published to the
militia in 1914 is yet far from completion, and, except in the States
of New York and Pennsylvania, is unfinished, through the general
reluctance or inability ot the States to organize and maintwi the
necessary auxiliary troops. ....
Tliere has been no great increase in auxiliary troops except in the
States mentioned above, and the deficiency not only in Artillery,
Cavalry, and Engineers, but in the supply train personnel is marked,
and is tnegreatest obstacle to the proper tactical organization of the
National Uuard of the country.
REPORT OP THE CHIEP OF THE MIUTIA BUREAU. 899
There is still a surplus of Infantry^ for the 12-division plan, and
nearly enough to complete the orcanization of the National Guard
which may reasonably oe expecteoDy the end of five years.
With a few exceptions tne average enlisted strength at which
organizations have been maintained during the past year is too low
for effective military training, and as a result the ntunber of com-
missioned officers is entireli^ too large for the strength of enlisted men.
This represents small organizations, weaJs in enlisted men and calls for
a large number of recruits upon mobilization, whereas a proper basis
would be to have fewer organizations, at a higher effective strength.
The present minimum strength fixed by the War Department is too
low for effective organizations and will eventually be raised to the
peace strength of similar organizations in the Regualar Army, repre-
senting an mcrease of approximately 35 per cent in Infantry and
Coast Artillery organizations, but only about 5 per cent in the Cavalry
and Field Artillery. The advantages of large organizations as effec-
tive mihtary units are manifest and beyond ai^ument. Not only
will the National Guard units be in a better position to respond for
Federal service, and have sufficient men to xmdergo proper training,
but they will also turn a large number of men into tne reserves, ana
the cost of maintenance, including pay and equipment, will be put
to a better purpose. The overhead charges in a small regiment are
practically tne same as a large regiment, since the number of officers
IS the same and the number oi noncommissioned officers is only
slightly smaller, while the privates are the men required to fight
battles, and they should be trained in time of peace. The fewer
enlisted men that are required to recruit oi^anizations after the call
for service has gone forth the better.
The new organization set forth in the act of June 3, 1916, i)articu-
larly in respect to regiments, represents a distinct advance in that
the several provisional units, such as machine-gun^ headquarters, and
supplv companies, are now permanent organizations in a raiment,
ana tne obvious disadvantages of the detaned system has been done
away with. Full conformity to the new organization will be required
of au National Guard regiments prior to July 1, 1917.
New organization tables for the Regular Army conforming to the
provisions of the act of June 3, 1916, are now being preparea by the
War Department. With the exception of the authorized minimum
strength, they will govern the organizations of the National Guard
and will obviate the necessdtjr for the preparation of separate tables.
As a war measure the organizations of the National Guard should
conform as near as practicable to that prescribed for the Regular
Army.
INFANTRY.
ORGANIZATION.
The organization has been changed but UtUe in the past year.
The policy of encouraging the transforming of excess Infantrv into
auxihary arms so as to produce a balanced force has been adhered
to, as well as that of inducing Infantry raiments to adopt the pro-
visional organization of a headquarters, a supply, and a machine-gun
company. The progress along these two lines is encouraging, though
not great, and will be increased materially through me required
comj^ance with the act of June 3, 1916.
900 BEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU,
STRENGTH.
The prescribed minimum enlisted strength for the Infantry cotn-
Eany is to be 65 until June 30, 1917, after which the minimum should
e raised as rapidly as is possible until a strength of 100 is reached.
Many companies were below 65 at the last annual inspection, and
these were again warned that such deficiency would not be further
tolerated, for the reason that an oi^anization without a propter
strength is of UtUe Federal value and does not afford the necessary
instrumentality for the proper training of the commissioned officers.
As a result of the annual armory insi)ection held in January, February,
and March, 1916, Federal recognition was withdrawn from a large
nimiber of companies which were deficient and in which there was
BO reasonable promise of improvement, and a larger number were
placed on probation, as they were not efficient for Federal purposes.
The deficiencies in almost all cases were due to the lack of trained
officers, which meant the corresponding lack of training and a conse-
quent lack of interest on the part of enlisted men.
To afford reasonable means of complying with the new law as to
the increased quota in congressional districts and the requirements
as to the strength of companies, it is advisable that towns where
conditions are favorable be allowed to raise parts of companies
when it is found difficult to raise an entire company in any one place.
No detachment should consist of less than four squads ana one
officer (35 men, a war strength platoon). An examination of the
inspection reports of previous years shows that th'is is just about the
strength that many towns turn out for an ordinary company drill
assembly. These detachments should have permanent armories, so
that property can be cared for properly, and tnere should always be a
Commissioned officer to insure proper supervision.
THBORBnCAL AND AHMORT UVaTRUCTION OP INFANTRT.
There has been much commendable effort made to advance the
theoretical instruction of Infantry, but an examination of the annual
reports indicates that in manv cases such instruction suffers materially
through the lack of trained officers and noncommissioned officers,
and a larger effort must be made in their instruction, for without
competent officers and noncommissioned officers, and intelligent
supervision on the part of field officers, military efficiency can not be
attained.
The theoretical and armory instruction should be based more upon
the idea of teaching in and about the armory, the fundamentals
upon which the field instruction can be built up, looking outward to
field work, rather than Umiting the drill and thought to those things
which heretofore have been practiced in armory instruction and
which have not proved sufficiently interesting to hold the attention
and interest of tne enlisted men. The latter will more readily and
frequently attend drills and give then* attention if they feel they are
actually oeing taught those things that prepare them to be soldiers
in the field than ii they are put through oiuy disciplinary exercisea,
which an ill-prepared officer may continue and repeat without
exposing his ignorance.
REPORT OP THE CHIEP OF THE MIUTIA BUREAU, 901
More attention should be given to actual physical training in armory
instruction; a lively period of 10 or 15 minutes as a regular part of
the instruction will be of great physical value to the individual.
The theoretical instruction of officers has made some progress, but
the authorization of the use of textbooks while preparing answers in
the correspondence school course has not had a good effect, and it is
evident that this method will have to be abandoned.
PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION.
During the period covered by this report, outside of the instruction
in armories, the practical instruction oi Infantry has been confined to
camps of instruction for officers and noncommissioned officers and
State camps of instruction. A camp of instruction for officers and
nonconmiissioned officers that seemed to be quite successful was one
in which the officers and noncommissioned officers were organized as
a provisional company and given as such all the detailed instruction
fertaining to it and were required to imdergo the drill of subordinates,
t is thought that such camps of instruction would prove of large
value if more generally held.
In order to mdicate to oi^anizations what they would be required
to imdergo in their field camps of instruction, advance sheets covering
that part of the field inspection report which pertains to instructions
were sent out by the Militia Bureau, so that commanders might not
be taken by surprise nor waste their efforts in other undertakings
than those which the Militia Bureau thought profitable in field train-
ing. A bulletm was also prepared calling attention to the need of
enlisted cooks in the companies, so that they might be free from the
former system of hiring cooks and become efficient in this important
part of military instruction.
The calls to Federal service on May 9 and June 18. 1916, disorgan-
ized the plans of many organizations, so that it woula be unprofitable
to attempt to make a detailed comparison of the kind and degree of
instruction in the different States. The act of June 3, 1916, with the
added requirements of 48 drills and 16 days' field instruction, should
mean a considerable future process.
The statement that ''the mam body and basis of an army is the
Infantry" is as true as ever, and will continue to be so as far as one
can see, but it is the more and more necessary that they should be
well trained in all those things which would make efficient infantry,
some of which are good marching ability; marksmanship; abiUt^y to
take care of oneself in the field, both in a tactical and in an adminis-
trative way; to scout; to find one's way; to dig a trench; to observe
the enemy; to communicate information; to prepare food; to protect
oneself against the elements; and to conserve one's energy against
disease. The officer must, in addition, understand how to airect,
control, and protect the organization, so that the combined indi-
vidual effort will be used to advantage.
The nearer we can approach the imparting of all instruction by the
officers responsible for tne organization the oetter will be the results.
Too much dependence should not be placed upon the inspector-in-
structors, for Dy so doing the personnel instructed deprive tnemselves
of the legitimate growth that they are entitled to in the exercise of
their normal functions.
902 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEP OP THE MILITIA BUBEAXJ.
If officers and noncommissioned officers are new to their office, they
should be given a short and comprehensive course of intensive train-
ing to prepare them for their positions before entering upon their
new duties. If they are interested and capable, it will be of great
benefit, and if they are not their deficiencies will appear and steps
should be taken for their elimination.
OAVALBY.
The plan of organization set forth in Circular No. 19. Division of
Militia Aflfairs, series of 1914, calling for 27 regiments or Cavalry for
the National Guard, has been followed during me past year, and there
has been an addition of 21 troops and 2 madiine-gun troops, and the
disbanding of 5 troops, making the equivalent of 9^ r^:iment8 of
Cavalrv in existence on Jime 30, while the organization of 3 regi-
ments nas been completed by headquarters, macnine-gun, and supply
troops. There has been a tendency toward the completion of
battle units, such as squadrons, and a consequent reduction in the
number of separate troops. This line of progress should be encouraged
and, as far as practicable, there should be no Cavalry organizations in
a State less than a squadron, imless it be a machine-gun troop, which
imder existing law is one of the 4 regimental combatant units.
There has been authorized for each separate sauadron a detach-
ment from the headquarters, and supply troops, wnich wiU serve for
administrative and supply purposes, and yet when the provisional
raiments are combinea the entire regimental personnel, excepting
the colonel and Ueutenant colonel, wiQ be complete. There is no
provision in the act of Jime 3, 1916, by which such regiments can be
combined, except when drafted into the United States service, and
this handicap can only be overcome by the expansion of existing
Cavalry organizations into complete regiments entirely within the
boimdaries of a single State.
It may be accepted as a correct principle that the complete Cavalry
raiment is the proper basis for oi^anization and will attain a higher
frade of efficiency tiban detachments divided among two or more
tates.
Under section 90 of the Act of June 3, 1916. there is a provision
for Uie purchase or issue of not to exceed 32 norses for the use of
each troop, and provisions are also made for the issue of forage and
bedding and for shoeing and veterinary supplies and the employment
and pay of not to exceed 5 enlisted men or caretakers and stable-
men. It is anticipated that the measures, provided ade<)uate funds
are available, will result in increased efficiency of existing Cavalry
organizations and as a stimulus for the organization of new imits.
The new CavaLry regulations are expected to be published before
the commencement oi the next outdoor instructional season, and
in as much as they embrace not only drill regulations but form a
complete manual ot cavaliy, they should prove of great value to the
National Guard.
There has been no marked improvement in armory instruction
throughout the past year, and the standard in this form of training
is not imiform, and in many instances there is a great lack of thorough-
ness and a lack of concentration on strictly essential training subjects.
BEPOBT OF THE OHIEF OF THE Mn.TTIA BUBEAU. 903
•VI uuo xiai/xvudK VIUIUV& ouu oxxxjuxxm. acoujlu xu ^x«3a
most marked progress in real traininff of officers and
.each instance Cav^alry units ordered to the border i
The field instmction during the summer of 1916 has been incident
to the muster into Federal service of practically every Cavaliy unit
of the National Guard and should r^ult in great benefit and the
" enlisted men. In
service have been
promptly equipped ^th their full allowance of animals and transpor-
tation, oave been provided with competent instructors from tJie
He^ar Army, and in many instances have entered upon actual
fiela duties by forming part of the border patrol. At tne date of
publication full reports of the benefits derived from Federal service
liave not been received.
The following new Cavalry units have been organized during the
pastvear:
Colorado, 1 troop.
District of Columbia, 1 troop.
Hawaii, 1 troop.
lUinois, 1 macnine-gun troop.
Iowa, 1 squadron.
Kansas, 1 troop.
Montana, 1 troop.
Pennsylvania, 1 machine-gun troop.
Shode Island, 1 troop.
South Carolina, 1 troop.
Tennessee, 1 troop.
Texas, 1 troop.
Utah, 2 squadrons.
Virginia, 1 squadron.
There has been some improvement in equitation, but no satis-
factory proCTess can be made in this essential form of training imtil
«ach troop has a sufficient nimiber of mounts to enable it to carry out
a systematic course as a part of the armory training. The short
penod available at camps of instruction can properly be devoted to
more advanced training.
The following statement shows the mounts used by National Guard
Cavalry at the time of mobilization, June 18, 1916:
Hones owned by State 153
Hones owned by private parties 579
Hones owned by organizations 1, 092
Total 1,824
These animals were distributed among 88 troops in 20 States.
Several States failed to provide mounts for their Cavalry organiza-
tions except those hired tor purposes of instruction.
Comments on target practice appear under the general subject.
FIELD ABTILLEBY.
Due to the influence of the European war and to the mobilization of
the National Guard, there has been an unprecedented activity during
the past year in both the organization and the training of the Fiela
Artillery of the National Guard.
Since the date of the last report, October l, 1915| the following new
units have been completed:
904
REPORT OP THE CHIEF OF THE MIUTIA BUREAU.
Massachusetts, one battalion and one regimental headquarters.
Connecticut, five batteries, one headquarters company, and one
supply company.
New York, one regiment.
Pennsylvania, two regiments, two batteries, and one regimental
and two battalion headquarters.
New Jersey, one battery.
Maryland, one battery.
Virginia, one battery.
District of Columbia, one battery.
Illinois, one battalion and one regimental headquarters.
Colorado, one battery and one battalion headquarters.
Wisconsin, two batteries.
The result shows a gain of 36 batteries.
The following table shows the existing units of Field Artillery and
the number reauired for the 12 National Guard divisions. The short-
age is increasea over that shown in the last report by the requirement
of the Act of June 3, 1916, that an Infantry division shall have three
regiments of Field Artillery instead of two, as prescribed by the
Tables of Organization, 1914:
Fifth.
sixth...
Seventh
Eighth.
Maln«.K«w Hampshlra (1 batt«nr), V«rmoDt, MtnachiiMtti(lr«gl-
ment), l.hode Island (1 batt«ry),CoDDectJcut (6 batteries).
Kew York Orerimenta)
PannsTlyanla (3 regimants)
Naw 3%n*j (8 batteries), DeUwara, Maryland (1 battery), Virginia
(4 batteries), District of Columbia (S batteries)
North Carolina, South CaroUca, Georgia (1 battalion), Florida
Kentucky, Tennessee. Mississippi, A labama (2 batteries)
Michican (2 batteries): Ohio (1 battalion)
Illlnou (1 regiment), Indiana (1 battalion)
North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota (1 regiment), Wisconsin
(3 batteries). Iowa (1 battalion).
Wyoming. Colorado (1 battalion), Nebraska, Kansas (1 battery), Mis-
souri (1 battalion).
New Mexico (I battery), Oklahoma, Texas (1 t>attery), Arkansas,
Louisiana (1 battalion).
Sixteenth Montana, Washington, Oregon (1 battery), Idaho, Calilbmla (1 bat-
talion), Nevada, Utsji (1 battery), Arisona.
Ninth
Tenth
Eleventh..
Twelfth...
Thirteenth
Fourteenth.
Fifteenth.
Total.
In several cases States have expressed a desire to organize bat-
teries, but upon inspection it was found that the armorv facilities
were inadequate for the safeguarding of the materiel and the instruc-
tion of the personnel, and the State authorities were unable to pro-
vide or to guarantee the permanency of such facilities. The cost of
armories appears to be the principal reason for the failure of most of
the States concerned to supply the Field Artillery oi^anizations
allotted to them by Circular iSo. 19. Division of Militia Affairs, 1914.
The excess cost of armories for Field Artillery over the cost of armo-
ries for other arms has been largely balanced by the extra allotments
from Federal funds for this arm. The distribution of the appropria-
tion under the act of May 27. 1908, for the fiscal year 1916 was three
times as ^eat per man for Field Artillery as for Infantry, and amounted
to a total of $206,099.50 for the former arm. A special appropriation
of $200,000 was also made for the fiscal year 1916 to pay medianica
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU. 905
and helpers and to purchase forage and other supplies for horses for
Field Artillery of the Organized Militia, The law also authorized
the purchase of horses for Field Artillery from the allotments to the
States under section 1661, Revised Statutes, and the act of May 27.
1908. As a result of these provisions, all batteries were furnished
with mechanics to care for tne materiel, and those that maintained
horses employed a liberal allowance of men to care for the animals.
At the time of the mobilization of the National Guard on June 18, 1916,
horses were being maintained for batteries and headquarters detach-
ments as follows:
Condemned Regular Army hordes 159
Horses purchased from Federal funds 399
Privately owned horses 354
Total 912
These animals were distributed amon^ 74 batteries in 24 States.
The States of Alabama, California, Georgia, and Texas failed to take
advantage of the opportunity to maintain horses for their Field
Artillery from Federal funds.
Table 16 gives information as to conditions existing at the inspection
in 1916 unaer section 14 of the militia law.
The most serious deficiency revealed by the reports was the lack of
organized and instructed regimental and battahon headquarters de-
tachments. Field Artillery can not perform its functions m war with-
out the specialists who compose tnese detachments. In order to
secure them, it became necessary to make the continued recognition
of the deUnquent units conditional upon the procurement of a suitable
personnel prior to thj9 next inspection.
As a result of the deficiencies revealed by the inspection in attend-
ance at drills, instruction, and armory facilities, it oecame necessary
to withdraw Federal recognition from four batteries and to make the
continued recognition of six others conditional upon adequate im-
provement prior to a subsequent inspection. The batteries from
which recognition was withdrawn were reorganized with an improved
personnel and those that were conditioned were mustered into the
service of the United States before the expiration of the probationary
period.
In some cases it appeared that the horses issued to organizations
were not being used for the training of the members in mounted duties
and exercises but that they were largely devoted to riding on the road
for pleasure or to exercises of Uttle military value. Such units were
informed that a failure to comply with the purposes for which the
horses were issued would result m the withdrawal of the animals and
of the suppUes and allowances authorized for their maintenance.
There is a general deficiency in revolver and subcaliber practice.
In many cases improvement could be made by the construction of
ranges at or near tne armories.
While the total enUsted strength in many units still remains far
below the peace strength, there was a marked improvement in the
attendance at drills, due probably to the system of credits for such
attendance on the ratings of organizations, as published in Circular
Letter 52181.4, Division of Militia Affairs, 1916.
The allotment of Federal funds for the payment of mechanics has
resulted in a great improvement in the care of the material. No
deficiency of this nature was reported during the year.
906 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MHJTIA BUBEAU.
▲BMOBT DrSTRUOTION.
On account of the limited allotments to the Division of Militia
Ajffaira for the travel of inspector-instructors during the fiscal jear
1916, it was necessary to restrict their presence with each umt to
only three visits. In order to utilize the time to the best advantage,
the following course for armory instruction was prescribed:
(a) Instruction and examination of officers and enlisted men for
qualifications as gunners.
(ft) Instruction and examination of batteries in the proficiency of
the gun. squads, and, where horses were available, in the proficiency of
the drivers ana the horsemanship of the personnel.
(c) Correspondence courses for officers and noncommissioned offi-
cers in the basic course, prescribed by Circular No. 3, Division of
MiUtia Affairs, 1914. with the addition of chapter 5, Part III, Drill
Regulations for Field Artillery, the employment of special details and
special methods for determining firing aata. Officers who were known
to be proficient in the subjects named were authorized to take a corre-
spondence course in the subjects prescribed for year A. Each course
included instruction and examination in the solution of map problems
involving the employment of Field Artillery.
The effect of this order was to arouse extraordinary enthusiasm
on the part of a portion of the Field Artillery. In some cases the
demand for the services of the inspector-instructors to conduct
examinations soon became so great that the^ foimd it impossible to
<;onduct correspondence courses or to give instruction in gunnery.
Some States generously made up the deficiencies of the War Depart-
ment in the allowances for travel and cheerfully paid the expense of
the instructors for extra visits. Notwithstanding every effort, many
of the candidates for gunners could not be examined and the exam-
ination of a part of the officers who studied the basic course could
not be completed.
The reports of examinations during the instruction year 1915-16
showed a qualification of 510 expert first-class gunners, 681 first-
-class gunners, and 369 second-class gunners, making a total of 1,560
in the entire Field Artillery.
The ffunnery quaUfications have been published in Circular No. 8,
Mihtia Bureau, 1916, and the men whose names appear in the circular
are entitled to the pay of their qualifications when in the service of the
United States or wnen attending camps of instruction until the period
for the next examination.
Unfortunately, the instruction of National Guard officers has not
progressed as satisfactorily as that of the enlisted men, and the
number who qualified for certificates of proficiency has been dis-
appointing. While this has been due in a measure to the lack of
sufficient inspector-instructors to conduct the correspondence courses
and the examinations, the neglect of a large majonty to cjualify as
.gunners and the fact that a small per cent of the officers did qualify
for certificates indicate that there was a general failure to make
timely preparation for the examinations.
Hie names of officers who qualified under the course of instruction
are published in Circular No. 17, Militia Bureau, 1916. All of those
whose names appear in this circular have received certificates from
.the War Department, and they will be exempt from examinataona
SEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUBEAXT. 907
for promotion in the subjects included in the course for a period of
five years.
In order to afford some basis for comparison of efi&ciency of the
batteries and the different headquarters details, a scale of ratings
was published at the beginning of the instruction year. Values were
fixed for (a) strength and length of service of enlisted men at the
annual inspection xmder section 14 of the Militia law, (b) attendance
at drills, (c) attendance at joint camps, (d) certificates of proficiency
of officers and noncommissioned officers, (e) (qualifications in the
different classes of gunners, (f) proficiency in armory training,
(g) rate of fire at service practice. On account of the mobilization
of the National Guard and the conditions that prevented joint camps,
it was not practicable to award ratings in subjects (c), (/), and (^).
I^atiujgs were given for the remainder of the su meets and the figures
for alTbatteries and headquarters were pubUshea in CSrcular No. 16,
Militia Bureau, 1916. It will be seen from this circular that great
differences exist in the rating of different organizations which appa-
rently had equal opportumties. Newly oi^anized batteries could
not compete with those previously in existence and are not classified.
The result of these comparisons should stimulate those that are
backward to greater endeavor and impel those that have excelled
to greater exertion in order to retain their leadership. While it is
recognized that the system followed may not be entirely satisfactory,
it has already produced valuable results.
FIELD TRAININQ.
The schedule for armory instruction was conducted with a view to
making all National Guard batteries efficient firing units at the joint
camps in 1916. Experience has shown that a h^h degree of profi-
ciencv may be obtained at the armories in the mechanism of fire, in
the ming battery, and in the employment of special details. All
organizations should therefore enter upon their field training with
such thorough preliminary instruction tnat the time may be devoted
to mountea duties, tactical exercises, and target practice. To
emphasize this requirement, the instruction program for the year
prescribed that, in order to receive ammunition for service practice,
at least 3 officers in the battery must have received certificates for the
basic course and at least 20 enlisted men must be qualified gunners
in the battery, including not less than 3 who had qualified in the
subjects for headquarters, staffs, etc.
Early in the year 1916 a complete schedule for field training was
announced, embracing camps of instruction for officers and non-
commissioned officers, joint camps for all batteries, and a large class
of officers and noncommissionea officers to attend the school of fire
for Field Artillery.
When the time approached for establishing the camps, it was found
that no regular troops were available to conduct them. An effort
was made to hold the camps without regular troops, but the necessary
appropriations could not be obtained. The States were then informed
that tne encampments could not take place. Unless regular troops
can be spared to conduct camps, with horses and instructors, and
unless adequate appropriations are made available in time to arrant
for attendance of me National Guard batteries at the camps, it wDl
be useless to attempt field training for Field Artillery.
908 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITU BUREAU.
INSPECTOR-INSTRUCTORS AND SERGEANT-INSTRUCTORS.
The success of National Guard training depends so largely upon an
adequate and eflBcient corps of instructors that without them little
can DC accomplished. The oflBcers and nonconmiissioned officers of
the regular Field Artillery who have been detailed for this duty have
maintained the high reputation already established for efficiency and
leadership. They have been zealous in the performance of their
arduous duties, and by their friendly sympathy with the militia and
their mastery of the details of their profession they have held the
confidence and the respect of the State officers and troops. As proof
that their services have been appreciated by the Stat^, more than
half of the officers and eight of the noncommissioned officers were
given State conmiissions when the National Guard was mobilized.
Their number, however, has been so inadeauate for the task that has
been required of them that they not only nave been imable to meet
the demands, but in some cases the health of officers has bec^
endangered by overexertion. The act of Jime 3, 1916, has provided
extra officers and noncommissioned officers sufficient to furnish at
least one inspector-instructor for each battalion and one serereant*
instructor for each battery. The work can not be accomplished with
a less number of officers or noncommissioned officers.
The foUowing extract from the report of the Inspector Greneral of
the Eastern Department, with reference to the Tenth Militia Field
Artillery, is deemed worthy of special consideration in connection
with the training of the Field Artillery of the National Guard:
In my opinion, which is based upon my observations in camps of seven different
State troopNB, the citizen soldier, at the present state of training, will be of little rcml
value on a hasty call into the Federal service unless there is a sufficient number of
instructors from the Regular Arm^ on duty with these troops, not only in times of
peace at their armories, but also in their camps of mobilization. In most camps I
nave found that the Regular Army instructors nad been taken off their regular duty«
and had been made mustering officers. The instruction and training of the troops in
such camps were practically at a standstill. The officers were attempting drills to
some extent, but they were groping in the dark. Here it is different. The coloneU
lieutenant colonel, majors, regimental and battalion staff officers, and one battery
commander are officers or noncommissioned officers of the R^oihur Army, and the
work accomplished here b iu marked contrast to that accomplished in other camps.
Instruction is progressive and methodical, and. above fdl, thorough. The accumcv
of aiming and Layins the pieces at artillery drill and the snappiness of the drills rival
the work accompliuied by Regular Armv on^anizations. Tne days are so full from
early morning until late at night for both officers and enlisted men that it seems tm
though they could not possibly accomplish more with increased effort, if such increaae
were possible. They are worked to the limit, but, I think, for a limited time at least,
not to excess. After the days work is over, a final assembly of all commissioned
officers is held and all mistakes, defects, and irregularities are taken up and discussed
with a view to their prevention in the future. Some of these remarks do not appear, at
first thought, to come under the caption '* Remarks which may serve in appraisinft
the real value of the citizen soldier, etc.," but I have made them here to snow that
the citizen soldier is of little value on a hasty call, unless they aro provided with com*
potent instructors, and I am becoming more and more convinced that the number
of instructors which we must use from the R^^iIat Army must be bu greater than
that which we have used in the past. The instruction of a re^:iment is not a one-man
job. It is too great a task for efficiency, and if we expect efficiency from the Nat tonal
Guard omnizations, I believe that one Regular Army officer detailed as instructor
with each company^ or battery is not an extravagence. In the Regular service, we
do not think of bringing and keeping a company up to the proper standard of efi*
ciency with one officer, even when he has the advantage of trained noncommissioiied
officers as assistants. Much less can we expect to take untrained troops and Irinp
them up to, and keep them at, a proper state of efficiency, so that they will be reader
for service on a hasty call, with leas than one commiauoned officer axid possibly aam
sergeant-instructor to a company or battery.
KEPORT OP THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU. 909
STUDENT OEQANIZATIONS.
In order to meet the wishes of certain colleges for the training of
the students in field artillery and to assist the States in the develop-
ment of this arm of the National Guard, the War Department, during
the past few years, extended recognition to batteries in the f oDowing
institutions: i ale University, University of Illinois, University of
Minnesota, Purdue University, and the Stale Agricultural College of
Oolorado.
The student members of . these organizations showed marked
aptitude and manifested a lively interest in both the college and the
field training.
While this method was the best that could be adopted imder the
then existing laws, it was fully recognized that the educational
qualifications of college men fit them especially to become officers,
and it has been evident that military instruction in colleges should
be specialized, with the object of fitting graduates for commissions
in the Re^ar Army, the National Guard, and the Volunteer forces
of the Umted States. Many institutions that desired military train-
ing in the technical arms were unwilling to have the students organ-
ized as a part of the National Guard. State qualifications as to
citizenship also operated to restrict the college membership of State
forces. Furthermore, the routine of coDege life is incompatible with
the general purposes of the National Guard, the most freauent func-
tion of whicn has been the performance of police duty in tne enforce-
ment of the laws. Business and professional men may undergo
brief interruptions in their occupations incident to National Guard
service^ without serious results, but students who are called for any
appreciable time from their classes must suffer the loss of a years'
Erogress in their education. Moreover, in order that a National
fuard organization may be continually available, its membership
must be permanently residents of some locality. During the vaca-
tion periods students become widely dispersed, and the National
Guara organizations ^ of which they constitute the membership
virtually cease to exist. This condition prevailed at the time of
the recent mobilization, and the assembly of student imits \7as not
only greatly delayed, but the expense involved for many men to
return to tneir commands was prohibitive. Thus, student organ-
izations are not equally available with other portions of the National
Guard, and they do not form a homogeneous part of the State forces.
In recognition of the peculiar status of students, and with a view
to having the country avail itself of the resources offered by the col-
leges. Congress embodied in the act of June 3. 1916, the wise provi-
sions for establishing sections of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps
in colleges and schools. The effect of this law is to provide a means
for preparing young men to become commissioned officers with the
least practicable mterference with their educational endeavors.
During their course of training in this corps they are not liable to
the performance of any kind ot military duty; at the same time they
are oeing trained theoretically and practically for the performance of
duties 01 officers, without any of the complications that arise in the
organization of the National Guard units.
In order to comply with the intent of the law, as well as to give all
colleges an ec^ual opportunity to enjoy its benefits, the War College
and uie Militia Bureau concurred in a proposal prior to the mobiliza-
910 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
tion of the National Guard, to replace National Guard units in col-
leges and schools by sections of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps,
and t^us transform them from an anomalous to a normal status.
It was also proposed to \^ithhold recognition in the future from
National Guwi units in schools. This principle was embodied in
the regulations that have been approved for the government of the
Reserve Officers' Training Corps. It would manifestly be unfair to
institutions that have voluntsjily assumed the bmxlen of National
Guard units to deny them the same privilege that is extended to those
where no such endeavor has been made. Besides, as has been stated.
National Guard organizations were recognized in colleges as a measure
of expediency at a time when the laws provided no other means for
techmcal military training. It is only logical, therefore, that this
method should be discontinued when a chanj^e in the laws provides
a method that will be to the interest of the Government, of the col-
leges, and of the students themselves. In having such oreanizationa
Bass from the National Guard to the Reserve Officers^ Training
orps, the country will not lose their services, but will avail itself ot
their usefulness in a much neater degree.
In accordance with the foregoing considerations, and in response
to an unmistakable public sentiment, expressed by the natural
demands of the coU^ officials, the parents, and prominent citizens
of the country, the War Department published on July 21, 1916, a
policy which stated that student oigaoizations should be mustered
out of the service of the United States as soon as practicable after
September 1, 1916, and that immediately after being mustered out.
Federal recognition would be withdrawn from such organizations.
Orders for student units to be mustered out were issued on Septem-
ber 6, 1916. It now remains to complete the policy by withdrawing
Federal recomition from these oreaxiizations. and thus eaabling the
States to replace the student members by a aifferent personneL
COAST ARTIIXEBT.
Since the date of the last report (Oct. 1, 1915) the following new
companies of Coast Artillery have been organized:
District of Columbia, one company.
South Carolina, five companies.
Virgmia, two companies.
Maryland, one company.
Wasnington, four companies.
New York, two companies.
New Hampshire, one company.
Oregon, four companies.
Hawaii, two comnanies.
One company in New Hampshire was mustered out.
The stren^ of the National Guard Coast Artillery since 1909.
based upon tne annual Federal inspections made under section 14 oi
the militia law, is shown in the following table:
BBPO&T OF THE CHIEF OF THE MIUTIA BUBEAU.
911
Ttar.
1808
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
1918
OiBocn.
457
448
472
479
450
440
450
Enllstwl
8,288
8,864
8,664
7,228
7,171
7,150
7,438
8,000
pftfiif
119
122
120
126
126
123
123
127
tnllstod
oomptiiy.
68
66
68
67
68
80
84
There are now 147 companies and the total strength of the Coast
Artillery, including those companies organized since the Federal
inspection for 1916, is 545 officers and 11,010 enlisted men.
The National Guard Coast Artillery is being developed on the
theorjr that in the eyent of war the various units will serve in for-
tifications not far removed from their home stations. Tlie particu-
lar task set for the State forces is to man one-half of the gun ana mortar
batteries in the continental limits of the United States. This plan
will require aU of the seaboard States to maintain Coast Artiuerj^
but up to the present time New Jersey, Delaware, Florida, Alabama,
Louisiana, and Texas have failed to provide any companies whatever,
and several other States do not mam tain enough Coast Artillery to
contribute effective service in the fortifications located along their
coast lines.
The record of enlisted men who have qualified under War Depart-
ment orders for various grades and ratings shows improvement
from year to year, as is inmcated below:
1914
19U
1918
IffiittrtlMtiiriini.................. ,
2
40
27
36
48
828
679
83
37
02
88
848
1,218
8
EOflnMn
11
FlMtrfctlui ttrfMoU, flnrt-rlam
IS
Ei^trfctan itrjf MiVftj woond-clMi ',
14
If wrtw gumiin ......'
U
8
Oxifn ooammidift.
187
Ofinpointtfl *.. ^..xx.x^a. *.*x* .*w**.*^^* .*.... *.. ...
73
Plotun
121
Obnrrtn * ^ . . . . a ................................ ^
167
■rrt^*ifffff smuMn. .••■..«■•........•.....■.•..................*•.•.......■....•
908
ffffiffHt^htffgoniMn.
i.w>
The following table shows the results of service target practice
held during the last two years:
IMMhrtll*.
UMhteh rtll«
^taoh flfl# . .
8-lDehrlfl«..
1914
If MO
Yarit.
8,836
8,685
4,878
6,301
4,720
HIto.
Pcremi.
22.8
84.6
46.6
28.8
18.8
1918
rmnft.
Yvii,
8,942
7,186
6*977
4,968
4,701
BlU.
48w8
48.8
88.8
18.1
10.8
912
BEPOET OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUBEAIT.
The progress in target practice is more satisfactory than the tab-
ulated results indicate, as the work during 1915 was perfonned
with less assistance from the regular troops than in the preceding
year. The service practice during the joint coast-defense exercises
of 1916 was held at longer ranges than heretofore, but reports of
the results are not available at tnis time.
The following table shows the officers and enlisted men of the
National Guard Coast Artillery in attendance at joint coast-defense
exercises during the past summer. Fourteen per cent of the officers
and 47 per cent of the enUsted men had not attended a prior encamp-
ment. The number reported as not having attended previous coast-
defense exercises includes 16 newly organized compames.
state.
Maine
New Hampshire....
Rhode Island.
Connecticut.
Kew York..
Massachusetts.
Maryland
District of Colombia
Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Califomia
uregon.
Washin
gUm.
Fort.
Williams
Constitution.
Oreble
do
H.O.Wright.
do....!:..
do........
Strong
* • • • • Uwa •••••••••
Andrews
Warren
Howard
Monroe
Caswell
Moultrie
Screven
WhiAeld Scott.
Rosecrans
Stevens
Worden
Date.
Sept. 14-23....
Sept. 13-20....
July 16-23
Juy 23-30
June22-JulyL
July 2-16
July 16-30
Aug. 13-29
Aug. 13-22.
Aug. 17-28.
Aug. 20-29.
Aug. 17-31.
July 12-31.
Aug. 4-15..
Aug. 7-19..
Aug. 20-28.
May 20-28.
July 9-23..
July 7-23..
July 16-29.
Aug. 20-31.
Organizations.
Band and 13 companies
4 companies
Band and 9 companies.
Band and 8 companies.
Band and 13 companies
Band and 12 companies
Band and 10 companies
Band and headquar*
ters.
4 companies
I • • • • Uw« •••••••«•••••••
» • « • • %Jv* ••••«••••••••••
1 company
.....do
0 companies
5 companies
4 companies
Band and 10 companies
2 companies
Band and 8 companies .
9 companies
Total
strength.!
Ofld-
oers.
51
16
38
38
53
44
33
15
12
12
12
3
3
3
22
19
10
33
9
82
36
En-
listed
men.
843
267
628
586
844
1,105
930
44
281
290
293
05
56
OJ
414
373
224
628
140
606
639
Present in
camp.*
Offl.
oers.
46
16
38
38
49
44
33
10
10
9
10
3
3
3
21
14
16
31
9
31
35
Ust«d
756
583
538
778
1,010
271
240
287
50
64
61
184
473
103
451
530
> The columns showing ''Total strength" and "Present in camp" include such officers and noncom-
missioned staff officers as are properly attached to coast-defense commands of the sises indicated in each
State. Most of the officers and a considerable number of enlisted men shown as absent during camp had
been mustered into the United States service and were on recruiting duty in the States during the period
of coast-defense exercises.
A uniform system of instruction, prescribed by War Department
orders, has been in effect since 191 1. The courses of study originally
prescribed for officers were revised and made somewhat more exten*
give by General Orders, No. 2, War Department, 1916, and new sched-
ules 01 instruction have been published for enlisted apecialists, rated
men, and gunners. It is the purpose of the Militia Bureau to make
the examinations for the enlisted men of the Coast Artillery as thor-
ough as those applied in like cases in the Regular service.
There has been a general improvement in efficiencv in the Coast
Artillery of most of tne States, but the progress has oeen too slow.
The small and irr^ular attendance at armory driUs, the limited time
allowed for summer exercises in the fortifications, and the constantly
changing personnel in both officers and men continue to be serious
obstacles to development. With a view to stimulating officers to
make a better effort to quaUfy in the courses prescribed for their
gcades, attendance at the annual coast-defense exercises has beea
BEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
918
made conditional upon their passing certain examinations. In a
similar manner companies were not allowed to fire at service target
practice this year unless they had qualified according to certain
standards of organization and efficiency. The effect of these restric-
tions has been very beneficial.
A cpnsiderable number of the older officers were separated from the
active service during the past year. The average commissioned serv-
ice of National Guard Coast Artillery officers reported at the last
inspection is as follows:
Yeaxs. Years.
Colonels 21.3
Lieutenant colonels 19. 5
Majors 11. 7
Captains • 7. 3
First lieutenants 3. 7
Second lieutenants 1. 4
ENGINEERS.
The strength of the Engineer troops of Organized Militia, as shown
by the armory inspections, January to March, 1916, was 70 officers
and 1,165 enlisted men. Since that time two companies have been
recognized, viz, one company at Honolulu, Hawaii, May 4, 1916
(strength, 4 officers and 65 enlisted men), and one company at Boulder,
Colo., June 3, 1916 (strength, 3 officers and 54 enlisted men). The
total strength at the end of the fiscal year, as shown by reports of
Regular Army inspectors, was 77 officers and 1,284 enUsted men.
This is a gain since last report of 8 officers and 16 enUsted men.
Since July 1, 1916, and due probably in a measure to the impetus
given by the border situation, six companies have been organizea and
recognized up to September 12, 1916, viz, one company each at Nor-
folk, Vaj Wibnington, N. C; Charlotte, N. C; Port Arthur, Tex.;
Dallas, Tex.; and Sacramento, Cal.; and one company, F, Fourth
Pennsylvania Infantry, at Pottsville, Pa., was transferred to Engi-
neers. The total number of companies has increased from 19 in 1915
to 29 in September, 1916.
The effectiveness of the paper strength was shown by the mobiliza-
tion, where an average strength of those companies actually accepted
in the United States service (in cases of those troops on the border,
all but three companies, the strength is that actually present in camp
July 31, 1916), was approximately 100. Ohio, Pennsylvania and
Michigan had approximately the peace strength of 109 enUsted; New
York, slightly less; Illinois, Iowa, and Company B Colorado, an
average of about 80. The greatest difficulty was experienced in
Company A, Engineers, of Colorado, composed almost exclusively of
students from the Colorado School of Mines, which was not mustered in
until August 5, 1916. This fact is a striking argument against main-
taining as part of the first line (National Guard) oi^anizations com-
posed of students. Company B, Engineers, National Guard of Penn-
sylvania, did not lose a single man upon physical examination.
The act of June 3, 1916, changed tne organization of the comple-
ment of Engineers for a division of the Reguiai Army fiom the bat-
talion of four companies to a regiment of two battaHons of three com-
panies each. The change was effective on July 1, 1916, but to date
of this report the National Guard Endneers haa not effected the reor-
ganization except in Ohio, where the tour companies were constituted
one battalion and one separate company.
69176'--WAB 1916— VOL 1-
68
914 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
ITio equipping of the troops ia accordance with provisions of Cir-
cular 16, I). M. A., 1915, has been accomplished except in c-ertain
items not procurable on account of the cutting off of foreign supply
and inability of domestic manufacturers to produce the ai tides on
short notice.
An additional sergeant of Engineers was detailed as sergeant-
instructor of the Engineer troops in the States of Iowa, Illinois, and
Michigan on December 15, 1915.
Th(* asual drills and schooLs for officers, noncommissioned oflBcers,
and selected privates were held during the year. The correspondence
course for the organizations outside of New York, Pennsylvania, and
Ohio was unsatisfactory in resxilts, due to ihe fact that participation
was made voluntary. In Illinois only a fair adherence to the pie-
scribrd schedule of instruction was maintained.
State camps were held as mentioned in the last annual report for
the Engineer Company in Oklahoma at Chandlei, Okla., August 12 to
26, 1915, and for the Iowa Engineer Company at Iowa City, Iowa,
August 16 to 25, 1915, and a provisional company in New York, July
18 to August 1, 1915.
Joint camps, mentioned in last annual report, were held at Belvoir
Tract, Va., Juljr 6 to Aiigust 28, 1915, all Engineer organizations east
of the Mississippi participating. Plans were perfected for holding
camp at the same place this year but the mobiuzation prevented.
The armory situation shows no change except in Philadelphia,
where indications are that Company B Engineers will find accommo-
dations by the fall of 1916 in the new armory constructed for the use
of the Cavalry and Engineers.
SIGNAL CX)RPS.
During the past year the following changes have taken place in the
Signal Corps troops. The Oklahoma company was refused recogni-
tion on account of inefficiency and was mustered out of the State
sei vice by the governor; two new type B (wire) companies have been
organized, one in Kentucky and one in Hawaii.
The companies at Boston, Mass., and the one at Pittsburgh, Pa.,
have been increased to battaUons. Company A, Ohio I^ational
Guard, from which recognition was withdrawn last year, was rein-
spected March 22, 1916, and recognition again extended to this organ-
ization and the State of Ohio credited with a battalion of Signal
Troops.
Following the "plan laid down last year to transfer A type companies
to types B and E, the following changes ha\e been maae during the
yeai :
California, from type A to type B.
Colorado, from typ^ A to typSe B.
Connecticut, from type B to tjipe E.
Missouri, from type A to type E.
Kebiaska, from type A to type B.
New Jersey, from tyoe A to type B.
Virginia, from type D to type E.
In order that the oi^anization may be able to collect and transmit
military information tais branch of the service requires Uiat its per-
sonnel m addition to being trained as soldiers shall have a large amount
of technical education ana training.
REPOET OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU. 915
Familiarity with the technical equipment and special apparatus can
only be acquired by long application on the part of those who are
required to use them.
As a result of conditions found to exist at the time of the annual
armory inspections the following companies could not at that time be
considered oy the War Department as efficient for Federal purposes.
They were therefoie placed on probation until the next annual armory
inspection, at which time they will be si>ecially insj)ected with a view
to determining their fitness to participate further in Federal appro-
priations:
Company A, Colorado.
Company A, Nebraska.
Fiela Company, Virginia.
The present organization of the various State Signal Troops is as
follows:
4 VIELD BATTALIONB.
Massachusetts. I Ohio.
New York. | Pennsylvania.
17 FIELD COMPANIES.
Type.
Alabama E
California B
Colorado B
Connecticut E
District of Columbia B
Hawaii B
Illinois A
Indiana E
Kansas B
Type.
Kentucky B
Michigan A
Missouri * E
Nebraska B
New Hampshire B
New Jersey * B
Virginia ' E
Washington A
AVIATION.
Realizing the importance of military aviation in war and to provide
at least a nucleus of instructed aviators in the National Guard, this
bureau recommended that the sum of 876,000 be appropriatt»d to bo
made available for the purchase and maintenance of material and
equipment necessary for the proper instruction in militaiy aviation of
such officers and enlisted men of the National Guard as may be
authorized by the War Department to attend the United States Si^al
Corps Aviation School. The simi requested was appropriated by
Congiess August 29, 1916.
Applicants who successfully pass the required physical exammation
and who are detailed by the War Department for instruction, will
receive the same pay and allowances, including those of travel to and
from the school of instruction, as are received by officers and enlisted
men of the Regular Army of the same grade who are detailed on hke
duty.
In the estimates asked for under the appropriation made by section
13 of the act of May 27, 1908 (now sec. 83, act of June 3, 1916),
$1,000,000 was included in the total amount asked for ($4,576,000)
in order to provide the equipment for eight aero companies.
In view of the call of June 18, 1916, all appropriations for the
National Guard were materially reduced, as only those organizations
not called into the service of the United States were to be provided
> Equipped as a type B company; change in equipment to be made as soon as practicable
'Equipped as a type A company; change in equipment to be made as soon as practicable.
* Equipped as a t3rpe D company- change in equipment to be made as soon as practicable.
916 REPOET OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITU BUREAU.
for. The appropriation of $4,576,000 asked for was therefore reduced
to $2,000,000, of which $400,000 is available for the purchase of equip-
ment for issue to such aero units of the Nationd Guard as may be
recognized by the War Department.
During the past year two aero companies, the First and Second,
have been organizea in the State of New York. The First Company
was mustered into the United States service July 13, 1916, under the
call of the President of June 18, 1916. The report of the commanding
officer of this organization, Capt. R. C. Bolunjg, based on opinions
formed from experience since organization, giving special considera-
tion to experience since mobilization, is as follows:
There is no difficulty in obtaining an^ desired number of men of education, char-
acter, and inteUigence to take up military aviation. Men qualified by character,
intelligence, and education to become officers and not merely aviators can be readily
obtained . If men of this sort are desired, there is no need to take men of a different sort.
It is extremely difficult — and, in my opinion, will not generally prove possible — to
obtain the right sort of mechanics as enlisted men in National Guard aviation units.
The expert mechanical work required in an aviation unit is very preat in amount
and most exacting in character. The utmost skill and care ar^ required at all times
and in every detail. This work must be done by mechanics regularly and constantly
employed on the aeroplanes and motors. Mechamcs who report at the aviation field only
once or twice a week tor a few hours according to the established rule of National Guard
duty can not keep the aeroplanes in condition to be used, nor can such mechanics
themselves be trained successfully. Furthermore, except in war times men do not
enlist in the National Guard merely to work nights and Saturday afternoons and Sun*
days at their regular trade. For these reasons and from our experience I am con-
vinced it will always be necessary to employ an adequate force of expert professional
mechanics to maintain and repair the aeroplanes of any National Guard organixations.
It is very doubtful whether men will join National Uuard aviation units unless they
can be reasonably sure that sooner or later they will be given a chance to fly.
If they do join and find that they can not expect any chance to fly they will soon
become so dissatisOed as to be a detriment to the oivanization. Nine months of expe-
rience with all sorts of applicants, several hundred in number, has convinced me of
this. All these applicants, even the uneducat^ and unintelligent, ex|)ected sooner
or later to get a chance to fly. It was the same with all classes. If any said they
wished to come in even though they could not expect any chance to fly, a very slight
cross-examination disclosed mo fact that they really reli^ on getting a chance to fly,
notwith^'tAnding what they said.
Analydij of the situation will readily disclose the reasons for this attitude on the part
of applirant^ for National Guard aviation units. They are:
(a) The work of those men in an aviation unit who do not fly has little militanr
character. It does not offer the attraction of Cavalry, Artillery, or even Infantry drill
and military exercises. It is larj^ly mechanical work and fatigue.
(6) Most National Guard organizations are socially homogeneous, and no man will*
ingly asBumes a position of permanent infr ricrity to any others. While different men
do somewhat different duties, all work together and their duties are similar. No men
are assigned permanently to a lower cUss of work, but ail who make good get thetr
chances. In aviation units this is neither practicable nor desirable, because profes-
sional mechanics, chauffeurs, etc., do not make i^ood material for aviators, who are
expected also to have the education and intelligence of officers, and men of the educm-
tion and intelligence expected of officers do not make good mechanics. In ^ort, an
aviation unit is a collection of specialists who ought to be kept continuously and per-
manentlv at their own classes of work. If all the men expect, or even hope sooner or
later to Ay, there is sure to be constant discontent.
(c) Men in civil life who are suflEUriently interested in aviation to join a National
Guard aviation unit are interested primarily in the flying and only secondarily in the
mechanical and miscellaneous work attendant upon flying.
The officer of the aviation section, National Guard Si^al Corps,
Liieut. J. E. Carberry, in charge of the Signal Corps aviation station
at Mineola, N. Y., reports »^° mi^^^-
The First Aero C' -i^ar he Federal service July 13. 1916; it
has been in activ<^ period of nine months* it pomoaam
Mir aeroplanes serv* ' *"ijjhly paid aviatba
Btructore anc k o' oaa been wholly
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU. 917
admirable, but as an aero company, in the military sense, it is nonexistent. The inten-
tion at the time of its creation was the training of a corps or officer aviators. I n that it has
succeeded, but it lacks, and under present conditions will continue to lack, the trained
personnel that makes an aero company not only efficient, but even possible . No one will
more candidly admit the trutli of this statement than its own commanding officer.
The Second Aero Company was organized at Buffalo, N. Y.. in the spring of the
present year. It has had no opportunity to train its aviators, <iue to the fact (which
must be emphasized most strongly) that it was rais^ in a city, which the largest
aeroplane concern in this country, perhaps in the world, claims as its home, it does
possess a certain number of trained aviation mechanics. Obviously, this aavantage
IS most unusual, and. perhaps, would not obtain in any similar oiiganization tlmt
might be mentioned, out, whatever his vocation, it is the desire of every man in the
company that he be given an opi>ortunity to demonstrate his qualifications as an
a'V'iator. The company was organized on this basis. Whether it was possible to
organize it on any other is problematical. It mav be argued that a new banning on
the basis of engaging a man for a certain clearly aefined sphere of duty may be made,
and at present an actual effort is being made in that direction.
The First Aero ComjMuiy has established in New York Citv a recruiting office with
the sole object of enlisting mechanics for the company. Although it has nad the aid
of the Aero Club of America, the Automobile Club of America, and the American
Legion, and has sent out personal letters to many likely candidates, it so far has failed
to secure even one enlistment.
Is it to be expected that other States will have greater success? Quite the reverse,
considering the field of selection that is here open. It is not too much to predict that
if in each state an aviation unit, or group of units, is raised, that the training of these
units will be inadequate, except at a pronibitive cost, ununiform, due to the impossi-
bility of Federal superviaicm, and inefficient, so far as preparation for war is concerned.
The efforts above described to establish and make efficient aero
units of the National Guard were made mider the most favorable
circumstances.
The accoimts of the two officers whose reports have been quoted —
one of them an officer of the aviation section of the Regular Army
and the other an officer of the National Guard, whose ability and
professional attainments are well recognized in civil hfe — indicate
plainly that no effort was spared by tnose who were charged with
the task, and that the apparent failure was due to causes which could
not be controlled.
These two officers practically agree in their conclusions, and these
are based upon reasons which seem so convincing that the opinions ex-
f)ressed must be given ^eat weight in deciding upon a policy to be fol-
owed in respect of instituting an aero service for the National Guard.
Undoubtedly the spectacular part of the aviation service is that which
attracts members of the National Guard. The drudgery con-
nected with the aviation service, of which there is a great deal, and
which is very essential to efficient maintenance, does not appeal to
them. Relative values as between the work of flying and tne other
activities connected with the aviation service may be judged in some
measure by the fact that of a personnel of 45 men in an aero company,
only 6 are flyers. The rest never go up in the air at all, but are
employed as mechanicians, artificers, or otherwise, all bein^ neces-
sary, and each man being a high-class speciaUst in his own line.
It is conceded that the aero service is the most highly technical
branch of an anny. While a tolerable efficiency may be attained
in the Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, and other imits of the National
Guard, it is impossible to conceive of an efficient service in the main-
tenance and repair of the intricate mechanisms and elaborate appli-
ances and materiel of aero units, through the intermittent or occasional
service of voluntary workers.
While Congress has appropriated $400,000 for the purchase of
equipment to be issued to such aero units as the War Department
918
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
may recognizoi the great cost of the equipment will make it necessary
to mipose conditions in respect of care and maintenance of materiel,
which the State will find it difficult to meet. A final determination
of the question must rest upon actual trial; but, so far, reason and
experience both indicate an incompatibiUty between the aviation
service of the Army and the National Guard service, which is beyond
reconciUation, and which is entirely inconsistent with the idea that
efficient National Guard aero units may be organized and maintained
in time of peace.
It is still desirable to take advantage of the interest and enthusiasm
which individual members of the National Guard have shown in
mihtary aviation, and this interest may well be utilized through
provision for the attendance at the aviation schools of as many
quaUfied students as may apply to attend.
In those States which are unable to maintain aero units, the grad-
uated students of the aviation schools may find a useful activity by
becoming incorporated in the Signal Corps Officers' Reserve Corps.
The pay and expenses incident to instruction at the schools, and the
expansion of the aviation schools of the Army to meet an increase
in the number of students, should be amply provided for, and, when
this has been done, it is probably all that Congress should be asked to
do toward the promotion of military aviation in the National Guard.
SANITARY TROOPS.
Smce the date of last report the following new organizations have
been completed up to Jime 30, 1916: Four ambulance companies, 3
field hospital, ana 14 detachments, making a total of 22 ambulance
companies, 31 field hospitals, and 174 detadiments. (See Table 13).
Since Jime 30, 1916, tnere have been completed 4 ambulance com-
paines and 7 field hospitals, making a total of 8 ambulance companies
and 10 field hospitals organized since last report. The following
table shows the existing sanitary units and the number required for
the 12 National Guard mvisions:
Diybioo.
Fifth.
Sixth.
Seventh...
Eighth
Ninth
Tenth
Eleventh..
Twelfth
Thhteenth .
Fourteenth,
Fifteenth...
Sixteenth..,
States comprising divisional districts.
Maine, none. New Hampshire (1 F. H.), Vermont, none, Mas-
sachusetts (2 F. n. ana 2 A. C), Connecticut (1 F. H. and 1 A.
C), Rhode Island (1 A. C).
New Yorlc (4 F. H. and 4 A. C.)
Pennsylvania (2 F. H. and 2 A. C).
New Jersev (1 F. H. and 1 A. C), Delaware, none, District of Co>
lumbla (IF. H.), Maryland (1 F. H. and 1 A. C), Virginia (1
F. H.), west Virginia, none.
North Carolina (1 F. U. and 1 A. C), South Carolina (1 F. H.),
Qeor^ (1 F. H.), Florida (1 F. H.).
Kentucky (1 F. H. and 1 A. C.), Tennessiee (1 F. H. and 1 A. C),
Alabama (1 F. H. and 1 A. C), Mississippi, none.
Ohio (3 F. U. and 2 A. C), Michigan (1 F. H. and 2 A. C)
Dlfaiois (2 F. H.)» Indiana (1 F. H. and 2 A. C).
Iowa (1 F. H. and I A. C), Wisconsin (1 F. H.), Minnesota, none,
North Daicota, none. South Dakota, none.
Colorado (1 F. H.), Nebraska (1 F. H.), MisBourl (1 F. H. and 1
A. C), Kansas^one, Wyoming, none.
Louisiana (1 F. H.), Oklahoma (1 F. H. and 1 A. C), Texas (I
F. U.}, Arixona, none, New Mexico, none, Arkansas, none.
California (I F. U. and 1 A. r.) Utah (1 F. H), Washington, Done,
Oregon, none, Idaho, none, Nevada, ntme.
Total
Total units..
Organized. ' Shortaga.
4 F.H.
4 A. a
4
4
2
2
4
2
F.H.
A.C.
F.H.
A. a
F.H.
A. a
F.H.
A.C.
F.H.
A.C.
F.H.
A.C.
F.H.
A.C.
F.H.
A.C.
F.H.
1 A.C.
S F.H.
A. a
F.H.
1
2
1 A.C.
S8 F.H.
28 A.C.
M
Nona.
Nona.
2 F.H.
2 A.C,
2 A.C.
t A.a
1 F.H.
1 A.a
N<
1
2
2
S
t
t
1
t
s
s
F.H.
A.a
F.H.
A.a
F.H.
A.C
F.H.
A.C
F.H.
A.C
10 F. B.
89 A.C
BEPOET OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU. 919
While this increase in sanitary units is ^iconraging, it was largely
due to mobilization of the National Guard, with prospects of active
service. Newly organized sanitary units, under most favorable con-
ditions, could not be made ready for efficient service in campaign
within a less period than six months of intensive training after
receiving their equipment and transportation. The formation of
these orgainzations should not await the necessity created by a
threatened conffict. They should be organized, equipped, and trained
in time of peace. If this mobilization results m impressing upon
the medical profession and the responsible State authorities the ne-
cessity of aaequate sanitary units, properly trained and equipped
in time of peace it will have done much toward the cause of pre-
paredness.
The strength of the sanitary troops on June 30 was 884 officers
and 4,436 enlisted men, a total gain of 884 during the year. (See
Table 13.) The strength has been greatly augmented since mobiliza-
tion by new units and detachments, also by increasing the personnel
of organizations to war strength.
At the armory inspection in 1915, out of a total of 884 commis-
sioned officers, 125 were not inspected. Of 4,436 enlisted men, 539
were absent from the inspection. (See Table 13.) While this is an
improvement over last year, yet it is a large number concerning
which there is no accurate information as to suitabihty and quali-
fications for military service.
In the majority of the States the condition of the sanitary troops
in respect to organization, training, and equipment shows improve-
ment over last year, although it is far from having reached the
desired standard if immediate use of these organizations for cam-
paign is considered. The degree of efficiency differs widely. In
many States but a short period of preparation would be needed to
make the sanitary troops ready for field service. In others, how-
ever, much time and labor would be required.
INSTRUCTION AND TRAfNINO.
In addition to the number of inspector-instructors reported last
year, one other was authorized and assigned to the States comprising
the Fifth Division, making a total of six medical officers of the
Re^lar Army on this duty. All have shown commendable zeal in
their efforts to increase interest among the sanitary troops and to
improve their efficiency, but the number is entirely inadequate to
accomplish the results desired. However, the results have been
gratifying, and the numerous requests from States for additional
officers, warrants the detailing of a sufficient number of medical officers
of the Regular Army to provide for frequent visits of instruction
to all sanitary detachments and units. The number of sergeant-
instructors for sanitary troops was increased during the year bj
three at the request of this bureau, making a total of 15 on this
important duty. The result of their work warrants the detailing of
a sergeant of the medical department for each National Guard
sanitary unit and sufficient additional ones to provide adequate
instruction to the sanitary detachments. The value accruing to
the Federal Government of detailing officers and noncommissioned
officers with the National Guard from the viewpoint of increasing
their efficiency, can not be overestimated. The money spent in
920 BEPOET OF THE CHIBF OF THE MILITIA BUBSAU.
this way will produce results that can not be secured by any other
method.
00BBB8PONDBN0B COUR8B.
In addition to the personal instruction, a correspondence course
for medical officers oi the National Guard was conducted by Uie
inspector-instructors. Upon request, the War Department detailed
sufficient medical officers irom near-by posts, who, in addition to their
{>ost duties, conducted the correspondence course in those States
or which no sanitary inspector-instructors were provided. While
these officers performed the duty assi^ed to them in a satisfactory
manner and the medical officers of tne National Guard were able
to ^et some theoretical instruction, yet the numerous chimges of
station of these officers seriously interfered with the work and made
it impossible to secure the good results obtained by the inspector-
instructors. The policy adopted last year of having all the ques-
tions prepared and sent out from this bureau has proved much
more satisfactory than the previous method of having each inspector-
instructor prepare the questions for lus district. ' It is deemea advis-
able to continue this method.
More than 60 per cent of the medical officers successfully completed
the prescribed courses. (See Table 12.) No reports were received
from some States, partly due to the mobilization order and partly
to the necessity of sendiog the medical officers conducting the course
to the border for duty. Tue best showing was in States having medi-
cal officers detailed as inspector-instructors. Maj. Carl Philips, Medi-
cal Corps, National Guard of E^ansas, was awarded a certificate of
proficiency imder the provisions of General Orders, No. 43, War
Department, 1914. Having had more than 10 years' service in the
Organized Mihtia, he was, upon request, permitted to take Uie final
examination in the course, which he passed successfully.
FIELD INBTBUCnON.
It was planned to have a 10-day camp of instruction for medical
officers and noncommissioned officers of the Medicai Department at
five conveniently located camps in the United States in June, to be
followed by a lO-day joint camp for the sanitary units of the several
States. A program bad been arranged for a thorough practical course
of instruction. All States exceot one had signified their intention of
participating to the extent of tne availabiUtv of funds for this pur-
pose. Owing to the nonavailability of regular medical officers and
sanitary unite for instruction purposes, and the imcertainty of funds
being made available by Congress, the proposed camps to be held at
Tobyhanna, Pa., Anniston. Ala., and Fort Riley, Kans., had to be
abandoned. The proposed camps scheduled for Sparta, Wis., and
Monterev, Cal., were given up on accoimt of the mobilization of the
National Guard. These camps of instruction are of inestimable value
for the training of sanitary troops, and unless the funds for this pur-
pose are assured by March 1 of each year they can not be satisfactorily
planned and consummated. In addition, adequate sanitary person-
nel and units of the regular Medical Corps must be availaole for
instruction purposes, otherwise the funds for this purpose can not be
economically and beneficially spent.
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUBEAIT. 921
A&MOBIBS.
With few exceptions, adequate armory facilities are afforded for
the proper traini^ and instruction of the sanitary troops during the
indoor period. However, this can not be said in so far as it pertains
to the proper storage of Federal property issued to the States for use
of the sanitary troops. There appears to be a reluctance on the part
of some Stat^ to provide these laciUties. Many sanitary organiza-
tions are not provided with their proportional share of armory facili-
ties nor with funds allotted bv States for use of organizations. In
some cases expensive locker lacihties are provided for hne troops
and none for tne sanitary troops occupying the same armory, and m
several instances ample funds to the extent of providing luxuries are
furnished line troops when the sanitary troops are not so provided.
In nearly all States, caretakers and other persons are employed by the
States to take care of the Federal property issued to line troops, when
no such provision is provided for tne sanitary troops. Such discrimi-
nation causes dissatisfaction, tends to discredit the necessity of sani-
tary troops, and does not promote their efficiency.
MATiRIBL.
The sanitary organizations are, with few exceptions, equipped for
the field. Much oi the equipment is of obsolete model. Some of it
is imserviceable by fair wear and tear, and there is some which is not
in a serviceable condition due to the failure of the States to provide
proper storage facilities to protect it from the elements. Unless
States will take steps to provide adequate and proper storage facilities
for the valuable medical property issued to it, the withdrawal of this
property and Federal recognition is deemed advisable.
A large shortage of expendable articles is reported from several
States, which in most cases have been expended auring camp service.
If the responsible medical officer woula, upon return from camp,
submit requisition to cover all articles expended in camp and neces-
sary to complete the equipment of their organizations, this would
not occur. In several instances the responsibihty lies with the
State supply officers because of their failure to forward duly rendered
requisitions. In order that sanitary organizations may oe always
prepared for campaign, it is 'advisable that they be equipped with
the latest pattern of materiel, which should be properly marked and
stored for use when called into the Federal service. The obsolete
equipment could be used for camp service in time of peace.
FDT8ICAL EXAMINATION AND TRAINING.
It is a matter of record that all States except two have adopted the
physical standards prescribed for the Regular Army, and the majority
of the States claim a rigid enforcement; but reports of inspectors
indicate that great laxity has existed in the majonty of the States in
this respect. This has been confirmed by the recent mobilization.
As the requirements of the regular service make it necessary that the
physical condition of each and every man enlisted or reenlisted be
gassed upon by a medical officer, it would appear that the Medical
orps of the I^tional Guard was responsible for the personnel found
922 KEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUBEAIT.
ph^ically disqualified. This is no doubt true to a certain extent.
It is not deemed advisable to expend money on the training and
instruction of men who when needed for active service are found to
be physically disqualified. Every man in the Nationtd Guard should
be physically qualified for any duty devolving upon him. This can
best be accomplished by instituting a thorough phjsical reexamina-
tion of each person as soon as practicable after enhstment and reen-
listment in tne National Guard by a medical officer of the regular
service; abo this should be done annually for the commissioned per-
sonnel. In this way the physically disquaUfied could be weeded out.
Those having defects that are not disqualifying could have them
waived. This would result in not more than 1 per cent of the per-
sonnel being foimd disqualified when called into the Federal service.
There are a large number of persons rejected for physical defects,
such as poor physique, deficient chest expansion, ana similar defects,
who do not conform to the prescribed standard physical requirements,
but who imder proper physical training would in a short time meet
these requirements and oe able to endure the physical strain of
campaign. If more time and attention were paid to the physical
development and training of a soldier, a large number of the above
type oi men could in time of peace be enUsted in the National Guard
and Army without decreasing its efficiency. Only a casual inspection
is needed to impress upon anyone with military training that the
National Guard personnel as a body is lacking in physicd training;
even those long m the service lack the physique wnicn should r^mt
from proper mflitary training.
TTPHOH) PROPHYLAXIS.
There is very little change in the status of typhoid prophylaxis as
reported last year. Some States, have given considerable attention
to the matter, while others have not. Tlie annual inspection reports
show that 2,481 officers and 24,866 enUsted men had recBived com-
plete antityphoid prophylaxis out of a reported strength of 8,589 offi-
cers and 123,605 enhsted men, making a total of 27,347 protected
against typhoid fever out of a total strength of 132,294. As com-
pared with the report of last year showing 22.551 receiving complete
antityphoid propnylaxis out of a total s'rengtn of 129,398, making 20
per cent durmg the past year, as against 17.4 per cent during the year
previous, this mcrease is encouraging. However, too large a percent-
age are unprotected. It is believed the recent mobilization, which
brought the National Guard imder regulations prescribed for tne Reg-
ular Army, requiring vaccination of all persons in the Federal serv-
ice, will do much toward further popularizing these preventive meas-
ures. It is believed that the time has arrived to make them compul-
sory in the National Guard, thereby making it ready for a hasty caQ
into the Federal service.
NONCOMMI88IONBD 0FFICBR8.
The inoiportance of intellijgent. well-trained, competent noncommis-
sioned officers for the medical aepartment can not be overestimated.
Without them the sanitary service of any organization will break down
in campaign, and important records necessary to safeguard the Gov-
ernment and the interest of the soldier can not be seci^ed. If to this
EEPOBT OP THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUBEAU. 923
is added a commissioned persoimel with little or no knowledge of
paper work required in the Federal service, we have a combination
which will f aU far short of eflBciency.
With the exception of a few States, little or no efforts have been
made to secure capable men for noncommissioned oflScers for the
medical department, and little eflFort on the part of the commissioned
personnel of the medical department to establish schools of instruc-
tion for noncommissioned oflBcers to make them proficient in their
duties. Examinations for appointments to the grades of sergeant
first class, sergeant, and corporal have been of a perfimctory nature,
and very often the noncommissioned officer is no more famihar with
his duti(>s than the privat<3. Due to the lack of sufficient medical offi-
cers and noncommissioned oflTicers of the Regular service detailed with
the National Guard for instruction purposes this serious defect could
not be corrected, and it is beUeved that one of the most serious defects
foimd existing in the medical department of the National Guard
called into the Federal service wiU bo as above indicated. If it is of
such import as to impress upon those concerned the necessity of de-
voting more attention in this direction, the mobilization will have
accomplished something. Under the provisions of the act of June 3,
1916, tne War Department has been given broader and greater power,
as well as more adequate facifities, to correct this defect, ana close
supervision will be exercised along this fine in the future.
ACT OF JUNB 3, l»lfl.
The act of June 3, 1916, contains much beneficial legislation which,
when enforced, will greatlv improve the efficiency of the medical
department of the National Guard. It provides for uniform courses
of armory and field instruction along lines prescribed for the Regular
Army. It provides for an increased number of inspector and sergeant
instructors. It provides for examination of medical officers and non-
commissioned officers imder Federal supervision. It will mean greater
devotion to duty and acquisition of military knowledge on the part
of the personnel. In adcntion, the act of August 29, 1916, provides
for horses for the sanitary troops.
The progress made by the sanitary troops since the last report has
been most satisfactory, and indicates a commendable spirit of the
proper appreciation oi the necessity for sanitary troops on the part
of those concerned. The European war has been an important factor
in demonstrating to the medical profession and others concerned that
an adequate, well-organized, properly equipped, and trained sanitary
personnel is a national asset in time of war; that sanitary organiza-
tions to be useful and fulfill their miUtary functions must be organ-
ized, equipped, and trained in time of peace. The public not only
expects, but demands, that the health and fives of its soldiersvbe prop-
erly saieguarded. MiUtary efficiency demands that all preventable
diseases be eliminated from the Armjr; that at least 65 to 85 per cent
of its wounded be returned to the firing line.
MACHINE-OUN UNITS.
Under the provisions of the act of Jime 3, 1916, the status of the
machine-^un units has been changed from provisional to permanent
organizations.
924 BEPOET OP THE CHIEF OP THE MILITIA BUREAU.
During the year the number of National Guard machine-gun units
has been increased from 35 to 55. The armament of these oi^aniza-
tions is as foUows:
Equipped with 4 Benet-Merder 42
Equipped with 4 Maxim 10
Equipped with 4 Lewis 3
Total 55
The issue of other types of gims was made necessary by the shortage
of jguns and equipment of the standard type.
The allowance of ammunition for these xmits when they participate
in firing exercises at joint camps or camps of instruction which are
under the supervision and direction of an officer of the Regular Army
has been increased to an amount not less than one-half the annual
E^^ar Army allowance of ammunition for each machine gun.
On January 8, 1916, the War Department issued directions to
department commanders to establish joint camps of instruction for
machine-gxm companies of the Organized Mihtia within their respec-
tive departments.
Machine-gun companies of the Organized Militia were to be ordered
to these camps upon the recommendation of the adjutants general of
the States and of the District of Columbia for a period of 15 days.
A program of instruction was prepared based on an available instruc-
tion period of 96 hours.
The delays incident to the passage of the Army appropriation bill,
and later the calling into the United States service of tlie National
Guard, necessitated the abandonment of this proposed plan of in-
struction.
Actual firing practice at summer camps of instruction, in conjunc-
tion with troops of the Regular Army when practicable, will be made
the chief feature in the scheme of instruction of machine-gun units
of the National Guard, and proficiency in such practice wilTbe made
a condition of continued recognition. As packmg and the manage-
ment of pack animals is an important part of machine-gun service,
each maciiine-gun unit should have a smaU nucleus of pacK mules, not
exceeding four, for instruction purposes when stabling faciUties can
be provided at or near the armories.
SMALL-ARMS TARGET PRACTICE AND COMPETITIONS.
Complete data of the results of target practice for the taiget (cal-
endar) year 1915 are set forth in Table 14 of this report. Owing to
the fact that this report goes to press before the close of the target
year 1916, it is possible to submit tables showing the practice con-
ducted during the target vear 1915 only.
Attention nas been called in previous annual reports to lack of
progress in rifle firing. Although results of firing for the year 1915
show a slight improvement over the preceding year, the percentage
of men quaUfying with the rifle is still very unsatisfactoiy and is far
from justifying the amount of the expenditures made U)r the pro-
motion of rifle practice.
The following table shows the percentage of the Organized Militia
which has qualified in rifie practice during the past nine years:
BEFOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MIUTIA BUBEAU.
925
Statement ahoroing rifle practice ofiueeemve yean.
Year.
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Total
Strength of
namber
organizap
tkms armed
qualifying
as second
with rifle.
classmen
or better.
97,643
46,523
101,929
53,379
108,851
56,896
109,658
54,202
111,829
48,150
110,737
49,150
111,140
42,599
90,835
31,631
108, £61
41,701
Peroentage
qualifying.
47.6
52.4
52.3
49.4
48.1
44.4
38.1
34.8
38.4
The cost of targ^et practice of the Organized Militia for the calen-
dar year 1915 includes the following items, viz:
Acquiring and developing rifle ranges $261. 98
Shooting galleries 2, 155. 51
Civilian markers and scorers 45,183.69
Entrance fees 2, 635. 50
Prizes 5,603.22
Purchase rifle ranges 9, 684. 20
Caretakers, rifle ranges 29, 179. 36
Rent, rifle ranges 23. 359. 35
Construction and improvements (labor and material) 93, 524. 34
AmmunI tion 98, 969. 62
Miscellaneous 2,424.64
Total 312,981.41
From a comparison of this total with the number of men quali-
fying: as second-class men or better during the calendar year 1915 it
results that the cost to the United States, exclusive of the items of
pay, transportation, and subsistence at rifle camps of instruction,
IS $7.50 per man. The items of pay, transportation, and subsistence
at rifle camps of instruction are not separable from expenditures for
other camps of instruction and can not, therefore, be included in the
computation of the cost of rifle practice. If ascertainable, they
would greatly increase the computed cost of qualification.
These figures make plain the necessity for an earnest endeavor to
increase the returns on expenditures made for the promotion of rifle
practice.
As stated in the last annual report, the degree of training expressed
by the qualification of second-class men is a very low minunum, and
any lower degree of skill has such a small value that it may be regarded
as negligible. Indeed, failure to attain this qualification is evidence
of such a hurried firing of the course or ot firing without proper
instruction that the actual result is more probably the engendermg
of individual faults which may represent a positive loss rather than
an increase of skill. In this connection it may be remarked that the
practice which exists in one State of firing the entire course of rifle
practice in one day can not fail to be detrimental to any real prog-
ress in rifle practice.
The failure of the adjutants general of four States to comply with
the provisions of section 12 of the militia law requiring them '*to
926 REPORT OF THE CHIEP OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
make returns to the Secretary of War, at such tunes and in such form
as he shall from time to time prescribe, of the strength of the Organ-
ized Mihtia, and also make such reports as maj from time to time
be required by the Secretary of War" made it unpossible to include
the troops of those States in the tables showing the results of small-
arms practice.
• ARMOBT INSTRUCTION.
The reports show a considerable improvement over those for the
calendar year 1914 in respect to gallery practice, the niunber of men
qualifying in gallery practice being nearly twice as great.
The remarks made in the last annual report as to the necessity of
pursuing a progressive scheme of indoor instruction involving
sighting, position, and aiming driUs preliminary to gallery practice
are here again emphasized.
RIFLE CAMPS OF INSTRUCTION.
These camps are sometimes held exclusively for the piirpose of
instruction in rifle practice and sometimes in conjimction witn other
camps for field instruction and maneuvers. The former are most
beneficial in results. As a rule it may be said that rifle camps of
instruction in conjunction with camps for field instruction and maneu-
vers are to be discouraged, as the two forms of instruction mutually
interfere with each other. However, in States where but few ranges
are available and the troops are distributed in many different sta-
tions, it has been necessary to take advantage of the occasions when
the troops are assembled at the annual encampment for firing the
prescribed course. The remedy for this condition lies in the pro-
vision of ranges for each company station.
In many States the limitea time allotted to range practice (in
one State but one day was allowed for the firing of all its troops
through the entire Organized Militia course) made adequate in-
struction out of the question. A hurried firing of a large amount
of ammunition in so short a period is worse than useless, for it is
sure to engender in the untrained shot vices which, once formed,
are very difficult to eradicate and which therefore decrease his
value as a potential marksman below that of the man who has never
^ed a shot.
It may be laid down as a general rule that xmder efficient instruction
the average recruit can not properly fire more than 40 rounds a day,
and that therefore a minimum of three days should be allowed for
the firing of the 97 roimds included in the Organized Militia course.
Under a |)roper system of instruction, which will include a repetition
of preliniinary instruction and gallery practice for men found not
Sroperly prepared to fire service ammunition, the entire period of three
ays will be fully occupied in firing the prescribed numoer of rounds.
RANOB PRACTICE OF INDIVIDCALS.
Much of the outdoor instruction in smaU-arms firing consists in
the ranj^e practice of individuals attending the nearest av^able range.
Cost, time, and other factors considered, this method of conducting
rifle practice is the most efficient means of securing results. It has
therefore been the policy of the Militia Bureau to encourage the ac-
quisition or lease of target ranges with a view to the ultimate pro*
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU. 927
vision of a target range for each Infantry, Cavalry, and Engineer
station.
PISTOL PRACnCB.
In 24 States no pistol practice is reported to have been held
Paragraph 356f, Small-Arms Firing Manual. 1913, requires that
"all oflScers and enlisted men armed with tne pistol, except field
oflScers, for whom the course is authorized but not prescribed," shall
fire the prescribed course.
COMPBTinONS.
In the opinion of this bureau the true purposes which the national
match should serve as a part of the scheme of national defense are
as follows:
1. A school of musketry by means of which competitors could be-
come qualified to act as instructors in target practice and thus
dissemmate the knowledge of that subject tm-ou^out the National
Guard.
2. As a stimulus to members of National Guard organizations to
perfect themselves in marksmanship in order that they may be able
to win a place on the team.
The concrete evidence which should be demanded of the national
matches that they are fulfilling these purposes is to be sought in the
number of men qutJified with the rine, and as yet this evidence is
lacking.
In order that the national match shall serve effectively the purpose
of a school of musketry, it is first necessary that adequate range
facilities be provided at the home stations of their organizations.
For there is manifestly no purpose in training a corps of skilled
instructors unless the ranges on which instruction can oe given are
suppUed. Nevertheless, many States in which range f acuities are
alniost totally lacking annually send teams to the place of the national
match at considerable expense.
As a further condition to sending a team to the national match,
a prescribed percentage — not less than 60 per cent — of the enlisted
strength of the National Guard of a State shall have fired the standard
course of target practice. Unless this principle is foDowed, the
matches are not serving the purpose of stimulating the spirit of
competition in the organizations, and fur:hermore they are ab-
sorbmg funds which had better be devoted to the practice of or-
ganizations. A team was sent to the national match held during
the calendar year 1915 by one State in which the total number oi
men firing the rifle during the target (calendar) ^ear was 61, by
another State in which the same total was 179, and in another 189.
Numerous other cases might be cited in which conditions were
nearly as unsatisfactory.
In general, the failure of the national matches to serve their legiti-
mate fimction is due to the fact that they have been considered
as an institution existing for its own sake, and imcoordinated with
the general scheme of tne target practice of the National Guard.
Until the national matches are brought into relation with the general
sjrstem of target practice, thev will serve no purpose commensurate
with the expenditure involved.
A statement of the organizations winning the national trophy for
exceUency in target practice is contained in Table 15 of this report.
928 SEPOBT 07 THB CHIEF OF THE MILmA BUBSAU.
TABGET BANOES.
The policy of tlie Division of Militia Affairs has been to encourage
the acouisition or lease in each State of —
(a) One well-equipped range of large target capacity at the points
selected for the mobilization for war service of troops of the State.
A range of this character will be necessaiy for the training of the
large number of uninstructed men who wul be incorporated in the
ranks of the National Guard when mobilized for Federal service.
(b) A range of more limited extent and target capacity at the home
station of each organization of Infantry, Cavalry, and Engineers, the
size and equipment of these ranges depending upon the number of
organizations which they serve. Ranges of this character are
necessary in order that peace training m target practice may be
conducted without the excessive expense incurred in transporting the
trooj)s to the site of ranges of the first class and in order that pro-
gressive instruction may be given throughout the target season
without the haste which is necessary when troops are assembled for
a few days' instruction at the larger ranges.
Satisfactory progress has been made in the provision of ranges of
the first class. All but a few States are now supplied with ranges of
this character.
In regard to ranges of the second class, conditions are less satis-
factory, but steady progress toward the desired end is being made in
many States. ^ Some States, however, rely entirely on practice con-
ducted when the troops are assembled at camps of instruction. As
elsewhere remarked m this report, this procedure does not give
satisfactory results.
The Army appropriation act for the fiscal year 1917 makes pro-
vision for carrymg into effect the provisions of section 113, act of
Jxme 3, 1916, by appropriating the sum of $300,000 and authorizing
the appointment of a director of civilian marksmanship. Section 1 13
of the act of June 3, 1916, contemplates the development imder the
direction of the Secretary of War of **such a comprehensive plan
as will ultimately result in providing adeauate facilities for rifle
practice in all sections of the coimtry." Under the provisions of
this section, this plan should include all target ranges hereafter con-
structed from funds appropriated by Congress, and comprise rifle
ranges provided for the use of the Nationaj Guard, as well as those
constructed for the encouragement of civilian rifle practice. The
section further provides that **all ranges so established and all
ranges which may have already been constructed, in whole or in part,
with funds provided by Congress shall be open for use by those in
any branch of the military or naval service of the United States and
by all able-bodied males capable of bearing arms."
These provisions contemplate a system of target ranges that will
be available for all classes who are to receive training in rifle practice*
This implies a high degree of coordination in the pfans under wliich
the ranges are located and the expenditure of the different appropria-
tions are made. The two principal appropriations imder which
expenditures for the constructiOXLjpl rifle ranges will be made are
'*Kifle ranges Q|A^***Wt pradfllHttonal Guard" and '* Encourage-
ment of rifle p^ \gjad^^^^^^7 and 113, respectively, act
'>f June 3, 19
BEPOET OP THE CHIEF OP THE MILITIA BUBEAU. 929
It is believed that the ]>roper coordination of these expenditures
can only be insured by placing the expenditure of both appropriations
under tne control of one agency.
ABMOBIES.
The armories in the various States differ widely in their cost, in
their adaptabOity to instruction, and in the protection afforded
against the elements, asainst fire, and against theft. Attention has
been called where conditions are not satisfactory, and it is hoped
that some States which have not been liberal in tneir appropriations
will be more so in the future, as the enlisted man who subscribes to
the National Guard oath is entitled not only to the services of properly
trained officers, but to a reasonable degree of consideration on the
part of the State, manifested by affording him a commodious and
comfortable armory. Facilities for proper heating and for bathing —
principally shower — ^will add largely to contentment.
FEDEEAL FXTNDS.
DI8BUR8BMBNT8.
During the year the following amounts were disbursed from
Federal appropriations for the support of the Organized Militia and
the National Guard :
Under section 1661, Reviaed Statutes $1,518,091.54
Under section 1661, Revised Statutes, for purchases. 595, 128. 13
Under act of May 27, 1908 : 1,991,448.56
Under the appropriation "Care of horses and materiel. Field Artillery,
Organized Mihtia, 1916" 108,853.15
Under special appropriation for procurement of Field Artillery equip-
ment 1,875,870.72
Under special appropriation for equipment of Coast Artillery armories. 29, 828. 92
Under the appropriation '* Encampment and maneuvers. Organized
Militia, " for joint encampments, mobile army 113, 424. 46
Under the appropriation ^'Encampment and maneuvers. Organized
Militia," for joint coast-defense exercises 148, 762. 04
Under appropriation for mileage for the Regular Army 35, 718. 16
For transportation of supplies 50, 396. 40
Total 6,467,522.08
Note. — ^The above amount does not include the expenses of noncommissioned
officers on duty with the Organized Militia, nor the expenses connected with the
sending of officers and enlisted men of the Organized Militia to the service schools.
Of this amount, $1,518)091.54 was disbursed under section 1661,
Revised Statutes, and was used in nayment of subsistence, transpor-
tation, and other expenses of the Organized Militia engaged in neld
instruction under regulations establi^ed by the Secretary of War.
A certain percentage of this amount was used for the promotion of
rifle practice, purchase of stores, etc. All disbursements from this
allotment were made by the United States disbursing officers of the
several States, the Terntory of Hawaii, and the Distnct of Columbia.
Under the same appropriation the sum of $695,128.13 was spent
for supplies, etc., but this amount was not disbursed by the United
States disbursing officers of the several States, the Territory of
Hawaii, and the District of Columbia. Under section 13 of the
militia law (act of May 27, 1908), the sum of $1,991,448.56 was
69176'*— WAB 1916— VOL 1 59
930 KEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
applied to supplies and equipment issued to the Organized Militia
on requisitions submitted bj the governors of the several States, the
Territoij of Hawaii, and the commanding general of the District of
Columbia Militia, and approved by the S^retary of War.
Under the appropriation "Encampment ana maneuvers/' there
was spent $113,424.46 for the payment of transportation, pay, and
subsistence for the members of the Oi^anized Militia participating in
joint encampments with the Eegular Army. Unde^ the same ap-
propriation there was allotted for joint Coast ArtiUerv defense
exercises the sum of $148,762.04. These funds were disbursed by
oflScers of the Quartermaster Corps of the Army.
Under the appropriation '*Care of horses, materiel. Field Artillery,
Oi]ganized Mihtia, 1916,'' the sum of $108,853.15 was expended. Of
this amount, $61,791.97 was disbursed by the United States dis-
bursing officers of the several States and the District of Columbia
for the payment of mechanics and helpers authorized in the various
batteries, and $47,061.18 for the procurement of forage and author-
ized veterinarian supplies for the animals used for Field ArtiUery
purposes as authorizea under the act of March 4, 1915.
During the past year accounts received from disbursing officers
have, as a general rule, shown, as was reported for the fiscal year
1915, careful preparation. The suspensions by the Auditor for the
War Department were in most cases for errors and technicalities.
The accounts received were in the majority of cases rendered
{promptly after the end of the months for which due, and in very
ew cases can it be stated that the accounts were submitted after
the period designated for their transmission had elapsed.
Regulations governing the appointment of property and disburs-
ing officers of the United States required in eacn State under Uie
provisions of the act of June 3, 1916, and the apportionment and
disbursement of Federal funds appropriated for the National Guard
under the provisions of this act, were published imder date of July
14, 1916, and were in the hands of tne authorities of the several
States, the Territory of Hawaii, and the District of Columbia when
funds appropriated under the provisions of the Army appropriation
act for the nscal year 1917 became available.
REGULATIONS GOVERNINO FIELD OB CAMP SERVICE FOR
INSTRUCTION.
The provisions of Circular 17, Division of Militia Affairs, 1914,
publishmg the regulations governing camps of instruction for 1915
were found to require revision in certain minor particulars. These
relations were revised and republished in Circiilar 15, Division of
Mflitia Affairs, December 8, 1915, in time to be used by the Organized
Militia during the summer encampments of 1916, but in view of the
call of June 18, 1916, whereby practically aU of the Organized Militia
were called into the service of the United States, few organizations
had prior to that date imdergone any field or camp service for in-
struction during the summer of 1916.
The regulations published in Circular 15, Division of Militia Affairs^
1915, were continued in effect after the passage of the act of June 3^
1916, until such rej^ations carrying into effect the nrovisions of the
new law could be lormulated ana submitted to tiie oecretary of War
for his approvaL
eeJpobt op the chief of the militia bureau. 931
Of the two principal changes in the j)rior re'^ulations on this sub-
ject, found necessary as a result of previous experience, the first was
the requirement that the 60 days' continuous service required of the
enlisted men immediately preceding the encampments should be
in the arm of the service of the Organized MiUtia m which they were
paid at the encampment, including not less than 14 periods of prac-
tical proCTCSsive mihtary instruction of at least one and one-half
hours each in that arm, or like service and instruction in the Regular
Armv, Navy, or Marine Corps of the United States, or one term of a
year s service at a school where military instruction in that arm was
Sven xmder the supervision of an oflScer of the Regular Armv or
rganized Militia. Previously the reauirements had been such as
to permit of pay to enlisted men who nad had 60 days' service and
14 periods of practical progressive military instruction in the Organ-
ized MiUtia irrespective of the arm of the service in which they nad
served during the period. The other change was to require the same
conditions as to service and instruction for rifle camps of instruction
as for joint State camps of instruction, practice marches, and joint
and State maneuvers.
FEDERAL PROPERTY.
ACCOUNTABILITY.
Regxdations governing the issue, survey, accountability, and care
of United States propertv issued to the several States for the use
of the National Guard thereof, rendered necessary in view of the
Provisions of the act of June 3, 1916, were published under date of
uly 12, 1916, for the information and guidance of those concerned.
The appointment of the property and disbursing officer required
under the act of Jime 3, 1916, and the subsequent transfer of the
accountabihty for the United States property from the governors
of the several States and the commanding general of the National
Guard of the District of Columbia to these officers has been delayed
on account of the mobilization of the National Guard, but it is
expected that this transfer will have been completed and the prop-
erty and disbursing officers in the several States entered upon their
new duties by the end of September, 1916. At the date of the sub-
mission of this report 41 States have taken the necessary steps
toward the appointment of these officers, and their bonds have
either been approved or are in course of accomplishment.
ISSUES.
The value of Government property issued to the Organized Militia
during the fiscal year 1916 is shown by appropriations in the follow-
ing table:
Under the act of May 27, 1908 $1,991,448.56
Under section 1661, Revised Statutes 595, 1 28. 13
Total concurrent appropriation 2, 58(>, 576. 69
Under the special appropriation for the procurement of Field Artillery
materiel 1,875,870.72
Ekjuipment of Coast Artillery armories 29, 828. 92
Care of horses and materiel, Field Aitillery 108, 853. 15
Grand total 4,601,129.48
932 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
The policy inaugurated by this office in 1914 of prescribing^ prior
to the annual inspections, the various articles that must be on hand
for inspection in serviceable condition in order to require the equip-
ment of die Organized Militia for field service in accordance wiUi
law has been carried out with very successful results. The only
difficulty experienced has been that in the majority of cases the
States preferred to wait until informed by the War Department of the
results of the inspection before submittmg reqnisitions to cover the
deficiencies, the result bein^ that, instead of bemjg properly equipped
at the time of the inspection, the articles required were not requi-
sitioned for and received until some months later. This was forcioly
brought to light as the r^ult of the call of June 18, 1916, many
reauisitions being unfilled at that time which had to be canceled in
oraer to prevent dupUcation of issues after muster in of the organiza-
tions. A statement CTable 17) is attadied showing the condition
of the several States in this respect, and the quantities of the several
articles that were ^ort of reouirements on June 18^ 1916.
Circular 10, Division of IitnUtia Affairs, 1915, giving the require-
ments for the Federal inspections of 1916, was published May 27,
1915, in ample time for the States to obtain the eauipment necessary
before the inspections b^an on January 1, 1916, out as will be seen
from the statement herewith (Table 17) out five States were equipped
as required for the minimuni authorized strength.
Circular 10, referred to in the preceding paragraph, stated that its
pubUcation was made on May 27, 1915, in order that those concerned
may have timely notice of uie War Department's intentions in the
premises, and may have opportunity to obtain the equipment pre-
scribed before the next inspection under section 14 of the militia
law. The inspections referred to began January 1, 1916, uid ended
March 31, 1916.
The requirements set forth in this circular were such as to have th«
States provide for the necessary uniform clothing (except shoes,
underwear, and cotton clothing) and individual equipment for the
?rescribed minimum strength of all organizations recognized by the
iTar Department on January 1^ 1916. and such oiganizational equip-
ment as was necessary for active field service.
SHORTAGES.
A very energetic effort has been made during the year by a few
States to clear upthe existing shortages which were authorized by
the Secretary of War December 27, 1912 (see pp. 59 to 66, report
for 1915), to be carried on a separate list, the result being that the
total amount of this shortage has been materiallv reduced. The
Judge Advocate General of the Army having rendered an opinioQ
that, in view of the provisions of section 87 of flie act of Jime 3, 1916,
and the fact that these shortages had been surveyed imder the pro*
visions of the act of June 22, 1906, the value thereof could not be
charged against any Federal appropriations other than those made
prior to the passage of the act of June 3, 1916, i. e., against the
allotment to the States concerned under section 1661, Revised Stat-
utes, there are no funds against which these shortages can now be
charged. Accordingly, recommendation was made bv this office
to the Secretary of War, and approved by him, that tegislatioQ be
REPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUEEAU.
933
had looking toward the relief of the States concerned from this
shortage. Provision to this eflFect is included in the Army appro-
priation act for the fiscal year 1917 (act of Aug. 29, 1916), and the
question finally and definitely settled.
The provision of section 87 of the act of June 3, 1916, carries out
the recommendation made in the report for 1915, as to the survey,
disposition, and method of charging for United States property lost,
damaged, destroyed, or worn out by fair wear and tear in service,
and it is confidently expected that in the future, as a result of the
application of the new law, the losses for propertv will decrease
through the better care that will be exercised by the States in its
care and disposition.
There is shown below a statement as to the condition of the separate
list accountability as it existed on June 30, 1916, from which it will
be seen that the amoimt of this shortage has been reduced from
8510,640.02 in 1916 to $383,852.57 in 1916.
Shortages dropped from returns and separately ao-
oountea for pending final settlement.
1913
Alabama t $84,229.66
Arlxona
Arkansas
Colorado
District of Columbia
Florida
Geortda
Illinois
Louisiana
MissL<^ippi.
Missouri...
Montana
New Jersey....
New Mexico...
North Carolina.
Oklahoma
South Carolina.
South Dakota..
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington....
Total.
17,278.47
12,907.34
10.303.44
5,851.09
18,186.03
2,130.85
8,267.53
2,833.02
204.21
131.23
40,834.49
203,157.15
1914
1124,
5,
115,
4,
17,
12,
10.
6.
18,
1;
2,
44,
087.03
310.82
459.26
020.08
278.47
907.34
303.44
851.09
18n,03
977.28
130.65
31 A. 01
833.02
257.88
093.04
645.65
6,
40,
4,
6,
28,
107.04
834.49
600.12
236.34
373.47
699.35
$120,8n.48
4,896.08
115,459.26
4,020.06
11,789.82
10,182.32
660.42
531,507.90
1915
1916
Issuable.
16,056.61
72,977.28
2,130.65
8,308.72
2,833.02
257.88
16,845.96
606.18
32,271.05
6,107.04
40,834.49
9,44.5.00
6,236.34
27,044.97
699.35
610,540.02
$115,-330.54
4,575.92
3.86
4,020.08
11,497.31
10, 132. 48
Obsolete.
$4,919.67
I 320. 16
15,960.05
61,393.17
877.83
6,886.83
2,551.27
70.12
8,751.78
531.68
18,228.20
5,824.35
18,841.05
7,543.64
4,055.74
22,619.83
163.20
319,858.93
292.
46.
51
70
4,132.
1,215.
1,421.
281.
187.
7,392,
40
16
89
75
76
11
12,633.
282.
21,993.
1,901.
2,180.
4,355.
536.
53
69
44
36
60
76
15
63,993.64
Value of
property
found and
taken upon
returns and
separate lists
credited
therewith
between July
1. 1913, and
July 1, 1916.
$3,836.82
414. 74
115,455.40
5,488.65
2,728.16
10,303.44
5,851.09
2,225.98
7,451.71
37.66
7.20
27,949.15
113.97
1,509.32
1,397.88
184,771.26
SUKVEYS.
The following table shows the value of property surveyed during
the fiscal years 1915 and 1916:
Charged to the sereral States under sectkm 1661 of the Revised
statutes
Dropped from returns without charge
Total
1915
$70,450.19
680,107.09
650,557.29
1916
$126,056.80
623,667.77
749.714.67
Increase.
$55,606.61
43,550.68
99,157.29
934 REPORT OP THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
From the above it will be seen that there was an increase in the
value of property surveyed during the fiscal year 1916 of $99,157.29
over last year; of this amount $55,606.61 was charged to the allot-
ments of the several States and represents the vfdue of property
lost, damaged, or destroyed through lack of reaQonah^e care.
CLOTHING ALLOWANCE.
The following table shows the States and the amount of clothing
allowance granted to each during the fiscal year 1916, under the
provisions of section 13 of the amended militia law. This allowance
was not granted until it was shown as a result of the Federal inspection
of 1915 that the States were uniformed, armed, and equipped as
required by Circular No. 15, D. M. A., 1914 (published in my report
for 1915). The clothing allowance heretofore provided for bj law
has been abolished by the act of June 3, 1916, and all clothmg in
the future must be disposed of by survey proceedings.
Clothing allowance granted the several States for the fiscal year 1916.
Alabama $21,791.67
Arizona 6, 183. 33
Arkanaafl » 12,891.67
California 28,666.67
Connection t » 23, 100. 00
Delaware 3. 750. 00
District of Columhia 15, 391. 07
Florida ' 11.000.00
Georgia 22. 616. 67
Hawaii 7. 541. 67
New Hampshire $11,025.00
New Jersey 34.800.00
New Mexico 7.091.67
New York 130.058.33
North Carolina 23 408.33
North Dakota 5. 633.33
Ohio 44.241.67
Oklahoma S. 541.67
Oregon 13.516.67
Pennsvlvatiia 8.V 550.00
Idaho 7.883.33 Rhode Island » 10.966.67
Illinois 46.250.00 South Carolina 13.241.67
Indiana 17,308.33 South DakoU S. liVOO
Iowa 25.766.67 Tennessee 13.658.33
Kansas 15,100.00 Texas 17.425.00
Kentucky 19.408.33 Utah » 4.716.67
Louisiana 8. 700. 00 Vermont 6. 083 . 33
Maine 10.733.33 , Virginia 22.52o.00
Maryland » 15,975.00 Washington 10.283.33
Massachusetts 47.108.33 West Virginia 13 391.67
Michigan 23. 108.33
Minnesota 27, 333. 33
Mississippi 9,391.67
Missouri 32.266.67
Nebraska 12,283.33
Wisconsin 25.791.67
Wyoming 4.9S3.33
Total 986,608.34
As stated in the annual report for the year 1915 (p. 69), steps were
taken during the year to sell the material of unserviceable woolen
clothing forming a part of the soldiers' uniform after these articles
had been dropped under the clothine allowance allotted the States.
This measure was to replace the usual total destruction of condemned
and imserviceable articles of clothing. In keeping with this plan,
all such woolen articles of clothing were ordered turned into a depot
of the Quartermaster Corps designated by the Quartermaster Gteneral.
where they were macerated and sold. The sum realized from this
sale amounted to $7,324.29. This practice can not be continued, as
under the provisions of section 87 oi the act of June 3, 1916, the pro-
ceeds of such sale must be deposited in the Treasury of the United
> Not ■eon>t«d b7 8tot«.
BEPOKT OP THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU. 935
States as a credit to the State, Territory, or the District of Columbia
concerned, and become a part of and an addition to that portion of
the State's allotment of federal funds set aside for the purchase of
similar supplies. In the future, therefore, all such articles will after
survey be ordered sold imder the supervision of the State authorities
and the proceeds thereof credited to the allotment of the State.
TEANSPOETATION.
The table hereto attached (marked Table 11) shows the condition
of transportation as it existed in the several States at the time of the
call of June 18, 1916. The data in the table refer, however, only to
those organizations that were recognized by the War Department
and included in the call and not those organizations that were organ-
ized after the call and included therein.
THE NATIONAL MIUTIA BOARD AND THE SUBSTITUTE THEREFOR.
The National Militia Board provided by section 20 of the militia
law was assembled bv the Secretary of War on October 29, 1915, for
the purpose of consultation with reference to the status and needs of
the Organized MiUtia with a view to formulating a plan of legislation
to be submitted to Congress. The following members of the board
were present: Maj. Gen. John P. O'Ryan, Brig. Gen. Walter A. Harris,
Col. Wilder S. Metcalf, and Maj. Fred LleweUyn. Gen. E. A. Wedg-
wood, of Utah, was unable to attend. Gen. W. A. Harris, of Georgia,
had been appointed a member of the board to succeed Maj. Harry S.
Berry, of Tennessee, whose term had expired since the last meeting
of the board.
The Secretary of War personally explained to the board the essential
principle and the purposes of the legislation which he proposed to
recommend for consideration by Congress and concluded by requesting
the board to aid him by their practical knowledge and suggestions to
make the principle operative.
The subsequent trend of legislation rendered any further meeting
of the board unnecessary.
The National Militia Board was abolished by section 81 of the act
of June 3, 1916, and the President was authorized to assign a colonel
and a lieutenant colonel of the National Guard to duty in the Militia
Bureau with the pay and allowances of their grades.
INSPECTOR-mSTRUOTORS.
Due to the border situation the number ef inspector-instructors
has been materially decreased, and because of the lack of officers it has
been impracticable to replace those who have been relieved, so that
at the present time there are a number of Stat^ without them. Their
work during the past year has been very satisfactory. Generally,
progress has been made, but in varying degrees in the different States.
Some States have been quite hberal in furnishing and securing trans-
f^ortation for the inspector-instructors, so that they were able to visit
requently and give instruction to the organizations with which they
were on duty. Other States have failed to furnish any facilities fur
such visits, and as a consequence many companies have been deprived
of the actual services of the inspector-instructors. This condition will
936 REPORT OP THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
be remedied in large part in the future by the appropriations made
under the terms of the act of Jime 3, 1916.
There has been cordial understanding between the State authorities
and the inspector-instructors with but few exceptions. A tendency
which should be corrected in the future has mamfested itself in some
instances of assuming that the inspector-instructor was responsible
for the training of the regiment or other organization with which he
was on duty. Kesponsibflity and authoritjr must always go together,
and as the inspector-instructor can not be given the necessary author-
ity unless commissioned in the regiment or other organization, it is
plain that he can not be held responsible for the instruction and train-
ing, and his attitude heretofore has been and must continue to be that
of an enthusiastic, wilUng, and encouraging helper, with the added duty
of a friendly critic. The act of June 3, 1916, authorizes officers on
duty with tne National Guard to accept commissions in the same, and
some States have already taken advantage of this privilege, but it is
a matter that must originate with the State authorities and not with
the Federal Government, though the latter should be liberal in allow-
ing such commissions to be accepted, provided they are in offices
where a Regular Army officer's exnerience and training can be put to
the best use. They should not be allowed to accept subordinate
positions, the command of smaU units, nor commissions in arms
other than their own.
SERGEANT-INSTRUCTORS.
At the request of various State authorities 51 of the 203 sergeants
on duty with the National Guard at the date of mobilization have been
discharged from the Regular Army to enable them to accept commis-
sions in the National Guard organizations called into the service of
the United States by the President June 18, 1916.
Table 10 shows the number of sergeants of the different arms of the
Regular Army who were on duty with the several States on June 30,
1916.
SCUOOL FOR THE SPECIAL TRAINING OF NONCOAfMISSIONED OFFICERS
OF THE REGULAR ARBfT.
1. Under section 36 of the act of June 3, 1916, the Secretary of War
is authorized to detail from the Infantry. Cavalry, Field Artillery, CJorpa
of Engineers, Coast Artillery Corps, Meaical Corps, and Signal Corps of
the Regular Army not to exceed 1 ,000 sergeants of the Regular Army
for duty with corresponding organizations of the National Guard for
the purpose of assisting in the instruction of the personnel and care of
property in the hands of the National Guard. Another section of the
same law authorizes the President to detail for duty at institutions
where one or more units of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps
are maintained not exceeding 500 noncommissioned officers of the
active list of the Army, who are to be additional in their respective
grades to those otherwise authorized for the Army.
2. At the present time the demand tor sei^eants for duty with the
National Guard is in excess of the number which the Secretary of
War has authorized. With the passage of the law authorizing an
increase in the number of sergeant-instructors the demand will have
to be met to the extent that sergeants can be foimd who are considered
capable for performing the duties. At the same time an additional
BEPOET OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUBEAU. 937
demand will be made for noncommissioned officers to be authorized for
institutions maintaining one or more units of the Reserve Officers'
Training Corps. These also should be speciaUv qualified as to per-
sonal character and fitness as instructors. Coincident with these
demands the probable expansion of the Regular Army will create a
demand for experienced and well-instructed nonconunissioned officers
which the Army itself can not at once meet.
3. While it is not expected that tbe demand for extra nonconunis-
sioned officers for duty with the National Guard and with institutions
for learning will come up at once to the maximum niunber to be
authorized under the law, it seems quite certain that the sources ot
supply and the methods of selection heretofore used will be inade-
quate to meet the demand for well-qualified noncommissioned officers
hkely to arise within the next 12 months. It would be manifestly
unwise to detail for duty with the National Guard or at a school or
college a noncommissioned officer who is unfit in any respect or whose
fitness is doubtful. It may be stated that fitness is not only a ques-
tion of moral character and professional knowledge, but of ability to
impart mstruction.
4. These considerations seem to justify the establishment of a
school for the special training of a simicient number ot enlisted men
of the Regular Army whose character and intelUgence rive promise of
measuring up to the requirements imposed by service (n the character
named, it is obvious that only disciplined soldiers should be sent to
such a school, and this consideration suggests a minimum service of
two years as a basic condition for detail.
5. The influence of such a school should be very great in the tend-
ency it would have to standardize ideas and methods of instruction
for the citizen soldiery throughout the country. This consideration
is of such importance that eventually the pohcy should be to detail
for service of this sort only those who have certificates of graduation
from such a school and who otherwise have been pronounced to be
well ouahfied for the duty.
6. It is recommended, therefore, that measures be taken to estab-
lish a permanent service school for the training of noncommissioned
officers of Infantry, Cavalry, and Field Artillery in accordance with
the purposes which have been stated herewith. Matters relating to
location of the school, duration ot the course, condition of admission,
etc., are details which may Well be determined later.
LEGISLATION.
The provisions of the act of Congress of June 3, 1916, relating to
the National Guard are the culmination of a series of legislative
enactments commencing with the mihtia law of 1903. whose object
has been to constitute from the State militia a national force efficient
for Federal purposes. The means sought to attain this object are, on
the one hand, such an increased degree of Federal control as will
permit of uniform and efficient organization, instruction, and dis-
cipline, and, on the other, adeauate appropriations to enable the
States to meet the standaras established dv tne Federal Government.
In the hearing of the Chief, Division of Militia Affairs, before the
Committees on MiUtary Aflfairs of the Sixty-fourth Congress, the prin-
cipal defects of the Organized Militia as constituted under the
mihtia law of 1903 were outlined us foDows:
938 BEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
1. ORGANIZATION.
(a) The Federal Goyemmeat was empowered to establish the
type of organization to which the militia was required to conform
but could not require the organization of any unit. A State might
maintain no mihtia whatever, or it could muster its entire force
out of service after the expenditure upon it of a lai^e amount of
Federal fimds. As each State raised its own troops mdependently
of the' others, the composition of the Organized Muitia, as a whole,
was not based upon the requirements of Army organization, but
chiefly upon the necessities of State service, for which the troops
were primarily raised.
(jb) Lack 01 reserves.
(c) Deficiency in auxiliary arms.
3. APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERS.
No uniform Qualifications for commission or promotion could be
established by tne Federal Government. Tn most States the system
of election of officers by the men was the rule.
3. Tiack of uniform and efficient standard of physical examination.
This defect has been brought out in a striking manner by the recent
mobilization of the National Guard.
4. The existence of a large fluctuating element in the enlisted
personnel due to excessive number of discharges prior to expiration
of term of service. During the calendarvear 1915 the nuinber of
men reported so discharged was 28,126. Tnis figure does not include
organizations in which no record of such discharges was available.
5. Lack of care of Federal property.
6. Inadequate Federal appropriations, particularly for the support
of auxiliary arms.
7. Lack of uniformity in the military codes of the several States,
particularly in respect to terms of enlistment.
8. Lack of authority of the President to order the National Guard
as such beyond the boundaries of the country.
9. Dependence upon State appropriations, which may be with-
drawn or refused by a State legislature.
10. Low attendance at assembUes for drill and instruction.
11. Insufficiency of the periods of training provided by law for
the development of an efficient force.
12. In general, dual control resulting from the fact that tiie
government of the militia is a power reserved to the States.
INCREA8BD POWER8 GRANTED BY THE ACT OF JUNE S, 1916.
The act of June 3, 1916, conveys to the Federal Government
greatly increased powers which can be applied to the correction of
many of the deficiencies above enumerated. Considered hi the
order in which the deficiencies under previous law are above set
forth, these powers relate to —
1. Organization. — In addition to the requirement of the militia
law of 1903, that **the organization ♦ * * shaD be the same as
that which is or may hereafter be prescribed for the Regular Array
of the United States, subject in time of peace to such general excep-
tions as may be authorized by the Secretary of War,' section 60 of
the act of June 3, 1916, empowers the President to ''prescribe the
particular unit or units, as to branch or arm of service, to be main*
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU. 939
taioed in each State, Territory, or the District of Columbia in order
to secure a force which, when combined, shall form complete higher
tactical units." Section 62 further provides that new organizations
and existing units ^'shaJl conform to such rules and regulations
regarding organization, strength, and armament as the rresident
may prescribe," and section 64 that **for the purpose of maintaining
appropriate organization and to assist in instruction the President may
assign the National Guard of the several States and Territories and the
District of Columbia to divisions, brigades, and other tactical units."
These powers as to organization appear to be absolutely complete.
Under them there seems to be no possible legal obstacle to action by
the War Department looking to tne completion of the organization
of tactical divisions and the completion of the Coast Artulerv con-y
tingent of the National Guard, eitner by raising new units or by the
conversion of existing Infantry units. Several States have, since
the passage of the act, taken action to complete the quota assigned
to tnem m circulars of the War Department. This is notably the
case in Pennsylvaiiia, which has practically completed the organi-
zation of its division.
Section 68 prohibits the muster out without the consent of the
President of organizations upon which Federal funds have been
expended.
The existing deficiency in respect to reserves is remedied by the
new contract of enlistment prescribed in section 70 and the authority
to determine the organization of the reserve granted by section 78.
The authority contained in section 79 to organize reserve battaUons
for recruit training when the ** members of the National Guard and
the enlisted reserve thereof * * * shall have been brought into
the service of the United States in time of war," completes the
needed legislation on the subject of the organization of reserves. In
regard to their training, however, the legislation may be considered
defective in that while it provides that *' members of said reserve,
when engaged in field or coast-defense training with the active
National Guard, shall receive the same Federal pay and allowances
as enlisted men of like grade on the active list of said guard when
likewise engaged," no provision is made for the appropriation of
funds for that purpose or authorizing the expenditure of funds for
the training of reserves from general National Guard appropriations.
It is believed that this defect should be remedied m subsequent
appropriation acts for the support of the National Guard.
2. Ap^ointmerit of officers, — A practically complete remedy for the
deficiencies of prior legislation in this respect is contained in section
75, which provides that, '* the provisions of this act shall not apply
to any person hereafter appointed an oflBcer of the National Guard
unless he first shall have successfully passed such tests as to his physi-
cal, moral, and professional fitness as the President shall prescribe."
While the system of election of officers by their men existing in the
majority of States may continue, the power granted by this section
eUminates most of the more objectionable features of that system by
providing a remedy against the election of unqualified officers.
Under the provisions of sections 74, 75, and 76, it is in the power of
the President to approve or annul any commission issued by the gov-
ernors of the several States in accordance with a prescribed procedure.
940 BEPORT ACTING CHIEF MnJTIA BUBEAU.
3. Ixick of uniform and efficient standard of physical examinaticn. —
The militia law of 1903 was silent in respect to pnysical examination,
except that it provided (sec. 7) that ''every officer and enlisted man
of the militia who shall be called forth in the manner hereinbefore
{prescribed (by the President) shall be mustered for service without
urther enlistment and without further medical examination previ-
ous to such muster, except for those States and Territories which
have not adopted the standard of medical examination prescribed
for the Regular Army." The large number of men rejected for
physical deficiency upon examination after muster-in on the occa-
sion of the recent mobilization of the National Guard and the Of^^an-
ized MiUtia in States which had adopted the standard of physical
examination prescribed for the Regular Army, shows that the adop-
tion of this standard by such States was for the most part purely
nominal.
The act of June 3, 1916, remedies the deficiencies of prior l^isla-
tion in regard to physical examination by providing (sec. 69) that
"the Quaufications for enlistment shall be the same as Uiose pre-
scribea for admission to the Regular Army" and that (sec. 110)
"No monejr appropriated under the provisions of this or the last pre-
ceding section shall be paid "*" * * to any person who shall fail
to qualify as to fitness for miUtary service under such r^ulations as
Uie Secretary of War shall prescribe" and (sec. 115) "^ery officer
and enlisted man of the National Guard who shall be called into the
service of the United States as such shall be examined as to his
physical fitness under such regulations as the President may pre-
scribe without further commission or enlistment."
4. Fluctuating element due to discharges prior to expvraHon of term
of service. — Section 72 conveys power to remedy this deficiency in
tne provision that ** discharges may be ^ven pnor to expiration of
terms of enlistment under such regulations as the President may
prescribe." Inasmuch as under section 70 enlisted men enter into
an enlistment contract both with the United States and the State,
any discharges issued by the State authorities not in conformity
with the reflations established by the President are invalid.
5. iMck cf care of Federal property. — Under the militia law of 1903
the Federal Government could not require a State to reimburse it
for Federal property lost or misappropriated by officers and enlisted
men of the Oi'ganized MiUtia. Tnis deficiency is remedied by the
provision of section 87 that **if any State, Territory, or the District
of Columbia shall neglect or refuse to pay, or to cause to be paid,
the money ecjuivalent of any loss, damage, or destruction of oroporty
charged against such State, Territory, or the District of (Columbia
by the Secretary of War after survey by a disinterested officer ap-
pointed as herembefore provided, the Secretary of War is hereby
authorized to debar such State, Territory, or the District of Colum-
bia from further participation in any and all appropriations for the
National Guard until such payinent shall have oeen made." Officers
of the National Guard responsible for Federal property are protected
against losses by officers or enlisted men to whom such property b
issued by Uie proviso of section 110, which provides that '* stoppages
may be made against the compensation payable to any officer or
enlisted man hereimder to cover the cost of pubUc property lost or
destroyed by and chargeable to such officer or enlisted man."
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
941
6. Inadequate Federal appropriaiions, — Appropriations under prior
enactments of Congress were inadequate for the organization of the
more expensive auxiUary arms necessary to complete the tactical
organization of the National Guard. In addition to increased general
appropriations which may be applied to this purpose, certain special
appropriations are made under the act of June 3, 1916, for the pur-
pose of the support of mounted troops. Under section 89, appro-
priations are made for the purchase of horses for the use of rield
Artillery, Cavalry, Signal companies, and other mounted units of
the National Guard, and under section 90, for the purchase and
issue of forage, bedding, shoeing, and veterinary services and sup-
ghes for Government horses issued to organizations of the National
luard, and for the compensation of competent help for the care of
the material, animals, and equipment issued to moimted organiza-
tions of the National Guard.
The provision made in section 67 for the payment of the actual
and necessary expenses incurred by oflBcers and enlisted men of the
Regular Army wnen traveling on duty in connection with the Na-
tional Guard will permit of a more eflBcient and general use of
inspector instructors and sorgeant mstructors as supervisors of in-
struction of the troops of the several States.
The provisions made for the payment of enlisted men for attend-
ance at drill and instruction should afford an incentive for such
attendance and a discouragement of absenteeism, which has been
one of the most serious deficiencies of the Organized Mihtia.
Memorandum oj Aational Guard ilems^ army appropriation act, 1917,
Object.
ray National Guard ofTlcers
Pay pniisted men, allnttdes
Automatic machine rifles
Field ArtUlery for National Guard
Ammunition for Field Artillery, National Guard (reserve supply)
Piu-chase of horses
Forage, etc., National Guard horses
nolpers fOT animals, etc
National Guard encampment, maneuvers, etc
N ational Gum-d officers attending service schools
Pay National Guard officers in Militia Bureau
Pay property and disbursing officers, National Guard
Arms, equipments, etc., National Guard
Salaries, employees MUttla Bureau
Miscellaneous office expenses, printing and binding
Travel expenses, officers
Travel expenses, inspector-instructors
Travel expenses, armory instruction
Travel expenses, officers t o camps of instruction
Inspection target ranges
Inspecti<m Fieid Artulery and Signal material
Transportation of supplies -
Expenses of sergeant-instructors
Olnce rent, inspector-faistructors
Arms, uniforms, equipments, etc., National Guard
Ranges, Field Artillery
Exchanging Infantry equipment
Total
Under appropriation " Subsistence of the A rmy ," for meals <x commutat ion of rations to enlisted
men oi Regular Army or National Guard competing in national matches included in genera)
sum of 112,000.
Appropriation, Regular supplies Quartermaster Corps for National Guard officers attending
service schools; also numerous other items included in general appropriaticm of 111,000,000.
Appropriation, Transporiation of the Army and its supplies.
Travel allowances of National Guard mustered into service and discharged for adequate
reasoa<t. Supplies furnished Militia, all included in general appropriation of $23,000,000.
Trophies and medals tor rifle jntK^tice, National Guard, included in general appropriation of
1 10,000.
Amount.
$9,000,000
18,000,000
6,000,000
10,000,000
10,000,000
50,000
25,000
25,000
500.000
50,000
12,000
44,150
1,000,000
49,800
4,000
17,500
7,500
30,000
30,000
1,000
2,000
75,000
50,000
12,500
2,000,000
300,000
400,000
57,685,450
Regular
Armyap-
propria-
tions in
which
National
0 u ard
partici-
pates not
Included
fai total.
942 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
7. Lack oj uniformity in the military codes of several States. — A
uniform system of courts-martial, constitutea like and having
cognizance of the same subjects and possessing like powers except
as to punishments as courts-martial of the Kegular Anny, and
uniform limits of punishment are prescribed in sections 102-108.
The President may convene courts-martial for the trial of members
of the National Guard.
A uniform term of enlistment is prescribed in section 70.
These provisions will make umform the broad features of the
military codes of the several States.
8. LacTc of authority oj the President to order the National Gvnrd as
such beyond the boundaries oj the country, — The draft provisions of
section 111 appear to settle definitely a point of long-standing con-
troversy with reference to the general availability of National Guard
for Federal service and must be regarded as one oi the most important
features of recent legislation. It appears to be beyond question that
under the draft provisions of section 111 the National Guard may bo
made available for service whenever it may be required. It is to be
noted, however, that this power is exercised, not under the militia
clause of the Constitution, but under the power ** to raise and support
armies" and that the members of drafted ore;anizations cease to be
members of the National Guard upon the application of the draft.
9. Dependence uj)cn State apfropriaiicns, — The increased appro-
priations made pursuant to the act of June 3, 1916, appears to relieve
the States of every expenditure which should not be properly borne
by them. There remain to be borne by the States only the proper
expenses incident to administration and to the upkeep of armories
and storehouses. Up to the present time, in many States, adequate
appropriations have not been made for these purposes, and armory
and storehouse facilities fall in general much short of what are neces-
sary for proper instruction and care of property. It would thei-efore
have been desirable that the legislation should have made apportion-
ments to the several States contingent upon their appropriating the
necessary fimds for this purpose. However, when deficiency in
instruction or in the care of property results from insufficient armory
or storehouse faciUties, apportionments may be withheld for ** non-
compliance with Federal acf under section 116 and proper action
to correct deficiencies in this respect induced.
10. Loir aii(7ulGnce at assemblies jor drill crul instruction. — The pro-
visions of section 1 10, which make payment to enlisted men contingent
upon attendance at the prescribed number of drills, constitute the most
effective means of enforcing such attendance provided by the new legis-
lation. How successful it will prove, expenence alone can tell.
11. Insufficiency if training periods. — The maximum periods of
instruction provided by the act of June 3, 1916, comprise, (1) 48
assemblies for drill and instruction of one and one-hali hours each,
(2) 15 days encampment and maneuvers. Reckonhig each da^ of
encampment or maneuvers as comprishig six hours of instruction,
the total annual instruction of an enlisted man of the National
Guard will be equivalent to 162 hours and for an enlistment of three
years in active service, 486 hours. It is a fact proven by long military
experience that a period of not less than six months continuous
training (comprishig practically 1,000 hours of instruction) is neces-
sary to train a recruit to take his place as an efficient soldier in the
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU. 943
ranks of a trained organization. The period of training reckoned in
hours of those members of a National Guard organization who have
had the maximum amount of training during an enlistment period of
three years will therefore be only about one-half of that required for
the making of an efficient soldier. Moreover, the sum of the inter-
mittent periods of armory instruction can not be reckoned as of eciual
value with periods of continuous instruction imder a mihtary regime,
and the above numerical comparison does not therefore express a
true ratio. However great may be the value to be attached to the
training to be given to the National Guard under the provisions of
the act of Jime 3, 1916, anv expectations that it can be constituted
as a force available for employment immediately or at any early date
after the outbreak of a war with any first-class power are sure
to Drove illusory.
However, it must be recognized that the periods of training pre-
scribed are the maximum which can be expected from men who can
only devote occasional periods to mihtary training, due to the neces-
sity for earning a Uvehhood. Efficiency in training of an adequate
force for national defense can only be secured through a system of
universal service under which the number of able-bodied men re-
quired for national defense undergo an adequate period of intensive
training during the otherwise less occupied portion of their hves and
are then released to their civilian pursuits. Under such a system, the
energies of the men Undergoing training are not divided between two
caUings with resulting detriment to both, and a real division of labor
is efifected with consequent economic gain. Moreover, the pur-
suance of a settled military poUcy is an impossibiUty under our
present voluntary system. The adoption of a mihtary policy is pred-
icated on the condition that the necessary mihtary force will be
available for its execution. So long as we are dependent upon the
voluntary system, we can never be assured that the force required
for the execution of any policy will be available. A system oi uni-
versal hability to niiUtary training and service which distributes the
burden equally on all qualified citizens is, moreover, the only one
compatible wiih our democratic institutions.
12. Dual control. — Disciphne, which, under the Constitution,
Congress has power to prescribe, is inseparably connected with gov-
ernment, a power reserved to the States. Congress has prescribed
the rules of discipline, and the States are obhgated to enforce these
rules in exercising their power of government. The act confers ex-
tensive powers on the Federal Government to prescribe the standard
of training and disciphne and to make the necessary regulations to
carry it into effect. The government of the National Guard by the
State authorities must follow the Unes prescribed by the Federal
Government. The means sought to enforce the regulations estab-
lished by the Federal Government consist in debarring any State
which fails or refuses to comply with or enforce any requirement of the
act or any regulations promulgated thereunder from receiving any
pecuniary or other aid, benefit, or privilege from the United States.
In this connection, the language of section 118 is deserving of
attention: **The President shall make aU necessary rules and regu-
lations and issue such orders as may be necessary for the thorough
organization, discipline, and government of the mihtia provided for
in this act."
944 REPORT OP THE CHIEP OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
THE EFFECT OF THE DUAL OATH.
Sections 70 and 73 prescribe a dual oath of allegiance to the United
States and the State by enlisted men and officers of the National
Guardi respectively.
In general, the effect of this oath may be said to be:
1. To establish a uniform period of enlistment.
2. To make invahd discharges granted by State authorities not in
conformity with the regidations of the Federal Government, since
State authorities can not release a man from a contract entered into
with the Federal Government without the approval of the latter.
3. To make unnecessary a new oath of allegiance upon muster into
the Federal service.
THE MILFTIA BUREAU.
Under the provisions of section 81 of the amended miUtia law, the
*' Division of Mihtia Affairs in the office of the Secretary of War" for-
merly constituted by War Department orders as a subdivision of the
office of the Chief of Staff, becomes the Mihtia Buieau of the War
Department '* under the inmiediate supervisoin of the Secretary of
War, and shall not form a part of any other bureau, office, or organi-
zation."
The National Mihtia Board created by the act of May 27, 1908, is
abolished and the President is authorized to assi^ one colonel and
one heutenant colonel of the National Guard to duty in the Militia
Bureau as assistants to the chief thereof.
The officers of the National Guard who can be of most service as
assistants in the MiUtia Bureau are those who have had experience in
an administrative capacity, particularly as quartermasters and dis-
bursing officers. As a general rule experience of this sort should be
a necessary qualification for assignment.
In drafting the provisions of the act of Jime 3, 1916, it was the
evident intention of Congjress to exercise to its full extent its consti-
tutional powers to ** provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining
the militia" within tne limit, ** reserving to States, respectively, the
appointment of the officers and the authority of training the militia
according to the discipUne prescribed by Congress." Ine National
Guard is federahzed as far as it can be lederalized imder the consti-
tutional restrictions.
This was the desire of the representatives of the National Guard
Association as expressed in their hearings before the Committee on
Military Affairs of Congress. There is, however, considerable evi-
dence that the construction placed upon the term "federalization"
by these representatives dia not involve vesting in the Federal
Gfovemment the greatest amoimt of control over the National Guard
consistent with the terms of the Constitution. On the contrary, a
report of a ** legislative committee" of the National Guard Associa-
tion proposed in November, 1915, to reduce the already inadequate
powers conferred on the Federal Government in the militia law of 1903
Dv securing the adoption of a constitutional amendment which would
place the very important power of determining the organization
of the National Guard, now a prerogative of the Federal Government,
in the hands of the States. The adoption of such an amendment
would have resulted in complete heterogeneity in the composition
SEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUBEAU. 945
of the inilitia of the several States and would have destroyed all
possibility of developing the National Guard into a force organized
to meet the necessities of national defense. Further evidences of
the opposition to any real federalization is found in draft of a bill
^^to provide for the organization, armament, discipline, and govern-
ment of Militia of the United States and to further provide for the
national defense" (committee print, J. 26698-1) which was o£Fered
with the sanction of the executive committee of the National Guard
Association. The outstanding feature of this draft was the creation
of a militia section of the General Staff, composed entirely of National
Guard officers, with powers so extensive as practically to insure the
control of the National Guard by its own members and to destroy
such power as was possessed by the War Department to control the
training of the militia as an enective Federal force. The tendency
of the proposed le^lation may be gathered from certain provisions
here mentioned. The scope of the examinations to det^mine the
fitness of candidates for commission in the National Guard was to
be determined by the militia section of the General Staff, the exami-
nations themselves to be conducted by boards appointed by the
governors of States or Territories. Relations fixms the standard
of military fitness which should entitle members of the National
Guard to Federal pay were to be prescribed by the inilitia section.
Although projects evolved by the inilitia section could not be carried
into ef^t imtil approved by the Secretary of War, he couJd not
reverse their decision and put into effect plans which appeared to
him more effective, but could only interpose his objection, and if the
militia section persisted, a deadlock would result. These provisions
are of importance when considered in connection with the subse-
quent amendment to the Army reorganization act which was urged,
for the addition of five militia officers to the General Staff. It is
difficult to escape the conclusion that the purpose of this amendment
was to create in the city of Washington a bodv of militia officers in
whose hands the control of militia affairs would be vested and through
whom a practically complete independence from Federal control
would be attained.
Such a result would be deplorable. It would involve the pre-
dominance of local interest over the interests of general national
defense. Two systems would have been built up, the existence of
which, side by side, would have destroyed all idea of the coordinated
action imder a common control which is the real significance of
federalization. It would be almost inevitable that militia officers
serving in such a capacity would become the representatives of local
interests and the wielders of local influence for the benefit of local
interests in national military affairs in much the same way that this
fimction was exercised by a group of National Guard representatives
in bringing local influence to boar on the legislation enacted at the
recent session of Congress. Their official position would give sanc-
tion to their statements, and their nonamen ability to military juris-
diction would relieve Uiem from a sense of responsibility for tlieir
actions.
It is but just to say that there was not full concurrence on the part
of the National Guard in the vioww of tl\oir rci>rosw\tatives and hi the
measures advocattui by thoni. Probably tl\e provisions of tlie new
eone* wahoio voti -eo
946 EEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
defense act as they apply to the National Guard much more nearly
coirfonn to the ideals ana sentiments of the National Guard as a body
than the original measure proposed by the committee of National
Guard representatives.
It is believed that imder the act of Jime 3, 1916, the powers of
Congress to vest control over the National Guard in the Federal
Government have been practically exhausted. Every power that
can be granted to the War Department has been conferred, and the
needs of the National Guard in respect to compensation have been
met. This leaves no further material legislative changes to be
sought to increase the efficiency of the system. A failure to attain
a reasonable degree of efficiency with the facilities provided will be
attributable only to defects too inherent in the militia system to be
subject to correction by legislative action.
PERSONNEL OF BUREAU AND OFFICE FORCE.
The Division of Militia Aflfairs, created by War Department orders
of February 12, 1908, as a division in the office of the Secretary of
War, and subsequently made a division of the General Sta£P, was by
section 81 of the act of Jime 3, 1916, created a bureau of the War
Department, known as the Militia Bureau and placed under the imme-
diate supervision of the Secretary of War.
At present the following officers are on duty in the Militia Bureau:
Col. George W. Mclver, Infantry; Col. William C. Brown, Cavalry
(temporary duty); Lieut. Col. Charles Gerhardt, Infantry; Lieut.
Col. Charles P. Summerall, Field Artillery; Maj. Louis T. Hess, Med-
ical Corps; Maj. Curtis W. Otwell, Corps of Engineers; Maj. Henry B.
Clark, Coast ArtilleryCorps; Capt. Dana T. Merrill, Third Infantir;
Capt. John L. De Witt, Quartermaster Corps; Capt. William N.
Hughes, jr.. Infantry; Capt. Frank R. Curtis, Signal Corps: Capt.
Thomas M. Spaulding, Coast Artillery Corps; Capt. George A. Lynch,
Infantry.
Since the last annual report the fqllowing officers were, in accord-
ance with the provisions of the enactment by Congress relative to
detached service of officers, relieved from duty as assistants to the
Chief of the Militia Biu*eau: Maj. Charles A. Uedekin, Cavalry, and
Maj. John W. Heavey, Infantry.
Capt. Russel C. Langdon, Infantry, was on temporary duty in the
Militia Biu*eau from (fctober 29, 1915, to March 16, 1916, pending
the interval between the departiu'e of Maj. Heavey and the arrival
of Maj. Gerhardt.
Capt. Samuel R. Gleaves, Cavalry, was relieved from duty in the
Militia Bureau July 6, 1916, to accept a commission as lieutenant
colonel of the First Cavalry, Pennsylvania National Guard.
Capt. Robert 1. Rees, Third Infantry, and Capt. Lewis D. Greene,
United States Army, retired, were temporarily on duty in the Militia
Bureau from Jime 23 to July 28, 1916, and from Jime 29 to August 10,
1916. respectively.
All the officers who have been on duty in the division and bureau
have been faithful and efficient in the performance ol their duties.
Maj. Gen. A. L. Mills, United States Army, the distinguished Chief
of the Militia Bureau, died September 18, 1916, alter a brief illness.
EEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUBEAU. 947
He served as Chief of the Division of Militia Affairs and as Chief of
the Militia Bureau from September 1, 1912, to the date of his death.
His administration was marked by important process in the organi-
zation, equipment, and instruction of the National Guard.
The clerical force of the bureau has labored faithfully and efficientljr
n performing the great amoimt of paner work required, and par-
ticularly that necessitated by the moDilization oi the Organized
Militia and National Guard, and by the new legislation affecting the
National Guard. As a consequence, the customary vacations au-
thorized by law have had to be greatly curtailed and in a number
of instances the privilege denied altogether. This condition will be
relieved somewhat by uie increase of eight additional clerks author-
ized by the Army appropriation act. Kecommendation is made for
the authorization of five additional clerks at salaries commensurate
with the duties performed and which will be reauired imder the
changed status oi the National Guard and of tnis office. It is
remarked in this connection that the clerical salaries of the bureau
are the low^t in the War Department — a condition which should
he remedied in justice to a hard-working, loyal personnel.
Respectfully submitted.
G. W. MoIvBE,
Colondf Infantry,
AcHng Chief of ihe Mibiia Bureau
The Seobetaby of Wab,
948
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITU BUREAU.
Table 1. — Strength of the National Guard in 19 J 5 ana 1916 as leported by impeeting
officers (less the strength of oraanizations not recognized by the Wat Department), arid
detailed statement oj gains and losses.
State, Territory, or District.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Coonecticut
Delaware
Di!<trict of Columbia.
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Ean^s
Kentucky
Lmiisiana ,
Maine
Maryland ,
Massachusetts ,
MichiKan
Minnesota ,
Mississippi
Missouri. ,
Montana ,
Nebraska
Nevada!
New Hampshire....,
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North DakoU
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South I>akota
Tennessee
Texas
Itah
\'er m ont
Virginia
Washington
Westvrrglnla
Wisctmsln
Wyomhig
Total.
1915
Officers.
164
63
106
249
119
195
40
129
96
229
61
58
522
132
211
123
168
68
101
166
426
188
227
78
227
45
119
Enlisted
men.
91
296
60
1,002
211
66
487
69
104
762
90
136
67
107
145
32
73
200
82
117
196
34
2,615
742
1,547
3,440
1,637
2,772
460
1,847
1,320
2,714
906
946
5,550
2,077
3,092
1,812
2,329
1,044
1,288
1,917
6,663
2,773
3,280
1,127
3,872
663
1,474
1916
Officers.
1,323
4,176
851
15,607
2,809
676
6,309
1,036
1,622
10,266
1,316
1,689
976
1,639
2,091
666
730
2,703
1,234
1,607
3,006
508
166
64
81
246
68
227
36
94
86
225
93
63
500
160
218
127
170
63
111
168
418
220
210
71
207
60
110
83
301
67
1,014
208
66
492
70
96
701
90
102
66
113
185
32
76
197
90
106
192
35
8,706 I 120,603 8,689
Enlisted
men.
3,891
866
834
3,218
770
8,476
426
1,741
1,181
2,860
2,548
901
6,099
2,411
3,182
1,925
2,252
1,119
1,428
2,024
6,600
3,430
2,889
1,085
3,746
734
1,607
aaln(+); loss (-).
Offiotcs.
1,175
4,021
867
15,309
2,846
735
6,916
966
1,506
9,460
1,627
1,424
857
1,634
2,720
546
878
2,808
1,358
1,606
3,247
679
123,606
+ 2
+ 1
- 24
- 4
- 61
+ 82
- 6
-86
- 10
- 4
+ 82
+ 6
- 22
+ 18
+
+
+
7
4
2
- 6
+ 10
+ 12
- 8
+ 32
- 17
- 7
- 20
+ 6
- 9
Enlisted
men.
- 8
+ 5
+ 7
+ 12
- 3
- 1
+ 6
+ 1
- 8
-61
- 84
- 2
+ 6
+ 40
+ 8
- 8
+ 8
- U
- 4
+ 1
-116
- 221
+ 124
- 713
- 867
+ 704
- 24
- 106
- 139
+ 146
+1.643
- 45
649
334
90
113
77
7i
140
107
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 947
+ 657
- 391
- 42
- 13S
+ n
+ 33
- 148
- 166
+ 16
+ 37
+ 59
+ 607
- 59
- 27
- 816
+ 211
- 165
- 118
- 6
•I- 629
- 20
+ 148
+ 106
+ 194
- 102
+ 153
- 19
+2,983
t Mo Orcaolud MOItla (mastered out May 2(^ 1906>.
{ CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUBBAtJ,
II
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REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BTXRBA.Uf
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KEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE HILTIIA BUBEAtT.
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EEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUEEAU.
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EEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
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Tablx 6. — Statement ahomng increaee and decrease of organizations in ihe National
Guard for the past year.
of
Inliuitiy
Cavalry
FWdArtlltory
Corps of EoginMra .. .
Signal Corps
Sanitary units
Coast Artillery Corps.
Ifachine-etm units:
loluitry
Cavatfy
Nombarof
ragimants.
134
3
3
123
3
10
1
7
1
Numbarof
separata
battalions or
squadrons.
10
10
11
3
2
15
12
0
1
4
2
2
Number of
separate compa-
nies, troops, and
batteries;
ambulance com-
panies and
field hospitals.
S
26
21
21
7
17
46
126
27
1
20
29
10
16
25
62
144
50
3
8
» • * •
0
8
10
18
32
2
6
• • •
2
Inoraaaa or decrease
by largeat tactical
miit.
Deoreaaa.
Increase..
Increase..
Increase.,
Increase..
Increase..
Increase..
Increase..
PereL
1.61
20.00
233.34
100.00
200.00
34.78
14.39
118.53
200.00
Table 7. — Statement showing ^ by States^ the number of males of military age (18 to 44
years f inclusive) j according to the census of 1910 ^ the jproportion that the strength of the
Organized Militui bears to this number^ and the relative order ofeachState^ based on the
per cent of the number of males of military age in the Organized Militia.
State, Territory, or District.
Alabama
Arizima
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia .
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kan.^as
Kentucky
Louisiana
Haine
Maryland
Hassachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada! ,
New Hampshire ....
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North DakoU
Ohio
Oklahoma ,
Oregon
Strength
ofOrnin-
Ized
Militia.
3,231
031
1,857
3,681
921
3,821
430
1,891
1,505
3,045
3,059
931
6,846
2,810
3,507
2,032
2,640
1,164
1,533
3,380
6,633
3,638
3,324
1,471
4,313
907
1,673
1,371
4,438
941
17,013
3,308
719
7,606
1,330
1,550
Numbarof
males of
military
age per
Federal
census of
1910.
401,145
58,963
311,793
665,533
203,982
257,996
44,634
78,349
171,688
497,005
64,663
86,384
1,330,556
580,557
475,829
370,227
457,403
338,343
151,325
371,373
760,334
616,739
491,113
345,745
731,166
123,232
267,497
90,357
507,513
73,097
2,156,361
392,192
145,628
1,076,928
357,983
190.553
Percent
in
Organ*
iied
MlUtis.
0.80
1.57
.50
.55
.45
1.48
.96
2.41
.87
.64
4.73
1.07
.51
.48
.73
.54
.57
.34
1.00
.88
.87
.50
.65
.42
.60
.78
.66
1.51
.74
1.28
.78
.81
.49
.71
.87
.81
Relativt
order.
19
3
36
38
44
5
13
3
15
39
1
10
40
43
33
39
37
49
11
13
14
35
27
45
34
33
26
4
31
6
30
17
41
24
47
U
I No Oiganlsad Militia (mnstered oat May 20, 1906).
BEPOBT OP THE CHIEP OP THE MIUTIA BUBKA.U.
961
Tablb 7. — Statement showing, hy StaiUy the number of males of mUUary age (18 to 44
years, inehuive)^ according to the census of 1910, the proportion that the strength of the
Organized Militia hears to this number, and the relative order of each State, based on the
per cent of the number of males of military age in the Organized MUiHa — Continued.
State, Territory, or District
PemisylTania.
Rhode Island.
South Carolfaia
South Dakota.
X WUXiwPIWO • • • * •
Texas
Utah
Vermont
VirginJa
Washington...
WestVfiginia.
Wlsoonsin....
Wyoming
Total...
Strength
of Organ-
ized
MUitia.
10,855
1,519
1,767
925
1,926
2,878
544
863
3,279
1,308
1,756
3,290
664
138,894
Number of
males of
miUtary
age per
Federal
census of
1910.
1,788,619
125,213
276,788
140,635
423,068
804,980
84,449
73,685
398,728
340,872
275,048
497,922
54,654
20,506,964
Percent
in
Organ-
ised
Militia.
0.00
1.21
.63
.65
.45
.35
.64
1.16
.82
.38
.64
.66
1.21
.68
Relative
order.
33
7
32
28
43
48
31
9
16
46
30
26
8
69176'— WAB 1916— VOL 1 61
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BEPOBT OF THE CHIEV OF THE MUJTU. BUBEAU. 1129
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1130 BEPOBT OF THB CHIEF OF THE MIUIIA BXTBEAXT,
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J
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MIUTIA BTJBEAU.
1131
Tablb 10. — Number of sergeants of different arms of the Regular Army on duty with the
several States, the Territory of Hawaii^ arid the District of Columbia,
State, Territory, or District.
Infantry.
Cavalry.
Field
ArtlUery.
Coast
Artillery.
Engi-
neers.
Signal
Corps.
Sani-
tary
troops.
Total.
Alabama
3
1
1
1
I
6
Arizona .................
1
A rlrAn<uu
1
California
1
3
1
2
2
6
Colorado
1
Connecticut
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
1
10
Delaware ...................
1
D iBtrict of Columbia
1
3
Florida
1
Georgia -
1
1
1
4
Hawaii
1
Idaho
1
Illinois
2
i'
........
1
8
Indiana .....r.r.r
I
3
1
3
Iowa ........................
1
6
Kansas
I
4
Kentucky
2
Louisiana.
1
1
3
Maine
3
3
Maryland
3
6
4
2
1
I
4
Massachusetts
1
4
1
4
1
17
Michigan
5
Minnesota
1
5
Missouri
I
4
New Hampshire
i
4
I
13
I
1
9
1
1
7
1
New Jersey
1
1
1
2
6
New Mexico
1
2
New York
2
1
9
1
1
1 2
30
NOTth Carolina
1
4
North Pakotar ..r. ...........
1
Ohio
1
1
2
1
1
14
Oklahoma
2
Oregon
I
4
1
1
3
Pennsylvania
1
1
1
1
1
14
Rhode Island
2
5
South Carolina
1
1
2
1
Tennessee
1
1
3
Texas
1
3
1
1
1
Vermont
i
3
1
1
3
I
2
VirKinia
1
4
Washineton
I
2
1
Wisconsin
1
4
>Vyo">>nft
1
Total
05
20
38
27
4
4
15
203
1132
KBPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MIUSXU. BtTBBAU.
S§iS§SSiili§§§l§§a§§§H3§
<D co<o m lOiHeo^o •^'«<D t«^ •oc« '^v a»<D to*^»«*«
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I"
J
A
c3
EEPOET OF THE CHIEF OF THE MIUTU BUBEATT. 1133
ISBES!iSSgilS§;i§3IS3
li
liij
H;ilt53Sll«a|3il|s|l
II
1134
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
-^^
H
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OQ
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1136
KEPOET OF THE OHIEP OF THE MILITIA BT7BEAT7,
Tablb 12. — Showing results of correspondence course for medtcal officers of the Nation^
Guard, session ended June 30, 1916.
state, Territory, or District.
Total number of
• » medical officer^.
Com-
pleted
course.
Taking
examina-
tion.
Receiving
75 per cent
or over.
•
i
0
i
•
i
1
1
•
•
H
•
1
P3
•
o
3
•
-<
1
1
•
i
•
1
n
»7
•
<
i
•
1
Alabama
»7
19
»7
19
i8
1
4
1
6
Arizona'
Arkansas
11
«1
(»)
(»)
6
4
California'
Colorado •
Connecticut
20
4
13
9
28
4
10
4
10
2
10
6
1
2
1
2
1
I^elaware
1
District of Columbia
•■*2'
9
11
5
12
""2
9
11
5
12
"'2'
9
11
5
12
1
Florida
2
8
Georcia
1
10
s
Hawaii'
Idaho
11
45
10
27
«9
15
6
10
19
39
29
15
7
37
4
13
.....
15
6
"is*
•1
4
6
6
19
3
•1
3
3
28
1
6
•6
"i'2
3
10
26
2
4
•5
13
4
•7
.....
15
5
"is"
.....
6
6
18
6
8
28
1
6
5
.....
3
10
26
2
6
.....
15
5
"is*
.....
5
6
18
3
3
2S
5
5
1
10
3
2
8
1
2
.....
Illinois
2
1
2
1
1
Indiana
1
Iowa
1
1
2
8
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana ......x.^.^^^
8
10
26
2
3
'"2
.....
8
4
Maine
1
2
2
»2
Maryland
1
8
8
8
1
Massachusetts
2
1
2
2
7
Michigan
Minnesota ,
4
1
MIssissijppi
Missouri
7
13
4
6
3
13
4
6
4
10
Montana
N ehraska ..... x . .
3
3
Nevada"
New Hampshire
7
31
3
5
"'is'
8
5
"ib
8
5
'is'
1
8
2
6
1
New Jersey '.
3
New Mexico'
New York
137
32
4
60
9
13
69
9
27
4
23
18
28
U9
2
32
5
"io"
3
•7
iVio'
•8
70
"13
2
10
***2*
29
4
•6
2
>«11
"28
"9
2
"11
5
.....
3
•7
"io'
70
"13
2
29
'**2'
21
4
5
2
"11
26
U0
2
"11
5
'■*6'
8
7
• • • • •
"10
(•)
"to"
"13
2
30
'2
21
3
5
2
"11
2
2
7
7
24
7
6
4
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohk)
2
4
2
20
1
5
2
2
8
9
1
8
Oklahoma x . . . . ^
Oregon ,
8
10
1
8
1
3
Pennsylvania
1
Rhode' Island
1
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee ,, ^
8
7
2
5
Texas
• • « • •
Utah'
Vermont
5
15
12
10
19
3
1
2
1
1
8
1
8
6
5
6
14
1
1
2
1
""4*
1
3
6
6
8
14
1
1
2
1
3
6
S
3
14
1
*8"
"4"
1
2
6
2
Virginia
1
1
Washington
West Virgin la
1
Wisconsin
1
1
1
Wyoming ...^
Total
919
232
365
204
866
IM
363
106
137
11
3
«7
06
t
1 six took basic and year A.
« No report.
* Did not take final.
* Ut4. Carl Philips. Kansas, was awarded a certificate of proficJeDoy uadar the provisJoDt of Oeoiral
Orders, No. 43, War Department, 1914.
* One failed to take final examination.
* Called Into Federal senrioe.
' One died; 1 commissioned too lata.
* One took basic and year A.
* One failed to take final examlnatkm.
" No organised maitia.
» Five took basic and year A In IQIOL
IS Took basic and year A.
u Eight took baaio and year A.
BEPOET OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
1137
Table 13. — Strength of sanitary troops, gain or loss during the fiscal year 1916, and
number ofsaniVuy organizations in the National Guard on Juru SO, 1916.
Coinini<«5la
ned
Knted
jgen-
, 1915.
Enlisted men.
Aggregate.
Gahi or
loss.
Units.
State, Territory, or
District.
oflBoers as rep
by adiutantt
eral, Dec. 31,
•
1
H-l
O g.
•
a
3
0
H
•52
d •
** 9
0 p.
•
s
0
H
•
1-4
2
•
10
1-4
2
•
•
It
11
1
0 "B
03 p
• a
Alab&ma... .........
10
4
9
21
6
18
2
'I
14
3
5
42
17
23
5
14
5
10
19
38
26
14
5
20
3
10
4
'•"2
4
2
3
1
""2
9
11
1
6
1
3
4
1
3
......
2
3
3
1
?
14
4
11
25
8
21
3
12
8
23
14
6
48
18
26
9
15
8
10
19
40
29
17
6
29
4
10
47
16
18
128
46
125
3
46
21
55
18
16
227
86
131
40
69
30
20
88
225
128
65
21
106
13
69
12
......
23
20
11
1
19
1
21
3
1
25
33
7
1
21
5
16
4
16
57
3
"'25'
2
13
59
16
24
151
66
136
4
66
22
76
21
17
252
119
138
41
90
35
36
92
241
185
68
21
131
15
82
73
20
35
176
74
157
7
77
30
99
35
23
300
137
164
50
105
43
46
111
2S1
214
85
27
160
19
92
65
21
37
150
34
139
8
88
42
121
21
21
232
123
110
42
101
47
45
89
204
124
60
45
154
16
90
8
"26*
40
18
"i4*
2
68
14
54
8
4
......
22
77
90
25
■"ft"
3
2
3
Ariton a.....
1
2
1
Arkan5afl
2
California
1
1
1
1
7
Colorado
Connecticut
......
11
12
22
1
5
Delaware
1
District of Columbia.
Florida
1
2
2
Qeorfia
1
5
Hawaii
1
Idaho
1
Illinois
2
1
1
10
Indiana
Iowa
1
1
2
4
Kansas
1
Kentucky
**4'
1
1
3
T^lli^iana ^ ^ r r r
1
Ma^D^
2
Maryland
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
Massachusetts
Mfchlgan
9
3
MtnnwM>ta ..... ...
4
Mississippi
18
1
Missouri
1
1
3
Montana
1
Nebraska
1
2
Nevada '
New Hampshire
6
2S
6
109
24
4
67
9
6
54
8
7
5
12
12
2
4
13
?
18
2
... .
2
''2"
4
""l
2
14
1
2
'"'5
6
1
"2
2
2
1
1
7
30
6
111
28
4
57
10
7
68
9
9
5
17
18
3
4
15
8
9
19
3
21
128
4
653
106
23
335
49
33
188
65
37
18
92
26
20
17
53
20
31
107
14
6
14
5
40
23
1
10
5
"28'
3
4
" '13*
11
" 'io'
1
11
7
2
26
142
9
603
129
24
345
54
33
216
68
41
18
105
37
20
17
63
21
42
114
16
33
172
15
?04
167
28
402
64
40
284
77
50
23
122
55
23
21
78
29
51
133
19
33
196
20
800
162
22
368
68
54
288
42
24
25
138
41
22
20
67
38
46
120
26
1
New Jersey
* *4*
'*6"
34
*"35*
26
......
11
13
24
5
......
1
1
8
New Mexico
New York
4
1
3
1
30
North Carolina
North Takota
4
1
Ohio
......
14
2
3
1
13
<)tcl<%hnrT)a ^..
1
Oregon
2
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
2
1
2
13
1
1
South Takota
2
16
1
Tennessee
1
1
1
2
Texas
3
UUh
1
Vermont
1
Virginia
1
2
Washington
9
4
West Virginia
2
Wisconsin
1
8
W yoming
7
1
Total
759
125
884
3,897
539
4,436
5,320
4,849
632
161
22
81
174
1 No organised militia (musttred oat May 20, 1906).
69176'— WAR 191d— VOL 1 72
1138
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MIUTIA BUREAU.
Tablb 14. — RuulU of tmall-arms practice ^ organized militia^ seoion 1915.
State, Territory, or
District.
Rifle firing. Organised Militia course.
Classiflcation.
Alabama.
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado^
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia!
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine*
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota.
Mississippi
112
12
92
101
353
14
82
587
120
342
160
99
4
65
15
14
10
129
21
6
240
12
I
•9
CO
70
28
66
238
153
49
106
362
198
31
17
3
97
111
260
13
141
527
124
320
119
72
7
555
6
169
164
537
51
280
721
216
653
243
152
25
s
I
1
95
45
101
91
445
4
253
147
204
29
58
1,484
160
227
55
52
50
85
29
101
78
70
3
34
48
145
36
44
181
161
59
38
53
12
10
3
14
4
72
81
104
82
173
15
43
61
22
971
33
119
149
96
24
9
885
224
38
101
64
56
1,672
306
1,174
1,650
2,426
61'
792
728
1,796
269
724
4,707
1,199
1,654
760
570
179
709
404
356
1,978
329
327
826
502
1,112
606
127
2,282
1,247
175
1,110
710
761
176
648
25
172
92
214
38
646
1,116
33
176
472
84
569
40
41
25
2,557
970
1,5SS
3, WO
2,»47
617
1,666
1,299
4,024
1,000
1.027
7,461
2,590
2,600
I,»40
1,321
905
MiSSlSSlpi
Missouri.
Montana
Nebraska 1
Nevada'
New Hampshire.
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
N<Mth Carolina. .
North Dakota...
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania >. .
Rhode Island . . .
South Carolina. .
South Dakota...
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia.
Washington.....
WestvCfinia...
Wiscoosln.
Wyoming
88
979
292
271
25
45
54
21
537
59
47
10
28
8
203
1,084
238
218
46
50
80
452
1,634
408
505
72
129
97
542
356
490
111
44
135
68
68
238
188
171
87
144
34
55
147
626
283
221
9
382
194
298
118
10
795
33
1,756
5,077
2,061
2,067
575
1,637
392
301
676
755
911
716
1,521
276
31
837
187
68
40
454
10
58
206
39
735
81
62
149
52
236
13
7
176
5
128
29
19
44
26
47
33
32
166
68
423
40
ToUL.
7,019
1
63
40
330
35
852
103
72
106
72
141
118
643
38
1,432
287
109
198
136
105
95
672
6
1,190
107
44
81
50
129
76
137
26
037
58
24
V
42
79
123
19
17
4,747
1,383
85
137
110
91
316
750
55
839
2,657
216
593 10,635
90 { 2,114
70 466
170 ; 918
18 481
160 1,094
345
930
516
2,987
168
162
566
173
572
313
2
8
110
96
3
4
3
13
9
7
8
50
21
11
204
42
44
53
37
28
27
72
160
77
385
S3
287
41
94
85
67
48
73
180
219
84
539
83
181
12
49
96
46
32
15
100
193
79
426
78
1,695
7,241
12,695 8,844
14
20
88
20
20
26
8
75
38
17
246
72
4,207
1
37
158
44
50
26
267
43
17
172
60
643
33
733
44
9
779
133
764
200
55
884
724
480
1,034
283
249
189
1,517
961
1,127
2,391
432
665
716
265
481
330
78
16
494
483
460
716
217
181
582
302
15
641
179
182
8.088
6,500
2,896
8,046
1,333
8,512
678
1.108
3,587
738
13,069
8,388
680
1,^
1,7M
1,780
1,443
1,061
1,616
618
848
110
3,068
1,678
1,710
8,107
10,748
11,612 '63,841
30,147 8,700
101,188
iNorfportreoehr«L
• No OfgaolMd Militia (mosttfwl out May 80, 190^
EEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MIUTIA BUREAU.
TABLxU.—RenUUo/$maU-<Bnn»jiraetiaorgtttaxtdmaitum, i
n 191S — Continued.
1
is
S
1
i
t
1
r
i
1
3
1
'1
11
3
i
i
PbW Bring.
CU-I.U,..
Stata, Ttnltay, oc
'Dlilrict.
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
K
1,7M
1,191
1,M3
1,0U
3,070
11
•7
05
M
834
'91S
3.MJ
1
a,8M
i^te?
I,S7(
3,0OS
i
M.JS
If
18. «
2
"
38
»
16
Georgto
!?
30
35
207
530
15
21
38
29
809
33
iii
E:??r
6^545
81.97
9
1«0
i
MtrhlKan
XT
.!:!*"
'■S
'zis
NewHaioparilre
Hi
"■s:
'IM
as
688
7S.0!
II
li
is
IB
M
265
'■S
'■m
(orth Dakota
IS
!!
?
19
63
4
lis
3«0
fi
10
IS
s
217
s
1,»«
1,«U
i;734
1.799
IS
41. 7S
64.58
io!eo
92. 7J
22. gH
S7.03
80.42
S!S
68.77
3
35
.OS
1
IS
8
M
^
il
13
ei
■•s
i
'1
43
'
Ml
38, WO
13,157
1(»,5«1
t«.8l
toe
B77
l,16i
■ Ne Oifuiliad IliliUa (musUtwl out May U, l»Otl>.
1140
EEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
Table 15. — National trophy award, 1916,
(Circular No. b, Division of MiUtia Affairs, 1914.)
State, Territory, or
District.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado ,
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia.
Florida ,
Georgia
Hawaii ,
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine ,
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska.
Nevada^
New Hampshire.
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina..
North Dakota...
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania....
Rhode Island....
South Carolina..
South Dakota. . .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
WestVfri^a...
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Organization.
Company D, Second Inftmtry
None qualified
None reported qualified
Company D, Seventh Infantry
None qualified
Company F. Second Infantry
None qualified
Company K, Third Infantry
Company E, First Infantry
Company £. Third SeparateBattalion of Infantry.
None reported qualified
Company F, Second Infantry
Troop C, First Cavalry
Company B, Third Infantry
Company A, Engineers
Company E, Se<^nd Infantry
Nonequalifled
do
Company F, Second Infantry
Company F, First Infantry
Company K, Sixth Infantry
None reported qualified
Company G, First Infantry
None qualified
do
Company F. Second Infantry
None qualined
Station.
Flgor*
of merit.
Montgomery.
Pomona
New Hav«n.
Washington, D. C.
Jacksonville
Lindale
Lewiston....
Chicago
Angola
Iowa City...
Hutchinson.
Dover
Hyattsvilie.
Lowell
Conc(»tl
Newark
Carlsbad
Amsterdam.
Asheville
WillistOD....
Cleveland...
Portland.
Company E, First Infantry
Troop C, First Squadron Cavalry
Company B, First Infantry
Company H, Second Infantry
Company K, First Infantry
Company E, First Infantry
Troop A, First Cavahy
None reported qualified
Company B, Third Infantry
State desires no award be made
Fourth Company, Coast Artillery Corps
None fired course
Company F. Fourth Infantry
None qualified
do I
Company O, First Infantry Ephraim. ,
Troop D, First Cavahy ' Northfield
State desires no award be mode
F irst Companv, Coast Artillery Corps
None qualified
Company C. Second Infantry
None qualined
St. Paul..
Kaii^!
Providence.
MitcheU.
Seattle.
Sheboygan.
50.4
64.4
45.4
69.0
eo.8
54.8
77.8
53.0
67.0
65^«
73.4
83.«
65.6
47.3
62.8
34.3
K5.0
75.8
52.4
67.0
^2
67.4
51.6
4A.4
25.6
0S.O
87-0
1 No Organiiad Militia (mustered out May 20, 1906).
L
1142
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
Table 16. — Extracts from impections of Field ArtiUay
State or Dlstriet.
Alabama:
Battery A.
Battery C.
CaUfomia:
Headquarters First Bat-
taUon.
Battery A.
Battery B.
Battery C.
Coknado:
Battery A.
Battery B.
Connecticut:
Headquarters First Bat-
talion.
Battery A ,
Battery B.
Battery C.
Battery D.
Battery E.
Battery F.
District of Columbia:
Battery A
Armory.
Ownership.
Private.
....do..
> • • • vUVa ••••••••••••
SUte.
Private .
.....do..
.do.
.do.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
11
No.
No.
No..
No..
No..
No..
No..
Yes.
No..
No..
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
ll
is
a
li
e
ill
I-
•a
I
it
III
No.. None.
No.. 'None.
Yes.
None.
Yes. None.
Yes. Good.
No.. 'None.
No.
No.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
None. None.
32 None,
SUte ; Yes. I Yes.
do ! Yes. No..
Private | No.. No..
Battery B.
.....do
Private....
No.
Qeonia:
Headquarters First Bat-
talion.
Battery A ' do ' No.,
Battery B.
Battery C.
Cit
uiiy
Priv
vate.
Yes.
Yes.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
Yes.' No..
Yes. No..
nilnois:
Headquarters First Bat- do No.. No.
talion.
Battery A ' do No.. No.
Battery B do ! No.. No.
BatteryC Qovemment , Yes. No
Headquarters Second Bat- Private,
talkm.
Battery D do..
Battery E do..
Battery P State...
Yes. No.
Yes. No.
Yes. No.
Yes. No.
No.
No..
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
No..
13
32
Rent.
Yes.
Yes.
No.. Rent. None.
No..
No..
None.
None.
No.. None.
No.. None.
Yes. No.. Rent.
Yes. No.. 'None.
Yes. I Yes. 15
Yes.
Yes.
No..
Yes.
Yes.
I
Yes. Good.
Yes.
Yes.
Yea.
Yes.
ao
flO
50
13
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Care or
Federal
property.
h
.9
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes
Yes •
Yes.
Yea.
Yea.
Yea,
Yea.
Yes.i Yea.
Yes.
No.
Yes. No..
Yes. No..
Yes. No..
Yes. No..
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yee.
Y«
Y<
Yea.
Yes
No..
Yes,
Yee.
Yee.
Yes. Yes.. Yee.
Yes.
Yes.
None.
None.
None.
None.
(None.
No.. Yee..
Yes. Yee.
Yes. Yea.
Yea.: YeaJ
Yes.! Yes
No.. Yea.
No..' Yea«
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU,
1143
organuatiom under $ection 14, fnUiHa law.
Drill and instnicUan.
0)
25
49
43
36
35
128
117
127
104
62
85
64
HowmanrmMi
quaUfled durfaif
the calendar
None.. None..
None..' None..
None.. None
None..' None.
None.. None.
None.. None.
None.. None.
None.. None.
1 1
None.. None.
29
None..
4
None..
66
None..
46
65
None..
None..
10
None..
54
51
None..
None..
68
None..
None..
70
81
76
3
Ncnie..
None.
None.
None.
None.
N(»ie.
None.
None.
None..
None..
None..
Poor..
None..
Ver
t
Excel-
lent.
.do...
Ver
8
Fair.
..do.
Very good.
...do.......
Good
Very good,
Good.. Good....
...do... ...do....,
Poor..
Poor.
...do..
Good.
...do..
Fair..
Good.
Good.
...do.
...do.
...do.
Fair.
Poor.
Fair.
' • aUO***** • •
Good
None."? Fair...
Poor.
Good..
Verv
good.
...do...
...do..
Good.
Fair..
.do.
.do.
Fair.
Fair.
Very good.
Good
Very good.
Good
Fair
Horses.
JZ;«
None.
None.
How and to what extent
are they provided for
mounted instruction
other than at annual
encampments?
5
10
5
None..
None..
None..
Equitation drill in ar-
mory instruction un-
der sergeanUnstructor,
Riding ring provided at
armory; used on drill
nights.
Drifll night per week
by sergeant-instructor.
None
5
6
5
10
10
15
15
From 10 to 20 horses (tir-
nished by State for oc-
casional mounted drill.
About 10 to 15 horses,
owned by State,
brought to Denver oc-
casionally for drill pur-
Class in equitation daily,
except fiunday.
do
do
do
None
do
None.
None.
None.
None.
Mounted instruction
held with animals
from Fort Mver: also
afier a parade and a
review.
School of soldier mount-
ed every Sunday.
1 annually, owned by
city.
None..
10
Drilled once a week.
None..
None
Riding instruction drill
niehts; 10 horses avail-
able for limber drill
Saturdays.
United States Cavahy
horses used every Mon-
day night
None
None do.
None do.
None do.
> No record.
To what extent are
mounted driUs heldT
Quarterly,
None.
Quarterly.
None.
OnoesiDoeJaa.l,19lfli
6 during year.
None.
Da
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Generally oo Sondaj.
Each Sunday.
1 annually.
None.
Do.
Ltanber drills on Satur-
days, weather
mittmg.
Riding instruotioB
only.
None.
Do.
Do.
Do.
1144 BEPOET OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUP^AU.
Tablb 16. — ExtracU from iruptctioru of Field ArtiUery
State or District.
Indiana:
Headquarters First Bat-
talion.
Battery A
Battery B.
Battery C.
Iowa:
Beadquarters First Bat-
talion.
Battery A
Battery B.
Battery C.
Kansas:
Battery A.
Louisiana:
Headquarters First Bat-
talion.
Battery A..
Battery B,.
Battery C.
Maryland:
Battery A.
Massachusetts:
Headquarters First Bat-
talion.
Battery A.
Battery B.
Battery C.
Armory*
Is
Ownership.
is
Private.
....do-
Private.
do..
City....
Private.
.do.
Private,
.do.
.do.
.do.
State.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
Headquarters Second Bat-
talion.
.do.
•sll
SI
^1
w
s
No.
■fc* S 8
u
a
No.
t
8..
ii
Yes. No.
No..! No.. No..
Yes.' No..
I
No.. No..
ill
'.&
« « fl "iS'^
^ ■* c •- >k
Tare Of
Federal
property
(») None. Y«.
(»)
Yes. Yes.
30 j Yes. No..
30 , Yes. No..
Y«s.
I
Yes.
I
Yes.
Yes.
No.
No.
Yes
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
No..
Yes
Yes.
Yes
No.
Yes.
No..
No.
I ■ I
Yes No.. None. None Yes. Yes,
Yes. Yes. Yes
Yes. Yes. Yes,
Yes. No.
No.. I No.,
Yes. No.
Yes. No
Yes.
No..
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
No..
No..
No..
No..
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
No..
Yes.
Yes.
No..
Yes.
No..
No.
No.
No.
No.
Yes.
Yes.
No.
No.
No..
15
15
Ex-
cel-
lent.
40
None
Yes. No..
Yes,
Yes.' Yes.' Yes
None Yes.
None!
None '
Yes.' No..
None
120
lao
None
16
Yes. Yes
Yes.' Yes,
Yes. Yes
None No..
Yes.
Yes
Yes
Yes
32 None
Yes.
Yes.
Yes
Yei
No.
Y«
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes. Yes.
I State fair grounii.
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
1145
organizatioru under section 14, mUUia law — Continued.
Drill and iDstmctioiL
Horses.
a
•^5
a
<
How many med
qualified during
the calendar
year as—
9
39
102
I. I
V2
M
9-
•5
&
CO
None.. None..
None.., None..
I
None.. None..
60 None.. None.
None.
None.
None.
Ncme.
None.. None.
13
107
102
77
None..
None
None.
None.. None.
None.. None.
None.. None
«27
None.. None.
None.. None.
None.
s
J3
=3
Good.
Poor.
Fair-
Good.
Verv
good.
...do...
Good.
. . .do.
Fair...
Good.
...do..
Fair..
Excel-
lent.
.do.
...do..
Very
good.
I
11
n
la
-a
OS
si
Good.
Fair..
Good.
Very good.
...do
Fair.
12
12
10
19
None..
11
10
10
Good.
Fair.
24
.do.
.do.
.do.
Good.
None.
Excellent.
• • • Uw* « • • ■
Very good.
...do
25
25
None.,
15
Fair.
30
How and to what extent
are they provided for
mounted instruction
other than at annual
encampments?
Use 12 horses of Battery
Individual instructioo
with new horses re-
cently commenced.
Use of horses now as-
signed to battery.
Use of new h(xses
None.
11 horses available for
section drill.
Drill Sundays with 10
horses of battery and
12 hired horses; har-
nessing, etc., every
drill nieht.
Sundays by hirini; extra
horses; never in win-
ter; 3 such instructions
since September, 1915.
Riding classes by Insnec-
tor-instnictOT; individ-
uals riding afternoon:
IHtK>tice marches ap-
proximately once a
month.
To what extent are
mounted drills held?
Weekly.
Twice a week.
Daily.
Do.
None.
Section drill weekly*
None.
3 instructions since
September; never io
winter.
Twice a week, Satur-
day afternoons and
Sunday mornings.
About 1 a month.
Mounted drill five
times a week.
None.
Weekly.
118 of these expert first^;lass gunners.
Horses are continuously ' OccasionaL
available for instruc-
tion.
Rough riding Monday;
Solo Tuesday, Thurs-
ay, and Friday; sec-
tion drill Wednesday
and Thursday.
None
Weekly drills mounted
witli 4 limbers with 2-
horse iiit* h; also sec-
tion drills, mounted
instruction in individ-
ual riding.
Arrangements will bo
one e-hoiu" period week-
ly and continuous vol-
untary individual
work.
* Organized Dec. 24, 1915.
1 drill per week.
BEPOBT OP THE CHIEF OP THE MILITU BUBBAU.
Tablb m.—BxtraeUfion intptetwiu of Fitld ArtHbrt
Ym.
Ym.
Y«.
Ym.
Y«.
Ym.
No..
Kb..
No..
Ym.
Ym.
SSS ?:::::::::::::::::::
.::;;SS::::::::::::
?::
Ym
Ym
sT'
Ym.
Ym.
YM.
Ym.
Ym.
5S::
No..
No-
No..
No..
No..
No..
No..
No..
No-
S-. "T"..".':.
nnwryF
nivaU
.do..
BWWrrB
do.
.do..
Nnt Hampshln:
Jtmlmtj:
KnrMeiko:
a
rtdMml
!i
IK
k
i
s
a
111
|3
n
»»
Ym.
Ym.
31
31
No»
Ym.
?S:
Noo*
Ym
Ym
Ym.
NODt
Ym.
Ym
Ym.
NODi
Ym.
No..
Tm.
NOtM
Nou
Ym.
Ym.
Van
NODt
Ym.
Tm.
30
?5i
?::
?::
NOK
Ni
Y«.
Ym.
Ym.
M
Noot
Ym
Ym.
Norn
Vm.
?:
?::
W
"■1
V.,,..
u
YM
~i '-■
It
Ym
Ym. No..
u
Y-
Ym.| Ym.
N«,
Yh
Ym. Ym.
40
Ym
Ym
r..|
BEPOBT OP THE CHIEF OF THE MIUTIA BUREAU.
1147
crganizatiofu under sectum 14, milHia law — Continued.
Drill and instmctloo.
I
§•3
a
0)
3
43
33
17
11
10
48
22
10
51
ft5
125
8
75
45
50
87
115
56
61
HowmanTineii
qualifled durliig
thecatondar
'I
a n
None.
None..
None..
None..
Nome..
Nooe..
None.
None.
Nooe.
Nona.. None..
Nooe.. None..
None.. None..
None.. None..
None.,
None..
None..
None..
N<me..
None..
11 None do.
None..' None.. Poor.
^
h
Fair.
.do
.do
Poor.
Fair.,
Poor.
Good.
Good.
None.. None.
None..
None..! None..
None.
None..
17
None..
N<me.
Good.
good.
Good.
Very
good.
Good.
.do. .
.do.
Very
good.
S5«
Fair.
80
Fair.
Poor.
Good.
80
80
Nooe.
Fair.
None..
Very good.
Good
None.
None.
Poor.
Good.
Poor.
Good.
80
30
80
None.,
Fair.
Good.
..do.
.do.
Very good.
Good.
. .do..
.do.
. . .do.
. . .do.
Very good.
24
24
N(Mie..
9
10
10
9
How and to what ezt«nt
are Uiey provided for
mounted instnirtion
other than at annual
encampments?
Arrangements wHl be
two 0-hour peripds tri-
weekly ond one 2-hour
period weekly; also
voluntary individual
work.
do.
Horse allowanoe of 81,000
Kr year allowed entire
ttalion.
Annual horse hire 8500. . .
None.
.do.
.do.
A riding hall at last driU.
A riding haU for cold
weather; Fort Snelling
Reservation fior warm
weather.
do
None
To what extent are
mounted drills held?
4 driib every 8 weeks.
Weekly mounted instruc-
tion in suitable riding
haU.
Same as for battery B
None ' None
Da
Da
About 12 drills a year.
Outdoors when weatli>
er permits; 25 drills,
average of 2 horses a
drill; mounted in-
struction.
None.
Da
Da
Da
4 times each
None.
Da
Every week.
Do.
29
21
Practkally none.
Mounted instruction
platoon drill 8 times a
a week.
1 Organised Dto. 24, 1915.
80
'No record*
State allows 8500 per
year for hiring horses.
Instruction in riding
under sergeant-in-
structor of Battery C.
Average about U drills
a week throughout
year.
Mounted Instruction
given twice a week.
Some mounted instruo*
tion nearly every day.
Nooe except at sum-
mer camp.
3 times a week.
Weekly.
9 sinoe last Inspectloii.
• None organised.
1148
EEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
Table 16. — Extracts from inspections of Field ArtilUry
State or District.
Armory.
41 i^
Ownership.
New York:
Headquarters First Field
ArtUlery.
Headquarters First Bat-
talion.
Battery A
Battery B
BatteryC
Headquarters Second
talion.
Battery D
Battery E
Battery F
Bat-
Headquarters Second Field
Artillery.
Headquarters First Bat-
talion.
Battery A
Battery B
BatteryC
Headquarters Second Bat-
talion.
Battery D
do
7 •
5 So,
■s.
3
ss
Private.
City....
Stite...
City. ,.
.do.
.do.
.do.
, . . .do.
.do.
Battery E.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do
.do.
Battery F
Ohio:
Headquarters First Battal-
i«i.
Battery A County.
(«).
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
No..
Yes.
Ye'i.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes
Yes
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
(')
8..
o §
43
n
tn
CO
Is
o
3
•S3
s
h
is
Yes.
Yes.
No..
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes-
Yes.
0)
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Y'os.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
!•!
S ** 2
« 2 o
«8 3 Q
o 3
^
eS > S
S tt ®
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.;
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes. I Yes. I
Yes.
Yes. N"o.. Yes.
I
Battery B ; Private ; Yes
BatteryC («) | («)
Oregon:
Bat
attery A,
Pennsylvania:
Battery A Organization
County.
Yes
No.
No..
Yes., No.
Battery B State ; Yes. No..
BatteryC do Yes. No..
Battery D..
Battery E . .
Battery F...
No.,
Yes.
90
90
28
90
None..
90
90
90
90
GO
60
60
60
60
GO
&5
GO
GO
Yes.
None
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Care of
Federal
property.
ID
Yes.
Y'es.
Yes.
No..
Yes.
Yes.
No..
No..
Yes. I No.
None
None
Yes.
Yes
None Yes.
None Yes
None
None
Yes.
Yes.
NcMie
44 Yes.
No.. None..
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
d
8
Yes.
Y'es.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Y'«j.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yea.
No.. None..; None No.. Yes.
(«) 44 None Yes. Yes.
Yes
Yes. No
No.. Excel-
lent.
Yes
Yes
No.
No.
39
None.
Rent.
I
Rhode Island:
Battery A do.
•do " No.. No.-!
.do No.. I No..
•do i No.. No..
I
Yes. Yes.
Yes. No.. I Rent..
Yes. No.. None..
Yes. No.. None..
Yes. Yes
90
Yes
Yes
Yes.
Yes
Y«.
Yes.
No..
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Yos. Yes. Yes.
None Yos. I Yes.j
None Yes. No..
Yes- Yes
Yes.
1 No examination .
s No armory; drill held on U-acre field the year around.
REPORT OP THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
1149
organizatums under uction 14t militia law — Continued.
Drill and instruction.
H
I
>
19
19
01
73
77
19
85
112
90
13
6
«1
74
91
13
88
103
6S
10
20
89
30
72
103
40
41
(♦)
None..
34
109
How manv men
qualified durins;
the calendar
yearaa—
I ^
V2
M
0)
1
1
9
2
1
None..
2
2
2
7
1
None..
(»)
(»)
None..
None.
None.
I
!1
.a
=3
Fair.
..do.
None.
None.
None.
(>)
Fair do.
Poor.. Oood.
..do.. I Poor.
..do.. I Fair..
do. . ...do..
Good.
Fair,.
None..
Nona..
Nona..
0)
None..
None..
37
None.. Very
good.
None..
None..
None.
(>)
None..
None..
9
Good.
Good.
.do...
Very
good,
Fair...
...do...
...do...
...do.,
...do..
Good.
...do..
Fair..
Good.
.do.
Very good.
Fair
• • * >Av« « • • • •
...do
...do
...do
Horses.
IS
-J
feS
§^
s >
J5«
' Howand to what extent
are they provided for
mounted instruction
other than at annual
encampments?
76
76
41
76
33
76
76
70
76
56
56
57
57
56
40
49
49
40
20
To what extent are
mounted drills held?
Drills in armory Weekly.
Do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
• • • • ■ vj V* • • • • • I
, do
do ,
Drills in armory an<l.
weather permitting,
outdoors Sundays and
holidays.
do
.do.
.do.
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Do.
do Biweekly.
Daily during drill season
I Weekly.
Continuous m ninted
drill during year.
Drill hi armory and road
marches.
Weekly drills
State allows $18 per year
per man present at
Federal in.spection.
do
Do.
Da
Da
None do
20 I Weekly in cold weather;
semiweekly hi warm.
26 Every Sunday.
32
None.,
10
10
None..
None..
Every Saturdav and
Sunday; equitation
rides of 2 days' dura-
tion at irregular hi-
tervals.
None
Equitation throui^hout
week as men desire it.
No regular instruction...
None
Excel- Excellent .
lent.
36
*Non« organised.
Large riding ring con-
stantly available; fre-
quent outdoor
mounted drill.
*No record.
4 mounted drills and
5 tactical rides.
None.
Practice marches once
a month, and 2 hours
once a week in warm
weather.
Weekly, weather par
mitthig.
Twice weekly, weather
permitting.
None.
Do
Do.
Twice per week.
1150
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
Table 16. — Extracts from inspectioiu of Field AriUUfy
8Ute or district.
Texas:
Battery A.
Utah:
First Battery.
Vindnia:
Headqaarters First Bat*
tallcoi.
Battery A
Battery B
BatteryC
Battery D
Wisconsin:
Battery A.
Armory.
Ownership.
Organization.
Private
City.
.do.
.do.
> • • • UW • • • • • • • 4
Private
State
1^ i-gl
iS :a
Yes.; No.
I
Yes.' No.
Yes.' No.
Yes., No.
Yes. No.
No..
Yes.
Yes.
o
si
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
&
11
11
m
I Iff
mi
Hi
Yes. No.
No.. No-
Nc.
No
Yes
No.
No..
No..
No..
No.
Yes
Yes
NcHie
150
None
10
Rent
None
18
80
Care of
Federal
property.
£h
Yes
Yes.
None
None
Yes.
None
None
oS
ts
§1 ;
8.2 '
No..
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Yee.
Yes. Yes.
No..
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes.
Yes.
Yes
Y«.
^Ls 17.— Statement thowing t
t
Cupt.
•
JB
1
1
1
•a
Forks.
!
220
5
9
1
1
1S6
16
M
3S4
*.. J
1 * 1
.
;::!::::::
4
1
......
1
1""
::::::::!::::::
*"! ,
».. ,.t ...........
I
'
...1
" '6 ::::::
* *2i9 '.'.]'.,.
,.J
1
....
15S
k.. !..•...
* 1
4
1
1
72
19..
"in* ■
*"83"'.!
r
• • • *!
• • •
106
........
8
Wi..
f
* * * * I
I
,
f
16 I 130 I 207 i 94 I 1,2» | «
I
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUBEAU.
1151
organizations under section 14, militia 2auH-Oontinued.
jkmmgt
u
I 0
jo 5
. . -t-
1|-
■A',.
Drill and instruction.
M
•a
I
U
Sh
5
(»)
78
14
71
51
51
120
56
Howmanvmen
qualified during
the calendar
year
3
29
None..
•3%
None.
None.
U None.
None.
None..
None.
None.
"8
1^
Very
good.
...do...
Fair.. .
Very
good
Poor..
None..
Good.
Fair
Very good.
Good.
Very good
Good
Fair..
Good.
.do.
Horws.
None..
None..
None..
16
11
None..
10
28
How and to what extent
are they provided for
mounted instruction
other than at annual
encampmentsT
Horses hired five times
for harness drill.
4 or 5 dars' mounted
work (10 horses pro-
vided).
None
Practice marches
Weekly to extent of ani-
mals (aUotted S500
per year for horse
hire).
8500 per year allotted for
horse hire.
Little of school of soldier
mounted held on Ixv-
rowed horses.
Saturdays and Sundays.
To what extent are
mounted drills held?
None.
4 or 5 days annually.
None.
Do.
2 practice marches and
1 parade.
3 practice marches and
3 mounted drlls.
None.
7 hours per week,
weather permitting.
*No record.
)
1152
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MnJTIA BUREAU.
Table 18. — Statement of gross expenditures under section 1661, Revised Statutes, made
accounts
Stat?, Territory, or
District.
Pay.
Traiwporta-
tion.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas.
California
Colorado
Coonectlctit
Dataware
District of Columbia.
Florida
Gaorgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
lodiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Ml«ouri.
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada »
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode' lalan d
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Iteh,
Vermont
Virghiia
Washington
Wast Vfrgfaiia
Wisooosin
Wyomtog
921,303.30
9,004.77
15,21&21
11,144.25
1,331.98
13,506^07
5,fi07.53
19,67L72
14,142.91
4,780.98
3,14&55
6,414.76
36,507.05
20,856.79
32,639.17
20,083.95
27,851.64
14,797.28
10,054.78
14,9ia63
37,626u32
14,006i41
23,267.92
16,12L46
34, 68a 46
3,025.17
9,983.48
|7,6l6u70
7,908.55
4,157.60
Horse hire
uid forage.
$1,81&00
582.10 I.
398.75
197.64
2,167.92
3,216.06
6,400.71
8,383.82
4,363.72
6,26&46
10,816.53
6,862:72
2,723.04
1,801.99
22,015.22
8,834.44
6,331.02
11.259.87
8, 86a 05
43.35
1,276.46
305.88
3,383.00
3, 13a 00
1,449.00
1,343.62
95v. 29
984.00
10,011.41
7,071.37
2,014.00
321.49
4, 42a 00
laoo
1,376.00
2,778.69
6,729.08
6, 195. 45
60,364.80
20,964.17
1,572.68
60,849.03
13,928.76
7,612.17
2, 133. 72
4,453.70
lo, «>07. 90
10,464.81
19,744.81
1,526.00
6,732.78
7,662.06
30,636.80
16,632.17
16,084.68
12,126.68
6,76L78
2, 159. 62
2,083.10
1,620.57
18,349.00
11,000.70
312.:^
3,236.88
6,006.36
4,662L08
438.00
42,016.37
6,636.00
1,803.86
Subsist-
ence.
Incident-
als.
$680.75
3,173.77
105.00
160.26
838.75
244.06
1,631.86
412L06
462.00
464.00
f2,6iaiO
483.46
63.33
2&00
46.00
297.00
3,6^.49
4,697.69
4,061.19
6,097.96
3,353.76
1,871.25
11,781.00
6,37SL66
3,80&36
6, 139. 16
411.80
2,229.25
ia6o
674.00
621.64
11,865.86
6, 137. 16
39.40
112.16
713.71
850.36
91&40
73a 26
967.69
1,164.42
23a 22
2,006.60
117.26
LOO
87a 80
841.77
34.76
6L00
41&90
3,66a&>
107.97
Excess
expenses
Aoqoir-
ingand
of inspect- devplop-
ing rr.g rif&
oflScers. | rangea.
$79.25
146.39
5.41
6.51
64.92
19.06
6a 94
44.18
93,07
27.86
68.92
64.43
80.67
3.06
41.00
326.13
44,866.80
703.83
7,246.06
4,262.04
4,»t6.(il
12,067.60
1,689.46
216.30
7.168.60
6,606.66
7,800.40
16,322.60
1,379.86
22,173.20
4,80a06
031.14
03&80
16,887.44
607.76
4,684.76
1,681.04
2,767.67
646.10
70a76
4,433.60
410.67
3,38&«3
Total $738,717.11 1*280,387.36 $134,474.30
81.00
1,114.08
3,»=''A01
3,1115.16
6, 47a 00
346l04
$110,084. 10
.1 412.33
376.40
I
12,667.24
71.63
306.42
12a 65
311.83
102.25
L3Z27
3.73
111.00
1,136.48
106.00
60a&2
267.32
34.00
$32,064.33
14.86
46^13
37.12
imsoi
oa93
26&83
1
362.76
67.fla
20. SO
14.18 I
LOO
82.00
r2,062.8S|tl,UafiO
r-
1 No Organized Militia (mustered out May 20, 1006).
BEPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUREAU.
1153
by dishuinng officers Jor the Organized Militia during the fiscal year 1916^ as shovm by the
current.
Bhoodxig
galleries.
aviUan
markws
and
scorers.
Entrance
. fees.
Prises.
\
Purchase
rifle
ranges.
Rent rifle
ranges.
Care-
taker.
Coostnio-
tionand
improve-
ments
(labor and
material).
Miacella-
neons
rifle
practice.
Total.
1
1
$29,oiaoa
::::::::::::::::::::':::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::!::::::::::
$319.00
10,14>C77
1
_ _ ;; 1
2,782.75
31,590.38
$1,319.00
1
$1,020.00
$356.68
8.00
20,306.99
1,436.96
"'.*!!! !i--'- ----- ---
70.00
178.33
100.00
14,473.82
,
191.75
4,207.14
(
. ....•••••
1,571.25
504.73
25.88
9,014.15
$727.00
$330.00 178.50
I$2,625.66
28,184.09
16,291.51
1,484.49
204.80
750.00
3,038.00
4,048.71
499.50
431.13
'1,*369.*66*
438.25
187.00
1*629*35'
****5.*66*
320.38
298.82
163.21
104.00
**4l6.'66*
300.59
17,302.20
7,558.11
1
100.00
*2*576.*56*
13,422.48
..........
12,646.40
1,616.74
281.00
44,380.10
$60.28
75.00
2,730.67
'I'Iss.'m'
1,248.28
466.66
140.00
41,815.27
$16,640.00'
500.00
56,884.48
230.00
654.00
221.50
400.00
874.06
4,225.28
240.65
615.00
212.00
34,206.97
..........
**"**•****
363.56
53,166.11
588.05
"'724*66*
326.66
28,835.39
194.00
*'***•"•**
16,884.99
2,604.00
21,069.50
462.00
570.00
85,782.55
678.75
663.00
321.25
200.00
270.00
1,448.00
180.00
668.00
890.00
8,435.37
260.00
640.60
2,658.83
62.50
46,640.86
*i,*434.'66'
395.00
33,545.94
'"ii.'oi"
228.50
33,066.25
135. 15
156.00
175.00
47,934.03
260.00
4,232.07
19,718.00
34,583.19
1 1 !
1,550.00
4,516.50
i
60.00
205.33
54.90
650.05
662.00
11,936.80
177.00
..:::::
13,988.70
i
0,602.22
4,961.87
2.000.00
.1.549.50
156,973.38
^m^mmm»m*» '•••••*••• ••••^mmm^m
213.50 705.85
220.00 120.00 I 2.304.87
40,773.31
1
35.00
1,315.00
69.36
957.69
84.50
2,028.60
76.00
63,662.81
' 26.66
22,839.57
485.56
12,833.17
l,7(i6.88
400.00
3,235.00
*527.*56*
4,243.20
9,025.17
!
4,292.66
123,423.74
1. .'!!!!*!.
310. 00
12,793.75
* _ ...
••••••••••
898.16
35.00
100.00
1,714.94
277.59
496.18
226.00
1.50
34,589.60
1 1
17,786.86
35.42 1 640.66 465.25 | m66
25.00
944.00
260.00
29,701.67
15,549.59
784.00
1
195.00
9,307.33
433.45
8,311.81
155.06 505.00
350.00 420.00
552.00 273. .^^
2,512.66
2.70
2,255.15
3,853.W
237.00
52.88
33,894.49
31,153.70
831.66
112.00
240.00
32,106.02
7,662.66
350.00
50.00
338.00
48,795.39
14.66
278.50
8,073.17
••••••••••
$2,117.75 |l48,821.48
{4,271.49
$3,399.75
$38,925.85 $23,447.20 $20,502.81
$51,121.08
$79,83.65
$1,618,091.54
69176"— WAB 1916— VOL 1-
73
1154
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BXTBEAXT.
Is
ss?;;gsss3^sssss8ss!;ss?sgssss^
n
ev
ev
s
B
£{
7
OQ
s
0*0 r^
OOOOO
CO
S7
98:;^S9S
^^ Sec w»-"
oao
eceo
s
s
9
I
o
a; -^s
•0^tO«0 C«e<lt«« Oft «0 C« C4 to CO »Q to M «0 ^ C9 «H 00 *-i
C0OC9C0O
^?3S8&sr::;^
^ m ^m mm
S3
222158
s
o^aoo»*'*««oeflco
•» ^ ^ ^ —
s
n
M COM)
eo "^
IB'
2
«3
1
oi
M
pa
S
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BEPOBT OF THB OHIBV OV THE UIUTIA BUBSA.X7.
1155
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1156 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MILITIA BUBEATJ.
5
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BEPOET OF THE CHIEF OF THE MIUTIA BUKEAT7.
1167
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1158
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MHJTIA BUEEAU.
Table 20. — Statement of Usues to the States^ the Territory of Hawaii, and the Distrrd of
Columbia of armament and equipment under $ection 13 oj the militia law {act of Mojf
rr, 1908), fiscal year 1916,
State, Territory, or District
Alabama
AriMMM
Arkansas
Califomia
Colorado
Cooneotioat
Delaware
District of Colombia. .
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa.... ...... ........
Kansas
Ken tacky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Manacbnsetts
Michigan
Minneiota
Mississippi
Missouri.
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada 1
New Hampshirt
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Ws^fnston
We.UVirghiia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Stop devices, Lewis
flnd«rs
Field class, type EK..
P. D.
Total.
Value of issnee, fiscal year 1910.
Quarter-
master.
$20,838.23
5,926.15
9,907.58
28,^24.52
14,344.33
57,766.05
1,622.20
23,986.44
9,860.60
32,oiaoo
26,543.78
8,046.52
79, 27a 07
25,846.66
24,984.50
21,172.76
19,764.08
7,418.40
10,524.81
10,540.73
69,964.07
21,320.49
19,217.28
10,075.70
15,534.98
4,637.58
14,678.19
12,146.47
53,662.27
7,796.91
145,095.62
15,273.22
7,175.45
05, 181. 78
10.561.33
12,032.54
11^425.00
K, 740. 03
24.819.70
4,IM4.71
713.83
16,638.77
6,388.30
0.569.03
22.15Xn
22. 718. n
12.'»1.16
19.305.87
1.815.65
Ordnance.
$13,464.04
3,128.00
18,470.28
4,756.77
16.188.66
1,477.68
15,137.83
2.651.75
17,264.16
42,826.56
1,671.18
32,612.24
3,783.35
14, 66a 46
14,870.18
1,584.04
8,841.29
3,608.94
15,267.52
10,417.00
29,391.81
17,173.45
17,838.98
002.33
858.66
3,132.55
14,102.08
2,136.87
123,981.65
0,111.73
201.80
41,607.84
3,783.32
10,555.03
52,023.80
10,654.18
0,312.09
3,213.55
1,164.30
5,579.61
3,628.65
1,963.06
14,0e9.34
10,503.01
6, 167. 12
21,394.65
2,231.02
125.00
$1,347,087.42
Signal.
$1,762.12
01.06
636.20
238.00
8,115.86
34.06
1,060.63
622.74
102.76
7.06
1,875.33
8,688.55
065.73
7,245.20
20L60
134.50
218.20
662.07
1,428.00
281.26
1,768.00
1,887.86
83.84
30ai5
768.36
313.72
3,873.32
314.37
68.00
1,061.18
314.02
2,180 31
152.80
103.71
68.00
585.62
200.31
1,044.14
846. OS
186.00
414.68
38.06
84.00
Rngineers.
$83a85
370.00
03.50
74.40
158.10
0.30
13a 90
22.65
387.50
4a G2
laso
862.70
0.30
130.20
0.30
4a 62
81.77
555.22
65.10
27.00
2,227.67
86M5
1,873.05
2,418.75
27.00
46.50
158.10
Medicat
$617.35
laoo
502.84
440.53
3,077.03
10a45
318.70
14. «7
367.78
36.57
4,502.78
572.85
1,231.54
407.13
247.14
120.88
418.44
S4.I4
2,787.20
8,801.18
10a40
474.60
13X00
254.54
3,022.94
105.00
5,538.04
1,328.06
Oii.60
353.40
474.30 I
114.70 1
213.00*
86.10
71.20
3,65Z84
000.36
1,113.07
237.35
1,533.52
14L80
57.80
865.74
17.23
354.18
118.06
344.38
50L36
$653,062.73 <$30, 743.33 i$ll,155.04 >$38,60a04
TotlL
$46;0(B.48
5,«36.U
13, 73a 10
48,34aa
10,880.10
70,34L18
8,280.6i
41,47a6i
I2,a2.a8
40, 02a 9$
00,A6I.7S
9,75LaS
118,283.67
34,178.91
41,8S2.M
43,705.77
22,150.56
11,534.55
14,09a at
35,564.60
84.69^80
54.966w5l
88. .MO. 18
10,075.70
85,701.04
5, 86a 85
15,53^85
15,051. M
71,455.115
10,2S2L50
280,61<va0
26,388.51
7.535.25
130.0ia45
14,844.01
22,974.68
177,70a70
2S,42&31
^445.96
8.677.43
8.470.6$
10,384.06
12,198.75
87,777.72
84,136.66
10,236.26
41.350.66
4,602.U
135.00
84.00
$i.fiei,44A.ao
>No Organized MlUtIa (mustered out May 20» 1006).
BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF OF THE MIUTIA BUBBAU. 1169
t o/expendUurtt made raider the approprialwn " Care ofhanu and
■iel, Field ArtUUry, Organittd MUMia, 1916. "
SWaotDWrM.
ToUL
00
i
w
00
i
M
00
i
00
a
in
"■rss
a,i«.«
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!:S:S
li
ii
3,003. U
i;ms.12
an
t)m43
8,(80. n
^ffli
"^^iS^^-SMSr" " "*"" tor torag. ^ ««. to.
M7,0tl. IB
I61,7tti.»7
1108,953. IS
Table 22.— 5iatetn«7i( o/(Ae mjktmm of&e Naiiimat MUitia Board/or Ihefieoal year 191S.
By allotment »2,000.00
To ex pensea of members of the board (684. S5
To transfer to allotment for Militia Bureau for expetuea of tele-
grams sent to Statee during June, 191S, in connection witii
mobilization of troope into tne Federal service 365.91
1,060.76
Balance on hand June 30, 1916 949.24
1160 REPORT OP THE CHIEF OP THE MILITIA BUREAU,
Table 23. — Statement of the expentee of the Militia Bureau for thefitoal year 1916.
By allotment for salaries of employees |37, 2801 00
To salaries paid 137,068.33
37,068.33
Balance on hand June 30, 1916 211. 67
By allotment for miscellaneous expenses 3, 200. 00
By transfer from allotment for National Militia Board for erpenses of tele-
grams sent to States during June, 1916, in connection with mobilization
of troops into the Federal service 365, 91
3, 565. 91
To furniture and fixtures $437. 14
To office supplies 471. 01
To stationery and supplies 561. 33
To printing 855.48
To tel^raph service 822. 42
To telephone service 102. 95
To publications 62. 75
To labor and repairs 74. 42
To ice 7. 65
3, 395. 15
Balance on hand June 30, 1916 $170.76
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF COAST ARTILLERY.
1161
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF COAST ARTILLERY.
Sir:
War Department,
Office of the Chief of Coast Artillery,
Washington^ September 20^ 1916.
I submit herewith my aimual report as Chief of Coast Artillery.
The most salient feature bearing on the efficiency of the Coast
Artillery Corps, which stands out in relief in the past year, is the
fact that, at its last session, Congress enacted practically all the rec-
ommendations made by the War Department in legislation proposed,
with respect to the requirements oi Uie arm as to increases of per-
sonnel and increases of materiel. It may be said that with these
increases, and the approving policy indicated by Congress with
respect to some additional new batteries needed for certain localities,
to meet the increased power of attack of the most recent types of
guns mounted on battleships, the coast fortifications will be able to
meet successfully any attack that can reasonably be expected to be
made upon them, or upon the cities^ harbors, or mterests which they
guard, oy the most powerful warships afloat or at present projected.
It should be pointed out. however, that this increase in armament
entails a small additional increase in the personnel to provide the
manning bodies therefor. This additional personnel is indicated in
the following table :
United States:
Twenty-two 15«Inch guns
Twenty-four 13-inch guQS
Forty-eight 16-inch mortars
Twenty-three 6-inch guns
Four 3-inch guns
Six 16-inch howitzers
One 14-inch gun, movable
Two 4.7-Inch guns, movable
One hundred and thirty-four a-inch anti-aircraft guns
MiliUa
Regulars
Insular Possessions:
Four 16-inch guns
Twelve l»-incn guns
Twelve 16-inch mortars
Twenty-five 3-inch anti-aircraft guns
Total Regulars
Officers.
62
50
54
39
2
16
3
1
71
206
Enlisted,
men.
1,607
1,356
1,404
727
68
444
67
40
1,853
288
7,566
144
3.783
144
3,783
12
296
25
678
13
351
13
327
62
1,652
5,435
1163
1164
BEPORT CHIEF OF COAST ARTILLERY.
ITie effect of the recent legislation as to personnel is to provide a
complete manning body for the gun and mine defenses of the over-
sea lortifications and for one-half of the gun defense and all of the
mine defense of the home fortifications. The proposed distribution
of this personnel, after the last increment of the increase carried in
the Act approved June 3, 1916, goes into effect on July 1, 1920, is
indicated in the following table :
Proposed distribution of the Coast Artillery Corps {exclusive of 18 bands).
Coast Defenses.
United States:
Portland
Portsmouth
Boston
New Bedford
Narracansett Bay
Loog Island Sound
Eastern New York
Southern New York
Sandy Hook
Delaware
Baltimore
Potomac
Chesapeake Bay
Cape Fear
Charleston
Savannah
Key West
Tampa
Pensacola
MobUe
New Orleans
Galveston ,.
San Diego
Los Angeles
San Francisoo
Columbia
Puget Sound
Office Chief of Coast ArtUlery
District stafT
Total United States
Insular Pooaeesions:
Oahu
Manila Bay
Cristobal
Balboa
District staff
Total Insular Possessions
Total United States and Insular Possessions
The officers by grades will be as follows :
1, 201 total.
24 colonels.
24 lieutenant colonels,
72 majors.
360 captains.
360 first lieutenants.
360 second lieutenants.
1,201 total.
Officers.
Enlisted
83
1,618
17
392
68
1,787
13
239
SO
1,341
«7
1,539
34
810
48
1,403
33
927
33
763
28
600
23
512
38
906
15
341
23
686
19
436
26
587
23
461
23
55S
17
403
17
379
23
575
22
413
23
403
67
1,999
33
828
76
2,131
7
6
034
23.117
63
1,SS3
93
2,470
56
1,154
52
1,195
4
267
6,351
1,201
29,460
DEFICIENCY IN NATION Ali GUARD COAST ARTILLERr.
Attention is invited to the fact, however, that the policy of the
War Department contemplates that one-half of the ^n defense of
the United States proper shall be provided from the National Guard
REPORT CHIEF OF COAST ARTILLERY.
1165
of the seaboard States. The experience had up to the present time
has not been encouraging in the extent to which the coast States
have met their obligations in supplying coast artillerymen for that
half of the coast guns set apart to them. The accompanying table
will show the number of officers and men of the National Guard
Coast Artillery of the seaboard States now provided and the defi-
ciency which exists in this regard:
National Ouard Coast Artillery.
state.
Maine
New Hampshire.
MassachusettSw. .
Rliode Island...
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Delaware.
Maryland
District of Columbia.
Vlrplnia.
Nrarth Carolina.
South Carolina.
Georgia
Florida
Alabama
Louisiana
T«xa8.
Officers.
3
3
3
22
19
16
Enlisted
men.
843
287
908
1,210
844
3,207
85
75
136
414
373
224
OiUfamJa...
OngQB
Washington..
Total
Required for one-half the gun defense in the United States authorized prior to
July 1,1916
DeScienoy.
42
40
36
545
711
166
76S
887
639
10,860
17,329
6,469
Unless this deficiency is made up by the States, it will be neces-
sary to consider whether the policy which has heretofore been taken
as the guide will not have to be modified with respect to decreasing
the quota assigned to each State, and increasing the Regular Coast
Artillery by the amount of that decrease.
DETACHMENT OF COAST ARTILLERY OFFICERS AND MEN FROM THE
FORTIFICATION 8.
The instruction of the personnel of the Coast Artillery Corps
during the past year has been seriously interfered with by ttie de-
tachment of considerable numbers of officers and men for service
on the Mexican border, and also by the necessity for the detachment
of officers and men from the coast fortifications for the purpose of
assisting in giving instruction to civilians in military duties at the
training camps atTPlattsburg, N. Y., Tobyhanna, Pa., and Fort Ogle-
thorpe, Ga.. in the Eastern Department : and Monterey. Cal., Ameri-
can Lake, Wash., and Fort Douglas, Utah, in the Western Depart-
ment; also for service as caretaKer detachments at vacated mobile'
army posts.
Twenty per cent of the officers and 22 per cent of the men on duty
at the coast fortifications (amounting to 80 officers and 2,912 men)
1166 EEPORT CHIEF OF COAST ARTILLEBY.
in continental United States were detached for service on the Mexi-
can border. In addition, there were detached 30 officers and 1,144
men for service with the civilian encampments and as caretaker de-
tachments at mobile army posts in the Eastern Department, and
35 officers and 1,040 men for similar service in the Western Depart-
ment. These detachments left so few officers and men on duty at the
coast fortifications as to make it impracticable to carry out satisfac-
torily the annual scheme of instruction in any general way, and
necessitated the abandonment of a carefully planned scheme of com-
bined coast defense exercises with the Navy on the Atlantic coast.
Notwithstanding the fact that the details to the border and to the
training camps interfered with the regular Coast Artillery work
for the year, it was understood perfectly that emergency conditions
existed, and it was realized that the interests which were served,
under the circumstances, were paramount to our normal duties. The
personnel was therefore animated by a spirit to assist most cheerfully
m every way possible. It is gratifying to know that it has acquitted
itself to the satisfaction of the department commanders.
COAST ARTILLERY DISTRICT COMMANDERS.
I desire to renew my recommendation of previous years that the
commanding generals of Coast Artillery districts be made a part of
the Coast Artillery Corps. For purposes of better administration of
the technical requirements of the coast fortifications, and in order
that more frequent technical inspections could be made by senior
Coast Artillery officers of the traming and instruction of the Coast
Artillery personnel, a new administrative unit was established on
February 15, 1913, called the Coast Artillery District. These districts
consist of a grouping of the coast fortifications in such a way as to
establish a unit lor inspection and general supervision adequate to
the capacities as to time and attention of one senior officer. Experi-
ence has shown that the effect of the establishment of these higher
units has been to produce a better coordination and standardization
as to the condition of the materiel and the character of the instruc-
tion of the personnel of the several forts which constitute the Coast
Artillery district. Up to the present time, two of these Coast Artil-
lery districts have been created on the Atlantic coast line; one, the
North Atlantic Coast Artillery District, and the other the South
Atlantic Coast Artillery District; and one on the Pacific coast called
the Pacific Coast Artillery District. The North Atlantic Coast
Artillery District includes all coast forts from Maine down to the
defenses of the southern approaches to New York Citv, inclusive.
The South Atlantic Coast Artillery District includes all coast forts
from the Coast Defenses of the Delaware to those of Galveston,
inclusive. The Pacific Coast Artillery District includes all the coast
forts on the Pacific coast. The coast forts of Panama constitute a
separate Coast Artillery district
Coast Artillery districts are subdivisions of territorial department
commands. The commanders of the Coast Artillery districts bear
the same relation to department commanders that brigade com-
manders of the mobile army troops in departments bear to depart-
"^ent commanders.
REPOBT CHIEF OP COAST ARTILLERY. 1167
The duties of Coast Artillery district commanders are wholly and
essentially of a Coast Artillery nature, involving an intimate faiowl-
edge of technical matters connected with the installation and use of
the guns, mortars, mines, searchlights, and range-finding equipment
of coast forts. Only officers can best discharge the functions of Coast
Artillery district commanders who have risen to the higher grades
of Coast Artillenr through service in the lower grades.
The number oi officers and troops included in Coast Artillery dis-
tricts, the magnitude and importance of the interests of the Ignited
States involved in maintaining the fighting efficiency of the personnel
and materiel located therein has been recognized by the War De-
partment as warranting the assignment of officers of the grade of
brigadier general to the command thereof. Accordingly, it has been
the custom recently, when officers of the Coast Artillery Corps have
been appointed to the grade of brigadier general of the line of the
Army, to assign them to command of Coast Artillery districts.
It snould be had in mind that in fixing the number of general of-
ficers of the line of the Army it was not contemplated that such as-
signments would be made. This statement will be made clear by ap-
preciation of the fact that the legislation passed by the last Congress
provides for 36 brigadier generals of the line of the Army who are
required to command the 21 brigades of Infantry, 8 brigades of
Cavalry, and 7 brigades of Field Artillery. It therefore follows that
when general officers of the line are assigned to command of Coast
Artillery districts, the needs of the mobile army are invaded. It
would seem to be good policy and in the interests of good organiza-
tion that the mobile army should not be deprived of any portion of
its general officers by such assignments, but that separate provisions
should be made therefor by law. It is recommended that legislation
be recommended bjr the Secretary of War that will add to the Coast
Artillery Corps brigadier generals of Coast Artillery, to command
the Coast Artillery districts.
This matter was carefully considered by the General Staff in its
report on the Organization of the Land Forces of the United States,
August 10, 1912. Attention is invited to the following quotation
from that report :
RELATIONS BETWEEN THE COAST ABTH^LEBT AND THE If OBILE ABMT.
The land forces of the United States are divided into two distinct parts — the
Ck)a8t Artillery and the mobile army. The coast fortifications are local in char-
acter and are designed to protect important seaports from direct naval attacks
and naval raids, to prohibit hostile landings at particular places, to secure our
naval bases in the absence of the fleet, to prohibit the use of certain harbors and
waters as bases for naval operations against us, to secure safe havens for our
vessels, and to release our fleet for offensive operations. The influence of coast
fortifications is limited to the areas within the range of their guns, and while
they must be recognized as of supreme importance, within the scope of their
proper functions, it must not be supposed that they have any power to prevent
invasion If we should lose command of the sea. The total length of our coast
line Is enormous, and the stretches covered by harbor defenses are and must
remain very small compared with the unprotected Intervals that lie between
them. If we should lose the command of the sea, an invader would simply land
In one of these Intervals. It therefore follows that our ultimate defense depends
upon defeating a mobile army of Invasion, and this can be done only by having
a mobile army prepared to operate In any possible theater of war. The com-
plete defense of our coasts Is therefore a problem of cooperation between Coast
Artillery and mobile forces.
1168 BEPORT CHIEF OP COAST ARTILLEBY.
ESSENTIAL DIFFERENCES AFFECTING THE ADMINISTRATION OF COAST ABTILUBBT Arn>
THE MOBILE ARMY IN PEACE AND WAR.
The general relations between the coast fortresses and the mobile troops have
already been indicated. Their essential difference lies in the fact that the
Coast Artillery Is local and will remain local both In peace and in war. The
mobile forces, however, will not be confined to a definite territory. They occupy
peace stations for purposes of training, but it can never be predicted In what
theater of war they may be employed. The coast batteries that cover the
entrance to New York Harbor will remain in their present positions in any con-
tingencies, but the mobile forces that may be statione<l in the vicinity of New
York may be employed at any place within the sphere of national interest.
A correct organization of the two forces should, therefore, be based upon a
recognition of these essential differences. The Coast Artillery is territorialized
and may properly have a territorial organization In war and peace.
The mobile army, however, must be free to move and should not be tied by Its
peace administration to any particular locality. The present organization of
our Army violates this principle. The same brigadier general commands mobile
troops and immobile troops under a system of administration which must neces-
sarily break down in war.
The organization of the Department of the Gulf Is a typical example of this
illogical arrangement. This department comprises 1 regiment of Infantry.
1 regiment of Cavalry, and 27 companies of Coast Artillery. The organisation
seems to be based on some idea of convenience for peace administration, but Is
not designed to meet any military contingency. It Is unsound, because the com-
mand itself is an illogical command, It being impossible to conceive any military
situation which would properly place those units under a single commander in
war. It is also unsound, because it must be immediately disrupted in war and
the whole machinery of administration broken up at the very time when definite
organization is of supreme importance. It would therefore seem that a correct
organization of our land forces should provide homogeneous commands for our
brigadier generals in time of peace. This can be accomplished by grouping the
present Coast Artillery districts into three Coast Artillery Inspections and bv
giving a definite brigade and division organization to the mobile troops. Under
this arrangement the eastern territorial region will comprise two Coast Ar-
tillery Inspections and the nucleus of the first division of the mobile army, with
certain extradl visional auxiliaries. The central territorial region will comprise
the nucleus of the second division of the mobile army, with two or more Cavalry
brigades and other extradivlsional troops. The western territorial region will
comprise one Coast Artillery Inspection and the nucleus of the third division of
the mobile army.
It Is recommended that brigadier generals be assigned to the command of
brigades of mobile troops or of Coast Artillery Inspections.
The creation of the Coast Artillery districts by War Department
order followed this recommendation of the General Staff, in so far
as practicable without legislation, and Anny Be^ulations have been
drawn up prescribing the duties of Coast Artillery district com-
manders, making them analogous in all respects to those of brigade
commanders in regard to matters of inspection and the standardiza-
tion of instruction.
If legislation be enacted to provide general officers to commaud
Coa.st Artillerv districts, the number of brigadier generals authorized
by such law should not exceed the proportion of brigadier generals
due to the Coast Artillery Corps as a part of the line of the Army,
based on the total legally authorized commissioned strength. If a
law were to be passed providing for such number of brigadier gen-
erals of Coast Artillery, it should also provide that thereafter colonels
of Coast Artillery should not be eligible for appointment as briga-
dier generals of the line of the Army at large. The effect of this
would be to give to the Coast Artillery Corps its due proportion of
> Called ** district " in existing orders.
BEPORT CHIEF OF COAST ARTILLERY.
1169
brigadier generals and to reserve to the mobile army the vacancies
of all brigadier generals to command Infantry, Cavalry, and Field
Artillery brigades. Inasmuch as the present number of general offi-
cers of the line of the Army was fixed apart from any considerntion
of the needs of Coast Artillery districts, the appointment of these
officers should not work any reduction in the present number of
general officers of the line of the Arjny.
PERSONNEL.
On July 1, 1916, the authorized strength of the Coast Artillery
Corps was 801 officers, exclusive of chaplains, and 20,970 enlisted men,
exclusive of 15 Coast Artillery bands.
The distribution of the authorized enlisted personnel, exclusive of
enlisted specialists and bands, is as follows :
Distribution of Coast Artillery personnel exclusive of bands and enlisted
specialists.
Coast Defenses.
First
ser-
geants.
Sup-
ply
ser-
gi>ants.
13
1
Mess
ser-
geants.
Ser-
geants.
Cor-
porals.
Cooks.
Me-
chan-
ics.
Bu-
glers.
Prf-
yates,
first
class.
Prf-
vates.
Total.
Rated
men.
Portland
13
1
13
1
104
8
156
12
26
2
26
2
26
2
247
19
780
77
1,404
125
100
Portsmouth.
8
Boston
13
13
13
103
154
26
26
26
241
774
1,389
100
New Bedford
1
1
1
8
12
2
2
2
19
77
125
8
NarragansettBay
Long Island
8
8
8
64
96
16
16
16
152
480
864
61
Sound
13
13
13
102
152
26
26
26
235
768
1,374
100
Eastern New
York
6
0
6
47
70
12
12
12
108
354
•
633
46
Southern New
York
0
6
9
0
9
6
72
48
108
72
18
12
18
12
18
12
171
114
540
360
972
648
60
Sandy Hook
The Delaware
46
4
4
4
32
48
8
8
8
76
240
432
30
Baltimore
4
4
4
32
48
8
8
8
76
240
432
31
The Potomac
3
3
3
24
36
6
6
6
57
180
324
23
Chesapeake Bay.
The Cape Fear...
Charleston
9
9
9
71
106
18
18
18
165
5M
957
69
2
2
2
16
24
4
4
4
38
120
216
16
4
4
4
32
48
8
8
8
76
240
432
31
Savannah
4
4
4
32
48
8
8
8
76
240
432
31
Key West
1
1
1
8
12
2
2
2
19
77
125
8
Tampa
2
2
2
16
24
4
4
4
38
120
216
16
Pensacola
4
4
4
32
48
8
8
8
76
240
4*^2
31
Mobile
2
2
2
2
2
2
16
16
24
24
4
4
4
4
4
4
38
38
120
120
216
216
16
Newprleana
16
Galveston
2
2
2
16
24
4
4
4
38
120
216
16
San Diego
2
2
2
16
24
4
4
4
38
120
216
16
San Francisco
17
17
17
136
202
34
34
34
317
1,014
1,821
130
The Columbia
3
3
3
24
36
6
6
6
57
180
324
23
Pueet Sound
Oanu
13
13
13
103
154
26
26
26
241
774
1,389
100
11
11
11
88
132
22
22
22
200
660
1,188
85
Manila and Subic
Bays
16
6
8
16
6
8
16
6
8
126
48
64
188
72
96
32
12
16
32
12
16
32
12
16
292
114
152
948
360
480
1,608
648
864
123
Cristobal
4«
Balboa
61
8 mine planters
2nd 1 cable ship.
9
18
54
54
135
US
Total
189
189
189
1,512
2,268
378
378
378
3,501
11,391
20,463
1,474
1 Chief planters.
The above allowances include those who are temporarily absent
from their commands.
3IINE PLANTER CREWS.
In view of the confidential nature of the mine planting work and
of the difficulty which has been experienced from time to time in
e0176'— WAB 1916— VOL 1
-74
1170 REPOKT CHIEF OF COAST ARIILLERY.
getting suitable men to make up the civilian crews of mine planters,
and the fact that mine planters constitute a part of the fighting
elements of the coast fortifications, it is recommended that legislation
be enacted which will provide that the crews of mine planters shall
constitute a pail; of the enlisted force of the Coast Artillery Corps.
INSTRUCTION.
During the year, the instruction of Coast Artillery troops has in-
cluded the service of coast guns, mortars, mines, and accessories ; the
service of such field and siege gims as have been assigned to the
coast defense commands; infantry instruction, including marches,
field exercises, intrenching, camping, and small-arms practice at 200
and 300 j^ards range; signaling; first aid to the injured; and voca-
tional training. Considering the unavoidable detachment of officers
and mr;i from the coast fortifications, referred to in a preceding
paragraph, satisfactory progress has been made in all branches of
instruction.
VOCATIONAL TRAINING.
Vocational training had its origin in a Coast Artillery Instruction
Order issued January 27, 1915. The following quotation is taken
from that order :
During the indoor season the artillery instruction periotl wiU be one nml one-
half hours. The remnininj: two hours of the daUy Instruction period ^Yill be
devote<l to courses in vocational instruction under the initiative, direction, nml
control of coast defense commanders. As many separate vocational courses
will be inaugurated and conducted as may be possible, utilizing coramlssione<I
officers as sui>ervisors of such courses, and the artillery nonconimissione<l staff
oflicers, enlisted si)ecialists, and rated men as Instructors. Attendance upon
these courses will be optional with the enlisted men. Among the courses that
may be given are those in telephony, care and operation of combustion and
steam engines, surveying, wire and radio telegraphy, firing and care of boilers^
electric wiring, typewriting, bookkeeping, and stenography. These subjects
are to be considere<l as merely suggestive, and it is not intende^l to exclude
other vocational subjects which may suggest themselves to coast defense com-
manders. In so far as practicable tlie Installed Coast Artillery materiel may
be utilized in connection with this instruction.
Under this order the vocational training was established in all
coast defense commands, and, in the continental United States, there
were last year 1,919 men of the Coast Artillery Corps who took ad-
vantage of the opportunities to take these vocational coHrses. The
numbers taking the various courses were as follows:
Course for electricians 2G6
Course for telephone operators and repair of telephones 128
Course for telegraph and radiotelegraph operators 257
Course for engineers (gas, oU, and steam) 393
Coarse for firemen 171
Course in machine-shop work 27
Course in clerical work* including bookkeeping and stenography 170
Course in drawing, map making, and blue printing 11
Course in baking and cooking 1<I
Course In blacksmlthlng 87
Course In painting, plumbing, and bricklaying 21
Course for chauffeurs (automobUes and motor boats) fSk
Course for searchlight operators 02
Course for carpenters ft
Oourse for volunteer commissions 2ft
REPORT CHIEF OP COAST ARTILLERY.
1171
Course In plastering 1
Ck>ur8e in model making , 22
Course in printing 4
Course in music 20
Course in map reading and sketching 144
Course in mathematics 37
Total 1,919
This was about 17% of the total enlisted strength of Coast Artil-
lery organizations in the United States.
New courses are being added, and it is believed that the reports
for the present year win indicate a larger number of enlisted men
who are taking advantage of vocational training.
TARGET PRACTICE.
During 1915, the percentages of hits in Coast Artillery target
practice were as follows:
Yards.
1,000-2,000.,.
2.000-3,000...
3,00(M,000...
4,000^,000...
6,000-6,000...
6,000-7,000...
7,000-8,000...
8,000-9,000...
9,000-10,000. .
10,000-11,000.
11,000-12,000.
12,000-13,000.
Totals.
Yards,
1,000-2,000...
2,000-3,000...
3,000-4,000...
4,000^,000..,
5,000-6.000...
6,000-7,000. ..
7,000-8,000...
8,000-9.000...
9,000-10,000. .
10,000-11,000.
11,000-12,000.
12.000-13,000.
Totals.
14<inch rifle.
o
•s
o
I
a
B
a
4.*
s
43
12-inch rifle.
4
0)
hi
o
Xi
B
a
0 0
5
14
78
60
42
28
42
11
3 I 21
412
3
B
a
0
11
43
34
16
3
41
2
s
0
79
58
67
38
11
30
10 t 24
0 I 0
158 ; 38
10-inch rifle.
7
49
44
61
56
63
119
42
5
I
s
o
71
27 55
24 55
15 I 25
15 I 27
14 I 22
20 ' 17
6 14
8-lndi rifle.
8
o
Xi
to
I
a
a
7
14
21
14
2
.a
a
s
7
10
9
3
2
P4
100
71
43
6-inch rifle.
a
a
80
190
46
86
32
36
441
126 29 56
20 46
470
2
30
47
21
20
1
1
44
25
46
23
3
2
120 : 26
5-inch rifle, i 4.72-inch rifle.
I
Xi
n
20
9
83
28
140
I
a
a
1
1
2
1
2
c
c
5
11
2
4
2
o
tn
a
rr>
40
40
80
160
1 iS
a
7
8
4
19
18
20
5
12
4-lnch rifle.
en
o
.c
s
:5
tfs I «n
80
80
6
a
8
8
10
10
3-inch rifle.
12-inch mortars.
2
o
c
3
160
921
1.065
80
2.226
to
"jB
78
377
312
2
769
00
49
41
29
3
35
o
X3
en
a
a
12
144
231
135
174
173
77
17
18
99
12
1,092
2
Xi
0
16
40
29
33
24
10
2
2
10
0
166
0
U
17
21
19
14
13
12
11
10
0
1&
Note.— Mean corrected range of practice talcen as the range.
1172 REPORT CHIEF OP COAST ARTILLERY.
The target for the 8, 10, 12, and 14 inch guns was a battleship sil-
houette ; for the 5 and 6 inch guns a destroyer silhouette ; and for the
8, 4, and 4.72 inch guns a rectangle 10 feet by 24 feet. The target for
mortars was the deck of a battl^ip.
Under the 1916 Coast Artillery Instruction Order the ammuniti<Hi
allowance is divided into two parts. The first part is to be fired
under the regulations prescribea in the order. The second part is to
be fired under programs submitted by coast defense commanders
when approved by district commanders. This plan has resulted in
trying out many interesting problems, such as firing at land targets
with mortars.
From the records received thus far, it appears that the 1916 per-
centages of hits will be greater than the 1915 percentages with all
calibers.
THE FORT MORGAN TEST.
In March, 1916, the battleships New York and Arkansca fired
upon a modem emplacement built at Fort Morgan, Ala., using 14-
inch and 12-inch guns. The objects of the test were as follows:
1. When projectiles chargea with high explosive fired from a
modem battleship strike a modem emplacement and detonate in
its immediate vicmity to determine the effect upon :
(a) The emplacement Itself.
(&) A modern rifle and its disappearing carriage.
(c) The anmiunition stored in the magazine.
(d) The personnel manning the emplacement.
(e) The accessories, including telephones, sights, range finders, and other
apparatus.
2. To determine the probability that a modern battleship will make
destructive hits at long ranges.
A board of officers, consisting of Commander J. V. Chase, United
States Navy; Lieut. Col. E. E. Winslow, Corps of Engineers; Maj,
J. H. Eice, Ordnance Department; Lieut. Commander C. C. Bloch,
United States Navy ; and Capt. W. K. Wilson, Cojist Artillery Corps,
was appointed to conduct the test. Valuable information bearing on
the construction of coast fortifications and the effect of naval guns
in attacking coast forts was obtained.
AIRCRAFT.
The signs of the times point clearly to the necessity of considering
aeroplanes as part of the normal eauipment of coast fortifications.
Air i*econnoisance work as conducted by aviators is as important in
the way of the value of the information given to a coast defense com-
mander, both with respect to a seaward attack or a landward at-
tack, as it is to the commander of a mobile field force in interior
land operations.
Apart from this, further experimentation with the Hammond radio
torpedo indicates that the torpedo mav be controlled in its move-
ments from an aeroplane. This new feature of this torpedo enor-
mously increases its value, and, in doing so, introduces the absolute
necessity of supplying aeroplanes to the coast defences.
BEPOBT CHIEF OF COAST ABTILLEKY. 1173
It is believed that aeroplanes should be issued to the Coast Artil-
lery Corps for use in connection with the defense of the fortifications
by the Signal Corps in the same way as observing instruments are
furnished by the Ordnance Department for range finding use. It
will then be necessary to instruct a personnel in the special use of
aeroplanes involved in Coast Artillery work.
It is therefore recommended that in the estimates which are sub-
mitted to Congress for the supply of aeroplanes, the needs of the
Coast Artillery Corps be given consideration.
BOARD OF REVIEW PROJECTS.
The recommendations made heretofore with reference to the de-
sirability of having large-caliber mobile guns available for use along
the seacoast so mounted as to fire from railroad cars, with a view to
meeting the fire of an enemy's warships at points not defended by
fixed fortifications, or of such ships covering a landing of an ex-
peditionary force; the subject of providing for the landward defense
of our coast fortifications; the utilization of our coast ^ns in co-
operating with the heavy artillery of the mobile army m military
operations over land areas within the range of the guns; and the
importance of mounting large-caliber coast guns for all-around fire,
so that, apart from their primary use seaward, they may be used
incidentally landward in destroymg trenches, have been taken up
definitely by the War Department and are now receiving consider-
ation by the War Department Board of Review.
MATERIEL.
SearchKghts. — ^As searchlights suitable for Coast Artillery work
can not be purchased in the open market, it is recommended that the
estimates to be submitted to Congress next fall include an item for
50 searchlights, but that their installation in permanent positions be
deferred.
Fire control communication systems. — ^The provisional fire control
installations in the South Atlantic coast defenses are deterio-
rating rapidly, due to disintegration of the overhead twisted pairs.
It is oelieved that, if subterranean and submarine cable were avail-
able, this could be installed by troop labor, and a satisfactory system
installed. It has been recommended that an item of $250,000 be in-
cluded in the estimates for the purchase of such cable.
The installation of the 12-inch guns for long range firing will
require additional fire control materiel. It has been recommended
that the estimates contain an item of $425,000 to cover this installa-
tion at the 17 emplacements to be constructed during the ensuing year.
During the year, exhaustive studies were made in each coast
defense command with a view to providing a system of commimica-
tion whereby the armament now installed could be used on all areas
within the field of fire. The supply of the necessary materiel may be
considered a war condition. The needs of each coast defense com-
mand will be listed and supplied when funds become available, or
from the supply in the hands of the Coast Artillery Militia.
1174 REPORT CHIEF OF COAST ARTILLERY.
REVISION OF COAST DEFENSE rROJECTS.
The War Department Board of Review, appointed by the Secre-
tary of War in February, 1915, to revise the projects of the Taft
Board, submitted a report on November 26, 1915, covering what it
considered to be the most pressing requirements of the seacoast forti-
fications of continental United States and its over-sea possessions.
The carrying out of the program recommended by the Board of
Review will involve an ultimate expenditure for continental United
States of $70,962,407; for the Insular Possessions, $11,102^50; and
for the Panama Canal, $13,995,000 ; or a grand total of $96,059,557.
The projects of the Boara of Review will involve :
(a) The emplacement of twenty-six 50-caliber 16-inch guns and
sixtv 16-inch mortars.
(5) The utilization as howitzers of 36 of the surplus 12-inch gons
now on hand bv mounting them on barbette carnages of a special
desim that will permit of the attainment of a range of 30,000
yards.
{c) The initiation of the construction of 16-inch movable howit-
zers and experimental 14-inch guns on railroad car mounts, for de-
fense against hostile landings in unfortified harbors.
(d) The provision of 3-inch anti-aircraft guns for seacoast forti-
fications.
{e) The abandonment of certain existing seacoast armament that
is deemed to be of insufficient military value to warrant incurring
the cost of providing a manning personnel or ammunition therefor.
(f) The retention of the disappearing carriage as the type mount
for oirect-fire seacoast guns, except in those instances where special
conditions may render advisable the installation of the turret or
barbette mount; any type of mount for direct-fire guns to be con-
structed in future to admit of an elevation of approximately 30
degrees and a motion in azimuth as great as the necessities of the
site demand to meet an attack over water or land areas.
(^) Increases in the allowance of seacoast ammunition to the fol-
lowing amounts:
1. For guns in continental United States, except guns of 8-inch
caliber and upward on inner lines of defense, allowances equal to
one-half the accuracy life of the respective calibers; for mortars,
except on inner lines of defense, an allowance equal to one- fourth the
accuracy life.
2. For armament of 8-inch caliber and upward on inner lines of
defense in continental United States, allowances equal to one-half
those for outer lines.
3. For guns in the Insular Possessions and on the Canal Zone,
allowances enual to the accuracy life of the respective calibers; for
mortars, an allowance equal to two-thirds of the accuracy life.
APPROPRIATIONS FOR 1917.
It is ^atifyin^ to^ be able to state that the aggregate of the ap-
propriations earned in the recent Fortification Act is more than four
times the mean of the annual appropriations carried in the Fortifi-
cation Acts of the preceding 10 years. The more important appro*
BEPOBT CHIEF OP COAST ABTILLEBY. 1177
improvements of arillery materiel and methods, of investigating
and reporting on such aaditional matters as do not require experi-
ment or test as may have been referred to it, and of making ballistic
and other computations demanded by our system of firing guns and
mortars.
The following subjects are some of the more important of those
considered by the board during the year ended June 30, 1916 :
1. Ballistics, including the calculation of elevation and range
tables for various guns and mortars; a study of the drift discrepancies
in mortar range tables ; a study of the efltect of temperature on droop ;
a study of the jump for turret mounts ; and a study of the zone ar-
rangement for mortar ammunition.
2. Correction devices, involving the calculation of data for con-
structing curves for guns.
3. The test of various devices for transmitting data.
4. A study of the type emplacements for mortars and guns.
5. The test of various appliances designed for use in fire control
and fire direction.
6. The test of cable and other material used in submarine mining.
7. A study of the movable Coast Artillery armament.
8. Test of the Diesel engine.
9. Test of various coincidence range finders.
10. Test of the Beck searchlight.
11. Study of the subject of sights and observation instruments
for anti-aircraft ^uns.
12. Test of devices for signaling by use of searchlights.
TORPEDO DEPOT.
The Torpedo Depot is, under the supervision of the Chief of Coast
Artillery, charged with the design, purchase, and supply of aU
materiel for the submarine mine service of the Coast Artillery Corps.
During the past jear this depot has continued its work of improv-
ing existing mat^nel and of designing new materiel to meet special
requirements. In this connection a comprehensive and important
program of experimental work was carried out by this depot in
August and September with the U. S. Mine Planter General Samuel
M. MtUs in the Coast Defenses of Long Island Sound.
E. M. Weaver,
Major General^ Chief of Coast Artillery.
The Chief op Staff UNrrBD States Armt.
1176 EEPORT CHIEF OF COAST ARTILLERY.
COAST ARTILLERY SCHOOL.
The instruction conducted at this school enlarges the field of in-
struction of Coast Artillery officers and educates and trains especially
selected enlisted men for the higher grades in the Coast Artillery
noncommissioned staff. The curriculum continues to be one of the
important features for increasing the efficiency of the Coast Artillery
personnel.
Oificera^ division. — ^There were graduated last year 39 officers.
None failed to qualify. The work in this division was up to the
standard and was conducted satisfactorily. Two officers of the
Brazilian Navy and one officer of the Brazilian Artillery reported
to take the course of instruction at this school. They pursued only
a part of the course and left in March, 1915, in conapliance with
instructions from their Government. One officer of the Chilean Navy
is now pursuing the course of instruction. Ten officers of the Coast
Artillery Militia pursued the regular course in gunnery during the
last year. The following States were represented : California, Con-
necticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New YorK, North Carolina, Oregoii,
Rhode Island, and Washington.
Enlisted mer^s division. — ^There are now under instruction 67 en-
listed men. Their work has been satisfactory, and this division of
the school is especiallv useful in educating and training specially
selected enlisted men for various grades in the Coast Artillery non-
commissioned staff. Commencing in January, 1916, a clerical course
was added to this division; the graduates of this course to be eligible
for appointment as sergeants major, junior grade. Coast Artillery
Corps. The subjects pursued in the clerical course are stenography
and typewriting ; correspondence, to include preparation of official
papers, orders, briefing, indexing, and filing; general office training;
and office work.
The usefulness of this division is not confined to increasing mili-
tary efficiency, but it is a seat of vocational training for enlisted men
who pursue several courses fitting them for civilian pursuits. A fur-
ther continuation of vocational training was conducted last year by
e^rmitting 41 of the enlisted men of the Coast Defenses of Chesapeake
ay to pursue vocational training in various departments of both
divisions of the school.
On account of the increased number of enlisted specialists au-
thorized bv the National Defense Act, approved June 3, 1916, this di-
vision of the school will be required to train more selected men for the
various grades in the Coast Artillery noncommissioned'^taff. Tenta-
tive steps have been taken to increase the number of enlisted students
for the various courses, as indicated below :
ArtUlery course 15
Electrical course _- 70
Clerical course 15
Radio course 80
IdO
COAST ARTILX2BT BOARD.
During the past year the Coast Artillery Board has continued its
work of conducting practical experiments and tests looking to the
BEPOBT CHIEF OP COAST ABTILLEEY. 1177
improvements of arillery materiel and methods, of investigating
and reporting on such additional matters as do not require experi-
ment or test as may have been referred to it, and of making ballistic
and other computations demanded by our system of firing guns and
mortars.
The following subjects are some of the more important of those
considered by the board during the year ended June 30, 1916 :
1. Ballistics, including the calculation of elevation and range
tables for various guns and mortars; a study of the drift discrepancies
in mortar range tables ; a study of the effect of temperature on droop ;
a study of the jump for turret mounts ; and a study of the zone ar-
rangement for mortar ammunition.
2. Correction devices, involving the calculation of data for con-
structing curves for guns.
3. The test of various devices for transmitting data.
4. A study of the type emplacements for mortars and guns.
5. The test of various appliances designed for use in fire control
and fire direction.
6. The test of cable and other material used in submarine mining.
7. A studv of the movable Coast Artillery armament.
8. Test of the Diesel en^ne.
9. Test of various coincidence range finders.
10. Test of the Beck searchlight.
11. Study of the subject of sights and observation instruments
for anti-aircraft ^uns.
12. Test of devices for signaling by use of searchlights.
TOBFBDO DEPOT.
The Torpedo Depot is, under the supervision of the Chief of Coast
Artillery, charged with the design, purchase, and supply of all
materiel for the submarine mine service of the Coast Artillery Corps.
During the past jear this depot has continued its work of improv-
ing existing materiel and of designing new materiel to meet special
requirements. In this connection a comprehensive and important
program of experimental work was carried out by this depot in
August and September with the U. S. Mine Planter Geixeral Samuel
ii. Mills in the Coast Defenses of Long Island Sound.
E. M. Weaver,
Major General^ Chief of Coast Artillery.
The Chief of Staff United States Abmt.
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY.
U79
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES MILITARY ACADEMY.
Headquarters United States Military Aoademt,
West Point, N. Y., June SO, 1916.
From : The Superintendent; United Sta^tes Military Academy.
To : The Adjutant General of the Army.
Subject: Annual report.
1. Following is the annual report of the superintendent of the
United States Military Academy for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1916:
personnel.
The number of officers and others in prominent positions on duty
at the academy is shown in the following list:
Superintendent and staff 6
ProfeaBors, permanent 7
ProfesBora, by detail from the Army 4
ProfesBors, associate, detailed 2
Professors, assistant, detailed 12
Commandant of cadets and tactical officers 15
Master of the sword, instructor of militaiy gymnastics and physical culture. ... 1
Instructors and other officers 68
Medical corps 4
Dental surgeons 2
Medical corps, instructors in military hygiene (Aug. 28-Oct. 10) 4
Chaplain 1
Librarian 1
Civilian instructors of languages 3
Civilian instructors of fencing and military gymnastics 3
Teacher of music 1
Organist and choirmaster 1
Pay clerk 1
Total 135
THE CORPS OP CADETS.
Since my last report, July 1, 1915, the status of the corps of cadets
has been as shown below:
July 1, 1915: Members.
First class 126
Second class 1 46
Third class 174
Fourth class 203
Total 649
Graduated 124
Discharged for deficiency in studies 58
Discharged for deficiency in conduct 1
Discharged for deficiency in studies and conduct 2
Discharged by reason of physical disability 3
Resigned 14
Absent on sick leave 5
Suspended 2
1181
1182 REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MIUTARY ACADEMY.
The following shows the number of cadets admitted to the fourth
class by certificate or by mental examination as a result of the March
and June examinations in 1916:
March examination ,
June examination..
Total admitted.
Examined
mentally.
76
36
Submitted
certiflcate8.<
82
49
24S
« Satisfactory mider G. O. No. 19, W. D., 1915.
For information regarding examination of June 27, see note bottom
page 1186.
In the last decade the number of cadets at the academy and unfilled
vacancies existing are as shown below:
Year Sept. 1—
1906.
1907.
1908.
1909.
1910.
1911 >
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
1916.
Author-
Vaoant
C^et-
ships
filled
each
ized
cadet-
number
of cadets.
ships to
beiTlled.
year.
522
172
121
522
216
140
533
244
127
533
272
144
533
267
145
629
319
262
631
221
147
640
278
196
748
302
215
706
265
186
1,332
425
322
Cadet-
ships
un'^Oed
Sept. 1.
51
70
117
139
122
57
74
80
87
70
M08
I Law of 1910 becomes effeilive. Now effective to 1916.
« Aug. 1.
From the foregoing it will be seen that for the last 10 years there
have always been a considerable number of vacant cadetships
remaining after entrance examinations are completed for the year,
amounting to an average of 32 per cent of the available vacant
cadetships.
The law recently passed, May 4, 1916, increased the niunber of
cadetships to 1,332 and provides that the mcreaso in cadets shall
be spread over a period of four years, thus admitting one-fourth
of the increase eacn year. In order to accomplish this it will be
necessary to open up each year many more cadetships than the
number of cadets to be admitted, and I believe it safe that the
number of cadetships opened yearly should be based upon the
experience of the last 10 years as shown in the above percentage.
For the March and June entrance examinations this year 1,058
candidates were examined. Three Filipino candidates were exam-
ined in Januarv, one qualifying for admission. The following table
shows the results:
BEPORT OF THE SUPEBINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY. 1183
QtuUified mentally and physically
guaUfied mentallv and probation phTsicaUv
x-cadets to be admitted Au£. 28. I9ift, subject to physical examination.
Reported late— not permittea to titke examination
Qualified mentally and physically, not admitted because of cribbing
Qualified mentally, rejected physically.
Disqualified menuuly, did not rei>ort Tor physical examination .
Disqualified mentally, qualified physically.
Disqualified mentally, probati<m pnysicaUy
Failed to report for examination ,
Failed to complete examination ,
Disqualified mentally and physically
Appointment canceled, over aes
Qualified mentally and physically, no vacancy
Declined to take mental examination, failed to report for physical examination..
Qualified mentally, on probation physically, no vacancy
Declined to take mental examiuatlon, quaufled physically
Declined appointment .*
Qualified mentally, failed to report for physical examination
Withdrew from mental examination, rejected physically
Withdrew
Appointment canceled, under age
T Tnable to report on account of mclmesB
Failed to report, authorixed to submit certificate
Total nominations.
Examinations.
March.
IM
36
2
n
5
124
34
134
20
31
1
40
1
12
1
4
14
2
6
1
6
1
615
June.
«7
18
1
1
12
6
151
33
64
35
34
1
11
1
7
is
461
There is still a lar^e number of candidates rejected physically,
although the showing is better than last year. The principal causes
of rejection are the same as they have been for years, and are for
the March examinations this year:
Viflion 28
Heart : 11
Underweight 20
Flat feet 8
The physical reauirements are none too rigid for those who are
expected to meet ttie strenuous life in field service. If those select-
ing candidates would iixsist upon their selections being first exam-
ined by an Army surgeon or some surgeon who knows and appre-
ciates the necessity in the service of sound, robust bodies, and good
eves, there would be fewer reiections for these reasons. Many of
those rejected physically are absolutely hopeless cases for the mili-
tary service and should never have been permitted to try to enter
West Point.
Attention is also invited to the large number, 134, who after
being nominated as candidates failed to even report for examina-
tion. Many of these were alternates whose prmcipals had sub-
mitted approved certificates, but there still remains a large number
who fail to report for no apparent reason except perhaps indifference
or fear of failure, thus preventing their distncts from being repre-
sented at all. This is a condition that Senators and Congressmen
can largely obviate by a careful selection of their candidates, either
selecting by competitive examinations or securing a youth who can
present an acceptable certificate.
In order to secure cadets of perhaps a broader preparation in
studies than required by the West roint entrance examinations,
and to permit youths, hoping to secure appointments, to pursue a
course of study that would not only prepare them to enter West
1184 REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEBCY.
Point, but to enter a first-class college as well, the following ordw
was issued by the War Department, and is now in force:
General Orders, \ War Department,
No. 19. j WashmgUm, April 7, 191S.
1. General Orders, No. 38, War Department, 1914, is rescinded and the following
amended paragraphs 64 and 65 of the Regulations for the United States Military
Academy are substituted therefor:
64. Admission by examination. — On the third Tuesday in March of each year candi-
dates selected for appointment shall appear for mental and physical examination
before boards of Army officers to be convened at such places as the War Department
may designate. No candidate shall be examined at any other time unless prevented
by sickness or other unavoidable cause from attending the above examination. If
thus prevented, he shall report at West Point for examination before 12 o'clock noon
on the 12th day of June of Uie same year. The Filipino candidates selected for
appointment, unless otherwise notified by the War Department, shall appear for
mental and physical, examination on the second Tuesday in January of each year
before a board of Army officers to be convened at such place in the Philippine Islands
as the commanding general of the Philippine Department may designate.
Each candidate must show by examination tnat he is well versed in algebra, to
include quadratic ec^uations and progressions, and in plane geometry, English grammar,
composition, and literature, descriptive and physical geography, and general and
United States history, as explained in the circular of notification.
65. Admission by certificate. — ^The academic board will consider and may accept in
lieu of the regular mental examination:
(1) A properly attested certificate (Form I) that the candidate is a regularly enrolled
student in gooa standing without condition in a university, college, or technical
school accredited by the United States Military Academ^r, provided that the entrance
requirements of the course he is pursuing require proficiency in subjects amounting
to not less than 14 units of the list given below.
If attendance at college extends over a semester, a fuU record of academic work at
the college, giving subjects taken and grades attained in each, must accompany the
certificate; u attendance at college extends over less than a semester and the candi-
date was admitted to college by certificate, a certificate (Form II) from the preparatory
school giving a full record of studies taken and grades attained must accompany tlie
college certificate. If a scrutiny of the certificate submitted shows low grades, the
certificate will be rejected.
A certificate indicating enrollment in or admission to an institution at any other
time than that specified in the college register for regular admission or enrollment will
not be accepted.
(2) A properly att3ited certificate (Form II) that the candidate has graduated from
a preparatory school or public high school accredited by the United States Military
Academy, provided that he has in his school work shown proficiency in subjects
amounting to not less than 14 units of the Ust given below.
If a scrutiny of the certificate submitted shows evidence of low grades or of gradua-
tion at an irregular date, the certificate will be rejected.
(3) A properly attested certificate (Form III) from the college entrance examination
board that the candidate has shown proficiency in the examinations set by the bottrd
in subjects amounting to 14 units from the list given below. If a scrutiny of the
certificate submitted shows low grades, the certificate will be rejected.
The list of subjects and the corresponding weights in units is as follows:
(a) REQUIRED.
Every certificate must show evidence of proficiency in the following subjects:
Unili.
Mathematics, Al 1
Mathematics, A2 )
Mathematics, 0 1
English, A 2
English, B I
History. A
Any two.
History, B
History, C
History, D
7i
BEPOBT OF THE SUPEKIN TEN DENT MILITABY ACADEMY. 1185
(6) OPTIONAL.
The remaining 6} unite may be supplied from among the following subjects:
Mathematics, B
Mathematics, D
Mathematics, £
Mathematics, F
History, A
History, B
History, C
History, D
Latin, 1...
Latin, 2...
Latin, 3...
Latin, 4...
Latin, 5...
Greek, Al.
Greek, A2.
Greek, B . .
Any not submitted among required subjects.
Units.
i
i
i
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
i
i
Greek, C
Greek F
French, A
French Bc}^^**^^' ®^® ^"* "^^ *^^*
German, A
Geman' Bc}^^**^^' ^^^ ^^^ "^^ ^^^
Spanish
{
I
Pnysics.
Chemistry
Biology
Botany.
Physiology
Physical geography.
Drawing
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
The definition of unit and of the ground covered by the designated subjects is that of
the college entrance examination board. Credits must correspond to the unit values
of the respective subjects. Greater credit than indicated will not be allowed ; lees
credit will be understood as evidence that the entire subject has not been complied.
Certificates should be submitted not later than F^niary 15. A certificate received
between February 15 and the examination will receive consideration, but in view of
the short time left to the academic board to investigate its value, no assurance will be
given that such cj^tificate can be acted on in time to exempt the candidate frmn the
mental examination.
Candidates who are informed that their certificates have been accepted must present
themselves at the regular time and place, as prescribed in paragrapn 64, for pnysical
examination. (22627560— A. G. O.)
By order of the Secretary of War:
H. L. Scott,
Brigadier OenaxU, Chief of Staff.
Ofiicial:
H. P. McCain,
The Adjutant General.
As was to be expected some diflSculty has been found in selecting
the schools and colleges whose certificates could be accepted for ao-
nussion mentally, and the assistance of the Nationfd Board of Educa-
tion was asked by the War Department. To that board are due many
thanks for their conscientious and intelligent cooperation.
Many diflSculiies of a perplexing nature arise, especially with certifi-
cates that give incomplete and sometimes incorrect information.
In many cases the showing is so poor or defective that those certifying
e9176'— WAB 191^— VOL 1 75
1186 BEPOBT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITAEY ACADEMY.
to them should have refiised to forward them becaiise of this insuffi-
cient showing for entrance.
Blank certificates have been prepared in accordance with this order
and with such detailed instructions therewith that schools andcoU^es,
as well as candidates, can readily see just what is required.
The admission of candidates by certificates made no appreciable
chaujge this year in the percentage of vacancies filled under entrance
requirements. Eighty-nve candidates are to enter July 10 as a result
of the 'examination held June 6 leaving approximately 182 unfilled
cadetships.^ I beheve that the most certain and satisfactory way of
filling vacant cadetships is by competitive examination for each, and
I also beheve that this method will give a much better mental average
of material for cadets and^for officers in the Army. In this connec-
tion I quote the following from my reports of 1913, 1914, and 1915:
These cadetships belong to the people of the district, State, Territory, etc., and
should be open competitively to all the youths eligible to compete, and it is my
recommendation that a law be enacted requiring competitive examinations to be held
for each vacancy, that ^routh to be appointed who passes successfuUy the best mental
examination, and who is phvsicallv and moraUy qualified. The examination ques-
tions should be prepared by the acaaemic board and a successful passing of the competi-
tive examination snould aualify a youth to enter, so that no other mental examination
need be required. The details of conducting such examinations should, I think, be
left to the Secretary of War. By announcing in the local papers some 10 months or a
year in advance that such a competitive examination will oe neld, stating its scope, it
IS believed that there will be a large number of eligible youths who will present tnem-
selves for examination in each district from which a vacancy is to be filled.
The law of May 4, 1916, with respect to increasing the Corps of
Cadets is as follows:
BulletinI War Department,
No. 14. i WoMkingUm, May 15, 1916.
I. The following act of Congress is published to the Army for the information and
g^dance of all concerned:
"AN ACT To provide for an Increase in the number of Cadets at the United States Military Aoademj.
**Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled, That the Corps of Cadets at the United States Military Academy
shall hereafter consist of two for each congressional district, two from each Territory,
four from the District of (■olumhia, two from natives of Porto Rico, four from each
State at large, and eighty from the United States at large, twenty oi whom shall be
selected from among the honor gra^luates of educational institutions having oflRcew
of the Regular Army detaile<l as professors of military science and tactics under existing
law or any law hereafter enacted for the detail of officers of the Regular Army to such
institutions, and which institutions are designated as ** honor schools" upon the deter-
mination of their relative standing at the last preceding annual inspection re^ularlv
made by the War Department. They shall be appointed by the President and shall,
with the exception ot the eighty appointed from tne United Sftos at large, be actual
residents of the congressional or Territorial district, or of the District of Columhbi. or
of the Island of Porto Rico, or of the States, respectively, from which they purport to bo
appointed: Prmnded, That so much of the Act of Oongross approved Marcn fourth,
nineteen hundred and fifteen (Thirty-eighth Statutes at Large, page eleven hundred
and twentv-eight), as pro\nde8 for the admission of a successor to any cadet who shall
have finisnod thr^ years of his course at the Academy be. and the same is hor-^by,
repealed: Provided, further. That the appointment of'ea<*h member of the prectent
Corps of Cadets is validated and confirmed.
Sec 2. That the President is hereby authorized to appoint cadets ti the United
States Military Academy from among enlisted men in number as nearly eaual as
practicable of the Regular Army and the National Guard between the ages of nine-
teen and twenty-two years who have served as enlisted men not less than one year,
• .\n additional pbvsical examination (or admi^on on certificate onlv was held June 37. 101ft. BevwitT-
nine mndidati^H were admitted as a result of this examination, leaving the total number oi unfiUad
lor the year 103.
BEPOBT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY. 1187
to be selected under such reeulationfl as the President may prescribe: Provided, That
the total number so selected shall not exceed one hundrea and eighty at any one
time.
Sec. 3. That, under such r^ulations as the President shall prescribe, the increase
in the number of cadets provided for by this act shall be divided into four annual
increments, which shall be as nearly equal as practicable and be equitably distributed
among the sources from which appointments are authorized.
Approved, May 4, 1916.
By order of the Secretary of War:
Official: ifojor General, Chief of Staff.
H. P. McCain,
The AdjtUanl General.
INSPECTION,
The following is an extract from the report of Lieut. Col. A. W,
Brewster, Inspector General:
COMMENDATIONS.
• ••*•••
BATTAUON OF CADETS.
The battalion of cadets was reviewed and inspected in full dress. The review was
executed with accuracy and smartness. The inspection which followed immediately
developed nothing to criticize. The appearance>of the battalion was extremely smart
and soldierly.
The 1 attalion drills in close order were fine performances 1 oth as to accuracy and
alertness. Considering the fact that there were so many new cadets, fourth classmen,
in ranks it was remarkable.
Two days spent with the 1 attalion in camp in post and three days in the field pre-
sented an opportunity to judge of the performance of duty as well as the I earing
and general conduct of the cadets. I was at all times impressed with the serious
and thorough manner in which the cadets went alout their work and their manly
and soldierly conduct.
DETAIL OF OFFICERS AS INSTRUCTORS.
I have for three years urged that the Military Academy be made
an exception in the operation of the detached service law and that
officers DC detailed as instructors for four years regardless of any
other detached service they may have had.
This is a matter of most senous importance to the best interests
of the academy, and I feel it my duty to again urge that Congress
be asked to pass a bill in accord with the above.
Pertinent to this subject I quote the following from my reports of
1914 and 1915:
It requires from one to two years* experience for even the best of the officers selected
to become really proficient and eflicient instructors. In all departments much of the
first year of a detail as instructor is used in instructing the new officers, both in the
subjects taught and in the methods of presenting and teaching the subjects. In the
department of mathematics where officers are advanced as ins&uctors m>m the fourth
to the third class, a second vear has to be lai]^ely devoted to such instruction, so
unless an officer can remain nere for a full period of four years the cadets lose that
instruction to which they are entitled.
The effect of the detached service law passed in August, 1912. has been to deprive
this academy of a four-year period of instruction from officers detailed here for that
purpose. Except those from the Engineer Corps not an instructor at the academy
can complete a four-year detail. As a rule officers with nine or less months beyond
complete years of availability when they report must be relieved at the end of a
complete year's service because it is impracticable to change instructors during the
1188 REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY.
progress of a course. For instance, an officer available for three years and nine
months under the detached service law can stay but three years; if two years and nine
months available he can stay but two years, and so on.
It should be borne in mind that the academy is very much limited in its eelection
of officers as instructors:
First. They must be Rraduates of the academy, as no othen are sufficiently known
here to warrant their eelection.
Second. They should be Graduates who were not cadets with any class at the acad-
emy. This cuts out all graduates of less than three years' service as officezB.
Third. They shoxild be officers whose standing in the subject they are to teach
and whose character and abilities are such as to commend them for sudi a detail.
Foiuth. Thejr should not have been too long away from the academy and out <A
touch with subjects of education. Officers over eight years away from the academy
should not be detailed as instructors unless thev have recently served as instructon
or are known to have done work that specially fits them for the position.
These requirements, when further curtailed bv the detached service law, place
nearly all the officers of the Army beyond oiur reach for a four-year detail. The very
officers who would make desirable or even satis&M^tory instructois are, because oif
their attainments, selected for other details and so rendered unavailable as instructors.
The result of the detached service law is that we are compeUed to ask for officers as
instructors who, without this detached service law, would not have been considered
for such duty. These officers when detailed have done their very best, and yet the
results have not been up to the standard heretofore attained, and an exhaustive
amount of work in instructing these instructors that is beyond all reason has been put
upon the heads of the academic departments. The ill effect upon discipline of hav-
ing instructors not naturally well eauipped can not even be estimated, and in this Hes
a most serious and bad enect of tne detached service law upon the cadets at the
academy. Instructors who graduated low in their classes, and who are not tempera-
mentally constituted to be g^ood instructors, are now necessarily reauired to instruct
the keen cadets standing mgh in their studies, and who are reaay to take every
advantage of an instructor's errors or peculiarities. The result is unsatisfactory not
only as r^^ards instruction but in its effect upon discipline.
In this same connection, too, I would reconunend that officers serving at West Point
with the cavalry and artillery detachments be not considered as *'detadied service**
under present laws. I quote the following from my reports of 1914 and 1915 on this
subject:
The officers with these two detachments are in the same relation to the troops
(except in name) as if they were serving in their own company and arm. They
not only perform exactly the same and all kinds of dutv of their rank and arm of
the service but are instructors of cadets in these very duties on the drill ground,
in marches, in camp, and in field maneuvers. I can see no justice in these officers
being regarded, as they are, as on detached duty while at tne academy. Emch of
these two detachments has an enlisted strength and equipment to care for, has sepa-
rate stables, barracks, and a company organization the same and administered the
same as companies of a regiment.
In every sense they are performing duty with their own arm of the service.
BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS.
In my report for 1915, page 21, I considered the possibility of
the Corps of Cadets being increased to 1,200 or 1^300 cadets and
made certain recommendations regarding the location of the most
important buildings to meet such an increase. Attention is invited
to that part of my report of 1915.
Since that time a law has been enacted by Congress, approved
May 4, 1916, see page 1186, increasing the number of cadetsnips to
1,332. When that law is in full effect, four years from now, I
anticipate that it will nlace about 1,200 cadets at the academy,
assunung, of course, tnat the present methods and standaros
for entrance are maintained, and I see no good reason to change
these except as I have recommended on page 1186 of this report,
i. c., to have competitive entrance exammations in each dist/ici
and State. This increase, although spread over a period of four
BEPOBT OP THE 8UPEBINTENDENT MILITABY ACADEMY. 1189
vears^ makes it imperative that the erection of the necessary
buildmgs to meet the increase should be started at the earliest
possible date. It will require two years, and perhaps more in some
cases, to complete the large buildings alter they are started. This
coming year's increase can be handled with the present plant, but
further material increase in the Corps of Cadets calls for more ac-
commodations and it will be difficult to have the buildings ready
in time even if there was authority to start them at once. The
question of the location of the important necessary buildings has
been a matter of much study and thought by myself, the professors,
and other officers at the academy. In Novemller, 1915, a board of
officers consisting of Maj. Gen. Hu^h L. Scott, Chief of Staff; Mai.
Gen. Tasker H. Sliss, Assistant Chief of Staff; Brig. Gen. Enoch H.
Crowder, Judge Advocate General, U. S. Army; Brig. Gren. Henry P.
McCain, The Adjutant General, U. S. Army, and myself, was con-
vened by the Secretar3r of War to consider this question of the en-
largement of West Point to accommodate 1,200 cadets. For the
consideration of this board I submitted the plans resulting from
our studies at West Point. Those plans were approved by the
board and by the Secretary of War. and when the law increasing
the corps to 1,200 became enective, May 4, 1916, it became necessary
to revise the estimates for the Military Academy appropriation bill
in many particulars, and to add an estimate for the new construc-
tion necessary to meet this new law. The approved plan just men-
tioned was taken as the basis for the new construction asked, being
changed only as to cost to meet present-day prices and a few items
that were overlooked in the board's report. As thus changed I re-
ceived the verbal approval of the Secretarv of War the day before
the MiUtary Academy bill. May 22, was taken up in the hearings of
the House MiUtary Committee, and was used by me in those hearings.
The new construction, etc., asked for is shown in the following:
Cadet mess hall $770,843
Cadet barrac.a 859,236
Cadet hospital 270,000
Cadet laundry 118,000
Camp ^UQOB enlarged, additional toilets, baths, drainage, etc 41, 000
Alterations academic buildings 42, 000
Officers* quarters 288, 000
New roads, paving, grading, etc 150, 000
Quarry work for walls, foundations, etc 140, 000
Heating, lighting, water, and sewers 80.000
Stables for cavalry and artillen- 85, 000
Enlisted men's barracks *. 80, 000
Fees of architect and consulting engineers 100, 000
Miscellaneous expenses, advertising, printing, specifications, office ex-
penses, clerks, etc 50, 000
Total 3,074,079
This enlargement plan should not he confused with the improve-
ment plans approved 1904 and 1916. There still remains much to be
constructed under those plans that is necessary and important and
that is not included in the enlargement plan now proi>osed« The im-
frovement plans are not now urged because the enlargement of West
^oint at once is so imperative and calls for all the construction that
can be handled at one time.
1190 REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY.
PHYSICAL TRAINING AND ATHLETICS.
I quote below the report of Capt. H. J. Koehler^ U. S. Armyj master
of the sword and instructor of military gymnastics and physical cul-
ture. Attention is particularly invited to paragraph 3 of tnis report.
It is believed that tnis physical trainmg given cadets should be more
extensively utilized at Army posts. The results have been most sat-
isfactory in this department of instruction:
1. This instruction was carried out according to the provisions laid down in the usual
program diuin? the past year, and the results obtained were, considering everything,
quite up to the satisractory standard obtained in preceding years.
2. I feel it incumbent upon myself to again call attention to the change made in the
schedule of the fourth class course four years ago, with the urgent request that some
means may be devised which wiU obviate the deleterious e£fect this change has had
upon this course in particular and upon the training of the other three classes in gen-
end. Attention is respectfully called to my report for last year in which this matter
is discussed in detail. Under the arrangement now in force three-fifths of the time
devoted to the fourth class course is now lost to that class during the month of May; a
period during which the benefits and progress iBi exceed those obtained during any
other period of this instruction. It is siiggested that this matter be brought to tlie
notice of the fourth class committee.
3. Particular stress has been laid upon the prei>aration of the members of the first
class so that they mav be qualified to conduct this work in the service intelligently
when called upon to ao so. Up to the present time this has not been done except in
isolated instances; however, where it has it is very gratifying to report that the young
graduates have given a very good account of themselves. What those who have been
given this opportunity have accomplished others, if given the chance, would have
accomplished equally well. It is therefore urged that the attention of the War De-
partment be again called to the fact that a powerful means to the development of the
eflidenc^ of the Army in general is bein^ allowed to go to waste for want of control and
recognition from. the War Department directly.
4. The instruction in the various forms of physical training, gymnastics, fencing,
wrestling, boxing, and swimming, coming under my direction, hAve been decidedly
satisfactory and reflects great credit ui>on the instructors, all of whom have been
painstaking in the disohaiq^ of their various duties.
5. Competitive athletics have leen decidedly successful during the past year,
both as regards the number of cadets engaged in them and the successful outcome
of games. More should, however, be accompUsherl by encouraging even greater
numbers to participate in the various sports, not for the sake of representing the
Academy on any particular team, but for the good the individual gets out of them.
If indulgence in athletics is to be confin^ to a limited few, who are already the
superiors of their fellows physically, to the exclusion of those who indulge in them
for the sake of physical betterment only, and if winning is to be made the sole and
only desideratum, then athletics fail of their object, especially here at the Military
Academy where eveiv student is and must contmue to 1 e upon precisely the aame
plane of equality with every other.
6. Every encouragement is therefore given to cadets to indulge in some form oi
physical activity during their hours of recreation. They are especially encouraged
to take up sucn forms of exercise that they can continue throughout their active
careers in the service, such as gymnastics, fencing, tennis, riding, golf, swimming,
etc.
7. It is {p^tifying to report that splendid results have already been obtained in
this direction, as is e\'idenced ^y the increasing number who engage in these exer-
cises and the decreasing '* gallery" a out the fields where the academy teams are
being developed.
ACADEMIC DEPARTMENTS.
The work in all academic departments has been most satis-
factory and successful. The method of spending much of each
recitation period in explaining and imparting instruction has been
continued with gratifying results. An instructor is available daily
as heretofore in each department to help cadets who desire assistance
out of recitation hours, and those wno avail themselves of this
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY. 1191
help undoubtedly improve their class standing, so there is no excuse
for a cadet to be found deficient in studies, except by sickness, a
ack of ability, or a failure to utilize his time properly.
DEPARTMENT OF TACTICS.
This department, besides having charge of the theoretical and
practical instruction of cadets in drills oi all arms of the service,
nas, under the superintendent, supervision of all matters relative
to their conduct and discipline, ana because of this class relation to
the cadet it is, more than any department at the academy, responsible
for the formation of their habits, character, and military bearing,
and I am pleased to report that the attitude and work of the officers
in this department have been most gratifying.
Lieut. Col. M. F. Smith, the commandant of cadets and head of the
tactical department, died June 16, 19 16. In his death the tactical
department, the ftcademy, and the service have suflFered a great loss.
In spite of ids sufferings Col. Smith was always the courteous, con-
siderate, and able officer; as head of this department he maintained
and promoted the high standard of honor and discipUne in the Corps
of Cadets, and did so by such just and fair methods that he had tne
confidence and love of tne corps as well as the respect and admiration
of the officers associated with nim. He was faithful in all duties and
loyal in a pronounced degree to those imder whom he served. His
report submitted below was written shortly before his death, and is
here printed in full:
One hundred and forty-one cadets reported on June 15, 1915. and 42 reported on
later dates. Recommendation is again made that the first examination be held suf-
ficiently early that those taking the second may be enabled to report at the usual time
just after graduation. This will permit a practical system of instruction for all to be
carried out at the same time. Attention has been called to this for a niunber of years
and it is requested that every effort be made to have, hereafter, all report at the same
time.
The detail of five cadets of the graduating class over the new cadets gave excellent
results. This detail should be continued regularly.
The training during the summer encampment was very satisfactory, but it is be-
lieved that much better results would be obtained if the corps were not encamped in
the poHt. It is necessary to be somewhere in the vicinity m order to have the pre-
scribed course in target practice on the target range and the coast artillery instruction
at the mortars and G-inch guns. Both of those are very important and should not
be materially cut down. All other instruction could be given to better advantage
at some distance from the post where numerous social and other attractions tend to
interfere with the work. With the large increase in the ccps it will be necessary to
enlarge the present ramp site prior to the end of the next fiscal year. Before doing
this it is recommended that the question be taken up of selecting a site some distance
out on the reservation for the encampment and that the encampment be made under
service conditions. The details for target practice and coast artillery could be brought
in on motor trucks. If some of the timber was thinned out and cut down, the reserva-
tion would be ideal for field training. By leaving a fringe of trees along the roads
here and there in places, the picturesqueness woula not be destroyed. However, the
primary consideration should be utility and not beauty of lansdcape.
Field training took place on Saturdays during the summer, and a practice march
was made from August 16 to 21. Cadets of the first class were assigned daily as otficers
with the field artillery, cavalry, or practical military engineering details, and field
problems were worked out eacli day in marching from one camp to the next. The
route of march was the same as the year Iwfore: Peekskill, Lake Mohanaic, Amawalk
Reservoir, Lake Mahopac, Oscawana Lake, and Garrison. It is believed that this
march is the most valuable week in the training of a cadet and it is recommended that
it be extended this year to at least two weeks. There were no serious breaches of dis-
cipline diuring the march.
1192 BEPOET OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITABY ACADEMY.
The first class went to Fort Wri^t from August 22 to 29 to receive coast artilleffy
practice with service charges. The results were very satisfactory.
The record of the first class in target practice last summer was better than ever before,
lliir^-two cadets qualifiedF4Ls expert riflemen; 26 as sharpshooters; 57 as markonen;
5 as mst classmen; 1 as second classman: and none unqualified.
It is believed that the instruction in the various arms would be better if more con-
centrated, and the attempt will be made during the coming yoar to arrange the sched-
ule of drills to accomplisn this.
In view of the large amount of instruction given to eauitation, especially to the first
class, and the c(»nparatively small amount of time to field artillery, it is recommended
that six weeks of the time assigned to the former during the indoor winter work be
transferred to the latter.
The hazing investigation, which took place last summer, showed a number of infrac-
tions of the regulations during the preceding year. As a result of the investigation it
is believed the conditions are much better. While it is seldom if ever that any un<!er
classmen are hurt by being hazed, yet the harm done is to the cadet actually doing
the hazing, as it develops in him qualities of a bully and gives him entirely erroneous
ideas in r^ard to the proper method of handling those under him.
It is strongly recommended that steps be taken to have the academic course chaviged
80 that the entire subject of minor tactics shall be taught theoretically and practically
in the department of tactics. It is believed that the present method of having ir struc-
tion in field service regulations in the first class year in the department of engineering
is wrong and that the course should be so arranged that a cadet should have piaoticsa
and theoretical instruction commencing with we essentials when he enters and the
training should continue progressively, so that upon graduation he has a thorough
groundwork in minor tactics.
The large increase in the number of cadets that will take place in the next five
years will necessitate the greatest attention and endeavor on the part of all officers,
and especially those of the department of tactics, to maintain the standard of honor
and discipline in the Corps of Cadets.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND MILITARY ENGINEERING.
The course in this department includes the "Art of War," besides
the subjects indicated oy its title. Naturally much stress is put
upon this part of the course, supplementing textbook instruction
by lectures and a visit if the entire class to the Gettysburg battle-
field, where this great battle is studied on the field itself.
The course was carried out satisfactorily, all cadets being proficient
at the annual and semiannual examinations.
The following report is submitted by the head of this department.
Col. G. J. Fiebeger, professor of civil and military engineermg:
The course in civil and military engineering began Wednesday, September 1, 1915>
with a class membership of 125.
The class was divided into halves, A and B, formed of the odd and even numbeTs,
according to standing in natural and experimental philosophy, and each half was
divided into six sections, according to standing. Although all sections used the same
textbooks, by means of omissions the subject matter was divided into five courses,
graduated to the ability of the students forming the sections. Transfers between
sections were made every two weeks.
The course was conducted by oral and written recitations and a written general
review and was completed on December 22. Only two cadets received a mark of
less than 73 per cent on the written general review and were required to take a written
examination. All passed this examination.
The course in military engineering and the art of war was begun on Monday, Jano*
ary 3, 1916, with a class membership of 125, and was completed on Juno 3.
After a thorough preliminary study, May I and 2 were spent at Gettysburg visitin<^
that battlefield.
There were 61 cadets examined in parts of the course in June; all passed these
examinations.
During the course lectures, illustrated by lantern slides, were delivered on recent
wars and sieges.
Capt. Frederick B. Downing, Corps of Engineers, was the assistuit professor.
BEPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY. 1193
The following officers of the Corps of Engineers were the instructors: Capt. James
G. Steese, Capt. Daniel I. Sultan, Capt. George R. (joethals, First Lieut. Frederick
S. Strong, and First Lieut. Oscar N. Sohlberg.
All of these officers rendered very satisfactory service.
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY.
The course in this department embraces the subjects of mechanics,
soimd, light, and astronomy. There is no course at the academy
that better develops the reasoning powers of the pupils than this
course in natural and experimental |)hilosophy.
Col. W. B. Gordon, professor of philosophy, will retire for age dur-
ing the coming year. By long ana faithful service and his great de-
votion to his department ana the Military Academy, he has held a
{>osition that will be difficult to fill, and the academic board will lose
rom its councils one of its wisest and most influential members.
The following report is submitted by the head of this department:
The class of 1917 began the course in philosophy September 1, 1915, with 142
members.
At the semiannual examination Cadets Sinkler, Keiser, Monsarrat, Chapman,
H. H., Helm, Brown, P. H., and Nygaard failed to make the mark necessary to
excuse them from the examination in mechanics. All of these cadets successfully
passed the examination.
Cadet Monsarrat was found deficient in chemistry and discharged. Byrne, A. B.,
had previously been granted sick leave, reducing the class to 140 members.
During the second term Cadet Moore, K. M., was granted sick leave, to join the
second class August 28, 1916, reducing the class to 139 members. With this number
the course was completed.
The entire class made the necessary average to be excused from the final exami-
nations in sound and light and astronomy.
Ten men reached the necessary mark for distinction. This was a percentage of
7.2 per cent of the entire class.
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS.
Instruction in mathematics is given cadets for the first two years
of their course. It embraces solid geometry, advanced algebra, ana-
lytical and descriptive geometry, conic sections, trigonometry, sur-
veying, differential and integral calculus, and for upper sections least
squares.
In the two classes 358 cadets were under instruction, and of these
40 were found to be deficient at examinations during .the year; 4 of
those deficient were turned back one year and 36 discharged.
Below is the report of the professor of mathematics. Col. C. P.
Echols :
InBtniclion. — ^The fourth class course was in all respects the same as that of the
previous year, alternating with surveying during the last 66 days of the academic
year.
Examinations were held in December and June, with the following results:
December.
June
Number
in class.
180
159
Del-
cient.
10
14
Turned
basic.
Dis-
charged.
16
13
1194 BEPOBT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITABY ACADEMY.
The third class course was in all respects the same as that of the previous year, the
prescribed course requiring recitations daily from Soptember, 1915, to June, 1916.
Examinations were held in December, Ikuu^, and June, with the foUowing results:
Nnmber
In class.
Dofl.
dent.
Tumad
back.
Dia-
otmcad.
D6C6mb6r
Ifl7
162
158
0
2
4
•
March
1
June
2
1
Cadet Wang, of China, who was deficient in March, resigned.
Maj. Bell, who has ably served as associate professor for the last four years, finishes
his tour of duty at the academy. It is much to be regretted that this occurs just at
the time when the duties of supervision are to be greatly increased by the enlargement
of the Corps of Cadets.
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, AND GEOLOGY.
The course in chemistry, mineralogy, and geology includes, besides
the subjects indicated by its title, an elementary course in heat and
electricity, with some practical work in the operation of electrical
instruments and machines. It is regretted that time does not afford
an opportunity to have a more extended course in the subject of
electricity, the importance of which for all Army officers is increasing
so rapidly.
The work in this department has been conducted very satisfac-
torily. The followingreport is submitted by the head of this de-
partment, Lieut. Col. Wirt Robinson, professor of chemistry:
Chcmges in ^personnel. — Capt. P. H. Worcester, Coast Artillery Corps, was assigned
to duty as assistant professor of the department on August 24, 1915.
First Lieut. J. L. Dunsworth, Coast Artillery Corps, will be relieved from duty
with the department on May 31, 1916; First Lieut. O. A. Dickinson, Infantrjr. will
be relieved on June 14, 1916; Second Lieut. H. M. Hobbs, Fourth Field Artillery,
will be relieved on June 24. 1916; and Second Lieut. C. A. Selleck, First Field Ar-
tillery, will be relieved on June 8, 1916.
The equipment of the new chemical laboratory has been completed and it is now
in r^Adinees to handle the anticipated laiger classes.
Unsatisfactory ventilation of the gas closet has been remedied by installing a motor-
driven multivane exhauster of ample capacity.
The progress of the routine work of the department has been satiBfactory.
DEPARTMENT OF ORAWINO.
This department instructs the second and third classes in drawing.
Its work with both classes has been satisfactorily conducted. The
following report is submitted by the head of the department, lieut.
Col. E. K. Stuart, professor of drawing:
Personnel. — Lieut. Ck>l. E. R. Stuart, U. 8. Army, proleoBor of drawing, in charge
of the department; First Lieut. T. M. Chase, Coast Artillery Corps, assistant pro-
fessor; Fint Lieut. G. F. Patten, Cavalry, instructor; First Lieut. M. Wildrick, Coast
Artill^ Corps, instructor; Second Lieut. J. P. Aloshire, Cavalr>% instructor, relieved
Aitfil 29^ 1916; Second Lieut. G. Hoisington, infantry, instructor; and Second Lieut.
C. P. Dick, Cavalry, instructor, detailed in department August 24, 1915.
But little change nas been made in the schedule of work for the third class from
the preceding year. A new problem wa^ introduced for the subject of building cmi-
struction drawing. The work of this class has been satisfactory, and it is beueved
that the course as now laid out is well adapted to its purpose as a course in general
drawing. No cadets were deticient in drawing in the tnird-clase course.
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY. 1195
In second-class drawing tlie schedule of work was changed considerably to give a
more logical and better graded development of the work. The second-class course in
mechanical drawing was shortened so as to be concluded by February 10. The time
thus saved was utilized in extending the course in topographical drawing and
sketching.
With the course as now arranged and instruction as now given it is believed that the
courses in mechanical drawing and lettering are sufficient to answer the requirements
of all officers. With the exception of perhaps 10 per cent of the class it is believed
that no cadet who has completed the present course in drawing will ever have any
serious difficulty in making or reading any mechanical drawing that he will encounter
in his professional studies or work.
DEPARTMENT OF MODERN LANGUAGES.
The courses in this department were successfully carried on during,
the year. Three classes, first, second, and thirdf, or a total of 437
cadets were instructed for the academic year just ended, and for the
coming year 448 cadets will he under instruction hy this department.
No other department at the academy has so large a number, and yet
the appropriation for the conduct of its routine business in the way
of office help is less than for other large departments at the academy.
The following is submitted from the report by the head of this
department, Col. C. DeW. Willcox, professor of modern languages:
The department has under instruction durin? the year. Tirst class. Spanish, 125;
second class, Spanish, 145, reduced to 139; third class, Spanish, 1G7, reduced to 159 —
total at end of vear, 423.
One cadet of the first class was conditioned at the semiannual examination, but
passed a satisfactory reexamination March 18, 1916.
« « ♦ ♦ » ♦ •
Upon the su^estion of First Lieut. Geo. M. Russell, cavalry, as^-Tistant professor of
French, the third class began its study of French under the so-called natural method.
The results attained were satisfactory; this plan will be continued in the future.
On account of the war abroad, no request was made to send officers to Europe to
study French and Spanish.
The request to send instructors of Spanish to Costa Rica was disapproved because
of Mexican conditions and of the pending Aimy legislation. As soon as conditions
become normal again, the department will renew its application to send officers to
France and to Spain, and makes bold to express the hope that the War Departmeot
will continue its wise policy in this regard.
It is the opinion of the department that German should form an element of the
course of languages. It will sliortly submit a report on this subject, looking to the
introduction of German on September 1, 1917.
Mr. Louis Vauthier was transferred from the department of tactics as civilian
instructor of French.
The salary of the clerk should be ndsed to $1,200. The department of modem
languages has more cadets under instruction by far than any otner of the academy.
It is the only department that keeps both morning and afternoon hours. The clerk
has charge oi the library, is required to have some Knowledge of French and Spanish,
make out all papers, besides stenographic and typewriting work. ITis pay is not
commensturate with his duties.
The messenger of this department should receive extra duty pay at the rate of 50
cents per diem. I renew my recommendation to this effect.
I also urgently renew my ret^ommendation, made at various times, that foreign
instructors of the department should receive heat and light allowance of a second
lieutenant.
It is believed that a very fair proportion of the cadets under instniction have
acGuired, to a certain degree, the ability to converse in French and Spanish. No
caaet would be helpless if required to make his wants known, professional or personal,
in either of these languages, and to imderstand average conversation. All have a
working knowledge of the printed language, and most can express themselves after a
fa^ion in writing.
It is a pleasure to report that all the officers of the department have given faithful
and efficient service during the year.
1196 REPORT OP THE SUPERINTENBENT MILITARY ACADEMY.
DEPARTMENT OF LAW.
Instruction is given in this department on alternate days to mem-
bers of the first <3ass. The course includes elements of common law,
constitutional law. international law, and military law. With the
brief time available for this course only a foimdation in legal edu-
cation can be acquired, but it is thought that with diligence on the
part of the graduates they will be able to handle inteUigently the
ordinary leg^ questions they are apt to meet in actual service.
The following is the report of the professor of law, Lieut. Col. E. A.
Kreger:
The 1915-16 course in law, like that of the preceding academic year, included
elementary, constitutional, international, and military law. The prescribed text-
books were supplemented by the use of a pamphlet on the law of contracts, the Manual
for Courts-martial, and General Orders, No^ 70, War Department, 1914.
The effort made last year to increase throughout the course the element of practical
application of legal principles to facts and conditions with which the stuoent will
find it necessary to deal after he shall have become a commissioned officer was con-
tinued. Near uie end of the year a limited amount of time was devoted to acquaint-
ing the members of the class with the proper method of consulting, in the solution of
practical questions, such law books as are likely to be available for consultation by
officers of the line.
For the more advanced sections of the class the periods ordinarily devoted to reviews
were materially reduced. During the time thus saved, amounting to approximately
four weeks, these advanced sections made a study of a series of leading cases selected
with a view to emphasizing the more important legal principles discu^ed in the pre-
scribed textbooks, and also made a rather thorough study of the rules of land warure
as published by the War Department in 1914. The results were such as to suggest the
advisability of pursuing a similar course next year.
The lecture course for the year consisted of one lecture on the law of contracts by
Prof. John Wurts, of Yale University; two lectures on criminal law and procedure by
Prof. John W. Edgerton, of Yale University; two lectures on the law of evidence by
Prof. Balph W. Gifford, of Columbia Umversitv; one lecture on the development
of international law by Prof. George G. Wilson, of Harvard Univeisity; and a number
of lectures b^r the head of the department.
In conclusion, it is a pleasure to express my appreciation of the loyalty and zeal
with which the assistant professor and instructors, Lieuts. Dawson, Slaughter, Cutrer,
Torrey, and Lock wood devoted themselves to the work of the department.
DEPARTMENT OF PRACTICAL MELITART ENGINEERING, MILITARY
SIGNALING AND TELEGRAPHY.
Three classes at the academy receive instruction in this depart-
ment of one kind or another at various periods during the year.
Its work is largely practical and is of great value in fixing in
cadets* minds the meaning and purpose of their study in related
subjects.
Below is the report of the head of this department, Lieut. Col.
M. L. Walker, Corps of EIngineers, professor of practical military
engineering.
During the year the general character of instmction given the cadets has been the
same as during the preying year.
First Class. — Dunng the summer drill period — from July 5 to August 1^— one-third
of the claas attended daily for instruction in reconnoiseance and sketching. The fol-
lowing program was carried out on the dates noted:
July 5, 6, 7, position sketch.
July 8, 9, 12, position sketch.
July 13, 14, 15, position sketch.
July 16, 19, 20, preliminary combined position sketch.
July 21, 22, 23, road sketch, dismounted.
July 26, 27, 28, road sketch, mounted.
BEPOBT OP THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY. 1197
July 29, 30, August 2, road sketch, mounted.
August 3, 4, 5, combined road sketch, mounted.
August 6, 9, 10, combined pofiition sketch.
The immediate vicinity of the reservation was used for all the above exercises
except the ninth. For this last it was necessary to take the cadets to Congers, N. Y.,
there being no suitable area for such work more conveniently located.
The idea in the work in sketching Lb to take it up with the first class immediately
succeeding their work along this line as second class men in the department of drawing,
so tiiat the work progresses continuously. This proves quite a satisfactory arrange-
ment and will be adhered to.
During the practice march of the Corps of Cadets, Aucust 16-21, cadets daily consti-
tuted the reconnoissance and sketching detail; road c&etches were made and repro-
duced dailv, the work being creditable to the cadets and giving them a fair idea of
what would be possible in field operations.
During September and October one-third of she first class attended instruction on
all dr'dl days, work bein^ devoted in September to military signaling and during
October to improvised bridges, rigeing, and use of tackle, and to becoming familiar
with the ^nend characteristics and methods of handling the various high explosives
used in military demolitions.
From April 3 to May 24. 1916, the first class attended practical military engineering
instruction as in the fall, tne work covering the laying out and construction of a section
of an infemtry field work involving the fabrication and use of all varieties of revetting
materials, including reinforced concrete. Various obstacles were employed and also
the principal types of loop holes installed.
The interest of the cadets was much stimulated this year by the field work being a
reproduction in part of a work in the line on the western front in Europe, which had
actually been attacked.
A gallery was driven under the parapet and a mine placed and a portion of the work
blown up.
Demonstrations were also given of trench mortar firing, mines as obstacles, fougass,
and military demolitions.
Third class. — This class attended practical military engineering instruction during
the period of the summer encampment, one-third each day, from 8 a. m. to noon.
Tne work includes visual signaling, knots and lashings, the use of tackle, rowing,
construction of bridees with the United States bridge equipage, and the operation of
ferries with the regular bridge material and with improvised floats.
As a supplement to their course in surveying while fourth class men, the third class
executed a hydrcgraphic survey of the river front of the reservation.
Fourth class. — During the last 66 days of the academic year this department alter-
nates with mathematics.
The first 20 d&ys were devoted to theoretical instruction, including written general
review and the written examination of such cadets as did not make proficient on the
general review. During the period of theoretical instruction a complete instrumental
equipment was kept in each section room, and all cadets were encouraged to familiarize
themselves with all instruments by actually handling them. In addition, during
release from c[uarters, instruments were at all times at the disposal of the cadets imder
the supervision of (qualified noncommissioned officers.
During the remaining 13 days cadets attended instruction in surveying from 8
a. m. to noon, bein^ required to do no study outside of these hours.
These 4-hour periods are devoted to a series of exercises carried out in the field by
the cadets, under the supervision of the instructors, the cadets rotating in the various
duties but each cadet being required to keep the full notes which are each day turned
in for inspection by the professor and instructors. The exercises are designed to cover
the field of probable duties of army officers and are as follows:
1. Measurement of base line and determination of declination of the needle.
2. Tracing out contours and plotting same.
3. Survey of a polygon by azimuth method.
4. Differential leveling and establishing a bench mark.
5. Simple triangulation.
6. Laying out a simple curve.
7. Plane table survey.
8. Profile leveling.
9. Transit and stadia traverse.
10. Staking out a building.
11. Plane table and stadia traverse.
12. Cross^section leveling.
13. Adjustment and care of instrumenta.
1198 REPORT OP THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY.
The above does not indicate the order in which exercises are given, this beinff
decided by the limitation of the instrumental equipment, but the work is so ammged
that for each party, usually consisting of five cadets, a map of a small portion of the
reservation is completed.
Through the courtesy of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, a large number
of surveyine instruments were loaned from the Washington Barracks Depot for the
period April 1 to June 10, 1916. and the instruction was much facilitated tnereby.
General. — During the year tne equipment of this department along all lines has
been maintained by expenditure of the annual appropriation of 12,000.
With the appropriation of $3,300 referred to in last annual report, a corrugated-iron
ponton shed nas oeen erected, the assembling of the building having been done by
men of the United States Military Academy detachment of engineers. Thisjnvei
storage room for a division of reserve ponton equipage with tranq>ortation. 'HiGre
is still needed a suitable building to house a division of advance-gtiard equipage and
it is proposed to ask for an appropriation for this purpose in the next annual estimates.
The Signal Corps has promptly supplied all material and apparatus needed for
signal instruction.
DEPARTMENT OF ORDNANCE AND GUNNERY.
The course in this department has been conducted yery satis-
factorily. There have been no material changes in the work covered.
Following is the report of the head of the department, Lieut. CoL
Tschappat, professor of ordnance and gimnery:
Afdde from minor changes in the subject matter made to bring it up to date the
course in ordnance and gunnery was the same as for the preceding year. In addition
to the theoretical work for each cadet, the course included 24 hoiuv' shop work in
the machine and blacksmith shops during February and March, and 2 hours' practical
instruction in handling machine guns.
Visits were made in connection with the course to Sandy Hook Proving Ground
on May 3 and to Watervliet Arsenal on May 9.
Ordnance maUrial. — ^The armament of the post has been kept in good repair during
the year. Changes and alterations ordered by the War Department have oeen incor-
porated in the field and seacoast artillery at the post.
In addition to the regular allowance of ammunition for small-arms target practice
for officers and enlisted men and $5,000 for such practice for cadets, the regular allow-
ance of field-gun ammunition was furnished for taiget practice for the field artiUery
officers stationed at the post and a liberal allowance of neld and aeacoast ammunlrion
was furnished for taiget practice for cadets.
Ordnance laboratory, — This group of buildings, comprising the ordnance barracks,
machine, carpenter, and blacksmith shops, storehouses, etc., was kept in good repair
during the year. Some rearrangement of machines for greAier convenience of instruc-
tion of cadets was made.
DEPARTMENT OF MILfTART HTOIENE.
The third class has one month's instruction in this department.
The work is valuable and practical, and has been very satisfactorily
conducted by Lieut. Col. Henry A. Shaw, Medical Corps, and his
assistants.
Ttie following is the report of the head of this department:
The course in military hygiene commenced on September 1 and was completed
October 6, 1915. Four officers of the Medical Corps were detailed for teinporary duty
as instructors during the course, Capts. Philip W. Huntington, Joseph F. I&er, Arthur
N . Tasker, and Chiu'les W. Haverkampf .
The only important change in the course was the ominion of the six lecture periods
and the substitution of practical demonstrations of field sanitarv appliances, and of
first-aid work. Each section was taken into the field and shown tlie different methods
of water sterilization in camp. Latrines of various patterns were dug and the csethoda
of disposal of excreta demonstrated. Kitchen incinerators of various kinds wei«
built to show the methods of the disposal of garbage in camp. The first-aid work
was made practical bv giving instruction to small groups of cadets in the emei)geocy
treatment of wounds, nemorrnagef, (nctures, and accidents.
BEPOBT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITABY ACADEMY. 1199
The recitations followed the prescribed textbook, Reefer's Military Hygiene,
aphaaizing particularly personal hygiene, transmisBible diseases, and camp sanita-
emp
tion.
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND HISTORY.
The course in this department has been carried out successfully
and satisfactorily.
The following report is submitted by the head of this department,
Lieut. Col. L. H. Holt, professor of EngHsh and history:
The quota of instructors has been maintained at 10, 5 in each subject, thus allow-
ing a continuance of small sections and carefiil attention to the individual needs of
each cadet.
English. — ^As in previous years, the emphasis during the fall term has been laid
upon the principles of composition and the application of those principles in writing,
and the emphasis during the spring term upon several forms of literature. A new
anthology of English poetry, prepared especially for this course, was used this spring
for the first time. ^
Diuing the written general review period at the end of the work of the fall term,
the men at the top of class in English and history W^re excused from the reviews and
given a e^ort course in argumentation, followed hy four debates. Marked improve-
ment in expression and delivery was noticed diuing the brief time the department
was able to devote to the course.
The special course, introduced in 1914 for the first time, was continued this spring.
Thirty-mree cadets having an average grade above 2.75 were included in the course.
The scope of the dramatic reading was the same as in previous years. The readings
in class were selected from contemporary and recent poets.
Lieut. R. 0. Richardson, jr., who nas continued during the ^ear as assistant professor
in English, de8er\'e8 special mention for the loyalty ana eflSciency with whicn he has
cooperated with me in the work of the department.
History. — ^The change in entrance requirements for history went into effect this year.
The resiuts of the examinations upon the period assijB^ned were much Che same in the
percentage of failures and successes as the results ofprevious examinations.
The special course in history was continued this spring along the same general lines
of last year, but more time was given to the instructors for preparation of the talks,
and written recitations and quizzes were inserted at intervals. It is expected that
this special work will be further developed for the men standing at the top of the class.
By lectures, map study, and quizzes the department has attempted to keep the
cadets in the class fauniliar with tne chief problems, political and military, whicn are
now being fought out in Europe. Special emphasis has been laid upon those parts
of the textbook which describe conditions leading up to the present situation.
Lieut. J. P. Bubb, who succeeded Lieut. Lyon as assistant professor of history upon
the latter*s relief from duty at the Military Academy, deserves special mention for
his loyalty and efficiency in the history course.
Lectures. — ^As in previous years, the teaching in the department has been supple-
mented by lectures. Among those who have lectured during the year are Presiaent
Arthur T. Hadley of Yale iJniversity, Prof. H. A. Beers, fiof. A. G. Keller, Prof.
E. B. Reed, Prof. J. C. Adams, Prof. G. H. Nettleton, Prof. H S. Canby, and Dr.
F. H. Green.
In conclusion, I wish to acknowledge the loyal zeal and efficiency with which the
instructors have cooperated in the work of the department.
children's 8CHOOL.
This school has been m charge of Capt. R. G. Alexander, Corps of
Engineers, also performing duty with the detachment of engineers,
and has been satisfactory in spite of difficulties. As will be seen from
the following report, two grades of 37 pupils were forced to use the
basement of the cadet chapel for a schoolroom due to a lack of space
in the present school building. This is most unsatisfactory in re-
sults. The room is poorly lighted by small windows on one side only,
has no suitable toilet conveniences, and is on a hill 150 or more feet
above the homes of the children attending, and in the wintertime is
frequently accessible only to the larger and stronger ones able to
1200 BBPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITAEY ACADEMY.
wade through the snow. It is also distant from the school building,
and the teacher is unable to have the help of the principal and other
teachers. A new school building shoula be built in Keeping with
school buildings now built for our State pubUc schools.
Following is the report of the officer in charge of the school:
There was no change from the precedingyear in the teaching force nor oiganizatioii
of the school. The utter was as follows (Grade: Eighth and part seventh; part sev-
enth and sixth; fifth; fourth and third; second and mst):
Number of pupils in grade:
Eighth 8
Seventh 14
Sixth 19
Fifth 26
Fourth 20
NumbOT of pupils in grade — Contd.
Third 17
Second 21
First 25
Total.
150
Number of boys reg^tered, 76.
Number of girls re^tered, 74.
R^ents' examinations were held in January and successfuUy passed by five pupik
who at once entered high school in Highland Falls, N. Y.
It is believed that it will not hereafter be necessary to hold regents' examinations in
midyear, thus eliminating a source of inconvenience to pupils deeiiing to enter hig^
school. In the past special efforts have had to be made to advance pupils who were
older than the usual age for completing grammar school. All such pupils have now
been graduated and the average a^ of pupils in each ^;nde is what it snould be.
The progress of the pupils during the year was satisfiactoiy in all subjects. The
Palmer system of penmanship was used with ^;ood results, ifuch practical work in
sewing was accomplished by the girls of the higher mdes, including the making of
models and also full-size dresses and other garments for themselves. The very small
S'rls made considerable progress in the use and handling of the needle and in learning
le simple stitches employed in ordinary needle work.
A patriotic 'entertainment, originally scheduled for Washington's birthday, but
postponed on account of bad weather and an epidemic of sickness, was given in Memo-
rial Hall during the latter part of March. Considerable time out of school hours was
devoted by pupils and teachers and the results were very praiseworthy.
For lack of room in the main school building, the thira and fourth grades, as in the
preceding year^ attended in the basement of the cadet chapel, and their work waa
seriously handicapped thereby. The room was not designed for a schoolroom and
is only fairly satis&ctory for the purpose. More than ever before the isolated and
exposed location of the chapel materially cut down attendance in these two grades
since the winter was an imusually severe one. The children attending there are small
and can not attend during the days of storm or thereafter until paths and roads througji
the snow can be dug out. The teacher there, in addition to the regular third and
fourth grade work, had to instruct in sewing and writing without the assistance of the
teachers specially qualified and designated to supervise that work in the other grades,
and was at the same time deprivea of the immediate support and assistance of the
principal of the school.
It is earnestly hoped that the present school building, unsatisfactory in both sue
and arrangement, may be replaced in the near future by an adequate one, and it is
believed Uiat a building of the social center type now being built in many cities,
would best fit the peculiar needs of the poet. At present, for Iwck of any room, neither
school entertainments nor joint exercises of the several grades can lb!e held, nor is
there any common place om the post for enlisted men and their families to meet for
recreation and social pleasure.
With regard to salaries it is recommended that when possible the salary of the
principal be increased to an amount equal to that received for simUar work m neig^
Doring towns. Otherwise it will be impossible to secure and retain a man of aatia-
iictory qualifications and experience.
The appropriation of $4,120 for the maintenance of the school was expended at
follows:
Pay of principal $1,090
Pay of four grade teachers 2, 400
Pay of janitor at chapel 100
Purchase of books, stationery, and other supplies 540
Balance on hand at end of year
Total,
,^ 4,jm
BEPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MIUTARY ACADEMY. 1201
HEADQUARTERS OFFICE.
The work of this office has been satisfactorily and efficiently
handled by Capt. C. C. Carter, Coast Artillery Corps. His recom-
mendations in the following report are concurred in:
The undersigned has continued since July 1, 1915, as adjutant of the United States
Military Academy, secretary of the academic board , and in command of the United
States Military Academy band and detachment of field musicians and the noncom-
missioned staff.
Headquarters force. — ^The organization of the headquarters force has not changed
during the past fiscal year except that one enlisted clerk has been attached to the
disciplinary division for the purpose of accurately recording on index cards, cadet
records from which information is often requested and which information in the past
has been obtained through reference to at least three and often many more documents
on file in the headquarters ofiSce, usually in different divisions. This work has pro-
gressed in a satts^tctor}* manner and will probably be completed in the ensuing fiscal
year. About 2,444 of these cards have been completed and filed and rough copies of
819 additional cards have been completed. This list when once finished can be easily
kept up to date and will result in a material saving of time in the office in answering
requests for information.
An additional man on extra duty hsa been placed in the binding division, with a
view to reducing, if possible, the cost of bindmg to the library appropriation. The
average cost of oinding books for the library when done bv contract with outside
binderies is something over 60 cents per volume, whereas if tnis work can be done at
the Military Academy bindery the cost thereof for material and additional labor will
be approximately 20 cents per volume. This experiment has been tried for something
over two months and is working out satisfactorily. It is believed that before the end
of the next year the bindery will be able to take care of all of the Military Academy
binding, including the library, except a few volumes to be specially and elaborately
bound. This will result in a saving of hundreds of dollars, wnich can be used for the
purchase of additional books for the academy library.
An increase in the cost of paper has necessitated the strictest economy in the print-
ing division, and in some cases it has been necessary to authorize lighter paper in
order to keep within the appropriation.
Formal recommendations with regard to increased pay for members of the office
force were made and have been incorporated in the Book of Estimates and the Military
Academy appropriation bill for the fiscal year 1917. Since the submission of these
estimates the appropriation bill for the support of the Army has had tentatively
inserted therein a clause as follows:
*' Hereafter headquarters clerks shall be known as Army field clerks and shall
receive the same pay and allowances as now allowed by law to pay clerks, Quarter-
master Corps, witn the exception that Army field clerks at entrance into the service
shall receive but $1,000 per annum for the first year of service: Provided further, Thai
Army field clerks duly assigned to and performing the duties of chief clerks shall
receive $250 per annum in addition to the regular pav of their respective grades while
performing tne duties of chief clerks: And provided further. That Army field clerks
shall be subject to the Rules and Articles of War: Provided, That the clerks and mes-
sengers hereby provided for shall be employed and assigned by the Secretary of War
to the offices and positions in which they are to serve and in the grades and salaries
hereinbefore provided for the regular force of such clerks and messengers."
It is urgently recommended that every reasonable effort be made to have included
under the provisions of this act the clerks on duty at headquarters, United States
Military Academy. Until 1910 these clerks were carried as headquarters clerks, but
under instructions from the War Department dated Junf- 14, 1910, this office was
directed to have the estimates for the pay of these clerks prepared and submitted
with the Militar>' Academy appropriation bill, which has been done since that date;
but it is understood from an indorsement dated War Department, May 15, 1911, that
the transfer of these clerks to the Military Academy bin on July 1, 1911, would not
change their civil-service status nor affect their rights or privileges in any way, so far
as known to the department. If the provision referred to above becomes a law and
does not include the United States Military Academy headquarters clerks and the
printing-office force, it can not be reasonably expected that they can be held in their
{)re8ent positions at their present pay . Many of tne positions in this office are such that
ong tenure of office is absolutely essential to effiaency, and it is entirely impracti-
69176'— WAB 1916— VOL 1 76
1202 REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MIUTARY ACADEMY.
cable to put new employees in most of these poritiona. For a number of years ner-
sistent enort has been made to have the pay of certain of these clerks increased, but
these efforts have been unsuccessful. In event the provision referred to above does
not become a law the increases asked for in the regular estimates for 1917 should be
authorized. With the increase in the Corps of Cadets contemplated under recent
legislation, which will ultimately operate to more than double the corps, an increased
amount of work will be thrown where possible on all members of the office force and
the increases in the personnel of the force will l)e kept at a minimum. During the
ensuing year it is beheved that no actual increasawill be necessary, but if it is found
that the present office force can not keep all work up to date the detail of enlisted
men to assist for the remainder of the year will be asked for and provision for additional
clerks will l)e requested for the fisral year 1918.
The office force both individually and as a body has rendered most efficient and
loyal service. Little time has been lost through illness, and leaves of absence author-
ized by law have been arranged in such ways as would create a minimum interfer-
ence with office work. The work of all departments of the office has been satisfac-
torily perfonned during the past year, and current work has been kept up to date.
United States Military Academy band. — Recommendation is a^ain made that the
band be increased by 10 enlisted musicians graded as follows: Three at $45 each per
month, three at $36 each per month, and four at $30 each per month.
The band now consists of 1 leader, who is also the teacher of music, 1 band sergeant,
who is assistant leader, 12 enlisted musicians at $45 each per month, 12 at $36 each per
month, and 16 at $30 each per month. There has been no increase in the personnel
of the band for 16 years, at which time the strength of the Corps of Cadets was about
440 cadets; the strength of the corps within another year will be nearly double this
number. At reviews, parades, ana other formations where the entire corps is present,
and which the band attends, the volume of music is not even now sufficient to give
satisfactory march music. The number of brass instruments in the band has been
increased as far as is commensurate with proper musical balance for a military band.
The only practical way now of increasing the volume of this music is by adding addi-
tional numbers to the band~4)rass instruments to predominate in these additions.
The United States Military Academy detachment of field musicians, — The field music
consists of 1 sergeant, 1 corporal and 22 privates. The proportion of noncommissioned
officers to privates is entirely too small for proper administration and does not admit
of advancement in the field music. No hope can be held out to any private that
he may within a reasonable length of time become a noncommissioned officer therein.
Normally 1 additional sergeant and 2 corporals would be required for this organiza-
tion, but in view of its peculiar duties it is believed better to add 1 noncommis-
sioned officer, a corporal, and authorize 10 privates, first class, with pay of a pri-
vate, first class, engineers, and 12 privates instead of 22 privates. With this addi-
tional noncommissioned officer proper administration can be carried out and with the
first-class privates something in the way of advancement can be held out for de-
serving members of this detachment. Under the present oiganization it is im-
possible to got desirable men with prior service to enlist for the field music and moeC
of the men serve only one enlistment therein.
lUvinning with the fiscal year 1918 it will be necessary on account of the increased
Corps of Carets to have the field music increased beyond that requested herein by
6 privates and 1 noncommissioned officer, prefenibly a sergeant. The organizatioa
should then be 2 sergeants, 2 corporals, 12 privates, first class, 16 privates and a
further increase will probably be necessary when the corps has reached its ultimate
maximum under recently enact e<l l^islation.
The United States Militar>- Academy band and field muMc are now and have been
for many years under the direct command of the adjutant of the Military' Acad^ny.
Practically all of their military fimctions are performed with the Corps of Cadets,
which is commanded by the commandant of cadets or an officer of the tactical de-
partment. The band and field music may, of course, turn out with other units of
the command serving as escorts, but in no case is such escort under the immediate
command of the sunerinlendent or the adjutant of the academy. The only
where the band and field music are actually under direction of the adjutant of the
Militarj* Academy are when detachments thereof are used for nonmilitsuy functions,
such as dances, receptions, etc. The weekly inspection of the band and field music
is always performed by the commandant of cadets or by one of his assistants at the
tiriM' of the inspection of the Coips of Cadets. All the duties of the field music are
imnK*<iiately under an officer of tne tactical department.
U\ view of the foregoing and for the specific reason that it is believed that it will
make for better administration, it is urgently recommended that the command of the
band aud field music be turned over to the commandant of cadets to be ex^rioed by
BEPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY. 1203
an officer of the tactical department, preferably the assistant to the commandant, who
has charge of all details with respect to the use of the band and field music and who
performs for the Corps of Cadets so far as such arrangemnts are concerned the duties
ordinarily performed by the adjutant of a command.
quartermaster's departb«cent.
The work of tliis department has been efficiently and satisfactorily
Serformed under the charge of Maj. E. J. Timberlake, Quartermaster
orps. The report of the quartermaster quoted below is so complete
as to require no comment:
Report of the operations of the Quartermaster Corps, quartermaster and disbursing
officer, United States Military Aotdemy, in charge of construction, and treasurer
special contingent fund, for the period from July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916.
Quartermaster Corps. — The general duties of the Quartermaster Corps continued the
same as reported for 1915. The addition of one sergeant, forage master, is lugently
recommended.
Army Serince Detachment. — This detachment has performed its multifarious duties
in a generally satisfactory manner. The amount of work is considerably beyond the
capacity of the detachment. The estimates for the fiscal year 1917 carry an item
increasing the detachment by 27 men, and also laigely increasing the number of non-
commissioned officers in the detachment. This is necessary to better organize the
detachment for the character of the work required and the efficiency of the service
rendered.
Civilian employees. — The civil-service rules made applicable to the United States
Military Academy do not work to advantage for temporary employees. An effort was
made to have them modified, but without success.
Transportation. — ^The great demand in the work of hauling fuel, forage, freight, grad-
ing, road repair, police, etc., has been satisfactorily performed by the Iransiwrtation
at this post during this year. It is almost needlea^ to Siiy that this could not have been
done without the five trucks on hand. With work of this kind increaning, two addi-
tional freight trucks will soon be required. Upon the deliver\' of a new auto ambu-
lance to the medical department in the near future the auto ambulance now used by
the medical department will be available for passenger transportation, and will fill a
long-felt need. The Quartermaster General has furnished a tord runabout for the use
of uie attending surgeon.
The past winter was such as to put out of commission for some time all our motor
transportation. On December 13, 1915, there was a fall of snow amounting to 30
inches. It was two or three weeks after before the motor transportation could bo
operated. Several times during the winter the snow was such as to necessitate other
than motor transportation, showing the need of retaining enough horse-drawn trans-
portation to meet such emergencies.
Post cemetery. — The number of interments in the cemetery during the fiscal year was
28, making a total to date of 1G05.
The care and maintenance is provided for in the Military Academy appropria-
tions. The present appropriation, $1,500, is not sufficient to maintain it m a suit-
able manner. The increase in the number of interments and the increase in space
occupied req\iires increase in the work. It is recommended that an appropriation
of $2,000 be asked in the 1917 estimates. In some previous years this amoun t has been
appropriated, and it is again very necessary.
Fire department. — The Military Academy appropriation act, 1916, carried an item
for the purchase of an automobile fire engine. This engine has been delivered and
submitted to tests, which it passed with great efficiency. It was sent to a fire in High-
land Falls on the night of March 5, 1916, and did valuable work. There has been no
fire on the post during the past year.
A U buildings are now equipped with hand chemical fire extinguishers. A fire appa-
ratus house centrally located is badly needed. The present one is not adequate, and
its situation is the worst possible. It is recommended that the next estimates carry
an item for a new building built on modem plans with hose-drying tower, etc.
Power plant. — During the fiscal year 8,195 tons of buckwheat coal have been pur-
chased at a cost of $22,946. Contract has been let to install two additional 440 horse-
power boilers in accordance with present appropriation act. These two boilers will be
equipped with automatic stokers, which will permit the use of a cheaper grade of coal,
at the same time pving greater efficiency. The estimates for 1917 carry an item for
installing automatic stokers under the present boilers. Other improvements are being
made, all to result in greater economy and efficiency.
1204 BEPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY.
Heating and ventilating syitem. — ^This syst^n has been Improved as funds would i>er-
mit^ and throiigbout the past winter gave satisfaction. There was not a complaint
against it received at this office.
According to records of purchase and condition of coal bunkers at this time as com-
pared with the amount on hand a year a^o, there was a reduction in consumption thiB
year over last of 350 tons, which is a saving of $980 or 4 per cent. Other things being
equal, the difference in weather conditions this year over last, should have caused
about a 15 per cent increase in consumption, so that it is estimated that the total saving
is about 19 per cent, or $4,796.
Modem uo-to-date heating plants have been installed in quarters 33 and 35 at a cost
of $1,197. Quarters 37 ana 39 will have similar installati(ms made in fiscal year 1917.
The old steel boilers in engineer barracks were replaced with new cast-iron sectional
boilers. Cost, $503.
GoM plant.—Two of the benches were renewed in August, 1915. at a cost of $848.
Repairs to roof and concrete floor in coal bin were made during the year at a cost id
$370.50.
The revenue derived from gas, coke, and tar is covered into the special contingent
fund and applied to the payment of employees at gas works, purchase of gas cool, if
the appropriation is not sumcient, and for miscellaneous expenses not otherwise pro-
vided for.
Gas has been charged at the rate of 80 cents per 1,000 cubic feet; coke at $3 per ton,
and tar, if available, is sold to the highest bidder.
During the past twelve months 13,594,000 cubic feet of gas, 123,461 bushels of coke,
and 19,296 gallons of tar were manufactured; 1.608 tons of coal were used for this
purpose.
Special contingent fund. — This fund is derived from rentals, and the sale of gas,
electricity, coke, tar, wood, and miscellaneous sources. Expenditures from this fund
are made under tho direction of the superintendent, under provisions of chapter 212,
Ite vised Statutes, act of Conerees approved May 1, 1888.
Hotel. — ^The need of a new notel is pressing. An appropriation for this is asked each
year, but Congress does not appropriate the funds. The notel has been operated in a
generally satisfactory manner by the lessee. Expenditures on hotel for fiscal year
1916 were $105.35.
Forestry department, — A woods foreman and four woodsmen have been employed
during the year and other laborers hired from time to time as required, all pjiid from
the special contingent fund. The sawmill was run for about two months by a sawyer
and laborers p%id from the appropriation, '* Repairs and improvements." Since
July, 1915, 1.592 cords of wood, 125,000 feet b. m. of logs. 450 chestnut fence rails, and
5, 1 30 railroad ties have been cut. Some of this material has been already sold and the
biailance will be sold during the fiscal year 1917, the proceeds going to the special
contingent fund. The output of the sawmill amounted to 93,000 feet b. m.
'She following number of trees have been planted in the forest: 15,000 three-year old
Norway spruce, 15,000 two-year old Norway spruce, 15,000 three-year old red pine,
and 7,500 three-vear old white cedar. In addition to these, the shade trees in the main
part of the post have been pnmed and sprayed, some 10 or 12 dead ones removed, and
about 300 new ones planted of different varieties.
Some 15 of the large shade trees around the plain and in front of cadet mess have
been given surgical treatment, which will insure their preservation for years to come.
iMundry. — The old laundry building is dangerous. There is a great liability of a
catastrophe there at any time. Only recentl}r all laundry work had to be stopped and
workmen had to be sent in who worked all nieht shoring up and strengthemuj^ floors
that had suddenly settled about 3 inches. A new building should be pronded at
once.
Public M orib«.— Estimates have been prepared and submitted to carry out the en-
largement of the academy made necessary by the great increase authorized for the
Corps of Cadets. These estimates were based upon plans submitted by the superin-
tendent to the board of officers appointed by the Secretary of War November 4, 1915.
In the estimates for the fiscal year 1918 it is recommended that they include the
quartermaster storehouses and shops. The need of these buildings is urgent, the shops
will be especially so, for if the plan for enlargement is approved, the present building
used as pipe shop will have to be torn down among the firat, and tnere is no place
available for this material and workshop.
General repairs and upkeep. — The necessary repairs and improvements to public
buildings and quarters nave been made as funds would permit.
The porches to south barracks were rebuilt with concrete floors. Thirty rooms and
eight halls in south barracks were refloored with composition flooring. Rcpain to
plaster, woodwork, and painting were done throughout both barracks.
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY. 1205
The cadet meee was altered so as to seat 770 cadets at one sitting. This is the maxi-
mum capacity of the present mess hall.
Two (ufferent materials were applied to the walls of headquarters and the bachelor
buildings in an effort to waterproof them. So far both materials have proven efficient.
Roads. — With the limited funds available, the roads have been kept in fairly good
condition. The main road from academic building to the hotel will have to be
resurfaced. This work should bc^n September 1. Other roads, as the one to cadet
chapel and the road out to Washington V alley needs rebuilding and will be done as
funds permit.
Receipts and disbursemenU. — Receipts and disbursements are shown in statements
attached marked 1, 2, and 3.
No. 1. — Statement o/ receipts and expenditures pertaining to the special contingent fund^
United States Military Academy^ for the fiscal year 1916.
July 1, 1915, balance on hand $868. 16
June 30, 1916, by amounts received:
Rents —
Hotel $100.00
Post Office Department 200. 00
Stables , 300. 00
Electric-light plant 700. 00
Store and restaurant 250. 00
Western Union Telegraph Co 60. 00
1,610.00
Sale of—
Wood , forestry 5, 932 . 01
Electric current and gas 11, 449. 11
Coke 280.38
Tar 517. 70
Railroad ties 697. 50
Miscellaneous receipts 1, 204. 40
Wharfage dues 2,447.90
22, 529. 00
Total to be accounted for 25. 007. 16
June 30, 1916, total expended 19. 846. 54
Balance June 30, 1916 5,160.62
Amount expended for the repair of south dock from sum collected for
wharfage aues 1, 665. 49
No. 2. — Statement of funds pertaining to the Quartermaster Corps at West Pointy N. Y.,
received, disbursed^ and deposited during the fiscal year 191 6, from July 7, 1915 j to June
SOy 1916.
On hand
Julv 1,
19i5.
Pay ofthe Armv $11,049 S5
Payof t^eMnitarv Academy. 39.918 nS
Pay of Army deposit fund.... l.S9i.i8
Solcliers' deposits I
Pay coUectfons
Supplies, ser\ ices, and trans-
portation, Quartermaster
iorps
Subsistence of the Army
Rexular supplies
Military post exchange
Horses for Cavalry, Artillery,
and Engineers
Barracks and quarters
Transportation of Army
Roads, walks, whar\es, and
drainage
Shooting galleries and ranges.
Disposition of remains
Headstones, etc
Ineometax
Miscellaneous receipts
Received
since.
397.51
6.236.16
1.53
160.76
$370,367.60
755,995.23
13.305.62
6.309.75
8,246.09
346,770.45
596.22
2,507.27
237.20
150.00
• 4,067.20
1,131.07
2,062.00
332.00
20.00
11.50
121.22
2,599.68
Total 59.662.03 ,1,616,730.00
Total to be
accounted
for.
$381,417.35
795,914.08
15,200.00
6,309.75
8,246.09
346,770.45
506.22
2,607.27
237.20
150.00
4,464.71
7,367.23
2,966.63
482.76
20.00
11.50
121.22
2,609.68
Disbursed
and de-
posited.
$344,883.99
730,145.62
15,200.00
6,309.75
8,246.09
346,770.46
596.22
2.507.27
237.20
150.00
4,4(M.71
7,367.23
2,066.53
482.75
20.00
11.60
121.22
2,600.68
On hand
Julv 1,
1916.
$36,533.36
65, 768. 46
1,676,382.03 1,473,080.21 102,301.82
Total dis-
bursed, de-
posited, and
on band.
$381,417.35
795.914.08
15,200.00
6.309.75
8,246.09
346,770.45
596.22
2,507.27
237.20
150.00
4,464.71
7,367.23
2.966.53
482.75
20.00
11.50
121.33
2,600.68
1,575,382.03
1206 REPOBT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MIUTABY ACADEMY.
No. 3. — Statement of funds received and disbursed from appropriationB for the United
States Military Academy at West Pointy N. y., during thefisccd year ending June SO
1916.
DB.
Balance on hand July 1, 1915:
Fiscal year 1914-16.
Fiscal year 1915.
Fiscal year 1915-16
No year, buildings and grounds.
Reoeiv^ since July 1, 1915:
Fiscal year 1916
Miscellaneous receipts
Cash collections
Total.
CB.
Deposited since July 1. 1915:
Fiscal year 1914-16.
Fiscal year 1915
Fiscal year 1915-16
Fiscal year 1916
Disbursements since July 1, 1916:
Fiscal year 1914-15
Fiscal year 1915
Fiscal year 1915-16
Fiscal year 1916
No year, buildings and grounds.
Balance' on hand July 1, 1916.
Total.
Current
and ordi-
nary ex-
penses.
$366.45
8,405.94
788.52
Miscella-
neous
items and
incidental
expenses.
138,470.00
105.60
13.31
147,777.37
1,962.23
.02
26.45
6,429.17
783.60
126,695.54
11,860.46
147,777.37
$2,657.63
8,201.49
50,872.00
ii'oi
67,129.57
126.70
43.47
80.24
230.75
2,614.16
2,897.10
47,893.93
Buildings
and
grounds.
$2,154.06
No year,
buildings
and
grounds.
90,211.00
92,365.06
1,111.91
3,234.22
57,129.57
1,042.15
'65*655.05"
24,555.95
92,365.06
$7,338.25
7,338.25
633.39
6,704.86
7,338.25
TotaL
$366.45
13.217.63
3,985.01
7.338.35
279,553.00
105.60
44.31
304.610. 2S
126.70
3,137.61
.03
106.60
230.75
10.065.48
3,G!«.tO
240,244.52
633.39
46,355.49
304,610.25
TREASURER UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY AND QUARTERMASTER
AND COMMISSARY FOR THE BATTALION OF CADETS.
The duties of the treasurer have been ably conducted by Capt.
George H. EJstes, TVentieth Infantry. His report given below shows
clearly the essential features of the business conducted by this
department.
I fully concur with his recommendations with respect to a new
cadet laundry.
The following report is submitted by the treasurer:
Statement of business Apr. SO, 1916,
ASSETS.
Accounts receivable $4,341.34
Cadet store stock 66, 835. 66
Cadet mess stock 15, 504. 32
Cadet laundry stock 1, 428. 61
Cadet store 610.90
Treasurer's cash 189, 573. 95
Pay due 29, 300. 00
First class club 184.95
Howitzer, 1916 1,336.87
Tennis account 48. 79
Total 309,165.39
LIABILITIB8.
Accounts payable
Equipment fund
Interest on equipment fund.
Dialectic society
Glee club
I^IiscellaneouB fund
X • JUL • ^/» aV* •••*«••• • • ••« •• «
Reserve fund, store
Reserve fund, mess
Reserve fimd, laundry
$38, 157. 82
224, 793. 48
2,221.81
125.67
.80
7.62
333.37
37. 144. 80
823.30
5, 556. 72
Total 309,165.39
BEPOBT OF THE SUPEBINTENDENT MIUTABY ACADEMY. 1207
TOTAL BUSINESS FOB THE PBBIOD FBOM JULY 1, 1915, TO APB. 30, 1910.
Kcceipte $416,702.23
Disbursements 351, 675. 75
Under authority of the War Department, the treasurer on July 7, 1915, deposited
with the Commercial National Bank, Washington, D. C, the sum of $100,000 of the
equipment fund of the cadets at an annual interest of 3 per cent payable quarterly, the
principal being secured by contract with the Commercial National Bank and bonds
to the amount of $111,800 which received the approval of the Secretary of War and
which are deposited with the treasurer. United States Military Academy. On April
30 the income derived from this fund, namelv, $2,221.81, was apportioned to each
cadet in proportion to his equipmentfund balance as shown by the records of the
treasurer's ollice, United States Mulitary Academy. The average amounts received
by cadets were as follows:
First class $6.73
Second class 4. 70
Third class 3. 02
Fourth class 1.32
The following was the condition of cadets' personal financial standing on April 30,
1916:
First class, out of debt average $605.06 per man.
Second class, out of debt average $50.29 per man.
Third class, out of debt average $64.02 per man.
Fourth claaB, out of debt average $17.23 per man.
In the case of the first class the credit shown includes the equipment fund.
Attention is again invited to the desirability of strict enforcement of the regulations
requiring the sum of $160 to be deposited with the treasurer of the academy l^fore the
candidate is admitted as a cadet. This deposit has not been made in many cases,
and unless it is done it simply means that those cadets who are in debt are carried
alone by loans from other more fortunate ones out of debt. In order that the cadets
^ould be on the same financial basis and that no cadet, due to his larger deposit,
should have the advantage of being able to purchase athletic supplies and other lux-
uries debarred to the cadets in debt, it is recommended that tnis requirement be
strictly enforced as a prerequisite for admission.
Cadet store. — ^The effect of the European war has been sorely felt in the increase in
cost of practically every item of uniform and equipment used by the cadets. By
taking advantage of opportunities to place contracts tor future deliveries and by buy-
ing in odd lots lor casn, every effort has been made to keen down the increased cost
to a minimum.
During the year improvements were made in the gymnasium belt, dress hat, and
raincoat without changing the uniform pattern. A new article of uniform, drill
breeches, was made up in the cadet store shop and issued to members of the corps.
The cadet store building has recently been provided with exterior fire escapes tor
the safety of the men and women employed in the shops on the fourth floor.
Cadet laundry. — ^The demand for a new building is most pressing. It has been nec-
essary to close down on two occasions to shore up floors with beams and posts to pre-
vent serious accident. The building was inspected on May 22, 1916, by Mr. Harry C.
Sweeney, engineer inspector, bureau of buildings, New Vork City, with a view to
determining whether it was in a condition to continue its use without endangering
the lives of employes. He says:
"In conclusion will state that this building as constructed and equipped could not
be erected in the city of New York under existing building laws, as it would be con-
sidered weak and oi insufficient strength, besides not possessing proper protection
in case of fire."
It is doubtful if this building will last another year.
Cadet mess. — ^The increase in cost of every item of food has increased the cost of
board. The average cost per day for the period from July 1, 1915, to April 30, 1916,
was 65 cents per day. For the previous fiscal year the cost was 64 cents per day.
Every indication points to a still further increase in the cost of food supplies.
In anticipation of the enlargement of the Corps of Cadets the seating accommoda-
tions of the mess building have been increased to care for 770 cadets. This is the
maximum that can be handled at one sitting with the present building and equipment.
The interior of the building has been repainted during the year and all Uie frames
of the portraits of distinguished officers hanging in the main dining room have been
regilded.
1208 REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MIUTARY ACADEMY.
Following out the recommendation of the surgeon, all mess employees who handle
food supplies in any capacity are, prior to employment, subjectea to examination
and test oy the surgeon for typhoid and venereal infection, and thereafter monthly
physical inspections are made by the same official. Sanitary drinking foimtains and
inaividual towel racks have been installed in the various wash rooms of employees.
HEALTH AND SANITATION.
The health of officers, cadets, and enlisted men has been excellent.
While the percentages of daily sick, admissions to hospital, and days
lost are shgntly more than last year, there has been notning connected
with the ailments to indicate any lack of the most excellent sanitary
conditions.
The report of the surgeon, Lieut. Col. H. A. Shaw, Medical Corps,
follows:
Corps of cadets. — ^The health of the corps has been excellent throughout the year.
There were 579 hospital admissions during the year, equivalent to an annual admission
rate of 1,000 per thousand, a decrease of 127 pier thousand as compared with the pre-
ceding year; this is the smallest admission recorded during the past 10 years. The non-
effective rate, or the number of cadets constantly in hospital, was 13.82 pcf thousand,
as compared with 19.83 per thousand in 1915; this is the smallest rate during the past
10 years except in 1914 when it was 11.92.
The average number of days' treatment of each case was 5 as compared with 6.4 for
the preceding year, 4 days for 1914, and 4.8 for the preceding four years. The follow-
ing table shows the hospital admission rates and the noneffective rates per thousand
for hospital cases for the past 10 years:
Table I.
Year.
Mean
af'tual
strength
of com-
mand.
19(»-7.
1907-8.
1908-9.
1909-10
1910-11
1911-12
1912-13
1913-14
1914-15
1915-16
440
404
422
417
407
531
515
562
612
579
Crises.
Rate per
1.000.
682
1,550
641
1,586
992
2,350
987
2.366
780
1,916
764
1,438
587
1,139
612
1,088
600
1,127
579
972
Non-
effetire,
rates per
1.000,
hospital.
35.23
32.17
32.n
35.73
28.25
17.70
16.80
11.93
19. 8S
13.33
There were no cases of critical illness nor of dangerous injury under treatment dur-
ing the year. A mild but extremely contagious epidemic of influenza occurred during
December and January, lasting about one month and affecting about 16 per cent of the
corps; 108 cases were admitted to the hospital for treatment, the average duration c^
each case being about four days ; there were no serious complications. Forty-one cases
of contagious catarrhal conjunctivitis were treated in hospital during Blarch and April.
None of the cases were at all serious. One case of larvngeal tuberculosis, occurring in
a cadet on furlough, was transferred to Fort Bayard, N. Mex. Three cases of malaria
appeiuped during the year— one a new case, the other two being recurrences from pre-
vious infections. Tliree cadets were discharged for ph^od disabiUty, for valvular
disease of the heart; one case followed an attack of articular rheumatism, in lino of
duty; the other two occurred previous to entrance into the Military Academy.
Of the 579 hospital admisBtons, general diseases, including 108 influensa, fumiiihed
the greatest proportion, 135, or 23.01 per cent; injuries and other affections duo to
external causes furnished 132, or 22.79 per cent; diseases of the digestive system, 90,
or 16.58 per cent; diseases of the respiratory system, 79^ or 13.64 per cent; and diseases
of the eye and ear, including 41 cases of conjunctivitis, 56, or 9.65 per cent
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY, 1209
Of the 132 affections due to external causes, the greatest proportion were as usual
due to accidents durine riding, the next most frequent were due to football, to gym-
nastic exercieeB, to badly fiUing shoes, to basketball, and to baseball, as follows:
Table II.
^ cridents during riding
Injuries due to football
Accidents during gymnastics
Injuries from badly fitting shoes....
Injuries due to basketball.
Injuries due to baseball
Mttoellaneous accidents and injuries
Total
1914
49
36
13
11
7
3
87
156
The football season was marked by an unusually small number of accidents, most
of them of a trivial nature, no injury being permanent. Twenty-five cases required
hospital treatment, entailing an absence of 159 days from duty, as comparea with
36 cases and 221 days lost in hospital during the preceding season. The freedom of
football players from serious accidents is gratifying and is to be attributed to the fine
physical condition of members of the squad when active fall practice is begun, and
also to file careful oversight on the part of the medical ofiicer on duty with the squad
and of the coaching staff. Accidents are far more likely to occur when a player
begins to tire and when the fine edge of mental and physical fitness has begun to
turn. If at that point the player is taken out of the game most of the serious acci-
dents of football may be avoided. This is the policy which is followed at the academy
and which has given excellent results.
In the last annual report from this office, mention was made of the fact that badly
fitting shoes were the catise of much foot trouble, particularly in the fourth class,
during summer camp. An effort was made to prevent these troubles in the incoming
cla«s by requiring that all new cadets be measured and that shoes of proper size be
issued in accordance with the detailed instructions prescribed by the Wax Depart-
ment for fitting enlisted men. The practical results of this scheme have been ex-
ceedingly satisfactory. Oapt. H. C. Cobxuii, jr., Medical Corps, on duty with the
corps during their week's practice march in August, reported as follows:
In closing this report I desire to call especial attention to the exceedingly small
number of foot injuries treated on this marcn. Only eight cadets reported to the hos-
pital during the entire week on account of blisters or corns due to marching and these
were all of such trifling nature that no duties were missed. I consider this excellent
showing due to the good work done this year in accurately fitting the fourth class with
shoes 0? proper size immediately upon admission to the academy. Last vear many
cadets reported daily with foot trouble, the bulk being made up of fourth classmen
with all forms of injuries due to short shoes. The improvement tiiis year was very
noticeable and it Is hoped that the good results may be perpetuated by the same careful
supervision of footwear as was practiced this summer.
A minimum standard of vision has been fixed by the War Department for graduation
at the Military Academy. The vision "shall not be less than 20/100 in one eye and
20/70 in the other, these defects to be entirely correctible by proper glasses.'' This is
in accordance with the recommendation of Maj. S. H. Wadmuns, M^ical Corps, who
was detailed by the War Department to make a special study of visual defects among
cadets at the academy.
Enlisted m^n.— During the past year there were 231 admissions to sick report, equiv-
alent to an admission rate per thousand of 326, the lowest on record in recent years.
The noneffective rate was also lower than in 1915, being 7.9 per thousand, as compared
with 9.35 for 1915. Both the admission and the noneffective rates are very con-
siderably lower than for the Army at large. The foUowing table shows the number
of admissions, the admission rate, and tne noneffective rate per thousand among
enlisted men for the past six years:
Tablb III.
Admissions to sk-k report
Ratespcr thousind ^
Noneflec' i . c rates
Mean annual btrt^ngth of command
1911
622
825
1&87
640
1912
401
626
14.81
648
1913
415
603
15.26
1914
302
468
11.25
702
1915
359
501
9.35
716
1916
231
326
7.90
706
1210 REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY.
The number of admissions for transmissible diseases was small — including venereal
28, influenza 25, malaria 3, tuberculosis 3. The 3 cases of malaria reported were recur-
rent attacks; the 3 cases of tuberculosis were transferred to Fort Bayard, N. Mex., for
treatment. No case of pneumonia was reported during the year.
Civilian population.— HesAth conditions among civilians attached to this command
have been very satisfactory. A mild epidemic of mumps occurr^ during December
and January among the cnildren of officers and enlisted men, numbering 42 cases.
Nine cases of measles were reported during the year, 3 of chicken pox, and 1 of whoop-
ing cough.
Sanitation. — The sanitary condition of the post has been excellent throughout
the year. The stringent measures against mosquito and fly breeding heretofore
adopted have been successfully carried out. Only eight cases of malaria occurred
during the year, of which seven were recurrences of previous infection. Five cases
were among the cadets, equivalent to an annual admission rate of 8.6 per thousand,
the lowest on record except in 1914; three cases were among enlisted men, an equiva-
lent of 4.2 per thousand.
THE LIBRARY.
The following report submitted by Maj. James E. Runcie, librarian
at the Military Academy, is complete in itself and calls for no com-
ment:
The library of the Military Academy consists practically of a few collections of books
difierine in their nature and purposes.
The first of these may be considered a general library of literature, history, and
art such as would be suitable for any educational institution. Our collection of this
kind is excellent, but not adequate. It does not furnish facilities for study and
research in the various fields of general literature and general history, but with judi-
cious additions, including the best current works of this character, it is believed
that it can be made fairly adequate for the purposes of the Military Academy as a
special school.
Second, a collection of military works, including works in military history and
the development of the art and science of war. This should be always a special
feature of tne library of the academy and should contain substantially every militarv
work produced in our country, every such work of material importance producea
elsewhere, all manuscripts of military memoirs which can be procured, especially
those which bear on the history of our own army and more especially during periodb
of war. These should be supplemented by a collection of military maps and prints.
Our collection of this character, while considerable in quantity ana excellent in
quality, is far from being so complete as it should be to enable officers and military
students to utilize it satisfactorily in their professional or literary work. Efforts
have been made and will continue to be made to supply the deficiencies existing
in the collection and to maintain it up to date by the acquisition of all current publi-
cations on the subjects stated.
The third collection is that of public documents, legislative and executive, from
the General Government and from the governments of the States. The oresent col-
lection of such material is extenaive and adequate, and it is kept up to date by the
addition of all such publications which promise to nave any permanent value.
The fourth part of our library consists of special collectionfl on engineering, law,
chemistry, mathematics, and other sciences taught in the course prescribed for
cadets. Inasmuch as each of the academic departments now possesses a library of
its own relating to its special subjects, it is therefore deemed not necessary to add
extensively to the accumulations under those heads in the academy library.
In addition to the above there is a large collection of fiction, in quantity believed
to be adequate for the needs of the academy for some years to come.
The number of volumes in the library on July 1, 1915. was 95,550. On June 30,
1916, the catalogues show 98,323 volumes, an increase oi 2,773 volumes dming the
year. This is beUeved to be a satisfactory measure of growth for a library of thif
character.
Special efforts have been made to increase our collection relating to the history
of tne armies of the United States. Regular and Volunteer, and also to add to tfa^
material covering the history of the Confederate armies ot the Civil War. These
efforts will be continued, as it ia believed that this is an especially desirable feature
for a library of this character.
Gifts. ~ln the course of the year the library has received many valuable and inter-
eating gifte, among the donors of which (to whom the thanks of all graduatee of the
academy are due) are the following: Col. W. C. Church, library of the United Stataa
KBPOBT OP THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITABY ACADEMY. 1211
Soldiers' Home, Dr. J. C. Rodriprues, Mr. Charles Allen Munn, Mr. Albert A. Hopkins,
Mr. Randall Webb, Sir Gilbert Parker, Mrs. John Van Rensselaer Hoff, Miss Choline
H. Garland, Mrs. Rutherfurd Stuyvesant; Sergt. William Schneider, Mrs. J. Marsden
Lawton, Col. Charles Hernandez. Gen. Enoch A. Crowder, Mr. T. R. M. Talcott,
Col. H. D. Borup, Maj. Gen. Wilham H. Carter, Brig. Gen. H. G. Gibson, Mrs. C. E.
Fox.
Library building. — ^The building in which the library is sheltered, the oldest of the
academic buildings at West Point, is in need of repairs which have not been effected
because the request made in the annual estimates for funds for that purpose have
not been approved. The appropriation for maintenance and increase of tne libraiy
is believed not to be available under a proper construction of the law for the repair
of the library building. A librarv is not a building but is a collection of books and
other printed or written material. The library building is a public building, its
status m that respect being the same as any other public building at the academy.
It would seem, therefore, that the repairs to the library building should be provided
for out of the general appropriation for the repair of all public buildings at the post.
Until this construction of the law is accepted no repairs can be made to the library
building except at the cost of curtailing tne duty of increasing and maintaining the
library itself out of the appropriation for that purpose, which it is believed to be an
illegal application of the money available.
Statistics of circulation. — No means are available for keeping a record of the amount
or character of the reading done in the reading rooms by cadets and others who use
the library. It would not oe possible to keep such a record without denying to readers
free access to all the books on the shelves, and this, it is believed, would be highly
undesirable. A record of books drawn from the library for outside reading is con-
tained in the following table.
An examination of the following table discloses the interesting fact that the first
five months of the year 1916 show, when compared with the corresponding months
of the preceding year, a decrease of 20 per cent in the number of works of fiction
drawn and read by cadets and an increase of 25 per cent in works other than those
of fiction drawn and read by others than cadets.
Statistics of library circulation.
Month.
January . .
Fel riiary.
March
April
May
June
July
1915.
August
Beptember.
October...
November.
December.
January..
February.
March
April
Mav
1916.
Cadets.
Fiction.
Number
of vol-
umes.
Per
cent.
666
547 '
591 (
451 ,
400
179
162
122 1
218
376 I
357 I
489 '
610 I
419 I
553
401
329
68
68
66
67
60
72
73
72
62
62
68
70
65
62
61
64
67
Nonflction.
Other than cadets.
Fiction.
Nonflction.
Number I p.. Number p.. Number I p.,
SL'SI: -'■, °^^': I-'- It: -"
I I
3^*2
279 I
248 I
38o
i68
'/J7
232
236
378
369
390
440
508
424
649
391
286
•48
42
35
52
52
45
43
46
54
60
51
60
56
50
54
55
49
Totel
for
month.
1,786
1.470
1,617
1,402
1,369
760
755
700
1,054
1,345
1,279
1,440
1,683
1,517
1,919
1,405
1,158
MUSEUM.
The ordnance museum occupies several large rooms in the new
headquarter building, and is open for visitors and cadets daily.
It contains a most valuable collection of models of guns, seacoast
1212 REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY.
and field, and of small arms of all ages and kinds; also numerous
military relics of value and historical interest, particularly valuable
is the collection of flags, many of which are now displayed. The
old flags of historical value are being repaired as fast as funds allo^w.
Lieut. Col. W. H. Tschappat, in charge of the museimi submits the
following report:
During the year the following flags have been repaired:
(1) British King's colors; captured during the Revolution. The funds for
the preservation of this flag were supplied by the PriscUla Chapter,
Daughters of the Revolution.
(2) Anspach-Baireuth (German) color; surrendered at Yorktown during the
Revolution. The funds for the preservation of this flag were supplied
by the Colonial Chapter j New York City, Daughters of the Revolution.
^3) National color, Third Ke^ment of Riflemen, 1814-15.
(4) National color, First Regiment of Light Artillery, 180&-1815.
(5) National color, Ninth Raiment of Infantry, 1812-1815.
(6) National color, Fifteenth Kegiment of Infantry, 1812-1815.
(7) National color, Twentv-second Regiment of In^trv, 1812-1815.
(8) National color, Second Regiment, United States Infantry, 1841-1847.
In addition to the above, work was begun on May 16 on an Anspach-Baireuth
(^German) color.
The following is a complete list of flags repaired to date:
(1) British King's colors. Seventh Royal Fusiliers, captured during the
Revolution.
(2) British King's color, approximately about one quarter of the flag, captured
durine the Revolution.
(3) Anspach-Baireuth (German) color; surrendered at Yorktown dining the
Revolution.
(4) Anspach-Baireuth (German) color; surrendered at Yorktown during the
Revolution.
r5) National color. First United States Infantry, 1791-92.
6) Regimental color. Fourth United States Infantry, 179^1811.
[7) Regimental color. Eleventh United States Infantry, 1812-1814.
8) National color, First United States Light Artillery, 1808-1815.
9) National color, Ninth United States Infantry, 1812-1815.
10) National color. Fifteenth United States Infantry, 1812-1815.
[11) National color. Twenty-second United States Infantry, 1812-1815.
12) National color, Third United States Infantry, 1814-15.
;13) National color, Second United States Infantiy, 1841-1847.
>14) Blue silk guidon ; Mexican War period.
15) Guidon, First R^g;iment of Moimted Riflemen, Mexican War.
[16) Blue silk guidon. Civil War period.
7) Headquarters flag, Cavaliy Reserve Brigade, First Division, (Cavalry Corps,
Army of the Potomac; Civil War.
ri8^ Five United States Artillery or Cavalry national guidons; Civil War.
The following articles were received at the museum during the year:
July 8, 1915 — Photograph of Indians, Big Foot's Band of Warriors; photograph of
Indians, Big Foot's Band at Grass Dance on Cheyenne River, August 9, 1890;
Chinese hat, painted Moro cloth; gift of Gen. and Mrs. Samuel 8. Sumner,
United States Army, retired.
July 16, 1915 — Bamboo-wound wooden cannon from Manila, P. I.; gift of Lieut. Rob-
ert C. Cotton, S. C, United States Army.
August 18, 1915 — Colt's revolver from China diuing the Boxer uprising; gift of FiiBt
Lieut. S. Davis Boak, D. C, United States Army.
August 25, 1915 — Slocum revolver; gift of Messrs. Wm. H. Eetler and James R.
Voorhees, Morristown, N. J.
Augtist 30, 1915 — Collection of 14 Moro weapons, shield and provision basket which
were collected by Capt. R. Foster Walton, United States Army, retired; gift of
Mrs. R. Foster Walton.
September 9, 1915 — Walking stick made of one piece of smokeless powder; gift o(
Lieut. H. M. Hobbs, A. C, United States Army.
September 22, 1915— Indian stone war club; gift of Mr. H. S. Parker, Gohasset, Mms.
September 23, 1915— Collection of Ave Moro weapons; gift of Mrs. E. H. Moms, New
York City.
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY. 1213
October 12, 1915 — Fragment of flag with one star, of the Civil War flag of the Fifty-
fifth Regiment, New York State Militia, and volunteers, transferred from tlie
library.
October 28, 1915 — Staff Corps sword with scabbard, worn by Col. Symington, United
States Military Academy, 1815, and model of 6-pounder, United States field
gun, pattern of 1841, on a wooden carriage, made by Col. Symington, gift of Mrs.
John Symington.
December 17, 1915 — Collection of 25 Indian curios; gift of Gen. B. J. D. Irwin, United
States Army, retired.
December 18, 1915 — Collection of 7 Moro curios; gift of Lieut. Wm. W. Edwards,
cavaJry, United States Army.
January 6, 1916 — Four pieces of brown prismatic powder taken firom a sealed case in
the 6-inch magazine of the battleship Maine, having been submerged for over 14
years; gift of Maj. James E. Runcie, United States Army, retired.
January 18, 1916 — Dress coat with epaulets on shoulders, two epaulets, sword belt,
sword-belt frong, two shoulder bars, two sword-scabbard rings, two spurs, service
sword with scabbard, and dress sword with scabbard. These were formerly the
property of and worn by Col. Sylvan us Thayer; gift of Mr. Julius Moulton, St.
Louis, Mo.
March 20, 1916 — Model of outrigger fishing boat from Colombo, Ceylon, and a Porto
Rican musical instrument, made from a gourd; gift of Col. John M. Carson, jr.,
Q. M. C, United States Army.
During the year one double-door, Library Bureau, wall case, size 80 by 80 by 16
inches was installed for the display of Indian curios, and one Library Bureau case
with fittings, size 126 by 80 by 20 inches was designee for the display of four German
Mercenaries flags that were captured during the Kevolutionary War. This case ban
been ordered.
WATER SUPPLY.
The following report of Lieut. Col. M. L. Walker, Coqjs of En-
gineers, in charge of the water supply, is so complete that no com-
ments are necessary:
The water-supply system has given practically no trouble during the past 12 months,
and is in excellent condition.
Water has been secured from Queensboro Brook, except the period Julv 24, 1915,
to September 8, 1915, when it was necessary, due to the failure of the Queensboro
supply, to draw on Popolopen Creek.
Tne sanitary conditions on both Queensboro Brook and Popolopen Creek have in
the main been satisfactory, but constant inspection is necessary to see that these
conditions are maintained.
The water throughout the year has been clear and soft and the filtered water satis-
factory from a bacteriological standpoint. Examination of both raw and filtered water
is made monthly by the surgeon, and a Quarterly laboratory test is made through
the courtesy of the New York State Health Department.
Referring to the remarks contained in my last annual report concerning the neces-
sity for a separate water system for fire and power purposes, use in stables, etc., some
steps looking to a rearrangement of our water supply will be urgently needed in the
immediate future to care for the large increase in the number of cadets authorized
by recent legi^jlation.
The Palisades Interstate Park Commission has been authorized by the Secretary of
War to construct three artificial lakes in Queensboro Brook for the impounding of its
waters. The rights of West Point water supply are amply protected while the filling
of these basins is in progress and when they are full it is believed great benefit wiU
result to West Point by enabling the supply to be drawn from Queensboro Brook the
entire year. As previously remarked, water drawn from our other sources, Popol-
open Creek, is not nearly so good as that from Queensboro.
The consumption of water continues very large, but rarely exceeds 1,000,000 gallons
per day, an improvement over preceding years. Effort is continuous to prevent
waste, and the condition now appears satisfactory.
Lusk Reservoir was full to overflowing except 135 days durine the year.
The maximum recorded daily consumption was 1,285,000 gallons January 9, 1916,
and the minimum on Septemoer 21, 1915, 919,000 gallons. The average has been
1,054,770 gallons per day. Total for the year 385,991,050 gallons.
Personnel. — No change has taken place in personnel during the past year. My
thanks are due to the officers, enlistea men, and civilians connected with the affairs
for which I am responsible, who have one and all rendered satisfactory service.
1214 BEPOBT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITABY ACADEMY.
CHAPLAIN.
I regard the duties and influence of a chaplain at West Point as
about the most important of any in the miUtary service. There are
now about 600 cadets and a population of about 1,000 people on the
post to whom he administers. He not only conducts the church
services, Simday schools, young men's clubs, girls' friendship society,
and other social improvement organizations, but assists the cadets'
Young Men's Christian Association, which has an attendance of from
100 to 200 at its meetings and a membership including nearly the
entire Corps of Cadets. His good influence in these and all the other
pastoral duties common in all parishes can not be overestimated.
The pay of the chaplain is not at all adequate for this important
Eosition at West Point, nor commensurate with the work done or
enefit derived, and should be increased from that of a captain, $2,400,
to that of a major, $3,000.
CHAPEL ORGANIST AND CHOIRMASTEB.
The organist and choirmaster is another person who is inadequately
paid. For five years mv predecessor and myself have urged without
success an mcrease in nis pay from $1,200 a year to the pay and
aUowances (without the rank) of a second Ueutenant. The present
incumbent, Mr. Frederick C. Mayer, is a musician and an organist
of rare ability, and besides has a temperament and individuality that
appeal most strongly and favorably to cadets. It is because of these
attainments and qualities that he is able to maintain a voluntary
choir of 90 cadets for chapel services and train them in music to a
degree that has made this feature a pride and a deUght to all who
attend the cadet chapel services at West Point. Like the services of
our present chaplam, the good and inspiring influences of the present
choirmaster ana organist can not be overestimated, and the modest
increase asked in his pay is by no means a full measure for the benefits
received by the cadets and others at West Point.
DETACHMENTS.
The following detachments are maintained at West Point as
necessary in connection with the instruction of cadets, maintenance
of buildmgs and grounds, and as clerical and other help about the
offices of various departments at the academy:
The detachment of Engineere.
The detachment of Field Artillery.
The detachment of Cavalry.
The Army service detachment.
The Quartermaster Corpa.
The detachment of Engineers is under charge of the professor of
practical military engineering, and the Engineer officers detailed to
assist him. It lumishes the personnel for the assistance of these
officers in instructing cadets, as well as the labor connected there-
with in pontoon bridges, surveying, signahng, telegraphy, etc., all
as indicated in the report of tJie professor of practical military engi-
neering on pages 1196-1198. It also does guard and other military
duty.
BEPOET OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY. 1215
The following report is submitted by Lieut. Col. M. L. Walker,
Corps of Engineers:
This organization is under the command of the professor of practical military engi-
neering. It performs guard duty and some garrison police, assists in all cadet instruc-
tion, and itself receives practically the same instruction as is given to other Engineer
troops of the Army.
The authorized strongth of the detachment is 100 men, and the average strength
during the year has been 95.75. Recruits were asked for and received in October,
1915, and March, 191G, to fill all vacancies. This has proved more satisfactory than
having men dribble in throughout the year. The recruits supplied have been
excellent material, and experience during the year indicates that better results are
obtained from green recruits of good quality than from assignment of reenlisted men.
4: ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
As reported last year, the barracks are inadequate to house the detachment prop-
erly, there bein^ space for but 70 men. At this time some 33 men are married, and
are either supplied with married quarters or rent quarters for themselves in the neigh-
borhood.
The barracks should be enlarged and modernized.
The gymnasium of the detacmnent has been ceiled with compo board, the expen:<e
being borne by tlie amusement association of the organization. It has further been
repainted throughout and the woodwork finish much improved. The men now have
an attractive gymnasium and assembly room.
The club for enlisted men mentioned in last annual report has been successfully
maintained by the efforts of the chaplain, assisted by Sergt. Williams of this detach-
ment, the detachment commander cooperating. An attractive meeting place is
provided for the enlisted men at the north end of the garrison, and it is believed much
good is accomplished thereby.
There has been an unusually large number of desertions (12) from the detachment
during the past year. Seven of those men are known to have joined the Canadian
troops for service in Europe,
It is believed the discipline and instruction of the detachment for the past year
have been satisfactory.
ARMY SERVICE DETACHMENT.
This detachment is under the quartermaster and furnishes labor-
ers, skilled and unskilled, for the upkeep of buildings and grounds,
police, and the usual work about a military post. A material
change in its organization with an increase of 27 in its personnel
has been asked of Congress in the Military Academy bill for 1917.
The present organization is not adapted or properly balanced as to
noncommissioned officers and privates for the work required of it,
and its members are not sufficient for the work that should be done
by the detachment, thus necessitating the hire of many civilians
for double and treble this pay of men in this detachment doing the
same kind of work. It is oelieved a saving will be made because of
this if the detachment is reorganized and increased as asked.
QUARTERMASTER CORPS.
The Quartermaster Corps, in addition to the usual duties per-
formed at other posts, also assists in the instruction of cadets in
packing, etc.
The Cavalry and Artillery detachments are each under the com-
mand of a line officer detailed for that purpose and who are each
assisted by a lieutenant of the line. These detachments have charge
of stables and animals and the horse and battery equipments used
in cadet as well as in their own instruction; they also furnish men
to assist in such instruction and they perform both stable and post
guard duty.
1216 REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY.
The Artillery detachment should be materially increased. It has
now about the same number of men as a field battery, but has three
times the equipment in ^uns and some 20 more animals to care for.
It not only performs all the duties connected with cadet drills, firings,
etc., but is itself drilled and instructed the same as any field battel,
and furnishes the personnel for service practice by the Field ArtiUery
officers stationed at West Point.
ORDNANCE DETACHMENT.
The following report is submitted by the commanding officer of
this detachment, Lieut. Col. W. H. Tschappat:
The work of thia detachment consists principally in receiving and issuing ammu-
nition for target practice; caring for seacoast armament at the post; repairing, alter-
ing, and handling target material for cadet tai^get practice; furnishing the enlisted
personnel required in the museum; furnishing assistance in instruction of cadets in
shopwork, and keeping in good order the grounds and buildings pertaining to the
ordnance laboratory. This work has been satisfactorily perform^ during the year.
IMPROVEMENTS TO ROADS AND GROUNDS.
These improvements refer to the bridle paths and roads connecting
the wooded and hilly section of the reservation with the main roads.
Following is the report submitted by Col. M. L. Walker, Corps of
Engineers, on this subject:
This work was prosecuted during the year in accordance with the original plana
designed by Olmstead Jkos.
The trail from Fort Putnam to Redoubt No. 4 was completed and surfaced through-
out and is a valuable addition to the communications about the reservation.
In the southwest corner of the reservation, vicinity of th^ Cornwall croflsroads,
several short connecting trails were completed.
During the coming season it is proposed to work upon the trail circling the crest of
Crow Nest, and it is hoped to complete this in the one season.
With the prevalence of automobile traflSc on all roads these trails are a real necessity
for proper horseback exercise of officers stationed here and a great and increasing
use IS made of them for this purpose.
THE BOARD OF VISITORS.
For the first time in two years a Board of Visitors from the House
Military Committee visited West Point this year on May 31, con-
sisting of the following Members: Hon. Ashton C. Shallenberger,
Nebraska; Hon. Michael F. Farley, New York; Hon. Richard Olney,
2d, Massachusetts; Hon. Frank L. Greene, Vermont; Hon. Thomas S.
Crago, Pennsylvania.
Ever since the law of March 4, 1909, became effective these visits
have been made by committees selected from the military commit-
tees of Congress, and because of their other pressing duties their
visits invariably have been too brief to obtain a tnorougn understand-
ing of the conditions and necessities of the academy.
I believe better results would obtain if these committees were
composed in part of men prominent in educational work, and that
these committees should visit the academy in October or November
while the academic duties are in progress, and remain here several
days. Another matter in this connection appeals to me as impor-
tant: Some years ago it was the custom for the Board of Visitors to
BEPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY. 1217
make a written report setting forth their views and recommenda-
tions as the result of their inspection. If these boards — composed,
as I recommend, part from the military committees of Congress and
part from men prominent in education — could remain here suffi-
ciently long to become acquainted with the workings and needs of
the academy, and would make an independent written report thereon,
I am sure it would be of assistance to Congress in making many of the
appropriations for the academy, and would also be of value to the
academy in its educational worK.
ALUMNI.
There were 218 of the alumni who visited the academy this year
during graduation week, as compared with 300 last year. Special
efforts were made to induce them to come, and it was Ratifying to
see so many of them with us and to feel the splendid influence of
their abiding faith and pride in our alma mater. There were reunion
dmners at West Pomt by the classes of 1865, 1866, 1867, 1875, 1876,
1881, 1886, 1890, 1891, 1901, 1904, 1906, 1909, 1911, and 1916. Two
hundred attended the alumni limcheon in the West Point army
mess. The class of 1867 is among the most enthusiastic of those who
return to their alma mater, and its members have, I believe, agreed
to return for a reunion dinner at West Point at every graduation
period. In this connection I am gratified to see the increasing inter-
est and attendance at alumni dinners held in New York, San Fran-
cisco, Fort Bliss, and Honolulu — ^this year about March 16, the anni-
versary of the creation of the Mihtary Academy.
It is my hope that the alumni will return to West Point in increas-
ing numbers from year to year and give cheer and support to those
here on duty, mingle their pride with ours and each others' as loyal
sons of the Military Academy, and if not at West Point then at the
March alumni dinners. There is much that the alumni can do for
the academy in the support of its high ideals and best traditions,
and they can do this better, whether in the service or out of it, if
they will return often to their alma mater, imbibe anew the spirit of
West Point, see what has been changed and what retained of the
West Point they knew, not only in the buildings and groimds, but
in the instruction, drilling, and handling of cadets.
GIFTS.
The beautiful bronze equestrian statue of Gen. Washington referred
to in my last report as having been tendered as a gift to the United
States Military Academy by a patriotic citizen, a veteran of the Civil
War, was formally dedicated with appropriate ceremonies on Friday,
May 19, 1916.
Maj. Gen. Thomas H. Barry, United States Army, presented to the
Military Academy for installation in the belfry of the Catholic chapel
one of the bells tnat Aguinaldo had sent to Sablan during the insur-
rection against the authority of the United States. This particular
bell is known as ^*San Pedro."
69176'— WAZ 1916--VOL 1 77
1218 KEPORT OP THE SUPERINTENDENT MILITARY ACADEMY.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The superintendent's advisers and assistants in the conduct of the
affairs of the academy are the academic hoard, the staff, and its
assistants. Their advice and help have heen efficient and loyal and
always given in the spirit of harmony and cooperation for the best
interests of the academy.
To them and all others concerned in the administration of the
academy all thanks are due for such success as has been attained.
Owing to the expiration of my tour of duty as superintendent of
the Military Academy on June 30, this will be the last annual report
submitted by me, and I desire here to record my, grateful thanl^ to
all those who have served under me for their splendid assistance and
loyal service.
One thing I feel it my duty to recommend for early and favorable
consideration. The dignity of the position of the superintendent of
this academy makes it very important that he shoula have the rank
of a general officer, whatever his rank may be when detailed to this
position. I recommend that the law which now gives him the rank
of colonel, section 1310, Revised Statutes, be changed to give him
the rank of brigadier general.
C. P. TOWNSLEY,
Coumd, Coast Artillery Corps, SuperintendeiU,
REPORT OF THE CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTAKOOGA
KATIOiNAL MILITARY PARK COMMISSION.
1219
REPORT OF CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA
NATIONAL MILITARY PARK COMMISSION.
War Department,
Chickamauoa and Chattanooga
National Military Park Commission,
Chattanooga^ Tenn,^ September 6^ 1916.
Sir: Tlie commissioners have the honor to submit the following
report of the progress of the work under their charge for the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1916 :
PARK AREA.
No additional land has been acquired since the date of our last
report.
ROADS.
Of the 102.14 miles of roads in the park system, 95.34 miles of
roadway were improved during the fiscal year at a cost of $23,254.87*
This amount includes the cost of material, the hire of labor and all
expenses incident to hauling and spreading 15,761 cubic yards of
gravel and crushed stone; 4,509 loads of rock and 5,318 loads of
dirt, dumped; 481 culverts and 408,999 linear feet of ditches,
cleaned. It also includes $600.17 for the general repair, reflooring
and painting of bridges. The average cost of maintenance was
$243.91 per mile. Owing to the increased travel over the park
roads by automobiles* and heavily laden trucks and wagons oper-
ating, not only from adjacent towns in the State of Georgia, but
from Fort Oglethorpe and the military training camp established
on Chickamauga Park during the past summer, the cost of mainte-
nance shows an increase of $1,011.23 over that of last year. The
Government roads in the park and what are known as the ap-
proaches are many of them public highways. With the increase
of population, the establishment of factories, cotton mills, etc., the
park roads are subjected to an ever increasing travel for pleasure
and business purposes. Some of the park roads are included as
a part of the route followed by the Dixie Highway.
FIELD WORK.
The total amount expended for field work during the year was
$5,628. The following table shows the expenditures upon the several
reservations :
Georgia division:
Chickamaupa Park $4, 474. 33
Tennessee division:
Bragg Reservation 24.57
De Long Reservation 96. 2.5
Ohio Reservatlan 12. 97
Sherman Reservation 137.64
Cravens Reservation 343. 05
Seventy-third Pennsylvania monument site 1. 50
Point Park, Lookout Mountain 315.00
Orchard Knob 1 222. 69^
1221
1222 CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA NAT. MIL. PABK COMMISSION.
There are 6,543.49 acres of land embraced in the several reserva-
tions of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Park. Chicka-
mauga Park contains 5,562.78 acres, about two-thirds of which is in
forest. The work of clearing out the underbrush and opening up
the woodlands has been continued with good results during the
year, making it possible to readily locate the numerous monuments,
markers, ana tablets in the districts covered by these operations, and
at the same time aflFording a protection to the young timber from
forest fire.
MONUMENTS, TABLETS, TOWERS, ETC.
The foundation for the Ohio monument to be erected in the
Cravens Reservation, on the eastern slope of Lookout Mountain, was
completed at a cost of $404.73. It is understood that the Ohio com-
mission is making arrangements for the dedication of this monu-
ment in October next.
The expenditure for the maintenance of the monuments, tablets,
towers, etc., was $360.68, as shown in the following statement :
Monuments and markers, repairs $56. 05
Tablets, painting and repairs 161.89
Gun carriages, painting 76.20
Towers, liglitnlng rod and repairs 61. 25
Signboards, etc. 5. 29
BUILDINGS.
The buildings in the park have for a long time been badly in need
of repair. Most of them are mere shacks, taken over when the park
was purchased and retained because of some historical interest, or
found to be necessary as homes for regular employees. These houses
are located in the various sections of the park, in both the Tennessee
and Georgia divisions, where the employees occupying them act as
a guardian or police force in protecting valuable Government prop-
erty, suppressing disorderly conduct, and stamping out forest fires.
The occupation of these houses by employees has also proved to be
of ffreat benefit in retaining and controlling competent labor.
The total expenditure for the repair and maintenance of buildings
during the year was $1,072.59. This amount includes the cost of
painting, whitewashing, flooring, roofing, and repairs to chimneys.
In addition to the above expenditure for repair of buildings,
$521.01 was expended for the construction of a crusher shelter,
garage, and road-roller house, which were very much needed as a
protection for park equipment.
REVOCABLE LICENSES AND LEASES.
During the year the following revocable licenses and leases were
granted by the Secretary of War:
Clinttaiioogft Railway & Light Co.: Permission to erect poles and string
wires across the Cravens Reservation for purpose of furnishing electricity to
property owners. Dated September 11, 1915.
ChattanooKn Railway & Ll^ht Co.: Pennlsslon to erect poles, wires, and
cables on Government Dry Valley Road, for purpose of distributing elec-
tricity for light and power. Dated January 5, 1916.
CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA NAT. MIL. PARK COMMISSION. 1223
Central of Georgia Railway Co.: Permission tx) cross Government Hoolter
Road with spur track. Dated March 4, 1916.
Chattanooga Gas & Coal Products Co. : Permission to cross Government
Hooker Road with 18-inch sewer pipe. Dated March 31, 1916.
City Water Co. of Chattanooga: Permission to lay 800 feet of 8-inch water
pipe on Government Hooker Road. Dated April 21, 1916.
City Water Co. of Chattanooga: Permission to extend 4-inch water
pipe through Cravens Reservation, for benefit of property owners. Dated
April 26, 1916.
City of RossvUle: Permission to lay water mains on Government roads
leading through town of Rossville, Ga. Dated May 17, 1916.
Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway Co. : Permission to extend three
spur tracks across Government Hooker Road. Dated June 26, 1916.
LEASES.
S. W. Divine and Capt. Charles A. Lyerly: Rent of land for agricultural
purposes. Dated September 11, 1915 ; surren<lered March 16, 1916
Lewis M. Coleman: Rent of land for agricultural purposes. Dated April
12, 1916.
SOUTHERN MILITARY TRAINING CAMP.
During the months of May and June, 1916, the southern military
training camp was held in Chickamauga Park. The territory from
which students were drawn for this camp embraced 20 States, and
local committees were maintained and funds subscribed by citizens
of Chattanooga for the purpose of offering the military authorities
every assistance. The oamp was under the command of Lieut. Col.
Daniel W. Ketcham, Coast Artillery Corps, and 465 students re-
ceived instructions. The following regular troops participated in
the camp : Forty-first, Forty-ninth, One hundred and sixty-sixth, and
One hundred and sixty-eighth Companies, Coast Artillery Corps,
Troop A, Second Cavalry, one company of Engineers, and a detach-
ment of the Medical and Signal Corps.
Under the act of Congress approved March 3, 1915, making ap-
propriations for the sundry civil expenses of the Government for
the fiscal year ended Jime 30, 1916„ and for other purposes, the sum
of $55,260 was appropriated for continuing the establishment of the
Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park.
The receipts and expenditures were as follows :
Receipts and Expenditures fob the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1916.
receipts.
Balance July 1. 191.5, no-year appropriathm $9,000.32
Rent of land in Point Paric 200.00
Rent of land in Chickamauga Parii 11."). 00
Rent of land in Cravens Reservation 6.00
$9, 321. 32
expenditures.
[From balance of July 1, 1915, no-year appropriation. 1
Construction, inclosures and fences $58. 56
Maintenance:
Buildings 71. 83
Roads and wallas 1. SO
Equipment, statiouery 4.*] 4. 40
.V>G6. 50
1224 OHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA NAT. MIL. PARK COMMISSION.
OUTSTANDING OBLIGATIONS.
Unexpended stores on hand :
Stationery $7.36
Miscellaneous stores 4. 51
$11. 87
Balance available July 1, 1916, no-year appropria-
tion 8, 742. 86
$9. 321. 32
RECEIPTS.
Balance July 1, 1915, 1914 appropriaticm 201. 38
EXPENDITURES.
[From balance of July 1, 1915, 1914 appropriation.]
Maintenance ; tools $0. 98
Surplus fund warrant No. 36 200. 40
201.38
BECEIPTS.
Balance July 1. 1915, 1915 appropriation 127. 49
Canceled obligation (city water company revocable license) 31.88
159.37
EXPENOrrUBES.
[From balance of July 1, 1915, 1915 appropriation.]
Maintenance; office expense $0.22
Unexpended stores on liand ; stationery . 86
1.08
Unexpended balance, appropriation fiscal year 1915 158. 29
159.37
RECEIPTS.
Appropriation for fiscal year 1916 55,260.00
EXPENDITURES.
Salaries of commissioners $9,900.00
Salary of assistant secretary 1,833.33 ^
Salaries of superintendent and assistants 7,056.17
CJonstruction :
Buildinps 521.01
Field work 472. 09
Inclosures and fences 85.36
Monuments, tablets, towers, etc 408.48
Roads and walks—, 21.10
Maintenance :
Buildings 951.69
Holidays (Labor Day and Thaiiksj;ivinj; Day) 129.50
Office expense 63.00
Telegrams 13. 51
Transportation of persons 11.50
Transportation of things .64
Water supply 29. 66
Field work 4,345.97
Inclosures and fences 187. 13
Machinery 117. 55
Means of transiM)rtntl(m 1,321.41
Monuments, tablets, timers, etc 290.07
Roads and walks 21, 141. 48
Tools 262. 03
CHICKAMAXJGA AND CHATTANOOGA NAT. MIL. PARK COMMISSION. 1225
Equipment :
Furniture $0.60
Means of transportation 2. 75
Tools 185. 90
Machinery 50. 00
Unexpended stores on hand:
Stationery 225.48
Miscellaneous stores 253. 86
$49, 881. 27
OUTSTANDING OBLIGATIONS.
Salaries of commissioners 900.00
Salary of assistant secretary 166. 67
Salaries of superintendent and assistants 660. 00
Construction : Field work 286. 60
Maintenance :
Building 49. 07
Office expense 1.10
Telegrams . 90
Field work 523. 34
Inclosures and fences 1.35
Machinery 14. 53
Means of transportation 38.99
Monuments, tablets, towers, etc 11. 86
Roads and walks 2,091.21
Tools 27. 40
Equipment :
Tools 2. 50
Machinery 24. 50
Unexpended stores on hand:
Stationery 11. 04
Miscellaneous stores 567.67
5. 378. 73
Recapitulation.
beceipts.
Balance, July 1, 1915 (no-year appropriation) $9,000.32
Rent of land in Point Park 200. 00
Rent of land in Chickamaugua Park 115. 00
Rent of land in Cravens reservation 6. 00
Balance, July 1, 1915 (1914 appropriation) 201. 38
Balance, July 1, 1915 (1915 appropriation) 127. 49
Canceled obligation (city water company) 31.88
Appropriation for fiscal year 1916 55, 260. 00
55. 260. 00
64. 942. 07
EXPENDITURES.
From no-pear appropriation $578. 46
From appropriation, fiscal year 1914 201. 38
From appropriation, fiscal year 1915 1. 08
From appropriation, fiscal year 1916 55, 260. 00
Available balance, July 1, 1916, no-year appropriation 8, 742. 86
Unexpended balance, July 1, 1916. 1915 appropriation 158. 29
$56, 040. 92
8, 901. 15
64, 942. 07
1226 CHICKAMAUQA AND CHATTANOOGA NAT. MIL. PARK COMMISSION.
Statement of Condition of the Pakk, June 30, 1916.
Area:
Chickamauga Park acres— 5, 562. 78
Fort Oglethrope Reservation.-. . do 810. 38
Lookout Mountain —
Cravens Reservation acres.. 85. 35
Point Park do 16. 50
101. 85
Missionary Ridge —
Siierman Reservatloft ^ do 50.00
De Long Reservation do 5.25
Oliio Reservation , do 1. 50
Bragg R^ervation do 2.50
59.25
Orcliard Knob Reservation ..acres.. 7.36
Total land purchased do 6.541.62
Land donated for monument sites do 1. 87
Total area, exclusive of rights of way for road purposes — do — 6, 543. 49
Average cost per acre for land purchased $48. 15
Miles of finished and improved roadways 102
Bridges :
Number 20
Cost $39, 47a 73
Number of guns mounted: Union, 129; Confederate, 116; total 245
Number of cast-iron historical tablets 638
Number of cast-iron distance and locality tablets 360
Number of bronze historical tablets 61
Number of Army and corps headquarters shell monuments 14
Number of memorial shell monuments, brigade commanders killed:
Union, 5; Confederate, 4; total * 9
Number of State monuments 232
Number of State markers 431
Number of observation towers : Iron, 70 feet high, 5 ; stone, 85 feet
high, 1 ; total 6
Appropriations made by Congress, $2,031,718.75.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
C. H. Grosvenor,
Chairman of Commissio/i.
The Secretary of War,
REPORT OF THE GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY
PARK COMMISSION.
1227
1230 GETTYSBUEG NATIONAL MILITABY PARK COMMISSION.
York commission had plans and specifications made for the founda-
tion. All other arrangements had been made. In August, 1915,
Col. Beckwith, engineer of the New York commission, came to
Gettysburg to superintend the erection of the statue; on August
11 the engmeer of this commission staked out the foundation lines,
the excavation was made, the foundation built, the pedestal erected,
and the statue mounted. The dedication exercises were held Octo-
ber 12, attended by a very large assemblage. New York State and
City were well represented.
Col. Stegman, chairman, conducted the proceedings ; many speakers
took part. A granddaughter of Gen. Webb unveiled the statue,
and Battery E, Third United States Field Artillery, present for the
occasion, fired the salute. The oration was delivered by Ma]. Gen.
James W. Latta, of Philadelphia. Gov. Whitman ; Gen. H. C. King,
of New York; Col. Andrew Cowan, of Kentuckv* president of the
Society of the Army of the Potomac, and Dr. Miller, of the Phila-
delphia Brigade, were among the speakers.
While the New York commission was at Gettysburg on June 24
they agreed with the National Park Commission iipon sites for four
markers to mark the positions of the Seventieth, oeventy-first. Sev-
enty-second, and Seventy-fourth New York Regiments of Infantry of
the Excelsior Brigade.^ These had been delivered 25 years before to
the Gettysburg Memorial Association, but were never located. They
are now along the west boundary line of the Excelsior Field and were
erected under contract with C. W. Ziegler & Co. in July, 1915.
THE PENNSYLVANIA MEMORIAL.
As reported in 1915, additional work was needed on this monu-
ment. Much has been done this year for its preservation by guard-
ing against the action of water and freezing weather. This has been
done at the expense of the State of Pennsylvania, Gen. Henry S,
Huidekoper, chairman of the commission, and under the supervision
of the Gettysburg National Park Commission.
THE VIBOINIA MEMORIAL.
The pedestal was erected in 1912 for the statute and other bronze
work. We have no information in regard to the completion of this
Memorial.
THE GEN. J. L. CHAMBERLAIN STATUS.
A commission was appointed by the governor of Maine to take the
necessary steps looking to the erection of a bronze statue to Bvt.
Maj. Gen. Joshua L. Chamberlain on Little Round Top. A ccHnmit-
tee visited the battlefield, viewed certain locations suggested, but no
information in the matter has been received.
THE GEN. O. O. HOWARD STATUS.
A committee was appointed five years ago to select a site for an
equestrian statue to Gen. O. O. Howard— ilaj. Gen. Chamberlain,
chairman ; Brig. Gen. Tilden, and Maj. S. C. Gordon. The report of
1911 states that the committee visited the field June 9, viewing
GETTYSBUEG NATIONAL MILITABY PABK COMMISSION. 1231
various locations, to make a report to the governor on the subject
upon their return to Maine. Nothing has been received of any
future action.
mhitart avenues.
The activity in respect to avenues has been mainly maintenance.
Efforts have been made to have a good system of piked avenues con-
structed on the East Cavalry Battlefield. All the preliminary engi-
neering was done for the purpose, and the commission prepared to
begin the construction as soon as authorized by the War Department.
Culverts were built in 1915 and the subgrade and grade lines staked.
Specifications and blue prints were furnished to contractors, and bids
were received for building 2 miles of avenue. The bids were all high
and were canceled. In the autumn of 1915 modified bids upon
reduced specifications were asked for. A very low bid was made by
M. & T. E. Farrell, who have built many avenues on the field. Their
bid was reported and authority received on April 27, 1916, to make a
contract for the work, which was begun on June 5, 1916.
About 2,000 tons of screenings have been contracted for, which
have been delivered in Gettysburg, hauled and spread upon the sur-
face of the avenues and the connecting public roads which have been
ceded by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to the United States,
and jgraded and piked by the commission. These screenings were
furmshed, delivered, hauled, and spread by Samuel Robinson at a
cost of $2.08 per ton.
GUTTER PAVING AND REPAIRS.
The gutter paving which was begun last year on Hunt Avenue was
continued and completed during the summer and autumn of 1915.
In the early spring, as soon as the frost is well out of the ground,
workmen go over all the gutter paving, ramming down the Ime and
side stones, before going to work at new paving. The winter of
1915-16 was an open one, with short intervals of frost in the ground,
consequently the paving has suffered very little. About 1,500 feet
of gutter on Williams Avenue had been paved when work on the
field stopped in December, 1915 ; also 300 feet of paving on Slocum
Avenue. After the winter had passed and work was resumed in the
spring the pavers went to work on Meade Avenue, where they have
completed 300 feet, and also about 2,000 feet on the sides of other ave-
nues on the field where such work had been previously reported to be
needed, continuing their work until the close of this report, June
30, 1916.
GUN CARRIAGES.
The total number of mounted guns on the battlefield enumerated in
the last report was 404. The following mounted guns have been
added to batteries having two guns each :
Two 3-inch rifles to Cushing's Battery A, Fourth United States
Artillery.
Two 3-inch rifles to Arnold's battery, Rhode Island Artillery.
Two Napoleons to Randol's Batteries E and G, First United States
Artillery.
A total of 410 guns on the field.
1232 GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK COMMISSION.
Two additional limbers were furnished by Maj. Calvin Gilbert
and mounted with those of Cushing's United States Battery.
An additional caisson was furnished and mounted for Cushing''8
battery,
BRIDGES AND CULVERTS.
A new floor was put in the Reynolds Avenue Bridge, crossing the
Western Maryland Kailroad, and completed April, 1915. Other re-
pairs to bridges were as follows : All the stone bridges and abutments
were pointed, and a new culvert built on section 7, on the road to
Sharpshooters Monuments, in the Pitzer Woods.
PAINTING.
The painters have been employed principally upon renewing the
coating on gun carriages, iron tablets, avenue pipe fencing, railing
along avenues and on bridges, and on United States farm buildings.
CLEANING BRONZE TABLETS.
The lettering on bronze tablets erected by the commission to the
armies, corps, divisions^ and brigades have been repolished on the
battlefield and on the United States Regulars Army Monument.
MOWING.
The season was backward in May, and the mowing parties went to
work about the 10th of the month. There was one party with a horse
lawn mower and one party with one-horse side-bar mower, assisted
by mowers with scythes and hand lawn mowers for work on the banks
and around monuments and markers. This work is continued until
the grass stops growing in the autumn.
MAPS AND PRINTS.
The second edition of the lithographic map of the Gettysburg
National Park, printed in 1913, having been entirely exhausted, cor-
rections and additions were made to show additional work on the
battlefield, and a third edition of 500 copies, 1916, has been ordered,
A number of new tracings have been made from which many copies
in blue print have been prmted for use in continuing the work on the
field and for distribution, together with many copies from previously
drawn tracings, as they are called for, for various purposes. Such
have been furnished in many cases in large numbers by the com-
mission.
BOOK OF LOCATION OF MONUMENTS, ETC.
The fourth edition of this was placed in the hands of the printer
February, 1916. The subject matter had been carefully prepared
from the last edition, with additions and corrections. Five hundred
copies were ordered and received May 1, 1916, and are now being
distributed upon request.
A perspective drawing had been made of the Gettysburg National
Park in colors, 16 by 20 inches dimensions. A contract has been
GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MHJTABY PARK COMMISSION. 1233
a¥7arded for 1,000 copies, which will be ready for distribution in
July, 1916.
UNITED STATES MARINES.
On July 17, 1916, a detachment of officers of the United States
Marine Corps, Capt. H. S. Snyder commanding, came to Gettysburg
and took quarters in the old Pennsylvania College Building. They
were ordered here for the purpose of observation, and for studying,
sketching, and mapping the topographical features of the battlefield.
WEST POINT CADETS.
The graduatuig classes of the United States Military Academy,
West Point, began to make their visits to the Gettysburg Battlefield
in 1902, by order of the War Department, under the command of
Col. G. J. Fiebeger, United States Ai'my, instructor in engineering.
The class of 1916 reached Gettysburg this year on May 1, returning
to West Point on May 3 ; there were 7 officers and 125 cadets.
FARMS 'AND BXTILDINGS.
No new buildings of this character have been erected during the
year. Repairs have been made to existing structures for their preser-
vation.
Eighteen properties were under lease during the year. Ninety-five
acres of land acquired by the commission were adaed to the acreage
of the previous year, making the total acreage for the year 1,399.62.
Two changes of tenants were made during the year, one at the
Masonheimer property and the other at the Bushman farm.
Three small new building were built during the year at each of the
following places: The Masonheimer property, the Hummelbaugh
property, and the Bryan House.
The tenants are required to whitewash the buildings and fencing
where needed with whitewash made according to the United States
Government formula.
E2LAMINATI0N FOR BATTLEFIELD GUIDES.
In compliance with an order of the War Department the contem-
Elated examination of the qualification of persons who for years have
een acting as battlefield guides was taken up by the commission.
On August 1, 1915, notices were published that applications would
be received from persons wishing to be examined as guides. Ninety-
five persons^applied, almost all of whom had experience on the field.
They were given written examinations in classes of 10 to 15, the time
extending to October 5, 1915. Ninety-one passed the examination
and were given licenses.
There were three classes: Thirty-seven first class; thirty-eight
second class; sixteen third class.
Four failed. None were licensed under 18 years of age.
Owing to the low percentage made by those of the second and third
classes, the commission notified them that instructions in the duties
of guides would be given them during the months of January and
February, 1916. About 90 per cent of all that were notified reported
60176"— WAR 1916— VOL 1 78
1234 GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK COMMISSION.
and took the lessons, which were given in the commission rooms in
classes of 10 U) 20. They were advised to continue their studies and
use whatever source from which they could obtain additional in-
formation relating to the duties of guides, and in April, 1916, all that
wished to taice a second examination with a view oi getting a higher
class license could do so.
CAMP GROUNDS.
On March 20, Col. Nicholson, chairman of the commisston, re-
ceived a letter from the Acting Secretary of War, Maj. Gen. Hugh
L. Scott, in regard to the large tracts of land on this field belonging
to the United States, and if any suitable places would be available
for camping and maneuvering purposes ior several squadrons of
Cavalry, in case such grounds were required during the summer of
1916. On March 24, the engineer. Col. Cope, made a report, by di-
rection of the chairman, on the subject, and sent blue prints showing
tracts of United States land formerly used for such purposes. The
commission were notified by the Secretary of War that application
for the land would not be made, consequent upon the abandonment
of the contemplated encampment.
. THE UNTTED STATES ARMY WAR COLLEGE.
The anticipated visit of the officers of the Army War College that
was to have oeen made in June, 1915, to Gettysburg National Park
had to be postponed, as was noted in the last annual report. The
visit would probably have been made during the summer of 1916.
but the chairman. Col. Nicholson, was notified that the visit would
again be postponed on account of the trouble on the Mexican border.
GROVES.
In clearing up the groves and other woodland of the park, many
dead trees have been cut down and many fallen trees have been re-
moved. There were 200 logs cut from these this year, of an average
diameter of 17 inches, and 14 feet long. A contract was made with
L. U. Collins, and with his portable sawmill he has reduced these
to suitable sized lumber for the use of the carpenters in constructing
and repairing United States farm buildings, etc. The cost for his
services, with his mill and hands, was six-tenths of 1 per cent per foot.
Total amount of lumber sawed and piled at the storage building,
18,860 feet.
TREES.
Two hundred trees were bought from W. W. Boyer & Bro.,
nurserymen, Arendtsville, Pa., and apportioned to the following
places: Codori farm, Smith property, Wentz property, Weikert farm,
Hummelbaugh propeily, Althoff property, Meade's headquarters,
and the Culp farm. These trees replaced those destroyed.
DRAINS.
A contract was made with Daniel C. Shealer to straighten the
channel of the drain on the Culp farm, beginning at the first bridg^D
on East Confederate Avenue, and extending to the spring, a dis-
GETTYSBUEG NATIONAL MILITABY PABK COMMISSION. 1235
tance of 645 feet. The drain was dug 5 feet wide at the top, 4 feet
wide at the bottom, and 2 feet deep. The channel now carries oflf
all the water and prevents any overflow on the adjoining land.
LIME.
A contract for 180 tons of lime was made with W. Oyler & Bro.,
lime burners, Gettysburg, Pa.
This lime was hauled by the tenants and used on the Gulp, Godori,
Trostle, Smith, and Weikert farms and the McMillan land. An addi*
tional contract for 180 tons has been made for the coming year.
The liming already has made a marked difference in the soil condi-
tions and the production of better crops.
FENCING.
Since July 1, 1915, 5,050 feet of new post and rail fence was built.
The material was furnished by the contractor, E. J. Naugle, Orr-
tanna. Pa. Four thousand feet additional will be built during the
coming year. One thousand eight hundred feet of new wire lence
will also be erected. Much of the old fence was repaired during the
year.
All of the posts were treated with the creosote-oil preparation, as
in the preceding year.
VISITORS.
On March 31 the Engineers Club of Pennsylvania GoUege were at
the offices of the commission. The party consisted of 1 instructor
in engineering and 35 students. They were shown the relief maps and
their constniction explained, other maps, mechanical drawings, blue
printing and the process, and other work of the engineers of the
commission. A short talk was given; also one by their instructor
on triangulation in field surveys.
On Mav 29, 23 officers of the Field Officers' Glass Service School
of the National Guard of New York called at the offices of the com-
mission to be shown the work of the commission as contained in their
maps and numerous drawings.
These officers remained in Gettysburg several days and made a very
thorough study of the positions and movements of the troops in the
battle.
On June 12 the New York Monuments Gommission came to Gettys-
burg to locate positions for the statues of Gens. Robinson and Double-
day. The members were Gol. Stegman, chairman; Gen. King, and
Col. Beckwith, in company with the National Park Gommission.
The ground was selectea as follows : Site for Gen. Robinson's statue,
at south of the west end of Robinson Avenue in center of loop. The
site for Gen. Doubleday's statue, in the center of the space between
tlie fence and roadway on the east side of Reynolds Avenue, near
right-flank marker of the One hundred and forty-second Pennsyl-
vania.
John P. Nicholson,
Chairman.
The Secretary of War.
1236 GETTYSBUEG NATIONAL MILITARY PABK COMMISSION.
Estimated expenditures of Gettysburg National Park Commission for the fiscal
year ending June SO, 1918»
Salaries and wages:
Commissioners * $7, 200. 00
Engineer 2, 100.00
Rodman j. 660. 00
Assistant superintendent 960.00
Assistant superintendent 600. 00
Four guards 2, 400. 00
Messenger 600. 00
Hostler 480. 00
Pay of artisans, laborers, and teams 17,250.00
$32,250.00
Construction :
Piking avenues 4, 800. 00
Repairs to roads, buildings, and machinery 2,700.00
Maintenance :
Traffic motor car and maintenance of motors ^ 1, 200. 00
Equipment and materials for motor truclc, etc 550.00
Stationery, books, and printing 150.00
Transportation 100. 00
Typewriting and stenography 500.00
Miscellaneous items 250. 00
7,500.00
2,750.00
Total 42. 500. ^
Receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year ended June SO, 1916.
[From appropriation " Gettysburg National MUltary Park.**]
BECEIPTS.
Balance July 1, 1915 $2,267.63
Rents from tenants on United States land, etc 3,760.06
Total 6, 027. 68
KVI'KNDITl'llES.
Lime for farms $432.00
Grass .seed 40.73
Gun carriages and repairs 167.71
Lumber 100. 00
Printing pamphlet, monuments, and inirkoivs 170.00
Barrel sprayer and fixtures 22.50
Herbicide (weed killer) 150.00
Trees for planting in the park 7.20
1, 090. 14
Balance June 30. 1916 4, 937. 54
[Appropriation, " Gettysburg National Military Park, 1015.**]
Balance June 30. 1916 a 94
Receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year ending June SO, 1916,
RECEIPTS.
Appropriation July 1. 1916 $45,000.00
E2CPENDITUKES.
Salaries and wages:
Commissioners, engineers, guards, artisans, and
laborers $29, 693. 87
CJonstruction :
Piking avenue $3, 434. 53
Repairs to roads, buildings, and ma-
chinery 2, 202. 87
5.637.40
GETTYSBUBG NATIONAL MILITARY PABK COMMISSION. 1237
Maintenance :
£>]uipment and material for motor truck. $401. 99
Stationery, books, and printing 481. 06
Transportation 125. 03
Typewriting and stenography 303.38
Miscellaneous 266. 36
$1,577.82
$36, 909. 09
Balance June 30, 1916 8, 090. 91
Outstanding obligations :
Pay rolls, June, 1915. appropriation 2,775.50
United States farm buildings 20.15
Piking an avenue, cavalry field 2,920.00
Tablets and markers 30.45
Fertilizers 222.00
Fencing 517.50
Millwork and hardware 41.07
Paints and oils 118.92
Ironwork and machinery ^« 50. 04
Motor truck repairs and supplies 146. 62
Maintenance of stable 134.87
Books, maps, and other office supplies 918. 70
Typewriting 43.66
Cement 103. 29
Transportation 27. 97
Post-office box rent 1.00
Miscellaneous items '. 19. 17
Total 8, 090. 91
Unobligated balance July 1, 1916, none.
Btatement of the condition of the Gettysburg National Military Park at close of
fiscal year ending June 30, 1916.
Infantry battle field land, 24 square miles (Government owned and private
owned) .acres. . 15, 360
Cavalry fields, 14.21 square miles (Government owned and private owned),
acres 9,100
Total acres. . 24, 460
Avenues and piked roads miles. . 34. 06
Earth roads do 24.00
Total do 58.06
Avenue fencing miles. . 15. 00
Poet fencing do 34. 08
Total do 49.08
Bridges:
Steel 2
Steel and granite 5
Granite —
Double arch 1
Single arch 17
Total 25
Concrete culverts 9
Towers 5
1238 GETTYSBUKG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK COMMISSION.
5
24
27
21
Monuments:
Erected by States 454
Erected by organizations 383
Total 837
Statues:
Bronze —
Equestrian
Standing figures on pedestals
Standing figures on monuments
Granite statues on monuments
Total
Bronze reliefs and tablets on monuments 172
Bronze reliefs and tablets not on monuments 755
Total 927
Iron tablets 436
Markers, frranite 321
Gun carriages with mounted guns 410
Caissons 3
Limbers 4
77
Land acquired from 189S to date.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
Acres.
18.8364
218.22
72.0657
53L9842
16.3504
6131
1899 217.25
1900 144.20
1901 30.58
1902 41.3543
1903 57.9007
1904 93.288
1905 230.117
1906 9.884
1907 377.391
1908 1.95
1909 120.763
1910 53.30
1912 L83
J913 95.00
1914 045
1915.
1916.
Acm.
95.00
L035
Total 2,428.95
Total acreage owned by
United States Govern-
ment 2,428.95
Ceded by Pennsylvania for
paved roads 45.00
Total 2,473.96
Total acreage acquired from
memorial association 52L 77
Total acreage acquired from
Quartermaster Department. 30. 72
Total acreage acc^uired bv
Gettysburg National Park
Commission 1,921.46
Total 2»47a95
ARY PARK
REPORT OF THE SHILOH NATIONAL MILITARY PARK
COMMISSION, 1916.
Wak Depabtment,
Shiloh National Miutart Park,
Pittsburg Landing^ Tenn.j August 7, 1916.
Sir: Keport of the condition of this park and a full account of
the administration of its affairs covering the fiscal year ended June
80, 1916, are herein submitted.
AREA.
No land has been purchased within the year, and the area stands
at 3,546.14 acres.
The boundaries of the reservation being substantially marked with
stone corner posts, it was deemed advisable to so mark all interior
property lines touching the small privately owned tracts within the
park limits. This work has been almost completed, 23 stone comer
posts, set in cement, having been placed during the past year. This
work will be finished during the present year.
It is again recommended that provision be made as soon as may be
possible for the acquirement of such of the small privately owned
tracts of land within the boundaries of the park as can be purchased
by agreement with the owners. A sum sufficient to cover such pur-
chases as it is believed can be advantageously made will be named in
the next annual estimate from this otSce.
The acquirement of these properties would be doubly beneficial, in
that the orderliness, sanitation, and general beauty of the park would
be enhanced, and one of the most serious obstacles to the appre-
hension of offenders and the enforcement of law would be elimi-
nated.
ROADS.
As a result of a rapidly improving drainage system and of the
special efforts exerted to protect all roads during unfavorable
weather conditions, their present state is excellent. There is not
a road on the park that may not be considered a beautiful driveway.
Total of all roads graded and graveled is 27.35 miles.
The old dirt road leading from the Hamburg and Purdy Road to
the Jones gravel pit, from which practically all gravel for road
building and repairs is taken, became almost impassable during the
winter when in heaviest use, and it was found necessary to drain
and gravel same for a distance of 988 feet. It is now a permanent
and serviceable road, adding greatly to the facility and economy
of one of the most important features of the public work of the park.
From the post office and store buildinjg to the public barn and Gov-
ernment pound, a distance of 658 feet, the old unsightly dirt road has
1241
1242 SHILOH NATIONAL MILITARY PARK COMMISSION.
been graveled and drained, adding another facility and eliminating
an eyesore from one of the finest and most prominent lawns of the
park.
In the rear of the office yard inclosure an elliptical driveway 130
feet long has been graveled and retained, for the protection of the
grounds against the rough uses of wagons delivering fuel and other
necessary articles to the building.
All new roads built and all repairs, improvement, and protective
work done on and along the roads during the year are reported as
follows :
Graded and graveled new mile— 0.35
Kecrowned with gravel, reshaped and rolled miles__ 1.09
Reshaped and rolled do 7
Ag^egate of breaks and washes refilled and graveled over all roads, .feet. _ 5, 57G
Erected granite wheel guards 20
Built new head walls of stone and concrete 2
Placed new conduits of stone tiling and concrete 8
Built new drainage gutters of stone and concrete feet 1,311
Built new retaining walls of stone and concrete do 1, 615
The Illinois State Monument stands between the main Corinth
Road and the Hamburg and Purdy Road near their point of inter-
section. Being one of the most imposing memorials on the park, it
draws many visitors whose vehicles have worn an irregular and
unattractive road through the otherwise well-preserved field. The
outlines of this forced road have been drawn into symmetrical form,
and it will be graveled before the end of the present summer and
made a useful and permanent driveway.
The greatest need of the park in connection with the road system
is a modem steam roller, by the intelligent and timely use of which
the roads can be kept compact and secure against the influences of
droughts and rains.
The practically inexhaustible beds of gravel on the lands of the
park eliminate one of the most costly features of road building
and maintenance. With this advantage, if only the advantage of a
modern roller could be added, all roads could soon be improved to
perfection and kept so at a surprisingly low cost. Such a roller
can be operated by one man at a maximum labor cost of from $1.50
to $2 per day, and a fuel cost of not more than $1.75 per day, whereas
the superannuated horsepower roller now in use on the park can
not be operated for less than $9 per day, and when operated is
wholly unfit for the greater portion of the work. It can not be run
close to walls and buildings nor up and down steep hills, where
repairs are most frequently needed.
Because of this very pressing need an item covering cost of a
roller wiU be included in estimate of appropriation for the year
ending June 30, 1918, to be submitted by tnis office.
FOREST AND FIELDS.
About 900 dead trees were removed from the park during the
year. This practically clears the reservation of dead timber, and
makes it possible to observe with reasonable accuracy the death rate
among the trees, which is veir low.
False growth limbs near the ground are being trimmed from «ll
^.rees along the roads and in places where the most important bfttUa
SHILOH NATIONAL MILITARY PARK COMMISSION. 1243
lines have been marked, so as to give to the trees more vitality, to
restore their natural symmetry, and to widen the scope of view
where monuments and battle-line markers are most prominent.
This trimming is done during the winter season, in order that no
damage to the trees may result.
A number of historic trees, and trees that are special features of
beauty along roads, have been protected from abuse by the erection of
concrete guards and retaining walls.
This work will be continued where important trees are exposed.
An investigation is now being made by this office to ascertain the
«ges of trees of various species and sizes on the park. This is being
■done by the comparison of park trees with trees of the same species
grown in the same character of soil, outside the battle lines, the
ages of which it is an easy matter to ascertain by cutting them and
-counting their concentric rings.
This was suggested by the fact that vi.5itors, veteran soldiers and
students of history are so f requentlv curious as to whether or not cer-
tain trees were here at the time oi the battle; and, if so, how large
they were at that time.
By reference to the record now being made, when completed, any
guide of the park can answer such questions with approximate
iiccuracy.
The fields and open spaces of the park are being made more attract-
ive each year, by improved drainage, the gradual elimination of
weeds, and the spreading of grasses.
In covering bare places along roads, new gutters, and retaining
walls, and around the historic oaks and the siege ffuns which mark
the center of Gen. Grant's last line on the first day of the battle,
13,448 square feet of Bermuda sod have been successfully placed
during the year.
The plan inaugurated two years ago for the propagation of Ber-
muda grass in one of the fields of the reservation for the purpose
of providing the sod so much needed in the general work of im-
provement is giving most satisfactory results.
Aside from the beautj of smooth green fields and clean woods,
their practical good lies m the fact that visitors can follow the battle
lines and seek points of superior interest on the field with rapidity
and comfort.
On a back field of the reservation, outside all battle lines, 3,960
pounds of hay and 108J bushels of corn were produced and fed to the
park horses, materially reducing the forage expense for the year.
Four more old open, unused wells, which were sources of more
or less danger, were disposed of by filling and concreting over, these
being the last of a number of such wells that have been similarly
disposed of within the last few years.
Nearly all of the old rail fences interlaced with weeds and briars,
and with no historic significance, have been cleared away, making
some important points more accessible, and widening the view 01
monuments and battle lines.
BUILDINGS AND QUARTEBS.
Gradual, modest improvement of the residence properties occu-
pied by the employees of the park, has been the aim of this office,
1244 SHILOH NATIONAL MILITABY PARK COMMISSION.
to the end that thej^ may all be made plainly comfortable and sani-
tary as soon as possible.
The work of clearing awav all old imsightly buildings too dilapi-
dated for use, and with no historic significance, is being carried on
under the approval of the department, and a vast improvement
in many ways has been the result. Much insanitary debris has been
destroyed; landscapes have been brightened; battle lines have been
cleared, and monuments and markers brought into plainer view.
The McDaniel house and outhouses, the Chambers Road house and
outhouses, and the Sanders house and outhouses, were razed during
the year.
All public buildings are in good condition.
PUBLIC SERVICE.
It is again urged that a hotel should be provided for the accom-
modation of vistors to the park.
The sum of $10,000 was asked for in the last annual estimate from
this office, and the item was approved by the department, but re-
jected by Congress.
The item will be included in next annual estimate, in the hope that
it may again have the approval of the department, and that more
convincing evidence of the necessity of the hotel may be offered to
the Appropriations Committees of the Senate and the House.
TRAN SPORTATION.
The Illinois Central^ the Southern, and the Mobile & Ohio Rail-
road lines touch Corinth, Miss., from which point automobiles
reach the park over a most excellent pike in about one hour.
Excursion boats of the St. Louis & Tennessee River Packet Co.
make weekly trips to. the park during the summer and autumn
months, bringing crowds of interested people to the battle field. Many
of these excursion parties are made up in Chicago and St. Liouis and
in the more distant cities and towns of the Northwest, coming by rail
to St. Louis and thence by boat.
All boats remain for several hours, giving visitors time to see the
battle field. Hacks and automobiles are avauable for their accommo-
dation.
BATTLE LINES.
Permanent iron tablets on the battle field are as follows:
Battle-Une tablets 390
Camp-site tablets 83
Historical tablets 24
Headquarters tablets 12
Mortuary tablets 5
General explanatory, hospital, and road signs 257
Total 780
To designate the shifting positions of the artillery of both armies
during the progress of the battle, 250 cannon, true to the types of
guns used here, have been placed on iron carriages.
All battle-line tablets, cannon, and carriages are so cared for as to
protect them from rust.
8HIL0H NATIONAL MILITARY PABK COMMISSION. 1245
MONUMENTS.
The 137 monuments in the park are classified as follows:
Union :
Illinois, 1 State. 39 regimental 40
Indiana, 22 regimental 22
Iowa, 1 State, 11 regimental 12
Minnesota, 1 regimental 1
Ohio, 34 regimental 34
Pennsylvania, 1 regimental 1
Wisconsin, 1 State, 1 individual 2
United States Regular troops, 3 regimental 3
Ojnfederate :
Alabama, 1 State 1
Arkansas, 1 State 1
Louisiana, 1 regimental 1
Tennessee, 1 regimental 1
Mortuary 5
Headquarters 13
Total 137
NEW MONUMENT.
The Confederate monument approved by the department, and now
being erected on this battle field by the United Daughters of the
Conrederacy, at a cost of $50,000. will be completed within the next
two and one-half months, and tne unveiling ceremonies have been
-announced to take place late in October.
The foundation is now being finished, and this office has received
notice from the contractors that the work will proceed without delay.
PR0SPECTI\'E MONUMENT.
This office has had correspondence with the governor of the State
of Michiffan which indicates that a movement will be pressed before
the next legislature of that State to secure an appropriation for the
building of a monimient on this field in honor of the Michigan
troops who fought here.
It is confidently expected that this provision will be made in time
for the monument to be erected early in next spring, so that it may
be unveiled either on the 6th of April, the anniversary of the first
4ay of the Battle of Shiloh, or on May 30 (Decoration Day).
HISTORY OF THE BATTLE.
During the year, 45 copies of The Battle of Shiloh and Organiza-
tions Engaged were sold, and 159 copies were distributed free to the
survivors of the battle, their widows, and descendants, leaving on
hand at the close of the year, 263 copies.
GENERAL.
Among the general purposes of this office are the continued de-
velopment of a sanitary system, a strict preservation of law and order
l)y bringing all offenders to justice with the least possible delay, the
promotion of a dignified publicity imder the approval of the depart-
ment, that the country may know more of Shiloh, the first great
tattle of the Civil War, and that this park mav be a real asset to the
Nation in the promotion of patriotism and me stimulation of love
and respect for the flag.
1246 SHILOH NATIONAL MILITABY PABK COMMISSION.
ACCOUNTS.
CASH COLLECTIONS.
Rents, privileges, sales of histories, fines and stock impounding
charges $793. 6S
Remitted to the Treasurer of the United States 793. 53
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDIT UKES.
Available balance July 1, 1915, " no year " appropriation $74. 8Z
EXPENDFTUBES.
B^m balance July 1, 1915, " no year " appropriation :
Materials and supplies — gasoline, axle grease, etc $7. 36
Passenger-carrying vehicles —
Fan belt $0. 41
Cylinder oil - . 50
Incidentals —
Ice 7. 50
Feed and care of impounding stock 1. 70
.91
9.20
Total $17. 4T
Balance available July 1, 1916, " no year " appropriation 56. 85
RECEIPTS.
Appropriation for fiscal year 1916 $25, 800. 00
EXPENDITURES.
Administration :
3 commissioners, at $3,000 $9,000.00
1 secretary and superintendent 3, 000. 00
1 clert 900. 00
$12, 900. 00
Mounted guards: 1 range rider 960.00
Printing and ofllce supplies:
Making monument map 23.00
Letter files, etc 7. 20
Mop, glass, and duster 6.00
Receipt boolcs .35
Printing regulations 19.30
Printing office stationery 20.17
Printing annual reports 25. 16
Films, printincc same, etc 10.49
Freight on office supplies 2.33
Flags, sweeps, and pans 7.38
Equipment, materials, and suDplies:
Lime and cement 322.60
Kerosene 43. 09
Crude oil 89. 45
Tiling 34. 10
Lumber 313.77
Paints and brushes 334.95
Hardware, fencing, etc u 664.46
Iron piping 24. 00
Fence posts 23. 66
BicvHe tires and flash light .5.63
Shrubbery 12. 00
Forage 231.88
Carbolic acid and l>orax 44.70
Grass seed 12,44
I'uinp and fixtures 23.70
121.38
2,180.43
Telephone service 54, 00
SHILOH NATIONAL MIUTAKY PABK COMMISSION. 1247
Passenger-carrying vehicle —
Gasoline, lubricating oil, and repair parts $376. 68
Repair work 115. 81
Labor : *^^* ^^
Forest and fields 3,650.54
Roads and bridges ^ . 2, 397. 81
Buildings and quarters 1,584.57
Monuments and markers 172.27
Gun carriages 84. 38
Special guards 120. 74
Blacksmithing 23. 25
Janitor 540. 00
Hostler 373. 00
Office 34. 50
Surveying 16. 00
Incidentals: 8,997.06
Feed and care of Impounding stock 20. 90
Tollgate fees 51. 05
Hauling freight . 50
Ice 10. 32
Official badge 1. 00
Department telegrams . 67
Printing park views 3. 60
Hire of gasoline boat 6. 00
94.64
Total 25, 800. 00
Balance None.
Receipts: becapitulation.
Balance July 1, 1915, "no year" appropriation $74.32
Appropriation for fiscal year 1916 25, 800. 00
Total receipts 25, 874. 32 •
Expenditures :
From "no year** appropriation $17.47
From appropriation fiscal year 1916 25, 800. 00
Total expenditures 25, 817. 47
Available balance July 1, 1916, " no year " appropriation— $56. 85
Unexpended balance July 1, 1916, appropriation fiscal year
1916 None.
Total balance 56. 85
Statement showing the condition of the Shiloh National Military Park at the
close of fiscal year ended June 30, 1916,
Park area acres— 3, 546. 14
Roads graded and graveled miles— 27. 35
Buildings: Office, pavilion, store and post office, landing warehouse,
stocl^ and storage barns, carpenter and blacksmith shops, and
magazine (9) ; residence properties (28) 37
Battle-line tablets: ===
Union 226
Confederate 173
399
General explanatory, hospital, and road signs 257
Camp 83
Historical 24
Headquarters 12
Mortuary 5
381
Grand total of all tablets and markers 780
1248 SHILOH NATIONAL MILITABY PARK COMMISSION.
Monuments :
Union 115
Confederate 4
Mortuary 5
Headquarters > 13
Grand total of all monuments 137
Mounted cannon 250
Bespectfully submitted.
De Long Rice,
Secretary and Superintendent.
Approved :
D. W. Bked, Chairman.
Ths Secbetart of Was.
REPORT OF THE VICKSBURG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK
COMMISSION.
6»176°— WAB 1916— VOL 1 7» 1249
REPORT OF THE VTCKSBURG MTIONAl MIUTART
PARK COMMISSION.
War Depabtment,
ViOESBiTBO National Militabt Pabk Commission,
VicJcshurg, Miss., July IS, 1916.
Sm: The commission has the honor to submit its report for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1916.
PABK ABBA.
By authority of Congress, the Secretary of War conveyed 1.64
acres to the Congregation Anshe Chesed for cemetery purposes and
without consideration. Area, 1,322.63 acres; cost per acre, $47.35.
Expenditure by United States imder this head from the fiist,
$66,511.53 (includes cost of conveyancing).
OABE OF PABK ABEA.
Expenditure by United States under this head, formerly clearing
land, during year, $6,941.21; from the first, $71,221.14.
BOADS AND BBIDGES.
Length of finished roadway, including 16 bridges, 31.86 miles;
cost per mile, exclusive of bridges, $12,923.05; cost of bridges,
$116,449. Expenditure by United States under this head dunng
year, $4,596.08 (maintenance); from the first, $578,661.58.
TABLETS AND OUIDEBOABDS.
Exclusive of 122 iron guideboards, 898 tablets are in place (897
by United States, 1 gift); 569 Union, 329 Confederate (31 bronze,
867 iron); 163 historical, 197 batterjr, 227 Union trench marker, 151
Confederate trench marker, 136 Union approach marker, 19 head-
quarters, 5 mortuary. Expenditure by United States under this
head during year, $180.45 (painting); from the first, $21,199.63.
CANNON AND GUN CABBIAOES.
Number of guns mounted, 128 (114 field, 14 si^e); 66 Union, 62
Confederate. Expenditure by United States under tms head during
year, $169.20 (painting); from the first, $20,406.80.
OBSEBVATION TOWEBS.
Expenditure by United States under this head: During year,
$115.90 (repairs); from the first, $27,749.90.
1251
1252 VICKSBURG NATIONAL MIUTABY PAKK COMMISSION.
MEMOBIALS. MONUMENTS, AND MABKERS.
The commission contracted for one bronze portrait statue with
franite pedestal (Union) at a cost of $2,543, one bronze portrait
list witn granite pedestal (Union) at a cost of $800, one bronze
portrait bust (Confederate, pedestal theretofore placed) at a cost of
$537, eight bronze portrait tablets with granite pedestals (7 Union, 1
Confederate) at a cost of $3,006, and for one portrait tablet pedestal
(Union) at a cost to the no year appropriation of $185. One memorial
bronze portrait tablet and one memorial bronze portrait bust with
granite pedestal are imder contract. The Missouri commission con-
tracted for 16 monument markers (8 Union, 8 Confederate) and 34
markers (24 Union, 10 Confederate). Number of memorials, monu-
ments and markers in place or under contract, 646 (3 Union-Confed-
erate, 527 Union, 116 Confederate): 108 by United States at a cost
of $213,444.35 (1 Union naval monument with 4 bronze portrait
statues, $144,041; 1 bronze portrait statue with ^anite pedestal,
Union, $2,543; 49 bronze portrait busts with gramte pedestals, 23
Union and 26 Confederate, $43,363.30; 54 bronze portrait tablets
with granite pedestals, 41 Union and 13 Confederate, $23,097.05;
3 markers, 2 Union-Confederate and 1 Union, $400) ; 478 by States
(1 Union-Confederate, Missouri State memorial, 435 Union, 42 Con-
federate; and 60 as gifts (25 Union, 35 Confederate) at a cost of
$70,743.30. Expenditures by United States under this head during
year, $15,942.47; from the first, $257,733.98.
MEMORIAL BRONZE PORTRAITS OF OFFICERS.
In place or under contract, as follows: By United States. Statues:
Davis, Farragut, Foote, Ord, Porter — ^5 (Union). Busts: J. Adams,
D. W. Adams, Baldwin, Bowen, Brecldnridge, Carr, Cosby, Crocker,
Dennis, Ector, Ellet, Evans, Featherston^ Ferrero, French, Gist,
Gregg, Helm, Herron, Hovej^, Jackson, £jmball,'Lauman, Lawler,
Lormg, Maury, Maxoy, McNair, Osterhaus, Potter, Quinby, Ransom,
Sanborn, A. J. Smith, G. A. Smith, M. L. Smith, W. S. Smith, C. L.
Stevenson, Stovall, Taylor, Thayer, Tracy, Tuttle, Vandever, Walker,
Waul, Welsh, Whitfield, Woods— 49 (23 Union, 26 Confederate).
Tablets: Alexander, Benton, Boomer, Chambers, Cockerill, Com-
stock, Cumming, Dockerv, Engelmann, Erwin, Ewin^, Farrar, Green,
Griffin^ C. Hall, W. Hall, Hains, Harris, Hicks, ^Imes, Johnson,
Kejgwin, Landram, Liffhtbum, Lindsey, Locl^tt, Loomis, Manter,
McGinnis, McMillan, Moore, Neely, Orme, Prime, Pugh, Putnam,
Raum, Rawlins, Reid, A. E. Reynolds, W. W. Reynolds, Kichmond,
Ross, Sanford, Sheldon, Shepard, Shimk, J. D. Stevenson, Vaughn,
Washburn, Washington, C. C. Wilson, J. H. Wilson, Witherspoon —
54 (41 Union, 13 Confederate). Total by United States^ 108 (69
Union, 39 (Confederate). By States (tablets): Pennsylvaiua — ^Bren-
holtz, Curtin, Durell, Hartranft, Leasure — ^5 (on front of State
memorial). Wisconsin: Bryant, Harris, Montgomery — 3. Total by
States, 8. Gifts — Statues: Hickenlooper, S. D. Lee, Steele, Vilas —
4 (3 Union, 1 Confederate). Busts: Blair, Burbridgey Garrett,
Selfridge — 4 (3 Union, 1 Confederate). Tablets: Barton, Buford,
Bussey, Cockrell, Force, Garrard^ Hebert. Higeins, Jennej, JiMies,
L^^gett, Lightfoot, Marks, Martm, Mattnies, Ifower^ Kidiardsoii,
VICK8BUBG NATIONAL MILITAEY PABK COMMISSION, 1253
Slack, Shoup, M. Smith, T. K. Smith, Thomas, Wade, J. J. Woods —
24 (12 Union, 12 Confederate). Grand total, 148 (95 Union, 53 Con-
federate): 108 by United States (68 Union, 40 Confederate); 8 by
States (Union); and 32 gifts (18 Union, 14 Confederate) at a cost
of $65,207.85 (4 statues, 4 busts, 24 tablets). Expenditure by
United States imder this head during year, $13,832.25; from the
first, made and obligated and exclusive of the 4 statues at the Union
naval monument, $69,188.35 (1 statue and pedestal, 49 busts and
pedestals, 54 tablets and pedestals, 1 tablet pedestal).
STATE MEMORIALS.
Twelve have been erected from appropriations made by States as
follows — Illinois: Organizations, 78; appropriation, $285,000; cost
of memorial, $200,000. Iowa: Organizations, 32; appropriation,
$150,000; cost of memorial, $100,000. Massachusetts: Organiza-
tions, 3; appropriation, $5,0()0; cost oi memorial, $5,000. Michigan:
Organizations, 9; appropriation, $20,000j cost of memorial, $20,000.
Minnesota: Organizations, 4; appropriation, $25,500; cost of memo-
rial, $25,000. Mississippi: Organizations, 41 ; appropriation, $50,931 ;
cost of memorial, $45,000. Missouri: Organizations, 42 (27 Union,
15 Confederate); appropriation, $50,000; cost of memorial (Union-
Confederate), $40,000. New Hampshire: Organizations, 3; appro-
priation, $5,000; cost of memorial, $5,000. New York: Organiza-
tions, 4; appropriation, $12,500; cost of memorial, $12,000. Penn-
sylvania: Organizations, 5; appropriation, $15,000; cost of memo-
rial, $15,000. Rhode Island: tfrganization, 1 ; appropriation, $5,000;
cost of memorial, $5,000. Wisconsin: Organizations, 17; appro-
priation, $130,000; cost of memorial, $100,000.
APPROPRIATIONS MADE FROM THE FIRST.
By United States, $1,421,200. By 16 States, $872,931 (including
Alabama, 19 organizations, $25,000 authorized, no expenditure;
Indiana, 28 organizations, $38,000 for monuments and markers in
place ; Ohio, 39 organizations, $56,000 for monuments and markers
m place). Maiyland and Virginia were each represented on this bat-
tleneld by one Confederate battery and their monuments have been
placed, as a gift in each case.
APPROPRIATIONS DESmED.
By United States, for a Confederate naval monument at the
approved site and at a cost not to exceed $150,000. By States as
follows: Arkansas — 15 organizations; for a State memorial, 4 monu-
ments, and 1 marker. Florida — 3 organizations; for a State memo-
rial. Georgia — 21 organizations; for a State memorial and 3 monu-
ments. Indiana — ^for a State memorial. Kansas — 1 organization;
for a State memorial. Kentucky — 12 organizations (4 Union, 8
Confederate); for a State memorial (Union-Confederate), 2 monu-
ments (1 Union, 1 Confederate), and 5 markers (Union). Louisiana —
41 organizations j for a State memorial (all monuments and 7 por-
traits of oflBcers m place as gifts). North Carolina — 3 organizations;
for a State menional. Ohio — ^for a State memorial and statues oi
1254 VIOKSBUBG KATIOKAL MIUTABY PABK COMMISSION.
Gens. J. B. McPherson and W. T. Sherman. Pennsylvania-— 5
organizations; for a statue of Gen. J. G. Parke. South Carolina — 12
organizations; for a State memorial. Tennessee — ^29 organizations;
for a State memorial and 1 monument (3 monuments placed as gifts).
Texas — 15 organizations; for a State memorial and 2 monuments (1
monument placed as a gift). Virginia — 1 organization; for an
equestrian statue of Gen. J. E. Johnston. West Virginia — 1 organi-
zation; for a State memorial and 4 markers. Wisconsin — 17 organi-
zations; for a statue of Gen. C. C. Washburn.
Receipts and expenditures were as follows:
Receipts:
Balance July 1, 1915, no year appropriation $5,174.28
Expenditures:
From balance of July 1, 1915, no year appropriation —
Payment in July, 1915, Jordan Wynn account 86. 57
For oue portrait tablet pedestal, as per contract 185. 00
Total expenditures from no year appropriation 271 57
Outstanding obligations —
Payment to be made onGen.Fomey statue 1,000.00
Poaaible retaining wall, as per W. D. 13057/24 520.00
Total outstanding obligations, no year appropriation 1, 520. 00
Balance available July 1, 1916, no year appropriation 3, 382. 71
Receipts:
Balance available July 1, 1915, 1914 appropriation 3, 44L 75
Expenditures:
From balance of July 1, 1915, 1914 appropriation —
For bronze portraits, as per contracts 3,441.75
Balance available July 1, 1916, 1914 appropriation None.
Receipts:
Balance July 1, 1915, 1915 appropriation 8,935.01
Exx>enditures:
From balance of July 1, 1915, 1915 appropriation —
June, 1915, pay rolls and accounts 2,222 51
For bronze portraits, as per contracts 5, 992 50
Total expenditures from 1915 appropriation 8, 215. 01
Outstanding obligations, 1915 appropriation —
For bronze portraits, as per contract 720.0')
Balance available July 1, 1916, 1915 appropriation None.
Receipts:
Appropriation for fiscal year 1916 36, 000. 00
Expenditures:
From appropriation for fiscal year 1916 —
Salaries of commissioners 9, 900. 00
Salary of engineer 2, 200. 00
Pay of artisans, foremen, laborers, messenger, and team>s 12, 396. 32
For office supplies and expenses 136. W
For cement, crushed stone, gravel, and sand 682. CS
For lumber, hardware, paint, tools, and repairs 515. A<
For memorial bronze portraits and granite pedestals 4, 213. 0^
Total expenditures from 1916 appropriation 30,043.57
VICKSBXJBG NATIONAL MILITARY PARK COMMISSION. 1255
Expenditures — Continued.
From appropriation for fiscal year 1916— Continued.
Outstanding obligations —
For bronze portraits, as per contracts 12,673.00
June, 1916, pay rolls ana accounts ($352 for bridge plank) 2, 643. 80
For road mvel, 473.8 cubic yards ordered from Mississippi
Gravel Co., at $1.35 per cubic yard 639.63
Total outstanding obligationsi 1916 appropriation 5, 956. 43
Balance available July 1, 1916, 1916 impropriation None.
RECAPITULATION.
Receipts:
Balance July 1, 1915, no year appropriation 5, 174. 28
Balance July 1, 1915, 1914 appropriation 3, 441. 75
Balance July 1, 1915, 1915 appropriation 8, 935. 01
Appropriation for fiscal year 1916 36, 000. 00
Total receipts *. 53.55L04
Expenditures ^made and obligated):
From no year appropriation 1, 791. 57
From balance July 1, 1915, 1914 appropriation 3, 441. 76
From balance July 1, 1915, 1915 appropriation 8, 935. 01
From appropriation, fiscal year 1916 36, 000. 00
Total expenditures 50. 168. 33
Available balance July 1, 1916, no year appropriation 3, 382. 71
Available balance July 1, 1916, 1914 appropriation None.
Available balance July 1, 1916, 1915 appropriation None .
Available balance July 1, 1916, 1916 appropriation None.
Total available balance July 1, 1916 * 3,382.71
ESTIMATES FOB FISCAL YEAB ENDING JUNE SO, 1918.
For continuing the establishment of the parkj compensation of
civilian commissioners; engineer and clerk, labor, iron gmi carriages,
moimting siejge gmis, memorials, monuments, markers^ and histor-
ical tablets giving historical facts compiled without praise and with-
out censure; maps, surveys, roads, oridges, restoration of earth-
works, purchase of land, purchase and transportation of supplies
and materials; and other necessary expenses, $33,000.
For the construction of a Coniederate navsJ monument to cost
not to exceed $150,000. at the approved site and in accordance with
designs to be approvea by the Secretary of War, $50,000.
Approximately and not including those for the proposed Confed-
erate naval monument, estimated expenditures for tne fiscal year
ending June 30, 1918, are itemized as follows:
Salaries of civilian commissioners •• |10, 800
Salary of engineer and clerk 2, 400
Pav of artisans, foremen, laborers, messenger, and teams 13, 500
Office supplies and expenses 200
Cement, cni^ed stone^ gravel, and sand 1,300
Lumber, hardware, paint, tools, and repairs 1, 200
Memorial bronze portraits and granite pedestals 3, 600
Total 33,000
1256 VICKSBUBG NATIONAL MIUTABY PARK COMMISSION.
STATEMENT OF THE CX>NDITION OF THE PABK JUNE 80, 1916.
Area, 1.322.63 acres; cost per acre, $47.35.
Miles of roadway, 31.86; cost per mile exclusive of 16 bridges, $12,923.05; cost of
bridges. $116,449.
Number of guns mounted, 128 — 66 Union, 62 Confederate.
Number of tablets in place, 898 (897 by United States, 1 gift)— 31 bronze, 867 iron
(569 Union, 329 Confederate).
Number of iron guideboards in place, 122.
Number of memoriab, monuments, and markers in place or under contract, 646
(3 Union-Confederate, 527 Union, 116 Confederate)— 108 by United States (2 Union-
Confederate, 67 Union, 39 Confederate), 478 by States (1 Union-Confederate, Missouri
State memorial; 435 Union; 42 Confederate), and 60 as gifts (25 Union, 35 Confederate),
at a cost of $70,743.30.
Number of memorial bronze portraits of officers in place or under contract, 148 (95
Union, 53 Confederate)— 108 by United States (69 Umon, 39 Confederate). 8 by States
(UnionX and 32 gifts (18 Union, 14 Confederate), at a cost of $65,207.85.
Number of monuments and markers in place as gifts, 28 (7 Union, 21 Confederate),
at a cost of $5,535.45.
Appropriations made from the first: By United States, $1,421,200; by 15 States,
$87^931.
Wm. T. Rioby,
CRiairman of C<ymmi89%on.
TheSEOBBTABT OF WaB.
INDEX.
fThe fignres tndicato the pages.)
A.
Academy, Military. See United States
Military Academy.
Adjutant General, report, 235-294.
Adjutant Generars office:
civilian employees, 294.
ciirrent work, z86.
Aero squadron, 862, 863.
Aeronautics. See Aviation.
Age of recruits, 676.
Aircraft, 1172.
^^lasKft.
clothing in, 348.
defense of, 219.
in general, 558.
military telegraph lines, 440.
operations of Signal Corps, 865.
Ambulance company (no. 7), 8.
Ammunition, 183. 846, 848, 851.
Anti-aircraft artillery, 830.
Armament of fortifications, 823, 832.
Armor plate tests, 837.
Armored motor cars, 833. y
Army:
admissions to sick reports, 710, et seq.
colonial regiments, 302.
cooperation of different arms, 302.
deaths, 484, 508, et seq.
discipline, 300.
diseases, 706, 738, 750. 756-758, et seq.
distribution, geograpnical, 465.
functions, 215.
health, 29, 195, 466.
home service, distribution of, 222.
instruction, 300. See also Schools.
legislation to increase, 470.
recruiting, 24.
sanitation, 29.
strength:
actual, 23. 26, 236.
authorizea, 26, 235.
increased^ 26, 28, 237.
vocational training, 36, 1170.
Army Medical Museum, 472, 670.
Army Medical School, 471, 632.
Army Nurse Corps, 473.
Army powder factory, 824.
Arrangement of annual reports, 1.
Arsenals:
Augusta, 852.
Benicia, 853.
Frankford, 845.
Arsenals — Continued* «
New York, 852.
Picatinny, 854.
Kock Island, 838.
San Antonio, 853.
Watertown, 851.
Watervliet 849.
Arthur, Col. William H., Medical Corps,
department surgeon, 465.
Articles by medical officers, 655-659.
Articles of War, revision of, 47, 200, 309.
Augusta Arsenal, 852.
Automobiles, 449.
Aviation:
civilian schools, 889.
equipment, 41.
on Mexican border, 201.
organization, 884.
progress, 40.
schools, 41, 861, 883.
section, 884-889.
Aviators:
civilian, 863.
clothing, 351.
National Guard, details for, 890.
number of, 42.
pay rate, 888.
requirements for, 885.
B.
Badges, service, 292.
Bake ovens, 361.
Baker, Hon. Newton D., Secretary of
War. report, 5-151.
Bakers and cooks' manual, 341.
Band instruments, 353.
Barracks and quarters, 395, 553.
Benicia Arsenal, 853.
Birmingham, Col. Henry P., Medical
Corps:
Acting Surgeon General, report, 465-
801.
department suigeon, 465.
Bliss, Maj. Gen. Tasker H., investiga-
tions of, 345.
Board of Ordnance and Fortification,
59.
Board of Visitors, United States Military
Academy, 1216.
Boyd, Capt. Charles T., killed in Mexico,
Burial Corps, 334, 394.
1257
1258
INDBZ.
0.
Gable ship, 873.
Gable system, 201.
Gamps:
of instruction, 274.
training, 38.
Ganal Zone:
armament, 831.
troops in, 241.
Ganteens. See Poet exchanges.
Gapacity for production of war material,
Garrizal incident, 9, 279.
Gavalry, Ghief of, needed, 186.
Gavaliy:
drm, 177.
equipment, 176, 178.
Mounted Service School, 177.
recruiting, 175.
service r^^ations, 177.
Gemeteries:
Morgue and Burial Gorps, 394.
national, 332-336.
Gensorahip in peace, 206.
Gharts, medical, 481 et seq.
Ghicago Drainage Ganal, 65.
Chickamauga and Chattanooga National
Military Park:
buildings, 1222.
field work, 1221.
leases, 1222.
licenses, 1222.
monuments, etc., 1222.
roads, 1221.
Southern Military Training Gamp,
1223.
Ghief of Goast Artillery, report, 116^-1177.
Ghief of the Militia bureau, report, 895-
1160.
Chief of Ordnance, report, 805-856.
Chief of Staff, report, 155-231.
Ghief Signal Officer, report, 859-891.
China, deaths and diseases, 611.
Citizen soldiers, 226.
Citizens, training of, 35, 171, 174.
Civilians, commissioning of, 165.
Clerks:
retirement of, 68.
Buperanniiation of, 69.
Clothing, 346-348, 351-355, 553.
Goast Artillery Board, 1176.
Coast Artillery Gorps:
aircraft, 1172.
appropriation for, 1174.
armament, 1163.
Board of Review projects, 1173.
commanders, 1166.
deficiency in National Guard, G. A.,
1164.
detachment of force, 1165.
distribution of force, 1163, 1169.
district commanders, 1166.
Fort Moigan test, 1172.
improvements, 832.
instruction, 1170.
le^;islation recommended, 1167.
mme planter crews, 1169.
Coast Artilleiy Corps— Continued,
practice, 834.
relation with mobile anny, 1167.
report, 1163.
strength, 1169.
target practice, 834, 1171,
torpedo depot, 1117.
vocational traming, 1170.
Coast Artillery School, 1176.
Goast defense, j6int exercises, 274.
Goast defense projects, revision of, 1174.
Colleges, ''distinguished," 253. See al$o
Schools.
Colored troops, 499, 533, 561, 583, 726, 738,
' 750, 768.
Columbus, N. Mex., raid -on, 7, 186, 278.
Construction and repair, 356-359, 362, 366.
Cope, Lieut. Col. E. B., engineer, Gettys-
burg National mlitvy Park Com-
mission, 1229.
Council of National Defense, 38.
Crosby. Col. William D., Medical Corps,
department surgeon, 466.
Growder, Brig. Gen. E. H., Judge Advo-
cate General, report, 309-328.
Grorier, Brig. Gen. William, Chief of Ord-
nance, report, 805-856.
D.
Deaths, 484, 487, 491, 559, 564, 714, 720,
732, 756, 768, 775, 780, 784, 790.
Demobilization of the second division,
278.
Department surgeons, 465.
Departments, no change, 239.
Desertion, 200^ 256, 314, 318.
Detached service law, 168.
Dickson, Lieut. Col. T. C, Ordnance De-
partment, member of ordnance
board, 855.
Disciplinary barracks, U. 8., 282.
Distribution of War Department docu-
ments, 288.
Dyestufis, scarcity of, 349.
£.
Ebert, Col. Rudolph G., Medical Corps,
department surgeon, 465.
Edie, Col. Guy L., Medical Corps, depart-
ment surgeon, 465.
Efildency system needed in Government
arsenals, 55.
Enlisted men:
admissions to sick reports, 710-791 .
assisted in obtaining employment at
close of service, 24.
certificates of merit, 292.
classified, 962.
Coast Artillery practice, 1176.
condition of, m Alaska, 868.
desertions, 256.
discharges—
by disability, 263.
by order, 262.
for technical woric, 165.
influence of disease on, 542.
iin>Ex.
1259
Enlisted men — Continued.
invalided home, 568, 593, 606.
mental alienation, 529.
?ay on reserve, 165.
brto Rican, 686.
prevalence of special diseases, 565.
prohibited from civil work, 165. .
Reserve Corps, 226, 272-274.
restoration of citizenship, 261.
retired, 251.
roster of, in Civil War, 290.
time of service, 165.
Equipage, 346, 432.
Equipments:
Cavalry, improvements, 819.
Infantry; 819.
personal and mess, 839.
European war, medico-military observers,
472.
Examinations for promotions, 45.
Expedition into Mexico, 187,474.
P.
Federalization of militia, 11-18.
Fences, 361.
Field Artillery:
chan^ in project for, 828.
machine guns, 60, 824.
mat^el, 827.
oi^ganization, proposed, 179.
Jractice, 834.
Artill«y, Chief of, needed, 185.
Field supply depot, 347.
Fire control, 874.
Forage, 386.
Foreign armies, comparison with ours in
health, 500.
Fort. Se€ proper name as in the Army
list, e. g., Myer, Fort.
Frankford Arsenal, 845.
Fuel, 362, 392.
Fuzes, 848.
G.
Gandy, Col. Charles M., Medical Corps,
department surgeon, 466.
Garlington; Brig. Gen. E, A., Inspector
General, report, 297-306.
Garrison, Hon. Lindley M., resignation, 7.
Gatley, Maj. G. G., Third Field ArtH-
lery, member of ordnance board,
855.
General Staff Corps:
functions, 49, 167.
publications, 1231.
Geographical departments, no change,
Gettysburg National Military Park:
book, descriptive, 1232.
construction and repair, 1231.
contracts, 1229.
financial statement, 1236.
guides, examination for, 1233.
gun carriages, 1231.
maps and prints, 1232.
monuments, etc., 1229.
GettjrBbuig National Military Park — Con.
oflScerB, 1229.
roads, 1231.
visits for observation and study, 1233.
Glenn Spring, Tex., raid on, 280.
Grosvenor, C. H., chairman, Chicka-
mauga and Chattanoo^ National
Military Park Commission, report,
1221-1226.
Guantanamo, defense of, 219.
Gims, machine, 60.
H.
Hamilton, Maj. Alston, Coast ArtiUerv
Coips, member of ordnance board,
855.
Hammond radiodynamic system of tor-
pedo control, 59, 1175.
Hancock, Fort, Tex., raid in vicinity, 10.
Harbor defenses, 181.
Harris, Col. Henry S. T., Medical Corps,
department suigeon, 466.
Hawaii:
defense of, 218.
operations of Signal Corps, 870.
Hawaiian Department:
enlisted strength, 241, 594.
influence of station on Army, 592.
sanitation, 602.
Honor medals, 291.
Honor schools, 254.
Hospitals:
construction and repair, 663.
department —
Honolulu, Hawaii, 632.
Manila, P. I., 629.
general —
Army and Navy, Hot Springs,
Ark., 625.
Fort Bayard, N. Mex., 622.
Letterman, San Francisco, Cal.,
613, 638.
Walter Reed, T^oma Park, D.
C, 616.
nonmilitary —
Providence, Washington, D. C,
634.
Saint Elizabeths, Washington,
D. C, 282.
Hospital train, 197, 473.
I.
Identification system, 288.
Index-catalogue of medical literature,
471-472.
Index-record card work, 290.
Industries, mobilization of, 207.
Infantry, chief of, needed, 185.
Inspector General, report, 297-306.
Inspector General's office:
inspections, 297.
new duties, 298.
Officers' Reserve Corps, 299.
International military medical statistics,
791.
International nomenclature, 476.
civil work. 315.
oBenme ctamiSed. 319.
reorguiizadoD, 309.
reviaiona] publicatioua, 312, 314.
trials 312, 321.
Kitcfaena, roUing, 195, 341.
Army and Navy Ucdical School. 471.
Port Bayard General Hospital, 624.
Fort Sam Houston, 641.
Honolulu, 646.
Letterman General Hospital, 638.
Sipial CorpB, 876.
Waller Reed General Hospital, 616.
Laod purchaaes, 203, 360.
Leaaes, 427.
LfSgmgs, 352.
L^uUbon along educational lines, 56.
Library, Surgeon General 'a office, 471,668.
Lighting systems. 361.
LoMca by fire and storm, 364.
U.
McCain, Brig. Gen. H. P., The Adjutant
General, report, 236-294.
McCftw, Col. Waller D., Medical Corps,
department eurgeon, 466.
Mclver, Col. G. W., I hief of the Militia
Bureau, report. S95-1160.
Machine guns, 60, S24, 825.
Males of miiilary age in the United States,
960.
Maneuvers, 301.
Manila ordnance depot, 855.
Manuala:
Amy bakers and cooks, 341.
Quartermaater General 'a, 403.
Signal Corpa. 877.
Manufacturing planls, 166.
Medals of honor, 291.
Medical and hospital supplies, 667.
Medical department:
Army Medical School, 652.
Army Nuree Corpe, 651.
bulletins, 655.
contract surgeons, 649.
correspondence course, 661.
department aurgeona, 465.
enlisted force, 650.
financial statement. 687.
instruction and training, 060.
■ ■ 470.
Uedi«MiiilitaiT <
war. 472.
Mental aberration. 529,
Hexjcan border, 7. 31. 186-189. 364, 433.
Mexico, expedition into, 474.
Uilitarv .Academy. Su United StatM
ililitary Academy.
Military aviation. Ste Aviaticm.
Military laws, revision of. 47.
Mihtar>- policy for the L'niled States. 1^
Mihlary post exchangee. 358.
Military training in high schools, 4&
Militia:
federation of, 11-13.
mobilization of, 188, 193.
Organized. See National Guud.
Militia Bureau:
development of, 944.
expensee. 1160.
history of, 191.
personnel. 946.
report, 985-1160.
Milk examination, 644.
Mobile and Coast Artillny, functiona
of, 216.
Mobilization, lenons of. 16.
Mobilization of industries, 207.
Mobilizatioo of Organized tlilitia and
National Guard, 11, 193, 342. 378.
433, 474. 8u alio National Guard.
Hortara, 823.
Motorcycles, 3B3.
Motor equipment in cvdnance maU-
rief, m.
Motor trucks, 22, 195, 376. 383, 440, 462.
Mounted Service School, 177.
Mules, 179.
Museum, Army Medical, 472.
National cemeteries. Bee Cemeteriea.
National defense act, 163.
National Defense, Council of, 3B.
National Guard:
armory instruction, 900, 901, 92$.
artUlery instruction, 903, 1142, 1144.
1159.
aviation, 915.
call of. 280.
clothing allowance, 934.
Coast Artillery, quota of, 910, 1165.
competitions 927.
deficient in Coast Artillery, 1164.
dual oath, 944.
Engineer troops, 913.
Federal funds, 929.
federaUzed, 165.
h ederal property, 931, 1151.
i ield Artillery, 180, 920.
functions, 225.
Infantry, 899.
instruction, 903, 908.919,921, ««, IIM.
legislation, ^7.
limitationa, 166.
mai'hineWn unit, 923.
-'.^el. 921.
INDEX.
1261
National Guard — Continued.
mobilization, 189, 193, 342, 896.
moved to Mexican border, 433.
National Trophy award, 1140.
noncommiasioned ofScers, 922.
organization, 166, 938, 989.
organizations called into service, May
2, 1916, 1132.
physical examination, 921.
pistol practice, 927.
range and practice of individuals, 926.
rifle camps, 926.
sanitary troops, 659, 918, 1137.
Signal Corps, 914.
stations, 964.
status, 14.
strength, 948.
student organizations, 909.
taiiget practice, cost of, 924, 925, 1138.
taiiget ranges, 928.
National Home for Disabled Volunteers,
298.
National Military Park Commissions:
Chickamauga and Chattanooga, 1221-
1226.
Gettysburg, 1229-1238.
Shiloh, 1241-1248.
Vicksburg, 1251-1256.
National Militia Board, 935, 1159.
National preparatory schools 57.
Newspapers, 337.
New York Arsenal, 852.
Niagara Falls, withdrawal of additional
water, 67.
Nicholson, Lieut. Col. John P., chairman,
Gettysburg National Military Park
Commission, report, 1229-1238.
Nitrate acid supply, 823.
Nitrat-e plant, 43.
Nitrates, 167.
Nomenclature, international, 476.
Nurse Corps, 473.
O.
Obregon, Gen., conference with, 187.
Ofl&cers:
advancements in ^^ade, 243.
certificates of ment, 292.
Civil War soldiers, 250.
commissioned in active service, 242.
deaths, causes of, 478.
detached service, 165, 243.
distribution as to functions, 245.
examined for promotion, 45, 248.
provisional appointments of, 164.
Reserve Corps, 165, 251.
retired on active duty, 247.
retirement of. 165, 477.
roster of, in CSivil War, 290.
Official records of the Union and Confed-
erate Armies, 290.
Ordnance, shortage in, 183.
Ordnance and Fortification, Board of, 59.
Ordnance board, personnel, 855.
Ordnance Department:
capacity lor production, 822.
designing work, 830.
disbursements, 810, 815.
equipment for mobile army, 818.
expenditures, 807.
fiscal affairs, 806.
gun construction, 824.
inspection, 835.
injectors of ordnance, 835, 837, 844.
leaves of absence, 817.
liability act, 816.
maintenance of armament, 832.
Manila ordnance board, 855.
motor equipment, 832.
Ordnance board, 855.
receipts, 807.
report, 805-856.
rifles of 1898, issue of, 819.
Sandy Hook Proving Groimd, 837.
savings, 842.
school of application, 837.
scientific management, 817.
seacoast gims, 823.
Springfield Armory, 843.
transfers of stores, 814.
Oiganization of first 500,000, 156.
Organized Militia. See National Guard.
Oversea service, 217.
P.
Pack outfits, 827.
Panama, relations with, 64.
Panama Canal:
defense of, 218.
tolls, 63.
Panama Canal Zone, 605, 870.
Panama Railroad, 64.
Park Conmiissions. See National Mili-
tary Park Commissions.
Parral incident, 8, 279.
Periodicals, 337.
Permanent Staff Corps, 169.
Pershing, Brig. Gen. John J., expedition-
ary force, 8, 187.
Philippine Islands:
deaths in, 563.
defense of, 217.
financial statement, 415.
fuel, 392.
government, 61.
ealth in, 561, 587.
native lumber, 393. .
new construction, 458, 462.
potatoes, fresh, purchase of, 393.
prevalence of special diseases, 565.
railroads, 402.
roads, 400.
sanitation, 584.
service in, 198.
sewer system, 398.
Signal Corps operation, 869.
transportation, 402, 438.
United States Army in, 241.
water supply, 397.