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Itt^. 

WAR   DEPARTMENT 

Annual  Reports,  1916 

(IN  THREE  VOLUMES) 


Volume  I 

Reports  of 

THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR 

THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF 

THE  ADJUTANT   GENERAL 

THE   INSPECTOR   GENERAL 

THE   JUDGE   ADVOCATE   GENERAL 

THE  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL 

THE  SURGEON  GENERAL 

THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE 

THE   CHIEF  SIGNAL  OFFICER 

THE   CHIEF  OF  MILITIA  BUREAU 

THE  CHIEF  OF  COAST  ARTILLERY 

THE   SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY 

THE   CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA 

PARK  COMMISSION 
THE  GETTYSBURG  PARK  COMMISSION 
THE  SHILOH  PARK  COMMISSION 
THE  VICKSBURG  PARK  COMMISSION 


ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  ANNUAL  REPORTS  OF  THE  WAR  DEPARTMENT 
FOR  THE  FISCAL  YEAR  ENDED  JUNE  30, 1916. 


Volume  I Secretary  of  War. 

Chief  of  Staff. 

The  Adjutant  General. 

Inspector  General. 

Judge  Advocate  General. 

Quartermaster  General. 

Surgeon  General. 

Chief  of  Ordnance. 

Chief  Signal  Officer. 

Chief  of  Militia  Bureau. 

Chief  of  Coast  Artillery. 

Superintendent  Military  Academy. 

Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  Park  Commission. 

Gettysburg  Park  Commission. 

Shiloh  Park  Commission. 

Vicksburg  Park  Conmiission. 

Volume  II Chief  of  Engineers  (without  Appendices). 

Volume  in Chief  of  Bureau  of  Insular  Affaire. 

Governor  of  Porto  Rico. 
The  Philippine  CommJaaioiu 


i 


i  M 


CONTENTS. 


PagiL 

Report  of  the  Secretary  of  WarX 5 

Report  of  the  Chief  of  Staff  .K 153 

Report  of  The  Adjutant  General.^ 233 

Report  of  the  Inspector  General  i^. 295 

Report  of  the  Judge  Advocate  Genei a!  i 307 

Report  of  the  Quartermaster  General .". 329 

Report  of  the  Surgeon  General.*! 463 

Report  of  the  Chief  of  Ordnance.*: 803 

Report  of  the  Chief  Signal  Officer !: 857 

Report  of  the  Chief  of  Militia  Bureau 893 

Report  of  the  Chief  of  Coast  Artillery 1161 

Report  of  the  Su^rintendent  Military  Acadenay .". 1179 

Report  of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  rark  Commission 1219 

Report  of  the  Gettysburg  Park  Commission 1227 

Report  of  the  Shiloh  Park  Commission 1239 

Report  of  the  Vickaburg  Park  Commission 1249 

3 


REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR. 


REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR. 


War  Department, 

Washington^  D.  (7.,  November  £0^  1916. 
To  the  President: 

I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  of  operations  of 
this  department  for  the  past  year : 

On  February  10, 1916,  Hon.  Lindley  M.  Garrison  resigned  as  Secre- 
tary of  War,  and  on  February  11,  1916,  Maj.  Gen.  Hugh  L.  Scott, 
United  States  Army,  Chief  of  Staff,  was  appointed  by  you  Secretary 
of  War,  ad  interim,  under  the  provisions  of  section  179,  Revised 
Statutes.  Gen.  Scott  served  until  March  9,  1916,  when  I  took  the 
oath  of  office  as  Secretary  of  War. 

THE  MEXICAN  SITUATION. 

TJie  raid  on  Columbus^  N.  Mex.^  and  the  Pershing  Expedition. — 
The  disturbed  conditions  on  the  Mexican  border  culminated  in  an 
attack  by  Mexican  bandits  on  Columbus,  N.  Mex.  A  description  of 
this  attack  and  of  several  engagements  that  followed  it,  gathered  from 
the  reports  received  by  the  Department,  is  given  below : 

On  the  night  of  March  8-9,  1916,  the  Mexican  outlaw,  Francisco 
Villa,  with  a  force  variously  estimated  at  from  500  to  1,000  men, 
crossed  the  international  border  from  Mexico  to  the  United  States 
at  a  point  about  3  miles  west  of  the  border-line  gate  and  concentrated 
his  force  for  an  attack  on  the  town  of  Columbus,  N.  Mex.  The  attack 
was  made  during  hours  of  extreme  darkness  and  was  for  the  purpose, 
according  to  information  subsequently  obtained  by  the  military 
authorities,  of  looting  the  town  after  disposing  of  the  garrison.  A 
fight  ensued  in  which  7  American  soldiers  were  killed  and  2  officers 
and  5  soldiers  were  wounded,  and  8  civilians  killed  and  2  wounded- 
The  Mexican  bandits  killed  in  the  town,  the  camp,  and  on  the  border 
line  numbered  67,  while  the  wounded  and  captured  number^  7. 

7 


8  REPORT   OF   THE  SECRETARY  OF   WAR. 

Immediately  after  the  raid  one  troop  of  Cavalry  crossed  the  border 
and  pursued  the  Mexicans.  An  additional  troop,  stationed  at  the 
border-line  gate,  also  mounted  and  struck  the  retreating  Mexicans 
in  the  flank;  the  two  troops,  then  joining,  continued  the  pursuit  of 
the  Mexicans  south  for  a  distance  of  12  miles,  discontinuing  the  pur- 
suit only  when  their  ammunition  was  e2diausted  and  the  horses  and 
men,  without  water  and  almost  exhausted,  could  continue-  no  longer. 
The  bandits  in  the  meantime  retreated  in  a  southeasterly  direction. 
During  this  running  fight  a  nimiber  of  Mexicans,  estimated  to  be 
between  70  and  100,  were  killed,  but  no  accurate  estimate  of  the 
woimded  can  be  made.  Much  property  and  many  animals  were  aban- 
doned by  the  Mexicans  in  their  flight. 

On  March  10,  1916,  the  commanding  general  of  the  southern  de- 
partment was  directed  to  organize  an  adequate  military  force  under 
the  command  of  Brig.  Gren.  John  J.  Pershing,  with  instructions  to 
proceed  promptly  across  the  border  in  pursuit  of  the  Mexican  out- 
laws who  had  attacked  Columbus.  Under  these  instructions,  two 
colunms  were  organized,  one  starting  from  Columbus  and  the  other 
from  Culberson's  ranch.  The  advance  of  the  Columbus  column,  con- 
sisting of  7  troops  of  the  Thirteenth  Cavalry,  the  Sixth  and  Six- 
teenth Infantry,  Battery  C,  Sixth  Field  Artillery,  and  Ambulance 
Company  No.  7,  started,  on  March  15,  on  the  road,  through  Palomas, 
Ascension,  Corralitos,  toward  Casas  Grandes.  The  Culberson  col- 
umn, consisting  of  the  Seventh  Cavalry,  10  troops  of  the  Tenth 
Cavalry,  and  Battery  B,  Sixth  Field  Artillery,  left  the  same  night, 
via  the  Ojitas  route,  and  arrived  at  Colonia  Dublan,  4  miles  north  of 
Nueva  Casas  Grandes,  on  the  night  of  March  17.  These  troops  pushed 
rapidly  south,  the  bandits  scattering  and  fleeing  from  their  front. 
Gen.  Pershing  was  acting  under  orders  to  respcQt  in  every  manner 
the  sovereignty  and  rights  of  Mexico  and  her  people,  and  to  avoid 
all  possible  occasion  of  conflict  with,  or  irritation  to,  the  representa- 
tives of  the  de  facto  Government  of  Mexico. 

The  ParroL  incident, — During  the  pursuit  of  Villa  and  his  fol- 
lowers, Maj.  Frank  Tompkins,  Thirteenth  Cavalry,  with  Troops  K 
and  M  of  that  regiment,  imder  the  command  of  Col.  W.  C.  Brown, 
Tenth  Cavalry,  camped  outside  of  the  town  of  Parral,  Mexico,  and 
sent  a  detachment  of  soldiers  to  the  town  for  the  purpose  of  purchas- 
ing supplies,  at  about  11  o'clock  a.  m.,  April  12,  1916.  Maj.  Tomp- 
kins was  cordially  received  by  the  higher  civil  and  military  officials. 


REPOBT  OP   THE   SECBETABY  OP  WAB.  9 

The  Meidcan  general,  Lozano,  accompanied  Maj.  Tompkins  on  his 
way  to  the  camp.  On  the  outskirts  of  the  town,  groups  of  native 
soldiers  and  civilians  jeered,  threw  stones,  and  fired  on  the  colunm. 
Maj.  Tompkins  at  once  took  a  defensive  position  north  of  the  rail- 
road but  was  soon  flanked  by  Mexican  troops  and  forced  to  retire. 
The  American  troops  continued  to  withdraw  to  avoid  further  com- 
plications until  they  reached  Santa  Cruz,  8  miles  from  Parral.  Gen. 
Lozano  attempted  to  control  his  men  when  the  fighting  first  began 
but  failed.  The  known  casualties  were  2  American  soldiers  killed, 
2  oflRcers  and  4  soldiers  wounded,  1  soldier  missing,  and  40  Mexican 
soldiers  killed.  The  number  of  Mexican  soldiers  wounded  is  not 
known,  although  it  is  known  that  one  Mexican  civilian  was  wounded. 

The  Carrizal  incident, — For  some  time  subsequent  to  this,  Gen. 
Pershing's  force  maintained  itself  in  substantially  the  same  position, 
using  scouting  parties  and  detachments  for  the  purpose  of  locating 
the  force  of  Villa,  which  had  been  broken  up  and  scattered  in  various 
directions  through  the  difficult  and  mountainous  country  through 
which  the  expedition  had  penetrated. 

On  the  morning  of  the  21st  of  June,  1916,  Troops  C  and  K  of  the 
Tenth  Cavalry,  under  the  command  of  Capt.  Charles  T.  Boyd,  while 
on  the  way  to  Villa  Ahumada  on  such  a  scouting  expedition,  reached 
the  town  of  Carrizal,  and  sought  permission  from  the  commanding 
officer  of  the  Mexican  forces  garrisoned  there  to  pass  through  the 
town  in  order  to  reach  Villa  Ahumada.  Gen.  Gomez,  the  Mexican 
commander,  sent  an  officer  of  his  command  to  the  American  troops 
denying  the  permission  requested.  During  the  conference,  Mexican 
troops  were  seen  to  move  toward  the  flank  of  the  American  troops. 
The  latter  assumed  a  defensive  position,  but  an  engagement  immedi- 
ately ensued,  in  which  Capt.  Charles  T.  Boyd  and  Lieut.  Henry  R. 
Adair,  Tenth  Cavalry,  and  7  enlisted  men,  were  killed,  and  Capt. 
Lewis  S.  Morey,  Tenth  Cavalry,  and  9  enlisted  men  were  wounded. 
Twenty-three  enlisted  men  of  the  Tenth  Cavalry  and  1  civilian  in- 
terpreter were  captured  and  sent  to  Chihuahua  City.  The  number 
of  Mexicans  killed  is  estimated  to  have  been  39,  including  Gen.  Gomez. 
The  number  of  wounded  is  not  known.  The  23  enlisted  men  and  the 
civilian  interpreter  captured  by  the  Mexicans  were  released  and  re- 
turned to  the  United  States  with  their  property  and  equipment. 

Gen.  Pershing's  force  has  been  on  Mexican  soil  since  the  15th 
day  of  March,  during  part  of  the  time  engaged  in  active  and  vigor- 


10  BEPOBT  OF  THE  BECBETABY  OF  WAB. 

ous  pursuit  of  bandits,  but  during  the  larger  part  of  the  time  en- 
camped generally  in  the  neighborhood  of  Colonia  Dublan.  The 
orders  to  this  expedition  pointedly  enjoined  the  maintenance  of  cor- 
dial relations  with  the  native  population  and  the  most  entire  respect 
for  the  dignity  and  sovereignty  of  the  Government  of  Mexico  and  its 
military  commanders  and  forces.  It  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  point 
out  the  fidelity  with  which  these  instructions  have  been  obeyed. 
Gen.  Pershing's  force  has  not  only  maintained  itself  in  a  state  of 
physical  fitness  and  cheerful  loyalty  to  its  task,  but  the  men  have 
developed  into  a  robust  and  vigorous  body  of  troops,  and  their  rela- 
tions with  the  native  population  in  Mexico  have  been  characterized 
by  cordiality  and  friendliness,  which  was  highly  creditable  to  the 
discipline  and  spirit  of  American  soldiers.  I  can  not  too  highly 
praise  the  members  of  this  expeditionary  force,  its  commander,  and 
its  men,  for  the  restraint,  self-control,  and  zeal  which  they  have  dis- 
played and  for  the  credit  which  they  have  reflected  upon  American 
arms. 

Bandit  raids  across  the  Mexican  border. — In  addition  to  the  raid 
on  Columbus,  N.  Mex.,  several  raids  of  more  or  less  importance  have 
occurred  during  the  period  covered  by  this  report,  the  most  notable 
of  them  being : 

Glenn  Springs,  Tex.,  May  5, 1916,  the  casualties  being  3  American 
soldiers  and  1  civilian  killed ;  8  American  soldiers  woimded.  At  this 
place,  it  is  believed  that  2  Mexican  bandits  were  killed  and  a  number 
wounded,  although  it  was  impossible  to  secure  definite  information. 

San  Ygnacio,  Tex.,  June  15,  1916,  the  casualties  being  4  American 
soldiers  killed  and  5  wounded ;  6  Mexican  bandits  killed. 

Near  Fort  Hancock,  Tex.,  July  31,  1916,  1  American  soldier  and  1 
civilian  (United  States  customs  inspector)  killed,  and  1  American 
soldier  woimded;  3  Mexicans  killed  and  3  captured  by  Mexican  de 
facto  Government  troops. 

Call  of  the  Organized  Militia  and  National  Guard  into  the  service  of 
the  United  States. — ^The  known  presence  of  large  numbers  of  bandit 
forces  and  irregular  military  organizations,  hostile  alike  to  the  de  facto 
Government  of  Mexico  and  to  the  Government  and  people  of  the  United 
States,  made  it  apparent  that  further  aggression  upon  the  territory  of 
the  United  States  was  to  be  expected.  The  Mexican  border  is  a  long 
and  irregular  boundary  line,  passing  in  places  through  cities  and 


EEPOBT  OP  THE  8ECRETABY  OP  WAB.  11 

towns,  but  for  great  stretches  running  through  sparsely  settled  re- 
gions and  through  a  wild  and  difficult  country.  The  forces  at  the 
disposal  of  the  commander  of  the  Southern  Department  for  the 
protection  of  this  border  had  been  strengthened  from  time  to  time 
by  the  transfer  to  that  department  of  a  very  large  part  of  .the  Regu- 
lar Army  within  the  limits  of  the  continental  United  States,  includ- 
ing some  detachments  of  Coast  Artillery  forces,  withdrawn  from 
their  coast  defense  stations.  It  was,  however,  clear  that  even  thus 
strengthened  the  forces  under  Gen.  Funston's  command  were  inade- 
quate to  patrol  this  long  and  difficult  line  and  to  assure  safety  to  the 
life  and  property  of  American  citizens  against  raids  and  depreda- 
tions. The  President,  therefore,  deemed  it  proper  to  exercise  the 
authority  vested  in  him  by  the  Constitution  and  laws  to  call  out  the 
Organized  Militia.  On  May  9,  1916,  he  issued  a  call,  through  the 
governors  of  the  States  of  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas,  direct- 
ing the  concentration  of  the  militia  of  those  States  at  places  to  be 
designated  by  the  commanding  general  of  the  Southern  Department. 
San  Antonio,  Columbus,  and  Douglas  were  designated  as  the 
places  of  concentration  for  the  Militia  of  Texas,  Arizona,  and  New 
Mexico,  respectively,  and  upon  the  arrival  of  the  militia,  the  neces- 
sary procedure  for  their  muster  into  the  service  of  the  United  States, 
under  the  provisions  of  the  act  approved  January  21, 1903,  as  amended 
by  the  act  of  Congress  approved  May  27,  1908,  was  at  once  entered 
upon  and  vigorously  prosecuted,  the  greater  part  of  the  militia,  so 
called,  having  been  mustered  into  the  service  of  the  United  States 
before  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year.  It  was  also  directed  by  the  de- 
partment that  the  Federal  authorities  assume  the  duty  of  recruiting 
for  the  militia  service  of  the  United  States.  In  accordance  with 
these  directions,  the  commanding  general  of  the  Southern  Depart- 
ment was  ordered  on  May  27,  1916,  to  detail  officers  and  enlisted 
men  from  the  Texas  Militia  mustered  into  the  service  of  the  United 
States  to  recruit  the  Militia  of  Texas  to  its  full  strength,  and  similar 
orders  with  respect  to  recruiting  were  issued  with  regard  to  the 
militia  of  other  States  at  a  later  date.  The  reasons  which  caused  the 
President  to  issue  the  call  for  the  Militia  of  Texas,  Arizona,  and 
New  Mexico  on  May  9,  1916,  impelled  him,  on  June  18,  1916,  to  call 
into  the  service  of  the  United  States  a  large  part  of  the  Organized 
Militia  and  National  Guard  of  the  other  States  of  the  Union  and  the 


12  REPORT  OP  THE  SECRETARY  OP  WAR. 

District  of  Columbia,  the  call  being  duly  issued  on  the  date  last 
mentioned  through  the  governors  of  all  the  States  concerned  and  the 
Commanding  General  of  the  District  of  Columbia  Militia. 

In  the  meantime,  the  National-Defense  Act  had  been  approved  June 
8,  1916,  providing,  among  other  things,  for  the  transition  of  the 
Organized  Militia  of  the  several  States  and  the  District  of  Columbia 
into  the  National  Guard,  by  taking  the  oath  prescribed  by  that  act, 
and  this  transition  was  in  progress  in  the  several  States  when  the 
call  of  June  18  was  made.  The  call  of  the  President  found  the 
militia  at  the  very  beginning  of  its  transition  from  the  Organized 
Militia,  provided  in  the  earlier  legislation,  into  the  National  Guard, 
provided  by  the  recent  National-Defense  Act.  There  had  been  no  time 
for  the  completion  of  the  procedures  provided  for  perfecting  the 
National  Guard,  so  that  the  mass  o'f  detail  which  under  ordinary 
circumstances  is  involved  in  the  concentration  of  the  militia  at 
various  mobilization  points  was  increased  by  the  fact  that  some  of 
the  organizations  existed  wholly  under  their  earlier  status,  some  had 
completed  their  organization  under  the  National-Defense  Act,  and 
some  were  in  the  course  of  changing  their  relation  to  the  Federal 
Government  from  that  provided  by  one  to  that  provided  by  the  other 
of  these  laws.  Moreover,  the  provisions  of  the  National-Defense  Act, 
not  having  previously  been  applied,  were  required  to  be  interpreted 
in  many  respects.  There  had  not  yet  been  time  to  work  out  in  an 
orderly  way  interpretations  of  the  act  and  instructions  under  it 
for  the  guidance  either  of  officers  of  the  Begular  Army  or  of  the 
militia,  who  were  required  to  cooperate  in  such  a  movement.  The 
task  thus  imposed  upon  the  department  and  the  chiefs  of  the  bureaus 
concerned  was  most  exacting,  and  I  can  not  too  highly  praise  the  zeal 
and  intelligence  with  which  these  difficulties  were  met  or  the  self- 
sacrifice  with  which  the  personnel  of  the  department  devoted  itself 
day  and  night  to  the  speedy,  orderly,  and  successful  accomplishment 
of  its  task. 

To  have  worked  out  each  detail,  completed  the  transition  of  such 
State  organizations,  and  i-ecruited  it  to  its  full  strength  before  trans- 
ferring these  forces  to  the  border  would  have  taken  more  time  than 
the  exigencies  of  the  situation  permitted.  Instructions  were  there- 
fore given  on  June  28  to  the  commanding  generals  of  the  Eastern 
Central,  and  Western  Departments  to  transfer  each  unit  to  tlie 
border  as  soon  as  it  was  reasonably  equipped  for  field  service. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SECRETAKY  OF  WAR.  18 

On  August  31,  1916,  the  date  of  the  latest  complete  returns  re- 
ceived, the  troops  in  the  Southern  Department  consisted  of  2,160  offi- 
cers and  45,873  enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Army,  and  5,446  officers 
and  105,080  enlisted  men  of  the  National  Guard,  making  a  total  of 
7,606  officers  and  150,953  enlisted  men  in  that  department.  On  the 
date  given  there  were  1,557  officers  and  28,176  enlisted  men  of  the 
National  Guard  in  the  other  military  departments,  making  a  total  of 
7,003  officers  and  133,256  enlisted  men  of  the  National  Guard  in  the 
Federal  service  on  August  31,  1916. 

The  'present  situation. — The  mere  presence  of  this  enlarged  force 
on  the  border  has  served  to  preserve  peace  and  to  protect  life  and 
property.  Disturbances  by  outlaws  and  bandits  in  northern  Mexico 
have  continued  and  roving  bands  of  various  numbers  have  moved 
through  the  territory,  harassing  Mexican  forces  and  raiding  Mexi- 
can communities,  but  they  have  not  ventured  an  attack  upon  the 
people  of  the  United  States.  In  the  meantime  the  militia  forces  on 
the  border  have  been  drilled,  their  organizations  perfected,  and 
their  personnel  accustomed  to  life  in  camp  in  the  performance  of 
this  defensive  duty.  On  the  advice  of  the  military  commanders,  it 
has  been  determined  that  full  protection  can  be  given  on  the  border 
without  utilizing  the  entire  force  of  the  National  Guard  in  the 
service  of  the  United  States.  The  department  therefore  determined 
to  send  from  time  to  time  from  their  State  mobilization  camps  por- 
tions of  the  National  Guard  which  had  not  as  yet  done  border  duty, 
and  in  exchange  for  these  freshly  arrived  contingents,  the  command- 
ing general  of  the  Southern  Department  has  been  directed  to  select 
equivalent  nimibers  of  troops  which  have  been  in  actual  border 
service  for  return  to  their  home  stations  for  muster  out.  ThcHe 
movements  have  been  taking  place  with  some  rapidity  and  are  now 
substantially  completed.  The  number  of  National  Guard  now  on  the 
border  is  substantially  110,000  officers  and  men. 

From  the  beginning  the  department  appreciated  the  sacrifice  which 
the  members  of  the  National  Guard  were  called  upon  to  make  in  the 
interest  of  the  national  defense.  These  organizationw,  made  up  of 
men  engaged  in  all  sorts  of  industrial,  commercial,  and  profeiwional 
activity,  were  sununoned  suddenly  and  without  op[Xirtunity  ade- 
quately to  provide  for  a  prolonged  absenr^e  from  home.  In  many 
instances  family  illness,  business  commitmentM^  and  other  pressing 


14  REPORT  OP  THE  SECRETART  OF  WAR. 

©ngagements  had  to  be  faced,  and  an  effort  was  made  by  the  depart- 
ment in  the  presence  of  extreme  cases  of  hardships  to  minimize  the 
sacrifice.  The  most  distressing  class  of  cases  were,  of  course,  those 
of  men  with  dependent  families  or  relatives  for  whom  no  provision 
had  been  made  and  who  were  entirely  dependent  upon  the  peace- 
time earnings  of  the  citizen  soldier.  A  number  of  cases  were  pre- 
sented in  which  members  of  the  National  Guard  were  the  occupants 
of  public  office,  the  continued  functions  of  which  were  essential  to 
the  National  and  State  Governments,  and  in  some  instances  members 
of  the  National  Guard  were  found  to  be  pivotal  and  apparently  in- 
dispensable directors  of  industrial  and  commercial  enterprises  upon 
which  the  Government  is  obliged  to  rely  for  the  proper  supply  of 
commissary  and  equipment  to  the  Army  itself.  The  department 
attempted  to  deal  with  these  embarrassments  on  the  principle  that  the 
thing  best  for  the  National  Guard,  the  thing  which  would  tend  to 
strengthen  and  build  it  up,  would  be  most  in  harmony  with  the  inten- 
tion of  the  Congress  in  the  National-Defense  Act.  A  limited  number 
of  discharges  were  therefore  granted  on  the  ground  of  public  policy, 
so  as  not  to  weaken  the  spirit  of  the  National  Guard  at  home  by  de- 
priving it  of  the  regular  performance  of  the  governmental  functions 
or  of  the  industrial  and  commercial  operations  upon  which  its  sup- 
ply and  maintenance  depended.  For  the  relief  of  those  members  of 
the  National  Guard  having  dependent  families  or  relatives  an  order 
was  made  authorizing  the  discharge  of  all  soldiers  so  circumstanced 
upon  their  own  application.  A  relatively  small  number  of  members 
of  the  National  Guard  took  advantage  of  this  order  and  were  re- 
turned to  their  homes.  By  this  means  acute  distress  was  prevented 
and  the  organization  of  community  relief  for  dependent  families, 
which  had  been  imdertaken  in  many  places  as  soon  as  the  call  for  the 
Guard  was  issued,  was  rendered  less  burdensome.  The  Congress  later 
appropriated  the  sum  of  $2,000,000  to  be  expended  by  the  department 
under  certain  limitations  provided  in  the  act  in  the  care  of  the  de- 
pendents of  soldiers,  and  this  operation  made  unnecessary  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  original  order  authorizing  the  discharge  of  such 
members  of  the  Guard.  The  order  was  therefore  withdrawn,  and  the 
department  is  now  engaged  in  the  distribution  of  the  funds  provided 
by  Congi*ess  for  the  object  stated. 

The  National  Guard  is,  both  by  law  and  in  contemplation  of  its 
members,  the  line  of  defense  immediately  back  of  the  Regular  Army. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SECBETABY  OF  WAB.  15 

It  is  organized  for  the  purpose  of  responding  quickly  to  emergency 
calls,  but  our  country  has  been  singularly  free  from  international 
boundary  difficulty  which  required  more  force  than  could  be  found 
in  the  organizations  of  the  Regular  Army  within  the  country.  The 
sort  of  duty  presented  by  the  Mexican  difficulty,  therefore,  is  un- 
usual and  may  well  have  been  unanticipated.  The  readiness  with 
which  the  militia  responded  to  this  call  was  most  gratifying,  and 
when  the  transitional  condition  in  which  it  was  found  by  the  call  is 
remembered,  the  confusions  and  difficulties  attending  the  mobiliza- 
tion will  seem  insignificant  in  comparison  with  its  success  and  with 
the  splendid  spirit  with  which  both  men  and  officers  of  the  National 
Guard  responded. 

The  duty  in  Mexico  and  on  the  border  has  been  of  the  most  trying 
kind  which  soldiers  can  be  called  upon  to  perform.  The  move- 
ment and  enthusiasm  of  active  military  operations  supplies  a  spirit 
of  its  own,  but  the  soldier  who  is  required  to  wait  inactive  finds  it 
difficult  to  reconcile  himself  to  the  privations  of  camp  life  and  to  the 
separations  from  home,  friends,  and  normal  occupation  required 
of  him,  and  yet  this  most  trying  of  services  is  just  what  has  been 
required  of  our  Regular  Army  and  of  the  National  Guard  on  the 
border.  Their  time  has  of  course  been  used  in  profitable  military 
training,  and  an  enormous  incidental  advantage  has  accrued  to  the 
country  therefrom.  But  it  is  not  strange  that  some  restlessness  and 
complaint  have  been  heard  both  from  an  occasional  member  of  one 
of  the  Guard  forces  and  from  their  friends  at  home  who  have  not 
appreciated  the  necessity  for  their  sacrifice,  in  view  of  the  absence 
of  active  operations.  These  complaints,  however,  have  been  minor 
and  infrequent.  The  spirit  of  the  regiments  has  been  high,  their 
service  cheerful,  and  their  appreciation  both  of  their  opportunity 
for  public  service  and  of  the  value  of  the  training  received  by  them 
has  been  evidenced  from  all  quarters. 

In  a  subsequent  part  of  this  report  I  deal  with  the  question  of 
health  and  sanitation,  so  that  I  here  but  remark  in  passing  that  the 
health  of  the  soldiers  on  the  border  has  been  remarkable;  their 
freedom  from  camp  fevers  and  from  serious  illnesses  of  all  kinds  is 
perhaps  as  striking  an  incident  of  efficient  medical  supervision  as 
can  be  found  in  the  history  of  any  army.  The  initial  difficulties  of 
supply  and  transportation  were  soon  solved.  I  have  personally  met 
the  officers  and  men  of  several  regiments  which  have  returned  from 


14  REPORT  OF  THE  SECBETART  OF  WAR. 

engagements  had  to  be  faced,  and  an  effort  was  made  by  the  depart- 
ment in  the  presence  of  extreme  cases  of  hardships  to  minimize  the 
sacrifice.  The  most  distressing  class  of  cases  were,  of  course,  those 
of  men  with  dependent  families  or  relatives  for  whom  no  provision 
had  been  made  and  who  were  entirely  dependent  upon  the  peace- 
time earnings  of  the  citizen  soldier.  A  number  of  cases  were  pre- 
sented in  which  members  of  the  National  Guard  were  the  occupants 
of  public  office,  the  continued  functions  of  which  were  essential  to 
the  National  and  State  Governments,  and  in  some  instances  members 
of  the  National  Guard  were  found  to  be  pivotal  and  apparently  in- 
dispensable directors  of  industrial  and  commercial  enterprises  upon 
which  the  Government  is  obliged  to  rely  for  the  proper  supply  of 
commissary  and  equipment  to  the  Army  itself.  The  department 
attempted  to  deal  with  these  embarrassments  on  the  principle  that  the 
thing  best  for  the  National  Guard,  the  thing  which  would  tend  to 
strengthen  and  build  it  up,  would  be  most  in  harmony  with  the  inten- 
tion of  the  Congress  in  the  National-Defense  Act.  A  limited  number 
of  discharges  were  therefore  granted  on  the  groimd  of  public  policy, 
so  as  not  to  weaken  the  spirit  of  the  National  Guard  at  home  by  de- 
priving it  of  the  regular  performance  of  the  governmental  functions 
or  of  the  industrial  and  commercial  operations  upon  which  its  sup- 
ply and  maintenance  depended.  For  the  relief  of  those  members  of 
the  National  Guard  having  dependent  families  or  relatives  an  order 
was  made  authorizing  the  discharge  of  all  soldiers  so  circumstanced 
upon  their  own  application.  A  relatively  small  number  of  members 
of  the  National  Guard  took  advantage  of  this  order  and  were  re- 
turned to  their  homes.  By  this  means  acute  distress  was  prevented 
and  the  organization  of  community  relief  for  dependent  families, 
which  had  been  undertaken  in  many  places  as  soon  as  the  call  for  the 
Guard  was  issued,  was  rendered  less  burdensome.  The  Congress  later 
appropriated  the  sum  of  $2,000,000  to  be  expended  by  the  department 
under  certain  limitations  provided  in  the  act  in  the  care  of  the  de- 
pendents of  soldiers,  and  this  operation  made  unnecessary  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  original  order  authorizing  the  discharge  of  such 
members  of  the  Guard.  The  order  was  therefore  withdrawn,  and  the 
department  is  now  engaged  in  the  distribution  of  the  funds  provided 
by  Congress  for  the  object  stated. 

The  National  Guard  is,  both  by  law  and  in  contemplation  of  its 
members,  the  line  of  defense  immediately  back  of  the  Regular  Army. 


,  »-  • 


1.  •* 


v:: 


K 


BEPOET  OF  THE  8ECRETAEY  OP  WAR.  17 

opportunities  of  the  kind.  In  the  development  of  such  a  program 
we  can  remember  that  for  the  most  part  any  Army  is  made  up  of 
young  men,  and  those  wholesome  recreations  and  activities  to  which 
young  men  normally  resort  can  be  made  the  basis  of  what  the  Army 
ought  to  undertake  to  supply  for  its  own  uses, 
r  ^  Transportation  of  the  Regular  Arm/y  and  militia  to  the  Mexican 
harder, — In  a  previous  portion  of  this  report  I  have  discussed  the  raid 
on  Columbus,  N.  Mex.,  and  the  military  measures  adopted  in  con- 
sequence of  it,  including  the  call  of  the  Organized  Militia  and 
National  Guard  into  the  service  of  the  United  States.  It  seems 
to  me  worth  while,  however,  to  make  a  somewhat  detailed  refer- 
ence to  the  transportation  of  these  troops  to  the  Mexican  border, 
both  because  I  desire  an  opportunity  to  report  specifically  the  efficient 
cooperation  of  the  railroads  with  the  Government  and  also  be- 
cause the  general  question  of  transportation  facilities  is  one  of 
very  great  military  importance. 

The  railroads  of  the  United  States  have  been  built  in  response 
to  commercial  and  industrial  needs.  Our  continent  has  been  de- 
veloped and  opened  up  by  a  process  of  railroad  building  which 
had  in  view  the  transportation  of  raw  materials  and  finished  prod- 
ucts, rendering  our  mineral  and  lumber  resources  accessible  and 
enabling  our  rapidly  increasing  population  to  develop  the  agri- 
cultural  and  economic  resources  of  the  Nation.  It  is  probably  just 
to  say,  however,  that  very  little  thought  has  been  given  in  our 
railroad  development  to  their  possible  use  for  military  purposes. 
We  have  built  no  strategic  railroads,  our  frontiers  have  been  neg- 
lected as  possible  scenes  of  military  operations,  and  there  has  ac- 
cordingly been  little  or  no  railroad  building  which  had  as  its  object 
a  possible  call  upon  the  railroads  of  the  country  rapidly  to  trans- 
port large  bodies  of  men  and  to  maintain  continuous  streams  of 
military  supplies  for  their  support.  This  was  not  unnatural,  as 
the  wide  seas  have  been  the  frontier  of  the  United  States,  and  we 
have  been  in  contact  with  no  highly  organized  and  powerful  mili- 
tary nation.  Our  relations  with  our  continental  neighbors  have 
been  peaceful  and  friendly,  and  the  development  of  civilization 
on  this  continent  has  had  an  industrial  and  commercial  aspect 
with  little  or  no  suggestion  of  military  preparation.  We  have, 
it  is  true,  given  far  less  thought  to  the  problem  of  transportation 

69176*'--WAB  1916— VOL  1 2 


16  EEPORT  OF  THE  SECBETAEY  OF  WAB. 

the  border,  and  without  minimizing  the  inconvenience  to  which 
these  men  have  been  put  and  the  sacrifices  which  they  have  made,  I 
can  not  help  feeling  that  they  have  received  some  compensation  from 
the  experience,  as  they  present  uniformly  pictures  of  splendid, 
vigorous  bodies  of  men,  trained  and  disciplined,  and  with  the  added 
dignity  which  comes  from  having  performed  a  saving  service  for 
their  country. 

Many  valuable  lessons  will  be  learned  from  this  mobilization  experi- 
ence which  the  department  hopes  can  be  applied  in  further  organiza- 
tion of  the  National  Guard.  As  yet  it  is  too  soon  to  sum  up  in  detail 
all  of  these  experiences,  nor  would  it  be  just  to  the  Guard  to  measure 
its  response  to  this  need  by  a  mere  statistical  exhibit  of  its  condition 
at  the  time  of  the  call  or  the  time  of  the  transfer  of  its  units  to  the 
border.  In  this  connection,  however,  I  desire  to  point  out  that 
under  modern  conditions  one  of  the  great  needs  of  the  Army  organ- 
ization is  a  suitable  program  of  recreational  activity  for  soldiers 
during  periods  of  enforced  inactivity.  In  his  home  station  the 
soldier  of  the  Regular  Army  will  undoubtedly  in  the  future  make 
use  more  and  more  largely  of  educational  opportunities  and  there 
will  be  automatically  evolved  certain  recreational  activities  proper 
to  the  place,  the  climate,  and  the  disposition  of  the  men,  but  the 
soldier  in  camp  has  not  the  permanent  facilities  which  can  be  found 
in  the  well-ordered  Army  post.  His  entire  time  can  not  be  spent 
in  drill,  and  there  is,  therefore,  very  great  need  for  the  development 
of  a  systematic  plan  which  will  provide  for  the  soldier  under  such 
conditions  an  opportunity  for  sound,  healthful,  and  agreeable  recrea- 
tion. The  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  has  realized  this  need 
and  most  generously  undertaken  to  provide  facilities  for  our  troops 
on  the  border  which  under  the  conditions  may  be  regarded  as  com- 
parable to  social  and  recreational  opportunities  offered  by  their 
institutions  to  the  young  men  of  our  cities.  Undoubtedly,  this 
service  has  been  of  the  highest  value  and  has  been  appreciated  by 
the  men  as  well  as  by  the  department.  I  venture,  however,  to  express 
the  hope  that  we  shall  be  able  to  devise,  as  a  part  of  our  own  siys- 
tematic  provision  for  the  Army,  recreational  facilities  and  opportuni- 
ties which  will  follow  the  Army  to  its  camp,  and  both  brighten  the 
life  of  the  Army  and  occupy  the  leisure  of  its  members  when  the 
exigencies  of  the  service  require  their  separation  from  accustomed 


BEPOET  OF  THE  8ECRETAEY  OP  WAB.  17 

opportunities  of  the  kind.  In  the  development  of  such  a  program 
we  can  remember  that  for  the  most  part  any  Army  is  made  up  of 
young  men,  and  those  wholesome  recreations  and  activities  to  which 
young  men  normally  resort  can  be  made  the  basis  of  what  the  Army 
ought  to  undertake  to  supply  for  its  own  uses. 

Transportation  of  the  Regulor  Arm/y  and  militia  to  the  Mexican 
border, — In  a  previous  portion  of  this  report  I  have  discussed  the  raid 
on  Columbus,  N.  Hex.,  and  the  military  measures  adopted  in  con- 
sequence of  it,  including  the  call  of  the  Organized  Militia  and 
National  Guard  into  the  service  of  the  United  States.  It  seems 
to  me  worth  while,  however,  to  make  a  somewhat  detailed  refer- 
ence to  the  transportation  of  these  troops  to  the  Mexican  border, 
both  because  I  desire  an  opportunity  to  report  specifically  the  efficient 
cooperation  of  the  railroads  with,  the  Government  and  also  be- 
cause the  general  question  of  transportation  facilities  is  one  of 
very  great  military  importance. 

The  railroads  of  the  United  States  have  been  built  in  response 
to  commercial  and  industrial  needs.  Our  continent  has  been  de- 
veloped and  opened  up  by  a  process  of  railroad  building  which 
had  in  view  the  transportation  of  raw  materials  and  finished  prod- 
ucts, rendering  our  mineral  and  lumber  resources  accessible  and 
enabling  our  rapidly  increasing  population  to  develop  the  agri- 
cultural  and  economic  resources  of  the  Nation.  It  is  probably  just 
to  say,  however,  that  very  little  thought  has  been  given  in  our 
railroad  development  to  their  possible  use  for  military  purposes. 
We  have  built  no  strategic  railroads,  our  frontiers  have  been  neg- 
lected as  possible  scenes  of  military  operations,  and  there  has  ac- 
cordingly been  little  or  no  railroad  building  which  had  as  its  object 
a  possible  call  upon  the  railroads  of  the  country  rapidly  to  trans- 
port large  bodies  of  men  and  to  maintain  continuous  streams  of 
military  supplies  for  their  support.  This  was  not  unnatural,  as 
the  wide  seas  have  been  the  frontier  of  the  United  States,  and  we 
have  been  in  contact  with  no  highly  organized  and  powerful  mili- 
tary nation.  Our  relations  with  our  continental  neighbors  have 
been  peaceful  and  friendly,  and  the  development  of  civilization 
on  this  continent  has  had  an  industrial  and  commercial  aspect 
with  little  or  no  suggestion  of  military  preparation.  We  have, 
it  is  true,  given  far  less  thought  to  the  problem  of  transportation 

69176'— WAB  1916— VOL  1 2 


18  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SECBETABY  OF  WAB. 

from  a  military  point  of  view  than  other  great  nations,  but  our 
occasion  for  thinking  in  that  direction  has  been  less  urgent.  The 
War  College  Division  of  the  General  Staff  has  made  interesting 
and  valuable  studies  upon  the  mobilization  and  use  of  transpor- 
tation equipment,  and  undoubtedly  the  Council  of  National  De- 
fense will  give  further  valuable  study  to  this  question;  but  the 
disturbed  condition  on  the  Mexican  border  in  consequence  of  the 
Columbus  raid  gave  us  an  actual  experiment  in  the  use  of  our 
railroads,  the  readiness  with  which  their  facilities  could  be  organ- 
ized in  the  service  of  the  Government,  and' a  most  instructive  and 
helpful  demonstration  of  the  hearty  cooperation  which  the  Gov- 
ernment can  expect  from  those  who  manage  these  great  trans- 
portation enterprises.  From  the  report  of  the  Quartermaster  Gen- 
eral I  quote  the  following  description  of  the  steps  taken  and  the 
results  obtained : 

OOOPKBATION  BrfWIUCN  THS  TBAN8P0BTATI0N  OOICPANDBS  AND  THE  QUABTEBMA8TEB 

C0BP8. 

Especial  attention  was  devoted  daring  the  fiscal  year  1916  to  the  establish- 
ment of  a  closer  cooperation  between  the  Quartermaster  Ck)rps  and  the  various 
transportation  interests  with  a  view  to  coordination  in  the  movements  of  troops 
and  supplies  for  the  Army.  The  officer  in  charge  of  the  transportation  division. 
Office  of  the  Quartermaster  General,  appeared  before  several  of  the  transporta- 
tion associations  and  outlined  a  plan  of  mutual  cooperation  which  would  be  of 
benefit  to  both  the  carriers  and  the  Government  in  case  any  necessity  arose 
involving  the  transportation  of  large  numbers  of  troops,  the  plan  outlined  being 
practically  that  which  has  since  been  placed  in  effect. 

Under  date  of  October  16,  1915,  a  letter  was  prepared  in  the  Office  of  the 
Quartermaster  General  recommending  that  the  Secretary  of  War  communicate 
with  the  American  Railway  Association  (which  association  is  composed  of  the 
presidents,  general  managers,  and  other  chief  operating  officials  of  the  Ameri- 
can raUways),  and  suggest  the  establishment  within  that  association  of  a 
committee  on  military  transportation  to  whom  the  department  could  look  for 
any  information  that  might  be  desired  as  to  the  railroads  of  the  United  States, 
and  with  a  further  view  to  coordination  and  cooperation  between  the  raUroads 
and  the  War  Department  in  the  transportation  of  troops  and  suppUes  of  the 
United  States.  On  October  26,  1915,  a  letter  of  the  nature  indicated  was  sent 
by  the  Secretary  of  War  to  the  American  Railway  Association,  and  after  some 
further  correspondence  a  "special  committee  on  cooperation  with  the  mUitary 
authorities"  was  appointed  by  that  association.  This  conunittee  was,  and  is, 
composed  of  the  foUowing  gentlemen: 

Fairfax  Harrison  (chairman),  president  Southern  RaUway. 

R.  M.  Aishton,  president  (Chicago  &  North  Western  RaUway. 


EEPOBT  OF  THE  SECBETABY  OP  WAB.  19 

A.  W.  Thompson,  vice  president  Baltimore  &  Oliio  Railroad. 

W.  G.  Besler,  president  Central  Railroad  of  New  Jersey. 

Conferences  were  held  with  this  committee,  and  a  general  plan  of  cooperation 
outlined  to  be  placed  in  effect  at  the  time  of  any  public  emergency. 

Immediately  after  the  call  for  mobilization  of  the  State  troops  was  issued 
this  committee  met  in  the  Office  of  the  Quartermaster  General  with  Lieut  Col. 
C3hauncey  B.  Baker,  representing  that  office,  and  the  plans  previously  determined 
were  at  once  placed  in  effect  Arrangements  were  made  for  placing  a  compe- 
tent railroad  official  at  each  department  headquarters,  at  each  mobilization 
camp,  and  in  the  Office  of  the  Quartermaster  General.  These  representatives 
were  to  act  as  an  advisor  to  the  officers  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  at  these 
various  points  on  any  matters  affecting  rail  transportation.  They  were  all 
men  of  the  highest  reputation  in  the  railroad  world  and  did  not  represent  any 
particular  railroad,  but  were  representatives  of  all  lines  interested. 

Directly  after  the  announcement  of  the  mobilization  this  committee  of  the 
American  Railway  Association  also  called  upon  representatives  of  the  various 
railroads  of  the  country  to  meet  in  Washington  for  the  purpose  of  extending 
every  possible  assistance  among  the  railroads  themselves.  The  object  of  this 
meeting  was  to  make  all  of  the  railroad  equipment  motive  power,  and  personnel 
of  the  country  available  to  affect  this  movement  in  the  most  expeditious  manner 
possDile. 

The  main  object  of  the  special  committee  on  cooperation  with  the  military 
authorities  was  to  asHst  the  War  Department  in  the  transportation  of  troops 
and  supplies,  and  the  committee  acted  only  on  instructions  from  the  War 
Department  except  in  matters  directly  affecting  the  operation  of  trains. 

When  it  was  definitely  known  that  an  organization  was  to  move  the  camp 
quartermaster  consulted  with  the  American  Railroad  Association  representative 
at  his  camp  and  advised  him  as  to  the  strength  of  the  organization,  and  it  was 
the  duty  of  the  American  Railway  Association  representative  to  see  that  all 
railroad  equipment  other  than  tourist  cars,  was  promptly  assembled  in  time 
for  the  movement  Tourist  cars  were  ordered  direct  from  the  Office  of  the 
Quartermaster  General,  and  the  camp  quartermaster  was  immediately  advised 
by  wire  whether  tourist  cars  could  be  furnished  from  point  of  origin;  if  not, 
the  American  Railway  Association  representative  was  so  advised,  and  it  was 
his  duty  to  see  that  coaches  were  senired  for  the  movement 

In  1912  the  Quartermaster  General's  Office  took  up  with  the  American  Rail- 
way Master  Car  Builders'  Association  the  question  of  placing  placards,  in  time 
of  war  or  threatened  war,  on  all  carload  shipments  of  Government  property. 
As  a  result  of  a  large  amount  of  correspondence  a  plan  was  formulated  which 
was  accepted  by  all  the  railroads  in  the  country,  and  a  series  of  placards  adopted. 
Through  the  agency  of  the  American  Railway  Association  all  railway  officials 
and  employees  were  notified  that  cars  so  placarded  must  be  given  right  of  way 
from  point  of  origin  to  point  of  destination.  Such  cars  are  placed  in  the 
fastest  moving  freight  trains  and  kept  constantly  moving  to  point  of  destina> 


20  BEPOBT  OP  THE  SEOBBTABY  OP  WAB. 

tlon,  where  they  are  immediately  delivered,  and  at  once  identified,  shifted  Into 
position,  discharged,  and  released  without  the  necessity  of  waiting  for  the 
formal  bills  of  lading  and  official  papers  of  the  railways  and  the  Government, 
the  placards  themselves  serving  to  fully  identify  all  shipments.  All  placards 
bear  the  legend  "  UNITED  STATES  ARMY  "  at  the  head,  followed  by  the  de- 
partment to  which  supplies  belong,  the  car  initial,  car  number,  point  of 
shipment,  contents,  consignee,  destination,  routing,  date  shipped,  and  con- 
signor. Oars  bearing  these  cards  are  never  sidetracked  nor  shifted  into  yards 
except  to  be  placed  in  through  freight  trains.  Should  a  car  become  dam- 
aged through  any  cause,  it  is  given  preference  and  precedence  for  any  repairs ; 
and  if  repairs  require  an  extended  period,  contents  are  loaded  into  another  car 
and  the  movement  continued. 

As  a  result  of  this  understanding  between  the  railroads  and  the  Quarter- 
master Qenerars  Office  shipments  of  freight  are  being  made  with  remarkable 
expedition.  Many  instances  are  cited  where  freight  shipments  have  been  sent 
through  from  Washington  and  vicinity  to  the  Texas  border  in  four  days,  and 
from  New  York  and  vicinity  In  five  days  or  less;  freight  from  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  has  reached  San  Antonio,  Tex.,  in  79  hours ;  from  the  Lakes  to  the  border 
shipments  have  been  made  in  an  elapsed  time  of  a  little  more  than  48  hours. 

The  hearty  cooperation  of  the  railroads  in  making  these  shipments  has  been 
rendered  without  any  hesitation  whatever,  with  all  the  energy  possible,  and 
without  additional  charge  to  the  Government. 

It  is  believed  that  this  simple  device,  with  the  fullest  cooperation  of  the 
railroads,  has  removed  one  of  the  principal  sources  of  criticism  applicable  to 
the  period  of  mobilization  in  18d8. 

Where  special,  urgent  shipments  have  been  made  they  have  been  followed 
through  by  wire  to  destination,  and  most  satisfactory  results  have  been  obtained 
in  every  instance. 

As  a  specific  example  showing  how  the  cooperation  of  the  railroad  com- 
panies assisted  the  Army  there  may  be  cited  the  case  of  the  first  motor  truck 
company  purchased  for  the  expeditionary  forces  in  Mexico. 

Bids  were  Invited  for  a  number  of  trucks,  and  award  made  about  5  o'clock 
the  evening  of  March  14.  Twenty-seven  trucks  were  purchased  under  this 
advertisement  in  Wisconsin.  These  trucks  were  inspected,  the  personnel  to 
operate  them  employed,  the  trucks  were  loaded  in  14  cars,  and  tourist  car 
furnished  for  the  personnel,  and  the  train  left  at  8.11  a.  m.  March  16.  It 
arrived  at  Ck)lumbus,  N.  Mex.,  1,601  miles  away,  shortly  after  noon  on  the  18th ; 
the  trucks  were  unloaded  from  the  cars,  loaded  with  supplies,  and  sent  across 
the  border,  reaching  Gen.  Pershing's  command  with  adequate  supplies  of  food 
before  he  had  exhausted  the  supplies  taken  with  him  from  Oolumbus. 

In  a  little  more  than  four  days  after  orders  were  placed  with  the  manufac- 
turers these  trucks  had  gone  across  the  border  at  Columbus,  1,000  miles  away 
from  the  factory,  loaded  with  supplies. 

The  general  plan  of  cooperation  also  provided  for  coordinating  the  duties  of 
the  Pullman  Co.  in  furnishing  sleeping-car  equipment,  and  under  this  plan,  when 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  8ECRETABY  OP  WAB.  21 

it  became  necessary  to  mobilize  the  Organized  Militia,  tlie  supply  and  distri- 
bution of  tourist  sleeping  cars  was  handled  directly  under  the  Instructions 
of  the  Quartermaster  General  of  the  Army.  In  order  to  centralize  the  furnish- 
ing of  tourist  sleepers  at  the  point  most  convenient  to  the  Oovemment,  to 
utilize  the  available  supply  of  these  cars  to  the  best  advantage,  and  to  ke^ 
them  constantly  in  service  the  Pullman  Ck).  changed  the  supervision  of  the 
supply  and  movement  of  these  cars  from  the  headquarters  of  the  company  at 
Chicago  to  Washington,  where  they  stationed  Mr.  C.  W.  Henry,  assistant  to 
superintendent  of  car  service,  with  a  competent  force.  Mr.  Henry  was  In  Imme- 
diate touch  with  the  Office  of  the  Quartermaster  General,  and  on  receipt  of 
request  from  camp  quartermasters  for  tourist  cars  he  was  advised  of  the  needs 
and  at  once  took  steps  to  supply  the  cars  if  they  were  available  at  any  point 
Reports  were  received  by  him  dally  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States  showing 
the  number  of  tourist  cars  that  were  available  In  all  sections  of  the  country,  and 
in  cases  when,  on  account  of  the  necessity  for  immediate  departure.  It  was 
Impossible  to  furnish  cars  from  the  starting  point,  this  branch  of  the  Pullman 
Co.  used  every  effort  to  furnish  the  cars  en  route,  Inunedlately  starting  such 
cars  as  could  be  secured  over  the  route  to  be  taken  by  the  troops,  so  that  they 
could  be  transferred  to  tourist  sleeping  cars  at  the  first  possible  opportunity. 
During  the  first  two  weeks  of  the  concentration  this  force  was  on  duty  until 
nearly  midnight  every  day,  including  Sundays,  and  deserves  great  credit  for 
the  excellent  assistance  rendered  the  Government 

The  great  value  of  the  plans  made  for  cooperation  and  coordination  between 
the  railroads  and  the  War  Department  was  fully  demonstrated  In  the  mobiliza- 
tion and  concentration  of  the  Organized  Mllltla.  Every  assistance  possible  was 
rendered  the  Government,  not  only  by  the  American  Railway  Association  and 
the  Pullman  Ck).,  but  by  the  various  passenger  associations,  and  by  the  officials 
and  employees  of  all  the  railroads  concerned,  from  the  presidents  of  the  com- 
panies down  to  the  minor  employees.  In  addition  to  the  representative  of  the 
American  Railway  Association,  nearly  all  the  Important  southwestern  railway 
lines  had  representatives  In  Washington  during  the  entire  movement,  and  these 
representatives  kept  In  close  touch  with  the  transportation  over  their  respective 
lines  and  were  available  for  consultation  at  any  time,  if  desired  by  the  depart- 
ment. The  cooperation  of  the  American  Railway  Association  representatives, 
with  their  expert  knowledge  of  transportation  conditions,  has  proved  of  great 
value  to  the  department,  and  quartermasters  Imve  been  relieved  of  a  great 
deal  of  trouble  and  annoyance  heretofore  experienced  In  the  mobilization  of 
large  bodies  of  troops. 

It  is  believed  that  the  careful  plan  of  cooperation  adopted  and  the  assistance 
of  the  transportation  interests  in  this  plan  has  demonstrated  that  the  problem 
of  rail  congestion,  which  was  the  bugaboo  of  the  mobilization  of  troops  In  1898, 
has  been  entirely  eliminated. 

The  arrangements  entered  Into  with  railway  lines  in  eastern  and  western 
territory,  as  referred  to  in  the  Ajmual  Report  of  the  Quartermaster  (General  for 
1015,  pages  50  and  51,  were  continued  during  the  fiscal  year  1916,  and  resulted 


22  EEPOBT  OP  THE  SECRETAEY  OF  WAB. 

In  a  saying  of  approximately  $40,000  on  passenger  traffic.  Negotiations  are 
now  under  way  witli  lines  in  New  England  and  soutlieastern  territory  on  a 
similar  basis  with  every  prospect  of  a  successful  conclusion ;  this  arrangement 
will  then  cover  the  entire  United  States.  Briefly,  it  provides  for  a  deduction 
of  5  per  cent  from  the  usual  fare  available  to  the  Government  and  for  an  equita- 
ble distribution  of  the  traffic  between  all  lines  Interested ;  it  simplifies  the  settle- 
ment of  accounts  and  insures  the  cooperation  of  the  various  carriers. 

During  the  early  days  of  the  transportation  of  large  bodies  of  the 
militia  to  the  Mexican  border  some  uneasiness  was  felt  throughout 
the  country  lest  the  great  distances  to  be  traveled  by  some  of  these 
organizations  and  the  hurried  preparation  of  their  supplies  might 
produce  conditions  prejudicial  to  the  health  and  comfort  of  the  men. 
This  apprehension  was  quickly  allayed.  The  cases  of  inconvenience 
were  relatively  few.  No  really  serious  situation  developed,  and  it 
seems  to  me  just  to  claim  for  the  War  Department  and  for  the  co- 
operating railroads  that  they  managed  a  task,  although  of  unusual 
difficulty  and  size,  with  great  skill  and  most  commendable  success. 
After  the  first  hurried  days  order  rapidly  appeared  and  although  we 
have  during  the  past  summer  moved  larger  bodies  of  troops  longer 
distances  than  is  at  all  customary,  the  movements  have  been  carried 
out  with  order,  and  most  comfortable  and  adequate  provision  has  been 
made  for  the  men  both  going  to  and  returning  from  the  Mexican 
border. 

Motor-truck  transportation. — ^The  absence  of  railroad  facilities 
paralleling  the  international  boundary  between  Mexico  and  the 
United  States  and  the  penetration  of  the  Pershing  expedition  into 
Mexico  at  a  point  removed  from  inmiediate  access  to  railroad  facili- 
ties led  to  very  large  use  by  the  Army  of  motor  trucks.  The  report 
of  the  Quartermaster  General  covers  in  detail  the  purchases  made 
and  the  service  rendered.  I  refer  to  the  subject  only  to  point  out 
that  the  department  was  able  to  maintain  by  motor  truck  an  un- 
broken supply  service  for  Gen.  Periling  and  enormously  to  increase 
the  efficiency  of  the  border  patrol  by  the  use  of  motor  vehicles.  The 
development  of  the  motor  truck  in  the  past  few  years  has  produced  a 
vehicle  which  is  able  to  traverse  wild,  unbroken  coimtry  and,  ex- 
cept under  abnormal  conditions,  to  transport  soldiers  and  their 
supplies  with  certainty  and  rapidity.  Our  whole  experience  in 
this  regard  is  of  great  value,  and  careful  studies  are  being  made 
of  the  efficiency  of  the  various  types  of  motor  vehicles  in  the 
border  service.    Undoubtedly  a  standard-size  truck  and  a  stand- 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SECBETABY  OF  WAB.  28 

ard  design  will  be  evolved,  and  the  subsequent  equipment  of  the 
Army  with  motor  baggage  trains  and  motor-propelled  ordnance 
will  proceed  upon  a  sounder  foundation  of  information  than  could 
have  been  possible  but  for  the  lessons  learned  from  this  experience. 


Inci^ease  in  enlisted  strength  in  an  emergency. — By  joint  resolu- 
tion approved  March  17,  1916,  Congress  made  provision  for  increas- 
ing the  number  of  enlisted  men  of  the  Army  in  an  emergency,  in  the 
following  language: 

•  •  •  When  In  the  Judgment  of  the  President  an  emergency  arises  which 
makes  it  necessary*  aU  organisations  of  the  Army  which  are  now  below  the 
maximum  enlisted  strength  authorized  by  law  shall  be  raised  forthwith  to 
that  strength  and  shall  be  maintained  as  nearly  as  possible  thereat  so  long 
as  the  emergency  shall  continue:  Provided,  That  the  total  enlisted  strength 
of  any  of  said  arms  of  the  service  shall  not  Include  unassigned  recruits 
therefor  at  depots  or  elsewhere,  but  such  recruits  shall  at  no  time  exceed 
by  more  than  five  per  centum  the  total  enlisted  strength  prescribed  for 
such  arms;  and  the  enlisted  men  now  or  hereafter  authorized  by  law  for 
other  branches  of  the  military  service  shall  be  provided  and  maintained 
without  any  Impairment  of  the  enlisted  strength  prescribed  for  any  of  said  arms. 

The  strength  of  the  Army  authorized  under  the  provisions  of  the 
act  of  Februarv  2,  1901,  as  modified  by  the  joint  resolution  of 
March  17,  lOlG,  is  as  follows: 


nnnobw  of  Mrvic«. 


Enlbted 
men. 


<^iMrUnnMt«r  Corpi 

MsdimI  D«paftm«iit 

rorra  of  En^liiccn 

OroDaBc*  r)«ii«rtm«Dt 

Siioial  Corfii 

OftTslry 

Field  Artnipry 

CoMt  ArtUltfy  C«n» 

InluitrT 

Porto  Kico  Rtflmrot  of  Inftm try 

UnlUd  SUtM  HOiterY  Anuteiiif  dttadimtnti 

RocniltlDff  partita,  rttniii  d«pMS,  and  unaaiijEDed  raenilta 

UaitodStAtM  Dlfciplliiary  Bvnckacuarda 

Borrfcx  ochool  dttaenni  tnts 

With  dJaciplinvy  or0uUt»tlau 

Moimtid  orderliw 

iBdJan  ■DDuta 


•  6,409 

1,083 

l.llS 

1,473 

17,694 

6,368 

19,321 

64,443 

699 

683 

6,006 

360 

746 

110 

7 

78 


Total  R»ffiitar  A  nay. 
PhlllppiM  acoitu 


117.305 
6.733 


133.038 


•  InqladM  tnltatod  stmiKth  (6,000  men)  of  the  Qtmrtermaater  Corpa,  whlob  under  the  proTliiona  of  the 
•ft  of  rooKrcMi  apnrovcd  Aur.  34,  1913  (37  St&t.  L.,  6(0),  are  not  to  be  counted  aa  a  part  of  the  eollated 
fom  provided  bv  law.  Under  the  proviafona  of  the  act  of  June  3, 1016,  the  enlisted  atrength  of  tbe  Quar- 
termaater  Corpa  h  Included  in  the  s&encth  of  the  Ref^ilar  Army. 

»  The  act  of  Jime  3, 1916,  provldaa  that  the  enllated  «tr«nfrth  of  the  Hoepital  Corps  ia  not  to  be  oountMl  as 
a  part  of  the  enllated  atranj^th  of  the  Army,  which  la  fimilar  to  the  provlaloo  contained  in  the  act  of  Mar.  L 
107  (M  8^t  L.,  436).    The  authorlied  strength  of  the  Uoapital  Corpa  on  Jane  30.  ivitt.  was  6,3881 


24  EEPOBT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OP  WAR, 

Recruiting. — For  some  time  prior  to  the  date  of  this  enactment  the 
general  recruiting  service  had  been  so  successful  in  keeping  the  Army 
filled  to  the  strength  then  authorized  that  recruiting  had  been  cur- 
tailed and  at  various  times  it  had  been  found  necessary  to  discon- 
tinue the  acceptance  of  new  applicants  for  enlistment  in  some  arms 
of  the  service. 

Anticipating  the  action  of  Congress  in  enacting  the  joint  resolu- 
tion of  March  17,  1916,  orders  were  given  en  March  13,  1916,  to  re- 
open recruiting  stations  that  had  been  closed  and  to  open  additional 
ones  in  productive  places  and  to  prosecute  the  work  of  obtaining 
recruits  for  the  Army  without  regard  to  hours.  Recruiting  oflScers 
circularized  the  population  of  the  districts  in  which  they  were  op- 
erating with  special  circulars  showing  the  advantages  of  Army  life 
and  urging  all  qualified  to  avail  themselves  of  those  advantages. 

An  experienced  sergeant  in  the  recruiting  service  was  detailed 
with  the  Government  exhibit  on  the  "Safety-first''  train,  which 
made  a  tour  of  the  country  during  last  spring  and  summer.  Printed 
matter  relating  to  the  recruiting  service  was  distributed  in  large 
quantities,  including  thousands  of  copies  of  the  law  enacted  May  4, 
1916,  authorizing  the  appointment  of  cadets  to  the  United  States 
Military  Academy  from  the  ranks  of  the  Army.  This  seemed  to 
arouse  a  great  deal  of  interest  among  a  very  desirable  class  of  young 
men  who  visited  the  train. 

All  recruiting  oflScers  were  also  advised  of  the  provisions  of  this 
law  and  instructed  to  give  it  the  widest  publicity  possible. 

A  booklet  setting  forth  the  experiences  of  a  recruit  for  the  Army 
at  a  recruit  depot  was  also  published.  It  was  prepared  by  a  news- 
paper reporter  who  entered  the  recruit  depot  as  a  recruit  and  was 
afforded  every  opportunity  to  acquaint  himself  thoroughly  with  the 
manner  in  which  the  Army  prepares  its  soldiers  at  recruit  depots 
before  sending  them  to  their  organizations.  The  author  lived  the 
life  of  a  recruit  at  the  depot,  was  granted  no  indulgences  other  than 
those  extended  to  other  recruits,  and  relates  his  experiences  in  a 
thoroughly  unprejudiced  manner. 

Another  publication  issued  by  the  recruiting  service  shows  the 
various  employments  in  civil  life  open  to  soldiers  who  have  availed 
themselves  of  the  many  opportunities  for  vocational  training 
afforded  by  the  Army  and  have  been  discharged  with  a  good  char- 


REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR.  25 

acter.  It  is  contemplated  to  have  the  recruiting  officers  scattered 
throughout  the  country  in  the  centers  of  population  lend  every 
assistance  possible  toward  securing  for  honorably  discharged  soldiers 
employment  in  civil  life  in  the  various  capacities  set  forth  in  the 
publication.  It  is  hoped  and  believed  that  the  fact  made  known 
through  this  publication  that  the  Government  does  not  lose  interest 
in  the  former  soldier  upon  his  discharge  from  the  service,  but  aids 
him  in  applying  in  civil  life  the  vocational  training  he  has  acquired 
in  the  Army,  will  go  a  long  way  toward  convincing  the  public  that 
the  term  of  service  in  the  Army  is  a  very  desirable  experience  for 
any  young  man — an  experience  that  will  not  only  aid  him  physically 
and  mentally,  that  will  not  only  train  him  morally  and  manually, 
but  that  will  also  enable  him  to  advance  himself  by  reason  of  that 
mental  and  manual  training  in  civil  life  after  he  shall  have  been 
separated  from  military  service. 

There  has  been  an  increase  in  the  number  of  accepted  applicants 
for  enlistment  since  the  passage  of  the  joint  resolution  referred  to, 
but  it  has  not  been  as  marked  an  increase  as  desired.  This  is  un- 
doubtedly due  to  several  causes.  The  first  and  probably  the  prin- 
cipal cause  is  the  present  labor  condition  throughout  the  country. 
Recruiting  officers  from  all  sections  report  that  never  in  their  experi- 
ence has  there  been  the  demand  for  labor  in  all  lines  of  industry  that 
exists  and  that  has  existed  for  the  past  several  months.  In  the  large 
manufacturing  districts  the  demand  for  labor  is  far  in  excess  of  the 
supply.  Wages  are  high  and  all  who  desire  employment  readily 
secure  it.  In  the  agricultural  districts  the  demand  for  labor  was 
active  during  the  summer  and  early  fall,  and  the  supply  was  inade- 
quate. Thus  the  recruiting  service,  which  is  simply  one  of  many 
employers,  has  been  unable  to  secure  the  recruits  needed.  However, 
during  June,  July,  and  August,  1916,  the  number  of  enlistments 
increased  practically  175  per  cent  over  the  number  for  the  corre- 
sponding months  in  1915. 

The  National-Defense  Act  approved  June  8,  1916,  authorizes  the 
President,  in  his  discretion,  to  utilize  the  services  of  postmasters  of 
the  second,  third,  and  fourth  classes  in  procuring  enlistments  of 
recruits  for  the  Army,  and  as  a  result  of  your  action  under  this  law 
all  postmasters  of  the  second,  third,  and  fourth  classes  in  the  United 
States,  estimated  to  be  about  56,000,  are  now  authorized  to  act  as 
recruiting  agents  for  the  Army. 


26 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  SECRETABY  OF  WAB. 


In  addition  to  the  duty  of  recruiting  for  the  Regular  Army,  the 
recruiting  service  has  been  charged  recently  with  the  duty  of  recruit- 
ing for  the  Organized  Militia  mustered  into  the  military  service  of 
the  United  States. 

Authorized  strength. — On  June  30,  1916,  the  authorized  strength 
of  the  Kegular  Army,  including  Medical  Department,  was  5,018 
officers  and  122,693  enlisted  men;  an  increase  of  184  officers  and 
25,445  enlisted  men  over  the  preceding  year.  In  addition,  the  au- 
thorized strength  of  the  Philippine  Scouts  was  182  officers  and  5,733 
enlisted  men,  the  same  as  during  the  preceding  year. 

Actual  strength. — On  June  30,  1916,  the  actual  strength  of  the 
Regular  Army,  including  Medical  Department,  was  4,843  officers  and 
97,013  enlisted  men;  a  total  of  101,856,  and  an  increase  during  the 
year  of  227  officers  and  1,248  enlisted  men.  In  addition  to  this,  the 
actual  strength  of  the  Philippine  Scouts  was  182  officers,  the  same  as 
last  year,  and  5,603  enlisted  men,  an  increase  of  173  during  the  year. 

On  that  date  the  Army,  including  the  Philippine  Scouts,  was  dis- 
tributed geographically  as  follows: 


Oeognphical  distribution. 


Officers. 


In  th€  United  States* 

In  Alflska. .  .......  .    •••••    •••••»•••••••«..• 

In  the  Philippine  Isliuidj: 

Uesnilar  Army 

Philippine  Scouts. 

In  China. 

In  Porto  Rico 

In  Hawaii 

In  the  Canal  Zone 

Troops  en  route  and  olBoers  at  foreign  stations. 


Total. 


Total. 


71,038 
792 

U,884 
6,785 
1,374 

714 
8,445 
7.099 

610 

107,041 


«  Includes  troops  serving  In  Mexico. 

*  Includes  154  first  lieutenants  of  the  Medical  Reserve  Corps. 

*  Includes  4,670  enlisted  men  of  the  Medical  Department. 

Increased  strength  and  organization  provided  hy  National-Defense 
Act. — ^The  National-Defense  Act  of  June  3,  1916,  authorized  a  con- 
siderable increase  in  the  national  forces;  the  increase  in  the  number 
of  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Army  to  be  made  in  five 
annual  increments,  beginning  July  1,  1916.  It  provides  for  four 
chesses  of  soldiers  in  the  United  States:  First,  the  Regular  Army; 
second,  the  National  Guard ;  third,  the  Enlisted  Reserve  Corps ;  all 
of  which  shall  exist  in  time  of  peace;  and,  fourth,  the  Volunteer 
Army,  which  shall  be  raised  only  in  time  of  war.  The  peace  strength 
of  the  Regular  Army  is  fixed  by  the  act  at  approximately  11,450 


EEPOBT  OP  THE  SEOEETAEY  OP  WAB.  27 

officers,  including  the  182  officers  of  the  Philippine  Scouts;  not  to 
exceed  175,000  troops  of  the  line  (including  the  Ordnance  JDepart- 
ment),  approximately  42,750  noncombatant  troops,  including  the 
unassigned  recruits,  and  5,733  Philippine  Scouts,  making  a  total 
of  approximately  223,580.  The  total  enlisted  strength  of  the  Medi- 
cal Department  is  limited  to  5  per  cent  of  the  total  enlisted  strength 
of  the  Army,  and  it  can  not  be  determined  at  this  time  because 
the  strength  of  all  the  other  staff  corps  and  departments  is  not  fixed. 
The  National  Guard  will  probably  consist  of  about  17,000  officers 
and  440,000  men.  The  number  of  men  who  will  join  the  Enlisted 
Reserve  Corps  can  not  be  foretold.  They  are  practically  enlisted 
specialists  for  the  technical  departments  of  the  Army  recruited  in 
time  of  peace  for  use  in  time  of  war  only,  and  are  subject  in  time 
of  peace  to  short  periods  of  training  yearly.  Volunteers  can  be 
called  in  time  of  war  when  and  in  such  numbers  as  Congress  shall 
authorize. 

The  maximum  number  of  officers  (war  strength)  of  the  Begular 
Army  under  the  act  is  approximately  12,030,  the  additional  580  over 
peace  strength  being  in  the  Medical  Department.  The  exact  nimiber 
of  officers  authorized  can  not  be  given  because  the  number  of  addi- 
tional officers  varies  from  time  to  time,  and  the  number  of  retired 
officers  that  will  be  transferred  to  the  active  list  tmder  the  provisions 
of  the  act  of  March  4, 1915,  can  not  be  foretold.  The  total  maximum 
enlisted  strength  (war  strength)  of  the  Regular  Army,  including  the 
Philippine  Scouts,  is  approximately  298,000.  This  figure  is  based 
on  total  increases  in  the  staff  corps  and  departments  in  proportion 
to  the  increases  authorized  for  the  first  increment. 

The  total  nimiber  of  officers  authorized  for  the  fiscal  year  1917  is 
7,252,  including  182  officers  of  the  Philippine  Scouts. 

By  General  Orders  No.  50,  September  23,  1916,  as  am^ded,  the 
organization  of  the  authorized  enlisted  strength  of  the  Army,  includ- 
ing the  first  increment  under  the  act  of  June  3, 1916,  was  established 
as  follows : 

Infantry,  38  regiments 51, 224 

Cavalry,  17  regiments 17, 857 

Field  Artillery,  9  regiments 7, 881 

Engineers,  3  regiments  and  1  mounted  company 2, 108 

Coast  Artillery  Coii>s 21, 423 

Staff  corps  and  departments 19. 224 


28  REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OP  WAR* 

Philippine  Scouts 5, 783 

Miscellaneous  organizations  and  special  allowances 18,857 

Total  enlisted  strength  of  the  Army  (Including  the  Medical  De- 
partment)   188,807 

Total  enlisted  strength  of  the  Army,  excluding  the  Medical  Department-  182, 288 
Total  enlisted  strength  of  the  Army,  excluding  the  Porto  Rico  Regiment, 
the  Philippine  Scouts,  and  the  unassigned  recruits,  and  including  the 

Medical  Department 128, 108 

Total  enlisted  force  of  the  line  of  the  Regular  Army,  excluding  the 
Philippine  Scouts  and  the  enlisted  men  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps,  of 
the  Medical  Department,  and  of  the  Signal  Corps,  and  the  unassigned 
recruits 106,558 

Actual  increase. — ^The  actual  increase  in  the  Army,  provided  as  a 
part  of  the  general  legislation  for  preparedness,  is  as  follows: 

An  increase  in  the  Army  of  about  6yJi20  officers  at  minimum  or 
peace  strength  and  about  7/)00  at  maximum  strength^  and  of  about 
llfifiOO  enlisted  men  at  minimum  and  about  170/)00  at  maximum 
strength^  the  increase  to  be  m>ade  in  five  annual  increments, — The 
Army  will  be  increased  34rJ  regiments  of  Infantry,  10  regiments  of 
Cavalry,  15  regiments  of  Field  Artillery,  93  companies  of  Coast  Ar- 
tillery, 5  regiments  of  Engineers,  2  battalions  of  Mounted  Engineers, 
the  necessary  number  of  auxiliary  troops  in  the  Medical  Department, 
Quartermaster  Corps,  Signal  Corps,  and  the  unassigned  recruits,  and 
in  addition  thereto  the  number  of  Philippine  Scouts  that  may  be  de- 
termined upon  by  the  President,  not  to  exceed  a  maximum  of  12,000. 

The  number  of  general  officers  of  the  Army  has  been  increased 
from  7  major  generals  and  17  brigadier  generals  to  11  major  generals 
and  36  brigadier  generals.  This  will  provide  the  necessary  general 
officers  to  command  the  divisions  and  brigades  and  furnish  the  gen- 
eral officers  for  the  General  Staff. 

The  General  Staff  Corps  has  been  increased  from  38  officers  to  57 
officers. 

The  Adjutant  General's  Department,  the  Inspector  Greneral's  De- 
partment, the  Judge  Advocate  General's  Department,  the  Quarter- 
master Corps,  the  Medical  Department,  the  Corps  of  Engineers,  Ord- 
nance Department,  and  Signal  Corps  have  all  been  materially  in- 
creased to  meet  the  increased  size  of  the  Regular  Army.  There  is 
nothing  materially  new  in  regard  to  these  departments  or  corps. 

The  increase  in  the  Regular  Army  will  be  made  in  five  annual 
increments,  beginning  July  1,  1916,  and  running  to  July  1,  1920, 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SECKETABY  OF  WAR.  29 

although  the  President  is  authorized  to  make  the  increase  more  rap- 
idly in  case  of  emergency. 

The  figures  given  above  (except  those  quoted  from  General  Orders 
No.  50)  are  approximate,  and  while  based  upon  the  best  data  obtain- 
able at  this  time,  are  subject  to  material  changes,  because  the  strength 
of  some  of  the  staff  corps  and  departments  is  not  fixed  by  the  act 
but  is  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  President  to  be  fixed  by  him  from 
time  to  time,  in  accordance  with  the  needs  of  the  service. 

An  o-fficera*  reserve  corps;  a  reserve  oificers^  training  corps^  and  an 
enlisted  reserve  corps. — An  officers'  reserve  corps  is  provided  which 
will  authorize  the  commissioning  of  civilians  up  to  and  including  the 
grade  of  major  in  the  various  branches  of  the  Army.  These  men  can 
be  selected  and  trained  in  time  of  peace,  and  the  officers  so  obtained 
will  be  far  better  prepared  than  any  volunteers  that  could  be  raised 
hurriedly  at  the  outbreak  of  war.  In  order  to  obtain  these  reserve 
officers,  a  reserve  officers'  training  corps  is  authorized  which  will 
consist  of  units  at  the  various  colleges,  academies,  and  universities 
throughout  the  country  where  military  education  and  training  will 
be  given  which,  in  connection  with  six  weeks'  field  training  each  sum- 
mer, will  give  a  personnel  for  the  officers'  reserve  corps  that  is  far 
better  equipped  for  the  duties  of  an  officer  than  any  heretofore 
available. 

In  order  to  provide  the  enlisted  men  for  the  various  technical  staff 
corps  and  departments,  an  enlisted  reserve  corps  has  been  authorized, 
which  will  consist  of  men  whose  daily  occupation  in  civil  life  spe- 
cially fits  them  for  duty  in  the  Engineer,  Signal,  and  Quartermaster 
Corps,  and  in  the  Ordnance  and  Medical  Departments.  This  en- 
listed reserve  corps  will  provide  the  railway  operatives,  bridge  build- 
ers, chauffeurs,  hospital  attendants,  nurses,  telegraphers,  etc.,  re- 
quired for  the  departments  and  corps  mentioned.  It  is  impracticable 
to  keep  in  the  Eegular  Army  the  number  of  men  of  these  classes  that 
will  be  necessary  in  time  of  war,  and  the  enlisted  reserve  corps  will 
provide  for  the  deficiency. 

HEALTH  AND  SANFTATION. 

In  the  health  statistics  of  the  Army  the  calendar  year  is  used. 
During  the  past  year  the  health  of  the  Army  was  excellent.  There 
were  no  epidemics  or  unusual  occurrences  of  infectious  diseases. 


30  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SECRETABY  OP  WAB. 

Typhoid  fever. — ^There  were  throughout  the  year  but  eight  cases  of 
typhoid  fever  in  the  entire  Army,  none  of  which  resulted  in  death. 
This  record  is  the  more  remarkable  when  it  is  considered  that  during 
the  14  months  from  May  1,  1898,  to  June  30,  1899,  covering  the 
period  of  the  Spanish-American  War,  there  were  2,774  deaths  from 
typhoid  fever,  and  that  this  disease  was  alone  responsible  for  more 
than  one-half  of  the  entire  disease  mortality  in  the  Army.  The 
experience  in  1898  was  made  the  basis  of  an  investigation  into  the 
matter  of  infection  and  dissemination  of  the  disease  in  military 
camps,  and  from  that  time  imtil  now  the  medical  department  of  the 
Army  has  waged  a  ceaseless  battle  against  typhoid  fever,  culminating 
in  the  adoption  of  antityphoid  vaccination,  the  results  of  which  are 
even  more  striking  than  those  following  the  introduction  of  vaccina- 
tion against  smallpox.  Indeed,  the  success  of  science  in  this  contest 
constitutes  one  of  the  most  interesting  and  brilliant  chapters  in  the 
history  of  preventive  medicine. 

Malarial  fevers, — Malarial  fever,  formerly  one  of  the  largest  con- 
tributors to  the  noneffective  rate  in  the  service,  showed  in  the  year 
under  examination  the  lowest  rate  in  the  history  of  the  Army.  The 
record  in  the  Philippine  Islands  is  especially  creditable,  but  in  gen- 
eral it  may  be  said  that  with  the  growth  of  sanitary  knowledge  this 
disabling  group  of  disease  is  being  brought  under  control. 

The  rate  for  tuberculosis  was  3.49  per  cent  per  1,000,  the  lowest  in 
the  record  of  the  Army,  and  real  progress  was  made  in  the  control 
of  venereal  disease. 

The  general  decline  in  alcoholism  throughout  the  country  is  seen 
in  the  Army  in  a  steadily  diminished  rate  during  the  past  15  years, 
and,  while  both  in  the  matter  of  venereal  disease  and  excessive  alco- 
holic indulgence  we  are  making  obvious  progress,  I  am  entirely 
clear  that  the  working  out  of  the  educational  and  recreational  pro- 
grams suggested  elsewhere  in  this  report  will  have  a  tendency  to 
accelerate  our  progress  in  the  prevention  and  restriction  of  these 
troubles.  Both  are  caused  by  personal  indulgence.  Personal  indul- 
gence is  stimulated  by  unoccupied  and  uninteresting  leisure,  and  both 
are  resisted  by  that  sort  of  sound  body  and  mind  which  result  from 
a  life  lived  under  normal  and  wholesome  circumstances  and  filled 
with  an  interesting  variety  of  work  and  refreshment. 

The  health  statistics  of  the  Army  are  especially  interesting,  in  view 
of  the  fact  that  they  cover  about  100,000  men  having  a  far  extended 


REPORT  OP  THE  SECRETARY  OP  WAR.  31 

field  of  action,  distributed  literally  over  two  hemispheres,  and  there- 
fore subject  to  epidemic  contact  and  to  the  presence  of  contagion  in 
foreign  service,  from  which  the  civilian  or  nonmilitary  population  of 
the  continental  United  States  is  more  adequately  protected  by  local 
sanitary  safeguards. 

Expedition  into  Mexico. — ^The  expeditionary  force  which,  in 
March,  1916,  entered  Mexico  comprised  troops  of  all  branches,  num- 
bering approximately  10,000  men.  During  the  several  months  of 
their  stay  these  "men  have  been  under  the  most  trying  climatic  and 
sanitary  conditions,  having  to  construct  the  sanitary  appliances  and 
facilities  of  their  camps,  and  frequently  being  in  stations  where  ade- 
quate water  supply  was  difficult  to  secure.  It  is  a  matter  of  interest 
to  note  that  the  health  of  these  troops  is  really  remarkable.  They 
have  made  plain  their  efficiency,  and  their  noneffective  rate  has  com- 
pared favorably  with  the  best  attained  by  home  troops  under  garri- 
son conditions. 

The  mobilization  of  the  National  Guard  on  the  Mexican  border 
presented  to  the  medical  staff  of  the  Army  a  large  and  delicate  prob- 
lem. The  men  comprising  these  Guard  regiments  were  drawn  from 
all  parts  of  the  United  States,  from  our  great  cities  and  from  the 
rural  districts,  from  high  uplands  and  low  valleys,  from  mountain 
and  plain.  They  were  transported  at  the  height  of  the  summer  heat 
to  the  climate  of  southern  Texas,  to  which  few,  if  any,  of  them  were 
in  the  least  accustomed.  They  exchanged  home  life  for  crowded  rail- 
road trains  and  crowded  railroad  trains  for  hastily  prepared  camps. 
They  underwent  at  once  an  immediate  dietary  change  and  as  com- 
plete a  change  of  habit  and  occupation.  All  of  the  facilities  of  the 
health  service  of  the  Army  were  at  once  devoted  to  sanitary  and 
prophylactic  measures  for  the  safety  of  these  men.  The  resources  of 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  were  generously  and  freely  placed  at 
the  disposal  of  the  War  Department  to  aid  in  food  examination  and 
in  the  extermination  of  pests,  which  are  nearly  always  the  carriers 
of  disease,  with  the  astonishing  result  that  the  sick  rate  of  the  com- 
bined forces  on  the  border  since  the  mobilization  has  been  less  than 
2  per  cent.  This  is  equivalent  to  a  noneffective  rate  of  18  per 
1,000.  This  I  believe  to  be  the  lowest  noneffective  rate  maintained 
in  any  similar  body  of  men  in  our  history,  and  I  am  told  that  it 
compares  favorably  with  the  best  done  by  any  country  at  any  time. 
The  credit  therefor  belongs  primarily  to  commanding  officers,  the 


y 


32  REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR. 

Surgeon  General  and  Quartermaster  General  and  their  associates. 
They  have,  however,  been  intelligently  aided  by  the  medical  officers 
of  the  National  Guard,  and  of  course  have  had  the  hearty  cooperation 
and  support  of  the  War  Department  and  the  use  of  all  the  facilities 
of  the  other  departments  of  the  Government  which  could  contribute 
to  the  accomplishment  of  their  task.  The  result  is  not  only  gratify- 
ing in  that  it  shows  what  progress  we  have  made  in  sanitary  science 
in  the  Army,  but  it  has  given  the  country  confidence  in  the  ability 
of  the  military  authorities  to  safeguard  the  health  of  soldiers,  and 
an  assurance  that  the  inevitable  casualty  list  of  military  operations 
will  not  be  supplemented  by  the  horrors  of  preventable  sickness  and 
death,  as  was  formerly  the  case  before  preventive  medicine  had  so  far 
wrought  its  saving  service  to  mankind. 

ADDITIONAL  LEOISLATION  ENACTED  FOB  PBEPABEDNESS. 

Increase  in  rmmber  of  cadets  at  the  United  States  Military  Acad- 
emy.— The  enlargement  of  the  Army  provided  by  the  National  De- 
fense Act  clearly  called  for  an  increase  in  the  number  of  trained 
oflScers  available  for  service.  Experience  both  in  our  own  Army  and 
abroad  has  shown  that  while  longer  and  longer  periods  of  training  are 
necessary  to  fit  the  soldier  for  his  task  in  modem  war  the  most  serious 
delay  in  preparation  for  a  great  national  emergency  arises  in  the 
training  of  officers,  who  must  have  not  only  the  vigorous  health  and 
hardened  bodies  of  the  soldier  but  technical  knowledge  of  those 
new  and  mechanical  implements  which  have  been  devised  and  are 
being  devised  for  use  in  warfare.  The  officer  must  have  too  the  dis- 
cipline of  mind  which  can  both  obey  and  command,  and  this  sort 
of  discipline  comes  only  with  training  and  experience. 

The  art  of  war  under  modem  conditions  engages  vastly  larger 
bodies  of  men  and  a  more  complete  coordination  of  all  the  national 
resources  than  was  formerly  the  case.  Success  may  depend  upon 
rapidity  of  transportation  both  of  men  and  supplies.  The  use  of 
railroads  and  of  motor  transportation  has  taken  the  place  of  the 
old-fashioned  marching  and  maneuvering,  and  under  modem  con- 
ditions a  smaller  number  of  men  moved  by  carefully  prepared  trans- 
portation facilities  is  sometimes  enabled  to  ma^  its  strength  so  as 
to  overcome  disparity  of  numbers.  As  no  army  is  stronger  than 
its  supply  train  the  dependence  of  any  military  force  upon  properly 
coordinated  and  efficiently  served  transportation  facilities  is  obvious. 


EEPOBT  OP  THE  8ECEETAEY  OF  WAB.  8C 

The  implements  of  war  have  multiplied  and  we  now  have  direct  fire 
from  the  artillery,  rifle  fire  from  the  infantry,  and  the  cavalry 
reconnaissance  and  charge  supplemented,  if  not  replaced,  by  indirect 
artillery  fire  at  vastly  increased  ranges,  the  high  explosive  shell, 
the  machine  gun,  and  the  aeroplane.  These  added  agents  are  the 
contributions  of  science  to  the  art  of  war.  They  are  scientific  in 
their  principles  of  construction  and  in  their  mode  of  use,  and  the 
whole  art  of  war  is  as  different  from  that  practiced  a  few  genera- 
tions ago  as  the  processes  of  higher  mathematics  are  different  from 
simple  algebraic  computations.  The  strength  of  the  individual 
soldier  has  passed  out  of  his  arm  and  into  his  head,  and  as  his  art 
now  depends  upon  intricate  mechanical  tools  his  skill  must  often  be 
that  of  the  trained  mechanic  and  his  knowledge  that  of  the  scientist. 
Especially  are  these  higher  requirements  made  of  officers  and  the 
necessity  for  a  longer  period  of  training  and  for  training  of  a  finer 
kind  is  more  and  more  apparent. 

The  United  States  Military  Academy  at  West  Point  has  almost 
from  its  origin  ranked  foremost  among  the  military  schools  of  the 
world.  Its  site  is  one  of  the  most  impressive  in  America,  its  equip- 
ment of  buildings  adequate,  convenient,  and  inspiring  in  their  beauty 
and  suggestiveness.  The  officers  educated  there  have  made  a  body 
of  men  who  from  the  beginning  of  the  Republic  have  demonstrated 
the  spirit  of  self-sacrifice  for  the  preservation  of  the  liberty  of  the 
country,  and  while  many  brilliant  officers  have  come  into  the  Army 
from  civil  life  it  remains  true  that  the  great  body  of  officers  needed 
in  the  Army  have  come  from  the  Military  Academy  and  in  the  future 
must  be  expected  to  secure  their  education  and  discipline  there.  As 
the  art  of  war  has  grown  more  intricate  special  service  schools  have 
been  established,  in  which  young  officers  are  gathered  for  courses, 
post-graduate  in  their  nature,  in  the  several  arms  of  the  service,  and 
these  schools  deserve  enlargement  and  encouragement  at  the  hands 
of  Congress.  This,  in  my  judgment,  is  especially  true  of  the  En- 
gineer School  for  reasons  to  which  I  shall  refer  later,  but  the  funda- 
mental basis  of  the  officers'  education  must  for  the  greater  part  con- 
tinue to  be  supplied  at  the  Military  Academy  at  West  Point,  and  it 
is  therefore  fortunate  that  Congress,  in  the  act  approved  May  4, 
1916,  has  authorized  an  increase  in  the  number  of  cadets  and  has 
made  that  increase  in  such  fashion  that  it  will  fall  gradually  upon 

69176*— WAB  1916— VOL  1 3 


34  REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR, 

the  teaching  facilities  of  the  academy  and  enable  it  to  absorb  its 
increased  work  without  confusion  or  loss  of  quality. 

For  a  number  of  years  the  department  had  urged  Congress  to  make 
some  provision  that  would  afford  a  wider  opportunity  for  desirable 
young  men  with  a  taste  for  militry  life  to  secure  appointments  to 
West  Point.  It  was  pointed  out  that  Congress  had  made  large 
expenditures  to  build  and  equip  this  splendid  educational  institution, 
and  that  there  was  every  reason  why  it  should  be  operated  and  main- 
tained at  its  maximum  capacity. 

By  the  terms  of  the  act  of  May  4,  1916,  the  Corps  of  Cadets — 

•  •  •  shaU  hereafter  consist  of  two  for  each  congressional  district,  two 
from  each  Territory,  four  from  the  District  of  Ck>lumhia,  two  from  natives  of 
Porto  Rico,  four  from  each  State  at  large,  and  eighty  from  the  United  States  at 
large,  twenty  of  whom  shall  be  selected  from  among  the  honor  graduates  of  edu- 
cational institutions  having  officers  of  the  Regular  Army  detailed  as  professors 
of  military  science  and  tactics  under  existing 4aw  or  any  law  hereafter  enacted 
for  the  detail  of  officers  of  the  Regular  Army  to  such 'institutions,  and  which 
institutions  are  designated  as  "  honor  schools  "  upon  the  determination  of  their 
relative  standing  at  the  last  preceding  annual  inspection  regularly  made  by  the 
War  Department.  They  shall  be  appointed  by  the  President  and  shall,  with  the 
exception  of  the  eighty  appointed  from  the  United  States  at  large,  be  actual  resi- 
dents of  the  congressional  or  Territorial  district,  or  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
or  of  the  Island  of  Porto  Rico,  or  of  the  States,  respectively,  from  which  they 
purport  to  be  appointed:  Providedy  That  so  much  of  the  act  of  Congress  ap- 
proved March  fourth,  nineteen  hundred  and  fifteen  (Thirty-eighth  Statutes  at 
Large,  page  eleven  hundred  and  twenty-eight),  as  provides  for  the  admission 
of  a  successor  to  any  cadet  who  shall  have  finished  three  years  of  his  course  at 
the  academy  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  repealed :  Provided  further.  That  the 
appointment  of  each  member  of  the  present  Corps  of  Cadets  is  validated  and 
confirmed. 

Sec.  2.  That  the  President  is  hereby  authorized  to  appoint  cadets  to  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  from  among  enlisted  men  In  number  as  nearly  equal  as 
practicable  of  the  Regular  Army  and  the  National  Guard  between  the  ages  of 
nineteen  and  twenty-two  years  who  have  served  as  enlisted  men  not  less  than 
one  year,  to  be  selected  under  such  regulations  as  the  President  may  prescribe : 
Provided,  That  the  total  number  so  selected  shall  not  exceed  one  hundred  and 
eighty  at  any  one  time. 

Sec.  3.  That,  under  such  regulations  as  the  President  shall  prescribe,  the  in- 
crease in  the  number  of  cadets  provided  for  by  this  act  shall  be  divided  Into  four 
annual  Increments,  which  shall  be  as  nearly  equal  as  practicable  and  be  equitably 
distributed  among  the  sources  from  which  appointments  are  authorized. 

The  total  number  of  cadets  authorized  prior  to  the  passage  of  the 
act  of  May  4,  1916,  was  668.    The  new  act  authorizes  an  increase  of 


EEPOBT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR.  35 

664,  to  be  made  in  four  annual  increments,  so  that  the  number  of 
cadets  authorized  for  the  first  year  is  834 ;  second  year,  1,000 ;  third 
year,  1,166;  and  for  the  fourth  year,  1,332. 

On  September  1, 1916,  the  beginning  of  the  current  academic  year, 
there  were  769  cadets  on  the  rolls,  including  4  Filipino  cadets  and  2 
foreign  cadets,  1  from  China  and  1  from  Cuba.  Those  cadets  were 
divided  among  the  four  classes  as  follows:  First  class,  141;  second 
class,  156 ;  third  class,  147 ;  and  fourth  class,  325. 

The  usual  examination  of  candidates  for  admission  to  the  Military 
Academy  was  held  at  various  military  posts,  beginning  March  21, 
1916.  An  additional  examination  was  held,  beginning  June  6,  1916, 
to  fill  the  102  vacancies  that  existed  after  the  regular  examination, 
and  also  to  fill  the  vacancies  (166)  in  the  first  annual  increment  of  the 
increase  in  the  Corps  of  Cadets  provided  for  by  the  act  above  quoted. 
Inasmuch  as  it  became  apparent  that  not  enough  cadets  to  fill  the 
vacancies  in  the  first  increment  would  be  obtained  from  this  exami^ 
nation,  it  was  decided  to  hold  still  another  examination  (physical) 
on  June  27, 1916,  mental  qualification  being  by  certificate  only.  The 
total  number  of  candidates  designated  for  the  three  examinations 
was  1,228.  Of  that  number,  202  failed  to  report  for  examination; 
12  declined  appointment,  their  appointments  were  canceled,  or  they 
were  prevented  by  sickness  from  reporting;  515  were  rejected  upon 
mental  or  physical  examination,  or  upon  both ;  109  failed  to  complete 
the  mental  or  physical  examination,  or  both ;  1  was  refused  admission 
because  of  cribbing;  and  (at  the  June  27  examination)  2  qualified 
physically  and  failed  to  submit  educational  certificates.  There  were 
no  vacancies  for  58  alternates  and  5  candidates  at  large  who  qualified. 
The  remaining  324  candidates  were  found  qualified  and  were  ad- 
mitted to  the  academy.  After  the  examination  of  June  27  there 
were  26  vacancies  in  the  first  increment. 

The  number  of  cadets  authorized  for  1916  is  834.  There  being  767 
cadets  on  the  rolls  (excluding  the  2  foreign  cadets)  on  September  1, 
1916,  there  was  a  total  of  67  vacancies  on  that  date.  That  number 
has  been  increased  by  resignations  and  death,  so  that  the  number  of 
vacancies  now  is  77. 

The  training  of  citizens;  Reserve  Officers*  Traming  Carps. — In 
addition  to  the  provision  made  for  an  enlargement  of  the  student 
body  at  the  Military  Academy,  the  country  has  witnessed  a  rapid 


36  REPOET  OF  THE  SECRETABY  OF  WAR. 

development  of  interest  in  citizen  training.  The  reorganization 
and  federalization  of  the  militia,  provided  by  the  National-Defense 
Act,  is  in  part  a  response  to  this  impulse,  but  several  interesting 
and  promising  experiments  of  a  more  novel  kind  are  in  progress. 
First  of  these  is  the  establishment  and  maintenance  at  various  edu- 
cational institutions  throughout  the  country  of  a  reserve  officers' 
training  corps.  By  this  means  it  is  hoped  to  utilize  the  facilities 
of  public  and  private  educational  institutions  to  give  instruction 
to  large  bodies  of  students  in  the  elements  of  military  science  and 
tactics.  Officers  of  the  Army  are  detailed  to  these  institutions  as 
professors.  In  1915,  5,200  students  who  had  completed  courses  of 
training  under  the  supervision  of  officers  were  graduated  from 
colleges,  while  the  total  number  of  students  in  colleges  who  had 
received  some  military  instruction  in  that  year  imder  officers  of  the 
Army  was  82,000.  The  total  enrollment  of  male  students  in  colleges 
to  which  this  sort  of  instruction  may  be  applied  is  about  170,000. 
By  an  enlargement  and  development  of  the  plan  it  is  hoped  that  a 
substantial  portion  of  these  students  may  be  given  the  benefit  of 
military  instruction.  An  association  of  collegiate  authorities  for 
the  consideration  of  this  subject  is  working  actively  in  harmony 
with  the  War  Department  and  with  the  aid  of  the  War  College 
Division  of  the  General  Staff  studies  have  been  made  which  it  is 
hoped  will  make  this  training  increasingly  acceptable  and  useful. 
Indeed,  it  may  fairly  be  said  that  among  the  best  educators  of  the 
country,  the  disoiplinary  value  of  elementary  military  instruction 
is  coming  to  be  realized  and  appreciated,  and,  without  at  all  trans- 
forming our  institutions  of  higher  learning  into  military  establish- 
ments, the  spirit  of  order  and  devotion  to  the  service  of  the  country, 
which  is  the  normal  result  of  military  discipline,  is  being  incul- 
cated into  an  increasing  number  of  young  men  with  results  bene- 
ficial alike  to  the  student  body  and  to  the  institutions  and  with 
very  promising  results  in  the  matter  of  preparedness  against  any 
emergency  which  may  arise. 

Vocational  training  in  the  Army. — ^This  is  a  subject  to  which 
serious  attention  has  been  given,  but  its  possibilities  are  only  begin- 
ning to  be  developed.  The  primary  purpose  of  the  soldier  when  not 
in  active  operations  is,  of  course,  preparation  for  active  operations; 


EEPOET  OP  THE  SECKETABY  OF  WAR.  37 

but  armies  are  made  of  young  men,  in  a  large  number  of  cases  a 
single  enlistment  only  is  served,  and  these  young  men  with  strong 
and  vigorous  bodies  return  to  the  conmiercial  and  industrial  life  of 
the  Nation  often  to  find  themselves  at  a  disadvantage  in  securing 
industrial  or  commercial  employment,  because  other  young  men  of 
their  age  have  spent  years  in  apprenticeship  and  are  therefore  more 
available  and  better  trained.  The  Army  posts  of  the  Nation  can 
not  be  suddenly  converted  into  schools.  So  far  a  system  of  volun- 
tary educational  opportunity  has  been  offered.  In  some  posts  sub- 
stantial progress  has  been  made,  and  the  opportunity  for  progress  is 
particularly  present  in  the  stations  of  the  Coast  Artillery,  where 
the  garrisons  are  more  permanent  than  are  the  organizations  of  the 
mobile  army. 
The  recent  National-Defense  Act  provides  on  this  subject: 

In  addition  to  mUitary  training  soldiers  while  in  the  active  service  sliall 
hereafter  be  given  the  opportunity  to  study  and  receive  instruction  upon  educa- 
tional lines  of  such  character  as  to  increase  their  military  efficiency  and  enable 
them  to  return  to  civil  life  better  equipped  for  industrial,  commercial,  and 
general  business  occupations.  Civilian  teachers  may  be  employed  to  aid  the 
Army  officers  in  giving  such  instruction,  and  part  of  this  instruction  may  con- 
sist of  vocational  education  either  in  agriculture  or  the  mechanic  arts.  The 
Secretary  of  War,  with  the  approval  of  the  President,  shall  prescribe  rules  and 
regulations  for  conducting  the  instruction  herein  provided  for,  and  the  Secre- 
tary of  War  shaU  have  the  power  at  aU  times  to  suspend,  increase,  or  decrease 
the  amount  of  such  instmction  offered  as  may  in  his  judgment  be  consistent 
with  the  requirements  of  military  instruction  and  service  of  the  soldiers. 

Under  this  provision  consistent  plans  can  be  made,  and  highly 
beneficial  results  should  follow. 

Undoubtedly  we  shall  ccone  to  a  mode  of  Army  life,  which,  while 
doing  full  justice  to  military  drill  and  to  that  physical  training  so 
necessary  to  give  the  soldier  a  robust  endurance  of  physical  hard- 
ship, will  at  the  same  time  afford  him  an  opportunity  to  acquire 
mental  tri^ining  and  manual  skill,  and  at  the  same  time  round  out 
his  life  with  wholesome  recreations  and  diversions,  so  that  member- 
ship in  the  military  forces  of  the  Nation  will  have  added  to  its 
patriotic  usefulness  a  compensating  opportunity  for  growth  to  the 
soldier  and  preparation  for  him  which  will  make  his  nonmilitary 
years  useful  and  happy. 


38  EEPOBT  OF  THE  SECRETABY  OF  WAR. 

Training  camps. — Something  over  three  years  ago  Maj.  Gen.  Leon- 
ard Wood,  then  Chief  of  Staff,  put  into  operation  a  plan  for  camps  of 
instruction  at  which  students  were  permitted  to  attend  for  training 
without  cost  to  the  United  States.  The  plan  was  later  enlarged  to 
permit  the  attendance  of  business  men  and  has  been  carried  forward 
year  by  year  with  increasing  success  and  interest.  During  the  present 
year  the  need  for  the  Regular  Army  on  the  Mexican  border  has  deprived 
these  training  camps  of  some  of  the  officers  and  troops  which  would 
have  been  desirable  as  aids  in  the  instruction  and  organization  of 
the  work;  but  in  spite  of  this  difficulty,  five  camps  were  held  at 
Plattsburg,  two  at  Oglethorpe,  one  at  Fort  Terry,  six  at  Fort  Wads- 
worth,  in  the  Eastern  Department,  with  a  total  attendance  of  12,200 
men  and  boys.  In  the  Western  Department  camps  were  established 
at  the  Presidio  and  at  American  Lake.  A  satisfactory  camp  was 
held  at  San  Antonio,  Tex.;  and  in  view  of  the  recognition  of  this 
mode  of  training  by  Congress,  it  is  safe  to  assume  that  much  greater 
usefulness  can  be  predicted  for  them  in  subsequent  years,  and  that 
the  field  of  selection  of  those  applying  to  attend  will  be  greatly 
enlarged  by  reason  of  the  provision  made  for  the  payment  of  trans- 
portation and  subsistence  by  the  Federal  Government  for  those  who 
attend. 

Council  of  National  Defense. — ^The  challenge  of  the  European 
war  brought  the  attention  of  Congress  not  merely  to  the  neces- 
sity for  an  increase  in  the  personnel  of  the  Regular  Army,  pro- 
vision for  a  larger  supply  of  officers,  and  a  better  organiza- 
tion of  the  National  Guard,  but  also  to  the  fact  that  in  any  great 
national  military  emergency  industrial  mobilization  was  an  indis- 
pensable element  to  success.  Legislation  was  therefore  enacted 
looking  to  an  investigation  of  the  financial,  industrial,  and  com- 
mercial resources  of  the  Nation  and  such  prevision  of  them  as 
would  enable  them  to  be  speedily  mobilized  for  the  national  defense. 
The  most  conspicuous  step  in  this  program  was  the  creation  of  the 
Council  of  National  Defense,  consisting  of  the  Secretaries  of  War, 
the  Navy,  the  Interior,  Agriculture,  Commerce,  and  Labor,  under 
whom,  and  upon  whose  nomination,  the  President  is  authorized  to 
appoint  an  advisory  commission  of  seven  citizens  qualified  by  the 
possession  of  special  knowledge  of  the  industrial  and  commercial 
resources  of  the  country,  and  to  this  Council  of  National  Defense, 


EEPOBT  OF  THE  SECBETABY  OP  WAB.  39 

advised  by  the  advisory  commission,  is  committed  the  task  of  coordi- 
nating the  military,  industrial,  and  commercial  resources  of  the 
Nation  in  connection  with  its  defense.  Its  duties  are  set  forth  in 
the  act  as  follows : 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Ck>uncll  of  National  Defense  to  supervise  and  direct 
investigations  and  make  recommendations  to  the  President  and  the  heads  of 
executive  departments  as  to  tlie  location  of  railroads  with  reference  to  the 
frontier  of  the  United  States,  so  as  to  render  possible  expeditious  concentration 
of  troops  and  supplies  to  points  of  defense ;  the  coordination  of  military,  indus- 
trial, and  commercial  purposes  in  the  location  of  extensive  highways  and 
branch  lines  of  railroad ;  the  utilization  of  waterways ;  the  mobilization  of  mili- 
tary and  naval  resources  for  defense;  the  increase  of  domestic  production  of 
articles  and  materials  essential  to  the  support  of  armies  and  of  the  people  dur- 
ing the  interruption  of  foreign  commerce;  the  development  of  seagoing  trans- 
portation ;  data  as  to  amounts,  location,  methods,  and  means  of  production  and 
availability  of  military  supplies;  the  giving  of  information  to  producers  and 
manufacturers  as  to  the  class  of  supplies  needed  by  the  military  and  other 
services  of  the  Government,  the  requirements  relating  thereto,  and  the  creation 
of  relations  which  will  render  possible  in  time  of  need  the  immediate  concentra- 
tion and  utilization  of  the  resources  of  the  Nation. 

Power  is  given  to  the  council  to  select  a  director  who  will  be  the  ex- 
ecutive oflScer,  and  an  adequate  appropriation  is  made  for  the  employ- 
ment of  expert  and  clerical  help,  so  that  there  will  be  established  in 
Washington  as  an  agency  of  the  Government  a  central  body  which 
will  catalogue  the  resources  of  the  Nation  and  create  such  relations 
between  our  industrial  and  commercial  agencies  as  will  equip  them 
to  respond  instantly  to  any  call  from  the  Government.  In  this  way, 
the  problems  which  in  some  countries  had  to  be  faced  unforeseen  until 
after  a  national  emergency  had  arisen  will  be  anticipated  in  the 
United  States,  and  the  confusion,  delay,  and  loss  due  to  haste  in  a 
moment  of  national  danger  will  be  obviated  by  rational,  just,  and 
timely  provisions  made  in  advance  of  trouble.  It  may  well  be  that 
some  part  of  the  work  of  the  council  having  a  purely  military  useful- 
ness will  not  be  needed,  but  the  general  effect  of  such  a  plan  in  opera- 
tion will  be  to  produce  more  healthful  and  harmonious  relations  be- 
tween the  Government  and  business,  and  to  give  to  the  great  industrial 
and  commercial  enterprises  of  the  country  a  national  and  patriotic 
aspect,  which  will  both  keep  the  country  prepared,  should  emergency 
arise,  and  stimulate  sound  business  and  industrial  methods  through- 
out the  country.    The  Council  of  National  Defense  is  authorized  to 


40  REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OP  WAR. 

create  commissions,  subordinate  to  the  advisory  commission,  for  the 
study  of  special  problems.  Thus  many  committees  of  inquiry  of  a 
technical  and  scientific  character,  casually  created  heretofore  for  the 
consideration  of  special  problems,  will  be  able  to  be  coordinated  under 
the  general  direction  of  the  council,  and  duplication  of  work  and 
conflict  of  jurisdiction  avoided.  The  act  provides  for  reports  to  be 
made  through  the  council  to  the  President,  and  from  the  President 
to  Congress,  so  that  a  great  body  of  valuable  and  healthful  informa- 
tion will  undoubtedly  result. 

Progress  in  aviation. — Congress  has  recognized  the  great  im- 
portance of  aviation  to  the  United  States  Army  and  has  made  this 
recognition  effective  by  increasing  the  appropriations  of  the  last 
fiscal  year  from  $300,000  to  more  than  $14,000,000  for  the  fiscal  year 
ending  June  30,  1917.  It  has  enlarged  the  aviation  personnel  by 
increasing  the  commissioned  force  from  60  officers  to  77  for  the  year 
1917  and  the  enlisted  men  from  260  to  1,800.  In  addition,  there  have 
been  provided  for  aviation,  an  officers'  reserve  corps  and  an  enlisted 
reserve  corps. 

The  project  for  the  development  of  the  aviation  section  con- 
templates 7  aero  squadrons  for  the  Eegular  Army,  12  squadrons  for 
the  National  Ouard  divisions,  and  5  for  the  defenses  on  both  coasts 
besides  aerostatic  units  for  the  mobile  Army  and  Coast  Artillery. 
The  personnel  for  these  will  be  made  up  from  officers  and  enlisted 
men  of  the  Regular  Army,  of  the  Reserve  Corps,  and  of  the  National 
Guard  units. 

On  May  20,  1916,  Lieut.  Col.  George  O.  Squier,  Signal  Corps, 
assumed  command  of  the  aviation  section.  Since  that  date  the 
general  plan  of  administration  has  been  to  incorporate  in  the  design 
and  construction  of  equipment  and  in  the  system  of  training  mili- 
tary aviators,  lessons  gained  by  experience  in  the  present  European 
war  and  in  our  own  actual  field  experience  in  Mexico  and  elsewhere. 

The  problem  of  organization  of  the  Army  air  service  has  been 
studied  with  a  view  to  establishing  a  sound  base  which  will  lend  itself 
to  future  expansion  into  an  efficient  service. 

A  thorough  study  of  the  aeroplane  industry  has  been  made  by  a 
technical  board  of  officers  and  civilian  engineers,  to  learn  the  pro- 
ductive capacity  of  the  manufacturers  in  the  United  States.  This 
was  to  insure  that  the  War  Department  might  obtain  the  best  equip- 


REPOBT  OF  THE  SEOBETABY  OF  WAB.  41 

ment  available  and  also  to  improve  and  develop  the  general  design 
of  aeroplanes  of  various  necessary  military  types.  In  this  latter 
connection  the  department  has  published  specifications  for  the  differ- 
ent types  of  military  aeroplanes,  endeavoring  to  incorporate  in  these 
specifications  the  requirements  from  the  military  standpoint  and 
those  lessons  in  design  and  construction  learned  from  actual  field 
experience. 

Endeavor  has  been  made  toward  the  development  of  equipment 
for  our  military  air  service  to  meet  conditions  which  are  very 
similar  to  those  that  obtain  in  the  European  war  and  those  peculiar 
to  this  country.  Every  effort  has  been  made  to  improve  power  plants 
for  aeroplanes.  Bombs,  bomb-dropping  sights,  special  cameras, 
mounts  for  machine  guns,  automatic  controlling  devices,  instru- 
ments for  navigation,  and  for  aid  to  the  pilot,  and  many  other  acces- 
sories have  been  developed.  A  radio  set  has  been  developed  which 
has  transmitted  messages  across  140  miles. 

In  all  this  development  the  policy  has  been  to  endeavor  to  obtain 
assistance  from  the  greatest  civilian  specialists  in  the  country. 
Material  assistance  has  been  received  from  the  National  Advisory 
Conmiittee  for  Aeronautics,  the.  Bureau  of  Standards,  and  the 
American  Society  of  Automobile  Engineers,  all  of  which  have  dis- 
played a  degree  of  interest  which  is  extremely  encouraging. 

Orders  have  been  placed  (or  proposals  solicited)  to  date  for  mili- 
tary aeroplanes  as  follows : 

Two-plane  reconnoissanoe  biplanes 91 

Advance  training  aeroplanes 120 

Primary  training  aeroplanes 84 

One-plane  pursuit  aeroplanes 18 

Two-plane  reconnoissance  hydroaeroplanes 155 

Two-plane  land  combat  aeroplanes 6 


Total 419 

Five  captive  balloons  for  field  artillery  fire  control  have  been 
ordered. 

Specially  designed  portable  weatherproof  hangars,  machine  shops, 
special  trucks,  and  portable  machine  tools  have  been  purchased,  or 
ordered. 

Schools  conducted  by  competent  personnel  have  been  established 
at  Mineola,  Long  Island,  near  New  York  City,  and  at  Chicago,  lU., 
in  addition  to  that  already  established  and  in  operation  at  San 


42  EEPOBT  OF  THE  SECBETARY  OF  WAR. 

Diego,  Cal.    A  base  for  equipping  land  squadrons  and  instructing  in 
advanced  military  aviation  has  been  established  at  San  Antonio,  Tex. 
As  a  result  of  the  training  at  these  schools,  the  following  have 
qualified  since  May  20, 1916,  as  junior  military  aviators: 

At  San  Diego,  Cal.,  officers  of  the  Regular  Army 22 

At  Mineola,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  officer  of  the  National  Guard  of  New 
York 1 

Total 28 

The  following  have  qualified  as  reserve  military  aviators: 

At  Mineolo,  Long  Island,  N.  Y. : 

Officers  of  the  National  Guard 8 

Civilians 4 


Total 


7 


In  addition,  the  following  students  are  at  present  under  instruc- 
tion: 

At  San  Diego,  Cal.,  officers  of  the  Regular  Array 38 

At  Mineola,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  officers  of  the  National  Guard L  16 

At  Chicago,  111. : 

Officer  of  the  National  Guard 1 

Civilians 7 

Total 62 

The  nucleus  of  a  division  to  operate  lighter-than-air  craft  has  been 
established. 

Procurement  of  military  supplies. — Under  the  former  law  the  Fed- 
eral Government  in  time  of  war  would  have  to  enter  the  markets  of  the 
country  to  obtain  ammunition,  arms,  and  other  supplies  just  as  an  in- 
dividual would,  but  the  new  law  authorizes  the  President  in  time  of 
war  to  exercise  a  power  analogous  to  that  of  eminent  domain  over  the 
various  manufacturing  plants  in  the  country  and  gives  Government 
orders  precedence  over  all  private  orders.  Authority  is  also  given  to 
the  Ordnance  Department  to  prepare,  in  time  of  peace,  the  necessary 
gauges,  jigs,  dies,  and  other  special  tools  required  in  the  manufacture 
of  arms  and  ammunition,  and  to  give  to  specially  equipped  manufac- 
turers educational  orders  which  while  limited  in  amount  will  insure 
private  manufacturers  having  the  necessary  experience  and  force  to 
enter  rapidly  upon  the  manufacture  of  munitions  in  the  event  of  neces- 
sity. Congress  authorized  the  appointment  of  a  board  to  study  and 
report  to  Congress  upon  the  advisability  of  exclusive  Government 


BEPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR,  43 

manufacture  of  war  materials.  This  board  has  been  appointed  and  is 
proceeding  with  its  investigation.  No  forecast  can  as  yet  be  given  of 
the  conclusions,  but  the  subject  is  one  of  very  great  importance. 
There  are  in  the  United  States  at  the  present  time  a  great  many 
industrial  establishments  which  have  turned  aside  from  their  ordi- 
nary business  to  the  manufacture  of  war  materials,  and  large  plants 
have  been  established  for  this  special  object. 

After  the  passage  of  the  occasion  for  which  these  enterprises 
were  established  the  difficulty  will  arise  as  to  whether  their  facilities 
are  to  be  transformed  and  devoted  to  other  industrial  uses  or  any 
part  of  them  preserved  in  readiness  for  similar  supplies  for  the 
United  States.  Some  of  these  plants  are  located  on  the  seacoast  and 
others  at  more  remote  places.  It  will  therefore  be  incumbent  upon 
the  department  to  select  for  patronage  and  encouragement  certain 
of  them,  and  in  determining  which  are  to  be  so  chosen  a  variety  of 
military  considerations  arise.  It  would  seem,  however,  that  with 
such  facilities  in  existence  it  will  be  unwise  to  allow  them  to  be  dis- 
mantled, and  the  necessary  large  additions  made  to  existing  Govern- 
ment facilities  which  would  be  required  to  equip  the  Government  to 
supply  its  own  needs  under  war  conditions,  and  as  any  war  condition 
requires  a  mobilization  of  the  entire  industrial  resources  of  the 
Nation  there  would  seem  to  be  no  reason  why  munitions  of  war 
should  be  separated  out  for  Government  monopoly,  unless  that  course 
should  turn  out  to  be  necessary  to  prevent  the  appearance  of  pro- 
spective war  profits  as  a  disturbing  element  in  the  policy  of  the 
Nation. 

Nitrate  plant. — The  National-Defense  Act  appropriates  $20,000,000 
for  the  establishment  of  a  nitrate  plant.  The  manufacture  of  powder 
depends  upon  nitric  acid,  and  the  supply  of  nitric  acid  is  in  a  large 
part  based  upon  importations  of  Chile  saltpeter.  European  Govern- 
ments finding  their  supply  of  nitric  acid  from  a  similar  source  inter- 
rupted have  resorted  to  the  fixation  of  atmospheric  nitrogen.  As  there 
is  no  adequate  body  of  natural  nitrate  to  be  found  among  the  min- 
eral resources  of  the  United  States,  Congress  wisely  provided  for  the 
establishment  of  a  plant  or  plants  upon  which  the  United  States 
could  rely  as  an  alternative  to  the  foreign  source  which  at  present  is 
the  basis  of  all  powder  manufacturing  in  the  country.  Immediately 
after  the  making  of  the  appropriation  the  department  began  a  study 


46  KEPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR. 

did  not  seem  to  work  well,  although  its  theory  met  with  the 
approval  of  the  War  Department,  and  constant  efforts  were  made 
both  to  broaden  its  scope  and  increase  the  efficiency  of  its  opera- 
tion. My  immediate  predecessor,  Secretary  of  War  Garrison,  in  his 
annual  report  for  1913,  drew  the  analogy  between  the  practice  of  in- 
dustrial concerns  and  the  Army,  suggesting  the  tendency  of  mere 
seniority  promotion  to  cause  a  lack  of  initiative  and  study  on  the  part 
of  officers.  He  very  justly  observed  that  there  is  a  surprising  amount 
of  ambition  and  initiative  in  the  Army,  but  that  it  is  largely  self- 
generated  and  receives  very  little  stimulation  from  the  promotion 
system.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  we  see  the  same  condition  in  civil  life — 
young  men  of  great  ingenuity  and  devotion  who  are  attending  the 
postgraduate  courses  in  our  universities  and  are  ordinarily  required 
to  do  a  piece  of  original  research  work  as  the  basis  of  their  pretensions 
to  the  degree  of  doctor  of  philosophy.  They  are  filled  with  research 
zeal.  When,  however,  they  are  through  with  their  university  course 
and  undertake  the  daily  grind  of  teaching  in  academic  institutions, 
their  separation  from  the  inspiring  university  atmosphere  and  from 
daily  association  with  others  engaged  in  original  work  tends  gradu- 
ally to  lull  the  impulse  to  investigation,  and  the  task  of  original 
research  is  passed  along  to  their  successors  at  the  universities,  while 
they  become  drill  masters,  disciplinarians,  and  teachers,  but  not  con- 
tributors to  the  original  thought  of  their  science. 

The  life  of  the  Army  officer  when  he  is  at  the  War  College  or 
in  one  of  the  service  schools  where  military  matters  are  the  daily 
concern  of  a  large  number  of  brilliant  men  is  full  of  that  inspii*ation 
which  maintains  interest  in  the  latest  developments  of  military 
science.  But  as  officers  scatter  to  outlying  Army  posts,  some- 
times in  the  Tropics  and  sometimes  in  remote  sections  of  the  conti- 
nental United  States,  the  officer  soon  feels  the  loss  of  contact  with 
other  investigating  minds,  and  if  mere  seniority  is  to  continue  to 
secure  an  orderly  promotion  for  him  which  can  neither  be  accelerated 
by  his  effort  nor  retarded  by  his  inactivity,  a  substantial  encourage- 
ment to  development  is  lost.  In  response  to  considerations  of  this 
sort  the  act  of  June  3, 1916,  extended  the  provisions  of  previous  laws 
requiring  examination  to  determine  fitness  of  officers  for  promotion 
so  as  to  include  examination  for  promotion  to  all  grades  below  that 
of  brigadier  general.  Under  the  operations  of  this  law  there  will  be 
constantly  before  the  mind  of  the  officer  the  necessity  of  keeping  him- 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  SECBETABY  OF  WAB.  45 

that  an  invasion  of  this  field  would  probably  not  greatly  increase 
the  available  stock  of  fertilizers  in  peace  times,  because  it  would  not 
increase  the  actual  nitrogen  supply  of  the  country  but  would  merely 
divert  a  part  of  it,  or  all  of  it,  at  certain  times  into  war  materials. 
Of  course,  if  the  Government  were  to  adopt  this  source,  it  would 
lead  to  a  large  increase  in  the  by-product  oven  method  of  coking,  and 
in  that  way  the  fertilizer  supply  would  be  augmented.  The  cyanamid 
process,  which  undoubtedly  is  the  most  useful  from  the  point  of  view 
of  fertilizer  product,  depends  upon  a  large  supply  of  electrical  power 
and  the  proximity  of  certain  mineral  and  shale  bodies  for  its  economic 
iiQccess.  The  arc  process,  which  likewise  depends  upon  the  presence 
of  a  large  supply  of  electrical  power,  is  independent  of  mineral 
resources,  but  is  less  valuable  in  peace  times  as  a  source  of  fertilizer 
production. 

We  thus  see  that  if  either  of  the  electrical  processes  are  resorted  to 
it  will  be  necessary  to  select  a  site  or  sites  for  the  production  of  hydro- 
electric power,  and  this  selection  will  have  to  be  made  with  a  view 
to  the  accessibility  of  mineral  elements  needed  for  association  in  the 
peace  and  war  time  products  of  the  plant,  and  the  selection  will  also 
have  to  consider  the  location  of  the  site  with  a  view  to  its  defense  in 
the  event  of  war  and  the  readiness  and  economy  with  which  its  prod- 
ucts can  be  distributed  in  war  times  to  the  military  forces  of  the 
Nation  and  in  peace  times  to  the  farming  community  which  can  be 
expected  to  use  the  fertilizer  product.  The  subject  is  thus  seen  to  be 
one  of  intricacy,  and,  while  the  solution  of  the  questions  presented 
has  not  yet  been  made,  the  studies  being  made  are  of  such  character 
as  to  insure  a  scientific  treatment  of  the  question  and  a  careful  and 
effective  use  of  the  funds  appropriated  by  Congress  for  this  im- 
portant object. 

Examinations  for  promotion, — As  early  as  October  1,  l»yu,  Mr. 
Redfield  Proctor,  Secretary  of  War,  advocated  in  his  annual  report 
and  secured  the  enactment  of  a  measure  providing  a  system  of 
examination  for  all  officers  of  the  Army  below  the  rank  of  major 
and  making  the  right  to  promotion  conditional  thereon.  The 
theory  which  has  long  obtained  in  the  Army,  of  promotion  by 
seniority,  was  not  disturbed  except  that  the  requirement  of  a  suc- 
cessful examination  was  made  an  additional  condition  precedent, 
the  examinations  not  being  competitive  but  qualifying.     The  law 


46  REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR. 

did  not  seem  to  work  well,  although  its  theory  met  with  the 
approval  of  the  War  Department,  and  constant  efforts  were  made 
both  to  broaden  its  scope  and  increase  the  efficiency  of  its  opera- 
tion. My  immediate  predecessor,  Secretary  of  War  Garrison,  in  his 
annual  report  for  1913,  drew  the  analogy  between  the  practice  of  in- 
dustrial concerns  and  the  Army,  suggesting  the  tendency  of  mere 
seniority  promotion  to  cause  a  lack  of  initiative  and  study  on  the  part 
of  officers.  He  very  justly  observed  that  there  is  a  surprising  amount 
of  ambition  and  initiative  in  the  Army,  but  that  it  is  largely  self- 
generated  and  receives  very  little  stimulation  from  the  promotion 
system.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  we  see  the  same  condition  in  civil  life — 
young  men  of  great  ingenuity  and  devotion  who  are  attending  the 
postgraduate  courses  in  our  universities  and  are  ordinarily  required 
to  do  a  piece  of  original  research  work  as  the  basis  of  their  pretensions 
to  the  degree  of  doctor  of  philosophy.  They  are  filled  with  research 
zeal.  When,  however,  they  are  through  with  their  university  course 
and  undertake  the  daily  grind  of  teaching  in  academic  institutions, 
their  separation  from  the  inspiring  university  atmosphere  and  from 
daily  association  with  others  engaged  in  original  work  tends  gradu- 
ally to  lull  the  impulse  to  investigation,  and  the  task  of  original 
research  is  passed  along  to  their  successors  at  the  universities,  while 
they  become  drill  masters,  disciplinarians,  and  teachers,  but  not  con- 
tributors to  the  original  thought  of  their  science. 

The  life  of  the  Army  officer  when  he  is  at  the  War  College  or 
in  one  of  the  service  schools  where  military  matters  are  the  daily 
concern  of  a  large  number  of  brilliant  men  is  full  of  that  inspiration 
which  maintains  interest  in  the  latest  developments  of  military 
science.  But  as  officers  scatter  to  outlying  Army  posts,  some- 
times in  the  Tropics  and  sometimes  in  remote  sections  of  the  conti- 
nental United  States,  the  officer  soon  feels  the  loss  of  contact  with 
other  investigating  minds,  and  if  mere  seniority  is  to  continue  to 
secure  an  orderly  promotion  for  him  which  can  neither  be  accelerated 
by  his  effort  nor  retarded  by  his  inactivity,  a  substantial  encourage- 
ment to  development  is  lost.  In  response  to  considerations  of  this 
sort  the  act  of  June  3, 1916,  extended  the  provisions  of  previous  laws 
requiring  examination  to  determine  fitness  of  officers  for  promotion 
so  as  to  include  examination  for  promotion  to  all  grades  below  that 
of  brigadier  general.  Under  the  operations  of  this  law  there  will  be 
constantly  before  the  mind  of  the  officer  the  necessity  of  keeping  him- 


REPOBT  OF  THE  SECBETARY  OP  WAR.  47 

self  abreast  of  the  developments  in  military  matters  and  of  not  allow- 
ing his  general  education  to  stagnate  or  be  lost  in  a  dull  routine  of 
disciplinary  observances.  The  law  ought  not  to  be  harshly  em- 
ployed, but  in  the  normal  development  of  its  operation  eliminations 
will  take  place  of  oflBcers  who  have  lost  interest  in  their  career  and 
in  the  development  of  military  science,  and  a  certain  minimum  of 
growth  will  become  a  fixed  requirement  as  officers  advance  in  the 
service  to  positions  of  larger  responsibility. 

*  Revision  of  the  Articles  of  War. — From  the  point  of  view  of  the 
daily  discipline  and  control  of  the  Army,  perhaps  no  step  in  recent 
years  has  been  more  helpful  than  the  revision  of  the  Articles  of  War, 
enacted  into  law  as  a  part  of  the  Army  appropriation  act  approved 
August  29, 1916.  For  many  years  the  Army  has  felt  that  the  Articles 
of  War  needed  revision.  Many  of  these  articles  have  remained 
unchanged  for  a  century,  while  new  theories  of  discipline  have 
been  current  in  all  the  civilized  countries  of  the  world,  and  in  our 
own  country  profound  modifications  have  taken  place  in  the  admin- 
istration of  both  civil  and  criminal  law.  The  extension  of  the  field 
of  operations  of  the  Army  of  the  United  States  beyond  our  conti- 
nental borders  and  other  changes  in  the  domestic  and  international 
situation  of  the  United  States  have  presented  conditions  which  the 
old  articles  were  not  adapted  to  meet.  The  revision  of  the  articles, 
therefore,  was  most  needed,  and  the  work  of  the  Judge  Advocate 
General  in  preparing  the  revised  articles  is  a  singularly  able  piece 
of  work,  introducing  needed  reforms,  and  throughout  characterized 
by  moderation  and  a  conservative  attitude  toward  an  established  and 
well-imderstood  disciplinary  system. 

Revision  of  military  laws. — ^The  act  of  August  29,  1916,  further 
directs  a  revision  and  codification  of  all  the  military  laws  of  the  coun- 
try. This  is  a  large  and  difficult  task  and  yet  one  very  necessary  to 
be  performed.  For  many  years  Congress  has  enacted  a  great  variety 
of  laws,  some  of  them  directly  military  in  character  and  others  touch- 
ing the  Military  Establishment  only  at  a  tangent,  so  that  scattered 
through  the  statutes  is  a  lot  of  piecemeal  legislation  requiring  the 
most  expert  and  trained  knowledge  for  its  use.  It  will  be  a  great  ad- 
vance in  the  conduct  of  the  Military  Establishment  to  have  all  of 
these  laws  brought  together,  placed  in  their  true  relation  to  one 
another,  their  accidental  conflicts  eliminated,  and  a  consistent  and 


48  REPORT  OP  THE  SECRETARY  OP  WAR. 

plain  body  of  laws  erected  for  the  guidance  of  those  who  come 
within  the  scope  and  operation  of  our  so-called  military  laws.  It 
is  my  hope  that  this  code  can  be  submitted  to  Congress  at  an  early 
day,  and  while  the  Congress  will  undoubtedly  find  it  necessary 
carefully  to  examine  the  work  before  giving  its  approval,  it  will 
be  presented  in  a  form  which  will  show  that  the  effort  has  been 
to  omit  obsolete  and  redundant  matter  without  substantially  chang- 
ing the  effect  of  existing  law  except  in  such  obvious  cases  as  will 
appeal  at  once  to  the  lawmaking  body. 

MILITABY  TBAINING  IN  HIGH  SCHOOLS. 

The  statement  made  by  the  War  College  Division  of  the  General 
Staff  entitled  "A  Statement  of  a  Proper  Military  Policy  for  the  United 
States,"  gave  us  some  idea  of  the  size  of  an  army  which  would  be  needed 
in  this  country  in  the  event  of  any  serious  emergency.  As  one  contribu- 
tion to  the  preparation  of  the  necessary  number  of  men,  a  proper  sys- 
tem of  training  for  high  schools  was  developed  by  Capt.  E.  Z.  Steever 
and  applied  with  marked  success  in  the  public  high  schools  of  the 
State  of  Wyoming.  The  Steever  plan  has  come  to  be  known  as  the 
•*  Wyoming  plan."  It  has  been  extensively  written  up  in  periodicals 
of  general  circulation  and  interest,  and  requests  come  almost  daily 
to  the  War  Department  for  the  services  of  Capt.  Steever  to  introduce 
the  system  into  the  public  secondary  schools.  The  plan  embraces  the 
preparation  of  a  high -school  boy  in  military,  moral,  civic,  business, 
and  educational  equipment,  and  its  fundamental  basis  rests  upon  the 
natural  evolution  of  leadership  among  boys  and  the  value  of  organi- 
zation and  coordination  in  groups  of  young  men.  The  system  can 
not  be  said  to  compete  with  recognized  athletic  diversions,  but  it 
offers  opportunities  for  larger  masses  and  spreads  its  benefit  in  the 
physical  training  over  wider  areas  than  is  possible  under  the  inten- 
sive form  which  modem  athletics  has  taken.  The  entire  enlistment  is 
voluntary  and  the  exercises  are  carefully  adjusted  so  as  not  to  com- 
pete or  interfere  with  the  normal  academic  work  of  the  school.  The 
exercises  are  only  in  part  directly  military  and  are  designed  to 
stimulate  the  interest  of  all  normal  and  healthy  boys,  thus  afford- 
ing an  invitation  to  those  who  are  not  normally  the  most  fit  physi- 
cally to  develop  vigorous,  sturdy  bodies,  with  clean  minds  and  or- 
dered and  disciplined  habits. 


BEPOET  OF  THE  SECBETAEY  OP  WAE.  49 

There  is  just  enough  of  a  soldier  aspect  to  teach  constantly  the 
lesson  of  the  obligation  of  the  citizen  to  serve  the  State  in  a  crisis, 
and  under  the  wise  restraints  which  have  been  introduced  into  the 
system  even  the  most  devoted  adherents  of  peaceful  policies  for  our 
Government  have  not  felt  that  there  was  any  danger  of  the  devel- 
opment of  a  militarist  attitude  in  the  student  body. 

GENEBAL  STAFF  COBPS. 

Duties  and  functions  as  prescribed  hy  National-Defense  Act. — The 
act  for  making  further  and  more  effectual  provision  for  the  national 
defense,  and  other  purposes,  approved  June  3,  1916,  provided  many 
enlargements  and  changes  in  the  Army.  A  large  part  of  the  dis- 
cussion in  Congress  and  of  the  illustrative  and  preparatory  work 
in  the  War  Department  had  been  done  prior  to  my  assumption  of 
the  duties  of  Secretary  of  War.  Some  questions  as  to  the  results 
of  this  act,  however,  and  of  the  intention  of  Congress  in  passing 
it  arose  for  almost  immediate  consideration  and  required  a  careful 
historical  study  of  Army  legislation  covering  a  long  period  of 
years.  None  of  these  questions  was  more  important  or  diflScult 
than  that  affecting  the  organization  of  the  General  Staff  and  the 
relation  of  the  Chief  of  Staff  alike  to  the  Secretary  and  the  Army. 

For  many  years  the  superior  military  authority  in  the  Army 

was  vested  in  the  Commanding  General  of  the  Army.    The  em- 

barrkssments  attending  the  somewhat  uncertain  duties  of  that  officer 

and  the  growth  of  the  principal  staff  organizations  in  the  armies 

of  other  countries  sharply  directed  the  attention  of  various  Sec-. 

retaries  of  War  to  the  need  of  a  reorganization,  and  the  first  step 

in  that  direction  was  taken  by  the  creation  of  the  Army  War  College 

Board,  which  Secretary  Root  described  to  be  as  near  an  approach 

to  the  establishment  of  the  General  Staff  as  was  practicable  under 

the  law  existing  in  1899.    In  1901  Secretary  Root,  in  his  report, 

formally  urged  the  establishment  by  law  of  the  General  Staff,  of 

which  the  War  College  Board  should  form  a  part.    In  his  annual 

report  for  1902  Secretary  Root  again  urged  his  recommendation, 

saying : 

Our  mUitary  system  Is,  however,  stUl  exceedingly  defective  at  the  top. 
We  have  a  personnel  unsurpassed  anywhere.  ♦  ♦  ♦  We  have  the  dUferent 
branches  of  the  military  service  well  organized,  each  within  itself  for  the 
X)erformance  of  its  duty ;  our  administrative  staff  and  supply  departments  have 

eOlTe'—WAB  1916— VOL  1 1 


50  BEPORT  OF  THE  SECBETABY  OF  WAB, 

at  their  heads  good  and  competent  men,  faithful  to  their  duty,  each  attending 
assiduously  to  the  business  of  his  department;  but  when  we  come  to  the  co- 
ordination and  direction  of  all  these  means  and  agencies  of  warfare,  so  that 
all  parts  of  the  machine  shall  work  true  together,  we  are  weak.  Our  system 
makes  no  adequate  provision  for  the  directing  brain  which  every  army  must 
have  to  work  successfully.  Ck)mmon  experience  has  shown  that  this  can  not 
be  furnished  by  any  single  man  without  assistants,  and  that  it  requires  a 
body  of  officers  working  together  with  the  direction  of  a  chief,  and  entirely 
separate  from  the  Army.  •  ♦  •  This  body  of  officers  In  distinction  from 
the  administrative  staff  has  come  to  be  called  a  general  staff. 

The  subject  thus  presented  was  very  fully  and  earnestly  considered 
by  the  Military  Committees  of  the  two  Houses,  and  resulted  in  the 
passage  of  the  act  of  February  14, 1903,  which  abolished  the  separate 
office  of  Commanding  General  of  the  Army,  provided  for  a  military 
Chief  of  Staff,  who,  under  the  direction  of  the  President  or  of  the 
Secretary  of  War,  representing  him,  should  have  supervision  not 
only  of  all  troops  of  the  line,  but  of  the  special  staff  and  supply 
departments,  which  theretofore  had  reported  directly  to  the  Sec- 
retary of  War,  and  it  created  for  the  assistance  of  the  Chief  of  Staff 
a  corps  of  44  officers  who  were  relieved  from  all  other  duties.  The 
inauguration  of  this  system  was  a  complete  and  fundamental  change 
in  the  administration  of  the  AVar  Department.  It  was  not  unnatu- 
rally attended  by  some  misunderstanding  and  difficulties,  growing 
out  of  the  transfer  of  authority  and  independence  from  a  series  of 
uncoordinated  administrative  staff  officers  into  a  harmonized  and 
coordinated  body  under  the  supervision  and  control  of  a  single 
military  officer.  The  embarrassing  question  constantly  presented 
itself  as  to  just  how  far  the  functions  of  the  Chief  of  Staff  invaded 
the  administrative  independence  of  various  bureau  chiefs,  and,  while 
the  question  was  always  considered  in  a  fair  and  tolerant  spirit,  it 
sometimes  became  the  basis  of  anxious  controversy,  if  not  misunder- 
standing. 

In  the  act  of  June  3, 1916,  and  particularly  in  section  5  of  that  act, 
some  language  was  introduced  by  Congress  apparently  for  the  pur- 
pose of  setting  at  rest  some  of  this  misunderstanding.  Unhappily, 
however,  doubt  immediately  arose  as  to  the  scope,  effect,  and  inten- 
tion of  the  language  so  employed.  One  possible  view  of  its  meaning 
would  have  in  effect  limited  the  Chief  of  the  General  Staff  and  his 
associates  to  the  consideration  of  more  or  less  abstract  questions  of 
military  policy  and  would  have  deprived  him  of  that  basis  of 


REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR.  51 

knowledge  necessary  for  the  performance  of  any  coordinating  func- 
tion. In  effect,  this  would  have  been  a  return  to  the  old  system  of 
more  or  less  independent  bureau  organizations  reporting  to  and 
dealing  directly  with  the  Secretary  of  War  and  coordinated  only  to 
tlie  extent  that  his  personal  information  enabled  him  to  effect  such 
a  result.  It  would,  of  course,  have  left  the  Chief  of  Staff  and  the 
General  Staff  in  existence,  but  would  have  limited  their  functions 
practically  to  the  work  originally  undertaken  by  the  War  College 
Board,  and  later  by  the  War  College  Division  of  the  General  Staff. 
Since  Congress  had  apparently  addressed  its  attention  to  this  sub- 
ject and  had  used  some  new  language,  it  became  important  very 
earnestly  to  inquire  just  what  the  legislation  intended  to  accomplish 
and  how  far  the  interpretation  above  suggested  as  possible  was 
necessitated  by  the  language  used. 

As  this  question  is  one  of  far-reaching  importance,  I  take  the 
liberty  of  attaching  to  this  report  as  Appendix  A  the  decision  of  the 
Secretary  of  War  *  on  the  effect  of  section  5  of  the  National-Defense 
Act,  in  which  the  subject  is  examined  with  critical  care  and  the 
conclusion  reached  that — 

The  structure  [General  Staff]  erected  by  the  act  of  1903  remains  as  then 
created,  except  for  the  explicit  modifications  provided  in  the  act  of  1916. 

And— 

That  the  Chief  of  the  General  Staff  is  charged  with  the  supervision  of  the 
various  departments,  bureaus,  and  offices  of  the  War  Department  for  the  pur- 
pose of  coordinating  their  activities  and  for  the  purpose  of  so  informing  the 
Judgment  of  the  Secretary  of  War  that  he  may  not  by  inadvertence  or  unfamll- 
iarity  with  military  practice  take  action  which  would  be  prejudicial  to 
harmonious  results  In  the  military  service. 

This  conclusion  was  reached  by  a  study  of  the  language  actually 
used,  which,  after  all,  was  merely  a  prohibition  upon  the  officers  de- 
tailed into  the  General  Staff  Corps  from  the  performance  of  adminis- 
trative duties  and  was  in  no  expressed  sense  a  repeal  of  any  of  the 
earlier  legislation  which  subjected  the  administrative  staff  officers  to 
the  supervising,  coordinating,  and  informing  powers  reposed  in  the 
members  of  the  General  Staff  Corps  by  the  act  of  1903.  It  seemed 
entirely  clear  to  me  that  had  the  Congress  intended  a  larger  effect  for 


>The  able  opinion  of  the  Judge  Advocate  General  on  this  question  Is  attached  as  m 
part  of  Appendix  A,  so  that  the  perplexity  of  the  question  from  both  points  of  view  may 
ba  seen. 


52  REPORT  OP  THE  SECRETARY  OP  WAR. 

its  language  it  would  not  have  been  content  to  leave  that  effect  to 
inference  and  expanded  definitions  of  terms  ordinarily  having  much 
more  limited  meaning.  The  result  of  all  the  legislation,  therefore, 
including  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  June  3, 1916,  dealing  with  this 
subject  seemed  to  me  to  be  that  Congress  has  adhered  to  the  policy 
inaugurated  in  1903,  that  it  continues  to  recognize  the  wisdom  of  a 
General  Staff  in  the  American  Army,  and  that  not  a  staff  for  the 
academic  consideration  of  theoretical  problems,  but  such  a  staff  as 
can,  on  the  basis  of  intimate  acquaintance  with  both  the  War  De- 
partment bureaus  and  the  Army  at  large,  act  as  a  coordinating  and 
reconciling  agency.  The  considerations  which  moved  Congress  to 
the  passage  of  the  act  of  1903  were  of  the  weightiest  character.  For- 
eign experience,  which  was  then  considered  determinative  of  proper 
military  policy  in  this  regard,  has  since  that  time  become  more  con- 
clusively persuasive  in  the  same  direction,  and  I  am  clear  that  any 
abandonment  of  the  theory  of  the  General  Staff,  or  any  diminution 
of  the  coordinating  power  of  the  Chief  of  the  General  Staff,  would 
be  a  backward  step  and  would  scatter  the  military  energies  of  our 
Army,  which  are  now  so  happily  concentrated  and  coordinated.  It  is 
proper  to  be  remembered  in  this  connection  that  the  Chief  of  the 
General  Staff  bears  a  more  personal  relation  to  the  Secretary  of 
War  and,  through  him,  to  the  President  than  is  borne  by  any  other 
officer  in  the  Army.  The  occupant  of  the  office  changes  at  the  will 
of  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  in  order  that  the  policy  of  the  Presi- 
dent may  be  aptly  and  sympathetically  impressed  upon  the  military 
establishment,  it  seems  imperative  that  there  should  be  continued  in 
the  Chief  of  Staff  the  largest  power  of  supervision  and  that  he  should 
be  enabled  to  keep  constantly  informed,  even  in  detail,  as  to  the 
operations  of  the  various  subdivisions  of  the  military  activities  of 
the  department,  so  that  the  Secretary  of  War  may  rely  upon  him  in 
un  immediate  and  personal  sense  for  advice  which  is  based  upon  a 
view  of  the  whole  Army  rather  than  upon  the  advice,  however  frank 
and  disinterested,  of  individuals  whose  chief  interests  are  associated 
with  subdivisions  of,  or  specialties  in,  the  service. 

Having  reached  a  definite  opinion  as  to  the  intention  of  Congress, 
I  have  directed  obedience  to  that  intention  by  a  continuation  of  the 
policy  established  inmiediately  upon  the  passage  of  the  act  of  1903, 
and  this  result,  I  am  confident,  will  be  regarded  by  the  Army  as 
conducive  to  its  growth  in  efficiency  and  to  the  establishment  of  har- 


REPORT  OP  THE  SECRETARY  OP  WAR.  53 

monious  and  just  relations  between  the  various  elements  of  the 
service. 

Number  of  oificera  required. — At  the  time  of  the  creation  of  the 
General  Staff  Corps  the  number  of  officers  at  first  detailed  thereto 
was  fixed  at  45  as  the  proper  number  to  perform  this  new  and  some- 
what experimental  duty.  In  1912  the  General  Staff  was  reduced  by 
one  general  officer  and  eight  captains.  The  reduction  so  seriously 
interfered  with  the  work  of  the  General  Staff  as  to  cause  a  special 
emphasis  to  be  laid  by  the  department  in  its  recommendations  to 
Congress  on  the  subject.  Having  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the 
increase  and  development  of  its  own  fimctions  and  possibilities  of 
usefulness,  the  General  Staff  recommended  94  as  the  number  that 
should  compose  that  body.  The  new  National-Defense  Act  as  passed 
by  the  Senate  fixed  the  number  at  92,  but  when  the  bill  emerged  from 
conference,  the  General  Staff,  aside  from  its  general  officers,  was 
increased  by  18  officers  only,  and  they  were  to  come,  like  the  other 
increases  authorized  for  the  Army,  in  five  annual  increments.  And 
the  National-Defense  Act  further  provided  that  not  more  than  one- 
half  of  the  officers  detailed  in  the  General  Staff  Corps  shall  at  any 
time  be  stationed  or  assigned  to  or  employed  upon  any  duty  in  or 
near  the  District  of  Columbia.  It  seems  quite  clear  that  the  law  as 
thus  enacted  leaves  the  General  Staff  Corps  insufficiently  provided 
for,  so  far  as  numbers  are  concerned,  and  the  department  is  em- 
barrassed in  the  selection  of  suitable  officers  for  this  most  important 
duty,  both  by  the  restriction  prohibiting  the  assignment  to  duty  in 
or  near  Washington  of  more  than  one-half  of  the  corps  and  also  by 
the  detached-service  law  and  other  restrictions  which  limit  choice. 
The  detached-service  law  was  a  part  of  the  appropriation  act  for  the 
Army  approved  August  24,  1912,  and  requires  that  commissioned 
officers  of  the  line  of  the  Army  below  the  rank  of  major  shall  not  be 
detached  unless  they  have  been  actually  present  for  duty  for  at  least 
two  of  the  last  preceding  six  years  with  troops  of  that  branch  of  the 
service  in  which  the  officer  in  question  is  commissioned. 

With  the  purpose  of  this  law  I  have  complete  sympathy,  in  that  it 
is  an  effort  to  require  the  return  of  officers  to  service  with  troops  at 
such  frequent  intervals  as  to  assure  knowledge  of  troop  conditions 
and  line  service  in  those  who  are  from  time  to  time  detached  for 
special  and  expert  work.  It  seems  to  be  a  very  safe  generalization 
that  all  officers  of  the  Army,  with  the  possible  exception  of  a  very  few 


54  REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR. 

performing  highly  specialized  service,  ought  to  be  returned  to  service 
with  troops  from  time  to  time,  so  that  their  details,  or  periods  of  de- 
tachment, will  be  refreshed  by  knowledge  of  actual  army  conditions. 
But  I  doubt  the  wisdom  of  allowing  this  principle  to  limit  the  choice 
of  the  department  in  the  selection  of  officers  for  the  General  StaflP. 
The  duties  of  that  body  are  of  such  paramount  importance  to  the 
success  of  the  whole  military  establishment  that  the  War  Department 
ought  to  be  free  from  any  arbitrary  restriction  in  reaching  out  into 
the  service  at  any  time  for  the  man  or  men  best  qualified  to  perform 
this  central  and  pivotal  function. 

A  board  of  officers  was  recently  constituted  in  the  War  Department 
to  recommend  for  selection  the  necessary  number  of  officers  to  fill 
vacancies  in  the  General  Staff.    The  board  reports  that  it — 

was  seriously  han<llcnpped  by  the  fact  that  many  of  the  officers  whom  it  con- 
sidered eminently  fit  were  either  on  the  detached  officers*  list,  on  duty  in  the 
Philippines  with  a  considerable  period  to  serve,  or  were  within  one  year  of  their 
promotion,  or  detailed  In  other  staff  departments. 

T^ndoubtedly  the  difficulty  here  sought  to  be  solved  by  Congress  is 
a  real  one.  Washington,  being  the  Capital  and  the  seat  of  the  War 
Department,  is  a  desirable  place  of  residence  for  officers  of  the  Army, 
and,  where  personal  preference  is  allowed  to  control,  undoubtedly  the 
tendency  will  be,  for  one  reason  or  another,  to  allow  too  large  a  num- 
ber of  officers  in  Washington,  at  the  expense  of  an  adequate  officering 
of  outlying  posts.  It  would  seem,  however,  that,  in  view  of  the 
firmly  established  theory  and  practice  of  the  dominance  of  the  Chief 
of  the  General  Staff  and  his  supervision  over  and  coordination  of  all 
the  various  branches  of  the  military  establishment,  the  power  might 
safely  be  left  to  the  Secretary  of  War  to  set  aside  in  individual  cases 
restrictions  of  this  kind  in  the  interest  of  the  most  efficient  organiza- 
tion of  the  General  Staff  Corps.  Incidentally  it  may  be  remarked 
that  these  restrictive  provisions  impose  upon  the  Government  a  very 
substantial  increase  in  the  expense  of  the  military  establishment,  re- 
quiring, as  they  do,  arbitrarily,  frequent  changes  in  the  assignment 
of  officers,  and  their  transportation  from  place  to  place. 

SCIENTinC  MANAGEMENT. 

The  supplies  of  the  Army  are  in  part  purchased  in  the  open  market 
and  under  contract  and  in  part  manufactured  in  Government  arse- 
nals.   The  question  of  the  relation  between  the  Government  as  em- 


REPOBT  OF  THE  SECBETAKY  OP  WAB,  55 

ployer  and  its  employees  in  these  arsenals  is  a  part  of  the  general 
labor  question  of  the  country.  The  theory  which  the  department 
attempts  to  follow  is,  in  general  terms,  that  the  Government  should 
be  the  model  employer,  and  to  a  large  extent  this  theory  is  successfully 
applied.  In  the  matter  of  hours  of  labor,  sanitary  conditions,  holi- 
days, and  sick  leave  there  is  perhaps  no  better  industrial  condition  in 
the  United  States  than  that  maintained  by  the  War  Department  in 
these  industrial  plants.  The  question  of  wages  and  the  basis  of 
wages  is,  however,  under  more  or  less  constant  discussion.  Roughly 
speaking,  the  department  undertakes  to  establish  wage  rates  by  deter- 
mination of  the  prevailing  rate  of  wages  in  similar  employments 
within  the  district  in  which  the  particular  arsenal  is  located,  and  it 
uses  Bureau  of  Labor  statistics  of  the  Department  of  Labor  in  select- 
ing the  territory  which  shall  comprise  the  district  and  in  determining 
rates  of  wages  for  similar  work.  The  result  is  that  the  employees 
of  the  Government  receive  the  prevailing  rate  of  wage  in  their  respec- 
tive occupations,  but  usually  for  a  day  of  shorter  hours  than  is 
observed  in  the  private  industries  from  which  the  information  is 
drawn,  and  clearly  for  work  done  under  conditions  much  more  favor- 
able to  the  public  employee  than  to  the  private  employee.  The  diffi- 
culty in  this  whole  matter,  however,  arises  from  the  use  of  more  or 
less  arbitrary  methods  for  piecework  and  day  wage  determination. 
Many  efforts  have  been  made  to  introduce  just  principles  into  this 
delicate  determination.  A  system  of  time  studies  and  premiums 
known  as  the  "  Taylor  system  "  was  adopted  in  part  in  some  of  the 
arsenals,  but  it  met  with  the  opposition  of  organized  labor  and  Con- 
gress prohibited  the  use  of  the  system.  We  have  been  obliged,  there- 
fore, to  fall  back  upon  the  less  scientific  and  less  just  methods  pre- 
viously employed. 

It  seems  without  doubt  that  an  efficiency  system  properly  con- 
structed and  justly  applied  is  fairer  alike  to  the  Government  and  to 
the  employee  than  any  more  haphazard  method.  The  objection  of 
organized  labor  is  not  unnatural;  it  proceeds  from  the  belief  that  all 
efficiency  systems  tend  to  become  "speeding-up"  systems  and  that 
their  logical  operation  increases  the  output  without  a  corresponding 
increase  of  wage.  This,  however,  must,  of  course,  be  due  to  the 
method  of  applying  the  system  rather  than  to  the  system  itself,  and 
after  examining  the  results  obtained  in  Government  arsenals  where 
the  system  was  in  whole  or  in  part  followed,  I  am  persuaded  that 


56  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SECBETABY  OF  WAB. 

no  such  evil  effects  as  these  were  permitted  to  occur.  How  far  the 
action  of  Congress  was  dictated  by  a  belief  that  efficiency  systems 
inevitably  tended  to  the  enervation  of  the  employee  I  have  not  the 
means  of  knowing,  nor  do  I  know  what  evidences  of  such  results  in 
private  establishments  were  considered,  but  under  the  law  as  it  now 
is  the  department  is  prohibited  from  using  time  studies  and  pre- 
miums, and  is  therefore  deprived  of  the  means  of  acquiring  the  sort 
of  knowledge  without  which  just  wage  regulation  is  impossible,  or  of 
offering  inducements  to  zeal  and  good  workmanship,  which  if  offered 
in  moderation  constitute  a  just  recognition  of  individual  skill  and 
energy.  My  own  belief  is  that  most  of  the  difficulties  which  have  been 
felt  to  inhere  in  efficiency  systems  arise  from  the  fact  that  they  are 
employers'  systems  and  that  the  employee  has  no  voice  nor  part 
either  in  the  making  or  application  of  the  systems.  We  are  un- 
happily prevented  by  existing  legislation  from  any  experiments. 
Were  it  otherwise  I  would  be  much  interested  to  discover,  if  possible, 
a  plan  by  which  the  Government  and  its  employees  might  cooperate 
in  the  devising  and  application  of  methods  fair  to  both  for  the 
determination  of  relative  skill  and  zeal  among  operatives,  which 
would  at  the  same  time  protect  the  interests  of  the  Government  as 
employer,  and  while  conserving  the  strength  and  energy  of  the 
employees  distribute  justly  among  them  the  rewards  of  faithful 
service. 

STJGK^ESTED  LEGISLATION. 

Engineer  School. — ^I  have  referred  above  to  the  special-service 
schools  already  established  in  the  Army  to  supplement  with  post- 
graduate courses  the  fundamental  training  given  to  officers  at  West 
Point.  The  Army  War  College  is,  of  course,  one  of  these  and  de- 
votes its  teaching  force  to  the  study  of  the  principles  of  strategy  and 
military  policy.  The  service  schools  seek  to  specialize  in  their  par- 
ticular branches  of  the  service,  and  the  rapidity  with  which  new 
implements  of  war  are  developing  and  their  highly  scientific  char- 
acter make  it  increasingly  important  that  special  study  should  be 
given  to  such  subjects  as  precision  in  indirect  Artillery  fire,  the  use 
of  the  machine  gun,  the  modern  uses  of  Cavalry  and  military  avia- 
tion. To  one  of  these  schools,  however,  I  desire  to  ask  particular 
attention.  The  Engineer  Corps  of  the  Army  for  many  years  com- 
prised a  large  part  of  the  most  eminent  engineering  talent  in  the 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  SECRET ABY  OP  WAR.  57 

country.  Its  oflScers  are  still  men  of  great  distinction  and  ability, 
but  the  science  of  engineering  in  its  various  aspects  has  become 
fundamental  to  the  entire  industrial  life  of  the  Nation.  The  civil, 
electrical,  mechanical,  and  chemical  engineer  is  to  be  found  in  every 
great  industry,  and  the  rewards  offered  in  civil  life  to  the  engineer 
are  now  attractive  in  the  highest  degree.  It  is  very  necessary  that 
the  Army  should  be  continuously  supplied  with  well-trained  en- 
gineers. 

The  peace-time  occupations  of  the  War  Department  and  of  the 
Army  rest  in  a  high  degree  upon  the  Engineer  force,  and  the  great 
problems  of  river  and  harbor  improvement  and  development  for  the 
promotion  of  navigation  and  for  the  conservation  of  the  water  power 
of  the  countrj'  are  in  the  hands  of  that  corps.  Of  course,  in  war 
the  engineer,  as  bridge  builder,  road  maker,  builder  of  fortifications, 
and  a  variety  of  other  construction  enterprises,  is  essential  to  military 
success.  But  the  science  of  engineering,  like  all  other  sciences  now- 
adays, is  rapidly  developing.  Every  new  application  of  scientific 
principles  to  industry  affects  the  engineer,  and  it  is  of  the  highest 
importance  that  the  Engineer  Corps  of  the  Army  should  continue  to 
contain  a  progressive,  highly  trained  body  of  men  thoroughly  abreast 
of  all  the  developments  in  science  applicable  alike  to  those  engi- 
neering functions  of  the  Government  in  times  of  peace  and  to  the 
great  call  made  upon  the  engineer  in  times  of  war.  The  Engineer 
School  maintained  at  the  Washington  barracks  seems  to  me  an  inade- 
quate response  to  this  obvious  need,  and  I  trust  the  attention  of 
Congress  can  at  some  suitable  time  be  called  to  the  wisdom  of 
providing  facilities  for  original  research  and  continuous  and  funda- 
mental training  for  our  body  of  engineers,  that  will  keep  them  in  the 
very  forefront  of  engineering  science. 

National  preparatory  schools. — The  suggestion  made  with  regard 
to  preparatory  military  schools  is,  of  course,  independent  of  the 
widespread  movement  for  vocational  training  in  the  Army  here- 
tofore mentioned. 

The  method  of  selection  of  cadets  for  West  Point  has  for  years  con- 
sisted of  designation  by  the  President,  Senators,  and  Representatives, 
with  examination  as  a  prerequisite  to  acceptance ;  but  we  are  learning 
daily  that  a  nation  efficiently  organized  from  a  military  point  of 
view  must  of  necessity  be  efficiently  organized  industrially.  We  are 
learning  also  that  the  ideal  military  preparation  of  any  country  is 


58  KEPOBT  OF  THE  SECBETABY  OP  WAB. 

one  which  is  readily  expanded  in  an  emergency  so  as  to  include 
great  numbers  of  men  in  the  industrial  and  commercial  life  of 
the  nation  who  have  had  enough  preliminary  training  to  make 
them  convertible  by  brief  additional  training  into  oflScers.  Should 
the  United  States  ever  be  called  upon  to  meet  a  great  military 
emergency  a  large  army  would  have  to  be  sustained  and  sup- 
ported by  a  highly  coordinated  industrial  system.  There  should 
therefore  be  in  the  country  at  all  times  a  great  body  of  men  trained 
as  mechanics,  whose  places  in  such  an  emergency  would  be  not 
in  the  ranks  of  the  fighting  forces  but  at  the  lathes  and  forges 
from  which  the  anmiimition  supply  of  the  Army  must  be  drawn. 
I  venture  to  believe  that  if  the  Federal  Government  were  to  estab- 
lish in  a  number  of  places  throughout  the  country  schools  prepara- 
tory to  the  Military  Academy  at  West  Point  and  the  Naval 
Academy  at  Annapolis,  in  which  the  rudiments  of  a  sound  edu- 
cation, the  elements  of  mechanical  skill,  the  principles  of  business 
coordination,  and  the  beginnings  of  military  science  were  taught, 
these  schools  would  develop  the  natural  aptitudes  of  the  students 
in  such  a  way  as  to  supply  those  fittest  by  temperament  and  talent 
to  pursue  in  the  Military  Academy  and  the  Naval  Academy  the  study 
of  military  science;  and  incidentally  these  schools  would  furnish  a 
great  body  of  men  returning  to  civil  life  fitted  by  training  either 
to  respond  in  an  emergency  to  a  call  to  the  colors  or  to  take  their 
places  as  civil  soldiers  in  the  service  of  the  Government  in  those 
industries  and  undertakings  fundamental  to  the  successful  conduct 
of  military  operations. 

The  suggestion  here  made  ought  not  perhaps  to  be  further  elabo- 
rated in  this  report,  but  I  think  it  will  be  apparent  on  reflection 
that  no  expenditure  in  contemplation  of  a  great  military  emer- 
gency would  be  more  apt  or  helpful  than  one  which  gave  to  25,000 
or  30,000  young  men  the  inspiration  of  industrial  education  at  the 
hands  of  the  Government,  indoctrinated  them  with  the  spirit  of  serv- 
ice to  their  country,  and  tabulated  them  so  that  they  would  be  always 
available  for  either  the  military  or  industrial  service  which 
their  academic  experience  indicated  most  in  accordance  with  their 
aptitudes.  It  seems  equally  likely  that  schools  of  this  sort  would 
spread  the  field  of  selection  ideally  over  the  country  and  make 
the  cadets  at  West  Point  and  midshipmen  at  Annapolis  bodies  of 


REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR.  59 

young  men  selected  by  a  demonstration  of  their  special  aptitude  for 
the  pursuit  of  military  service. 

THE  BOABD  OF  OBDNANCE  AND  FOBTIFICATION. 

The  Board  of  Ordnance  and  Fortification  is  one  of  the  most 
important  standing  boards  of  the  War  Department.  It  meets 
weekly  for  the  consideration  of  questions  affecting  the  fortifica- 
tions of  the  United  States  and  the  arming  of  our  forces  with 
suitable  implements  of  war.  Scientific  discoveries  and  invention 
are  being  made  on  every  hand  imder  the  stimulus  of  the  world 
war,  and  this  board  endeavors  to  keep  abreast  of  the  progress  made 
throughout  the  world,  to  consider  and  weigh  the  claims  of  inventors 
and  the  possible  applications  of  science  to  warfare,  to  the  end 
that  our  Army  may  be  provided  with  equipment  of  the  best,  at 
least  to  the  extent  possible  under  the  appropriations  made  by  Con- 
gress for  the  purpose.  I  do  not  undertake  to  give  any  detailed 
account  of  the  operations  of  the  board,  but  two  or  three  subjects 
considered  by  it  are  sufficiently  interesting  for  passing  comment. 

During  the  past  fiscal  year  the  Board  of  Ordnance  and  Forti- 
fication has  conducted  important  tests  at  Fort  Morgan,  Ala.,  in 
cooperation  with  the  Navy,  to  determine  the  effect  of  hostile  gun- 
fire on  our  coast  fortifications.  An  experimental  emplacement  with 
a  gun  mounted  on  a  disappearing  carriage  was  fired  upon  by  ships 
with  their  heaviest  guns  at  varying  ranges.  These  tests  were  con- 
ducted in  the  presence  of  members  of  the  board  and  accomplished 
the  purpose  for  which  they  were  made. 

Hammond  radiodynamic  system  of  torpedo  control, — Further 
study  and  tests  of  an  apparatus  for  the  control  of  submarine  tor- 
pedoes by  radio,  which  had  been  under  consideration  by  the  board 
since  the  early  part  of  1913,  had  resulted  in  a  recommendation  by 
the  board  on  February  12,  1915,  for  the  purchase  of  all  the  secrets, 
patents,  and  developed  methods  pertaining  to  the  Hammond  radio- 
dynamic  system  of  torpedo  control.  This  recommendation  was 
renewed  by  the  board  at  its  meeting  on  February  15,  1916,  and  was 
supported  in  hearings  before  congressional  committees.  Appro- 
priations were  made  for  the  purchase  of  the  rights  to  the  invention 
and  the  installation  of  one  unit  of  the  system,  subject  to  the  approval 
by  the  President  after  a  satisfactory  demonstration  before  a  board 


60  REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR. 

of  three  Army  and  three  Navy  officers.  This  board  has  been  named, 
and  preparations  for  the  test  are  in  progress. 

The  board  has  also  been  engaged  in  the  development  of  railway 
mounts  for  certain  types  of  ordnance,  motor  trucks,  armored  cars, 
serial  photography,  searchlights,  and  flare  bombs,  and  in  the  de- 
velopment and  test  of  the  radio  control  of  torpedoes  from  an  aero- 
plane in  flight  under  the  Hammond  system. 

Development  of  a  portable  searchlight  for  field  artillery,  inaugu- 
rated in  1906,  was  finally  completed  and  the  searchlight  turned 
over  to  the  Field  Artillery  Board  for  test. 

MACHINE  OTJNS. 

Perhaps  no  invention  has  more  profoundly  modified  the  art  of 
war  than  the  machine  gun.  In  the  European  war  this  arm  has  been 
brought  into  very  great  prominence.  It  had,  however,  been  de- 
veloped to  a  serviceable  state  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish-American 
War,  although  its  use  on  a  large  scale  had  not  been  developed  in  any 
army  until  the  outbreak  of  the  European  war.  In  1912  Congi«ess 
by  an  appropriation  sanctioned  the  allowance  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment of  four  machine  guns  per  regiment.  From  time  to  time  tests 
have  been  made  by  the  War  Department  to  determine  the  relative 
serviceableness  and  efficiency  of  various  machine  guns.  These  tests 
have  been  attended  by  considerable  controversy  and  the  claims  of 
different  types  of  machine  guns  have  been  urged  upon  the  public 
attention  by  widespread  newspaper  comment.  In  the  meantime,  in 
response  to  the  stimulus  of  the  European  war,  inventors  and  makers 
have  hastened  to  develop  and  improve  their  respective  arms  and  the 
field  of  selection  has  constantly  widened  so  that  when  the  Congress 
at  the  last  session  appropriated  $12,000,000  for  the  procurement  of 
machine  guns  it  seemed  important,  for  obvious  reasons,  to  free  the 
air  of  the  various  controversies  and  to  set  at  rest  in  as  final  a  fashion 
as  possible  the  conflicting  claims  of  makers  and  inventors.  A  board 
was  therefore  created  in  the  War  Department,  made  up  in  part  of 
officers  and  in  part  of  civilians,  all  of  whom  were  selected  so  as  to 
avoid  any  suggestion  of  prejudice  on  their  part  growing  out  of 
previous  controversies  and  tests. 

The  board  was  instructed  to  take  into  consideration  all  tests  pre- 
viously made  and  to  collate  and  study  the  European  experience  and 


KEPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR.  61 

hear  from  the  representatives  of  all  makers,  and  to  conduct  under  its 
own  guidance  such  tests  as  in  its  judgment  were  necessary  or  appro- 
priate to  a  final  determination  of  the  present  state  of  the  art.  On 
the  basis  of  this  sort  of  an  investigation,  the  board  was  instructed 
to  advise  the  department  on  the  expenditure  of  the  $12,000,000 
appropriated  for  this  purpose.  A  preliminary  report  has  been  made 
by  this  board,  selecting  the  Vickers-Maxim  type  for  heavy  machine 
guns,  recommending  the  purchase  of  a  large  supply  of  them,  and 
fixing  a  date  in  May  at  which  time  exhaustive  tests  to  determine 
the  relative  excellence  of  various  types  of  light  machine  guns  are 
to  be  made.  The  nature  of  military  operations  plainly  dictates  that 
our  Army  should  be  supplied  in  some  proportion  with  guns  of  a 
heavy  and  of  a  light  type  for  defensive  operations.  From  fixed 
points  the  heavier  type  is  doubtless  the  more  reliable,  but  in  rapid 
charging  and  field  operations  and  in  aeroplane  work  the  mo- 
bility of  the  arm  is  an  important  consideration.  It  is  therefore 
highly  important  that  the  Army  should  be  supplied  with  an  ade- 
quate number  of  both  types  of  arm.  The  recommendations  of  the 
board  already  made  recognize  the  wisdom  of  this  course,  and  its 
c'onclusions  when  finally  reached  will  no  doubt  be  accepted  as 
authoritative,  although  this  is  the  field  of  most  rapid  advance  in  the 
perfection  of  arms,  and  the  department  will  welcome  each  improve- 
ment and  seek  to  avail  itself  of  the  progress  made  so  that  our  equip- 
ment can  at  all  times  be  of  the  most  modern  and  effective  kind. 

THE  PHILIPPINE  GOVERNMENT. 

Governor  General  Harrison's  administration  has  continued  to  be 
marked  by  cordial  relations  between  the  executive  and  legislative 
branches  of  the  government  and  between  the  upper  appointive  house 
of  the  legislature  and  the  lower  house.  The  recommendations  of  the 
Governor  General  to  the  legislature  have  been  promptly  formulated 
into  law.  The  legislature  passed  satisfactory  appropriation  bills  and 
imposed  additional  taxes  to  meet  decreases  in  the  revenues  as  the 
result  of  the  European  war. 

Progress  among  the  Moros  and  other  non-Christians  in  the  De- 
partment of  Mindanao  and  Sulu,  where  Gov.  Carpenter  has  con- 
tinued in  office,  has  exceeded  the  most  sanguine  anticipation. 

Peace  and  good  order  have  so  marked  the  administration  of 
Governor  General  Harrison  that  it  should  be  unnecessary  hereafter 


62  REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR. 

in  official  reports  to  mention  these  subjects,  of  such  frequent  reference 
in  past  reports  of  the  Philippine  Islands. 

The  financial  condition  of  the  government  is  excellent. 

Detailed  information  with  'reference  to  our  government  in  the 
Philippine  Islands  will  be  found  in  the  annual  reports  of  the  Gov- 
ernor General  and  the  Philippine  Commission  and  of  the  Bureau  of 
Insular  Affairs  of'  the  War  Department,  transmitted  with  this 
report. 

Congress  at  its  last  session  was  most  attentive  to  the  reconmienda- 
tions  of  the  Philippine  government  and  of  this  department  with 
reference  thereto.  In  addition  to  making  effective  several  of  the 
less  important  recommendations,  it  enacted  the  new  Philippine 
organic  act,  which  was  approved  by  the  President  on  August  29, 
1916.  While  there  has  been  continuous  progress  in  the  development 
of  the  Philippines  toward  self-government  during  American  occu- 
I)ation,  this  is  the  first  step  of  importance  that  Congress  has  taken 
in  recognition  of  this  development  since  the  passage  in  1902  of  the 
act  for  the  temporary  government  of  the  Philippine  Islands. 

POBTO  RICO. 

The  past  year  has  been  one  of  marked  prosperity  in  the  industries 
of  Porto  Rico,  particularly  in  what  has  become  by  far  the  greatest 
industry,  the  production  of  sugar. 

There  was  natural  disappointment  in  Porto  Rico  at  the  failure 
to  secure  the  enactment  by  Congress  at  its  last  session  of  the  proposed 
new  organic  act.  It  passed  the  House  of  Representatives,  but  failed 
to  receive  consideration  by  the  Senate,  and  is  still  pending.  It  is 
hoped  that  at  the  coming  session  of  Congress  this  act  will  be  passed. 
It  may  be  said  now  to  have  been  pending  for  six  years,  since  the 
House  of  Representatives  in  1910  passed  a  bill  which  embodied  the 
most  important  features  of  the  pending  bill.  The  disappointment 
of  the  Porto  Rican  people  is  greatest  because  of  the  continued  failure 
to  grant  to  them  American  citizenship,  an  aspiration  in  which  they 
have  been  encouraged  by  every  President  of  the  United  States  since 
1905. 

The  progress  of  the  government  and  people  of  Porto  Rico  is  set 
forth  fully  in  the  annual  repoil  of  the  governor,  transmitted  here- 
with. 


BEPORT  OP  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR,  63 

THE  PANAMA  CANAL. 

The  Panama  Canal  has  been  opened  to  commerce  since  August 
15,  1914.  However,  on  account  of  slides,  the  canal  was  closed  to 
traffic  from  September  18,  1915,  to  April  15,  1916.  The  governor 
of  the  Panama  Canal,  in  his  last  annual  report,  has  again  reported 
very  fully  on  the  slide  situation  and  corrects  many  misapprehen- 
sions that  exist  concerning  conditions  on  the  Isthmus.  He  is  con- 
fident that  the  slides  will  be  overcome  finally  and  for  all  time,  and 
that  there  will  be  no  further  serious  interruptions  to  traffic. 

These  same  general  conclusions  were  also  reached  by  a  committee 
of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  appointed  at  your  request, 
from  which  I  quote  the  following  paragraph  from  the  preliminary 
report  made  by  that  committee : 

The  committee  looks  to  the  future  of  the  canal  with  confidence.  It  is 
not  unmindful  of  the  labor  necessary  to  deal  with  the  present  slides;  and 
it  realizes  that  slides  may  be  a  considerable,  but  not  an  unreasonably  large, 
maintenance  charge  upon  the  canal  for  a  number  of  years;  it  also  realizes 
that  trouble  In  the  Culebra  district  may  possibly  again  close  the  canal. 
Nevertheless,  the  committee  firmly  believes  that,  after  the  present  dlfllculties 
have  been  overcome,  navigation  tljrough  the  <anal  is  not  likely  again  to  be 
seriously  Interrupted.  There  Is  absolutely  no  Justification  for  the  statement 
that  traffic  will  be  repeatedly  interrupted  during  long  periods  for  years  to 
come.  The  canal  will  serve  the  great  purpose  for  which  it  was  constructed, 
and  the  realization  of  that  purpose  in  the  near  future  Is  assured. 

During  the  part  of  the  fiscal  year  that  the  canal  was  open  to 
traffic,  411  vessels  passed  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  with 
a  total  net  tonnage  of  1,308,230  tons  and  1,434,236  cargo  tons.  Of 
this  total  number  of  vessels,  50  were  engaged  in  United  States 
coastwise  trade,  with  a  net  tonnage  of  183,372  tons  and  a  cargo 
tonnage  of  227,103  tons.  Three  hundred  and  seventy-six  vessels 
passed  from  the  Pacific  to  the  Atlantic,  with  a  total  net  tonnage 
of  1,171,531  tons  and  a  cargo  tonnage  of  1,705,810  tons.  Of  this 
number  of  vessels,  41  were  engaged  in  the  coastwise  trade,  with 
a  net  tonnage  of  167,594  tons  and  a  cargo  tonnage  of  217,285  tons. 
The  total  cargo  tonnage  that  traversed  the  canal  during  the  fiscal 
year  amounted  to  3,140,046  tons. 

Canal  tolls. — ^The  tolls  collected  during  the  fiscal  year  ended  June 
30, 1916,  from  vessels  using  the  canal  amounted  to  $2,399,830.42. 


64  EEPORT  OP  THE  SECRETARY  OP  WAR. 

In  his  annual  report  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1916,  Gen. 
Goethals,  Governor  of  the  Panama  Canal,  again  calls  attention  to 
the  confusion  resulting  from  the  application  of  the  United  States 
rules  of  measurement  of  vessels  in  addition  to  the  Panama  Canal 
rules  of  measurement,  and  invites  attention  to  the  necessity  of  adopt- 
ing some  one  rule  for  levying  tolls  on  vessels  passing  through  the 
canal.  He  states  that  as  time  goes  on  and  traffic  increases,  with  a 
resulting  increase  in  the  number  and  classes  of  vessels  using  the 
canal,  experience  has  shown  beyond  a  doubt  that  the  fairest  rules  for 
determining  the  tonnage  of  a  vessel  on  a  just  basis  are  the  Panama 
Canal  rules  of  measurement ;  in  short,  on  the  earning  capacity  of  the 
ship.  Furthermore,  the  application  of  the  United  States  rules  for 
measurement  has  resulted  in  exempting  practically  all  sheltered 
spaces  and  deck  loads  of  vessels  transiting  the  canal,  which,  in  turn, 
has  resulted  in  discrimination  against  most  of  the  United  States 
vessels  utilizing  the  waterway,  due  to  the  fact  that  almost  all  of  the 
United  States  vessels  are  so  constructed  that  they  are  unable  to  take 
advantage  of  shelter-deck  space.  On  the  other  hand,  the  United 
States  rules  provide  for  the  exemption  of  certain  cabin  space  above 
the  upper  deck  that  is  not  a  deck  attached  to  the  hull,  which  would, 
in  most  cases,  result  in  discrimination  against  foreign  vessels  and  in 
favor  of  United  States  passenger  steamers,  if  the  national  register 
of  the  vessel  were  recognized  as  a  factor  in  the  levying  of  tolls.  Had 
the  Panama  Canal  rules  for  measurement  been  in  force,  the  revenue 
from  this  source  would  have  been  $2,790,544.47,  instead  of  $2,399,- 
830.42  as  stated  above,  showing  a  direct  loss  of  revenue  on  this  ac- 
count of  $390,714.05. 

Out  velatioTiB  with  Panama. — Gen.  Goethals  also  again  calls  atten- 
tion to  the  necessity  of  an  agreement  between  the  Governments  of  the 
United  States  and  Panama  for  modifying  the  so-called  Taft  agree- 
ment, which  is,  in  many  respects,  disadvantageous  to  both  Govern- 
ments, and  should  be  substituted  by  an  agreement  made  in  accord- 
ance with  our  present  mutual  needs  and  with  our  rights  under  the 
treaty. 

THE  PANAMA  BAILBOAD. 

The  result  of  the  company's  business  of  every  character  for  the 
fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 1916,  after  meeting  the  cost  of  operation, 
together  with  fixed  charges  aggregating  $79,023.30  and  charges  for 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SEGRETABY  OF  WAB.  65 

depreciation    on   rolling   stock,  floating   and    plant  equipment  of 
$461,244.48,  shows- 
Net  Income  of $2, 453, 5d2. 84 

As  against : 914, 800. 58 

For  the  previous  year,  or  an  increase  of 1, 538, 731. 76 

During  that  period  $2,148,542.89  was  applied  to  additions  and  bet- 

« 

terments  of  plant  and  equipment. 

The  increase  in  revenue  derived  from  the  railroad  from  its  local 
and  through  business  as  compared  with  the  previous  year  amounts 
to  $704,709.37  and  is  due  entirely  to  the  closing  of  the  canal  to  traffic 
for  a  large  portion  of  the  year,  which  resulted  in  the  railroad's 
transporting  306,057  tons  of  freight  in  excess  of  prior  period. 

The  steamship  line  contributed  to  the  net  revenue  $1,004,373.05 — 
an  increase  over  the  previous  fiscal  year  of  $504,519.63,  due  to  an 
increase  in  rates  and  in  tonnage  carried. 

At  the  end  of  this  fiscal  year  the  company  had  $2,960,868.55  of 
available  funds  in  the  hands  of  designated  depositories  and,  in  addi- 
tion, securities  purchased  at  a  cost  of  $2,040,168.75  in  a  reserve  fund 
established  September  12,  1911. 

WATERWAYS  AND  WATEB  POWER. 

The  War  Department  is  constantly  dealing  with  the  important 
question  of  waterways  and  water  power,  not  only  under  the  river  and 
harbor  legislation  passed  from  time  to  time  and  dealing  with  speci- 
fied waterway  improvements  but  also  under  the  General  Dam  Act  and 
other  legislation  dealing  with  the  diversion  of  streams  and  the 
establishment  of  water  powers.  Congress  is,  of  course,  actively  con- 
sidering this  latter  subject,  and  the  prospect  is  that  comprehensive 
provision  will  be  made  for  the  conservation  of  the  undeveloped  water 
power  of  the  United  States,  which  is  enormous  in  its  possibilities 
and  comprises  the  great  unexpended  natural  resource  of  the  Nation. 

Several  special  problems  in  this  connection  are  more  or  less  con- 
stantly before  the  department.  The  first  of  these  is  the  Chicago 
Drainage  Canal.  This  canal  was  built  under  the  authority  of  the 
State  of  Illinois  for  sanitary  purposes,  but  has  never  had  the 
approval  of  Congress.  It  was  completed  in  1899,  and  application 
was  then  made  to  the  War  Department  for  permission  to  connect 
the  canal  with  the  south  branch  of  the  Chicago  River,  thus  reversing 

69176'— WAR  191^— VOL  1 5 


66  REPOBT  OP  THE  SECBBTABY  OP  WAB. 

the  flow  of  that  stream  and  diverting  its  waters  from  Lake  Michigan 
into  the  drainage  canal  and  thence  into  the  Mississippi  River.  A  con- 
ditional permit  was  granted  in  1901,  authorizing  the  diversion  of 
4,167  cubic  feet  seconds,  and  this  amount  has  continued  to  be  the 
legal  limit.  The  drawing  of  water  from  the  Chicago  River  into  the 
canal  affects  the  general  navigation  interests  of  the  country  on  ac- 
count of  the  tendency  of  such  diversion  to  lower  the  level  of  the 
waters  of  the  Great  Lakes.  From  the  beginning  the  operations  of 
the  Sanitary  District  have  been  looked  upon  with  disfavor  by  navi- 
gation interests,  and  the  Secretary  of  War  has  not  only  declined  to 
increase  the  diversion  temporarily  authorized  but  has  adhered  to  the 
decision  that  the  permit  granted  was  of  a  temporary  character  and 
that  no  permanent  diversion  of  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan  could 
be  made  without  express  authority  from  Congress.  Nevertheless  the 
Sanitary  District  has  for  many  years  been  withdrawing  a  much 
larger  amount  of  water  than  is  authorized  by  this  permit.  Upon  two 
different  occasions  the  Sanitary  District  has  refused  to  conform  to 
decisions  of  the  Secretary  of  War  declining  to  grant  authority  for 
larger  diversions  and  has  declared  its  intention  to  continue  excess 
diversions  imless  prevented  by  injunction.  Accordingly,  in  1908  and 
again  in  1910,  bills  in  equity  were  filed  at  the  instance  of  the  War 
Department  by  the  Attorney  General  seeking  to  enjoin  excess  diver- 
sion. The  two  suits  were  consolidated  and  tried  in  the  United  States 
District  Court  for  the  Northern  District  of  Illinois,  but  remain 
imdecided. 

It  seems  quite  clear  that  with  the  growth  of  population  in  Chicago 
the  authorities  of  the  Sanitary  District  contemplate  still  larger  diver- 
sions than  those  already  made,  perhaps  to  the  extent  of  10,000  cubic 
feet  seconds.  This,  it  is  estimated  by  the  United  States  Lake  Sur- 
vey, would  lower  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan  and  Lake  Huron 
nearly  7  inches.  Lake  Erie  about  5 J  inches,  and  Lake  Ontario  about 
4J  inches,  mean  lake  levels,  the  reduction  being  much  greater  at  low- 
water  periods.  The  effect  of  such  a  lowering  of  lake  levels  would 
obviously  be  enormous  losses  to  navigation  interests  and  would  neces- 
sitate large  expenditures  by  the  General  Government  for  the  restora- 
tion and  reorganization  of  river  and  harbor  improvements  on  the 
Great  Lakes  and  their  connecting  waters,  for  which  already  appro- 
priations aggregating  more  than  $90,000,000  have  been  made. 


KEPORT  OF  THE  SECRETABY  OF  WAR.  67 

A  related  project  to  the  Chicago  Drainage  Canal  is  the  canal  pro- 
posed to  be  constructed  for  commerce  from  Chicago  through  the  Des 
Plaines  River,  and  applications  for  permits  have  been  made  to  the 
War  Department  to  authorize  this  construction.  The  matter  has 
also  been  considered  in  Congress,  but  no  action  taken.  At  present 
the  authority  of  the  State  of  Illinois  to  issue  bonds  for  the  construc- 
tion of  this  canal  is  drawn  in  question  before  the  local  courts  of  the 
State,  and  a  temporary  injunction  has  been  issued  against  the  sale  of 
the  bonds.  No  action  has  therefore  been  considered  by  the  War 
Department  and  none  will  be  considered  so  long  as  these  legal  ob- 
stacles remain  in  the  way.  It  would  seem  that  this  subject  ought  to 
have  the  attention  of  Congi-ess,  for  while  it  is  asserted  in  behalf  of 
the  project  that  there  is  no  intention  of  making  further  withdrawals 
of  water  from  the  Great  Lakes  for  tlie  purposes  of  the  canal  than  are 
already  being  withdrawn  for  the  drainage  canal,  yet  it  seems  quite 
clear  that  should  this  commercial  waterway  be  established  and  con- 
structed, and  then  a  greater  volume  of  water  be  needed  for  its  opera- 
tion than  was  originally  estimated,  the  pressure  to  allow  additional 
lake  diversions  would  be  very  great;  and  if  it  le  true  in  fact  that  such 
diversions  are  prejudicial  to  the  navigation  interests  of  the  Great 
Lakes  and  the  eastward-flowing  waters,  the  relative  advantages  of  the 
two  uses  of  these  waters  ought  to  be  weighted  and  finally  determined 
by  the  legislative  body. 

Another  question  which  has  constantly  been  presented  to  the  War 
Department  for  consideration  is  the  withdrawal  of  additional  water 
for  power  purposes  at  Niagara  Falls.  Congress  has  allowed  the 
Burton  Act  to  expire  without  renewal  or  substitution.  There  is 
therefore  no  express  donation  of  power  from  Congress  to  the  War 
Department  to  deal  with  this  subject,  and  I  have  such  grave  doubt  as 
to  the  power  of  the  department  under  the  General  Dam  Act,  or  any 
other  general  legislation,  that  I  have  hesitated  to  grant  any  of  the 
permits  so  urgently  requested.  Under  the  international  agreement 
between  Canada  and  the  United  States  a  maximum  of  20,000  cubic 
feet  seconds  is  authorized  to  be  diverted  on  the  American  side  of 
the  river.  At  present  under  permits  granted  either  prior  to  or  under 
the  Burton  Act  about  15,000  cubic  feet  seconds  are  being  so  with- 
drawn. Plainly  the  subject  is  one  which  Congress  ought  to  deal 
with,  involving  not  only  the  most  efficient  use  and  just  distribution 
of  this  great  power  but  also  affecting  the  preservation  of  the  great 


68  EEPORT  OP  THE  SECRETABY  OP  WAB. 

natural  spectacle  presented  by  Niagara  Falls.  The  present  position 
of  the  department  on  the  subject  is  that  it  ought  not  to  complicate 
the  consideration  of  the  whole  subject  by  Congress,  and  that  in  the 
absence  of  further  enabling  legislation  the  present  situation  must  be 
maintained. 

FINANCIAL  STATEMENTS. 

Annexed  hereto  as  Appendix  B,  Table  1,  is  a  tabulated  statement 
showing  expenditures  for  the  last  fiscal  year  (1916),  estimates  and 
appropriations  for  the  present  fiscal  year  (1917),  and  the  estimates 
for  the  next  fiscal  year  (1918).  This  statement  shows  only  expendi- 
tures from  appropriations  made  by  Congress  in  pursuance  of  esti- 
mates submitted  by  the  War  Department.  It  does  not,  therefore, 
include  expenditures  from  appropriations  made  by  Congress  without 
estimates  from  the  War  Department,  known  as  "Indefinite  annual 
appropriations  "  and  "  Permanent  annual  appropriations."  Expend- 
itures from  appropriations  of  these  two  classes  are  included  in  the 
statements  annexed  hereto  as  Tables  2,  3,  4,  and  5,  which  are  complete 
and  detailed  statements  of  the  financial  transactions  of  the  depart- 
ment during  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1916,  covering  every  ap- 
propriation made  for  the  service  of  the  fiscal  years  1916,  1915,  1914, 
and  1913,  and  prior  years,  showing  all  balances  from  appropriations, 
the  amounts  appropriated  under  each  title  of  appropriation,  the 
amounts  drawn  from  the  Treasury,  and  the  unexpended  balance  of 
each  appropriation  remaining  in  the  Treasury  June  30,  1916,  subject 
to  requisition.  These  statements  show  also  the  amounts  covered  into 
the  surplus  fund  of  the  Treasury  from  all  appropriations  under  the 
control  of  the  War  Department  which  are  no  longer  available  or 
required  for  expenditure. 

BETIBEMENT  OF  GOVEBNHENT  EMPLOYEES. 

An  examination  of  the  reports  of  my  predecessors  for  a  number 
of  years  shows  that  they  have  continuously  recommended  considera- 
tion of  the  subject  of  an  equitable  retirement  law  providing  for  the 
retirement  of  superannuated  and  disabled  employees  of  the  civil 
service.  I  am  very  happy  to  renew  the  recommendation.  From  time 
to  time  bills  have  been  introduced  into  Congress  providing  for  such 
retirement,  but  as  yet  none  has  been  enacted  into  law.  In  the  mean- 
time, various  industrial  and  transportation  companies  have  found  it 
to  their  interest  to  retire  and  pension  superannuated  employees.    The 


REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR.  69 

Federal  Government  is  and  should  be  a  model  employer.  The  pro- 
visions now  made  by  the  Government  in  the  matter  of  compensation, 
hours  of  labor,  vacations,  sick  leave,  and  holidays,  are  all  wisely 
generous  both  as  an  example  and  as  establishing  a  harmonious  and 
helpful  relation  between  employer  and  employee,  which  both  con- 
serves the  spirit  and  health  of  the  employee  and  secures  for  the  em- 
ployer that  willingness  and  good  will  out  of  which  service  of  maxi- 
mum eflSciency  naturally  arises.  There  seems  to  remain  as  the  chief 
thing  yet  to  be  done  this  provision  for  retirement  upon  superannua- 
tion. The  law  ought  not,  in  my  judgment,  to  provide  a  mere  service 
pension  as  has  sometimes  been  done  in  municipal  and  State  services 
in  this  country,  under  which  employees  who  have  served  a  stipu- 
lated number  of  years  are  authorized  to  retire  irrespective  of  their 
ability  still  to  render  competent  service.  The  law  ought  rather, 
upon  a  minimum  service  required,  to  authorize  retirement  either  for 
disability  arising  in  the  course  of  the  service  or  occasioned  by  the 
service  itself,  and  this  retirement  should  be  in  the  hands  of  a  com- 
petent authority  which  would  determine  the  inability  of  the  particu- 
lar employee  further  to  render  adequate  service  in  his  place  of  em- 
ployment. The  effect  of  such  a  law  would  be  to  give  an  assurance  of 
a  competent  and  comfortable  old  age.  It  would  relieve  the  employee 
from  the  fear  of  loss  of  occupation  and  of  livelihood,  would  further 
inspire  him  to  loyalty  to  the  Government  as  an  employer,  thus  im- 
proving the  general  quality  of  the  service  rendered  by  Government 
employees,  although  that  is  already  high,  and  would  permit  the 
replacement  of  some  employees  in  the  various  departments  who  have 
long  and  faithfully  served  the  Government  and  reached  venerable 
but  enfeebled  years  without  having  had  an  opportunity  to  accumu- 
late any  competence  upon  which  their  retirement  can  rest, 

ENUMEBATION  OF  BEFOBTS  SUBMITTED. 

I  submit  herewith  the  report  of  the  Chief  of  Staff  and  the  re- 
port made  to  him  by  the  Chief  of  Coast  Artillery ;  the  reports  of  the 
heads  of  bureaus  of  the  War  Department;  and  the  reports  of  the 
commissioners  of  the  four  military  parks,  the  Superintendent  of  the 
United  States  Military  Academy,  the  governor  of  Porto  Rico,  and 

the  Philippine  Commission. 

Newton  D.  Baker, 

Secretary  of  War. 


Appendix  A. 

DECISION    OF    THE    SECRETARY    OF    WAR    ON    THE    EFFECT    OF 
SECTION  5  OF  THE  NATIONAL  DEFENSE  ACT. 

War  Department, 
Washington^  September  ISj  1916. 

The  provisions  of  section  5  of  "An  act  for  making  further  and 
more  effectual  provision  for  the  national  defense,  and  for  other 
purposes,"  approved  June  3,  1916,  relating  to  the  General  Staff 
Corps,  call  for  an  opinion  from  the  Secretary  of  War  as  to  their 
effect  upon  the  transaction  of  the  business  of  the  department  and 
the  relations  to  exist  in  the  future  between  the  Chief  of  the  General 
Staff  and  the  heads  of  various  bureaus  of  the  War  Department. 

Section  5  provides  that  the  General  Staff  Corps  shall  consist  of 
one  Chief  of  Staff,  detailed  in  time  of  peace  from  major  generals 
of  the  line,  and  various  other  officers,  for  some  of  whom  specific 
duties  are  provided,  as,  for  instance,  that  one  of  them  is  required 
to  be  president  of  the  Army  War  College.  The  General  Staff  Corps 
is  made  a  detailed  corps,  with  the  result  that  upon  being  relieved 
from  duty  in  that  corps  officers  return  to  the  branch  of  the  Army 
in  which  they  were  permanently  conmiissioned,  and  no  officer  de- 
tailed to  the  General  Staff  Corps  is  eligible  to  a  further  detail  therein 
until  he  shall  have  served  two  years  with  the  branch  of  the  Army 
in  which  commissioned,  except  in  time  of  actual  or  threatened  hostili- 
ties. Thus  the  Greneral  Staff  Corps  is  made  to  consist  of  a  constantly 
changing  detail  of  officers  brought  from  the  line  of  the  Army  and 
returned  thereto,  with  the  apparent  purpose  of  having  this  corps 
represent  and  embody  the  opinion  of  the  Army  upon  technical  mili- 
tary subjects,  as  that  opinion  is  matured  and  developed  from  time 
to  time  by  actual  experience,  and  careful  provision  is  made  against 
the  General  Staff  Corps  becoming  a  permanent  body  disassociated 
from  the  actual  military  forces  of  the  Nation,  and  therefore,  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent,  out  of  touch  with  the  opinion  of  the  active 
Army. 

So  far  as  the  duties  assigned  to  the  General  Staff  Corps  by  section 

6  of  the  National  Defense  Act  are  concerned,  they  are  covered  by  the 

following  language: 

AU  officers  detailed  In  said  corps  shaU  be  exclusively  employed  In  the  study 
of  military  problems,  the  preparation  of  plans  for  the  national  defense,  and 
the  utilization  of  the  military  forces  in  time  of  war,  in  investigating  and  re* 

70 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SECRETABY  OF  WAB.  71 

porting  upon  the  efficiency  and  state  of  preparedness  of  such  forces  for  service 
in  peace  or  war,  or  on  appropriate  general-staff  duties  in  connection  with 
troops,  including  the  National  Guard,  or  as  military  attaches  in  foreign  coun- 
tries, or  on  other  duties,  not  of  an  administrative  nature,  on  which  they  can 
be  lawfully  and  properly  employed. 

Certain  redistribution  of  functions  are  made  by  the  act,  the  most 
notable  being  the  abolition  of  the  Mobile  Army  Division  and  Coast 
Artillery  Division,  the  latter  of  which  is  created  into  a  bureau  of 
the  War  Department,  and  the  business  of  the  former  is  committed 
to  the  office  of  The  Adjutant  General.  But  scattered  through  this 
section  there  are  statements  of  this  import : 

That  the  War  College  shall  remain  fully  subject  to  the  supervising,  coordi- 
nating, and  informing  powers  conferred  by  law  upon  members  of  the  Gteneral 
Staff  Corps. 

That  the  bureau  of  The  Adjutant  General  shall,  "  subject  to  the 
exercise  of  the  supervising,  coordinating,  and  informing  powers 
conferred  upon  members  of  the  General  Staff  Corps  by  act  of  Con- 
gress last  hereinbefore  cited,"  perform  the  business  theretofore  per- 
formed by  the  Mobile  Army  Division,  and  that  "  the  Chief  of  Coast 
Artillery  shall  be  an  additional  member  of  the  General  Staff  Corps 
and  shall  also  be  adviser  to  and  informant  of  the  Chief  of  Staff  in 
respect  to  the  business  under  his  charge." 

And  then  follows  certain  restrictive  language  which  calls  for  this 
opinion.    The  language  is  as  follows: 

Provided  further.  That  hereafter  members  of  the  General  Staff  Corps  shall 
be  confined  strictly  to  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  the  general  nature  of  those 
specified  for  them  in  this  section  and  in  the  organic  act  of  Congress  last  here- 
inbefore cited,  and  they  shall  not  be  permitted  to  assume  or  engage  in  work 
of  an  administrative  nature  that  pertains  to  established  bureaus  or  offices 
of  the  War  Department,  or  that,  being  assumed  or  engaged  In  by  members  of 
the  General  Staff  Corps,  would  involve  impairment  of  the  responslbUity  or 
initiative  of  such  bureaus  or  offices,  or  would  cause  Injurious  or  unnecessary 
duplication  of  or  delay  in  the  work  thereof. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  section  under  review  does  not  negative 
the  survival  of  the  "supervising,  coordinating,  and  informing 
powers  "  conferred  by  law  upon  members  of  the  General  Staff  Corps, 
but,  on  the  contrary,  reiterates  those  powers,  and  in  the  transfer  of 
certain  business  in  the  War  Department  from  divisions  abolished  by 
the  act  expressly  subjects  those  powers  in  the  hands  of  the  new  donees 
to  the  General  Staff  powers  either  enumerated  in  this  section  or  in- 
corporated into  it  by  reference  to  the  act  approved  February  14, 1903, 
which  created  the  General  Staff  Corps,  no  part  of  which  act  is  in 
express  terms  repealed.  It  seems  clear,  therefore,  that  the  new  part 
of  this  legislation,  namely,  that  restricting  the  work  to  be  done  by 
members  of  the  General  Staff  Corps  to  work  of  a  nonadministrative 
nature  is  the  only  phase  of  it  calling  for  interpretation,  and  it  is 


72  REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR. 

equally  clear  that  this  interpretation  must  proceed  upon  the  founda- 
tion established  by  an  understanding  of  the  intention  of  Congress,  as 
expressed  in  the  act  of  February  14,  1903,  which  is  not  only  the  act 
by  which  the  General  Staff  was  established,  but  is  plainly  the  act 
assumed  by  Congress  as  the  fundamental  and  organic  basis  of  what- 
ever modifications  are  intended  by  section  5  of  the  act  of  June  3, 1916. 
The  development  of  a  general  scheme  of  systematic  instruction  in 
the  Army,  leading  to  the  original  War  College  Board,  undoubtedly 
directed  the  attention  of  the  Secretary  of  War  to  the  general  subject 
of  Army  organization.    In  the  Report  for  1901,  Secretary  Root  said: 

The  creation  of  the  War  CJoUege  Board  and  the  duties  which  wiU  be  imposed 
upon  it,  as  indicated  in  my  report  for  1899,  is  probably  as  near  an  approach  to 
the  establishment  of  a  General  Staff  as  is  practicable  under  existing  law.    ♦    •    ♦ 

No  one  can  doubt  that  the  general  and  field  officers  of  our  Army  have  been  too 
exclusively  occupied  in  details  of  administration,  with  inadequate  opportunity 
and  provision  for  the  study  of  great  questions,  and  consideration  and  formation 
of  plans,  comprehensive  forethought  against  future  contingencies,  and  coordi- 
nation of  the  various  branches  of  the  service  with  a  view  to  harmonious  action. 
A  body  of  competent  military  experts  should  be  charged  with  these  matters 
of  the  highest  Importance,  and  to  that  end  I  strongly  urge  the  establishment  by 
law  of  a  General  Staff,  of  which  the  War  CJoUege  Board  shall  form  a  part. 

In  the  Annual  Report  for  1902  Secretary  Root  returns  to  this 
subject  and  argues  it  at  considerable  length,  showing  continuous 
improvement  in  Army  organization,  but  saying: 

Our  military  system  is,  however,  still  exceedingly  defective  at  the  top.  We 
have  a  personnel  unsurpassed  anywhere,  •  ♦  ♦  We  have  the  different 
branches  of  the  military  service  well  organized,  each  within  itself,  for  the  per- 
formance of  its  duties.  Our  administrative  staff  and  supply  departments,  as  a 
rule,  have  at  their  heads  good  and  competent  men,  faithful  to  their  duties,  each 
attending  assiduously  to  the  business  of  his  department. 

But  when  we  come  to  the  coordination  and  direction  of  all  these  means  and 
agencies  of  warfare,  so  that  all  parts  of  the  machine  shall  work  true  together, 
we  are  weak.  Our  system  makes  no  adequate  provision  for  the  directing  brain 
which  every  army  must  have,  to  work  successfully.  Common  experience  has 
shown  that  this  can  not  be  furnished  by  any  single  man  without  assistants, 
and  that  it  requires  a  body  of  officers  working  together  under  the  direction  of 
a  chief  and  entirely  separate  from  and  independent  of  the  administrative  staff 
of  an  army.  *  *  •  This  body  of  officers,  in  distinction  from  the  administra- 
tive staff,  has  come  to  be  called  a  general  staff. 

The  whole  discussion  of  this  subject  by  Secretary  Root  is  inform- 
ing, and  in  order  to  get  an  understanding  of  the  full  weight  of  the 
argument  made  all  that  is  said  on  that  subject  in  his  report  should 
be  examined.  The  following  sentences,  however,  are  indicative  of  the 
thought  in  his  mind : 

Such  a  body  of  men  doing  general  staff  duty  is  just  as  necessary  to  prepare 
an  army  properly  for  war  in  time  of  peace  as  it  is  in  time  of  war.  It  is  not  an 
executive  body;  it  is  not  an  administrative  body;  It  acts  only  through  the 
aathority  of  others.    It  makes  Intelligent  command  possible  by  procuring  and 


REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR,  73 

arranging  information  and  working  out  plans  in  detail,  and  it  maliLes  intelligent 
and  effective  execution  of  commands  possible  by  keeping  all  the  separate  agents 
advised  of  the  parts  they  are  to  play  In  the  general  scheme.    ♦    •    • 

The  title  of  Chief  of  Staff,  on  the  other  hand,  denotes  a  duty  to  advise, 
inform,  and  assist  a  superior  officer  who  has  command  and  to  represent  him, 
acting  in  his  name  and  by  his  authority  In  carrying  out  his  policies  and  secur- 
ing the  execution  of  his  commands.  The  officer  who  accepts  the  position 
assumes  the  highest  obligation  to  be  perfectly  loyal  to  his  commander,  to 
exclude  all  personal  interest  from  his  advice  and  representation,  and  to  try, 
in  the  most  whole-hearted  way,  to  help  him  to  right  conclusions,  and  to  suc- 
cessful execution  of  his  policies,  even  though  his  conclusions  may  not  agree 
with  the  advice  given.  For  the  successful  performance  of  his  duties  the  Chief 
of  Staff  must  have  the  entire  confidence  of  his  commander.    ♦    ♦    ♦ 

The  Constitution  requires  the  President  to  be  the  commander  of  the  Army, 
and  a  great  variety  of  laws  require  the  Secretary  of  War,  who  directly  repre- 
sents the  President,  to  supervise  and  direct  the  expenditure  of  the  vast  sums  of 
money  appropriated  annually  by  Congress  for  the  support  of  the  Army.  As 
every  important  movement  requires  the  use  of  money,  so  long  as  the  Secretary 
of  War  performs  this  duty  faithfully  he  must  practically  control  the  operations 
of  the  Army  in  time  of  peace,  and  there  can  not  be  any  independent  command 
of  the  Army,  except  that  which  the  President  himself  exercises  over  the  Secre- 
tary of  War  and  everybody  else  in  the  military  establishment.  It  is  because 
Congress  has  always  looked  to  the  civilian  Secretary  at  the  head  of  the  War 
Department  to  hold  the  purse  strings,  that  the  laws  require  all  the  great 
departments  which  build  the  fortifications  and  furnish  the  arms,  supplies,  and 
munitions  of  war,  and  actually  expend  the  money  for  those  purposes,  such  as 
the  Engineer,  Ordnance,  Quartermaster's,  and  Subsistence  Departments,  to  act 
under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary,  and  withhold  from  the  officer  who  Is 
called  "  Commanding  (General  of  the  Army  "  all  control  over  those  departments. 

Continuing  the  argument  thus  made  Secretary  Root  shows  that 
the  office  of  Commanding  General  of  the  Army  and  the  powers  con- 
ferred upon  that  officer  were  entirely  inconsistent  with  and  inade- 
quate for  the  duty  contemplated  for  the  Chief  of  Staff,  which  office 
he  sought  to  have  established.  For  the  latter  office  he  desired  powers 
of  coordination,  supervision,  and  control,  in  the  name  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  War  and  under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  wholly 
different  from  and  greater  than  those  previously  intrusted  to  the 
Commanding  General  of  the  Army. 

In  his  report  for  1903,  after  the  passage  of  the  Act  of  February 
14, 1903,  Secretary  Root  says : 

The  important  military  event  of  the  year  affecting  the  Regular  Army  has  been 
the  reorganization  of  the  system  of  military  control  under  the  general  stalff  act 
approved  February  14, 1903.  ♦  ♦  ♦  This  act  abolished  the  separate  office  of 
Commanding  General  of  the  Army,  provided  for  a  military  Chief  of  Staff  to  the 
President,  who,  acting  under  the  directions  of  the  President,  or  of  the  Secretary 
of  War  representing  him,  should  have  supervlson  not  only  of  all  troops  of  the 
line  but  of  the  special  staff  and  supply  departments  which  had  theretofore  re- 
ported directly  to  the  Secretary  of  War ;  and  it  created  for  the  assistance  of  the 
Chief  of  Staff  a  corps  of  44  officers,  who  were  relieved  from  all  other  duties. 


74  REPOBT  OP  THE  SECBETABY  OF  WAE. 

After  describing  the  mode  of  organization  of  the  first  General  Staff 
Corps,  Secretary  Root  says : 

The  tenth  article  of  the  regulations  relating  to  the  Chief  of  Staff  states  ex- 
plicitly the  new  theory  of  control  inaugurated  by  the  General  Staff  act. 

That  new  theory  he  quotes  from  the  regulations  to  be  as  follows: 

10.  Under  the  act  of  February  14,  1903,  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the 
United  States  rests  with  the  constitutional  CJommander  In  Chief,  the  President. 
The  President  will  place  parts  of  the  Army,  and  separate  armies  whenever  con- 
stituted, under  commanders  subordinate  to  his  general  command;  and,  in  case 
of  exigency  seeming  to  him  to  require  It,  he  may  place  the  whole  Army  under  a 
single  commander  subordinate  to  him ;  but  In  time  of  peace  and  under  ordinary 
conditions  the  administration  and  control  of  the  Army  are  effected  without  any 
second  in  command. 

The  President's  command  Is  exercised  through  the  Secretary  of  War  and  the 
Chief  of  Staff.  The  Secretary  of  War  is  charged  with  carrying  out  the  policies 
of  the  President  In  military  aiTuirs.  He  directly  represents  the  President  and  is 
bound  always  to  act  In  conformity  to  the  President's  Instructions.  Under  the 
law  and  the  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  his  acts  are  the  President's  acts, 
and  his  directions  and  orders  are  the  President's  directions  and  orders. 

The  Chief  of  Staff  reports  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  acts  as  his  military  ad- 
viser, receives  from  him  the  directions  and  orders  given  In  behalf  of  the  Presi- 
dent, and  gives  effect  thereto  In  tlie  manner  hereinafter  provided. 

Secretary  Root  then  says,  with  his  customary  clarity  and  decision 
of  expression : 

It  will  be  perceived  that  we  are  here  providing  for  civilian  control  over  the 
military  arm,  but  for  civilian  control  to  be  exercised  through  a  single  military 
expert  of  high  rank,  who  Is  provided  with  an  adequate  corps  of  professional  as- 
sistants to  aid  him  In  the  performance  of  his  duties,  and  who  Is  bound  to  use 
all  his  professional  skill  and  knowledge  in  giving  effect  to  the  purposes  and  gen- 
eral directions  of  his  civilian  superior,  or  make  way  for  another  expert  who  will 
do  so. 

Commenting  upon  the  effect  of  the  inauguration  of  the  system, 
Secietary  Root  says: 

In  some  cases  the  Intervention  of  the  Chief  of  Staff  and  his  assistants  has  re- 
sulted In  an  apparent  diminution  of  the  independent  authority  of  other  officers. 
This  has  been  received  almost  universally  with  a  cheerful  readiness  to  subordi- 
nate personal  considerations  to  the  good  of  the  service. 

The  act  of  February  14,  1903,  is  universally  regarded  as  the  most 
important  piece  of  Army  legislation  adopted  in  recent  years.  It  was 
recognized  at  the  time  as  a  thoroughgoing  and  radical  change  in  the 
theory  of  Army  control.  Not  unnaturally  this  act  received  very 
earnest  consideration  in  Congress  prior  to  its  passage.  The  hear- 
ings on  it  were  extensive,  and  Secretary  Root,  one  of  the  foremost 
lawyers  of  the  country,  and  one  of  the  great  Secretaries  of  War  of 
modem  times,  in  his  appearance  before  committees  illustrated  and 
reiterated  the  purpose  and  meaning  of  the  measure  advocated  by  him. 
I  have  examined  these  hearings  with  some  care,  and  I  find  that,  with- 


BEPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OP  WAR.  75 

out  exception,  witnesses  and  members  of  both  House  and  Senate 
understood  the  purpose  of  the  act  to  be  as  gathered  from  the  previous 
quotations  from  the  annual  reports  of  Mr.  Eoot,  as  Secretary  of  War. 
Thus,  in  his  hearing  before  the  Senate  Committee  on  Military  Affairs, 
Secretary  Root  says: 

You  have  imposed  by  law  upon  the  Secretary  of  War  the  responsibUity  for  the 
expenditure  of  great  sums  of  money  which  you  appropriate  every  year,  and  you 
have  established  a  great  number  of  corps,  bureaus  and  departments  which  the 
Secretary  is  bound  to  supervise.  Now,  I  have  doubt  whether  it  is  competent 
for  the  Secretary  of  War  to  do  that  through  the  intermediation  of  a  Chief  of 
Staff  or  a  General  Staff  unless  there  is  some  statutory  authority.  I  do  not 
know  whether  in  the  face  of  the  statute  which  makes  the  Quartermaster  General 
and  tlie  Commissary  General  and  the  Chief  of  Ordnance  directly  responsible  to 
the  Secretary  of  War  I  can  order  them  to  report  to  a  Chief  of  Staff. 

I  do  not  want  you  to  relieve  the  Secretary  of  War  of  responsibility,  but  I 
want  you  to  enable  him  to  discharge  this  responsibility  through  a  military  officer 
who  will  gather  together  in  the  performance  of  staff  duties  all  the  considerations 
affecting  the  decision  that  the  Secretary  has  to  make,  and  do  it  with  military 
knowledge,  instead  of  the  Secretary  having  to  dig  around  and  gather  them  him- 
self and  coUate  the  advice  and  requests  that  come  from  the  heads  of  these  differ- 
ent departments  that  are  all  overlapping  and  interwoven  in  their  action. 

In  short,  I  think  nothing  can  be  clearer  from  the  written  opinions 
of  the  Secretary  of  War,  whose  suggestions  are  responsible  for  the 
creation  of  the  General  Staff,  and  from  the  hearings  before  the  com- 
mittees of  Congress  and  the  debates  in  the  Congress  upon  the  pas- 
sage of  the  General  Staff  bill,  than  that  it  was  intended  to  supply  to 
the  Secretary  of  War  a  lawfully  authorized  military  adviser  to  whom 
all  other  heads  of  departments  and  bureaus  should  report,  and 
through  whom  the  Secretary  of  War  should  be  constantly  kept 
advised  and  informed ;  that  it  should  be  the  duty  of  this  officer,  aided 
by  the  General  Staff  Corps  created  by  the  act,  so  to  advise  himself 
of  all  operations  of  the  military  departments  and  bureaus  of  the  War 
Department  as  to  inform  the  judgment  of  the  Secretary  upon  any 
question  submitted  for  his  decision,  and  by  correlating,  coordinating, 
and  supervising  the  judgments  of  the  various  heads  of  bureaus  and 
subdepartments  be  able  to  prevent  a  civilian  Secretary  of  War  from 
inadvertent  error,  due  either  to  a  lack  of  familiarity  with  military 
matters  or  to  the  vast  pressure  of  business  of  many  and  diverse 
characters  which  too  far  absorb  the  time  of  the  Secretary  of  War 
to  permit  him,  personally,  to  undertake  the  detailed  study  necessary 
in  each  case. 

It  was  out  of  this  atmosphere  and  with  this  intention  that  the  act 

of  February,  1903,  was  passed,  and  the  language  adopted  to  meet 

this   situation  seems  most  apt  and  adequate.    I   quote  from   the 

statute : 

There  is  hereby  established  a  General  Staff  CJorps,  to  be  composed  of  officers 
detailed  from  the  Army  at  large  under  such  rules  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the 
President. 


76  REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR. 

Sec.  2.  That  the  dutie?  of  the  General  Staff  CJorps  shall  be  to  prepare  plans 
for  the  national  defense  and  for  the  mobilization  of  the  military  forces  In  time 
of  war;  to  investigate  and  report  upon  all  questions  affecting  the  efficiency  of 
the  Army  and  Its  state  of  preparation  for  military  operations;  to  render  pro- 
fessional aid  and  assistance  to  the  Secretary  of  War  and  to  general  officers  and 
other  superior  commanders,  and  to  act  as  their  agents  In  informing  and  coor- 
dinating the  action  of  all  the  different  officers  who  are  subject  under  the  terms 
of  this  act  to  the  supervision  of  the  Chief  of  Staff;  and  to  perform  such  other 
military  duties  not  otherwise  assignel  by  law  as  may  be  from  time  to  time 

prescribed  by  the  President. 

*  •  4*  *  «  *  • 

Sec.  4.  That  the  Chief  of  Staff,  under  the  direction  of  the  President  or  of 
the  Secretary  of  War,  under  the  direction  of  the  President,  shall  have  super- 
vision of  all  troops  of  the  line  and  of  The  Adjutant  General's,  Inspector  Gen- 
eral's, Judge  Advocate's,  Quartermaster's,  Subsistence,  Medical,  Pay,  and  Ord- 
nance Departments,  the  Corps  of  Engineers,  and  the  Signal  Corps,  and  shall 
perform  such  other  military  duties  not  otherwise  assigned  by  law  as  may  be 
assigned  to  him  by  the  President.  Duties  now  prescribed  by  statute  for  the 
Commanding  General  of  the  Army  as  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Ordnance  and 
Fortification  and  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  the  Soldiers'  Home  shall 
be  performed  by  the  Chief  of  Staff  or  other  officer  designated  by  the  President 

If  this  act  means  anything,  it  means  that  in  large  and  general 
terms  the  Chief  of  Staff  thereby  authorized  has  supervision  of  the 
corps,  bureaus,  and  departments  therein  enumerated,  and  the  large 
and  generous  terms  employed  indicate  the  plain  intention  of  Con- 
gress to  empower  the  Chief  of  Staff  to  stand  in  the  relation  of  mili- 
tary aide  and  adviser  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  and,  acting  in  his 
name,  so  to  direct  the  activities  of  the  heads  of  bureaus  and  sub- 
departments  as  to  coordinate  and  harmonize  their  activities. 

If  the  large  and  general  purpose  outlined  in  the  foregoing  para- 
graph has  been  changed  by  the  language  of  section  5  of  the  National 
Defense  Act,  that  change  must  result  from  these  words : 

All  officers  detailed  in  said  corps  shall  be  exclusively  employed  *  •  •  on 
other  duties,  not  of  ah  administrative  nature, 

or  from  these  words  in  the  proviso: 

and  they  shall  not  be  permitted  to  assume  or  engage  in  work  of  an  adralala- 
tratlve  nature  that  pertains  to  established  bureaus  or  offices  of  the  War  De- 
partment, or  that,  being  assumed  or  engaged  In  by  members  of  the  General 
Staff  Corps,  would  Involve  impairment  of  the  responsibility  or  initiative  of 
such  bureaus  or  offices  or  would  cause  injurious  or  unnecessary  duplication 
of  or  delay  in  the  work  thereof. 

The  weighty  part  of  this  language  apparently  is  the  prohibition 
upon  members  of  the  General  Staff  from  performing  duties  of  an 
administrative  nature,  and  we  are  called  upon,  therefore,  to  deter- 
mine what  was  meant  by  the  words  "  administrative  duties  '^  in  this 
act. 

At  the  outset  it  would  seem  obvious  that  no  such  glancing  blow 
as  this  could  have  been  intended  as  an  implied  repeal  of  the  whole 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR.  77 

fundamental  theory  of  the  reorganization  act  whereby  the  General 
Staff  was  created.  It  is  fair  to  assume  that  Congress  did  not  intend 
to  inaugurate  a  race  for  power  among  bureau  chiefs  or  to  erect  the 
bureaus  of  the  War  Department  into  a  system  of  coordinated  impedi- 
ments to  one  another.  It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the  Armv  is  a 
whole— divided,  for  the  purposes  of  administration,  into  many  parts— 
but  each  action  by  any  of  the  parts  must  be  consistent  with  the 
healthy  action  of  the  whole.  A  realization  of  this  was  the  moving 
cause  to  the  creation  of  the  General  Staff;  and  if  the  Congress  had 
come  to  believe  that  its  effort  to  correct  the  evils  sought  to  be  re- 
dressed by  the  creation  of  the  General  Staff  was  a  failure  and  that 
no  such  supervision  and  coordination  as  was  then  aimed  at  had 
resulted  from  the  General  Staff  when  created,  and  so  believing  had 
desired  to  abandon  that  experiment,  it  would  not  have  been  done  by 
this  tentative,  obscure,  and  admonitory  sentence.  In  other  words,  an 
evil  of  large  proportions  and  menacing  character  had  presented  itself 
in  1903.  Congress  erected  a  new  system  to  deal  with  that  evil.  If 
the  system  has  failed  and  Congress  is  disillusioned  with  it  as  an 
experiment,  the  whole  structure  will  be  swept  aside  and  some  new 
corrective  of  the  old  evils  attempted.  But  it  is  quite  inconceivable 
that  the  Congress  in  any  such  frame  of  mind  would  merely  paralyze 
without  removing  the  corrective  agency  it  had  created  and  provide 
no  substitute  for  it — restoring  the  old  system  with  all  of  its  evils  and 
the  added  encumbrance  of  a  paralyzed  and  inoperative  machine 
originally  designed  as  a  corrective. 

I  have  read  the  extremely  able  arguments  which  have  been  pre- 
pared for  my  consideration  on  this  subject  by  the  Judge  Advocate 
General  and  others.  To  the  extent  that  I  am  now  disagreeing  with 
the  view  therein  expressed,  it  seems  to  me  that  my  disagreement  is 
rather  one  of  assumptions  than  of  logic.  If  it  be  assumed  that  a  lot 
of  promiscuous  interferences,  duplications,  and  losses  of  time  had 
grown  up  in  the  operation  of  the  General  Staff  system,  then  the 
language  adopted  by  Congress  would  seem  to  be  an  admonition  to 
the  Secretary  of  War  to  correct  those  difficulties;  and,  to  the  Chief 
of  the  General  Staff,  recalling  to  his  attention  the  primary  purposes 
for  which  the  (Jeneral  Staff  was  created,  in  order  to  prevent  a  prac- 
tice growing  up  which  woidd  involve  the  operations  of  the  General 
Staff  in  masses  of  detail,  and  so  far  absorb  its  mind  as  to  leave  no 
leisure  for  the  consideration  of  general-policy  questions,  which  are, 
of  course,  of  great  moment  to  be  considered.  It  seems  to  me  that  the 
Judge  Advocate  General  does  assume  that  the  Congress  had  in  mind 
the  existence  of  those  duplications,  interferences,  and  losses  of  time, 
and  that  therefore  the  Congress  by  the  use  of  the  word  "  administra- 
tive "  must  have  intended  to  provide  a  rule  which  would  exclude  the 
General  Staff  practically  from  every  other  concern  except  the  con- 


78  REPORT  OP  THE  SECRETARY  OP  WAR. 

sidenition  of  large-policy  questions.  I  admit  that  where  an  evil 
exists  and  a  legislative  enactment  is  addressed  to  it,  the  rule  of  in- 
terpretation seeks  to  expand  the  proposed  remedy  to  accomplish  the 
purpose  for  which  it  was  designed.  But  the  Congress  had  before  it 
no  catalogue  of  evils.  No  complaints  were  made  to  the  Congress  by 
the  Secretary  of  War — who  ?[>eaks  with  authority  for  the  War  De- 
partment— that  he  found  himself  unable  to  secure  an  adequate  con- 
sideration of  major  policy  problems  from  the  General  Staff  because 
Congress  had  imposed  conflicting  duties  upon  the  General  Staff. 
Individual  officers  of  the  Army  may  have  undertaken  to  express  their 
opinions  to  Members  of  the  Congress  about  the  exercise  of  the  coordi- 
nating functions  of  the  General  Staff.  But  all  such  opinions  are  nec- 
essarily partisan  and  partial,  so  that  we  must  limit  our  assumption 
to  the  facts,  and  in  so  doing  we  find  no  system  of  facts  adequate  as 
a  predicate  for  action  by  Congress  which  would  destroy  the  power  of 
the  General  Staff,  bind  the  Secretary  of  War  to  rely  upon  the  uncoor- 
dinated advice  of  individual  bureau  chiefs,  and  while  giving  the  Chief 
of  the  General  Staff  the  duty  of  coordinating  the  functions  of  the 
military  bureaus  of  the  department  at  the  same  time  prohibit  that 
degree  of  supervision  over  the  affairs  of  those  bureaus  which  in  his 
judgment  is  necessary  to  equip  him  with  qualifying  information: 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  word  "  administrative"  is  one  of  extremely 
doubtful  import.  Legally  it  perhaps  means,  when  applied  to  duties, 
such  duties  as  involve  no  exercise  of  discretion.  That  is  to  say,  if 
an  officer  is  directed  by  statute  to  pay  a  dollar  a  day  to  each  of  10 
persons,  no  discretion  is  involved  in  his  payments — his  duty  is  adminis- 
trative. If  such  an  officer  is  authorized  to  pay  a  dollar  a  day  to  so  many 
of  a  group  of  10  persons  as  shall  have  lived  up  to  a  certain  standard 
of  performance  in  duties  assigned  them  day  by  day,  then  the  dis- 
cretion of  determining  the  merit  of  applicants  for  the  pay  is  non- 
administrative,  because  a  discretionary  duty.  I  doubt  very  much, 
however,  whether  this  word  was  used  in  any  such  technical  sense. 
The  rule  of  construction  in  such  cases  is  that  unless  there  is  some- 
thing in  the  context  to  determine  that  a  technical  meaning  is  attached 
to  a  term,  it  will  be  assumed  to  be  used  in  the  plain,  ordinary,  and 
popular  meaning  of  the  word.  Now,  the  plain,  ordinary,  and  popu- 
lar meaning  of  this  tenn  in  this  context  obviously  is  that  the  Chief 
of  the  General  Staff  and  the  members  of  the  General  Staff  Corps 
shall  not  administer  the  offices  of  the  bureau  chiefs.  That  is  to  say, 
that  the  Chief  of  the  General  Staff  shall  give  no  order  to  a  subordinate 
of  the  Chief  of  Ordnance  or  The  Adjutant  General,  for  that  would 
be  the  administration  of  that  department,  and  such  administration 
must  proceed  from  the  head  of  the  department.  Indeed,  it  seems  to 
me  entirely  likely  that  the  statute  under  examination  provides  its 
own  definition  of  the  meaning  of  the  word  "  administrative,"  for  it 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  8ECRETABY  OP  WAB.  79 

says,  in  effect,  that  these  administrative  duties  are  such  as  those  which 
pertain — 

to  established  bureaus  or  offices  of  the  War  Department,  or  that,  being  assumed 
or  engaged  In  by  members  of  the  General  Staff  Corps,  would  Involve  Impairment 
of  the  responsibility  or  Initiative  of  such  bureaus  or  offices,  or  would  cause 
injurious  or  unnecessary  duplicntion  of  or  delay  In  the  work  thereof. 

These  words  last  quoted  supply  all  the  guide  necessary  for  a  work- 
ing definition  of  the  word  "  administrative,"  and  they  enumerate  the 
kind  of  acts  which  the  Congress  does  not  intend  the  General  Staff 
to  undertake.  They  are  exactly  the  kind  of  acts  which  the  original 
act  creating  the  General  Staff  did  not  intend  to  assign  to  the  General 
Staff.  Secretary  Root  said  the  proposed  duties  are  not  administra- 
tive, are  not  executive,  but  are  correlating,  informing,  supervising. 
So  that  we  in  effect  have  in  this  latest  legislative  expression  a  reitera- 
tion of  the  intentions  of  the  Congress  in  the  earlier  act  as  defined  and 
explained  by  the  authority  of  the  act  and  the  policy  which  it  em- 
bodied. 

It  seems  to  me,  therefore,  entirely  clear  that  the  structure  erected 
by  the  act  of  1903  remains  as  then  created,  except  for  the  explicit 
modifications  provided  in  the  act  of  1916  and  not  affecting  the  cur- 
rent of  this  argument ;  that  the  Chief  of  the  General  Staff  is  charged 
with  the  supervision  of  the  various  departments,  bureaus,  and  offices 
of  the  War  Department  for  the  purpose  of  coordinating  their  activi- 
ties and  for  the  purpose  of  so  informing  the  judgment  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  War  that  he  may  not,  by  inadvertence  or  unfamiliarity  with 
military  practice,  take  action  which  would  be  prejudicial  to  har- 
monious results  in  the  military  service.  Finding  the  intention  of  the 
act  to  be  as  here  set  forth,  it  is  my  opinion  that  the  Chief  of  the 
General  Staff  is  the  primary  adviser  of  the  Secretary  of  War  in  all 
matters  having  to  do  with  the  Military  Establishment;  that  in  order 
properly  to  inform  himself,  the  Chief  of  the  General  Staff  must  know 
of  the  proceedings  in  the  various  bureaus,  departments,  and  offices; 
that,  to  as  large  an  extent  as  possible,  the  action  of  these  bureaus, 
departments,  and  offices  should  be  regulated  by  large  policies  laid 
down  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  the  carrying  out  of  which  would 
involve  merely  administrative  activity;  but  that  in  order  to  make 
sure  that  these  policies  are  not  being  departed  from  or  ought  not  to 
be  changed,  in  order  properly  to  harmonize  the  relations  of  several 
bureaus,  it  is  not  only  appropriate  but  necessary  for  the  Chief  of  the 
General  Staff  to  pursue,  with  as  great  detail  as  his  judgment  dictates, 
the  execution  of  these  policies  through  the  several  bureaus. 

It  is  easy  to  imagine  a  case  in  which  the  chief  of  a  bureau  or 
an  officer  would  feel  that  some  policy  provided  by  the  Chief  of 
Staff  in  an  effort  to  coordinate  the  work  of  several  bureaus  un- 
duly restrained  his  activities,  and  that  such  a  bureau  chief  would 


80  REPORT  OP  THE  SECRETARY  OP  WAR. 

desire  to  argue  personally  for  his  point  of  view  before  the  Sec- 
retary of  War.  In  any  such  cases  the  Chief  of  Staff  should  se- 
cure a  hearing  for  the  bureau  chief  before  the  Secretary,  and  I 
have  no  doubt  that  any  Chief  of  Staff  or  any  Secretary  of  War 
would  be  very  zealous  to  see  that  opinions  earnestly  entertained  by 
officers  were  considered  thoroughly,  for,  after  all,  we  are  all  of  us 
common  servants  with  a  common  purpose  in  a  common  cause,  and 
our  zeal  for  particular  branches  of  that  service  is  merely  a  speciali- 
zation of  our  zeal  for  the  welfare  and  success  of  the  larger  whole 
which  includes  it.  A  recognition  of  this  fact  produced  the  spirit 
which  Secretary  Root  referred  to  with  so  much  pleasure  immedi- 
ately after  the  creation  of  the  General  Staff,  in  which  slight  irri- 
tations, due  to  the  unaccustomed  machinery,  easily  gave  way  and 
harmonious  relations  arose.  This  fine  spirit  for  the  public  service 
is  no  less  present  now  and  will  work  as  excellent  results. 

The  policy  of  the  War  Department,  therefore,  will  remain  as 
heretofore;  the  Chief  of  Staff,  speaking  in  the  name  of  the  Sec- 
retary of  War,  will  coordinate  and  supervise  the  various  bureaus, 
offices,  and  departments  of  the  War  Department;  he  will  advise 
the  Secretary  of  War;  he  will  inform  himself  in  as  great  detail  as 
in  his  judgment  seems  necessary  to  qualify  him  adequately  to 
advise  the  Secretary  of  War.  Should  any  regulations  or  orders 
be  necessary  to  place  the  determination  herein  made  in  proper 
form,  the  Chief  of  the  General  Staff  will  prepare  them  for  my 

signature. 

Newton  D.  Baker. 


July  24,  1916. 
From :  The  Office  of  the  Judge  Advocate  General. 

I'o :  The  Chief  of  Staff. 

Subject :  The  lawful  duties  of  the  General  Staff  Corps. 

1.  The  question  of  the  duties  of  this  corps  with  reference  to  their 
relation  to  the  duties  of  the  several  bureaus  of  the  department 
iloubtless  presents  perhaps  less  difficulty  in  its  legal  than  in  its  prac- 
tical solution.  Practical  delimination  of  adjacent  jurisdiction  lying 
within  a  single  field  of  executive  authority,  definition  of  the  jurisdic- 
tional boundary  between  the  functions  of  the  General  Staff  upon 
the  one  hand  and  each  of  the  several  established  administrative 
bureaus  of  the  War  Department  upon  the  other,  must,  from  the 
very  nature  of  the  subject,  involve  some  doubt  and  difficulty.  Fortu- 
nately, at  the  threshold  the  statute  establishes  a  guiding  rule,  which, 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  8FCBETABY  OF  WAB.  81 

though  a  rule  of  legal  construction,  is  at  the  same  time  a  practical 
guide  for  the  government  of  superior  authority,  who  should  be 
mindful  to  apply  it  in  every  doubtful  case.  The  recent  statute  estab- 
lishing and  defining  for  the  second  time  the  duties  of  the  Greneral 
Staff  Corps  is,  like  the  antecedent  and  original  act  of  1903,  organic 
in  nature,  and,  in  addition,  is  remedial  and  corrective  in  its  purpose. 
It  gives  clearest  evidence  of  the  conviction  of  Congress  that  the 
General  Staff  has  heretofore  been  employed  not  altogether  on  its  own 
proper  duties,  but  has  been  diverted  from  them,  leaving  them  to 
some  extent  unperformed,  and  has  invaded  and  interfered  with  the 
long-established  jurisdiction  of  the  several  bureaus  of  the  depart- 
ment, to  the  consequent  impairment  of  such  bureau  administration 
and  to  the  detriment  of  general  military  eflSciency.  The  primary 
purpose  of  the  legislation  was  clearly  to  correct  what  was  deemed  to 
be  a  departure  from  established  organic  functions,  to  reestablish 
such  functions,  and  to  prevent  future  encroachments.  Being  correc- 
tive primarily,  the  statute  must  be  construed  so  as  fully  to  effect  its 
remedial  purpose.  In  so  far  as  the  statute  invests  officers  of  the 
(jeneral  Staff  with  powers  and  duties  in  an  independent  field  of  mili- 
tary activity,  it  should  be  liberally  construed;  but  whenever  their 
powers  and  duties  lie  close  to,  or  become  such  as  may  impinge  upon, 
or  affect  those  of  an  established  bureau,  the  opposite  rule  of  inter- 
pretation must  be  the  one  to  govern.  The  statute  must  be  so  con- 
strued, and  it  ought  to  be  so  executed. 

2.  The  duties  must  be  found  in  the  meaning  of  the  language  of  the 
statute  measured  by  that  rule.  The  recent  statute  (section  5,National- 
Defense  Act)  has  to  be  read  in  comparison  with  section  2  of  the 
original  act  of  1903  (32  Stat.,  831).  Both  sections  contain  an  enu- 
meration of  General  Staff  duties,  and  the  later  organic  expression  is 
connected  with  the  former  by  a  general  reference  to  some  of  the 
general  duties  prescribed  in  the  former  act.  The  enumeration  of 
duties  in  the  recent  act  is  impressively  qualified  by  limitations  and 
prohibitions  contained  in  the  same  section,  which  serve  to  give  an 
accuracy  of  definition  to  the  enumeration  which  the  old  act  never  had. 
Said  section  5  provides  that — 

All  officers  detaUed  in  said  corps  shall  be  exclusively  employed  [serializatioii 
mine] — 

(a)  In  the  study  of  mUitary  problems. 

(&)  The  preparation  of  plans  for  the  national  defense  and  the  utilization  of 
military  forces  in  time  of  war. 

(c)  In  investigating  and  reporting  upon  the  efficiency  and  state  of  prepared- 
ness of  such  forces  for  service  in  peace  or  war. 

(d)  Or  on  appropriate  General  Staff  duties  in  connection  with  troops,  includ- 
ing the  National  Guard. 

(e)  Or  as  military  attach^  In  foreign  countries. 

(/)  Or  on  other  duties,  not  of  an  administrative  nature,  on  which  they  can 
be  lawfully  and  properly  employed. 

e0176*— WAB 1916— VOL  1 6 


82  EEPOET   OF   THE  SEOBETABY  OF  WAIL 

All  the  above  classes  of  duties  are  described  with  sufficient  definite- 
ness  except  the  concluding  one.  What  are  the  other  duties  "  on  which 
they  can  be  lawfully  and  properly  employed"?  Omitting  for  the 
moment  all  consideration  of  the  limitations  upon  the  quality  and 
character  of  the  duties  thus  enumerated,  these  other  unspecified  duties 
are  to  be  found  by  reference  to  the  enumeration  of  duties  in  section  2 
of  the  original  act.  The  duties  enumerated  in  said  section  2  and  not 
brought  forward  and  specifically  enumerated  in  the  recent  section  5 
and  to  which  therefore  the  general  provision  of  the  later  section 
makes  reference,  will  be  found  to  be  these : 

iff)  To  render  professional  aid  and  assistance  to  the  Secretary  of  War  and 
to  general  officers  and  other  superior  commanders,  and  to  act  as  their  agents  in 
Informing  and  coordinating  the  action  of  all  the  dllTerent  officers  who  are  subject 
under  the  terms  of  this  act  to  the  supervision  of  the  Chief  of  Staff ; 

(///)  And  to  perform  such  other  military  duties  not  otherwise  assigned  by 
law  as  may  be  from  time  to  time  prescril)ed  by  the  President. 

This  enumeration,  then,  completed  by  expressing  what  section  5 
adopts  by  relation  out  of  the  original  act,  is  a  full  enumeration  of 
General  Staff  duties  except  as  to  a  few  detached  instances  not  affect- 
ing this  question  and  therefore  not  here  considered.  But  the  duties 
thus  enumerated  are  substantially  modified  and  qualified  by  the  ex- 
press limitation  and  prohibition  found  in  the  section  prescribing  the 
General  Staff  duties.   Those  qualifications  are  to  the  effect — 

(1)  That  General  Staff  duties  must  not  be  of  an  administrative 
character. 

(2)  Specifically,  they  must  not  consist  of  work  of  an  administra- 
tive nature  pertaining  to  established  bureaus  or  offices  of  the 
department. 

(3)  They  must  be  general  in  character. 

(4)  If  they  are  not  specifically  enumerated,  they  must  be  of  the 
same  general  nature  of  those  that  are  enumerated. 

(5)  They  must  be  such  as  are  not  assigned  by  law,  custom,  or 
regulation  to  other  bureaus  and  officers. 

(6)  They  must  not  be  such  as  would,  if  performed  by  the  General 
Staff,  involve  impairment  of  responsibility  or  initiative  of  such 
bureaus  or  offices  or  cause  injurious  or  unnecessary  duplication  or 
delay  in  the  work  itself. 

Bestating,  then,  the  duties  of  the  General  Staff,  for  the  purpose  of 
clarity,  they  may  be  said  to  consist  specifically — 

(1)  In  the  study  of  military  problems. 

(2)  In  the  preparation  of  plans  for  the  national  defense  and  the 
utilization  of  the  military  forces  in  time  of  war. 

(8)  In  the  investigating  and  reporting  upon  the  efficiency  and 
state  of  preparedness  of  such  forces  for  service  in  peace  or  war. 

(4)  Appropriate  General  Staff  duties  in  connection  with  troops^ 
including  the  National  Guard. 


BEPOBT  OF   THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR.  83 

(5)  Duty  as  military  attache  in  foreign  countries. 

The  duties  thus  far  specifically  enumerated  seem  to  me  to  be  essen- 
tially such  as  lie  beyond  the  domain  of  bureau  administration,  and, 
therefore,  as  to  them,  there  would  seem  to  be  little  field  of  applica- 
tion of  the  qualifications  mentioned.  If,  however,  those  executing 
this  act  should  have  a  different  view,  they  will  be  restrained  in  the 
assignment  and  performance  of  those  duties  by  these  same  limita- 
tion; and  if  these  specific  duties  can  be  conceived  to  come  into  con- 
tact with  bureau  administration,  then  the  qualifications  will  mark 
the  delimiting  line. 

Proceeding  now,  by  continuing  the  enumeration,  to  those  duties 
which  by  nature  are  such  that,  if  not  restrained  by  the  limitations, 
might  in  the  future,  as  they  have  done  in  the  past,  encroach  upou 
and  invade  the  field  of  bureau  administration,  they  are  seen  to  be — 

(6)  Rendering  professional  aid  and  assistance  to  the  Secretary 
of  War  and  to  general  officers  and  other  superior  commanders  and 
to  act  as  their  agents  in  supervising,  coordinating,  and  informing 
the  action  of  the  different  officers  who  are  subject  under  the  terms 
of  this  act  to  the  supervision  of  the  Chief  of  Staff. 

(7)  And  to  perform  such  other  military  duties  not  otherwise 
assigned  by  law  as  may  be  from  time  to  time  prescribed  by  the 
President. 

Applying  to  these  last  two  general  classes  the  qualifications  just 
mentioned,  the  rule  is  deduced  that  the  General  Staff  may  not  render 
professional  aid  and  assistance  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  to  general 
officers,  and  other  superior  commanders,  nor  act  as  their  agents  in 
supervising,  coordinating,  and  informing  the  action  of  the  different 
bureaus,  nor  perform  any  other  duty  by  special  assignment  unless 
these  duties  be  of  a  nonadministrative  character,  not  pertaining  to 
any  established  bureau  or  office  of  the  War  Department,  general  in 
their  nature,  of  the  same  general  kind  as  those  duties  which  have 
been  specifically  enumerated,  and  such  as  if  performed  by  the  Gen- 
eral Staff  would  not  involve  any  impairment  of  the  initiative  or 
responsibility  of  bureaus. 

3.  The  meaning  of  these  limitations  and  qualifications  is  not  diffi- 
cult to  determine.  The  Gteneral  Staff  must  not  perform  administra- 
tive duties.  The  term  "  administrative  "  is  not  one  always  having  a 
fixed  significance,  but  its  meaning  when  used  with  reference  to  War 
Department  affairs  is  one  which  those  conversant  with  such  affairs  well 
understand.  Those  duties  which  by  law,  regulation,  and  established 
custom  are,  or  heretofore  were,  habitually  performed  in  the  several 
bureaus  or  offices  of  the  department,  commonly  known  as  adminis- 
trative bureaus  or  offices,  or  at  the  various  subordinate  headquarters 
in  the  same  administrative  field  under  the  general  direction  and 
supervision  of,  and  with  accountability  to,  the  head  of  the  bureau, 


84  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SECBETAEY  OP  WAB. 

are  duties  of  an  administrative  nature  to  which  the  statute  refers, 
administrative  duties  as  distinguished  from  those  which  are  essen- 
tially and  more  intimately  connected  with  military  power  of  com- 
mand. It  may  be  remembered  in  passing  that  in  addition  to  what 
is  commonly  imderstood  by  the  term  "administrative  duties"  the 
several  administrative  bureaus  may  have  duties  conferred  upon  them 
by  statute  which  by  reason  thereof  pertain  to  said  bureau,  and  these 
duties  may  not  be  performed  or  interfered  with  by  the  General  Staff 
by  virtue  of  the  express  provision  of  the  statute  to  that  effect.  Of 
course,  the  General  Staff  Corps  is  in  a  very  real  sense  a  superior 
bureau  of  the  War  Department.  It  has  duties  of  the  utmost  impor- 
tance prescribed  for  it  by  statute.  The  performance  of  those  duties 
will  render  necessary  considerable  intrabureau  administration.  Such 
administrative  duties  are  a  necessary  incident  of  the  exercise  of  their 
own  power.  But  beyond  such  administrative  duties  I  perceive  none 
that  that  corps  can  perform. 

Duties  performed  by  the  General  Staff  of  whatever  nature  must 
be  general  in  character.  So  the  statute  expressly  provides.  If  the 
matter  be  of  special  rather  than  of  general  interest  and  concern ;  if 
it  be  limited  rather  than  general  in  its  effect ;  if  it  be  a  matter  falling 
within  and  confined  to  the  special  jurisdiction  of  a  bureau  and  not 
reaching  directly  other  bureaus  or  the  Army  as  a  whole;  if  it  be 
routine  rather  than  of  far-reaching  consequence  and  importance;  if 
it  deal  with  details  and  specifics  rather  than  generalities,  with  par- 
ticular performance  rather  than  general  policy,  then  it  is  entirely 
clear  that  it  is  not  a  subject  for  General  Staff  consideration  and 
functions. 

All  duties  performed  by  special  assignment  or  otherwise  must  be 
of  the  same  general  nature  as  those  that  are  specifically  enumerated. 
New  jurisdictions  and  new  activities  may  not  be  created  for  General 
Staff  functions  except  in  the  field  of  general  duties  of  the  same 
nature  as  those  by  the  statute  specified,  not  of  an  administrative 
character,  not  pertaining  to  established  bureaus  or  offices,  not  descend- 
ing into  detail,  and  not  such  as  by  their  nature  could  be  beneficially 
or  more  expeditiously  performed  by  established  bureaus  or  offices. 

Unmistakably,  whether  wisely  or  not,  Congress  has  sought  to  pre- 
jserve  untouched  the  special  jurisdiction  of  each  of  the  several  bureaus 
of  the  War  Department.  It  has  spared  no  pains  in  limiting  the 
powers  and  duties  of  the  Greneral  Staff  to  matters  of  policy,  of 
general  concern,  not  falling  within  or  directly  affecting  bureau 
jurisdiction.  This  it  does  by  a  reiteration  which  could  be  justified 
only  by  the  apprehension  that  with  less  insistence  the  purpose  of 
Congress  would  not  be  heeded,  and  that  purpose  is  sealed  with  n 
drastic  penalty.  If,  however,  notwithstanding  the  effort  of  Congress 
to  delimit  clearly  the  boundaries  of  adjacent  jurisdiction,  there  should 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SEORETABY  OP  WAR.  85 

be  by  reason  of  the  nature  of  the  subject  zones  of  uncertainty  in  which 
the  dividing  line  is  obscure — a  twilight  zone  in  which,  unaided,  it 
could  not  be  clearly  said  whether  the  duties  fall  upon  one  side  or  the 
other — then  in  such  cases,  as  heretofore  said,  the  statute  establishes 
for  us  a  guiding  rule,  which  is  in  effect  that  in  case  of  doubt  the 
presumption  is  conclusive  against  (jeneral  Staff  jurisdiction. 

4.  It  may  be  well  to  look  on  the  affirmative  side  of  those  General 
Staff  duties  lying  adjacent  to  bureau  administration.  The  General 
Staff  relation  of  rendering  professional  aid  to  the  Secretary  of  War 
and  superior  military  commanders,  and  of  acting  as  their  agents  in 
supervising,  coordinating,  and  informing  the  action  of  the  different 
officers  subject  to  the  supervision  of  the  General  Staff,  becomes 
limited,  if  not  by  the  original  act  certainly  by  the  express  require- 
ment of  the  recent  statute,  to  matters  of  a  nonadministrative  char- 
acter, not  pertaining  to  a  particular  bureau,  and  involving  only 
general  policies.  Such  a  relation  or  capacity  does  not  confer  the 
right  to  command  or  to  administer  an  established  bureau  or  office, 
or  to  control  its  details  or  its  methods  of  administration.  The  power 
may  be  only  generally  exercised. 

It  is  pertinent  at  this  point  to  note  the  opinion  of  the  committee 
of  the  War  College  Division,  as  expressed  in  an  accompanying  memo- 
randum, as  follows: 

It  is  the  opinion  of  tlie  committee  tliat  the  organic  act  giving  to  the  General 
Staff  "  supervising,  coordinating,  and  informing  powers,"  vests  in  the  Chief  of 
Staff  the  responsibility,  povi^er,  and  authority  to  prescribe  and  dictate  the 
policy  that  will  govern  all  bureaus  of  the  War  Department  in  their  methods  of 
administration. 

The  General  Staff  passes  upon  such  questions  of  policy  as  are  referred  to 
It  by  proper  authority  for  investigation,  report,  and  recommendation. 

The  recommendation,  when  approved  by  the  Chief  of  Staff  and  the  Secretary 
of  War,  becomes  settled  policy  which  then  governs  all  bureaus  concerned. 

This  War  College  opinion  will  not  stand  analysis  when  tested  by 
the  law.  By  statute  General  Staff  officers,  including  the  chief,  are 
made  special  staff  agents  in  informing,  supervising,  and  coordinating 
the  action  of  the  different  bureaus,  within  the  limitations  flowing 
from  the  original  act  and  especially  within  those  expressed  in  the 
recent  corrective  legislation.  This  General  Staff  power  is  neverthe- 
less but  a  staff  power  of  duty,  and,  like  all  staff  duty,  has  no  inherent 
strength  of  its  own.  Neither  can  it  gather  aught  by  representation 
of  superior  authority  that  can  enlarge  its  functions  beyond  the  limi- 
tations of  the  statute,  but  must  remain  confined  in  scope  and  char- 
acter by  the  express  limitations  of  the  recent  act.  The  General  Staff 
is  not  and  can  not  be  a  source  of  military  command.  Its  duties  do 
not  involve  the  power  of  command,  but  they  rather  establish  a 
connection  between  commander  and  commanded,  a  power  conduit 
leading  from  and  to  the  source.    To  inform,  to  supervise,  to  coordi- 


86  REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OP  WAR. 

nate,  is  not  to  command,  not  to  "  dictate."  To  hold  otherwise  would 
deprive  commanders  of  their  inherent  functions.  Because  of  the 
generality  of  its  position,  the  General  Staff  is  generally  informed  of 
the  operations  that  may  be  of  general  effect  occurring  within  the 
special  and  limited  spheres  of  bureau  action;  from  its  general  van- 
tage point  it  oversees  all  such  operations,  and,  observing  any  lack  of 
harmony  in  the  general  action  of  such  limited  authority  which  may 
affect  general  military  efficiency,  may  devise  means  of  coordination, 
and,  in  their  capacity  as  professional  advisors  to  military  superiors, 
may  address  the  power  of  command  and  the  discretion  of  superior 
authority  to  secure  such  coordination.  Neither  the  General  Staff 
nor  any  officer  thereof,  including  its  chief,  can  lawfully  exercise 
the  power  to  dictate. 

Neither  can  General  Staff  power  be  used  to  govern  all  bureaus 
of  the  War  Department  in  their  methods  of  administration. 
The  power  is  concerned  not  with  intradepartmental  methods,  but 
rather  with  action,  the  result  of  activity — results,  and  what  is  more, 
results  of  a  general  effect.  General  policy  confined  within  its  proper 
purpose  can  not  be  concerned  with  mere  administrative  methods; 
and  to  adopt  the  view  announced  by  the  War  College  Division  would 
be  to  permit  the  General  Staff  to  control  bureau  administration  of 
every  character,  to  depart  from  and  neglect  their  own  general  func- 
tions, and  thus  nullify  the  law  and  postpone  the  reform  which  Con- 
gress intended  to  inaugurate.  It  is  the  effect  of  the  language,  and 
must  therefore  have  been  the  real  purpose  of  the  act,  to  reestablish 
the  relation  of  the  several  bureau  chiefs  as  special  aids  and  advisors 
to  the  Secretary  of  War  upon  matters  which  fall  within  their  special 
jurisdiction,  uninterfered  with  by  an  outside  agency.  As  a  matter 
of  organic  law  established  or  recognized  by  Congress,  such  from 
the  beginning  of  the  Government  has  been  the  special  purpose  and 
function  of  the  administrative  bureaus.  I  am  well  aware  that 
bureau  chiefs  have  in  times  past  gone  beyond  these  limited  func- 
tions, and  equally  aware  that  in  the  old  days  of  the  commanding 
general  and  in  the  hater  days  of  the  General  Staff  control  chiefs  of 
bureau  have  had  their  jurisdiction  unlawfully  restricted  and  par- 
tially absorbed  by  agencies  having  no  warrant  of  law  for  their  action. 
Whether  the  establishment  of  such  special  bureau  control  is  neces- 
sary or  wise  is  immaterial,  if  it  can  be  said  upon  a  fair  considera- 
tion of  the  statute  that  it  is  the  organic  system  which  Congress  has 
prescribed  and  which  it  has  so  recently  sought  to  preserve ;  but  both 
candor  and  intellectual  integrity  require  me  to  say  that  I  can  see 
nothing  helpful  to  be  achieved  by  subjecting  the  action  of  a  bureau 
chief  within  the  sphere  of  his  special  jurisdiction  to  the  review  of 
another  ©fficer  of  the  Army  whose  position  alone  upon  the  General 
Staff  is  that  which  serves  to  endow  him  with  a  special  knowledge 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SECBETABY  OF  WAR.  87 

of  the  subject  which  Congress  has  exclusively  intrusted  to  a  bureau 
chief,  and  success  can  hardly  be  expected  from  such  incongruity. 
The  original  statute,  as  well  as  the  recent  one,  contemplated,  of 
course,  what  ordinary  intelligence  must  appreciate,  that  the  admin- 
istrative efforts  of  the  several  bureaus  must  be  coordinated,  and  must 
be  supervised  for  that  purpose.  Such  a  coordination  lies  of  neces- 
sity beyond  the  power  and  jurisdiction  of  any  particular  bureau,  and 
must  therefore  be  regulated  by  agencies  outside  of  those  bureaus. 
But  that  regulation  must  be  achieved  without  absorbing  any  of  the 
bureau  duties,  and  it  must  be  of  a  general  kind,  and  have  regard  to 
matters  involving  policies.  The  coordinating,  supervising,  and  in- 
forming powers  conferred  upon  the  General  Staff  must  be  exercised 
with  this  principle  in  view. 

5.  Coming  now  to  the  duties  of  the  Chief  of  Staff:  I  do  not  believe 
that  by  virtue  of  any  authority  he  has,  either  in  his  capacity  as  a 
member  of  the  General  Staff  Corps  or  as  chief  of  said  corps,  he  can 
lawfully  exercise  his  power  so  as  to  stand  between  a  bureau  head  and 
the  Secretary  of  War  himself  upon  matters  assigned  by  law,  regu- 
lation, and  custom  to  the  administrative  bureau  except  by  laying 
down  general  rules  of  policy  and  general  rules  designed  to  coordinate 
the  efforts  of  the  various  bureaus;  nor  is  he  ever  justified  in  substi- 
tuting in  such  matters  his  judgment  for  theirs.  I  know  that  the 
practice  under  the  law  as  it  existed  up  to  the  passage  of  the  National 
Defense  Act  did  not  accord  with  this  view.  Whatever  may  have  been 
said  in  justification  of  that  practice  heretofore,  in  view  of  the  unmis- 
takable purpose  of  Congress  to  reestablish  bureau  jurisdiction  ab- 
sorbed by  the  General  Staff  and  the  Chief  of  Staff,  as  is  so  clearly 
enunciated  in  the  recent  act,  the  practice  ought  not  to  be  continued. 
The  Chief  of  Staff  is  but  a  member  of  the  General  Staff  Corps,  whose 
duties  are  the  duties  of  that  corps,  except  in  so  far  as  they  may  be 
found  to  be  otherwise  by  section  4  of  the  original  act,  read  in  the  light 
of  the  recent  act,  which  establishes  for  him  a  special  relation  to  the 
President  and  to  the  Secretary  of  War.    That  section  is  as  follows : 

That  the  Chief  of  Staff,  under  the  direction  of  the  President,  or  of  the  Secretary 
of  War,  under  the  direction  of  the  President,  shall  have  supervision  of  all  troops 
of  the  line  and  of  the  Adjutant  GeneraVs,  Inspector  General's,  Judge  Advocate's, 
Quartermaster's,  Subsistence,  Medical,  Pay  and  Ordnance  Departments,  Corps  of 
Engineers,  and  the  Signal  Corps,  and  shall  perform  such  other  military  duties 
not  otherwise  assigned  by  law  as  may  be  assigned  to  him  by  the  President   ♦   ♦   ♦ 

He  is  here  given  supervision  of  the  line  and  of  the  staff  departments. 
Supervision  is  a  word  of  broad  meaning.  It  may  mean  a  direct 
control  or  it  may  mean  a  general  power  of  overseeing,  with  a  view  to 
regulation  through  a  power  drawn  from  some  other  source.  Super- 
vision does  not,  as  a  legal  concept,  when  applied  to  matters  military, 
carry  the  idea  of  command.    The  abolition  of  the  old  office  of  com- 


88  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SECRETABY  OF  WAB. 

manding  general  was  to  bring  departmental  organization  more  in 
harmony  with  the  constitutional  precept  that  the  Secretary  of  War, 
as  the  constitutional  mouthpiece  of  the  President,  was  himself  the 
conmiander  of  the  Army.  Operating  upon  the  same  subject  and  for 
the  same  purpose  as  does  the  supervisory  powers  of  that  corps,  the 
spervision  specially  conferred  upon  the  Chief  of  Staff  must  be  the 
kind  of  supervision  which  is  conferred  upon  other  members  of  the 
General  Staff,  who  are  in  a  sense  the  assistants  of  the  Chief  of  Staff 
in  the  performance  of  his  duties,  though,  of  course,  his  supervisory 
power  is  of  a  much  higher  degree. 

The  supervisory  power  of  the  Chief  of  Staff  to  be  exercised  under 
the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War  is  of  a  general  kind,  does  not 
extend  to  the  invasion  or  absorption  of  duties  of  a  special  bureau, 
but  is  to  be  exercised  upon  general  subjects  in  a  general  manner, 
seeking  a  general  effect,  with  a  general  policy  in  view.  It  does  not 
relate  to  particular  and  routine  performance,  it  does  not  descend  to 
an  overseeing  of  minor  or  detailed  operations.  It  concerns  only  the 
higher  fimctions  of  command  and  administration  and  must  relate 
to  general  results  rather  than  to  particular  means  and  particular 
activities.  I  see  nothing  in  the  statute  which  substitutes  the  Chief 
of  Staff  for  the  several  bureau  chiefs  as  an  aid  and  advisor  to  the 
Secretary  of  War  concerning  those  matters  which  are  committed  by 
Congress  to  their  special  jurisdiction  and  control.  But,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  statute  expressly  provides  to  the  contrary.  Indeed, 
the  organic  act,  notwithstanding  the  practice  which  grew  up  under 
it,  in  the  very  section  devoted  to  the  duties  of  the  Chief  of  Staff  indi- 
cates clearly  that  it  was  never  the  intention  to  confer  upon  him 
powers  and  duties  already  assigned  to  the  administrative  bureaus, 
for,  as  one  of  several  reasons,  in  a  general  clause  following  an  enu- 
meration, it  is  prescribed  that  the  Chief  of  Staff  shall  "perform 
such  other  military  duties  not  otherwise  assigned  by  law  as  may  be 
assigned  to  him  by  the  President."  And  the  recent  National  Defense 
Act  represcribes  with  emphasis  and  particularity  the  same  relation 
and  enjoins  that  hereafter  it  shall  be  observed. 

I  think  the  true  view  is  this,  that  under  the  statute  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  Chief  of  Staff  does  not  absorb  that  of  the  several  bureaus 
nor  subject  their  action  or  their  views  upon  particular  matters  fall- 
ing within  their  special  jurisdiction  to  his  review  and  modifying 
judgment,  but  that  his  function  is  limited  to  that  of  general  supervi- 
sion, going  no  farther  than  to  secure  by  the  exercise  of  general  power 
under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War  harmonious  cooperation 
and  successful  general  results.  Likewise  it  is  only  in  respect  of  such 
matters  and  for  such  purposes  that  he  is  the  special  superior  adviser 
of  the  Secretary  of  War. 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  8E0EETAEY  OF  WAE,  89 

I  am  well  aware  that  those  matters  which  are  within  the  exclusive 
jurisdiction  of  the  bureau  chiefs  must  usually,  in  their  finality, 
require  executive  action,  and  that  it  would  be  absurd  to  hold  that 
the  Secretary  of  War  or  the  Assistant  Secretary  must  personally 
dictate  or  prescribe  that  action  in  the  myriad  of  matters.  To  my 
mind,  this  gives  rise  to  no  difficulty.  Certainly  it  ought  not  to  be 
urged  to  enlarge  the  duties  of  the  Chief  of  Staff  by  requiring  him, 
unlawfully,  I  think,  to  act  ministerially  and  without  discretion  in 
numerous  matters  to  the  neglect  of  his  own  higher  functions.  If 
the  matters  are  minor  matters  of  routine  or  if  they  are  minor  matters 
subject  to  government  by  an  established  general  policy  which  has 
already  been  established  for  their  government,  it  would  be  unwise 
administration  to  require  the  discretion  of  the  Secretary  of  War  to 
be  addressed  in  the  execution  of  such  details,  and  in  such  matters  only 
his  order  evidenced  ministerially  by  the  signature  of  The  Adjutant 
General  or  other  appropriate  bureau  chief  is  needed  to  give  formal 
authenticity  to  his  action.  If  the  subject  be  of  more  than  routine 
importance  and  yet  not  of  general  effect  nor  involving  general  policy, 
such  an  exceptional  case  is  to  be  considered  by  the  head  of  the  de- 
partment upon  the  advice  of  the  bureau  chief.  In  all  matters  falling 
within  the  special  jurisdiction  of  the  several  bureaus,  Congress  has 
said  in  effect  that  the  views  of  the  particular  bureau  chiefs  shall 
govern  the  Secretary  so  far  as  his  own  judgment  is  to  be  advised; 
and  if  the  Secretary  of  War  respects  not  the  advice  of  his  lawful 
advisers  but  subjects  it  to  extra-legal  review,  he  to  that  extent  dis- 
penses with  the  statute  and  the  lawful  medium  of  control,  and  more- 
over destroys  the  distribution  of  departmental  organic  powers  or- 
dained by  law. 

E.  H.  Crowder, 

Judge  Advocate  General. 


Appendix  B  (Tables  1  to  5). 

Table  1. 

BXPBNDITUBBS,  APPBOPBIATIOITS,  AND  BSTIICATES. 

Expendilwres  for  the  hut  fiscal  year  (1916),  the  estimates  and  appropriations  for  the  present 
fiscal  year  {1917),  and  the  estimates  for  the  next  fiscal  year  (1918). 


Gooeral  object. 


Civil  Estabusoment. 
wab  depabthemt  pbopeb. 


Salftrios 

Ccmtingeiit  expenses.  War  Department 

Stationery,  war  Department 

Postage  to  postal -union  countries,  War 
Department 

Rent  of  buildings ,  War  Department 

salaries  and  contingent  expenses  imder 
superintendent  public  buildings  and 
grounds 


Total,  War  Department  proper. 


Civic  Pttbuc  Wobks  and  Miscellaneous 
(Exclusive  of  Rivers  and  Habbors). 

HIUTABT  parks,  ETC. 

Secretary's  ofRce: 

ChicVamanga  and  Chattanooga  National 

Park 

Shiloh  National  M  ilitary  Park 

Gettysburg  National  Park 

Vicksburg  National  Military  Park 

National   Memorial  Celebration   and 

Peace  Jubilee,  Vicksburg,  Miss 

Engineer  Department: 

improvement  Jf  Yellowstone  Naticnal 

Park 

Improvement  of  Crater  Lake  National 

Park 


Expenditures 

Cor  the  fiscal 

year  ended 

June  30, 1916. 


Estimates  for 

the  fiscal  year 

ending  June 

30, 1917. 


11,734.131.14 
44.326.98  j 
20,866.33  I 

150.00 
0,700.00 

82,62L72 


Appropria- 
tions for  the 

fiscal  year 

ending  June 

30, 1917. 


Total 

I  repayment  of  funds  heretofore  re- 
ported as  e  xpcnded 


Total,  military  parks,  etc 


BUILDmCS  AND  GROUNDS  tN  AND  AROUND 
WASHINGTON. 

Engineer  Department: 

Improvement  and  care  of  public 
grounds,  Dlstri*^  of  Columbia 

Improvement  and  care  of  public  grounds 

Repairs, fuel, etc..  Executive  ^fansion. . 

Li^ting.ctc,  Executive  Mansion, etc.. 

Lighting  public  grounds,  Distri(t  of 
Columbia 

Telegraph  to  connect  the  (  apitol  with 
the  departments  and  Government 
Printing  OfS'^e 

Care  and  maintenance  of  Washington 
Monument 

Repairs  tu  building  where  Abraham 
Littf  oUi  died 

Improvemenu«<.  birthplace  of  Washing- 
ton, Wakefield,  Va 

Erection  of  monuments,  etc 


Total, buildings  and  grounds  in  and 
around  Wasidngton 


12,076.670.00    11.074.043.33 
59,700.00  I         45.000.00 


32,000.00 

25a  00 
39,700.00 


94,666.00 


20,000.00 

250.00 
24,700.00 


90.808.00 


Estimates  Cor 

the  fiscal  year 

ending  June 

30, 1018. 


12, 168, 49a  00 
57,000.00 

86,ooaoo 

25a  00 
12,700.00 


07,173.00 


1,891.796.17      2.302,985.00      2,154,89L33        2,365,613.00 


64.092.76 
25.874.83 
39,113.66 
41,523.24 


55,260.00 
42,189.00 
42.500.00 
33,000.00 


194,  .147. 67 
4  (,916.00 


292.200.00 
100.000.00 


55,260.00 
25.800.00 
42.600.00 
33.000.00 

150.000.00 


107,200.00 
50,000.00 


399,868.16 
193.28 


565.149.00 


553, 76a  00 


399, 674. 88  i       565 ,  149. 00  i       553, 760. 00 


216.093.43 

14,374.63 

52,94-2.46 

6,509.G7 

22,218.10 


499.87 

13,353.21 

189.13 


45.475.00 


421,050.00 

19,400.00 

57.000.00 

8.  GOO.  00 

26, 12a  00 


600.00 

13, 82a  00 

200.00 

100.00 


371,654.39 


546,790.00 


279.660.00 

14.400.00 

53.000.00 

8,600.00 

26,120.00 


500.00 

13, 82a  00 

200.00 

100.00 


55,2eaoo 

38.834  00 
42,500  00 
83,000.00 


191,25a  00 

75,ooaoo 


435,844.00 


435,844.00 


440, 55a  00 
19,400.00 

117,000 -00 
8,600.00 

26,120.00 


500.00 

13,820.00 

200.00 

100.00 


396,290.00 


626,290.00 


91 


92 


BEFOBT  OF  THE  8ECBETABY  0?  WAB. 


Expenditures  for  the  last  fiscal  year  (1916)  ^  the  estimates  and  appropriations  for  the  present 
fi,soal  year  {1917),  cmd  the  estimates  for  the  next  fiscal  year  {1918) — Continued. 


Qeneral  object. 


Civic  Public  Works  and  Miscellaneous 

(EXCLUSIVB  OF  RiVEBS  AND  HaBBOHS)— 

Continaed. 

NATIONAL  CEMETBBIES. 

Qoartermaster  Corps: 

National  cemeteries 

Pay  of  superintendents  of  national  cem- 
eteries  

Headstones  for  graves  of  soldiers 

Repairing  roads  to  national  cemeteries. 

Burial  of  indigent  soldiers 

Antietam  battle  field  preservation 

Disposition  of  remains  of  officers,  sol- 
diers, and  civil  employees 

Confederate  mound,  Oakwood  Ceme- 
tery. Chicago,  III 

Burial  of  indigent  patients,  Army  and 
Navy  Hospital,  Hot  Springs,  Ark 

Monuments  or  tablets  in  Cuba  and 
China 

Marking  graves  of  Confederate  soldiers 
and  sailors  who  died  in  northern 
prisons 

Can.  etc.,  of  Confederate  burial  plats. 

Confederate  Stockade  Cemetery,  John- 
ston's Island,  Sandusky  Bay,  Ohio... 

Burial  sites,  ureen  Lawn  Cemetery, 
Columbus,  Ohio 

Reinterment  of  remains  of  Orman  K. 
Osborne  in  National  Cemetery,  San 
Francisco,  Cal , 

Lodge,  national  cemetery,  Salisbury, 
N.  C 


Expenditures 

for  the  fiscal 

year  ended 

June  30, 1916. 


Total  national  cemeteries. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 


Adjutant  General's  Department: 

Collecting  military  records  of  Revolu- 
tionary W  ar 

Quartermaster  Corps: 

Arrears  of  i)ay,  bounty,  etc.  (certified 
claims) 

Pay,  etc.,  of  the  Army,  War  with  Spain 
(certified  claims) 

Building  Government  exhibit.  Panama- 
Pacific  International  Exposition,  San 
Francisco,  Ca.1 

Transporting  and  caring  for  Interned 
Mexican  soldiers  and  militarv  refugees 

Transportation  for  refugee  American 

citizens  from  Mexico 

Medical  Department: 

Artificial  limbs 

Appliance  for  disabled  soldiers 

Trusses  for  disabled  soldiers 

Engineer  Department: 

Survey  of  northern  and  northwestern 
lakes 

Expenses,  California  Ddbris  C^ommis- 
slon 

Prevention  of  deposits,  harbor  of  New 
York : 

Raising  of  U.  S.  B.  Maine,  harbor  of 
Habana,  Cuba 

Permanent  International  Conunisslon 
of  Congresses  of  Navigation 

Bridge  across  Potomac  Kivor  at  George- 
town, D.  C 

MRlntenance  and  repairs  of  Aqueduct 
Bridge,  D.  C 

Bridge  across  Republican  River,  Fort 
Riley,  Kans 


|120,55L19 

62,401.17 

42,758.54 

11,275.06 

1,820.65 

4,37L91 

46,827.70 

260.00 


Estimates  for 

the  fiscal  year 

ending  June 

30, 1917. 


699.46 


7,006.39 
645.38 

250.00 


5.46 


3,806.75 

2,065.88 

82,113.21 

450.85 

74,9?6.9:i 

8:9. 15 

1,391.33 

122,233.61 

14,987.05 

84,418.85 

1,55a  33 

1,791.30 

1,000.00 


$120,000.00 

63,120.00 

50,000.00 

12,000.00 

2,000.00 

4,500.00 

307,50a00 

500.00 

200.00 

1,000.00 


1,250.00 

250.  OG 

1,979.60 


297,857.45  664,299.60 


Appropria- 
tions for  the 

fiscal  year 

ending  June 

30, 1917. 


25,907.15  I      •   50,000.00 


2,0C0.00 


65,r-cn.oo 

1,000.00 
2,500.00 


150,000.00 

15,000.00 

167.760.00 


$120,000.00 
63,120.00 

50,ooaoo 

12,000.00 
2,000.00 
4,500.00 

107,500.00 

600.00 

200.00 

1,000.00 


1,250.00 
250.00 


200.00 
l.-'iOO.OO 


Estimates  for 

the  fiscal  year 

ending  June 

soTTois. 


364,OiX).O0 


50,000.00 
2,000.00 


65,000.00 
1,000.00 
2,500.00 


125,000.00 

15,000.00 

160,260.00 


250,00a00 
25,000.00 

so.ooaoo 


$150,000.00 

63,120.00 

5O,O00LOO 

12,000.00 

2,000.00 

4,500lOO 

67,500.00 

fiOOiQO 

200.00 

i,ooaoo 


1,25a  00 
2S0.00 


352,320.00 


25,ooaoo 
1.  oca  00 


210,000.00 
1,000.00 
2,000.00 


150,000.00 

i8,ooaoo 
100,  oca  00 


500,00a  00 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  8ECBETABY  OF  WAB. 


93 


Sxpenditures/or  the  last  fiscal  year  (1916),  the  estimates  and  appropriations  for  the  present 
fiscal  year  (1917),  and  the  estimates /or  the  next  fiscal  year  (iPi^)— Continued. 


General  object. 


Omc  ruBuc  Works  and  Miscellaneous 
rExcLUsrv'E  or  Rtvx&s  and  Habbobs)— 
Continued. 

MiscsLLANBOua— contlnaed. 

Engineer  Dopartmont— Continued. 

Meeting  of  Permanent  International 
Association  of  Navigation  Congresses 

in  United  States 

Board  of  Managers,  National  Home  for  Di»> 
abled  Volunteer  Soldiers: 
National  Home  for  Disabled  Volunteer 

Sold  iers 

State  or  Territorial  homes  for  disabled 

soldiers  and  sailors 

Miscellaneous  relief  acts,  etc 


Total 

Less  repayment  of  funds  horetofioi«  reported 
as  expended 


Total  miscellaneous. 


Total  Civil  Establishment 

MaiTABT  E8TABLI8H1CSNT. 
8UPPOBT  Oy  THE  A&MT. 

Becretary's  office: 

Contingencies  of  the  Army 

Construction  and  maintenance  of  mili- 
tary and  post  roads,  tnldges,  and 

trails,  A  lasica 

OlBoe  of  the  Chief  of  Staff: 

Army  War  College 

Contingencies,    military    inliormation 
section.  General  Staff  Corps 

Expenses  of  military  observers  abroad. . 

Umted  States  service  schools 

Belief  of  Matthew  E.  Hanna,  late  cap> 
tain,  Tenth  Cavalry.  U.S.  Army 

Belief  of  Maj.  Powell  C.  Fauntleroy, 
Medical  CorpSi  U.S.Army 

Belief  of  Lieut.  CoL  Geo.  O.  Squire, 
Signal  Corps.  U.  S.  Army 

Belief  of  Lieut.  Sherman  Mfles,  Field 

Artillery,  U.  S.  Army 

The  Adjutant  General's  Department: 

Contingencies,  headquarters  of  military 

departments 

Chief  of  Coast  Artillery: 

Coast  Artillery  School,  Fort  Monroe,  Va. 
Chief  Signal  Officer: 

Signal  Service  of  the  Army 

Washington- Alaska  military  cable  aiul 
telegraph  system 

Annunciat<»'  buxser  systems  at  target 


Expcndltmvs 

for  the  fiscal 

year  ended 

June  30, 1910. 


1154.87 


4,205,342l81 

1,100,000.00 
1,067,749.89 


6.880.763.42 
8.85 


6,880,759.67 


Estimates  lor 

the  fbral  year 

ending  June 

30, 1917. 


13,901,900.00 
1,125,000.00 


5,480,160.00 


Approprla^ 

tions  for  the 

fiscal  year 

ending  June 

30, 1917. 


13,820,900.00 

1,125,000.00 
548,940.28 


Estimates  for 

the  fiscal  year 

ending  June 

3M918. 


$3,905,900.00 
1,070,000.00 


6,220,600.28 


5,991,960.00 


5,480,160.00      6,220,601)28        5,991,960.00 


9,841,742.46      9,460,383.60      9,689,561.61         9,772,007.00 


ranees. 
Signaling  equipment  for  coast-defense 

posts 

Comxncrcial  telephone  service  at   Coast 

Artillery  posts 

Expenses,  commission  on  selection  of 

srte  for  aviation  school 

Quartermaster  Corps: 
Pay,  etc.,  of  the  Army, 


Eztm-duty  pay  to  enlisted  men  as 
derlEs,  etc.  at  Army  division  and  de- 
partment neadquarters 

Oollecting,     drilling,    and    organising 
volunteers 


Supplies,  services,  and  transportation, 
Quartermaster  Corps 


Subsistence  of  the  Army. 

Begular  supplies 

Incidental  expenses... 


16,471.87 

166,000.00 

8,776.91 

14,838.81 
10,046.66 
35,348.23 


4,855.41 

28,707.72 

1,041,213.19 

82,518.48 

149.89 

1,979.84 

7,104.13 

974.10 

52,236,837.73 

4,629.17 

6.29 

48,918,376.01 


26,000.00 

660,000.00 

9,000.00 

11,000.00 
15,000.00 
36,850.00 


7,500.00 

28,000.00 

4,641,624.06 

50,000.00 


8,500.00 


103,425,067.35 


27,536,827.03 

13,196,422.09 

2,846,385.37 


60,000.00 

500,000.00 

9,00000 

11,00000 
15,000.00 
35,350.00 


7,500.00 

28,000.00 

14,281,766.00 

50,000.00 


8,500.00 


87,345,673.00 


20,000.000.00 

11,000.000.00 

2,000,000.00 


50,000.00 

600,000.00 

9,000.00 

11,000.00 
16,000.00 
85,850.00 

632.18 

60L40 

41.46 

57.05 

7,600.00 

28,000.00 

16,600,000.00 

60,000.00 


10,000.00 


97,704,995.66 


19,293,304.00 

13,453,905.19 

2,199,419.96 


94 


BEPOET  OP  THE  SEOBETABY  OP  WAB, 


Expenditures  for  the  last  fiscal  year  {1916)y  the  estimates  and  appropriations  for  (he  present 
fiscal  year  (1917),  and  the  estimates  for  the  next  fiscal  year  (1918) — Continued. 


Qeneral  object. 


MiLiTABY  Establishment— Continued. 
SX7PP0BT  or  THE  ABMT— Continued. 

Quartermaster  Corps— Continued. 

Supplies,  etc.— Continued. 

Transportation  of  tiie  Army  and 

Its  supplies 

Water  and  sewers  at  military  posts. 
Ciotliing  and  camp  and  garrison 
equipage 

Horses  for  Cavalry,  Artillery,  En- 
gineers, etc 

Barracks  and  quarters 

Military  post  exchanges 

Roads,  walks,  wliarves,  and  drainage. . 

Barracks  and  quarters,  Pliilippme 
Islands 

Construction  and  repair  of  hospitals.... 

Quarters  tor  liospital  stewards 

Shooting  galleries  and  ranges 

Maintenance,  Army  War  College 

Ofhcers'  quarters,  remount  depot, 
Front  Royal,  Va 

Claims  for  damages  to  and  loss  of 
private  property 

Army  storehouses,  Corregidor  Island, 
P.I 

Rent  of  buildinra.  Quartermaster  Corps. 

Supply  depots,  rort  Sam  Houston,  Tex. 

Repairs  to  Duildings,  etc.,  at  Uulf  ports. 

Target  range,  Vancouver  Barraclcs, 
Wash 

Target  range,  Fort  Bliss,  N.  Mex 

Purchase  of  land,  Coronado  Heights, 
Cal 

Sites  for  aviation  school,  Signal  Corps, 
Cal 

Land  for  aviation  purposes,  Army 

Transportation  of  rifle  teams  to  national 
matches 

Vocational  training 

Council  of  National  Defense 

Filing  equipment  for  the  Army 

Relief  of  Lieut.  H.  £.  Mhier. 

Relief  of  MaJ.  H.  E.  Ely 

Relief  of  Lieut.  Sloan  Doak 

Relief  of  Lieut.  J.  A.  Barry 

Relief  of  Lieut.  Waldo  C.  Potter 

Relief  of  St.  Francis  Hospital,  Newport 
News,  Va.  (medical  services  rendered 
George  Vay) 

Relief  of  Lieut.  J.  F.  Taulbee 

Relief  of  Acting  Dental  Surg.  Frank  C. 
Cady 

Relief  of  Lieut.  Joseidi  T.  Clement 

Relief  of  Leland  Stanford  Junior 
University 

Relief  of  Pay  Clerk  H.  O.  Foster 

Relief  of  Pay  Clerk  S.R.  Beard 

Relief  of  Pay  Clerk  Hastie  A.  Stewart 

Relief  of  Lieut.  Col.  Frederick  T. 
Reynolds,  Medical  Corps,  U.  S. 
Army 

Relief  of  Capt.  Leartus  J.  Owen,  Medi- 
cal Corps,  U.  S.  Army 

Relief  of^Capt.  Adam  E.  Schlaniser, 
Medical  Corps,  U.  8.  Army 

Relief  of  Capt.  Jay  D.  Whitman,  Medi- 
cal Corps,  U.  S.  Army 

Relief  of  Capt.  £.  D.  Kremers,  Medi- 
cal Corps,  U.  8.  Army 

Relief  of  Capt.  L.  B.  McAflee,  Me<ll;al 
C<»rps.  U.  8.  Array 

Relief  of  Lieut.  O.  D.  Graham,  Mixiioal 
Corpi,  U.  8.  Army y. 


Expenditures 

for  the  fiscal 

year  ended 

June  30, 1916. 


I 


132, 
2, 


$2,014,929.93 

1,987,030.61 

74,423.61 

550,473.64 

406,170.06 

390,629.62 

11,966.01 

41,140.58 

10,060.11 

3,444.10 

545.50 

86.65 
31,700.96 


Estimates  for 

the  fiscal  year 

ending  June 

30, 1917. 


149,92L85 
607,987.05 


24,406,740.20 


1, 
3, 

1, 


636,465.00 

985,872.76 

40,000.00 

146,000.00 

513,98L00 

490,000.00 

13,750.00 

87,620.00 

10,700.00 


5,000.00 


42,740.10 


100,000.00 
300,000.00 


Appropria- 
tions for  th& 

fiscal  year 

ending  June 

20, 1917. 


$23,000,000.00 
4,000,000.00 

20,280,000.00 

2,500,000.00 

3,146,000.00 

48,592.00 

860,534.00 

790,000.00 

409,963.00 

14,043.00 

49,000.00 

10,700.00 


5,000.00 


42,039.10 

750,000.00 

50,000.00 

100,000.00 
35,120.00 


Estimates  lor 

the  fiscal  year 

ending  June 

30,1918. 


$16,373,780.00 
3,027,964.00 

17,393,233.00 

433, 4001 00 

7,416,767.57 

75,445.00 

748,33L76 

73o,ooaoo 

1,250,767.00 
70,560.00 

45,ooaoo 
io,7oaoo 


160.00 
200.00 
150.00 
135.00 
375.00 


103.90 
200.00 

127.61 
50.00 

450.01 
350.48 
108.  Sr» 
182.40 


323.90 
191.67 
278.00 
86.80 
340.00 
293.00 
301.20 


300,000.00 
300,000.00 

00,000.00  I. 

•J66,'uu6.6o"t 


I 


5,000.00 


42.225.10 


200.000.00 

200,()(».00 

45,000.00 


1 

i:::::::::::::*" 

******* 

"'••••••••••  ••*. 

REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  WAR, 


95 


Expenditures  for  the  last  fiscal  year  (1916),  the  estimates  and  appropriations  for  the  present 
fiscal  year  (1917),  cmd  the  estirtxates  for  the  next  fiscal  year  (1918) — Continued. 


General  object. 


KnjTART  EsTABLiSHMKNT— Ckmtinued. 

SX7PP0RT  Oy  TBI  ABMT-HX>ntinued. 

Quartermaster  Corps— Omtiniied. 

Payment  for  rent  of  buildings,  Philip> 
pine  Islands 

Reimbursement  to  Actbig  Dental  Surg. 

Wm.  A.  Squlree 

Ifedical  Department: 

Medical  and  hospital  department 

Army  Medical  Museum  and  Library 

Hospital  care,  Canal  Zone  garrisons 

Replacing  medical  supplies 

Bureau  of  Insular  Affairs: 

t  are  of  insane  Filipino  soldiers , 

Care  of  insane  soldiers,  Porto  Hico  Reg- 
iment of  Infantry , 

Eoginoer  Department: 

Engineer  depots , 

Engineer  Scnool,  Washington,  D.  C... 

Engineer  equipment  of  troops 

Civilian  assistants  to  engineer  ofTicers... 

Contingencies,  engineer  department, 
Philippine  Islands , 

Building,  Engineer  School,  Washing- 
ton, D.C 

Engineer  operations  in  the  field 

Military  surveys  and  maps , 

Ordnance  Department: 

Ordnance  service , 

Ordnance  stwes,  ammunition 

Small-arms  target  practice 

Manufocture  of  arms 

Ordnance  stores  and  supplies 

National  trophy  and  medals  for  rifle 
contests 


Expenditures 

for  the  fiscal 

year  ended 

June  30, 1916. 


Automatic  rifles  (machine) 

Replacing  ordnance  and  ordnonco^ores. 

Armored  motor  cars 

Board  to  investigate  Government  man- 
ufacture of  arms 


Total , 

Less  repajrment  of  funds  heretofore  reported 
as  expended 


Total  suppOTt  of  the  Army  (including 
pay  of  reserve  corps  and  National 
Guard) 


RESEBYE  CORPS. 

Quartermaster  supplies,  equipment,  etc., 
for  reserve  officers  training  corps , 

Ordnance  stores,  equipment,  etc.,  for  re- 
serve oflBcers  training  corps , 

Quartermaster  supplies,  equipment,  etc., 
for  the  enlisted  reserve  corps 

fill^ial  equipment  for  the  enlisted  reserve 
corps , 


Total  reserve  ocHrps 

IflUTART  ACADKMT. 


Pay  of  Military  Academy , 

Current  and  ordinary  expenses , 

MisceUaneous  items  and  incidental  expenses . 
Buildings  and  grounds 


Total  Military  Academy 


$745,450.10 

12,582.59 

60,028.«7 

3,948.73 

804.60 


25,025.88 
25,029.04 
56,803.36 
39,994.36 

4,600.00 


330,668.64 
112,096.26 
608,295.70 
272,806.14 
981,890.48 

10,223.65 

35,336.54 

124,7&4.26 

46,491.28 


106,597,266.10 
39,096.88 


Estimates  for 

the  fiscal  year 

ending  June 

30, 1917. 


11,722.42 

290.79 

8,164,105.95 
15,000.00 
45,000.00 


1,500.00 

300.00 

27,500.00 

25, 000.  no 

660,000.00 

75,000.00 

4,000.00 


375,000.00 
3,383,000.00 
1,515,000.00 
1,012,560.46 
4,757,500.00 

10,000.00 
1,400,000.00 


150,000.00 
12,000.00 


Appropria- 
tions for  the 

fiscal  year 

ending  June 

30, 1017. 


$4,500,000.00 
15,000.00 
45,000.00 


1,500.00 

300.00 

27,500.00 

31,000.00 

1,000,000.00 

75,000.00 

4,000.00 

9,000.00 
100,000.00 


475,000.00 

10,000,000.00 

3,000,000.00 

5,000,000.00 

9,500,000.00 

10,000.00 
6,000,000.00 


500,000.00 


241,651,409.25  232,586,080.10 


106,558,169.22  241,651,409.25  232,580,080.10 


758,315.60 

136,872.79 

50,612.81 

80,017.99 


1,034,819.10 


887,902.62 

156,029.20 

56,590.00 

364,266.65 


1,464,788.47 


880,369.62 

150,330.00 

67,740.00 

118,603.95 


1,225,043.57 


Estimates  Cor 

the  fiscal  year 

ending  June 

3M918. 


$l,494,00a00 
15,000.00 
45,000.00 


1,500.00 

300.00 

35,000.00 

30,000.00 

1,174,000.00 

75,000.00 

4,000.00 

202,50a00 
300,000.00 
200,000.00 

425,000.00 

12,970,000.00 

2,500,000.00 

6,805,000.00 

14,315,000.00 

10,000.00 
2,085,00a00 


1,508,000.00 


242,421,361.22 


242,421,361.23 


4,385,  OOa  00 
550,000.00 
267,650.00 
500,000.00 


5,702,650.00 


1,024,304.70 

172,745.00 

97,250.00 

764,373.60 


2,058,673.30 


96 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SECBETABY  OF  WAB. 


Expenditures  for  the  last  fiscal  year  (1916),  the  estimates  and  appropriations  for  the  present 
fiscal  year  (1917),  and  the  atimates  for  the  next  fiscal  year  (iPi*)— Continued. 


General  object. 


MajTART  Establishment— Continued. 

MIUTIA. 

Encampment  and  maneuvers,  Organized 
MUitia 

Equipment  of  Coast  Artillery  armories, 
Organized  MiUtia 

Field  Artillery  for  Organized  Militia 

Ammunition  for  Field  Artillery,  Organized 
Militia 

Exchanging  at  Issuing  new  pistols,  ammu- 
nition, etc..  Organized  Miutia 

Care  of  horses  and  material,  Field  Artillery, 
Organized  Militia 

Ranges  for  Field  Artillery  target  practice... 

Subsistence,  etc.,  oflflcers  and  enlisted  men 
of  Organized  Militia  attending  service 
schools 


Total  militia 


NAUONAL  OUABD. 

Aiming,    egufppfaig,    and    training    the 
National  Guard-. 

Anns,  unifcHins,  equipment,  etc.,  tor  field 
service,  National  Qnard 

Ranges  for  Field  Artillery  target  practice. 
National  Guard 

Supplying  and  exchaziging  Inftmtry  equip- 
ment. National  Guard 

Automatic  rifles  for  National  Guard 

Field  Artillery  for  National  Guard 

Ammunition  for  Field  Artillery  for  National 
Guard 


Total  National  Guard. 


CrnUAN  MIUTAKT  TRADnNO. 


Cfyflian  military  tralniiig  camps 

Military  training  camp,  Fort  Douglas,  Utah. 
Rifle  ranges  for  civilian  instruction 


Quartermaster  supplies,  etc..  for  military 
equipment  of  schools  and  ouleges 


Ordnance  supplies,  etc..  for  military  equip- 
ment of  schools  and  ooUeges . 


Total  civilian  military  training. 


rOBTinCAlIONS    AND     OTHSB   WOSU     OF 
DKTENSK. 

Engineer  Department: 

Gun  and  mortar  batteries 

Electrical  installations  atseaooastforti- 

flcatloos 

Sites  for  forUflcatlons  and  seaooast  de- 

frases 

Bearohlights  for  harbor  defenses 

Preservati(Hi  and  repair  of  fortlflcaticms . 
Repair  and  protection  of  defenses  of 

Pensacola,  Via 

Plans  for  fortiftcations 

Supplies  for  seaooast  dcfienses 

Seawalls  and  embankments 

Preservation  and  repair  of  torpedo 

gtructures 

Casemates,  gaUeries,  etc.,  for  iobmarlna 

mines, 


Fortificatioos  in  Insular  possesskxB 

Sea  wall,  Sandy  Hook,  N.  J 

Repair  and  restoration  of  defenses  of 

Galveston,  Tex 

Roads,  trails,  water,  and  sewer  systems, 

ete 


Expenditures 

for  the  fiscal 

year  ended 

June  30, 1916. 


$389,481.31 

18, 197. 47 
1,702,674.88 

2,059,633.54 

6,408.25 

94,177.97 


4,269,573.42 


Estimates  for 

the  fiscal  year 

ending  Jime 

30, 1917. 


$1,390,000.00 


380,000.00 
200,000.00 


30,000.00 


5,000,000.00 


1,200,000.00 


1,200,000.00 


Appropria- 
tions for  the 
fiscal  year 
ending  June 
30, 1917. 


$200,000.00 


200,000.80 


1,985,450.00 

2,000,000.00 

300,000.00 

400,000.00 

6,000,000.00 

10,000,000.00 

10,000,000.00 


454,084.67 


454,084.67 


427,798.37 

87,982.24 

2.80 
140,005.49 
168,128.62 

1,300.00 
10,000.00 
47,587.52 
23.950.00 

4,026.74 

33,657.48 

660,537.70 

8,509.86 


2,611,500.00 

iio,ooaoo 

1,867,000.00 
226,700.00 
250,000.00 


25,000.00 
40,000.00 


254.060.00 
377,000.00 


303,600.00 


30,685,460.00 


2,000,000.00 

30,000.00 

300,000.00 


2,330,000.00 


2,378.500.00 


1,400,000.00 
226,700.00 
250,000.00 


25,000.00 
40,000.00 


200,000.00 
370,000.00 


Estimates  for 

the  fiscal  year 

ending  JoxM 

ao,  1918. 


>••••••• 


$12, 727,  oca  00 
4,576.00aOO 


800,OO0lOO 

6,868,000.00 

10,600,000.00 

10,200,000.00 


45,771,00&00 


8,601,000.00 

"*626.'666.'o6 

80,000.00 
660,000.00 


4,741.00a00 


8,777,00aOO 

uo.ooaoo 
ioo,ooaoo 

250,000.00 
300,000.00 


25.000.00 

4o.ooaoo 

98,000iOO 


903,600.00 


260,000.00 
1,414,600.00 


40.00QLOO 


BEPOET  OP  THE  SECBETABY  OP  WAE. 


97 


Expenditures  for  the  last  fiscal  year  {1916\  the  estimates  and  appropriations  for  the  present 
fiscal  year  (1917),  and  the  estimates  for  the  next  fiscal  year  (1918) — Continued. 


General  object. 


IffnjTABT  EsTABUSHMENT^Continaed. 

fOBTIFICATIONS    AND    OTHSB    WOBK8    OF 

DEFENSK— continued. 

Chief  Signal  Officer: 

Maintenanoe,  etc.,  fire-control  instal^- 
tions  at  seaooast  defenses 

Maintenance,  etc,  fire-control  Installa- 
tions at  seacoast  ^fenses,  insular  pos- 
sessions  

Relief  of  Lieut.  Col.  Frank  Greene,  re- 
tired  

Ordnance  Department: 

Armament  of  fortifications 

Proving  ground,  Sandy  Hook,  N.  J. . . 

Submarine  mines 


Expenditures 

for  the  fiscal 

year  ended 

June  30, 1916. 


Fortifications  in  insular  possessions 

Submarine  mines  in  insular  possessions. 

Radiodynamic  torpedoes 

Board  oi  Ordnance  and  Fortifications. . 
Special  aids  and  appliances  for  manu- 
facture of  arms,  ammunition,  etc . . . . 
Chief  of  Coast  Artillery: 

Fire  c(mtrol  at  fortifications 

Fire  control  in  insular  possessions 

Maintenance,  Coast  Artillery  war  tn- 
strdction , 


Total  fortifications  and  other  works  of 
defense , 


ABSEMALS. 

Ordnance  Department: 

Augusta  Arsenal,  Augusta,  Ga 

Benicia  Arsenal,  BenTcia,Cal 

Frankford  Arsenal,  Philadelphia,  Pa... 
Rock  Island  Arsenal.  Rock  Island,  111.. 
Rock  Island  power  plant.  Rock  Island, 

lU \^.... 

Rock  Island  bridge,  Rock  Island.  Ill . . . 
Springfield  Arsenal  ^Springfield,  Mass.. 

Picatfnnv  Arsenal, Dm er,N.  J 

Pro  ing  Ground,  Sandv  Hook,  N.  J 

Wat<>rtown  Arsenal,  Watcrtown,  Mass. 

Testing  machine 

Watervliet  Arsenal,  West  Troy,  N.  Y.. 

Ordnance  depot,  Manila,  P.  I 

Repairs  of  arsenals 

San  Antonio  Arsenal 

Ordnance  depot.  Honolulu,  ^wali 

Army  powder  factory 

Sodium  nitrate  storage 


$132,375.58 

9,378.54 

138.90 

2,127.230.91 

67,496.96 

92,131.12 

467,454.37 

47,371.06 


52,672.02 


60,666.49 
38,706.10 

4,074.51 


Estimates  for 

the  fiscal  year 

ending  June 

30, 1917. 


$130,000.00 


;o,ooo.oo 


14,628,500.00 
110,000.00 
690,231.00 
2  019,000.00 
148,850.00 
947,000.00 
300,000.00 


4,662,184.38 


Total 

Jjtes  repayment  of  funds  heretofore  reported 
as  expended , 


Total  arsenals. 


lOUTABT  POSTS  AND  MISCELLANEOUS. 

Qoartermaster  Corps: 

Military  posts 

Sewerage  system,  Port  Monroe,  Va 

Barracks  and  quarters  seacoast  defenses. 
Seacoast  defenses,  Philippine  Islands 

and  Hawaii 

Electric  power  plant,  Corregidor  Island, 

P.I 

Military   prison,   Fort   Leavenworth, 

Kans 

Military    post,    Schofield    Barracks, 

Hawaii 

Purchase  of  land,  Sdiofield  Barracks, 

Hawaii 

Enlargement  and  reclamation  of  Fort 

Taylor,  Key  West,  Fla 

69176*— WAB 1916— VOL  1— 


9,913.65 

115,257.41 

75,400.00 

12^411.64 

36.174.91 

22,611.41 

1,000.00 

22,867.33 

802.97 

12,653.15 

105,000.00 


318,751.06 


617,982.80 
112,050.00 

L  250. 00 


25,779,623.80 


Appropria- 
tlcois  fov- the 

fiscal  year 
ending  June 

^7wl7. 


$130,000.00 


10,000.00 


15,970,500.00 
110,000.00 
217,000.00 

2,000,000.00 
148,100.00 

1,167,000.00 
300,000.00 

1,000,000.00 

600,000.00 
100,000.00 

1,250.00 


26,947,550.00 


51,500.00 
722,970.00 
467,825.00 

12,500.00 
18,000.00 
25,500.00 
39,000.00 
48,000.00 

112,325.00 
15,000.00 

389,900.00 
31,900.00 

350,000.00 
97,200.00 

300,000.00 


360.000.00 


732,873.53 
1,331.50 


3,041,620.00 


Estimates  tor 

the  fiscal  jrear 

ending  June 

^jTois. 


$150,000.00 
15,000.00 


45,628,000.00 

125,000.00 

in,  637. 50 

3,202,510.00 

10, 75a  00 


150,000.00 

500,ooaoo 

608,796.21 
31,537.50 

750.00 


56,999,481.21 


51,500.00 
908,470.00 
982.200.00 

12,500.00 
18,000.00 
32,600.00 
85,500.00 
38,000.00 

799,725.00 
15  000.00 

803,700.00 


350,000.00 
92,200.00 
300,000.00 
500.000.00 
225,000.00 


5,000.00 

15,700.00 

708,800.00 

4,292,600.00 

12,500.00 
20,000.00 
190,000.00 
180,500.00 
125,000.00 
144,500.00 
15,000.00 
196,100.00 


400.000.00 
130,000.00 


5,214,395.00 


6,435,700.00 


731,542.03      3,041,620.00      5,214,395.00        6,435,700.00 


187,165.01 

9,045.40 

17,994.37 

519,259.15 

21.21 

24,873.83 


127,650.00 

14.461.00 

473,860.00 

139,  in.  40 


2,077,263.00 
10,000.00 


127,000.00 

9,359.99 

420,000.00 

69,000.00 


7,067,080.24 

9,359.99 

150,000.00 

178,450.00 


1,000,000.00 


1,077,000.00 


850,000.00 


98 


EEPOBT  OF  THE  SEOBETABY  OF  WAB. 


Expenditures  for  the  last  fiscal  year  (1916),  the  estimates  and  appropriations  for  the  present 
fiscal  year  (1917),  and  the  estimates  for  the  next  fiscal  year  {1918) — Continued. 


Qeneral  object. 


Hklitabt  Estabushhbnt— Continued. 

MILITABT  POSTS  AND  UISCBLLANEOUS— 

continued. 

Engineer  Department: 

Fort  Riley  Military  BeeervatioD.  Kans. 
Buildings,  Engineer  School  and  post, 
Washmgton.  D.  C. 


Military  struc^urej,  PhiUppine  Elands. 

Enlargement  of  Governors  Island,  N.  Y. 

Fort  Crockett  Reservation,  Galveston, 
Tex 

Sandy  Hook  Reservation,  N.  J 

Miscellaneous: 

Maps,  War  Department 

Topographic  maps.  War  Depfutment... 

Purchase  of  filing  equipment,  etc 

Support  of  dependent  families  of  en- 
listed men 


Total 

Lass  repayment  of  funds  heretofore  reported 
as  expended 


Total  military  posts  and  miscellane* 
ous 


Total  Military  Establishment. 

mVEBS  AMD  HABBOBS. 


Improvement  of  river  and  harbors  (gen- 
eral improvement) 

Improvement  of  rivers  and  harbors  (con- 
tinuing contracts) 

Relief  of  Lieut.  CoL  Mason  M.  Patrick,  U. 
8.  Army 

Relief  of  Washington  C.  Braydhouso 


Expenditures 

for  the  fiscal 

year  ended 

June  30, 1916. 


S38.22 


16,036.75 
7,900.00 

6,884.60 
7,750.90 


795,969.34 
2.64 


795,966.70 


Estimates  for 

the  fiscal  year 

ending  June 

30, 1917. 


123,000.00 


60,000.00 

22,000.00 
97,000.00 
45,000.00 


3,089,411.40 


3,089,411.40 


118,052,254.94   281,680,937.59 


Appro]Mria- 
tlons  for  the 

fiscal  year 
ending  June 

30, 1917. 


160,000.00 

7,500.00 
35,000.00 


2,000,000.00 


3,727,859.99 


EstimateeCor 

the  fiscal  year 

ending  Jane 

30iT918. 


$10,000.00 


8,841,890.21 


3,727,859.99 


8,841,890.28 


.1 


Relief  of  certain  civilian  employees  of  En- 
rineer  Department  at  large,  U.  S.  Army 
(dredge  Comstock) 

Reliefof  Peter  C.Grimm 

Relief  of  crew  of  Government  dredge  C.  W. 
Howell 

Relief  of  Bouncer  Hebron  and  C^y  Cald- 
well  

Relief  of  Italian  bark  Fenice 

ReUef  of  Robert  G.  Lynn 

ReUef  of  C.  C.  O'Donnell 

Relief  of  Prank  Vumlwica 

Reliefof  crew  of  U.  8.  gasoline  tender  Perry. 

Relief  of  Col.  WUliam  W.  Harts,  U.  S. 
Army 

Relief  of  Oscar  Thomson  and  others 

Relief  of  the  M.  A.  Sweeney  Shipyards  & 
Foundry  Co 


Reliefofthos.  J.  Bye , 

Reliefer  Drs.  Blalr  &.  Blake,  Dr.  W.  J.  Max- 
well, Dr.  R.  C.  Evans,  and  J.  B.  Blalock. 
ReUef  of  Theodore  Ba^e  for  injuries 


Relief  of  Mrs.  Joseph  Oameron,  widow  of 

k,  for  injuries 

Relief  of  United  SUtes  Drainage  it  Irriga- 


Joseph  Cameron,  for : 


gationO) 

Reliefof  Douglas  J.  Hollow 

Relief  of  John  Simpson  and  Zorah  E.  Simp- 


son. 


Reliefof  Standard  American  Dredging  Co. 
Relief  of  Western  Union  Telegraph  Co 


Total  liws  and  harbors. 


31,837,13L90 


I": 


376,710.00 
462,800.00 

6.80 
22.00 


2,360.95 
12.00 

545.90 

25.00 
872.96 
154.75 

74.20 
419.00 
218.60 

76.00 
160.31 


302,916,378.66     372,971,755.96 


40,598,135.00 
1,482,800.00 


31,837,13L90 


45,844,458.47 


2,635.00 
500.00 

429.15 
221.91 

242.00 

9,498.43 


42,094,46L49 


31,123,000.00 
1, 005,00a  00 

6.80 
22.00 


645.90 

25.  GO 
872.90 
154.75 

74.20 
419.00 
218.60 


160.31 


20.00 

100.00 

3,020. 7a 

50.77 


32,136,063.90 


BBPOBT  OF  THE  SECBEIABT  OF  WAB. 


99 


Expenditures  for  the  kut  fiscal  year  (1916),  the  estimates  and  appropriations  for  the  present 
fiscal  year  (1917),  and  the  estimates  for  the  next  fiscal  year  {1918) — Continued. 


Qeneral  object. 


Rbcapitxtlatton. 

CiTfl  Establishment    (War  Department 
proper;: 
Salaries,  conttngent  expenses,  etc.  (in- 
cluding Office  of  Public  Buildings 
and  Grounds). 


Expenditures 

for  the  fiscal 

year  ended 

June  30, 1916. 


CiTfl  public  works  and  miscellaneous  (ex- 
clusive of  rivers  and  harbors): 
Military  and  national  parks 


Buildings  and  grounds  in  and  around 
Washmf 


ington. 

National  cemeteries 

Miscellaneous  objects 

National  Home  for  Disabled  Volimteer 

Soldiers 

Miscellaneous  relief  acts,  etc 


Total  Civil  Establishment. 


Military  Establishment: 

Support  of  the  Armv  (including  pay  of 
Keso^e  Corps  and  National  Guard). . 

Reserve  Corps 

Military  Academy 

Militia 

National  Guard 

Civilian  military  training 

Fortifications 

Arsenals 

Military  posts  and  miscellaneous 


Total  Military  Establishment. 

Blvers  and  harbors , 

Grand  total 


$1,891,796.17 


399,674.88 

371,654.39 
297,857.45 
417,666.87 

5,395,342.81 
1,067,749.89 


9,841,742.46 


106,558,169.22 


1,034,819.19 
4,360,573.42 


4,662,184.38 
731,542.03 
795,966.70 


Estimates  for 

the  fiscal  year 

ending  June 

30, 1917. 


12,302,985.00 


565,149.00 

546,790.00 
564,299.60 
453, 26a  00 

5,026,90a00 


9,459,383.60 


341,651,400.25 


Approjula- 
tlons  for  the 

fiscal  year 
ending  June 

30/1917. 


82,154,891.33 


553,760.00 

396,290.00 
364,030.00 
725,760.00 

4,945,900.00 
548,940.28 


Estimates  for 

the  fiscal  year 

ending  June 

30, 1918. 


9,689,561.61 


12,365,613.00 


435,844.00 

626,290.00 

352,320.00 

1,016,060.00 

4,975,900.00 


9,772,027.00 


1,464,788.47 
5,000,000.00 
1,200,000.00 
454,084.67 
25,779,623.80 
3,041,620.00 
3,089,411.40 


118,052,254.94  (281,680,937.59 


31,837,131.90  \  45,844,458.47 


159,731,129.30  336,984,779.66 


232,586,060.10 


1,22.%  043. 57 

200,000.00 

30,685,450.00 

2,330,000.00 
26,947,550.00 

5,214,395.00 

3,727,859.99 


302,916,378.66 


42,094,461.49 


354,700,401.76 


242,421,361.22 
5,702,650.00 
2,058,673.30 


45,771,000.00 
4,741,000.00 

56,999,481.21 
6,435,700.00 
8,841,890.23 


372,971,756.96 


32,136,063.96 


414,879,846.92 


100 


REPOBT   OF   THE    SECRETAKY    OF   WAB. 


Expenditures/or  the  last  fiscal  year  (1916)^  the  estimates  and  appropriatumsfor  (he  present 
fiscal  year  {1917),  and  the  estimates  for  the  next  fiscal  year  (1918) — Continued. 


RECAPITULATION. 


General  object. 


Civil   Establishment   (War   Department 
proper): 
Salaries,  contingent  expenses,  etc.  (in- 
cluding Office  of  Public  Buildings 

and  Grounds) 

Ctvll  public  works  and  miscellaneous  (ex- 
clusive of  rivers  and  harbors): 

Military  and  national  parks 

Buildings  and  grounds  in  and  around 

Washington 

National  cemeteries 

Miscellaneoa^  objects 

National  Home  for  Disabled  Volunteer 

Soldiers 

Miscellaneous  relief  acts,  etc 

Military  Establishment: 

Support  of  the  Army  (including  pay  of 
reserve  corps  and  National  Guard) . . . 

Reserve  corps 

Military  Academy 

Militia 

National  Guard 

Civilian  military  training 

Fortifications 

Arsenals 

Military  posts  and  miscellaneous 

Rivers  and  harbors 


Increase  of 
esthnates  for 
1918  as  com- 
pared with 
estimates  for 
1917. 


162,628.00 


79,500.00 
'562,'866.'66' 


Decrease  of 
estimates  for 
1918  as  com- 
pared with 
estimates  for 
1917. 


$129,305.00 

"'2ii,'979.'66" 

51,000.00 


7fifl,951.97 

6,702,&50.00 

593,884.83 


Total... 
Less  decrease. 


44,671,000.00 
4,286,915.33 

31,210,8o7.41 
3,3*'4,OS0.0O 
5,7.2,478.83 


5,000,000.00 


13,708,394.51 


Net  increase  of  estimates  for  1918  as 
compared  with  estimates  for  1917.. . 


96, 99  J,  7  48. 37     19, 100, 689. 1 1 
10,100,089.11  I 


77,895,067.26 


Less  decrease. 


Net  increase  of  estimates  fOT  1918  as 
compared  with  appropriations  for 
1917 


Increase  of 
esthnates  for 
1918  as  com- 
pared with  ap- 
propriations 
for  1917. 


1210, 721. 67 


230,000.00 


290,300.00 
30,000.00 


9, 83.%  281. 12 

5,702,6^0.00 

833, 029. 73 


1.5,085,,V:0.00 
2,411,000  00 

30,0"1,931  21 
1,22I,.'W>.00 
6,114,030.24 


71,016,308.97 


10,836,953.81 


60,179,445.16 


Decrease  of 

estimates  for 

1918  as  oom- 

pared  with  ftp- 

propriatkms 

for  1917. 


$117,916.00 


11,700.00 
'548*946.'38 


2oo,ooaoo 


9,9.i8,.3P7..« 
10,836,953.81 


HEPOBT  OF  THE  SECKETABY-OF   WAS. 


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EEPOBT  OF   THE  BECBETAEY  OP  WAB. 


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REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 


153 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 


War  Depabtment, 
Office  of  the  Chief  of  Staff, 
Washington,  September  SO,  1916. 

Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  my  aimual  report. 

MILTTARr  POLICY. 

In  compliance  with  instructions  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  the  War 
CoUege  Division  of  the  General  Staff  Corps  prepared  a  Statement 
of  a  Proper  Military  Policy  for  the  United  States,  which  was  sub- 
mitted to  the  Secretary  of  War,  September,  1915.  This  Statement 
of  Policy  was  published  as  a  separate  appendix  to  the  last  annual 
report  or  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  as,  m  a  very  large  measure,  it 
furnished  the  basis  for  discussion  of  as  well  as  the  basis  for  the  legis- 
lation passed  during  the  past  session  of  Congress,  I  have  included 
it  for  convenience  of  reference  as  an  appendix  to  this  report. 

The  General  Staff  in  this  policy  report  stated  the  military  problem 
before  the  country  in  the  following  language : 

From  what  has  been  stated,  we  are  forced  to  the  conclusion  that  we  must 
be  prepared  to  resist  a  combined  land  and  sea  operation  of  formidable  streuj^h. 
Our  principal  coast  cities  and  Important  harbors  have  already  been  protected 
by  harbor  defenses,  which,  by  passive  method  alone,  can  deny  to  an  enemy 
the  use  of  these  localities  as  bases  for  such  exi)edition8. 

The  enemy  l)eing  unable  to  gain  a  foothold  in  any  of  these  fortified  areas 
by  direct  naval  attack  will  therefore  be  forced  to  find  some  suitable  place  on 
the  coast  from  which  land  operations  can  be  conducted  both  against  the  im- 
portant coast  cities  and  the  rich  commercial  centers  in  the  Interior.  Long 
stretches  of  coast  line  between  the  fortified  places  lie  open  to  the  enemy.  The 
only  reasonable  way  In  which  these  localities  can  be  defended  Is  by  providing 
a  mobile  land  force  of  sufficient  strength,  so  located  that  it  may  be  thrown  in 
at  threatened  points  at  the  proper  time. 

It  has  Just  been  shown  what  the  strength  of  these  expeditions  might  be,  as 
well  as  the  time  required  for  any  one  of  them  to  develop  its  whole  effective 
force.  Hence,  it  can  be  seen,  when  we  take  into  consideration  the  possible  two 
months'  delay  provided  by  the  Navy,  that  our  system  should  be  able  to  furnish 
600,000  trained  and  organized  mobile  troops  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war  and 
to  have  at  least  500,000  more  available  within  90  days  thereafter.  Here,  how- 
ever, it  must  be  pointed  out  that  two  expeditions  alone  will  provide  a  force 
large  enough  to  cope  with  our  1,000,000  mobile  troops,  and  consequently  we 
must,  at  the  outbreak  of  hostilities,  provide  the  system  to  raise  and  train,  in 
addition,  at  least  500,000  troops  to  replace  the  losses  and  wastage  In  personnel 
incident  to  war.  To  provide  this  organized  land  force  is  the  military  problem 
before  us  for  solution. 

This  report  was  based  upon  the  actual  needs  of  the  country,  as 
they  existed  at  that  time,  leaving  to  Congress  the  ways  and  means 
to  provide  the  men.  The  first  500,000  mentioned  was  to  be  composed 
of  the  Regular  Army  and  its  reserve,  the  reserve  to  be  produced  by  a 
term  of  enlistment  oi  eight  years,  twt)  with  the  colors  and  six  with  the 

155 


156  REPORT  OF  THE  OHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

reserve.  The  second  500,000  mentioned  above  was  to  be  composed  of 
citizen  soldiers,  to  be  ^iven  nine  months'  military  training  in  time  of 
peace  and  three  months'  additional  training  on  or  before  the  out- 
break of  war  before  they  would  be  prepared  for  war  service. 

The  General  Staff  prepared  a  plan  of  organization  for  the  first 
500,000  which  called  for  7  infantry  divisions  of  9  regiments  each^ 
and  2  cavalry  divisions  of  9  regiments  each,  with  necessary  field 
artillery,  engineer  and. signal  troops  to  complete  the  divisions.  In 
addition,  there  was  to  be  provided  a  total  of  263  companies  of  coast 
artillery.  The  total  number  of  units  recommended  by  the  Greneral 
Staff  for  the  active  army  being: 

65  regiments  of  Infantry, 

25  regiments  of  cavalry, 

21  regiments  of  field  artillery, 

263  companies  of  coast  artillery, 

7  regiments  of  engineers, 

2  mounted  battalions  of  engineers, 
11}  signal  corps  battalions, 

8  aero  squadrons, 

being  an  increase  in  the  Regular  Army  of 

84  regiments  of  infantry, 
10  regiments  of  cavalry, 
15  regiments  of  field  artillery, 
d8  companies  of  coast  artillery, 
5  regiments  of  engineers, 
2  battalions  of  mounted  engineers, 

169  ofiicers  and  2«115  men  in  the  Signal  Oorps,  and  necessary  increase  In 
the  staff  corps. 

Congress  accepted  the  recommendation  of  the  General  Staff  in 
regard  to  the  number  of  organizations,  but  at  practically  two-thirds 
of  the  strength  recommended. 

The  peace  strength  of  the  Regular  Army  after  July  1, 1920,  includ- 
ing 45,177  noncombatant  troops,  will  be  11,827  officers  and  208,338 
men,  and  a  war  stren^h  of  11,942  officers  and  287,846  men.  The 
increase,  as  recommended  by  the  General  Staff,  is  to  take  place  in 
5  annual  increments.  When  the  increase  is  completed  and  the  neces- 
sary oversea  garrisons  provided,  there  will  be  left  in  the  United 
States  just  sufficient  troops  to  organize  4  infantry  divisions  and  2 
cavalry  divisions,  with  necessarv  auxiliary  troops. 

The*  recommendation  of  the  (jeneral  Staff  that  a  citizen  volunteer 
army  of  500,000  men,  with  a  minimum  of  nine  months'  training  in 
time  of  peace,  be  created  was  not  accepted  by  Congress.  This  recom- 
mendation was  attacked  on  various  grounds  as  being  radical,  unneces- 
sary, and  impracticable,  and  as  being  particularly  aimed  at  the 
Organized  Militia,  which  the  General  Staff  recommended  be  main- 
tained as  it  existed  at  the  date  of  the  report.  In  the  policy  report^ 
the  General  Staff  summarized  the  limitations  of  the  Organized 
Militia  in  the  following  language : 

It  is  stated  later  in  this  report  that  12  months,  at  150  hours  per  month,  **  Is 
considered  the  minimum  length  of  time  of  actual  training  considered  necessary 
to  prepare  troops  for  war  service.*'  Due  to  constitutional  Umitatlons,  Congress 
has  not  the  power  to  fix  and  require  such  an  amount  of  training  tor  tbe 
Organized  Militia.  No  force  can  be  considered  a  portion  of  our  first  line  whoee 
control  and  training  is  so  little  subject  to  Federal  authority  in  peace.  No  force 
should  be  considered  a  portion  of  our^  first  line  in  war  unless  it  be  maintained 
fnUy  organized  and  equipped  in  peace' at  practically  war  strength*    This  would 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  157 

ezdude.  the  Organized  Militia  from  consideration  for  senrlce  in  the  first  line 
mainly  because  of  the  imposHbility  of  yiving  it  in  peace  the  training  required 
for  auch  function. 

In  the  consideration  of  this  question,  the  constitutional  limitations 
regarding  the  militia  occupied  most  of  the  attention  of  Congress  to 
the  exclusion  of  the  standard  of  training  necessary  to  prepare  troops 
for  service  in  the  first  line.  Congress  believed,  as  shown  by  the 
national  defense  act,  that  the  constitutional  questions  that  were 
raised  were  not  serious  enough  to  interfere  to  any  extent  with  the 
transformation  of  the  Organized  Militia  into  a  citizen  force  sub- 
stantially in  number  as  recommended  by  the  General  Staff,  and  the 
bill,  as  passed,  provides  that  at  the  end  of  five  years  the  National 
Guard  will  consist  of  about  17,000  officers  and  440,000  men,  the 
period  of  enlistment  in  the  National  Guard  being  six  years,  three 
with  the  colors  and  three  with  the  reserve  of  the  National  Guard. 
A  liberal  provision  is  made  in  the  bill  for  the  payment. 

The  period  of  training  prescribed  for  the  National  Guard  is  16 
days'  field  service,  including  target  practice,  and  48  armory  drills 
of  not  less  than  1^  hours,  or  an  annual  training  of  approximately  25 
days,  or  75  days  in  three  years.  This  period  of  training  is  six  months 
less  than  the  peace  training  recommended  by  the  General  Staff  for 
the  citizen  armv,  and  nine  months  less  training  than  necessary  for 
war  service,  and,  in  my  judgment,  precludes  this  force  from  being  fit 
for  war  service  until  it  has  received  at  least  six  months'  additional 
training  in  time  of  war.  I  am  entirely  in  accord  with  the  opinion 
of  the  General  Staff  that  troops  with  less  than  12  months'  intensive 
peace  training  can  not  be  considered  dependable  troops  for  war 
service. 

The  debate  in  Congress  and  the  discussion  in  the  press  of  the 
country  indicated  that  there  is  a  very  widespread,  serious  and  vital 
misconception  in  this  country  in  regard  to  the  time  it  takes  to  train 
the  individual  soldier  and  the  organization  of  which  he  is  an  element. 

In  the  belief  that  soldiers  can  be  very  quickly  trained  and  armies 
improvised,  we  not  only  run  counter  to  the  military  opinion  and 
practice  of  practically  all  the  other  great  nations  of  the  world,  but  we 
run  counter  as  well  to  our  own  experience  as  a  nation  in  war.  The 
time  required  for  the  training  of  armies  depends  largely  on  the 

fresence  or  absence  of  trained  officers  and  noncommissioned  officers, 
f  there  be  a  corps  of  trained  officers  and  noncommissioned  officers 
and  a  tested  organization  of  higher  units  with  trained  leaders  and 
staff  officers,  the  problem  of  training  is  largely  limited  to  the  training 
of  the  private  soldier.  This  has  been  satisfactorily  accomplish^  in 
Europe  as  is  beine  demonstrated  in  the  present  war  by  giving  the 
soldiers  in  time  ox  peace  two  years  of  intensive  training  with  the 
colors  and  additional  training  in  the  reserve. 

It  should  be  obvious  to  any  unprejudiced  mind  that  if  we  are  to 
defeat  highly  trained  and  splendidly  disciplined  armies  of  our  possi- 
ble enemies,  our  own  forces  when  called  upon  for  battle  should  have 
training  and  discipline  at  least  equal  to  that  of  our  opponent.  While 
we  have  splendid  material  for  soldiers,  for  us  seriously  to  claim  that 
the  average  American  youth  can  be  trained  and  disciplined  in  less 
time  than  the  average  English,  French,  German,  or  Japanese  youth 


158  REPORT   OF   THE   CHIEF   OF  STAFF. 

argues  a  decided  lack  of  understanding  on  the  part  of  our  people  of 
the  progress  and  character  of  the  English,  French,  German,  or  Japa- 
nese people.  All  that  we  can  hope  for  and  confidently  claim  is  that^ 
given  equal  intensive  training  as  to  time,  under  equally  favorable 
conditions  as  to  officers  and  noncommissioned  officers  for  instructors 
and  leaders,  our  soldiers  will  be  prepared  to  assure  in  war  the  success 
of  our  armies. 

Under  their  systems  of  intensive  training  other  nations  reauire 
approximately  6  hours'  daily  work  in  theoretical  and  practical  in- 
struction of  each  soldier,  or  approximately  4,000  hours  during  the 
2-year  period  of  training.  In  our  Eegular  service,  due  to  the  necessity 
of  depending  on  volunteer  enlistment,  we  require  in  3  years  approxi- 
mately the  same  number  of  hours  that  the  army  in  which  universal 
and  compulsory  service  exist  obtains  in  2  years. 

If  we  continue  to  accept  approximately  4,000  hours  as  our  stand- 
ards of  training  and  discipline,  we  will  meet  our  opponents  on  prac- 
tically equal  terms,  proviaing  that  the  quality  of  our  instructors  and 
leaders  is  up  to  their  standard.  If  we  adopt  a  lower  standard  of 
training,  we  lessen  directly  the  fighting  efficiency  of  our  troops. 

It  should  be  clear  that  troops  trained  for  1  year  of  intensive  train- 
ing, or  approximately  for  2,000  hours,  are  only  one-half  as  well 
trained  and  less  than  one-half  as  well  disciplined  as  they  would  be  if 
they  had  4,000  hours  of  trainmg  in  2  years.  It  is  obvious  that  troops 
trained  for  only  1  year  in  time  of  peace  will  have  to  be  given  addi- 
tional training  in  time  of  war  before  they  can  successfully  oppose 
troops  with  the  high  standard  of  training  and  discipline  that  is  given 
in  2  years  in  time  of  peace,  and  that  we  will  have  to  make  up  for  any 
deficiency  in  training  and  discipline  by  decided  superiority  in  nuni- 
bers. 

If  we  can  not  increase  the  period  of  training  for  the  National 
Guard  to  the  minimum  laid  down  as  essential  by  the  General  Staff, 
and  it  is  very  doubtful  if  we  will  be  able  to  do  so  and  keep  the  force 
recruited  to  the  maximum  authorized  by  Congress,  we  are  confronted 
by  a  serious  situation.  The  difficulty  that  is  being  now  experienced 
in  obtaining  recruits  for  the  Re^lar  Army  and  for  the  National 
Guard  in  service  on  the  border  and  at  their  mobilization  camps  raises 
sharply  the  question  of  whether  we  will  be  able  to  recruit  the  troops 
authorized  by  Congress  in  the  national-defense  act,  both  Regular 
Army  and  National  Guard. 

It  is,  in  my  judgment,  a  cause  for  very  sober  consideration  on  the 
part  of  every  citizen  of  the  country  when  the  fact  is  fully  understood 
that  the  units  of  the  National  Guard  and  the  Regular  Armj  have  not 
been  recruited  to  war  strength  in  the  crisis  which  we  have  just  passed 
through.  The  number  of  units  in  both  organizations  are  relatively 
small  and  the  total  number  of  men  needed  to  recruit  them  to  war 
strength  certainly  not  great — almost  negligible,  in  fact,  when  consid* 
ered  in  relation  to  the  total  male  population  in  the  United  States  of 
military  rige;  that  is,  men  between  18  and  45  years.  Many  of  the 
elements  which  favor  recruiting  under  a  volunteer  system  in  this 
country  existed  at  the  time  of  the  call  for  mobilization  ior  the  militia. 
Among  others  may  be  enumerated : 

a.  The  agitation  for  preparedness  that  has  swept  over  the  country, 
due  largely  to  the  lessons  of  the  European  war. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  15^ 

b.  The  public  press  of  the  country  generally,  regardless  of 
partj^  had  given  liberal  space  in  the  news  and  editorial  columns  in 
favor  of  mifitary  preparation  for  months  previous  to  the  call. 

c.  Preparedness  parades  in  which  thousands  had  participated 
had  recently  been  held  in  many  of  the  principal  cities  of  the  country. 

d.  Congress  had  but  recently,  in  response  to  public  sentiment,, 
passed  a  new  national-defense  act,  which  will  ultimately  almost 
double  the  size  of  our  small  Eegular  Army  and  almost  quadruple  the 
size  of  the  Organized  Militia. 

e.  In  response  to  the  same  national  sentiment,  Confess  has  passed^ 
since  the  National  Guard  was  called  to  active  service,  a  naval  bill 
giving  the  largest  naval  increase  in  the  history  of  the  country. 

These  facts  are  mentioned  to  show  that  public  interest  in  the  Army 
and  Navy,  and  the  national  defense  generally,  had  been  aroused  to  a 
comparatively  high  degree;  yet,  in  what  is  c<msidered  by  the  Gov- 
ernment a  grave  emergency  the  National  Guard  is  mobilized  for 
service  on  the  southern  frontier  to  protect  the  lives  of  American  men, 
women,  and  children,  recruiting  is  found  so  difficult  that  many  of  its 
organizations  have  not  yet,  over  three  months  after  the  call,  been 
raised  to  even  minimum  peace  strength,  and  likewise  the  units  of  the 
Eegular  Army  have  not  been  recruited  to  the  minimum  peace 
strength  authorized  in  the  new  national-defense  act.  Anyone  at  all 
familiar  with  the  effort  made  and  now  being  made  to  recruit  the 
units  of  both  the  Begular  Army  and  the  Organized  Militia  will  un- 
derstand that  the  failure  to  obtain  recruits  is  not  due  to  defective 
methods  of  recruiting.  In  fact,  every  effort  has  been  made,  in  many 
cases  an  actual  house-to-house  canvass  being  undertaken  to  obtain  re- 
cruits for  the  militia.  It  can  be  stated,  I  think,  without  fear  of  con- 
tradiction, that  there  are  very  few  young  men  in  the  country  to-day 
who  do  not  know  that  there  is  a  demand  for  their  services  both  in 
the  Organized  Militia  now  on  the  border  or  shortly  to  go  there  and 
in  the  units  of  the  Begular  Army  now  on  the  border  or  in  Mexico. 

In  view  of  the  above  facts,  it  would  be,  indeed,  an  exceedingly 
shallow  thinker  who  could  attach  much  blame  to  the  personnel  of 
either  the  Regular  Army  or  the  Organized  Militia  for  failure  to 
recruit  to  war  strength.  The  failure  should  make  the  whole  people 
to  realize  that  the  volunteer  system  does  not  and  probably  will  not 
give  us  either  the  men  we  need  for  training  in  peace  or  for  service 
in  war. 

In  my  judgment,  the  country  will  never  be  prepared  for  defense 
until  we  do  as  other  great  nations  do  that  have  large  interests  to 
guard,  like  Germany,  Japan,  and  France,  where  everybody  is  ready 
and  does  perform  military  service  in  time  of  peace  as  he  would  pay 
every  other  tax  and  is  willing  to  make  sacrinces  for  the  protection 
he  gets  and  the  country  gets  in  return'.  The  volunteer  system  in  this 
country,  in  view  of  tne  highly  organized,  trained,  and  disciplined 
armies  that  our  possible  opponents  possess,  should  be  relegated  to  the 
past.  There  is  no  reason  why  one  woman's  son  should  go  out  and 
defend  or  be  trained  to  defend  another  woman  and  her  son  who 
refuses  to  take  training  or  give  service.  The  only  democratic  method 
is  for  every  man  in  his  youth  to  become  trained  in  order  that  he  may 
render  efficient  service  if  called  upon  in  war. 


162  BEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

measure  to  a  realization  that  we  must  believe  in  ourselves,  and  as  the 
exponents  of  a  democracy  that  should  regenerate  the  political  systems 
of  the  world,  we  must  be  ready  to  hold  our  place  in  the  councils  of 
the  world,  and  to  do  this  we  must  be  physically  fit,  or  we  shall  be 
brushed  aside  by  the  vigorous  manhood  of  other  races  who  sacrifice 
self  that  the  nation  may  live. 

During  the  months  of  May  and  June  hundreds  of  thousands 
marched  in  so-called  preparedness  parades  to  the  plaudits  of  on- 
lookers. But  when  the  militia  was  called  out  in  June  to  protect 
our  border,  it  was  with  the  utmost  difficulty  that  its  units  were 
recruited  to  the  small  number  required,  and  some  were  never  filled. 
The  spirit  was  rife  to  let  somebody  else  do  it  Not  only  is  there 
evidence  of  the  volunteer  spirit  being  moribund,  but  the  States 
have  for  years  been  unable  to  make  an  efficient  showing  with  the 
militia,  even  with  the  generous  assistance  of  the  General  Govern- 
ment in  qualified  instructors  and  supplies.  It  would  seem  that  the 
self-reliance  of  the  individual,  like  that  of  the  States,  had  given  way 
to  dependence  upon  others.  The  fine  volunteer  spirit  of  the  Stat^ 
militia  was  injured  in  the  demand  for  Federal  pay  in  time  of  peace. 
It  sounded  the  knell  of  patriotic  military  training  for  individuals 
and  commercialized  the  highest  duty  that  a  State  can  demand  from 
its  people.  We  have  fallen  away  from  the  teaching  of  the  Fathers, 
for  there  is  no  longer  instilled  into  our  people  the  ftmdamental  doc- 
trine that  every  man  owes  a  military  as  well  as  a  civil  obligation  to 
his  Government. 

A  young  man  between  18  and  21  is  at  the  least  earning  capacity 
of  his  career.    It  is  a  time  of  anxiety  to  the  parent  and  uncer- 
tainty for  the  son.    During  these  years  few  settle  into  their  life's 
vocation.    They  are  an  expense  to  their  parents;   their  averaj 
earnings  will  not  pay  for  their  board  and  clothes.    They  can 
given  military  training  without  the  slightest  disruption  of  business. 
The  stabilizing  effect  of  military  discipline  and  intensive  training 
upon  such  young  men  would  be  or  utmost  value  in  forming  character 
and  thereb}^  a  foundation  for  their  life's  work.    The^  would  become 
an  asset  of  incalculable  value  to  the  nation,  not  only  m  time  of  emer- 
gency, but  in  the  recruitment  to  industrial  life  of  the  thousands  re- 
turned from  military  pursuits  improved  mentally,  morally,  and  physi- 
cally by  the  training.    The  hundreds  of  military  schools  in  the  coun- 
try are  evidence  of  the  faith  of  thousands  of  parents  that  their  boys 
are  better  fitted  for  the  responsibilities  of  life  by  the  elementary  dis- 
cipline and  drills  therein  received.    The  most  important  function  of 
our  regular  establishment  should  be  to  make  it  a  real  training  school 
for  our  young  men,  and  thereby  inspire  them  with  the  spirit  of  patri- 
otism and  sense  of  duty  and  responsibility  with  which  each  generation 
must  be  imbued  if  we  are  to  continue  our  high  mission  as  a  nation. 

I  shall  not  attempt  in  this  report  to  evolve  a  system  to  carry  out 
so  important  a  work.  It  is  believed  that  the  average  parent  would 
gladly  welcome  the  opportunity  for  military  training  for  their  boys 
between  the  ages  of  18  and  21.  As  the  training  would  be  educational, 
there  should  he  no  remuneration  for  service,  but  the  Government 
should  stand  all  the  expense. 

If  we  are  to  continue  to  compete  with  the  wage  of  labor  for  our 
soldiers  the  cost  will  be  enormous  if  we  are  to  get  the  men.  We  hi^ 
police,  we  hire  firemen,  but  there  is  a  repugnance  to  the  idea  that 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  163 

we  must  continue  to  commit  ourselves  to  no  military  resource  other 
than  that  of  hiring  citizens  to  accept  military  training  and  to  commit 
our  future  to  such  inadequate  defense. 

The  justice  of,  as  well  as  the  necessity  for,  universal  training  is  rec- 
ognized in  section  79  of  the  national  defense  act,  which  prescribes 
that  in  time  of  war^  "if  for  any  reason  there  shall  not  be  enough 
voluntary  enlistments  to  keep  the  reserve  battalions  at  the  prescribed 
strength^  a  sufficient  number  of  the  unorganized  militia  shall  be 
drafted  into  the  service  of  the  United  States  to  maintain  each  such 
battalion  at  the  proper  strength."  This  provision  is  intended  to  keep 
the  National  Guard  units  that  have  been  sent  into  the  field  at  war 
strength  and  is  one  of  the  best  provisions  regarding  the  National 
Guard  in  the  bill.  What  I  am  contending  for  is  that  the  principle 
recognized  as  applying  to  time  of  war  should  applv  equally  to  time 
of  peace,  so  that  all  oi  the  youth  of  the  country  who  are  physically 
qualified  for  military  service  should  be  given  thorough  military 
training  and  disciplme  under  competent  officers  and  noncommis- 
sioned officers,  so  that  on  the  outbreak  of  war  they  will  be  able  with- 
out much  additional  training  to  render  efficient  service.  To  send  men 
into  battle  who  have  not  been  given  this  thorough  training  and  disci- 
pline is  not  only  a  useless  waste  of  our  resources  in  men  but,  to  anyone 
who  understands  anjrthing  of  the  realities  of  modem  war,  convicts  the 
]{)eople  of  the  country  who  are  responsible  for  such  proceeding  of 
criminal  neglect. 

THE  NATIONAL  DEFENSE  ACT. 

In  general  terms  it  may  be  said  that  this  is  the  first  comprehensive 
legislation  for  national  defense.  It  provides  for  four  classes  of  sol- 
diers in  the  United  States:  First,  the  Regular  Army:  second,  the 
National  Guard ;  third,  the  enlisted  reserve  force,  all  or  which  shall 
exist  in  time  of  peace;  and,  fourth,  the  Volunteer  Army,  which  will  be 
raised  only  in  time  of  war.  The  peace  strength  of  the  Regular  Army 
in  1920  is  fixed  at  figures  previously  stated.  The  National  Guard 
should  consist  of  about  17,000  officers  and  440,000  men.  Volunteers 
can  be  called  in  time  of  war  in  such  numbers  as  Congress  shall 
authorize. 

The  increase  in  the  Regular  Army  is  to  be  made  in  five  annual 
increments,  beginning  July  1,  1916,  and  running  to  July  1,  1920, 
although  the  President  is  authorized  to  make  the  increase  more 
rapidly  in  case  of  emergency. 

The  organizations  provided  for  the  Re^lar  Army  will  be  divided 
into  two  classes — over-sea  and  home  garrisons.  The  composition  of 
each  of  the  garrisons  in  the  Philippine  Islands,  Hawaiian  Islands, 
Panama,  and  Alaska  will  be  as  stated  in  that  policy  report  and  the 
aggregate  will  be  about  three  Infantry  divisions.  This  will  leave  in 
the  United  States  four  Infantry  diviaons  and  two  Cavalry  divisions. 

Each  Infantry  division  will  consist  of  three  Infantry  brigades 
(nine  regiments),  one  regiment  of  Cavalry,  one  brigade  of  Field 
Artillery  (three  regiments),  one  regiment  of  Engineers,  one  Field 
Signal  battalion,  one  aero  squadron,  and  the  ammunition,  supply, 
engineer  and  sanitary  trains.  Each  Cavalry  division  will  consist  of 
three  Cavalry  brigades  (nine  regiments),  one  regiment  of  Horse 
Artillery,  one  battalion  of  Mounted  Engineers,  one  Field  Signal  bat- 


164  BBPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

talion,  one  aero  squadron,  and  ammunition,  supply,  en^neer,  and 
sanitary  trains.  Alter  deaucting  the  necessary  troops  for  the  over- 
sea garrisons,  the  troops  remaining  in  the  United  States  are  just 
sufficient  to  organize  the  divisions  mentioned,  giving  what  is  termed 
a  well-balanced  military  organization,  because  there  is  just  enough 
of  each  arm  to  make  a  good  fighting  machine,  and  there  are  no  extra 
organizations  left  over. 

The  number  of  general  officers  of  the  Army  has  been  increased  so 
as  to  provide  the  necessary  general  officers  to  command  the  divisions 
and  brigades  and  furnish  the  general  officers  of  the  General  Staff. 

The  Adjutant  General's  Department,  the  Inspector  General's  De- 
partment, the  Judge  Advocate  General's  Department,  the  Quarter- 
master Corps,  and  the  Medical  Department  have  all  been  materially 
increased  to  meet  the  increased  size  of  the  Be^lar  Armv. 

The  number  of  officers  in  the  Corps  of  Engineers  will  also  be  in- 
creased and  the  engineer  troops  for  mfantry  divisions  will  hereafter 
be  organized  into  regiments  instead  of  battalions  as  heretofore,  while 
the  mounted  engineer  troops  for  use  with  the  cavalry  divisions  will 
be  in  battalion  organizations. 

The  Ordnance  Department  and  the  Signal  Corps  both  received 
material  increases.  The  work  of  the  Ordnance  Department  in  the 
design  and  construction  of  new  armament  and  the  greatly  increased 
importance  of  aviation  work  necessitated  it. 

The  Medical  Department  was  increased  so  as  to  provide  7  officers 
and  50  enlisted  men  for  every  1,000  of  the  enlisted  strength  of  the 
Regular  Army  and  by  the  addition  thereto  of  a  new  corps  of 
veterinarians,  which  corps,  together  with  the  Dental  Corps,  have 
been  given  increased  rank,  with  the  accompanying  pay  and  allow- 
ances. 

The  organization  of  Infantry  and  Cavalry  regiments  has  been 
changed  by  the  introduction  of  three  new  companies,  i.  e.,  the  head- 
quarters, supply,  and  machine-gun  companies.  These  companies 
have  existed  as  provisional  experimental  organizations,  but  the  per- 
sonnel had  to  be  taken  from  other  companies  of  the  regiment  Each 
regiment  of  field  artillery  has  been  increased  by  a  headquarters  and 
a  supply  company.  The  organization  of  the  regimental  units  of  these 
three  arms  was  worked  out  with  ^eat  care  and  represents  the  very 
latest  improvements  known  to  military  experts. 

The  Coast  Artillery  has  been  increased  from  701  officers  and  19,321 
men  to  1,201  officers  and  29,469  enlisted  men,  exclusive  of  bands,  on 
July  1,  1920,  giving  that  corps  the  complement  that  it  requires  in 
regular  officers  and  men  for  the  harbor  defense  of  the  country.  The 
remaining  number  of  officers  and  men  will  be  supplied  from  the 
National  Guard. 

The  Porto  Rico  regiment  has  been  increased  from  two  battalions  to 
three  battalions,  and  will  be  organized  as  other  regiments  of  infantnir. 

Hereafter  officers  appointed  as  second  lieutenants  in  the  Armv  will 
be  ^ven  provisional  appointments  for  a  period  of  two  years,  (furing 
which  period  of  probation  they  must  demonstrate  their  abilitv  ana 
fitness.  All  new  officers  will  be  drawn  from  graduates  of  the  United 
States  Military  Academy,  from  enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Army, 
from  members  of  the  OflScers'  Reserve  Corps,  or  the  National  Guard, 
or  from  honor  graduates  of  military  schools,  or,  lastly,  from  civil  life. 


BEPO&T  OF  THE  CHIEF   OF  STAFF.  165 

The  condition  of  retired  officers  is  improved,  in  that  the  time  which 
a  retired  officer  may  serve  on  active  dutv  brings  to  him  increased  pay 
and  rank  corresponding  to  his  period  of  active  service,  and  in  time  of 
war  retired  officers  may  be  used  as  the  President  shall  prescribe. 

To  provide  for  the  regular  officers  necessary  for  duty  with  the 
National  Guard,  duty  at  the  various  colleges  where  military  instruc- 
tion is  given,  for  recruiting  duty,  military  attaches,  etc.,  provision  is 
made  for  a  detached  officers'  list  which  provides  1,022  officers. 

Provision  has  been  made  for  the  retirement  of  officers  of  the  Phil- 
ippine Scouts. 

The  enlistment  contract  provides  for  three  ye«^rs  with  the  colors 
and  four  in  the  reserve,  but  an  important  addition  is  that  at  the  end 
of  one  year's  service  any  enlisted  man  within  the  continental  limits 
of  the  United  States  may  be  discharged  if  he  has  become  proficient , 
in  that  time.  Provision  is  made  for  paying  the  enlisted  men  in  the 
reserve  $24  a  year,  and  the  President  is  authorized  to  utilize  the  per- 
sonnel of  any  department  of  the  Government,  such  as  postmasters, 
mail  carriers,  etc.,  to  keep  track  of  reservists,  and  also  to  use  the 
postmasters  (except  first  class)  to  obtain  recruits  for  the  Army. 

Enlisted  men  are  prohibited  from  engaging  in  any  civil  occupa- 
tions, whether  for  pay  or  otherwise,  that  would  put  them  in  compe- 
tion  with  men  in  civil  life. 

An  officer's  reserve  corps  is  provided  which  authorizes  the  commis- 
sioning of  civilians  up  to  ana  including  the  grade  of  major  in  the 
various  branches  of  the  Army.  These  men  can  be  selected  and 
trained  in  time  of  peace,  and  the  officers  so  obtained  should  be  fairly 
prepared  for  their  duties.  In  order  to  assist  in  obtaining  these  re- 
serve  officers,  a  Reserve  Officers'  Training  Corps  is  authorized  which 
will  consist  of  units  at  the  various  colleges,  academies,  and  universi- 
ties throughout  the  country  where  military  education  and  training 
will  be  given  which  should  give  a  personnel  for  the  officers'  reserve 
corps  that  is  better  equipped  for  the  duties  of  an  officer  than  any 
heretofore  available. 

In  order  to  provide  the  enlisted  men  for  the  various  technical  staff 
corps  and  departments,  an  enlisted  reserve  corps  has  been  authorized 
which  will  consist  of  men  whose  daily  occupation  in  civil  life  spe- 
cially fits  them  for  duty  in  the  Engineer,  Signal,  and  Quartermaster 
Corps,  and  in  the  Ordnance  and  Medical  Departments.  This  enlisted 
reserve  corps  should  provide  the  railway  operatives,  bridge  builders, 
chauffeurs,  hospital  attendants,  nurses,  telegraphers,  etc.,  required 
for  the  departments  and  corps  mentioned.  It  is  impracticable  to 
keep  in  the  Regular  Army  the  number  of  men  of  these  classes  that 
will  be  necessary  in  time  of  war,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  enlisted 
reserve  corps  will  provide  the  deficiency. 

No  provision  is  made  for  a  volunteer  force  in  time  of  peace,  but 
in  place  thereof  the  ideas  heretofore  embodied  in  the  so-called  Dusi- 
ness  men's  camps  have  been  provided  for,  in  the  provisions  that  all 
expenses  in  connection  with  attendance  at  training  camps  shall  be 
borne  by  the  Federal  Government. 

The  National  Guard  is  within  the  limits  of  the  Constitution  fed* 
eralized.  The  maximum  number  authorized  is  800  for  each  Repre- 
sentative and  Senator  in  Congress,  and  such  number  from  the  Terri- 
tories as  the  President  shall  prescribe.  It  is  hoped  that  this  will 
give  a  total  of  about  17,000  officers  and  440,000  enlisted  men. 


166  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

The  President  is  authorized  to  organize  the  National  Guard  into 
brigades,  divisions,  and  other  tactical  uuits,  and  to  prescribe  the  kind 
of  oi^anizations  that  shall  be  maintained  in  the  various  States  to 
insure  that  these  brigades  and  divisions  will  be  complete  in  all  re- 
spects. Certain  qualifications  are  required  of  oflBcers  of  the  National 
Guard,  and  although  these  officers  will  be  commissioned  by  the  gov- 
ernors, they  can  not  be  recognized  by  the  Federal  Government  unless 
they  fulfill  the  prescribed  qualifications.  Regular  Army  officers  may 
be  commissioned  in  the  National  Guard  if  the  governors  so  desire. 
Enlistments  in  the  National  Guard  will  be  for  six  years,  three  years 
with  the  colors  and  three  years  with  the  reserves,  but  a  man  may 
serve  out  his  enlistment,  it  he  so  desires,  instead  of  going  into  the 
reserve.  Hereafter  the  enlistment  contract  for  the  National  Guard 
will  contain  an  oath  of  allegiance  both  to  the  United  States  and  to  the 
Btate,  and  not  only  enlisted  men  but  officers  must  subscribe  to  such 
an  oath.  The  President  is  not  only  authorized  to  call  out  the  Na- 
tional Guard  for  the  constitutional  purposes  but  is  also  authorized 
under  certain  conditions  to  draft  them  into  the  service  of  the  United 
States  whether  they  desire  to  come  or  not,  and  also  to  draft  the 
additional  men  that  may  be  needed  to  keep  such  National  Guard 
units  at  war  strength,  in  case  the  National  Guard  Reserve  is  not 
sufficient  for  that  purpose.  Provision  is  made  for  the  protection  of 
Federal  property  in  the  hands  of  the  National  Guard. 

Horses  can  be  supplied  to  the  mounted  organizations  of  the  Na- 
tional Guard,  and  provision  is  made  for  their  care  and  maintenance. 

The  National  Guard  will  be  required  to  have  48  periods  of  armory 
training  each  year  and  15  days'  field  training,  and  in  case  the  pre- 
scribed amount  of  training  is  not  undergone  the  President  may  with- 
hold the  funds  appropriated  for  the  National  Guard.  The  Secretary 
of  War  may  require  such  additional  study  on  the  part  of  the  officers 
as  he  deems  necessary.  During  periods  of  field  training  the  National 
Guard  will  be  paid  at  the  same  rate  as  the  Regular  Army,  and  for 
the  armory  training  a  generous  rate  of  pay  is  authorized.  National 
Guard  officers  and  men  may  be  sent  to  various  service  schools  and  will 
be  paid  during  such  periods.  The  National  Guard  will  be  subject 
to  tne  laws  and  regulations  governing  the  Arm.y  of  the  United  States 
from  the  time  that  they  are  recjuired  to  come  into  that  service,  and 
after  that  time  there  is  no  evadin/^  the  Federal  law.  A  uniform  sys- 
tem of  courts-martial  for  the  National  Guard  is  authorized,  the  limi- 
tations of  which  are  fixed  by  law.  When  the  National  Guard  is 
drafted  into  the  service  of  the  United  States  they  will  be  entitled 
to  all  the  rights  of  the  existing  pension  laws. 

To  encourage  target  practice  the  Secretary  of  War  is  authorized 
to  establish  ranges  and  to  supply  rifies,  ammunition,  and  instructors 
for  rifie  clubs  in  various  parts  of  the  country.  The  initial  step  in 
carrying  out  the  law  was  made  in  the  Army  appropriation  bill  for 
the  current  fiscal  year,  which  appropriated  $300,000  for  the  mainte- 
nance of  indoor  and  outdoor  rifie  ranges  for  the  use  of  all  able- 
bodicKl  males  capable  of  bearing  arms  under  reasonable  regulations 
to  be  prescribed  by  the  National  Board  for  the  Promotion  of  Rifle 
Practice,  and  provision  is  made  for  the  appointment  of  a  director 
of  civilian  marksmanship. 

The  President  is  authorized  in  time  of  war  to  exercise  a  sort  of 
eminent  domain  over  the  various  manufacturing  plants  in  the  country 


REPORT  OP  THE  CHIEF   OF  STAFF,  167 

and  Government  orders  are  given  right  of  way  over  all  private  orders. 
It  establishes  in  time  of  peace  a  board  of  mobilization  of  industries, 
which  is  authorized  to  investigate  all  privately  owned  plants  in  the 
country  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  arms  and  ammunition,  and 
the  Ordnance  Department  is  authorized  to  prepare  in  time  of  peace 
the  necessary  tools  of  special  kinds  that  are  required  in  the  manu- 
facture of  arms,  ammunition,  etc. 

The  United  States  is  dependent  upon  Chile  as  a  source  of  supply 
for  nitrates  which  are  essential  to  the  manufacture  of  ammunition. 
The  President  is  authorized  to  investigate  the  best  means  for  the 
production  of  nitrates  and  to  establish  the  necessary  plants  to  manu- 
facture nitrates  for  the  Government's  use. 

The  uniform  of  the  United  States  Army,  Navy,  or  Marine  Corps 
is  given  protection  in  that  only  certain  authorized  individuals  and 
organizations  have  the  right  to  wear  the  uniform  or  any  uniform  so 
nearly  like  it  as  to  be  readily  mistaken  therefor. 

THE  GENERAL  STAFF  CORPS. 

Attention  is  invited  to  the  tendency  to  enact  laws  affecting  the 
personnel  of  the  Army  in  relation  to  its  stations  and  duties.  Fre- 
quently these  enactments  are  not  considered  at  the  hearings  or  de- 
bated on  the  floor  of  Congress,  nor  is  the  War  Department  given 
opportunity  to  show  how  the  military  service  will  be  affected  thereby, 
and  it  sometimes  happens  that  such  legislation  has  an  injurious  effect 
upon  the  service.  In  this  connection  attention  is  invited  to  the 
second  paragraph  of  section  5,  national  defense  act,  relating  to  the 
General  Staff  Corps.  The  formation  of  a  general  staff  had  its  incep- 
tion in  the  blunders  made  by  our  staff  departments  during  the  Spanish 
War,  and  it  was  to  form  a  supervising,  informing,  and  coordinating 
staff  department  of  the  War  Department.  It  was  carefully  con- 
sidered and  fuUy  debated  in  all  of  its  varied  aspects,  and  the  organic 
law  stated  fully  its  purpose.  The  number  of  officers  at  first  detailed 
for  the  Generid  Staff  was  fixed  at  45  as  the  proper  number  to  per- 
form this  new  but  most  important  and  varied  duty.  In  1912  the 
Greneral  Staff  was  reduced  by  one  general  officer  and  eight  captains. 
This  reduction  seriously  interfered  with  the  work  of  the  General 
Staff,  which  had  been  steadily  growing  in  importance,  as  officers 
grew  to  understand  its  important  functions. 

The  European  war  has  fully  demonstrated  to  the  world  the  im- 
portance of  a  general  staff  for  coordinating  in  time  of  peace  a  com- 
prehensive knowledge  of  the  resources  of  the  Nation — that  is,  its  war 
power — as  well  as  m  the  preparation  of  war  plans.  The  work  of 
preparing  the  Army,  the  National  Guard  and  volunteers  to  carry  out 
effectively  and  efficiently  these  plans  is  an  involved  and  complex 
study.  THie  collection  in  advance  of  all  the  information  necessary  for 
a  correct  understanding  of  every  problem  of  national  defense  is  an 
immense  work.  General  Staff  work  has  to  do  not  only  with  prepar- 
ing war  plans  but  consideration  of  every  policy  of  instruction,  equip- 
ment, and  supply,  so  as  to  obviate  waste  of  public  funds  and  secure 
the  best  possible  results.  .        -,  x-         j 

After  a  full  and  careful  consideration  of  its  various  duties  and  re- 
sponsibilities, the  General  Staff  recommended  94  officers  as  the  num- 


168  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF, 

ber  that  should  compose  that  body.  The  national-defense  act  was 
passed  by  the  Senate,  fixing  the  number  at  92.  But  as  this  measure 
came  from  conference  and  as  enacted  into  law  the  Oeneral  Staff,  aside 
from  its  general  officers,  was  increased  by  18  officers,  to  come  by  incre- 
ments for  the  next  five  years.  It  directed  not  more  than  one-half  of 
the  officers  detailed  in  said  corps  shall  at  any  time  be  stationed  or  as- 
signed to  or  employed  upon  any  duty  in  or  near  the  District  of  CJolum- 
bia,  and  directs  a  penalty  upon  an  officer  who  violates  this  or  any  other 
provisions  of  the  section.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  this  provision,  by  its 
reduction  of  the  available  officers  for  the  General  Staff  work  at  the 
War  College,  has  militated  seriously  against  the  work  of  preMrinjj 
the  coimtry  for  any  emergency  of  war.  The  law  limiting  the  JPresi- 
dent  in  the  number  of  General  Staff  officers  he  can  order  to  duty  in 
Washington  gives  us  fewer  officers  here  than  at  any  time  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  organization  and  at  the  most  important  time  of  our  mili- 
tary development.  Just  what  end  of  military  efficiency  it  was  pro- 
posed to  serve  thereby  it  is  impossible  to  conjecture.  In  the  interest 
of  progress  in  military  preparedness  it  is  recommended  that  all  the 
restriction  placed  in  the  national-defense  act  be  removed  and  the 
General  Staff  in  number  be  fixed  as  proposed  in  the  national-defense 
act  as  first  passed  by  the  Senate. 

DETACHED  SERVICE  LAW. 

Congress,  upon  its  own  initiative  and  without  the  recommendation 
of  the  War  Department,  in  the  appropriation  bill  for  the  Array, 
approved  August  24, 1912,  passed  a  law  which  required  that  commis- 
sioned officers  of  the  line  of  the  Army  below  the  rank  of  major  should 
not  be  detached  unless  they  have  been  actually  present  for  duty  for 
at  least  two  of  the  last  preceding  six  years  with  a  troop^  battery,  or 
company  of  that  branch  of  the  Army  in  which  the  omcer  is  com- 
missioned. 

Legislation  extending  the  provisions  of  the  detached-service  law 
for  field  officers  was  included  in  the  Array  appropriation  bill  ap- 
proved April  27,  1915.  The  laws  on  the  subject  are  raost  stringent, 
and  have  been  very  rigidly  construed  by  the  departraent.  The  law 
was  intended  to  remedy  by  legislation  the  keeping  of  certain  officers 
too  long  from  duty  with  troops.  Officers  who  were  selected  for  de- 
tached service  were  frequently  kept  on  such  duty  for  unduly  long 
periods.  Having  laid  down  a  principle  and  a  general  rule  for  the 
service,  with  a  penalty  to  enforce  its  operation,  Congress  made  ex- 
ceptions by  excluding  their  application  to  the  Ordnance  Departraent; 
for  officers  below  the  grade  of  major  detailed  for  aviation  duty ;  for 
aU  officers  detailed  for  duty  in  connection  with  the  construction  of 
the  Panama  Canal  until  alter  it  shall  have  been  formally  opened ; 
for  those  detailed  in  connection  with  the  Alaskan  Eoad  Comraission, 
the  Alaska  Railroad,  Bureau  of  Insular  Affairs;  oerraits  the  re- 
detail  of  officers  above  the  grade  of  major  in  the  iStaff  Corps  and 
departments.  The  excepting  of  certain  officers  from  the  restrictions 
of  the  law  has  been  largely  personal  legislation,  without  any  special 
benefit  to  the  service.  It  has,  in  fact,  created  a  distinction  in  de- 
tached service  which  has  not  made  a  favorable  impression  in  the 
service  generally.    The  detached-service  law  has  been  in  effect  now 


BEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  169 

for  four  jrears,  which  has  given  time  to  consider  its  results.  In  so  far 
as  it  requires  service  with  troops,  the  effect  has  be(m  good,  although  it 
has  increased  ffreatly  the  expense  of  administration  with  the  frequent 
chan^  of  officers  to  meet  its  strin^nt  requirements.  It  likewise 
occasions  undue  expense  to  the  individual,  especially  so  if  the  officer 
has  a  family  to  take  with  him ;  and  the  majority  of  our  young  officers 
are  married  men,  with  the  responsibility  of  growing  children.  The 
provisions  of  the  national-defense  act,  constituting  the  detached 
officers'  list  of  1,022  officers,  will  enormously  increase  this  expense  to 
the  Government  and  to  the  individual  on  account  of  the  greater  num- 
ber of  officers  affected,  for  the  time  available  for  detached  service 
will  be  materially  shortened. 

The  War  Department  is  thoroughly  imbued  with  the  spirit  of  the 
laws  on  this  subject.  I  believe  it  would  promote  very  greatly  the 
efficiency  of  the  service,  and  at  the  same  time  make  a  material  re- 
duction in  the  cost  of  the  militarj^  establishment,  if  these  laws  were 
now  rescinded  and  the  matter  simplified  by  a  law  which  would 
authorize  an  officer  entering  upon  a  detail  to  serve  out  the  four  years 
of  the  detail  and  then  require  him  to  serve  two  years  with  troops 
before  he  becomes  eligible  for  another  detail.  A  law  to  this  effect, 
bearing  equally  upon  all  departments  and  upon  all  officers  below  the 
grade  of  general  officer,  would  materially  enhance  the  efficiency  of 
the  service  and  the  satisfaction  of  the  personnel. 

It  is  believed  that  some  such  measure  will  not  only  relieve  the  de- 
partment of  much  embarrassment  but  will  give  the  permanency  to 
detached  details  necessary  for  efficiency,  with  the  proper  safeguards 
to  insure  against  abuse,  and  at  the  same  time  reduce  the  cost  of  de- 
tached service  by  approximately  50  per  cent. 

THE  PERMANENT  STAFF  00RP8. 

Our  experience  in  the  War  with  Spain  brought  the  War  Depart- 
ment face  to  face  with  the  fact  that  few  officers  of  the  regular  service 
had  knowledge  of  the  problems  of  subsistence,  clothing,  equipment, 
transportation,  sanitation,  the  vast  and  complicated  business  of  sup- 
plying and  transporting  an  arm^,  caring  for  the  health  and  strength 
of  the  men — matters  which  reauire  previous  training  and  experience. 
The  policy  had  been  foUowea  that  the  country  relied  for  its  main 
stren^h  upon  volunteers  who,  when  called  into  the  service,  brought 
but  little  of  the  knowledge  and  experience  necessary  to  these  im- 
portant functions.  So,  having  in  view  the  sp.x:ial  duties  to  be  per- 
formed by  regular  oP^cers,  not  only  in  connection  with  their  own 
affairs  but  with  the  militia  and  volunteers,  the  then  Secretary  of  War 
(Mr.  Root)  urgently  recommended  the  substitution  of  a  system  of 
details  from  the  line  in  place  of  the,  at  that  time,  permanent  staff 
and  supply  departments  so  as  to  provide  for  the  training  of  as  many 
officers  as  possible  in  the  variety  of  experience  which  would  fit  them 
for  the  duties  of  the  staff  and  the  combined  service  of  regulars, 
militia,  and  volunteers. 

In  accordance  with  these  recommendations  the  act  to  increase  the 
efficiency  of  the  permanent  military  establishment  of  the  United 
States,  approved  February  2, 1901,  provided  for  the  details  from  the 


170  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

line  of  the  Army  to  be  made  in  the  staff  departments  and  corps  of 
the  War  Department  and  no  more  permanent  appointments  to  be 
made  in  those  departments.  Some  changes  have  since  been  made  so 
as  to  provide  examinations  and  give  officers  advanced  rank  for  de- 
tail in  the  Ordnance  Department,  but  details  continue  to  be  made  as 
grovided  by  the  original  law  in  the  Adjutant  General's,  Inspector 
[eneral's,  and  Quartermaster  General's  Departments  and  the  Signal 
Corps  except  for  the  Aviation  Section.  The  workings  of  the  law 
have  pro vedr  satisfactory  in  every  respect.  But  as  the  number  of 
permanent  staff  officers  is  steadily  decreasing  and  as  the  law  provides 
that  the  heads  of  these  corps  must  be  selected  from  the  permanent 
officers  as  long  as  any  such  remain  a  condition  will  soon  arise  when 
selections  must  be  made  from  a  small  number  and  thus  limit  the 
ranee  of  selection.     - 

Chiefs  of  bureau  can  not  be  removed  by  a  Secretary  of  War,  whereas 
in  the  interest  of  efficient  military  administration  they  should  be  as 
easily  removed  as  is  a  chief  of  staff.  The  association  of  the  perma- 
nent officei*s  of  the  staff  corps  with  the  line  is,  in  most  cases,  limited  to 
inspections,  reading  of  reports,  etc.,  whereas  every  officer  of  the  per- 
manent staff  should  be  in  close  touch  with  the  sentiments  and  needs 
of  the  line.  There  would  result  better  cooperation  and  increased 
efficiency. 

I  am  of  opinion  that  all  the  officers  of  the  staff  corps,  excepting 
judge  advocates,  engineers,  medical  officers,  and  chaplains,  should  be 
transferred  to  the  line.  A  number  of  officers  equal  to  those  trans- 
ferred would  have  to  be  detailed  to  perform  staff  duties.  But  the 
total  number  of  officers  of  the  Army  would  not  be  increased  and  all 
officers  would  belong  to  a  common  body  and  the  struggle  between  the 
line  and  staff  brought  to  an  end.  Thereafter  an  officer  detailed  as 
chief  of  a  bureau  or  corps  of  the  War  Department  should  be  detailed 
for  four  years,  unless  sooner  relieved,  and  upon  being  relieved  would 
return  to  that  grade  and  branch  in  which  commissioned  and  be  not 
eligible  to  redetail  except  in  time  of  war  or  other  national  emergency 
until  he  shall  have  served  therewith  for  two  years.  The  law  that 
applies  to  the  Chief  of  Staff  should  apply  to  the  chief  of  every  bureau 
and  corps  of  the  War  Department,  with  above  exceptions  only. 

RESERVE  officers'  TRAINING  CORPS. 

The  national  defense  act  authorizes  the  establishment  and  main- 
tenance at  civil  educational  institutions  of  a  Reserve  Officers'  Train- 
ing Corps.  The  system  contemplates  utilizing  to  their  fullest  extent 
the  facilities  of  public  and  private  educational  institutions  of  all 
types  at  which  officers  of  the  Arm^  are  or  may  be  detailed  as  pro- 
ressors  of  military  science  and  tactics. 

In  1915  5,200  students  who  had  completed  courses  of  military 
training  under  the  supervision  of  officers  graduate  from  the  college 
tjrpe  of  institution  in  the  United  States,  and  the  total  number  of  stu- 
dents who  received  military  instruction  that  year  under  officers  of 
the  Army  in  the  schools  and  colleges  of  all  types  was  32,000.  There 
are  567  colleges  in  this  country,  with  an  enrollment  of  170,000  male 
student&    If  all  these  institutions  comply  with  the  provision  author- 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  171 

izing  the  Reserve  Officers'  Training  Corps,  there  will  annually  gradu- 
ate a  large  number  of  men  trained  for  reserve  commissions.  The  en- 
thusiastic approval  accorded  this  provision  by  educators  warrants 
the  prediction  that  a  large  number  of  our  colleges  which  now  afford 
no  military  training  to  the  student  will  apply  to  participate  in  its 
provisions.  The  total  cost  to  the  United  States  of  the  military  train- 
mg  of  a  reserve  officer  should  not  be  over  $1,000  per  man.  This 
includes  service  of  training  in  the  Regular  Army  subsequent  to 
^aduation  for  at  least  six  months.  There  was  some  delay  in  receiv- 
mg  from  the  printing  office  the  regulations  for  the  Reserve  Officers' 
Training  Corps,  but  these  are  now  in  the  hands  of  all  educational 
institutions  interested. 

PLAN  FOR  MHJTARY  TRAINING  IN  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

In  paragraph  6,  "  Statement  of  a  Proper  Military  Policy  for  the 
United  States,"  '^  was  shown  that  our  military  system  should  be  able 
to  furnish  at  tne  outbreak  of  war  600,000  trained  and  organized 
mobile  troops,  and  to  have  available  not  less  than  500,000  more  90 
days  thereafter.  In  addition,  to  supply  losses  and  wastage  in  war, 
it  was  considered  that,  after  the  outbreak  of  hostilities,  the  system 
should  provide  a  plan  for  raising  and  training  500,000  more. 

To  prepare  for  this  task  requires  us  to  use  every  available  means 
of  educatmg  the  young  as  to  their  future  duties  as  citizens. 

If  our  democracy  is  to  endure  it  must  "  recognize  as  its  primary 
standard  of  duty  the  obligation  of  the  individual  man  and  woman 
to  sacrifice  themselves  for  the  whole  community  in  time  of  need." 

The  necessary  elementary  instruction  that  every  young  American 
should  have  in  order  to  be  prepared  when  the  time  comes  to  play 
his  part  in  the  national  defense  can  be  partially  given  in  the  public 
schools.  Moreover,  this  can  be  done  m  such  a  way  as  to  enlist 
parental  approval,  because  of  the  manifest  improvement  of  the 
scholars  in  physique,  deportment,  and  obedience  to  authority  at  home 
as  well  as  at  school. 

The  object  of  the  prescribed  course  of  instruction  is  to  inculcate 
high  ideals  and  correct  views  on  the  duties  of  the  citizen  to  the  State. 
The  training  ^ven  is  along  military  lines,  but  is  so  conducted  as  to 
encourage  initiative  and  individuality,  to  correct  defects  and  develop 
natural  gifts,  and  to  teach  self-control  by  showing  the  value  of  obe- 
dience to  superior  authority.  The  old  method  of  "breaking  the  will '* 
by  insisting  on  blind,  unreasoning  obedience  to  arbitrary  rules  is 
replaced  by  one  showing  how  to  use  the  individual  will  in  attaining 
the  concerted  effort  known  as  "teamwork,"  which  is  the  secret  ot 
efficiency,  and  which  is  dependent  upon  a  conscious  and  willing  obe- 
dience to  a  superior  directing  authority.  Those  who  learn  how  to 
obey  fit  themselves  to  direct  and  bj  practicing  self-control  become 
imbued  with  the  fundamental  principle  underlying  good  citizenship. 
This  is  not  a  theoretical  scheme.  It  is  a  practical  system  carefully 
worked  out  by  Capt.  E.  Z.  Steever,  United  States  Army,  and  appliea 
with  marked  success  in  the  public  hi^h  schools  of  the  State  of  Wyo- 
ming. It  has  been  designated  the  "  Wyoming  plan,"  and  its  dis- 
tinctive features  are  outfined  in  what  follows. 


172  BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  8TAFF. 

The  Wyoming  plan. 

The  Wyoming  school  authorities  hold : 

1.  That  good  citizenship  involves  a  willingness  on  the  part  of 
each  able-bodied  youth  to  make  such  effort  and  sacrifice  as  will  pre- 
pare him  for  his  obligations  and  duties  as  a  citizen. 

2.  That  this  preparation  embraces  the  following:  (a)  Military 
preparation;  (6)  Moral  preparation;  {c)  Civic  preparation;  {d) 
Business  preparation;  and  {e)  Educational  preparation. 

(a)  Military  T^eparation. — It  is  unsound  to  assimie  that  any  sys- 
tem of  training  its  adolescent  youth  will  remove  from  the  nation  the 
further  responsibility  of  training  its  manhood. 

Trained  youth  can  not  take  the  place  of  trained  manhood.  Youths 
make  imitation,  but  not  real,  soldiers. 

A  thorough  preliminary  military  training  of  its  adolescent  youth 
has  been  recognized  in  primitive  as  well  as  modern  civilizations  as 
the  first  step  in  the  greater  training  of  the  tribe  or  nation. 

With  the  civilized  as  with  the  primitive  youth  the  "  game  "  is  the 
medium  of  all  successful  training.  "  Competition  "  is  to  youth  what 
"  security  "  is  to  old  age. 

According  to  the  Wyoming  plan  all  cadets  are  organized  into  com- 
petition units. 

Leaders  take  "turnabouts"  choosing  the  members  of  their  units^ 
so  that  each  unit  (squad,  platoon,  or  company)  is  made  up  of  an 
equal  number  of  strong,  medium,  and  weak  lads. 

After  final  choosing-up  these  units  are  fixed  and  can  not  be  added 
to  nor  subtracted  from. 

All  the  work  is  done  by  competition  units. 

There  are:  Wall-scaling  units,  infantry-drill  units,  troop-leader- 
ship units,  scholarship  units,  field-firing  units,  camp  and  field  units. 

Sponsors  are  elected  from  the  girls  in  the  mixed  school  and 
assigned  to  the  competition  units.  The  sponsors  are  in  every  sense 
members  of  the  cadet  organization.  They  attend  all  drills,  are  the 
leaders  in  all  social  functions,  and  while  they  do  not  actually  drill 
the  sponsors  are  entitled  to  and  receive  such  individual  rewards  as 
may  be  won  by  their  units. 

Medals,  ribbons,  and  distinctive  marks  on  the  uniform  are  given 
each  member  of  a  winning  unit,  the  sponsor,  of  course,  included. 

Each  cadet  organization  is  based  on  the  voluntary  enlistment  plan. 
The  cadet  classes  are  held  ffenerall]^  during  and  not  after  school 
hours,  and  credit  toward  graduation  is  awarded  therefor. 

Cadet  tournaments  are  held  during  the  school  year  between  the 
different  high  schools,  to  which  the  public  is  invited,  and  at  which 
are  held  infantry-drill,  wall-scaling,  field-firing,  and  camp  and  field, 
and  troop-leadership  competition  "games." 

From  the  Wyoming  experience  is  deduced  the  following  system  of 
training  adapted  to  the  adolescent  American  youth.  Local  conditions 
will  necessarily  modify  the  application  of  this  system,  but  the  general 
principles  on  which  it  is  basea  will  obtain  in  any  part  of  the  united 
States,  and  will  permit  the  evolution  of  a  practical  course  suited 
to  local  conditions: 


BKPORT  OF  THE  GHIES  OF  STAFF.  173 

^  1.  Cut  the  school  year  into  separate,  short,  intensive  training  pe- 
riods, working  up  through  preliminary  to  final  competition  £ttes, 
with  the  fixed  competition  units. 

2.  September  1  to  December  31,  wall-scaling  and  calisthenic 
events ;  minimum  of  drill,  maximiun  of  body  building. 

3.  January  1  to  February  28,  troop-leadership  competitions,  12- 
inch  Grettydburg  war-game  map.  Include  military  policy  of  the 
United  States. 

4.  January  1  to  February  28,  minimum  of  drill,  maximum  of  gal- 
lery practice,  group  competitions. 

^  5.  March  1  to  May  7,  minimimi  of  drill,  maximimi  of  range  prac- 
tice, and  field-firing  competition. 

6.  May  8  to  June  15,  minimum  of  drill,  maximum  of  camp  and 
field  pr<H)lems,  competitive  between  high  schools. 

7.  All  through  school  year,  commencing  in  the  spring  and  nmning 
through  the  following  fall  and  winter,  take  boys  into  camp  each 
week-^id  and  harden  them  to  the  rigors  of  camp  life.  Teach  them 
sanitation,  cooking,  woodcraft,  simple  field  engineering,  plains  craft, 
castrametation.  sketching,  scouting,  patrolling,  the  service  of  se- 
curity and  iniormation,  and  qualifv  them  as  guides  in  their  own 
immediate  surroundmg  territory. 

8.  Summer  camp  inimediately  after  closing  of  school.  14  days. 
The  organization  that  puts  into  effect  the  "game''  idea  differs 

fundamentally  from  the  modem  American  athletic  system.  The 
•cadet  leaders  choose  up  each  in  turn  so  that  each  fixed  competition 
unit  represents  a  certain  proportion  of  strong,  of  medium,  and  of 
weak  lads. 

In  football  and  basket  ball  and  track  events,  only  the  few  physi- 
cdLly  fit  take  part.  In  this  system  each  squad  represents  an  average 
and  every  boy  takes  part.  There  is  as  much  "  in  it "  for  the  weak  as 
for  the  strong,  and  the  survival  of  the  fittest  units,  whether  they  be 
squads,  platoons,  or  companies,  gives  the  competition  spirit. 

(6)  Moral  preparation, — ^A  nation  stands  or  falls,  succeeds  or 
fails,  just  in  proportion  to  the  high-mindedness,  cleanliness,  and 
manliness  of  each  suceeding  generation  of  men. 

In  the  Wyoming  system  the  fundamental  factor  is  the  competition 
between  equally  balanced  units.  The  individuals  are  forced  by  pub- 
lic opinion  amongst  their  fellows  to  go  into  training,  and  this  training 
means  clean,  moral  youths.  It  is  shown  conclusively  in  the  various 
competition  that  clean  men  morally  are  the  surest  kind  of  winners. 
Smoking  and  inunoral  practices  must  go.  Under  the  fiercest  kind  of 
competition^  and  a  new  and  fascinating  interest  in  life,  the  adoles- 
cent youth  is  better  enabled  to  negotiate  that  difficult  period  of  life. 

(c)  Civic  preparation. — It  is  almost  a  fundamental  principle  of 
correct  military  organization  that  the  leader  should  not  be  voted 
for.  The  Wyoming  system  is  not  intended  to  make  soldiers.  The 
Wyoming  schoolmasters  are  of  the  opinion  that  soldiers  can  only 
be  made  from  mature  manhood,  and  that  the  preparation  of  the 
adolescent  youth  should  be  such  that  when  he  reaches  manhood  he 
majr  then  l>e  made  into  the  highest  type  of  soldier.  Hence  the  ob- 
jection to  voting  for  leaders  does  not  obtain  in  the  cadet  organization, 
whereas  the  objection  is  perfectly  valid  in  a  military  organization. 


174  KEPOKT  OP»THB  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

The  cadet  leaders  are  chosen  at  the  beginning  of  each  year  by 
vote  of  the  older  cadets.  The  leaders  are  selected  on  merit,  very 
much  as  the  captain  of  the  football  team  is  selected  for  his  merit. 
It  has  been  noticeable  that  on  the  first  organization  boy  politics  elect 
a  certain  percentage  of  popular  but  inefficient  leaders,  whose  very 
inefficiency  is  later  a  terrible  punishment  to  the  members  of  their 
own  units.  The  stress  of  competition  soon  brings  out  the  real  lead- 
ers. The  cadets  never  repeat  their  mistake.  After  the  first  election 
they  take  steps  to  insure  a  very  wise  and  careful  selection  of  leaders. 

This  civic  lesson  can  not  be  wholly  lost  to  them  in  years  to  come, 
when  they  are  called  upon  as  citizens  to  elect  the  leaders  of  their  city, 
county,  State,  and  National  Governments. 

(d)  Business  preparation. — Teamwork  and  efficiency  are  prime 
reouisites  in  the  business  life  of  to-day. 

The  soldier  game  can  be  made  the  keenest,  as  well  as  the  most 
fascinating,  of  all  games,  and  efficiency  is  a  necessity  if  a  competition 
unit  is  to  win.  Not  only  must  each  man  be  worked  to  the  limit  of  his 
capacity,  but  each  competition  unit  leader  must  analyze  his  men  and 
fit  each  to  his  proper  place.  The  leaders  are  always  leading  and 
learning  efficiency. 

There  is  every  reason  why  the  "  Wyoming  plan  "  should  be  taken 
up  by  every  high  school  in  the  country. 

TRAINING  CAMPS. 

Over  three  years  ago  Maj.  Gen.  Leonard  Wood,  then  Chief  of 
Staff,  put  in  operation  the  plan  of  camps  of  instruction  for  regular 
troops  at  which  students  were  permitted  to  attend  for  training  with- 
out cost  to  the  United  States.  This  plan  was  later  enlarged  by  per- 
mitting the  attendance  of  business  men  at  certain  of  these  camps. 
The  plan  has  been  most  successful  as  carried  on  in  the  Eastern  De- 
partment, now  commanded  by  Gen.  Wood,  with  a  minimum  of  troops 
and  few  officers  to  call  upon  for  this  additional  instruction.  Camps 
have  been  maintained  in  the  Eastern  Department  as  follows: 

Plattshurg. — Five  camps  were  held  in  sequence  beginning  Jime 
5  and  ending  October  5. 

Oglethorpe, — ^Two  camps  were  held  beginning  May  3  and  ending 
June  30. 

Fort  Terry^  N.  Y. — One  camp  was  held  beginning  July  5  and 
ending  August  10. 

Fort  Wadstcorth^  N.  Y. — Six  camps  of  two  weeks'  duration  each 
were  held  beginning  May  28. 

There  was  a  total  attendance  at  the  various  camps  of  12,200  men 
and  boys,  who  came  from  all  parts  of  the  country. 

In  reporting  upon  these  camps.  Gen.  Wood  says: 

The  training  at  these  camps  is  intensive;  the  work  is  hard;  the  food  good; 
the  hours  regular ;  the  discipline  extraordinarily  good — ^there  were  practically 
no  infractions  of  discipline.  The  general  tone  of  the  camp  is  excellent  It  is 
difficult  for  one  to  appreciate  how  absolute  the  discipline  is  unless  one  has 
served  in  camp. 

FoUowingthe  Plattsburg  plan,  camps  were  also  established  this 
year  in  the  Western  Department  at  the  Presidio  of  San  Francisco- 
two  camps — and  one  at  American  Lake,  Wash.,  with  a  total  attend- 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  175 

ance  of  357  students  and  business  men.  A  satisfactory  camp  was 
also  held  at  San  Antonio,  Tex,  in  the  Southern  Department.  The 
plan  has  now  received  official  recognition  from  Congress,  and  ma- 
terially increased  attendance  should  ensue  at  the  camps  to  be  held 
next  year.  Congress  has  appropriated  money  for  transportation  to 
and  from  training  camps  and  tor  subsistence  in  kind  while  at  the 
camps.  Appropnation  ^ould  be  made  for  the  issue  of  a  proper 
uniform  while  m  camp  with  the  privilege  of  purchase  or  of  tummg 
it  back  at  the  expiration  of  the  training  period. 

RECRUrriNG  REGUIiAR  ARMY. 

Between  March  15,  1916  (the  date  active  recruiting  began  to  meet 
the  increase  in  the  Army  authorized  by  the  joint  resolution  of  Mar. 
17),  and  August  31, 1916,  the  losses  and  enlistments  were  as  follows: 

Enlistments.         Losses. 

March  15  to  31 1. 635  1. 079 

April ^ 2, 873  2, 136 

May 2, 275  2, 022 

June 3, 343  1. 4»5 

July ^ 4. 354  1, 105 

August 3, 054  1.  234 

Total - 17, 534  9, 071 

This  represents  a  gain  of  8,463  during  the  period  mentioned. 

On  June  30, 1916,  the  close  of  the  fiscalyear,  there  was  a  difference 
of  20,292  between  the  actual  and  authorized  strengths  of  the  Regular 
Army,  and  the  increase  authorized  for  the  fiscal  year  beginning 
July  1,  1916,  exceeded  that  authorized  by  the  joint  resolution  of 
March  17  by  13,909,  making  a  total  difference  oetween  the  actual 
and  authorized  strength  on  July  1,  1916,  of  approximately  34,200: 
Between  June  30  and  August  31  the  enlistments  exceeded  the  losses 
by  5,069,  leaving  a  difference  on  August  31  of  29,130  between  the 
actual  and  authorized  strengths. 

CAVALRY. 

All  regiments  of  Cavalry  having  permanent  stations  in  the  United 
States,  excepting  the  Second,  located  at  Fort  Ethan  Allen,  Fort  Myer, 
and  Fort  Oglethorpe,  have  been  engaged  in  arduous  patrol  duty 
along  the  southern  border  or  with  the  expeditionary  force  now  in 
Mexico.  The  sections  of  the  national  defense  act,  which  provide  for 
the  composition  of  the  various  units  of  the  several  arms,  followed 
the  recommendations  of  the  General  Staff,  except  in  so  far  as  these 
sections  provide  a  minimum  strength  for  these  units.  The  enlisted 
strength  of  the  Army  under  this  act  is  limited  to  175,000  combatant 
troops  after  all  increments  are  added.  In  fixing  the  authorized  en- 
listed strength  of  the  Army  to  include  the  first  increment,  it  was 
decided,  until  all  organizations  have  minimum  peace  strength,  there 
would  be  no  increase  for  any  unit  in  excess  of  the  minimum  pre- 
scribed in  the  national  defense  act,  and  no  unit  of  any  branch  of 
the  Army  would  be  increased  above  this  minimum  at  the  expense 
of  any  other  branch.    The  enlisted  strength  of  Cavalry  units  and 


176  BKPOBT  OF  THE  OHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

<especiallv  the  Cavalry  troop  in  the  squadron  is  now  less  than  that 
n^ded  for  proper  efficiency.  This  can  only  be  properly  remedied 
by  legislation,  which  is  recommended  to  provide  but  one  enlisted 
strength,  the  maximum,  at  all  times  for  all  Cavalry  imits.  The  over- 
head charges  for  a  Cavalrv  troop  of  70  enlisted  men  are  practically 
the  same  as  for  a  troop  oi  105,  lx)th  requiring  the  same  number  of 
officers  and  practically  the  same  noncommissioned  officers  and  bar- 
rack accommodation.  Some  provision  should  also  be  made  for  a 
training  and  remount  troop  in  time  of  active  service.  This  can  be 
done  by  adding  a  training  detachment  to  the  headquarters  troop 
as  now  authorized  and  organizing  the  training  and  remount  troop 
only  in  time  of  actual  field  service  by  assigning  thereto  the  training 
detachment  from  the  headquarters  troop  and  such  officers  and  enlisted 
men  for  other  troops  as  necessary  to  conduct  the  work.  In  main- 
taining Cavalry  organizations  on  the  border  it  has  recently  been  nec- 
essary to  send  both  untrained  men  and  untrained  horses  directly  to 
regiments  neither  at  all  fit  for  the  hard  work  required.  This  has 
been  necessary  on  account  of  the  reduced  strength  of  these  organiza- 
tions at  the  front.  No  trained  material  being  available,  it  was  neces- 
sary to  fill  up  the  organizations  with  the  best  obtainable.  Such  a 
pohcy  is,  however,  a-  makeshift  both  expensive  and  extremely  unsat- 
isfactory in  its  results. 

Cavalry'  equipment. — ^The  model  1912  Cavalry  equipment  was 
issued  by  the  Ordnance  Department  to  the  entire  First  Cavalry  and 
to  one  squadron  each  of  the  Third,  Fifth,  Eleventh,  Thirteenth, 
Fourteenth,  and  Fifteenth  (transferred  by  the  latter  to  the  Eighth 
Cavalry).  Owing  to  the  many  complaints  received  from  regimental 
and  otner  conunanders  with  reference  to  the  unsuitability  of  various 

fortions  of  this  equipment,  a  board  of  officers  was  convened  at  Rock 
sland  Arsenal  (under  the  provisions  of  par.  44,  Special  Orders  No. 
211,  War  Department,  1915)  for  the  purpose  of  examining  and  re- 

?orting  on  the  relative  merits  of  certain  military  saddles  for  the 
Javalry  service,  as  well  as  of  considering  reports  submitted  with  ref- 
erence to  the  Cavalry  equipment,  model  of  1912,  and  suggested 
changes  therein.  The  final  reconmiendations  of  this  board  have  not 
as  yet)  been  submitted,  and  when  received  will  require  some  months 
or  a  thorough  tryout  before  final  action.  In  the  meantime,  the  manu- 
facture and  issue  of  the  Cavalry  equipment,  model  of  1912,  has  been 
ordered  discontinued.  In  April  the  Chief  of  Ordnance  reported  the 
supply  of  Cavalry  equipment  available  for  issue,  including  both  the 
model  1912  and  earlier  models,  as  rapidly  reaching  a  point  where  it 
would  be  impossible  to  meet  requests  for  the  ordinary  maintenance  in 
the  service,  and  that  it  was  imperative  that  the  manufacture  of  a 
limited  amoimt  of  Cavalry  equipment  be  imdertaken  at  once.  The 
reports  received  from  commanders  having  the  model  1912  equipment 
emphasized  such  serious  defects  in  the  enlisted  men^s  saddle  as  to 
make  it  clearly  inadvisable  to  continue  the  manufacture  of  that  equip- 
ment unless  tne  Cavalry  Equipment  Board  at  Rock  Island  Arsenal 
could  find  a  remedy  for  the  defects  reported.  This  board  was  accord- 
ingly instructed  to  continue  the  tests  of  this  equipment  and  submit 
report  as  soon  as  practicable.  Reports  received  from  organization 
commanders  on  the  border  clearly  mdicated  that  the  McClellan  sad- 


i 


BEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  177 

die  was  better  adapted  for  field  service  than  the  1912  model.  This 
question  was  also  submitted  to  the  Cavalry  Equipment  Board  at 
Rock  Island  Arsenal,  which  recommended  the  issue  of  the  McClellan 
equipment,  the  Ordnance  Department  having  all  appliances  on  hand 
for  that  purpose.  After  due  consideration  this  recommendation  was 
approved  and  the  Chief  of  Ordnance  was  instructed  to  renew  the 
manufacture  of  the  McClellan  equipment  in  such  quantities  as  neces- 
sary to  meet  current  and  reserve  needs  until  otherwise  ordered. 

Cavalry  Drill  and  Service  Regulations, — The  revision  and  bring- 
ing up  to  date  of  the  Cavalry  Drill  and  Service  Regulations  by  the 
board  of  officers  convened  by  paragraph  29,  Special  Orders  No.  210, 
War  Department,  1915,  has  been  completed,  and  it  is  hoped  to  have 
these  regulations  very  shortly  issued  to  the  service.  The  1914  regu- 
lations requiring  double  rank  as  the  normal  formation  and  assummg 
the  regiment  to  consist  of  six  squadrons  of  two  troops  each,  com- 
manded by  captains,  were  approved  and  issued  to  the  Cavalry  service 
October  22,  1914,  in  accordance  with  General  Orders  No.  79,  War 
Department,  which  instructed  each  officer  to  submit,  on  June  1,  1915, 
a  report  embodying  his  opinion  and  recommendations  in  connection 
therewith.  These  regulations  have  been  in  effect  since  that  daio. 
After  an  extensive  try  out  which  included  much  field  service  on  the 
southern  border,  these  reports  were  rendered,  and  upon  being  tabu- 
lated, it  was  found  that  about  90  per  cent  of  the  Cavalry  officers 
favored  return  to  single  rank  as  the  normal  formation  with  the 
statutory  organization  of  troop,  squadron,  and  regiment.  A  large 
percentage  oi  these  officers  likewise  favored  the  principle  of  "  lead- 
mg ''  upon  which  the  regulations  of  1914  were  based. 

The  revision  now  submitted  by  the  board  provides: 

1.  Single  rank  as  the  normal  formation  with  the  statutory  organ- 
ization of  the  various  units. 

2.  Retention  of  the  principle  of  the  1914  regulations,  that  mounted 
units  are  habitually  led  in  person  by  their  commanders. 

3.  Provision  for  double  rank  for  use  under  circumstances  requir- 
ing it. 

The  new  manual  treats  with  great  detail  and  thoroughness  the 
training  of  the  recruit  and  remount.  Detailed  explanations  practi- 
cally terminate  with  the  platoon,  after  which  drill  evolutions  and  the 
maneuvering  of  the  troop,  squadron,  and  regiment  are  but  the  appli- 
cation of  fixed  principles  and  methods  laid  down  for  the  smaller 
units. 

Mounted  Service  School, — This  school  graduated  during  the  last 
year  28  officers  in  the  first-year  class,  7  officers  in  the  second-year 
class,  and  12  officers  in  the  fall  class^  field  officers'  course.  No  spring 
class  was  held  for  field  officers  owmg  to  the  need  of  officers  with 
troops  on  the  southern  border.  Ten  noncommissioned  officers  were 
graduated.  Several  members  of  the  different  classes  failed  to  gradu- 
ate on  account  of  unsuitability  or  inaptitude.  Regimental  com- 
manders of  cavalry  and  field  artillery  have  been  instructed  to  give 
careful  attention  in  submitting  recommendations  for  details  at  the 
Mounted  Service  School,  having  in  mind  intelligence  and  character 
as  well  as  physical  skill  in  order  that  all  students  may  not  only  take 
the  various  courses  with  credit  but  with  a  view  of  their  afterwards 

69176"— WAR  1916— VOL  1 12 


178  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

being  advantageously  employed  as  experts  in  the  training  of  both 
men  and  remounts. 

^  Now  that  the  Mounted  Service  School  has  established  beyond  ques- 
tion its  function  in  our  scheme  of  military  education,  and  its  perma- 
nent location  at  Fort  Riley  determined,  it  is  believed  that  a  more 
definite  policy  of  building  construction  should  be  approved  by  the 
department  so  as  to  provide  adequately  for  the  needs  of  a  larger 
school  as  made  necessary  by  the  recent  increase  in  the  mounted 
branches  of  the  service  under  the  national-defense  act.  Heretofore 
the  school  has  been  more  or  less  dependent  for  quarters  normally 
required  for  the  garrison  of  two  regiments  that  are  permanently  sta- 
tioned at  Fort  Ruey,  but  which  have  during  the  past  few  years  been 
on  border  service.  With  the  return  of  these  regiments  additional 
quarters  will  be  required  for  the  school.  In  accordance  with  the 
reconmiendations  of  the  Quartermaster  General  and  the  commandant, 
the  1918  estimates  will  include  new  construction  work  covering  the 
more  pressing  needs  of  the  school. 

CAVALRY   HORSES. 

Some  fear  has  been  expressed  by  officers  of  the  mounted  service 
that  shipments  from  this  country  of  horses  and  mules  abroad  were 
reducing  the  available  stock  very  materially  within  the  country,  as 
during  the  period  August  1,  1914,  to  July  31,  1916,  over  620;000 
horses  were  exported.  In  addition  to  this,  176,000  mules  were  ex- 
ported. The  Department  of  Agriculture  has  kept  very  accurate  sta- 
tistix^  of  the  number  of  horses  exported  and  definite  information  con- 
cerning their  quality,  sex,  and  probable  usefulness.  Of  those  shipped 
about  30  per  cent  were  mares.  Many  of  these  were  old,  and  few  of 
the  young  ones  showed  evidence  of  having  produced  foals  and  would 
probably  add  nothing  to  the  breeding  value  of  the  horse  stock  ob- 
tained at  home.  The  loss  in  good  producing  mares  is  neglible,  as  the 
f arniers  prefer  to  keep  this  stock  at  the  prices  now  prevailing.  The 
foreign  purchases  encourage  the  type  of  horse  needed  for  cavalry 

furposes,  and  has  stimulated  rather  than  restricted  their  breeding, 
t  is  probable  that  the  suitable  horses  for  military  purposes  will  be 
increased  as  the  farmers  have  disposed  of  inferior  producers  and 
are  recruiting  the  remaining  stock  by  means  of  better  breeding 
methods. 

The  system  of  breeding  horses  for  the  military  service  conducted 
by  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industrv,  Department  of  Agriculture, 
referred  to  in  my  last  report  shoulcf  oe  extended  and  the  necessary 
appropriations  made  for  that  purpose.  Some  of  the  advantages  of 
this  system  are : 

1.  The  War  Department  will  know  where  to  find  8-year-old  colts 
of  the  types  desired,  and  result  in  the  standardization  of  suitable 
military  types. 

2.  Resulting  foals  will  all  be  sired  by  sound  registered  stallions 
and  be  out  of  sound  mares  selected  for  their  fitness  to  produce  foals 
of  the  cavalry  or  artillery  type. 

3.  Unsouna  and  unregistered  stallions  will  eventually  be  elimi- 
nated. 


B£PORT  OP  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 


179 


HORSES  AND   MULES  BOUGHT. 

As  no  appropriation  had  been  made  for  supplying  militia  troops 
with  animals  prior  to  calling  these  organizations  into  field  service 
on  June  18,  immediate  steps  were  taken  to  secure  the  animals  needed 
to  equip  these  troops.  Remount  stations  and  purchasing  officers  ad- 
vertisea  for  them  as  extensively  as  possible.  Bids  were  opened  June 
26,  and  contracts  awarded  June  27,  tor  42,408  horses  and  18,440  mules. 
Inspection  agents  at  the  points  of  delivery  inspected  and  shipped  the 
animals  to  the  auxiliary  remount  depots  at  El  Paso  and  Fort  Sam 
Houston,  Tex.,  where  they  were  held  until  free  from  shipping  fever, 
which  is  prevalent  among  animals  required  to  undergo  railway  jour- 
ney. This  quarantine  covers  a  period  of  about  two  weeks.  Animals 
issued  to  troops  before  they  fully  recover  from  this  ailment  would 
infect  the  other  animals.  Each  organization  was  given  a  partial 
supply  before  attempting  to  complete  the  allowance  to  any  one  organ- 
ization. This  enabled  each  unit  to  be  partially  equipped  until  other 
additional  remounts  were  received. 

The  following  table  shows  the  horses  arid  mules  received  and  issued 
from  the  auxiliary  remount  depots  and  other  points  on  the  Texas 
border: 


Auxninrv  rtmoant  depot,  El  Paso,  Tm.: 
Wwk  ended— 

JuIrS 

JulvlS 

JulyW 

July  29 

Aug.  6  

Aug.ia 

All«,W 

Total 

Auzfltanr  ramoimt  depot.  Port  Btaa  Hoofton,  Tex.: 
Wt«k  eoded— 

July  I 

July  16 

JnlyW 

July  30 

ADf.5 

Aiif.l3 

Aiig.l« 

Totol 

Shipped  to  ▼wloQi  pasta  on  the  border  ( Brownsrille,  Trarllnj^, 
Eflffle  Pan,  Laredo,  Me  Alien,  Calexioo)  and  teued  to  troops 
when  releaaad  tlom  ^Ibaran  tine 

Graad  total,  ablpped  and  hned 


Received. 


Ilorjws. 


S51 
1,093 
3,703 
2,833 
3.339 
l,n3 
1.399 


12,313 


1,653 
2,161 
1,093 
1,831 
1,588 
1,814 
503 


10,703 


2,787 


25,607 


Mules. 


33 

Ztfi 

703 

1,853 

1,087 

1,800 

448 


6,107 


1,630 
3,065 
3,137 
1,415 
1,431 
1,191 
630 


10,495 


633 


17,199 


Issned. 


Horses. 


68 

3(i5 

429 

1,160 

2,857 

703 

1,986 


7,657 


878 

479 

1,997 

1,069 

1.693 

766 

960 


7,851 


3,787 


18,295 


Mules. 


151 
331 
829 
1,340 
703 
857 


4,110 


235 

170 

1,096 

1,831 

1,433 

910 

895 


6,516 


63S 


11,250 


FIELD   ARTILIJSRT. 


The  report  of  a  board  of  officers  convened  to  make  recommenda- 
tions concerning  types  of  field  guns  and  ammunition  supply  there- 
foFi  as  finally  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  was  based  on  the 
necessary  equipment  for  a  force  of  1,000,000  men  organized  into  15 
Anny  corps  and  4  Cavalry  divisions. 


180  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

Advantage  was  taken  of  knowledge  and  experience  gained  from 
reports  and  observations  abroad  and  in  the  light  of  most  recent  de- 
velopments in  the  manufacture  and  efficiency  of  the  different  types 
of  guns,  kind  of  ammunition,  means  of  transportation,  improved 
equipment  for  fire  control  in  making  its  study  and  report,  and  types 
OT  guns  have  been  adopted  which  conform  to  the  requirements  of 
modern  war. 

The  computation  as  to  the  number  of  guns  required  is  based  on  an 
allowance  of  4.9  guns  to  a  thousand  gross  Iniantry  and  Cavalry, 
instead  of  3.1  guns,  as  formerly. 

The  full  accumulated  ammunition  allowance  is  provided  for  over- 
sea stations  and  one-half  the  amount  for  home  stations. 

Motor  tractors  and  trucks  are  provided  for  the  heavier  types, 
and  provision  is  made  for  all  signal  equipment,  including  aeroplanes, 
necessary  to  render  effective  the  Field  Artillery  material. 

Under  the  national-defense  act  the  number  of  Field  Artillery  regi- 
ments will  be  increased  by  15 — 3  to  be  organized  each  year  for  five 
years.  The  new  regiments  for  this  year  were  organized  from  a 
nucleus  of  trained  personnel  drawn  from  old  regiments. 

The  unusual  demands  during  the  past  year  made  it  necessary  to 
abandon  the  regular  courses  of  instruction  at  the  School  of  Fire  for 
Field  Artillery.  It  is  contemplated  to  reopen  the  school  for  the 
regular  spring  courses  and  with  a  more  extended  program  of  instruc- 
tion. The  increased  ammunition  allowance  authorized  by  Congress 
this  year  for  target  practice  will  insure  increased  efficiency  in  fire 
for  effect. 

Modem  types  of  observation  balloons  and  heavier-than-air  flying 
machines  for  use  in  training  and  fire  control  at  the  School  of  Fire 
have  been  authorized. 

The  question  of  the  advisability  of  utilizing  motor  traction  and 
transport  for  heavy  field  artillery  has  been  under  trial  and  experi- 
ment for  sufficient  time  to  demonstrate  its  efficiency  and  economy 
with  the  heavier  material,  and  further  experience  and  test  will  en- 
able more  accurate  conclusions  to  be  drawn. 

It  is  a  matter  of  satisfaction  to  cite  the  interest  shown  by  the 
National  Guard  in  Field  Artillery  work  and  the  nunher  of  batteries 
that  have  been  organized.  A  complete  battalion  of  field  artillery 
was  enlisted  from  students  at  Yale  University,  and  their  progress 
and  interest  in  the  work  at  the  training  camp  at  Tobyhanna,  Pa.. 
under  a  corps  of  instructors  from  the  Regular  Army  is  worthy  oi 
special  praise  and  comment. 

The  lack  of  sufficient  regular  field  artillery  to  meet  the  demands 
made  on  this  arm  has  been  emphasized  during  the  past  year.  It  has 
been  impossible  to  provide  sufficient  officers  for  duty  as  inspector- 
instructors  of  the  National  Guard  and  for  other  purposes,  and  no 
regular  organizations  could  be  made  available  for  the  field  training 
of  the  militia.  As  a  result  of  the  mobilization  on  the  Mexican  bor- 
der it  became  necessary  to  discontinue  the  School  of  Fire  for  Field 
Artillery  and  thus  deprive,  not  only  the  regular  personnel  but  also  a 
large  class  of  officers  and  noncommissioned  officers  of  the  National 
Guard  of  the  advantages  afforded  by  this  school. 

The  armory  training  of  the  Field  Artillery  of  the  National  Guard 
has  shown  a  marked  improvement  over  previous  years.  While  only 
185  gunners  were  qualified  in  1915,  the  reports  for  1916  show  1.560 


BEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  181 

qualified  gunners,  nearly  one-third  of  whom  were  in  the  expert  first- 
class  grade.  The  instruction  of  National  Guard  officers  has  not  pro- 
gressed as  satisfactorily  as  that  of  the  enlisted  men,  and  the  number 
who  qualified  for  certificates  of  proficiency  has  not  been  up  to 
expectations. 

Only  one  battery  of  the  National  Guard  Field  Artillery  was  able  to 
attend  a  camp  for  field  training  and  conduct  target  practice  before 
the  mobilization  in  1916,  and  this  was  made  possible  because  the 
State  defrayed  all  expenses.  An  effort  was  made  to  secure  sufficient 
appropriations  from  Congress  to  conduct  camps  prior  to  June  30,  but 
funds  could  not  be  obtained  in  time  for  use.  As  a  rule,  such  camps 
are  not  profitable  unless  Regular  organizations  can  attend  to  furnish 
instructors  and  trained  horses.  The  future  development  of  the  field 
artillery  of  the  National  Guard  must  depend  upon  the  degree  to 
which  file  Regular  regiments  can  assist  in  their  field  training.  For 
reasons  of  economy  in  transportation  it  will  be  desirable,  therefore, 
to  station  the  Regular  regiments  where  they  can  reach  the  field 
artillery  training  camps  by  marching. 

The  appropriation  of  $200,000  for  the  fiscal  jrear  1916  to  provide 
forage  for  horses  and  pay  for  helpers  for  the  Field  Artillery  of  the 
National  Guard  has  had  a  beneficial  effect.  At  the  time  of  the 
mobilization  the  National  Guard  batteries  had  on  hand  912  horses, 
568  of  which  were  purchased  from  Federal  funds  or  issued  by  the 
Federal  Government.  These  horses  were  distributed  among  74  of 
the  83  National  Guard  batteries,  thus  affording  a  general  opportunity 
for  mounted  instruction. 

MohUe-artUlery  target  practice, — The  increased  importance  of 
mobile-artillery  nre  developed  by  the  war  in  Europe  has  emphasized 
the  necessity  for  more  target  practice,  and  Congress  during  the 
last  session  provided  a  much-needed  increase  in  the  amounts  avail- 
able for  expenditure  for  this  purpose,  so  that  for  next  yeai-  it 
will  be  possible  to  provide  a  more  adequate  allowance  for  the  proper 
instrrction  of  the  personnel  of  the  Field  Artillery. 

COAST   ARTILLERT   HARBOR   DEFENSE. 

The  national  defense  act,  by  its  increments  of  increase,  will  give 
the  Coast  Artillery  Corps  a  complete  manning  body  for  the  guns 
and  mine  defenses  of  tne  over-sea  fortifications,  for  all  the  mine 
defenses  of  the  home  fortifications,  and  for  one-half  of  the  gun 
defense. 

It  has  been  the  policy  of  the  War  Department  to  look  to  the  States 
in  which  harbor  defenses  are  located  to  supply  one-half  of  the  per- 
sonnel required  for  a  complete  manning  for  the  gun  defenses.  Up 
to  the  present  time  the  coast  States  have  not  met  their  obligations  in 
supplymg  militia  artillerymen.  Up  to  the  present  time  they  have 
supplied  less  than  50  per  cent  of  their  quota.  Steps  will  be  taken  to 
try  and  arouse  great  interest  in  this  matter  in  the  militia  of  the 
States  concerned. 

The  increase  of  armament  of  recent  battleships,  by  which  they 
carry  more  powerful,  longer  range  guns  than  those  which  have  here- 
tofore been  installed,  has  exposed  certain  cities — harbors  of  anchor- 
age— to  a  fire  which  would  not  be  met  successfully  bv  existing  forti- 
fications.   This  led  the  Secretary  of  War  to  direct  the  War  Depart- 


182  BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

ment  Board  of  Review  to  revise  the  approved  projects.  This  board 
submitted  a  report  on  November  26, 1915,  covering  what  it  considered 
the  most  pressing  requirements  of  harbor  defense.  These  projects 
will  involve: 

(a)  The  emplacement  of  50-caliber  16-inch  guns  and  16- inch 
mortars. 

(b)  The  utilization  as  howitzers  of  the  surplus  12-inch  guns  now 
on  hand  by  mounting  them  on  barbette  carriages  of  a  special  design 
that  will  permit  of  the  attainment  of  a  range  of  30,000  yards. 

(c)  The  initiation  of  the  construction  oi  movable  howitzers  and 
an  experimental^  gun  on  railroad  car  mount,  for  defense  against 
hostile  landings  in  unfortified  harbors. 

(d)  The  provision  of  3-inch  antiaircraft  guns  for  seacoast  fortifi- 
cations. 

(e)  The  abandonment  of  certain  existing  seacoast  armament  that 
IS  deemed  to  be  of  insufficient  military  value  to  warrant  incurring  the 
cost  of  providing  a  manning  personnel  or  ammunition  therefor. 

(/)  The  retention  of  the  disappearing  carriage  as  the  type  mount 
for  airect-fire  seacoast  guns,  except  in  those  instances  where  special 
conditions  may  render  advisable  the  installation  of  the  turret  or 
barbette  mount;  any  type  of  mount  for  direct-fire  guns  to  be  con- 
structed in  future  to  admit  of  an  elevation  of  approximated  30 
degrees  and  a  motion  in  azimuth  as  great  as  the  necessities  oi  the 
site  demand  to  meet  an  attack  over  water  or  land  areas. 

(g)  Increases  in  the  allowances  of  seacoast  ammunition. 

When  the  features  of  the  revision  proposed  shall  have  been  effected, 
our  harbor  defenses  will  be  able  successfully  to  meet  any  attack  which 
can  reasonably  be  expected  from  the  sea. 

In  view  of  the  confidential  nature  of  mine-planting  work  and  of 
the  importance  of  having  military  control  over  the  crews  of  mine 
planters^  cable  ships,  tugs,  launches,  and  other  vessels  employed  with 
the  armies  of  the  United  States,  it  is  recommended  that  legislation 
be  sought  declaring  the  members  of  these  crews  "  Persons  subject  to 
military  law"  within  the  meaning  of  Article  II  of  the  Articles  of 
War. 

The  instruction  of  Coast  Artillery  has  been  somewhat  interfered 
with  by  the  necessity  for  the  detachment  of  troops  for  service  along 
the  Mexican  border,  but  they  have  all  now  been  returned  to  their 
proper  stations.  Vocational  training  has  received  considerable  atten- 
tion and  1,919  men  are  reported  by  the  Chief  of  Coast  Artillery  as 
having  availed  themselves  of  the  opportunities  to  take  vocational 
courses,  which  covered  instruction  of  electricians,  telephone  opera- 
tors, telegraph  and  radio  operators,  engineers,  firemen,  blacksmiths, 
painters,  plumbers,  carpenters,  and  also  in  music,  map  reading, 
sketching,  etc. 

In  February,  1913,  three  administrative  units  called  Coast  Artil- 
lery districts  were  established,  and  an  additional  district  in  the 
Panama  Canal  Zone  has  since  been  added.  The  duties  required  of 
commanding  officers  of  these  districts  are  analogous  to  those  pre- 
scribed for  brigade  commanders  of  troops.  The  lact  that  the  duties 
are  largely  technical  has  led  to  the  policy  of  appointing  to  the  com- 
mand OI  these  districts  Coast  Artillerv  officers  who  have  been  appointed 
general  officers  of  the  Army.  Legislation  which  fixed  the  number  of 
brigadier  generals  of  the  Army  did  not  take  into  consideration  these 


REPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  183 

assignments,  but  was  based  upon  the  necessities  of  the  mobile  troops. 
It  is  as  desirable  to  have  brigadier  generals  with  Coast  Artillery 
training  command  these  Coast  Artillery  districts  as  it  is  unsuitable 
to  use  them  in  command  of  mobile  troops. 

It  is  therefore  recommended  that  the  Coast  Artillery  Corps  be 
increased  by  brigadier  generals  to  command  Coast  Artillery  dis- 
tricts, the  number  to  be  the  proportion  due  the  Coast  Artillery  as  a 
part  of  the  line  of  the  Army,  to  be  filled  by  the  transfer  oi  such 

?;eneral  officers  of  the  line  who,  under  past  policy,  have  been  appointed 
rom  the  Coast  Artillery,  and  thereafter  appointment  of  general 
officers  for  that  corps  be  made  entirely  withm  that  corps  and  none 
to  the  line  of  the  Army.  These  brigadier  generals,  with  the  Chief 
of  Coast  Artillery,  would  give  the  Coast  Artillery  Corps  a  proper 
proportion  of  general  officer  appointments. 

Am/munition  for  harbor  defenses, — A  step  has  been  taken  toward 
securing  the  full  eflFectiveness  of  harbor-defense  armament  by  increas- 
ing the  allowance  of  reserve  ammunition  for  guns  to  that  correspond- 
ing to  the  accuracy  life  for  one-half  the  guns  mounted  in  the  conti- 
nental United  States  and  for  all  the  guns  mounted  in  the  insular 
possessions  and  the  Canal  Zone.  The  allowance  for  mortars  has  also 
been  materially  increased.  This  proposed  increase  in  the  allowances 
has  been  met  by  increased  appropriations  by  Congress,  and  it  is 
hoped  that  during  the  next  three  years  the  total  allowance  will  be 
provided  for. 

SHORTAGE  IN  ORDNANCE  MATERIEL. 

The  most  serious  shortage  of  materiel  for  preparations  for  war  is 
that  of  field  and  siege  artillery,  its  ammunition,  and  machine  guns. 
With  reference  to  field  and  siege  artillery  and  its  ammunition,  the 
project  therefor  in  existence  since  1911  and  known  as  the  Greble 
Board  standards,  has  been  replaced  by  that  known  as  the  Treat  Board 
standards,  in  which  provision  has  been  made  not  only  for  a  larger 
number  of  guns  for  the  men  employed,  but  also  for  a  materially 
greater  allowance  of  ammunition  per  gun.  While  Congress  at  ite 
recent  session  made  markedly  greater  appropriations  for  this  class 
of  materiel  than  in  the  past,  larger  appropriations  must  be  made 
if  this  project  is  to  be  provided  for  in  the  next  seven  years  as  contem- 
plated. 

The  large  orders  placed  in  this  country  for  foreign  Governments 
have  developed  a  large  capacity  for  ordnance  materiel,  especially 
mobile  artillery  ammunition,  of  which  class  the  greatest  quantities 
will  be  required  in  time  of  war,  but  this  capacity  is  far  in  excess  of 
the  peace  requirements  of  the  United  States,  and  a  large  portion 
must,  therefore,  inevitably  disappear.  Every  effort  will  be  made  to 
utilize  to  the  best  advantage  the  provisions  in  recent  appropriation 
acts  for  developing  private  capacity  for  the  manufacture  of  ordnance 
materiel  of  service  design,  but  the  fimds  available  for  this  are  too 
limited  to  permit  of  any  marked  progress  being  made. 

A  part  of  the  improvement  that  might  otherwise  be  obtained 
is  lost,  due  to  restrictive  legislation  as  to  the  capacity  at  which  the 
arsenals  shall  be  operated  and  as  to  procurement  by  purchase.  The 
extent  to  which  special  plants  can  be  continued  in  existence  after 


184  KEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

the  European  demand  ceases,  is  directly  dependent  upon  the  orders 
that  can  be  given  them. 

It  is  therefore  recommended  that  effort  be  made  to  increase  the 
appropriations  for  armament,  to  continue  the  provisions  of  law  which 
aim  to  retain  commercial  capacity  for  production  of  war  materiel, 
and  to  remove  the  restrictions  which  will  result  in  reduction  of  this 
capacity. 

In  this  connection  I  desire  to  invite  attention  to  the  following 
extract  from  my  report  of  last  year : 

The  history  of  war  wiU  show,  almost  without  exception,  that  each  great 
conflict  has  resulted  In  the  introduction  of  new  and  powerful  weapons  and 
devices  for  attack  and  defense.  Initial  advantages  of  immense  import  have 
been  gained  by  a  belligerent  who  has  developed  some  new  innovation  against 
which  no  Immediate  defense  was  adequate.  The  innovation  of  yesterday  be- 
comes the  necessity  of  to-morrow.  The  present  gigantic  conflict  waging  in 
Europe  is  too  near  in  perspective  and  too  obscure  In  detail  to  grasp  as  yet  all 
its  manifold  lessons,  but  one  of  the  great  outstanding  features  is  the  use  of 
iarge-calibered  mobile  artillery.  Each  and  all  of  our  observers  have  been  struck 
with  the  gigantic  results  attained  by  its  use,  and  each  and  every  one  emphasizes 
the  necessity  of  our  Immediate  development  along  similar  lines.  In  this  view 
I  am  in  thorough  accord  and  earnestly  recommend  that  the  necessary  steps  be 
taken  to  this  end. 

Mobile  guns  of  at  least  124nch  caliber  mounted  on  railway  carriages  or 
dragged  by  suitable  motors  are  especially  needed  for  transportation  up  and 
down  our  coast  lines  to  protect  our  undefended  harbors  and  prevent  hostile 
ships  from  putting  landing  parties  ashore  anywhere  on  our  coast  outside  of 
the  range  of  the  guns  of  our  coast-defense  forts  and  assist  the  mobile  army 
in  defending  the  rear  of  those  forts. 

As  a  result  of  the  hearings  before  Congress  appropriation  was 
made  for  only  one  mobile  mortar  and  one  mobile  gun  on  designs  pre- 
pared bv  the  Ordnance  Department.  Many  of  our  harbors  are  unde- 
fended oy  permanent  fortifications.  Heavy  artillerv  of  mobile  type 
must  be  obtained  to  give  proper  defense  to  landing  places  and  harbors 
which  otherwise  mignt  give  access  to  an  enemy. 

It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  the  resources  of  England,  France, 
Italy,  and  Russia  were  noneffective  in  producing  war  materiel  re- 
quired by  those  countries,  and  that  the  industries  of  other  nations  are 
now  largely  employed  in  making  up  this  deficit. 

There  is  danger  that  the  procurement  of  war  materiel  by  the 
Ordnance  Department  will  be  delayed.  The  fortification  act,  ap- 
proved July  6,  1916,  provides,  in  effect,  that  no  purchase  shall  be 
made  unless  the  price  quoted  is  within  25  per  cent  more  than  the 
arsenal  cost,  or  in  the  absence  of  previous  arsenal  manufacture,  the 
estimated  arsenal  cost:  except  when  in  the  opinion  of  the  President 
an  emergency  exists  affecting  the  general  welfare.  In  times  of  fluctu- 
ating and  high  prices,  with  manufacturing  plants  supplied  with  more 
work  than  they  can  do,  as  at  the  present  time,  this  provision  might 
seriously  delav  the  procurement  of  needed  armament  unless  the  Presi- 
dent were  willing  to  declare  an  emergency.  The  Army  appropria- 
tion act,  approved  August  29,  1916,  provides,  for  field  artillery,  that 
not  more  than  $5,000,000  out  of  $10,000,000  appropriated  shall  be 
used  for  purchase.  As  the  arsenal  capacity  on  a  two-shift  basis  is 
not  above  $3,000,000  for  this  class  of  product  and  as  it  is  very  un- 
desirable to  run  plants  on  a  three-shift  basis  it  is  evident  that  this  act 
alone  supplies  sufficient  work  for  the  arsenals  for  about  18  months, 
'^nd  it  is  practically  obligatory  that  a  certain  amount  of  the  funds 
ider  other  acts  be  spent  for  these  same  purposes  at  the  arsenals. 


BEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  185 

The  Ordnance  Department  is  using  every  means  to  expedite  pro- 
duction of  artillery.  Further  speeding  will  require  faster  procure- 
ment of  designs  and  more  rapid  manufacture.  The  former  can  be 
obtained  only  by  purchasing  foreign  designs  the  nearest  to  those 
required  that  can  be  procured  and  regardless  of  oost.  Manufacture 
can  be  best  hastened  by  invoking  paragraph  120  of  the  national  de- 
fense act,  approved  June  3,  1916,  which  provides,  in  effect,  that  in 
time  of  war,  or  when  war  is  imminent,  the  President  may  empower 
the  Ordnance  Department  to  partially  or  wholly  take  over  such 
manufacturing  plants  as  may  be  needed  and  cause  them  to  be  operated 
in  the  production  of  war  materiel  for  the  United  States.  This  course 
would  be  expensive  on  account  of  damages  because  of  contracts  in 
existence,  but  it  is  the  only  method  of  coercion  available.  Difficulty 
will  be  encountered  in  getting  early  deliveries  of  materiel,  as  the 
factories  are  generally  under  contract  for  their  capacity  for  a  consid- 
erable period  ahead.  The  maximum  speeding  up  of  production 
would  also  require  very  large  appropriations  and  contract  authoriza- 
tions at  the  next  session  of  Congress,  and  it  would  be  necessary  that 
legal  restrictions  on  purchase  in  this  country  and  abroad  be  removed. 

I  can  not  emphasize  too  strongly  the  vital  importance  of  providing 
as  quickly  as  possible  for  our  first-line  defense  all  materiel  that  re- 
quires time  to  design  and  manufacture. 

SERVICE  SCHOOLS. 

Owing  to  the  acute  situation  on  the  Mexican  border,  the  Army 
service  schools  at  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kans.,  the  Mounted  Service 
School  at  Fort  Riley,  the  School  of  Fire  and  the  School  of  Musketry 
at  Foi-t  Sill  were  closed  May  10,  1916,  and  tiie  class  graduated  as  of 
that  date,  the  student-officers  and  instructors  being  sent  to  join  their 
regiments  on  the  border.  Since  then  several  tentative  dates  have 
been  fixed  for  the  reopening  of  the  schools,  but  the  training  of  the 
Organized  Militia  on  the  border  has  been  of  such  paramount  im- 
portance and  the  necessity  of  every  officer  who  could  be  spared  from 
his  organization  being  required  for  this  purpose  has  so  far  prevented 
the  reopening  of  the  schools. 

CHIEFS    OF    INFANTRY,    CAVALRY,    AND    FIELD    ARTILLERY. 

It  is  fundamental  military  principle  that  the  entire  Military  Estab- 
lishment, and  each  of  its  various  components,  should  have  a  military 
head  (chief)  superior  in  rank  to  all  under  his  control,  who  directly 
supervises  and  may  be  held  responsible  for  its  training,  efficiency  of 
personnel,  and  other  correlated  matters.  All  staff  corps  and  dej^art- 
ments  as  well  as  the  Coast  Artillery  now  have  such  a  chief.  The 
Cavalry,  Infantry,  and  the  Field  Artillery  have  not.  Correct  mili- 
tary principles  and  consequently  military  efficiency  require  that  each 
of  these  arms  should  have  such  a  chief  and  this  chief  while  so  serving 
should  have  one  grade  higher  rank  than  any  otlicer  of  his  arm. 
This  chief  should  be  charged  with  the  inspection  of  his  arm  and 
should  supervise  its  training  and  equipment  and  all  such  chiefs  should 
have  the  same  status.  If  any  arm  be  given  an  advantage  over 
another,  either  in  the  matter  of  having  a  chief  or  in  the  matter  of  the 


186  BEPOKT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

official  standing  of  such  chief,  unequal  consideration  and  treatment 
and  unbalanced  military  development  of  these  arms  will  naturally 
result.  For  the  reasons  stated,  chiefs  of  Cavalry,  Infantry,  ana 
Field  Artillery  should  be  provided  for  those  arms  as  now  authorized 
by  law  for  the  Coast  Artillery.  During  the  Civil  War  when  Ameri- 
can Cavalry  was  being  developed  along  lines  that  have  influenced  all 
nations  in  the  use  of  this  arm,  it  became  necessary  to  establish  a 
bureau  of  Cavalry  at  the  War  Department  and  appoint  chiefs  of 
Cavalry  also  of  Artillery  of  the  various  large  commands. 

The  developments  of  modern  war  have  made  it  equally  necessary 
that  we  should  have  chiefs  of  Field  Artillery  and  Infantry.  For 
Field  Artillery  there  are  the  many  questions  incident  to  personnel, 
organization,  training,  equipment,  arm,  etc.,  which  demand  the  direct 
and  constant  attention  of  a  single  head  or  chief.  The  same  is  true  for 
Infantry.  It  is  generally  admitted  that  in  any  final  showdown  the 
mobile  army  must  be  the  mam  defense  of  the  country.  It  is,  there- 
fore, important  that  all  branches  be  maintained  on  the  highest  plane 
of  emciency,  and  this  will  be  only  possible  when  they  are  given  exactly 
the  same  status,  viz,  a  chief  directly  responsible  to  the  Chief  of  Stan 
and  Secretary  of  War.  This  accords  with  the  recommendation  made 
by  the  General  Staff  as  well  as  the  views  of  the  line  of  the  Army. 

SITUATION  ON  MEXICAN  BORDER. 

VUla^s  attack  on  Columhvs^  N.  Mex.^  niqht  of  March  8-9^  1916. — 
The  small  town  of  Columbus,  N.  Mex.,  with  a  population  of  a  few 
hundred  Americans  and  Mexicans,  is  situated  on  the  El  Paso  & 
Southwestern  Railroad,  about  73  miles  west  of  El  Paso,  Tex.,  and  3 
miles  north  of  the  border.  The  country  is  flat  and  partly  covered  with 
mesquite  brush,  though  troops  can  move  in  practically  all  directions, 
either  mounted  or  on  foot,  except  as  prevented  by  the  wire  fence 
along  the  border.  •     '         ^  ^  I 

The  troops  stationed  at  Columbus  at  the  time  of  the  attack  com- 
prised some  500  officers  and  men  of  the  Thirteenth  Cavalry,  which 
regiment  had  furnished  this  garrison  since  September,  1912.  During 
this  period  border  conditions  have  varied  so  greatly  that,  shortly 
before  the  attack,  a  reduction  of  the  garrison  by  half  had  been 
recommended. 

The  sector  of  the  border  assigned  to  this  command  covered  about 
90  miles  and  was  patrolled  by  detachments  varying  in  strength  de- 
pending on  the  proximity  or  Mexican  forces  south  of  the  border. 
During  the  months  of  January  and  February  conditions  were  very 
quiet  and  only  small  patrols  covered  the  border.  Early  in  March 
there  came  rumors  that  Villa  was  somewhere  near  Columbus.    The 

Satrols  and  outposts  were  strengthened  as  considered  necessary.  Or- 
ers  prohibited  our  troops  from  crossing  the  border  to  investigate 
nunors.  Numerous  Villa  sympathizers  lived  in  Columbus  and  vicin- 
ity, and  Villa  was  fully  informed  of  conditions  at  Columbus,  includ- 
ing the  disposition  of  troops. 

V  ilia's  command  crossed  the  border  in  small  parties  about  3  miles 
west  of  the  border  gate,  concentrated  for  and  made  the  attack  during 
hours  of  extreme  darkness  after  the  moon  had  set  and  before  day- 
light 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF   OF   STAFF.  187 

In  the  fight  which  ensued  7  American  troopers  were  killed  and 
about  an  equal  number  wounded.  Seventy-eight  Mexicans  were 
killed  and  many  wounded.  One  troop  mounted  and  pursued  the 
Mexicans.  Another  on  outpost  duty  at  the  border  gate  mounted  and 
struck  the  retreating  Mexicans  in  flank,  killing  18.  These  two  troops 
continued  the  pursuit  of  the  Mexicans  south  of  the  border  for  12 
miles,  discontinuing  only  when  their  ammunition  wns  exhausted. 

Expeditionary  force  into  Mexico. — As  a  result  of  this  attack  the 
conunnnding  general.  Southern  Department,  was  on  March  10  di- 
rected to  oiganize  a  suitable  expeditionary  force  under  the  command 
of  Brig.  (ien.  John  J.  Pershing  to  pursue  Villa  into  Mexico  for  the 
purpose  of  capturing  Villa  and  preventing  any  further  raids  by  his 
baud  and  with  scrupulous  regard  to  the  sovereignty  of  Mexico.  A 
comnuind  of  sufficient  size  had  to  be  assembled  at  Columbus,  N.  Mex. 
Owing  to  the  nature  of  the  country  and  the  character  of  the  pursuit 
it  was  necessary  for  the  force  to  consist  largely  of  cavalry.  The  Villa 
forces  were  all  mounted  and  capable  of  making  long  marches.  To 
ha\o  pursued  at  once  with  troops  then  on  the  border  would  have 
loft  tlie  important  border  points,  Douglas,  Bisbee,  Columbus,  and  El 
Paso,  and  intervening  sections  exposed  to  like  raids.  Therefore,  be- 
fore the  expedition  could  start  on  its  mission,  it  was  necessary  to 
S(»nd  to  that  section  the  remaining  available  troops  in  the  United 
States,  which  required  approximately  five  days.  During  this  time 
the  first  motor  transport  companies  were  organized  and  shipped  from 
eastern  points,  (ien.  Pershing's  command  crossed  the  border  March 
15,  and  at  once  took  up  a  vigorous  and  energetic  pursuit,  neither 
men  nor  animals  being  spared  in  the  long  and  anluous  marches  which 
ri'snltod  in  driving  the  Villa  bands  over  400  miles  southward  and 
killin*;  srme  *200  or  more  members.  Oflicors  and  men  of  this  com- 
mand are  des<Mving  of  the  highest  conunendation.* 

Horder  conference  wit  ft  G(  n.  Ohrccfon, — I  proceeded  from  Wash- 
ington on  April  19  to  Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex.,  arriving  on  the 
evening  of  April  21.  My  instructions  were  to  discuss  fully  with 
Gen.  Funston  the  object  of  Gen.  Pershing's  expeditionary  force  in 
Mexico,  the  extent  to  which  it  should  be  concentrated,  the  number  of 
troops  necessary,  the  extent  to  which  the  border  could  be  ade(jnately 
protected  with  the  troops  remaining  in  the  Southern  Department, 
and  what,  if  any,  additional  troops  were  needed  to  meet  conditions 
liable  to  arise.  These  matters  were  thoroughly  gone  over  with  Gen. 
Funston,  our  conclusions  wired  the  War  Department,  and  special 
instructions  conforming  thereto  communicated  to  Gen.  Perehmg. 

On  April  24, 1  was  instructed  that  a  conference  with  Gen.  Obregon 
had  been  arranged  for  Gen.  Funston  and  myself  to  be  held  at 
El  Paso,  Tex.,  or  that  vicinity,  and  we  should  hold  ourselves  in  readi- 
ness to  proceed  there  on  receipt  of  instructions.  These  instructions 
were  received  April  26,  and  on  April  27  we  proceeded  to  El  Paso, 
arriving  there  on  the  evening  of  the  *28th.  Gen.  Obregon  having  pre- 
viously arrived  in  Juarez,  (ten.  Funston  and  myself,  accompanied  by 
our  aides,  called  on  him  that  evening.  On  the  next  day,  April  29, 
Gen.  C)bregon  returned  our  call,  and  arrangements  were  made  for 
future  conferences,  commencing  that  afternoon. 

^A  more  detailed  report  of  thiH  expedition  would  have  been  made,  bat  at  this  writing 
th«  report  of  tbe  Southern  Department  and  the  report  of  Gen.  Pershing  have  not  beea 
received. 


188  BEPORT  OF  THE   CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

On  May  3  a  tentative  agreement  was  completed  which  was  signed 
by  Gens.  Obregon,  Funston,  and  myself,  and  submitted  to  our  respec- 
tive Governments.  Subsequent  conferences  were  held  on  May  7,  8,  9, 
and  11.  The  proceedings  and  the  results  of  the  various  conferences 
were  at  once  communicated  in  dispatches  from  El  Paso.  While  the 
Carranza  Government  would  not  agree  to  ratify  the  tentative  agree- 
ment signed  with  Gen.  Obregon,  the  conference  furnished  most  bene- 
ficial results  in  materially  relieving  a  very  acute  situation  and  in 
demonstrating  to  Gen.  Obregon  and  other  Carranza  leaders  the 
pacific  intentions  of  our  Government. 

It  had  in  every  way  been  most  emphatically  impressed  upon  Gen. 
Obregon  that  whenever  the  Mexican  Government  had  demonstrated 
its  capacity,  and  provided  proper  protection  for  our  border,  consid- 
eration would  then  be  given  to  the  withdrawal  of  our  troops  from 
Mexico. 

Raid  on  Glen  Springs^  Tex. — On  the  night  of  May  5,  1916,  a  de- 
tachment of  9  enlisted  men  stationed  at  Glen  Springs,  with  Sergt. 
Charles  E.  Smyth,  Troop  A,  Fourteenth  Cavalry,  m  charge,  was 
attacked  by  from  50  to  100  M^^exican  bandits.  Although  surrounded 
and  hopelessly  outnumbered,  this  detachment  stood  off  the  bandits, 
suffering  a  loss  of  3  privates  killed,  4  wounded,  and  9  horses  captured. 
After  leaving  Glen  Springs  these  bandits  proceeded  to  Deemer's 
store,  which  was  raided  and  Deemer  carried  off  as  a  prisoner. 

On  May  6,  Troops  A  and  B,  Eighth  Cavalry,  trom  Fort  Bliss, 
Troops  F  and  H  and  Machine  Gun  Troop,  Fourteenth  Cavalry,  from 
Fort  Clark,  all  under  the  command  of  Col.  Frederick  W.  Sibley, 
Fourteenth  Cavalry,  were  ordered  to  Marfa,  Tex.,  to  take  up  the 
pursuit  and  capture  or  destroy  the  bandits  that  had  made  the  attack 
on  Glen  Springs  and  Deemer's  store.  These  troops  arrived  at  Marfa, 
Tex.,  May  7.  One  party  of  the  bandits  was  surprised  and  attacked 
at  Santa  Anita,  Mexico.  Deemer  was  rescued  and  the  bandits  driven 
so  far  south  and  punished  that  the  expedition  fully  accomplished  its 
mission  and  on  May  26  the  troops  were  returned  to  their  proper  sta- 
tions. All  officers  and  men  taking  part  performed  this  very  arduous 
duty  most  ccimmendably. 

Attack  at  San  Ignacio^  Tex, — About  2  a.  m.,  June  15,  1916,  Troops 
I  and  M,  Fourteenth  Cavalry,  were  attacked  by  a  large  force  of  Mexi- 
can bandits  at  San  I«:nacio,  Tex.,  Troop  M  having  three  men  killed 
and  one  noncommissioned  officer  and  three  privates  wounded,  the 
noncommissioned  officer  fatally.  These  two  troops,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Maj.  Alonzo  Gray,  pursued  the  bandits  into  Mexico,  but 
being  unsuccessful  in  picking  up  the  trail,  returned  to  the  American 
side  late  the  same  day. 

Calling  out  of  the  militia, — As  a  result  of  such  raids  and  attacks 
hy  Mexican  bandits  there  were  continuous  demands  from  border 
towns,  villages,  and  ranches  for  regular  troops  to  insure  protection 
not  only  for  property  but  for  American  women  and  children.  With 
the  continued  pursuit  of  Villa  bands  by  the  expeditionary  force  under 
Gen.  Pershing,  the  attitude  of  the  Mexicans  in  general  became  moi*e 
and  more  embittered  against  Americans.  It  is  believed  that  the 
leaders  felt  that  if  the  advance  of  the  American  troops  continued 
southward  into  Mexico  it  would  result  in  actual  intervention  bv  the 
United  States,  and  with  such  an  eventuality  they  would  prefer  to  force 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  189 

ail  open  conflict.  This  feeling  undoubtedly  had  its  influence  in  in- 
creasing the  number  of  raids,  as  bandit  leaders  were  able  to  pick  up 
the  necessary  recruits  either  for  a  small  raid  by  a  few  men  for  steal- 
ing cattle  or  for  a  more  extensive  one  to  attack  American  camps. 
Owing  to  this  attitude  and  the  occurrence  of  these  raids,  it  became 
urgent  to  provide  at  once  more  troops  along  the  border  to  insure 
reasonable  protection  to  both  life  and  property  as  well  as  to  permit 
Gen.  Funston  to  be  able  to  reinforce  Gen.  Pershing  with  a  regular 
force  of  sufficient  size  to  meet  possible  attacks.  (Jen.  Pershing's 
expeditionary  force  was  more  or  less  scattered,  with  his  advance 
units  some  400  miles  in  Mexico.  The  entire  Regular  Army  stationed 
in  the  United  States,  with  the  exception  of  a  regiment  of  Cavalry  and 
some  of  the  Coast  Artillery,  was  either  already  distributed  along  the 
border  or  with  Gen.  Pershing's  expeditionarj^  force.  There  being 
no  regular  troops  available,  the  militia  of  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and 
Arizona  was  ordered  out  May  9.  This  eased  the  situation  materially, 
but  it  was  only  temporary. 

The  Mexican  leaders  became  insistent  upon  the  withdrawal  of 
Gen.  Pershing's  expeditionary  force  and  threatened  to  attack  any  of 
our  detachments  in  Mexico  marching  in  any  direction  other  than 
toward  the  American  border.  Conditions  became  such  that  an  imme- 
diate increase  in  the  border  troops  was  necessary.  The  only  organ- 
ized force  available  was  the  National  Guard,  which  was  accordingly 
ordered  out  by  the  Presiotent  June  18  and  the  greater  part  sent  to 
the  border  as  promptly  as  possible. 

The  mere  calling  out  of  the  militia  had  the  effect  of  completely 
changing  the  attitude  of  the  Mexicans,  and  the  presence  of  this  addi- 
tional force  has  enabled  sufficient  numbers  of  troops  to  be  stationed 
so  as  to  furnish  adequate  protection  to  American  homes  near  the 
border,  which  they  have  been  without  for  from  five  to  six  vears. 

The  mobilization  of  the  militia  in  the  large  camps  established  at 
or  near  Douglas,  El  Paso,  Fort  Sam  Houston,  and  Brownsville  has 
also  enabled  these  troops  to  receive  practical  instruction  with  trained 
officers  under  field  conditions  which  would  not  otherwise  have  been 
possible. 

THE  ORGANIZED  MH^ITIA  AND  THE  NATIONAL  GUARD. 

According  to  the  latest  return  of  this  force,  before  being  called 
into  service  1,451  officers  and  6,131  enlisted  men  belonged  to  the  staff 
noncombatant  branch;  456  officers  and  8,084  enlisted  men  to  the  Coast 
Artillery;  and  6,682  officers  and  109,390  enlisted  men  to  the  mobile 
branches,  a  total  of  8,589  officers  and  123,605  enlisted  men. 

The  plan  of  organizing  the  mobile  troops  and  the  National  Guard 
into  12  tactical  divisions  has  made  some  progress  during  the  year; 
however,  no  division  is  complete.  The  division  in  the  State  of  New 
York  and  the  division  in  Pennsylvania  are  most  advanced  in  divi- 
sional organization.  On  June  30  both  were  deficient  a  few 
auxiliary  units.  On  a  divisional  basis  there  is  an  excess  of  Infantry 
units  equivalent  to  17  regiments,  and  a  deficiency  of  52  troops  of 
Cavalry,  58  batteries  of  Field  Artillery,  49  machine-gun  companies, 
12  medical  supply  detachments,  8J  battalions  of  engineers,  26  field 
hospitals,  17  ambulance  companies,  and  17  sanitary  detachments. 
There  i?  a  deficiency  in  Coast  Artillery  of  261  officers  and  9.239  en- 


190  BEPOET  OP  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

listed  men  in  order  to  provide  their  half  of  the  complete  manning  of 
guns  of  harbor  defense  elsewhere  referred  to. 

The  nimierical  strength  of  the  National  Guard  was  18,195  enlisted 
men  below  the  minimum  authorized  peace  strength.  Reports  show 
that  only  about  43  per  cent  of  the  reported  stren^h  attended  at  least 
24  drills  of  one  hour  per  day  during  the  year. 

Reports  on  small-arms  target  practice  are  incomplete.  Seven 
States  have  submitted  no  report.  Of  the  remaining  States  only  58 
per  cent  fired  range  practice;  128  companies  of  Coast  Artillery  at- 
tended camps  of  instruction  at  or  near  harbor-defense  batteries.  The 
reports  of  46  of  these  companies  show  that  only  72  per  cent  had  serv- 
ice practice.  Six  batteries  of  Field  Artillery  attended  camps  of  in- 
struction and  one  battery  had  service  practice  prior  to  call  of  June 
18,  1916.  Six  special  camps  of  instruction  were  held  for  officers  and 
noncommissioned  officers.  Other  camps  which  were  planned  had  to 
be  abandoned  by  reason  of  the  organizations  being  called  into  the 
service  of  the  United  States. 

The  effect  of  pay  for  armory  service  is  yet  to  be  determined  and 
can  not  be  judged  imtil  the  National  Guard  in  the  service  of  the 
United  States  has  been  mustered  out  and  has  assumed  its  normal 
peace  training.  The  plan  of  organizing  the  mobile  and  auxiliary 
troops  of  the  National  Guard  into  tactical  divisions  will  be  modified, 
both  as  to  organizations  specified  and  as  to  geographic  distribution 
in  order  to  adapt  it  to  the  national  defense  act. 

There  was  called  into  the  service  of  the  United  States  on  May  9 
and  June  18,  1916,  108  regiments  and  7  separate  battalions  of  In- 
fantry ;  3  regiments,  13  separate  squadrons,  and  22  separate  troops  of 
Cavalry ;  6  regiments,  12  separate  battalions,  and  17  separate  batteries 
of  Fidd  Artillery;  3  battalions  and  11  separate  companies  of  Engi- 
neers; 4  battalions,  16  separate  companies,  and  1  aero  company.  Sig- 
nal troops;  22  ambulance  companies  and  37  field  hospitals.  There 
were  already  organized  on  June  18  two  Infantry  divisions,  19  In- 
fantry brigades,  and  one  Artillery  brigade.  On  July  31  reports 
show  that  110,957  were  on  the  border  and  40,139  in  State  mobilization 
camps,  aggregating  151,096.  This  aggregate  strength  was  deficient 
by  4,083  of  the  authorized  minimum  peace  strength  and  short  war 
strength  by  97,350  men. 

Forty-four  officers  of  the  Army  were  commissioned  in  the  Na- 
tional Guard.  Called  into  service  were  3  as  brigadier  generals,  10 
as  colonels,  27  as  lieutenant  colonels,  and  40  as  majors.  There  were 
also  commissioned  of  noncommissioned  officers  of  the  Army,  34  in 
the  Infantry,  9  in  the  Cavalry,  7  in  the  Field  Artillery,  and  1  in  the 
Signal  Corps.  Two  major  generals  and  24  brigadier  generals  of  the 
National  Guard,  in  addition  to  the  3  brigadier  generals  commissioned 
from  the  Regular  Army,  were  mustered  into  the  service  of  the  United 
States. 

In  11  States  from  which  complete  returns  are  at  hand  16,630 
officers  and  men  in  the  aggregate  were  on  the  rolls  at  the  date  of 
call.  Of  this  number  1,761,  or  a  little  over  10  per  cent,  failed  to 
report  Of  the  remainder  who  reported  in  response  to  the  call  4,385, 
or  about  29  per  cent  of  those  examined,  failea  to  pass  the  required 
physical  examination.  From  the  two  causes  combined  37  per  cent 
of  the  aggregate  strength  at  the  date  of  call  failed  to  materialize  as 
soldiers.    By  these  subtractions  the  original  aggregate  was  reduced 


REPORT  OP  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  191 

to  10,484  officers  and  men.  To  these  were  added  7,950  new  recruits 
without  former  service,  making  a  final  strength  of  18,434.  Making 
a  comparison  by  percentages,  about  57  per  cent  of  the  final  strength 
were  officers  and  men  with  more  or  less  former  training  in  the  Na- 
tional Guard  and  43  per  cent  were  without  former  service  or  training. 
These  figures  will  probably  hold  good  approximately  for  the  entire 
bodv  of  the  National  Guard. 

When  we  consider  that  the  National  Guard  when  called  upon  was 
obliged  to  take  with  it,  at  a  minimum  strength,  43  per  cent  of  men 
without  former  service  or  training,  which,  when  it  is  recruited  up  to 
war  strength  of  150  men  to  a  company,  with  its  present  state  of 
development  would  amount  to  75  per  cent  of  untrained  men  and 
these  commanded  by  officers  of  very  limited  experience,  the  con- 
clusion is  obvious  that  it  is  a  very  expensive  military  system,  which  is 
no  sooner  called  into  service  than  the  department  is  inundated  with 
requests  for  the  discharge  of  individuals  and  Congress  is  called  upon 
to  make  provision  for  families  left  behind.  Discharges  from  these 
and  other  causes  were  so  great  that  department  commanders  were 
authorized  to  provide  three  recruiting  parties  for  each  regiment 
mustered  into  the  service  of  the  United  States.  These  parties  con- 
sisted of  a  commissioned  officer,  a  noncommissioned  officer,  and  a 
Erivate,  and  were  maintained  at  Government  expense.  The  results, 
owever,  were  so  unsatisfactory  owing  to  the  lack  of  recruits  that 
orders  have  recently  been  issued  to  the  commanding  generals  of 
several  departn^jBnts  authoriziujg  them  to  discontinue  National  Guard 
recruiting  service  when  in  their  opinion  the  results  obtained  do  not 
warrant  its  continuance.  This  may  be  illustrated  in  the  State  of 
New  York  in  which  the  militia  organization  was  very  much  above 
the  average.  From  August  2  to  September  6  only  351  recruits  were 
secured  at  an  average  cost  necessitated  by  the  keeping  up  of  recruit- 
ing parties  of  $40  per  recruit.  This  was  the  cost  to  merely  get  the 
man.  The  system  speaks  for  itself  in  dollars  and  cents,  which  is 
readily  understood  by  the  average  man.  In  the  State  of  Massa- 
chusetts 20  recruiting  stations  wore  established;  between  August  1 
and  September  25  they  enlisted  only  189  recruits. 

THE  Mn^rriA  bureau. 

The  following  is  taken  from  the  report  of  the  Acting  Chief, 
Militia  Bureau: 

Under  the  provisions  of  section  81  of  the  amended  militia  law,  the  "  Division 
of  MiUtia  Affairs  In  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  War  "  formerly  con8titute<]  by 
War  Department  orders  as  a  subdivision  of  the  office  of  the  Chief  of  Staff,  be- 
comes the  Militia  lUironu  of  the  War  Department  *'  under  tlic  immediate  super- 
vision of  the  Secretary  of  War  and  shall  not  form  a  part  of  any  other  bureau, 
office,  or  organization.** 

The  National  Militia  Board  created  by  the  act  of  May  27,  1008,  is  abolished 
and  the  President  Is  autliorized  to  nssiim  one  colonel  and  one  lieutenant  colonel 
of  the  National  Guard  to  duty  In  the  Militia  Bureau  as  assistants  to  the  chief 
thereof. 

The  officers  of  the  National  Guard  who  can  be  of  most  service  as  assistants 
In  the  Militia  Bureau  are  those  who  have  had  experience  in  an  administrative 
capacity,  particularly  as  quartermasters  and  disbursing  officers.  As  a  general 
rule  experience  of  this  sort  should  be  a  necessary  quallflcatlon  for  assignment. 

In  drafting  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  June  3,  1916,  It  was  the  evident  in- 
tention of  Congress  to  exercise  to  its  full  extent  Its  constitutional  powers  to 


192  REPORT  or  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

"  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  disciplining  the  militia  **  within  the  limit, 
"reserving  to  States,  respectively,  the  appointment  of  the  officers  and  the 
authority  of  training  the  militia  according  to  the  discipline  prescribed  by  Con- 
gress.*' The  National  Guard  is  federalized  as  far  as  it  can  be  federalized 
under  the  constitutional  restrictions. 

This  was  the  desire  of  the  representatives  of  the  National  Guard  Association 
as  expressed  in  their  hearings  before  the  Committee  on  Military  Affairs  of 
Congress.  There  is,  however,  considerable  evidence  that  the  construction  placed 
upon  the  term  federalization  by  these  representatives  did  not  Involve  vesting 
In  the  Federal  Government  the  greatest  amount  of  control  over  the  National 
Guard  consistent  with  the  terras  of  the  Constitution  On  the  contrary,  a  rejwrt 
of  a  legislative  committee  of  the  National  Guard  Association  proposed,  in 
November,  1915,  to  retluce  the  already  Inadequnte  powers  conferred  on  the 
Fe<leral  Government  in  the  militia  law  of  1903  by  securing  the  adoption  of  a 
constitutional  amen<lment  which  would  place  the  very  important  power  of  deter- 
mining the  organization  of  tiie  National  Guard,  now  a  pi-erogatlve  of  the  IVcl- 
eral  government,  in  the  hands  of  the  States.  The  adoption  of  such  an  amend- 
ment would  have  resulted  In  complete  heterogeneity  In  the  composition  of  the 
militia  of  the  several  States  and  would  have  destroyed  all  possibility  of  develop- 
ing the  National  Guard  Into  a  force  organized  to  meet  the  necessities  of  national 
defense.  Further  evidences  of  the  opposition  to  any  real  federalization  Is 
found  in  draft  of  a  bill  "to  provide  for  the  organization,  armament,  discipline, 
and  government  of  militia  of  the  United  Stales  and  to  further  provide  for  thc^ 
national  defense"  (Committee  print,  J.  26698-1)  which  was  offered  with  the 
sanction  of  the  executive  committee  of  the  National  Guard  Association.  The 
cnitstanding  feature  of  this  draft  was  the  creation  of  a  militia  section  of  the 
General  Staff,  composed  entirely  of  National  Guard  officers,  with  powers  so 
extensive  as  practically  to  Insure  the  control  of  the  National  Guard  by  its  own 
members  and  to  destroy  such  power  as  was  possesseil  by  the  War  Department  to 
control  the  training  of  the  mlUtia  as  an  effective  Federal  force.  The  tendency 
of  the  proposed  legislation  may  be  gathered  from  certain  provisions  here  men- 
tioned. The  scoi>e  of  the  examinations  to  determine  the  fitness  of  candidates 
for  commission  in  the  National  Guard  was  to  be  determined  by  tlie  mllltla  sec- 
tl«>n  of  the  General  StafT.  the  examinations  themselves  to  be  conducted  by 
boards  appointed  by  the  governors  of  States  or  Territories.  Regulations  fixing 
the  standard  of  military  fitness  which  should  entitle  members  of  the  National 
Guard  to  Federal  pay  were  to  be  prescribed  by  the  militia  section.  Although 
projects  evolved  by  the  mllltla  section  could  not  be  carried  into  effect  until 
apr)roved  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  he  could  not  reverse  their  decision  and  ptit 
into  effect  plans  which  appeared  to  him  more  effective,  but  could  only  interpose 
his  objection  and  if  the  militia  section  persisted,  a  deadlock  would  result. 
These  provisions  are  of  Importance  when  considered  In  connection  with  the  sub- 
sequent amendment  to  the  Army  reorganization  act  which  was  urged  for  tlie 
addition  of  five  militia  officers  to  the  General  Staff.  It  is  difficult  to  escape  the 
conclusion  that  the  purpose  of  this  amendment  was  to  create  in  the  city  of 
Washington  a  body  of  mllltla  officers  In  whose  hands  the  control  of  mliltia 
affairs  would  be  vested  and  through  whom  a  practically  complete  Independence 
from  Federal  control  would   be  attained. 

Such  a  result  would  be  deplorable.  It  would  involve  the  predominance  of 
local  interest  over  the  interests  of  general  national  defense.  Two  systems 
would  have  been  built  up,  the  existence  of  which,  side  by  side,  would  have 
destroye<l  all  Idea  of  the  coordinated  action  under  a  common  control  which 
is  the  real  significance  of  federalization.  It  would  be  almost  Inevitable  that 
militia  officers  serving  In  su^h  a  capacity  would  become  the  representatives  of 
local  Interests  and  the  wlelders  of  local  Influence  for  the  benefit  of  local  Interests 
In  national  mllltnrj*  affairs  in  much  the  same  way  that  this  function  was  exer- 
cised by  a  group  of  National  Guard  representatives  in  bringing  local  Influence 
to  bear  on  the  legislation  enacted  at  the  recent  session  of  Congress.  Their 
official  position  would  give  sanction  to  their  statements,  and  their  nonamen- 
nbllity  to  military  jurlstllctlon  would  relieve  them  from  a  sense  of  responsblllty 
for  their  actions. 

It  is  but  just  to  say  that  there  was  not  full  concurrence  on  the  part  of  the 
National  Guard  In  the  views  of  their  representatives  and  in  the  measures  advo- 
CO  ted  by  them.  Probably  the  provisions  of  the  new  defense  act  as  they  apply 
to  the  National  Guard  much  more  nearly  conform  to  the  ideals  and  sentiments 
of  the  National  Guard  as  a  body  than  the  original  measure  proposed  by  the 
r-ommittee  of  National  Guard  representatives. 


REPORT  OP  THE  CHIEF  OP  STAPP.  193 

It  l8  believed  that  under  the  act  of  June  3,  1016,  the  powers  of  Oongress  to 
vest  coDtrol  over  the  National  Guard  in  the  Federal  Government  have  been 
practically  exhausted.  Every  power  that  can  be  granted  to  the  War  Department 
has  been  conferred,  and  the  necils  of  the  National  Guard  In  respect  to  conipen- 
satton  have  been  met.  This  leaves  no  further  material  legislative  changes  to 
be  sought  to  increase  the  efficiency  of  the  system.  A  failure  to  attain  a  reason- 
able degree  of  efficiency  with  the  facilities  provided  will  be  attributable  only  to 
defects  too  inherent  in  the  militia  system  to  be  subject  to  correction  by  legis- 
lative action. 

MOBILIZATION    OF   THE   ORGANIZED    MILITIA   AND    NATIONAL   GUARD. 

Organizations  of  the  militia  and  National  Guard  of  the  States  of 
Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas  were  called  into  the  service  of  the 
United  States  on  May  9,  1916.  These  organizations  were  directed  to 
proceed  from  the  home  rendezvous  direct  to  their  border  stations. 

On  June  18,  1916,  the  Organized  Militia  and  the  National  Guard 
of  all  the  other  States  were  called  into  the  service  and  directed  to 
assemble  at  their  State  mobilization  camps.  The  movement  from  the 
company  rendezvous  to  the  State  camps  was  under  the  control  of  the 
State  authorities  and  from  those  camps  to  the  stations  designated 
on  the  border  under  direction  of  the  War  Department.  These  ti'oops 
began  leaving  their  mobilization  camps  June  27  and  on  July  1  there 
were  en  route  to  the  border  from  various  sections  of  the  United 
States  122  troop  trains,  carrying  over  2,000  pasK^ger  and  baggage 
cars,  with  a  total  strength  of  36,042  men.  Four  days  later  101  troop 
trains  were  en  route  to  the  border:  56,681  militia  troops  were  either 
at  the  border  or  en  route  to  the  borcjcr.  Up  to  July  31, 112,000  militia 
troops  were  transported  to  the  border. 

The  task  imposed  upon  the  railroads  of  the  country  involved  «S50 
trains  to  carry  the  first  100,000  men.    Over  3,000  passenger  cars  were 
provided  an(l,  in  addition,  about  400  baggage  cars,  most  of  which 
were  equipped  as  kitchen  cars  for  serving  hot  meals  en  route,  1,300 
box  cars,  2,000  stock  cars,  and  800  flat  cars.    This  call  upon  the  rail- 
roails  came  at  a  time  when  their  passenger  traffic  was  at  its  height. 
All   railroads  concerned  gave  preference  to  troop  movements  over 
other  travel.    The  distance  traveled  by  the  militia  organizations  was 
from  600  to  3,000  miles,  the  majority  of  these  troops  being  carried 
over  2,000  miles.    It  was  impracticable  to  furnish  touri>t  sleepers  for 
all  the  troops,  but  over  600  tourist  and  standard  cars  were  made 
available  for  the  movement.    In  cases  where  tourist  cars  could  not 
be  furnished,  day  coaches  were  supplied  at  the  rate  of  a  double  seat 
for  each  man  where  the  distance  was  long.    Wherever  tourists  could 
be  secured  en  route  they  were  placed  in  the  train  and  men  trans- 
ferred from  coaches  to  these  tourists  up  to  the  number  that  could  be 
berthed.    Official  reports  from  all  departments  show  that  no  organi- 
zation moved  in  coaches  with  less  space  than  three  men  to  every  four 
seats.    The  average  number  of  men  transported  in  coaches  was  30  to 
the  coach.    When  we  consider  the  great  distance  traveled,  the  celerity 
with  which  trains  were  moved,  and  the  entire  absence  of  congestion 
or  delay,  it  is  believed  that  there  has  been  no  case  in  our  history 
where  troops  have  been  so  well  and  safely  transported.    Especial 
credit  is  due  the  transportation  division  of  the  Quartermaster  Gen- 
erars  Office  for  bringing  abi)ut  the  cooperation  which  existed  among 
the  transportation  companies.    Over  a  year  ago  the  matter  was  taken 
up  by  the  head  of  that  division,  who  outlined  the  plan  of  mutual 

OOlTrt"    w\nlJ)m  -voi.l   -  i.'i 


194  EBPOET  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

cooperation  before  several  of  the  transportation  associations  and 
brought  about  the  establishment  within  the  American  Railway  Asso- 
ciation of  a  committee  on  military  transportation  with  a  view  to  co- 
ordination and  cooperation  between  the  railroads  and  the  War 
Department  in  the  transportation  of  troops  and  supplies  for  the 
United  States. 

Immediately  after  the  call  for  mobilization  of  State  troops  ar- 
rangements were  made  through  this  committee  for  placing  a  compe- 
tent railroad  official  at  each  department  headquarters,  at  each  mobi- 
lization camp,  and  the  office  of  the  Quartermaster  General,  who  could 
act  as  advisers  to  the  quartermasters  at  these  various  points  on  mat- 
ters affecting  rail  transportation.  In  this  way  the  railroad  equip- 
ment of  the  country  became  available  to  effect  this  movement  in  the 
most  expeditious  manner  possible. 

A  series  of  placards  was  adopted  by  which  cars  of  Government 
freight  were  given  the  right  of  way  from  point  of  ori^n  to  point  of 
destination  and  were  placed  in  fast-moving  freight  trains  to  point  of 
destination  where  immediate  delivery  was  made,  the  placards  them- 
selves serving  to  identify  all  ^ipments.  The  placards  showed  the 
department  to  which  the  supplies  belonged  ana  all  information  of 
the  car  and  contents.  In  this  way  many  shipments  have  been  sent 
from  Washington  and  vicinity  to  the  Texas  border  in  4  days; 
and  from  the  Lakes  to  the  border  shipments  have  been  made  in  a 
little  more  than  48  hours.  This  cooperation  of  the  railroads  has 
been  rendered  without  hesitation,  without  additional  charge  to  the 
Government,  and  with  all  the  energy  possible.  This  placard,  with 
the  full  cooperation  of  the  railroads,  has  removed  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal sources  of  criticism  applicable  to  the  mobilization  in  1898. 
With  the  plan  of  cooperation  now  working  with  the  transportation 
interests,  the  problem  of  rail  congestion  has  been  eliminated  and  it 
is  not  believed  possible  to  repeat  the  mistakes  of  1898.  The  coopera- 
tion of  the  American  Railway  Association  representatives,  with  their 
knowledge  of  transportation  conditions,  eliminated  a  great  deal  of 
trouble  heretofore  experienced  in  the  mobilization  of  lar^e  bodies  of 
troops,  and  the  War  Department  is  highly  appreciative  oi  this  volun- 
tary and  able  assistance. 

Subsistence. — When  the  National  Guard  is  called  into  the  service 
of  the  United  States  they  are  subsisted  at  the  expense  of  the  Govern- 
ment from  time  of  arrival  at  company  rendezvous,  but  it  is  super- 
vised and  provided  for  by  the  military  authorities  of  the  State  and 
also  at  State  mobilization  camps  until  sworn  into  the  service;  then 
they  come  under  the  supervision  and  control  of  the  Federal  authori- 
ties and  are  subsisted  as  are  other  troops  of  the  Regular  Army. 

When  these  tr<>  ps  were  transported  to  the  Texas  border,  kitchen 
cars  or  baggage  or  box  cars,  furnished  with  range  installed,  were 
provided  with  each  train  by  which  the  food  could  be  prepared. 
When  ready  for  transportation  10  days'  rations  were  furnished  to 
make  the  journey  to  destination  and  afford  them  a  small  supply  in 
addition  for  emergencies. 

The.sul>sistencc  of  the  soldier  is  of  vital  importance  as  conducive 

to  his  health,  contentment,  and  efficiency.    Our  Army  ration  is  the 

most  liberal  of  that  of  any  in  the  world,  notwithstanding  that  cora- 

olaint  was  occasionally  made  as  to  the  poor  quality  and  insufficiency 

f  food  furnished  various  militia  organizations.    Each  case  of  com- 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  195 

plaint  was  investigated  thoroughly  and  the  records  indicate  that 
practically  all  were  unfounded  or  due  to  the  inexperience  of  cooks  . 
of  the  National  Guard  or  lack  of  experience  and  training  of  these 
organizations  in  taking  care  of  themselves.  Extensive  inspections 
of  the  National  Guard  have  borne  testimony  to  the  thorough  and 
satisfactory  manner  in  which  troops  have  l>een  subsisted  in  Texas 
and  on  the  border. 

Rollvna  kitchens. — All  European  nations  use  some  type  of  rolling 
kitchen  by  which  men,  after  the  fatigue  of  march  or  action,  can  h^ 
quickly  furnished  with  hot  soup  or  other  substantial  diet.  A  number 
of  experiments  or  tests  of  various  types  have  been  made  during  the 
year.  An  American  type  has  now  been  procured  and  shipped  to  the 
Southern  Department  for  elaborate  field  test.  These  tests  should 
result  in  the  adoption  of  a  type  as  good  as  any  in  existence. 

Field  shoes. — The  constant  service  on  the  border  has  demonstrated 
that  our  regulation  shoe  was  too  light  and  did  not  possess  the  neces- 
sary wearing  qualities  for  service  in  the  field.  As  a  result  of  an 
experiment  with  600  pairs  with  uppers  made  of  undressed  side  leather 
and  soles  of  adequate  thickness  and  provided  with  hob  nails,  made 
upon  the  lasts  as  heretofore  used  in  the  manufacture  of  Army  shoes, 
it  is  believed  that  a  proper  field  shoe  has  been  obtained.  The  Quar- 
termaster Department  is  now  purchasing  365,000  pairs  which  are 
being  sent  to  the  troops  as  fast  as  accepted  from  the  factory. 

Uniforms. — The  impossibility  of  importing  dyes  which  have  been 
used  to  produce  the  fast  color  and  shade  in  the  olive-drab  woolen 
and  cotton  fabric  entering  into  the  manufacture  of  material  for 
uniforms  for  the  Army  for  a  while  produced  a  serious  situation,  but 
manufacturers  now  claim  to  be  able  to  produce  suitable  dyestuffs  in 
the  United  States. 

Motor  transportation. — ^In  1907  the  first  motor  truck  for  carrying 
supplies  was  purchased.  Since  then  there  has  been  constant  progress 
in  developing  the  motor  truck  as  a  means  of  transportation.  During 
the  early  part  of  1916  motor  transportation  was  confined  to  opera- 
tion of  trucks  in  transporting  supplies  to  outlying  camps  on  the 
border.  When  instructions  were  given  for  the  organization  of  a 
force  to  cross  the  Mexican  border  in  pursuit  of  the  band  which 
attacked  the  town  of  Columbus,  N.  Mex.,  there  was  received  a  request 
from  the  Southern  Department  for  two  motor-truck  companies  of  27 
trucks  each  of  1^  tons  capacity,  equipped  with  the  necessary  per- 
sonnel for  their  operation.  Two  additional  truck  companies,  as  well 
as  the  necessary  tank  trucks,  followed  soon  after.  It  was  the  use  of 
motor  trucks  which  made  possible  the  long  advance  of  this  expedi- 
tionary force  into  Mexico.  There  was  such  an  increase  in  the  demand 
for  motor  trucks  that  on  June  30  there  were  in  use  588  motor 
trucks,  besides  tank  trucks,  motor  machine  trucks,  and  wrecking 
trucks.  It  is  reported  that  the  approximate  cost  of  operation  of 
trucks  per  ton-mile  is  70  cents,  which  includes  all  incidentals  such  as 
upkeep  of  repair  shops,  roads,  etc.  Motor  trucks  will  remain  an 
important  factor  of  transportation  in  our  Army,  as  they  have  in 
every  other  army. 

HEALTH  OF  THE  ARMY. 

The  general  health  of  the  Army  was  excellent  during  the  year. 
There  were  no  epidemics  or  unusual  incidents  of  infectious  diseases. 


196  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

The  mean  strength  of  the  entire  Army  for  the  calendar  year  1916, 
upon  which  the  statistics  contained  in  the  Surgeon  General's  report 
are  based,  was  103,842. 

The  admission  rate  for  the  entire  Army  during  1915  was  726.19 
per  1,000,  as  compared  with  660.46  for  1914.  With  the  exceptions 
of  1914  and  1913,  the  1915  admission  rate  is  the  lowest  in  the  last  10 
years  and  shows  a  marked  decline  since  1906,  when  it  was  1,188. 

The  noneffective  rate  for  the  entire  Army  for  1915  from  all  causes 
was  25.22  per  1,000  (for  disease  alone,  20.85),  which  is  slightly 
higher  than  that  for  1914,  the  lowest  noneffective  rate  in  the  history 
of  the  Army,  but  still  much  below  the  rates  for  any  preceding  year, 
except  1913,  when  the  rate  was  23.98  per  1,000.  This  rate  during  the 
past  decade  shows  a  steady  reduction.  In  1906  the  noneffective  rate 
was  47.86. 

There  were  eight  cases  of  typhoid  fever  in  the  entire  Army  during 
the  year  1915,  only  four  of  which  occurred  among  troops  serving 
within  the  continental  limits  of  the  United  States. 

There  were  no  deaths  from  typhoid  fever  during  the  year. 

The  noneffective  rate  for  this  disease  was  0.02  per  1,000. 

All  of  these  cases,  with  one  exception — a  recruit — ^had  been  vacci- 
nated against  typhoid  fever,  with  intervals  elapsing  between  the  time 
of  vaccination  and  the  onset  of  the  disease  varying  from  8  months 
and  18  days  in  the  shortest  period,  to  4  years  7  months  and  2  days 
in  the  longest.  The  average  interval  for  the  year  1915  was  2  years 
2  months  and  10  days.  The  average  interval  for  the  past  3  years 
was  2  years  1  month  and  5  days. 

The  admission  rate  from  alcoholism  and  its  results  for  the  entire 
Army  during  the  year  was  12.68,  as  compared  with  13.64  in  1914 
and  13.54  in  1913.  This  rate  is  the  lowest  in  the  history  of  the  Army 
and  shows  a  steady  diminution  since  1907. 

The  death  rate  of  the  entire  Army  for  1915,  from  all  causes,  was 
4.45  per  1,000,  compared  with  4.40  for  1914,  which  was  the  lowest 
mortality  rate  in  the  Army  for  many  years.  The  death  rate  from 
disease  was  2.53  per  1,000  for  1915;  the  same  rate  for  1914  was  2.35, 
and  that  for  1906  was  3.77. 

The  discharge  rate  for  the  year  from  all  causes  was  14.06,  somewhat 
higher  than  for  1914,  when  the  rate  was  12.78  per  1,000,  but  still 
markedly  less  than  the  discharge  rates  prior  to  1910,  when  they 
ranged  from  16.64  upward. 

The  total  losses  or  the  Army  from  all  causes  (deaths,  discharges, 
and  retirements)  was  18.03  per  1,000  for  1915;  for  the  year  1914  it 
was  16.86,  the  lowest  in  the  past  decade. 

Malarial  fevers  show  the  lowest  noneffective  rate  in  the  history  of 
the  Army,  0.54.  In  1906  the  noneffective  rate  for  malarial  fevers 
alone  was  2.55  per  1,000.  The  decade  following  that  year  has  dem- 
onstrated the  effectiveness  of  the  antimalarial  measures  that  have 
been  unceasingly  employed  by  the  sanitary  officers  of  the  Army  each 
year,  exhibiting,  with  but  two  exceptions,  a  marked  decrease  in  the 
mcidents  of  the  disease. 

The  record  in  the  Philippines  ht\s  been  specially  creditable  com- 
pared to  former  years,  though  here,  as  in  Panama,  the  Medical  De- 
partment has  been  seriously  handicapped  at  several  posts  through 
lack  of  screening  due  to  insufficient  appropriation  of  funds. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  197 

The  highest  noneffective  rate,  for  disease,  for  the  year  1915  was 
among  the  troops  stationed  in  China,  31.79  per  1,000.  Then  follows 
Panama  with  21.66;  the  Philippine  Islands,  21.42;  the  United  States, 
20.90;  Porto  Rico,  20.57,  and  Hawaii  and  Alaska  with  the  lowest 
noneffective  rates  for  the  year  1915,  16.20  for  Hawaii  and  6.02  for 

Alaska. 

Paratyphoid  fever. — Nine  cases  of  paratyphoid  fever  occurred  in 
the  entire  Army  during  the  calendar  year  1915.  Three  of  these  cases 
were  reported  from  the  Philippine  Islands  and  one  from  the  Ha- 
waiian Islands,  leaving  but  five  distributed  throughout  the  United 
States. 

The  Acting  Surgeon  General  states: 

Paratyphoid  fever  is  a  distinct  clinical  entity  and  is  not  typhoid  fever,  though 
sometimes  resembling  typical  cases  of  that  disease.  It  is  caused  by  a  different 
micro-organism,  the  bacillus  paratyphosus,  of  which  two  types  are  distinguish- 
able :  B.  paratyphosus  **  A  "  and  B,  paratyphosus  **  B ".  In  western  Europe, 
as  reported,  paratyphoid  fever  is  much  more  frequently  due  to  the  "  B  "  type 
of  bacillus  than  to  the  "A"  type.  CllnlcaUy  they  are  hardly  distinguishable, 
but  it  is  stated  that  the  "  A  "  fever  is  apt  to  last  three  or  four  days  longer. 

Paratyphoid  fever,  heretofore  but  infrequently  met  with  in  our 
Army,  appeared  in  the  New  York  division  of  the  National  Guard, 
stationed  in  the  Brownsville  district  in  August,  1916,  principally 
among  the  troops  at  Mission,  Tex.    A  few  scattering  cases  at  other 

foints  occurred  in  the  same  district,  in  all,  a  total  of  about  120  cases, 
t  is  probable  that  this  portion  of  the  State  of  Texas  contains  many 
carriers  and  foci  of  paratyphoid  fever. 

The  outbreak  of  tnis  disease  was  promptly  and  satisfactorily  met. 
The  vaccination  against  paratyphoid  fever  with  mixed  paratyphoid 
"  A "  and  "  B "  vaccine,  prepared  in  the  laboratories  of  the  Army 
Medical  School,  was  immediately  authorized  and  the  searching  of 
carriers  of  the  disease  was  vigorously  prosecuted,  camp  sites  were 
changed  and  all  sanitary  orders  rigidly  enforced  under  the  direc- 
tion of  inspectors  of  the  Army  Medical  Corps. 

The  results  of  these  measures  were  immediately  successful  in  check- 
ing this  outbreak.  The  disease  as  it  manifested  itself  in  the  New 
York  division  of  the  National  Guard  was  generally  very  mild  in 
character  and  no  deaths  occurred. 

THE  HOSPITAL  TRAIN. 

With  the  movement  of  the  militia  to  the  border,  the  majority  of 
whom  had  been  suddenly  removed  from  the  comforts  and  luxuries 
of  civil  life  and  stripped  to  the  bare  necessities  of  fighting  men, 
bringing  the  force  along  the  border  to  about  150,000  men,  it  was 
inevitable  that  a  certain  amount  of  sickness  and  disability  would 
occur.  Camp  hospitals  were  established  at  certain  points,  larger 
(base)  were  located  at  El  Paso  and  San  Antonio.  Motor  and 
animal  drawn  ambulances  were  provided  for  the  transport  of  the 
sick  and  injured  from  the  field  to  the  near-by  camp  hospitals.  The 
trivial  cases,  or  those  requiring  only  short  periods  of  convalescence, 
were  cared  for  in  the  camp  hospitals  and  the  more  serious  cases 
transferred  to  the  base  hospitals.  A  certain  proportion  of  the  latter 
cases  which  required  more  invigorating  climate  and  changed  sur- 
roimdings  were  evacuated  to  the  interior  general  hospitals  at  Wash- 


198  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  BTAFP. 

ington.  Hot  Springs,  San  Francisco,  and  elsewhere.  Provision  was 
made  lor  long-distance  trips  along  tne  border  and  in  the  interior  by 
a  hospital  train.  The  hospital  train  consisted  of  10  modified  stand- 
ard Fullman  cars,  constructed  at  the  Pullman  shops  and  designed 
jointly  by  a  medical  officer  of  the  Army  and  the  supervising  con- 
structor of  the  Pullman  shops.  This  new  train  is  different  from 
those  of  the  Spanish  War,  which  were  standard  Pullman  cars,  prac- 
tically without  modification.  The  total  capacity  of  the  new  train 
is  76  bed  cases  and  120  ambulance  cases.  Wherever  the  Pullman 
equipment  has  been  removed,  the  regulation  Armj  medical  equip- 
ment has  been  substituted.  The  use  of  hospital  trains  in  active  war- 
fare is  of  modem  development  and  very  necessary  for  proper  care  of 
the  sick  and  wounded. 

PHILIPPINE   SERVICE. 

The  details  of  administrative  matters,  which  in  every  department 
of  government  are  left  to  the  responsible  head,  are,  for  the  War 
Department,  often  confused  by  limitations  injected  in  appropriation 
bills.  To  illustrate,  the  Army  appropriation  act,  approved  March  4. 
1915,  provided  "That  on  ana  after  October  first,  nineteen  hundrea 
and  fifteen,  no  officer  or  enlisted  man  of  the  Army  shall,  except  upon 
his  own  application,  be  required  to  serve  in  a  single  tour  of  duty  for 
more  than  two  years  in  the  Philippine  Islands,  nor  more  than  three 
years  in  the  Panama  Canal  Zone,  except  in  case  of  insurrection  or  of 
actual  or  threatened  hostilities." 

Previous  to  this  time,  the  War  Department  had  fixed  upon  three 
years  as  the  tour  of  duty  for  the  Philippines  for  officers.  This 
decision  was  based  upon  reducing  the  cost  of  the  upkeep  of  this 
garrison  to  a  minimum,  and  increasing  the  efficiency  of  troops  to  a 
maximum.  Begiments  had  been  made  permanent ;  tnis  was  done  not 
only  to  reduce  the  expense  of  upkeep,  but  because  the  plan  of  chang- 
ing regiments  once  every  two  years  had  been  given  trial  for  14  years, 
with  results  that  it  was  found  practically  impossible  to  maintain  in 
the  Philippines  any  military  organization  well  prepared  for  duty 
which  might  be  required  in  case  of  invasion. 

About  the  time  of  the  re^ilation  of  the  matter  by  Congress,  ap- 
plications by  officers  for  Philippine  service  had  become  so  numerous 
that  the  Secretary  of  War  had  decided  that  in  order  to  give  all  an 
equal  chance  that  officers  should  go  on  a  roster  and  take  their  turn. 

The  present  law  is  very  disrupting  to  the  efficiency  of  the  service, 
expensive  to  the  public  funds  in  the  carrying  out,  and  it  is  involving 
many  of  our  young  officers  with  families  in  serious  financial  prob- 
lems. Every  officer  in  the  Philippines  itiust  change  station  at  least 
once  everv  two  years,  and  they  may  be  detailed  on  staff  and  other 
dutv  while  there,  and  then  return  to  a  camp  station  on  the  border, 
with  the  only  provision  for  their  family  in  rented  rooms  in  houses  in 
a  near-by  town.  For  the  young  married  officers  of  limited  income 
this  frequent  change  of  station  is  a  veritable  curse. 

The  length  of  service  for  the  Philippines  was  fully  considered  two 
years  ago  from  every  viewpoint,  including  that  of  health,  and  due 
to  the  opinion  of  the  great  majority  of  general  officers  including 
the  Surgeon  General,  the  tour  was  continued  at  three  years.  The 
noneffective  rate  for  1915  per  1,000  for  the  Philippines,  as  previoudy 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  199 

noted,  was  only  21.42,  as  compared  with  20.90  for  the  United  States. 
The  present  reistriction  should  be  removed  and  the  Army  permitted 
to  work  out  such  problems  in  a  rational  and  businesslike  manner. 

SHELTER  FOR  TROOPS. 

The  existing  barrack  accommodations  were  built  to  provide  for  a 
minimum  strength  of  65  for  Infantry  companies.  The  national 
defense  act,  which  raises  the  minimum  strength  to  100  and  provides 
additional  units  to  regiments  in  the  machine-gun^  headquarters,  and 
supply  companies  for  Infantry  and  Cavalry  regunents,  and  supply 
and  headquarters  companies  for  Field  Artillery  regiments,  will  neces- 
sitate the  extension  of  existing  barrack  accommodations  to  provide 
for  these  increases.  This  will  necessitate  increased  estimates  for  bar- 
racks and  quarters  for  the  fiscal  year  1918  to  complete  the  work  of 
extension  of  existing  barrack  accommodations  in  permanent  and 
abuidoned  posts  of  the  United  States  for  that  portion  of  the  first 
increment  oi  increase  to  be  taken  care  of  in  the  United  States  and  to 
provide  temporary  quarters  for  that  portion  of  the  increment  as- 
signed to  the  Philippines  and  Panama  and  permanent  quarters  to 
regiments  assigned  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  It  will  be  necessary  to 
provide  permanent  construction  for  the  second  increment  of  increase 
m  the  United  States  and  Hawaii  and  to  continue  the  temporary  shel- 
ter in  the  Philippines. 

The  estimates  for  construction  work  pertaining  to  the  military 
service  on  the  Panama  Canal  Zone  have  heretofore  oeen  prepared  by 
the  Panama  Canal  authorities,  and  these  authorities  will  continue 
to  prepare  estimates  and  undertake  construction  for  that  portion  of 
the  Army  there  located. 

TRANSFER  OF  GUARDIANSHIP  OF  YELLOWSTONE   NATIONAL  PARK  TO  THE 

INTERIOR  DEPARTMENT. 

United  States  troops  have  been  used  in  the  Yellowstone  National 
Park  since  1886  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  March  8,  1883, 
to  prevent  trespass,  intruders,  etc.  It  was  at  first  the  practice  to  de- 
tail a  certain  number  of  troops  of  Cavalry  for  this  duty.  In  1914 
it  was  arranged  to  use  a  detachment  for  this  purpose  of  8  officers 
and  200  enlisted  men.  The  Interior  Department  being  charged  with 
the  care  of  national  parks,  the  use  of  regular  troops  for  police  pur- 
poses naturally  caused  conflicting  responsibilities  oetween  the  War 
and  Interior  Departments.  Since  the  passage  of  the  act  of  1883  con- 
ditions have  materially  changed.  The  States  surrounding  the  na- 
tional parks  extended  the  protection  of  State  laws  governing  killing 
of  game,  and  the  sentiment  of  communities  surrounding  the  parl^ 
became  more  law-abiding  and  favored  complying  with  the  laws  and 
regulations  governing  park  administration.  In  the  interests  of  econ- 
omy as  well  as  the  efficiency  of  the  Army,  it  was  deemed  advisable 
to  urge  the  transfer  of  the  guardianship  of  all  national  parks  to  the 
Interior  Department.  This  was  effected  for  the  Yosemite  and 
Sequoia  Parks  in  1914.  The  transfer  of  the  Yellowstone  National 
Park  was  not  acceptable  at  that  time  to  the  Interior  Department, 
owing  to  the  lack  of  appropriations  necessary  for  the  employment  of 
civilian  rangers.    In  July  of  this  year  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 


200 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 


advised  the  Secretary  of  War  that  the  Department  of  the  Interior 
was  ready  to  cooperate  in  making  arrangements  for  the  complete 
withdrawal  of  regular  troops  from  the  Yellowstone  National  Fark, 
suggesting  that  the  detachment  of  troops  now  on  duty  in  the  park 
be  retained  there  until  shortly  after  the  close  of  the  present  tourist 
season,  between  September  15  and  October  1,  and  that  specially  se- 
lected cavalirmen  he  made  available  for  service  as  civilian  rangers 
upon  the  withdrawal  of  the  United  States  troops.  Instructions  were 
given  for  this  transfer  of  the  guardianship  of  the  park  to  the  In- 
terior Department  to  take  effect  October  1.  Such  enlisted  men  as  are 
qualified  and  desire  to  become  rangers  will  be  discharged  from  the 
Army  for  employment  by  the  Interior  Department.  Movable  Gov- 
ernment property  at  Fort  Yellowstone  has  been  ordered  shipped  to 
other  pomts.  The  buildings,  water  system,  telephone  lines,  except 
those  required  for  use  by  the  Engineer  Corps  in  the  park,  will  be 
transferred  to  the  Department  of  the  Interior,  as  was  done  in  the  case 
of  the  Yosemite  and  Sequoia  National  Parks  at  the  time  of  their 
transfer. 

REVISED  ARTICIiES  OF  WAR. 

The  project  for  the  revision  of  the  Articles  of  War  has  been 
under  consideration  of  the  War  Department  for  the  past  13  years 
and  before  Congress  for  the  past  4  years,  and  was  enacted  into  law 
in  the  Army  appropriation  act  approved  August  29, 1916.  With  the 
exception  of  a  few  articles  which  take  effect  immediately,  the  revision 
will  go  into  effect  March  1, 1917.  In  the  meantime  the  Jud^e  Advo- 
cate General  will  have  the  Manual  for  Courts-Martial  revised  and 
distributed  through  the  Army  by  February  1,  1917,  in  order  that 
there  may  be  a  month  avaUable  for  its  study  before  the  new  code,  as 
a  code,  takes  effect. 

DESERTION. 


There  were  2,382  desertions  reported  during  the  fiscal  year  1916, 
which  is  2.40  per  cent  of  the  whole  number  of  enlistment  contracts  in 
force  during  the  year,  which  is  a  decided  improvement  when  com- 

f>ared  with  4,435  reported  desertions  and  a  percentage  of  3.23  for  the 
ast  year.  These  ngures  include  the  cases  in  which  the  charge  of 
desertion  was  removed  as  having  been  erroneously  made  in  which  the 
accused  was  acquitted  and  in  which  he  was  convicted  of  the  lesser 
included  offense  of  absence  without  leave  and  retained  or  dishonor- 
ably discharged  from  the  service.  The  following  table  exhibits  the 
true  as  compared  with  the  reported  percentages  for  the  past  eight 
years: 


Year. 


Deeer- 

tiODS 

reported. 


1909 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 
1915 
1910 


4,993 
3,464 
2,504 
3,411 
4,451 
3,882 
4.435 
2,382 


ChtrgM 

UDStU- 

tafned. 


True 
oomber 
of  dflser- 

tlODS. 


311 
096 
380 
500 
871 
810 
795 
588 


4,682 
2,768 
2,124 
2,851 
3,580 
3,072 
3,640 
1.794 


Reported 

percent- 

agw. 


4.97 
3.00 
2.28 
3.00 
4.15 
3.10 
3.23 
2.40 


True  ptr- 
oentsfes. 


4.66 
2.92 
1.93 
2.50 
3.34 
2.45 
2.65 
LSI 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  201 

It  is  believed  that  a  materiml  improTement  in  discipline  was  effected 
in  the  revised  punishment  order  published  two  ^ears  ago,  which  made 
important  changes  in  tiie  regolations  gjoveming  punishment  to  be 
imposed  by  military  tribunals.  The  statistics  of  the  Judge  Advocate 
Greneral  show  a  very  great  lessening  in  the  number  of  enlisted  men 
now  placed  in  confinement  in  the  guardhouse  to  serve  punishments  as 
compared  with  former  years. 

AVIATION. 

The  concentration  of  forces  under  (Jen.  Pershing  to  protect  our 
border  marked  a  distinct  step  in  military  aviation  in  the  United 
States.  It  was  the  first  time  a  tactical  unit  from  this  branch  was 
put  in  the  field.  There  was  only  one  such  unit,  the  First  Squadron, 
San  Antonio,  Tex.,  equipped  with  ei^t  low-power«i  machines, 
which,  at  the  time  of  their  transfer  to  Columbus,  had  been  in  service 
for  many  months.  The  altitude  up  to  12,000  feet  encountered  in 
Mexico  and  the  long  distances  to  be  covered  made  Uiis  theater  a  very 
difficult  one  in  which  to  operate  aeroplanes.  Valuable  service  and  a 
great  amoimt  of  flying  were  rendered,  but  the  machines  were  quickly 
used  up.  The  appropriation  of  $500,000  made  by  Congress  March  81, 
1916,  for  the  Aviation  Section  was  the  large^  appropriation  that 
had  been  made  for  aviation  up  to  that  time.  Civilian  consulting 
engineers  were  obtained  in  connection  with  the  board  of  officers  of 
the  Aviation  Section,  and  this  board  recommended  the  purchase  of 
types  of  material.  Twelve  160  to  200  horsepower  biplanes  were  pur- 
chased. Tliese,  with  other  material,  gradually  equipped  the  aero 
squadron  with  Gen.  Pershing  in  all  details — ^motor  trucfcs,  portable 
machine  shops,  automatic  photographic  cameras,  machine  guns, 
i^oulder  rifles,  bombs,  and  other  accessories.  Difficulty  was  found 
with  the  propellers,  due  to  the  high  altitude  and  the  dry  atmosphere 
of  northern  Mexico.  Finally  a  propeller-making  plant  was  estab- 
lished at  Columbus  and  engineering  talent  all  over  the  country  con- 
sulted in  the  solution  of  the  problem,  to  the  end  that  troubles  were 
satisfactorily  solved. 

The  proj^  for  the  development  of  the  Aviation  Section  contem- 

Slates  7  aero  squadrons  for  the  Regular  Army,  12  squadrons  for  the 
rational  Guard,  and  5  for  the  defenses  on  the  coast.  The  aviation 
field  is  a  new  one  to  the  United  States,  but  the  progress  it  is  making 
in  training  personnel  and  in  developing  material  is  so  far  satisfactory. 

WASHINGTON-ALASKA  MILTTARY  CABLE  AND  TELEGRAPH  SYSTEM. 

This  system  embraces  2,627  miles  of  submarine  cable  and  448  miles 
of  land  telegraph  lines,  52  officers,  and  10  radio  stations.  Receipts 
for  current  busmess  handled  during  the  year  were  $159,819,  and  the 
value  of  official  business  at  commercial  rates  amounted  to  $194,571. 
The  yearly  outlay  for  this  system  is  about  $442,000  and  is  charged 
against  the  Army  appropriation.  There  is  no  sufficient  reason  for 
continuing  this  system  at  its  present  cost  against  Army  appropri- 
ations, for  the  reason  that  land  commimication  with  the  military  gar- 
risons in  Alaska  can  be  secured  through  Canadian  lines  in  combina- 
tion with  our  wireless  system  in  Alaska.    The  maintenance  of  this 


202  REPORT  OF  THB  OHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

system  has  been  a  heavy  burden  upon  Anny  api>ropriations  as  well 
as  upon  the  personnel  of  the  Army,  requiring  as  it  does  a  number  of 
officers  and  about  200  Signal  Cori)s  men  to  conduct  the  business  effi- 
ciently and  maintain  it  in  operation.  In  addition  to  the  personnel 
it  has  been  necessary  to  maintain  a  cable  ship.  For  five  years  effort 
has  been  made  to  have  this  system  turned  over  to  the  "Post  Office 
Department,  as  it  is  of  the  greatest  possible  value  to  the  commerce  of 
Alaska,  mail  service  of  that  country,  and  to  the  various  departments 
of  the  civil  government.  A  bill  was  introduced  in  Congress  two 
years  ago  to  turn  this  system  over  to  the  Interior  Department. 
Either  the  Interior  or  the  Post  Office  Department  had  better  be 
charged  with  the  cost  and  maintenance  of  these  lines  than  the  Army 
appropriation.  It  is  recommended  that  further  effort  be  made  to 
have  this  burden  transferred. 

SUPPLY  DEPOTS. 

In  1911  a  policy  was  adopted  which  established  depots  of  supplies 
in  areas  withm  which  troops  were  to  be  mobilized  in  the  event  of  war 
and  retaining  in  these  depots  the  supplies  necessary  to  supplement 
and  completely  equip  Organized  Militia  units  should  they  be  called 
into  service.  Three  field  supply  depots  were  established — one  in 
Philadelphia,  one  in  St.  Louis,  and  one  in  San  Francisco.  The 
fundamental  idea  was  that  any  call  for  militia  would  be  made  in 
such  time  as  to  permit  the  shipment  of  supplies  from  these  depots  to 
mobilzation  camps  in  advance  of  the  troops  arriving  from  their  com- 
pany or  regimental  rendezvous.  The  lack  of  complete  reserve  stores 
and  the  desire  to  decrease  expense  incident  to  storage  limited  these 
depots  to  three.  The  largest  of  these  depots,  and  the  only  one  of  the 
three  Teco^zed  by  specific  appropriations,  is  the  one  located  at 
Philadelphia,  in  which  were  stores  to  eauip  the  Organized  Militia  of 
16  States,  containing  the  greater  part  ot  the  Or^amzed  Militia.  The 
inadequacy  of  this  plan  was  fully  demonstrated  m  the  sudden  call  for 
the  militia  on  June  18  last  to  meet  an  emergent  condition  on  the 
Texas  border.  It  was  deemed  necessary  to  send  these  troops  to  the 
border  as  expeditiously  as  possible,  as  their  presence  there  was  neces> 
sary  to  save  a  vast  amount  of  property  and  women  and  children  in  that 
section  in  case  a  break  should  have  occurred  in  our  relations  with 
Mexico.  This  hurried  call  found  the  principal  supply  depot  at 
Philadelphia  somewhat  depleted  in  supplies,  diie  to  lack  of  appro- 
priation for  complete  reserve  supplies,  to  the  necessity  of  sending  a 
part  of  the  supplies  on  hand  to  the  Militia  of  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and 
Arizona,  and  to  an  increase  of  20,000  enlisted  men  in  the  Regular 
Army.  The  siding  facilities  at  the  depot  were  limited — two  sidings 
each  capable  of  accommodating  five  cars  at  a  time — so  that  it  was 
some  days  before  supplies  could  reach  the  necessary  points  of  mobili- 
zation. It  was  a  physical  impossibility  to  expect  supply  departments 
to  anticipate  the  action  and  have  blankets  and  clothing  at  mobiliza- 
tion camps  prior  to  the  arrival  of  men  and  recruits,  covering  as  it  did 
States  from  Maine  to  Florida. 

These  depots  were  an  experiment,  but  it  has  demonstrated  that  in 
a  sudden  call  for  troops,  the  system  of  a  small  number  of  supply 
depots  for  so  many  troops  is  an  impracticable  one  for  expeditious 
mobilization.    As  all  calls  for  the  Organized  Militia  will  probably 


REPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF,  203 

be  of  a  sudden  and  emergent  nature,  it  seems  imperative  that  supplies 
and  equipment  of  all  kinds  for  each  State  that  are  necessary  for  im- 
mediate use  in  the  field  should  be  stored  within  State  limits  and 
where  practicable  in  the  storerooms  of  regiments  themselves  under 
the  direct  control  of  the  inspector-instructors  on  duty  with  regiments. 
Arrangements  should  be  made  for  reserves  of  animals.  There  was  no 
appropriation  for  horses  and  mules  which  had  to  be  purchased  after 
the  call.  The  equipment  which  can  not  be  obtained  on  15  days'  notice 
is  that  for  which  general  supplv  depots  should  be  provided.  Based 
upon  our  experience  in  this  moBilization,  a  board  has  been  convened 
to  submit  a  new  plan  for  the  supply  of  National  Guard  and  volunteers 
when  mustered  into  the  service  of  the  United  States  which  when 
made  will  be  subject  to  the  scrutiny  and  recommendation  of  the 
General  Staff. 

AUTHORIZED  LAND  PURCHASES. 

The  current  Army  appropriation  act  makes  provision  for  the 
acquirement  of  lots  of  land  for  military  purposes. 

Three  hundred  thousand  dollars  is  appropriated  for  the  Aviation 
School  and  Training  Ground  at  San  Diego,  Cal.  The  site  has  been 
recommended  by  a  board  of  officers,  and  steps  are  now  being  taken  to 
acquire  it.  There  was  an  additional  appropriation  of  $300,000  for 
other  land  for  aviation  purposes  in  case  no  militarv  reservations  were 
found  suited  to  the  purpose.  A  board  of  officers  has  baan  appointed 
to  examine  the  present  reservations.  Action  will  be  taken  as  soon  as 
this  report  is  received. 

At  Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex.,  an  appropriation  of  $750,000  was  made 
for  the  acquisition  of  additional  land  for  adequate  supply  depots, 
for  terminal  facilities  of  that  post  and  for  the  Southern  Department. 
The  land  is  estimated  to  cost  about  $300,000.  Steps  are  bemg  taken 
to  acquire  the  land  under  consideration. 

For  Vancouver  Barracks,  Wash.,  $100,000  was  appropriated  to 
provide  suitable  target  ranges  for  each  arm  of  the  military  service 
stationed  at  that  post.  The  land  was  to  cost  about  $70,000.  Suitable 
sites  are  under  investigation  by  department  and  post  authorities. 

For  Fort  Bliss,  Tex.,  $120,000  was  appropriated  for  the  af*qulsl 
tion  of  certain  private  holdings  now  within  the  target  range.  Effort  is 
now  being  maae  to  purchase  these  tracts  within  the  appropriation. 
If  this  falls,  condemnation  proceedings  will  be  resorted  to. 

Three  hundred  thousand  dollars  is  appropriated  for  the  acquisition 
of  the  necessary  land  for  suitable  ranges  for  field  artillery  practice. 
These  purchases  are  under  investigation  by  the  Militia  Bureau. 

The  last  Army  appropriation  act  also  directed  the  Secretary  of 
War  to  investigate  and  report  to  Congress  as  soon  as  practicable  what 
additional  tracts  are  necessary  for  permanent  mobilization,  training, 
and  supply  stations  for  use  by  the  National  Guard  and  by  the  Reg- 
ular Army  and  the  probable  cost  of  same.  A  board  of  officers  is 
to  be  appointed  to  make  thorough  report  upon  this  subject. 

The  fortification  act  approved  July  6,  1916,  provided  the  sum  of 
$1,400,000  for  the  acc[uisition  of  sites  for  coast  defenses  and  this 
amount  is  to  be  applied  to  the  acquisition  of  the  land  required  at 
Rockaway  Beach.  Negotiations  are  now  in  progress  with  a  view  to 
the  completion  of  the  acquisition  of  the  land  as  soon  as  practicable 


204  BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

and  the  initiation  of  the  construction  of  the  defenses  as  soon  as  funds 
may  be  provided  therefor. 

UNITED  STATES  MILITARY  ACADEMY. 

Since  my  last  report  a  law  has  been  enacted  by  Congress  increasing 
the  number  of  caaetships  to  1,332.  When  that  law  is  in  full  effect 
four  years  from  now  it  is  anticipated  that  it  will  place  about  1,200 
cadets  at  the  academy.  This  increase,  although  spread  over  a  pe- 
riod of  four  years,  makes  it  imperative  that  the  erection  of  the  neces- 
sary buildings  to  meet  the  increase  should  be  started  at  the  earliest 
possible  date.  It  will  require  two  years  and  perhaps  more  in  some 
cases  to  complete  the  large  buildings  after  they  are  started.  This 
coming  year  s  increase  can  be  handled  with  the  present  plant,  but 
further  increases  in  the  number  of  cadets  call  for  material  increase 
of  accommodations.  The  superintendent  of  the  academy,  in  his 
annual  report,  submits  a  construction  plan  calling  for  an  expenditure 
of  approximated  $3,000,000.  A  board  of  officers  has  been  appointed 
to  report  upon  this  important  matter  by  December  1. 

The  growth  in  size  and  importance  of  this  institution  makes  it  im- 
portant, in  order  to  properly  maintain  the  dignity  of  the  position  of 
the  superintendent,  that  he  should  have  the  temporary  rank  of  a 
general  officer,  whatever  his  rank  may  be  when  detailed  to  the  posi- 
tion. I  therefore  recommend  that  the  law  which  now  gives  him  the 
temporary  rank  of  colonel  be  changed  to  give  him  the  temporary 
rank  of  brigadier  general.  The  authorized  number  of  cadets  at  the 
United  States  Military  Academy,  at  the  time  of  the  passage  of  the 
law,  June  12,  1858  (sec.  1310,  Rev.  Stat.),  giving  the  superin- 
tendent the  grade  of  colonel,  was  282. 

INEQUALITIES  OF  RANK  IN   MILITARY  AND   NAVAL  SERVICE. 

There  is  every  reason  that  in  the  military  and  naval  service  of  the 
United  States  there  should  be  such  coordination  of  rank  for  duty 
as  will  not  induce  invidious  comparisons.  In  both  services,  where 
similar  interests  are  involved,  they  should  be  considered  alike  in  the 
enactment  of  laws.  If  a  superior  grade  is  created  for  one  service, 
a  similar  grade  should  be  created  for  the  other,  so  that  all  the  officers 
of  one  service  will  be  on  a  footing  of  official  equality  with  officers 
holding  similar  commands  in  the  other  service  and  in  the  services  of 
the  world.  Otherwise  embarrassment  results  when  the  two  branches 
are  brought  in  contact  with  each  other  and  with  officers  of  foreign 
services.  If  in  all  those  joint  matters  in  which  the  Army  and  Navy 
are  concerned,  the  Navy,  by  reason  of  the  possession  of  superior 
grades  is  entitled  to  outrank  the  Army,  it  is  easy  to  see  that  the  Army 
will,  perforce,  be  looked  upon  as  a  subordinate  branch. 

The  act  of  March  4,  1915,  provided  the  grade  of  admiral  for  the 
commander  in  chief  of  the  United  States  Atlantic  Fleet,  the  com- 
mander in  chief  of  the  United  States  Pacific  Fleet,  ana  the  com- 
mander in  chief  of  the  United  States  Asiatic  Fleet.  The  second  in 
command  of  these  fleets  was  given  the  rank  of  vice  admiraL  These 
ffrades  correspond  to  the  grades  of  general  and  lieutenant  general 
in  our  service.    The  duties  of  a  fleet  commander  may  properly  be 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  205 

compared  to  those  of  the  commander  of  a  tactical  division,  of  a  de- 
partment, of  the  commander  of  the  land  forces  of  the  United  States 
m  the  Philippine  Islands,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  the  Panama 
Canal  Zone.  These  officers  of  the  Navy  are  given  this  rank  only 
during  the  performance  of  duty  and  then  return  to  the  lower  grade 
of  rear  admiral,  of  which  there  are  24  on  the  active  list  of  the  Navy. 
The  Navy  has  no  grade  corresponding  to  that  of  brigadier  general 
in  our  service,  which  grade  has  also  disappeared  from  nearly  all 
the  armies  of  the  world.  The  chiefs  of  bureaus  of  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment are  thus  superior  to  all  bureau  chiefs  of  the  War  Department 
except  the  two  who  received  the  favor  of  special  laws  giving  them  in- 
creased rank.  The  result  is  that  most  bureau  chiefs  of  the  War  De- 
partment and  all  brigadier  generals  of  the  line  are  junior  in  grade 
to  officers  of  the  Navy  performing  corresponding  duty.  An  adjust- 
ment hj  Congress  of  these  differences  and  distinctions  and  doing 
away  with  the  grade  of  brigadier  general  would  materially  benefit 
the  efficiency  of  the  military  service. 

The  naval  appropriation  act  for  the  current  fiscal  year,  approved 
August  29,  1916,  provides  for  a  Chief  of  Naval  Operations,  who 
under  the  terms  oi  the  act  shall  have  the  rank  and  title  of  admiral, 
to  take  rank  next  after  the  Admiral  of  the  Navy  (Admiral  t)ewey). 
The  Chief  of  Naval  Operations  under  the  new  naval  law  has  duties 
corresponding  to  those  of  the  Chief  of  Staff  of  the  Army,  and  he  is 
given  two  grades  of  rank  above  the  Chief  of  Staff  of  the  Army.  The 
scope  of  his  authority  may  be  seen  from  the  following  extract  from 
the  law : 

All  orders  issued  by  the  Chief  of  Naval  Operations  in  performing  the  duties 
assigned  him  shall  be  performed  under  the  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Navy,  and  his  orders  shall  be  considered  as  emanating  from  the  Secretary  of 
the  Navy  and  shall  have  full  force  and  effect  as  such. 

A  similar  law  covering  the  functions  of  the  Chief  of  Staff  would 
solve  many  questions  and  relieve  the  Secretary  of  War  from  the 
necessity  of  giving  his  personal  attention  to  many  small  details  of 
administration  which  now  take  up  his  time. 

In  this  connection  attention  is  invited  to  the  following  provision 
in  the  same  act : 

That  officers  of  the  Marine  Corps  with  the  rank  of  colonel  who  shall  have 
served  faithfully  for  forty -five  years  on  the  active  list  shall,  when  retired,  have 
the  rank  of  brigadier  general ;  and  such  oflicers  who  shall  hereafter  be  retired 
at  the  age  of  sixty-four  years,  before  having  served  for  forty-five  years,  but  who 
shall  have  served  faithfully  on  the  active  list  until  retired,  shall,  on  the  com- 
pletion of  forty  years  from  their  entry  in  the  naval  service,  have  the  rank 
of  brigadier  general. 

A  similar  provision  for  officers  of  the  Regular  Army  would  be  very 
appropriate,  otherwise  the  Army  becomes  the  object  of  comparison 
with  what  may  seem  to  be  the  more  favored  branch  of  Congress. 

DELAYS  IN  PRINTING. 

The  War  Department  has  experienced  frequent  and  embarrassing 
delays  in  obtaining  from  the  Government  Printing  Office  blank  forms 
for  use  of  the  Army  under  ordinary  circumstances,  and  this  em- 
barrassment has  been  greatly  increased  by  the  many  delays  which 


206  BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

occurred  in  obtaining  blanks  for  use  of  the  National  Guard  while  in 
the  service  of  the  United  States. 

The  delay  in  printing  orders  and  bulletins  is  the  same  as  that 
experienced  in  the  printing  of  the  blank  forms,  and  it  is  probable 
that  the  pressure  of  work  at  the  Government  Printing  Office  is  such 
that  prompt  delivery  of  the  department's  printing  can  not  be  made. 
This  IS  especially  so  while  Congress  is  in  session,  during  which  time 
the  congressional  work  takes  precedence  of  all  others.  The  Public 
Printer  nas  been  uniformly  courteous  and  obliging  and  has  put  forth 
special  efforts  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  department,  and  the  heads  of 
his  several  departments  have  cooperated  to  the  full  extent  of  their 
ability. 

It  is  recommended  that  an  effort  be  made  to  have  the  present  branch 
printing  office  materially  enlarged  so  that  it  will  be  able  to  handle 
the  printing  of  practically  all  the  orders,  bulletins,  and  changes  and 
all  of  the  smaller  blank  forms  that  are  printed  by  the  department. 

To  accomplish  this  it  will  be  necessary  to  provide  much  more  com- 
modious quarters  than  it  is  believed  can  be  provided  in  the  State, 
War,  and  Navy  Building.  Ample  provision  in  the  way  of  space 
for  an  office  large  enough  to  do  the  work  referred  to  may  be  had  by 
removing  the  office  to  the  building  at  1725  F  Street  NW.,  which 
belongs  to  the  War  Department,  and  is  now  occupied  by  a  branch 
of  the  Insular  Bureau.  Some  years  ago  the  War  Department  branch 
printing  office  was  located  in  this  building  and  at  that  time  printed 
all  the  desertion  circulars  and  the  Army  List  and  Directory,  so 
that  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  would  be  ample  for  the  purpose 
indicated. 

CENSORSHIP  OF  INFORMATION  IN  TIME  OF  PEACE, 

In  my  report  of  last  year  I  invited  attention  to  the  importance  of 
devising  some  legal  plan  for  a  censorship  during  time  of  war.  It 
is  reasonable  to  expect  that  if  the  public  peace  is  in  jeopardy  or 
our  relations  with  another  power  become  strained,  most  editors  and 
press  associations  would  refrain  from  publishing  information  con- 
cerning our  troops  and  material  which  would  be  of  advantage  to  the 
enemy.  On  the  other  hand,  the  press  must  suppler  the  public  with 
news,  and  much  information  will  be  given  out  which  will  interfere 
with  plans  for  national  defense  or  the  preservation  of  peace  within 
our  country.  This  matter  has  during  the  year  been  very  fully  con- 
sidered by  the  General  Staff,  by  the  Judge  Advocate  General  of  the 
Army,  and  by  the  Joint  Board  of  Army  and  Navy  officers.  As  a 
result  of  this  consideration  the  view  was  held  that  so  long  as  the 
freedom  of  speech  and  press  do  not  permit  publications  injurious  to 
the  public  or  private  morals,  there  has  never  been  a  right  to  publish 
matter  endangering  the  safety  of  the  country.  In  order  to  give  full 
sanction  to  this,  the  passage  of  a  law  was  recommended  to  the  chair- 
men of  the  Judiciary  Committees  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives, but  no  action  was  taken  at  the  last  session  of  Congress. 
In  order  to  invite  full  discussion  of  this  proposed  measure,  and  in 
the  hope  that  thereby  action  may  be  hastened  in  Congress,  the  pro- 
posed draft  is  given  herewith,  as  follows: 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  RepreientativeM  of  t?ie  United 
States  of  America  in  Congress  assemhledt  That  whenever  in  his  judgment  the 


BEPOET  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  207 

defense  of  the  country  or  the  preservation  of  the  public  peace  requires  such 
action,  the  President  may  issue  a  proclamation  prohibiting  the  publication  of 
any  or  all  information,  facts,  rumors,  or  speculations  referring  to  the  armed 
forces  of  the  Government,  materials  or  implements  of  war,  or  the  means  and 
measures  that  may  be  contemplated  for  the  defense  of  the  country,  except  when 
such  publication  shall  have  been  duly  authorized,  and  he  may  issue  such  regula- 
tions as  may  be  necessary  to  render  such  prohibition  effective. 

Sec.  2.  That  after  the  President  shall  have  issued  such  proclamation  as  is 
authorized  by  section  one  of  this  act  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  or  cor- 
poration, or  any  officer,  director,  or  agent  of  a  corporation,  in  his  capacity  as 
such,  within  the  Jurisdiction  of  the  United  States  to  publish,  or  cause  or 
procure  or  willingly  or  through  negligence  permit  to  be  published,  or  to  assist 
in  the  publication  of  any  information,  facts,  rumors,  or  speculations  prohibited 
by  the  terms  of  the  proclamation  or  regulations  issued  under  this  act,  except 
when  such  publication  shall  have  been  duly  authorized  under  such  regula- 
tions, and  any  person  who  so  offends  may  be  punished  by  a  fine  of  not  more 
than  ten  thousand  dollars  or  by  a  term  of  imprisonment  of  not  more  than  three 
years,  or  both.  Any  corporation  which  so  offends  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  of 
not  more  than  twenty  thousand  dollars;  and  any  officer,  director,  or  agent  of 
any. corporation  who  shall  consent  to,  connive  at,  or  through  negligence  permit 
any  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  by  such  corporation  or  by  any  of  its 
agents  or  agencies  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  of  not  more  than  ten  thousand 
dollars  or  by  a  term  of  Imprisonment  of  not  more  than  three  years,  or  both. 

Sec.  3.  That  when,  in  the  Judgment  of  the  President,  the  defense  of  the 
country  or  the  preservation  of  the  public  peace  no  longer  requires  prohibition 
of  publication,  he  shall  issue  a  proclamation  revoking  any  proclamation  issued 
under  section  1  of  this  act,  and  thereafter  the  pains  and  penalties  authorized 
by  this  act,  except  for  violations  thereof  committed  prior  to  such  revocation, 
shall  not  be  effective  until  a  further  proclamation  is  issued  under  authority 
of  this  act. 

MOBILIZATION  OF  INDUSTRIES. 

Section  120  of  the  national  defense  act  of  June  3,  1916,  provides 
that  the  Secretary  of  War  shall  make,  or  cause  to  be  made,  a  com- 
plete list  of  all  privately  owned  plants  in  the  United  States  equipped 
to  manufacture  arms  and  ammunition  or  the  component  parts 
thereof. 

The  President  is  authorized,  in  his  discretion,  to  appoint  a  Board 
on  Mobilization  of  Industries  essential  for  military  preparedness, 
nonpartisan  in  character,  and  to  take  all  necessary  steps  to  provide 
for  such  clerical  assistance  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  to  organize 
and  coordinate  the  work. 

Section  121  of  the  same  act  authorizes  the  Secretary  of  War  to 
appoint  a  board  of  five  citizens,  two  of  whom  shall  be  civilians  and 
three  of  whom  shall  be  officers  of  the  Army,  to  investi^te  and  report 
to  him  the  feasibility^  the  desirability,  and  practicability  of  the  Gov- 
ernment manufacturmg  arms  and  munitions  and  equipment.  The 
Secretarv  of  War  is  directed  to  transmit  the  report  or  this  committee 
to  Confffess  on  or  before  January  1, 1917. 

The  Naval  Consulting  Board  has  prepared  extensive  lists  of  manu- 
facturing concerns  and  privately  owned  plants.  Army  officers  have 
cooperated  with  the  Naval  Consulting  Board  in  preparation  of  these 
lists.  Inventories  of  some  20,000  concerns  are  now  being  arranged  in 
the  office  of  the  Naval  Consulting  Board.  When  completed,  copies 
of  these  lists  are  to  be  furnished  the  War  Department. 

The  investigation  required  as  to  the  Government  manufacture  of 
arms  is  proceeding  through  the  office  of  the  Chief  of  Ordnance.  This 
investigation  has  been  delayed  on  account  of  the  great  rush  of  work 
due  to  the  calling  of  the  militia  into  the  Federal  service  and  increase 


208  BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

of  the  Regular  Army.    The  committee  will  be  appointed  and  the 
report  rendered  on  January  1, 1917,  as  required. 

I  have  omitted  from  this  report  statistics  usually  embodied  con- 
cerning the  authorized  and  actual  strength  of  the  nulitary  establish- 
ment, geographical  distribution  of  troops,  and  information  of  de- 
tached officers  and  other  incidental  details,  as  these  matters  are  fully 
covered  in  other  reports. 

Attention  is  invited  to  reports  of  department  commanders  and  to 
the  reports  of  chiefs  of  bureaus  and  corps  of  the  War  Department 
as  containing  interesting  detailed  information  of  their  respective 
responsibilities. 

H.  L.  Scott, 
Major  Generaly  Chief  of  Staff. 

To  the  Secretary  of  War. 


APPENDIX. 


War  Department, 
Office  of  the  Chief  of  Staff, 

War  College  Division, 
Washington^  September  11  j  1916. 

Memorandum  for  the  Chief  of  Staff: 
Subject:  Military  policy. 

1.  Memorandums  from  your  office,  dated  March  11  and  March  17, 
1915,  directed  the  War  College  Division  to  make  a  complete  and  ex- 
haustive study  of  a  proper  military  policy  for  the  United  States,  and 
to  prepare  a  clearly  and  succinctly  expressed  statement  of  the  policy, 
basing  it,  in  a  general  way,  upon  the  "  Report  on  the  Organization  oi 
the  Land  Forces  of  the  United  States,  1912,"  "  eliminating  every- 
thing that  is  not  necessary  for  the  easy  and  quick  comprehension  of 
the  military  policy,  and  adding  anythmg  which  may  be  necessary  to 
afford  such  comprehension." 

2.  The  following  extract  from  the  memorandum  of  March  17, 1916, 
gives  the  subjects  which  the  "  statement "  was  to  cover,  viz : 

The  substance  of  this  policy  wUl,  therefore,  be  a  clearly  and  succinctly  ex- 
pressed statement,  with  the  reasons  therefor,  of  the  recommended  strength  and 
organization  of — 

I.  (a)  The  Regular  Army; 
(6)  The  Organized  Militia. 

This  should  be  followed  by — 

II.  A  careful  study  of  the  question  of  a  reserve  for  both  the  Regular  Army 
and  the  Organized  Militia  and,  if  possible  to  agree  upon  it,  a  plan  for  the  forma- 
tion of  such  reserves. 

III.  The  Volunteers:  Their  organization  and  relation  to  the  Regular  Army 
and  the  Organized  Militia. 

IV.  Reserve  material  and  supplies  which  should  be  available  and  which  can 
not  be  promptly  obtained  if  delayed  till  the  outbreak  of  war. 

The  Secretary  of  War  is  of  the  opinion  that  a  statement  which  shall  contain 
everything  that  is  pertinent  to  the  foregoing  subjects  will  Inform  Congress  of 
all  the  essential  things  that  the  best  Judgment  of  the  War  Department  thinks 
it  Is  Justified  In  asking  Congress  to  provide  in  peace  and  to  be  prepared  to  pro- 
vide in  war.  These  things,  being  such  as  commend  themselves  to  the  general 
miUtary  intelligence  (if  they  do  not  so  commend  themselves  there  can  be  no 
policy  such  as  is  now  aimed  at),  may  be  assumed  to  be  those  that  will  be  asked 
for  by  succeeding  administrations  of  the  War  Department — ^at  least,  they  wUl 
indicate  the  general  line  of  ^development  to  be  pursued.  Such  a  statement  wiU 
constitute  what  he  has  in  mind  as  a  comprehensive  military  policy. 

There  are  many  other  things  that  will  from  time  to  time  be  asked  of  Con- 
gress or,  when  authority  exists  for  it,  that  will  be  done  without  asking  legisla- 
tion. Such  things  may  be  requests  for  appropriations  to  build  new  posts  in 
view  of  the  abandoning  of  others ;  the  concentration  of  the  Army  in  a  swaller 
number  of  posts  in  definite  areas  of  the  country;  projects  for  promotion,  re- 
tirement, etc. ;  plans  for  training  the  Army  and  the  militia,  etc. 

68176*— WAB 1916— VOL  1 14  209 


210  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

Such  things  have  no  part  in  the  statement  of  a  general  military  policy  which 
the  Secretary  of  War  now  desires  to  have  prepared,  and  in  order  to  save  time 
and  labor  and  to  concentrate  attention  upon  that  which  is  essential,  he  desires 
any  such  extraneous  matter  to  be  eliminated  from  the  study  which  he  has 
directed. 

3.  Following  these  lines  the  accompanying  "  Statement  of  a  Proper 
Military  Policy  for  the  United  States  "  was  prepared. 

4.  It  is  proposed  to  supplement  this  statement  later  with  brochures 
on  such  subjects  as  require  more  detailed  discussion  than  would  be 
appropriate  herein. 

M.  M.  Macomb, 
Brigadier  Oeneraly  Chief  of  War  College  Division. 


A  PEOPEE  MILITARY  POUCY  FOE  THE  ITNITED  STATES. 

INTBODXTCTION. 
THE  MILITARY  PROBLEM  CONFRONTING  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

1.  TJie  evolution  of  national  military  policies. — National  policies 
are  evolved  and  are  expanded  as  the  Nation  grows.  They  renect  the 
national  sense  of  responsibility  and  also  the  national  ambitions. 
They  constitute  the  doctrine  underlying  acts  of  statesmanship  and 
diplomacy.  A  nation's  military  policy  is  the  national  doctrme  of 
self-preservation.  The  world  is  never  without  virile,  capable,  and 
progressive  nations,  the  circumstances  of  whose  development  have 
imbued  them  with  the  belief  that  their  vital  interests  demand  an 
active  aggressive  policy.  They  are  forced  to  resort  to  imiversal 
service  in  the  effort  to  fulfill,  at  any  cost,  what  they  conceive  to  be 
their  destiny.  In  the  United  States  the  development  of  the  Nation 
has  proceeded  under  an  environment  so  favorable  that  there  is  no 
well-defined  public  opinion  in  regard  to  what  constitutes  an  ade- 
quate military  policy.  Heretofore  isolation,  combined  with  the  neces- 
sity of  preserving  the  balance  of  power,  has  been  a  sufficient  guaranty 
against  strong  hostile  expeditions  from  Europe  or  Asia.  The  safe- 
guard of  isolation  no  longer  exists.  The  oceans,  once  barriers,  are 
now  easy  avenues  of  approach  by  reason  of  the  number,  speed,  and 
carrying  capacity  of  ocean-going  vessels.  The  increasing  radii  of 
action  of  the  submarine,  the  aeroplane,  and  wireless  telegraphy  all 
supplement  ocean  transport  in  placing  both  our  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
coasts  within  the  sphere  of  hostile  activities  of  oversea  nations. 

The  great  mass  of  the  public  does  not  yet  realize  the  e&ct  of  these 
changed  conditions  upon  our  scheme  of  defense. 

Ajiother  thin^  that  militates  against  the  evolution  of  a  soimd 
military  policy  lor  our  country  is  me  erroneous  conclusion  drawn  by 
the  people  from  our  past  experiences  in  war.    In  developing  such  a 

1)olicy  victory  is  often  a  less  trustworthy  guide  than  defeat.  We 
lave  been  plunged  into  many  wars  and  have  ultimately  emerged 
successfully  from  each  of  them.  The  general  public  points  to  these 
experiences  as  an  indication  that  our  military  policy  has  been  and 
still  continues  to  be  soimd.  That  this  is  not  really  the  belief  of  those 
in  authority  is  shown  b^  the  fact  that  each  war  of  importance  has 
been  followed  by  an  official  investigation  of  our  military  system  and 
the  policy  under  which  it  operated.  The  reports  of  these  investiga- 
tions give  a  startling  picture  of  faulty  leadership,  needless  waste  of 
lives  and  property,  costly  overhead  charges  augmented  by  payment 
of  bounties  to  keep  up  voluntary  enlistments,  undue  prolongations  of 
all  these  wars,  and  finally  reckless  expenditure  of  public  funds  for 
continuing  pensions.  These  documents  supply  convincing  proofs 
that  all  such  shortcomings  have  been  due  entirely  to  a  lack  of  ade- 
quate preparation  for  war  in  time  of  peace.    But  we  have  not  yet 

211 


212  BEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

learned  our  lesson.  It  has  never  been  driven  home  by  the  bitterness 
of  defeat.  We  have  never  known  a  Jena  or  a  Sedan.  At  no  stage 
of  our  national  life  have  we  been  brought  face  to  face  with  the  armed 
strength  of  a  great  world  power  free  to  land  sufficient  forces  to  gain 
a  foothold  at  any  desired  portion  of  our  coasts.  That  we  have  to 
some  extent  felt  this  danger  is  evidenced  by  our  efforts  to  provide  a 
navy  as  a  first  line  of  defense  and  to  supplement  it  with  the  necessary 
harbor  fortifications ;  but  we  have  not  yet  realized  that  our  ultimate 
safeguard  is  an  adequate  and  well-organized  mobile  land  force. 
Experience  in  war  has  shown  the  need  of  these  three  elements,  but 
the  public  has  not  yet  demanded  that  they  be  perfected,  coordinated, 
and  combined  in  one  harmonious  system  of  national  defense.  Not 
until  this  has  been  accomplished  will  a  proper  military  policy  for  the 
United  States  be  adopted. 

2.  Our  abiding  national  policies. — The  majority  of  our  people  have 
always  believed  in  asserting  their  own  rights  and  in  respecting  those 
of  others.  They  desire  that  the  cause  of  right  should  prevail  and  that 
lawlessness  should  be  crushed  out.  To  live  up  to  these  high  ideals 
imposes  upon  us  new  duties  as  a  world  power ;  duties  that  require 
something  more  positive  than  a  policy  or  mere  passive  defense.  In 
addition,  there  are  two  underlying  and  abiding  national  policies 
whose  maintenace  we  must  consider  as  necessary  to  our  national  life. 
These  are  the  "  ^Monroe  doctrine  "  and  the  policy  of  avoiding  "  entan- 
gling alliances."  They  are  distinctive  and  affect  our  international 
relations  in  a  definite  manner.  In  addition,  policies  may  develop  in 
the  future  as  a  result  of  international  relations  with  respect  to  trade 
conditions. 

A  general  consideration  of  our  responsibilities  as  a  nation  and  of 
our  geographical  position  indicates  that  the  maintenance  of  our 
abiding  policies  and  interests  at  home  and  abroad  involves  problems 
of  defense  measures  both  on  land  and  on  sea.  The  solution  of  the 
general  problem  of  national  defense  must  be  sought  in  the  provision 
of  adequate  land  and  sea  forces  and  a  consideration  of  their  coor- 
dinate relationship. 

3.  Coordinate  relationship  of  Army  and  Navy. — ^Upon  the  Navy 
devolves  the  solution  of  the  problem  of  securing  and  maintaining 
control  of  the  sea.  To  accomplish  this  it  must  be  free  to  take  the 
offensive  promptly — that  is,  to  seek  out  and  defeat  the  enemy  fleet. 
The  use  oi  any  part  of  the  high-sea  fleet  for  local  defense  defeats  the 
chief  object  or  tne  Navy  and  is  a  misuse  of  naval  power.  A  fleet  de- 
feated at  sea  and  undefended  by  an  adequate  army  is  powerless 
either  to  prevent  invasion  or  even  its  own  ultimate  destruction  by 
combined  nostile  land  and  naval  forces.  In  illustration  compare  the 
cases  of  the  Spanish  fleet  at  Santiago  and  the  Russian  fleet  at  Port 
Arthur  with  the  present  example  of  the  German,  Austrian,  and 
Turkish  fleets  under  the  protection  of  land  forces. 

Upon  the  Army  devolves  the  task  of  gaining  and  maintaining  on 
shore  the  ascendency  over  hostile  land  and  naval  operations.  To 
accomplish  this  it  must  be  able  to  seek  out  promptly  and  to  defeat, 
capture,  or  destroy  the  invader  wherever  he  may  attempt  either  to 
secure  a  footing  upon  our  territory  or  to  enter  the  waters  of  our  har- 
bors with  the  object  of  threatening  the  destruction  of  the  seaport 
or  of  a  fleet  driven  to  seek  refuge  or  repair  therein. 


REPORT  OF  THE   CHIEF   OF  STAFF.  213 

The  problems  involved  in  operations  against  hostile  land  forces 
are  complex  and  include  only  as  an  incident  the  protection  of  harbor 
defenses  on  the  land  side.  The  problems  of  harbor  defense  against 
attack  from  the  sea  are  simple  and  passive  in  their  nature. 

4.  Coordinate  relationship  of  statesman  and  soldier. — In  our  coun- 
try public  opinion  estimates  the  situation,  statecraft  shapes  the 
policy,  while  the  duty  of  executing  it  devolves  upon  the  military 
and  naval  departments. 

Such  a  doctrine  is  sound  in  direct  proportion  to  its  success  in  pro- 
ducing a  military  system  capable  of  devoloping  fighting  power  suffi- 
cient to  meet  any  given  national  emergency,  at  the  proper  time,  sup- 
ported by  all  the  resources,  technical  and  economic,  oi  the  country, 
m  a  word — preparedness.  All  the  other  world  powers  of  to-day  have 
realized  the  necessity  of  maintaining  highly  trained  and  organized 
military  and  naval  forces  in  time  of  peace,  and  all,  or  nearly  all,  are 
allied  in  powerf  itl  coalitions. 

Without  superiority  on  the  sea  or  an  adequate  land  force  there  is 
nothing  to  prevent  any  hostile  power  or  coalition  of  powers  from 
landing  on  our  shores  such  part  of  its  trained  and  disciplined  troops 
as  its  available  transports  can  carry.  The  time  required  is  limited 
only  by  the  average  speed  of  its  vessels  and  the  delay  necessarily 
consumed  in  embarking  and  disembarking. 

In  order  that  the  American  people  can  intelligently  decide  on  a 
doctrine  of  preparedness  which  shall  constitute  the  military  policy 
of  the  United  States,  and  that  Congress  and  the  Executive  may  be 
able  to  carry  out  their  decision,  information  concerning  the  military 
strength  of  other  great  nations  and  shipping  available  for  transport 
purposes  must  be  clearly  set  forth. 

The  work  of  the  statesman  and  of  the  soldier  and  sailor  are  there- 
fore coordinate;  where  the  first  leaves  off  the  others  take  hold. 

5.  Preparedness  of  the  world  powers  for  over-sea  expeditions. — 
Control  of  the  sea  having  been  once  gained  by  our  adversary  or 
adversaries,  there  is  nothing  to  prevent  them  from  dispatching  an 
over-sea  expedition  against  us.  In  order  to  form  an  idea  of  the 
mobile  force  we  should  have  ready  to  resist  it  an  estimate  must  first 
be  made  of  the  approximate  number  of  troops  that  other  nations 
might  reasonably  be  expected  to  transport  ana  of  the  time  required 
to  land  them  on  our  coasts. 

The  number  of  thoroughly  trained  and  organized  troops  an  enemy 
can  bring  in  the  first  and  succeeding  expeditions  under  such  an 
assumption  is  a  function  of — 

(a)  The  size  of  the  enemy's  army,  and 

(6)  The  number,  size,  and  speed  of  the  vessels  of  the  enemy's  mer- 
chant marine  that  can  be  used  as  transports. 

Should  our  enemy  be  a  nation  in  arms — that  is,  one  in  which  all  or 
nearly  all  of  .the  male  inhabitants  of  suitable  physique  are  given  a 
minimum  of  two  years'  training  with  the  colors  m  time  of  peace  (and 
this  is  true  of  all  world  powers  except  ourselves  and  England),  it  is 
evident  that  the  size  of  the  first  expedition  and  succeeding  expeditions 
would  be  limited  only  by  the  number  of  vessels  in  the  transport  fleets. 
It  also  follows  that  as  the  capacity  and  number  of  steamers  in  the 
merchant  marine  of  any  nation  or  group  of  nations  increase  in  the 
future,  the  number  of  trained  soldiers  which  such  nation  could  send 


214 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 


in  such  expedition  will  also  increase,  and  our  trained  forces  should 
be  correspondingljr  augumented. 

What  the  conditions  were  in  August,  1914,  is  shown  in  the  follow- 
ing table,  which  may  be  regarded  as  a  reasonable  estimate : 

Preparedness  of  the  great  powers  for  over-sea  expeditions. 


Nation. 


Austria-Hungarj  . 

France 

Germany 

Great  Britain .... 
Italy 

Russia 


Strength 
of  army. 


4,320,000 
5,000,000 


Tonnage  available  of  ships 
with  capacity  over—* 


3,000 
tons. 


2,000 
tons. 


762,756 
l,70fi,931 


5.000,000   3,560,962  4,018,185 
«69:>,00013,000,000 

2,600,000 

2,212,000 

5,000,000 


1,065,321 
'42^619 


1,000 
tons. 


First  expe- 
dition using 
60  per  cent 
ol  tonnage 
given. 


Men. 


1,013,9S5 


Ani- 
mals. 


72,000 

160,931 

« 387, 000 

170,000 

91,000 

95,715 

37,630 


Second  expe- 
dition using 
75  re  cent 
of  tonnage 
given. 


Men. 


Ani- 
mals. 


14,000   10S,000   21,600 

32,1S6   243,295   4S,279 

«  Kl,  •270,2 440, 000  > 94, 600 

90,000 1 

13,650    136,000i  20,475 


24,416 
7,940 


142,6221  36,623 
66,444|  11,918 


Time 
needed  to— 


Load 

and 

cross 

ocean 

with 

first 

expe- 

tlon. 


Daf8. 

20.7 
15.8 
15.8 
14.0 
18.3 
22.5 
20.5 


Re- 
turn, 
load, 
and 

re- 
cross 
with 
sec- 
ond 

^ 

tion. 


4a4 

3ao 

30.8 
27.0 
35.0 
41.0 

4ao 


1  Fifty  per  cent  has  been  assumed  as  the  figure  representing  the  amount  of  shipping  In  or  within  call  of 
home  ports  at  outbreak  of  war. 

s  Using  no  ships  less  than  3,000  tons. 

•  240,500  territorials. 

<  Japanese  fleld  regulations  indicate  the  intention  to  use  steamers  of  1,000  tons;  for  this  reason  and  becaoM 
<tf  the  large  amount  of  steamers  between  10  and  12  knots  speed,  all  Japanese  steamers  over  10  knots  speed 
and  a  thousand  tons  gross  have  been  considered. 

Note.— The  allowance  prescribed  in  our  Field  Service  Regulations  of  3  tons  per  man  and  8  tons  per 
animal  for  ships  over  5,000  tons  and  4  tons  per  man  and  10  tons  per  animal  for  vessels  under  5,000  tons  has 
been  used  in  estimating  the  capacity  of  ships,  except  where  the  regulati(xis  of  any  country  prescribe  a 
different  allowance.  Tnese  allowances  include  rations,  water,  forage,  etc.,  for  the  voyage  ana  a  margin 
for  three  months'  reserve  supplies.  The  tonnage  allowance  covers  men,  animals,  and  all  accessories  and 
Is  sufflcient  to  provide  for  vehicles  (Including  gims). 

Fighting  power  is  the  result  of  organization,  trainins,  and  equipment  backed  by  the  resources  of  the 
country.    Available  shipping  is  a  matter  of  commercial  statistics. 

The  Quality,  organization,  and  efficiency  of  these  troops,  except 
those  or  Japan,  which  demonstrated  their  excellence  in  the  Russo- 
Japanese  War,  are  now  undergoing  a  supreme  test  of  military 
strength  on  land  and  sea.  This  test  by  the  ordeal  of  battle  is  visibly 
demonstrating  their  organization,  their  fighting  power,  and  the  rate 
at  which  each  is  capable  of  developing  and  mamtaining  its  military 
strength.  In  addition,  where  certain  nations  have  transported  troops 
by  sea  their  capabilities  in  this  respect  have  to  some  extent  been 
shown. 

This  evidence,  produced  under  conditions  of  actual  warfare,  pre- 
sents an  example  of  the  resultant  efficiency  of  any  nation  that  has  de- 
veloped a  sound  military  policy;  the  soundest  policv  being  the  one 
which  insures  a  successful  termination  of  the  war  in  the  shortest  time. 

6.  Statement  of  the  military  problem^ — From  what  has  been  stated, 
we  are  forced  to  the  conclusion  that  we  must  be  prepai'ed  to  resist  a 
combined  land  and  sea  operation  of  formidable  strength.  Our  prin- 
cipal coast  cities  and  important  harbors  have  already  been  protected 
by  harbor  defenses  which,  by  passive  method  alone,  can  deny  to  an 
enemy  the  use  of  these  localities  as  bases  for  such  expeditions. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  215 

The  enemy  being  unable  to  ^in  a  foothold  in  any  of  these  fortified 
areas  by  direct  naval  attack  will  therefore  be  f orcea  to  find  some  suit- 
able place  on  the  coast  from  which  land  operations  can  be  conducted 
both  against  the  important  coast  cities  and  the  rich  commercial  cen- 
ters in  the  interior.  Long  stretches  of  coast  line  between  the  fortified 
!>laces  lie  open  to  the  enemy.  The  only  reasonable  way  in  which  these 
ocalities  can  be  defended  is  by  provicfing  a  mobile  land  force  of  suffi- 
cient strength,  so  located  that  it  may  be  thrown  in  at  threatened 
points  a|;  the  proper  time. 

It  has  just  been  shown  what  the  strength  of  these  expeditions  might 
be,  as  well  as  the  time  required  for  any  one  of  them  to  develop  its 
whole  effective  force.  Hence  it  can  be  seen,  when  we  take  into  con- 
sideration the  possible  two  months'  delay  provided  by  the  Navy,  that 
our  system  should  be  able  to  furnish  500,000  trained  and  organized 
mobile  troops  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war  and  to  have  at  least  500,000 
more  availaole  within  90  days  thereafter.  Here,  however,  it  must  be 
pointed  out  that  two  expeditions  alone  will  provide  a  force  large 
enough  to  cope  with  our  1,000,000  mobile  troops,  and  consequently  we 
must  at  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  provide  the  srjrstem.  to  raise  and 
train,  in  addition,  as  least  500,000  troops  to  replace  the  losses  and 
wastage  in  personnel  incident  to  war.  To  provide  this  organized 
land  force  is  the  military  problem  before  us  for  solution. 

I.  THE  BEGXJIiAB  ABMY. 
GENERAL  FUNCTIONS  OF  THE  REGULAR  ARMY. 

7.  In  the  endeavor  to  reach  a  just  conclusion  as  to  the  strength 
and  organization  of  a  regular  army  adequate  to  play  its  part  in 
our  national  defense,  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  this  defense  is  a 
joint  problem  requiring  for  its  correct  solution  the  united  efforts  of 
both  Army  and  Navy,  and  that  the  ultimate  strength  of  the  greater 
war  army  is  dependent  to  a  considerable  extent  upon  the  part  to  be 
played  by  the  neet.  It  is  therefore  assumed  in  this  discussion  that 
the  Navy  is  preparing  to  place  and  maintain  in  the  Pacific,  when  the 
occasion  requires,  a  force  superior  to  that  of  any  oriental  nation,  and 
in  the  Atlantic  one  second  only  to  that  of  the  greatest  European 
naval  power. 

The  Regular  Army  is  the  peace  nucleus  of  the  greater  war  army  of 
the  Nation.  Its  strength  and  organization  should  be  determined  not 
only  by  its  relation  to  the  larger  force  but  by  its  own  peace  and  war 
functions.  It  must  be  prepared  at  all  times  to  meet  sudden  and 
special  emergencies,  which  can  not  be  met  by  the  army  of  citizen 
soldiers.  Its  units  must  be  the  models  for  the  organization  and  train- 
ing of  those  of  the  ^reat  war  army. 

Some  of  the  functions  of  the  Regular  Army  are: 

(a)  To  furnish  the  entire  strength  of  our  garrisons  outside  of  the 
United  States  proper  both  in  peace  and  war. 

(6)  To  garrison  our  harbor  defenses  within  the  United  States 
proper  in  time  of  peace. 

(c)  To  furnish  detachments  of  mobile  forces  in  time  of  peace  suffi- 
cient for  the  protection  of  these  harbor  defenses  and  naval  bases 
against  naval  raids  which,  under  modem  conditions,  may  precede  a 
declaration  of  war. 


216  BBPOBT  OF  THE  OHIEP  OF  STAFF. 

(rf)  To  furnish  sufficient  mobile  forces  to  protect  our  principal 
cities  by  preventing  the  landing  of  hostile  expeditions  for  their  cap- 
ture in  the  intervals  between  our  fortified  harbors  or  near  such  cities. 

(e)  To  supply  a  mobile  reserve  to  reenforce  our  garrisons  outside 
of  the  United  States  proper  during  periods  of  insurrection  and  dis- 
order. 

(/)  To  furnish  expeditionary  forces  for  minor  wars  resulting  from 
the  occupation  of  foreign  territorv  where  treaty  rights  or  funda- 
mental national  policies  may  have  been  threatenea. 

{ff)  To  prepare  in  advance  its  existing  administrative  and  supply 
departments  for  the  equipment,  transportation,  and  supply  or  the 
great  war  army  of  the  Nation. 

(h)  To  assist  in  the  training  of  organizations  of  citizen  soldiers. 

8.  Concerning  the  strength  and  organization  of  the  Regular  Army, 
the  following  points  are  U>  be  considered : 

(a)  At  the  outbreak  of  war  the  Regular  Army  at  home  should  be 
strong  enough,  with  the  addition  of  organized  and  trained  citizen 
soldiers,  to  form  the  first  line  of  defense  in  order  to  give  sufficient 
time  to  permit  the  mobilization  and  concentration  of  our  greater  war 
army,  and  to  seize  opportimities  for  such  immediate  initial  operations 
as  may  be  undertaken  before  the  mobilization  of  the  army  of  citizen 
soldiers  can  be  completed. 

i6)  It  should  be  so  organized  and  located  that  it  can  be  economi- 
y  and  efficiently  trained,  quickly  and  easily  mobilized  and  concen- 
trated, and  readily  used  as  a  model  in  the  education  and  training  of 
the  citizen  forces. 

MOBUJB  AND  COAST  ARTILLERY  TROOPS  AND  THEIR  FUNCTIONS. 

9.  Ejcperience  has  shown  that  our  regular  land  forces  and  others 
modeled^upon  them  must  consist  of  two  distinct  classes,  i.  e. : 

(a)  Mobile  troops. 

(b)  Coast  Artillery  troops. 

These  two  groups  have  their  own  special  functions  for  which  they 
are  trained  and  equipped  and  from  which  they  should  not  be  diverted 
except  in  some  emergency. 

The  function  of  the  Coast  Artillery  is  to  man  our  harbor  defenses 
designed  to  protect  important  seaports  from  direct  naval  attacks  and 
raids  from  the  sea.  The  armament  and  accessories  of  these  forts  are 
intended  to  be  so  complete  and  powerful  as  not  only  to  prevent 
hostile  landings  at  all  places  within  range  of  the  guns,  but  also  to 
cover  all  navigable  waters  in  the  vicinity  of  ^eat  seacoast  cities  so 
thoroughly  as  to  leave  no  dead  spaces  from  which  enemy  ships,  either 
at  anchor  or  during  a  run-by,  could  bring  them  under  bombardment. 
While  these  harbor  forts  are  important  elements  in  our  scheme  of 
defense,  thev  are,  nevertheless,  powerless  to  prevent  invasion  at 

Eoints  outsiae  the  range  of  their  guns.  The  total  length  of  our  coast 
ne  is  enormous,  and  the  stretches  covered  by  harbor  defenses  are 
and  must  remain  very  small  compared  with  the  unprotected  inter- 
vals that  lie  between  them.  If  we  should  lose  command  of  the  sea 
an  invader  would  simply  land  in  one  of  these  intervals.  It  there- 
fore follows  that  the  ultimate  defense  of  our  coasts  depends  upon 
defeating  a  mobile  army  of  invasion,  and  this  can  be  done  only  by 
having  mobile  forces  prepaFed  to  operate  in  any  possible  theater  of 


REPORT  OF   THE   CHIEF   OF  STAFF.  217 

war.  At  this  stage  of  hostilities  the  problem  becomes  one  of  cooper- 
ation between  Coast  Artillery  and  mobile  troops,  but  there  can  be  no 
fixed  relation  in  the  strength  of  these  two  classes  of  land  forces*. 
The  necessary  strength  of  Coast  Artillery  troops  depends  upon  the 
number  and  character  of  harbor  defenses  established ;  that  or  mobile 
troops  upon  the  nature  and  extent  of  the  defensive  and  offensive 
operations  for  which  the  Nation  decides  to  be  prepared. 

RELATION  BETWEEN  HOME  AND  OVERSEA  GARRISONS. 

10.  The  most  rational  method  of  determining  the  proper  strength 
and  organization  of  the  Regular  Army  is  based  upon  the  fact  that 
this  force  is  and  must  be  divided  into  two  distinct  parts — one  for 
oversea  service,  the  other  for  home  service.  Each  of  these  parts 
must  have  its  proper  quota,  both  of  mobile  and  Coast  Artillery 
troops. 

The  troops  on  oversea  service  consist  of  the  detachments  required 
to  meet  the  special  military  problems  of  the  Philippines,  Oahu, 
Panama,  Alaska,  Guantanamo,  and  Porto  Bico.  Each  of  these  de- 
tachments has  a  distinct  tactical  and  strategic  mission,  and  is  to 
operate  within  a  restricted  terrain.  All  of  them  are  limited  to  over- 
sea communication  with  the  home  country,  and  all  of  them  may 
therefore  be  isolated  for  considerable  periods,  especially  in  the  criti- 
cal fiist  stages  of  war.  It  is  obvious  that  imder  these  circumstances 
these  detachments  should  be  prepared  to  meet  all  military  emergen- 
cies until  reenforcements  from  the  United  States  can  reasonably  be 
expected.  They  must,  therefore,  be  maintained  at  all  times  at  full 
statutory  strength,  and  must,  in  addition^  be  organized  with  the  view 
to  being  self-supporting,  preferably  during  the  continuance  of  war, 
or  at  least  until  the  Navy  has  accomplished  its  primary  mission  of 
securing  the  command  of  the  sea. 

The  Force  at  home  is  on  an  entirelv  different  basia  It  may  or  may 
not  be  given  an  adequate  number  oi  units  in  time  of  peace,  but  it  is 
supported  by  atl  of  the  resources  of  the  Nation.  It  may  be  increased 
at  the  pleasure  of  Congress,  and  it  may  be  reenforced  by  considerable 
forces  of  citizen  soldiery.  It  follows  from  these  considerations  that 
the  Military  Establishment  of  the  United  States  in  time  of  peace 
should  first  provide  effective  and  sufiicient  garrisons  for  the  political 
and  strategic  outposts  of  the  United  States,  and  that  the  residue  at 
home  should  be  organized  with  the  view  to  ultimate  expansion  into 
such  war  forces  as  national  interests  may  require.  The  possibility 
of  a  satisfactory  mobilization  of  this  home  force  is  dependent  upon 
keeping  the  units  of  the  regular  contingent  at  full  statutory  strength. 

GENERAL  REQUIREMENTS  OF  OVERSEA  SERVICE. 

11.  The  Philippines. — ^A  decision  to  defend  the  Philippines  against 
a  foreign  enemy  is  a  matter  of  national  and  not  of  military  policy. 
But  in  studying  the  military  requirements  of  such  defense  it  must  be 
remembered  that,  under  conditions  of  modem  warfare,  imless  our 
Navy  has  undisputed  control  of  the  sea,  we  can  not  reenforce  the 
peace  garrison  after  a  declaration  of  war  or  while  war  is  imminent. 

12.  Oahu. — ^The  maintenance  of  the  naval  base  at  Pearl  Harbor, 
Oahu,  is  an  essential  factor  in  the  military  problem  of  holding  the 


218  REPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

Hawaiian  Islands.  These  islands  constitute  a  vital  element  in  the 
defense  of  the  Pacific  coast  and  in  securing  to  ourselves  the  full  value 
of  the  Panama  Canal  as  a  strategic  highway  between  the  two  oceans. 

The  problem  of  holding  the  Hawaiian  Islands  can  be  solved  by 
making  Oahu,  and  therefore  Pearl  Harbor,  secure  against  all  comers. 
A  satisfactory  solution  requires  the  joint  action  of  the  Army  and 
Navy.  Pearl  Harbor  and  Honolulu  are  already  protected  from 
direct  naval  attack  by  fortifications  now  nearing  completion.  These, 
v/hile  deemed  adequate  to  meet  the  conditions  existing  when  they 
were  designed,  must  now  be  strengthened  to  meet  the  recent  increase 
in  power  of  guns  afloat;  but  no  matter  how  complete  these  harbor 
fortifications  on  the  southern  coast  of  Oahu  may  be,  they  are  unable 
to  prevent  attacks  either  on  the  remaining  hundred  miles  of  coast 
lying  beyond  the  range  of  their  guns  or  on  the  other  islands  of  the 
group.  Consequently  there  should  be  in  addition  a  force  of  modern 
submarines  and  destroyers  forming  part  of  the  permanent  naval 
equipment  of  Pearl  Harbor  with  sufficient  radius  of  action  to  keep 
the  Hawaiian  waters  thoroughly  patrolled  throughout  their  whole 
extent  and  to  make  them  dangerous  for  enemy  vessels.  Should  this 
force  be  worsted  in  combat  and  withdrawn  before  the  arrival  of  our 
high-sea  fleet,  the  complete  control  of  the  local  waters  might  pass 
temporarily  to  the  enemy,  so  that  the  ultimate  security  of  both  Hono- 
lulu, the  naval  base  at  Pearl  Harbor,  and  indeed  of  the  whole  group, 
depends  upon  including  in  the  Oahu  garrison  enough  mobile  troops 
to  defeat  any  enemy  that  may  land  anywhere  on  the  island.  It  is 
clear  that  perfect  coordination  between  the  Army  and  Navy  at  this 
station  is  absolutely  essential  to  success  in  holding  this  key  to  the 
Pacific.  Unless  we  provide  such  dual  defense  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands 
we  can  not  be  sure  of  retaining  control  even  of  that  part  of  the  Pacific 
lying  within  the  sphere  of  defense  of  our  western  coast.  By  making 
such  provision  the  high-sea  fleet  is  left  free  to  seek  out  the  enemy  fleet 
in  Pacific  waters. 

13.  Panama. — ^The  Panama  Canal  is  a  very  important  strategic 
position  which  it  is  our  duty  to  hold.  By  our  control  <Jf  this  highway 
between  the  two  oceans  the  effectiveness  of  our  fleet  and  our  general 
military  power  is  enormously  increased.  It  is  therefore  obvious  that 
the  unquestioned  security  of  the  canal  is  for  us  a  vital  military  need. 
The  permanent  garrison  should  be  strong  enough  to  guard  the  locks, 
spillways,  and  other  important  works  and  to  prevent  a  naval  attack 
which,  under  modem  conditions,  may  even  precede  a  declaration  of 
war.  We  should  therefore  be  able,  even  in  peace,  to  man  the  sea- 
coast  guns  and  mine  defense  that  cover  the  approach  to  the  canal, 
and  we  must  have  enough  mobile  troops  to  deieat  raids.  A  modem 
fleet  might  land  a  small  raiding  party  of  several  thousand  bluejackets 
at  any  one  or  more  of  a  number  of  places,  and  such  a  force  landing 
out  of  range  of  the  seacoast  guns  could,  if  unopposed,  penetrate  to 
some  vulnerable  part  of  the  canal  within  a  few  hours.  The  permanent 
garrison  should  therefore  include  a  mobile  force  strong  enough  to 
anticipate  and  defeat  naval  raids  at  the  beginning  of  hostilities  and 
to  protect  the  canal  against  more  serious  land  operations  liable  to  be 
undertaken  later.  If  the  enemy  is  operating  on  one  ocean  only,  it 
might  be  possible  to  send  reenforcements  from  the  United  States,  but 
to  count  on  such  relief  would  be  running  too  great  chances.    By  au- 


BSPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  219 

thority  of  the  Bepublic  of  Panama,  this  garrison  is  given  facilities 
in  time  of  peace  to  operate  beyond  the  Canal  Zone  in  order  that  the 
troops  may  be  properly  trained  for  their  special  mission  and  made 
familiar  with  tne  terrain  over  which  they  may  be  called  upon  to 
operate  in  defending  the  canal. 

14.  Guantanamo. — ^The  policy  of  the  United  States  contemplates 
the  establishment  of  a  naval  base  at  Ouantanamo.  Garrisons  of  coast 
artillery  and  mobile  troops  are  necessary  for  its  defense  and  should 
be  assigned  to  station  there  at  the  proper  time. 

15.  Alaskcu — The  garrison  of  Alaska  should  be  large  enough  to 
support  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  and,  in  time  of  war,  to 
maintain  our  sovereignty  over  a  small  selected  area  of  the  Territory. 
As  work  on  the  Alaskan  Kailroad  progresses,  the  military  needs  of 
Alaska  will  increase. 

16.  Porto  Rico  is  to  be  classified  with  the  Philippines  and  Guam. 
Unlike  Alaska  and  Hawaii,  these  island  possessions  have  not  been 
organized  as  Territories;  nevertheless,  they  all  belong  to  the  United 
States  and  must  be  protected. 

GEXEfiAL  REQUIREMENTS  OF  HOME  SERVICE, 

17.  Oeneral  distribution  of  Coast  Artillery  troops  in  fortified 
areas. — It  has  already  been  ^own  where  we  diould  have  garrisons 
for  oversea  service  and  why.  It  now  remains  to  show  how  we  should 
distribute  our  regular  troops  for  service  at  home.  Coast  Artillery 
stations  should  correspond  to  the  fortified  areas  on  the  seacoast,  and 
these  are  indicated  by  the  position  of  the  harbor  defenses,  which  are 
at  present  located  as  follows : 

Portland,  Me.  The  Potomac.  New  Orleans. 

Portsmouth,  N.  H.  Chesapeake  Bay.  Galveston. 

Boston.  Cape  Fear.  San  Diego. 

New  Bedford.  Charleston.  Los  Angeles. 

Narragansett  Bay.  Savannah.  San  Frandsca 

Long  Island  Sound.  Tampa.  Puget  Sound. 

New  Tork.  Key  West  The  Columbia. 

The  Delaware.  Pensacola. 

Baltimore.  Mobile. 

18.  Oeneral  distribution  of  mobile  troops  in  strategic  areas. — ^As 
previously  explained,  the  influence  of  harbor  defenses  is  limited  to 
the  areas  within  the  range  of  their  guns.  To  provide  harbor  defenses 
without  mobile  forces  necessary  to  cover  the  unprotected  intervals 
that  lie  between  them  would  be  comparable  with  attempting  to  make 
a  house  burglar  proof  by  barring  the  doors  and  leaving  the  windows 
open.  There  is  not  a  case  in  history  where  seacoast  fortifications, 
efficiently  manned,  have  been  captured  by  direct  attack  from  the  sea. 
In  all  cases  of  capture  mobile  land  forces  have  been  employed  for  the 
purpose,  and  an  enemy  that  hopes  for  success  must  undertake  landing 
operations  against  us.  We  must  therefore  decide  upon  a  rational 
distribution  of  our  mobile  forces  to  meet  this  contingency. 

19-  Puget  Sound  area. — Western  Washington  is  bordered  on  the 
east  by  the  steep  and  rugged  Cascade  Mountains,  on  the  south  by 
the  Columbia  River,  and  on  the  north  by  Juan  de  Fuca  Strait  and 
Canada.  This  comer  of  the  United  States  is  completely  cut  off  from 
the  rest  of  the  country  by  great  natural  obstacles  and  presents  an 


220  BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

extensive  front  for  attack  by  sea.  While  the  maps  show  some  twenty 
passes  across  the  Cascade  Mountains,  communication  with  the  ea^ 
IS  almost  entirely  by  three  railroads,  all  crossing  at  points  less  than 
50  miles  apart  and  having  tunnels  or  other  vulnerable  structures. 
The  only  practicable  wagon  road  is  effectually  closed  to  traflSc  for 
between  four  and  five  months  each  year  by  heavy  snows.  Communi- 
cation with  the  south  is  by  one  line  of  railroad,  crossing  the  Columbia 
River  by  bridge  at  Vancouver.  Communication  between  this  section 
and  the  east  and  south  is  thus  largely  dependent  upon  a  number  of 
structures  readily  destroyed  by  high  explosives,  and  impossible  of 
restoration  to  traffic  within  a  definite  time.  The  two  railroads  along 
the  Columbia  River,  at  the  point  where  it  breaks  through  the  moun- 
tains, could  be  easily  wrecked  so  as  to  require  considerable  time  to 
repair,  and  the  gorge  could  be  held  by  a  small  force  against  a  large 
one  coming  from  the  east.  If  an  enemy  succeeds  in  entering  western 
Washington  and  in  seizing  and  destroymg  the  important  bridges  and 
tunnels,  he  would  be  so  securely  established  as  to  render  it  extremely 
difficult  to  dislodge  him.  In  this  rich  region  an  invader  could  main- 
tain himself  indefinitely.  The  harbor  defenses  maintained  in  this 
region  are  reasonably  strong.  Ordinary  precaution  demands  that  a 
mobile  force  of  reasonable  strength  be  also  maintained  in  this  region. 

20.  California  area. — ^There  are  five  transcontinental  lines  of  rail- 
way entering  California.  The  Western  Pacific  and  Southern  Pacific 
by  the  passes  through  the  Sierras  northeast  of  Sacramento;  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe,  and  the  San  Pedro,  Los  Angeles  & 
Salt  Lake  via  Daggetts  Pass  northeast  of  Los  Angeles;  and  the 
Southern  Pacific  via  the  Salton  Sea  and  Gorgonia  Pass  southeast  of 
Los  Angeles.  There  are  no  other  passes  through  the  Sierras  that  have 
been  considered  practicable.  There  is  no  railroad  running  south 
into  Lower  Caliiornia.  Only  one  railroad,  the  Southern  Pacific, 
runs  north  into  Oregon.  As  in  the  Puget  Sound  region,  communica- 
tion with  the  east  is  largely  dependent  upon  structures  readily  de- 
stroyed by  explosives  and  impossible  of  restoration  to  traffic  within  a 
definite  time;  California  and  the  greater  centers  of  population  are 
separated  by  wide  expanses  of  sparsely  settled  country.  To  trans- 
port promptly  large  bodies  of  troops  into  California  would  be  diffi- 
cult if  not  impossible  in  face  of  opposition  at  the  passes.  The 
invader  would  have  a  most  fertile  region  at  his  back,  while  the  reverse 
would  be  the  situation  with  us. 

The  harbor  defenses  maintained  in  this  region  are  reasonably 
strong,  but  they  are  of  little  use  unless  supported  by  a  reasonably 
strong  mobile  force  maintained  in  this  region. 

To  rely,  for  defense,  during  the  first  stages  of  a  war  upon  a  mobile 
force  shipped  in  from  the  east  is  to  invite  disaster. 

21.  Atlantic  area, — In  case  of  war  with  a  first-class  power  on  the 
Atlantic,  that  portion  of  our  country  lying  between  and  including 
Maine  and  Virginia  would  undoubtedly  be  the  primary  object  of  an 
invader.  While  all  other  points  along  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts 
and  all  points  on  our  land  frontiers  would  undoubtedly  be  in  danger, 
the  danger  would  be  secondary  to  that  of  the  North  Atlantic  States 
above  named.  Here  also  the  harbor  defenses  are  reasonably  stronff, 
and  here  also  a  mobile  force  should  be  kept  sufficient  in  size  to  hold 
important  points  until  the  citizen  soldiery  can  be  mobilized. 


R£POBT  or  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF.  221 

While  many  other  regions  are  important^  the  three  regions  de- 
scribed— Pug^  Sound,  California,  and  the  North  Atlantic  States — 
contain  the  critical  areas. 

22.  Middle  West  area. — ^The  center  of  jwpulation  of  the  United 
States  is  in  the  Middle  West,  and  here  diould  be  located  a  mobile 
force  for  use  in  case  of  need  on  either  the  Pacific  or  Atlantic  coast, 
the  northern  or  southern  border. 

NECESSAKY   8TREI«JGTH   OF    MOBILE   TBOOPS   FOE  OVEB-SEA    SEBTICE. 

23.  Constant  study  of  the  problem  which  confronts  each  of  our 
oversea  garrisons  in  connection  with  the  advance  made  in  arms,  trans- 
portation, tactics,  lines  of  information,  methods  of  communications, 
undersea  craft,  and  aerial  operations  has  led  to  the  conclusions  that 
the  strength  of  the  over-sea  garrisons  herein  given  is  the  minimum, 
below  which  they  should  not  be  allowed  to  fall  at  any  time. 

The  general  requirements  of  over-sea  service  have  already  been 
stated  for  each  of  the  several  localities  concerned.  It  now  remains 
to  determine  the  necessary  strength  to  meet  these  requirements,  tak- 
ing up  each  case  in  turn. 

24.  The  Phnippiius. — ^If  in  accordance  with  national  policy  it  is 
decided  to  keep  the  American  flag  flying  in  the  Philippines,  m  war 
as  in  peace,  it  becomes  essential  to  hold  Manila  Bay. 

25.  Oahu. — ^Having  in  mind  the  principles  governing  the  relations 
between  home  and  over-sea  garrisons,  the  force  maintained  at  all 
times  in  Oahu  should  include : 

9  regiments  of  Infantry  (3  brigades). 

1  regiment  of  Cavalry. 

2  regiments  of  Field  ArtlUery. 

2  battalions  Engineers;  1  field  battalion  of  Signal  troops;  1  aero  squad- 
ron ;  1  telegraph  company. 
2  ambulance  companies. 
14  companies  Coast  Artillery. 

This  force  will  total  about  25,000  combatant  officers  and  men. 

26.  Panama. — ^The  force  maintained  at  all  times  in  the  Canal  Zone 
should  include : 

9  regiments  of  Infantry  (3  brigades). 
1  regiment  of  Cavalry. 

1  regiment  of  Field  Artillery. 

2  battalions  Engineers ;  1  field  battalion  of  Signal  troops ;  1  aero  squad- 

ron; 1  telegraph  company. 
1  ambulance  company;  1  evacuation  hospital. 
21  companies  Coast  Artillery  Cori)s. 

This  force  will  total  about  24,000  combatant  officers  and  men. 

27.  Guantanamo, — The  policy  of  the  United  States  contemplates 
the  establishment  of  a  naval  base  at  Guantanamo.  Garrisons  of 
Coast  Artillery  and  mobile  troops  are  necessary  for  its  defense  and 
should  be  assigned  to  station  there  at  the  proper  time. 

28.  Alaska. — ^The  garrison  of  Alaska  should  be  large  enough  to 
support  the  authorit;^  of  the  United  States  and  in  time  of  war  to 
maintain  our  sovereignty  over  a  small  selected  area  of  the  Terri- 
tory. As  work  on  the  Alaskan  Kailroad  progresses  the  military 
needs  of  Alaska  will  increase. 

In  time  of  peace  it  is  believed  that  the  Alaskan  garrison  should  be 
one  regiment  of  Infantry  (1,915  officers  and  men),  to  be  increased 
later  as  circimistances  may  demand. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 


29.  Porto  Rico. — ^The  present  garrison,  reorganized  into  a  full  regi- 
ment of  three  battalions,  etc.,  is  sufficient  (1,915  officers  and  men). 

80.  The  foUoTFing  table  gives  a  summary  of  the  minimum  garrison 
to  be  maintained  on  over-sea  service: 


ea  Hationi. 

Locstittes. 

miantry. 

SH 

11' 

.«., 

s 

SqUKl- 

Corp.. 

9 

1 

18 

1' 

it 

i 

2» 

t 

3t 

Si 

*\ 

3 

I  Inclurlu  I  ulegripli  compsny  In  eacb  earrlsc 
>  lro!npBQy  mounted  lorCavalry  brigade. 


NECESSARr  STRENGTH  OP  MOBILE  TROOPS  POD  HOME  SERVICE. 

SI.  Careful  studies  made  at  the  War  College,  extending  over  a 

Eriod  of  years,  lead  to  the  conclusion  that  the  strength  of  the 
fantry,  Cavalry,  Field  Artillery,  Engineers,  and  signal  troops  of 
the  Regular  Army  maintained  at  home  in  time  of  peace,  and  the 
distribution  of  administrative  units  of  these  arms  in  the  principal 
strategic  areas,  should  be  as  givea  in  the  following  table: 
Combatant  troops. 


lAKmiie. 

SS3 

C««IrT 

Pf.M 

JSSS 

End- 

UUoil. 

Corps. 

■quad- 

0 

1 

3 
3 

1 

U 
1 
1 

1 
I 

-     ■                                      

as 

X 

IS 

10 

J 

• 

•ttallon  horn  artUhrji  1  eompuiT  mmaM  EncUiMn;  1  cvmpaor 


«  organized  in  higher  tactical  units  and  dis- 
ss substantially  aa  follows : 

division  (less  dlvtsiooel  Cavalry)  and  one  CavaliT 
Igade  (ol  3  regiments). 

division  and  one  Cavalry  brigade. 

dtvlsloD  and  one  Cavalry  brigade. 

division  (less  divisional  Cavalrjr]  and  one  Cavaliy 
'lgad& 


B£POBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 


223 


NECE88ABT  STRENQTH  OF  COAST  ARTILLERT  TROOPS  BEQUIRED  FOR  SERVICE 

OVERSEAS  AND  AT  HOME. 

82.  The  strength  of  the  Coast  ArtiUery  depends  upon  the  number 
of  guns  and  mine  fields  installed  and  projected  and  upon  the  assist- 
ance to  be  received  from  Organized  Militia  units.  An  estimate  pre- 
pared in  the  Office  of  the  Chief  of  Coast  Artillery*  gives  the  follow- 
ing strength,  in  companies,  required  under  the  supposition  that  all 
mine  fields  and  all  oversea  guns  and  one-half  the  guns  at  home  are 
manned  from  the  Regular  Army : 

Comj^anles. 

Phnipplnes 26 

Oahu 14 

Panama 21 

United  States 228 

Total 289 

Total  companies  (gun  and  mine) 289 

Officers  and  men 34, 413 


TOTAL  STRENGTH  OF  THE  REGULAR  TROOPS  REQUIRED  FOR  ALL  SERVICES. 

83.  Combining  all  previous  estimates  of  Coast  Artillery  and  mobile 
troops  required  for  service  in  oversea  garrisons  and  at  home,  the  fol- 
lowing tabulaB  statement  of  the  required  strength  of  the  Regular 
Army  in  units  appropriate  to  each  arm,  results,  viz : 


Intentry 
regi- 
men tfl. 

CavAlry 
regi- 
ments. 

Field 

ArtiUery 

regt- 

ments. 

t\  wt 
Artillery 

com- 
panies. 

Engi- 
neer 
bat- 
talions. 

Signal  Corps. 

LocaUtltt. 

Battal- 
ions. 

Aero 

squads. 

PblUppliMs* 

0 
9 

8 

1 
1 

3 
2 

1 

26 
14 
21 

2 

U 

1 

1 

1 

Of^n" ..^. 

1 

CkdaI  Z<m* 

1 

AJMka 

Porto  Rko 

pQff1^f  Soud4 mv*^. 

3 

4 
4 
3 
t 

3 

I 

1 

2) 
2 

I 

it 
1 
1 

1 

1 

C^fomfft • 

1 

North  AtlantJc  SutM 

1 

ICIddia  W«t 

1 

IffftT^ffii  hordtr 

1 

UnlttdSUtas 

228 

Total  required • 

65 

35 

21 

280 

iH 

11* 

8 

>  This  estimate  can  only  be  yerifled  by  an  inspection  of  all  the  harbors  in  question,  fbr  which  inspection 
Umts  has  not  been  sufllcient  time  since  this  estimate  was  received. 

•  Nine  regiments  Infantry,  2  regimenU  Field  ArUUery,  2  battalions  Engineers.  Filipinos  to  be  added, 
n/no  offloen  and  men. 


These  figures  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

Oversea: 

Mobile    (combatant ) ..^•. 

Goast  Artillery  Ck>ri» 


74,600 
7,500 


In  United  States: 

Mobile    (combatant) 121,000 

Goast  Artillery  Corps 27,000 


Total : 

Mobile    (combatant) — 195, 500 

Goast  Artillery  Ck)rps-  .,■,.      34,500 


82,000 


148,000 


230.000 


224  BEPOBT  OF  THB  OHISF  07  STAFF. 

To  this  total  should  be  added  officers  and  men  for  the  Sanitary. 
Quartermaster,  Ordnance  Department,  etc.,  appropriate  to  a  force  oi 
this  strength,  amounting  approximately  to  30,000  officers  and  men. 
Including  Philippine  Scouts,  21,000,  the  grand  total  becomes  281,000. 

34.  Organization. — ^The  Tables  of  Organization,  approved  and 
published  on  February  25, 1914,  for  the  information  and  government 
of  the  Regular  Army  and  Organized  Militia  of  the  United  States 
have  been  taken  as  the  guide  in  estimating  the  numerical  strength  of 
the  personnel  of  the  various  tactical  and  administrative  units  men- 
tioned in  this  report.  This  was  done  as  a  matter  of  convenience  and 
because  the  service  generally  is  familiar  with  these  tables,  which 
are  the  latest  official  publication  of  the  War  Department  on  this 
subject.  They  conform  to  the  Field  Service  Regulations  and  are  the 
best  that  can  be  devised  under  the  limitation  of  the  present  laws  gov- 
erning the  Army,  but  it  can  not  be  too  emphatically  stated  that  they 
are  for  emergency  vse  only  and  contain  certain  undesirable  and  un- 
scientific features  which  should  be  corrected  as  soon  as  the  necessary 
legislation  can  be  obtained.  For  example,  the  war  organization 
shown  in  the  tables  is  provisional  only,  while  the  peace  strength  is 
arranged  so  as  not  to  exceed  the  total  enlisted  strength  of  about 
93,000  men  now  permitted  by  existing  appropriations. 

This  limitation  falls  heaviest  upon  the  Infantry,  whose  organiza- 
tions on  home  service  are  maintained  at  only  43  per  cent  of  full  statu- 
tory strength,  while  the  Cavalry  organizations  are  maintained  at  75 
fer  cent  and  those  of  Field  Artillery  at  77  per  cent  of  such  strength, 
t  is  generally  conceded  that  our  Infantry  companies  should  each 
have  the  full  statutory  strength  of  150  men  in  order  topermit  proper 
training  of  the  officers  in  time  of  peace  and  supply  emcient  fighting 
strength  in  time  of  war. 

In  consequence  of  the  greatly  reduced  strength  of  these  Infantry 
organizations,  their  efficiency  is  unduly  decreased  and  overhead 
charges  correspondingly  increased. 

The  requirements  of  modem  war  demand  that  a  machine-gun  unit, 
a  supply  unit,  and  certain  mounted  men  be  attached  to  each  regiment, 
and  that  units  of  various  strengths  be  assigned  to  brigade  and  divi- 
sion head(juarters.  None  of  these  units  is  unthorized  by  law,  yet  all 
are  essential.  Tables  of  Organization,  1914,  represent  an  effort  to 
adapt  an  archaic  statutory  organization  to  modem  reouirements  by 
organizing  the  nece^ary  additional  units,  provisionally.  This  has 
been  done  by  detaching  from  statutory  organizations  the  personnel 
required.  An  examination  of  the  tables  will  show  that  more  than 
5  per  cent  of  the  Infantry  personnel  authorized  by  Congress  have 
been  diverted  from  their  legitimate  duty  as  members  of  statutory 
organizations  and  have  been  assigned  to  provisional  imits  which, 
while  necessary  and  essential,  have  only  the  sanction  of  departmental 
authority,  and  lack  the  efficiency  which  can  only  be  given  oy  statute. 
In  the  Cavalry  more  than  9  per  cent  are  similarlv  diverted.* 

Recognizing  these  facts,  the  War  College  Division  of  the  General 
Staff  has  prepared  a  plan  for  organizing  on  modem  lines  an  army 
of  the  strength  just  shown  to  be  necessary  for  the  national  needs. 
Should  this  plan  be  approved,  the  organization  of  the  Regular  Army, 
the  militia,  and  whatever  reserves  are  formed  would  proceed  along 
the  new  lines. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  0HIE7  OF  STAFF.  225 

n.  THE  OBGANIZED  HILITIA. 

85.  Tho  act  of  Congress  approved  April  25, 1914,  commonly  known 
as  the  volunteer  law,  defines  the  land  forces  of  the  United  States  os 
^  the  Begular  Army,  the  organized  land  militia  while  in  the  service 
of  the  United  States,  and  such  volunteer  forces  as  Congress  may 
authorize." 

The  Organized  Militia,  in  addition  to  its  use  as  a  State  force,  is 
available  lor  use  by  the  Federal  Government,  as  provided  in  the 
Constitution. 

36.  Constitutional  functions  of  the  Organized  Militia. — ^Its  consti- 
tutional functions  are  the  following: 

(a)  A  -State  force  to  preserve  order  within  the  State  limits,  in 
order  to  avoid  calling  upon  the  Regular  Army  or  the  Organized 
Militia  of  other  States  to  discharge  such  function. 

(6)  A  Federal  force  when  called  forth  by  the  President,  and  duly 
mustered  as  prescribed  by  Congress,  for  any  of  the  three  purposes 
authorized  by  the  Constitution. 

37.  Some  uses  of  the  Organized  Militia  as  a  Federal  force. — ^Hav- 
ing  been  called  forth  as  militia,  they  may  be  used  as  follows : 

(a)  As  Coast  Artillery  supports  and  reserves. 

(b)  To  guard  and  protect  certain  bridges,  canal  locks,  arsenals, 
depots  of  supplies,  docks,  navy  yards,  and  other  vulnerable  points  in 
the  home  territory. 

(c)  To  guard  lines  of  communication  within  the  limits  of  the 
United  States. 

38.  Limitations. ^rlt  is  stated  later  in  this  report  that  12  months, 
at  150  hours  per  month,^  ^^  is  considered  the  minimum  length  of  time 
of  actual  training  considered  necessary  to  prepare  troops  for  war 
service."  Due  to  constitutional  limitations.  Congress  has  not  the 
power  to  fix  and  require  such  an  amount  of  training  for  the  Organ- 
ized Militia.  No  force  can  be  considered  a  portion  of  our  first  line 
whose  control  and  training  is  so  little  subject  to  Federal  authority 
in  peace.  No  force  should  oe  considered  a  portion  of  our  first  line  in 
war  unless  it  be  maintained  fully  organized  and  equipped  in  peace  at 

? Tactically  war  strength.  This  would  exclude  the  Organized  Militia 
rom  consideration  for  service  in  the  first  line  mainly  l^cause  of  the 
impossibili^  of  giving  it  in  peace  the  training  required  for  such 
function.  It  may  be  necessary  to  continue  Federal  support  of  the 
Organized  Militia  in  order  that  some  organized  force  may  he  imme- 
diately available  for  the  purposes  set  forth  in  paragraphs  36  and  37> 

39.  Recommendations. — In  the  preparation  of  plans  for  the  na- 
tional defense  and  for  the  preservation  of  the  honor  and  dignity  of 
the  I'^nited  States,  the  numl)er  of  troops  that  are  deemed  necessary 
are  largely  in  excess  of  the  total  regular  and  militia  forces  available 
in  the  United  States. 

It  is  only  during  the  existence  of  war,  or  when  war  is  imminent, 
that  any  other  forces  may  l)e  raised  under  existing  law.  WTien  Con- 
gi*ess  so  authorizes  the  President,  he  may  call  forth  volunteers. 

Section  3  of  the  volunteer  law  provides  that  under  certain  condi- 
tions organizations  of  the  Organized  Militia  may  be  received  into 
the  volunteer  service  in  advance  of  any  other  organizations  of  the 
same  arm  or  class  from  the  same  State,  Territory,  or  District:  and 

69176'-  WAB  1916^-voL  1 15 


226  BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 

section  i  of  the  act  of  May  27, 1908,  amending  the  militia  law,  pro- 
vides that  the  militia  shall  be  called  into  the  service  in  advance  of  any 
volunteer  force  that  may  be  raised. 

It  is  evident  that  it  can  not  be  known  prior  to  the  existence  of  the 
imminence  of  war  what  organizations,  if  any,  of  the  Organized 
Militia  will  enter  the  volunteer  service,  and  that  no  definite  plans  can 
be  prepared  providing  for  the  use  or  such  organizations,  either  as 
mihtia  or  as  volunteers,  imtil  war  is  actually  upon  us. 

No  legislation  affecting  the  Organized  Militia  is  recommended 
bejond  the  repeal  of  all  provisions  of  laws  now  in  effect  whereby 
militia  or  militia  organizations  may  or  must  be  received  into  the 
Federal  service  in  advance  of  any  other  forces. 

This  recommendation  is  not  to  be  construed  as  advocating  express 
repeal  of  certain  sections  of  existing  laws  relating  to  the  Organized 
Militia,  but  as  suggesting  that  any  legislation  hereafter  proposed 
for  the  organization  of  a  Federal  reserve  force  shall  contain  the 
usual  concluding  section  repealing  all  laws  and  parts  of  laws  incon- 
sistent therewith,  and  that  such  legislation  be  so  framed  as  to  render 
inconsistent  with  it  the  provisions  of  law  just  referred  to. 

m.  BESEBVES. 

40.  Reserves  include :  (a)  Well-instructed  soldiers  of  the  Regular 
Army  furloughed  to  what  is  herein  termed  the  regular  reserve,  (b) 
citizen  soldiers,  (c)  reserve  officers. 

41.  T?te  regular  reserve, — As  the  United  States  should  have  a 
mobile  force  of  500,000  soldiers  available  at  hom»  at  the  outbreak  of 
war,  the  Army,  with  the  regular  reserve,  should  amotmt'to  this 
strength.  In  order  to  develop  the  necessary  regular  reserve  with  the 
Army  at  the  strength  advocated  in  this  policy,  enlistments  would 
have  to  be  for  about  eight  years — two  with  the  colors  and  six  in 
reserve.  That  would,  in  eight  years,  result  in  approximately  the 
following  mobile  forces  at  home  available  at  the  outbreak  of  war: 

(1)  Mobile  regular  troops  (combatant)  with  the  colors 121.000 

(2)  The  regular  reserve -— —  879,000 


Total 500,000 

During  the  first  weeks  of  war  in  this  country  the  military  situation 
will  probably  be  critical.  At  that  time  eveir  fullv  trained  soldier 
should  be  put  in  the  field.  To  do  that  with  the  small  military  estab- 
lishmeiit  herein  advocated  it  is  necessary  that  during  peace  the  Army 
be  kept  at  war  strength,  and  that  the  regular  reserve  be  organized 
and  not  kept  back  to  replace  losses  expected  during  war.  Such  lo^es 
should  be  replaced  from  depot  units. 

42.  Citizen  soldiers, — In  addition  to  the  600,000  fully  trained 
mobile  troops  mentioned  above,  at  least  500,000  more — a  total  of 
1,000,000  men — should  be  prepared  to  take  the  field  immediately  on 
the  outbreak  of  war  and  should  have  had  sufficient  previous  military 
training  to  enable  them  to  meet  a  trained  enemy  within  three  months. 
Twelve  months'  intensive  training  is  the  minimum  that  will  prepare 
troops  for  war  service.  Therefore  the  600,000  partly  trained  troops 
above  referred  to  require  nine  months'  military  training  before  war 
begins.  Military  efficiency  of  reserves  requires  that  Regular  Army 
oflooers  be  assigned  thereto  for  training  purposes — at  least  one  to 


BEPORT  OP  THE  CHIEP  OF  STAFF,  227 

every  400  men — and  that  organizations  and  specially  designated  non- 
commissioned officers  of  the  Army  be  utilized  in  instructing  reserves 
as  far  as  practicable. 

Based  upon  experience  with  Tables  of  Organization,  1914,  the 
War  College  Division  has  recently  prepared  a  new  plan  of  organiza- 
tion for  the  Army.  The  Regular  Army  and  the  reserves  should  be 
organized  according  to  this  plan.  Or^nizations  should  be  formed 
of  men  from  the  districts  to  which  their  respective  organizations  are 
assigned  for  recruiting.  For  this  purpose,  each  organization  should 
be  assigned  to  a  district  from  which  recruits  most  suitable  for  the 
service  required  of  the  organization  may  be  obtained — ^mounted  units 
to  horse-raising  districts,  technical  troops  to  manufacturing  districts, 
etc.  As  a  rule  the  size  of  districts  should  be  about  in  proportion  to 
population  of  the  qualifications — age,  etc. — required.  Organizations 
m  war  ^ould  be  kept  at  full  strength  from  the  depot  units  which 
they  ^ould  have  in  their  respective  recruiting  districts. 

43.  Reserve  ojficers. — Officers  for  staff  ana  organizations  of  re- 
serves, and  officers  for  temporary  appointment  in  the  Eegular  Army 
as  provided  for  in  section  8  of  the  volunteer  law  (act  of  Congress 
approved  Apr.  25,  1914),  should  be  selected  and  trained  in  time  of 
peace.  The  President  should  be  authorized  to  issue,  by  and  with 
the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  commissions  as  reserve  officers 
to  citizens  of  the  United  States  who,  upon  examination  prescribed  bv 
the  Secretary  of  War,  demonstrate  their  physical,  mental,  moral, 
and  professional  fitness  therefor,  and  who  duly  obligate  themselves 
to  render  military  service  to  the  United  States  while  their  commis- 
sions are  valid.  Such  commissions  should  be  valid  five  years,  and 
renewable  under  such  regulations  regarding  examinations  and  quali- 
fications as  the  Secretary  of  War  may  from  time  to  time  prescriDe. 

IV.  VOLXTNTEEBS. 

44.  In  addition  to  any  forces  that  may  be  maintained  and  trained 
in  time  of  peace,  provision  must  be  made  for  vastly  increasing  such 
forces  in  time  of  war.  These  must  come  from  the  untrained  body  of 
citizens,  and  provision  for  raising  them  is  contained  in  the  act  of 
Congress  approved  April  25,  1914. 

45.  This  act  meets  the  military  needs  for  raising  volunteer  troops 
as  far  as  concerns  the  enlisted  personnel,  except  in  two  particulars, 
which  are:  First,  that  under  the  existing  laws  certain  organizations 
of  the  militia,  with  numbers  far  below  the  full  strength,  can  enter  the 
volunteer  force  in  advance  of  other  similar  volunteer  organizations 
from  the  same  State;  and,  second,  no  volunteers  of  any  arm  or 
branch  have  been  called  into  the  service  of  the  United  States.  The 
changes  necessary  to  remedy  these  defects  have  been  set  forth  in 
paragraph  89  under  the  subject  of  the  Organized  Militia. 

V.  BESEBVE  HATfiBIEL. 

46.  Of  all  the  features  disclosed  by  the  war  in  Europe  none  stands 
more  clearly  revealed  than  the  power  to  be  derived  from  national 
economic  organization  behind  the  armed  forces  of  a  nation. 

47.  In  a  war  of  gigantic  proportions  the  chances  of  success  are 
immeasurably  lessened  by  wastage,  abuse,  and  confusion.  Steps  should 


228  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEP  OF  STAFF. 

be  taken  looking  toward  a  national  organization  of  our  economic  and 
industrial  resources  as  well  as  our  resources  in  fighting  men. 

48.  In  its  report  the  commission  appointed  by  the  x^resident  to 
investigate  the  conduct  of  the  War  Department  in  the  War  with 
Spain  used  the  following  language: 

One  of  the  lessons  taught  by  the  war  is  that  the  country  should  hereafter  be 
In  a  better  state  of  preparation  for  war.  Testimony  has  been  taken  on  this  sub- 
ject and  suggestions  have  been  made  that  large  supplies  of  aU  the  materiel  not 
liable  to  deterioration  should  be  kept  on  hand,  to  be  continuously  issued  and 
renewed,  so  that  in  any  emergency  they  might  be  available.  £iSpeciaUy  should 
this  be  the  case  with  such  supplies,  equipment,  and  ordnance  stores  as  are  not 
in  general  use  in  the  United  States  and  which  can  not  be  rapidly  obtained  in 
open  market. 

49.  The  lack  of  such  articles  as  shoes,  wagons,  harness,  rifles,  sad- 
dles, medical  chests,  and  so  on,  will  render  ineffective  an  army  just 
as  certainly  as  will  the  lack  of  ammunition. 

50.  For  the  purposes  of  storage  military  supplies  may  be  divided 
into  four  classes : 

(a)  Supplies  that  can  be  obtained  in  great  quantities  in  the  open 
market  at  any  time. 

(b)  Those  that  can  be  obtained  in  sufficient  quantities  on  15  days' 
notice. 

c)  Those  that  can  be  obtained  on  throe  months'  notice. 

d)  Those  that  can  not  be  obtained  within  three  months. 

51.  The  War  College  Division  of  the  General  Staff  is  of  the  opin- 
ion that  for  purposes  of  defense  we  should  maintain  the  troops 
enumerated  in  Parts  I  and  III  of  this  report. 

52.  A  fully  trained  force,  to  be  effective  during  the  critical  period 
when  war  is  imminent  and  during  the  first  few  weeks  of  a  war,  must 
not  be  hampered  by  lack  of  necessary  supplies  and  equipment.  For 
this  reason,  supplies  of  all  kinds  which  can  not  be  obtained  in  the 
open  market  at  any  time  must  be  kept  on  hand,  in  use  and  in  store, 
at  home  and  oversea,  sufficient  to  equip  without  delay  all  troops  whose 
training  warrants  sending  them  promptly  into  the  field. 

53.  It  is  probable  that  as  soon  as  war  becomes  imminent,  the  Conti- 
nental Army — 500,000  mobile  troops — will  also  be  called  out.  As 
this  partially  trained  force  can  not  be  expected  to  take  the  field  within 
three  months'  time,  it  is  practicable  to  refrain,  after  the  third  year, 
from  keeping  on  hand  or  in  store  for  it  any  articles  of  eauipinent 
except  those  necessary  to  complete  its  training  and  those  wnich  can 
not  be  procured  within  three  months. 

54.  The  total  number  of  harbor-defense  troops  necessary  is  about 
50,000.  Due  to  conditions  of  service,  it  is  believed  that  ultimately 
supplies  of  all  kinds  for  60,000  should  be  kept  on  hand. 

55.  In  any  great  war  volunteers  must  be  called  out  in  addition  to 
the  troops  above  enumerated. 

56.  It  would  be  unwise  to  have  on  hand  at  the  beginning  of  a  war 
merely  the  supplies  sufficient  to  place  in  the  field  our  first  contingent 
of  troops  and  to  complete  the  training  of  the  Cdhtinental  Army,  and 
to  be  unprepared  to  supply  to  even  a  limited  extent  the  Volunteer 
Army  we  should  have  to  raise,  not  to  mention  replacements  of  arms, 
ammunition,  clothing,  and  equipment  of  all  kinos  for  those  already 
in  the  field ;  but  on  account  of  the  great  sum  of  money  which  will  be 
necessary,  in  entering  upon  a  program  for  collecting  and  storing  mill- 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF   OF  STAFF. 


229 


tary  supplies  it  is  believed  that  the  subject  of  equipment  for  a  volun- 
teer army  and  replacements  for  the  Regular  ana  Continental  Armies 
should  be  provided  for  by  obtaining  options  with  domestic  manufac- 
turers to  lumish  the  required  supplies,  all  of  domestic  manufacture, 
in  accordance  with  tentative  contracts  to  be  made  by  the  supply  de- 
partments with  such  manufacturers  in  time  of  peace.  By  so  doing  wo 
will  be  taking  the  initial  steps  toward  organizing  the  industrial  and 
economic  resources  of  the  country  as  well  as  its  resources  in  fighting 
men. 

57.  Referring  to  Part  III,  approximately  the  following  troops  will 
be  available  at  the  close  of  the  successive  years: 


First  y 
Soetind  year . 
Third  year.. 
Fourth  y«ar. 
Fifth  year... 
Blxthyear... 
8e\cnth  yew 
Eighth  )*ear. 


Fully- 
trained 
mobUe 
troops. 


160,000 
210,000 
320,000 
383,000 
439.000 
480,000 
6M,000 
674,000 


PartlaUv- 
trained 
Conti- 
nental 
Army. 


185,000 
351,000 
500,000 
500,0(10 
500,000 
500,000 
500.000 
500,000 


Harbor- 
deieoM 
troops. 


30,000 
40.000 
SO.OOO 
52,000 
54,000 
56,000 
58,000 
60,000 


Total. 


37.5,000 

610,000 

870,000 

03.5,000 

093,000 

1,01.5,000 

1,092,000 

1,134,000 


A  study  of  those  figures  and  of  the  difficulties  we  have  experienced 
in  the  past  in  the  matter  of  supplies  lead  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
program  adopted  for  procuring  reserve  supplies  should  be  such  that 
at  the  close  of  each  year  we  should  have  in  use  and  in  store,  at  home 
and  oversea,  supplies  of  all  kinds  necessary  to  equip : 


Infantry 
divisions. 


First  year... 
Second  year. 
Third  y<par.. 
Fourth  year. 
Fifth  j-ear... 
Sixth  year... 
Seventh  year 
Ejkhth  year. 


13 
23 
32 
U 
36 
37 
38 
40 


Ca^-alry 
divisions 
of  0  regi- 
ments. 


3 
6 
6 
7 
8 
0 
10 
10 


Harbor- 
defense 
troops 


30,000 
40,000 
50,000 
63,000 
54,000 
66,000 
68,000 
6>,000 


The  supplies  acquired  durine  the  first  three  ^ears  should  include 
all  articles  which  can  not  be  obtained  in  sufficient  quantities  on  15 
days'  notice,  those  acquired  during  the  last  five  years  to  include  only 
those  articles  which  can  not  be  obtained  on  three  months'  notice. 
After  the  eighth  year  the  program  should  be  extended  to  provide  for 
the  storing  of  sucn  additional  machine  guns,  rifles,  field  guns,  ammu- 
nition, etc.,  as  may  be  considered  advisable. 

58.  In  order  that  vast  supplies  pertaining  to  one  supply  bureau 
should  not  be  secured  and  relatively  nothing  be  done  by  other  supply 
bureaus,  supplies  should  be  obtained  progressively  in  complete  divi- 
sion units. 

59.  In  order  that  the  efforts  of  the  various  supply  bureaus  may  be 
properly  coordinated  by  the  Chitt  of  Staff,  reserve  supplies  should 


230 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  STAFF. 


be  collected  in  general  supply  depots  located  in  accordance  with  the 
general  principle  below  enumerated.  Each  general  supply  depot 
should  be  considered  a  place  of  issue  in  time  oi  peace  for  all  articles 
of  field  equipment,  so  that  the  stock  on  hand  will  be  continually 
turned  over  and  the  machinery  for  the  issuing  and  forwarding  of 
supplies  will  be  in  operation  at  the  outbreak  of  war.  The  com- 
mander of  each  general  supply  depot  should  be  either  a  line  or  a 
staflF  officer  specially  selected  by  and  reporting  direct  to  the  Chief 
of  Staff  or  to  the  department  commander  and  independent  of  the 
control  of  any  one  particular  staff  department,  but  keeping  in  touch 
with  all.  The  commander  of  each  general  supply  depot  should  be 
assisted  by  the  necessary  commissioned,  enlisted,  and  civilian  person- 
nel. Supplies  for  not  more  than  three  division  units  should  be  stored 
at  any  one  locality.  Each  place  selected  for  a  reserve  storehouse 
should  be  one  that  will  be  at  all  times  under  adequate  military  pro- 
tection, where  ground  is  available  and  where  abundant  railroad 
facilities  exist. 

60.  As  a  general  military  principle,  no  supply  depot,  arsenal^or 
manufacturing  plant  of  any  considerable  size,  supported  by  War 
Department  appropriations  for  military  purposes,  wiould  be  estab- 
lidied  or  maintained  east  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains,  west  of  the 
Cascade  or  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  nor  within  200  miles  of  our 
Canadian  or  Mexican  borders,  and  steps  should  be  taken  gradually 
to  cause  to  be  moved  depots  and  manufacturing  plants  already  estab- 
lished in  violation  of  this  military  principle. 

61.  The  estimated  cost  of  the  fiela  equipment  of  one  Infantry  divi- 
sion, Tables  of  Organization  1914,  is  as  follows: 


KlndofsappUei. 


Signal  supplies 

guartermaster  sapplies 
neliiMr  supplies 

Ordnanoe  supplies 

Medical  supplies 


Can  be  ob- 
tained in  the 
open  market 

in  great 
quantities  at 

anytime. 


$722.12 

61,983.35 

1,835.26 

6,77».«7 

10,997.05 


Can  be  ob- 
tained on  15 
days'  notice. 


Il,688w61 

54,054.45 

471.50 

7,730.00 

10,180.63 


Can  be  ob- 
tained on 
8  months' 
notice. 


$6,030.46 

8,177,083.47 

7,703.07 

257,489.80 

88,801.51 


Can  not  be 

obtained  oo 

8  months' 

notJoa. 


$385,8ia26 


8,428.05 
4,  IM,  77a  68 


And  the  estimated  cost  of  the  field  equipment  of  one  Cavalry 
division  of  nine  regiments  is  approximately  as  follows: 


Kind  of  supplies. 


Signal  supplies 

guartermaster  supplies 
ngineer  supplies 

Ordnance  supplies 

Medical  supplies 


Can  be  ob- 
tained in  the 
open  market 

in  great 
quantities  at 

anytime. 


$370.80 

55,102.48 

l,7fi9.50 

31,8r>2.02 

13,464.00 


Can  be  ob- 
tained on  15 
days' notice. 


$1,638.63 
76,143.40 
416.53 
18,630.56 
13,060.57 


Can  be  ob- 
tained on 
3  months' 
notice. 


$4,290.61 

4,584.628.98 

10.885.20 

811,056.68 

106,630.36 


Can  not  bo 

obtained  oo 

3  months' 

notice. 


$2n,156.4S 


8,000.45 
3,541,004.68 


62.  While  the  amount  of  money  involved  is  large,  practically  all  of 
it  will  remain  at  home,  especiaUy  if  every  effort  be  made  by  toe  sup- 


REPORT  OP  THE  CHIEF  OP  STAFF.  231 

ply  bureaus  to  eliminate  from  supply  tables  all  articles  not  of  domes- 
tic manufacture.  It  must  also  be  kept  in  mind  that  it  is  cheaper  to 
buy  war  supplies  in  time  of  peace  than  in  time  of  war. 

Utt  of  Broohiir«t  Prepared  by  the  War  College  DiTition,  General  Staff  Oorpt, 
ai  Snpplementi  to  the  Statement  of  a  Proper  ICiUtary  Polloy  for  the  United 
States. 

NOVKICBEB,    1916. 
Poc. 
No 

606.  Changes  in  orjcanlzatlon  found  necessary  during  progress  of  the  Eioropean 

War.    WCD  4886-2S. 

607.  Comparison  of  costs  of  our  military  estabUshment  with  those  of  other 

countries.    WCD  9053-120. 

608.  Coordination  of  the  mobile  and  coast  artillery  units  of  the  army  in  the 

national  defense.    WCD  8911-9. 

609.  Development  of  large  caliber  mobile  artillery  and  machine  guns  in  the 

present  European  War.    WCD  923^1. 

610.  Educational  institutions  giving  military  training  as  a  source  for  a  supply 

of  reserve  officers  for  a  national  army.    WCD  9053-121. 

611.  Elimination  of  unnecessary  expense   from   army   administration.    WCD 

9053-113. 

612.  Finances  and  costs  of  the  present  European  War.    WCD  9287-1. 

613.  Fortifications.    WCD  4896-4. 

614.  General  Staffs  of  certain  belligerent  powers.    WCD  9286-2. 

615.  Military  aviation.    WCD  9311-1. 

616.  Militia  as  organized  under  the  Constitution  and  its  value  to  the  Nation 

as  a  military  asset    WCD  7835-9. 

617.  Mobilization  of  industries  and  utilization  of  the  commercial  and  industrial 

resources  of  the  country  for  war  purposes  in  emergency.    WCD  8121-46. 

618.  Modern  (»rf;anlzation  for  the  Regular  Army  and  its  use  aa  a  model  In 

organizing  other  forces.    WCD  9302-1. 

619.  Motor  transport  in  campaign.    WCD  9318-1. 

620.  Organization  and  administration  of  the  War  Department  adapted  to  a 

change  from  peace  conditions  to  a  state  of  war.    WCD  9262-14. 

621.  1.  Organization,  training,  and  mobilization  of  a  force  of  citizen  soldiery. 

2.  Method  of  training  a  citizen  army  on  the  outbreak  of  war  to  Insure 
its  preparedness  for  field  service.    WCD  7641-12. 

622.  Organization,  training,  and  mobilization  of  a  reserve  for  the  Regular 

Army.    WCD  8106-16. 
628.  Organization,  training,  and  mobilization  of  volunteers  under  the  act  of 

April  26,  1914.    WCD  8160-26. 
624.  Outline  of  plan  for  military  training  In  public  aehools  of  the  United 

States.    WCD  9064-16. 
626.  Pension  roll  as  affected  by  the  war  with  Spain  in  1896.    WCD  9290-3. 

626.  Personnel  versus  mat&lel  in  plans  for  national  defense.    WCD  9614-L 

627.  Places  of  origin  and  ability  to  procure  supplies  needed  In  vast  quantities 

in  time  of  war.    WCD  8121-89. 

628.  Proper  relationship  between  the  army  and  the  press  in  war.    WCD  8976-^ 

629.  Recruitment  of  oflicers  in  time  of  peace  in  the  principal  armies  of  Europe. 

WCD  9278-L 

680.  Standardization  of  methods  of  military  instruction  at  schools  and  colleges 

in  the  United  States,  with  draft  of  a  bill  to  establish  a  Reserve  Oflicers* 
Training  Corps.    WCD  9069-8. 

681.  Statistical  comparison  of  universal  and  voluntary  service.    WCD  4886-26. 

682.  Strategic  location  of  military  depots,  arsenals,  and  manufacturing  plans 

in  the  United  States.    WCD  8121-42. 
688.  Sanitary  troops  in  foreign  armies.    WCD  9819-1. 
634.  Training  of  forces  of  belligerent  nations  of  Europe.    WCD  928^1. 
686.  Utilization  of  our  resources  in  various  means  of  transportation  and  of 

the  services  of  trained  specialists.    WCD  9068-111. 


REPORT  OP  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL 


REPORT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL. 


War  Department, 
The  Adjutant  General's  Office, 

October  5,  1916. 

Sm:  The  following  report  covers  the  entire  fiscal  year  1916  and 
relates  to  the  organization  and  operations  of  the  Army  and  National 
Guard  organizations  in  the  Federal  service  as  shown  oy  the  records 
of  The  Adjutant  General's  Office,  and  to  the  business  of  that  office  as 
a  bureau  of  the  War  Department. 

AUTHORIZED   STRENGTH   OF  THE   ARMY. 

The  strength  of  the  Regular  Army  authorized  by  the  President 
imder  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  February  2,  1901,  and  of  the  joint 
resolution  of  Cong;ress  of  March  17,  1916,  which  latter  authorizea  the 
President  to  recruit  the  line  organizations  to  the  maximum  strength 
prescribed  by  the  acts  of  February  2, 1901,  and  January  25, 1907,  with- 
out regard  to  the  limitrtion  of  100,000  men  for  the  line  and  the 
Philippine  Scouts,  imposed  by  the  first-mentioned  act,  is  shown  in 
the  following  table: 


Branches  of  service. 


General  offlcw3 

General  Staff  Corps 

Adjatant  GeneraPa  Department 

Inspector  Oenerars  Department 

Judge  Advocate  General's  Department. 

SoartemiBster  Corps 
edlcal  Department 

Cwps  of  Enjf^eers 

Ordnance  Department 

Signal  Corps .-. 

Bureau  of  insnlu'  Afteirs 


Professors,  United  States  Military  Academy. 
Chaplains. 


Cavalry 

Field  Artillery 
Coast  Artillery  Coips. 
Infant 


itry. 
3Ri( 


Porto  Rico  Reeiment  of  Infantry 

United  States  Military  Academy  dctochnicnt^ 

Recruiting  parties,  recruit  depots,  and  unassicnetl  recruits. 

United  States  Disciplinar>'  Barracks  j.  uarus 

Service  school  detachments 

With  disciplinary  organizat  ions 

Mounted  orderlies 

Indian  scouts 


Total  Regular  Army. 
Philippine  Scouts 


Aggregate. 


OflBcers. 


24 

34 

23 

17 

13 

256 

»ei60 

248 

85 

106 

3 

7 

G7 

810 

262 

747 

1,606 

50 


6,018 
182 


5,200 


Enlisted 
men. 


6,403 
»5,388 
1,982 
1,115 
1,472 


17,594 

6,358 

19,321 

54,443 

599 

632 

6,098 

350 

746 

110 

7 

76 


122,693 
6,733 


128,426 


Total. 


24 

34 

23 

17 

13 

6,659 

6,048 

2,230 

1,200 

1,678 

3 

7 

67 

18,404 

6,620 

20,068 

66,049 

649 

632 

6,098 

360 

746 

UO 

7 

76 


127,711 
6,916 


133,626 


1  Includes  155  officers  of  the  Medical  Reserve  Corps  assigned  to  active  duty  under  the  provisions  of  the 
act  of  Congress  approved  Apr.  23. 1908  (35  Stat.  L.,  66). 

The  a^of  June  3. 1916,  provides  that  the  enlisted  strength  of  the  Medical  Department  is  not  to  be 
counted  as  a  part  of  tne  enlisted  strength  of  the  Army,  which  is  similar  to  the  provision  contained  in  the 
act  of  Mar.  1. 1887  (24  Stat.  L.,4S6). 

235 


236 


EEPOET   OF  THE  ADJUTANT   GENERAIi. 


One  of  the  temporary  major  generals  referred  to  in  the  previous 
annual  report  was  retired  from  active  service  December  4,  1915, 
causing  a  reduction  during  the  year  of  one  in  the  nimiber  of  major 
generals. 

The  following  increases  in  the  authorized  commissioned  strength  of 
the  Army  were  authorized  by  the  national  defense  act  approved 
June  3,  1916,  to  take  effect  on  the  date  of  the  approval  of  tnat  act: 
General  Staff  Corps,  34,  resulting  from  the  application  of  the  provi- 
sions of  section  27  of  the  act  of  February  2,  1901,  to  oflScers  below  the 
rank  of  brigadier  general  detailed  to  the  General  Staff;  Quartermaster 
Corps,  73,  caused  Dy  the  appointment  of  former  pay  clerks  as  second 
lieutenants  of  that  corps,  and  Porto  Rico  Regiment  of  Infantry,  19. 
There  was  also  an  increase  of  1  additional  oflScer  in  the  Cavalry  arm, 
an  increase  of  58  in  the  nimiber  of  officers  of  the  Medical  Reserve 
Corps  assigned  to  active  duty,  and  1  additional  officer  in  the  Medical 
Corps.  Tnere  was  a  decrease  of  1  additional  officer  in  the  Coast 
Artillery  Corps,  makins  a  net  increase  in  the  authorized  commissioned 
strengtn  of  the  Army  during  the  year  of  184. 

There  was  an  increase  of  370  enusted  men  for  the  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment and  17  for  the  service  school  detachments  authorized  during 
the  year,  in  addition  to  the  following  increases  authorized  by  the 
joint  resolution  of  Congress  of  March  17,  1916:  Infantry,  19,104; 
Cavalry,  3,446;  Field  Artillery,  823;  Coast  Artillery  Corps,  302,  and 
Engineers,  40.  There  was  a  decrease  of  27  in  the  number  of  author- 
ized recruits  during  the  year,  and  a  decrease  of  6  in  the  Field  Artillery, 
leaving  a  net  increase  of  24,069  in  the  authorized  enlisted  strength  of 
the  Anny  during  the  year. 

The  authorized  enlisted  strength  of  the  Hospital  Corps  was  in- 
creased 1,376  during  the  year. 

There  was  no  change  in  the  authorized  strength  of  the  Philippine 
Scouts  during  the  year  covered  by  this  report. 

ACTUAL  STEENGTH  OP  THE  ABMT. 

The  actual  strength  of  the  entire  military  establishment  on  June 
30,  1916,  by  branches  of  service,  is  shown  in  the  following  table: 


Branches  of  aervloe. 


GenerAl  offloect 

Btftfl  corps  and  deptirtmuito.. 

Kngtnxis 

CATtlnr 

Field  Arifltory 

CoMt  Artllkry  Corps 

Intentry 

lUiotUintoas 


TotaJ  Regular  Anny. 
FhiUpptDe  Scoots 


Aoragato. 


Officers. 


94 

t 1,206 
22S 
782 
257 
739 
1,007 


t4,S43 
182 


16,025 


BnUsted 


•  12,374 

1,829 

15,100 

5,027 

18,273 

34,313 

9,440 


■»7,013 
5,008 


102,016 


I  Inchidss  154  first  Ueutesiante  of  the  Medical  Beserrt  Corpa. 
■  InelodM  4,070  enlisted  men  of  the  Medical  Departmaot. 


TotaL 


M 

18,580 
2,064 

16,942 
6,884 

19,012 

85,920 
9,440 


101,860 
6,786 


107,  OU 


XEPCHET  or  THE  ABJITTAJTI  GBSTEMAU  237 

coMFABaas  or  avtbihuimd  axd  actual  boxsotsl 


The  foIlowiDg  table  h  preBeoted  for  the  porpose  of  sliowing  the 
authorized  and  the  actual  fetreniTLh  of  the  miiitarT  estabBBhment  on 
June  30,  1916,  and  June  30,  1^15,  K^thcr  wiih  the  increases  during 
the  year  and  the  nmnber  of  vacancdef  on  each  fjf  tti'^>se  dt^tes.  5 
inchideB  the  enlisted  Btreaigth  of  the  1i4edinal  I>epartanenx  and  the 
Quartermaster  Corp& 


*^®-    i^     Total    i2^    iSd     TBial.    ^    1^ 


JtlIwaQ,19U 4,&4     »7.24»   im.0a2       182       Ii,T33       i,9U   6,01ft   102  WSl    107,«B7 

dtiriDcy«ar. IM    2.445    £,09 IW    a.44&    25,aB 


Actual  Btren^h: 

JllXii30,  Ifiie 4.R43     97. Oi:,    IfT.  8:^       l*fl       5  603       fi.TK",   5,025   102  r,]f>   KT.Ml 

Jm»30,  1915 4,C16     K.Ttii    lX*.i**il       lifi       5,430       5,fil2   4. TVs    101  IM    105,! 


IncTMie  donng  year 227      l,Mi      1,«75 173  173      227      1,421       1, 

:^=  —  -  •     =^  -I  =^ 


Juoe3Q,lPl6 175     »,««0     26,855 1  130  1V>       175     25,BI0     25,«i 

JimedO,  1915 1      as       1,4S3       1,701 303  ^f^i       21S       1,7W       2,0W 

^ I  ! I 

The  large  number  of  vacancies  (175)  in  commissioned  personnel 
on  June  30,  1916,  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  124  graduates  of  the 
Military  Academy  were  not  appointed  until  after  the  close  of  the 
fiscal  year  and  to  the  increase  resulting  from  the  appUcation  to  the 
General  Staff  of  the  provisions  of  section  27  of  the  act  of  February  2, 
1901.     Tliat  appUcation  was  authorized  by  the  act  of  June  3, 1916. 

The  large  number  of  vacancies  in  the  enlisted  force  is  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  authorized  strength  was  materially  increased  by  the 
joint  resolution  of  March  17,  1916,  and  during  the  short  period 
betwe^i  March  17  and  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  it  was  found  mipos- 
sible  to  enlbt  a  sufficient  number  of  men  to  fill  the  vacancies  occurring 
from  time  to  time  and  those  resulting  from  the  increase  in  the  author- 
ized strength.  Every  effort  was  made,  and  is  being  made,  to  secure 
a  sufficient  nimiber  of  recruits  to  fill  the  Army  to  its  authorized 
strength. 

INCREASE   IN  THE  ABMT. 
(Authorized  by  the  act  of  June  3,  1916.) 

The  act  of  June  3,  1916^  provides  for  a  material  increase  in  both 
the  commissioned  and  enlisted  strength  of  the  Regular  Army,  and 
also  provides  for  the  federalization  of  the  Nation^  Guard.  Those 
provisions  of  the  bill  that  pertain  to  this  office  are  mentioned  in  this 
report  under  the  subjects  to  which  they  relate. 

The  increases  in  the  numbers  of  officers  and  enlisted  men  authorized 
by  the  bill  is  to  be  made  in  five  annual  increments,  with  the  provision 
**That  in  the  event  of  actual  or  threatened  war  or  similar  emergency, 
in  which  the  public  safety  demands  it,  the  President  is  authorized 
to  immediately  organize  the  entire  increase  authorized  by  this  act, 
or  80  much  thereoi  as  he  shall  deem  necessary/' 


238  BBPOBT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  OENERAIi. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  act  cited,  the  authorized  enlisted 
strength  for  the  fiscal  year  1917,  which  includes  the  first  increment, 
is  as  follows : 

Infantry 51,224 

Cavalry 17,357 

Field  Artillery 7,881 

Engineers 2, 198 

Coast  Artillery  Corps 21, 423 

Quartermaster  Corps 8, 000 

Signal  Corps 3,369 

Ordnance  Department 1, 241 

MedicAl  Department 6, 614 

Service  school  detachments 752 

Military  Academy  detachments 684 

United  States  Disciplinary  Barracks  guards 468 

Disciplinary  oi]ganizations 101 

Mounted  orderuee 29 

Seiveants  on  duty  with  National  Guard 209 

In<uan  scouts 75 

Recruiting  parties  and  unassigned  recruits 11, 539 

Total  Regular  Army 133,164 

Philippine  Scouts 5, 733 

Aggregate 138,897 

In  time  of  peace  the  total  authorized  enlisted  strength  of  the  line 
of  the  Anny  is  limited  to  175,000.  Under  that  limitation  the  total 
enlisted  strength  will  be  175,000  for  the  line  (including  Ordnance 
Department)  and  approximately  42,750  for  the  staff  corps  and 
departments  and  miscellaneous  organizations,  making  a  total  of 
approximately  217,750  for  the  Regular  Army,  or  an  aggregate 
strength  of  approximately  223,580  u  the  enlisted  strength  (5,733) 
of  the  Philippme  Scouts  is  included.  Approximate  figures  are  given, 
because  tlie  strength  of  some  of  the  staff  corps  and  departments  is 
not  fixed  by  the  act,  but  will  be  fixed  by  the  President  from  time  to 
time  in  accordance  with  the  needs  of  the  service.  The  total  enlisted 
strength  of  the  Medical  Department,  limited  to  5  per  cent  of  the  total 
enlisted  strength  of  the  rest  of  the  Army,  can  not  be  determined  at 
this  time,  because  the  strength  of  all  of  the  other  staff  corps  and 
departments  is  not  fixed. 

The  total  number  of  officers  authorized  by  the  act  in  time  of  peace 
is  approximately  11,450,  including  the  182  officers  of  the  Philippine 
Scouts,  while  the  maximum  numoer  of  officers  authorized  womd  be 
about  580  more,  all  the  additions  being  in  the  Medical  Department. 
The  exact  number  of  officers  authorized  can  not  be  stated,  because 
the  number  of  additional  officers  varies  from  time  to  time,  and 
because  the  number  of  retired  officers  that  will  be  transferred  to  the 
active  list  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  March  4,  1915,  can  not 
be  foretold. 

The  total  maximum  enlisted  strength  (war  strength)  of  the  Army, 
including  the  Philippine  Scouts,  is  nearly  298,000.  This  figure  is 
approximate  and  is  based  on  increases  in  the  staff  corps  and  Depart- 
ments in  proportion  to  the  increases  authorized  for  the  nrst  increment. 

The  total  number  of  officers  authorized  for  the  fiscal  year  1917  is 
7|252,  including  182  officers  of  the  Philippine  Scouts. 


BEPORT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GEKEBAU 


239 


PHILIPPINE   SCJOUTS. 

There  was  no  change  in  the  organization  and  authorized  strength 
of  the  Philippine  Scouts  during  the  past  fiscal  year.  The  scouts  are 
organized  into  13  battalions  of  4  companies  each,  a  total  of  52  com- 
panies of  enlisted  natives  of  the  Phihppine  Islands,  with  a  total 
authorized  strength  of  182  ofQcers  and  5,733  enlisted  men. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF  TROOPS. 

The  geographical  distribution  of  the  Regular  Army  on  Jime  30, 
1916,  is  shown  in  the  following  table: 


Oeograpbical  distribution. 


In  the  United  States! 

In  Alaska 

In  the  Philippine  Islands: 

Regular  Army 

Philippine  Scouts 

In  China 

In  Porto  Rloo 

In  Hawaii 

In  the  Isthmian  Canal  Zone 

Troops  en  route  and  officers  at  foreign  stations. 


Total. 


Officers. 


8,622 
23 

480 

182 

41 

85 

333 

253 

66 


5,025 


Enlisted 


•103,016 


Total 


67,416 

71,038 

760 

702 

U,404 

^^'2* 

5,603 

5,785 

1,233 

1,274 

679 

714 

8,112 

8,445 

6,846 

7,090 

554 

610 

107,641 


1  Indudes  troops  serving  in  Mexico,  it  befaig  deemed  inadvisable  at  this  time  to  give  the  exact  number 
of  troops  serving  in  that  country, 
s  Includes  154  first  lieutenants  of  the  Medical  Reserve  Corps. 
•  Includes  4^70  enlisted  men  of  the  Medical  Department. 

OEOOBAPHICAL  DEPARTMENTS. 

There  was  no  change  during  the  past  fiscal  year  in  the  constitution 
of  the  geographical  departments  established  for  purposes  of  miUtary 
administration.  A  statement  showing  the  territory  embraced  in  the 
several  geographical  departments  was  printed  in  the  annual  report 
for  the  year  1914. 


CHANGES   OP  STATIONS   OP  TROOPS. 

The  following  tables  show  the  movement  of  troops  to  and  from 
the  insular  possessions,  and  changes  of  stations  of  troops  within  the 
continental  limits  of  the  United  States  during  the  fiscal  year  ended 
June  30,  1916: 

Movements  of  troops  on  transports  to  and  from  the  insular  possessions. 


Transport. 

Left- 

Arrived  at— 

Troops  on  board. 

Place. 

Date. 

Place. 

Date. 

Thomas... 

Sherman.. 
Tbomu... 

San  Francisco,  Cal. 
Manila,  P.  L 

•  .. .  •QO.  ••••••••••• 

1916. 
Aug.    6 

Aug.  16 
Sept.  U 

Manila,  P.  I. 

San  Francisco,  Oal. 

a  •  ■  •  «G0  ■•.•••••••*• 

1016. 
Sept.   2 

Sept.  13 
Oet.  13 

Fourth,  Seventeenth,  Thirty- 
third,  Thirty-sixth,  and  One 
hundred  and  eleventh  Com- 
panies Coast  Artillery  Corps. 

Euhth  Cavalrv  and  Company 
rV  Twenty-fourth  Infantry. 

Headquarters  and  9  companlei 
Twenty-fourth  Infantry. 

240 


BEPORT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAIi. 


MovementM  of  troops  orCtransporU  to  and  from  (he  insular  ]K>M0M<on«— Continued. 


Timnsport. 


Buford 

Sheridan.. 
Logan 


Sheridan. 


Do... 
Thomas. 


Kflpatiiok. 

Do 

Do 


Do. 
Do. 


Left- 


Place. 


Qalyeeton,  Tex.... 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 
Manila,  P.  I. 


.do. 


San  Francisco,  OaL 
do 


Galveston,  Tex.... 

.....do 

New  York,  N.Y.. 

Fortlfonroe,  Va.. 
Pensaoola,  Fla.... 


Date. 


1915. 
Sept.  29 
Oct.     6 
Oct.   15 

Nov.  15 

1916. 
Jan.     6 
Feb.    5 

Feb.  23 

Mar.  11 

Apr.    8 


Apr.  U 
Apr.  18 


Arrived  at— 


Place. 


Manila,  P.  L 

San  Francisco,  Gal. 


Manila,  P.  I. 

Honolulu,  Hawaii . 

Cristobal,  Canal 
Zone. 

»  •  •  •  ttUV  ■  •  •••••••••  « 


>  •  •  •  aUM  •••••••••••• 


Data. 


1915. 
Mar.    51 
Nov.    5 
Nov.  14 

Dec  14 

1910. 
Feb.    3 
Feb.  13 

Mar.    1 

Mar.  18 

Apr.  28 


>  •  •ViV*  •  •  •  • 


Troops  (m  board. 


Twenty-seventh  Infantry. 
Fifteenth  Cavalry. 
Companies  C  and  I,  Tweoty- 

fourth  Infantry. 
Seventh  Cavalry. 


Ninth  Cavalry. 

Thirteenth  Band,  Coast  Artil- 
lery Corps. 

First  Squadron,  Twelfth  Cav^ 
airy. 

Battories  E  and  F,  Fourth 
Field  ArtiU^ry. 

Fifth  Band  and  Ei^h, 
Eighty-seventh,  and  On* 
hundred  and  twenty-fourth 
Companies,  Coast  Artillery 
Corps. 

Seventy-third  Company,  Coast 
Artillery  Corps. 

Fifteenth  Company,  Coast  Ar- 
tillery Corps. 


>  Delay  caused  by  slide  in  Panama  CanaL 
Changes  of  statione  of  troope  within  the  United  States. 


Organization. 


One  hundred  and  eleventh 

Company,  Coast  ArtiUery 

Corps. 
Fourth    Company,   Coast 

Artillery  Corps. 
Seventeenth       Company, 

Coast  Artillery  Corps. 
Thirty -sixth     Company, 

Coast  Artillery  Corps. 
Thirty  •  third     Company, 

Coast  Artillery  Corps. 

Eighth  Cavalry 

Fifteenth  Cavalry 

Seventh  Cavalry 

Ninth  Cavalry 


First   Squadron,   Twelfth 

Cavalry. 
Thirtieth  Company,  Coast 

Artillery  Corps. 
One  hundred  and  sixtieth 

Company,  Coast  Artillery 

Corps. 
Twenty-fourth  Infsntry. . . . 
Batteries  E  and  F,  Fourth 

Field  Artillery. 
One  hundred  and  twenty- 

fburth  Company,  Coast 

ArtiUery  Corps. 
Eifl^th    Company,    Coast 

Artillery  Coips. 
Etehty-seventh  Company, 

Coast  Artillery  Corps. 


Left- 


Place. 


Fort  Dade,  Fla.», 


Fort  MoU,N.  7.1 

Fort  Washington,  Md.i. 

FortMott.N.J.i 

Fort  Cohimbia,  Wash.i. 


San  Francisco,  Cal. 
Fort  Bliss,  Tex.1.. 
San  Francisco.  Cal. 
Douglas,  Aris.>..... 


Mercedes,  Tex.s 

Fort  Rosecrans,  Cal. 
do 


San  Fruicisco,  Cal. 
El  Paso,  Tex 


Fort  Andrews,  Mass.* 


FortMcKinley,Me.>. 
FortTotten,N.Y.i.. 


Dato. 


1915. 
July  24 

July  25 
...do 


July  28 

Sept.  21 
Sept.  25 
Dec.  21 
Dec.  26 

1916. 
Feb.  21 

Feb.  15 

Feb.  17 


Feb.  25 
Mar.     8 

Apr.    6 


Apr.    7 
Apr.    8 


Arrived  at— 


Place. 


San  Francisco,  Gal. 


do 

do............ 

do 

do 

Fort  Bliss,  Tex 

San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Douelas,  Ariz 

San  Francisco,  Cal. 


QalvestoD,  Tex 

Fort  Worden,  Wash, 
Fort  Stevens,  Oreg. . 


Fort  D.  A.  Russell,  Wyo.. 
Galveston,  Tex 


New  York,  N.  Y. 


.do. 
.do. 


Date. 


1915. 
July  29 

July  30 

Do. 

Do. 

Da 

Sept.2« 
Sept.  28 
Dec  23 
Dec  28 

1916. 
Feb.  23 

Feb.  19 

Feb.  21 


Feb.  28 
Mar.  10 

Apr.    7 


Apr.    8 
Do. 


1  En  route  to  PhUippine  Islands. 


•  En  route  to  Canal  Zone. 


The  foregoing  table  does  not  show  practice  marches,  temporary  changes  in  stationSi 
or  movement  ol  troops  along  the  Mexican  border. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL.  241 

TROOPS  SBRVINa  OUTSIDtl  THE  CONTINENTAL  LIMITS  OP  THE  UNITBD 

STATES. 

The  troops  serving  outside  the  continental  limits  of  the  United 
States,  excluding  those  in  Mexico,  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  were 
as  follows: 

PHILIPPINB  DEPABTMBNT. 

First  Company,  Second  Aero  Squadron. 

Ninth  and  Fifteenth  Cavahy. 

Second  Field  Artillery. 

Fourth,  Eleventh,  Seventeenth,  Eighteenth,  Twenty-third,  Thirty-third,  Thirty- 
flixth.  Forty-second,  Seventieth,  Eighty-sixth,  Ninetieth,  Ninety-fifth.  Ninety-ninth. 
One  hundred  and  eleventh,  and  One  hundred  and  forty-second  Companies,  ana 
Ninth  Band,  Coast  Artillery  Corps. 

Eighth,  Thirteenth,  Fifteenth  (headquarters,  band,  first  and  third  battalions  de- 
tached in  China),  Twenty-fourth,  and  Twenty-seventh  Infantry. 

Companies  K  and  L,  Ciorps  of  Engineers. 

Companies  F  and  L,  Signal  Corps. 

Fiela  Hospital  No.  4  and  Ambulance  Company  No.  4. 

HAWAUAN  DSPARTMBNT. 

Fourth  Cavalry. 

First  Field  Artillery. 

Thirteenth  Band,  Tenth,  Fifty-sixth,  Sixty-eighth.  Seventy-fifth,  Ninety-first. 
One  hundred  and  fourth^  One  hundred  and  fifth,  One  nundred  and  fo^-third,  ana 
One  hundred  and  fifty-ninth  Companies,  Coast  Artillery  Corps. 

First,  Second,  and  Twenty-fifth  Infantry. 

Company  I,  Corps  of  Engineers. 

Company  E,  Signal  Corps. 

CANAL  ZONB. 

Fifth  Band,  Eighth,  Fifteenth,  Sixteenth,  Twenty-first,  Fortieth,  Forty-fourth, 
Forty-fifth,  Seventy-third,  Eighty-first,  Eighty-seventh,  One  hundred  and  sixteenth. 
One  hundred  and  nineteenth.  One  hundred  and  twenty-fourth,  and  One  hundred 
and  forty-fourth  Companies,  Coast  Artillery  Corps. 

First  Squadron.  Twelfth  Cavalry. 

Batteries  E  ana  F,  Fourth  Field  Artillery. 

Fifth,  Tenth,  and  Twenty-ninth  Infantry. 

Company  M,  Corps  of  En^neers. 

Third  Platoon,  Company  H,  Signal  Corps. 

Ambulance  Company  No.  8. 

The  First  Battalion,  Fourteenth  Infantry,  and  Companies  C  and 
K,  Signal  Corps,  are  stationed  in  Alaska. 

SECOND  LIEUTENANTS   APPOINTED. 

During  the  year  ended  June  30,  1916,  163  second  lieutenants, 
graduate  of  the  United  States  Militair  Academv ,  were  appointed  to 
the  Army,  23  being  assigned  to  the  Corps  of  Engineers,  33  to  the 
Cavalry  arm,  11  to  the  Field  Artillery  arm,  31  to  tne  Coast  Artillery 
Corps,  and  65  to  the  Infantry  arm.  Five  civihans^  were  appointed 
probational  second  lieutenants  in  the  Corps  of  Engineers,  under  the 
provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  February  27,  1911  (36 
Stat.  L.,  957). 

Since  June  30,  1916.  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year,  124  graduates  of 
the  United  States  Military  Academy  have  been  appointed  to  the 
Army.  All  of  them,  with  the  exception  of  1  who  was  not  gradu- 
ated until  June  29,  1916,  and  was  not  appointed  imtil  that  date, 

69176*— WAR  1916— VOL  1 16 


242  BBPOBT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL. 

were  appointed  to  rank  from  June  13,  1916,  the  date  of  the  gradua- 
tion of  their  class.  Of  those  appointed,  24  were  assigned  to  the 
Corps  of  Engineers,  22  to  the  Cavalry,  10  to  the  Field  Artillery  arm, 
20  to  the  Coast  Artillery  Corps,  and  48  to  the  Infantry  arm. 

COMMISSIONED  OFFICERS   IN   ACTIVE   SERVICE. 

On  June  30,  1916,  there  were  4,843  commissioned  officers  on  the 
active  list  of  the  Arm  v.    Of  these,  1,458  (including  65  chaplains)  were 

feneral  officers  or  o&cers  of  the  staff  corps  and  departments,  782 
elonged  to  the  Cavalry,  257  to  the  Field  Artillery,  739  to  the  Coast 
Artillery  Corps,  and  1,607  to  the  Infantry. 

Of  the  1,458  general  and  staff  officers  1,354  were  present  for  duty, 
27  on  leave,  4  absent  sick,  and  73  on  detached  duty.  Of  the  3,385 
line  officers  2,699  were  present  for  duty,  71  on  leave,  22  absent  sick, 
and  593  on  detached  duty. 

From  the  foregoing  it  appears  that  20.26  per  cent  of  the  line  officers 
and  7.13  per  cent  oi  the  general  and  staff  officers  were  absent  from 
their  commanck.  At  the  close  of  the  preceding  fiscal  year  25.33  per 
cent  of  the  line  officers  and  11.66  per  cent  of  the  general  and  sti^ 
officers  were  so  absent. 

The  decrease  in  the  total  number  of  officers  absent  from  their  com- 
mands at  the  end  of  this  fiscal  year,  as  compared  with  the  preceding 
year,  is  due  chiefiy  to  the  decrease  in  the  number  of  officers  on  de- 
tached service  as  snown  in  detail  in  the  section  of  this  report  relating 
to  "Officers  on  detached  service." 

In  addition  to  the  officers  on  the  active  list  there  were  128  retired 
officers  under  assimment  to  active  duty  on  Jime  30,  1916,  as  is  more 
fully  shown  ekewhere  in  this  report. 

ADDITIONAL   OFFICERS. 

The  Army  appropriation  act  apmt)ved  March  3,  1911  (36  Stat.  L., 
1058),  provides  that  every  line  officer  on  the  active  list  below  the 
grade  of  colonel  who  has  lost  in  lineal  rank  through  the  system  of 
regimental  promotion  in  force  prior  to  October  1,  1890.  may,  in  the 
discretion  of  the  President  and  subject  to  examination  for  promotion 
as  prescribed  by  law,  be  advanced  to  higher  ^ades  in  his  arm  up  to 
ana  including  the  grade  of  colonel,  in  accordance  with  the  rank  he 
would  have  been  entitled  to  hold  had  promotion  been  lineal  through- 
out the  arm  or  corps  to  which  he  permanently  belongs.  It  is  ^o 
provided  that  officers  advanced  to  higher  erades  under  the  law  cited 
shall  be  ''additional  officers"  in  those  grades. 

From  the  date  of  approval  of  the  act  to  the  close  of  the  past  fiscal 
year  there  had  been  76  advancements  in  grade  (51  to  the  CTade  of 
colonel  and  25  to  that  of  lieutenant  colonel)  imder  the  act  oi  March 
3, 1911,  before  cited.  The  table  following  shows  the  CTades  to  which 
and  the  arms  in  which  these  advancements  were  made. 


BEPOHT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENEBAIj. 


243 


Anns  Of  servic*. 


From 
lieu- 
tenant- 
colonel  to 
colonel. 


CAVftlry 

Field  AitiUery 

Coast  Artillery  Corps 
Intantry. 

Total 


19 
2 
6 

24 


51 


From 
major 
to  lieu- 
tenant- 
colonel. 


14 


2 
0 


25 


Total. 


83 
2 
8 

33 


n 


Of  the  76  advancements  shown  in  the  foregoing  table,  32  were 
advancements  in  the  cases  of  16  officers  who  were  advanced  to  the 
grade  of  lieutenant  colonel  and  subsequently  to  that  of  colonel. 
Twenty-three  of  the  officers  advanced  were  retired  from  active 
service  prior  to  June  30,  1916;  2  died;  5  were  promoted  lineaUy  and 
ceased  to  be  ''  additional  officers/'  and  5  were  appointed  brigadier 
generals,  leaving  25  additional  officers  in  the  service  June  30,  1916. 
Of  these,  11  were  in  the  Cavalry  arm,  1  in  the  Field  Artillery  arm, 
3  in  the  Coast  ArtiUerv  Corps,  and  10  in  the  Infantry  arm. 

All  of  the  officers  advanced  in  grade  had  alreadv  reached  the  grade 
of  major.  The  25  majors  advanced  to  be  aciditional  lieutenant 
colonels  left  a  like  number  of  vacancies  in  the  grade  of  major,  which 
caused  the  promotion  to  the  next  higher  grade  of  the  same  number 
of  captains,  first  lieutenants,  and  secona  lieutenants.  Of  the  51 
lieutenant  colonels  advanced,  35  left  vacancies  in  that  grade  and 
caused  the  promotion  to  the  next  higher  grade  of  the  same  nimiber 
of  majors,  captains,  first  lieutenants,  ana  second  lieutenants.  The 
16  additional  lieutenant  colonels  who  were  advanced  to  be  additional 
colonels  did  not  leave  any  vacancies  in  the  grade  of  lieutenant  colonel. 


OFFICERS  ON  DETACHED  SERVICE. 

The  number  of  officers  absent  from  their  commands  on  detached 
service  was  lower  than  that  of  the  previous  year.  On  June  30,  1915, 
there  were  7.56  per  cent  of  the  general  officers  and  officers  of  the 
staff  corps  and  departments  and  21.32  per  cent  of  the  line  officers  on 
detachea  service.  On  June  30,  1916,  those  percentages  were  5.11 
forseneral  and  staff  officers  and  17.52  for  officers  of  the  line. 

T^e  character  of  the  duty  performed  by  the  officers  of  the  Army 
on  detached  service  on  June  30,  1916,  the  numbers  so  detached,  and 
their  ranks  and  branches  of  service  are  shown  in  the  table  following. 


244 


BEPOET  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENEBAL. 


Rank. 

Duty  and  branches  of  service  from  which 
detadied. 

■ 

1 

n 
1 

• 

1 
s 

Lieutenant 
colonel. 

1 

B 

First  lieuten- 
ant. 

Second    lieu- 
tenant. 

■ 

1 

Army  War  College: 

General  officers ............................ 

1 

Staff  deoartments. 

1 

...... 

I 

1 

2 

Field  Artillery 

1 

Coast  Artillerv  Corns 

1 

2 

Total 

1 

1 

1 
2 

a 

1 

0 

United  States  MiUtary  Academy: 

RtAfT  <l«rM»'tTnAntii 

10 

1 
1 
4 
4 

3 

5 

3 

13 

10 

"'i' 

15 

Cavalry 

11 

Field  Artillery 

4 

Coast  Artillerv  Corns 

1 

24 

20 

Total 

1 

a 

20 

34 

23 

80 

Army    Service  Schools,  Fort   Leavenworth, 
Kans.: 
Staff  deoartments.......... 

4 

2 

1 
2 
8 

6 

Cavalry. .,...,-,, 

1 

Field  Artillery 

1 
1 

3 

Infantry..  .......•••* » r-*--* r 

4 

18 

Total 

0 

13 

4 

23 

Artillery  School,  Fort  Monroe,  Va.: 

Coast  Artillery  Corps 

1 

10 

20 

10 

47 

Mounted  Service  School,  Fort  Riley,  Kans.: 
Cavalry 

1 

1 

2 

4 

Bchool  of  Fire  for  Field  Artillery,  Fort  801, 
Okla.: 
Field  Artillery 

1 

1 

***""" 

School  of  Musketry,  Fort  SIU,  Okla.: 

Infantry ••• 

1 

1 

• 

2 

Instructors  at  civil  educational  institutions: 
Cavalry 

1 

7 

1 

1 

44 

1 
...... 

f 

Field  .Artillery 

1 

Coast  Artillery  Com 

1 

Intentrv. ^^r-^-r • T»»»Tr-- 

1 

1 

53 

Total 

1 

2 

88 

7 

08 

Becruiting  service: 

Cavalrv 

1 

1 
1 

9 

1 

7 

23 

13 

6 

12 

21 

...... 

21 

7 

Coast  Artillery  Corps 

19 

Infantry 

3 

1 

2 

51 

4 

3 

2 

40 

51 

1 

101 

Aids-de-camp: 

Cavalry 

4 
2 

4 
••••j* 

4 

2 

1 
1 
3 

10 

Field  Artniery 

8 

Coast  Artillery  Corps 

s 

Infantry 

*' 

****** 

1 

8 



Total 

1          1 

7 

10 

7 

9i 

1 
2 

Cavalry 

1 

Infantry 

2 

i 

Total 

1 

3 

8 

J 

With  Panama  Canal: 

General  officers 

1 

1 

3 

4 

10 
1 
1 

1 

1ft 

Coast  Artillerv  Corps 

1 

Infnntrv 

1 

....... 

Total 

1  '. 

3 

4 

12 

1 

21 



BEFOBT  OF  THE  AI>JUTANT  OENBBAIi. 


245 


1 

Rank. 

Doty  and  brandies  ofserFiee  from  which 
detadied. 

• 

1 

Brigadier  gen- 
eral. 

1 

Lieutenant 
ooloneL 

1 

First  lieuten- 
ant. 

Seoond    lieu- 
tenant. 

Total. 

liUitaryattaehft: 

8tan  departments 

2 

1 

s 

Cayalry'. 

5 

5 

Field  Artlilery ^ 

1 

1 

Coast  ArtlUery  Corps 

1 

4 
4 

5 

Infantry. 

1 

A 

Total 

a 

1 

1 

13 

1 

1 

10 

With  Philippine  Scoots: 

Cavalry 

4 

8 

4 



g 

Total 

12 

12 

1 

In  bureaus  of  War  Department: 

Staff  departments 

2 

1 
1 

8 

Cavalry 

1 

Field  Artillery 

1 

1 

Coast  Artillery  Corps 

1 
1 

7 
3 

8 

2 

3 

0 

Total 

2 

5 

12 

3 



22 

At  department  and  brigade  headquarters: 
Cavalry 

2 

1 

2 

1 

■••*2* 

3 

8 

Field  Artillery 

1 

::::::•::::: 

2 

1 

1 
1 

8 

4 

8 

Total 

6 

1 

3 

5 

6 

20 

At  Disciplinary  Barrc  Ics: 

1 

...... 

5 

1 

1 
11 

"e" 

2 

Coast  Artillery  Corps 

2 

Infuitrv 7.....* 

22 

; 

1 

6 

13 

0 

20 

With  militia: 

Staff  dejmrtmwits .  x .........  a . 

0 

1 

1 

5 

7 

10 

35 

7 

Cavalry' 

1 

5 
8 

1 
20 

12 

Field  ArtUlery 

15 

1 

5 

I 
0 

13 

M 

Total 

1 

6 

u 

58 

34 

1 

118 

Alaskan  Road  Commission: 

1 

Infantry 

i 

1 

2 

"**** 

Total ' 

1 

1 

1 

8 

OiDce   Engineer   Commissioner,  District    of  , 
Columbia:                                                 ; 
fttaff  fifpartments  .  .  

1 

1 

1 

3 

• 

Staff  departments 

1 

1 

2 

Coast  Artillery  Corps • 

1 

1 

1 

...... 

t 

Total .J 

_    .    1    . 

1 

1  1 

1 

3 

......... 

...... 

Cavalry , 

1 

10 

1 
1 

10 

11 

Field  Artillery V.V.V. 

1 

J  - 

1 

Coast  Artillery  Corps 

1 

...... 

, 

2 

Tnfantnr  ....7...." 

I 

10 



' 

Total ' 

1 

1 

1 

22 

24 

Special  duty  abroad: 

Staff  departments 1 

1 

1 

2 

Cavalry V.    . 

2 

2 

1 

1 

Coast  Artillery  Corps 

2 

2 



Total j 

•  •  *  •  *  *i  •  *  •  *  *  *  •••••• 

1 

2 

4 

•••••• 

7 

246 


REPOBT  OP  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL. 


Duty  and  branches  of  service  from  which 
detached. 


Kember  of  board: 

Coast  Artillery  Ck>rp6, 

Special  duty: 

Infantry 


With  American  Red  Cross: 
Staff  departments 


United  States  Soldiers'  Home: 
Staff  departments 


Observers  with  European  armies: 

Staff  departments 

Cavalry 

Field  Artmery 

InCantry 


Rank. 


g 

s 


il 

«  8 


§ 


I- 

=  9 

Em 


3 


Total. 


With  Yellowstone  P§rk  detachment: 
Cavalry , 


Alaskan  Engineering  Commission: 
Cavalry 


With  Quartermaster  Corps: 

Cavalry 

Field  Artmery 


Total. 


Naval  War  College: 

Coast  Artillery  Corps . 

Duty  toipedo  depot: 
Coast  Artillery  Corps . 


Total. 


22 


23 


5 
1 


6 


65      232 


3 


250 


6 


5 
2 

1 
1 


8 
2 


10 


3 


82        MO 


RECAPITULATION. 


Rank. 


Major  general 

Brigadier  general.. 

Cirionel , 

Lieutenant  c<^onel. 

Major 

Captain 

First  lieu  tenant... 
Second  lieutenant. 


Total. 
Percentage. 


General 
oflloers 

and 
officers 
of  staff 
corps  and 
depart- 
ments. 


1 

1 

3 

10 

26 

27 

5 


73 
5.11 


Cavalry. 


5 
2 
4 

42 
48 
20 


121 
15.47 


Field 
Artillery. 


1 
3 

18 
17 

4 


43 
16.73 


Coast 

Artillery 

Corps. 


4 

4 

6 

47 

60 

20 


141 
10.08 


Infantry. 


10 

6 

16 

08 

120 

38 


288 

17.02 


Total. 


I 

1 
22 
23 
55 
232 
250 
82 


666 
13.84 


It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  table  that  of  the  593  line  officers 
on  detached  duty\  532,  or  90  per  cent,  were  captains  or  lieutenants. 
Of  the  719  line  omcers  on  detached  duty  at  the  end  of  the  preceding 
year,  672,  or  93  per  cent,  were  captains  or  lieutenants. 


REPORT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL. 


247 


The  following  table  shows,  by  grades  and  arms  of  service,  the 
number  of  officers  detached  from  their  proper  commands  on  June  30, 
1916,  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  March  3, 
1911  (36  Stat.  L.,  1045): 


Arms  of  aenrioe. 


Cavalry 

FWd  Artillery 

Coast  Artillery  Corps. 
Infantry 


Total. 


Ondfli. 


Colooal. 


2 

4 


8 


Lien- 
tenant 
coIoQel. 


2 

1 

2 
4 


Mi^jor. 


0 

2 

A 

13 


Cap- 
tain. 


19 

7 

IS 

88 


27 


82 


First 

lien- 

tenant. 


18 

5 

16 

85 


74 


TotaL 


47 
15 
44 
•4 


200 


The  character  of  employment  of  those  officers,  by  grades,  on  June 
30,  1916,  is  shown  in  the  following  table: 


Grades. 

Character  of  duty. 

Colonel. 

Lien- 
tenant 
colonel. 

Major. 

Cap- 
tain. 

First 

lien- 

tenant 

Total. 

With  OrKanised  If  ilitia  of  43  States 

5 

4 

5 
22 

84 

48 

22 

52 

es 

On  other  than  mUitla  dqty,, , , . , ,  -  ^ , . ,  ^ , . , , ^ 

8 

134 

Total 

8 

9 

27 

82 

74 

200 

RETIRED  OFFICERS   ON   ACTIVE   DUTY. 

On  June  30,  1916,  there  were  128  retired  officers  under  assignment 
to  active  duty.  The  following  table  shows  the  grades  and  employ- 
ment of  those  officers: 


Dnty. 

Lieu- 
tenant 
gener- 
al. 

Colo- 
nel. 

Lieu- 
tenant 
oolonel. 

Major. 

tain. 

First 
lien- 
tenant. 

Second 

lieu- 
tenant. 

Total. 

At  Soldiers'  TTome 

1 

4* 

2 

1 
1 

1 

10 
7 

3 

On  recruiting  service 

11 

9 

3 
1 

30 

With  State  militia 

23 

At  Army  Service  Schools,  Fort  Lea- 
venworth. Kans 

1 

At  Army  War  Colleee 

1 

5 

1 

12 

2 

At  dvil  educational  Institutions 

10 

8 

2 

32 

Doorkeeper  to  President ... 

* 

1 

i' 

12 
1 

8 

1 

34 

Withl^ignftlC<nT9...   .   ' 

2 

Total 

1 

0 

37 

49 

20 

3 

128 

Of  the  retired  officers  on  duty,  as  shown  in  the  forgoing  table,  1 
lieutenant  general,  1  colonel,  and  1  major  (all  at  the  United  States 
Soldiers*  Home  in  this  city),  1  captain,  and  1  second  lieutenant  (on 
college  duty)  received  from  the  United  States  only  the  retired  pay  of 


248  BEPORT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENEBAIj. 

their  respective  grades;  8  colonels  and  9  lieutenant  colonels  received 
the  pay  and  allowances  that  a  retired  major  would  receive  under  a  like 
assignment;  and  36  majors,  48  captains,  20  first  lieutenants,  and  2 
second  Ueu  tenants  received  the  active  pay  and  allowances  of  their 
respective  grades. 

OFFICERS  EXAMINED  FOB  PROMOTION. 

During  the  fiscal  year  2,197  officers  of  the  Army  were  examined  and 
2  were  reexamined  for  promotion. 

Of  the  2,197  officers  examined,  2,179  were  found  professionally 
qualified.  4  were  found  professionally  disoualified  and  will  be  sus- 

{ tended  irom  promotion  for  one  year,  ana  14  were  examined  and 
oimd  physicaUy  disqualified  and  were  retired  after  the  close  of  the 
fiscal  year.  Of  the  2  officers  reexamined,  1  was  found  qualified  and 
1  was  honorably  discharged  from  the  Army. 

The  act  of  Jime  3,  1916,  extended  the  provisions  of  previous  law 
requiring  examination  to  determine  fitness  of  officers  for  promotion 
to  include  examination  for  promotion  to  all  grades  below  that  of 
brigadier  general.  Previous  laws  provided  for  the  examination  of 
officers  up  to  and  including  the  grade  of  captain  before  promotion  to 
the  next  higher  grade,  except  medical  officers,  who  were  examined 
for  promotion  to  any  grade  oelow  that  of  brigadier  general. 

BETIBED  OFFICEBS. 

On  Jime  30.  1916,  there  were  1,005  commissioned  officers  on  the 
retired  list.  During  the  fiscal  year  ended  Jime  30,  1916,  36  officers 
were  placed  on  that  list.  In  addition  to  the  officers  of  the  R^ular 
Army  placed  on  the  retired  list  during  the  year  there  were  31  former 
officers  of  the  PhiUppine  Scouts — ^20  captains  and  1 1  first  lieutenants — 
who  had  been  separated  from  active  service  by  resignation,  discharge, 
etc.,  and  subsequently  placed  on  the  retired  hst  as  enlisted  men 

E laced  on  a  list  of  retired  officers  of  Philippine  Scouts  as  of  the  grades 
eld  by  them  as  officers  of  said  scouts,  under  the  provisions  of  section 
26  of  the  national  defense  act  approved  Jime  3,  1916.  Fifty  of  the 
officers  on  the  retired  list  died  durmg  the  vear,  5  were  restored  to  the 
active  list  as  additional  officers,  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of 
Congress  approved  March  4,  1915,  leaving  1,017  officers,  including 
those  of  the  PhiHppine  Scouts,  on  the  retire  list,  June  30.  1916.  Six 
of  the  brigadier  generals  were  advanced  to  the  grade  of  major 
general^  1  with  me  pay  and  allowances  of  a  major  general  on 
the  retired  list,  and  the  other  5  with  the  pay  and  allowances  of  a 
brigadier  general  on  the  retired  list.  One  officer  on  the  retired  list 
was  advanced  one  grade  imder  the  provisions  of  an  act  of  Couctcss 
approved  March  4,  1915,  on  accoimt  of  services  with  the  Canal  Com- 
mission in  the  Canal  Zone  in  connection  with  the  construction  of  the 
Panama  Canal.  The  table  following  shows  the  grades  of  the  officers 
on  the  retired  list  and  the  causes  of  the  retirement  of  those  officers. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENEBAIj. 


249 


GxBd«f. 


i 


I 


Lioutenant  general 2 

UaiorwiDenl 16 

Brigadier  generaL 70 

Colonel 57 

Lieutenant  ooIooeL 17 

Major 10 

Gaptab.... 4 

Flnt  lieutenant 2 

Second  lieutenant 

Qiaplain:  | 

Lieutenant  Ofdonel \     2 

Mik|or !     5 

Captain i     4 

First  lieutenant I 

Philippine  Scouts:  I 

Captain 

First  lieutenant i 


Total. 


189 


QQ 

P4 


8 
5 


13 


On  own  appli- 
cation. 


s 


88 


I 


I 

< 


1 

6 
71 
31 

6 


114 


00 


i 

I 


I 


1 

17 
39 
33 
40 
12 


142 


1 
1 
3 


For  disability. 


In  line  of  duty. 


OQ 


P4 


3 


16 
32 
25 
78 
122 
66 
21 


10 
3 
1 


374 


12 
44 

45 
20 


121 


s 


it 


I 

1 


I! 


o 

a* 


OQ 

P3 


I 


1 
3 
3 
1 


8 


CO 


I 


20 
11 


31 


1 
2 
6 


12 


I 


8 

25 

183 

166 

94 

183 

192 

91 

23 

8 

16 

7 

1 

20 
11 


1,017 


Of  the  4  officers  retired  under  section  32  of  the  act  of  Congress 
approved  July  28,  1866  (14  Stat.  L.,  337),  on  account  of  disability 
occasioned  by  wounds  received  in  battle,  with  the  full  rank  of  the 
command  held  by  them  at  the  time  such  woimds  were  received,  1  was 
advanced  three  grades,  1  two  CTades,  and  2  one  grade.  All  of  them, 
with  the  exception  of  the  brigamer  general,  receive  a  further  advance- 
ment of  one  grade  imder  the  act  of  Congress  approved  April  23, 
1904  (33  Stat.  L.,  264).  In  addition  to  these,  67  origadier  generals, 
13  colonels,  27  lieutenant  colonels,  54  majors,  16  captains,  and  1  first 
Ueutenant  hold  their  present  grades  on  the  retired  list  through  an 
advancement  of  one  grade  tmder  the  act  of  Congress  approved 
April  23,  1904,  making  a  total  of  180  officers  on  the  retired  list  June 
30, 1916,  who  have  been  advanced  one  grade  under  that  act  because 
of  service  during  the  Civil  War. 

The  table  following  shows,  by  grades,  the  number  of  officers  of  the 
Army  retired  from  active  service  during  the  fiscal  year  ended  June 
30|  I9I6,  and  the  causes  of  their  retirement. 


250 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL. 


Ond«f. 


lAf^oreeneral 

Br^sadier  general. . . . 

G<doiiel 

Lieutenant  (xdonel. . 

Major 

Gaptain 

First  lieutenant 

Chaplain  (major). . . . 
Philippine  Scouts: 

Captain 

First  lieutenant. 


Total. 


K3 


2 
1 

7 


11 


On  own  application. 


8, 

>  a   . 


t>>9 
Is 


1 

"i 


£^ 


1 
1 
3 


Fordisabmty. 


"CO 

2  • 


1 

2 
1 
6 
1 


11 


^^ 


III 


9 


1 
1 


CO 


^<5 


20 
11 


31 


I 


2 
1 

13 
8 
4 

10 
2 
1 

20 
U 


07 


COMMISSIONED  OFFICERS  WHO  HAD  CIVIL  WAR  SERVICE. 

The  official  records  show  that  of  the  4,811  commissioned  officers 
(including  154  officers  of  the  Medical  Reserve  Corps  called  into  active 
service)  on  the  active  list  of  the  Regular  Army  June  30,  1916,  none  of 
them  served  in  the  Army,  Navy,  or  Marine  Corps  during  the  Civil 
War  otherwise  than  as  a  cadet  prior  to  April  9,  1865,  the  last  officer 
so  serving  being  Col.  John  L.  Clem,  Quartermaster  Corps,  who  was 
retired  by  operation  of  law,  64  years  of  ace,  on  August  13,  1915. 

Tliere  were  986  officers  of  the  Army,  otner  than  Philippine  Scouts, 
on  the  retired  list  Jime  30,  1916.  Oi  these,  310  served  m  the  Army, 
Navy,  or  Marine  Corps,  otherwise  than  as  cadets  prior  to  April  9, 1865. 
The  following  table  shows,  bv  grades,  the  number  of  officers  on  the 
retired  list  of  the  Army  on  thme  30,  1916^  and  the  number  of  those 
officers  who  had  Civil  War  service  otherwise  than  as  cadets  prior  to 
April  9,  1865: 


OradM. 


Lieotenant  general. . . . 

Malor  general 

Bngadier  general 

Colonel , 

Lieutenant  colonel . . . . 

Major 

Captain 

First  lieotenant , 

Second  lieutenant 

Chaplain: 

Lieutenant  colonel 

M^or 

Captain 

First  lientenant. . . 

ToUl 


Officen 

1  on  the  retired  list 

June  30,  mo. 

Civfl 

No  Civfl 

Total. 

War 

War 

serrice. 

servioa. 

8 
25 

3 
20 

6 

188 

145 

88 

100 

18 

148 

94 

82 

02 

183 

67 

120 

102 

22 

170 

01 

8 

88 

23 
8 

ss 

2 

1 

16 

8 

7 

7 

1 

7 

1 

080 

810 

070 

BEPOBT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  OENEBAL.  251 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  table  that  approximately  32  per 
cent  of  the  oflBcers  of  the  Army  on  the  retired  list  June  30,  1916, 
served  as  officers  or  enlisted  men  of  the  Army,  Nayy,  or  Marine  Corps 
during  the  Civil  War.  On  June  30,  1915,  approximately  34  per  cent 
of  the  officers  of  the  Army  on  that  list  had  Civil  War  service. 

officers'  reserve  corps. 

Provision  is  made  in  the  national  defense  act  approved  Jime  3, 
1916,  for  an  Officers'  Reserve  Corps,  to  consist  of  sections  correspond- 
ing to  the  various  arms,  staff  corps,  and  departments  of  the  Regular 
Army.  As  stated  in  the  law,  its  object  is  ^'  ior  the  purpose  of  securing 
a  reserve  of  officers  available  for  service  as  temporary  officers  in  the 
Regular  Anny,  *  *  *  as  officers  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  and 
other  staff  corps  and  departments,  as  officers  for  recruit  rendezvous 
and  depots,  and  as  officers  of  volunteers."  The  corps  is  to  be  organ- 
ized under  such  rules  and  regulations  as  the  President  may  prescnbe. 
These  rules  and  regulations  are  printed  in  Oeneral  Orders  No.  32, 
War  Department,  tmly  28,  1916. 

The  organization  of  the  Officers'  Reserve  Corps  is  an  effort  to  obtain 
and  train  in  time  of  peace  the  large  number  ot  commissioned  officers 
necessary  in  war  or  when  war  is  imminent. 

Especial  inducements  to  secure  trained  and  educated  officers  have 
been  made  to  land-grant  colleges,  other  universities  and  coUeges,  and 
to  essentially  military  school!.  When  the  act  has  been  given  full 
effect,  by  appropriations  made  and  regulations  promulgated,  it  is 
intended  to  supply  students  under  military  training  at  such  institu- 
tions necessary  uniforms,  military  eouipment,  and  for  those  recom- 
mended by  the  officer  on  duty  and  tne  head  of  the  institution  com- 
mutation of  subsistence  for  the  last  two  vears  of  the  prescribed  four- 
year  course.  Additional  officers  have  oeen  provided  for  detail  to 
these  coUeges,  to  bring  the  militarj^  instruction  up  to  the  standard 
which  its  importance  to  the  nation  justifies. 

That  this  is  expected  to  add  greatly  to  the  nulitary  strength  of  the 
country  is  indicated  hy  a  provision  in  the  national  defense  act  that 
the  total  number  of  omcers  that  may  be  appointed  and  commissioned 
in  the  Reserve  Corps  from  this  source  is  50,000. 

To  secure  the  large  number  of  educated  and  trained  officers  for 
the  large  armies  that  will  be  necessary  under  existing  conditions  in 
war  IB  one  of  the  greatest  miUtary  problems;  and  it  is  noped  that  the 
Officers'  Reserve  Corps  provisions  in  the  national  defense  act  will 
in  time  solve  it. 

Copies  of  the  rules  and  regulations  TOveming  appointments  in  the 
corps  will  be  furnished  to  applicants  tnercfor. 

RETIRED   ENLISTED  MEN. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  fiscal  year  there  were  4,028  enlisted  men  on 
the  retired  list  created  by  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress 
approved  February  14,  1885  (23  Stat.  L.,  305),  modified  by  the  acts 
of  Congress  approved  September  30,  1890  (26  Stat.  L.,  504),  March  2, 
1907  (34  Stat.  L.,  1218),  and  August  24,  1912  (37  Stat.  L.,  575). 

During  the  fiscal  year  310  enlisted  men  were  placed  on  the  retired 
list,  153  of  the  men  on  that  list  died,  and  31  were  transferred  to 


252  BEPOET  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL, 

the  list  of  retired  commissioned  officers  of  Philippine  Scouts,  under 
provisions  of  the  national  defense  act  approved  Jmie  3,  1916,  leaving 
4,154  enlisted  men  on  the  retired  list  at  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year. 

PERSONS  QUALIFIED  TO  HOLD  TOLtTNTEEB  COHHI8SION8. 

Certificates  were  issued  during  the  year,  under  the  provisions  of 
section  23  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  January  21,  1903  (32  Stat. 
L.,  779),  in  the  case  of  52  persons  who  were  founa  upon  examination 
by  boards  of  officers  convened  for  that  purpose  to  be  "specially 
qualified  to  hold  commissions  in  any  volunteer  force  which  may 
hereafter  be  c^ed  for  and  organizea  under  the  authority  of  Con- 
gress, other  than  a  force  composed  of  Organized  Mihtia."  Of  these, 
10  were  from  New  York,  5  from  Minnesota,  4  from  Washington,  2 
from  Massachusetts.  1  each  from  Illinois,  Indiana,  New  Jersey,  Ohio, 
Rhode  Island,  Soutn  Dakota,  Wyoming,  and  the  Phihppine  Islands; 
17  were  enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Army,  and  2  were  clerks  of  the 
Quartermaster  Corps,  United  States  Army;  1  was  a  commissioned 
officer  of  the  Phihppine  Constabulary,  and  3  were  commissioned 
officers  of  the  Philippme  Scouts. 

The  board  of  officers  appointed  to  recommend  candidates  for 
appointment  as  volunteer  omcera,  as  provided  in  General  Order  No. 
42,  War  Department,  1915,  reported  on  May  18,  1916  (date  of  latest 
report),  that  658  candidates  had  been  found  qualified.  These  candi- 
dates werenot  required  to  pass  aprofessional  and  physical  examination, 
as  were  the  persons  to  whom  certificates  were  issued  under  the  provisions 
of  section  23  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  January  21,  1903,  but 
were  required  to  make  formal  applications,  upon  a  blank  form  fur- 
nished by  the  department,  and  to  furnish  letters  and  other  evidence 
as  to  character  and  qualifications.  The  following  table  shows  the 
number  of  candidates  by  grade,  arm,  corps,  or  department  found 
quahfied  by  the  board  toMay  18,  1916,  for  appointment  as  volunteer 
officers: 


QndM. 

i 

|j 

1 
1 

1 

, 

■3 

1 

1 
1 

. 

1 

l 

1 

1 

1 

1 

* 

1 

15 

33 
S 

3 

35 

a 

1 
13 

i 

» 

2 

\ 

n 

• 

■ 

M 

> 

^ 

" 

6 

113 

18 

24 

S» 

IT 

' 

ftSS 

al  the  national  defense  act,  June  3,  1916,  anpli- 
snt  as  volunteer  officers  are  no  longer  considered 
)rs  referred  to.  Such  apphcations  will  hereafter 
section  53  of  that  act,  or  the  candidates  will  be 


afflisr*^-- 


liar-- 


.1 


S'  "^ 


254 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  QENEBAU 


HONOB  SCHOOLS. 

Culver  Military  Academy,  Culver,  Ind. 

Kemper  Militi^  School,  Boone ville,  Mo. 

Kentuck^r  Militiuy  Institute,  Lyndon,  Ky. 

New  Mexico  Military  Institute,  Roswell,  N.  Mex. 

New  York  Military  Academy,  Comwall-on-Hudson,  N.  Y. 

St.  John's  Military  Aotdemy,  Delafield,  Wis. 

St.  John's  School,  Manlius,  N.  Y. 

College  of  St.  Thomas,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Wentworth  Military  Academy.  iiexinfi:ton,  Mo. 

Western  Military  Academy,  Alton,  111. 

STUDENTS  AND   GRADUATES   OF  CIVIL   INSTITUTIONS  OF  LEARNING   AT 
WHICH  ARMY  OFFICERS  ARE  DETAILED  AS  MILITARY  INSTRUCTORS. 

In  December,  1914,  an  effort  was  made  by  this  office  to  ascertain 
for  each  of  the  10  years  1905  to  1914,  inclusive,  the  number  of  stu- 
dents enrolled  at,  and  the  number  graduated  from,  civil  institutions 
of  learning  at  wnich  officers  of  the  Army  were  detailed  as  military 
instructors.  Requests  for  information  on  the  subject  were  sent  to 
all  such  institutions  (103  at  the  time),  and  all  but  7  of  them  furnished 
figures.  Data  on  this  subject  have  been  obtained  from  time  to  time 
since  1914,  and  the  following  table  shows  the  numbers  of  students 
at,  and  graduates  from,  those  civil  educational  institutions  at  which 
officers  of  the  Army  are  detailed  as  instructors  in  miUtary  science 
and  tactics  that  have  furnished  figures: 


Year. 


1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 
1915 
1916 


NumlMr 
of  stu- 
dents 
under 
military 
instruo- 
tion. 


17,8S5 
18,138 
21,616 
24,191 
35,222 
27,122 
28,843 
29,979 
31,028 
33,424 
32,313 
85,091 


Number 
of  mili- 
tary stu- 
dents 
eradu- 
at«L 


2,880 
8,078 
8.441 
8,789 
4,215 
4,701 
4,757 
5.188 
4,970 
>2.37« 
2,474 


1  Includes  only  those  who  graduated  in  military  science  and  tactics,  and  does  not  represent  the  total 
number  of  graduates  that  at  some  time  during  the  course  received  instruction  in  that  subject. 

The  report  for  1914  included  students  enrolled  at  101  institutions;  that  for  1915,  students  at  100  institutioaa; 
and  that  for  1916,  students  at  106  institutfons. 

STRENGTH  AND  LOSSES  OP  THE  ARMY. 


The  tables  facing  show  (A)  the  strength  of  the  Army  of  the  United 
States  June  30,  1915,  and  June  30,  1916,  with  losses  from  all  causes 
between  those  dates;  (B)  the  strength  and  losses  from  all  causes  in 
the  Army  in  each  month  of  the  fiscal  year;  (C)  the  strength  of  the 
Anny  by  departments,  etc.,  at  the  end  of  each  month  of  the  fiscal 
year;  and  (D)  the  number  of  deaths  in  the  Army  during  the  fiscal 
year. 


?Es  PEOM  All  Causes  bethtebn  Those  Dates. 


TAXES  Between  July  1,  1915,  and  June  30,  1916. 


WoUlfDED. 

• 

ENUSTED  MEN. 

J 

Died. 

• 

• 

1 

a 

« 

• 

1 

• 

9 

4S 

•S-S 

« 

1 

1 

1 
f 

'1 

« 

• 

1 

• 

• 

g 

s 

1 

is 

1 

1 

U 

it 

5 

o 

« 

1 

f 

1 

e 

o 

W 

c 

o 

-< 

« 

QQ 

^•^ 

§ 

p; 

P 

S 

H 

o 

w 

PS 

4 

1 

1 
3 

...... 

13 
22 
18 

6 

17 

5 

11 

3 
7 

8 

23 
23 
28 

468 
483 
402 

...... 

2,796 
2,921 
2,739 

214 

2 

1 
1 

4 

3 

360 

0 

i 

338 

0 

4 



21 

6 

1 

5 

2 

25 

331 

2,736 

8 

236 

0 

1 

18 

6 

6 

334 

30 

272 

1,824 

2 

243 

2 

25 
12 
26 
17 

6 

9 

6 

12 

2 
8 
3 
4 

7 
5 
3 
3 

4 

7 
3 

1 

576 
997 
602 
620 

29 
31 
29 
29 

213 
208 

228 
207 

1,976 
2,387 
2,302 
2,157 

254 

2 

227 

7 

"y- 

1 

1 

173 

4 

3 

10 

143 

8 

5 

1 

20 

4 

3 

1 

597 

28 

367 

i 

2,134 

9 

143 

3 

4 

29 

4 

3 

5 

7 

621 

20 

380 

2,020 

6 

143 

9 

9 

2 

22 

9 

3 

3 

2 

190 

26 

489 

3 

1,493 

1 

13 

170 

1  !      34 

1 

4 

243 

89 

46 

68 

28 

4,626 

321 

3,856 

6 

127,484 

5 

66 

3,443 

3 
3  , 

5' 

' 

05 

88 
80 
45 
6 
21 
33 
12 
10 
10 
13 
15 

•  •  ■  • 

1 
1 
2 
1 

...... 

1 

.. 

» 

5 

2    - 



3 

4 

5 
2 

1 

1 

2 

4 

1 
2 

2 

t 

1 

1 
1 
2 

t 

5   

2 
1 
3 
3 

1 

3  1 

» 

3 

i 

1 

7  1 

1 

1 

1 



2 



1 

11 

1 

1 

1 

11 

13 

428 

9 

34  t 

1 

7 

254 

90 

46 

59 

29 

4,637 

321 

3,869 

5 

«27,912 

6 

6 

2,451 

*  Actual  losses  are  25,461,  as  the  total  ga!n  from  desertion  during  the  year  was  2,451. 


ACH  Month  of  the  Fiscal  Year. 


6. 

Febniary,  191C. 

March,  1916. 

AprU,1916.                May,  1916.                June,  1916. 

1 

8ted 

1 
1 

Offloen. 

937 

60 

1,664 

803 

347 

Enlisted 
men. 

Offloen. 

Knltvt«d 
men. 

Officers. 

Enlisted 
men. 

OffleefB. 

EnlistMi 
men. 

,401 
,993 
,105 
,143 
,000 

1,009        25,645 
173  ,        3.<>57 

1,337        24,731 
360          8,423 
348  1        9,038 

2<i,639 
562 

31.200 
7,472 
8,969 

947 

60 

1,673 

803 

846 

28,898 
565 

81,667 
7,378 
8,510 

818 

59 

1,903 

228 

384 

19,819 
595 

87,697 
6,071 
8,167 

760 

63 

1,987 

337 

388 

17.887 
618 

40,476 
6,888 
6»11S 

.878 
,549 
,196 
,355 

430 

182 

44 

1.033 

10,836 
5,587 
1.194 
9.914 

471 

183 

44 

904 

11,676 

5,604 
1,161 
8,232 

475 

182 

41 

887 

11,576 
5,C04 
1,281 
9,632 

486 

182 

38 

857 

11,327 
6,006 
1,271 
9,659 

480 

183 

41 

963 

11,404 
6,608 
1,338 

11,601 

,630 

4,906        99,025 

4,911 

98,406  !        4,912  j      99,600          4,905 

>                  1 

100,202 

6,036 

ioa,6ie 

dng  troops  at  camps,  en  route,  recmlti,  etc 

Jlt-t  1,  1915,  AND  June  30,  1916. 


4e. 

Murder 
or  homicide. 

TotaL 

:nllsted 

r»i*«n 

offlcers. 

Enlisted 

Officers. 

Kntfatted 

.TTWm 

•  »»1«»»«         . 


v^ 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  QENEBAL.  255 

The  losses  in  the  Arm^r  durmg  the  year  ended  June^O,  1916,  are 
summarized  in  the  following  statement: 

REGULAR  ARMY. 

Officers: 

Died  of  disease,  etc 86 

Resigned  or  discharged 38 

DisimsBed 3 

Retired 36 

Deserted 1 

113 

Enlisted  men: 

Died  of  disease,  etc 605 

Discharged  upon  expiration  of  term  of  8er\'ice 6. 793 

Discharged  for  disability,  by  sentence  of  court-martial,  or  by  order.  12, 378 
Deserted  (includes  2,442  deserters  subsequently  returned  to  mili- 
tary control) 3, 866 

Retired 321 

Transferred  to  the  Reserve 4,626 

Missing  in  action 6 

27,484 

Aggr^iate 27,697 

PHILIPPINE   SCOUTS. 

Officers:  Resigned  or  discharged 3 

Enlisted  men: 

Died  of  disease,  etc 14 

Discharged  upon  expiration  of  term  of  service 262 

Discharged  for  disability,  by  sentence  of  court-martial,  or  by  order.        128 
Deserted  (includes  9  deserters  subsequently  returned  to  military 

control) 13 

Transferred  to  the  Reserve 11 

428 

Aggregate 431 

AGOREOATB. 

Officers: 

Died  of  disease,  etc 36 

Resigned  or  discharged 41 

Dismissed .^ 3 

Retired 36 

Deserted 1 

116 

Enlisted  men: 

Died  of  disease,  etc 619 

Discharged  upon  expiration  of  term  of  service 6, 066 

Discharged  for  disability,  by  sentence  of  court-martial,  or  by  order  12, 506 
Deserted  (includes  2,451  deserters  subsequently  retiuned  to  mili- 
tary control) 3, 869 

Retired 321 

Transferred  to  the  Reserve 4, 637 

MiflHing  in  action 6 

27, 912 

Aggregate 28,028 

As  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  table,  but  5,793  enlisted  men 
were  discharged  from  the  R^ular  Army  upon  expiration  of  term  of 
service  during  the  year.  This  small  number  of  discharges  upon 
expiration  of  service  is  the  result  of  the  act  of  August  24, 1912,  which 
provided  that  alter  November  1,  1912,  all  enlistments  in  the  Regular 
Army  shoidd  be  for  a  period  of  seven  years,  four  years  with  the 


256  REPOBT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAIi. 

colors  and  tbtee  years  in  the  Reserve,  or  the  soldier  may  be  furloughed 
to  the  Reserve  after  an  active  service  of  three  years.  In  order  to 
reenlist  for  active  service,  he  must  serve  four  years  with  the  colors. 
Consequently,  the  only  discharges  occurring  auring  the  year  upon 
expiration  of  term  of  service  were  of  those  men  who  enlisted  prior  to 
November  1,  1912.  The  niunber  (4,626)  furloughed  to  the  Reserve 
during  the  fiscal  year  1916  should  be  included  in  the  separations  from 
service  upon  expiration  of  term  of  enlistment,  for  even  though  they 
have  not  been  actually  discharged,  they  have  completed  the  term  of 
active  service  for  which  enlisted.  If  tms  number  be  added,  the  total 
number  of  separations  from  active  service  because  of  completion  of 
term  of  enlistment,  or  that  part  of  it  calling  for  active  service,  is 
10,419.  Dxuing  the  preceding  fiscal  year  the  number  of  discharges 
upon  expiration  of  term  of  service  was  27,020,  and  during  the  fiscal 
year  1914  it  was  25,027.  Those  numbers  are,  respectively,  8.4,  19.7, 
and  20  per  cent  of  the  whole  number  of  enlisted  men  in  service  or  of 
enlistment  contracts  in  force  during  each  of  those  years. 

The  losses  from  all  causes  other  than  completion  of  term  of  active 
service  among  enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Army  during  the  fiscal 
year  ended  June  30,  1916,  numbered  17,065,  but  from  tnis  number 
should  be  deducted  the  nxmiber  (2,442)  of  deserts  that  returned  to 
military  control  during  the  year,  leaving  14,623  as  representing  the 
nxmiber  of  losses  during  the  year  from  causes  other  than  completion 
of  term  of  active  service.  During  the  preceding  fiscal  year  those 
losses  were  14,517,  and  during  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1914, 
they  were  12,487.  Those  numbers  are,  respectively,  13.4  (or  11.8,  if 
the  nxmiber  gained  from  desertion  is  deducted  from  the  total  losses 
from  desertion),  10.6,  and  9.97  per  cent  of  the  whole  nxmiber  of 
enlistment  contracts  in  force  dxuing  the  year. 

DE8EBTIONS. 

As  shown  by  the  official  returns,  the  nxmiber  of  desertions  from 
the  Army  durmg  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1916,  aggregated 
3,856,  which  is  3.10  per  cent  of  the  whole  number  of  enlistment  con- 
tracts in  force  during  the  year.  This  is  a  slight  decrease  as  com- 
Sared  with  the  percentage  (3.23)  for  1915.  The  number  of  reported 
esertions  during  the  year  1916  is  579  less  than  the  number  reported 
during  1915  and  595  less  than  the  number  reported  in  1914. 

Oi  the  3,856  cases  of  reported  desertion  during  the  year,  200  were 
declared  erroneous;  2  of  the  men  so  reported  were  tried  and  acquit- 
ted of  the  charge,  and  580  were  tried  and  found  guilty  of  the  lesser 
offense  of  absence  without  leave,  making  a  total  of  782  cases  im- 
properly classed  as  desertions.  If  this  number  be  deducted  from  the 
3,856  reported  desertions,  as  shown  by  the  retmns,  there  remain  but 
3,074  cases,  or  2.47  per  cent,  of  actual  desertions.  However,  this 
figure  does  not  represent  the  actual  number  of  desertions  occiuring 
during  the  year,  because  it  is  impossible  at  this  time  to  even  estimate 
the  number  of  the  men  now  regarded  as  deserters  that  will  come  under 
military  control  and  be  acquitted  of  the  charge  or  be  convicted  of  the 
lesser  offense  of  absence  without  leave  before  the  statute  of  limita- 
tions will  apply  in  their  cases.  Under  the  law  now  in  operation  the 
trial  of  the  men  who  enlisted  and  deserted  during  the  fiscal  year  1916 
will  not  be  barred  by  the  statute  of  limitations  until  some  time  during 


BEPORT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENEBAL. 


257 


the  fiscal  year  1925.  Unless  it  can  be  assumed  that  all  men  reported 
as  deserters  during  the  year  who  do  not  return  to  military  control 
or  have  not  been  tried  before  the  annual  report  for  that  year  is  pub- 
lished can  be  classed  as  deserters,  the  actual  number  of  desertions 
during  a  year  can  not  be  stated  in  the  report  for  that  year.  As  cases 
have  arisen  in  which  men  have  been  convicted  of  absence  without 
leave  after  having  been  absent  more  than  two  years  from  the  date 
of  their  reported  desertion,  no  such  assumption  is  possible.  As  the 
figTures  hereafter  given  in  this  report  are  comparative,  and  because  it 
is  impossible  to  determine  at  this  time  how  many  of  the  men  dropped 
as  deserters  during  the  year  will  ultimately  be  regarded  as  such,  the 
number  of  reported  desertions  as  shown  by  the  returns  will  be  used. 
A  comparison  of  the  percentages  of  reported  desertions  in  each  of 
the  past  20  years  is  shown  in  the  following  table: 


Fiscal  yean. 

Peroentace 
deserted. 

Fiscal  years. 

Peroentase 
deserted. 

1916 

3.10 
3.23 
3.10 
4.15 
3.00 
2.28 
3.66 
4.97 
4.59 
5.62 

1906 

7.43 

1915 

1905 

6.79 

1914 -. 

1904 

6.61 

1913 

1903 

7  10 

1912 

1902. 

5.00 

1911 

1901 

4.12 

1910 

1900 

4.09 

1909 

1899 

3.22 

1908 

1898 

1.57 

1907 

1897 

8.13 

The  following  table  shows  the  percentages  of  desertions  occurring 
in  each  of  the  several  periods  of  service  during  the  past  three  years : 


Period  of  service  in  which  desertioo  took  place. 


First  3  months  of  seiTioe 

Second  3  months  of  service 

Third  3  months  of  service 

Fourth  3  months  of  service 

First  year  of  service 

Second  year  of  service 

Third  year  of  service 

Fourth  year  of  service 

First  enlistment 

Second  enlistment 

Third  enlistment 

Fourth  enlistment  and  subsequent  enlistments 

Total 


Feroentase  of  whole  number 
of  desertirais. 


Year 

ended 

June  30, 

1916. 


10 
11 
10 

8 


(0 


39 

24 

9 


72 
21 

4 
3 


100 


Year 

ended 

June  30, 

1915. 


13 
17 
14 
10 


64 

20 

5 


79 

16 

3 

2 


100 


Year 

ended 

June  30, 

1914. 


18 

19 

14 

7 


58 

18 

5 


81 

13 

3 

3 


100 


1  During  the  year  1916  there  were  10  desertions  during  the  fourth  year  of^rvice,  but  as  that  number  is  less 
than  one-third  of  1  per  cent,  it  is  not  shown  in  this  table.  I>uring  the  preceding  years  the  enlistment  period 
ended  at  the  expiration  of  3  years. 

During  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1916,  there  was  a  material 
decrease  in  the  percentage  of  desertions  occurring  in  the  first  year  of 
service,  the  percentages  for  the  years  1916,  1915,  and  1914,  being, 
respectively,  39,  54,  and  58  per  cent.    This  decrease  is  due  no  doubt 

69176'— WAR  1916— VOL  1 17 


258 


BBPOBT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL. 


to  the  fact  that  during  the  first  ei^ht  months  of  the  year  1916  the 
original  enlistments  were  comparatively  few,  as  the  Army  had  been 
recruited  to  its  authorized  strength.  Consec[uently,  the  total  nimiber 
of  men  serving  in  the  first  year  of  their  enlistment  period  was  much 
less  than  the  number  so  serving  during  the  years  1914  and  1915,  and 
it  naturally  followed  that  the  number  of  desertions  during  the  first 
year  of  service  was  less  in  1916  than  in  preceding  years. 

The  percentages  of  desertions  by  branches  of  service  during  the 
fiscal  years  1911-1916  are  shown  in  the  following  table: 


Branches  of  servioe. 

Percentages. 

1916 

1915 

1914 

1913 

1912 

1911 

Hospital  Coips 

4.15 
3.78 
3.53 
3.43 
2.58 
2.48 
2.82 

4.64 
3.72 
3.87 
4.82 
4.08 
2.28 
3.12 

3.34 
3.48 
3.48 
5.20 
2.94 
2.49 
2.68 

4.24 
4.19 
4.53 
6.11 
4.68 
3.95 
3.18 

3.03 
3.38 
2.95 
4.07 
4.26 
2.37 
3.32 

3.10 

Coast  Artlltory  Corps 

2.43 

Cavalry .' \ 

1.92 

Field  Ar^Itary 

2.93 

EiuriiMen 

3.09 

Infantry 

1  85 

All  ot^ent,  Indndlns  onassfRned  recruits 

2.85 

The  Army 

3.10 

3.23 

3.10 

4.15 

3.00 

2.2S 

The  foregoing  statement  shows  a  decrease  in  the  percentage  of  de- 
sertions during  the  last  fiscal  year  over  the  year  1915  in  each  branch 
of  the  service  except  the  Infantry,  in  which  there  is  a  slight  increase 

As  in  the  preceding  reports,  the  percentages  of  desertions  hereinbe- 
fore shown  are  basea  on  the  whole  number  of  enUsted  men  who  were 
in  service  at  any  time  during  the  year,  and  not  on  an  average  enlisted 
strength.  All  the  losses  during  the  year  are  included  in  the  basic 
figures  used^  and  those  figures  represent  the  whole  number  of  enlisted 
men  who  might  have  become  deserters  or  the  whole  number  of  enlist- 
ment contracts  that  might  have  been  terminated  by  desertion  at  some 
time  during  the  year,  it  is  clearly  improi>er  to  use  as  a  basis  for  cal- 
culating the  percentages  of  desertions  a  strength  obtained  by  aver- 
aging tne  number  of  men  in  service  at  the  end  of  each  month  of  the 
year — a  number  that  does  not  include  men  who  went  out  of  service 
during  the  year,  and  even  does  not  include  the  deserters  themselves. 
If,  however,  the  average  enlisted  strength  is  used  as  a  basis,  it  is  found 
that  the  number  of  desertions  from  the  enlisted  force  of  the  Armv 
during  the  year  ended  June  30, 1916,  was  4.07  per  cent  of  the  stren^n 
as  against  4.76  per  cent  during  the  preceding  fiscal  year,  4.55  during 
the  year  1914,  and  5.48  during  the  year  1913. 

An  examination  of  the  returns  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30, 
1916,  was  made  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  what  organizations 
serving  within  the  continental  limits  of  the  United  States  had  the 
lowest  and  highest  relative  number  of  desertions.  It  should  be  borne 
in  mind  that  m  the  following  paragraphs,  showing  the  results  of  that 
examination,  the  organizations  that  served  apart  or  the  whole  of  the 
year  in  Hawaii,  Alaska,  the  Canal  Zone,  Cnina,  or  the  PhiUppine 
Islands  are  not  taken  into  consideration,  because  in  those  regions  it  is 
unusually  diJfficult  for  a  deserter  to  make  good  his  escape  m>m  mili- 
tary control,  and  consequently  the  number  of  desertions  that  occur 
there  are  so  small  as  to  oe  of  no  importance  for  the  purpose  of  this 
report. 


BEPORT  OF  THE  ADJUTAKT  GENERAL. 


259 


The  r^ments  serving  in  the  United  States  that  had  the  lowest 
percentages  of  desertions  during  the  year  were  the  Twenty-sixth 
infantry,  Tenth  Cavalry,  and  Twenty-fourth  Infantrv,  the  first- 
mentioned  regiment  being  a  white  organization,  while  the  other  two 
were  colored  organizations.  The  desertions  from  those  regiments 
are  1.46,  1.50,  and  1.81  per  cent,  respectively,  of  the  whole  number 
of  enlisted  men  in  the  service,  or  enlistment  contracts  in  force,  in 
those  r^ments  during  the  year.  The  Tenth  Cavalry  was  one  of  the 
two  regiments  having  the  lowest  percentage  of  desertions  during  the 
years  1910  to  1915,  inclusive,  the  percentages  for  those  years  being 
1.52,  0.78, 1.52, 1.99, 1.42,  and  1.17,  respectively. 

As  was  the  case  during  the  years  1914  and  1915  the  Third  Field 
Artillery  had  the  lowest  percent^e  of  desertions  of  any  regiment  of 
that  arm  serving  in  the  United  States,  the  percentages  of  desertion 
for  that  r^ment  being  3.96  for  the  year  1916,  4.57  for  1915,  and  5.19 
for  1914. 

The  three  r^ments  that  had  the  highest  percentage  of  desertions 
were  the  Twenty-first  Infantry.  First  Cavalry,  and  Eleventh  Infantry, 
the  percentage  of  desertions  trom  those  organizations  being  11.12, 
9.16,  and  6.35  per  cent,  respectively. 

Of  the  white  troops  3.72  per  cent  and  of  the  colored  troops  0.96 
per  cent  were  reported  as  deserters,  as  compared  with  3.10  lor  the 
whole  Army.  The  percentages  for  the  fiscal  year  1915  were:  White 
troops,  3.40,  and  colored  troops,  0.44. 

Tne  following  table  shows  for  each  month  of  the  fiscal  vears  1914, 
1915,  and  1916  the  percentages  of  the  total  nimiber  of  desertions 
occurring  during  each  of  these  years: 


MontbB. 


July 

August.... 
September 
October... 
November 
December. 
January... 


Fiscal  years. 

1 

1916 

1015 

1014 

12.16 

10.30 

0.70 

12.52 

11.41 

10.52 

10.43 

0.56 

8.17 

8.58 

8.12 

8.66 

7.06 

5.80 

6.73 

5.50 

5.70 

6.70 

5.38 

5.00 

5.65 

1 

Months. 


February. 
March.... 

April 

May 

June 


Total. 


Fiscal  years. 


1016 


5.01 
5.87 
6.02 
7.40 
12.68 


100.00 


1015 


5.84 

7.08 

0.43 

10.35 

11.23 


100.00 


1014 


6.02 
8.06 
0.20 
0.31 
11.48 


100.00 


That  nationality  is  not  an  important  factor  in  considering  the  sub- 
ject of  desertions  from  the  Army  was  again  emphasized  by  the  fact 
that  during  the  past  fiscal  year  the  ratio  of  foreign-bom  deserters  to 
the  whole  nimiber  of  deserters  was  approximately  the  same  as  the  ratio 
of  foreign-bom  men  who  have  enlisted  during  tne  past  three  years  to 
the  total  number  of  enlistments  during  that  period. 

Reports  of  return  of  deserters  and  escaped  prisoners  to  military 
control  during  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1916,  were  received  in 
2,501  cases,  not  including  52  cases  in  which  the  deserters  were  found 
to  be  not  amenable  to  tnal  because  of  the  statute  of  limitation.  Of 
the  2,501  returned  to  military  control  during  the  year,  997,  or  39.86 
per  cent,  surrendered  themselves,  and  1,504,  or  60.14  per  cent,  were 
apprehended.  Of  the  latter  number  706  were  apprehended  by  the 
municipal  police,  390  by  sheriffs  or  other  county  officers,  181  by  pri- 
vate detective  agencies,  122  by  the  military  authorities,  including 


260  REPORT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL. 

those  identified  by  finger-print  records  in  The  Adjutant  General's 
Office,  28  bv  officers  in  charge  of  penal  institutions^  25  by  United 
States  marsnals  and  their  deputies,  13  by  railroad  pohce,  12  by  naval 
authorities,  11  by  civilians  (not  civil  officers),  7  by  State  detectives 
or  police,  5  by  Mexican  authorities,  and  4  by  immigration  officers. 
Of  the  total  number  apprehended  during  the  year  46.94  per  cent  were 
apprehended  by  the  mimicipal  pohce,  25.93  per  cent  by  county 
officers,  10.03  per  cent  by  private  detectives  or  detective  agencies, 
8.11  per  cent  by  the  mihtary  authorities. 

The  disposition  of  the  2,501  men  returned  to  mihtary  control  during 
the  year  is  shown  in  the  foDowing  table: 

Disposed  of  without  trial: 

Ch&rge  removed  as  erroneoiis  under  paragraph  131,  Army  Regula- 
tions       200 

Restored  to  duty 5 

Discharged  under  paragraph  148),  Army  Reflations 123 

Discharged  on  surgeon's  certificate  of  disability 1 

Escapeof .' 13 

DiedT. 2 

Dropped,  turned  over  to  Navy 2 

346 

Tried  by  court-martial: 

Acquitted 2 

Convdcted  of  absence  without  leave — 

Not  sentenced  to  discharge 486 

Dishonorably  discharged 84 

Sentence  of  dishonorable  discharge  mitigated  by  re'viewing  au- 
thority   1 

Sentence  of  dishonorable  discharge  disapproved  by  reviewing 

authority 3 

Sentence  of  dishonorable  discharge  suspended  and  restored  to 

honorable  duty 2 

Sentence  of  dishonorable  discharge  suspended,  sentence  imcom- 

pleted 4 

Convicted  of  desertion — 

Not  sentenced  to  discharge 77 

Sentence  of  dishonorable  discharge  mitigated  by  reviewing  au- 
thority         10 

Sentence  of  dishonorable  discharge  disapproved  by  reviewing 

authority 6 

Restored  to  honorable  duty  after  being  sentenced  to  dishonorable 

discharge 59 

Sentence  of  dishonorable  discharge  suspended,  sentence  imcom- 

pleted 220 

Dishonorably  discharged  and  confined 1. 032 

1,986 

Reports  of  results  of  trial  not  yet  received 169 

Total 2,501 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  table  that  of  the  men  tried  for 
desertion  646  have  been  retained  m  service  (61  after  having  been 
sentenced  to  dishonorable  discharge),  224  have  been  sentenced  to 
dishonorable  discharge  with  that  part  of  sentence  suspended  and 
remaining  unexecuted  at  date  of  this  report,  and  1,116  have  been  dis- 
honorably discharged. 

The  lengths  of  sentences  of  confinement  as  approved  in  cases  of 
men  dishonorably  discharged,  not  including  men  restored  to  honorable 
duty  or  serving  under  suspended  sentences  of  dishonorable  dischaige, 
are  shown  in  the  table  following. 


BEPORT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL.  261 

than  3  months 8 

3  to  6  months 226 

7  to  12  months 16 

Leas  than  1  year 250 

1  year 425 

1 J  years 283 

2  years 1 83 

2J  years 24 

3  years 17 

3  J  years 3 

4  years  and  over 7 

1,092 

No  sentence  of  confinement 24 


Total 1,116 

RESTORATION  OF  CITIZENSHIP  AND  REENLISTMENT  OF  MEN  WHOSB 
SERYIGB  DURINO  THE  LAST  FREOEDINO  TERM  OF  ENLISTMENT  WAS 
NOT  HONEST  AND  FAITHFUL. 

Applications  were  received  during  the  year  from  141  deserters  for 
restoration  of  the  rights  of  citizenship  under  the  provisions  of  the 
act  of  Congress  approved  August  22,  1912  (37  Stat.  L.,  356).  Favor- 
able action  was  taken  upon  all  of  these  applications. 

Pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  the  act  cited,  the  enlistment  (under 
certain  conditions)  of  former  soldiers  whose  service  during  their  pre- 
ceding terms  of  enlistment  was  not  honest  and  faithful  was  continued 
during  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1916.  Of  the  1,431  applications 
for  permission  to  enlist  a^ain  received  during  the  year  from  such 
former  soldiers  99  were  mvorably  considered,  1,182  were  denied, 
either  because  the  offenses  for  whicn  the  soldiers  had  been  discharged 
were  of  such  a  nature  as  to  preclude  their  enlistment  or  because  their 
conduct  while  in  service  or  after  discharge  had  not  been  such  as  to 
warrant  favorable  consideration,  and  150  applications  had  not  been 
finally  acted  upon  because  evidence  or  reports  needed  for  an  intelli- 
gent consideration  of  the  applications  haa  not  been  received  in  this 
office.  During  the  year  45  men  who  had  been  granted  permission 
to  reenlist  (17  of  them  being  former  deserters)  availed  themselves  of 
the  privilege.  In  addition  1  man  (a  former  deserter)  was  reenlbted 
at  the  United  States  Disciplinary  Barracks,  Fort  Leavenworth,  imder 
standing  authority  given  to  the  commandant,  a  total  of  46.  Of 
these,  1  (a  former  deserter)  has  deserted,  1  has  been  discharged  under 
paragraph  148i,  Army  Regulations,  and  44  (17  of  them  former 
deserters)  were  serving  with  their  organizations  on  Jime  30,  1916. 

Of  the  204  former  soldiers  (91  of  them  former  deserters)  referred 
to  in  the  last  annual  report  as  having  enlisted  during  the  fiscal  years 
1914  and  1915  after  a  prior  service  that  was  not  honest  and  faithful,  1 
has  died  while  absent  in  desertion,  37  (13  of  them  former  deserters) 
have  been  dishonorably  discharged,  2  have  been  discharged  without 
honor,  18  (8  of  them  former  deserters)  have  been  discharged  under 
paragraph  148^,  Army  Regulations,  2  (1  of  them  a  former  deserter) 
nave  died  while  in  service,  14  (7  of  them  former  deserters)  have  been 
honorably  discharged — 2  with  the  rank  of  corporal,  14  (9  of  them  for- 
mer deserters)  were  absent  in  desertion  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year 
1916,  1  was  serving  sentence  (dishonorable  discharge  suspended)  for 
desertion,  1  (a  former  deserter)  was  present  awaiting  tnal  for  deser- 


262 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENEBAL. 


tion,  and  114  (52  of  them  former  deserters)  were  on  duty  with  their 
organizations  at  that  time — 16  with  the  rank  of  corporal,  1  with  the 
rank  of  electrician  sergeant,  second  class,  3  with  the  rank  of  sergeant, 
1  with  the  rank  of  first  sergeant,  and  1  with  the  rank  of  sergeant, 
first  class. 

The  total  number  of  these  reenlistments  prior  to  the  dose  of  the 
fiscal  year  1916  is  250. 

In  tabulated  form  the  results  appear  as  follows: 


1914 

1915 

1916 

Totals. 

Raenllsted 

(34) 

93 

(57)  111 

(18) 

46 

(109)250 

Honorably  discharged 

(4) 

10 
1 

31 
1 
fl 
1 
5 

(2)      4 

(»)  w 

(8)    12 

m " 

Died 

T)1«f>OP<Y^blV    d*SCh«ri?«d .  r  .  r  r  -  t  -  -  -  r  r  r  r r  -  -  T 

(13)    37 

Discharsad  without  honor 

2 

Dischareed  undar  oar.  1484.  Armv  Raeulatloiis 

1 

(8)    19 

Died  In  desertion 

Absent  in  desertion,  Jane  30. 1910 

Serving  sentence  (dishonorable  discharge  sospended)  for  deser- 
tion, June  30.  191« 

(5)      9 
1 

(1) 

1 

(10)    U 
1 

Present,  awaituur  trial  for  dwertton.  June  30. 1916 

(1») 

1 
47 

(1)     1 
(69)  158 

Present  for  duty.  June  30,  I91d. , 

(83)    67 

(17) 

44 

Totals .*. 

(34) 

93 

(57)  111 

(18) 

46 

(100)  250 

\*w«/     ^ww 

NoTB.— Figures  in  paranthesai  indicate  nomlMr  of  men  who  were  convicted  of  deMrtion  prior  to 
Ustment. 

DISCHABOES   OF  ENLISTED  MEN   BT  OBDEB. 

Of  the  8,051  discharges  by  order,  as  shown  in  the  table  opposite 
page  24  of  thus  report,  602  (not  including  17  discharged  upon  suigeon's 
certificate  of  disability)  were  discharged  under  the  provisions  of 
para^aph  148^,  Army  Regulations,  which  provides  for  the  discharge 
of  eiuisted  men  who  are  inapt,  or  who  do  not  have  the  required  degree 
of  adaptability,  or  who  have  undesirable  traits  of  character;  5,747 
were  discharged  by  purchase  imder  rules  governing  such  discharge, 
and  the  remaining  1,702  were  discharged  for  vanous  causes,  we 
principal  ones  being  on  ac(K)unt  of  fraudulent  enlistment,  desertion, 
imprisonment  by  the  civil  authorities,  to  enter  the  Soldiers'  Home, 
and  for  the  convenience  of  the  Government. 

Of  the  discharges  by  purchase  ordered,  611  were  ordered  by  the 
War  Department,  2,953  by  the  commanding  general.  Eastern  Depart- 
ment, 132  by  the  commanding  general.  (Antral  Department,  1,251 
by  the  commanding  general.  Southern  Department,  169  by  the  com- 
manding general,  rhilippine  Department,  272  by  the  commanding 
feneral,  Hawaiian  Department,  and  359  by  the  commanding  general^ 
Western  Department. 

Of  the  discharges  imderparagraph  148^  ordered  during  the  year 
276  were  ordered  by  the  War  Department,  137  by  the  commandinfi" 

fenerd,  Eastern  Department,  6  by  the  commandiiLg  general,  Centnu 
>epartment,  71  by  the  commanchng  general.  Southern  Department, 
36  Dy  the  commanding  general.  Western  Department.  2  by  the  com- 
manding general,  Phihppine  Department,  and  44  by  the  commanding 
general,  Hawaiian  Department. 

Under  the  provisions  of  paragraph  139.  Armv  Regulations,  a  com- 
mander of  a  territorial  department  or  moDilizeci  division  is  authorized 
to  discharge  enlisted  men  by  purchase,  on  accoimt  of  desertion  or 
imprisonment  by  civil  court  or  imder  paragraph  148^,  Army  Regu- 
'tions. 


REPORT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL.  263 

DISCHABOES   ON   SUBGEON's   CERTIFICATE  OF  DISABIUTT. 

It  appears  from  the  official  returns  that  1,329  enlisted  men  of  the 
Regular  Army  were  discharged  on  surgeon's  certificate  of  disability 
during  the  year.  This  number  is  larger  than  the  nmnber  (1,168) 
discJiarged  during  the  preceding  year,  and  was  also  larger  than  the 
number  (1,004)  dischai^ed  during  the  fiscal  year  1914. 

The  number  of  discharges  for  disability  is  larger  during  the  year 
1916  than  during  any  of  tne  three  precedmg  years,  and  based  on  the 
number  of  enlistment  contracts  in  force  during  the  respective  years, 
the  percentage  is  greater  for  the  year  1916  than  for  either  of  the  three 
preceding  years,  the  percentage  being  1913,  0.99;  1914,  0.80;  1915, 
0.85:  and  1918,  1.06. 

An  examination  of  the  records  shows  that  691  of  the  1,329  dis- 
charges on  surgeon's  certificate  of  disability  during  the  past  fiscal 
year  were  based  on  disabilities  that  existed  prior  to  enlistment.  Of 
the  1,168  men  discharged  on  surgeon's  certificate  of  disability  during 
the  preceding  year  707  were  discharged  because  of  disability  existing 

Srior  to  enlistment,  and  during  the  year  1914,  out  of  a  total  of  1,004 
ischar^es  of  this  class,  545  were  discharged  because  of  disabilities 
that  existed  prior  to  enhstment.  These  items  in  terms  of  percentage 
for  the  past  three  years  are  as  follows:  1916,  52.0;  1915.  60.6:  and 
1914,  54.2.  The  percentage  of  discharges  on  accoimt  ot  disability 
existing  prior  to  enlistment  was  less  durmg  the  past  year  than  it  was 
during  any  of  the  three  preceding  years. 

THE   ADJUTANT   GENERAL'S   DEPARTMENT. 

The  total  number  of  officers  of  The  Adjutant  General's  Department 
remained  unchanged  during  the  fiscal  year.  Of  the  23  officers  con- 
stituting the  department,  4  are  permanent  and  19  are  detailed  from 
the  line  of  the  Army.  Three  of  the  detailed  officers  were  reheved 
and  were  replaced  by  other  officers  during  the  year.  One  permanent 
officer  of  the  department  was  retired  and  his  place  was  fiUed  by  the 
detail  of  an  officer. 

The  act  of  Jime  3,1916,  provides  for  an  increase  of  27  officers  of  The 
Adjutant  General's  Department,  but  none  of  the  increase  authorized 
was  for  the  fiscal  year  1916. 

THE  BOLTrARY  ACADEMY. 

On  June  30,  1916,  there  were  imder  assi^ment  to  duty  at  the 
United  States  MiHtary  Academy  99  conMnissioned  officers  (including 
7  professors,  2  acting  professors,  and  2  associate  professors),  1  libra- 
rian, 1  master  of  the  sword,  1  teacher  of  music,  4  civilian  instructors  in 
languages,  and  2  civilians  employed  as  instructors  in  fencing,  broad- 
sword exercise,  and  mihtary  gjTunastics.  a  total  of  108.  This  is  a 
decrease  of  7  since  July  1, 1915,  the  date  of  the  superintendent's  report 
for  that  year. 

On  September  1,  1915,  there  were  630  cadets  on  the  rolls,  includ- 
ing 4  Filipino  cadets  and  2  foreign  cadets  from  China.  Between 
September  1,  1915,  and  September  1,  1916,  39  cadets  were  dis- 
charged for  deficiency  in  studies;  1  was  discharged  for  deficiency  in 


264  REPORT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAIi. 

conduct:  1  was  discharged  for  deficiency  in  studies  and  in  conduct; 
8  were  oiscliaTged  by  reason  of  physical  disability;  15^  induding  1 
foreign  cadet,  from  China,  resigned;  125,  including  1  Filipino  cadet^ 
were  graduated;  and  1  was  accidentally  drowned.  In  June,  1916, 
158  cadets  were  admitted;  in  July,  1916,  164  cadets,  including  1 
foreign  cadet,  from  Cuba,  were  admitted;  and  in  Auras t^  1916, 
3  were  admitted.  Four  ex-cadets,  who  were  reappointea,  with  the 
approval  of  the  academic  board,  were  also  admitted  in  Aurast..  1916. 

On  September  1,  1916,  the  beginning  of  the  current  academic  year, 
there  were  769  cadets  on  the  rolls,  including  4  Filipino  cadets  and 
2  foreign  cadets — 1  from  China  and  1  from  Cuba.  Those  cadets 
were  divided  among  the  four  classes,  as  follows:  First  class,  141; 
second  class,  156;  third  class,  147;  and  fourth  class,  325. 

The  usual  examination  of  candidates  for  admission  to  the  Military 
Academv  was  held  at  various  military  posts,  beginning  March  21, 
1916.  An  additional  examination  was  held,  beginning  June  6, 
1916,  with  a  view  to  fill  the  102  vacancies  tnat  existed  after  the 
regular  examination,  and  also  to  fill  the  vacancies  (166)  in  the  first 
annual  increment  of  the  increase  in  the  Corps  of  Cadets  provided  for 
by  the  act  of  Congress  approved  May  4,  1916  (Public,  No.  191,  64th 
Cong.).  Inasmuch  as  it  oecame  apparent  that  not  enough  cadets 
to  ffll  the  vacancies  in  the  first  increment  would  be  obtained  from 
this  examination  it  was  decided  to  hold  still  another  examination 
(physical)  on  June  27,  1916,  mental  qualification  being  by  certifi- 
cate only.  The  total  number  of  candidates  designated  for  the  three 
examinations  was  1,228.  Of  that  number,  202  failed  to  report  for 
exanunation:  12  declined  appointment,  their  appointments  were 
canceled  or  they  were  prevented  by  sickness  from  reporting;  109 
failed  to  complete  the  mental  or  physical  examination,  or  both; 
515  were  rejected  u{>on  mental  or  physical  examination,  or  upon  both; 
1  was  refused  adimssion  because  of  cribbing,  and  (at  the  June  27 
examination)  2  qualified  physicall]^  and  failed  to  submit  educational 
certificates.  There  were  no  vacancies  for  58  alternates  and  5  candi- 
dates at  lar^e  who  qualified.  The  remaining  324  candidates  were 
found  qualified  and  were  admitted  to  the  academy. 

The  act  of  Congress  approved  May  4,  1916,  referred  to  above, 
authorized  an  increase  of  664  in  the  Corps  of  Cadets.  It  is  pre- 
scribed that  that  increase  shall  be  divided  into  four  annual  incre- 
ments, each  increment  to  be  as  nearly  equal  as  practicable.  Alter 
the  examination  of  Jime  27  there  were  26  vacancies  in  the  first  incre- 
ment. 

The  number  of  cadets  authorized  for  1916  is  834.  There  were  767 
cadets  on  the  rolls  (excluding  the  two  foreign  cadets)  on  September 
1, 1916,  leaving  67  vacancies  on  that  date.  That  number  has  been 
increased  by  resignations  and  death,  so  that  the  number  of  vacancies 
now  is  75.  The  number  of  cadets  authorized  for  1917  is  1,000;  for 
1918,  l,166j  and  for  1919,  1,332. 

Information  concerning  the  operation  of  the  several  academic 
departments,  the  enlarging  of  the  Militaiy  Academy,  discipline  of 
the  Corps  of  Cadets,  and  other  matters  oi  interest  are  to  be  foimd 
in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Superintendent  of  the  United  States  Mili- 
tary Academy.  As  it  is  customary  to  print  that  report  with  the 
other  reports  of  the  War  Department,  further  reference  to  those  sub- 
jects is  omitted  from  this  report. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAIi.  265 

BECBUTITNO  FOB  THE   BEOULAB   ABMT. 

The  general  recruiting  detail  for  the  Regular  Army  at  the  begin-' 
ning  of  the  fiscal  year  1916  consisted  of  124  conunissioned  officers 
and  636  enlisted  men.  At  the  end  of  that  year  the  detail  consisted 
of  126  officers  and  1,077  enlisted  men.  Included  in  tiie  number  of 
commissioned  officers  so  detailed  at  the  end  of  the  year  are  66  offi- 
cers regularly  on  duty  at  general  recruit  depots  and  60  officers  on 
duty  at  recruiting  stations.  In  the  last  mentioned  nmnber  are  in- 
cluded 30  retired  officers  detailed  on  active  duty  under  the  provi- 
sions of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  April  23,  1904  (33  Stat.  L., 
264).  Due  to  the  increase  in  the  strength  of  the  Army  authorized 
by  the  joint  resolution  of  Congress  approved  March  17,  1916,  and 
the  act  of  Confess  approved  June  3, 1916,  and  the  consequent  neces- 
sity for  securmg  the  niunber  of  recruits  authorized,  the  recruiting 
personnel  has  been  increased  in  niunber  443,  the  increase  consisting 
of  2  commissioned  officers  and  441  enlisted  men. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  fiscal  year  84  central  recruiting  stations  were 
maintained,  and  on  June  30,  1916,  there  were  189.  Of  the  latter 
number,  54  were  main  stations,  each  in  charge  of  a  recruiting  officer, 
and  the  remainder  were  stations  auxiliary  to  the  main  stations.  In 
three  recruiting  districts  additional  comnnssioned  officers  are  assigned 
to  assist  the  recruiting  officer  in  charge.  New  York  having  3  and  (3u- 
cago  and  San  Francisco  having  1  each  of  such  additional  officers. 
An  additional  main  station  and  recruiting  district,  with  a  commissioned 
officer  in  charge,  was  also  authorized  at  Houston,  Tex.,  within  the 
fiscal  year  covered  by  this  report,  but  the  station  was  not  fully  opened 
for  business  until  after  the  dose  of  the  fiscal  year.  In  addition  to 
the  main  and  auxiliary  stations,  temporary  stations  were  opened  and 
maintained  after  the  increase  in  the  Army  was  authorized  in  order  to 
canvass  more  thoroughly  the  territory  embraced  in  the  various 
recruiting  districts  within  the  United  States. 

Within  the  fiscal  year  1915  the  largest  number  of  stations  of  all 
kinds — ^main,  auxiliary,  and  temporary — maintained  in  any  one 
month  was  270,  and  the  smallest  number  was  94.  Within  the  fiscal 
year  covered  by  this  report  the  corresponding  numbers  were  366  and 
94,  respectively.  In  this  connection,  it  may  be  remarked  that  prior 
to  the  mcrease  of  the  Army  authorized,  the  average  number  of  stations 
maintained  was  not  increased,  although,  due  to  the  activity  of  the 
officers  and  enlisted  men  on  recruiting  auty,  a  sufficient  number  of 
recruits  were  secured  to  keep  the  Army  filled  to  the  strength  then 
authorized.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  prior  to  the  increase  authorized 
March  17,  1916,  the  number  of  recruits  secured  in  excess  of  the 
number  required  to  fill  existing  vacancies  caused  a  practical  cessa- 
tion of  recruiting  in  some  arms  of  the  service. 

The  practice  maintained  for  several  years  of  sending  applicants  for 
enlistment,  accepted  at  the  recruiting  stations,  to  the  recruit  depots 
for  physical  examination  and  enlistment  was  continued  throughout 
the  past  fiscal  year  with  the  same  satisfactory  results  experienced  in 
preceding  years. 

Included  in  the  term  "reenlistments"  in  this  report  are  those  former 
soldiers  who  enlist  again  within  three  months  of  the  date  of  termina- 
tion of  their  prior  service  and  are  thereby  entitled,  under  existing  law, 
to  three  months'  additional  pay,  on  second  enUstment  and  continuous- 
service  pay  on  any  such  enlistment,  while  under  the  term  "enlist- 


266 


REPORT  OP   THE   ADJUTANT   GENERAL. 


ments"  are  included  men  of  no  previous  service  and  also  those  men 
who  having  had  former  service  did  not  enlist  again  within  three 
months  from  the  date  of  the  termination  of  their  former  service. 

Within  the  fiscal  year  1916  enlistments  and  reenUstments  for  the 
Regular  Army  numbered  27,468,  including  35,450  for  the  line  of  the 
Army,  601  for  the  Hospital  Corps  (now  Medical  Department),  329  for 
the  Quartermaster  Corps,  374  for  other  staff  departments,  and  714 
for  the  Phihppine  Scouts.  The  enlistments  numbered  22,182,  includ- 
ing enlistments  of  3,238  men  with  former  service.  Of  these  enlist- 
ments, 21,002  (2,920  with  former  service)  were  for  the  line  of  the 
Army,  412  (92  with  former  service)  for  the  Hospital  Corps  or  Medical 
Department,  116  (71  with  former  service)  for  the  Quartermaster 
Corps,  201  (66  with  former  eervice)  for  other  staff  departments,  and 
451  (89  with  former  service)  for  the  Philippine  Scouts.  The  reen- 
listments  numbered  5,286,  of  which  4,448  were  for  the  hne  of  the 
Army,  189  for  the  Hospital  Corps  or  Medical  Department,  213  for  the 
Quartermaster  Corps,  173  for  other  staff  departments,  and  263  for  the 
PhiUppine  Scouts. 

With  very  few  exceptions,  rendered  necessary  by  the  demands  of 
regiments  stationed  on  the  Mexican  border,  the  plan  authorized  by 
the  Secretary  of  War  several  years  ago  of  furnishing  recruits  to  organ- 
izations senuannually,  was  adhered  to  throughout  tne  past  fiscal  year. 

The  total  number  of  those  who  apphed  for  enlistment  in  the  Army 
in  each  recruiting  district,  the  number  of  such  applicants  accepted  or 
rejected  in  each  district,  and  the  number  of  accepted  applicants  after- 
ward rejected  at  recruiting  depots  are  set  forth  m  the  following  table: 


lUmiltlindblrtlti. 

Numlwral 

•ass; 

Nombwor 

1 

3C9 
SW 

ta 

i 

i 

ass 

i 
1 

§ 
!;S 

an 
i.om 

i 
1 

i;os6 

'« 

l,OU 
l,4H 

■'i 

1,333 

1,114 

930 

12, 2m 

i 

i;<>ia 

1'W7 

'STB 

,.!S 
!:S 
|;S 

i)iw 

i's 

Ntwirk.K.J 

J" 

«» 

BEPOBT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL. 


267 


Recruiting  dislricts. 


Philadelphia,  Pa 

Pittsbtuih,  Pa. 

Portland,  Me 

Portland,  Oreg 

Providence,  R.  I 

Richmond.  Va 

Roanoke,  Va. 

St.  Louis,  Mo 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 
San  Francisco,  CaL.. 

Savannah,  Qa. 

Scranton,  Pa. 

Seattle.  Wash 

Spokane,  Wash 

Syracuse,  N.  Y 

Terra  Haate,  Ind 

Toledo,  Ohio. 

Wichita,  Kans 

ToUl 


Number  of 

applicants 

accepted. 


837 
353 
176 
353 
289 
2T7 
18« 

1,476 
157 

2,937 
532 
261 
150 
201 
227 
398 
339 
292 


30,993 


Number  of 

applicants 

rejected. 


2,190 

2,173 
576 

1,347 

1,250 
488 
482 

3,865 

864 

12,505 

2,221 
968 
404 
410 

1,171 
723 

1,163 
925 


102,097 


Total  num- 
ber of 
applicants. 


Applicants 
accepted  at 

stations 
andsub8»> 

aoently 

rejected  at 

depots  and 

depot  posts. 


3.027 

2,526 

751 

1,700 

1.539 

765 

068 

5,341 

1,021 

15,532 

2,753 

1,229 

554 

611 

1,396 

1,121 

1,502 

1,217 


133,090 


175 
34 
38 
44 
48 
43 
17 

311 
28 

535 
18 
56 
10 
26 
31 
56 
31 
51 


4,194 


Analysis  of  the  preceding  table  shows  that  23  per  cent  of  those  who 
applied  for  enlistment  at  recruiting  stations  were  accepted  and  that 
13  per  cent  of  the  accepted  apphcants  were  afterward  rejected  at 
depots.  These  iten^s  for  the  preceding  fiscal  year  were  26  per  cent 
and  13  per  cent,  respectively. 

The  following  taole  shows  the  number  of  enlistments  for  the 
Regular  Army  and  the  number  of  applicants  rejected  at  the  recruit 
depots  and  other  military  posts  and  m  the  field  within  the  fiscal  year 
1916: 


station  or  post. 


Number 
enlisted. 


Namber 
ri!)ected. 


Total 
namber 
exam- 
ined. 


Oeoeral  recntitiog  stations. 


Recruit  depots: 
Colnmoos 


B«nieki.0l 
(arrae]cs,M0 


Jeflerson  Barradcs, 
Port  Loan,  Colo... 
Port  McDowed,  CM. 
PortSlocam^N.Y. 


Ohio. 


Total. 


Depot  poets: 

Fort  Bliss,  Tte 


Fort  DooctMLUtah 

Fort  Gcorse  Wr^bt,  Wash,* 

Jackson  Barracks,  L«,* , 

Fort  Lawtoo,  Wash^. 

Fort  Ofdetborpe,  Ga.« 

Fort  Sam  Hooston,  Tex,, 

United  States  Disdpltoarr  Barracks,  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kaos. 
Vancouver  Barracks.  Wssb^ 


Total. 


•  f  •tfrt0f0trtrftrr**»*»**» 


193 


6,611 
6.667 
L234 
Z416 
5,066 


30. 9M 


8 
161 
228 


608 

W7 

29 

370 


Inthefldd -^^ j  ^j^ 

Toeio  Uko  Bit^iafmi  f4  tMi^j  / 


768 

1,080 

328 

549 

1,322 


4.0«7 


1 

1 

6 
26 
10 
54 
19 

6  i 


m 


6,379 
7,747 
1.662 
3,966 
6.388 


2&041 


70 
9 

167 

ra 

278 
657 
206 
36 
327 


2,002 

2.421 

1.348 

136 

In,  141 


•  Ptsront toosil  as  4^v4  j^^M  iUg  H,*^ 


0  i/'fttAAMf*  :4^iJf4  m  4^fi  pff*t  May  1%  1916. 
*  f/it^^j^U'M^i^  M  4*iM  poet  Hm.  Vt,  1914, 


268 


BEPORT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL* 


The  foregoing  table  does  not  include  714  enlistments  and  197 
rejections  for  the  PhiUppine  Scouts.  Including  those,  the  aggregate 
number  of  enlistments  for  the  entire  Regular  Army  within  the  &cal 
year  was  27,468  and  the  total  number  olrejections  134,149,  of  which 
102,097  were  rejected  at  the  recruiting  stations,  4,387  at  recruit 
depots,  and  197  for  the  Philippine  Scouts.  This  makes  an  aggregate 
of  161,617  enUstments  and  rejections  for  the  entire  Regular  Army 
withm  the  fiscal  year. 

Of  the  rejected  appUcants,  14,987  were  rejected  because  of  minoriU", 
2.728  because  they  were  aliens,  and  3.537  because  of  illiteracy.  Of 
the  accepted  apphcants  2,196  declinea  to  enlist  at  depots  or  eloped 
en  route  thereto. 

The  race  and  nativity  of  those  enlisted  and  reenlisted  in  the  Army 
within  the  fiscal  year  1916  are  set  forth  in  the  following  table: 


Regular  Army. 

Phflip- 

pine 

Scouts. 

Race  ftDd  nativity. 

• 

Line  of 
Army. 

Staff  de- 
partments, 
not  includ- 
ing Hospi- 
tal Corps 
and  Quar- 
master 
Corps. 

Medical 
Depart- 
ment. 

Quarter- 
master- 
Corps. 

Total. 

^ 

Native  white: 

Enli*>i.ient8 

18,243 
3,306 

190 
187 

367 
146 

96 
166 

18,808 
3,764 

18,808 

Rfff^plfstments 

3,754 

Total 

21.548 

327 

513 

264 

22,652 

22,652 

Forebn  white: 

E^nlistments * 

2,136 
057 

11 
36 

43 
82 

16 
86 

2,206 
761 

2,206 

Reenlistments. ........... 

761 

Total 

2,793 

47 

75 

52 

2.967 

2.967 

Colored: 

Enlistments 

563 
413 

2 
11 

2 
11 

666 

435 

566 

Reenlistinents 

436 

Total 

975 

13 

13 

1,001 

1,001 

Indians: 

EnUstments 

14 

14 

14 

Rf^nit^tments , 

Total 

14 

14 

14 



Porto  Ricans: 

Enlistments 

47 
73 

47 
73 

47 

Reeolistmfnts 

7S 

...... 

Total 

120 

120 

120 

............ 

.......... 

FHiplnos: 

Enlistments 

451 
263 

451 

Reenlistm^nts    ..  ..^... 

^ 

283 

Total 

I 

714 

714 

..........j 

Total  enlistments 

Total  reenlistmenti 

21,002 
4,448 

201 
173 

412 
180 

116 
213 

21,731 
6,023 

451 
263 

22.182 
5,286 

AeKTeeate 

25,450 

374 

GOl 

329 

26,754              714  i        27.4fia 

' 

Analysis  of  the  last  preceding  table  discloses  that  practically  90 
per  cent  of  the  original  enlistments  of  white  soldiers  were  enlistments 
of  natives  of  the  Lnited  States.  Within  each  of  the  three  years  last 
preceding  that  percentage  was  86,  84,  and  87,  respectively. 

The  table  following  shows  the  number  of  enlistments  and  reenlist- 
ments  monthly  in  the  line  of  the  Army  within  the  three  years  ended 
Jime  30,  1916. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  QENKRAL. 


a«9 


ICantlu. 


Jaly 

August 

September. 
October... 
November. 
December. 
January... 
February.. 

March 

Apra 

May 

June 

Total 


Fiscal  year  ended— 


June  30, 1916. 


June  30, 1015. 


Enlist- 
ments. 


1,325 
1,547 
1,582 
1,423 
1,460 
1,441 
1,488 
1,104 
1,961 
2,483 
2,058 
3,130 


21,002 


Reenlist- 
ments. 


820 
744 
688 
688 
390 
213 
125 
227 
110 
246 
109 
88 


4,448 


Total. 


2,145 
2,291 
2,2T0 
2,111 
1,850 
1,654 
1,613 
1,331 
2,071 
2,729 
2,167 
3,218 


25,450 


Enlist- 
ments. 


2,211 
2.664 
2,737 
3,202 
3,329 
3,316 
3,542 
2,761 
2,116 
1,540 
1,463 
1,461 


30,342 


Reenlist- 
monts. 


1,318 

1,439 

1,348 

1,353 

1,249 

1,506 

1,535 

1,074 

1,035 

7W 

705 

724 


14,085 


Total. 


3,529 
4,108 
4,085 
4,555 
4,578 
4,824 

5,  on 

3,835 
3,151 
2,337 
2,168 
2,1HA 


44,4/7 


Jiwe30,l9l4, 


Enllnt- 
menti. 


1,671 
2,0(15 
1,H74 
2,  (MO 
2,454 
3,447 
3,2D5 
2,3H8 
2,311 
2,754 
2,4M 


28,559 


moMtJi. 


431 

mo 

KA7 

l,ao6 

1,0A3 
1,0JI7 

l,(r/7 

1,101 


Total, 


s.nwi 

y.  4*11 

»,44l 

a.iil 

4,^Ml 

4,411 
4,441 
»,il7 

n,m 

»,A11 
5l,f»47 

M  'HA 


The  average  total  monthly  enlistments,  including  reenlmtmi;ni«, 
derived  from  the  foregoing  table  are  as  followH: 

For  the  fiac^  year  1914 %,V0 

For  the  fiac*l  year  191 5 Z,W£ 

For  the  fiacal  yearlSB 2.  Ui 

The  decrease  observed  in  the  numT>er  of  enViAimfmin  an/i  r^uUnf^ 
ments  is  bdieved  to  be  doe  to  the  lo\ifm'\u%  fttnAfn:  Fir^t,  tb«  r4^tnf> 
tion  on  reemitiog  that  prevailed  for  pra/^jr  ally  th^  firnt  two  thirdtt  of 
the  fiscal  ^ear,  due  to  the  fact  that  fiunn/^  that  p^ru//!  th^  ^^fftf 
was  practicaDj  filled.  S'icond,  <\nr\u^  tr.e  la^t  or#^^  tr^fH  ^4  U^n 
fiscal  year  when  rerruj^intr  wjw  ^*irr.'iiA*^/i  ff^  tr*^  purff^M^  ^4  oht^nfh' 
ing  the  additional  rv^^.^-i  provK>>^l  hy  Ui^.  k</><U'v'/f#  tft^^^'n^tft^ 
the  Armv.  labor  cor*^:-'.  ^h  *r.ro';$^r.'V^*»  tr^  f/f^.wrj  w^r^  «i*/fi  ff.at 
aO  who  iesmd  to  cVjur*  '^rr.f^j*',;. rr.^,*.  ,r,  ti.A  \A^  r^'^Uly  o\^*.h  t.f/\  *t 
with  good  wagei.  ^jlta  r^.c^rs.t^ ."  't*ff,^./  V/  ^^jr^  r^z-ri/^*  7  f.,^4, 
the  provkirjCH  /yf  j«w  *r.i>r,  //.-'sr.gf  ^%4^  f*r.  r,^V/j  v^,/,^"*  nrf^'^ 
enlisted  after  ^,r^:y^m  \  Vi/i  i'%^:,  r-Ar,*.  *  ^/  ,^^i  ///•#/  /*^« 
from  the  dai;^  'vf  *r..-  ^  ^''*    -<>r >-->!-   /    *"'.  ^^a^;     r>t   f*  »i:.'f^   ^4 

The  norr/'^r  '/  ""  .-■-  *^'-  4'  ,  '^^^ ,  .^^-^-^  '%f  ',^^'/ ^,&9,  <4  ♦'■^ 
service  w.*"..-,  *:>»  -i?^  .;«^>*-  ^' '-*'•  "*--'  X*'*  -^^  *^.o'tr%  .r,  ^><  jm. 
lowing  tahf 


.'.'', 


*  ^^-^ 


i^m      r 


"■■      > 


»*•■ 


fta^VpWi 


-y 


C 


.»*-* 


• « 


-jC  '        '^ 


270 


REPORT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL. 


The  relative  increase  or  decrease  in  the  number  of  enlistments  or 
reenlistments  in  the  different  branches  of  the  service  is  more  apparent 
when  the  nimibers  in  the  last  preceding  table  are  reduced  to  percent- 
ages of  the  total  number  of  enlistments  and  reenlistments  lor  each 
year  compared.  For  that  reason  those  percentages  are  shown  in  the 
table  which  follows: 


Bmicfaas  of  swvioe. 


Staff  departments. . . 

Engineers 

Cavalry 

Field  AitiDery 

Coast  Artillery  Corps 

Inlantry 

MlsoeUaneoos 

Total 


Percentages  of  total  nomber  of  enlistments  and  reenlistments  daring  the 

fiscal  year  ended— 


Jane  30, 1016. 


Enlist- 
ments. 


2.72 

1.17 

25.70 

4.60 

21.fi0 

25.43 

.04 


81.22 


Re. 
enlist- 
ments. 


2.15 
.27 
8.01 
1.00 
4.66 
7.52 
.17 


TotaL 


4.87 

1.44 

28.77 

5.60 

26.16 

32.05 

.21 


18.78 


100.00 


Jon  1 30, 1015. 


Enlist- 
ments. 


1.68 

1.20 

15.41 

3.48 

15.54 

28.35 

.04 


65.70 


Re- 
enlist- 
mmts. 


4.57 

.62 

4.00 

1.25 

8.40 

14.24 

.32 


34.30 


Total 


6.25 

1.82 

20.31 

4.73 

23.04 

42.50 

.36 


100.00 


Jane  30, 1014 


Enlist- 
ments. 


1.02 

.05 

20.06 

5.05 

15.62 

25.58 

.05 


Re- 
enlfat- 
ments. 


4.35 

.66 

4.21 

1.00 

6.73 

12.38 

.45 


70.13      20.87 


TotaL 


6.37 

1.61 

26.17 

6.14 

22.35 

37.06 

.50 


100.00 


The  comparison  similar  to  that  made  in  previous  reports  of  the 
number  of  reenlistments  in  the  several  branches  of  the  service  with 
the  authorized  strength  of  those  branches  shows  with  greater  accuracy 
the  relative  nimiber  of  reenlistments.  Therefore,  the  following  table 
is  presented  showing  the  nimiber  of  reenlistments  to  each  1,000  of 
the  authorized  enlisted  stren^h  of  the  several  branches  of  the  service 
within  the  three  fiscal  years  last  past: 


Branches  of  service. 


Staff  departments. . . 

Engineers 

Cavalry 

Field  Artillery 

Coast  Artillery  Corps 

Infantry 

Miacellaneoas 

The  Army 


Nomber  of  reenUstments  to 
each  1,000  of  the  anthoriaed 
enlisted  strength  dnrtog 
the  fiscal  year  ended  Jane 
30- 


1016 

lOlS 

1014 

40 

in 

178 

31 

150 

143 

53 

160 

124 

46 

105 

83 

65 

208 

148 

42 

158 

126 

73 

24 

30 

40 

167 

130 

The  marked  decrease  in  the  relative  number  of  reenlistments  in 
each  branch  of  the  service  within  the  past  fiscal  year  is  doubtless 
entirely  due  to  the  fact  that  existing  law,  as  previously  pointed  out, 
precluded  such  reenlistments. 

With  the  view  of  keeping  fully  informed  as  to  the  comparative 
eflBciency  of  each  of  the  vanous  methods  of  advertising  for  recruits, 
the  practice  has  been  continued  of  re(][uirin^  recruiting  officers  at 
stations  to  report  whether  the  applications  Tor  enlistment  made  to 
them  were,  or  were  not,  the  result,  wholly  or  in  part,  of  any  form  of 


KEPOBT  OF  THE  ADJUTAIYT  GENERAL.  271 

adyertisingy  and,  if  so,  of  what  form.  The  number  of  applications 
reported  to  have  been  the  residt  of  each  of  the  several  methods  of 
aclvertising  during  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1916,  is  as  follows: 


Methods  of  advertisiDf. 


Bight  of  rarniitizif  flag  and  statloD 

In  parka  and  Muarts 

Recruiting  poston 

Oanvaoe  by  recruiting  parties 

Recruiting  circulars 

Recruiting  booklet.  "The  United  8Utei«  Army  aa  a  Career  " . . . 

Newspaper  advertising 

Special  cireulan  issoed  by  recruiting  officers 

Handbills 

Bleetrte  signs  ra  districts) 

Advertising  cards 

Personal  lelten  fhMn  recruiting  officers 

News  items  in  newspapers 

BasebaU  team  (1  dlstrwt) 

Blidee  is  movittg-piolure  booses  (5  districts) 

Signs  on  elevated  stations  (1  district) 

Postal  oards 

Bookiei,  **  BxpsrlMiee  of  a  Reeruit  in  the  United  SUtee  Army 
Photographs  a  district) 

Total 

NottheiesoltofadTertisIng 

Total  mmber  of  applioants  reported  upon 


Number 
of  applica- 
tions. 


50,011 

25,288 

19,009 

8,9W 

6,970 

4,445 

3,n5 

3,350 

3,253 

500 

500 

480 

446 

416 


115 

» 

10 

5 


128,862 
4,000 


U32,943 


1  Thisnnmber  Is  148  lees  than  the  whole  number  of  aeospted  and  rejected  applicantsshown  by  trlmanthly 
Nperts  of  reemitlng  (p.  87),  no  rsporta  having  been  received  in  that  number  of  caaes. 

Within  the  fiscal  year  covered  by  this  report,  as  in  previous  years, 
the  sight  of  the  recruiting  flag  and  station  proved  the  most  proUfic 
method  of  advertising  for  recruits,  the  park  and  square  parties  and 
the  recruiting  posters  being  second  and  third,  respectively. 

The  recruiting  booklet  issued  in  1914  has  continued  to  be  a  very 
effective  means  of  advertising  and  of  conveying  information  relative 
to  the  advantages  received  from  an  enlistment  m  the  Army.  A  new 
edition  of  this  booklet  has  been  authorized,  amended  to  conform 
with  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  Jime  3,  1916. 

Another  booklet  which  has  been  and  whicn,  it  is  thought,  will  con- 
tinue to  be  a  potent  method  of  advertising  for  the  recruiting  service 
is  the  ''Experience  of  a  Recruit,''  pubfished  by  the  department 
within  the  past  fiscal  year.  This  booklet  relates  m  a  very  readable 
and  attractive  manner  the  experience  of  a  recruit  who  enlisted  at 
Columbus  Barracks,  Ohio,  and  details  ejmlicitly  his  experience  while 
at  the  depot.  The  personal  statement  of  the  recruit  was  so  forceful, 
truthful,  and  favorable  to  the  Army  that  it  was  published  by  the 
department  without  comment. 

Another  publication  prepared  and  issued  in  connection  with 
recruiting  for  the  Regular  Army  is  the  pamphlet  entitled  **  Guide  to 
Civil  Employment  for  Ex-Soldiers."  In  connection  with  the  prepara- 
tion of  this  publication  information  was  obtained  from  each  recruiting 
officer  throughout  the  United  States  relative  to  civil  emplovment 
in  the  respective  recruiting  districts  that  might  be  open  to  former 
Boldiors  of  the  Army  discnarged  with  character  at  least  **Good." 
A  full  list  of  these  employrnonts  arranged  by  States  is  included  in 
the  pubUcation,  together  with  ijistructions  describing  the  method  bv 
whidi  prospective  appUcants,  fonner  soldiers,  may  get  in  touch  witn 
prospective  employers. 


272  BEPOBT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL. 

A  copy  of  this  publication  will  be  placed  in  all  permanent  mess  and 
soldiers^  reading  rooms  and  a  copy  will  be  given  to  every  man  leaving 
the  service  whose  character  is  not  less  than  "Good."  This  guide  to 
civil  employment  has  received  favorable  comment  from  all  to  whose 
attention  it  has  been  brought  and  it  is  believed  that  it  will  prove  to  be 
of  great  utilitv  to  former  soldiers  in  enabling  them  to  obtain  emplov- 
ment  and  will  act  as  a  stimulus  to  recruiting  by  pointing  out  to  tne 
prospective  applicant  for  enlistment  the  advantages  possible  for 
vocational  training  in  the  Army  and  assuring  him  that  the  military 
authorities  are  prepared  to  aid  him  in  applving  that  vocational 
training  in  civil  pursuits  after  he  shall  have  left  the  Army. 

Immediately  upon  the  authorization  of  the  increase  in  the  Army 
March  17,  1916,  advertising  for  recruits,  which  prior  to  that  time 
had  been  largely  restricted,  was  greatly  expanded.  As  previously 
stated  many  new  stations  were  opened,  largely  increasing  the  number 
of  the  recruiting  fla^  and  stations.  Special  circulars  were  issued. 
Newspaper  advertising  was  increased.  Additional  booklets  were 
printed  and  the  recruiting  oflBcers  were  instructed  to  work  without 
regard  to  hours  in  the  effort  to  obtain  recruits. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  June  3,  1916, 
section  27,  tne  President  is  authorized  in  his  discretion  to  utilize 
the  services  of  the  postmasters  of  the  second,  third,  and  fourth  classes 
in  procuring  the  enlistment  of  recruits  lor  the  Army.  For  the 
purpose  of  carryingout  the  provisions  of  this  law  the  matter  has  been 
taken  up  with  the  rost  OflBce  Department  with  the  view  of  securing 
the  cooperation  of  that  department  and  of  the  postmasters  con- 
cerned. 

At  the  date  of  the  preparation  of  this  report  information  is  not 
available  from  which  a  definite  statement  can  be  prepared  showing 
the  expense  of  the  recruiting  service  for  the  fiscal  year  covered  by 
this  report,  but  constant  effort  has  been  maintained  throughout  the 
year  to  minimize  expenses  and  eliminate  all  costs  that  were  not 
absolutely  required  for  the  needs  of  the  service.  Telegraphic  cor- 
respondence as  heretofore  has  been  carefully  scrutinized  with  the 
view  of  reduction  in  tolls.  The  large  number  of  recruiting  stations 
previously  maintained  were  kept  closed  during  the  greater  portion 
of  the  fiscal  jear  and  were  only  reopened  when  the  increase  in  the 
Army  necessitated  such  reopemng  and  a  consequent  increase  in  the 
recruiting  personnel.  Prior  to  that  time  the  number  of  stations  had 
been  reduced  greatly,  with  a  conseauent  reduction  in  rentals,  pay, 
and  allowances  for  the  personnel  ana  other  expenses  incident  to  the 
maintenance  of  stations  and  the  mileage  expenses  of  officers. 

As  in  previous  years,  applicants  for  enlistment  who,  after  having 
been  accepted  at  recruiting  stations  and  sent  to  depots,  fail  througn 
their  own  fault  to  enlist  there,  are  required,  when  such  applicants 
a^ain  apply  at  recruiting  stations,  to  reimburse  the  Government  for 
the  expense  incident  to  tneir  former  application  and  failure  to  enlist* 

REGULAK   ARMY   RESERVE. 

The  act  of  August  24,  1912,  provides  for  two  classes  of  reservists — 
those  furloughed  to  the  Reserve  after  an  active  service  of  four  years, 
or  at  the  discretion  of  the  Secretary  of  War  after  a  service  of  three 
■-ears,  and  those  who  were  honorably  discharged  and  voluntarily 


REPORT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL.  273 

enlisted  in  the  Reserve.  Enlistment  contracts  entered  into  prior  to 
November  1,  1912,  did  not  contain,  imder  the  provisions  of  the  law 
referred  to,  any  provision  for  service  in  the  Reserve,  and  consequently 
no  furloughs  to  the  Reserve  could  take  place  prior  to  November  1, 

1915.  For  convenience,  those  furloughed  to  the  Reserve  will  be 
designated  class  A  reservists  and  those  who  voluntarily  enlist  in  the 
Reserve  will  be  designated  class  B  reservists.  While  all  furloughs 
to  the  Reserve  during  the  year  were  made  under  the  provisions  of 
the  act  before  referred  to,  it  is  proper  to  add  that  the  act  of  Jime  3, 

1916,  provides  that  the  enlistment  period  after  November  1,  1916, 
shall  be  seven  years,  three  years  with  the  colors  and  four  years  in  the 
Reserve,  with  a  provision  that  if  a  soldier  is  considered  sufficiently 
trained  he  may  be  furloughed  to  the  Reserve  after  an  active  service 
of  one  year. 

Between  November  1,  1915,  and  June  30,  1916,  the  number  of  men 
furloughed  to  the  Reserve  was  4,626.  Of  those,  1  was  discha^ed  to 
enable  him  to  complete  his  naturalization  as  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States  and  to  accept  employment  under  the  Grovemment,  2  were 
discharged  because  they  had  been  sentenced  to  imprisonment  by  a 
civil  court,  and  2  died  of  disease,  leaving  4,621  class  A  reservists  on 
June  30,  1916. 

Because  of  conditions  along  the  Mexican  border,  on  May  17,  1916, 
the  Wax  Department  directedthat  all  furloughs  to  the  Reserve  at  the 
expiration  of  three  years  active  service,  except  in  the  cases  of  mem- 
bers of  the  Coast  Artillery  Corps,  be  suspended.  Consequently, 
there  were  very  few  furlougns  to  the  Reserve  during  the  last  month 
and  a  half  of  tne  past  fiscfd  year,  and  the  foregoing  figure  does  not 
represent  the  number  that  would  have  been  in  the  Reserve  on  June 
30  last  imder  normal  conditions. 

The  act  of  June  3,  1916,  authorizes  the  payment  of  $2  per  month 
to  reservists  andprovides  for  their  field  training  each  year.  This 
will  enable  the  War  Department  to  keep  in  closer  touch  with  the 
reservists,  and,  as  a  physical  examination  is  provided  during  their 
attendance  at  field  traimng,  the  department  will  also  be  able  to  dis- 
charge the  physically  unfit.  Heretofore  members  of  the  Reserve  were 
carried  as  members  of  the  organizations  in  which  they  were  serving 
at  the  time  of  furlough,  but  now  they  are  transferred  or  assigned  to 
the  arm  or  corps  to  which  they  belonged,  and  their  records  are  sent 
to  the  conmianding  general  of  the  mihtary  department  in  which  they 
elect  to  reside,  fit  the  event  of  mobilization  they  are  directed  to 
report  to  the  commanding  general  of  the  department  in  which  they 
reside  for  assignment  to  organizations.  On  June  28,  1916,  orders 
were  issued  to  the  several  department  commanders  within  the.  con- 
tinental limits  of  the  United  States  to  mobilize  the  Regular  Army 
Reserve,  excepting  members  of  the  Coast  Artillery  Corps,  for  assign- 
ment to  Regular  Army  units  serving  on  the  Mexican  Dorder  in  the 
Southern  Department.  No  figures  are  available  at  this  time  from 
which  the  number  of  reservists  who  responded  to  the  mobilization 
call  can  be  ascertained,  but  it  is  purposea  to  give  such  figures  in  my 
next  annual  report. 

On  June  30,  1916,  the  class  B  reservists  numbered  27  men.  During 
the  year  12  men  enlisted  in  this  class,  and  4  were  dischai^ed  upon 
expiration  of  service,  making  a  net  gain  during  the  year  of  8. 

69176''— WAR  1916— VOL  1 18 


274  BEPOBT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL. 

ENLISTED   RESERVE   CORPS. 

For  the  purpose  of  securing  a  reserve  of  enlisted  men  for  the  En- 

S'neer,  Si^al,  and  Quartermaster  Corps,  and  the  Ordnance  and 
edical  Departments,  additional  to  those  furloughed  to  the  Reserve 
after  completion  of  a  term  of  active  service  in  the  Regular  Army,  an 
Enlisted  Reserve  Corps  was  authorized  by  section  55  of  the  act  of 
Jime  3,  1916.  The  section  referred  to  did  not  become  eflFective  until 
July  1,  1916. 

The  corps  is  to  consist  of  such  nimibers  of  enlisted  men  of  such 
grade  or  grades  as  may  be  designated  by  the  President  from  time  to 
time.  The  enlistments  are  to  be  for  a  period  of  four  years  and  of 
grades  similar  to  those  prescribed  for  the  Regular  Army.  Each  mem- 
ber of  the  corps  will  be  furnished  with  a  certificate  of  enlistment  by 
The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army,  showing  the  rank  and  corps  or 
department  for  which  the  recipient  was  enlisted.  Regulations  nave 
been  prepared  for  the  administration  of  the  corps  and  for  the  guidance 
of  recnutin^  officers  in  procuring  enlistments.  Every  effort  will  be 
made  by  this  office  to  enlist  men  for  the  corps,  and  the  result  of  those 
efforts  will  be  submitted  in  the  annual  report  for  the  fiscal  year  that 
will  end  Jime  30,  1917. 

CAMPS   OP  INSTRUCTION. 

Orders  were  issued  early  in  the  present  calendar  year  to  department 
commanders  in  the  United  States  and  Hawaii  to  make  the  necessary 
preparations  for  holding  cam^  of  instruction  for  officers  and  non- 
commissioned officers  of  the  Organized  Mihtia  and  joint  camps  for 
the  several  arms  of  the  service  of  the  Regular  Army  and  the  Organized 
Militia. 

However,  in  view  of  the  necessity  for  the  dispatching  of  the  greater 
part  of  the  mobile  Army  in  the  United  States  to  the  Southern  De- 
partment, for  duty  on  the  Mexican  border,  and  the  consequent  lack 
of  an  adequate  number  of  officers  and  troops  of  the  Regular  Army  to 
conduct  properly  these  camps,  the  instructions  for  the  holding  of  the 
camps  were  rescinded  with  respect  to  all  departments  in  the  United 
States,  except  the  Eastern  Department.  The  commanding  general 
of  that  department  was  authorized  to  hold  such  camps  for  the  Cavalry 
of  the  Regular  Army  and  Organized  Mihtia  as  were  practicable. 
Under  this  authority  a  camp  of  instruction  for  officers  and  noncom- 
missioned officers  of  the  Oi^anized  Mihtia  was  held  at  Fort  Myer, 
Va.,  May  21-28,  1916,  and  a  joint  camp  of  instruction  for  the  First 
S<juadron,  First  Cavalry,  Vermont  National  Guard  (composed  prin- 
cipally of  cadets  of  the  Norwich  University),  was  held  at  Fort  Ethan 
Allen,  Vt.,  for  about  10  days  beginning  June  4,  1916.  As  the  reports 
of  these  camps  have  not  as  yet  been  received,  no  statement  can  be 
made  at  this  time  as  to  the  nimiber  of  officers  and  noncommissioned 
officers  who  attended  these  camps. 

No  reports  have  been  received  showing  whether  or  not  camps  have 
been  held  in  the  Hawaiian  Department. 

JOINT  COAST  DEFENSE  EXERCISES. 

Joint  coast  defense  exercises,  participated  in  bv  ^e  Regular  Coast 
Artillery  and  the  Coast  Artillery  Militia,  were  '^  ^^^go  held  as 

'allows: 


REPORT  OF  THE   ADJUTANT  GENERAL.  275 

EASTERN    DEPARTMENT. 

Fort  Constitution,  N.  H.  Fort  Williams,  Me. 

Fort  H.  G.  Wright,  N.  Y.  Fort  Greble,  R.  I. 

Fort  Strong,  Mass.  Fort  Andrews,  Mass. 

Fort  Warren,  Mass.  Fort  Screven,  Ga. 

Fort  Howard,  Md.  Fort  Moultrie,  S.  C. 

Fort  Caswell,  N.  C.  Fort  Monroe,  Va. 

WESTERN   DEPARTlfENT. 

Fort  Winfield  Scott,  Cal.  Fort  Worden,  Wash. 

Fort  Roeecrans,  Cal.  Fort  Stevens,  Oreg. 

As  the  reports  of  the  department  commanders  on  these  camps  have 
njt  as  yet  Deen  received  m  the  War  Department,  a  complete  state- 
ment as  to  the  number  of  troops  of  the  Regular  Army  and  of  the 
Organized  Militia  participating  m  them  can  not  be  presented  at  this 
time. 

citizens'  training  CAMPS. 

Owing  to  the  satisfactory  results  obtained  from  camps  of  this  char- 
acter held  in  1914  and  1915,  and  the  enthusiasm  displayed  by  those 
who  participated  therein,  department  commanders  were  authorized 
to  establish  similar  camps  for  1916,  as  follows: 

EASTERN   DEPARTMENT. 

Flattsburg  Barracks,  N.  Y.: 

June  5  to  July  2,  senior  division. 

July  5  to  August  8,  junior  division. 

July  12  to  August  8,  senior  division. 

August  10  to  September  6,  senior  di\4sion. 

September  8  to  October  5,  senior  division. 
Fort  Terry,  N.  Y.:  July  5  to  August  10,  for  students. 

Fort  Wadsworth,  N.  Y . :  Six  camps  of  two  weeks'  duration  each,  commencing  May  28. 
Fort  Oglethorpe,  Ga. : 

May  3  to  May  30,  senior  division. 

June  3  to  June  30,  senior  division. 

July  5  to  August  8,  junior  division. 

Owing  to  the  smaU  enrollment  for  the  July  camp  at  Fort  Oglethorpe, 
and  the  necessity  for  the  use  of  the  available  Regular  troops  at  other 
points  in  the  department  on  accoimt  of  the  mobilization  of  the 
l^ational  Guard;,  the  department  commander  terminated  the  camp 
for  the  junior  division,  but  all  men  enrolled  were  accepted  for  the 
camps  at  Plattsburg. 

CENTRAL  DEPARTMENT. 

Fort  Benjamin  Harrison,  Ind. : 
July  5  to  Aiigust  4. 
August  7  to  September  6. 
September  8  to  October  5. 

Under  date  of  Jime  19,  1916,  the  commanding  general.  Central 
Department^  was  authorized  to  cancel  the  camps  scheduled  to  be  held 
at  Fort  Benjamin  Harrison  on  account  of  the  lack  of  Regular  troops 
and  the  mobilization  of  the  National  Guard. 

SOUTHERN   DEPARTMENT. 

JPort  Sam  Hoiuton,  Tex.:  June  12  to  July  8. 


Ll 


276 


REPORT   OF  THE   ADJUTANT  GENERAU 


WESTERN    DEPARTMENT. 


Monterey,  Cal.:  July  10  to  August  5. 

American  Lake,  Wash. :  August  14  to  September  9. 

Fort  Douglas,  Utah:  August  21  to  September  16. 

As  most  of  the  reports  of  the  camp  commanders  hare  not  been 
received,  a  compilation  of  the  number  of  troops  of  the  Regular  Army 
and  of  the  numoer  of  civilians  participating  in  the  camps  can  not  be 
presented  in  this  report. 

SMALL-ARMS   FIRING. 

Because  the  regular  target-practice  season  varies  in  the  several 
departments,  ana  in  some  instances  extends  to  the  close  of  the 
calendar  year,  it  is  impracticable  to  make  a  statement  showing  the 
results  of  the  practice  lor  the  year  1916  in  this  report. 

The  numbers  of  qualifications  in  the  several  organizations  of  the 
line  of  the  Army  in  the  grades  of  expert  rifleman,  sharpshooter,  and 
marksman  since  1909  are  shown  in  the  following  table: 


Grades. 


Years. 


1909 


Expert  riflemen 
Shwpsbooters.. 
Marksmen. 


2,875 
9,790 
5,815 


1910 


2.151 
8,857 
5,741 


1911 


1,211 
7,326 
5.196 


1912 


1,312 
9.323 
6,307 


1913 


1,627 

11.144 

7,121 


1914 


2,180 

8,236 

13.423 


1915 


3,599 

7,6es 

2D.995 


Under  paragraph  1345,  Array  Regulations,  as  amended  by  chanfi;es, 
Army  Regulations,  No.  43,  War  Department,  Julv  24,  1916,  an 
enlisted  man  who  qualifies  hereafter  as  an  expert  rineman  is  entitled 
to  $5  a  month,  as  a  sharpshooter  to  $3  a  month,  and  as  a  marksman  to 
$2  a  month,  in  addition  to  his  pay,  from  the  date  of  qualification  until 
the  next  opportunity  to  requaUfy,  or  for  one  year  if  no  opportunity 
for  recjualincation  is  presented  within  that  year,  provided  tnat  during 
that  time  he  does  not  attain  a  higher  qualification  and  that  he  con- 
tinues to  be  a  member  of  an  organization  anned  with  the  rifle,  in  which 
qualification  is  authorized,  or  reenlists  in  such  organization  within 
tnree  months  from  date  of  discharge  therefrom.*' 
•  The  grade  of  expert  revolver  shot  was  established  in  revolver  prac- 
tice by  the  Provisional  Small-Anns  Firing  Manual,  1909,  and  reports 
of  results  of  revolver  firing  in  the  several  organizations  of  the  line  of 
the  Army  during  the  target  years  1910,  1911,  1912,  1913,  1914,  and 
1915,  show,  respectively,  810,  1,050,  1,335,  1,412,  981,  and  1.476 
qualifications  in  that  grade.  A  silver  badge  is  provided  for  each 
original  qualification. 

Paragraph  282,  Small- Arms  Firing  Manual,  1913,  provides  that 
departmental  rifle  and  pbtol  competitions  shall  be  held  in  every 
alternate  vear.  The  Secretary  of  War  has  directed  that  they  be  held 
in  the  oda-numbered  years,  and,  accordingly,  those  competitions  will 
not  be  held  in  the  year  1916. 

There  was  held,  however,  in  the  PhiUppine  Department,  during  this 
year,  a  department  rifle  competition  for  Philippine  Scouts,  the  Secre- 
tary of  War  having  directea  that  such  competition  be  held  in  every 


REPORT   OF   THE   ADJUTANT   GENERAL. 


277 


alternate  year,  commencing  \iHth  the  year  1916.  In  that  competition 
there  were  52  enlisted  and  13  commissioned  competitors,  14  of  whom 
succeeded  in  winning  medals. 

The  Nation^  Board  for  the  Promotion  of  Rifle  Practice  has  arranged 
for  the  holding  of  the  national  matches  at  State  Camp,  Jacksonville, 
Fla.,  to  commence  Friday,  October  20,  1916,  and  has  prescribed  con- 
ditions and  regulations  for  those  competitions.  Those  conditions 
and  regulations,  having  received  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  War, 
were  published  in  Bulletin  No.  6,  War  Department,  February  25, 1916. 
However,  by  reason  of  the  exigencies  of  the  service,  it  was  decided  in 
May,  1916,  that  there  would  be  no  participation  therein  by  any 
teams,  oflRcei-s,  or  enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Armv.  This  decision 
left  to  the  adjutants  general  of  the  several  States  the  matter  of  con- 
ducting the  matches.  Under  date  of  September  13,  1916,  it  was 
decided  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  on  recommendation  of  the  Chief  of 
the  Militia  Bureau,  that  the  National  Matches  be  held  and  that  Col. 
Samuel  W.  Miller,  Infantry,  be  detailed  as  executive  officer  of  the 
matches. 

The  National  Matches  for  the  year  1915,  comprising  the  national 
LDdividual  match,  the  national  pistol  match,  ana  the  national  team 
match,  were  held  at  Jacksonville,  Fla.,  October  18-22,  under  the 
supervision  of  Col.  Richard  M.  Blatchford,  United  States  Infantry, 
as  executive  officer,  and  Capt.  William  C.  Harllee,  United  States 
Marine  Corps,  as  assistant  executive  officer.  The  results  of  those 
matches  have  been  published  in  Bulletin  No.  3,  War  Department, 
February  7,  1916.  In  the  national  team  match  there  were  entered 
2  teams,  1  Cavalry  and  1  Infantry,  from  the  Army,  1  team  from  the 
Marine  Corps,  1  team  from  the  South  Carolina  Mihtary  Academy 
cadets,  and  40  teams  from  the  Organized  MiUtia.  No  teams  were  sent 
from  the  Organized  Militia  of  Cahfomia,  Idaho,  Michigan,  Mississippi, 
Nebraska,  Nevada,  South  Dakota,  Texas,  Virginia,  or  Washington. 

The  competing  teams  were  divided  into  three  classes.  A,  B,  and  C, 
upon  the  basis  of  their  relative  standing  in  the  national  team  match 
of  1913,  and  prizes  were  awarded  to  each  of  the  teams  making  the 
highest  aggregate  scores  in  each  class. 

The  foDfowmg  table  shows  the  winning  teams,  the  scores  made, 
and  the  prizes  won  in  that  competition: 


Prize. 


CLASS  A. 

Unitod  States  Army  Infantry 
United  States  Marine  C  orps. . 
United  States  Army  Cavalry. 
Massachusetts 

CLASS  B. 

Pennsylvania 

Minnesota 

IlUnols 

Wyoming 

CLASS  c. 

Kentucky 

North  Carolina 

New  Mexico , 

Vermont 


3,(4(1  .  National  trophy  and  $450. 
3.013     S3oO. 
3,508     $300. 
3,587     $250. 


3,  .'it  3  I  II nton  trophy  and  $380. 

3,5*2  $250. 

3.5.59  '  $225. 

3,540  ,  $200. 


3,518  ,  Bronie  soldier  of  Marathon  and  $300. 
3,49S  '  $200. 
3.497  I  $175. 
3,493  i  $150. 


278  REPORT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL, 

A  bronze  medal  was  also  awarded  to  each  member  of  the  wmning 
teams,  the  medals  for  each  class  being  of  a  different  design. 

The  interest  manifested  by  the  militia  in  the  national  team  matches 
is  shown  by  the  number  of  entries  each  year  since  the  institution  of 
those  matches.  Eleven  State  teams  were  represented  in  1903,  19  in 
1904,  32  m  1905,  37  m  1906,  43  in  1907,  45  in  1908,  43  in  1909,  38  in 
1910  and  in  1911,41  in  1913,  and  40  in  1915.  It  is  observed  that  the 
maximum  number  of  State  teams  represented  was  reached  in  1908. 
There  were  no  national  team  matches  in  1912  and  1914. 

The  first  prize  in  the  national  individual  match — a  gold  medal  and 
$60 — ^was  won  by  Sergt.  James  S.  Stewart,  First  Corps  of  Cadets. 
Massachusetts,  with  a  score  of  365,  and  the  first  prize  in  the  national 

Sistol   match — a  gold  medal  and  $30 — ^was  won  by  First  Ldeut. 
erry  B.  Garland,  Third  Indiana  Infantry,  with  a  score  of  721. 

DEMOBILIZATION  OP  THE   SECOND   DIVISION. 

The  Second  Division,  which  was  mobilized  at  Galveston  and  Texas 
City,  Tex.,  in  compHance  with  orders  issued  by  the  War  Department, 
February  21  and  24,  1913,  was  ordered  demobilized  on  October  18, 
1915.  rrior  to  the  demobiUzation  a  hurricane  occurred  at  the  places 
named  above  which  caused  the  death  of  13  enlisted  men  and  the  de- 
struction of  the  property  of  the  troops  encamped  there. 

Prior  to  the  date  of  demobiUzation,  the  Twenty-seventh  Infantry, 
one  of  the  regiments  of  the  Second  Division,  was  sent  to  the  PhiUp- 
pine  Department  for  station,  in  place  of  the  Twenty-fourth  Infantry, 
retumea  to  the  United  States. 

By  the  date  set  for  the  demobiUzation,  the  remaining  organizations 
of  tne  Second  Division  were,  on  various  dates  in  September  and 
October,  1915,  transferred  to  the  Southern  Department  for  duty 
along  the  border. 

THE   RAID  ON   COLUMBUS,    N.    MEX.,   AND  THE   PUNITIVE   EXPEDITION. 

On  the  night  of  March  8-9,  1916,  the  Mexican  outlaw,  Francisco 
ViUa,  with  a  force  variously  estimated  at  from  500  to  1,000  men, 
crossed  the  border,  in  small  detachments,  about  3  miles  west  of  the 
border  line  gate,  and  concentrated  for  an  attack  on  the  town  of 
Columbus,  N.  Mex.  The  attack  was  made  during  hours  of  extreme 
darkness,  it  being  the  intention  of  Villa,  accordmg  to  information 
obtained  by  the  miUtary  authorities,  to  loot  the  town  after  disposing 
of  the  gamson.  In  the  fight  which  ensued,  7  American  soldiers  were 
killed  and  2  officers  and  5  soldiers  were  wounded;  8  civiUans  were 
killed,  and  2  were  wounded.  Mexican  bandits  killed  in  the  town,  the 
camp,  and  on  the  border  line,  numbered  67  ,  while  the  woimded  and 
captured  numbered  7.  Immediately  after  the  raid,  one  troop  of 
Cavalry  mounted  and  pursued  the  Mexicans.  The  troop  at  the 
border  line  gate  also  mounted  and  struck  the  retreating  Mexicans  in 
the  flank;  the  two  troops  then  joining,  continued  the  pursuit  of  the 
Mexicans  south  of y  the  border  for  12  miles,  discontinuing  the  pursuit 
only  when  the  ammunition  was  exhausted,  and  the  horses  and  men, 
without  water  and  almost  exhausted,  could  continue  no  longer. 
The  bandits,  in  the  meantime,  retreated  in  a  southeasterly  direction. 
The  number  of  Mexicans  killed  in  this  running  fight  is  estimated  to 
be  between  70  and  100:  but  no  accurate  estimate  of  the  number 


BEPORT   OF   THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL.  279 

wounded  can  be  made.     Much  property  and  many  animals   were 
abandoned  by  the  Mexicans  in  their  flight. 

On  March  10,  1916,  the  conmianding  general,  Southern  Depart- 
ment, was  directed  to  organize  an  adequate  military  force,  under 
the  conmiand  of  Brijg.  Gen.  John  J.  Pershing,  with  mstructions  to 
the  latter  to  proceed  promptly  across  the  border  in  pursuit  of  the 
Mexican  band  of  outlaws  that  had  attacked  Columbus.  Under  these 
instructions,  two  columns  were  organized,  one  being  from  Columbus 
and  the  other  from  Culberson^s  ranch.  The  advance  of  the  Columbus 
colimMi,  consisting  of  7  troops  of  the  Thirteenth  Cavalry,  the  Sixth 
and  Sixteenth  Infantry,  Battery  C,  Sixth  Field  Artillery,  and  Ambu- 
lance Company  No.  7,  started,  on  March  15,  on  the  road  through 
Palordas,  Ascension,  and  CorraUtos,  toward  Casas  Grandes.  Tne 
Culberson  column,  consisting  of  the  Seventh  Cavalry,  10  troops  of 
the  Tenth  Cavalry,  and  Batterj  B,  Sixth  Field  Artillery,  left  the  same 
night  by  the  Ojitas  route,  arriving  at  Colonia  Dublan,  4  miles  ilorth 
of  Plueva  Casas  Grandes.  on  the  night  of  March  17. 

THE   PARRAL   INCIDENT. 

During  the  pursuit  of  Villa  and  his  followers,  Maj.  Frank  Tompkins, 
Thirteenth  Cavalry,  and  Troops  K  and  M  of  that  regiment,  under 
command  of  Col.  W.  C.  Brown,  Tenth  Cavalry,  camped  outside  of 
the  town  of  Parral,  Mexico,  and  sent  a  detachment  of  soldiers  to  the 
town  for  the  purpose  of  purchasing  suppUes,  at  about  11  o'clock  a.  m., 
April  12,  1916.  Maj.  Tompkins  was  cordially  received  by  the  higher 
civil  and  military  officials.  The  Mexican  general,  Lozano,  accom- 
panied Maj.  Tompkins  on  the  way  to  camp.  On  the  outskirts  of  the 
town  groups  of  native  soldiers  and  civilians  jeered,  tlu*ew  stones, 
and  fired  on  the  cohimn.  Maj.  Tompkins  took  a  defensive  position 
north  of  the  railroad,  but  was  soon  flanked  by  Mexican  troops  and 
forced  to  retire.  The  American  troops  continued  to  withdraw,  to 
avoid  further  compUcations,  xmtil  thev  reached  Santa  Cruz,  8  miles 
from  Parral.  Gen.  Lozano  attempted  to  control  his  men  when  the 
fighting  first  began,  but  failed.  The  known  casualties  were:  Two 
American  soldiers  killed,  2  officers  and  4  soldiers  wounded,  1  soldier 
missing;  40  Mexican  soldiers  killed.  The  number  of  Mexican  soldiers 
woimded  is  not  known,  although  it  is  known  that  1  Mexican  civilian 
was  woimded. 

THE   CARRIZAL   INCIDENT. 

Troops  C  and  K,  Tenth  Cavalry,  under  the  command  of  Capt. 
Charles  T.  Boyd,  Tenth  Cavalry,  while  on  their  way  to  Villa  Ahu- 
mada  on  a  scouting  expedition,  reached  the  town  of  Uarrizal,  Mexico, 
on  the  morning  oi  June  21,  1916,  and  permission  was  sought  from 
the  commanding  oflBcer  of  the  Mexican  forces  garrisoning  me  latter 
place  to  pass  tnrough  the  town  in  order  to  reach  Villa  Ahumada. 
Uen.  Gomez,  the  Mexican  commander,  sent  an  oflBcer  of  his  com- 
mand to  the  American  troops,  denying  the  latter  the  permission 
requested.  During  the  conference  Mexican  troops  began  to  move 
toward  the  flanks  of  the  American  troops.  The  latter  assumed  a 
defensive  position,  and  in  the  engagement  which  ensued  Capt. 
Charles  T.  Boyd  and  Lieut.  Henry  K.  Adair,  Tenth  Cavalry,  ana  7 
enlisted  men  were  killed,  and  Capt.  Lewis  S.  Morey,  Tenth  Cavalry, 


280  REPORT  OF  THE  ADJTJTAKT  GENERAL. 

and  9  enlisted  men  were  wounded.  Twenty-three  enlisted  men  of 
the  Tenth  Cavalry  and  1  civilian  interpreter  were  captiired  and  sent 
to  Chihuahua  City,  but  they  were  subsequently  returned  to  the 
United  States,  llie  estimated  number  of  Mexicans  killed,  which 
included  Gen.  Gomez,  is  39;  the  ntunber  of  wounded  is  not  known. 

BANDIT  RAIDS   ACROSS   THE   MEXICAN    BORDER. 

In  addition  to  the  raid  at  Qolumbus,  N.  Mex.,  before  referred  to, 
several  raids  of  more  or  less  impK)rtance  occurred  during  the  period 
covered  by  this  report,  notably  the  raids  at — 

Glenn  Spings,  Tex.,  on  May  5,  1916,  the  casualties  being  3  Ameri- 
can soldiers  and  1  civihan  killed;  3  American  soldiers  wounded.  It 
is  estimated  that  2  Mexican  bandits  were  killed,  but  the  number  ot 
wounded  is  not  known. 

San  Ygnacio,  Tex.,  on  June  15,  1916,  the  casualties  being  4  Ameri- 
can soldiers  killed  and  5  wounded;  6  Mexican  bandits  kill^. 

Near  Fort  Hancock,  Tex.,  July  31,  1916,  casualties  being  1  Ameri- 
can soldier  and  1  civilian  (United  States  customs  inspector)  killed 
and  1  American  soldier  wounded;  3  Mexicans  killed  and  3  captured 
by  Mexican  de  facto  Government  troops. 

GALL   OF   THE    ORGANIZED    MILITIA    AN^    NATIONAL    GUARD    INTO   THE 

SERVICE   OF  THE   UNITED   STATES. 

Having  in  view  the  possibiUty  of  further  aggression  upK)n  the  terri- 
tory of  the  United  States  and  the  necessity  ft?  the  proper  protection 
of  the  Mexican  frontier,  the  President  thought  proper  to  exercise  the 
authority  vested  in  him  by  the  Constitution  and  laws  to  call  out  the 
Organized  Militia;  consequently,  on  May  9,  1916,  he  issued  a  call 
Uu-ough  the  governors  of  the  States  of  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and 
Texas,  and  directed  the  concentration  of  the  militia  of  those  States 
at  places  to  be  designated  by  the  commanding  general  of  the  Southern 
Department. 

On  the  same  date  San  Antonio,  Columbus,  and  Douglas  were  desig- 
nated as  the  places  of  concentration  for  the  miUtia  of  Texas,  New 
Mexico,  and  Arizona,  respectively,  and  upon  the  arrival  of  the  mihtia 
at  the  designated  places  of  rendezvous  the  necessary  procedure  for 
their  muster  into  the  service  of  the  United  States  under  the  provisions 
of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  January  21, 1903,  as  amenaed  by  the 
act  of  Congress,  approved  May  27, 1908,  was  at  once  entered  upon  and 
vigorously  prosecuted,  the  greater  part  of  the  mihtia  so  called  having 
b^n  duly  mustered  into  service  before  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year. 

It  was  also  directed  by  the  department  that  the  Federal  authorities 
assume  the  duty  of  recruiting  for  the  miUtia  in  the  United  States 
service  and  that  this  office  take  the  necessary  action.  In  accordance 
with  these  directions  the  commanding  general  of  the  Southern  De- 
partment was  ordered,  on  May  27,  1916,  to  detail  such  officers  and 
enlisted  men  from  Texas  mihtia  mustered  into  the  United  States 
service  as  might  be  necessary  to  recruit  the  miUtia  of  Texas  to  full 
strength,  and  similar  orders  with  respect  to  recruiting  the  militia  of 
the  other  States  concerned  were  issued  at  a  later  date.  On  June  3, 
1916,  the  recommendation  of  the  commanding  general  of  the  South- 
em  Department  that  Fort  Sam  Houston  be  designated  as  a  reoroit 
"rendezvous  for  that  purpose  was  approved. 


% 


KEPOBT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL.  281 

In  accordance  with  these  directions  and  orders  the  recruitment  of 
the  militia  called  into  service  as  above  set  forth  has  proceeded  as 
rapidly  as  conditions  permitted  and  is  still  being  prosecuted  at  the 
close  of  the  period  covered  by  this  report. 

The  same  reasons  that  caused  the  President  to  issue  the  call  for 
militia  on  May  9,  1916,  impelled  him  on  Jime  18,  1916,  to  call  into 
the  service  of  the  United  States  a  large  part  of  the  Organized  MiUtia 
and  the  National  Guard  of  the  other  States  of  the  C^nion  and  the 
District  of  Columbia,  the  call  being  duly  issued  on  the  date  last 
mentioned  through  the  governors  of  all  the  States  concerned  and 
the  conmaanding  general  of  the  District  of  Columbia  militia,  a  mobili- 
zation point  for  the  mihtia  of  each  State  and  the  District  of  Colxmibia 
being  designated  in  tho  call. 

In  the  meantime  the  national  defense  act  had  been  approved  June 
3,  1916,  providing  among  other  things  for  the  transition  of  the  Organ- 
ized MiUtia  of  the  several  States  and  the  District  of  Colimibia  to  the 
National  Guard  by  taking  the  oath  prescribed  in  that  act,  and  this 
transition  was  in  progress  in  the  several  States  when  the  call  of  Jime 
18  was  made.  TJpon  tho  arrival  of  the  mihtia  at  the  mobiUzation 
points  or  places  of  rendezvous  designated  the  necessary  procedure 
for  their  induction  into  the  mihtary  service  of  the  United  States 
was  entered  upon  at  once,  those  who  had  qualified  as  members 
of  the  National  Guard  being  accepted  into  the  service  of  the  United 
States  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  June  3. 
1916,  and  the  others  being  mustered  into  the  service  of  the  United 
States  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  January 
21,  1903,  as  amended  by  the  act  of  Congress  approvoa  May  27.  1908. 

It  is  obvious  that  there  is  a  large  amount  of  work  to  be  performed 
and  many  matters  of  detail  involved  in  the  concentration  of  the  mihtia 
at  the  various  mobilization  points,  in  examining  them  individually 
and  inducting  them  into  the  mihtary  service  oi  the  United  States. 
While  necessarilv  this  work  was  not  completed  at  the  close  of  the 
fiscal  year,  satisfactory  progress  therein  had  been  made,  many  of  the 
organizations  had  been  inducted  into  the  Federal  service,  and  the 
work  connected  therewith  remaining  undone  was  well  in  hand  and 
was  being  expedited  by  all  concerned. 

Urged  DV  tnc  importance  of  having  an  adequate  force  on  the  border 
at  the  earnest  practicable  date,  instructions  were  given  on  June  23, 
1916,  to  the  commanding  generals  of  the  Eastern,  Central,  and 
Western  Departments  that  the  moment  any  complete  unit  of  militia 
had  arrived  at  a  State  mobilization  camp  and  the  mustering  officer 
had  reported  that  the  imit  was  reasonably  equipped  for  field  service, 
the  particular  organization  concerned  be  sent  at  once  to  the  point 
on  the  border  designated  by  the  commanding  general  of  the  Southern 
Department. 

On  Jidy  31,  1916,  the  date  of  the  latest  complete  returns  received, 
the  troops  in  the  Southern  Department  consisted  of  2,352  officers  and 
43,338  enhsted  men  of  the  Regular  Army,  and  5,058  officers  and 
102,077  enhsted  men  of  the  National  Guard,  making  a  total  of  7,410 
officers  and  145,415  enhsted  men.  On  the  date  given  there  were 
1,910  officers  and  38,229  enlisted  men  in  mobihzation  camps,  and  128 
officers  and  3,410  enhsted  men  of  ihe  National  Guard  serving  m  the 
Western  Department  not  mcluded  in  the  foregoing  figures,  making 
the  total  strwigth  of  the  National  Guard  in  the  Federal  service  on  the 
dale  JBpationed  7.096  officers  and  143,716  enhsted  men. 


The  practice,  inaugurated  in  February,  1912,  of  separating  as  far  as 
possible  prisoners  convictetl  of  purely  military  offenses  from  those 
convicted  of  statutory  or  common-law  crimes,  with  a  view  to  afford 
the  former  every  opportunity  practicable  to  be  restored  to  an  honor- 
able status,  was  continued  throughout  the  year.    In  furtherance  t^ 


BEPORT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAIi.  283 

this  policy  an  additional  disciplinary  company  was  organized  at  the 
Pacific  Branch  of  the  Disciplmary  Barracks  m  January,  1916.  Up 
to  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  8  disciplinary  companies  and  2  dis- 
ciplinary bands  had  been  organized;  4  companies  (formed  into  a 
battaUon)  and  1  band  at  the  United^States  Disciplinary  Barracks,  3 
companies  and  1  band  at  the  Pacific  Branch,  ana  1  company  at  the 
Atlantic  Branch.  Since  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  a  fourth  company 
has  been  organized  at  the  Pacific  Branch  and  tne  4  companies  at  that 
branch  have  been  formed  into  a  battalion.  The  organization  of  a 
disciplinary  band  at  the  Atlantic  Branch  also  was  authorized  in 
General  Order  No.  29,  War  Department,  dated  July  21,  1916.  Men 
whose  conduct  is  such  as  to  entitle  them  to  ths  privilege  are  assi^ed 
to  these  companies,  in  which  they  receive  a  special  course  in  mihtary 
training  and  instruction  during  one-half  of  each  working  day.  The 
time  thus  devoted  to  mihtary  training  would  other^'ise  be  expended 
by  these  men  at  hard  labor.  After  he  has  been  deemed  to  have  made 
sufficient  progress  in  his  duties  as  a  member  of  the  disciplinary 
oi^anization  the  prisoner  is  permitted  to  file  his  apphcation  for 
honorable  restoration  to  duty.  A  recommendation  is  finally  made 
to  the  Secretary  of  War  in  these  cases  only  after  information  has  been 
obtained  by  the  commandant  from  all  available  sources  relative  to  the 
character  and  habits  of  the  prisoner  before  his  enhstment,  during  his 
enlistment,  and  while  in  confinement.  If  the  prisoner's  conduct  and 
habits  seem  to  have  been  such  as  to  warrant  favorable  action,  his 
honorable  restoration  to  duty  is  recommended.  As  stated  in  a 
subsequent  paragraph,  193  of  the  members  of  these  disciplinary 
organizations  were  honorably  restored  to  duty  in  the  Army  dunng  the 
fiscal  year.  After  having  been  restored  to  duty  the  soldier  is  detailed 
for  duty  at  the  barracks  tor  at  least  three  months,  upon  the  completion 
of  which  period  of  duty  he  is  regularly  assigned  to  an  organization. 

The  Army  appropriation  act  approved  March  4,  1915,  authorized 
the  Secretary  oi  vVar  to  establish  a  system  of  parole  for  prisoners  con- 
fined in  the  United  States  Disciplinary  Barracks  and  its  branches, 
the  terms  and  conditions  of  parole  to  be  such  as  the  Secretary  of  War 
might  prescribe.  As  stated  in  the  last  annual  report,  parole  regula- 
tions were  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  War  and  put  into  effect  May 
18,  1915.  and  one  prisoner  was  released  on  parole  prior  to  the  close  of 
the  fiscal  year  1915.  This  man  was  discharged  from  custody  during 
the  fiscal  year  1916,  while  still  on  parole. 

During  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1916,  228  applications  for 
release  on  parole  were  received  in  this  office.  Of  these,  159  were  ap- 
proved. 57  were  disapproved,  1  was  not  acted  upon  owing  to  the  fact 
that  a  recommendation  that  the  unexecuted  portion  of  the  appli- 
cant's sentence  of  confinement  be  remitted  had  been  approved  prior 
to  the  receipt  of  his  application  for  release  on  parole,  ana  1 1  haa  not 
received  final  consideration  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year. 

During  the  year  156  general  prisoners  were  actu  all v  released  on 

Earole  from  the  United  States  Disciphnary  Barracks  and  its  branches, 
tf  these,  2  violated  the  terms  of  their  parole  and  were  returned  to  the 
barracks  to  serve  out  the  balance  of  tneir  sentence  in  confinement,  7 
others  who  likewise  violated  the  terms  of  their  parole  were  in  escape 
at  the  close  of  the  year,  81  were  discharged  from  custody  while  on 
parole  on  account  of  their  terms  of  confinement  having  expired,  and 
66  were  still  on  parole  on  Jime  30,  1916. 


284  REPOBT  OF  THE   ADJUTANT  GENERAL. 

GENERAL   PRISONERS. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  fiscal  year  1916  there  were  2,459  general 
prisoners  in  custody.  Of  this  number,  546  were  m  confinement  at 
military  posts;  155  at  the  United  States  Penitentiary,  Leavenworth, 
Kans. ;  982  at  the  United  States  Disciplinary  Barracks,  Fort  Leaven- 
worth, Eans.;  432  at  the  Pacific  Branch,  United  States  DiscipUnary 
Barracks,  Alcatraz,  Cal.;  257  at  the  Atlantic  Branch,  United  States 
Disciplinary  Barracks,  Fort  Jay,  N.  Y. ;  34  at  the  Government  Hos- 

Jital  for  the  Insane  (now  St.  Elizabeths  Hospital),  Washington, 
K  C. ;  and  53  were  in  transit  from  one  place  of  confinement  to  another. 

During  the  fiscal  year  3,011  were  committed  to  confuaement;  34 
escaped  prisoners  were  recaptured;  2,669  were  released  at  expiration 
of  sentence;  58  escaped;  7  died;  213  were  honorably  restored  to  duty; 
and  the  unexecuted  part  of  sentence  was  remitted  in  262  cases;  leaving 
2,295  general  prisoners  in  custody  at  the  close  of  the  year.  Of  this 
number,  205  were  at  military  posts;  225  at  the  United  States  Peni- 
tentiary, Leavenworth,  Kans.;  1,083  at  the  United  States  Disciplinary 
Barracks,  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kans.;  430  at  the  Pacific  Branch, 
United  States  Disciplinary  Barracks,  Alcatraz,  Cal.;  311  at  the 
Atlantic  Branch,  United  States  Disciplinary  Barracks,  Fort  Jay, 
N.  Y.;  33  at  the  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane  (now  St.  Eliza- 
beths Hospital) ,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  and  8  were  in  transit  from  one 
place  of  confinement  to  another.  Of  the  2,295  general  prisoners 
reported  above  as  in  confinement  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year,  21 
were  on  parole  from  the  United  States  Penitentiarv,  and  26  from  the 
United  States  Disciplinary  Barracks  and  its  branc&es. 

As  in  previous  years,  applications  for  clemency  in  the  case  of  pris- 
oners undei^going  confinement  in  execution  of  sentences  of  general 
courts-martial  added  materially  to  the  correspondence  of  the  office. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  fiscal  vear  87  applications  for  clemency  pre- 
viously made  had  not  received  final  consideration,  they  having  been 
referred  to  the  commanding  generals  of  military  departments  or  else- 
where in  the  course  of  investigation  as  to  the  merits  of  the  cases. 
During  the  year  2,263  applications  for  clemency  were  received,  but 
173  of  these  were  cases  in  which  other  applications  were  pending  at 
the  date  of  their  receipt.  Clemency  was  denied  in  1,515  cases,  the 
unexecuted  parts  of  sentences  were  wholly  remitted  in  201  cases, 
parts  of  the  imexecuted  sentences  were  remitted  in  242  cases,  and  in 
108  cases  reports  were  made  to  the  Department  of  Justice  for  con- 
sideration in  connection  with  applications  for  parole  under  the  act 
of  Congress  approved  June  25,  1910  (36  Stat.  L.,  819>.  One  prisoner 
was  released  prior  to  action  on  the  application  for  clemency  in  his 
case.  At  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  110  cases  had  not  received  final 
consideration,  having  been  referred  to  the  commanding  generals  or 
others,  in  the  course  of  investigation  as  to  the  merits  of  tne  case-,  and 
not  having  been  returned  to  uiis  office  before  the  close  of  the  year. 

The  number  of  cases  received  does  not  represent  the  number  of 
individual  prisoners  by  whom,  or  in  whose  behalf,  applications  for 
clemency  were  made.  In  many  cases  as  soon  as  one  application  is 
denied  another  is  presented,  as  many  as  five  consecutive  applicationa 
having  been  received  during  the  year  in  the  case  of  one  general  prid- 
2t066  cases  act^  u]>on  during  the  year  were  applications 
'  of  1,836  general  prisoners,  as  against  1,928  appUcatioos 


i 


KEPORT  OF   THE   ADJUTANT   GENERAL.  285 

in  the  cases  of  1,754  general  prisoners  acted  upon  during  the  pre- 
ceding year. 

It  has  been  the  poHcy  to  give  special  recognition  on  the  Fourth  of 
Julv  and  Thanksgiving  Day  of  each  year  to  a  limited  number  of  gen- 
oral  prisoners  confined  at  the  United  States  Disciplinary  Barriicks 
and  its  branches  who  have  served  not  less  than  18  montns  of  their 
terms  of  confinement  and  who  have  the  best  records  of  conduct,  and 
in  accordance  with  that  policy  the  unexecuted  portions  of  the  con- 
finement of  8  general  prisoners  were  remitted  during  the  fiscal  year 
ended  June  30,  1916. 

The  commandant  of  each  of  the  barracks  was  authorized  in  De- 
cember, 1915,  to  submit  each  year  recommendations  for  the  pardon 
at  Christmas  time  of  not  more  than  3  general  prisoners,  without 
regard  to  the  restrictions  as  to  length  of  sentences  imposed  by  the 
regulations  with  respect  to  the  pardons  authorized  for  July  4  and 
Thanksgiving  Day.  Accordingly,  the  sentences  of  6  general  pris- 
oners were  remitted  for  Christmas,  1915. 

In  addition  to  the  cases  considered  upon  applications,  the  unex- 
ecuted parts  of  sentences  were  remitted  oy  the  War  Department  for 
administrative  reasons  in  the  cases  of  8  general  prisoners  without 
applications  for  clemency  having  been  made  in  their  behalf. 

Under  the  authority  conferred  upon  the  Secretary  of  War  by  sec- 
tion 1352  of  the  Revised  Statutes  or  the  United  States,  which  author- 
ity was  reaflSrmed  in  the  act  of  March  4,  1915  (38  Stat.  L.,  1074). 
honorably  to  restore  to  duty  general  prisoners  confined  at  the  United 
States  Disciplinary  Barraclcs  and  its  oranches,  193  general  prisoners 
(143  of  them  former  deserters)  were  honorably  restored  to  duty,  and 
under  the  authoritv  contained  in  the  act  of  Xfarch  4,  1915  (38  Stat. 
L.,  1074).  honorably  to  restore  to  duty  general  prisoners  confined  at 
places  other  than  the  DiscipUnary  Barracks  and  its  branchas,  20 
general  prisoners  (12  of  them  former  deserters)  were  honorably 
restored  to  duty  from  confinement  at  military  posts,  a  total  of  213 
general  prisoners  (155  of  them  former  deserters)  honorably  restored 
to  duty  during  the  fiscal  year  1916.  Of  this  total,  126  were  restored 
after  sentence  of  dishonorable  discharge  had  been  executed,  and  87 
were  restored  without  having  been  dishonorably  discharged,  the 
execution  of  the  sentence  of  dishonorable  discharge  in  their  cases 
having  been  suspended. 

Of  the  193  general  prisoners  restored  after  confinement  at  the 
Disciplinary  Barracks  or  its  branches,  2  (both  former  deserters) 
have  been  dishonorably  discharged,  2  (1  of  them  a  former  deserter) 
have  been  dischaiwd  under  paraeraph  148^,  Army  Regulations,  7 
(6  of  them  former  deserters)  have  been  honorably  discharged,  15  (13 
of  them  former  deserters)  were  absent  in  desertion  at  the  close  of 
the  fiscal  year  1916,  1  was  present  awaiting  trial  for  desertion,  and 
166  (121  of  them  former  deserters)  were  serving  with  their  organi- 
zations at  that  time — 5  with  the  rank  of  sergeant. 

Of  the  20  general  prisoners  restored  to  duty  after  confinement  at 
a  military  post  other  than  the  Disciplinary  Barracks  or  its  branches, 
1  has  been  dishonorably  discharged,  1  has  been  discharged  under 
paragraph  148^,  Army  Kegulations,  2  (both  former  deserters)  have 
oeen  honorably  discharged,  and  16  (10  of  them  former  deserters) 
were  serving  with  their  organizations  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year — 
1  with  the  rank  of  corpord. 


286 


KEPORT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL. 


Of  the  194  general  prisoners  (171  of  them  former  deserters),  re- 
ferred to  in  the  last  annual  report  as  having  been  restored  to  duty 
during  the  fiscal  years  1914  and  1915,  19  (17  of  them  former  deser- 
ters) nave  been  dishonorably  discharged,  8  (7  of  them  former  de- 
serters) have  been  discharged  without  lionor,  6  (all  former  deserters) 
have  been  discharged  under  paragraph  148^^,  Army  Regulations;  1 
(a  former  deserter)  has  been  aischarged  under  paragraph  126,  Army 
Regulations,  as  amended;  1  (a  former  deserter)  has  died,  60  (54  of 
them  former  deserters)  have  been  honorably  discharged — 9  with 
rank  of  corporal  and  5  with  the  rank  of  sergeant,  29  (28  of  them 
former  deserters)  were  absent  in  desertion  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal 
year  1916,  2  (both  former  deserters)  were  present  awaiting  trial 
for  desertion,  and  68  (55  of  them  former  deserters)  were  on  duty 
with  their  organizations  at  that  time — 7  with  the  rank  of  corporal,  2 
with  the  rank  of  sergeant,  and  1  with  the  rank  of  battalion  sergeant 
major. 

The  total  number  of  restorations  to  duty  prior  to  the  close  of  the 
fiscal  year  1916  is  407. 

In  tabulated  form  the  results  appear  as  follows: 


Restored  to  duty. 


Honorably  discharged. 
Died 


Dishonorably  discharged 

Discharged  wlthotit  honor 

Discharged  under  par.  148i,  Army  Repilarioas 

Dischareed  under  par.    126,    Army    Regtilatlons, 

amended. 

Absent  in  desertion,  June  30, 1916 

Present,  awaiting  trial  for  dosertion,  June  30, 1916. . 
Present  for  duty,  June  30, 1916 


as 


Totals. 


1914 


(38)    39 


(21)    22 


(5 

(3) 

(2) 


5 
3 
2 


(4) 
(3)' 


4 

'3 


(38)    39 


ms 


(133)  155 


(33)  38 

(I)  1 

(12)  14 

(4)  5 

(4)  4 


(133)  155 


1916 


(155)  213 


(8)      9 


(2)      3 

(i)***3 


(13)    15 

1 

(131)  182 


(155)  213 


Totali. 


(32ft)  4<r7 


(62)    69 

(I)      1 
(19)    22 

8 
9 


(7) 
(7) 


(1)  1 
(41)  44 

(2)  3 
(186)  250 


(326)  407 


Note.— Figures  in  parentheses  indicate  number  of  men  who  were  convicted  of  desertion  prfor  to  nsio- 
ration  to  duty. 

CURRENT   WORK  OP  THE   ADJUTANT   GENERAL's   OFFICE. 

There  was  an  increase  in  the  volume  of  current  work  of  the  office 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  fiscal  year,  as  compared  with  the  prior 
year.  This  increase  was  caused  by  the  increase  of  the  Army  under 
the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  June  3,  1916,  by  the 
offers  of  service  and  the  correspondence  in  connection  with  the 
troubles  on  the  Mexican  border,  and  by  the  calling  of  the  National 
Guard  into  the  service  of  the  United  States  because  of  those  troubles. 
Notwithstanding  the  vigorous  efforts  of  the  officers  and  clerks,  their 
unceasing  interest  in  the  work,  and  an  extension  by  the  Secretary 
of  War  oi  the  office  hours  in  divisions  in  which  the  work  was  falling 
in  arrears,  it  was  found  to  be  impossible  to  dispose  of  all  cases  re- 
ceived during  the  year  and,  at  the  close  of  office  on  June  30,  1916, 
there  remained  2,775  ca?(*s  undisposed  of.  During  the  fiscal  vcar 
471,655  cases  were  disposed  of — an  average  of  1,546  for  each  working 
day  of  the  vear.  During  the  preceding  fiscal  year  this  average  was 
1,100,  and  Suring  the  fiscal  year  1914  it  was  971  cases. 

The  table  following  shows  either  the  source  of  receipt  or  the  char- 
•w^ter  of  the  cases  received  in  The  Adjutant  General's  Office  during 

^  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1916. 


REPORT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL.  287 

From  the  Anny  at  large 108, 038 

From  the  General  Staff  and  chiefs  of  bureaus  in  the  War  Department 15, 433 

Recruiting  for  the  Army 10, 389 

Whereabouts  of  individual  officers  or  enlisted  men  or  organizations  of  the 

Army 13,883 

Appointments  in  the  Army  or  as  cadets  at  the  Military  Academy 6, 457 

Requests  for  blank  applications  or  other  forms  or  for  printed  orders 13, 811 

Clemency  for  general  prisoners 5, 556 

Applications  for  certificates  in  lieu  of  lost  discharges 4, 569 

Applications  for  removal  of  charges  of  desertion  (art  of  Mar.  2,  1.SR9) 494 

Applications  for  certificates  for  purchase  of  campaign  and  certifi(  ate  of  merit 

badges /. 3,  520 

From  the  Commisrioner  of  Pensions 36, 647 

From  the  Auditor  for  the  War  Department 13,  663 

From  the  Commissioner  of  the  General  I.<and  Office 801 

From  Union  associations  and  volunteer  soldiers'  homen 2, 024 

From  Confederate  associations  and  homes  and  State  pension  oHlr  ial.^ 24, 252 

Notifications  to  the  Auditor  for  the  War  Department  of  desertions  and  dis- 
honorable discharge*  from  the  Army 3,  700 

All  other  cases,  miscellaneous 211, 193 

Total 474,430 

Total  number  of  cases  disposed  of  during  tLe  year 471, 655 

On  hand  June  30.  1916 2,776 

The  foregoing  table  does  not  include  approximately  384,000  re- 
ttims,  muster  rolls,  enlistment  papers,  identification  records,  periodical 
reports,  and  other  similar  records  and  reports  received  and  med  in  the 
omce  during  the  year,  nor  does  it  include  approximately  67,500  copies 
of  department  and  other  general,  special,  and  general  courts-martial 
orders  also  received  in  the  office  during  the  year.  This  represents  a 
total  for  the  fiscal  jear  of  451,500  of  these  papers — an  average  of 
1,480  for  each  workmg  day  in  the  year. 

Mention  was  made  m  the  precedmg  annual  report  of  The  Adjutant 
General  with  regard  to  the  very  largo  number  of  requests  that  are 
made  in  person  or  by  telephone  for  information  from  the  records  and 
which  are  answered  orally  without  any  record  being  made  either  of 
the  request  or  of  the  answer.  The  number  of  such  personal  and  tele- 
phone calls  increased  so  much  during  the  latter  part  of  the  last  fiscal 
year,  principally  in  connection  with  inquiries  as  to  the  whereabouts 
or  status  of  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  National  Guard  called 
into  the  service  of  the  United  States,  that  it  became  necessary  to 
install  an  additional  telephone  in  the  office  of  the  chief  clerk  for  the 

EurpHOse  of  handling  them.     No  count  of  such  requests  has  been  kept 
ut  it  is  certain  that  they  amounted  to  thousands  in  the  course  of 
the  fiscal  year  covered  by  this  report. 

Extra  efforts  were  made  to  keep  the  current  work  of  the  office  as 
nearly  up  to  dat^  as  possible,  but,  notwithstanding  those  efforts,  only 
85.4  per  cent  of  all  cases  received  were  disposed  of  within  24  hours 
from  the  time  they  reached  the  office.  However,  the  cases  that  re- 
quired more  than  24  hours  for  investigation  and  adjudication  or  for 
answer  were  either  routine  matters  of  little  urgency  or  complicated 
cases  or  those  which  required  the  compilation  of  extended  lists  or 
lenethy  answers  to  dispose  of  them. 

it  is  proper  to  remark,  in  connection  with  this  part  of  the  report, 
that  much  that  can  not  be  shown  in  any  statement  of  the  nimibcr  of 
cases  received  and  disposed  of  has  been  added  to  the  work  of  tho 
office.     This  added  work  consists  of  the  keeping  of  rosters  and  ret- 


288  .     REPORT  OF  THE   ADJUTANT  GENERAIi. 

erence  lists  in  order  to  meet  legislative  requirements  concerning  the 
detached  service  of  commissioned  officers  and  the  duration  of  foreign 
service  of  both  officers  and  enlisted  men;  the  keeping  of  records  of 
enlisted  men  while  on  furlough  in  the  Army  Reserve;  tne  printing  and 
distribution  of  all  publications  issued  by  the  War  Department  o^ork 
that  heretofore  has  been  done  by  the  War  College  Division) ;  keeping 
the  records  of  the  Officers'  Reserve  Corps;  the  obtaining,  compiling, 
and  keeping  continually  up  to  date  all  obtainable  information  as  to 
the  names,  ages,  addresses,  occupations,  and  qualifications  for  ap- 
pointment as  commissioned  officers  of  the  Army,  in  time  of  war  or 
other  emergency,  of  men  of  suitable  ages  who.  by  reason  of  having 
received  military  training  in  civil  educational  institutions  or  else- 
where, may  be  regarded  as  qualified  and  available  for  appointment 
as  such  commissioned  officers;  and  the  making  of  other  rosters  and 
lists  in  order  to  comply  with  all  of  the  requirements  of  the  so-called 
'^national  defense  act,     approved  June  3,  1916. 

The  distribution  to  the  Army,  as  prescribed  in  paragraph  803, 
Army  Regulations,  of  general  and  special  orders,  bulletins,  and 
changes  was  continued  tliroughout  the  year.  The  following  table 
shows  the  number  of  copies  of  orders,  bulletins,  and  changes  dis- 
tributed d\u*ing  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1916: 

General  orders 714, 360 

Bulletins 462.500 

Special  orders,  full  copies 95, 000 

Spe<*ial  orders,  extraits 91. 200 

Special  orders,  bulletined 85, 120 

Recruiting,  enlistment,  and  m«3t  ellaneoiis  circulars 61. 120 

Changes,  Army  Regulations,  manuals,  et^- 661, 650 

During  the  fiscal  year  7,526,662  blank  forms  and  206,592  books, 
manuals,  etc.,  were  distributed  to  the  Army  by  this  office,  either 
directly  or  to  the  proper  officei's  of  the  military  aivision  and  depart- 
ments for  distribution  by  them,  or  were  sold  to  the  Organized  Militia 
of  the  several  States  and  the  District  of  Columbia. 

The  distribution  of  War  Department  public  documents  was  trans- 
ferred from  the  War  College  Division,  General  Staff,  to  this  office 
under  the  provisions  of  Paragraph  I,  General  Orders,  No.  21,  War 
Department,  June  16,  1916. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  approximately  9,765,000  circulars, 
containing  descriptions  of  deserters  irom  the  Army,  were  distributed 
during  the  year.  Tlie  data  for  those  circulars  were  prepared  in  this 
office  and  the  circulars  were  distributed  to  police  officials,  United 
States  marshals  and  their  deputies,  comity  officers,  established  detec- 
tive agencies,  and  others,  in  connection  with  the  descriptive  cir- 
culars, approximately  46,000  lists  containing  the  names  of  deserters, 
with  circiuar  numbers,  who  had  been  returned  to  military  control, 
were  mailed  to  the  recipients  of  the  circulars. 

IDENTIFICATION   SYSTEM. 

The  use  of  finger  prints,  photographs,  and  personal  descriptions  as 
a  means  of  personal  identification  of  enlisted  men  of  the  Regular 
Array  was  continued  throughout  the  year.  At  the  close  of  the  year 
354,296  finger-print  records  had  been  received  in  this  office,  107,931 
of  those  records  having  been  made  in  cases  of  reenlistment,  in  which 
records  made  during  the  previous  service  of  soldiers  were  on  file. 


REPORT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL.  289 

As  has  been  indicated  in  previous  annual  reports  of  this  office,  it  b 
desirable  to  obtain  finger-print  records  of  men  claiming  prior  service, 
unless  it  is  known  positively  at  the  post  at  which  tne  man  seeks 
recnlistment  that  he  is  the  former  soldier.  This  is  necessary  in  detect- 
ing cases,  several  of  which  have  been  discovered,  in  which  a  man  with 
a  discharge  certificate  in  his  possession  claimed  the  service  represented 
by  and  enlisted  under  the  name  appearing  in  that  certificate,  although 
wnen  his  finger-print  record  was  receiv^  in  this  office  it  was  estab- 
lished beyond  doubt  that  he  was  not  the  man  he  claimed  to  be,  but 
was  an  impostor.  On  June  30, 1915,  this  office  had  on  file  the  finger- 
print records  of  246,365  individuals  who  were  then  or  had  been 
previously  enlisted  in  the  Regular  Army. 

Dming  the  fiscal  year  414  cases  of  fraudulent  enlistments  of  former 
deserters^  general  prisoners,  and  others  were  discovered  through  the 
finger-pnnt  system.  Of  these  414  cases,  17  had  withdrawn  from  miU- 
tary  control  when  the  identity  was  established.  Of  the  remaining 
397  cases,  58  were  held  in  service,  229  were  dishonorably  discharged 
and  confined  for  various  periods  by  sentences  of  courts-martial,  67 
were  discharged  under  paragraph  148^,  Army  Regulations,  5  were 
dropped  from  the  rolls  of  the  Army  and  delivered  to  the  naval 
autnorities,  either  as  deserters  from  the  Navy  or  Marine  Corps,  and  in 
38  cases  no  report  of  final  disposition  has  been  received. 

By  means  oi  this  system  this  office  has  identified  also  dead  men  who 
were  former  soldiers  and  whose  identity  could  not  be  satisfactorily 
established  in  any  other  way,  as  well  as  civil  offenders  who  sought  to 
evade  arrest  for  their  crimes  by  enlisting  in  the  Army  under  assumed 
names,  and  soldiers  who  left  impressions  of  their  fingers  while  in  the 
act  of  conmiitting  some  serious  offense.  As  stated  in  previous  reports 
the  use  of  finger-print  records  undoubtedly  has  deterred  many 
criminals  from  enlisting  in  the  Army  for  the  purpose  of  escaping 
detection  and  arrest,  fi  the  civil  authorities  have  reason  to  suspect 
that  an  offender  wanted  by  them  has  enlisted  in  the  Army  and  will 
send  his  finger  prints  to  this  office,  it  can  be  determined  promptly 
Avhether  or  not  such  pereon  has  enlisted,  thereby  enabling  the  civil 
authorities  to  apprehend  persons  wanted  by  them  and  materially 
aiding  the  War  Department  in  carrying  out  its  poUcy  of  preventing 
imdesirable  pei^ons  from  serving  in  the  Army. 

The  following  cases  are  cited  as  examples  of  the  utihty  of  the 
finger  prints  in  identifying  dead  men  or  malefactors  whose  identity 
could  not  be  established  otherwise: 

A  man  was  killed  by  a  train  in  Iowa;  his  finger  prints  were  taken 
and  they  finally  reacned  this  office.  The  man  was  found  to  be  a 
former  soldier.  A  somewhat  similar  case  was  that  of  a  man  killed 
by  an  elevated  train  in  New  York  City.  His  features  were  so  muti- 
lated that  they  were  beyond  recogmtion.  His  finger  prints  were 
taken,  and  after  they  reached  this  office  it  was  discovered  that  hb 
was  a  former  soldier.  The  body  of  a  man  killed  during  the  storm  at 
Galveston  was  supposed  to  be  that  of  a  soldier.  The  remains  were 
so  badly  mutilated,  however,  that  recognition  was  impossible,  but 
after  his  finger  prints  were  taken  and  forwarded  to  tnis  office  his 
identity  was  established  beyond  all  doubt. 

A  soldier  who  broke  into  and  robbed  a  tailor  shop  left  finger  prints 
on  a  pane  of  glass  he  broke.    The  glass  was  sent  to  this  office,  and 

69176'— WAB 1916— VOL  1 19 


290  KEPOBT  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL, 

by  comparing  the  impression  on  the  glass  with  records  in  this  office 
his  identity  was  established. 

In  addition  to  the  finger-print  records  of  the  enlisted  men  of  the 
Regular  Army  received  during  the  year,  finger-print  records  of  mem- 
bers of  the  National  Guard  oi^anizations  have  been  received  and  filed 
in  The  Adjutant  General's  (Sfice.  Records  from  but  few  of  those 
organizations  had  been  received  before  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year, 
but  it  is  expected  that  complete  data  on  this  subject  can  be  fumishea 
in  the  next  annual  report. 

INDEX-BECOKD   OARD  WOKK. 

The  index-record  card  work  performed  during  the  fiscal  year  con- 
sisted in  the  reproduction  of  511,807  Confederate  individual-service 
record  cards  of  the  Civil  War.  This  work  is  being-  prosecuted  as 
rapidly  as  the  current  work  of  the  office  will  permit. 

The  whole  number  of  index-record  cards  prepared  up  to  and  in- 
cluding June  30,  1916,  comprised  51,721,759  mihtary  cards  and 
8,655,868  medical  cards,  a  total  of  60,377,627  cards.  The  foregoing 
figures  do  not  include  the  medical  cards  (approximately  2,312,00^ 
pertaining  to  the  Regular  Anny.  These  cards  are  not  made  in  this 
office,  but  are  received  in  the  Surgeon  General's  office  from  the  field 
and  transmitted  to  this  office  after  they  become  noncurrent. 

The  total  number  of  index-record  cards  prepared  up  to  Jime  30, 
1916,  includes  8,204,360  Confederate  mihtary  cards  and^ 740,781  Con- 
federate medical  cards.  These  cards  were  prepared  in  the  process 
of  compilation,  pursuant  to  law,  of  the  roster  oi  officers  and  enhsted 
men  of  the  Union  and  Confederate  Armies,  and  represent  entries  on 
the  records  and  not  the  number  of  diflferent  individuals. 

OFFICIAL    RECORDS    OF    THE    UNION    AND    CONFEDERATE    ARMIES. 

Eight  sets  of  the  Official  Records  of  the  Union  and  Confederate 
Armies,  consisting  of  1,024  books  and  1,424  atlas  plates,  were  dis- 
tributed during  the  fiscal  year  to  Senators,  Representatives,  and  Dele- 
gates of  the  Fifty-seventh  Congress,  and  to  permanent  libraries  and 
educational  institutions  designated  by  those  Senators,  Representa- 
tives, and  Delegates  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress 
approved  March  3,  1903.     (32  Stat.  L.,  1145.) 

Thirty-nine  volumes  of  that  publication  were  sold  by  The  Adjutant 
General  s  Office  during  the  fiscal  year,  the  prices  of  the  volumes 
aggregating  $27.10. 

ROSTER   OF   OFFICERS   AND   ENLISTED   MEN   OF  THE   UNION   AND   CON- 
FEDERATE  ARMIES. 

The  compilation  of  the  Confederate  part  of  the  '*  Complete  Roster 
of  Officers  and  Enhsted  Men  of  the  Union  and  Confederate  Armies^** 
authorized  and  required  t^  be  compiled  by  a  provision  contained  m 
the  act  of  ConOTess  approved  February  25,  1903  (32  Stat.  L.,  884), 
was  continued  auring  tne  year  as  rapidly  as  the  condition  of  the  cur- 
rent business  would  permit.  The  le^slation  under  which  the  com- 
pilation is  being  made  does  not  require  or  authorize  the  pubUcatioQ 
of  the  proposed  roster,  but  Congress  no  doubt  intended  that  the 


BEPOBT   OF   THE  ADJUTANT  GENEKAL.  291 

authority  for  its  publication  should  be  given  when  the  work  of  com- 
pilation shall  have  been  completed  or  shall  have  been  sufficiently 
advanced  to  justify  the  beginning  of  the  pubhcation. 

The  compilation  of  the  Union  part  of  the  roster  is  comparatively 
complete,  and,  as  stated  in  previous  annual  reports,  if  the  publication 
is  authorized  by  (Congress,  the  preparation  oi  printer's  copy  for  the 
part  relating  to  Union  volunteer  troops  can  be  begun. 

The  compilation  of  the  (Confederate  part  will  not  be  completed  for 
any  one  State  until  the  carding  of  all  the  Confederate  hospital  records 
shall  have  been  completed. 

COLLECTION   OF   BEVOLUTIONARr   WAR   RECORDS. 

The  provision  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  March  2,  1913  (37 
Stat.  L.,  723),  which  authorized  and  directed  the  Secretary  of  War 
to  collect  or  copy  and  classify,  with  a  view  to  publication,  the  scat- 
tered military  records  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  has  been  complied 
with  as  far  as  practicable  with  the  money  appropriated  for  that  pur- 

{)ose.     The  entire  smn  of  $25,000  appropriated  by  that  act  for  col- 
ecting  or  copying  the  records  has  been  expended  and  that  part  of 
the  work  was  completely  suspended  early  in  June,  1915. 

The  total  niunber  of  records  copied  is  30,522,  of  which  19,796  are 
from  Massachusetts,  6,122  from  Virginia,  4,073  from  North  Carolina, 
527  from  Connecticut,  2  from  Kentucky,  and  2  from  the  District  of 
Columbia. 

The  collection  of  Revolutionary  War  military  records  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  War  Department,  including  the  records  copied  as  indi- 
cated above,  is  so  far  from  complete  that  it  is  now  impracticable  to 
arrange  them  for  pubhcation. 

MEDALS   OF  HONOR. 

During  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1916,  there  were  9  medals 
of  honor  issued  by  the  War  Department.  All  of  them  were  issued 
to  replace  medals  of  the  old  design.  The  whole  number  of  awards  of 
the  congressional  medal  of  honor  up  to  and  including  June  30,  1916, 
was  2,622,  the  same  number  as  shown  in  the  last  report.  Medals 
of  honor  are  issued  by  the  War  Department  imder  the  provision  of 
the  act  of  Congress  approved  April  23,  1904  (33  Stat.  L.,  274). 

The  act  of  June  3,  1916,  provided  for  the  appointment  of  a  board 
of  five  general  officers  on  the  retired  list  of  the  Army  for  the  purpose 
of  investigating  and  reporting  upon  past  awards  of  the  so-called  con- 
gressionalmedal  of  honor  by  or  through  the  War  Department,  with 
a  view  to  ascertain  what,  if  any,  medals  of  honor  have  been  awarded 
or  issued  for  any  cause  other  than  distinguished  conduct  by  an  officer 
or  enlisted  man  in  action  involving  actual  conffict  with  the  enemy. 
The  act  provides  further  that  in  any  case  in  which  the  board  shall 
find  and  report  that  said  medal  was  issued  for  any  cause  other  than 
distinguished  conduct  by  an  officer  or  enlisted  man  involvinjj  actual 
conffict  with  the  enemy,  the  name  of  the  recipient  of  said  medal  shall 
be  stricken  permanently  from  the  official  medal  of  honor  Ust,  and  it 
shall  be  a  misdemeanor  for  any  person  whose  name  has  been  stricken 
from  said  Ust  to  wear  or  pul)licly  display  said  medal,  and  if  such  per- 


292  BEPORT  OF  THE   ADJUTANT  GENERAL. 

son  is  in  the  Armv,  he  shall  be  required  to  return  the  medal  to  the 
War  Department  for  cancellation.  Pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  the 
act  cited  Special  Orders,  No.  136,  War  Department,  June  10,  1916, 
was  issued  convening  a  board  of  officers  composed  of  Lieut.  Gen. 
Nelson  A.  Miles.  Lieut.  Gen.  Samuel  B.  M.  Young,  Maj.  Gen.  Joseph 
P.  Sanger,  Brig.  Gen.  Butler  D.  Price,  and  Brig.  Gren.  James  N. 
AUison. 

MEDAL   OF   HONOR    ROLL. 

The  act  of  Congress  approved  April  27,  1916,  established  the  "Army 
and  Navy  medal  of  honor  roll,"  and  provides  for  the  issue  of  suitabfe 
certificates  to  persons  who  have  received  the  medal  for  distinguished 
and  hazardous  deeds  beyond  the  call  of  duty,  performed  in  action, 
and  grants  a  special  pension  of  $10  a  month  for  life  to  all  such  nersons. 
Between  the  date  of  the  passage  of  the  act  and  the  dose  of^the  fis- 
cal year  certificates  had  been  issued  by  the  War  Department  to  121 
former  officers  .ind  enlisted  men  of  the  Army. 

CAMPAIGN,    CERTIFICATE   OF  MERFf,    AND    SERVICE   BADGES. 

A  simimary  of  the  campaigns  for  which  the  issue  of  campaign 
badges  has  been  authorized  is  published  in  General  Orders,  No.  129, 
War  Department,  August  13,  1908.  The  issue  of  those  badges,  which 
are  intended  *Ho  commemorate  services  which  have  been  or  shall 
hereafter  be  rendered  in  campaign,"  was  authorized  by  Genernl  Or- 
ders, No.  4,  War  Department,  January  11,  1905. 

During  the  past  fiscal  year  181  names  were  added  to  the  lists  of 
officers  and  enlisted  men  who  were  found  to  be  entitled  to  campaign 
badges,  making  a  total  of  42,881  badges  issued  to  officers  and  enlisted 
men  found  to  be  entitled  to  those  badges.  Of  these  31,685  were 
Philippine  campaign  badges,  7^259  Spanish  campaign  badges,  1,629 
China  campaign  badges,  1,859  Indian  campaign  badges,  ancr449  CivU 
War  campaign  badges. 

Campaign  badges  are  a  part  of  the  uniform ;  they  are  sold  to  officers 
and  issued  to  enlisted  men  in  service  by  the  Quartermaster  Corps,  on 
data  furnished  by  Tlie  Adjutant  General's  Office. 

It  was  decided  by  the  Secretary  of  War  in  1908  that  campaign 
badges  may  be  issued  to  members  of  the  Organized  Militia  who  are 
entitled  to  wrnr  the  uniform  of  the  Army  and  whose  service  conforms 
to  the  requirements  of  General  Orders,  No.  129,  before  cited.  Since 
the  date  of  that  decision.  May  26,  1908,  data  have  been  furnished  to 
the  Quartermaster  General  of  the  Army  in  the  cases  of  approximately 
2,015  members  of  the  Organized  Militia  who  made  applications  for 
campaiojn  badges. 

In  addition  to  the  campai^i  badges  before  referred  to,  the  issue  of 
a  service  badge  was  autlionzed  for  service  in  the  Army  of  Cuban 
Pacification  by  General  Orders,  No.  96,  War  Department,  May  11, 
1909.  Data  fiavc  been  furnished  to  the  Quartermaster  General  of 
the  Army- in  the  cases  of  6,248  applications  for  those  badges  since 
tlie  date  of  the  order  authorizing  their  issue. 

By  authority  of  the  President,  the  issue  of  an  "Armv  of  Cuban 
Occupation  Badge '^  was  provided  for  in  General  Orders,  No.  40,  War 
Department,  June  28,  1915.    The  badge  is  for  issue  to  officers  and 


REPOBT  OF   THE   ADJITTAKT  GKiiKRAU  29JI 

enlisted  men  who  rendered  service  with  the  Annv  of  Cuban  OiTupatiuu 
between  July  18,  1898,  and  May  20,  1902.  Yhe  onler  CiiuetNrning 
these  badges  was  not  distributea  generally  until  July,  1915,  Patik 
have  been  furnished  to  the  Quartermaster  General  m  the  oast^  of 
3,134  appUcations  for  these  badges  during  this  fiscal  year. 

The  issue  of  a  certificate  of  merit  badge  and  ribbon  an  a  part  of 
the  imiform  to  each  oflScer  and  enhstod  man  in  the  service  having  a 
certificate  of  merit  was  authorized  in  General  Orders,  No.  4,  War 
Department,  January  11,  1915,  as  amended  in  Genertu  Ordow,  No. 
129,  War  Department,  August  13,  1908.  At  the  close  of  this  iiuoal 
year  237  certificates  of  merit  badges  had  been  issued. 

In  order  that  former  officers  and  soldiers  now  in  civil  life  might  be 
able  to  obtain  the  campaign  badges  and  certificate  of  merit  badges  to 
which  they  would  have  been  entitled  if  they  were  still  in  service,  an 
arrangement  was  made  with  the  United  States  Mint  at  Phila(le)|)hiA 
by  wmch  these  badges  would  be  furnished  by  the  mint  at  a  nominal 
cost,  covering  expense  of  manufacture,  upon  receipt  of  certilicate* 
from  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army  in  verification  of  the  <  lainw. 

This  arrangement  was  completed  in  December,  1913.  and  since 
that  date  19,417  appUcations  for  campaign  bailges  ana  the  Army 
of  Cuban  Pacification  badge  have  been  receiveu  in  tliis  oflico.  In 
16,551  of  these  cases  the  service  was  verified  and  certificaten  were 
issued  accordingly,  and  in  2,866  cases  the  appli<tatiorm  were  denied. 
The  campaigns  and  service  for  which  the«e  certificat/i«  W(*rft  issued 
are  as  follows:  Civil  War,  5,498;  Spanisli  War,  4,056;  i'hiUppine 
insurrection,  4,838;  Indian  wars,  778;  diina  cmnpuign,  321;  Army 
of  Cuban  Pacification,  190;  Army  of  Cuban  Occupation,  870,  la 
addition  to  these,  ccrtificaU-s  for  purcha-^e  of  r:«rtificate  of  i/*mt 
badges  were  issued  in  17  cahCM. 


The  "Philippine  hfrvw^.  medsd/*  authorizifd  by  tJie  a/^:t  of  (U/fi'/f^^tm 
approved  June  2^i,  U/f,  ^Zi  Sut,  L,,  62Jy,  ii»  h»ju4  "U;  ea/h  of  Uuj 
sev^al  officerb  niid  *ft  '*i-*j4  u  *^u  ntA  itL".A\\t-^.  of  Mi'  }j  «ui  /.;ay  f^  d-aid^ 
who,  having  roJ'ir.*.*-*f<  'i  st'  '\  *".,  't'\  •.(  d*'r  *h*'  *  >-:i^.  of  t/i<;  iV-^.^i'-ut 
for  the  War  w>h  ^.'^t^u,  >■>  ?   - ',  -r'  y,u'l  »;.*;  U^rtt  «  of  v.,*'.s  *-?.;--!  •  ^nt 

to    help    to    fcUf^rr*-!?*     \uK     V         '>\.   '>:     \ur.  '*rt^AU*>U.     %aA     Vv;iO    1s^'/u<J^ 

?uently  rec<:>v*:';   a.'-   w^'.^a^'/^,  '..a^  ,  iac/*:  fro;',   um  hruri  *A   tii« 
'nited  Stat**,  ^n  v  .o  ',  • -,  •/r,'^/  V/  ^  ^'  u  ',  v  ;.*/;", 

nisbed  by  T:*e     -  ^.\k.*.*  ^>*''>-f.- 

Up  to  aiid  ii*''i  -'  *'Y '" *■'•>  ^ '    - '^    ^  • ' ^ ' *"'  *' '''  ^  *>^  * ''-*'* '-^'f  or  i>X 

service  Up'ilj  ir5:**'i      ,,,*-  <;'>:**»    .--       r*-     v-,..//,    irw   .'  ^'  '     «kc  V/  ^  ^A**/!" 

iz^  the  istfu^  of  v;.«s*  u>  -^ .  «.',  •/«  <-•  i  .-  */ .  V  •>  A  '.^ ,  •  !",♦  0*f' *<-f  J  • 
Office  ifj  7,47^  'a«««  Jy.*  -  y  '-.  **  vw?-  '.>/  .,,  ^  <  *f  ».-  .jcj  e*fc*>-f'j*-"t# 
were  madi^  ii.  Vi   *<--»:>        ^^  '//  «.    >/ >-  '^  t,%$i  «,/ r.*  x.-.,^,'**  f*/r 

PhilippijJ^  b*^    i'>    ,   >','  1     '♦/«        ■'     <:!  '*'<  *    *-  A*'  •       ^r*.'    *A      '**    i^-^-^iri*^ 

tion  uefo«  ^jU,^.     ii  t  ,/^*-  /     .'  >  '  ^^^^     .*  ,>  *  ».'*  r  *-■  *ov' ',  v^  *^ 

IBSUe  of  tij<;  l«».^ 


294  REPORT  OF  THE   ADJUTANT   GENERAL. 

CIVILIAN  EMPLOYEES  OF  THE  ADJUTANT  GENERAL'S  OFFICE. 

The  number  of  employees  authorized  by  law  for  The  Adjutant 
General's  OflBce  during  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1916,  was  the 
same  as  the  number  authorized  during  the  preceding  year,  although 
after  the  close  of  the  last  fiscal  year  Congress  provided  for  an  increase 
in  the  force  proportionate  to  the  increase  in  the  Regular  Arraj 
for  the  fiscal  year  1917,  authorized  bv  the  act  of  June  3,  1916.  This 
addition  to  the  force  is  required  to  handle  the  large  amount  of  ad- 
ditional work  that  will  fall  upon  this  office  as  the  result  of  the  re- 
organization and  increase  of  the  permanent  military  establishment 
provided  by  the  act  of  June  3,  1916,  and  the  new  duties  devolving 
upon  the  office  as  the  result  of  certain  provisions  of  that  act,  and  was 
not  required  to  meet  the  temporary  increase  in  the  work  caused  by 
the  conditions  along  the  Mexican  border  and  the  induction  of  the 
Organized  Militia  into  the  service  of  the  United  States.  The  officers 
of  Tlie  Adjutant  General's  Department  on  duty  in  the  War  De- 
partment and  the  civilian  employees  of  the  office  would  have  been 
able  to  handle  this  last-mentioned  additional  work  through  an  ex- 
tension of  office  hours,  but  they  could  not  be  expected  to  handle  the 
enoraious  increase  in  the  amount  of  work  occasioned  by  the  increase 
in  the  Regular  Army  and  the  conditions  along  the  Mexican  border. 
Since  last  March  part  of  the  force  has  been  working  beyond  the 
regular  office  hours— often  far  into  the  night — to  the  limit  of  their 
endurance.  It  mattered  not  whether  the  hours  had  been  long  and 
the  work  exacting,  the^^  all — officers,  clerks,  and  messengers — re- 
sponded promptly  and  without  complaint  when  called  upon  to  work 
longer  hours  in  order  to  handle  the  current  work.  I  fully  appreciate 
the  fact  that  it  was  their  unselfish  loj^alty  and  devotion  to  duty 
that  prevented  the  work  of  the  office  from  falUng  hopelessly  in 
arrears,  and  I  desire  to  take  tliis  opportunity  to  extend  my  thanks 
to  each  officer,  clerk,  and  subclerical  employee  for  the  assistance  each 
has  rendered. 

Not  including  1  clerk  who  entered  the  miUtary  service  of  the 
United  States  as  a  captain  of  a  National  Guard  organization,  and  5 
clerks  of  short  service  who  were  transferred  to  other  branches  of  the 
Government  service,  32  vacancies  occiu*red  in  the  clerical  force  of  tliis 
office  during  the  fiscal  year  covered  by  this  report,  20  by  resignation 
and  12  by  oeath.  The  average  age  of  those  who  died  was  a  Utue  over 
70  and  the  average  length  of  their  service  was  over  34  yedrs.  The 
average  length  of  service  of  those  who  resigned  was  a  Uttle  more  than 
8  years.  Classified,  by  salaries,  those  vacancies  were  as  follows:  1  at 
$2,000,  1  at  $1,800,  2  at  $1,600,  2  at  $1,400,  14  at  $1,200,  and  12  at 
$1,000 — an  annual  average  salary  of  $1,206. 

H.  P.  McCain, 
Tlie  Adjutant  General. 

The  Secbetaey  of  War. 


REPORT  OF  THE  INSPECTOR  GENERAL. 


295 


REPORT  OF  THE  INSPECTOR  GENERAL. 


War  Department, 
Office  of  the  Inspector  General, 

Washington^  September  0^,  1916. 

Sir:  The  following  is  a  report  relative  to  the  work  of  the  In- 
spector General's  Department  during  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30» 
1916. 

personnel  of  the  department. 

The  oflScers  of  the  permanent  corps  remain  as  stated  in  my  last 
annual  report,  namely,  one  brigadier  general  and  one  colonel.  Three 
colonels,  four  lieutenant  colonels,  and  nine  majors  served  as  in- 
sp)ectors  general  during  the  fiscal  year  under  the  act  of  February  2, 
1901;  and  four  acting  inspectors  general,  consisting  of  one  colonel, 
one  lieutenant  colonel,  and  two  majors  were  doing  duty  in  the  de- 
partment under  the  act  of  June  23,  1874. 

Without  exception,  these  officers  performed  their  varied  and 
numerous  duties  in  an  intelligent,  fearless,  and  zealous  manner. 

Under  the  national  defense  act,  approved  June  3,  1916,  the  In- 
spector General's  Department  is  to  consist  of  1  Inspector  General 
with  the  rank  of  brigadier  general,  4  inspectors  general  with  the 
rank  of  colonel,  8  inspectors  general  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant 
colonel,  and  16  inspectors  general  with  the  rank  of  major — an  in- 
crease of  1  colonel,  4  lieutenant  colonels,  and  7  majors.  Under  the 
same  act  this  increase  is  to  be  made  in  five  annual  increments,  and 
the  first  increment,  which  has  now  become  available,  is  to  consist 
of  1  lieutenant  colonel  and  1  major. 

This  increase,  it  is  believed,  will  be  sufficient  for  the  additional 
work  of  inspection  resulting  from  the  increase  of  the  Regular  Army. 
Whether  it  will  suffice  for  the  inspection  of  the  National  Guard,  im- 
posed upon  this  department  by  the  above  act,  can  not  at  this  time  be 
stated. 

In  this  connection,  I  wish  to  point  out  the  importance  of  placing 
all  the  inspections  of  the  Regular  Army,  other  than  those  made  by 
commanding  officers,  including  inspections  of  civil  institutions  of 
learning,  where  officers  of  the  Army  are  detailed  as  military  instruc- 
tors, under  the  control  of  the  Inspector  General's  Department,  and 
providing  a  personnel  sufficient  in  strength  to  perform  these  duties. 

inspections. 

During  the  past  fiscal  year  the  inspection  of  the  Military  Estab- 
lishment, though  not  entirely  completed,  was  approximately^  so.  In 
some  of  the  geographical  departments  the  remaining  inspections  had 

297 


298  EEPOET  OF   THE  INSPECTOB  GENERAL. 

been  arranged  for  and  in  some  cases  were  under  way  when 
emergency  orders  were  received  for  the  immediate  inspection  of  the 
mobilization  camps  of  the  National  Guard,  which  had  been  callcNl 
into  the  service  of  the  United  States.  This  was  the  latter  part  of 
June,  at  the  very  close  of  the  fiscal  year. 

The  prescribed  inspections  embraced  every  phase  of  military  affairs, 
and  included  military  posts,  stations,  and  commands;  camps  of  ma- 
neuver and  instruction;  the  staff  offices  at  department  headquarters; 
the  Military  Academy  and  the  service  schools ;  the  armories,  arsenals, 
general  hospitals,  and  the  depots  of  the  supply  departments;  the 
recruit  depots  and  main  recruiting  stations;  the  Disciplinary  Bar- 
racks and  its  branches;  the  numerous  required  inspections  of  Army 
transports  upon  arrival  at  or  departure  from  ports;  the  cable  boats, 
mine  planters,  and  the  harbor  boats  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps; 
and  the  biennial  inspection  of  such  national  cemeteries  and  ungarri- 
boned  posts  as  became  due  during  the  year.  Also  included  in  the 
work  of  the  fiscal  year  were  the  inspections  of  the  Soldiers'  Home, 
District  of  Columbia,  and  of  the  headquarters  and  10  branches  oi 
the  National  Home  for  Disabled  Volunteer  Soldiers  located  in  va- 
rious parts  of  the  country.  The  usual  inspections  of  the  money 
accountability  of  all  disbursing  officers  of  the  Army  and  the  very 
numerous  inspections  of  unserviceable  property  presented  for 
condemnation,  were  also  made  during  the  year. 

The  irregularities  and  deficiencies  noteci  in  these  inspections  were 
reported  in  due  and  prescribed  form,  and  the  necessary  steps  were 
promptly  taken  to  secure  proper  and  speedy  remedial  action. 

In  addition  to  the  large  number  of  regularly  prescribed  inspections 
enumerated  above,  the  officers  of  the  Inspector  General's  Depart- 
ment made  during  the  year,  under  orders  from  the  War  Department 
or  of  department  commanders,  many  special  investigations,  involving 
much  time  and  labor,  and  they  assisted  in  the  annual  tactical  inspec- 
tions of  troops  devolving  upon  department  and  brigade  commanders 
under  paragraphs  193  and  194,  Army  Regulations. 

NEW   DUTIES  ASSIGNED  TO  THE  DEPARTMENT. 

The  national  defense  act,  approved  Jime  3,  1916,  adds  some  new 
duties  to  be  performed  by  the  Inspector  General's  Department,  to 
wit: 

Sec.  67.  •  •  •  The  governor  of  each  State  and  Territory  and  the  cora- 
mnnding  general  of  the  National  Guard  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  shall 
appoint,  designate,  or  detail,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  War, 
an  officer  of  the  National  Guard  of  the  State,  Territory,  or  District  of  Colum- 
bia who  shall  be  regarded  as  property  and  disbursing  officer  for  the  United 
States.  •  •  •  Provided  further,  That  the  Secretary  of  War  shall  cause  aa 
Insi)ectlon  of  the  accounts  and  records  of  the  property  and  disbursing  officer 
to  l>e  made  by  an  Inspector  general  of  the  Army  at  least  once  each 
year:     •     •     • 

Sec.  93.  The  Secretary  of  War  shall  cause  an  inspection  to  be  made  at  least 
once  each  year  by  inspectors  general,  and  if  necessary  by  other  officers,  of  the 
Regular  Army,  detailed  by  him  for  that  purpose,  to  determine  whether  the 
amount  and  condition  of  the  property  in  the  hands  of  the  National  Guard  la 
satisfactory;  whether  the  National  Guard  is  organized  as  hereinbefore  pre- 
scribed; whether  the  officers  and  enlisted  men  possess  the  physical  and  other 
qualifications  prescribed;  whether  the  organization  and  the  officers  and  en- 
listed  men   thereof  are  sufficiently   armed,   uniformed,   equipped,   and   being 


REPORT  OF   THE  INSPECTOR  GENERAL.  299 

trained  and  instructed  for  active  duty  in  the  field  or  coast  defense,  and  whether 
the  records  are  being  kept  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  this  act. 
The  r^;x>rts  of  such  inspections  shall  serve  as  the  basis  for  deciding  as  to  the 
issue  to  and  retention  by  the  National  Guard  of  the  military  property  provided 
for  by  this  act,  and  for  determining  what  organizations  and  individuals  shall 
be  considered  as  constituting  parts  of  the  National  Guard  within  the  meaning 
of  this  act 

The  act  says  that  these  inspections  of  the  National  Guard  shall  be 
made  by  inspectors  general,  and  if  necessary  by  other  officers,  of  the 
Kegular  Army  detailed  for  that  purpose.  The  presumption  is  that 
the  detail  of  other  officers  will  not  be  necessary  except  when  an  in- 
spector general  is  not  available  to  make  the  inspection. 

When  the  National  Guard  was  called  into  the  service  of  the  United 
States  on  June  18,  1916,  inspections  were  at  once  begun  by  officers  of 
the  Inspector  General's  Department.  These  inspections  had  for  their 
objects  the  following:  The  determining  of  the  suitability  of  the 
camps,  sanitary  condition,  care  of  sick,  water  supply,  drainage,  the 
efficiency  of  service  of  supply;  and  also  inspections  were  made  of 
the  organizations  of  the  National  Guard  on  the  following  points, 
to  wit : 

Law  complied  with  as  to  organization. 
Food  and  preparation  of  same. 

c)  Physical  condition  of  men  and  officers. 

d)  Typhoid  immunization  and  smallpox  vaccination. 
[e)  Equipment:  Organization,  individual,  and  camp. 
(/)  Fitness  and  sufficiency  of  uniform. 


;?! 


[g)  Clothinff  (shoes,  special). 

h)  Wheeled  transportation,  including  ambulances. 

i)  Pack  transportation. 


(j)  Officers'  mounts. 

1% 


)  Field  return  of  command. 

Some  of  these  inspections  were  made  in  the  last  fiscal  year,  but 
most  of  them  were  not  made  until  after  its  close. 

The  considerable  increase  in  the  numerical  strength  of  the  Regular 
Army  provided  for  by  the  national  defense  act  of  June  3,  1916,  does 
not  impose  any  new  duties  upon  the  Inspector  General's  Department, 
but  it  does  add  very  materially  to  the  work  it  has  to  do.  As  shown 
above,  however,  new  duties,  as  well  as  much  additional  work,  are 
added  in  connection  with  the  inspection  of  the  National  Guard  and 
of  the  accoimts,  etc.,  of  the  National  Guard  property  and  disbursing 
officers. 

INSPECTOR  general's  OFFICERS'  RESERVE  CORPS. 

The  War  Department  has  authorized  the  appointment  of  16  majors 
in  the  Inspector  General's  Reserve  Corps,  authorized  by  the  act  of 
June  3,  1916.  All  applicants  for  examination  for  appointment  to 
these  positions  must  have  had  at  least  one  year's  active  service  as  an 
officer  with  some  branch  of  the  Armv,  the  Volunteers,  or  the  Na- 
tional Guard  in  the  service  of  the  United  States.  Applicants  must 
be  under  45  years  of  age,  and  must  show  themselves  qualified  for  the 
position.  Complete  details  as  to  the  examinations  required  are  given 
in  General  Orders,  No.  32,  War  Department,  1916,  which  may  1^  ob- 
tained from  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army. 


300  REPORT  OF   THE  INSPECTOR  GENERAL. 

CLERKS  FOR  THE  INSPFXTOR  GENERAL's  OFFICE. 

In  order  to  keep  up  with  the  current  work  the  present  force  of 
clerks  in  the  Inspector  General's  Office  has  for  some  time  past  been 
compelled  to  work  overtime  every  day  and  is  still  doing  so.  A  ^reat 
amount  of  additional  work  will  soon  be  imposed  upon  these  clerks 
by  the  new  duties  assi^ed  to  this  department  by  the  national  defense 
act  of  June  t3,  1916;  mdeed,  the  additional  work  has  already  begun 
to  come  in,  and  it  will  continue  to  come  in  in  increasing  volume.  An 
estimate  for  the  minimum  number  of  clerks  that  will  be  required 
to  do  the  work  has  been  submitted,  and  it  is  hoped  that  it  will  receive 
favorable  consideration. 

DISCIPLINE. 

Discipline,  generally,  throughout  the  Army,  so  far  as  reported, 
has  been  good. 

INSTRUCTION. 

The  troops  appear  to  be  generally  well  instructed.  No  serious 
criticisms  have  been  made. 

It  has  been  reported  that  the  work  of  the  mobile  troops  in  field 
training  has  been  satisfactory;  that  the  officers  and  men,  generally, 
in  camps  of  instruction,  were  eager  to  learn. 

In  bayonet  combat  and  fencing  it  was  reported  that  the  mobile 
troops  show  marked  improvement,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that 
the  fencing  outfits  are  still  criticized  as  unsatisfactory.  It  is  stated 
that  many  organizations  have  abandoned  the  outfits  supplied  them 
and  have  improvised  substitutes. 

As  a  general  thing,  earnest  effort  has  been  made  by  troops  to 
acquire  efficiency  in  signaling  with  the  flag  and  general  service  code, 
and  to  attain  the  standard  prescribed  by  paragraph  1562,  Army 
Regulations,  but  it  has  been  reported  that  the  effort  has  not  been 
generally  successfid.  The  success  in  mastering  the  semaphore,  it  is 
stated,  has  been  much  more  encouraging. 

It  appears  that,  as  a  rule,  the  work  of  garrison  schools  for  officers 
at  the  various  posts  has  been  satisfactorv,  but  in  post  schools  for 
enlisted  men,  in  many  instances,  the  results  have  not  been  satisfac- 
tory. 

In  the  Philippine  Department  the  consensus  of  opinion  among 
Infantry  officers  is  that  the  present  allowance  of  ammunition  is  not 
sufficient  to  permit  the  thorough  training  of  companies  in  combat 
practice.  The  opinion  seems  to  be  that  an  increase  of  about  100 
rounds  per  man  in  the  annual  allowance  would  be  of  great  benefit 
in  the  more  thorough  training  of  organizations. 

SERVICE    SCHOOLS. 

Since  the  Spanish- American  War  both  the  development  and  the 
benefit  to  the  Army  of  the  service  schools  have  been  striking.  These 
schools  could,  however,  be  better  coordinated,  and  it  is  believed  in 
such  coordination  is  to  be  found  a  great  possibility  for  the  further 
increase  of  their  usefulness. 


BEPOBT  OF   THE  INSPECTOB  GENERAL.  299 

trained  and  instructed  for  active  duty  in  ttie  field  or  coast  defense,  and  whether 
the  records  are  being  kept  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  this  act. 
The  reports  of  such  inspections  shall  serve  as  the  basis  for  deciding  as  to  the 
issue  to  and  retention  by  the  National  Guard  of  the  military  property  provided 
for  by  this  act,  and  for  determining  what  organizations  and  individuals  shall 
be  considered  as  constituting  parts  of  the  National  Guard  within  the  meaning 
of  this  act 

The  act  says  that  these  inspections  of  the  National  Guard  shall  be 
made  by  inspectors  general,  and  if  necessary  by  other  officers,  of  the 
Regular  Army  detailed  for  that  purpose.  The  presumption  is  that 
the  detail  of  other  officers  will  not  be  necessary  except  when  an  in- 
spector general  is  not  available  to  make  the  inspection. 

When  the  National  Guard  was  called  into  the  service  of  the  United 
States  on  June  18, 1916,  inspections  were  at  once  begun  by  officers  of 
the  Inspector  General's  Department.  These  inspections  had  for  their 
objects  the  following:  The  determining  of  the  suitability  of  the 
camps,  sanitary  condition,  care  of  sick,  water  supply,  drainage,  the 
efficiency  of  service  of  supply;  and  also  inspections  were  made  of 
the  organizations  of  the  National  Guard  on  the  following  points, 
to  wit : 

a)  Law  complied  with  as  to  organization. 

b)  Food  and  preparation  of  same. 

c)  Physical  condition  of  men  and  officers. 

d)  Typhoid  immunization  and  smallpox  vaccination. 
^e)  Equipment:  Organization,  individual,  and  camp. 
7)  Fitness  and  sufficiency  of  uniform. 
[g)  Clothing  (shoes,  special). 
(A)  Wheeled  transportation,  including  ambulances. 
(i)  Pack  transportation. 

l)  Officers'  mounts. 
)  Field  return  of  command. 

iome  of  these  inspections  were  made  in  the  last  fiscal  year,  but 
most  of  them  were  not  made  until  after  its  close. 

The  considerable  increase  in  the  numerical  strength  of  the  Regular 
Army  provided  for  by  the  national  defense  act  of  June  3,  1916,  does 
not  impose  any  new  duties  upon  the  Inspector  General's  Department, 
but  it  does  add  very  materially  to  the  work  it  has  to  do.  As  shown 
above,  however,  neV  duties,  as  well  as  much  additional  work,  are 
added  m  connection  with  the  inspection  of  the  National  Guard  and 
of  the  accounts,  etc.,  of  the  National  Guard  property  and  disbursing 
officers. 

iNSPEcrroR  general's  officers'  reserve  corps. 

The  War  Department  has  authorized  the  appointment  of  16  majors 
in  the  Inspector  General's  Reserve  Corps,  authorized  by  the  net  of 
June  3,  1916.  All  applicants  for  examination  for  appointment  to 
these  positions  must  have  had  at  least  one  year's  active  service  as  an 
officer  with  some  branch  of  the  Army,  the  Volunteers,  or  the  Na- 
tional Guard  in  the  service  of  the  United  States.  Applicants  must 
be  under  45  years  of  age,  and  must  show  themselves  qualified  for  the 
position.  Complete  details  as  to  the  examinations  required  are  given 
m  General  Orders,  No.  32.  War  Department,  1916,  which  may  be  ob- 
tained from  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army. 


302  BEPORT   OF   THE  INSPECTOR   GENERAL. 

COOPERATION  OF  ARMS  OF  THE  SERVICE. 

The  war  abroad  has  accentuated  the  importance  of  close  coopera- 
tion between  the  different  arms,  especially  between  Infantry  and 
Field  Artillery.  Although  the  necessity  of  officers  familiarizing 
themselves  with  the  duties  of  arms  other  than  their  own  has  been 
realized  in  our  service,  it  is  believed  that  the  steps  thus  far  taken 
have  been  along  theoretical  rather  than  practical  lines. 

It  is  believed  that  at  stations  in  which  organizations  of  two  or 
more  arms  are  serving  officers  should  be  required  to  familiarize  them- 
selves with  the  powers  and  limitations  of  arms  other  than  their  own 
through  actually  accompanying  units  of  such  arms  during  small 
maneuvers,  target  practice,  etc.  Selected  officers  of  Cavalry  and  In- 
fantry should  also  be  detailed  for  a  period  of  a  month  or  six  weeks 
at  the  School  of  Fire  for  Field  Artillery. 

COLONIAL  REGIMENTS. 

The  department  inspector  of  the  Philippine  Department  reports 
that  the  officers  of  that  department  are  about  unanimous  in  the 
belief  that  the  system  of  colonial  regiments  now  in  vo^e  is  not 
desirable,  the  general  opinion  among  them  being  that  it  is  very 
injurious  to  the  discipline,  the  training,  and  the  general  efficiency 
of  organizations  on  foreign  service.  It  is  said  that  this  system  of 
a  constantly  changing  personnel  compels  a  feeling  of  uncertainty 
and  lack  of  settled  policy  that  is  very  narmful  and  is  destructive  of 
organization  esprit. 

RECRUITS. 

No  complaint  has  been  received  of  the  quality  of  the  recruits 
received  during  the  year. 

The  following  extract  from  the  report  of  the  last  annual  inspection 
of  Fort  Oglethorpe,  Ga.,  relative  to  the  training  of  recruits,  is  in- 
teresting and  instructive : 

Under  a  system  Inaiiiairated  in  this  recclmeut  [Eleventh  Cavalry]  about  two 
years  ago,  aU  the  recruits  for  the  regiment  are  turned  over  to  one  troop  for 
training  before  being  permanently  assigned  to  troops.  The  present  recruit 
troop  is  Tnx)p  H,  under  the  command  of    •     ♦     •,  Eleventh  Cavalry. 

At  the  time  of  my  visit  a  class  of  recruits  had  Just  completed  three  months' 
training  and  was  ready  to  be  turned  over  to  the  other  troops  for  permanent 
assignment.  A  careful  inspection  of  the  work  of  these  recruits,  mounted  and 
dismounteil,  demonstrated  beyond  question  that  this  method  of  training  recruits 
is  the  proper  one.  Their  knowledge  of  the  duties  of  a  soldier  is,  I  believe, 
above  that  of  the  average  enlisted  man  of  a  year's  training  assigned  to  a  troop 
in  the  ordinary  way.  Tlieir  proficiency  In  riding  and  handling  their  arms 
mounted  was  especially  noticeable. 

QUARTERMASTER    CORPS. 

There  have  been  no  complaints  as  to  the  adequacy  of  the  ration 
allowance  and  but  few  as  to  the  quality  of  the  ration  or  other  com- 
missary supplies. 

The  system  of  fuel  supply  has  been  reported  as  cumbersome  and 
as  iuAohing  much  office  work.    Inspection  reports  show  numerous 


REPORT  OF   THE  INSPECTOR  GENERAL.  303 

complaints  of  the  inadequacy  of  the  fuel  allowances  properly  to  heat 
public  buildings.  This  is  especially  the  case  on  the  western  coast, 
and  it  has  been  urged  that  fuel  allowances  for  the  Western  Depart- 
ment be  further  considered  with  a  view  to  its  special  needs,  since 
climatic  conditions  there  differ  so  radically  from  other  sections  of 
the  country  in  the  same  latitude. 

UNIFORMS. 

While  changes  in  imiform  are,  in  general,  imdesirable,  and  are 
so  regarded  in  the  service,  it  is  believed  that  certain  changes  in  the 
service  coat  are  both  desirable  and  necessary. 

The  service  uniform  should  be  designed  for  service  in  the  field 
rather  than  in  garrison.  The  discontinuance  of  the  sweater  makes 
it  necessary  to  take  the  service  coat  into  the  field.  For  service 
in  the  field  a  coat  must  be  loose  at  the  neck  and  in  general  must  be 
so  cut,  including  a  slit  in  the  back  of  the  skirt,  as  to  permit  freedom 
and  ease  of  movement.  That  the  present  service  coat,  with  its  close- 
fitting  collar  and  rigid  cut,  is  unsuitable  for  hard  work  or  even 
moderate  exercise  must  be  admitted. 

From  an  examination  of  the  present  field  uniform  of  other  coun- 
tries it  is  apparent  that  a  suitable  coat  for  field  work  can  be  given  a 
military  appearance  quite  as  formal  and  as  pleasing  as  that  of  our 
present  service  coat. 

It  is  recommended  that  a  suitable  service  coat  be  designed  and 
adopted. 

The  opinion  throughout  the  line  of  the  Army  seems  to  be  in  favor 
of  a  shirt  that  opens  all  the  way  down  the  front.  It  is  believed  that 
this  change  in  the  shirt  will  add  to  the  comfort  of  the  men,  in  warm 
weather  especially. 

ORDNANCE  DEPARTMENT. 

The  war  abroad  has  developed  or  emphasized  the  importance  of 
new  articles  of  arms  and  equipments,  besides  improvements  in  the 
old.  The  larger  types  of  field  guns  and  howitzers ;  trench  mortars  of 
the  larger  types,  as  artillery,  and  of  the  smaller  types,  as  infantry 
weapons;  new  types  and  methods  of  employment  oi  machine  guns, 
hand  grenades,  steel  caps,  etc.,  and  the  use  of  and  protection  against 
gas,  are  all  matters  which  claim  our  serious  attention.  The  develop- 
ment and  manufacture  of  new  materiel  of  these  kinds  which  are  being 
undertaken  by  the  Ordnance  Department  should  be  accompanied  by 
practical  tests  and  instruction,  which  can  only  be  obtained  by  putting 
the  new  materiel  in  service  as  rapidly  as  it  can  be  developed  ana 
supplied. 

REPAIR   SHOPS — QUARTERMASTER   AND   ORDNANCE. 

Large  quantities  of  quartermaster  and  ordnance  property  are  un- 
doubtedly lost  to  the  Government  through  the  lack  of  proper  and 
timely  repairs.  This  loss  is  due,  it  is  believed,  to  a  variety  of  such 
causes  as  lack  of  facilities  in  organizations  for  making  proper  re- 

1)airs;  lack  of  skill  by  organization  mechanics;  and,  to  some  extent  at 
east,  lack  of  care  and  attention  on  the  part  of  organization  com- 


304  REPORT   OF   THE  INSPECTOR   GENERAL. 

manders.  Losses  due  to  lack  of  proper  and  timely  repairs  are  espe- 
cially apparent  in  all  articles  of  canvas,  webbing,  and  leather.  In 
addition,  in  the  Field  Artillery  the  lack  of  timely  repairs,  made  by 
expert  mechanics,  to  the  materiel  results  in  greatly  increased  ultimate 
expenditures. 

If  suitable  quartermaster  and  ordnance  repair  shops  were  estab- 
lished at  all  points  at  which  a  regiment  or  more  is  stationed  it  is 
believed  that  a  substantial  saving  could  be  effected.  Such  shops 
should  be  equipped  with  all  necessary  machinery  and  should  be  pro- 
vided with  expert  mechanics  as  foremen,  the  greater  part  of  the  actual 
labor  of  repair  being  done  by  the  organization  mechanics. 

TRANSPORTATION  FOR  SANITARY  TROOPS. 

There  is,  no  doubt,  a  universal  recognition  in  the  Army  of  the  ad- 
visability, if  not  the  absolute  necessity,  of  providing  motor  transpor- 
tation for  sanitary  troops.  Probably  the  necessities  attendant  upon 
the  present  mobilization  of  a  large  number  of  troops  upon  the  Mexi- 
can border  will  result  in  causing  motor  transportation  for  the  sanitary 
troops  to  be  supplied. 

FIELD  TRAINS. 

It  is  believed  that  the  field  trains  have  been  too  greatly  reduced. 
In  fixing  the  allowances  of  wagons,  etc.,  for  field  trains  the  primary 
object  is,  of  course,  mobility,  but  it  is  to  be  remembered  that  mobility 
may  be  as  readily  reduced  by  too  great  a  reduction  in  the  number  of 
wagons  allowed  as  by  too  great  an  increase  in  field  trains.  An  unwar- 
ranted reduction  in  wagons  tends  to  overloading  in  spite  of  honest 
efforts  to  enforce  the  regulations. 

When  our  Army  is  compared  to  those  of  other  nations  the  paucity 
of  trained  soldiers  affords  a  striking  illustration  of  the  necessity  or 
preserving  the  health  and,  in  so  far  as  possible,  the  comfort  of  our 
men  when  in  the  field.  To  this  end  it  is  believed  that  the  surplus 
kits  should  be  carried  in  the  field  trains,  as  was  formerly  the  regu- 
lation. In  so  far  as  concerns  the  Infantry,  it  is  essential  that  at  least 
a  st)are  pair  of  shces  be  carried  in  the  field  trains. 

On  account  of  the  general  lack  of  ability  in  cooking  among  our 
prople,  it  is  particularly  necessary  to  avoid  individual  cooking  in  our 
service.  It  is  believed  that  in  the  early  stages  of  the  present  war  in 
Europe,  rolling  kitchens  were  frequently  kept  with  their  organiza- 
tions until  the  arrival  of  the  units  upon  the  actual  battlefield. 

It  is  understood  that  several  types  of  rolling  kitchens  are  now 
under  test  in  the  Southern  Department,  and  that  the  issue  of  kitchens 
to  all  organizations  of  the  mobile  forces  only  awaits  the  determma- 
tion  of  the  most  suitable  type.  It  is  recommended  that  this  be 
expedited  and  that  coincident  with  the  supply  of  the  kitchens,  regu- 
lations be  issued  providing  that  such  kitchens  shall  habitually  ac- 
company their  units  on  the  march. 

PUBLIC  ANIMALS. 

The  requirements  of  active  service  on  the  border  have  resulted  in 
having  quite  a  number  of  public  animals  inspected  and  condemned* 


BEPOBT  OF   THE  INSPEGTOB  GENEBAL.  305 

The  data  called  for  on  descriptive  cards  of  public  animals  are 
said  often  to  be  incomplete,  owing  largely  to  lailure  on  the  part 
of  purchasing  officers  to  cause  proper  entries  to  be  made  on  the 
cards. 

REMOUNTS. 

The  following  extract  from  the  report  of  the  last  annual  inspection 
of  Fort  Oglethorpe,  Ga.,  relates  to  the  training  of  remounts,  and 
is  reproduced  as  being,  as  is  believed,  worthy  oi  consideration : 

All  remounts  for  the  regiment  [Eleventh  Cavalry]  are  now  turned  over  to 
one  troop  (Troop  O)  to  be  trained  for  six  months  before  being  assigned  to 
troops.  The  remounts  now  at  the  post  have  been  under  training  for  three 
months.  The  remounts,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  appear  to  be  of  a  good 
type.  They  are  somewhat  light  in  weight,  but  this  defect  may  disappear 
after  a  year's  training. 

The  system  of  turning  the  remounts  over  to  one  troop  for  training  is,  I 
believe,  the  proper  one  to  secure  the  l>est  results. 

First  Lieut  ^  *  *,  Eleventh  Cavalry,  is  at  present  In  conunand  of  the 
remount  troop  and  is  accomplishing  excellent  work.  His  own  opinion  of  these 
remounts  is  as  follows: 

"The  horses  are  very  quiet  and  gentle;  they  show  a  very  good  degree  of 
suppleness  and  activity,  and  they  jump,  freely  and  willingly,  small  hurdles 
and  ditches  of  any  character.  I  believe  that  by  the  end  of  another  three 
months,  when  they  are  turned  in  to  the  other  troops,  they  will  be  as  weU 
trained  as  is  necessary  for  troop  horses,  and  very  much  better  than  the 
average  troop  mount." 

After  witnessing  the  work  of  these  remounts,  I  confirm  the  above  estimate. 

FARRIERS^  AND  HORSESHOERs'  SCHOOL. 

The  following  extract  relative  to  the  establishment  of  a  post 
farriers'  and  horseshoers'  school,  which  it  is  reported  has  been  of 
great  value,  is  also  from  the  report  of  inspection  of  Fort  Oglethorpe, 
Ga.,  viz: 

Without  interfering  with  the  other  instruction  of  the  regiment  [Eleventh 
Cavalry]  a  farriers'  and  horseshoers'  school  has  been  established  under  the 
direction  of  ♦  ♦  ♦,  Eleventh  Cavalry,  assisted  by  the  two  veterinarians  of 
the  r^ment  The  class  consists  of  24  farriers  and  24  horseshoers,  the  regu- 
lar horseshoer  and  farrier  from  each  troop,  with  an  apprentice  from  each 

troop. 

After  a  thorough  investigation  of  this  class,  including  the  Inspection  of  the 
work  and  examination  of  the  men  as  to  their  theoretical  and  practical  knowl- 
edge, I  am  of  the  opinion  that  this  school  is  of  great  value  to  the  regiment 
It  systematizes  horseshoeing  and  treatment  of  diseases,  and  stimulates  the 
interest  of  officers  and  men  in  these  two  important  subjects. 

PUBLIC   FUNDS. 

As  a  general  rule  the  inspections  of  the  accounts  of  disbursing 
officers  of  the  Army  have  shown  that  the  public  funds  have  been 
honestly  and  efficiently  administered. 

POST  EXCHANGES. 

It  has  been  reported  that  frequent  irregularities  of  a  more  or  less 
serious  nature  have  been  discovered  in  the  inspection  of  post  ex- 
changes, and  these  were  almost  in  every  instance  made  possible  by 
failure  on  the  part  of  exchange  officers,  auditors,  and  exchange  coun- 

69176**— WAR  1916— VOL  1 20 


306  KEPOBT  OF   THE  INSPECTOB  GENERAL. 

cils  to  properly  perform  their  duties.  The  financial  losseG,  in  every 
case  where  they  could  be  definitely  determined,  were  recommended  to 
be  charged  against  the  officers  whose  negligence  was  proven ;  in  other 
cases  wnere  negligence  was  found  it  was  recommended  that  it  be 
noted  on  the  efficiency  records  of  the  delinquent  officers. 

PAPER  WORK. 

Generally  speaking,  business  is  so  conducted  as  to  reduce  paper 
work  to  a  minimum  and  simplify  administration  so  far  as  is  pr^- 
ticable  under  the  Government  system  of  transacting  business.  Not- 
withstanding this  fact,  paper  work  in  the  Army  still  appears  to  be 
excessive,  as  always  heretofore. 

PRISONERS. 

The  system  of  parole  of  general  prisoners  and  of  probation  of 
garrison  prisoners  appears  to  have  been  generally  carried  out,  and 
apparently  with  good  results. 

ARMY  TRANSPORTS. 

Reports  show  that  the  trans-Pacific  transport  service  has  been  effi- 
cientlv  conducted;  no  complaints  of  any  consequence  have  been  re- 
ceived relative  to  any  of  the  departments  of  this  service,  but  on  the 
contrary  commanding  officers  of  troops  have  generally  commended 
the  efficiency  and  courtesy  of  the  ships  officers,  the  cleanliness  of  the 
ships,  and  the  excellence  of  the  accommodations  and  food.  The 
life-saving  apparatus  is  reported  as  ample  and  of  the  latest  pattern. 

DISCIPLINARY  BARRACKS. 

At  the  inspections  of  the  Disciplinary  Barracks  and  its  branches 
the  disciplinary  companies  were  found  to  be  well  instructed  and  well 
trained,  and  affairs  were  in  excellent  condition. 

RECRUIT  DEPOTS. 

At  the  various  recruit  depots  it  was  found  that  the  instruction  of 
recruits  was  carried  out  in  conformity  with  War  Department  regula- 
tions prescribed  therefor,  and  the  results  obtained  were  good.    The 
depots  appeared  to  be  carefully  and  efficiently  administered. 
Very  respectfully, 

E.  A.  Garlington, 
Inspector  GeneraL 
The  Secretary  op  War. 


REPORT  OF  THE  JUDGE  ADVOCATE  GENERAL. 


807 


REPORT  OF  THE  JUDGE  ADVOCATE  GENERAL. 


September  14,  1916. 

Sm:  I  submit  the  following  report  of  the  Judge  Advocate  General's 
Department  for  the  year  enmng  Jxme  30,  1916. 

REORGANIZATION  OF  THE  JUDGE  ADVOCATE  GENERAL'S  DEPARTMENT. 

The  recently  enacted  national  defense  act  (sec.  8)  reorganized  the 
department  by  adding  thereto  2  judge  advocates  with  the  rank  of 
colonel,  4  judge  advocates  with  tne  rank  of  lieutenant  colonel,  and 
13  judge  aavocates  with  the  rank  of  major,  these  increases  to  be  made 
in  five  annual  increments,  as  nearly  as  practicable  one-fifth  of  the 
total  increase  in  each  graae  to  be  added  each  year.  The  vacancies 
created  or  caused  by  the  act  distribute  themselves  under  this  rule 
as  follows: 


Original  yacanctos: 

Colonels 

LIeat€oant  oolonals. 
Mi^Ofs. 


Appointmeot  of  mi^on  to  fin  Increments. 


1916 


1 
3 


1917 


1 
1 

a 


1918 


1919 


1 
1 
2 


1920 


1 
8 


The  additional  lieutenant  colonelcy  corresponding  to  this  year's 
increment  was  filled  by  the  promotion  of  Maj.  Walter  A.  Bethel, 
the  senior  officer  of  his  grade.  The  four  vacancies  in  the  grade  of 
major  corresponding  to  this  year's  increment  have  not  yet  been  filled. 

Additions  to  the  clerical  force  of  the  Judge  Advocate  GeneraVs 
Office  of  one  clerk  class  3,  and  two  clerks  class  1,  with  an  additional 
messenger,  are  authorized  by  the  act  of  September  9,  1916. 

REVISED   ARTICLES   OF  WAR. 

A  project  of  revision  of  the  Articles  of  War  which  has  been  pending 
before  tne  War  Department  since  December  of  1903,  and  before  Con- 
gress since  April  of  1912,  was,  with  amendments  of  the  original  proj- 
ect, enacted  mto  law  as  a  rider  to  the  Army  appropriation  act  for 
the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1917,  approved  Aiigust  29,  1916. 

The  first  project  of  the  revision  of  the  Articles  of  War  was  prepared 
during  the  uitter  half  of  the  calendar  year  of  1903.  This  project  was 
subnutted  to  department  commanders  and  to  a  large  number  of 
specially  selected  officers  for  criticism  and  was  exhaustively  consid- 
ered by  a  board  of  officers  convened  by  the  then  commandant  of  the 

309 


310  EEPOBT  OF  THE  JUDGE  ADVOCATE  GENERAL. 

Army  Service  Schools,  Maj.  Gen.  J.  Franklin  Bell,  but  was  not  trans- 
mitted to  the  Congress  hj  the  War  Department.  It  was  not  until 
April,  1912,  that  the  revision,  perfected  in  the  light  of  the  criticism 
it  had  received,  was  submittea  by  the  then  Secretary  of  War,  Mr. 
Stimson,  to  Congress  as  a  basis  of  remedial  legislation  very  much 
needed.  The  revision  was  introduced  in  the  House  on  April  22,  1912, 
by  the  chairman  of  the  House  Military  Committee,  and  in  the  oenate 
on  April  25  by  the  chairman  of  the  Senate  Mihtary  Committee,  and 
was  by  both  Houses  of  ConCTess  referred  to  their  respective  Conmiit- 
tees  on  Mihtary  Aflfairs.  Hearings  were  conducted  by  the  House 
Mihtary  Committee  covering  the  period  from  May  14  to  May  27, 1912, 
but  that  committee,  though  receiving  the  revision  favorably  and 
su^esting  a  few  amendments  therein  of  a  nature  to  improve  the 
revision,  did  not  report  the  revision  as  a  whole.  The  Senate  com- 
mittee reported  out  9  articles  of  the  revision  relating  to  the  composi- 
tion, constitution,  and  jurisdiction  of  courts-martial,  and  these  articles 
were  enacted  as  a  part  of  the  Army  appropriation  act  approved 
March  2j  1913. 

The  Sixtj-third  Congress  convened  on  April  7,  1913.  The  revision 
of  the  Articles  of  War,  carrying  the  amendments  su^ested  during 
the  House  Military  Committee's  nearings  and  certain  otners  suggested 
by  further  study  was  introduced  by  the  chairman  of  the  Senate  Mih- 
tary Committee  on  April  15,  1913,  and  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
Mihtary  Affairs.  Hearings  were  subsequently  held  by  a  subcommit- 
tee of  the  Senate  Mihtary  Committee,  whicn  reported  the  revision 
back  to  the  full  committee  during  the  second  session  of  the  Sixty- 
third  Congress,  which  reported  the  revision  to  the  Senate  on  Febru- 
ary 6,  1914,  with  certam  amendments.  The  revision  passed  the 
Senate  with  further  amendments  on  February  9,  1914,  and  upon 
reaching  the  House  was  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Mihtary 
Affairs,  which  took  no  action.  On  February  22,  1915,  the  Senate 
Military  Committee  included  the  revision  in  the  tnen  pending  Army 
appropriation  bill,  and  as  a  part  of  that  bill  the  revision  again  passed 
the  Senate  February  23, 1915^  and  went  to  conference.  The  conferees, 
after  reporting  back  to  their  respective  houses  two  disagreements 
respecting  the  revision,  finally  rejected  it  and  the  bill  passed  without 
this  particular  rider. 

Shortly  after  the  convening  of  the  Sixty-fourth  Congress,  first  ses- 
sion, the  revision  was  again  introduced  in  the  Senate  January  6, 
1916,  and  hearings  were  conducted  before  a  subcommittee  of  the 
Senate  Military  Committee.  On  February  9,  1916,  the  revision,  with 
amendments,  was  favorably  reported  by  the  full  committee  to  the 
Senate,  and  on  March  9,  1916,  the  revision  was  again  passed  by  the 
Senate.  On  reaching  the  House  it  went  to  the  House  Military  Com- 
mittee March  11,  1916,  but  it  was  not  until  June  29,  1916,  that  a 
subcommittee  of  the  House  convened  to  consider  the  revision.  It 
does  not  appear  that  the  subcommittee  made  any  report  iipon  the 
revision.  Meantime  the  Senate  Committee  on  Mihtary  Affairs,  in 
reporting  to  the  Senate  the  Army  appropriation  bill  on  July  3,  1916, 
includecT  the  Articles  of  War  m  tne  form  they  had  passed  the 
Senate  on  March  9,  and  with  the  articles  included,  the  appropriation 
bill  was  passed  on  July  25.  The  House  disagreed  to  the  Senate 
amendments  and  the  bin  went  to  conference.  On  August  7  the  con- 
ference report,  embodying  the  Articles  of  War  amended  so  as  to 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  JUDGE  ADVOCATE  GENERAL.        311 

exempt  retired  officers  and  soldiers  from  amenability  thereto,  and  in 
certam  other  regards,  was  accepted  by  both  Houses,  and  the  bill 
went  to  the  President  for  his  approval.  On  August  18  the  President 
vetoed  the  bill,  basing  his  objections  thereto  on  the  amendment 
introduced  by  the  conferees  respecting  retired  officers.  The  appro- 
priation bill  was  inmnediatelv  remtroduced  in  the  House  without  the 
Articles  of  War,  and  in  that  form  was  passed  by  the  House  on  August 
22.  Upon  reaching  the  Senate  MiUtary  Committee  that  committee 
restored  the  Articles  of  War,  with  the  changes  necessary  to  meet  the 
objections  of  the  President  and  with  certain  other  minor  amend- 
ments, and  in  this  form  the  bill  was  passed 'by  the  Senate.  In  the 
House  a  motion  to  concur  in  all  the  Senate  amendments  prevailed. 
The  bill  was  approved  by  the  President  August  29,  1916. 

With  the  exception  of  articles  4,  13,  14,  15,  29,  47,  49,  and  92, 
which  take  effect  immediately,  the  revision  will  go  into  effect  on 
March  1, 1917.  Meantime  the  Manual  for  Courts  Martial  will  have  to 
be  revised  and  circulated  throughout  the  Army.  It  is  proposed  to 
enter  upon  this  work  at  once,  and  an  attempt  will  be  made  to  have 
the  revised  manual  distributed  throughout  tne  Armv  by  February  1, 
1917,  in  order  that  there  may  be  a  month  available  for  its  study 
before  the  new  code,  as  a  code,  takes  effect. 

GENERAL  REVISION  OF  THE  MILITART  LAWS. 

A  much  larger  task  than  the  revision  of  the  Articles  of  War  is  the 
revision  and  codification  of  all  our  military  laws  which  this  office  has 
been  directed  to  prepare  in  pursuance  oi  authority  granted  in  the 
Anny  appropriation  act  approved  August  29,  1916.  In  1911  this 
office  suDmitted  a  report  to  the  Secretary  of  War  recommending  that 
such  a  general  revision  be  attempted,  the  revision  to  conform  in  scope 
and  character  to  the  revision  and  codification  of  the  laws  of  tne 
United  States  of  a  permanent  and  general  nature  directed  by  the  act 
of  March  3,  1901.  Mihtary  legislation  since  1878,  enacted  mainly  in 
the  form  of  riders  to  appropriation  acts,  is  piecemeal  legislation. 
Related  legislation  is  widely  separated  and  there  is  real  difficulty 
within  the  military  estabUshment  in  ascertaining  the  condition  of  the 
statute  law  on  any  subject.  Experiencing  the  same  difficulty  in 
drafting  the  large  amount  of  legislation  enacted  this  year,  the  mili- 
tary committees  readily  accepted  the  suggestion  for  a  comprehensive 
revision  and  codification  and  have  provided  an  initial  appropriation 
of  $5,000  for  paying  the  expense  of  clerical  hire,  printing,  and  other 
expenses  incioent  to  the  making  of  the  revision.  The  work  has  been 
already  entered  upon  and  substantial  progress  has  been  made  with 
the  chapter  relatmg  to  organization  of  the  Regular  Army.     The 

Sroblem  in  that  chapter  is  to  restate  the  provisions  of  the  new 
rational  Defense  Act  of  June  3,  1916,  on  tne  subject  of  Regular 
Army  organization,  incorporating  the  unrepealed  provisions  of  prior 
law  and  particularly  of  the  act  of  February  2,  1901,  and  to  make  of 
it  a  consistent  whole.  It  is  hoped  to  have  this  much  of  the  revision 
ready  to  submit  with  the  preliminary  report  of  progress  which  must 
be  rendered  to  Congress  on  the  first  day  of  the  ensuing  session  of 
that  bodv.  It  is  confidently  expected  that  the  general  revision  will 
be  completed  well  within  the  two-year  period  allowed  by  law.  The 
scope  and  character  of  the  revision  authorized  by  Congress  will  per- 


312        EBPOBT  OF  THE  JUDGE  ADVOCATE  GENERAL. 

mit  of  the  omission  of  redundant  and  obsolete  matter,  the  making  of 
such  alterations  as  are  necessary  to  reconcile  contradictions^  supply 
the  omissions,  and  amend  the  imperfections  of  the  original  text;  and 
permits  also  the  embodiment  in  the  revision  of  changes  in  the  sub- 
stance of  existing  law.  It  is  hoped  to  take  advantage  of  this  authority 
to  rewrite  the  statutes  in  the  light  of  the  administrative  and  judicial 
construction  they  have  received,  in  the  expectation  that  we  may 
thereby  reduce  the  number  of  references  to  the  War  Department 
and  to  this  office  for  legal  construction. 

OTHER  REVISION   WORK. 

The  revision  of  the  book  on  Military  Reservations,  etc.,  Title, 
Jurisdiction,  etc.,  has  been  completed  and  the  book  published  and 
distributed  to  tiie  Army.  The  revision  of  Federal  Aid  in  Domestic 
Disturbances  was  interrupted  by  the  relief  of  lieut.E.V.  Cutrer  from 
duty  as  instructor  in  law  at  West  Point  and  his  assignment  to  station 
in  the  Philippines,  thus  postponing  indefinitely  tne  completion  of 
this  work.  On  accoimt  of  the  large  increase  in  the  volume  of  work 
of  this  office,  the  revision  of  Winthrop's  Military  Law  and  Precedents 
has  been  suspended  for  many  montns,  but  with  the  increased  per- 
sonnel authorized  bv  the  national  defense  act  it  is  hoped  thk  work 
may  be  resumed  ana  completed  at  an  early  date. 

During  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1916,  this  office  has  contin- 
ued the  preparation  of  the  monthly  bulletin  giving  a  digest  of  the 
opinions  of  this  office,  decisions  of  the  Comptroller  of  the  Treasury 
and  of  the  State  and  Federd  courts,  as  weU  as  of  the  opinions  of  tlie 
Attorney  General  on  questions  relating  to  the  military  service. 

TRIALS   IN   CIVIL  COURTS. 

During  the  year  a  number  of  important  insular  cases,  involving 
considerable  laoor,  were  prepared  and  presented  by  this  office  in  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  and  in  the  Court  of  Appeals  for 
the  First  Circuit,  to  which  circuit  the  district  of  Porto  Rico  oelongs. 
In  addition,  this  office  has  represented  the  interests  of  the  depart- 
ment in  various  Federal  courts  and  in  several  State  courts  in  a  num- 
ber of  habeas  corpus  and  injunction  proceedings  arising  out  of  the 
call  of  the  Organized  Militia  and  National  Guard  into  the  military 
service  of  the  United  States,  and  involving  novel,  difficult,  andim- 

E>rtant  questions  growing  out  of  the  reorganization  of  the  National 
uard  prescribed  by  the  national  defense  act. 

TRIALS  BY  GENERAL  COURTS-MARTIAL. 

There  were  4,743  trials  by  general  courts-martial  during  the  year 
1916,  of  which  trials  337  resiuted  in  acauittal,  as  against  5,339  for 
1915  and  4,572  for  1914,  showing  a  reauction  of  11.1  per  cent  as 
against  1915  and  an  increase  of  3.6  per  cent  over  1914. 

DELAY  IK   GENERAL  COURT-MARTIAL  TRIALS. 

While  the  judge  advocates  at  the  department  headquarters  have 
continued  their  efforts  to  reduce  the  delay  between  the  arrest  of  the 
soldier  \mder  charges  and  the  final  action  Dy  Uie  reviewing  authority 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  JUDGE  ADVOCATE  GENEBAL. 


813 


in  bis  case,  the  UBsettled  conditions  affecting  the  Army,  requiring  a 
lai^  portion  of  the  troops  to  be  stationed  on  the  Mexican  border, 
away  from  their  permanent  stations,  have  caused  the  average  number 
of  days  of  delay  lor  the  year  1916  to  increase  to  36,  as  compared  to  33 
in  1915  and  34  in  1914.  There  has  been  a  notable  decrease  in  the 
delay  this  year  of  12  days  at  West  Point,  while  in  the  Eastern, 
Central,  and  Philippine  Departments  the  average  number  of  days 
remained  the  same  as  last  year.  The  average  delay  in  the  Western 
Department  was  increased  by  6  days,  in  the  Southern  Department 
by  3  days,  and  in  the  Hawaiian  Department  by  4  days  over  last  year. 
TTiese  delays  have  been  caused  principally  by  the  difficulty  in  secur- 
ing witnesses  and  depositions  from  great  distances,  due  to  the  fre- 
quent chan^  of  stationed  troops  during  the  year — sometimes  per- 
sons belonging  to  oi^anizations  in  the  field  in  Mexico — and  other 
causes  which  active  duty  in  the  field  has  served  to  counteract  the 
efforts  to  reduce  the  average  number  of  days;  also,  another  primary 
counteracting  cause  to  expeditious  trials  of  cases  has  been  the  break- 
ing up  of  courts  by  sending  oflScers  and  organizations  to  the  Southern 
Department,  thereby  increasing  the  penod  during  1916  over  that 
for  the  two  preceding  years. 

The  following  taUe  shows  the  average  delays  in  the  several  de- 
partments for  flie  past  five  years: 


Eastern  Department  1 .. . 

Central  Department  1 

Western  Department  i. . . 
Boathem  Department . . . 
Hawaiian  Department. . . 
Philippine  Department^. 
Canal  zone 


West  Point 

China  expedition . 


1912 


Dairt. 
48 
48 
44 


25 


Average. 


41 


1913 


Day 9. 
47 
48 
40 
44 
36 
38 


40 


1914 


Daf9. 
42 
45 
41 
89 
32 
30 


26 


34 


1915 


Daft. 
37 
40 
40 
80 
22 
37 


38 


33 


1910 


Dvft. 
37 
40 
40 
43 
20 
37 
32 
20 


30 


^  These  were  "Divisions"  in  1912,  and  the  figures  given  under  that  year  so  relate  to  them. 

From  July  1,  1915,  to  June  30,  1916,  this  oflice  received,  recorded, 
and  filed  5,017  general  courts-martial  records;  prepared  1,749 
clemency  reports,  255  reports  on  restoration  to  duty,  130  on  citizen- 
ship, 128  on  parole,  and  4  on  reenUstment,  making  a  total  of  7,283 
cases  handled.  During  this  period  the  oflBce  loaned  451  general 
courts-martial  records  to  the  united  States  Disciplinary  Barracks  at 
Fort  Leavenworth,  Kans.,  455  to  the  Pacific  Branch,  IJnited  States 
Disciplinary  Barracks^  Alcatraz,  Cal.,  and  105  to  the  Atlantic  Branch, 
Fort  Jay,  In.  Y.,  making  a  total  of  1,001. 


TRIALS   BY   SPECIAL   OOUBTS-MAETIAL. 

During  the  year  there  were  2,163  trials  by  special  courts-martial. 
of  which  trials  159  resulted  in  acquittal,  as  against  2,533  in  1915  and 
1,953  in  1914,  showing  a  reduction  of  15  per  cent  as  against  1915  and 
an  increase  of  9.2  per  cent  over  1914.  There  were  also  88  general 
prisoners  tried  by  special  courts  during  the  year,  of  which  3  were 
acquitted. 


314 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  JUDGE  ADVOCATE  GENEBAL. 


TRIALS   BY   SUlOfARY   OOURTS-MABTIAL. 

The  total  number  of  trials  of  enlisted  men  by  summary  courts- 
martial  during  the  year  1916  was  37,877,  of  which  trials  965  resulted 
in  acquittals,  as  compared  to  40,905  in  1915  and  36,856  in  1914,  show- 
ing a  decrease  of  0.074  per  cent  as  against  1915,  and  a  decrease  of  0  026 
per  cent  as  against  1914. 

DESEBTnON. 

The  statistics  show  that  there  were  1,950  enlisted  men  tried  by 
general  courts-martial  for  desertion  in  1916,  as  against  2,535  in  1915 
and  2,097  in  1914,  showing  a  decrease  of  23  per  cent  as  against  1915 
and  7  per  cent  as  against  1914.  There  were  also  432  enlisted  men 
tried  bjr  special  comets-martial  in  1916,  as  compared  to  201  in  1915, 
indicatmg  an  increase  of  114  per  cent. 

The  desertions  reported  durmg  the  fiscal  year  1916  amount  to  2,382, 
or  2.40  per  cent  of  the  whole  number  of  enlistment  contracts  in  force 
during  the  year,  as  compared  to  4,435  reported  desertions  and  a  i>er- 
centage  of  3.23  per  cent  for  last  vear. 

It  snould  be  noted  that  these  tigures  include  the  cases  in  which  the 
charge  of  desertion  was  removed  as  having  been  erroneously  made, 
in  which  the  accused  was  acquitted,  in  whicn  he  was  convicted  of  the 
lesser  included  offense  of  absence  without  leave  and  retained  or  dis- 
honorably discharged  from  the  service. 

The  reports  of  the  judge  advocates  show  that  during  this  year  there 
were  5  acquittals,  105  cases  in  which  charges  were  removed  as 
having  been  erroneously  made,  364  cases  in  which  the  soldier  was  con- 
victedof  the  lesser  included  offense  of  absence  without  leave  and  re- 
tained in  the  service,  and  114  cases  in  which  the  soldier  was  convicted 
of  the  lesser  includea  offense  of  absence  without  leave  and  dishonora- 
bly discharged,  making  a  total  of  588  cases,  which,  subtracted  from  the 
nimiber  of  desertions  reported,  leaves  1,794,  or  1.81  per  cent,  of  the 
total  number  of  enlistment  contracts  in  force  during  the  year. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  true  as  compared  with  the  reported 
percentages  for  the  past  eight  years. 


Year. 


1900. 

mo. 

1911. 
1913. 
1913. 
1914. 
1915. 
1910. 


T)iKmi  tlmn 

Charges 

True  nam- 

Reported 

reported. 

onsiis* 
Uined. 

ber  of  de- 
sertions. 

percent- 
ages. 

4.07 

4,993 

311 

4,682 

3,464 

696 

2,768 

8.66 

2,504 

380 

2,124 

2.28 

3,411 

660 

2,851 

8.00 

4,451 

871 

3,580 

4.15 

3,882 

810 

3,072 

8.10 

4,435 

795 

3,640 

8.23 

2,3^ 

688 

1,794 

2L40 

True  per- 


4.66 
192 
LOS 
2LS0 
8.84 
145 
16S 
LSI 


REVISED    PUNISHMENT   ORDER. 


The  executive  order  published  in  War  Department  General  Orders' 
No.  70,  September  23,  1914,  making  important  chafes  in  the  regu- 
lations governing  punishment  to  m  imposed  by  miUtary  tribunab 
has  been  in  operation  now  about  22  months,  and  the  reports  received 
indicate  that  the  failures  to  comply  with  its  requirements  have  been 
decreasing  until  now  they  are  quite  unusual. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  JUDGE  ADVOCATE  GENEBAL.  315 

As  to  the  figures  which  follow  it  may  be  said  that  in  all  but  a  small 
percentage  of  the  cases  in  which  detention  of  pay  alone,  forfeiture 
alone,  or  hard  labor  without  confinement  was  imposed,  or  sentence 
of  confinement  was  suspended,  the  soldier  imder  former  conditions 
would  have  been  awarded  a  sentence  including  confinement. 

Sentence  of  confinement  imposed  in  cases  not  involving  dishonorable  dis- 
chaige 3, 143 

Sentences  of  confinement  suspended 79 

Sentences  of  detention  of  pay  alone 1, 416 

Sentences  of  forfeiture  alone 14, 437 

Sentences  of  hard  labor  without  confinement 674 

Sentences  of  hard  labor  and  forfeiture  without  c<Hifinement 846 

Total  without  confinement 17»  452 

CrVIL  WORK   OF  THE   OFFICE. 

The  civil  work  of  the  office  is  indicated  by  the  following  summary 
classes  of  opinions  and  reports  rendered  and  legal  instrmnents 
prepared. 

Questions  involving  appropriations 51 

Examination  of  bonds 559 

To  secure  issues  of  Government  property  to  rifle  clubs  under  the  act  of 

April  27,  1914 352 

To  secure  issues  of  Government  property  to  schools  under  the  act  of 

April  27,  1914 66 

To  secure  issues  of  Crovemment  property  to  universities  and  colleges 

having  courses  in  military  training 34 

Of  ofiicers  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps 63 

Of  Quartermaster  agents 7 

Of  oisbursing  officers  of  the  militia 28 

To  secure  the  performance  of  contracts 3 

Indemnity  bonds 5 

Of  treasurer  of  Soldiers'  Home 1 

Claims  against  the  Crovemment 50 

Contracts 74 

Clemency  to  general  prisoners 1, 749 

Detached  service 21 

Discharge 51 

Eieht-hour  law 64 

Enlistment 16 

Gratuities  to  disabled  or  deceased  officers  and  soldiers 39 

Instruments  relating  to  Government  property 118 

Leases 49 

Revocable  licenses 69 

Proposed  legislation 92 

Loans  and  mles  of  Government  property 46 

The  militia 54 

Navigable  waters 54 

Parole  of  general  prisoners , 128 

Pajr  and  allowances 72 

Pnvate  debts  of  persons  in  the  military  service 29 

Permits  for  work  in  navi^ble  waters 337 

For  wharves  and  similar  structures,  dredging,  etc.,  under  authority 

of  section  10  of  the  act  of  March  3,  1899 116 

For  bridges  across  waterways  the  navigable  portions  of  which  He 

wholl  V  within  a  single  State,  under  authority  of  section  9  of  said  act .      170 
For  bridges  across  navigable  waters  of  the  United  States,  under  the 

general  bridge  act  of  March  23,  1906,  and  special  acts 30 

Notices  to  alter  bridges  which  have  become  unreasonable  obstruc- 
tions to  navigation,  under  authority  of  section  18  of  the  act  of 
March  3,  1899 U 


316  REPOBT  OF  THE  JUDGE  ADVOCATE  QENEBAL. 

Permits  for  work  in  navi^ble  waters — Continued. 

For  deposits  of  material  in  navigable  waters,  under  authority  of  sec- 
tion 13  of  the  act  of  March  3, 1899 3 

For  structures  in  navigable  waters  of  Porto  Rico,  imder  authority  of 

the  act  of  June  11, 1906 7 

Government  reservations 186 

Beenlistment  of  discharged  general  prisoners 4 

Restoration  of  general  prisoners 256 

Retirement 31 

Questions  concerning  taxation 11 

Volunteers 3 

Transportation 47 

Restoration  of  citizenship 130 

Transfer  of  general  prisoners 139 

Miscellaneous  opinions  and  reports  (estimated) 1, 100 

Total  of  opinions,  reports,  and  instruments 6, 056 

Total,  6,056,  compared  with  4,211  for  last  year,  which  shows  an 
increase  in  volume  of  work  of  43.81  per  cent. 

The  following  tables,  marked  '  *  Appendix  A,"  show  detailed  statis- 
tics as  to  the  number  of  trials  by  general  and  specieJ  courts-martial, 
and  the  classification  of  offenses  tried  by  all  courts-martial,  as  well 
as  the  trials  by  summary  courts. 

There  is  also  submitted  herewith,  marked  "Appendix  B,"  a  sum- 
marization of  reports  of  judge  advocates  on  duty  at  department  head- 
quarters and  other  generd  court-martial  jurisdictions  during  the 
year,  in  order  that  the  remarks  and  recommendations  of  each  officer 
may  be  scrutinized  by  the  others  and  by  the  service  generidly,  with 
a  view  to  eliciting  broader  criticism  as  to  the  betterments  of  the 
legal  work  of  the  Army. 

E.  H.  Crowdeb, 
Jvdge  Advocate  OenerdL 

The  Segbstabt  op  Wab. 


APPENDIXES. 


APPENDIX  A. 

Number  of  trials  by  general  court-martUd. 

CkymmifiGioned  officers 31 

OonvictionB 24 

GonvictiQna  disapproved 

Acquittals  approved 4 

Acquittals  disapproved 8 

Awaiting  action  by  the  War  Department  (June  30, 1916) 

Cadets,  convictions  approved 2 

Enlisted  men 4,660 

Convictions  approved 4, 262 

Convictions  di^pproved 81 

Acquittals  approved 206 

Acquittals  disapproved 26 

Proceedings  declared  inoperative 

Desertion  proceedings  declared  void 5 

Plea  in  bar  sustained 2 

Members  of  China  expedition  (report  does  not  show  action  of  reviewing 

authority) 88 

General  prisoners 50 

Convictions  approved 45 

Acquittals  approved 2 

Convictions  disapproved 2 

Trials  null  and  void 1 

Total 4,743 

The  statistics  as  to  trials  by  general  court-martial  in  recent  years  are  as  follows: 


1909 

1910 

i9il 

i912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

CoinTn*s!«*An«!>d  offl'W'^trfft'l 

43 

10 

2 

80 

7 

4 

2 

5,127 

45 

6.98 

42 
6 
5 

"3,*766' 
48 

5 

29 
6 

10 

6 

4,345 

53 

5.2 

33 

8 

7 

2 

5,121 

48 

&8 

32 

8 

1 

1 

4,466 

71 

4.7 

35 

7 
3 

31 

Commissioiied  oflQcers  dismissed 

Cadets  tried 

3 
2 

Cadet?  dismissed .......r.rwTr 

KnHsted  men  tried ...,.-» t 

5,449 
56 

7.4 

5,235 
66 

4.3 

4,660 
50 

Qeneral  Drisoners  tried 

Percentage  of  trials  of  enlisted  men  to 
average  enlisted  strength  of  the 
Army 

4.7 

Additional  general  court-martial  statistics. 


Charges  received  reoonmiending  trial  bv  general  court-martial 

Cases  referred  fortrialby  eeneral  court-martial 

Cases  returned  for  trial  by  inferior  court-martial 

Charges  upon  which  no  trial  was  ordered 

Defective  charges  requiring  amendment  before  reference 

Cases  in  which  prooeedinss  were  returned  for  revision 

Enlisted  men  dishonorably  discharged  as  result  of  trial 

Where  dishonorable  discharge  resulted  only  from  5  previous  convictions. 


1913 


5,546 
5,193 

215 

138 
2,117 

397 
2,653 

412 


1914 


1915 


5,199 

6,191 

4,595 

5,468 

460 

493 

116 

232 

^»SS 

2,436 

207 

422 

2,732 

3,241 

299 

368 

1916 


6,037 
4,619 

217 

103 
1,733 

348 
2,906 

438 


317 


318 


REPORT  OF  THE  JUDGE  ADVOCATE  GENERAL. 


Additional  general  court-martial  statistics — Continued. 


Total  trials  by  general  court-martial 

Convictions  approved 

Trials  of  enlisted  men  by  special  coorts-mar- 
tlal 

Acquitted 

Trial  of  enlisted  men  by  summary  court- 
martial 

Acquitted 


1910 


5,206 
4,820 

346 
96 

42,275 
1,216 


1911 


3,851 
206 


33,062 


1912 


4,435 
4,063 

249 
52 

37,805 
1,036 


1913 


5,209 
4,831 

884 
54 

39,795 
1,023 


1914 


4,572 
4,292 

1,953 
175 

30,856 
1,102 


1915 


5,339 
4,992 

2,523 
202 

40,905 
1,166 


1016 


4,748 
4,321 

2,158 
158 

37,877 
966 


During  the  year  88  general  prisoners  were  tried  by  special  court-martial,  of  which  3 
were  acquitted,  and  52  by  summary  court-martial,  7  or  which  were  acquitted. 


DESERTION. 


statistics  for  desertion  for  the  &ye  fiscal  years  preceding  June  30, 1916,  are  set  forth 
below: 


Tried  for  desertion  by  general  court-martial 

Convicted  of  de8ertion.and  dishonorably  discharged . . . 

Convicted  of  desertion  and  not  dishonorably  discharged . 

Convicted  of  absence  without  leave  only  and  dishonor- 
ably dlsdiareed 

Convicted  of  absence  without  leave  only  and  not  dis- 
honorably discharged 

Tried  for  desertion  by  speclal.oourt 

Tried  for  desertion  by  special  court  and  convicted  of 
absence  without  leave  only 


1911 


1,347 

932 

14 

101 

283 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1,577 

944 

98 

117 

414 


1,896 

1,107 

163 

169 

457 


2,097 

1,280 

149 

158 

492 


1915 


2,635 

1,637 

120 

161 

531 
201 

11 


1916 


1,950 

1,358 

64 

147 


4sa 

229 


The  above  table  does  not  specifically  set  out  the  number  tried  for  desertion  and 
acquitted,  and  it  does  not  include  cases  of  desertion  where  action  other  than  trial  by 
court-martial  has  been  taken. 

General  Orders,  No.  77,  War  Department,  June  10,  1911,  announced  the  policy  of 
the  War  Department  as  to  the  proper  punishment  for  the  offense  of  desertion  in  the 
cases  of  inexperienced  soldiers  who  desert  in  the  earlier  periods  of  their  enlistment 
contracts,  and  as  well  for  the  surrendered  deserter.*  Disciplinary  punishment  by 
confinement  and  forieiture  was  therein  suggested  as  an  appropriate  punishment  for 
such  of  these  men  as  show  a  disposition  to  atone  for  their  oQenses,  and  the  cooperation 
of  reviewing  authorities  was  invited  in  carrying  out  the  new  policy. 

The  order  was  issued  near  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  1911,  and  so  does  not  materially 
a£Fect  the  statistics  of  that  ^ear.  The  execution  which  the  order  has  received  is  very 
clearly  revealed  by  comparing  the  number  of  soldiers  convicted  of  desertion  who  were 
retained  in  the  service  for  the  two  years  preceding  the  issue  of  the  order  with  the  num- 
ber so  retained  during  the  three  years  following  the  order.  For  the  former  years  (1910 
and  1911)  these  numbers  were  38  and  14.  respectively,  the  corresponding  percentages 
to  the  total  number  of  soldiers  tried  and  convicted  of  desertion  being  3  per  cent  and 
2  per  cent.  For  the  latter  years  (1912, 1913, 1914,  and  1915)  the  number  of  convicted 
deserters  retained  in  the  service  rose  to  98, 163, 149,  and  310,  respectively,  the  corre- 
sponding percentages  being  10,  13,  11,  and  18.  While  the  percentage  increase  of  men 
saved  to  the  colors  through  the  operation  of  this  order  has  been  most  marked,  the 
numbers  actually  restored  continue  small  in  comparison  with  the  total  number  con- 
victed of  this  o£fense  and  dishonorably  discharged.  ' 


BBPOBT  OF  THE  JTTDGE  ADVOCATE  QEKEBAIj. 


319 


CUusification  of  offenses  tried  by  all  eourts-martidl. 


Article 
or  War. 


Description  of  offense. 


8    Making  fialse  return. 

Offenses  relating  to  pablic  property: 

16  Wasting  ammunition. 

17  Selling  horse  or  arms. 
1 7  Selling  accouterments  or  clothing  ^ 
17  Losing  or  spoiling  horse  or  arms  through  neglect 
17          Losing  or  spoilmg  aoooutermmts  or  clothing 

through  neglect 

62  Abusing  public  animals. 

62  Destroying  publ  ic  property. 

62  Pawning  and  disposing  of  clothing. 

62  Attempting  to  sell  clotning 

62  Losing  arms,  accouterments,  stores  or  other  prop- 
erty  

62  Disposing  of  equipment. 

62  Disposing  of  other  public  property 

62  Other  offenses  relating  to  public  property  tmder 
sixty-second  article  of  war 

60  Purchasing  Government  property 

Offenses  against  constituted  autnority: 

20  Disrespect  to  oommanding  officer 

21  Offering  violence  to  superior  officer 

21  Disobeying  superior  officer 

23  Mutiny 

23  Failure  to  endeavor  to  suppress  mutiny 

24  Disobeying  nancommissumed  officer  while  quel- 

ling n'ay,  etc 

62  Disobedience  of  standing  orders  or  regulations 

62  Disobedience  of  or  failure  to  obey  commissioned 
officer 

62  Disobedience  of  or  failure  to  obey  noncommis- 
sioned officer 

62  Dlsobed  ience  of  or  failure  to  obey  sentinel 

61  Impugning  professionaleonduct  of  superior  officer. 

62  Disrespect  or  Insulting  language  or  insubordi- 

nate conduct  or  threats  toward  or  striking  or 
assaulting  a  commissicmed  officer 

62  Disrespect  or  threats  or  insulting  language  or  in- 
subordinate conduct  toward  or  assaults  upon  a 
noncommissioned  officer 

62  Disrespect  or  insulting  language  or  insubordinate 
conduct  or  threats  toward  or  assaults  upon  a 
sentfaiel 

62  Resisting  arrest  by  military  authorities 

62  Breach  of  arrest 

62  Breaking  quarantine  or  restrictions  or  parole 

62  Escape  or  conspiring  to  escape  from  confinement 
or  sentinel 

62  Other  offenses  against  those  in  authority 

Offenses  against  subordinates:  Abuse  by  officer  or 
noncommissioned  officer  of  auth(H-ity  over  subor- 

dtoates 

Conduct  unbecoming  an  officer  and  a  gentleman: 

61  Financial  Irregularities 

61  Other  irregularilies 

61  Violation  of  pledge 

62  Fraudulent  enlistment 

62    Carrying  concealed  weapons 

Offenses  by  guards: 

39  Leaving  post 

30  Sleeping  on  post 

40  Quittiiu;  guard 

62  Senti^^allowing  prisoner  to  escape 

62    Sentinel  permitthig  prisoner  to  obtain  intoxicating 

liqucM' 

62    Sentinel  sitting  down  on  post 

62'  Other  offenses  committed  by  sentinels  or  others  on 

guard  in  connection  with  such  duty 

Offenses  of  violence: 

62  Fighting 

62  Threats  to  kill  or  injure 

62  Assault  with  dangerous  or  deadly  weapon 

62  Assault  with  hitent  to  do  bodily  harm 

62  Assault  with  Intent  to  kill 

62  Assault  with  Intent  to  commit  robbery 

62  Assault,  or  assault  and  battery,  nnd  other  offenses 
of  violence  not  against  one  In  authority  nor 
otherwise  classified  under  this  subhead 

08  Manslaughter 


Number  of  ooovictJona. 


OtHowB. 


Enlisted 
men. 


6 

6 

183 

90 

464 

270 

62 

47 

6 

188 
5 
0 

213 


60 

14 

141 

1 

1 

3 
3,730 

840 

2,852 
151 


273 
2,510 


174 

100 

1,610 

25 

150 
326 


18 


411 
41 

74 
117 
194 

51 

21 

140 

057 

17 
51 
43 
301 
38 
1 


410 

7 


Oaieral 
prisoners. 


Militia. 


5 

8 


4 

6 


1 
34 


8 
7 
6 


a 
s 

1 

*i 


2 

2 


7 

a 


3 
8 


320 


REPOBT  OF  THE  JUDGE  ADVOCATE  QEmSBAL. 


ClassificoHon  of  offenses  tried  by  all  oenirto-mortiol— Continued. 


Article 
oCWar. 


Description  of  offense. 


60 
80 
60 
60 
60 

60 
62 
62 


62 
62 
62 
62 
62 
62 
62 
62 
62 
62 
62 

62 


81 
82 
83 
47 
62 

62 
86 
62 
81 
62 
62 
62 
62 
62 

62 

62 
84 
62 
62 
62 
62 
62 


88 
62 


Oflteises  involving  personal  dishonesty: 

Embesslement  or  misappropriation 

Forgery 

Larceny 

Making  or  pr«8enting  false  claims 

Wrongful  acquirement  or  disposition  of  Govern- 
ment property 

Any  other  violation  of  the  sixtieth  article  of  war . 

Failure  to  pay  debts 

Failure  to  return  borrowed  property 

Selling,  pawning,  or  otherwise  diq>08ing  of  bor- 
rowed property 

Perjury  or  sabomation  of  perjmy 

Falsifying  aooounts 

Forgery  and  utterinc  forged  papers 

Fraudulent  flnancJaitransactions 

Larcmy 

Embezdement 

Robbery 

Having  possession  of  stolen  property 


Burglarv.. 
emptinf 


Attempting  burglary 

Obtaining  money  or  other  property  under  Itlse 

pretenses 

Other  offenses  under  the  sixty-eeoond  article  of 

war  involving  persooaldishonesty  of  the  offender. 
Unauthorfied  absences: 

Lving  out  of  quarters 

Absence  without  leave 

FaUure  to  attend  drill,  roll  call,  etc 
Desertion 


Absence  without  leave  from  duty 

lUtary 


Offenses  closely  connected  with  military  duty: 

Losing  or  abandoning  eouipment 

Hiring  men  to  perform  duty 

Quitting  ranks  on  march 

Advisinc  another  to  desert 

Careless  handling  or  discharge  of  firearms 

False  official  statement  or  report 

Impersonating  superior  officer  or  sentinel 

Conspiring  to  desert 

Refusing  to  submit  to  surgical  operation  or  medi- 
cal treatment 

Refusing  to  submit  to  medical  treatment  for 
syphilis 

Malmgering 

More  than  I  mile  from  camp  without  pass 

Sleeping  while  on  duty 

Failure  to  perform  company  punishment 

Failure  to  report  for  prophylactic  treatment 

Failure  to  salute 


Other  neglects  of  duty  not  classified  under  this 
lead 


subh< 


62 

62 
62 


62 
62 
62 
62 
62 


62 
66 


Offtaises  connected  with  intoxicating  liquor: 

Drunkenness  on  duty 

Drunkenness  at  post  or  in  quarters 

Drunkenness  ana  disorderly  cooduot  at  poet  (or 
in  quarters) 

Drunkenness  and  disorderly  conduct,  causing 
oflteider's  arrest  and  conviction  by  oItII  author- 
ities  


Having  possession  of  or  selUng  or  buying  faitoxi- 
catingUquor 


Introducing  liquor  into  camp,  quarters,  etc 

Other  offenses  connected  with  intoncating  liquor  and 

not  otherwise  classified  under  this  subhead 

Offenses  against  decency: 

Committing  a  nuisance 

Indecent  exposure  of  person 


Sodomv  ana  other  unnatural  practices. 
Assault  with  intent  to  commit  rape. . .. 


Other  similar  offenses 

Conduct  (not  involvjug  drunkenness^  causing  ar- 
rest and  conviction  by  civil  authorities 

Loaning  monev  at  usurious  rates  of  interest 

Use  or  possMsion  of  narcotics 

Oflteses  against  private  property 

Offenses  against  private  property 


Number  of  convlciiona. 


Officers. 


1 
6 


2 
4 


28 


Enlisted 
men. 


22 

5 

191 

4 

68 

8 

348 

29 

39 
7 

12 

99 

33 

629 

28 

24 

2 

23 

2 

41 

816 

9 

14,841 

6,117 

1,593 

1,244 

8 

6 

8 

2 

821 

886 

15 

2 

67 

4 

43 

1 

68 

6 

1.094 

10 

1,609 

1,624 
8,424 

1,728 


811 

347 

876 

1,787 

346 

19 

62 

4 

46 

76 
7 

34 
1 

18 


Oenenl 
prlsonera. 


3 


MOltift. 


8 

19 
8 


3 
1 


1 


REPORT  OF  THE  JUDGE  ADVOCATE  GENERAL. 


321 


Clasnfication  of  offenses  tried  by  aU  oenirto-mortJd^-Oontinued. 


Articto 
of  War. 


62 
63 

62 
63 
63 
62 
62 
63 

63 
63 
63 
62 
63 
63 
63 
63 


Description  of  offense. 


Offenses  to  the  disgrace  of  the  uniform  and  service 

Profane  or  provoking  or  threatening  or  indecent  lan- 
gnage  or  creating  a  disturbance  in  quarters 

Qambling  in  post  or  quarters 

Attenipts  to  commit  suicide 

Disorderly  conduct  and  neglects  not  classified 

Dirty  arms,  accouterments,  or  clothing 

Visiting  neighboring  towns  without  pass 

Wearing  improper  uniform  or  civiliah  dothing  with- 
out authority 

Fraudulent  use  of  class  A  card 

Having  contraband  in  guardhouse 

Missing  or  sailing  on  transport  without  authority 

Prisoner  refusing  or  failing  to  work 

Resisting  arrest  by  or  interfering  with  civil  authorities. 

Trespass  and  loitering  around  private  quarters 

Offenses  agataist  civilmns 

Offenses  not  otherwise  classified 


Number  of  coovictions. 


OfBoers. 


Enlisted 
men. 


63 

170 

29 

1 

238 
53 
34 

51 
7 
12 
12 
21 
3 

30 

15 

1,023 


General 
prisoners. 


Militia. 


TridU  by  summary  courts. 


Posts. 


each  month,  during  year. 


Alcatraz  Island,  Cal 

Apache,  Fort.  Arix 

Armstrong.  Fort,  Hawaii 

Army  ana  Navy  General  Hospital,  Arkansas 

Baker,  Fort,  Cd 

Balboa,  Canal  Zone 

Baltimore,  Md..  coast  defenses  of 

Barry,  Fort,  Cal 

Bayanl,  Fort,N.  Mex 

Benicia  Arsenal,  Cal 

Benj.  Harrison,  Fort,Ind 

Bliss,  Fort,  Tex 

Boston,  Mass.,  coast  defenses  of 

Brady,  Fort,  Mich 

Cape  Fear,  N.  C,  coast  defen'^es  of 

Casey,  Fort,  Wash 

Charleston,  8.  C,  coast  defenses  of 

Chei<t^>eake  Bay,  coast  defenses  of 

Clark,  Fort,  Tex.^ 

Columbia,Fort,  Wash 

Columbus  Barracks,  Ohio 

COTOzal,  Canal  Zone 

Cristobal,  Canal  Zone 

Crook,  Fort,  Nebr 

D.  A.  Russell,  Tort,  Wyo 

Davis,  Fort,  Alaska 

Delaware,  coast  defenses  of 

Department  Headquarters,  Hawaiian  Department, 

Department  Hospital,  Hawaiian  Department 

DeRussv,  Fort,  Hawaii 

DesMomes,  Fort,  Iowa 

Douglas,  Fort,  Utah 

Eastern  N.Y..  coast  defenses  of 

Empire,  Canal  Zone 

E.  8.  Otis,  Camp,  Canal  Zone 

Ethan  Allen,  Fort.Vt 

Filler,  Fort,  Wash 

Gaulard,  Camp,  Canal  Zone 

Galveston,  Tex. ,  coast  defenses  of 

Gatun,  Canal  Zone 

George  Wright,  Fort,  Wash 

Gibbon,  Fort,  Alaska 

Grant,  Fort,  Canal  Zone 

Harrison,  Fort.  Mont 

Henry  I5arracks,  P.  B 


Average  of 
enlisted 
strength 

K resent  on 
kst  day  of 


Total 

number  of 

trials  by 

summary 

courts 


339 


238 
231 


18 


1,351 

8 

226 

3.18 

367 

1,063 


1.118 

461 

19 

13 

385 

99 

238 

21 

86 


17 

24 

668 

1,760 

1,675 

1.097 

325 

990 

660 

254 

256 

316 

671 


157 


345 
"63 


118 


119 
83 


8 
14 


718 


82 

36 

133 

276 


251 

294 

30 

2 

208 

49 

114 

2 

56 

121 

3 


212 
833 
592 
436 

47 
262 
245 

99 
169 

73 
490 


35 


Peroentaga 
oftrlaUby 
summary 

Courts 
during  year. 


34.8 


50 
35.6 


.77 


58 


36 
10.6 
36 
26 


.23 
63 
1.80 
.15 
.54 
49.5 
47 
9.9 
65.3 


.17 


31 

47 

35 

40 

14.5 

36 

44 

38 

66 

S4.0 

73 


16 


69176'— WAB  19ie--voL  1 21 


I  i 


■ 


I 


I     II 


\i\  !; 


'  I 


n. 


1 

J___ 


322 


BEPORT  OF  THE   JUDGE  ADVOCATE  GENERAL, 
Trials  by  summary  cowrts — Continued. 


Posts. 


Huachuca,  Fort,  Arls.i 

Jay,  Fort,  N.Y 

Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo 

Kamehameha.  Fort,  Hawaii 

Keogh,  Fort,  Mont 

Key  west  Barracks,  Fla 

Lawton,  Fort,  Wash 

Leavenworth,  Fort,  Kans 

Letterman  General  Hospital,  California 

Llscum,  Fort,  Alaska 

Logan,  Fort,  Colo 

L^an  H.  Roots,  Fort,  Ark 

Long  Island  Sound,  coast  defenses  of 

McDowell,  Fort,  Cal 

Mcintosh,  Fort,  Tex.> 

McPherson,  Fort,  Oa 

Mackenzie.  Fort,  Wyo 

Madison  Efarracks,  New  York 

Mason,  Fort,  Cal 

Meade,  Fort,  8.  Dak 

Miley,  Fort,  Cal 

Missoula.  Fort,  Mont 

Mobile,  Ala.,  coast  defenses  of 

Myer,  Fort,  Va 

Narrf«ansett  Bay,  coast  defenses  of 

New  Bedford,  Mass.,  coast  defenses  of 

New  Orleans,  La.,  coast  defenses  of 1 

Niagara,  Fort,  N.  Y 

Oahu.  Hawaii,  coast  defenses  of. 

Oglethorpe,  Fort,  Ga 

Omaha,  Fort,  Nebr..'. 

Ontario,  Fort,  N.  Y 

Panama,  coast  defenses  of 

Pensacola,  Fla. ,  coast  defenses  of 

Plattsburg  Barracks,  N.Y 

Porter,  Fort,  N.Y 

Portland,  Me^  coast  defenses  of 

Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  coast  defenses  of 

Potomac,  coast  defenses  of 

Presidio  of  Monterey,  Cal 

Quarry  Heights,  Canal  Zone  • 

Randolph,  Fort,  Canal  Zone 

Rilev,  Fort.  Kans 

Robbison,  Fort,  Nebr 

Rock  Island  Arsenal,  111 

Rosecrans,  Fort,  Cal 

Ruger,  Fort,  Hawaii 

St.  Michael,  Fort,  Alaska 

Sam  Houston,  Fort,  Tex.» 

Sandy  Hook,  rf .  J.,  coast  defenses  of 

San  Juan,  P.  R 

Savannah.  Ga.,  coast  defenses  of 

Schofield  Barracks,  Hawaii 

Shaf ter,  Fort,  Hawaii 

Sheridan,  Fort,  111 

Sherman,  Fort,  Canal  Zone 

Signal  Corps  A\iation  Corps 

SiJl,  Fort,  Okla.i 

Slocum,  Fort,  N.  Y 

Snellhig,  Fori,  Minn 

Southern  New  York,  coast  defenses  of 

Stevens,  Fort,  Oreg 

Tampa,  Fla.,  coast  defenses  of 

Thomas,  Fort,  Ky 

United  States  DisdpUnary  Barracks,  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kans. 

Valdez,  Alaska 

Vancouver  Barracks.  Wash 

Walter  Reed  General  Hospital,  District  of  Columbia 

Ward,  Fort,  Wash 

Washington  Barracks,  District  of  Columbia 

Wayne,  Fort.  Mich 

West  Point,  N.  Y 

WiUiam  H.  Seward,  Fort,  Alaska 

WinfleM  Scott,  Fort,  Cal 

Wood,  Fort, N.Y 

Worden,  Fort,  Washlngtoo 

Yellowstooe,  Fort,  Wyo 


Average  of 
enlisted 
strength 

{>resent  on 
ast  day  of 
each  month 


284 

1,306 


143 

353 

274 

169 

76 

391 

17 

1,446 


39 

13 
560 

42 
214 
226 

14 
182 
801 
887 
140 
168 

17 
945 
871 

11 
268 


520 
869 
37 
1,318 
143 
189 
333 
174 
135 
118 
172 
136 
398 


67 


672 
524 
376 
5,443 
1,908 
261 
345 


24 
929 
274 
160 

29 
225 
124 
915 


133 
730 
13 
707 
225 
1,180 
126 
636 


Total 

number  of 

trials  by 

summary 

courts 
during  year. 


106 
404 
121 


30 

220 

206 

64 

24 

49 

4 

547 

303 


6 

2 

346 

2 

110 

54 

7 

79 

262 

413 

70 

46 

5 

433 

523 


89 


225 

222 

6 

449 

78 
130 
119 
707 

14 
127 
101 

17 
163 

25 

28 


207 

99 

127 

2,115 

766 

163 

200 

15 


304 

2 

479 

62 

77 

8 

121 

3 

248 

128 

38 

110 

3 

205 

80 

355 

30 

127 

79 


Peroeatag» 
of  trials  b  J 
gnmmary 

courts 
during  year. 


37 


.30 


21 
62.3 

.75 
37.9 
3L6 

.12 
23 
38 


15 
15 
62 
4.8 

.51 
23.9 

.50 
43 
33 
46 
50 
27 
29 

45.8 
60 


33 


43 
25 
16 
34 
54 
68 
35.7 

4.04 
10 

L07 
.58 
.12 

4a9 

'4L8* 


31 

19 

34 

38.8 

4ai 

.62 
57 


.08 
51 

22.6 
48 
28 

.53 
2.4 
27.1 

'28.6' 
15 

.23 
2&9 
3&2 

sai 

34 

ao 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  JUDGE  ADVOCATE  GENERAL. 


323 


TriaU  bff  nanmajy  eourU — Continued. 


Posts. 


Av«rm{!«of 

prventon 
wstday  of 


Tout 

numborof 

triatoby 

tommary 

coorts 


Mch  mooUL  durtnc  FMT. 


Camps  of  instruction , 

Camp  at  San  Diefo,CaI , 

Camp  at  Calexfco,  CaJ , 

Miscellaiieous: 

Augusta,  Frank/ord,  WatwtOArn,  and  Watervliet  Arsenals  and 
Springfiald  Armorr 

TransMrts 

R«cnuting  and  signal  stations  in  the  field,  and  miscellaneous. . . 

Twenty-seventh  In'antrv  » 

Ordnance  Depot,  Hawaii 


946 
236 


PHILIPPINE  1SLAin>9L* 


A  Qgnr  Barracks 

Camp  Eldridfe 

CampGreo^. 

Camp  JiAin  Hay 

CampKeithiy 

CampMcCkath 

CampNidiols 

Camp  Overton 

Camp  Stotsenburg 

Fortimis 

Fort  San  Pedro 

Fort  WUUam  McKlnley 

Ludlow  Barracks 

Manila: 

Cuartel  de  Espana,  Department  Hoq>ital,  and  Ordnance  Depot . . 

Pettit  Barracks 

Regan  Barracks 

Warwick  Barracks 

Miscellaneous  camps,  stations,  etc 

Transports 


890 
13 


864 
333 

223 
483 

719 

563 
96 

418 
1,628 
4,396 

329 
2,348 

851 

855 


573 
434 


451 
93 
67 


68 

79 

325 

47 


143 

304 
33 
63 
70 

471 
17 
44 

688 

1,110 

54 

1,574 

69 

441 
44 

331 
56 
37 
63 


Perc«ntac» 
of  trials  by 
summary 

courts 
durtnc  yMT. 


37.4 


6.00 


16w6S 
61.36 

0.91 
13.04 

0.73 
83.66 
17.71 
ia53 
43.36 
35.83 
16.41 
67.04 

8wll 

51.58 

0.91 

57.79 

13.31 


RECAPITULATION. 


Eastern  Department 

Central  Department 

Western  Department 

Southern  Department' 

Hawaiian  Department 

Philippine  Department 

Unitea  States  Military  Academy . 

Canal  Zone 

China  expedition 


18,410 
4,632 
8,269 


8,413 

15,436 

707 

7,373 

1,249 


8,133 
3,015 
3,525 


3,373 
5,499 
205 
3,583 
1,007 


38.70 

.38 

33.10 


4a  00 
35.62 
29.00 
49.00 
i^OO 


1  The  frequent  shifting:  of  tro(n)s  pertainfnt;  to  posts  and  camps  in  the  Southern  Department  durinc 
the  fiscal  year  in  connection  with  border  patrols  make  it  impracticable  to  complete  statistics  which  would 
be  of  any  practical  value. 

s  The  summary  court  at  Quarry  Heights  tries  offenders  from  all  posts  on  the  Canal  Zone  for  offenses 
committed  at  or  in  the  vicinity  of  Panama.  The  number  of  trials  of  members  of  the  provost  guard  com* 
pany  was  50;  hence  the  percentage  given  above  would  not  be  an  indication  ol  the  discipline  of  the  com- 
mand, the  actual  pat»ntage  of  whicn  is  28. 

s  Twenty-seventh  Infantry  stationed  on  Canal  Zone  September,  October,  November,  December,  1915, 
and  January,  1916. 

*  July  1, 1915,  to  May  31, 1916. 

*  Abandoned. 


APPENDIX  B. 


Extracts  From  Reports  and  Recommendations  of  Judge  Advocates  of  Depart- 
ments AND  West  Point. 


eastern  department. 


There  have  been  very  few  cases  of  duplication  of  charges  requiring  correction  before 
reference  for  trial  or  reduction  of  sentence  because  of  such  duplication. 

The  failures  to  comply  with  the  requirements  of  paragraph  8,  General  Orders,  No. 
70,  War  Department,  1914,  have  been  constantly  decreasing  and  are  now  quite  unusual. 
The  same  may  be  said  of  paragraph  9  of  said  order. 


324        BEPORT  OP  THE  JUDGE  ADVOCATE  GENERAL. 

There  were  very  few  cases,  only  two  or  three  as  recalled,  in  which  the  court  spread 
upon  the  record  its  reasons  upon  which  its  findings  and  sentence  were  based. 

(Signed)  Lieut.  Col.  Dodds. 


80T7THERN   DEPARTMENT. 

The  daily  routine  work  of  this  office  throughout  the  year  has  included  notation  of 
all  points  arising  which  suggest  the  advisability  of  changes  in  the  procedure  or  in  the 
reflations  pertaining  to  it.  From  time  to  time,  when  the  importance  of  the  points 
arising  seemed  to  warrant  such  action,  recommendations  relative  thereto  have  been 
submitted  to  the  War  Department.  The  following  miscellaneous  recommendations 
gleaned  from  the  notes  made,  while  of  minor  importance,  are  nevertheless  submitted 
■as  reHecting  desirable  changes  resulting  from  questions  of  a  routine  nature. 

Paragraph  126,  Army  Regulations,  provides  for  discharge  without  trial  of  a  deserter 
foimd  physically  unfit  for  service.  This  paragraph  should,  I  think,  contain  a  qualifi- 
cation so  as  to  preclude  discharge  under  its  provisions  when  the  umfitness  for  service 
is  due  to  insanity. 

Paragraph  139,  Army  Regulations,  provides,  inter  aliaj  for  the  discharge  of  an  enlisted 
man  on  account  of  a  sentence  to  imprisonment  by  a  civil  court,  whether  suspended 
or  not.  This  provision  should  include  discharge  because  of  any  sentence  of  a  civil 
court  resulting  in  imprisonment,  whether  suspended  oir  not,  as  well  as  sentences 
resulting  in  probation  or  parole,  either  of  which  status  is,  I  believe,  inconsistent  with 
military  service. 

Paragraph  928,  Army  Regulations,  provides  designations  for  different  classes  of 

Prisoners.  I  think  prisoners  sentenced  to  dishonorable  discharge  in  whose  cases  the 
ishonorable  dischiu^  has  been  suspended  should  have  a  desifiiiation  different 
from  general  prisoners.  I  suggest  that  they  be  designated  as  ''disciplinary  pris- 
oners. 

Deserters'  descriptive  circulars  issued  by  the  War  Department  are  useful  in  con- 
nection with  the  action  of  reviewing  authorities  upon  the  records  of  their  trials,  and 
it  is  sug^ted  that  officers  preferring  charges  for  desertion  be  required  to  attach 
thereto  me  descriptive  drciuar  of  the  alleged  deserter. 

It  is  important  that  all  decisions  of  the  Judge  Advocate  General  be  available  at 
Department  Headquarters  for  use  in  the  office  of  Department  Judge  Advocates,  and 
I,  therefore,  suggest  that  photographic  copies  of  all  opinions  issued  by  the  Judge 
Advocate  General  be  furnished  each  Department  Juoige  Advocate. 

If  it  is  the  policy  of  the  War  Department  to  give  effect  to  the  provisions  of  the  act 
of  March  4,  1915,  in  so  far  as  it  provides  for  honorable  restoration  to  duty  of  general 
prisoners  confined  elsewhere  than  in  the  Disciplinary  Barracks,  I  think  that  the 
service  should  be  furnished  with  appropriate  regulations. 

The  service  at  laive  is,  1  think,  unacquainted  with  that  provision  of  the  act  of  April 
25, 1914,  which  decGires  that  no  distinction  shall  be  made  between  the  Regular  Army, 
the  Organized  Militia  while  in  the  service  of  the  United  States,  and  the  voluntew 
forces  in  respect  to  the  eligibility  of  any  officer  of  said  Army,  militia,  or  volunteer 
forces  for  service  upon  any  court-martial,  and  which  revokes  section  6  of  the  act  of 
May  27,  1908,  requiring  that  the  majority  membership  of  courts-martial  for  the  trial 
of  officers  or  men  of  the  militia  when  in  the  service  of  the  United  States  shaU  be  com- 
posed of  militia  officers.  It  is  suggested  that  the  attention  of  the  service  at  large  be 
invited  to  this  imfamiliar  provision  of  law. 

Six  himdred  and  ninety-eight  general  court-martial  charges,  out  of  a  total  of  892 
during  the  ^ear^  contained  errors  which  necessitated  either  minor  or  material  amend- 
ment in  this  office.  These  errors  were  due  principally  to  carelessness  on  the  part  of 
the  officers  preferring  them,  and  to  their  failure  to  conform  to  the  prescribed  models 
for  charges.  I  do  not  believe  that  this  carelessness  can  be  corrected  and  I  consider 
it  quite  the  proper  function  for  the  Department  Judge  Advocate's  office  to  correct 
chfljges  before  reference  to  courts. 

Sixty-three  trials  by  general  courts-martial  out  of  889  in  this  department  during  the 
year  were  held  in  order  that  the  accused  inight  be  discharged  from  the  service  because 
of  five  previous  convictions.  When  the  important  and  varied  duties  of  the  commis- 
sioned personnel  along  the  Mexican  border  during  the  past  year  and  the  diJ£culty  of 
holding  meetings  of  general  courts-martial  are  considered,  I  think  the  above  fact  is 
a  strong  argument  for  an  administrative  discham  by  department  commanders  on  the 
approved  action  of  boards  of  officers,  and  I  therefore  renew  a  recommendation  recently 
made  that  the  discharge  of  soldiers  with  five  or  more  previous  convictions  by  depart* 
ment  commanders  upon  the  approved  action  of  boiuxls  of  officers  be  authonsed. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  JXTDGE  ADVOCATE  GENEBAI^.  325 

The  average  period  of  time  aanued  were  in  confinement  before  final  action  of  the 
reviewing  authority  ap<Hi  the  proceedingB  amoonted  for  the  past  year  in  thia  depart- 
ment to  42  days.  I  consider  Uiis  average  large,  particularly  when  it  is  remembered 
that  depositions  are  not  extensivelv  used  in  the  trial  of  cases  in  this  department. 
The  delays  have  been  due  principally  to  the  frequent  moving  of  officers  and  enlisted 
men,  necessitating  frequent  changes  of  courts,  of  judge  advocates,  transfers  of  prisoners^ 
second  reference  of  charges,  ana  to  the  difficulty  of  securing  military  witnesses.  In 
this  connection  I  desire  to  renew  a  recommendation  that  I  nave  previously  made  to 
the  effect  that  time  spent  by  accused  in  confinement  awaiting  trial  and  result  of  trial 
shall  be  awarded  as  good-conduct  abatement,  provided  conduct  while  in  confinement 
during  service  of  sentence  warrants  such  abatement.  Such  a  scheme  would.  I  think, 
materially  improve  our  system  and  ]>revent  injustice  due  to  long  periods  of  confine- 
ment awaiting  trial  and  result  of  trial  and  preclude  anj  criticism  of  that  system. 
The  department  judge  advocate  should  be  mtrusted  with  the  duty  of  preventing 
trials  from  being  delayed  unnecessarily  because  of  a  knowledge  on  the  part  of  those 
concerned  that  the  allatement  would  prevent  any  injustice  due  to  delav. 

I  desire  also  again  to  submit  a  rec(Mnmendation  that  I  have  frequently  made  with 
a  view  to  securing  an  improvement  of  procedure  in  trials  of  desertion  cases.  I  recom- 
mend that  when  a  desertion  occurs  the  organization  commander  be  required  to  make 
a  thorough  investigation  and  to  secure  by  means  of  depositions  all  pertinent  testimony 
as  to  the  circumstances  attendant  upon  the  offenses  discovered  to  have  been  committo<l 
and  to  transmit  the  charges  with  accompKanyin^  P^P^  including  the  depositions  so 
secured,  to  the  War  Department  to  remain  until  notification  is  received  there  of  the 
deserter's  return  to  mihtarv  control,  and  that  the  papers  then  be  mailed  directly  to 
the  proper  commanding  officer  for  investigation  and  action  under  the  provisions  of 
paragraph  954,  Army  Keguladons.  It  has  been  extremely  difficult  to  try  deserteiv 
from  the  organizations  in  Mexico  who  absented  themselves  before  their  organlzati/ms 
entered  that  country.  The  records  of  these  organizations  were  left  in  the  United 
States  and  have  not  been  accessible  to  organization  commanders,  so  that  long  [Hmods 
of  confinement  awaiting  trial  have  resulted.  I  do  not  think  that  the  nincty-flrst 
article  of  war,  which  permits  the  use  of  depositions  if  taken  upon  reasouahio  notice  to 
the  opposite  party,  would  be  interpreted  to  preclude  their  use  when  takoTi  in  the 
manner  above  suggested,  provided,  of  course,  that  the  accused  consents  to  tlicir  uuo. 
If  he  does  not  consent,  then  the  delay  is  his  own  fault  and  not  that  of  the  Government. 

The  number  of  troops  in  the  department  has  increased  during  the  last  six  monttis 
from  a  total  of  about  ^,000  to  a  total  of  approximately  130,000.  During  this  time  the 
work  of  this  office  has  been  carried  on  by  exactly  the  same  personnel  that  was  on  duty 
when  the  department  contained  bv  approximately  one-fifth  as  many  troops  and  with- 
out any  necessity  of  a  change  in  tne  enrstem  in  vogue,  and  without  any  necessity  of  a 
subdivision  of  the  court-martial  jurisdiction  of  the  department  commander.  In  fact 
the  department  commander  has  recently  recommended  that  no  such  subdivision  of 
the  duties  of  this  office  be  made,  but  that  the  entire  court-martial  work  of  the  dej)art' 
ment  continue  to  be  conducted  from  this  office  as  heretofore. 

During  the  last  few  months  the  number  of  troops  in  the  department  has  increased 
very  materially,  with  a  natural  increase  in  the  work  of  this  office,  but  it  has  been 
impossible  to  secure  additional  clerks  to  assist  the  present  clerical  force  in  handling 
the  large  amount  of  additional  work  thrust  upon  it.  This  fact  necessitates,  in  my 
opinion,  the  repetition  of  the  recommendation  so  frequentlv  made  by  dei>artment 
judge  advocates  that  judge  advocates'  clerks  should  be  under  tne  exclusive  jurisdiction 
of  the  Judge  Advocate  General  in  order  that  assignments  and  promotions  of  these  clerks 
may  be  more  equitably  and  expeditiously  accomplished. 

Ill  conclusion,  I  desire  to  sav  that  the  very  vaned  and  extensive  nature  of  the  work 
of  this  office  for  the  past  year  has  not  only  afforded  a  splendid  test  of  the  procedure  in 
vo^e  in  the  Judge  Advocate  GeneraPs  Department,  but  has  demonstrated,  in  mv 
opinion,  that  no  material  modification  of  that  procedure,  as  exemplified  in  the  work 
here,  is  necessary. 

(Signed)  Capt.  Howze. 


HAWAIIAN  DEPARTMENT. 


In  the  last  annual  report  of  this  office  the  desirability  of  making  it  easier  to  ^et  rid 
of  worthless  soldiers  other  than  by  general  court-martial  on  five  previous  convictions 
was  stressed.  In  this  connection  attention  is  Invited  to  the  amenaed  excerpt  from  th& 
one  recommendation  made  by  the  undersigned  on  June  17.  1911.    *    *    » 


326        REPORT  OF  THE  JUDGE  ADVOCATE  GENERAL. 

It  is  submitted  that  this  is  still  incomplete  and  inadequate  in  that  it  applies  money 
voted  by  the  people  for  their  defense  to  returning  to  the  places  of  acceptance  former 
soldiers  found  to  be  of  no  value  in  such  defense. 

It  should  be  impossible  for  a  soldier  who,  either  because  of  the  existence  of  disquali- 
fication or  because  of  a  vicious  feigning  of  such  disqualification,  has  earned  a  dis- 
charge under  this  paragraph  to  enter  or  reenter,  in  time  of  peace,  as  a  haven  or  asylum, 
anv  Branch  of  the  public  service. 

If  these  two  changes  were  written  into  the  law  and  were  made  known  to  all  men  on 
entering  the  service,  they  would  result  in  great  improvement. 

It  is  recommended  that  the  legislation  necessary  to  e£fect  these  changes  be  secured; 
that  no  discharce  under  paragraph  148i,  Army  Regulations,  be  ordered  until  the  pro- 
ceedings have  been  passed  upon  b)r  the  judge  advocate  of  the  general  court-martial 
jurisdiction;  that  the  payment  to  interpreters  of  $5  a  day  be  authorized;  and  that 
judge  advocates'  clerks  be  placed  in  a  separate  class  and  promoted  therein. 

(Signed)  Capt.  Galloglt. 


PHILIPPINE    DEPARTMENT. 

lu  the  last  annual  report  of  this  office  the  hope  was  expressed  that  the  Philippine 
Legislature  would  pass  an  act  similar  to  section  35,  Federal  Penal  Code,  punishing 
the  unaiitUorized  purchase  of  clothing  and  other  Government  property  from  soldiers. 
Such  a  law  has  been  enacted.  The  terms  are  substantially  identical  with  those  of 
section  35.  No  statistics  are  yet  available  as  to  the  number  of  prosecutions  imder 
this  new  law. 

The  average  period  of  time  the  accused  has  been  in  confinement  under  general  court- 
martial  charges  before  final  action  of  the  reviewing  authority  on  the  proceedines  has 
been  37  days.  The  period  was  the  same  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1915.  Effort 
has  been  made  to  reduce  this  period,  but  the  time  required  to  transmit  mail  between 
the  southern  islands  and  Mamla  and  the  absence  of  a  sufiScient  number  of  competent 
stenographers  to  report  proceedings  of  courts  convened  in  the  vicinity  of  Mamla  are 
two  elements  that  have  made  it  impracticable  to  reduce  it  further.  . 

During  the  past  vear  progress  has  been  made  in  clearing  up  titles  to  military  res- 
ervations. The  title  of  the  United  States  to  the  military  plaza  in  Manila  has  been 
decided  to  include  the  filled-in  land  between  the  plaza  and  tne  Cavite  Boulevard. 

(Signed)  Lieut.  Col.  Morrow. 


WEST   POINT. 

The  statement  of  evidence  submitted  with  a  view  to  meeting  the  reouireraents  of 
para^pli  9o4,  Army  ReiruUtions,  frequently  consists  solely  ot  a  number  of  papers 
bearing  si«^ne  1  or  uusignei  statements  of  witnesses  whose  testimony  is  relied  upon 
by  tie  otficer  preferring  the  charges.  This  practice  multiplies  papers  and  seldom 
results  in  presenting  for  consideration  a  complete  and  logical  summary  of  the  avail- 
able evidence.  It  is  my  opinion  that  more  satisfactory  results  would  be  obtained  if 
the  officer  preferring  the  chuges  were  required  by  regulations  to  submit  a  communica- 
tion, signed  by  himself,  sotting  forth  in  logical  order  a  summary  of  the  testimony  that 
may  be  expected  of  each  witness,  together  with  an  appropriate  reference  to  any  other 
available  e^Hdence.  The  closer  study  which  the  officer  preferring  the  charges  would 
find  it  necessary  to  make  in  order  to  prepare  a  complete  and  logical  written  summary 
of  available  evidence  would  tend  to  reduce  the  number  of  charges  requiring  materia' 
amendment  before  reference  to  general  courts-martial  or  return  for  reference  to  in- 
ferior courts.  Such  a  summary  would  enable  the  officer  detailed  to  investigate  the 
case  to  make  his  report  with  the  least  possible  delay  and  also  enable  the  judge  advo- 
cate to  go  to  trial  with  the  greatest  promptness.  The  general  effect  of  the  adoption  of 
the  plan  outlined  would,  it  is  bolieve-i,  be  to  lead  to  more  accurate  pleading  and  to 
greater  promptness  in  the  final  disposition  of  cases. 

(Signed)  Lieut.  Col.  Krbobr. 


Iff   TT    TTT^a    ia^;CjL!3    »UX-51k..4* 


■UbJ.bi   jUjtX. 


* .- 


K'latc-iusiiia;  tut  immr  i  umiKninBiii  'm  ii«uutu«*tjtT4.  .  m'tj**  Sai*'*  .>  .   -^ 
aerknv  jffiniftgn.     T'auh  f^-^s-'  fifni^  it  l^an^^  huuh  m  iv*t-  r^umma'/tn^  i,   .^,^,\is^\ 

erefflinr  ▼•*«r    or  viili^  at  ihik    t»*imr  rnmCMLrS^  ?vc  in?'?»t  7;  v<ifc?  u»f  r.uKit  .»r.\«*> 


hMTif  "ULtHL  fc'.'ii^*'  HiepF  Trrrjsrc  "Uif-  rrnkiarativTii  and  -^^nar-.lfiiirMa)!  ix  a  f^u:.ic<r»' 
tbe  c&oerr  kuq  eLm^r-HC  meE  tif  "drt-  '■nniiuiiii   ai»-  :t  if  iiop^  xhw  lixwr  *iD.<n?  mill 

Dritpt  --Tiif  tinjr  ^^iJ,  ■eape^naL'T  c^ntiijf  if  ii  hit  r»;iirujii:  «n/ifidaiT  iiirrwa^cTic. 
Sev«a3  c^aiePF  in  iLh-  x.^aaricrnf  r.-u'^iue*-  '^^sj'.t'i.'i  in  I*i.i:fi.TTii^  lis-vf  ^»f»fiii  It^cTY'it^*:  t»iit 
•ad  irouciii  bekre  Xiie  kicaid-e  aiia  :ii^  nitixiTi.iiiii  ji'iiufti.iiHin ,  a  t.iw  iii  JfM*  I  r.n<*d 
Stjtqp  nnTBXirT.  air»r6<*d  in  ea^*i  •'•apt-.  Ti^ese  r:»r%3  ^:j<-»Tif  "were  f»f^ruTY*d  bv  fsir.-'^}.^'- 
VDZ  swdi«»  on  cuiT  a;t  tiii-«f  ii^i*d^iiaru*rF,  iiirLi.siit*c'.  viih  fuDcif  oxit  iti  nn  v^ra 
prkf^,  £jjd  dirwted  to  jiun-naftt'  liaf  drur  iroiii  lij^  f*uppfH"i^  ^eudllr<u  I  tx^e  Tiie 
-^,^E  '  l»€dn^ «a."irr^d .  h  irae  sein  to  itie  patiicilari'.'aj  ia!*  w^uttt,  Abcitii,  C-aiiaJ  Zi^fli*, 
far  atia^^-me.  "W'liV,  r>.is  e^idenoe  the  'im-viTniditf  referred  io  irere  cvbtaiihpd  \\  was 
rej^»on-:'d  to  me  a.t  tbe  linkf  of  one  of  the  tii&ls  in  t}»e  alralde't  oouri  the  alcaide  pro- 
docad  SiTid  Aowad  11  c^'un  C'^e^  5{t  eniiJ]  boxep,  2  mr^  t»otuwv,  1  >ial.  and  i  lin  bax, 
cootajring  about,  o^er  3(i  drwee  of  tbiF  t-erriMe  dmir.  which  his  men  had  secured  iixmh 
v^kJois*  i»laceR,  freauented  t>T  The  soldiera.  aft^r  pe-v^ral  raids  thereon,  ebofrini:  That 
to  aH  appezLraaces  ti>e  supply  of  cocame  in  the  city  of  Panama  if  aliDOf*l  unliiun^d, 
ae  it  k  fe3t  that  a  great  iniiiiher  of  vendoTF  of  tlup  diruf  escaped  del^ection, 

I  leel  that  it  is  Xkot  to  be  expectcni  that  an  iDdiA^duaJ  (^oe^*  should,  from  hif>  own 
liosited  Boesiif,  be  reqtiired  br  our  OovemiDeiii  10  meet  the  eJtpeiisap  of  lighting  thia 
penuckxis  and  dtaxkaraLuin^  practice,  and  1  therefore  reiterate  and  apdn  reoew  my 
reoommendatioDft,  aad  request  that  mifficieiit  funds  be  furnished  this  ofin^e  to  be 
used  lor  this  and  lite  purpoeee.     *    *     ♦^ 

I  am  azaiii  forced  to  call  to  your  attentioo  the  fact  that  thi?  command  should  be 
made  a  d^nrtmeut  without  delay.  The  rapidity  with  which  the  disciplinary*  mat- 
ten  are  acted  upon  when  comiiared  to  the  oW  method  of  refemnt  them  to  the  Depart- 
ment <rf  the  East  in  New  York  City,  has  l>een  oi  in€%«timaMe  >Jue  to  the  command, 
and  ii»  rajadity  with  which  all  other  business  could  be  handled  were  this  a  depart- 
ment ia  of  aimiJar  comparable  chara<*teT.  1  c^an  see  no  ai|rumeDt  a^nst  the  otstab- 
liriimeDt  of  a  department  and  many  in  fa\  or  of  such  actiou . 

(^Si^ed)  Herbert  A.  WnrrK, 

Major,  Jydge  AdxKtaUe, 


CHINA    BXPEMHON. 


The  discipline  of  this  command,  from  the  nature  of  conditioDs  here,  most  alwmyi 
be  maintained  at  an  excepti<HiaUy  hi^  standard,  and  that  it  has  been  so  maintained 
during  the  past  year  is  diown  by  the  reports  of  the  department  oommander  and  the 
d^MTtment  inspector. 


328  REPOBT  OP  THE  JUDGE  ADVOCATE  GENEBAL. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  liquors  of  all  kinds  can  be  purchased  uy  our  soldiers  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  barracks  for  less  than  one-third  what  they  would  cost  in  the 
United  States,  the  number  of  trials  in  this  command  is  small. 

Besides  all  kinds  of  liquors,  cocaine  and  morphine  are  easily  obtained  here.  Every 
effort  is  made  to  prevent  our  men  from  becoming  addicted  to  the  use  of  these  dru^, 
and  those  found  guilty  of  usine  them  are,  as  a  rme,  sent  to  Alcatraz,  in  order  to  give 
them  a  chance  to  break  the  habit.  I  believe  that  here,  as  in  most  places,  the  great 
majority  of  offenses  committed  by  enlisted  men  are  due,  directly  or  indirectly,  to 
dnigs  or  liquor.  The  fact  that  this  place  is  so  accessible  to  all  sorts  of  vice  and  ia  not 
supplied  with  wholesome  amusements  on  the  outside  undoubtedly  increases  the 
number  of  trials. 

(Signed)  Col.  Hale. 


CBNTRAL  OBFARTMBNT. 

None. 

(Signed)  Col.  Hull. 


WB8TBRN  DBPARTMBNT. 

None. 

(Signed)  Lieut.  (3ol.  Goodibb. 


REPORT  OF  THE  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL 


329 


REPORT  OF  THE  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 


War  Department, 
Office  of  the  Quartermaster  General  of  the  Army, 

Wdshington,  September  6,  1916, 
The  Secretary  of  War. 

Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  annual  report  of  the  operations 
of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1916. 

PERSONNEL. 

Commissioned. — On  June  30,  1915,  the  comnussioned  strength, 
Quartermaster  Corps,  was  as  follows: 

Major  ^neral 1 

Brigadier  generals 2 

Colonels 14 

Lieutenant  colonels 18 

Majors 48 

Captains 102 

Total 185 

The  two  vacancies  in  the  grade  of  lieutenant  colonol  which  existed 
Jime  30,  1915,  remain  unfiUed. 

Of  the  14  colonels  in  the  corps  Jime  30,  1915,  1  was  retired  and  the 
vacancy  filled  by  the  promotion  of  a  lieutenant  colonel  who,  later  in 
the  year,  was  also  retired  and  his  vacancy  filled  by  the  promotion  of 
a  Ueutenant  colonel,  leaving  the  number  of  colonels,  June  30,  1916,  14. 

Of  the  18  lieutenant  colonels  in  the  corps  Jime  30,  1915,  2  were 
promoted  to  colonels  and  the  vacancies  filled  by  the  promotion  of  2 
majors,  leaving  a  total  number  of  lieutenant  colonels,  June  30, 
1916,  18. 

Of  the  48  majors  in  the  corps  Jime  30,  1915,  4  were  relieved,  2  were 
promoted,  2  were  retired,  1  died,  reducing  the  nimiber  from  48  to  39. 
Nine  majors  were  detailed  in  the  corps,  bringing  the  total  number  of 
majors  in  the  corps,  Jime  30,  1916,  to  48,  the  number  authorized 
by  law. 

Of  the  102  captains  in  the  corps  June  30,  1915,  45  were  relieved 
from  detail  and  1  was  killed,  reducing  the  number  to  56.  Forty-six 
captains  were  detailed  in  the  corps  from  captains  of  the  line,  making 
a  total  of  102  in  the  corps  June  30,  1916. 

The  duties  being  performed  by  officers  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps 
on  June  30,  1916,  are  shown  in  Exhibit  No.  1. 

Quartermaster  sergeants^  Quartermaster  Corps. — During  the  year  25 
quartermaster  sei^eants.  Quartermaster  Corps,  were  retired,  6  died, 
3  transferred  to  the  permanent  school  detachment,  2  discharged  bv 
purchase,   1  discharged  to  accept  commission  in  National  Guard, 


t 


331 


332        BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUAKTERM ASTER  GENERAL. 

and  1  dishonorably  dischai^ed,  making  a  total  of  38  vacancies,  31  of 
which  were  filled  from  eligibles  who  had  qualified  for  appointment  to 
the  position,  leaving  7  vacancies  Jime  30,  1916. 

Pay  clerks, — On  Jime  30,  1915,  there  were  74  pay  clerks  in  the 
service.  Between  Jmie  30,  1915,  and  June  30.  1916,  1  pay  clerk  was 
retired  from  the  service,  he  having  been  found  by  an  Armv  Retiring 
Board  incapacitated  for  active  service  on  account  of  disability  inci- 
dent thereto,  leaving  a  total  of  73  pay  clerks  in  the  service  on  June 
30,  1916. 

The  regular  annual  educational  examinations  of  enlisted  men  for 
appointment  to  the  higher  grades  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  (quar- 
termaster sei^eants.  Quartermaster  Corps,  excepted)  were  hela  on 
March  6,  1916,  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  Circular  No.  18,  Office  of 
the  Quartermaster  General,  1915.  Attached  hereto,  as  Exnibit  2.  is 
a  statement  showing  the  number  of  persons  examined  and  the  numoer 
of  appointments  made  of  those  who  attained  an  eligible  rating  of  both 
the  educational  and  noneducational  grades  during  the  period  July  1, 
1915,  to  June  30,  1916. 

On  Jime  30,  1916,  a  total  of  1,941  civilian  employees  in  the  United 
States  and  243  in  the  Philippines,  together  with  2,045  enlisted  men  of 
the  line  on  extra  duty  in  the  Quartermaster  Corps,  had  been  replaced 
by  5,379  enlisted  men  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps. 

Attached  hereto,  as  Exhibit  3,  is  a  statement  showing  the  number 
of  men  by  grades  apportioned  to  the  diiferent  departments  and  other 
stations  and  to  Hawaii  and  the  Philippines,  the  number  of  men  in 
the  service,  and  the  number  of  vacancies  as  of  June  30,  1916. 

Civilian  employees, — ^There  are  distributed  throughout  the  United 
States  and  its  insular  possessions  approximately  7,900  civilian 
employees. 

NATIONAL  CEMETERIES. 

There  are  83  national  cemeteries,  classified  as  follows: 


First  clasB 31 

Second  class 18 


Third  class 6 

FourthclasB 28 


The  interments  therein  during  the  fiscal  year  were  1,752,  the  total 
at  the  close  of  the  year  being  219,026  known,  153,138  unknown; 
grand  total,  372,164. 

The  appropriation  for  maintaining  and  improving  national  ceme- 
teries, including  fuel  for  superintendents,  pay  of  laborers  and  other 
employees,  purchase  of  tools  and  materials,  was  $120,000.  From 
this  sum  the  buildings,  drives,  walks,  walls,  fences,  monuments, 
etc.,  have  been  kept  in  proper  condition,  so  far  as  practicable,  the 
most  important  improvements  being  made  at  the  foUlowing  ceme- 
teries: 

Alexandria,  La. ,  new  45>foot  well |250. 00 

Arlinfftonj  Ya.: 

Repairing  Mansion  House 1,140.00 

Providing  parking  space  for  automobiles 250. 00 

New  hot-water  boiler  for  greenhouse 350. 00 

Baton  Rouge,  La.,  new  75-foot  steel  flagstaff 315.00 

Chalmette,  La.,  window  screens  and  screened  balcony  for  lodge 425. 00 

City  Point.  Va.,  new  75-foot  steel  flagstaff 614.00 

Fort  Donelson,  Tenn.,  new  wire  fence  around  reservation 500.00 

Qettvsburg,  Pa.,  resurfocing  lower  road SOaoO 

^obUe,  Ala.,  new  concrete  sidewalkB 354.00 


The  ptiptthk: i-?i£  tilin^e  :f  tir  arrr  rr.:  ::.ri  *x  the  <»^i  *v  ^ise 
fiscftl  year  ttas  f  ^^< . 

of  narion&.  <»r:-e:>r>^,  £-jl1  jriT  :.->".  wisi  $^v\:>.\  ar.^^airt 
expencled.  $6^:;.::i.n  :  >4T^r  t-  ^mexrvr  :.-i  h&lAiicie  of  $1x1?. 

There  *r«  76  szp&r^'i^-Zr.i^  :f  r.i-..-i*  coir.-xeri^  axithv^-tsJ  by 
law.  Scxen  rerz.*-t^ri*?  ^r^re-  --irrr  :iiij^^  of  ■:jj>rtAkers  dunng  tb<> 
year.  There  Lfcxe  i.-rn  iLr^  OL-uiliit^.  all  by  dwitii,  and 
new  Appob^zzz.^!.!.^  Live  V«?-r-  r  .s-ie, 

C^ooenuK/r^  c;  ;**  -::--•  -.o:  .^:  .. — Ti.-?  appropriaiic^n  far  rrpjdiing 
the  17  roadiriys  ::■  r.*::!.*:  ••'".t'-n-es  maintiiDed  by  the  Gv^vent^ 
ment  ^ras  S12,<»j,  cf  wL;  i.  $il,^^7-5I■  wiiS  expended,  leavi-.^  an 
unexpended  biliir.:^  c-f  ?:   J.S- 

The  mo?t  irLp:>n2Ln:  r?j  -irs  Lixe  >-  n  -^tde  :  d  :Le  f .  "owing  roads : 

Astietam,  Md. $<Pifl  M 

BaBsBfaiS.  Va. 3VlOO 

CoDiitiuMia. Lf?6.O0 

FrBdcnckitazE.  V&. 2^  00 

MoaadCirr.  IX t  v*<  M 

Hatcbez.Mis :   ^  00 

NewbenuX.  C 2  -    W 

BaliAnrv,  K-C 4-T.OO 

Bpost^e^Mo Z  *;-::. 00 

gtnnatan,  Va. 22^.00 

Vicicabin]^  JUS.. ........ -   .   -      ^i*.»-50 

Port  cem^Urie^, — ^Approximately  il/y/J  wa«  ♦'rpfrjd'vj  irj  the 
repair  and  maintenance  of  |x>st  cer:f't*'ri*-«  durio^  tr^f;  fi^ral  y*'U". 

Headttoneg, — A  contract  was  ent-ered  into  J'Jy  2^.  191-5*  for  fnr- 
ptfthmg  14,000  headstones  for  miliijown  grave*;  of  Union  *^'')dif'r3, 
sailors,  and  marine^,  and  Confederat**  buried  in  nittionaJ  <i*Tnet*-rieB 
and  ctrilian  emplorees  buried  in  po^t  eerneteries,  undf*r  the  act%  of 
March  3,  1873,  Februarr  3,  1879,  March  9,  1906,  April  2%,  1904,  and 
Jane  30,  1906,  at  S2^9  each. 

YieTcxx  thousand  eigiit  hundred  and  sixty-one  headstones  were 
furnished  and  shipped  for  this  purpose  during  the  fiscal  year. 

DUpoiiiion  <f  rerruiins. — ^Appropriation  for  fiscal  vear  1916, 
J57^;  expen<fod,  $53,789.76;  learing  a  balance  of  $3,710. 24. 

Ihe  following  dispoeition  was  made  of  the  remains  of  officers  and 
enlisted  men  ot  the  Army  (active)  and  the  remains  of  civilian  em- 
ployees in  the  emplov  of  the  War  Department  who  died  abroad,  in 
Alaska,  in  the  Canal  Zone,  in  Mexico^  or  on  Army  transports,  or  who 
died  while  on  duty  in  the  field,  or  at  military  posts  witnin  the  limits 
of  the  United  States: 

Becehred  at  San  FnuKuaoo,  Cal.  (including  tLe  remaine  of  24  clviLiao0  mad 
IZ  ranaaisM  handled  (or  tU«  Nav/  liepartoMmt): 

^Sbdupped  bome ».,.. 49 

DeUv«ced  torelativee 15 

Intecrod  in  San  Franciaco  (Cal.)  National  OemoWry 36 

Awaiting  diBpoaition  July  X,  U>1« 6 

IOC 


334  REPORT  OP  THE  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Buried  in  Alaska 3 

Received  at  Seattle^Wash. ,  from  Alaska  and  shipped  home 1 

Received  at  New  York  from  Panama  and  shipped  home 4 

Received  at  New  Orleans  from  Panama  and  shipped  home 1 

Interred  in  Canal  Zone,  Panama 6 

Interred  in  Porto  Rico 4 

—  19 
In  the  United  States  and  Mexico: 

Missing 6 

Drowned,  not  recovered 5 

Shipped  home 311 

Interred  in  post  or  national  cemeteries 144 

—  465 

Total 590 

To  provide  for  the  preparation  of  the  remains  of  officers,  enlisted 
men,  and  civilian  employees  of  the  Army  and  transportation  of  their 
remains  to  their  homes  when  desired,  contracts  were  entered  into 
with  local  imdertakers  at  all  military  posts  for  this  service,  which 
included  embalming,  furnishing  coffins,  caskets,  and  shipping  cases. 

A  burial  corps  was  organized  by  the  department  quartermaster, 
Southern  Department,  imder  the  charge  of  an  experienced  cmbalmer, 
for  service  in  recovering  the  bodies  of  soldiers  who  might  be  killed  or 
die  in  Mexico. 

During  the  year  the  following  remains  of  soldiers  were  removed 
from  fields  and  abandoned  cemeteries  and  reinterred  in  national  ceme- 
teries. Two  known  soldiers  from  near  Billing,  Mont.,  to  the  Custer 
Battlefield  (Mont.)  National  Cemetery;  15  unlmown  remains  at  City 
Point,  Va.,  to  the  national  cemetery  at  that  place;  and  6  remains  of 
civilians  from  the  abandoned  post  cemetery  of  Fort  Washington,  Md., 
to  the  Arlington  National  Cemetery. 

During  the  year  the  remains  of  a  British  sailor  who  died  in  1855, 
and  of  a  Unitea  States  Navy  seaman,  who  died  in  1850,  were  removed, 
with  the  head  and  foot  stones  at  their  graves,  from  the  Fort  Baker, 
Cal.,  military  reservation  to  the  cemetery  at  the  Mare  Island  Navy 
Yard,  Cal. 

Interment  of  indigent  soldiers. — Forty  claims,  amounting  in  the  ag- 
gregate to  $1,760.67,  have  been  settled  under  the  provisions  of  the 
act  for  expenses  of  burying  in  the  Arlington  National  Cemetery,  or 
in  the  cemeteries  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  indigent  ex-Union  sol- 
diers, ex-sailors,  or  ex-marines  of  the  United  States  service,  etc.,  who 
have  been  honorably  discharged  or  retired  and  who  died  in  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.  The  amount  allowed  in  each  case,  exclusive  of 
cost  of  grave,  is  $45.  Seven  claims  of  burial  expenses  under  this 
law  were  rejected  and  two  claims  are  awaiting  settlement.  One-half 
of  the  exnenses  incurred  for  this  purpose  is  payable  by  the  District 
of  Columbia. 

Revocable  licenses. — Revocable  licenses  authorizing  the  use  of  por- 
tions of  national  cemetery  reservations  or  Government  approach  road- 
ways to  national  cemeteries  have  been  issued  by  the  Secretary  of  War, 
as  follows : 

Annapolis,  Md.,  to  county  commissioners  for  Anne  Arundel  County, 
Md.,  to  lay  an  8-inch  sewer  pipe  on  the  cem.etery  reservation;  October 
30,  1915.     * 

City  Point,  Va.,  to  E.  I.  DuPont  de  Nemours  &  Co.,  to  lay  a  6-inch 
water  pipe  under  the  approach  roadway;  December  10,  1915. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  OEKEBAL.  335 

City  Point,  Va.,  E.  I.  DuPont  de  Nemours  &  Co.,  to  lav  two  water 
pipes,  one  4  inches  and  one  6  inches  in  diameter,  across  the  approaoh 
roadway  •  February  14,  1916. 

Corinth,  Miss.,  to  city  of  Corinth,  to  lay  concrete  sidewalk  4  feet 
wide  along  the  approach  roadway;  August  12,  1915. 

Fort  McPherson,  Nebr.,  to  Farmer's  Cooperative  Telephone  Asso- 
ciation, Brady,  Nebr.,  to  erect  three  telephone  poles  on  the  reserva- 
tion, to  string  wires  thereon,  and  maintain  the  same;  August  2,  1915. 

Newbem,  N.  C,  to  William  T.  Hill,  for  himself  and  17  other  resi- 
dents of  Riverview,  Newbem.  to  cross  the  approach  roadway  with 
water  and  sewer  pipes  from  tne  east  to  west  sides  thereon,  in  order 
that  water  and  sewer  faciUties  may  be  given  to  the  residents  of 
Riverview;  September  2,  1915. 

Staunton,  Va.,  to  W.  B.  Johnson,  to  construct  a  crossing  over  the 
approach  roadway  by  placing  a  concrete  slab  acrosLi  the  gutter  at 
station  No.  31 ;  July  17,  1915. 

A  revocable  lease  issued  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  March  26,  1916, 
to  Jacob  Hankins,  of  Brady,  Nebr.,  for  a  term  of  one  year  from  April 
1,  1916,  for  cultivation  of  a  portion  of  the  Fort  McPherson  National 
Cemetery  Reservation,  contaming  from  6  to  8  acres,  the  lessee  agree- 
ing to  seed  the  tract  to  oats,  one-n)urth  of  the  crop  to  be  the  property 
of  the  United  States. 

The  depot  quartermaster,  Jeffersonville,  Ind.,  reported  on  October 
18,  1915,  that  by  an  act  of  the  legislature  of  the  State  of  Tennessee, 
fifty-eighth  general  assembly,  1913,  approved  April  14,  1913,  the  cor- 

8 orate  limits  of  the  town  of  Dover  were  extended  so  as  to  include  the 
rovemment  approach  roadway  to  the  Fort  Donelson  National  Ceme- 
tery, and  under  the  proviso  limiting  the  expenditure  of  the  appropria- 
tion "Repairing  roads  to  national  cemetenes''  to  roads  owned  by  the 
United  States  within  any  town  or  village  the  authorities  of  the  town 
of  Dover  were  accordingljr  advised  that  the  Government  will  make 
no  repairs  on  the  roadwav  in  the  future,  the  title  of  the  United  States 
to  the  roadway  being  only  a  right  of  way. 

Mommients  have  been  erected  during  the  fiscal  year  by  the  State 
ot  Minnesota  in  the  national  cemeteries  at  Andcrsonville,  Ga., 
Little  Rock,  Ark.,  and  Memphis,  Tenn.,  in  memory  of  its  soldiers 
buried  there  who  died  during  the  Civil  War. 

In  October,  1915,  a  monument  which  had  been  erected  on  Flamenco 
or  Deadmans  Island,  in  the  Bay  of  Panama,  by  the  oflBcers  and  crew 
of  the  U.  S.  S.  Lancaster,  to  the  memory  of  nine  shipmates  who  died 
and  were  buried  there  in  1860  and  1861,  and  subsequently  transferred 
to  the  Ancon  Cemetery,  Canal  Zone,  was  brought  on  the  U.  S.  S. 
Ohio  to  Philadelphia,  and  from  that  point  shipped  to  and  reerected 
in  the  ArUngton  National  Cemetery.  When  the  monument  was  re- 
moved to  Ancon  Cemetery  it  was  also  intended  to  remove  the  remains 
thereto,  but  no  trace  of  them  was  found. 

On  August  4,  1915,  a  storm  caused  considerable  damage  to  the 
Poplar  Grove  National  Cemetery,  Petersburg,  Va.,  destroying  138 
trees,  damaging  the  lodge  and  outbuildings,  and  destroying  the  wagon 
sheH,  part  of  inclosing  wall  was  blown  down,  the  Saltan  bent,  and 
a  large  number  of  headstones  were  broken,  etc.,  which  required  an 
expenditure  of  $1,225  to  put  the  cemeterv  in  good  condition. 

On  September  29,  1915,  a  hmricane  also  caused  damage  to  the 
Chalmette  National  Cemetery  and  the  national  cemeteries  at  Baton 


336  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMA8TEB  GENERAL. 

Rouge  and  Port  Hudson,  La.    At  Chalmette  78  trees  were  destroyed, 

Eart  of  inclosing  wall  was  blown  down,  lodge  was  badly  damaged, 
itchen  addition  damaged,  wagon  shed  demolished,  stable  unroofed 
and  waUs  blown  down,  rostrum  wrecked,  and  many  headstones 
broken.  Expenditures  to  place  the  cemetery  in  good  condition 
amoimted  to  $4,204.  At  the  Baton  Rouge  and  rort  Hudson  National 
Cemeteries  $30  each  was  expended  for  repairs. 

On  October  4,  1915,  a  flood  at  the  United  States  National  Ceme- 
tery, Mexico  City,  Mexico,  washed  away  a  large  portion  of  the  in- 
closing wall  and  otherwise  damaged  the  cemetery,  repairs  being  made 
at  a  cost  of  $2,150. 

In  April,  1916,  a  bronze  tablet,  including  bronze  supports  for  same, 
was  erected  near  the  tomb  of  Maj.  Charles  L'Enfant,  m  the  Arlington 
National  Cemetery,  containing  the  facsimile  of  the  inscription  that 
apnears  on  the  tomb,  at  a  cost  of  $297. 

On  May  9,  1916,  the  superintendent's  lodge  at  the  Mill  Springs 
National  Cemetery,  Somerset,  Ky.,  was  destroyed  by  fire,  and  a 
thorough  investigation  of  the  matter  by  the  depot  quartermaster, 
Jeffersonville,  Ind.,  failed  to  disclose  the  cause.  Steps  are  being 
taken  to  reconstruct  the  lodge. 

I  can  not  too  earnestly  invite  attention  to  the^  inadequacy  of  the 
appropriation  made  annually  ($120,000)  for  the  care  and  mainte- 
nance of  the  83  national  cemeteries  imder  the  control  of  this  office. 
Of  this  sum  58J  per  cent  is  expended  annually  in  the  hire  of  labor  in 
keeping  these  cemeteries  in  proper  condition,  which  leaves  but  a 
very  small  sum  available  for  repair  to  lodges,  outbuildings,  water 
supply  and  sewer  systems,  reservation  walls  and  fences,  roads  and 
walks,  trimming  trees,  etc.,  or  the  construction  of  new  locoes  and 
outbuildings  destroyed  by  fire,  or  of  repairing  damages  occasioned 
by  hmricanes  and  storms. 

During  the  past  fiscal  year  the  amount  required  to  repair  damages 
by  storms  at  three  cemeteries  in  the  South  and  in  Mexico  City  aggre- 

fated  $6,414,  and  a  new  lodge  is  required  to  replace  one  destroyed 
y  fire  at  the  Mill  Spriijgs  (Ky.)  National  Cemetery,  which  will  cost 
apm-oximately  $4,500. 

The  price  of  labor  and  material  has  so  far  advanced  in  the  past 
year  or  two  that  most  needed  improvements  and  repairs  at  many 
of  the  national  cemeteries  have  been  postponed,  or  only  partially 
made,  for  want  of  fimds.  To  meet  this  condition  it  is  recommended 
that  in  submitting  estimates  for  the  fiscal  year  1918  the  sum  asked 
for  ''For  care  and  maintenance  of  national  cemeteries"  be  increased 
to  $150,000. 

CLAIMS. 

Miscellaneous  accounts. — ^During  the  fiscal  year  there  were  received 
for  action  49  accounts  for  payment  for  services  due  to  deceased 
civilian  employees  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps,  amoimting  in  the 
aggregate  to  $1,875.46.  One  account,  amoimting  to  $58,  was  allowed 
for  pavment,  and  48  accounts,  amoimting  to  $1,817.46,  were  trans- 
mitted to  the  Treasury  or  other  departments  for  settlement. 

Damage  claims. — At  the  berinning  of  the  fiscal  year  there  were  on 
file  in  the  office  16  claims  for  damages  to  private  property  of  citizens 
of  the  United  States  and  its  island  possessions,  amoimting  in  the 
aggregate  to  $715.95.    Thirty-six  claims  were  received  during  the 


3CEP0BT   or  THE  QTJiSTEXMJLSTESi   GEXSSUkL.  ^T 

fiscal  yevr,  smomitzng  to  S3«5&4.S9.    Tot4J  on  hxnd  «nd  r^c«uvMi.  ^!^ 

In  tie  CBtim&teB  porgtsTDd  in  this  offic*  for  the  Ww  IVr^ttTT^meTit 
mod  submitted  to  Cangrees  aJ  its  present  session  in  IVc<»mhor  liist, 
the  sum  of  $5,0(K)  ^iras  iDcliided  for  the  piyn^ent  of  duna^  c1iu7r$ 
theai  cm  £le  in  t^  office  sod  socb  Additional  ciaiTiis  as  ^'«(N'  <!nh<)e- 
<IiientlT  reoerred  and  approTed  bj  tbe  Secretjuy  of  War  afrw  an 
investisatian  to  aBoertain  viiat  amount  was  iusvUv  doe  to  tho  r]jii;n- 
ants.  Tlus  sera,  h  is  nDder5t<K>i  is  inchidM  in  tbe  hill  making  aT>* 
|Rx>piiatians  for  tbe  support  of  the  Army  durini^  the  cnrront  t»i"^ 
year,  'widci  is  now  petnmng  in  Congress,*  As  the  approrwiatjon  oJ 
$5,000  win  eK-seed  the  amount  required  for  pavnieint  of  the  dATiiiure 
claims  now  on  file  in  tbe  office,  if  that  amount  Is  made  avftU«blA,  ti>e 
balance,  after  paTmcnt  of  the  claims  now  on  lile^  will  be  used  to  p^^' 
such  additionju  claims  of  this  character  as  may  be  received  dtmng 
the  present  fiscal  year. 

ChnfederaU  J^f/r^e  da'tirt^. — ^At  the  beginning  of  the  fissral  yCAf  there 
was  on  file  in  this  office  421  claims  for  payment  for  horses  and  l^>^::irA4^e 
taken  from  paroled  Confederate  soldiers  in  violation  of  the  tcr.^is  of 
the  saiTCTider  of  the  Confederate  armies  at  Appomattox  in  April, 
1865,  pr^ented  to  this  office  under  the  act  of  Conaress  appi\>>-e*i 
FetMnary  27,   1902. 

The  time  limit  fixed  by  law  for  the  presentation  of  these  olaii>^:* 
having  expired  on  June  25,  1912,  no  claims  were  receive<i  during  the 
fiscal  year. 

One  claim  was  disallowed  during  the  fiscal  year,  and  two  chin>!^ 
amoimting  to  $260  were  allowed,  leaving  on  hand  at  the  cK\se  of  the 
last  fiscal  year  418  claims. 

It  is  beheved  tluit  of  tlwse  418  claims,  ncAriy,  if  not  all,  should  W 
dropped  as  abandoned  and  the  papers  sent  to  the  i>ermanet>t  tilcK  <^ 
the  office.  Many  of  tbe  claimants  it  is  presume<i  have  died  sinoe 
their  claims  were  presented,  and  others  have  been  abandonetl  by  the 
claimants  for  want  of  official  evidence  to  enable  favorable  aotion  U> 
be  taken  upon  them. 

There  remained  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  of  the  appri>priatit>n 
made  by  Congress  for  the  payment  of  tliese  claims  the  sum  of 
$5,399.05. 

NEWSPAPERS   AND   PERIODICALS, 

For  the  supply  of  newspapers  and  periodicals  for  the  use  of  the 
enlisted  men  of  the  Armv  there  was  authorized  expondod  d\iiinjx 
the  fiscal  year  the  sum  of  $7,149.13,  and  the  amount  expoiuiod  for 
supply  of  reading  matter  for  the  troops  serving  in  the  Philipniiu^ 
Islands  was,  as  reported,  $632.74,  making  a  total  of  $7,781.87  nutitor- 
ized  expended  for  this  purpose. 

Reading  matter  is  bemg  suppUed  during  the  current  fiscal  year  to 
all  posts  and  stations  in  the  Lnited  States,  including  the  troo|xs  serv- 
ing on  the  Mexican  border,  and  also  the  troops  serving  in  Alaska, 
the  Canal  Zone,  and  tbe  island  possessions. 

FINANCE    AND    ACCOUNTINQ. 

Apportionments, — Consolidated  financial  statement^  fiscal  year 
ended  Jtme  30,  1916.     (Exhibit  No.  4.) 

69176**— WAB  19ie~voL  1 22 


838 


BEPOBT  09  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENERAL. 


Detailed  statement  of  expenditures  of  the  Quartennaster  Corps 
for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30, 1916,  itemized  under  different  appro- 
priations.    (Exhibit  No.  5.) 

Statement  of  account  of  the  Phihppine  Islands  (Exhibit  No.  6) : 

Letters,  etc.,  received  during  fiscal  year  1916 10, 671 

Letters,  etc.,  eex^t  during  the  fiscal  year  1916 13,781 

OflScers'  money  accounte: 

Onhand  July  1,  1915 212 

Received  diuing  the  fiscal  year  1916 2, 984 

Examined  and  sent  to  the  Auditor  for  the  War  Department  during  the 

fiscal  year  1916 3,045 

On  hand  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  1916 151 

Certificates  of  deposit  received 4, 278 

Beneficiaries. — ^During  the  period  July  1,  1915,  to  June  30,  1916, 
payments  were  made  under  authority  of  the  act  of  Congress  ap- 
proved May  11,  1908.  as  amended  by  act  approved  March  3,  1909, 
to  the  beneficiaries  oi  31  officers  of  the  Regular  Army  $50,205;  for 
321  enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Army,  $49,112.60,  and  11  enlisted 
men  of  the  Phihppine  Scouts,  $603,  malang  the  total  paid  on  account 
of  enlisted  men  $49,715.60,  and  a  grand  total  disbursement  on  thb 
account  of  $99,920.60. 

Mileage. — For  mileage  disbursements  for  the  fiscal  year  ended 
June  30,  1916,  see  Exhibit  No.  7. 

Letters,  etc.,  received  during  fiscal  year  1916 15,272 

Letters,  etc.,  sent  during  fisotl  year  1916 23, 458 

Property  amounts. — Beginning  with  the  fiscal  year  1916  the  rendi- 
tion of  annual  returns  of  quartermaster  property  in  the  hands  of  the 
Organized  Mihtia  was  discontinued  and  the  system  of  property 
accounts  provided  in  Circular  No.  38,  office  Chief  of  the  Quarter- 
master Corps,  1913,  for  use  in  the  Quartermaster  Corps,  was  adopted 
to  account  for  this  property. 

The  number  of  vouchers  to  property  accounts  handled  during  the 
fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1916,  is  as  follows: 

Onhand  July  1,  1915 9,295 

Received  during  the  fiscal  year 284, 245 

Posted  to  property  accounts 279, 323 

On  hand  June  30,  1916,  to  be  posted 14,217 

Letters,  etc.,  received  during  the  fiscal  year  1915 6, 500 

Letters,  etc.,  sent  during  the  fiscal  year  1916 7, 332 

Deposits  and  aUotments. — Report  of  soldiers*  deposits  received 
and  repaid  during  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1916: 


Number. 

Amount. 

Interest. 

Deposits  received 

69.514 

S1.&57.&44.02 

PAivMits  reDft^d  by  nnftrtenn«ut*j»^ ......,,.,,.,,,.,., 

44,308 

1,143,614.77 
16,036.36 

$40,677.63 

DebosJts  rebeid  by  Treasury  settlement 

579.13 

Total 

1,159,651.13 

41,156.75 

Amount  remaining  to  credit  of  depositors  June  30, 1916, 12, 719,549.91. 


During  the  period  July  1,  1915,  to  June  30,  1916,  there  was  dis- 
bursed $973,770.47  in  payment  of  allotments  made  by  enlisted  men 
of  the  Army, 


BEPOBT  OF  THB  QTJABTEBMASTEB  GENERAL.  339 

Total  number  of  allotments  in  force  on  June  SO,  1916 8,138 

Letten,  etc.,  received  during  fiscal  year  1916 83,379 

Letters,  etc.,  sent  during  fiscal  year  1916 16,481 

Svhsistenee  returns. — ^The  number  of  subsistence  returns  handled 
during  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1916,  is  as  follows: 

On  hand  June  30, 1915 80 

Received  during  the  fiscal  year 1,924 

Examined  during  the  fiscal  year 1,894 

On  hand  June  30, 1916 110 

Letters,  etc.,  received  during  fiscal  year  1916 1,349 

Letters,  etc.,  sent  during  fisoil  year  1916 2,323 

Contracts. — ^There  have  been  received,  indexed,  examined,  and  cor- 
rected when  necessary  and  entered  on  record  of  contracts  during  the 
fiscal  year  ended  Jime  30,  1916,  contracts,  leases,  etc.,  as  indicated 
below: 

Contracts  with  bonds 1,658 

Contracts  without  bonds 1,777 

Leases 1,143 

Supplemental  contracts * 189 

Annual  bonds 21 

Notices  of  increase,  decrease,  termination  of  contracts 589 

Letters,  etc.,  received  during  the  fiscal  year 15,990 

Letters,  etc.,  sent  during  the  fiscal  year ••••  2,395 

SUPPLIES. 

Statement  ofisma  made  during  thefieedl  year  1916, 

Qairison,  travel,  reserve,  trail,  and  field  rations  (36,487,325);  average 

cost,  28.0124  cents $10,220,989.99 

Filipino  ration  (2,058,132);  average  cost,  17.4048  cents 358, 213. 85 

Number,  value,  and  average  eoet  of  ratume,  by  geographical  divieione,  etc.,  ieeued  during 

the  fiecai  year  1916. 


DlTiaions. 


United  BtatM  (IncludM  Canal  Zona). 

Alaska 

Hawaii 

PhfUppinaa  (AuMrioan) 


Total  aTwaga  coat: 

Annrlcan 

Phfllppinea  (natlTa), 
Canal  zona 


Nombarof 
rations. 


28,006,531 

215,024 

8,248,027 

4,416,863 


Vahia. 


86,487,325 
2,058,132 
2,334,048 


18,000,825.88 

76,162.00 

800,031.44 

1,244,060.77 


10,220,080.09 
858,213.85 
782,548.77 


oott 

(oants). 


28.00 
85.42 
27.41 
28.10 


28.0124 
17.4048 
83.52 


MILITIA. 


Jima  21  to  36,  inclnsHa,  5  dayi. 
Jima  36  to  30,  incioalva,  5  dayi. 


Total  ftv  mmtia,  Jona  21  to  30,  IncOoalTa. 


106,000 
106,000 


106,000 


8807,600.00 
150,000.00 


556^500.00 


178.00 
t30.00 


153.50 


1  Par  day. 


Average  cast  of  the  roHon,  wiih  and  without  transportation. — ^The 
averagje  cost  of  the  actual  food  included  in  the  garrison  ration 
(Amencan)  during  the  fiscal  year  1916  was  as  follows: 


Canta. 


At  all  posts  or  stations  in  the  United  States  (including  Alaska  and  Hawaii). .  27. 9912 

At  all  posts  or  stations  in  the  Philippines 28. 1664 

At  all  posts  or  stations  in  the  Unitea  States  and  Philippines 28!  0124 


340 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  QENERAIi. 


The  cost  of  transportation  charged  on  subsistence  supplies  was 
$364^143.74.  Charging  this  amount  to  the  total  cost  of  the  garrison 
ration  issued,  it  gives  for  the  fiscal  year  1916  an  increased  cost  for 
each  ration  oi  0.998  cents,  thus  making  the  cost  of  the  garrison  ration 
delivered,  including  food  and  transportation,  as  follows: 

CeDts. 

At  all  posts  or  stations  in  the  United  States 28. 9892 

At  all  posts  or  stations  in  the  Philippines 29. 1644 

At  all  posts  or  stations  in  the  United  States  and  Philippines 29. 0104 

Yearly  and  per  diem  cost  of  subsistence  per  man  in  the  United  States  and  the  Philippine$. 


Cost  in  United  SUtes. . 
Cost  in  Philippines. . . 


Number  of 
rations. 


Datty 
average 
ni  mber 
of  men. 


32,070,472 
6,474,985 


87,864 
17,739 


Netoost. 


$8,976,920.23 
1,602,283.62 


^^^-       (cents). 


$102.17 
90.33  I 


27.99 
24.74 


Emergency  ration, — Some  difficulty  has  been  experienced  with  the 
emergency  ration  and  it.s  final  adoption,  owing  to  a  slight  odor  and 
rancidity  which  was  noted  after  it  had  been  packed  for  several  months. 
This  defect  has  been  traced  and  overcome,  and  20,000  of  these  emerg- 
ency rations  have  been  procured  in  order  to  give  an  elaborate  try-out 
under  difl'ering  conditions  and  in  various  sections,  especially  on  the 
Mexican  border  and  in  the  Philippines,  where  conditions  should  be  the 
most  trying;,  and  if  entirely  satisiactory,  a  large  quantity  will  be  pro- 
cured and  kept  as  a  reserve  to  meet  possible  needs. 

The  ration  as  devised  by  the  fooa  experts  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture,  working  in  conjimction  with  medical  officers  and  quar- 
termasters of  the  Army,  is  composed  of  the  following:  Raw  and 
ground  lean  beef,  96  parts;  flour,  96  parts;  skim -milk  powder,  64 
parts;  invert  sugar,  3  parts.     Salt  to  taste. 

The  nutritive  qualities  of  the  ration  have  been  tested  fully  by  the 
experts  and  pronounced  satisfactory,  and  it  only  remains  to  test  the 
keeping  qualities,  which  may  be  determined  only  by  long  periods  of 
storage  under  various  conditions  of  climate  and  temperature. 

Restoration  oj  certain  articles  to  subsistence  list, — In  the  act  making 
appropriations  for  the  support  of  the  Army  for  the  fiscal  year  1913. 
certain  articles  from  the  appropriation  ''Subsistence  of  the  Army 
were  transferred  to  the  appropriations ''Reralar supplies,*'  "Incidental 
expenses/'  and  "Clothing,  and  camp  and  garrison  equipage."  The 
act  making  appropriations  for  support  of  the  Army  for  the  nscal  year 
1916  authonzed  the  disbursement  of  the  appropriations  named 
above,  including  "Subsistence  of  the  Army,"  as  one  lund  to  be  known 
as  "Supplies,  services,  and  transportation."  In  view  of  this  it  was 
deemecf  advisable  in  order  to  facilitate  supply,  and  in  order  to  avoid 
complaints  as  to  deUveries  and  keeping  the  stock  of  the  articles  at 
posts  up  to  the  required  Quantities,  to  obtain  authority  to  direct 
the  purchase  of  the  articles  listed  below  with  purchases  of  subsistence 
stores  and  suppUes  for  posts  on  monthly  ana  quarterly  requisitions, 
as  outlined  in  Circular  15,  O.  Q.  M.  G.,  July  6,  1916: 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMA8TEB  GENE&AIi. 


341 


Baaiiis,  hand. 

Bluing,  ball. 

Bluing,  powdered. 

Borax. 

Brooms,  whisk. 

Brushes,  hair. 

Brushes,  shaving. 

Brushes,  shoe. 

Brushes,  tooth. 

Buttons,    composition, 

large  and  small. 
Buttons,  collar. 
Candles. 
Candles,  lantern. 
Combs,  medium. 
Combs,  pocket. 
Electrosilicon. 
Equipment,  dressing,  olive 

draD. 
Equipment      dressing, 

white. 


Handkerchief,  linen. 

Matches,  safety. 

Metal  polish,  paste. 

Metal  polish,  powder. 

Mugs,  shaving,  enameled. 

Needles. 

Polish,  shoe,  black,  combi- 
nation. 

Polish,  shoe,  russet,  combi- 
nation. 

Poliah,  shoe,  russet,  paste. 

Razors. 

Razor  strops. 

Salt,  rock. 

Shoestrings,  linen,  black, 
long. 

Shoestrings,  linen,  black, 
short. 

Shoestrings,  linen,  olive 
drab,  long. 


Shoestrings,    linen,    olive 

drab,  short. 
Soap,  issue. 
jSoap,  hand. 
Soap,  laundry. 
Soap,  scouring. 
Soap,  shaving. 
Soap,  toilet. 
Starch,  laundry. 
Thread,  cotton,  black. 
Thread,  cotton,  O.  D. 
Thread,  cotton,  white. 
Thread,  linen,  black. 
Thread,  linen,  white. 
Thread,  silk,  olack. 
Towels,  bath. 
Towels,  huckaback. 
Toweling. 


RoUirw  Icitchens, — Quite  a  number  of  experiments  or  tests  of  various 
types  of  rolling  kitchens,  from  both  domestic  and  foreign  sources, 
have  been  made  during  the  year,  and  some  under  severe  service 
conditions  in  Mexico  and  on  tne  border.  It  is  beheved  that  a  satis- 
factory type  of  American  design  has  been  found,  and  over  25  of 
the  most  promising  designs  have  been  procured  and  shipped  to  the 
Southern  Department  for  a  most  elaborate  field-service  test.  A 
special  test  is  also  being  conducted  at  Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex.,  of 
certain  models,  under  the  direction  of  the  department  authorities  of 
the  Southern  Department. 

Among  those  tried  out  were  several  which  developed  the  fact  that 
the^  simply  added  to  the  amount  of  transportation  that  had  to  be 
mamtainea  for  an  army  in  the  field,  and  did  not  produce  satisfactory 
results  in  the  way  of  hot  food  for  men  on  the  march  and  on  the  firing 
line. 

So  far  as  information  is  obtainable  or  judgment  can  be  depended 
upon,  it  is  believed  that  the  type  that  is  finally  adopted  after  addi- 
tional and  elaborate  tests  have  oeen  made  will  compare  most  favor- 
ably with  the  best  designs  of  rolling  kitchens  in  European  armies. 

Manual  for  Army  bakers  and  Army  cooks. — It  was  deemed  advisable 
to  have  the  Manual  for  Army  Bakers  and  the  Manual  for  Army  Cooks 
revised  and  brought  up  to  date.  It  was  also  desired  when  such 
revision  was  made  to  have  these  two  manuals,  which  are  so  closely 
related  and  both  of  which  are  ordinarily  used  by  instructors  and 
students  at  the  bakers'  and  cooks'  school,  combined  into  one  volume, 
but  divided  into  two  parts.  Such  consolidation  would  reduce  the 
expense  of  printing,  eliminate  the  necessity  for  carrying  so  many 
puolications  for  distribution,  and  enable  the  volume  to  be  more 
readily  carried  or  handled. 

Capt.  E.  S.  Wheeler,  Fourth  Field  Artillery,  who  was  well  qualified 
to  do  the  work,  was  selected  and  bejgan  the  revision.  He  made 
considerable  progress,  but  his  tour  of^duty  in  the  Quartermaster 
Corps  expirea  before  he  could  complete  the  work,  and  did  not.  in 
consequence,  conclude  it.  In  view  of  this,  Capt.  Leonard  L.  Dei- 
trick,  Seventh  Cavalry,  who  was  also  well  prepared  to  continue  and 
complete  the  volume   was  selected  for  this  duty  and  now  has  the 


342  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUAETERMASTEB  GENERAL. 

work  well  on  toward  completion,  and  it  is  hoped  to  have  it  shortly 
ready  for  issue. 

Mobilization  of  the  National  Guard. — On  May  1,  1916,  the  National 
Guard  of  Texas,  Arizona,  and  New  Mexico  was  called  into  active 
service  by  order  of  the  President,  and  on  June  18, 1916,  the  remainder 
of  the  National  Guard  of  the  United  States  was  called  into  active 
service  by  the  President.  It  became  necessary,  therefore,  to  at 
once  provide  for  their  subsistence.  Under  law  and  regulations, 
when  called  into  active  service  they  are  to  be  subsisted  at  the  expense 
of  the  Government  from  the  time  of  their  arrival  at  company  ren- 
dezvous. The  subsistence  of  the  National  Guard  is  supervised  and 
provided  for  by  the  mihtary  authorities  of  the  State  at  company 
rendezvous,  and  also  at  State  mobilization  camps  until  sworn  into 
the  service,  when  they  come  imder  the  supervision  and  control  of 
the  Federal  authorities  and  are  subsisted  as  are  other  troops  of  the 
Regular  Army. 

When  the  National  Guard  troops  were  transported  from  State 
mobilization  camps  to  the  Southern  Department,  or  Texas  border, 
kitchen  cars  were  provided  in  which  to  prepare  their  food,  or  a 
baggage  or  box  car  was  furnished,  with  a  range  installed  by  which 
the  food  could  be  prepared.  When  they  were  ready  to  be  trans- 
ported, 10  days'  rations  were  furnished  to  make  the  journey  to 
destination  in  the  South  and  to  afford  them  a  small  supply  in  addi- 
tion, so  as  to  provide  against  anv  delays  and  to  care  for  their  wants 
until  arrangements  could  be  mad.e  to  meet  their  needs  at  destination 
in  the  regular  way. 

The  subsistence  of  the  troops,  suddenly  mobilized  in  camps  and 
when  transported  to  the  Mexican  border  and  after  their  arrival 
there,  was  accomplished  in  a  satisfactory  and  successful  manner  by 
the  department.  This  is  borne  out  bv  the  extensive  inspections  of 
the  National  Guard  by  inspectors,  ana  in  the  inspection  and  reports 
of  Maj.  Gen.  Tasker  H.  Bhss,  who  has  borne  testimony  to  the  thor- 
ough and  satisfactory  manner  in  which  the  troops  have  been  sub- 
sisted in  Texas  and  on  the  border. 

Isolated  cases  of  inadequate  subsistence  have  here  and  there  been 
urged  by  some,  but  even  if  true,  it  is  hiunanly  impossible  to  over- 
come every  objection  and  meet  every  possibility  of  hardship,  but 
where  any  mistake  or  hardship  has  occurred  it  will  probably  be 
found  traceable  to  lack  of  experience  and  judgment  of  the  Nationdl 
Guard  in  not  knowing  how  to  care  for  themselves  as  regulars  do, 
which  is  a  most  natural  result,  because  of  the  fact  that  they  have 
not  had  the  necessary  training  and  experience  in  this  direction,  but 
have  done  remarkably  well,  all  things  considered.  Regular,  troops 
at  posts,  when  traveling  or  when  campaigning,  have  very  rarcJy 
complained.  This  is  prmcipally  due  to  the  years  of  training  and 
experience  regular  troops  have  had  in  caring  for  themselves  whereas 
the  National  Guard  come  from  homes  where  they  enjoy  aaily  sur- 
roundings, comforts,  and  cooking  accustomed  to,  and  the  cnange 
comes  somewhat  as  a  revulsion  when  they  go  from  such  homes  and 
food  and  cooking  to  the  camp  and  the  fooa  and  life  of  the  soldier. 
In  short,  most  of  the  complamts  as  to  the  National  Guard  are  due 
to  or  can  be  charged  up  fi^ainst  inexperience.  Cooks  who  may  be 
first-class  men  in  a  restaurant,  club,  or  home,  but  without  experience 
in  the  field  cooking  for  himdreds  and  without  the  tools  ana  equip- 


EEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  QENEBAIi.  343 

ment  at  hand  they  would  have  at  home,  can  not  be  expected  to  meet 
every  demand,  and  is  one  of  the  reasons  for  failure.  Another  reason 
is  the  inexperience  of  commanding  officers  in  not  knowing  how  to 
provide  for  their  men.  One  company  may  be  living  in  plenty  on 
the  regular  ration,  wlule  another  company  may  be  hungry  because 
of  food  spoiled  through  lack  of  proper  care  or  preparation. 

The  niunber  of  meat  inspectors  of  the  Army  is  very  limited.  In 
consequence  meat  inspectors  from  the  Agricultural  Department  were 
detailed,  through  the  courtesy  of  that  department,  to  cooperate  with 
and  assist  the  inspectors  of  the  Army  in  safeguarding  its  meat  supply 
by  making  a  careful  inspection  of  all  fresh  and  canned  meats  before 
issue  to  and  consmnption  by  the  troops. 

Meat  for  use  of  the  Army  is  riridly  inspected  at  the  packing  houses, 
the  inspection  beginning  with  tne  animal  before  it  is  killed  and  all 
througn  the  after  process  by  inspectors  of  the  Agricultural  Depart- 
ment stationed  at  tne  various  packing  houses  throughout  the  coimtry. 
In  addition  to  this,  meat  inspectors  and  experts  of  the  Quarter- 
master Corps  are  also  stationed  at  the  large  packing  centers,  Uke 
Chicago,  Kansas  City,  Omaha,  San  Francisco,  and  elsewhere  where 
meat  is  being  prepared  or  cured  for  the  Army,  and  they  also  watch 
it  through  tne  wnole  process  from  the  killing  of  the  animal  until 
turned  over  to  the  Government.  Besides  all  this,  the  inspectors  of 
the  packing  houses  also  closely  inspect  all  moats. 

In  addition  to  the  above  safeguards,  meat  inspectors  from  the 
Agricultural  Department  have,  with  the  cordial  cooperation  of  that 
department,  been  ordered  stationed  at  all  places  where  large  bodies 
of  troops  are  located  to  inspect  all  meats  oefore  use  by  the  troops. 

With  regard  to  other  food  articles  or  stores  purchased  for  me 
Army,  trained  experts  at  depots  and  purchasing  stations  carefully 
inspect  all  supplies  purchased,  and  at  stations  where  troops  are 
actually  locatea,  inspections  are  made  by  the  officers  who  procure 
the  supplies,  who  are  assisted  by  trained  inspectors  if  they  are 
available. 

The  pure  food  and  drugs  act  of  1906,  and  amendments  since,  as 
to  the  sale,  etc.,  of  poisoned  or  deleterious  food,  and  also  the  meat- 
inspection  law  of  1906,  and  amendments  since,  against  the  use  of 
meat  that  is  *  *  unsound,  unhealthful,  unwholesome,  or  otherwise  imfit 
for  human  food,"  helps  greatly  to  safeguard  the  food  supply. 

The  health,  contentment,  and  efficiency  of  troops  are  tne  first  care 
of  a  commander.  To  make  proper  provision  regarding  the  soldier 
demands  the  best  thought  and  effort  of  his  superiors  at  all  times. 
The  subsistence  of  the  soldier  is  of  vital  importance,  and  it  is  ad- 
mitted that  the  ration  of  the  American  soldier  is  the  most  liberal  of 
that  of  any  army  in  the  world,  and,  as  stated,  proper  subsistence 
or  cooking  of  their  food  is  of  the  greatest  importance,  for  it  is  follv 
to  train  soldiers  to  the  highest  state  of  efficiency  ana  then  by  lacK 
of  care  or  attention  to  their  food  for  a  short  season  prepare  the  way 
to  put  them  out  of  condition  at  the  most  critical  moment. 

The  Army  has  also  the  latest  designs  and  devices  for  cooking 
food  in  the  field  and  baking  bread.  Tne  field  bakery  will  compare 
most  favorably  with  the  very  best  types  of  this  kind,  in  any  of^the 
European  armies  of  to-day,  and  the  bread  produced  is  uniformly 
excellent.  There  are,  too,  trained  cooks  and  bakers  who  prepare  the 
food  and  bake  the  bread  for  the  Army.    These  trained  experts  are 


344  REPOBT  OF  THE  QUARTERMA8TEB  GEKEBAL.      . 

taufbt  in  the  various  bakers'  and  cooks'  schools  that  are  estabEshed 
at  designated  places  in  the  United  States,  in  the  Hawaiian  Territory, 
in  the  rhilippmes,  and  it  is  hoped  shortly  to  establish  a  school  m 
Panama. 

To  meet  any  possible  exigency  that  might  arise,  it  has  been  nec- 
essary to  procure  and  place  in  stock  at  the  depots  at  El  Paso,  Fort 
Sam  Houston,  Harlingen,  CJolimabus,  Nogales,  etc.,  large  quantities 
of  articles  of  the  ration  and  other  subsistence  supplies  for  troops 
on  the  border  and  in  the  Southern  Department.  The  corps  has 
been  able  to  practically  meet  every  demand  made  upon  it,  so  far 
as  the  food  supply  of  the  Army  is  concerned. 

Some  complaints  have  reached  this  office  as  to  the  poor  quality 
and  insufficiency  of  the  food  furnished  various  militia  organizations. 
After  investigation  of  these  cases,  the  records  indicate  that  prac- 
tically all  the  complaints  so  far  as  have  been  investigated  have  oeen 
unfoimded,  or  due  to  the  inexperience  of  cooks  of  the  National  Guard 
or  lack  of  experience  and  training  of  the  National  Guard  in  taking 
care  of  themselves,  though,  as  previously  stated,  they  have  done 
remarkably  well  in  this  respect.  The  following  indicates  the  char- 
acter of  the  complaints  and  some  of  the  replies  thereto: 

Hon.  Hoke  Smith,  United  States  Senate;  Hon.  Carl  Vinson,  House 
of  Representatives;  and  Mr.  C.  T.  Wiebis,  reported  to  this  office  that 
there  was  a  shortage  of  food,  etc.,  also  that  the  food  was  not  of  good 
quality  at  the  Geor^a  mobilization  camp  at  Macon,  Ga.  The  com- 
plaints were  immediately  referred  for  investigation,  and  the  reports 
of  the  senior  mustering  officer  at  the  camp  at  Macon,.  Ga.,  indicated 
that  at  no  time  were  the  rations  inadequate,  but  that  they  were  ample 
and  of  excellent  quality.  Later  on  Senator  Smith  submitted  a  com- 
munication from  the  lion.  Hooper  Alexander,  United  States  attorney 
for  the  northern  district  of  Georgia,  who  stated  that  he  had  visited 
Camp  Harris  and  found  the  troops  in  fine  spirits  and  prospering  in 
every  way.    Mr.  Alexander's  letter  is  as  follows: 

August  7, 1916. 
Hon.  Hoke  Sioth, 

UnxUd  States  SenaU,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Mt  Dear  Senator:  I  see  by  the  ^pen  that  the  customaiy  crop  of  critics  10  com- 
plaining at  the  administration  of  the  War  Department  and  its  treatment  of  the  militia. 

It  has  occurred  to  me  that  the  Secretary  of  War  may  be  interested  to  know  that  the 
Geors^  troops  are  in  fine  spirits  and  prospering  in  every  way.  I  went  to  Camp 
Hams  a  few  days  ago  after  they  were  concentrated  there  and  personally  inspected 
the  cooking  arrangements  and  other  camp  facilities  and  I  was  delighted  with  the 
situation. 

I  have  a  boy  19  years  old,  who  enlisted  with  the  Fifth  Geonria  Regiment  and  is  now 
in  camp.  He  came  here  last  night  on  a  36-hour  furlough.  He  has  gained  14  pounds 
while  m  camp,  and  reports  to  me  that  everything  there,  especially  the  food,  is  as 
nearly  perfect  as  could  be  asked.  He  seems  delighted  with  the  situation,  and  sa^ 
that  practically  every  man  with  the  Georgia  Brigade  feels  the  same  way  about  it. 
There  are  a  few  critics  there  as  you  will  fiuad  them  everywhere,  but  I  am  sure  that 
there  is  no  ground  for  criticising  the  War  Department,  at  least  so  far  as  concerns  the 
Georgia  troops. 

I  am  writing  this  because  it  may  be  of  interest  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  if  you  should 
see  fit  to  communicate  it  to  him. 
Respectfully, 

Hooper  Alsxakder. 

This  communication  was  entirely  volimtary  and  unsolicited,  and 
Senator  Smith,  who  had  previously  deplored  the  alleged  poor  food 
and  conditions,  stated  that  he  was  very  much  gratified  to  receive  this 


EEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  QENEBAL.  345 

letter  and  to  submit  it  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  as  he  had  very  much 
confidence  in  the  statements  of  Mr.  Alexander. 

Mr.  Frank  G.  Gorrell,  secretary  of  the  National  Canners  Associa- 
tion, forwarded  a  clipping  to  this  oflBce  from  the  New  York  World 
relative  to  the  poisoning  of  the  Massachusetts  Militia  by  canned 
salmon.  A  thorough  investigation  of  this  case  disclosed  the  fact  that 
several  cans  of  this  salmon  were  brought  by  the  Massachusetts 
Militia  with  them  from  their  mobilization  camp  at  Framingham, 
Mass.  Through  the  carelessness  of  the  cook  a  swelled"  can  was 
mixed  with  other  cans  containing  good  food  furnished  by  the  Army 
authorities,  and  the  mixing  of  tne  bad  with  the  good  food  was  the 
cause  of  the  illness  of  the  troops.  The  illness  was  the  direct  result  of 
lack  of  judgment  and  experience  of  militia  cooks.  Steps  were  imme- 
diatelv  taken  by  the  authorities  to  prevent  a  recurrence  of  cases  of 
this  cnaracter,  and  orders  were  issued  from  this  office  looking  to  the 
prevention  of  similar  cases. 

Mr.  G.  W.  Pratt  submitted  a  clipping  from  Mr.  McCann  regarding 
the  bad  food  furnished  the  militia  on  the  border,  particularly  the 
New  York  troops.  A  thorough  investigation  of  tnis  matter  was  . 
made,  and  the  commanding  general  of  tne  New  York  Division  re- 
ported that  the  complaint  was  entirely  without  foxmdation  and 
attached  complete  statements  of  company  commander,  mess  ser- 

feant,  first  sergeant,  and  cook  of  Company  H,  Seventh  New  York 
nfantry  (where  it  was  alleged  the  bad  food  had  been  served),  indi- 
cating that  the  food  furnished  was  of  the  best  quality  and  that  the 
complaints  were  entirely  imfoimded. 

But  one  case  reached  this  office  and  was  investigated,  wherein  the 
complaint  of  lack  of  food  was  well  founded.  This  occurred  in  com- 
plaint of  the  Hon.  H.  P.  Snyder,  House  of  Representatives,  who 
reported  to  this  office  that  a  member  of  Troop  6,  First  New  York 
Cavalry,  on  his  way  to  the  border  by  train,  had  been  without  food 
for  24  hours.  On  investigation  it  was  ascertained  that  the  officer  in 
charge  failed  to  provide  for  subsistence  at  the  time.  This  failure 
was  due  to  lack  of  experience  and  poor  judgment  on  the  part  of  the 
officer,  for  he  should  have  met  the  emergency  promptly  by  procuring 
the  necessary  food  if  his  rations  were  exnausted,  at  any  eating 
station,  and  made  a  charge  against  the  Government  the  same  as  he 
would  or  should  have  done  if  his  men  had  been  delayed  and  the  ration 
supplies  were  all  consimied  before  reaching  his  destination,  as  is  fre- 
(juently  the  case  with  the  Regular  Armv.  So  that  while  the  incident 
is  greatly  regretted,  it  seems  to  have  been  due  to  the  fact  that  the 
militia  officer  in  charge  was  lacking  in  experience  and  initiative  in 
caring  for  his  men. 

But,  as  previously  stated,  it  is  humanly  impossible  to  provide 
against  every  contingency,  mistake,  or  even  nardsnip  in  a  great  move- 
ment of  this  character. 

In  conclusion  it  may  be  well  to  repeat  that  Maj.  Gen.  Tasker  H. 
Bliss,  United  States  Army,  Assistant  Chief  of  Staff,  made  an  ex- 
tensive investigation  of  practically  all  the  militia  organizations  en- 
camped on  the  Mexican  Tborder,  and  reported  that  the  rations  were 
ample  and  of  excellent  quality,  and  that  a  general  spirit  of  content- 
ment prevailed  among  tne  troops. 


846  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENERAL. 

Value  of  miscellaneous  supplies  issued  to  the  militia;  fiscal  year 
1916,  $38,446.65. 

Losses, — ^The  following  losses  occurred  during  the  year,  and  are 
based  on  the  losses  for  nine  months,  which  is  the  latest  d.ata  available: 

Ordinary  wastage $21,109.92 

Deterioration 166,701.34 

Loss  in  transit 2,001.80 

Loss — carriers  and  sellers  responsible 4, 747. 60 

Theft  or  fire .-. 549.95 

Miscellaneous 34,034.28 

Losses  on  account  of  Galveston  hurricane 10, 761. 90 

Issued  to  replace  losses  to  troops  on  account  of  Galvestou  hurricane 11, 769. 86 

Total 261,666.65 

Deduct  gains r23,228.68 

Deduct  sales  at  auction 32,750.36 

Deduct  reclamation  made  on  carriers  and  sellers 4, 747. 60 

Total 60,724.64 

Total  net  losses 190,942.01 

Issues  to  destitutes  on  accoimt  of  hurricane,  etc 3, 041. 04 

The  excessive  losses  are  due  to  the  sale  of  surplus  stock  of  the  Corregidor  Reserve  and 
to  the  Galveston  hmrricane. 

CLOTHING  AND  EQUIPAGE. 

FINANCE. 

Appropriation  by  Congress  for  the  purchase  and  manufacture  of  cloth- 
ing and  equipage  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1916: 

Original  amount -. $6,693,000.00 

Deficiency 5,014,702.00 

Total 11,707,702.00 

Credit  on  account  of  sales  to  oflicers,  etc 220,000.00 

Collections  and  disbursements  in  connection  with  the  settlement  of  the 
clothina  accounts  of  the  enlisted  men  of  the  Army. — The  following  are 
the  collections  from  and  disbursements  to  the  enlisted  men  oi  the 
Armj  in  the  settlement  of  their  clothing  accounts  during  the  period 
specified,  viz: 

Collections  on  accoimt  of  clothing  drawn  in  excess  of  established  allow- 
ances: 
Appropriation,  1915— 

From  Apr.  1,  1915,  to  June  30,  1915 $13,107.63 

From  July  1, 1916,  to  Mar.  31,  1910 76,349.91 

Appropriation,  1916,  from  July  1,  1915,  to  Mar.  31,  1916 98, 783. 52 

Total  collections 188,241.06 

Payments  to  enlisted  men  at  time  of  discharge  from  service  on  account  of 
clothing  undrawn: 
Appropriation,  1915 — 

From  Apr.  1,  1915,  to  June  30.  1915 304,432.58 

From  July  1,  1915,  to  Mai.  31,  1916 457.705.37 

Total  disbursements 762,137.95 

From  the  above  it  will  readily  be  seen  that  the  allowance  of  cloth- 
ing established  to  properly  clotne  the  enlisted  men  of  the  Army  under 
alTservice  conditions  is  ample. 


EEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTERM ASTER  GENERAL.         347 

Issues  to  the  militia.^Theie  were  issued  to  the  governors  of  the 
several  States  and  Territoiies  and  to  the  commanding  general  of  the 
District  of  Coltmibia  Militia,  for  use  of  the  Organized  Militia  during 
the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1916,  clothing  and  equipage  supplies 
to  the  total  value  of  $1,098,813.15,  of  which  $931,104.08  was  on 
account  of  issues  under  the  act  of  May  27,  1908,  and  $167,709.07 
under  the  act  of  June  22,  1906,  amending  section  1661,  Revised 
Statutes. 

The  issues  of  these  supplies  were  made  upon  requisitions  submitted 
by  the  governors  of  the  respective  States  and  Territories  and  the  com- 
manding general  District  of  Columbia  MiUtia,  duly  approved  by  the 
Secretary  of  War.  Reimbursements  for  the  value  of  the  property 
issued  have  been  and  will,  as  soon  as  the  receipts  for  the  same  shall 
have  been  received  by  the  officer  making  the  issues,  be  submitted  to 
the  Mihtia  Bureau  for  transmission  to  the  Auditor  for  the  War 
Department,  in  order  that  the  appropriation  *' Clothing,  and  camp 
ana  garrison  equipage"  may  receive  proper  credit. 

S3.es  to  the  muitia, — ^The  amount  of  money  realized  during  the 
fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1916,  from  sales  of  clothing  and  equipage 
supplies  to  the  governors  of  the  States  and  Territories,  and  the  com- 
manding gener^  District  of  Columbia  Militia,  under  the  act  of  Con- 
gress approved  January  21,  1903,  amounted  to  $70,352.85,  which 
sum  has  been  placed  to  the  credit  of  the  appropriation  *' Clothing,  and 
camp  and  garrison  equipage.'* 

Sales  of  clothing  and  equipage  to  various  departments  and  bureaus  of 
the  Government — By  special  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  imder 
the  provisions  of  paragraph  671,  Army  Regulations,  1913,  there  were 
sold  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1916,  to  various  depart- 
ments and  Duroaus  of  the  Government,  clothing  and  equipage  supplies 
to  the  value  of  $87,301 .09.  The  amounts  have  been  or  wul  be  crodi tod 
to  the  appropriation  "Clothing,  and  camp  and  garrison  equipage." 

Sales  of  clothing  and  equipage  supplies  to  military  schools  and  col- 
leges,— Tnere  were  sold  dunng  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1916, 
under  the  provisions  of  the  act  approved  July  17,  1914,  to  military 
schools  and  colleges  at  which  officers  of  the  Army  are  detailed  as  pro- 
fessors of  military  science  and  tactics,  clothing  and  equipage  supplies 
to  the  value  of  $9,363.75.  The  amounts  have  been  placed  to  the 
credit  of  the  appropriation  "Clothing,  and  camp  and  garrison 
equipage." 

Sales  at  auction. — There  was  realized  at  the  general  depots  of  the 
Quarteiinaster  Corps  during  the  past  fiscal  year  from  sales  of  con- 
demned and  unserviceable  articles  of  clothing  and  equipage  and  cut- 
tines  the  total  sum  of  $27,532.53.  The  expenses  connected  with 
making  these  sales  amounted  to  $192.04,  which  were  deducted  from 
the  amount  realized,  leaving  a  balance  of  $27,340.49,  which,  under  the 
law,  was  covered  into  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States,  credited  to 
''Miscellaneous  receipts." 

Field  supply  depots. — For  statement  of  quantities  of  clothing  and 
equipage  ^\^ch,  by  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  as  stated  in  com- 
munication from  the  office  of  The  Adjutant  General,  of  February  23, 
1911,  are  to  be  kept  available  in  field  supply  depot  No.  1,  also  the 
quantities  on  hand  Jime  30,  1916,  see  Exhibit  No.  12.  It  will  be  seen 
that  most  of  the  supplies  have  during  the  recent  mobiUzation  of  the 
National  Guard  been  drawn  upon  and  that  the  articles  constituting 


348 


BEPORT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENERAL. 


the  reserve  supply  have  virtually  become  exhausted  and  no  great  de- 
pendence can  DC  placed  upon  the  same. 

Cloihim  and  equipage  supplies  for  the  National  Guard  called  out  by 
the  President  of  the  United  States, — The  Secretarv  of  War  on  June  18, 
1916,  under  instructions  from  the  President,  called  upon  each  of  the 
governors  of  the  States  (except  the  governors  of  Texas,  New  Mexico, 
and  Arizona,  the  militia  of  which  States  were  called  into  service  upK>n 
a  previous  call),  by  telegraph,  and  directed  the  assembling  at  the  re- 
spective State  mobiUzation  points,  or  at  such  points  as  mi^ht  be 
designated  by  the  conmianding  generals  of  the  respective  imlitary 
departments,  of  such  organizations  as  were  deemed  necessary. 

Kealizing  that  immediate  steps  should  be  taken  to  promptly  and 
efficiently  furnish  the  troops  thus  called  into  service  with  the  neces- 
sary clothing  and  equipage  supplies  for  field  service,  at  war  strength, 
all  the  supphes  available^together  with  such  as  imder  s{>ecial  author- 
ity of  the  Secretarv  of  War  were  purchased  at  the  general  depots, 
either  in  open  market  or  after  inviting  proposals  upon  short  notice, 
were  placea  under  the  control  of  the  several  department  conmianders. 
The  States  in  the  Western  Department  to  be  supplied  from  the  depot 
at  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  those  in  the  Central  and  Southern  Depart- 
ments from  the  depot  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  the  States  located  in 
the  east  from  the  depot  at  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

The  action  in  making  these  pm*chases  was  due  solely  to  the  fact 
that  the  stock  of  clothijng  and  equipage  held  in  reserve  proved  to  be 
inadequate  to  meet  the  pressing  demands  so  suddenly  made  upon 
the  corps,  the  limited  appropriations  by  Congress  heretofore  made 
for  the  procurement  of  a  reserve  supply  not  having  been  sufficient. 

The  loUowing  is  a  statement  showing  the  amoimts  estimated  by 
the  clothing  supply  branch  as  being  required  for  reserve  suppUes  of 
clotliing  and  equipage  for  the  fiscal  years  1909  to  1916,  inclusive, 
the  amounts  included  in  the  annual  estimates,  and  the  amounts 
appropriated  by  Congress  for  the  purpose: 


Fiscal  year. 


1909. 
1910. 
1911. 
1912. 


Amount  esti- 
mated by 
clothing  sap- 
ply  brancb. 


Amount  in- 
cluded in 
estimate. 


12,500,000.00  $2,500,000.00 
1,549,615.61     1,M9,615.61 


1,494,653.64  I  494,653.64 

332,011.70  1  332,04L76 

1913 !      2,051.889.34  1  131,70a00 

1914 1      1,596,8^79  I  696,898.79 

1915 1      2,900,064.45  j  225,880.95 

1916 225,ooaoo  i  aoo,ouaoo 


Total. 


12,656,158.59    6,030,294.75 


Amount  ap- 

propriatea 

by  Congress. 


$1,274,873.85 

1,549,61^.61 

494,653.64 

832,041.76 

"   *244;958!7» 
225,389.96 


4,121,53101 


The  stock  on  hand  at  the  general  depots  had  been  further  reduced 
by  issues  to  equip  the  trainmg  camps,  no  funds  having  heretofore 
been  appropriatea  to  cover  cost  of  such  supphes. 

Purchase  of  clothing  for  spedal  issue  to  troops  in  Alaska. — ^Under 
existing  orders  the  troops  stationed  in  Alaska  perform  duties  which 
require  that  they  shoiild  be  suppHed  clothing  of  a  specially  warm 
character.  The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  articles  prociired 
during  the  past  fiscal  year,  amounting  in  the  aggregate  to  $8,758.46: 


iAJSOJLL^  i^^ 


SMI  V      T'lrkK  finest .  >       IKS 

^  »L  ■      fiumm    ft.  tmr ,        .        ::.'         nC  ■ 

at  m-     f»ti»x«rfc7«r  - .        4M      .-Tilt 


fi        14%  9      I  1111111  I  ^  wBtt..  cnr..    ,         .3^        4^  ■ 
M  m.  ■  

! 

Trial ^dsAimf  mmimBf^ehtrrei  ffxmt  v(nt!  o »* '7 :  a- t.  ?#  ,v-:"  '^  : --^  : r>  — 

Reports  upoD   the  cotic«i  loid  wk>}  matd  ^t  y*^    'j    *     r  i^-u'-i 

for  trial  by  tzoc«p«  slAtJcosc^  At  FtS  Mjvrr    Vi.    T'-Tr^^i  i     r    ::j*^ 

lOBtuJ  rcpTTt  fee  liw-  £?4nJ  yew  ^ZjIts  -  -r*'     •      !    IT.  i.L-*  *>«- 

reeeived-     The  ti^^Ke  of  tbf*?^  rvpr-ri-   m^Lj'   ftT  -rtJ'  V    >  r-  :   .  _  '** 

conchishnp,  as  li>^  rt"  ihr-.g  h**  i*-!   r»^-   >-**  --vi  :.    v  lt    -•  .  j 

fieU-s-e-rvice   eocfedit>ciQ&.    Jadg^.g  fr^is   r*T»  ^1=.  r'^-^.-'if    -'•  *    '-^ 

oBr-PHlrab  sliirte.  vlurli    «rp    irc-m-  #-x'iuf.- -It  rr.hz.  Jkf"  ^-l   ir  :zi 

flannel  cooaposed  of  75  per  orT.t  w->  -1  *r  i  1*  >^  rvr_:  ",  :*.  :.    ':i^.'*  *  ^t 

no  doubt  Inat  the  C'lrrf^-drmb  s-^iti'-v  <j  :1_.z  »"~il  i-r  -*  -  -/-t--J  ** 

aceeptabie  acd  serrioeable. 

Searcity  <!^ df^^ityTi. — As  MAii^-i  ir.  tb?- 1^^*.  4^ - :ii.I  r-  -»  n  r'^t".  ./' 
ficidties  were  expenenoed  br  rr.Mr.vf^A^ir^T^  r  c'^-l  * -' i'  "  *>  -:  v*^ 
stuffs  needed  to  produce  the  fa.st  rrrkrv  ^r  :  ^r.-..*^  f  r  •.;-'^  -  ' '^-^-•t*^ 
woolen  and  cotton  fabrics  er.i*er.:-z  ir.:^*  li.'^  i^i'  "-5^*  *  -r-  •'  .v..tv ;  t^* 
for  the  Army. 

On  account  of  the  European  wa»r  &-  •!  f>:r.*^  .->  -  •  rr. 'r>*-/-  „  \}  -/ 
importing  the  dyes  which  har^  L-r*e:'>f  -r^  xm^z^  •  r'>'  -r^*-;  5r'y;-%  *^;'/t/i, 
the  situation  became  quite  s«-r>.*us. 

In  connection  with  the  purchise  of  \t.^  -l  tLI:  z  :r,^>r^l*  f*-,  >,.''d 
by  the  Quartennaster  Corps,  c^f^^i.^r  *l' -r^e  -.--i:  .-rr  ^-*t.  ,v.^'  ,- 
factawrs  represented  thait  it  wo:Id  t-^  irj^Tra/:.-  ^'^^  •'^y  ',*/•-<.,;  r.'.^ 
needed  dyes,  which  had  entiivly  di-^'j-irwi  fro:a  t.^'r  A,v,<  r.' >-r# 
markeL 

Contractors  haTe,  however,  be^r*  able  to  pr-vi-;'^  ^':.*t  f^*/*-/'*  ;^'  J 
the  situation  seems  to  hare  beer*  -onif^rr^.t  t*  ..^^*^A  or  •;,'-  i'.,,.*  y  vf 
American  manufacturers  to  producer  i^'i\tJ,\*^  dy#;^t*.:T*  i;.  t;.<:  \,:.\***i 
States. 

The  department  no  longer  ifi^btj  upo'.  an  orin^-^Jmb  -f/Ior  for 
stockings,  it  having  been  decided  to  p'Jr^..A.-»rf?  o;.!y  t'.<r  '-^y/.-./^i-r'^^J 
article,  therebv  giving  relief  to  manufA/:l»in'r^  of  u-xiiif  {3w*fT,t  *.. 

Brawn  mixei  tpoolens. — In  view  of  the  var^  itv  of  rf v^*  uiU  t*^U^nt*A 
to,  this  office  realized  that  timely  step«»  -uould  tjo  ta^c^n  fo  f^ro'lu/^  a 
fabric  that  would  prove  satisfactory  a%  a  ser.i'e  uniforrn  and  a»  t}*e 
same  time  eliminate  the  uncertainty  of  depending  ufKjn  Ay^^  'A  for<^ij{n 
production,  and  samples  of  brown  and  gray  mixed  melt/jriA  merw  pro- 
cured from  various  woolen  mills,  and  it  was'^demonstrated  that,  »h/>uJd 
occasion  arise,  there  will  be  no  difficulty  in  obtaining  woolen  cl/Hht  in 
sufficient  quantities. 

Revision  qf  specifications  for  woolen  fabrics. — It  having  been  found 
advisable  to  change  the  standards  and  specifications  for  woolen  f ab- 
rics  entering  into  the  manufactiu^  of  uniforms,  the  specifications 
governing  the  purchase  of  such  materials  have  been  revised  by  elim- 


360  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTBBMASTBB  GENERAL. 

inating  the  14  and  17  ounce  olive-drab  meltons  and  substituting 
therefor  a  16-ounce  melton  for  service  coats  and  breeches. 

Changes  in  uniform, — For  the  purpose  of  making  a  studv  of  and 
reporting  upon  the  question  of  the  uiiifonn  and  clothing  allowances 
of  enlistod  men,  a  board  of  officers  was  appointed  under  the  provisions 
of  War  Department  Special  Orders,  No.  39,  February  16,  1916,  as 
amended  by  Special  Orders,  Nos.  49  and  80,  of  February  29  and  April 

5,  c.  s. 

It  is  understood  that  the  board  referred  to  has  rendered  its  report 
and  submitted  the  same  to  The  Adjutant  General.  Up  to  the  present 
time  this  office  has  not  been  advised  of  the  action  taken  upon  the  rec- 
ommendations of  the  board  of  officers  referred  to. 

Previous  to  the  appointment  of  the  board  this  office,  on  several 
occasions  during  the  past  year,  recommended  the  abolishment  of  the 
blue  imiform  as  an  economic  measure  and  the  discontinuance  of  the 
clothinff  money  allowance,  it  having  been  found  impracticable  to 
establish  an  allowance  that  would  be  equitable  imder  existing  service 
conditions. 

Unauthorized  wearing  of  uniforms. — ^The  act  of  Congress  approved 
June  3,  1916  (sec.  125),  provides  that  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any 
person  not  an  officer  or  enlisted  man  of  the  United  States  Army, 
riayy,  or  Marine  Corps  to  wear  the  duly  prescribed  uniforni  of  the 
United  States  Army,  Navy,  or  Marine  Corps,  or  any  distinctive  part 
of  such  imiforms,  or  a  xmiform  any  part  oi  which  is  similar  to  a  dis- 
tinctive part  of  the  duly  prescribea  uniform  of  the  United  States 
Army,  Navy,  or  Marine  Corps.  This  provision  is  not,  however,  to  be 
construed  so  as  to  prevent  officers  or  enlisted  men  of  the  National 
Guard  from  wearing,  in  pursuance  of  law  and  regulations,  the  imiform 
lawfully  prescribed  to  be  worn  by  such  officers  or  enhsted  men  of  the 
National  Guard;  members  of  tne  organization  known  as  the  Boy 
Scouts,  or  such  other  organizations  as  the  Secretary  of  War  may 
designate,  are  exempted  from  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Several  organizations  having  made  inquiry  as  to  whether  their 
status  was  such  as  to  prevent  tnem  from  weanng  the  authorized  uni- 
form of  the  Anny^  The  Adjutant  General,  by  direction  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  War,  hds  informed  the  representatives  of  such  organizations 
that  a  compliance  with  the  following  requirements,  with  the  exception 
of  a  distinctive  hat  band,  would  meet  with  the  approval  of  the  War 
Departmcn  t,  viz  : 

Organizations  must  be  purely  military. 

They  must  be  composea  of  atizens  of  the  United  States,  or  those  who  have  declared 
their  intention  to  become  citizens. 

The  object  of  the  organization  must  be  to  so  drill  and  train  its  members  that  they 
may  be  better  able  to  take  their  places  in  the  large  armies  that  would  be  called  in 
case  of  great  national  emergency. 

The  organization  must  be  armed  with  the  rifle  or  other  arm  approved  by  the  War 
Department. 

The  drill  and  training  must  be  according  to  the  prescribed  regulations  and  tw^nn^iiy 
of  the  War  Department. 

Some  mark  or  insignia  of  a  distinctive  character  must  be  adopted  to  be  worn  on 
the  blouse  or  coat,  or  shirt  when  blouse  or  coat  is  not  worn;  also  a  distinctive  hat- 
band in  lieu  of  a  cord  must  be  worn. 

Officer  must  not  wear  the  insignia  of  rank  prescribed  for  officers  of  the  Army,  Navy, 
or  Marine  Corps. 

The  insig[nia  of  rank  prescribed  for  officers  of  educational  institutions  are  reomi- 
mended,  with  reference  to  which  a  circular  now  in  process  of  pubUcadon  will  be 
issued  in  a  few  weeks  and  furnished  to  the  different  educational  institutions  and 
military  societies. 


REPORT  OF  THE  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL.  351 

Fidd  shoes. — ^ReaUzmg  the  fact  that  on  account  of  the  numerous 
complaints  that  the  regulation  shoe,  while  excellent  in  all  other  re- 
spects, was  too  li^it  in  construction  and  material,  and  consequently 
Old  not  possess  tl^  necessary  wearinjg  qualities  for  seryice  in  the  fiela, 
this  office  ordered  the  purcnase  and  issue  to  troops,  for  preliminary 
trial,  of  600  pairs  conforming  in  pattern  and  substance,  with  minor 
modifications,  to  those  fumisned  \>y  American  manufacturers  to  the 
French  and  Belgian  Armies  during  the  present  European  war.  The 
uppers  are  made  of  undressed  yeiQ  or  side  leather.  Ihe  soles  are  of 
adequate  thickness  and  are  studded  with  hobnails.  The  shoes  are 
made  upon  the  same  lasts  as  heoretofore  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
Army  snoes,  and  in  r^ard  to  ^diich  no  complaints  haye  reached  this 
office. 

There  are  now  being  purchased  under  contracts  at  the  Boston, 
Philadelphia,  and  St.  I>)uis  depots  265,000  pairs,  at  an  ayera^e  cost 
of  $3.69  per  pair,  and  they  are  dispatched  to  tne  troops  as  fast  as 
accepted  rrom  the  contractor. 

Overhauling  and  repairing  qfivom-out  shoes. — ^It  haying  been  demon- 
strated that  m  many  cases  tne  worn-out  shoes  discaroed  by  the  en- 
listed men  could  be  oyerhauled  and  remodeled  at  a  reasonable  price, 
thus  rendering  them  fit  for  further  service,  the  question  of  retaining 
the  ownership  of  the  shoes  by  the  Goyemment  was  submitted  for 
consideration  by  higher  authority.  The  work  connected  with  the 
repair  of  such  snoes,  after  collecting  them  from  the  principal  posts, 
could,  it  was  suggested,  be  done  eitner  at  the  Disciplinary  Barracks 
or  under  contract  with  a  firm  specializing  in  the  remodeling  of  old 
shoes,  which  would  result  in  a  large  saying  to  the  Goyemment  in  the 
cost  of  shoes. 

In  reply  to  the  foregoing  this  office  has  been  adyised  that  after 
carefid  consideration  it  has  been  decided  that  it  is  to  the  best  interest 
of  the  service  to  continue  the  clothing  allowance  system  for  enlisted 
men  instead  of  the  Goyemment  retaining  ownership  of  all  dothing 
issued  to  enlisted  men. 

Aviators^  clothing. — Under  the  proyisions  of  paragraph  20,  Special 
Orders  No.  274,  War  Department,  Noyember  24,  1915,  a  board  of 
officers  was  apj)ointed  to  meet  at  Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex.,  to  con- 
sider the  question  of  adopting  clothing  suitable  for  ayiation  purposes. 
This  depiutment,  upon  the  recommendation  of  said  board,  procured 
from  abroad,  through  the  miUtary  attachfi  at  London,  England, 
articles  of  equipment  suitable  for  the  purpose. 

Upon  receipt  of  these  samples  they  were  forwarded  to  the  board 
of  officers  referred  to  for  consideration.  No  definite  result  has,  how- 
eyer,  as  yet  been  communicated  to  this  office. 

On  the  27th  of  May  last  the  Chief  Signal  Officer  requested  a  de- 
cision as  to  whether  ayiators'  clothing  should  be  paid  for  from 
appropriations  of  the  Signal  CJorps  or  from  those  for  the  Quarter- 
master CJorps. 

Under  date  of  June  7,  1916,  the  Secretary  of  War  approyed  the 
recommendation  of  this  office  that  the  clotmng  required  oy  officers 
should  be  paid  for  by  the  officers  themselyes,  and  that  sucn  as  may 
be  required  by  the  enlisted  men  be  furnished  by  the  Quartermaster 
Corps  and  issued  on  memoradum  receipt. 

Issue  of  civilian  clothing  to  prisoners  upon  release  from  confinement — 
Under  tne  proyisions   of  paragraph  1170,  Army  Regulations   as 


852  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  QENEBAL. 

changed  by  C.  A.  R.  No.  27,  1915,  each  general  prisoner  upon  release 
from  conmiement  is  furnished  by  the  Quartermaster  Corps  with  a 
suit  of  citizens'  outer  clothing  at  a  cost  of  not  to  exceed  $10. 

Experiments  conducted  at  the  .United  States  Disciplinary  Barracks. 
Fort  Leavenworth,  Kans.,  demonstrated  that  the  clothing  reqmred 
for  issue  to  discharged  prisoners  could  be  economically  manufactured 
by  prison  labor  and  tne  savings  would  cover  the  cost  also  of  an 
overcoat. 

Steps  were  taken  during  the  past  year  to  install  a  tailor  shop  at 
the  Pacific  Branch,  United  States  Disciplinary  Barracks,  Alcatraz 
Island,  CaJ.,  and  the  Atlantic  Branch,  Fort  Jay,  N.  Y.  A  shoe- 
repair  shop  has  also  been  established  at  these  barracks. 

These  aaded  f acihties  will  not  only  enable  the  Quartermaster  Corps 
to  manufacture  the  several  suits  required  for  issue  to  discharged  pris- 
oners, but  will  provide  the  means  by  which  garments  can  be  reno- 
vated and  repau-ed  for  issue  to  general  prisoners  in  confinement. 
Experience  has  shown  that  obsolete  shoes  and  other  articles  can  be 
altered  and  utilized  in  this  manner  with  considerable  economy  to 
the  Government. 

Leather  leggings, — A  supply  of  leather  leggings  has  been  procured 
and  issued  to  the  mountea  organizations  for  whom  they  are  intended. 
From  reports  received  it  appears  that  they  do  not  meet  with  favor, 
partly  due  to  xmsuitable  material  of  which  made.  No  action  to  dis- 
continue their  procurement  and  issue  has  thus  far  been  taken,  as  the 
department  considers  that  a  further  and  more  extensive  trial  will  be 
necessary  to  arrive  at  a  thorough  and  correct  understanding. 

Suggestions  have  been  made  that  in  case  it  should  be  decided  to 
a])o;ish  the  leather  leggings  it  would  be  preferable  to  adopt  for  the 
mouiite<l  troops  a  suitable  legging  made  of  canvas  and  to  reinforce 
them  with  leather. 

Canvas  leggings, — Reports  have  been  received  that  the  present  can- 
vas legging  is  not  suitable  for  the  requirements  of  the  service.  It  is 
pointed  out  that  a  return  to  the  pattern  issued  prior  to  the  Spanish- 
American  War  would  be  preferable.  The  pattern  referred  to  was 
provided  with  a  leather  strap  to  go  beneath  the  shank  of  the  shoe, 
thereby  keeping  the  legging  m  proper  place  and  extending  the  ma- 
t(»rial  sufficientR''  over  the  instep  to  prevent  sand  and  other  substances 
fro?n  entering  tne  shoe. 

Ponchos  and  slickers. — Experiments  have  continued  during  the 
past  year  in  the  eflFort  to  develop  a  satisfactory  poncho  and  slicker  for 
the  service,  it  being  found  that  the  waterproof  sheeting  heretofore 
used  in  manufacturing  these  articles  was  not  suitable  for  the  purpose. 

As  to  shckers,  so  far  experiments  have  shown  that  a  double  texture 
material  with  a  rubber  interlining  has  given  the  most  satisfaction. 

Recently  a  fabric  known  as  ** aeroplane  cloth"  was  brought  to  the 
attention  of  this  oflfice,  and  preliminary  experiments  and  tests  indi- 
cated that  this  fabric  would  prove  especially  serviceable  for  ponchos. 
Contracts  have  been  awarded  for  a  quantity  of  this  material,  and  it 
will  be  given  a  thorough  trial. 

In  general  it  can  be  stated  that  complaints  with  reference  to  pon- 
chos and  shckers  have  been  less  frequent  during  the  past  year,  and 
it  is  hoped  that  within  the  near  future  a  perfect^  satisfactory  article 
will  be  evolved. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  OENEBAIi. 


353 


Changes  in  speciJUationsfor  clothing  and  equipage. — ^The  following  is 
a  statement  oi  the  yarious  changes  that  were  made  in  the  specifica- 
tions for  clothing,  equipage,  and  materials  dining  the  fiscal  year 
ending  June  30,  1916,  with  the  reasons  therefor: 


Mo. 


1231 
1232 
1233 
1234 
1235 


1236 

123S 

1239 
1240 

1241 

1242 


Articles. 


Collar  omftmeiits. 

Cap  ornaments 

Leather  leggings 

Ambulance  guidon  staffs 
Tent  poles  and  pins 

Tentage 


Silken  colors,  guidons,  and  standards . 


Field  desks  for  companies  andregi* 

moital  headquarters. 
Woolens 


Banting  flaa,  colors,  standards,  pen- 
nants, ana  guidons. 

Containers  for  identification  certificates 


Reasons  for  change. 


Adoption  of  ornaments  for  Disciplinary  Guards. 

Adoption  of  ornaments  for  Disdpllnary  Guards. 

Adoption  of.  for  mounted  oi^anJxations. 

Readopted  for  ambulances. 

New  hexagonal  pole  for  pyramidal  tents  in  lieu  of  old  pole 
and  tripod;  new  specmcations  f<x-  ward  tents  and  con- 
solidation of  specifications  for  poles  and  pins. 

Adoption  of  wall  tent,  large  (formerly  hospital,  regulation); 
adoption  of  ward  tent;  wall  tent,  small  (formerly  wall 
tent,  tropical)  in  lieu  of  pyramidal  tent,  small;  canvas 
cover  for  folded  ward  tent  as  prescribed  in  0. 0. 39,  W.  D., 
1915;  and  oonsoUdation  of  all  tentage  speciflcatioos. 

Adoption  of  guidons  for  ambulance  companies,  field  hos- 
pital compaoles,  aero  squadron,  and  telefpraph  c(Miipa- 
nies.  Signal  Corps. 

New  nllng  arrangement. 

Provide  for  mixture  of  cotton  in  30-oance  melton  and  shirt- 
ing flannel;  substitution  of  16-ounoe  for  14  and  17  ounoe 
meltons. 

Adoption  of  guidons  for  ambulance  and  field  hospital  com- 
panies, aero  squadron,  and  telegraph  companies.  Signal 
Corps. 

New. 


Guidons  for  nutchine-gun  troops. — ^Requisitions  for  guidons  for 
machine^un  troops  having  been  made  upon  this  department,  The 
Adjutant  General,  by  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  has  advised 
this  office  that  the  same  are  not  required  by  such  troops. 

The  officers  in  charge  of  the  several  issuing  depots  have  been 
advised  accordingly. 

Band  instruments. — ^The  change  in  musical  instruments  furnished 
to  the  bands  of  the  Army  and  the  militia  by  the  Quartermaster  Corps 
from  hiffh  to  what  is  known  as  the  low  or  mtemational  pitch  has  re- 
ceived the  constant  attention  of  this  office  in  so  far  as  the  appropria- 
tions available  for  that  purpose  would  permit.  About  one-third  of 
the  bands  have  been  supphed  with  new  instruments,  or,  whenever 

Eracticable,  alterations  in  the  instruments  on  hand  by  means  of  sUdes 
ave  been  made,  thereby  perfecting  the  changes  in  the  most  economi- 
cal manner. 

Mosquito  bars  for  troops  in  Canal  Zone. — The  attention  of  this  office 
having  been  called  to  tne  necessity  of  supplying  the  troops  stationed 
in  the  Canal  Zone  with  mosquito  oars  of  a  nner  mesh,  in  view  of  the 
fact  that  those  of  regulation  pattern  did  not  afford  sufficient  protec- 
tion against  the  sand  ffies  so  prevalent  in  that  part  of  the  country, 
the  Department  Quartermaster  of  the  Eastern  Department  on  June 
28  last  was  authorized  to  purchase  the  necessary  bars,  to  be  of  a 
quality  that  may  be  found  most  suitable  and  satisfactory. 

A  report  has  been  received  from  the  officer  referred  to,  from  which 
it  appears  that  5,610  bars  have  been  purchased  at  the  several  posts 
requiring  them,  at  a  total  cost  of  $10,889.68. 

Claims,  act  of  March  S,  1885. — ^There  were  received  at  this  office 
during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1916,  144  claims  for  personal 
property  destroyed  or  lost  by  officers  and  enlisted  men  while  in 
the  service  of  the  United  States.    The  act  of  Congress  approved 


e917e*— WAB 1916— VOL  1- 


23 


854  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  QENEBAL. 

March  3,  1885,  authorizes  settlement  of  claims  of  this  character  by 
proper  accomiting  officers  of  the  Treasm'y  Department. 

The  act  contains  a  provision  that  the  Uability  of  the  Grovemment 
shall  be  limited  to  such  articles  as  the  Secretary  of  War,  in  his  dis- 
cretion, shall  decide  to  be  reasonablcj  useful,  necessary  and  proper 
for  sucn  officer  or  soldier  to  have  in  his  possession  while  in  quarters, 
engaged  in  the  public  service,  or  in  the  Ime  of  dxitj. 

The  claims  received  were  carefuDy  considered  in  this  office  and 
submitted  to  the  Secretary  of  War  for  transmittal  to  the  Auditor  for 
the  War  Department,  the  total  amount  reconmiended  for  settlement 
amounting  to  $1,713.23. 

Claims  on  account  of  the  Texas  flood. — ^A  severe  tropical  storm  or 
hurricane  reached  the  coast  of  Texas  at  Galveston  on  August  16, 
1915.  The  storm  was  of  exceptional  violence  and  duration,  and  the 
wind  and  the  rain  and  the  floods  from  the  great  tide  and  backwaters 
caused  enormous  damage  at  the  Army  posts,  camps,  and  stations  at 
and  near  Galveston  ana  Texas  City. 

In  view  of  the  extraordinary  situation  the  Secretary  of  War  ap- 

f)roved  recommendations  for  apphcation  to  Congress  for  special  legis- 
ation  for  the  reUef  of  those  connected  with  the  Army  wno  suffered 
loss  of  private  property  in  the  storm,  including  civihan  employees, 
and  also  to  provide  reimbursement  for  loss  of  articles  personal  to 
the  use  of  members  of  families  and  dependents  of  officers,  enlisted 
men,  and  civihan  employees  and  for  military  organizations. 

Up  to  June  30,  1916,  there  have  been  received  appUeations*  from 
8,321  claimants  for  amoimts  aggregating  over  $655,000.  As  revised 
by  several  boards  of  officers,  where  there  has  been  such  review  of 
the  claims  submitted,  the  amount  involved  is  reduced  to  $515,449.20. 

Of  this  latter  amount  $414,306.29  is  for  articles  that  were  personal 
to  the  use  of  officers  and  enhsted  men;  $55,841.79  for  articles  used 
by  civihan  employees  connected  with  the  Army  and  members  of 
famihes  and  dependents  of  officers,  enUsted  men,  and  civihan  employ- 
ees; and  $45,301.17  for  reimbursement  of  articles  lost  by  mihtary 
organizations. 

The  matter  was  reported  to  Congress  by  letters  addressed  by  the 
Secretary  of  War  to  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives 
imder  dates  of  October  30,  1915,  and  January  11,  1916.  Those  com- 
munications, with  inclosures,  were  pubhshed  in  Document  No.  582, 
House  of  Representatives,  Sixty-fourth  Congress,  first  session. 

The  exammation  of  these  claims  is  proceeding,  but  their  trans- 
mittal to  the  Auditor  for  the  War  Department  must  of  necessity  be 
deferred  until  Congress  shall  have  had  opportunity  to  consider  the 
special  legislation  recommended  by  the  Secretary  of  War. 

The  claims  can  not  be  adjudicated  under  the  act  of  Congress 
approved  March  3,  1885. 

Clothing  danuiged  by  Galveston,  Tex,,  flood, — The  large  (j^uantities 
of  overcoats,  blankets,  sweaters,  and  other  articles  of  clothing  dam- 
ped by  salt  water  incident  to  tne  hurricane  and  flood  at  Galveston. 
%x.,  in  August  last,  which  it  was  beheved  could  be  renovated  ana 
rendered  serviceable  for  issue,  were  ordered  to  the  depot  at  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  for  that  purpose.  The  expenditure  connected  with 
sucn  renovation  is  reported  to  have  amomited  to  $12,606.97. 


BEPORT  OF  THE  QUABTERMASTER  GEXERAL.  355 

Many  of  the  articles  were  discolored  with  a  brown  color  which  it 
was  found  impossible  to  remove,  bat  the  discoloration  was  not  suffi- 
ciently noticeable  to  prevent  the  clothing  from  bein^  issued  to  troops 
at  the  several  disciplinary  barracks,  and  it  has  therefore  been  set 
aside  accordingly.  The  remainder  of  the  renovated  property  has 
been  placed  in  stock  for  issue. 

Manx^adure  cf  maUressesfor  prisoners  at  the  AUantie  UrUted  States 
Disciplinary  Barracks. — On  the  2l8t  of  March  last  The  Adjutant 
General  informed  this  office  of  the  approval  of  the  request  of  the 
commandant  United  States  Disciplinary  Barracks  at  Governors 
Island,  New  York  Harbor,  that  the  old  and  present  poMcy  of  fur- 
nishing the  prisoners  with  straw  mattresses  witn  no  pillows  or  sheets 
be  discontinued,  and  that  they  be  supphed  with  cotton  mattresses, 
pillows,  etc. 

A  requisition  for  the  required  articles  having  been  submitted,  and 
it  having  been  decided  to  make  the  mattresses  at  the  United  States 
Disciplinary  Barracks  at  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kans.,  thus  giving  employ- 
ment to  prisoners,  an  order  to  manufacture  the  number  needed  (400) 
was  given  after  ascertaining  that  the  necessary  picking  and  filler 
macbme  and  materials  could  be  procured  as  cheaply  at  Fort  Leaven- 
worth as  elsewhere.  Purchase  has  been  authorized  at  a  cost  of 
$1,404.25. 

Relief  of  sufferers  from  fre  at  Paris,  Tex, — Congress,  by  act  approved 
April  11,  1916,  authorized  the  Secretarv  of  War  to  supply  for  tem- 
porarv  use,  under  such  rules  and  regulations  as  he  may  prescribe, 
a  sufficient  niunber  of  tents  to  aflfora  shelter  for  the  suJOTerers  from 
the  conflagration  in  Paris,  Tex.,  and  who  may  be  in  need  of  the  same, 
and  to  fiUTiish  such  cots,  blankets,  and  supplies  as,  in  his  judgment, 
woidd  be  necessary  to  give  relief  to  such  persons  as  were  rendoix>a 
destitute  by  said  conflagration. 

The  act  of  Congress  quoted  made  no  provision  permitting  the  use 
of  anv  public  fimds  for  the  purpose  referred  to,  and  upon  the  receipt 
of  information  to  the  effect  that  governmental  aid  would  not  be 
required,  no  further  action  regarding  the  matter  was  taken  by  this 
office. 

Issue  of  tents  to  flood  sufferers  in  the  Mississippi  Valley, — There 
were  issued  in  February  fast,  from  the  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  depot,  to 
sufferers  from  the  overflow  of  the  Mississippi  River,  51  conical  wall 
tents,  2  pyramidal  tents,  large,  5  wail  tents,  small,  and  17  wall  tents, 
large,  all  complete  with  poles  and  pins,  valued  at  $2,875.10.  The 
cost  of  shipping  the  same  from  St.  Louis  to  Arnaudville,  La.,  was 
$199.53,  and  report  has  been  received  that  all  this  tentago  would 
be  returned  to  the  St.  Louis  depot. 

Loan  of  cotsfoi'  use  of  the  United  Veterans'  reunion  at  Birmingham^ 
Ala, — There  were  loaned  from  the  depot  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  to  the 
committee  having  charge  of  the  United  Veterans*  Reunion  ncld  at 
Birmingham,  Ala.,  in  M^y  last,  under  Senate  joint  resolution  No.  76, 
by  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  for  use  of  the  veterans  attend- 
ing said  reunion,  5^000  cots,  satisfactory  bond  for  the  value  of  the 
property  to  insure  its  safe  return  having  been  given. 

£oan  of  tents  arid  other  property  to  sanitary  organizations  of  the 
American  Na4ional  Red  Cross. — There  were  loaned  for  use  of  the 


356  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUARTEBMASTEB  QENEBAL. 

National  Service  School,  upon  receipt  of  satisfactory  bond,  the  fol- 
lowing Quartermaster  Corps  suppUes,  etc. : 

260  each  cots,  mattresses,  pillows,  and  mosquito  bars. 

520  pillowcases. 

1,040  bed  sheets. 

150  galvanized-iron  buckets. 

2  field  desks. 

11  hospital  tents. 

65  p>Taniidal  tents. 

41  tent  flies. 

all  complete  with  tripods,  poles,  and  pms. 

The  property  has  been  returned  to  the  custody  of  the  department. 

Purchase  of  supplies  under  annual  contracts, — Under  the  annual 
contract  system  advertisements  were  issued  and  contracts  awarded 
by  the  Quartermaster  GeneraPs  office,  for  delivery  of  various  classes 
01  supplies,  as  required  diuing  the  fiscal  year,  at  the  several  depots 
of  the  Quartermaster  Corps.  Under  these  advertisements  674  oids 
were  submitted  and  319  contracts  awarded. 

These  contracts  covered  supplies  and  services  of  the  classes  indi- 
cated in  the  following  statement,  which  also  shows  the  total  amoimt 
of  purchases  under  each  class,  viz: 

Stationery  and  office  supplies,  wrapping  and  toilet  paper,  school  books, 

etc 1178,047.70 

Hardware  and  tools 223, 731. 12 

Rope  and  twine 66, 876. 38 

Toilet  articles,  soap,  and  cleaning  materials 253,384.75 

Paints,  acids,  and  glass 71,668.17 

Canvas,  duck 10,920.71 

Iron,  steel,  copper,  etc 5,530.23 

Leather  and  harness  hardware 167, 999. 00 

Band  instruments  and  parts 18, 565. 99 

Clothing,  equipase,  and  materials 2, 430, 471. 55 

Manufacture  of  clothing 327,635.57 

Packing  and  waste 14, 304. 55 

Office  furniture 23,813.57 

Fire,  garden,  and  steam  hose 24,414.70 

Tableware  and  kitchen  utensils 27,934. 97 

Total 3,845,298.96 

Under  these  annual  contracts  orders  are  placed  with  the  con- 
tractor direct  by  the  depot  quartermaster  requiring  the  suppUes^  from 
time  to  time  during  the  fiscal  year,  which  simplifies  to  a  great  extent 
the  procurement  of  supplies. 

Some  diflSculty  was  experienced  in  a  few  cases  in  obtaining  satis- 
factory and  prompt  dehveries  of  certain  supplies,  due  to  the  unusucl 
market  conditions  existing  and  the  shortage  oi  materials  entering 
into  their  manufacture. 

CONSTRUCTION    AND   REPAIR. 

Appropriations  and  expenditures. — A  tabulated  statement  attached 
hereto  as  Exhibit  No.  8  shows  the  appropriations  and  amounts  avail- 
able during  the  past  fiscal  year  for  the  construction,  repair,  and  rental 
of  buildings,  hicluding  plumbing,  heating,  hghting  and  equipment, 
purchase  and  rental  of  land,  construction  and  repair  of  water,  sewer, 
lighting  and  power  systems,  wharves,  roads,  walks,  bridges,  and  other 
nprovements  on  military  reservations ;  also  the  approximate  amounts 
^portioned  from  the  several  appropriations,  the  general  purpose  for 


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S^^iiid  S&S  to  b€^^ 


358  REPORT  OF  THE  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

The  following  report  indicates  the  expenditures  made  thereunder: 

Construction:  Oo«t. 

Dade,  Fort,  Florida,  rebuilding  tai:get-ran£:e  shelter $150. 00 

George  Wright,  Fort,  Washington,  material  for  construction  of  shooting 

gallery. 31.96 

Greble,  Fort,  Rhode  Island^  target  range  house  storeroom 246. 82 

Kamehameha,  Fort,  Hawaii,  target  butts 1, 100. 00 

Mcintosh,  Fort,  Texas,  replacing  revetment  and  target  house  on  range 

(Laredo)* 170.00 

Brownsville,  Tex . ,  material  for  target  range,  Fourth  Infantry* 320. 10 

Canal  2k)ne,  temporary  butts  on  range 1, 000. 00 

Gaillard,  camp,  Canaf  Zone,  temporary  range 309. 66 

Plattsburg  Barracks,  N.  Y.,  addition  to  range  house  for  storage  of 

additional  tat^gets 451. 80 

St.  Michael,  Fort,  Alaska,  extending  shooting-gallery  building  No.  43. .  266. 37 

Schofield  Barracks,  Hawaii,  revetting  range  site,  excavating,  etc 9, 681. 00 

Sill,  Fort,  Oklahoma: 

Target  range  for  school  of  musketry 774. 60 

Range  house  for  school  of  musketry 605. 00 

Williams,  Fort,  Maine,  small-arms  target  range  and  house 396. 00 

Total 15,503.31 

Items  followed  by  (*)  pertain  to  Mexican  border. 

The  following  items,  not  included  in  the  foregoing,  indicate  where 
target  ranges  were  rented,  and  cost,  for  the  fiscal  year  1916: 

Buena  Vista,  P.I $111 .  30 

Colchester,  Vt 276. 00 

Clackamas,  Oreg 699. 99 

Edsall,  Va 750.00 

Fabens,  Tex.  * 30. 00 

Junemanns  Pasture,  Tex.  * 600. 00 

Laredo,  Tex.  * 420. 00 

La  Teria  Tract.  (  ameron  County,  Tex.* ; 75.00 

Leichuang.  China 180. 00 

Do 30.00 

Marfa.  Tex.  * 75. 00 

Do.* 17.43 

Nogales,  Ariz.  * 240. 00 

Pbarr,  Tex.  * 15. 00 

Total 3,519.72 

Items  followed  by  (*)  pertain  to  Mexican  border. 

Militarif  post  exchanges. — The  Army  appropriation  act,  under 
heading  of  '^MiUtary  post  exchanges,''  covers  the  following: 

For  continuing  the  construction,  equipment,  and  maintenance  of  suitable  buildings 
at  military  posts  and  stations  for  the  conduct  of  the  post  exchange,  school,  library, 
readine,  lunch,  amusement  rooms  and  gymnasium,  including  repairs  to  buildings 
erected  at  private  cost,  in  the  operation  of  the  act  approved  May  31,  1902,  for  the 
rental  of  films,  purchase  of  slides,  supplies  for  and  maian^  repairs  to  moving-picture 
outfits,  to  be  expended  in  the  discretion  and  under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of 
War,  fl5,839.85. 

The  following  indicates  the  expenditures  made  thereunder  for 
construction: 

Schofield  Barracks,  Hawaii,  completion  of  swimming  tank $500. 00 

Corozal,  Canal  Zone: 

2  bowling  alleys 650.00 

Equipment 130. 60 

Empire,  camp  at.  Canal  Zone,  improvements  in  exchange 1,724.00 


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360  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTERMASTEB  QENEBAL. 

Some  of  the  more  important  projects  undertaken  during  the  year 
were: 

Fort  Maaon,  Cal.,  fire-protection  eystem $1, 981. 75 

Fort  Mills,  r.  I.,  two  air  compreemrs,  centrifugal  pump,  air  receivers,  etc.      9, 902. 00 
Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex.,  pump  house,  tanks,  etc.,  for  aviation  grounds. .      5, 330. 75 

Scbofield  Barracks,  Hawaii,  completing  the  water-supply  system 31. 320. 00 

Water  disirilyuting  systems: 

Fort  Huachuca,  Ariz.,  water  and  sewer  systems  for  new  building 19, 000. 00 

Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex.,  water-distributmg  system  for  aviation  post..    4, 970. 00 
Sewer  systems: 

Fort  Miley,  Cal.,  connecting  post  with  city  sewer 1, 445. 00 

Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex . ,  sewer  system  for  aviation  post 7, 392. 00 

Fort  Sill.  Okla.,  sewer  for  school  of  fire  building 1,875.00 

Purchase  oflandy  revocable  licenses,  leasee,  etc. — ^Particular  attention 
has  been  given  to  leases  of  Government  property  under  the  control 
of  the  Quartermaster  Corps,  in  order  that  the  greatest  benefit  might 
be  derived  therefrom.  The  Secretarv  of  War  has  authority  under  the 
law  to  lease  property  not  required  for  immediate  military  use^or  a 
period  not  exceeding  five  years,  and  revocable  at  any  time.  When- 
ever practicable  such  leases  aie  entered  into  after  public  advertise- 
ment and  award  made  to  the  highest  bidder.  Oftentimes  the 
grounds,  buildings,  etc.,  are  kept  in  repair,  etc.,  by  the  lessee,  as  a 
condition  of  the  lease,  and  the  land,  too,  is  thereby  kept  from  weeds 
and  generally  turned  back  to  the  Government,  after  having  been 
cultivated  for  a  period  of  time,  in  a  much  better  condition  tiian  it 
would  have  been  had  it  been  allowed  to  remain  unused.  Although 
the  funds  derived  from  the  rental  thereof  are  not  recredited  and  made 
available  foi  military  expenditure,  they  are,  however,  deposited  to 
the  credit  of  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States  as  miscellaneous 
receipts  and  indirectly  operate  to  loweiing  the  cost  of  the  Military 
Estanlishment. 

Dm-ing  the  past  fiscal  year  this  office  reconmiended,  and  the  rec- 
ommendation was  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  that  hereafter 
leases  of  Government  property  to  others  be  executed  in  guintuphcate, 
one  copy  to  be  fumisnod  the  lessee,  one  copy  filed  witn  the  records 
of  the  post  concerned,  one  copy  returned  for  file  in.  the  office  of  the 
Jud^e  Advocate  General,  as  required  by  law,  one  copy  sent  to  the 
Auditor  for  the  War  Department,  and  the  remaining  copy  furnished 
for  the  information  of  this  office.  The  point  raised  by  this  office  was 
that  heretofore  there  had  been  no  complete  and  adequate  check 
upon  the  receipts  collected  from  the  lease  of  such  property,  or  of  any 
moneys  received  from  licenses,  and  it  is  beUeved  that  ,the  plan 
adopted  will  eliminate  that  objection. 

Tne  amoimts  expended  for  the  purchase  of  land,  etc.,  and  a  state- 
ment of  changes  m  military  reservations,  also  a  list  of  revocable 
license?  granted  during  the  year,  as  far  ao  shown  by  the  records  of  the 
Quartermaster  General's  office,  will  be  found  in  Exhibits  Xos.  10 
and  11. 

Front  Royal,  Va, — Vouchers  were  prepared  in  October,  1915^ 
and  payments  made  to  Mrs.  Alma  Jackson  and  R.  H.  Jackson,  in  the 
sum  of  $1 ,042.19,  for  the  acquisition  of  lOS  acres  and  120  square  poles; 
and  to  Miss  Lucy  E.  Barbee,  in  the  sum  of  $1,068.13  for  85  acres  and 
20  square  poles.  This  completed  the  purchase  of  the  land  authorized 
by  Army  act  of  March  3,  1911.  (See  p.  35  of  the  annual  report  for 
1915  for  details.) 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTBB  QENEBAL.  361 

Presidio  of  San  Francisco,  Cdl. — ^The  sum  of  $100,000,  appropiiated 
by  the  sundry  civil  act  of  March  4,  1909,  remains  available  and 
covers  the  purchase  of  land  and  acquisition  of  water  rights  on  Lobos 
Creek.  An  agreement,  dated  June  10,  1915,  between  the  Depart- 
ment and  the  opring  Valley  Water  Co.,  under  the  terms  of  which  the 
Govenmient  will  pay  to  me  above-mentioned  company  $98,937.50 
upon  being  furnished  with  a  deed  conveying  a  good  and  valid  title 
to  the  property,  remains  in  effect.  The  dteed  has  not  as  yet  been  fur- 
nished, but  the  negotiations  are  in  process  and  it  is  expected  soon  to 
close  this  matter. 

Tobyhanna^  Pa. — ^During  the  past  fiscal  year,  the  Henry  Pratt 
tract,  compiising  about  422  acres,  was  purchased  from  the  owner, 
Mr.  Thomas  Brady,  for  the  sum  of  $1,255.  This  money  came  from 
the  original  appropriation  of  $50,000  made  in  the  Army  act  for  1914. 
(See  p.  36,  annual  report  for  1915,  for  further  details.)  Two  small 
tracts  still  remain  to  be  acquired  through  condemnation  proceedings. 

Fences. — ^The  total  amount  expenaed  from  the  appropriation 
"Supplies,  Services  and  Transportation,  Quartermaster  Corps," 
during  the  fiscal  year,  for  the  constiuction  of  reservation  fences,  was 
approximately  $2,937.50,  which  includes  $1,632.10  for  a  fence  at 
Fort  Barry,  Cal.,  $388  for  material  for  construction  and  lepair  of 
fences  at  Keno,  Okla.,  $372.40  for  extension  of  fences  along  southern 
boimdary  of  Fort  Sill,  Okla.^  and  $545.56  for  a  woven-wire  fence  on 
the  east  side  of  the  reservation  at  Vancouver  Barracks,  Wash.  For 
corral  fences,  which  are  constructed  from  the  appropriation  "Bar- 
racks and  quarters,"  see  Exhibit  No.  9. 

Balce  ovens  and  apparatus. — ^The  cost  of  bake  ovens,  dough  mixers, 
bread  racks,  ana  othei  equipment  for  post  bakeries,  is  defrayed  from 
the  appropriation  "Supplies,  Services  and  Transportation,  Quarter- 
master Corps."  Dming  the  past  fiscal  year  these  articles  weie  pur- 
chased on  approved  requisitions  by  the  depot  quaitei  master,  Jeffer- 
son ville^  Ind.,  at  a  cost  of  $11,466.12. 

Heating  installations. — ^There  have  been  authorized  during  the 
year  in  connection  with  heating  installations  the  following: 

Fort  Bliss,  Tex.,  hot- water  heating  apparatiis  in  5  captains'  quarters  and 

8  lieutenants*  quarters $9, 090. 00 

Fort  Keogh,  Mont.,  heating  system  in  oflScers'  quarters  No.  2 .*. . .        850. 00 

Fort  Liscum,  Alaska,  supplies  for  installation  of  steam  heating  plant  in 

officers'  quarters  No.  33 593.  80 

Fort  Moultrie^  S.  C,  hot-water  heating  plants  in  5  sets  captains'  quarters 

and  5  sets  lieutenants'  quarters 6, 635. 00 

Philadelphia  Depot,  Pa.,  material  for  connecting  officers*  quarters  to  central 

heating  plant 650. 00 

Fort  Sill,  6kla. : 

Steam-heating  plants  in  13  sets  officers'  quarters,  old  post 11, 475. 00 

Steam-heating  plants  in  6  sets  officers'  quarters,  old  post 4, 200. 00 

Lighting  systems. — Under  this  beading  there  has  been  expended 
during  the  year  from  the  appropriation  *  *  Supplies,  Services,  and  Trans- 
portation, Quartermaster  Corps,"  for  the  mstallation,  extension,  and 
improvement  of  electric-lightmg  systems,  the  following  amoimts  at 
the  posts  named : 

Fort  Baker,  Cal.,  material  for  electric-lighting  systems  on  road  between 

poet  and  Sausalito - $942.83 

Fort  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  extension  of  lighting  system 411.  83 


362  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENERAL. 

Fort  Huachuca,  Ariz.^  combination  electric  light,  pow^,  and  ice  plant, 
including  electric  distribution  system,  wiring  and  fixtures  in  buildings 

(lighting  portion  only) $77, 115. 00 

Fort  Keogn,  Mont.,  electric-lighting  system 2, 266. 00 

United  States  Disciplinary  Barracks,  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kans. : 

Traveling  crane  in  power  plant 1, 010. 00 

Purchase  and  installation  of  300-kilowatt  turbo-generator  and  switch- 
board     13,689.00 

Letterman  General  Hospital,  California: 

Metering  feed  water-heater  and  purifier  in  power  plant 2, 626. 00 

Two  bofler  feed  pumps  in  power  plant 1, 144. 00 

Fort  Mcintosh,  Tex.,  instollation  electric-light  system 2, 079.  23 

Presidio  of  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  changing  location  of  pole  line  and  making 

improvements  to  lighting  system,  West  Cantonment 1, 274.  87 

Fort  Kuger,  Hawaii,  electnc  line  along  engineers'  trail  to  Diamond  Head.  795. 00 

Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex.,  exterior  and  interior  lighting  system,  aviation 

post 2,017.00 

Fort  Sill,  Okla.: 

Wiring  and  fixtures  in  extension  of  barracks  and  stables 800. 52 

Wiring  and  fixtures  in  remodeled  buildings,  old  post 1, 500. 00 

Boiler  feed  pump,  additional  feed- water  lines  and  steam  header  for 

power  plant 855. 00 

Fort  Snellin^,  Minn.: 

Installation  electric  motor-driven  machinery  for  power  plant 2, 878. 00 

Smokestack  for  power  plant 580. 00 

Fort  Strong,  Mass.,  connecting  hoisting  engine  with  central  power  plant..  859. 52 

Fort  Terry,  N.  Y.,  new  street-lighting  system 1, 765. 00 

Ice  and  refrigeraiina  plahts. — ^The  following  work  has  been  author- 
ized during  the  fiscal  year  in  connection  with  ice  and  refrigerating 
plants: 

At  Fort  Bayard,  N.  Mex.,  the  walls  in  refrigerating  room  of  ice 
plant  have  been  rebuilt,  at  a  cost  of  $1,131,  ana  a  complete  ice  and 
refrigerating  plant,  with  a  capacity  of  20  tons  refrigeration  per  day, 
in  combination  with  the  electric  light  and  power  plant  at  Fort 
Huachuca,  Ariz.,  has  been  installed,  at  a  cost  of  $20,050. 

Laundry  plant. — The  only  laundry  plant  installed  during  the  year 
is  that  at  Fort  Huachuca,  Ariz.,  at  a  cost  of  $33,047.40. 

Incandescent  lamps, — There  has  been  expended  for  the  piurchase  of 
incandescent  lamps  in  the  United  States,  $20,868.01.  All  lamps 
now  being  supplied  are  of  the  Tungsten  type,  and  are  purchased 
through  tne  General  Supply  Committee  and  aistributed  through  the 
New  York  depot.  The  supply  of  lamps  for  the  ensuing  fiscal  year  will 
be  of  the  nitrogen-filled  Tungsten  type  in  lieu  of  the  vacuum  Tung- 
sten, on  accoimt  of  the  greater  efficiency  which  will  thus  be  obtained. 
The  supply  of  carbon  lamps  is  exhausted,  and  the  Gem  lamp  is  nearlj 
so.  These  latter  two  types  of  lamps  are  no  longer  purchased  by  this 
department. 

Purchase  of  light. — For  the  purchase  of  light  there  has  been  author- 
ized during  the  fiscal  year  the  following  amoimts: 

Electric  current  and  gas $361, 287.  21 

Mineral  oil 48,014.98 

Total 409,302.19 

Fu^. — ^There  has  been  expended  during  the  fiscal  year  for  fue'  in 
kind  and  purchase  of  heat  the  following  amounts: 

Fuel  in  kind,  for  heating  public  buildines,  and  power  purposes 51, 755, 035. 76 

Heat,  purchase  of 36. 837. 74 

Fuel  for  pumping  plants 132. 243. 75 

Fuel  for  incineratorB 34,989.45 

Fuel,  blacksmith  coal,  and  charcoal 5, 251. 40 


BEPORT  OF  THE  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL.         363 

WaU  lockers. — Wall  lockers  are  purchased  for  installation  in  barracks 
and  the  cost  is  defrayed  from  the  appropriation  **  Barracks  and  quar- 
ters." They  are  also  sometimes  issued  to  offices.  As  they  can  be 
gurchased  cneaper  when  large  lots  are  obtained,  the  Quartermaster 
brps  makes  contract,  upon  which  the  Office  of  the  Surgeon  General 
sometimes  draws  for  installation  in  hospitals,  in  which  event  reim- 
bursement of  appropriation  from  which  purchased  is  made  from  the 
appropriation  "Construction  and  repair  of  hospitals;"  $23,044.01 
expended  fiscal  year  1916. 

^Annual  repairs  to  huUdings,  etc. — Based  on  the  estimates  of  March  1, 
1915,  received  from  military  posts  and  depots,  apportionments  were 
made  to  departments  and  mdependent  stations  at  the  beginning  of 
the  fiscal  year  1916  for  annual  repairs  to  buildings  and  systems 
From  the  apportionments  to  departments,  allotments  were  made  to 
each  post  by  the  department  commanders  within  the  limits  of  the 
funds  available.  Instructions  were  given  to  retain  a  reserve  balance 
in  each  department  to  meet  unforeseen  contingencies.  The  total 
amount  apportioned  for  annual  repairs  from  each  appropriation  of 
the  fiscal  year  1916,  not  including  the  Phihppine  Islands,  was  approxi- 
mately as  follows: 

Barracks  and  quarters:  General  repairs  to  buildings $616, 507. 03 

Military  post  exchanges:  Repairs  to  post  exchanges,  gymnasiums,  bowl* 

ing  alleys,  gymnastic  apparatus,  etc 11, 358. 00 

Supplies,  service,  and  transportation,  Quartermaster  Corps: 

Kepairs  to  reservation  fences,  lighting  and  heating  plants,  exterior 
lighting  and  heating  systems,  lighting  and  heating  within  build- 
ii^,  bakery  buildings,  bake  ovens  and  equipment,  ice  and  refriger- 
ating plants,  and  laundry  buildings 117, 908. 10 

Repairs  to  water  systems  and  pump  houses,  sewer  sys- 
terns,    sewerage-disposal    plants    and    crematories, 

plumbing  in  buildings,  and  fire  apparatus $134, 331. 57 

Repairs  to  flagstaffs,   picket  lines,   and   electric-bell 

systems 4, 171. 00 

Railroad  equipment 2, 832. 00 

Total 259, 242. 67 

Roads,  walh^,  wharves,  and  drainage:  Repairs  to  roads,  walks,  curbs, 
gutters,  railroad  tracks,  wharves,  seawalls,  retaining  walls,  drains,  and 

drainage;  also  improvement  of  grounds 208, 303. 00 

Shooting  galleries  and  ranges:  Repairs  to  buildings  on  target  ranges,  etc . .        9, 049. 15 

Construction  and  repair  of  hospitals:  Repairs  to  hospital  buildings 77, 578. 26 

Quarters  for  hospital  stewards:  Repairs  to  hospital  stewards'  quarters ...      10, 191. 15 

Special  repairs,  aUerationSj  and  improvements. — In  addition  to  the 
annual  apportionments  for  repairs  as  stated  above,  expenditures  were 
authorized  in  the  course  of  the  past  fiscal  year  for  special  repairs, 
exclusive  of  Mexican  border  expenditures  (the  necessity  for  which 
could  not  be  anticipated  when  tne  annual  estimates  were  prepared), 
and  for  alterations  and  improvements  in  buildings,  exterior  systems, 
and  grounds  of  the  various  military  posts  and  stations.  The  total 
amount  expended  for  special  repairs,  alterations,  etc.,  from  each 
appropriation  was  approximately  as  follows: 

Barracks  and  quarters  (including  door  and  window  screens,  storm  doors, 

etc.) $191, 991. 16 

Military  pK)et  exchanges  (including  gymnastic  apparatus,  etc.) 25, 076.  25 

Construction  and  repair  of  hospitals 29, 153. 99 

Quarters  for  hospital  stewards 814. 89 

Supplies,  services,  and  transportation.  Quartermaster  Corps 121, 093. 36 

Roads,  walks,  wharves,  and  drainage 61, 804.86 

Total 429,934.51 


364  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUARTEBMASTEB  QENEBAL. 

Meiican  border. — ^The  following  is  a  siimmarized  statement  of 
expenditures  made  during  the  past  fiscal  year  to  provide  necessary 
accommodations  and  conveniences  for  troops  on  the  Mexican  border: 

Temporary  storehouses,  kitchens,  mess  hails,  stables,  latrines,  screening, 
etc.,  flooring  and  framing  of  tents,  assembly  and  amusement  halls,  hos- 
pitals, bakeries,  etc $213,932.43 

Repairs  to  temporary  shelter,  etc 16,  663. 29 

Electric  lighting  of  camps,  installation  and  repairs 9, 992. 08 

Construction  and  repair  of  water-supply  systems  and  plumbing 32. 070. 96 

Roads,  walks,  drainage,  etc.,  at  camps 2,093.12 

Fittinfi;  up  target  ranges,  repairs,  etc. ,  including  rentals 3, 037. 59 

Miscellaneous  supplies 42, 980. 80 

Total 320.770.27 

Losses  by  fire  and  storm. — The  losses  by  fire  and  storm  during  the 
fiscal  year  1916  were  as  follows: 

Fort  Thomas,  Ky.,  July  7,  1915,  buildings  Nos.  2,  3,  15,  17,  18,  19,  26,  43,  and  56 
were  damaged  by  storm  to  the  extent  of  $2,562.10.  Extensive  damage  was  caused  to 
glass,  electric  and  telegraph  lines  and  poles. 

Valdez,  Alaska,  July  15,  1915,  building  No.  2  (post  office,  storeroom,  and  stables) 
was  destroyed  by  fire. 

Fort  Revere,  Mass.,  August  9,  1915,  stable  No.  6  was  struck  by  lightning  and  dam- 
aged to  the  extent  of  $200,  and  forage  loss  amoimted  to  $300. 

Camp  Stotsenburg,  P.  1.,  July  9,  1915,  the  machine-gun  platoon  stables,  building 
No.  382,  was  damaged  by  fire  to  the  extent  of  $700. 

Fort  Howard,  Md.,  August  4,  1915,  damage  by  storm,  $1,000. 

Fort  Carroll,  Md.,  August  4, 1915,  damage  by  storm  $25. 

Fort  Armistead,  Md.,  August  4,  1915,  damage  by  storm  $20. 

Fort  Small  wood,  Md.,  August  4,  1915,  damage  by  storm  $5. 

Fort  McHenry,  Md.,  August  4,  1915,  damage  by  storm  $400. 

Presidio  of  San  Francisco.  Cal.,  August  27,  1915,  brigade  commander's  quarters 
No.  22  was  totally  destroyed  by  fire,  at  a  loss  of  $12,617.05. 

Fort  Crockett,  Tex.,  August  16-18,  1915,  buildings,  roads,  sewers,  water  system, 
batteries,  electric  lighting,  and  telephone  systems  were  damaged  by  severe  hurricane 
in  the  total  sum  of  $338,680. 

Fort  Slocum,  N.  Y.,  September  18,  1915,  the  coal  dock  was  damaged  by  fire,  loos 
$820. 

N^'ashington  Barracks,  D.  C,  September  23,  1915,  limiber  shed  and  storeroom  were 
destroyed  by  fire,  and  on  September  26, 1915,  quartermaster  stable  (No.  24A)  was  dam- 
aged by  fire. 

Jackson  Barracks,  Fort  St.  Philip,  and  Fort  Jackson,  La.,  September  29,  1915, 
buildings,  wharves,  and  property  were  ba<ily  damaged  by  hurricane;  estimated  damage 
to  buildings  $13,000,  lignting  systems  $1,000,  hospital  $800,  wharf  $5,000.  Launch 
Mansfield  was  sunk. 

Vancouver  Barracks,  Wash.,  October  4, 1915,  building  No.  145,  brigade  headquarten 
ofllce,  was  damaged  by  fire. 

Fort  Bliss,  Tex.,  October  15,  1915,  storeroom  in  rear  of  basement  under  bakery  in 
building  No.  57  was  damaged  by  fire. 

Fort  Sill,  Okla..  October  15,  1915,  saddle  shops,  school  of  musketry,  was  damaged 
by  fire  to  the  extent  of  about  $125.    A  lot  of  target  cloth  was  destroyed. 

Fort  St.  Michael,  Alaska,  October  27,  1915,  post  laundry  building  No.  57  and  con- 
tents were  totally  destroyed  by  fire. 

Fort  Sill,  Okla.,  November  1-2,  1915,  post  exchange  building  (new  post)  was  dam- 
aged by  fire  to  the  extent  oi  ^0. 

Fort  Ontario,  N.  Y.,  November  19,  1915,  buildings  were  damaged  by  storm  to  the 
extent  of  approximately  $135. 

Fort  Slocum,  N.  Y.,  November  19.  1915,  porch  in  rear  of  barracks,  building  No.  84, 
was  damaged  by  storm  to  the  extent  of  about  $71.93. 

Madison  Barracks,  N.  Y.,  November  20-21, 1915,  buildings  damaged  by  wiodstonn 
to  the  extent  of  about  $400. 

Presidio  of  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  December  2,  1915,  officers*  quarters  No.  19,  main 
post,  was  damaj^  by  fire  apparently  due  to  defective  flue.  Damage  confined  to  two 
rooms  and  portion  of  roof. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBBfASTEB  OENEBAL.  365 

• 

F(»rt  Dade,  Fla.,  December  4, 1915,  range  shelter,  building  No.  32,  totally  destroyed 
by  fire,  loss  $150. 

Fort  Mills,  P.  I.,  December  7, 1915,  btiildings,  etc.,  damaged  by  typhoon  to  the  ex- 
tent of  $11, 596.50. 

Camp  Eldridge,  P.  I.,  December  7,  1915,  buildings,  etc.,  damaged  by  typhoon  to 
the  extent  of  $61.40. 

St.  Francis  Barracks,  Fla.,  December  13,  1915,  building  known  as  '"Monastery" 
used  for  offices  of  militia,  State  of  Florida,  destroyed  by  fire.  Quantity  of  militia 
property  and  all  records  destroyed. 

Valdez,  Alaska,  December  23,  1915,  Hogan  telegraph  station  destroyed  by  fire. 

Schofield  Barracks,  Hawaii,  December  25,  1915,  three  Infantry  and  two  Cavalry 
barracks  were  destroyed  by  tornado,  and  150  other  buildings  were  damaged.  The 
board  of  officers'  report  stated  that  the  total  damage  was  to  the  extent  of  $29,377. 
Request  was  made  for  $25,000,  but  owing  to  the  low  state  of  appropriation,  this  office 
authorized  but  $15,000  for  immediate  repairs. 

Fort  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  December  26,  1915,  roof  of  building  No.  77S  damaged  by 
storm  to  the  extent  of  $200. 

Fort  Strong,  Mass.,  December  26,  1915,  building  No.  42,  barracks,  partly  unroofed 
by  storm;  al^  damage  to  porch. 

Fort  Huachuca,  Ariz.,  December  29,  1915,  building  No.  17,  barracks,  damaged  by 
fire. 

Presidio  of  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  December  29,  1915,  band  barracks,  building  No. 
164,  main  poet,  was  damaged  by  fire. 

Fort  Miley,  Cal.,  January  2-3,  1916,  buildings  were  damaged  by  gale  to  extent  of 
$800.  Main  sewer  and  drain  pipe  damaged  to  the  amount  of  $100;  also,  shooting- 
gallery  roof  damaged. 

Fort  St.  Michael,  Alaska,  January  4,  1916,  all  buildings  damaged  by  storm,  porches 
destroyed,  and  all  docks  dams^ed.    Amount  of  loss,  $5,000. 

Unalaska,  Alaska,  January  9,  1916,  building  No.  49,  telegraph  station,  destroyed 
by  fire. 

Balsovia,  Alaska,  January  4,  1916,  buildine  No.  64,  fish  cache,  destroy  by  storm. 

Fort  Ontario,  N.  Y.,  January  17, 1916,  barrack  building  No.  24  was  seriously  damaged 
by  storm  to  the  extent  of  about  $1,793.10. 

Fort  Huachuca,  Ariz.,  January  30,  1916,  stable  No.  28  collapsed  under  weight  of 
snow,  amount  of  damage  $430;  telegraph  line  destroyed. 

Fort  Flagler,  Wash.,  January  23,  1916,  wharf  building  No.  42  damaged  by  storm  to 
the  extent  of  $650. 

Whipple  Barracks,  Ariz.,  January  26-27,  1916,  old  blacksmith  shop  destroyed  by 
storm,  200  yards  of  fence  washed  out,  and  county  road  damaged. 

Governors  Island,  N.  Y.,  January  27-28,  19*6,  building  No.  15,  offices  of  depart- 
ment staff,  damaged  by  fire  to  the  extent  of  $40. 

Fort  Ontario,  N.  ¥.,  February  7,  1916,  buildings  Nos.  5,  6,  8,  10,  and  24  damaged 
by  wind  storm. 

Fort  Reno,  Okla.,  February  9,  1916,  building  No.  97  destroyed  by  fire. 

Eagle  Pass,  Tex.,  February  22,  1916,  hay  sh^  destroyed  by  fire. 

Fort  Gibbon,  Alaska,  March  7,  1916,  building  No.  2,  barracks,  destroyed  by  fire, 
including  all  property,  records,  etc.    Three  soldiers'  lives  lost. 

Presidio  of  Monterey,  Cal.,  March  13, 1916,  administration  building  No.  20  destroyed 
by  fire.    Original  cost,  $1,000. 

Fort  Slocum,  N.  Y.,  March  17,  1916,  building  No.  23,  tinners'  shops,  damaged  by 
fire  to  the  extent  of  about  $44.50. 

Fort  Ixiaven worth,  Kans.,  March  20,  1916,  crematory  (new)  building  No.  332,  with 
all  electrical  apparatus,  destroyed  by  fire.  Furnace  and  chimney  not  injured.  Esti- 
mated damage,  about  $1,495.29. 

Plattsburg  Barracks,  N.  Y.,  March  31,  1916,  post  hospital  was  damaged  by  fire  and 
$20  was  authorized  to  repair  the  same. 

Fort  Williams,  Me.,  April  8,  1916,  post  gymnasium  damaged  by  fire  to  the  extent 
of  $108. 

Fort  Walla  Walla,  Wash.,  April  21, 1916,  barrack  building  No.  9  was  totally  destroyed 
by  fire,  and  building  No.  20,  formerly  used  as  administration  building  and  commis- 
sary, about  half  destroyed. 

Fort  Mills,  P.  I.,  April  21,  1916,  company  barracks  (C.  A.  C),  was  damaged  by  fire 
to  the  extent  of  $10. 

Fort  Adams,  R.  I.,  May  9, 1916,  building  No.  42A  was  damaged  by  fire  to  the  extent 
of  $60. 


366  REPORT  OF   THE  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Fort  Crook,  Nebr.,  May  J.4,  1916,  the  chimney  to  the  post  hospital  was  damaged  by 
lightnine  and  $31.65  authorized  to  repair  the  same. 
Fort  Bliss,  Tex.,  May  13, 1916,  stables  of  Troops  C  and  D  were  destroyed  by  fire. 

Rentals. — The  total  amount  expended  from  the  appropriation 
'*  Barracks  and  quarters/'  fiscal  year  1916,  for  the  rental  of  quar- 
ters, offices,  storehouses,  stables,  recruiting  stations,  lodgings,  camp 
sites,  etc.,  was  approximately  $451,556.41.  This  amount  includes 
$50,000  allotted  for  all  rentals  in  China. 

It  was  not  necessary  to  rent  quarters  for  officers  during  the  fiscal 
jear  1916,  and  a  large  reduction  in  the  total  cost  of  rentals  has 
resulted  thereby,  all  officers  having  been  placed  on  a  commutation 
status  by  law.  Barracks  were  rented  on  the  Mexican  border  for 
noncommissioned  officers  and  enlisted  men  at  a  total  cost  of  $3,867.64 
the  larger  rentals  being  at  Texas  City,  Tex.,  in  the  sum  of  $2,075.14, 
due  to  the  storm  of  August  15-16,  1915,  and  at  Mission,  Tex.,  in  the 
sum  of  $1,031.50.  In  addition  to  the  above  quarters  were  hired  for 
noncommissioned  officers  on  general  recruiting  service,  who  were 
authoiizcd  by  tne  Secretary  ot  War  to  live  separate  from  the  recruit- 
ing party  at  an  approximate  cost  of  $13,262.94.  Quarters  with  the 
heat  and  light  included  were  obtained  at  an  average  cost  of  $15  per 
man  per  month. 

Offices  weie  rented  at  a  total  cost  of  $50,650.85. 

Storehouses  were  rented  at  a  total  cost  of  $91,105.44. 

The  cost  of  stabling  pubhc  animals  and  authorized  private  mounts 
of  officeis  during  fiscal  year  1916  was  approximately  $27,022.92,  the 
rentals  being  distributed  over  approximately  61  dliflferent  cities  in 
the  United  States.  The  average  rental  paid,  for  stable  proper  was 
$10  per  horse  per  month. 

The  rental  of  main  and  auxihary  recruiting  stations  during  the 
fiscal  year  1916  (not  including  lodgings)  amounted  to  approximately 
$100,526.28.  A  total  of  140  new  auxiliary  reciuiting  stations  were 
rented  dui*mg  March,  April,  May,  and  June,  1916,  when  it  became 
necessary  to  mcrease  the  Army  under  emeigency. 

The  cost  of  lodgings  for  enlisted  men  on  duty  at  recruiting  sta- 
tions, appUcants  for  enlistment  and  lecruits,  amounted  to  approxi- 
mately $81,810.88. 

Congress  appropriated  $45,987  for  rental  of  offices,  warehouses, 
and  quarters  in  tne  District  of  Columbia.  An  unexpended  balance 
of  $13,347.90  remains. 

TRANSPORTATION. 
ABinr  TRANSPORT  8BRVICB. 

Ovmed  service. — ^This  service  consists  of  16  ocean-going  vessels, 
owTied  and  opeiated  as  required  for  the  transportation  of  troops, 
animals,  and  supplies  for  the  Army.  These  vessels  were  engaged  in 
service  or  stationed  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  as  foUovrs: 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  QENEBAI.. 


367 


Name. 

Class. 

Location. 

PACmC  FLEET. 

Bumskie, 

rAhlAflhfp , 

r&hle  sArvir>A.  TaramA.  Wash. 

Crook. ..' 

Troop  sliip 1  UndereoingriBpairs,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Fretent  ftnd  animal  ship, . . ,  '  TraiKuPsu'ifip  isAnHnA 

Dix 

Ix)gaD 

Troop  ship 

Out  of  commission.  Ban  Francisco,  CaL 
Trans- Pacific  service. 

8her  idfui 

do 

Bherm&D 

do 

Do. 

Thoirms 

do 

Do. 

Slocum 

TuK 

In  service,  San  Francisco,  CaL 
At  Manila.  P.  I. 

ATLANTIC  FLEET. 

BufOTd 

Troop  ship 

Kflpfttriek 

CK) 

New  York  and  Canal  Zone  service. 

Mf/lflllftn 

Refrigerator  ship 

Out  of  commission,  Newport  News,  Va. 
Do. 

If  6ade 

Troop  ship 

Siimner 

do 

At  Vera  Cms.  Mexico. 

PHILIPPINE  FLEET. 

LJscum 

Troop  ship 

Interisland  service. 

Merritt 

do 

Do. 

Warren 

do 

Do. 

Movement  of  transports. — ^The  transports  have  been  operated  with- 
out interruption  upon  a  monthly  scnedule  between  San  Francisco, 
Cal.,  and  Manila,  P.  I.  The  Logan  was  dispatched  as  an  extra  trans- 
port, leaving  San  Francisco  January  7,  1916,  and  after  taking  aboard 
the  Twenty-seventh  Infantry  at  Balboa,  Canal  Zone,  arrived  at 
Manila  March  5,  1916.  Besides  other  cargo  this  transport  carried 
778  tons  of  ordnance  material  for  fortification  work  in  the  rhihppines. 
This  ship  returned  to  San  Francisco  April  20,  1916,  and  soon  after 
made  ready  for  interchanging  troops  in  Alaska,  but  the  movement 
was  suspended,  due  to  the  mobilization  of  troops  on  the  Mexican 
border. 

The  B^ord  was  in  service  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year, 
leaving  Gfalveston,  Tex.,  September  29,  1915,  with  the  Twenty- 
seven  tn  Infantry  aboard  for  Manila,  P.  I.,  but  the  Panama  Canal 
being  closed,  the  troops  were  disembarked  and  the  ship  utihzed  for 
the  return  of  the  Twenty-third  Infantry  from  Jacksonville,  Fla.,  to 
Galveston,  thence  going  to  New  York  to  carry  Company  A,  Signal 
Corps,  with  its  complement  of  animals  and  equipment  to  the  Canal 
Zone.  After  completion  of  this  duty,  the  Bujord  was  loaded  at 
Newport  News  and  New  York  with  turret  material  for  the  PhiUp- 
pines,  where  the  vessel  arrived  Mav  28,  1916. 

The  KilpatricJc  left  Galveston,  Tex.,  September  20,  1915,  with  the 
Twenty-tlurd  Infantry,  which  was  disembarked  at  Jacksonville,  Fla., 
for  duty  at  the  National  Matches.  Commencing  in  February,  1916, 
this  transport  made  three  voyj^es  to  the  Canal  Zone,  taking  on  the 
first  trip  the  First  Squadron,  Twelfth  Cavalry;  on  the  second  trip 
Batteries  E  and  F,  Fourth  Field  Artillerv;  and  on  the  third  trip,  the 
Fifth  Band  and  five  companies  Coast  Artillery  Corps.  After  com- 
pletion of  this  special  service,  the  Kilpatrick  was  continued  in  ojpera- 
tion  upon  a  regular  monthly  schedule  between  Christobal,  Canal 
Zone,  and  New  York,  the  expense  connected  therewith  being  divided 
in  accordance  with  tne  terms  of  an  agreement  between  the  Panama 
Canal  and  the  Quartermaster  Corps,  mutually  advantageous  to  aU 
concerned. 


368  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  QEKEBAL. 

The  Sumner  was  hurriedly  made  ready  for  sea  at  the  request  of 
the  State  Department  and  left  Newport  News  Jime  23,  1916,  for 
Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  where  606  refugees  were  taken  aboard  for  dis- 
embarkation at  Port  Tampa,  Fla.,  and  New  Orleans,  La.  At  the 
latter  port  173  Porto  Rican  refugees  from  Progreso,  Mexico,  were 
embarked  after  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  and  landed  at  I^once, 
P.  R.,  after  which  the  transport  was  agam  placed  out  of  commission 
at  Newport  News,  Va. 

Philippine  cargo, — Owing  to  the  shortage  of  ocean  tonnage  upon 
the  Pacific  available  for  the  movement  of  products  of  the  Pmlippine 
Islands,  it  was  decided  by  the  Secretary  of  War  to  utilize  the  cargo 
space  upon  returning  transports  for  the  carrying  of  such  products  of 
tne  Philippine  Islands  as  could  not  be  taken  bv  conmiercial  carriers. 
By  agreement  the  PhiUppine  government  will  reimburse  the  War 
Department  for  all  additional  expenditures  incident  to  the  handling 
of  such  cargo  upon  the  transports  and  will  deposit  the  remainder  of 
the  freight  chaises  collected  from  shippers  to  tne  credit  of  the  United 
States  Government. 

Special  duty  for  ^^ Crook.** — ^Under  agreement  with  the  Interior 
Department,  steps  were  taken  to  prepare  the  Crook  for  service  in 
connection  with  the  Alaskan  Engineering  Commission  between  the 
United  States  and  Alaskan  ports.  The  snip  will  be  operated  by  the 
Quartermaster  Corps,  but  the  entire  expense  of  operation  will  be 
borne  by  the  Alaskan  Engineering  Commission.  The  Crook  left 
Seattle,  Wash.,  for  the  first  voyage  on  August  5,  1916. 

RBPAIB8. 

San  Francisco. — ^The  transports  having  San  Francisco  as  a  home 
port  have  been  maintained  in  good  nmnmg  condition  by  repairs  at 
the  end  of  each  round  voyage,  which  have  averaged  in  cost  $3,850 
per  vessel  for  each  vojrage.  The  Sherman  and  Logan  have  been 
withdrawn  from  service  in  turn  during  the  year  for  chipping  of  iron- 
work and  overhauhng,  which  could  not  lie  accompUshed  between 
voyages. 

Seattle. — Necessary  repairs  to  the  Dix  were  made  during  the  year 
at  an  aggregate  cost  of  $24,457.38,  and  to  the  Bumside  at  a  cost  of 
$13,699.87. 

Newport  News  and  New  York, — Repairs  to  the  KUpatrick  during 
the  year  have  aggregated  $31,786.59;  to  the  Buford,  $11,546.39;  to 
the  Sumner,  $27,810.64;  and  the  McCleUan,  $9,550. 

Service  for  other  departments. — ^There  have  been  carried  bv  the 
transports  during  the  year  for  other  departments  and  for  the  Philip- 
pine government,  passengers  and  freight,  the  value  of  which  at  tariff 
rates  would  be  as  follows : 

Navy  Department $308,105.32 

Poet  Office  Department  (including  495,276  pounds  mall) 157, 390. 30 

Philippine  government 158, 905. 86 

Other  departments 7.583.96 

Total 631.985.44 

WORK   OF  THE  THAN8PORTS. 

The  following  is  the  summary  of  the  work  performed  by  the 
transports  during  the  year: 


BEPORT  OP  THE  QUABTEBMASTER  GENERAL. 


369 


PASSENQEBS. 


Between— 

• 

Salllnei. 

Officers. 

Enlisted 
men. 

CiyOians. 

Total. 

Ran  Francisco  and  Philippine  Islands 

13 

13 

3 

1 
7 

367 
288 

6,792 

7,477 

18 

2 

2,564 

12,507 

1,500 
1,906 

7,669 

9,670 

18 

Seattle  and  Manila 

New  York  and  Philinnlnes 

2 
118 
864 

25 

81 

3,022 

29 

United  States  ports  and  Canal  Zone 

Other  ports... 

2,763 
16,393 

Total 

1,639 

28,360 

6,533 

36,532 

CARGO. 


Between— 

Animals. 

Freight 
(tons). 

Remains. 

Lumber 
(feet). 

Mans 
(pounds). 

Money  (dol- 
lars or  pesos). 

San  Francisco  and  Philip- 
pine Islands 

138 

33,521 

17,614 

14,623 
4,601 

10,165 
12,322 

234,059 
76,745 

1,823,854 
184,773 

Philippine  Islands  and  San 
Fraiicls'X*, .   . . .     ,   

60 

Seattle     and      Philippine 
Islands 

788 
15 

865 
371 

676,653 

San  Francisco  and  Hondulu. 

45,340 

United   SUtes   and   Canal 
Zone 

Other  ports 

45 

63,755 

139,132 

Total 

2,171 

92,846 

106 

740,408 

495,276 

2,008,627 

Earnings  arid  expeTidiiures. — The  eaxnings  of  the  transports  during 
the  year  for  the  above  service,  based  on  the  lowest  rates  offered  for 
similar  service  by  commercial  lines,  have  been: 

For  passengers $2,094,336.84 

For  cargo 1,583,966.33 

Total 3,678,303.17 


At  pubHc  commercial  rates  the  earnings  would  be: 

For  passengers 2,103.816.84 

Forcaigo 1,584,678.17 

Total 3.688,395.01 

The  foregoing  does  not  take  into  consideration  the  value  of  trans- 
porting fs^ilies  of  officers,  soldiers,  and  employees,  or  of  the  other 
persons  not  entitled  to  transportation  at  the  expense  of  an  appropria- 
tion of  the  United  States  or  of  the  Philippine  government. 

The  value  of  such  gratuitous  service  auring  the  year,  however, 
agOTegated  $568,612.97. 

The  expenditures  for  the  operation  and  maintenance  of  the  trans- 
ports durmg  the  year  were  as  follows: 


Wages  of  oflQcors  and  crew 

Repairs 

FueL 

Deck,  engine,  and  steward's  supplies 

Miscellaneous .' 

Total 

69176'*— WAB 1916— VOL  1 24 


In  commission. 


1671.683.81 
165.608.24 
418,556.37 
562.009.56 
1.58,464.09 


OutofconunJs- 
sion. 


1,976,322.07 


133,418.60 

28,796.65 

3,163.09 

9,276.48 

4,401.37 


79,058.28 


ToCaL 


f705,102.S0 
194,406.80 
421,719.46 
571,286.04 
162,865.40 


2,055,380.35 


370  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENERAL. 

Shore  expenses,  including  proportionate  part  of  salaries  of  officers, 
commutation  of  officers'  quarters,  wages  of^ employees,  rent  of  offices, 
warehouses,  wharves,  etc.,  were  as  foUows: 

San  Francisco $53,349.52 

Seattle  and  Tacoma 8,220.51 

Galveston  and  Newport  News 30, 678. 51 

Honolulu 5,384.25 

Nagasaki  (estimated) 9,983.11 

New  York 1,781.32 

Manila  (estimated) 21,023.90 

Total  for  this  purpose 130,421.12 

Grand  total 2,185,801.47 

Included  in  these  expenditures  is  the  cost  of  operating  and  main- 
taining the  Bumside  while  engaged  in  cable  work  for  the  Signal 
Corps  of  the  Army,  the  total  of  which  was  $106,004,83. 

Inasmuch  as  the  service  rendered  by  the  Bumside  was  not  performed 
in  the  interest  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps,  the  expenditure  in 
connection  therewith  should  be  deducted,  leaving  the  net  cost  to  the 
Government  on  account  of  the  transportation  of  troops,  suppUes,  etc., 
and  the  maintenance  of  all  transports,  both  active  and  inactive, 
during  the  year  $2,079,796.64. 

RECAPrrULATION. 


Lowest  com- 
mercial rate. 

Pnbllc  com- 
mercial rata. 

Eamfnn  of  th*  transports  rtnrlnR  th«  y«ftf .  ...-^-^-r-- tt 

13,678,303.17 
2,079,796.64 

13.688,395.01 

KxMins6  of  OTX^rAtkni  And  niftlntmanoo  dtuins  th6  sani4  p^fod 

2.079.796.61 

Savinp  to  the  Qoverament  by  using  transports  over  same  senr- 

l,508,.'i06./» 

1,006,506.87 

HARBOR   BOAT   SERVICE. 


Ovmed  service. — ^The  department  has  operated  during  the  fiscal 
year  in  the  various  harbors  along  the  Atlantic,  Pacific,  and  Gulf 
coasts  and  rivers  tributary  thereto  the  following  vesseb; 

6  firstrclaai  steel  mine  planten, 
2  cable  steamers, 

2  ferry  steamers, 

24  passenger  and  freight  steamers, 
28  tugs  and  Artillery  steamers, 

3  lighters, 

88  steam  and  gasoline  launches, 
30  distribution  box  boats, 

a  total  of  133  owned  vessels  (exclusive  of  118  mine  yawls  and  mis- 
cellaneous small  craft)  engaged  in  (^artermaster,  ArtiUery,  and 
Signal  Corps  work.  The  totiS  expenditure  for  wages  of  officers  and 
crews,  fuel,  supplies,  repairs,  water,  etc.,  was  $1,538,777.81. 

These  vessels  carriea  diuing  the  year  2,668,943  passengers  and 
153^83,520  poimds  of  freight. 

Chartered  service. — ^To  supplement  the  foregoing  service,  chartered 
vessels  were  operated  in  connection  with  the  coast  defenses  of  Nar- 
ragansett  Bay,  between  Newport  and  Fort  Greble,  R.  I.,  at  a  total 
cost  of  $9,288.    The  entire  cost  of  th6  chartered  service  at  all  points, 


EEPOBT  OP  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENEBAL.  371 

including  the  cost  of  the  hire  of  substitute  vessels  for  short  periods 
to  replace  owned  vessels  undergoing  repairs  and  of  vessels  hired 
for  towing  targets,  vessel  tracking,  subcaUber  practice  and  like 
purposes  for  the  Coast  Artillery,  which  could  not  be  performed  by 
owned  vessels,  amounted  to  $23,429.41. 

Vessels  disposed  of. — ^The  electric  launch  West  Point  having  been 
reported  to  be  in  an  unserviceable  condition  and  not  worth  the  cost 
of  necessary  repaire,  was  disposed  of  by  sale  November  11,  1915. 

Vessels  lost. — During  the  year  the  following  small  vessels  were  lost: 
Lieut.  Self  ridge,  lost  in  storm;  distribution  dox  boat  No.  5,  lost  in 
storm;  distribution  box  boat  No.  16,  run  down  by  tank  steamer  and 
sunk;  mine  yawl  M-BS,  lost  in  storm;  mine  yawl  rio.  41 ,  lost  in  storm. 

The  launch  Mansfield  sank  in  the  Mississippi  River,  but  was  subse- 
quently raised  and  restored  to  serviceable  condition. 

Vessels  acquired. — ^The  following  vessels  were  acquired  or  con- 
tracted for  during  the  fiscal  year. 

One  171-foot  twin-screw  steel  mine  planter  and  cable  steamer,  to 
be  constructed  and  deUvered  before  July  1,  1918,  under  contract  with 
the  New  Yurk  Shipbuilding  Co.,  at  a  cost  of  $331,000,  without  boil- 
ers. This  steamer  will  be  known  as  the  General  Wm.  M.  Graliam, 
and  is  intended  for  service  at  the  Panama  Canal  Zone. 

Eight  30-foot  standard  mine  yawls  (four  with  gasoline  engines) 
were  constructed  at  the  New  York  Navy  Yard  at  an  approxunate 
cost  of  $7,500.  Six  of  the  yawls  were  assigned  to  the  coast  defenses. 
Panama  Canal  Zone,  and  one  each  to  Fort  H.  G.  Wright,  N.  Y.,  ana 
Fort  Hancock,  N.  J. 

One  64-foot  large  distribution  box  boat,  afterwards  named  L-S6, 
was  constructed  at  Gulfport,  Miss.,  xmder  contract  with  T.  M.  Favre, 
at  a  cost  of  $11,800,  and  assigned  to  duty  in  the  coast  defenses, 
Panama  Canal  Zone. 

One  houseboat  for  service  in  the  waters  of  the  Panama  Canal 
Zone  was  authorized  at  a  cost  of  $4,500  and  also  $1,600  for  the  pur- 
chase of  the  material  for  a  similar  boat  for  the  same  coast  defenses. 
The  latter  vessel  has  been  named  the  Capt.  W.  F.  Endress. 

Two  motor  sailing  launches  were  purchased  from  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment for  service  in  the  Panama  Canal  Zone  at  an  approximate  cost 
of  $5,600.  These  vessels  have  been  named  the  Lieut.  C.  F.  Conry 
and  Lieut.  H.  R.  Adair. 

Betterments. — ^During  the  year  the  masts  of  several  mine  planters 
were  lengthened,  as  reauired  to  permit  the  use  of  radio  outfits  of 
greater  range  furnished  oy  the  S^al  Corps. 

Philippine  Army  transport  service. — ^The  owned  transports  Liscunif 
Merritt,  and  Warren  have  been  operated  during  the  year  and  made 
a  total  of  34  voyi^es  to  various  ports  in  the  PniUppines  and  China. 
These  vessels  carried  upon  these  voyages  7,360  passengers,  599  ani- 
mals, 45  remains,  26,495  tons  of  freight,  9;658  feet  of  lumber,  and 
$975,737.60  in  United  States  or  Philippine  Islands  currency,  all  enti- 
tled to  transportation  at  Government  expense,  the  value  of  which 
transportation  at  commercial  rates  for  similar  service  amoimted  to 
$251,116.98.  There  were  also  carried  16,953  passengers  and  1,062 
cubic  tons  of  freight,  for  which  no  credit  has  been  taken,  the  value 
of  which  at  regular  rates  was  $97,387.18. 

The  expenses  of  the  whole  service  amounted  to  $585,239.25,  and 
after  allowing  the  proper  proportion  of  shore  expenses  chargeable  to 


374  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENERAL. 

and  Morgan  Line  steamships  (via  Galveston  and  rail)  from  October  15, 
1915,  to  May  31,  1915,  at  an  agreed  rate  of  90  cents  per  100  poimds. 
On  the  latter  date  both  companies  canceled  their  agreements  and 
shipments  thereafter  were  forwarded  over  various  lines  at  regular 
tanff  rates,  less  land-grant  deductions. 

Bids  were  invited  lor  transportation  from  New  York  City  to  San 
Francisco,  Honolulu,  and  Manila  for  the  fiscal  year  1917,  but  no 
bids  were  submitted  carrying  a  lower  rate  than  was  available  under 
regular  tariffs  and  all  bids  were  rejected  and  shipments  for  the 
fiscal  year  1917  will  be  forwarded  by  such  routes  as  desired  at  open 
rates. 

Cooperation  between  the  transporte^tion  companies  and  the  Quarter^ 
master  Corps, — EJspecial  attention  was  devoted  during  the  fiscal  year 
1916  to  the  establishment  of  a  closer  cooperation  between  the  Quarter- 
master Coips  and  the  various  transportation  interests  with  a  view  to 
coordination  in  the  movements  of  troops  and  supplies  for  the  Army. 
The  officer  in  charge  of  the  transportation  division.  Office  of  the  Quar- 
termaster GreneraT,  appeared  before  several  of  the  transportation 
associations  and  outlined  a  plan  of  mutual  cooperation  which  would 
be  of  benefit  to  both  the  carriers  and  the  Government  in  case  any 
necessity  arose  involving  the  transportation  of  large  numbers  of 
troops,  the  plan  outlined  oeing  practically  that  which  has  since  been 
placed  in  effect. 

Under  date  of  October  16,  1915,  a  letter  was  prepared  in  the  office 
of  the  Quartermaster  General  reconmiending  that  the  Secretary  of 
War  commimicate  with  the  American  Railway  Association  (which 
association  is  composed  of  the  presidents,  general  managers,  and 
other  chief  operating  officials  of  tne  American  railways)  ana  surest 
the  establishment  within  that  association  of  a  committee  on  mihtary 
transportation  to  whom  the  department  could  look  for  any  informa- 
tion that  might  be  desired  as  to  the  railroads  of  the  United  States, 
and  with  a  further  view  to  coordination  and  cooperation  between  the 
railroads  and  the  War  Department  in  the  transportation  of  troops 
and  supplies  of  the  United  States.  On  October  26,  1915,  a  letter 
of  the  nature  indicated  was  sent  by  the  Secretary  of  War  to  the 
American  Railway  Association,  and  after  some  further  correspondence 
a**  Special  committee  on  cooperation  with  the  military  autnorities** 
was  appointed  by  that  association.  This  committee  was,  and  is, 
composed  of  the  following  gentlemen:  Fairfax  Harrison  (chairman), 

S resident  Southern  Railway-  R.  M.  Aishton^  president  Chicago  & 
[orth  Western  Railway;  A.  W.  Thompson,  vice  president  Baltimore 
&  Ohio  Railroad;  W.  6.  Besler,  president  Ontral  Railroad  of  New 
Jersey.  Conferences  were  held  with  this  committee,  and  a  general 
plan  of  cooperation  outlined  to  be  placed  in  effect  at  the  time  of  any 
public  emergency. 

Immediately  after  the  call  for  mobiUzation  of  the  State  troops 
was  issued,  this  committee  met  in  the  office  of  the  Quartermaster 
General  with  Lieut.  Col.  Chauncey  B.  Baker,  representing  that  office, 
and  the  plans  previously  determmed  were  at  once  placed  in  effect. 
Arrangements  were  made  for  placing  a  competent  railroad  official 
at  eacli  department  headquarters,  at  each  mobilization  camp,  and 
in  the  office  of  the  Quartermaster  General.  These  repre3entati\cs 
were  to  act  as  advisors  to  the  officers  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  at 
these  various  points  on  any  matters  affecting  rail  transportation. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUARTEBMASTEB  GENERAL.  375 

They  were  all  men  of  the  highest  reputation  in  the  railroad  world, 
and  did  not  represent  any  particular  railroad  hut  were  representa- 
tives of  all  lines  interested. 

Directly  after  the  announcement  of  the  mobilization  this  com- 
mittee of  the  American  Railway  Association  also  called  upon  repre- 
sentatives of  the  various  railroads  of  the  country  to  meet  in  Wash- 
ington for  the  purpose  of  extending  every  possible  assistance  among 
the  railroads  themselves.  The  object  of  this  meeting  was  to  make  aU 
of  the  railroad  equipment,  motive  power,  and  personnel,  of  the 
country  available  to  effect  this  movement  in  the  most  expeditious 
manner  possible. 

The  main  object  of  the  special  committee  on  cooperation  with 
the  military  authorities  was  to  assist  the  War  Department  in  the 
transportation  of  troops  and  supplies,  and  the  committee  acted  only 
on  instructions  from  the  War  Department,  except  in  matters  directly 
affecting  the  operation  of  trains. 

When  it  was  definitely  known  that  an  organization  was  to  move, 
the  camp  quartermaster  consulted  with  the  American  Railroad 
Association  representative  at  his  camp  and  advised  him  as  to  the 
strength  of  the  organization,  and  it  was  the  duty  of  the  American 
Railway  Association  representative  to  see  that  all  railroad  equipment, 
other  than  tourist  cars,  was  promptly  assembled  in  time  for  the  move- 
ment. Tourist  cars  were  ordered  direct  from  the  office  of  the  Quar- 
termaster General,  and  the  camp  quartermaster  was  immediately 
advised  by  wire  whether  tourist  cars  could  be  furnished  from  point 
of  origin*  if  not,  the  American  Railway  Association  representative 
was  so  advised,  and  it  was  his  duty  to  see  that  coaches  were  secured 
for  the  movement. 

In  1912  the  Quartermaster  General's  Office  took  up  with  the 
American  Railway  Master  Car  Builders'  Association  the  question 
of  placing  placards,  in  time  of  war  or  threatened  war,  on  all  carload 
shipments  of  Government  property.  As  a  result  of  a  large  amount 
of  correspondence,  a  plan  was  formulated  which  was  accepted  by 
all  the  railroads  in  the  country  and  a  series  of  placards  adopted. 

Through  the  agency  of  the  American  Railway  Association  all  rail- 
way officials  and  employees  were  notified  that  cars  so  placarded  must 
be  given  right  of  way  from  point  of  origin  to  point  of  destination. 
Sucn  cars  are  placed  in  the  fastest  moving  freight  trains  and  kept 
constantly  moving  to  point  of  destination,  where  they  are  imme- 
diately delivered  and  at  once  identified,  shifted  into  position,  dis- 
charged, and  released  without  the  necessity  of  waiting  for  the  formal 
bills  of  lading  and  official  papers  of  the  railways  and  the  Govern- 
ment: the  placards  themselves  serving  to  fully  identify  all  shipments. 
All  placards  bear  the  legend  '* United  States  Army"  at  the  head, 
foUowed  by  the  department  to  which  suppUes  belong,  the  car  initial, 
car  number,  point  of  shipment,  contents,  consignee,  destination, 
routing,  date  shipped,  and  consignor.  Cars  bearing  these  cards  are 
never  sidetracked  nor  shifted  into  yards  except  to  be  placed  in 
through  freight  trains.  Should  a  car  become  damaged  through  any 
cause,  it  is  given  preference  and  precedence  for  any  repairs,  and  if 
repairs  require  an  extended  period,  contents  are  loaded  into  another 
car  and  the  movement  continued. 

As  a  result  of  this  imderstandiiig  between  the  railroads  and  the 
Quartermaster  General's  Office,  shipments  of  freight  are  being  made 


876  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTBB  GENERAL. 

with  remarkable  expedition.  Many  instances  are  cited  where  freight 
shipments  have  been  sent  through  from  Washii^ton  and  vicinity  to 
the  Texas  border  in  four  days,  and  from  New  i  ork  and  vicinity  in 
five  days  or  less;  freight  from  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  has  reached  San 
Antonio,  Tex.,  in  79  hours,  from  the  Lakes  to  the  border  shipments 
have  been  made  in  an  elapsed  time  of  a  Utile  more  than  48  hours. 

The  hearty  cooperation  of  the  railroads  in  making  these  shipments 
has  been  rendered  without  any  hesitation  whatever,  with  all  the 
energy  possible,  and  without  admtional  chcu^e  to  the  Government. 

It  IS  Deheved  that  this  simple  device,  with  the  fullest  cooperation 
of  the  railroads,  has  removed  one  of  the  principal  sources  of  criticism 
appUcable  to  the  period  of  mobilization  m  1898. 

Where  special,  urgent  shipments  have  been  made  they  have  been 
followed  t&ough  by  wire  to  destination  and  most  satisfactory  results 
have  been  obtained  in  every  instance. 

As  a  specific  example  showing  how  the  cooperation  of  the  railroad 
companies  assisted  the  Army,  there  may  be  cited  the  case  of  the  first 
motor  truck  company  purchased  for  the  expeditionary  forces  in 
Mexico. 

Bids  were  invited  for  a  number  of  trucks,  and  award  made  about 
6  o'clock  the  evening  of  March  14.  Twenty-seven  trucks  were  pur- 
chased under  this  advertisement  in  Wisconsin.  These  truclra  were 
inspected,  the  personnel  to  operate  them  employed,  the  trucks  were 
loaded  in  14  cars,  and  tourist  car  furnished  for  the  personnel,  and  the 
train  left  at  3.11  a.  m.  March  16.  It  arrived  at  Columbus,  N.  Mex., 
1,591  miles  away,  shortly  after  noon  on  the  18th,  the  trucks  were 
unloaded  from  the  cars,  loaded  with  suppUes,  and  sent  across  the 
border,  reaching  Gen.  Pershing's  command  with  adequate  suppUes 
of  food  before  he  had  exhausted  the  suppUes  taken  with  him  trom 
Columbus. 

In  a  Uttle  more  than  four  days  after  orders  were  placed  with  the 
manufacturers,  these  trucks  had  gone  across  the  border  at  Columbus, 
1,600  miles  away  from  the  factory,  loaded  with  supplies. 

The  generalplan  of  cooperation  also  provided  for  coordinating  the 
duties  of  the  Pullman  Co.  in  furnishing  sleeping  car  equipment,  and 
under  this  plan  when  it  became  necessary  to  mobiUze  the  Organized 
Militia  the  supply  and  distribution  of  tourist  sleeping  cars  was  handled 
directly  under  the  instructions  of  the  Quartermaster  General  of  the 
Anny .  In  order  to  centraUze  the  furnishing  of  toiuist  sleepers  at  the 
point  most  convenient  to  the  Government,  to  utilize  the  available 
supply  of  these  cars  to  the  best  advantage,  and  to  keep  them  con- 
Btantfy  in  service,  the  Pullman  Co.  changed  the  supervision  of  the 
supply  and  movement  of  these  cars  from  the  heaaquarters  of  the 
company,  at  Chicago,  to  Washington,  where  they  stationed  Mr. 
C.  W.  Henry,  assistant  to  superintendent  of  car  service,  with  a  com- 
petent force.  Mr.  Henry  was  in  immediate  touch  with  the  office  of  the 
Quartermaster  General,  and  on  receipt  of  request  from  camp  quarter- 
masters for  tourist  cars,  he  was  advised  of  the  needs  and  at  once  took 
steps  to  supply  the  cars  if  they  were  available  at  any  point.  Reports 
were  received  by  him  daily  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States  showing 
the  number  of  tourist  cars  that  were  available  in  all  sections  of  the 
country  and  in  cases  when,  on  account  of  the  necessity  for  immediate 
departure,  it  was  impossible  to  ftmiish  cars  from  the  starting  point, 
this  branch  of  the  Pullman  Co.  used  every  effort  to  furnish  uie  cars 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  QENEBAL.  377 

en  route,  immediately  starting  such  cars  as  could  be  secured  over  the 
route  to  be  taken  by  the  troons,  so  that  they  could  be  transferred  to 
toiuist  sleeping  cars  at  the  nrst  possible  opportunity.  During  the 
first  two  weeks  of  the  concentration  this  force  was  on  duty  until 
nearly  midnight  every  day,  including  Sundays,  and  deserves  great 
credit  for  the  excellent  assistance  rendered  the  Government. 

The  great  value  of  the  plans  made  for  cooperation  and  coordination 
between  the  railroads  and  the  War  Department  was  fully  demon- 
strated in  the  mobilization  and  concentration  of  the  Organized 
Mihtia.  Every  assistance  possible  was  rendered  the  Government, 
not  only  by  the  American  Railway  Association  and  the  Pullman  Co. 
but  by  the  various  passenger  associations,  and  by  the  officials  and 
employees  of  all  the  railroads  concerned,  from  the  presidents  of  the 
companies  down  to  the  minor  employees.  In  addition  to  the  rep- 
resentative of  the  American  Railway  Association,  nearly  all  the 
important  Southwestern  railway  lines  had  representatives  in  Wash- 
ington during  the  entire  movement,  and  these  representatives  kept 
in  close  touch  with  the  transportation  over  their  respective  Unes,  and 
were  available  for  consultation  at  any  time,  if  desired  by  the  depart- 
ment. The  cooperation  of  the  American  Railway  Association 
representatives,  with  their  expert  knowledge  of  transportation  con- 
ditions, has  proved  of  great  value  to  the  aepartment,  and  quarter- 
masters have  been  reUeved  of  a  great  deal  of  trouble  and  annoyance 
heretofore  experienced  in  the  mobilization  of  large  bodies  of  troops. 

It  is  believed  that  the  careful  plan  of  cooperation  adopted  and  the 
assistance  of  the  transportation  interests  m  this  plan  has  demon- 
strated that  the  problem  of  rail  congestion,  which  was  the  bugaboo 
of  the  mobihzation  of  troops  in  1898,  has  been  entirely  eUminated. 

TTie  arrangements  entered  into  with  railway  lines  in  eastern  and 
western  territory,  as  referred  to  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Quarter- 
master General  for  1915,  pases  50  and  51,  were  continued  during  the 
fiscal  year  1916,  and  resiiltea  in  a  saving  of  approximately  $40,000  on 

8assenger  traffic.  Negotiations  are  now  under  way  with  lines  in 
few  England  and  Southeastern  territory  on  a  similar  basis  with  every 
prospect  of  a  successful  conclusion;  this  arrangement  will  then  cover 
the  entire  United  States.  Briefly,  it  provides  for  a  deduction  of  5 
per  cent  from  the  usual  fare  available  to  the  Government  and  for  an 
equitable  distribution  of  the  traffic  between  all  lines  interested,  it 
simpUfies  the  settlement  of  accoimts,  and  insures  the  cooperation  of  the 
various  carriers. 

Transportation  of  Regular  Army  organizatwns  to  the  Mexican 
border, — During  the  latter  half  of  tne  fiscal  year  1916  conditions  on 
the  Mexican  border  were  such  that  it  became  necessary  to  augment 
the  troops  stationed  along  that  frontier,  and  the  following  movements 
of  Regular  Army  organizations  were  ordered  on  the  dates  indicated. 

March  11,  1916,  First,  Eleventh,  and  2  squadrons  Twelfth  Cav- 
alry. 

March  20,  Fifth  Cavalry. 

May  9,  Third,  Twenty-first,  Thirtieth,  and  2  battalions.  Four- 
teenth Infantry,  First  battalion  Third  Field  Artillery,  and  21  com- 
panies Coast  Artillery. 

June  11,  First  battalion  Engiaeers. 


378  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  QENEEAIi. 

The  transportation  of  these  organizations  was  accomplished  in  an 
excellent  manner,  in  exceptionally  good  time,  and  without  any 
accidents  of  any  nature. 

Mobilization  of  the  Organized  Militia  and  National  Ouard. — On  May 
9  the  President  called  into  the  service  of  the  United  States  the 
organizations  of  the  Organized  Militia  and  the  National  Guard  of  the 
States  of  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas.  These  oi^anizations  were 
not  mobiUzed  at  their  State  mobilization  camps,  out  directed  to 
proceed  from  their  home  rendezvous  direct  to  the  border. 

On  Jime  18,  1916,  the  Organized  Militia  and  the  National  Guard  of 
all  the  other  States  of  the  Union  were  called  into  the  service  of  the 
United  States  and  directed  to  assemble  at  their  State  mobilization 
camps.  The  movement  from  the  company  rendezvous  to  the  State 
mobilization  camp  was  under  the  control  of  the  State  authorities, 
and  from  these  camps  to  the  station  designated  on  the  border  was 
under  direction  of  the  War  Department. 

Ixnmediately  on  receipt  of  tne  order  for  this  mobilization,  routing 
schedules  prepared  in  tne  office  of  the  Quartermaster  Greneral  were 
furnished  to  tne  quartermaster  at  each  of  the  four  department  head- 
quarters; these  schedules  indicated  the  routing  to  be  used  bv  each 
organization  from  the  State  mobilization  camp  to  the  Mexican 
border,  288  routes  being  shown,  and  were  arranged  with  a  view  to  an 
expeditious  movement,  employing  all  available  lines,  as  far  as  prac- 
ticable, so  that  if  it  had  become  necessary  to  transport  all  the  militia 
at  one  time  the  carriers  could  have  performed  the  service  without 
congestion  and  without  delay. 

A  Handbook  on  Transportation  by  Rail,  issued  by  the  Quarter- 
master General  of  the  Army,  was  sent  to  each  mobilization  camp 
immediately  aiter  orders  were  issued  for  the  mobilization  of  the  State 
troops. 

This  handbook,  amon^  other  matters,  consolidates  the  information 
showing  tiie  manner  and  extent  to  which  standard  sleepers,  tourist 
sleepers,  and  coaches  shall  be  furnished  under  existing  regulations 
for  troops  traveling;  it  provides  for  the  methods  to  be  i^ed  to  secure 
an  adequate  suppfy  of  drinking  water  for  the  troops,  and  contains 
full  instructions  as  to  the  instalfiition  of  Army  field  ran^  in  baggage 
or  box  cars,  so  that  hot  coffee  and  hot  meals  may  be  furnished  en  route. 
It  also  exhibits  the  details  of  assembling  and  loadiujg  of  equipment, 
and  the  entraining  and  detraining  of  the  men  and  animals. 

The  militia  troops  began  leaving  their  mobilization  camps  for  the 
Mexican  border  about  midnight  June  26,  the  first  organization  to 
leave  its  camp  for  the  border  being  Battery  B  of  the  New  Jersey 
Field  Artillery,  which  departed  from  Sea  Girt,  N.  J.,  at  11.30  p.  m., 
June  26,  but  was  closely  followed  by  the  Ninth  Massachusetts 
Infantry,  which  left  its  canip  at  Framingham  at  12.28  a.  m.  June  27. 
Other  organizations  from  Massachusetts  and  New  Jersey  abo  left 
the  State  mobilization  camp  for  the  border  on  June  27,  as  well  as 
organizations  from  Connecticut,  New  York.  Oregon,  Utah,  and 
Vermont.  On  July  1  there  were  en  route  to  tne  boraer  from  various 
sections  of  the  United  States  122  troop  trains,  carrying  over  2,000 
freight,  passenger,  and  baggage  cars,  with  a  total  strengUi  of  36,042 
men.  On  July  4  101  troop  trains  were  en  route  to  the  border  and 
62,681  militia  troops  (not  including  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas 
were  either  at  the  border  or  en  route  thereto. 


B^POBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENERAIj.  379 

From  the  beginning  of  the  movement  up  to  July  31,  1916,  there 
have  been  111,919  militia  troops  transported  to  the  border,  as  shown 
by  Exhibit  13. 

Some  idea  of  the  task  imposed  upon  the  railroads  of  the  country  by 
the  transportation  of  the  rJational  Guard  may  be  had  when  it  is 
considered  that  350  trains  were  necessary  to  carry  the  first  100,000  of 
the  National  Guard  and  that  these  trains,  if  combined,  would  have 
made  a  train  nearly  90  miles  long.  Over  3,000  passenger  cars,  in- 
cluding standard  Pullman  and  tourists  and  coaches,  were  provided 
for  the  troops,  and  in  addition  about  400  baggage  cars,  most  of  which 
were  equipped  as  kitchen  cars  for  serving  hot  meals  en  route,  1,300 
box  cars,  2,000  stock  cars,  and  800  flat  cars  were  used  in  transporting 
the  equipment  and  materiel  of  the  troops.  An  enormous  number  of 
locomotives  were  required  in  these  movements,  as  will  be  reaUzed 
when  it  is  remembered  that  at  each  division  point  a  different  loco- 
motive, with  crew,  was  attached  to  each  train  section,  and  the  num- 
ber of  division  points  at  which  it  was  necessary  to  change  locomotives 
varied  from  three,  in  the  case  of  the  Louisiana  troops,  to  24,  in  the  case 
of  the  Connecticut  troops.  There  were  employea  in  the  movement 
of  the  first  100,000  of  these  troops  approximately  4,900  engines  and 
crews,  not  including  switching  engines,  yard  engines,  and  their  crews. 

The  call  upon  the  railroads  for  the  transportation  of  the  militia 
came  at  a  time  when  their  passenger  traffic  was  at  its  height.  In  the 
fortnight  which  includes  the  Fourth  of  July  the  greatest  density  of 
travel  of  the  entire  year  always  occurs  in  the  Eastern  States. 

Instructions  were  issued  by  all  railroads  concerned  that  the  move- 
ments of  troop  trains  were  to  be  given  preference  over  other  travel, 
and  it  is  beheved  that  this  was  done  m  all  cases.  Many  of  the 
western  roads  being  single-track  lines,  it  was,  in  some  cases,  necessary 
for  the  troop  train  to  take  the  siding  in  order  that  a  train  proceeding 
in  the  opposite  direction  could  pass,  but  this  action  is  sometimes 
necessary  on  these  roads  with  even  the  fastest  limited  trains.  The 
following  wire  received  from  one  of  the  southwestern  railroads  is 
characteristic: 

Instructions  have  been  issued  to  aU  concerned  that  all  military  trains  are  to  be 
^ven  ri^ht  of  way.  Sunshine  Limited  was  sidetracked  last  night  for  the  first  time 
in  its  history.  We  are  doing  everything  possible  to  facilitate  the  handling  of  this 
business. 

It  is,  of  course,  impossible  to  compare  the  concentration  of  the 
United  States  Militia  on  the  Mexican  border  with  the  mobilization 
in  Europe  in  the  summer  of  1914.  In  Europe  all  civil  trafl&c  was 
stopped  and  the  entire  railroad  system  given  over  to  the  military 
movement.  The  distances  involved  in  this  movement  of  the  Organ- 
ized Mihtia  are  very  much  ^eater  than  those  in  Europe,  the  long- 
est run  in  the  German  Empire,  from  one  frontier  to  the  other,  being 
about  700  miles  and  those  in  Fr«\nce  much  less.  The  distances 
traveled  bj;  the  militia  organizations  of  the  United  States  yar^  from 
608  miles,  in  the  case  of  the  Jjouisiana  troops,  to  2,916  miles  in  the 
case  of  the  Connecticut  troops.  Ihe  majority  of  these  troops  came 
from  North  and  Northeastern  States  and  were  carried  over  2,000 
miles;  in  most  cases  in  remarkably  fast  time.  As  an  example,  the 
Seventh  New  York  Infantry,  about  1,400  men,  with  equipment, 
ammunition,  and  baggage,  left  New  York  at  2  p.  m.  Jime  27,  and 


380  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  QEKEBAL. 

arrived  at  San  Antonio,  Tex.,  8.30  p.  m.  June  30,  a  distance  of 
2,087  miles.  Similar  nms  on  time  almost  as  last  were  made  from 
other  points. 

When  it  is  considered  that  these  trains  were,  as  a  rule,  heavy  trains 
of  from  17  to  22  cars  each,  and  were  composed  of  freight,  passenger, 
and  baggage  eauipment  (which  was  necessary  in  order  to  enable  each 
unit  to  proceea  to  its  destination  intact  with  all  its  equipment  and 
impedimenta),  it  will  be  seen  that  the  movement  was  made  with 
exceptional  rapidity. 

To  have  effected  the  entire  movement  of  all  the  troops  moving  in 
tourist  sleepers  would  have  required  the  use  of  approximately  3,000 
cars;  in  otner  words,  approximately  five  times  as  many  as  there  are 
in  existence.  The  Pullman  Co.,  by  utilizing  some  standard  cars, 
made  available  for  the  movement  of  these  troops  623  tourist  cars. 
Tourist  equipment  was  furnished  troops  from  tne  beginning  of  the 
movement  wnenever  it  was  possible  to  do  so. 

Particular  attention  is  invited  to  the  fact  that  the  effort  to  furnish 
tourist  ciXTS  for  organizations  leaving  in  coaches  did  not  cease  imtil 
the  organizations  had  actually  arrived  at  destination,  and  that 
wherever  tourists  coidd  be  secured  en  route  they  were  placed  in  the 
train  and  the  men  transferred  from  coaches  to  these  tourists  up  to 
the  number  that  coidd  be  suitably  berthed.  Taking  as  an  example 
some  of  the  New  York  organizations:  Headquarters,  band,  and 
Battery  A,  First  Field  Artillery,  left  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  for  Browns- 
ville. Tex.,  on  J\dy  3,  requiring  four  tourists.  There  was  only  one 
available  at  startmg  point,  but  the  organization  was  furnished  one 
at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  one  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  and  one  at  Sapulpa, 
Okla.  The  Seventy-fourth  New  York  Infantry,  leaving  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.,  on  July  5,  required  25  tourists,  but  none  were  available  at 
Buffalo,  Chicago,  or  Kansas  City.  Four  were  furnished  at  Herrington, 
Kans.,  13  at  Caldwell,  Kans.,  3  at  El  Reno,  Okla.,  and  5  at  Fort  Worth, 
Tex.  These  two  examples  are  fair  illustrations  of  the  efforts  made 
to  furnish  toiunsts  for  these  organizations  wherever  they  could  be 
secured.  In  other  words,  the  department  did  not  lose  track  of 
organizations,  but  continued  to  serve  these  organizations  in  the 
above  manner  and  to  loUow  them  until  their  arrival  at  destination. 

In  cases  where  tourist  cars  coidd  not  be  furnished,  day  coachee 
were  supplied  by  the  railroads  at  the  rate  of  one  double  seat  for  eadi 
man  where  the  distance  was  long.  In  some  instances  day  coaches 
were  suppUed  at  the  rate  of  four  seats  for  each  three  men  for  at  least 
a  portion  of  the  journey;  this  the  railroads  considered  necessary, 
due  to  the  fact  that  at  the  beeinning  of  the  mobilization  it  was 
anticipated  that  movements  womd  be  kept  up  in  the  same  intensity 
throughout  this  concentration  as  in  the  first  48  hours,  in  which  case 
the  radroad  equipment  necessary  coidd  onl^  have  been  obtained  by 
annulling  many  of  the  most  important  trains  of  the  railroads  and 
U}?ing  the  equipment  therefrom  for  the  movement  of  troops.  The 
railroads,  in  case  of  necessity,  were  prepared  to  proceea  to  this 
extremity.  In  all  cases,  where  it  was  possible  to  do  so,  tourist 
equipment  for  the  entire  movement  was  furnished,  but  where  not 
immediately  available  the  troops  were  met  en  route  and  transferred 
to  tourists  in  every  possible  case.  This  proved  to  be  a  wise  method, 
inasmuch  as  it  kept  all  toiurist  equipment  in  constant  use. 


BEPORT  OF   THE   QUARTERMASTER  GENERAJj.  381 

Official  reports  from  all  military  departments  show  that  no  organi- 
zation moved  in  coaches  with  le.ss  space  than  three  men  to  every  four 
seats,  and  wherever  equipment  was  available  the  railroads  furnished 
two  seats  for  each  man.  Tlie  total  nxmiber  of  men  trr.ns}  orted  in 
coaclies  showed  an  average  of  30  men  to  each  coach. 

With  all  this  large  number  of  persons  transported  in  special  trains, 
on  special  schedules,  but  one  accident  involving  any  injury  to  the 
men  was  reported.  This  occurred  to  a  train  of  the  First  Minnesota 
Field  Artillery,  due  to  a  collision  with  a  commercial  train,  in  which 
throe  men  were  injured — two  of  them  slightly  and  one  seriously  but 
not  dangerously — and  with  this  exception  tHe  transportation  of  the 
militia  was  accomplished  without  accident. 

Although  the  movement  of  the  Organized  Militia  to  the  border 
came  at  a  time  when  the  commercial  traffic  on  railroads  of  the  United 
States  was  the  largest  in  years,  the  transportation  of  the  militia  was 
performed  with  very  Uttle  interference  with  regular  train  service  and 
with  no  congestion  whatever,  either  at  initial  or  terminal  po'mts  or 
en  route.  As  an  example,  there  moved  into  the  Brownsville  district 
during  the  month  of  JuJy,  1916,  106  special  trains,  composed  of  1,216 
cars  of  passengers  and  1,201  cars  of  ireight  for  the  Army,  a  total  oi 
2,417  ciirs,  in  addition  to  680  cars  of  Army  supplies  handled  in 
freight  trains  and  the  usual  commercial  traffic.  This  district  is 
reached  only  by  one  single-track  railroad  line,  and  all  rolling  stock 
had  to  be  returned  over  the  same  line.  ITie  cars  were  unloaded  at 
once  and  hauled  back  and  there  was  at  no  time  any  delay  in  unloading 
nor  was  there  any  congestion. 

Considering  the  great  distances  traveled  by  the  militia  from  the 
various  camps  to  the  Mexican  border,  the  fact  that  there  was  but  a 
single  accident,  and  that  of  a  minor  character,  the  celerity  with  which 
the  trains  were  moved  and  the  entire  absence  of  congestion  or  delay, 
it  is  believed  there  has  been  no  case  in  history  where  troops  have 
been  as  well  and  safely  transported  or  as  well  cared  for  while  en  route 
as  in  the  recent  mobilization. 

Drayage  and  hauling, — During  the  fiscal  year  1916  the  cost  of  dray- 
age,  cartage,  and  haming  was  $(>9,256.47,  as  shown  below: 

Drayage  at  poste $44,633.19 

Drayage  at  depots  and  arsenals 24,623.  28 

Total 69,256.47 

The  bulk  of  the  expenditures  for  hauling  at  posts  is  incurred  at  posts 
in  Alaska  and  the  Canal  Zone,  where  owned  means  of  transportation  is 
insufficient;  at  Coast  Artillery  posts  in  the  United  States  that  are  situ- 
ated on  islands,  necessitating  hauling  from  railroad  stations  to  docks; 
and  at  some  of  the  western  posts  that  are  situated  a  considerable  dis- 
tance from  railroad,  such  as  Fort  Apache,  Ariz.,  and  Fort  Clark,  Tex. 
The  approximate  division  of  the  amoimt  shown  above  is  as  follows: 

Alaska $16,000     Interior  western  posts $12,000 

Canal  Zone 5,000     Miscellaneous  posts 3,000 

Coast  Artillery  posts 8, 000 

The  drayage  at  depots  is  incurred  at  cities  where  owned  means  of 
transportation  is  either  unavailable  or  insufficient. 

Transportation  accounts  acted  on, — During  the  fiscal  year  1916  a  total 
of  1|442  transportation  accoimts,  aggregating  $203^930.69,  were  re- 


382  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENEBAIi.       ^ 

ceived  and  acted  on  in  the  transportation  division,  office  of  the  Quar- 
termaster General,  as  shown  below: 

Accounts  payable  from  appropriations  pertaining  to  other  bureaus  of  the 
War  Department  (699) .^ ^ $64, 885. 33 

Disputed  accounts  payable  from  appropriation  "Supplies,  Services,  and 
Transportation  "  (743) 139,045.36 

The  accounts  prepared  by  the  disbursing  officers  of  the  Quartermas- 
ter Corps,  covermg  transportation  payable  bv  other  departments  of 
the  Government,  are  forwarded  direct  to  sucn  departments  for  pay- 
ment. The  accounts  paid  by  the  disbursing  officers  from  appropria- 
tion ''Supphes,  Services,  and  Transportation"  are  not  received  in  the 
transportation  division,  but  pass  tm*oi^h  the  finance  and  accounting 
division  to  the  Auditor  for  the  War  Department,  the  743  accounts 
referred  to  above  being  those  in  which  disputes  have  arisen  as  to  the 
proper  basis  of  settlement. 

The  four  offices  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  charged  with  the  settle- 
ment of  transportation  accounts  during  the  fiscal  year  1916  paid  trans- 
portation accounts  in  which  were  included  a  total  of  76,353  transpor- 
tation requests  and  72,849  bills  of  lading. 

Motor  transportation. — ^The  first  motor  truck  for  carrying  supplies 
was  procured  by  the  Quartermaster*s  Department  in  Jime,  1907,  since 
whicn  time  the  Quartermaster's  Department  has  made  constant  prog- 
ress in  developing  the  motor  truck  as  a  means  of  transportation. 
Appropriations  for  this  purpose,  until  recently,  have  been  very  lim- 
ited. The  progress  of  oevelopment,  however,  considering  these  cir- 
cumstances, has  been  very  satisfactory.  The  Quartermaster's  De- 
partment first  took  up  the  matter  of  operating  trucks  seriously  in  1911, 
and  extensive  experiments  and  observations  nave  been  made  annually 
since  that  time.  Near  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  1916,  however,  ex- 
tensive opportimities  were  afforded  for  detennming  the  value  of  motor 
transportation  imder  severe  conditions  in  connection  with  the  opera- 
tions in  Mexico  and  along  the  Mexican  frontier. 

The  first  specifications  of  the  Quartermaster's  Corps  were  written 
in  1913,  after  extensive  correspondence  with  manufacturers  and 
the  Society  of  Automobile  Engineers.  These  specifications  have 
been  revised  and  brought  up  to  date  annually.  The  revision  of  1916 
was  carefully  prepared  in  consultation  with  the  Society  of  Automobile 
Engineers,  which  nas  given  this  department  valuable  and  much  appre- 
ciated assistance  in  solving  the  problems  of  motor  transportation. 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  stated  that  it  is  very  difficult  for  motor- 
truck manufacturers  to  immediately  efifect  changes  to  conform  to  the 
reauirements  of  military  trucks,  for  the  reason  mat  orders  for  mate- 
rials are  placed  many  months  in  advance  of  the  time  when  it  is  re- 
quired to  enter  into  the  manufacture  of  trucks. 

DuriM  the  early  part  of  the  fiscal  year  1916  motor  transportation 
was  confined  to  operation  of  motor  trucks  in  connection  with  the  trans- 
portation of  suppUes  between  base  depots  and  outlying  camps  on  the 
Mexican  border,  in  connection  with  the  operation  of  Quartermaster 
Corps  depots,  and  at  a  few  posts  in  the  United  States  and  over-sea 
possessions  where  motor  transportation  could  be  installed  at  a  saving 
over  animal-drawn  transportation.  By  careful  observations  and  such 
experiments  as  could  be  undertaken  with  the  Umited  funds  appropri- 
ated for  procurement  of  motor  transportation  experience  of  great  value 
was  obtained,  demonstrating  that  motor  transportation  can  be  relied 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUARTEBM ASTER  GENERAL.        383 

upon  under  severe  road  conditions.  Tentative  organizations  and  reg- 
ulations for  all  motor  units,  repair  shops,  and  suDsidiaries  were  pre- 
pared in  the  office  of  the  Quartermaster  General  and  distributea  to 
those  charged  with  handling  these  units,  so  that  necessary  steps  were 
taken,  so  far  as  it  was  possible  for  this  office  to  do  so,  under  these  new 
conditions. 

When  instructions  were  given  for  the  organization  of  an  adequate 
mihtary  force  of  troops  to  cross  the  Mexican  border  in  pursuit  oi  the 
Mexican  band  which  attacked  the  town  of  Columbus,  Pi.  Mex.,  and 
troops  there  on  the  morning  of  March  9, 1916,  this  office  was  in  position 
to  take  inmiediate  steps  k)  procure  necessary  motor  transportation 
which  it  was  foreseen  would  be  required.  On  March  11,1916,  the  first 
call  was  received  from  the  Southern  Department  for  two  motor-truck 
companies,  consisting  of  27  motor  trucks  each,  of  1^  tons  capacity, 
equipped  with  necessary  personnel  for  their  operation.  As  soon  as  the 
approval  of  the  Secretary  of  War  was  received  these  trucks  were  pur- 
chased and  provided  witn  the  necessary  personnel,  hired  at  the  facto- 
ries at  which  the  trucks  were  manuiactured.  The  personnel  con- 
formed to  the  organization  above  referred  to.  The  two  motor-truck 
companies  first  ordered  left  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes  at  12  o'clock 
midnight,  March  15,  and  early  on  the  morning  of  March  16.  Both 
were  sent  by  special-train  service  to  CJolumbus,  N.  Mex.  Two  addi- 
tional truck  companies  followed  soon  thereafter,  as  well  as  the  neces- 
sary tank  trucks  for  carrying  gasoline,  oil,  and  water. 

It  was  soon  found  that  motorcycles  which  originally  accompanied 
these  truck  companies  for  carrying  a  certain  portion  of  the  personnel 
were  unsatisfactory  in  operation  over  the  heavy  sandy  coimtry  in 
Mexico  where  no  made  roads  exist.  Upon  the  recommendation  of  the 
local  authorities  light  automobiles  of  the  roadster  type  were  substi- 
tuted for  use  of  motor-truck  company  commanders  and  truckmasters 
in  heu  of  motorcycles  and  have  been  found  more  satisfactory. 

One  of  the  most  important  features  in  connection  with  the  operation 
of  motor  trucks  is  that  they  be  equipped  with  a  strong  and  suitable 
body.  This  ia  especially  necessary  where  the  roads  over  which  they 
operate  are  rough  and  imeven.  The  body  should  be  specially  con- 
structed and  smtable  for  the  work  for  wmch  intended.  Whilst  the 
heavy  body  provided  for  in  the  specifications  of  the  Quartermaster 
Corps  adds  materially  to  the  weight  of  the  truck,  it  more  th^  makes 
up  by  its  longevity  and  carrying  capacity. 

As  the  experience  of  the  department  becomes  more  extensive  in  the 
operation  oi  motor  trucks  imder  the  extremely  severe  conditions  to 
be  found  in  'the  operations  in  Mexico,  many  defects  developed  in  some 
of  the  trucks  in  use;  some  of  them  of  minor  character,  which  could  be 
easily  corrected;  others  of  a  much  more  serious  character.  In  gen- 
eral, however,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  provisions  of  the  specinca- 
tions  issued  by  this  department  were  found  to  be  based  on  correct 
principles  for  the  service  for  which  these  trucks  were  intended. 

The  department  has  been  greatly  assisted  by  representatives  of 
various  truck  manufacturers  in  the  study  of  defects  and  recommen- 
dations for  improvement  in  the  motor  transportation  now  in  opera- 
tion. By  the  end  of  the  fiscal  vear  10  motor-truck  companies,  each 
consisting  of  27  motor  trucks  oi  1^  tons  capacity,  6  mo  tor- truck  com- 
panies consisting  of  28  motor  trucks  of  3  tons  capacity,  and  2  motor- 
truck companies  each  consisting  of  33  motor  trucks  of  S  t^x^  ^^^%£^^ 


384  '  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUAKTERMASTEB  GENERAL. 

had  been  purchased  and  were  in  operation  along  the  Mexican  border 
or  en  route  to  that  point  to  be  placed  in  operation.  Of  the  above 
truck  companies,  10  companies  of  l^ton  trucks  and  2  companies  of 
3-ton  trucks  were  in  operation  on  the  line  of  communications  which 
extended  from  Columbus,  N.  Mex.,  to  San  Antonio,  Mexico,  301  miles 
from  Columbus. 

Upon  the  recommendation  of  the  department  authorities,  Southern 
Department,  a  proportion  of  3-ton  trucks  were  suppUed  for  use  on  the 
line  of  communications  into  Mexico,  and  at  certain  points  along  the 
Mexican  border.  At  present  there  are  8  companies  oi  3-ton  trucks  in 
service  in  connection  with  troops  operating  m  the  Southern  Depart- 
ment. Reports  received  up  to  this  time  mdicate  that  these  trucks 
are  satisfactory  in  dry  weather,  but  it  is  reported  that  during  the 
rainy  season  the  lighter  trucks  of  1 J  tons  capacity  are  more  rehablo. 

From  reports  received  it  would  appear  that  these  truck  companies 
were  averaging  somewhat  more  than  60  miles  per  day,  in  many 
instances  as  high  as  80  to  90  miles  per  day,  but  due,  however,  to  con- 
stant travel,  the  roads  are  reported  to  have  become  almost  impassable. 
Steps  were  taken  early  in  these  operations  to  provide  road  machinery 
for  necessary  repairs  to  the  roads  This  work  was  done  by  the  EngT- 
neer  Department  with  funds  and  machinery  furnished  by  the  Quar- 
termaster Corps. 

From  the  time  that  the  expedition  went  into  Mexico  to  June  30, 
1916,  there  were  purchased  for  use  on  the  Mexican  border  and  with 
the  expedition  into  Mexico  588  motor  trucks;  57  motor  tank  trucks  for 
carrying  water,  oil,  and  gasoline;  10  motor  machine-shop  trucks  for 
repairing  motor  transportation  in  transit;  6  motor  wrecking  trucks; 
75  automobiles;  61  motorcycles;  and  8  tractors  for  repairing  roads, 
miscellaneous  road  machinery,  repair  parts,  and  equipment,  amount- 
mgto  $2,175,670.09. 

The  policy  pursued  in  furnishing  transportation  for  operations  in 
Mexico  and  in  connection  with  the  troops  on  the  Mexican  border  was 
to  furnish  only  such  makes  of  trucks  as  had  been  tried  out  under  the 
severe  service  conditions  prevailing  in  Mexico  and  on  the  border  and 
had  proven  satisfactory  to  a  committee  appointed  by  the  department 
authorities.  All  motor-truck  manufactiirers  applying  were  given 
authority  to  place  their  trucks  on  the  line  of  conmiunications  at 
Columbus,  N.  mex.,  for  demonstration  and  test.  The  operations  of 
these  trucks  were  carefully  observed,  and  upon  their  performance  on 
the  line  of  communications  subseouent  purchases  were  made. 

The  commanding  general,  Soutnem  Department,  states  that  "All 
motor-truck  manumcturers  agree,  without  exception,  thtft  their  serv- 
ice on  our  line  of  conmiunications  from  Columbus,  N.  Mex.,  south  into 
Mexico  was  the  hardest  test  of  motor-truck  transportation  they  have 
ever  known,  and  no  make  of  truck  was  purchased  for  this  service  that 
was  not  first  tested  out  on  our  line  of  communications  and  recommended 
as  satisfactory  by  officers  who  actually  tested  out  these  machines  on 
the  line." 

In  this  way  it  is  believed  that  the  Government  has  secured  the  best 
makes  of  motor-truck  transportation  for  this  severe  class  of  service 
that  can  be  procured  in  this  country.  Motor-truck  manufacturers 
have  expressed  themselves  as  being  well  pleased  to  have  been  afforded 
an  opportimity  of  testing  out  their  trucks,  even  in  cases  where  trucks 
have  not  proven  satisfactory  for  the  service,  inasmuch  as  it  discloses 


KEPOBT  OF  THE  QUARTEBMASTER  GENERAL. 


385 


the  nature  of  the  weaknesses  of  such  truck  and  led  manufacturers  to 
modify  and  improve  their  trucks  for  this  class  of  service.  It  is  real- 
ized by  them  that  the  truck  best  suited  for  the  military  service  is  also 
best  suited  for  use  of  the  average  farmer  over  ordinary  country  roads 
and  across  fields. 

The  conmianding  general,  Southern  Department,  reports  that  the 
approximate  cost  of  operation  of  trucks  per  ton-mile  is  $0.70,  which 
includes  all  incidentals,  such  as  upkeep  of  repair  shops,  roads,  etc. 

Among  officers  of  experience  with  motor  trucks  it  is  known  and 
realized  that  speed  is  the  greatest  menace  to  the  successful  operation 
of  trucks.  It  IS  the  hardest  thing  to  control  and  causes  more  expense 
than  all  other  things  combined  m  connection  with  the  handling  of 
motor  trucks.  Manjr  officers  of  the  Army  are  now  getting  valuable 
experience  and  gaining  a  considerable  knowledge  of  motor-truck 
transportation,  and  no  doubt  in  the  future  will  be  able  to  handle  such 
problems  better  than  they  have  in  past,  and  all  of  them  will  realize 
that  care  is  essential  in  the  handling  of  this  class  of  transportation. 

The  commanding  general,  Southern  Department^  states  that,  due  to 
the  necessity  of  Quartermasters  devoting  their  tune  to  the  supply 
situation  on  the  Mexican  border,  it  was  impossible  to  obtain  lull 
reports  with  reference  to  the  operation  of  motor  transportation  in  the 
Southern  Department;  therefore  complete  data  with  reference  to 
operating  expenses  of  the  various  kmds  of  motor  vehicles  during  the 
fiscal  year  1916  must  be  included  in  the  report  which  will  be  renaered 
for  the  fiscal  year  1917. 

This  office  is  continuing  its  efforts  in  conjunction  with  the  Society 
of  Automobile  Engineers,  manufacturers,  and  Government  de- 
partments in  developing  our  present  specifications,  with  a  view  to 
making  such  changes  as  will  adequately  meet  the  requirements  of  the 
Government  and  which  it  is  felt  will  eventually  harmonize  to  a  greater 
extent  than  has  been  expected  heretofore  with  the  needs  of  private 
users  of  commercial  motor  vehicles.  Some  well-qualified  experts  feel 
that  within  two  or  three  years  the  commercial  product  will  approxi- 
mate what,  according  to  the  best  opinion,  will  be  suitable  for  opera- 
tion in  aU  except  special  cases  of  Government  service. 

Trailers. — During  the  fiscal  year  eleven  2^  to  3  ton  and  one  1  J-ton 
trailers  were  purchased  for  use  in  connection  with  the  operation  of 
motor  transportation  on  the  Mexican  border,  costing  $8,023.50. 

So  far  trailers  have  not  proven  satisfactory.  It  is  not  believed 
that  they  can  be  generally  utilized  in  divisional  trains,  though  in 
certain  instances  it  may  be  found  practicable  to  use  them  on  the  line 
of  commimications. 

Road  machinery, — ^The  following  road-makii^  machinery  was  pur- 
chased during  the  fiscal  year  for  use  in  connection  with  the  repair  of 
roads  into  Mexico: 


Num- 
ber. 

Articles. 

Cost. 

Num- 
ber. 

Articles. 

Cost. 

i 

2 
1 
3 
3 
18 

Holt  tractors 

1 
$14,250   '            Ifl 

CouDllnr  Doles 

1180 

Phoenix  tractors 

8,900 

10,200 

4,800 

4,950 

105 

2,160 

47 

3 

Russell  CTa  lers 

2,724 

Knox  tractors 

3 

4 

Austin  era  Jers 

1,485 

Buckeye  tractor 

Acme  scrauers 

632 

Monarch  roail  rollers 

Tractor  Darts 

600 

TnriiATi  ^aaI  rlr&ff^ 

Total 

Watson  dumu  trailers 

61,083 

4 

Tractor  Doles 

69176°— WAB 1916— VOL  1- 


-25 


386 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENERAL. 


Issues  to  the  militia. — Supplies  to  the  value  of  $275,059.75  were 
issued  by  the  transportation  division  to  the  Oi^anized  MiUtia  dur- 
ing the  fiscal  year  under  authority  of  statutes  providing  for  such 
issues,  as  follows: 


Items. 


Ambolanoes,  hdrse-drmwn . . . . 

Harness,  lead,  s.  s 

Harness,  wheel,  i.  i 

Saddles,  rldtai£ 

Wagons,  esoort 

Miscellaneous  articles 


Total. 


Number. 


87 
2,1m 
1,838 

12 
921 


Cost. 


18.309.00 
41,350.85 
42,500.00 
336.00 
118,780.50 
20,786.83 


4,984  ,232,150.18 


Items. 


Oats pounds.. 

Hay do... 

Bran do 

Bedding do... 


Number. 


Cost. 


1,479,811 

1,728.544 

36.023 

386,547 


04,532.68 

16,904.50 

471.  a 

1,991.97 


Total 3,630,925 


42,900.6T 


No  gratuitous  issues  of  such  supplies  were  made  to  the  Organized 
Militia  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

Forage. — ^The  expenditures  during  the  fiscal  year  for  forage  for 
animals  pertaining  to  the  Army  amoimted  to  $3^563,251.15.  This 
includes  the  forajge  used  in  the  rhiUppine  Islands,  Alaska,  Hawaiian 
Islands,  Porto  Rico,  and  the  Panama  Canal  Zone,  except  native  grass 
and  beading  purchased  in  the  Phihppine  Islands.  In  addition  to  the 
above  there  was  purchased  127,179  pounds  of  dog  food  at  a  cost  of 
$8,237.60. 

Quantities  and  cost  of  forage  and  bedding  purchased  during  the 
fiscal  year  1916,  except  that  purchased  for  the  rhiUppine  Islanos: 


Kind. 


Oats , 

Hay 

Bran 

Com 

Barley 

Shiveriok  compressed  forage. 

Bedding 

Peatmoss 

Dog  food 


Total 

Total  forage  and  bedding  purchased  (except  for  the  Philippines 
and  ex^islre  of  dog  food) 


Poands. 


Total  oo8t 


108,152,007 

140,198,523 

2,674,662 

1,008, 1S9 

2,262,274 

71,400 

23,043,885 

8,995 

127,179 


277,648,107 
2n,  420, 928 


$1,979,506.86 
999,733.42 
84,732.72 
20,263.52 
28,916.21 
1,963.50 
112,825.87 
80.06 
8,237.60 


3,186,338.75 
3,178,101.15 


Ayeiage 
cost. 


SI. 8304 

.7U1 
L2008 
Z008 
L2S 
i75 

.4899 


6l39 


>••••••••••• 


Of  the  above  suppUes  the  following  were  shipped  to  Alaska,  Porto 
Rico,  Panama  Canal  Zone,  and  the  I^waiian  Islands: 


ALASKA. 

Oats 

Hay 

Com. 

Barley 

Bran 

Beidfaig. 

Dog  food 

Total 

POBTO  UCO. 

Oats 

Hay 

Bran 

Bedding 

Total 


Poands. 


501.149 
1,013,544 

10,000 
140,000 

24.990 
240,900 
127.179 


Cost. 


17,052.04 

8,872.50 

176.00 


PANAMA  CAKAL  ZONE. 


2,060.762 


Oats. 
Hay. 

1,806.00  I  S^^l;; 

820.97.   Bedding 
1,080.45 


8.237.60 


27,664.65 


487.885 

720.609 

6t.951 

128.838 


Total 

HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS. 


11,006.34 

9.722.50 

993.55 

1, 48^.05 


Oats. 
Hay. 
Bran. 


1,392,183     23,208.44 


Total. 


Pounds. 


407,620 

639,483 

9,500 

127,710 


Cost. 


S10,Ml.O 
7,827.2ft 
131.67 
888.  !• 


1,184,213 


10,600,000  146,741.gt 


19,6».33 


14,822.117 
220.000 


25,642,117 


123, 003. 9t 
3,722.30 


371,088.42 


SEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMA8TBB  GENEBAL. 


387 


Of  the  above  supplies  the  following  were  piirchased  in  the  Hawaiian 
Islands: 


Pounds. 

Cost 

Hay 

1,000 
2,413,050 

SIO  00 

Bedding 

16,069.36 

Total 

2^414,050 

16,079.36 

The  following  quantities  of  forage  were  purchased  for  shipment  to 
the  PhiUppine  Islands  during  the  hscal  year  1916: 


Pounds. 

Cost 

Oats 

14.000.000 

ti5n  Qxn  iM 

Hay ^....x  . 

24,000,000  1  204,200.00 

« 

Total 

38,000,000 

385,150.00 

The  following  forage  was  purchased  in   the  Phihppine  Islands 
during  the  fiscal  year  1916: 


Green  forafce 
Bedding 

Total. 


Pounds. 


8,351,200 
2,486,000 


10,837,200 


Cost 


$21,559.16 
6,446.20 


28,005.36 


Average 
cost 


10.259 
.26 


The  matter  of  amending  contracts  for  forage  so  as  to  permit  con- 
tractors to  supply  grades  of  hay  and  grain  as  fixed  by  the  grain 
associations  and  chambers  of  commerce  was  considered.  It  was 
represented  that  the  peculiar  conditions  existing  in  various  sections 
made  it  difficult  for  mspectin^  officers  to  accept  forage  that  would 
comply  in  all  respects  with  the  specifications.  The  Department  of 
Agriculture  was  consulted,  as  that  department  had  assisted  in  the 
preparation  of  the  specifications  in  use  by  this  department,  and  it 
was  concluded  that  contractors  should  have  no  dimciJty  in  meeting 
the  requirements  called  for  in  regular  specifications.  No  change 
was  therefore  authorized,  except  that  a  modification  so  that  oats 
which  were  clean  and  practically  free  from  other  grains  could  be 
accepted.     No  change  was  authorized  in  the  specifications  for  hay. 

Compressed  forage, — ^An  extended  test  was  begun  in  the  Eastern 
Department  of  compressed  forage  with  a  view  to  determining  if 
it  will  be  possible  either  to  definitely  adopt  this  ration  for  certain 
conditions  of  field  service,  or  to  suggest  such  minor  changes  as  ex- 

i>erience  may  indicate  to  be  necessary.  A  quantity  of  compressed 
orage  was  purchased  and  issued  to  posts  in  the  Eastern  Department, 
but  owing  to  the  withdrawal  of  troops  for  service  on  the  Mexican 
border  before  the  test  could  be  concluded,  no  definite  conclusion  was 
reached  as  to  its  value.  A  test  on  the  Mexican  border  under  service 
conditions  has  been  ordered,  and  this  test  should  decide  if  there  are 
any  merits  in  this  type  of  forage. 


888 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENERAL. 


Forage  shipped  to  the  Philippine  Islands. — Oats  and  ^in  hay  sent 
to  the  Philippine  Islands  from  the  United  States  during  the  fiscal 
year  have  been  of  good  quality  and  sufficient  at  all  times. 

Remount  service. — Animals  purchased  by  the  Quartermaster  Corps 
during  fiscal  year  1 9 1 6 : 


Kiod. 


Cavalry  horses. . 
Artillery  horsses 
RMiiignorses... 
Youne  horses. . . 

Draft  horses 

Bell  horses 

Draft  mules 

Pack  mules 

Dogs 


Number. 


8,733 

2,255 

137 

2.3M 

2 
2,  £09 
1,434 

28 


Total  cost 


$1,299,880.79 
371,265.08 
20,n4.14 
320,574.92 
1.470.00 
200.00 
511,288.25 
189,451.50 
1,400.00 


Average  ooflt. 


1916 


$148.85 
164.64 
146.82 
137.64 
245.00 
100.00 
203.38 
132.11 
50.00 


1915 


$146.00 
150.15 
152.11 
134.46 
218.24 


184.55 

140.13 

5L68 


The  average  cost  of  mounts  for  the  year  is  $149:53  per  head. 

During  the  year  1,630  animals  were  condemned,  sold,  etc.;  437 
died;  a  total  oi  1,967.  There  remained  on  hand  June  30,  1916,  in  the 
United  States,  Hawaii,  and  Panama,  excluding  animals  at  remoimt 
depots : 

Cavalry  horses 12,613     Pack  mulee 2,073 

Artillery  horses 3,715     Riding  mules 639 

Ridine  iiorses 2,042     Dogs 121 

Drafthorses 930                                                           

Bell  horses 27                Total 28,814 

Draft  mules 6,754 


Fort  Keogh  Bemount  Depot,  Fort  Keogh,  Mont: 

Animals  on  hand  July  1,  1915 

Animftiq  received  during  the  fiscal  year  1916. . 


►    Total  on  hand  and  received 

lasaed  durine  the  year- 
Cavalry  norses 999 

Artillery  horses 164 

Ridine  norses 5 

Horses  sold  tooi£cers 1 

Horses  died 62 

Horses  otherwise  disposed  of 4 


Total  disposed  of. 


Balance  on  hand  June  30, 1916. 


Fort  Reno  Remount  Depot,  Fort  Reno,  Okb.: 

Animals  on  hand  July  1, 1915 

Animals  received  during  the  fiscal  year  1016. 


Total  on  hand  and  received 

lasaed  during  the  year- 
Cavalry  horses 1,056 

Artillery  horses 3S3 

Riding  horses 67 

Horseesold  tooflScers 29 

Horses  died 62 

Horses  otherwise  disposed  of 17 


Total  disposed  of 

Moles  Issued 232 

Moles  otherwise  disposed  of 1 

i  of!^. 


Total  disposed 

Balance  oo  band  June  30, 1016. 


Horses. 


893 
2,075 


2,968 


1,235 


1,733 

992 
3,215 


4,207 


2,514 


1,(»3 


Moles. 


6 
Ml 


au 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTERMASTEB  GENERAL. 


389 


Front  RojBl  Remount  Depot.  Front  Royal,  Va.: 

Animals  on  hand  July  1. 1915 

Animals  Teoeired  during  the  fiscal  year  1916. . 


Total  on  hand  and  received 

Issued  during  the  year- 
Cavalry  horses 535 

Artillery  horses 199 

Riding  horses 14 

Draft  horses •. 2 

Horses  sold  tooillcers 34 

Horses  died 24 


Total  disposed  of. 
Mules  issued 


Balance  on  hand  June  30, 10 16. 


Sammary  of  remount  depots: 

Aniinals  on  hand  July  1, 1915 

Animals  received  during  fiscal  year  1916. 


Total  on  hand  and  received 

Issaed  during  the  year- 
Cavalry  horses 3,490 

Artillery  horses 746 


Riding  horses. 

Draft  horses , 

Horses  sold  to  officers 

Horses  died 

Horses  otherwise  disposed  of. 


86 

2 

64 

148 

21 


Total  disposed  of , 

liules  issued 233 

If  ules  otherwise  disposed  of 1 


Total  disposed  of 

Balance  on  hand  June  30, 1916. 


Horses. 


448 
1,104 


1,552 


808 


744 


2,333 
6,394 


8,727 


4,557 


Moles. 


84 


84 


33 


281 


381 


4,170 


234 


47 


The  number  of  horses  that*  passed  through  the  Army  remount 
depots  during  fiscal  year  1916  was  much  greater  than  the  number  that 
were  handled  during  fiscal  year  1915,  as  shown  by  the  following  com- 
parative table: 


Received  at  jemoont  depots 
Issued  from  remount  depots 
On  band  at  remount  depots. 


Fiscal 
year 
1016. 


6,394 
4,557 
4,170 


Fiscal 
year 
1915. 


2,309 
1,964 
2,333 


Increase 

in  1016 

over  1015. 


3,005 
2,503 
1,837 


The  quality  of  horses  purchased  during  the  past  fiscal  year  showed 
a  marked  improvement  over  those  bought  previously,  aue,  in  part, 
to  the  stallions  provided  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  to 
the  better  knowledge  that^  farmers  and  breeders  have  of  the  type  of 
horses  desired,  as  tne  result  of  coining  in  contact  with  the  remoimt 
officers  who  can  advise  them  as  to  the  tvpe  of  animals  required  by  the 
Army.  However,  the  breeding  of  suitable  horses  for  military  purposes 
could  be  greatly  improved  and  their  number  increased  if  the  appro- 
priations were  mcreased  so  as  to  enable  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture to  purchase  additional  stallions  and  extend  the  present  plan  of 
breeding. 

Foreign  Governments  have  purchased  and  exported  thousands  of 
mature  norses  out  of  the  coxmtry.    This  baa  Tedwc^^di  XJciftVox^^  ^\»^Ofi. 
considerably  in  the  United  States  and  Yiaa  vaeTe^ae^di  ^Sci'^  ^^^^^  ^ 


390  BEPORT  OF  THE  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

mature  horses.  However,  it  is  not  thought  that  the  shortage  in  ma- 
ture horses  will  materially  affect  the  supply  of  animals  needed  by  the 
Regular  Army  during  peace  time,  for  the  reason  that  a  sufficient  num- 
ber of  young  norses  can  be  obtained  and  handled  through  the  remount 
depots  to  meet  the  normal  rec[uiremcnts  of  the  Army. 

In  March,  1916,  two  auxiliary  remount  depots  were  established — 
one  at  El  Paso.  Tex.,  and  the  other  at  Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex. — for 
the  purposb  ot  providing  the  necessary  means  of  maintaining  the 
animals  of  the  forces  along  the  border  in  good  condition.  These  are 
the  important  reservoii-s  from  which  animals  are  drawn  for  the 
equipment  of  new  troops  and  to  replace  those  that  are  lost  or  become 
unfit  for  service  from  any  cause.  At  these  points  hospitals  have 
also  been  established,  to  which  animals  are  withdrawn  from  the 
service  when  they  become  sick  or,  from  long  continuous  service, 
reqiiirc-  recuperation. 

Keports  indicate  that  horses  shipped  from  the  remount  depots  at 
Fort  Keogb,  Reno,  and  Front  Royal  to  troops  on  the  borcter  and 
elsewhere  arrived  in  good  condition.     On  May  16,  1916,  the  depot 

Suartermaster,  El  Paso,  Tex.,  stated  that  horses  shipped  to  tnat 
epot  from  the  Fort  Keogh  remount  depot  were  received  in  excel- 
lent condition ;  that  no  horses  were  sick,  none  appeared  to  be  gaimted, 
and  that  the  condition  of  the  horses  was  so  fine  that  his  veterinarian 
was  most  enthusiastic  about  them,  remarking  while  they  were  being 
imloaded,  ''This,  from  a  standpoint  of  condition,  is  the  l>est  shipment 
we  have  receivea  and  appear  ready  to  go  to  work  at  once." 

On  the  other  hand,  a  good  deal  of  sickness  and  a  number  of  deaths 
were  reported  among  mature  horses  purchased  imder  contract  and 
shipped  to  the  Mexican  border,  due  to  the  shipping  fever  contracted 
in  passing  through  stock  yards.  These  animals  had  to  be  quaran- 
tined for  several  weeks  and  doctoted  before  they  became  fit  for 
issue  to  troops. 

In  a  report  received  from  the  authorities  in  the  Southern  Depart- 
ment, they  state  that  the  wisdom  of  issuing  green  animals  to  oi^ani- 
zations  to  bring  to  the  border  with  them  immediately  is  seriously 
doubted;  that  about  150  deaths  have  been  reported  in  the  New 
York  division  at  McAllen,  Tex.,  and  a  board  of  moimted  officers  has 
reported  as  follows:  ^'The  board  on  mortalitv  amon^  public  ftnimRlfl 
at  McAllen  considers  that  mortality  is  not  abnorm^in  view  of  con- 
ditions of  mobilization.  Losses  mostly  occurred  amongst  horses 
purchased  for  the  emergency,  of  whicn  nearly  all  were  sick  when 
received  by  organizations  and  many  sick  when  entrained." 

The  prudence  of  handling  as  many  horses  as  possible  through  the 
Army  remount  depot  is  apparent. 

Fort  Keogh  remount  depot — In  the  fiscal  year  1916  the  exterior 

Eainting  of  all  buildings  around  the  narade  and  on  entrance  road  has 
een  completed  hj  the  use  of  depot  laboi  and  material  secured  under 
the  annual  apportionment  for  repair. 

An  interior  and  exterior  electnc  lighting  system  was  installed  at  a 
cost  of  $2,266.20,  current  being  purcnasea  from  Miles  City. 

Four  grooming  machines,  electrically  driven,  were  installed  at  a 
cost  of  $839.52,  which  will  permit  the  thorough  grooming  of  aU  horses 
being  trained,  an  important  training  factor,  which,  without  this 
equipment,  has  necessarily  been  less  thoroug^y  done. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  QENEBAU  391 

A  steam  heating  plant  was  installed  in  the  commanding  officer's 
quarters  by  depot  laoor  at  a  cost  of  $617.19  for  apparatus. 

A  tank  of  8,000  gallons  capacity  was  installed  by  depot  labor  at  a 
cost  of  $395.96,  for  storage  of  fuel  oil  for  power  farm  machinery. 
This  enables  the  depot  to  receive  the  oil  in  car  lots  at  about  half 
the  cost  of  other  methods. 

Three  windmills  were  installed  at  a  cost  of  $217.50  at  artesian 
wells  in  pastures.  They  will  provide  water  continually  and  the 
overflow  irom  the  troughs  will  fill  holes  and  furnish  water  at  all 
times  for  animals  in  pasture.  To  accomplish  this  heretofore  it  has 
been  necessary  to  use  several  men  with  gas  engines. 

Two  30-60  oil  pull  tractors,  each  with  gang  plows,  were  purchased 
at  a  total  cost  of  $6,171.40.  They  were  necessary  to  carry  the  farm- 
ingoperations  beyond  the  acreage  of  1915. 

The  pasture  area  remained  imchanged — about  35,000  acres.  The 
area  cmtivated  in  1916  was  1,625  acres,  as  against  1,275  acres  in 
1915.  It  is  proposed  to  break  about  300  acres  of  new  land  in  the 
fiscal  year  1917,  only  to  fallow  an  equal  amount  now  cultivated,  as 
the  total  of  about  1,600  acres  is  ail  that  can  be  handled  with  the 
present  personnel  and  existing  irrigation  plant. 

Forage  grown  during  fiscal  year  1916: 

Oats,  1,750,000  pounds. 

TTov  i500,000  pounds  (alfalfa). 

^*y  1450,000  pounds  (blue  joint). 

Straw,  2,000,000  pounds. 
Approximate  value  of  above  forage*  $40,000* 
Forage  grown  during  fiscal  year  1915: 

Oats,  116,250  pounds. 

Tra«/43,300  pounds  (aMalfa). 

^*y\21,750  pounds  (timothy). 

Straw,  296,390  pounds. 
Approximate  value  of  above  forage,  $3,270. 

Front  Royal  remount  depot — During  the  fiscal  year  the  following 
progress  has  been  made  in  improving  the  depot: 

Buildings  completed  and  received  from  contractor: 

3  colt  stables.  1  coal  storage  (banker). 

1  granary  and  hay  shed.  1  oil  house. 

3  civilian  quarters.  1  dispensary. 

1  barracks.  1  set  double  noncommlamoned  officers'  quar- 

1  administration  building.  ters. 

1  quartermaster  stable.  1  veterinary  ward. 

1  farm  implement  shed.  1  fire  station. 

10  Isolated  quarters  for  en-       1  granary  office, 
listed  men.  10  sheds. 

Roads  constructed: 

Macadam  road  from  main  gate  to  officers'  quarters.  ^ 

Macadam  road  from  officers'  quarters  to  administration  building. 

Roads  to  feeding  sheds  repaired. 
All  feed  sheds  have  been  repau^. 
200  trees  have  been  planted  at  depot. 
500  rods  interior  fencing  completCKl. 

About  100  acres  of  land  were  imder  cultivation  in  1916,  compared 
to  45  acres  in  1915.  It  is  contemplated  to  break  up  such  land  as  it 
is  possible  to  farm  where  briars,  locust,  etc.,  have  ruined  the  turf — 
from  100  to  150  acres. 


392  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENEBAL. 

Forage  raised  during  the  fiscal  year:  Vain*. 

140.000  pounds  hay $1,386.00 

640  bushels  rye 513.00 

28.000  pounds  com 280.00 

32.450  pounds  straw 145.22 

Total 2,324,22 

Forage  has  been  raised  as  an  incident  to  the  main  object,  th© 
planting  of  barren  tracts  with  permanent  grass  pastures.  This  has 
Deen  sbghtly  extended  to  the  planting  of  tracts  m  alfalfa,  so  that  a 
permanent  hav  crop  is  assm'ea  on  an  otherwise  worthless  field. 

Fori  Reno  nemount  Depot. — Improvements  have  been  made  at  this 
depot  during  the  fiscal  year,  which  have  largely  been  in  the  nature 
of  caring  for  buildings,  roads,  and  sroimds  in  the  vicinity  of  the  post. 
Other  improvements  are  contemplated  and  will  be  effected  before 
winter.  Temporary  shelter  will  be  constructed  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
post  where  feeding  can  be  readily  carried  on  without  the  loss  of  time 
and  expense  of  labor. 

Acreage  imder  cultivation  during  the  fiscal  year  1916  was  the 
same  as  that  for  fiscal  year  1915.  The  acreage  m  pasture  was  also 
the  same  as  that  for  fiscal  year  1915.  Up  to  cume  30,  1916,  316  tons 
alfalfa  hay  were  baled  and  stored.  Experiments  were  made  with 
Sudan  erass,  and  this  crop  yields  excellent  returns.  The  feeding 
value  of  Sudan  grass  has  not  yet  been  ascertained,  but  should  it  prove 
to  be  a  good  feed  crop  and  relished  by  the  animals,  a  considerable 
acreage  of  it  will  be  sown  next  year.  The  feterita  forage  grown  was 
of  excellent  quality. 

MisceUaneoua  statements. — ^The  following  statements  pertaining  to 
transportation  are  appended: 

Statement  showing  principal  movements  of  troops  in  the  United  States  for  etiictly 
military  purposes,  marked  "Exhibit  No.  14.** 

Statement  showing  special  movements  o!  troops  in  connection  with  labor  strikts, 
parades,  dedications,  celebrations,  etc.,  marked  ^Exhibit  No.  15.** 

Statement  showing  number  of  National  Guard  and  Organized  Militia  moved  to 
Mexican  border  from  each  State  prior  to  August  1,  1916,  marked  ''Exhibit  No.  13.*' 

Statement  showing  operations  of  the  tran^rtation  division  of  the  Quartermaster 
Ck)rps  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  marked  ''Exhibit  No.  16.** 

Statement  showing  operations  of  the  transportation  division  of  the  Quartermaster 
Corps  in  the  Philippme  Islands,  marked  "Exhibit  16|.** 

Statement  showing  weight  of  bagea^  of  officers,  noncommissioned  officers,  and 
civilian  employees  transported  at  public  expense,  with  cost  of  shipment  and  cost  of 
packing  ana  crating,  marked  "Exnibit  No.  17.** 

Statement  showing  cost  to  the  Quartermaster  Corps  of  operation  of  militarv  telegraph 
lines  in  Alaska  exclusive  of  the  operation  of  tne  caole  ship  Burrmae,  maiked 
"Exhibit  No.  18.** 

Statement  showing  motor  trucks  purchased  during  the  fiscal  year,  except  the 
Philippine  Islands,  marked  "Exhibit  No.  19.** 

Statement  showing  automobiles  in  use  June  30,  1916,  except  Philippine  Islands, 
marked  "Exhibit  No.  20.'* 

PHILIPPINE   ISLANDS. 

Fuel. — ^The  cost  of  coal  for  domestic  purposes  at  posts  in  the 
department  was  found  so  high  that  the  ase  of  wood  has  been  sub- 
stituted at  practicaly  all  stations  in  order  to  keep  the  cost  of  fuel 
down  to  at  least  what  it  has  been  heretofore.  The  Army  range  is 
adapted  to  either  fuel  and  no  change  in  fire  boxes  was  required. 


KEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENERAL.  393 

Ndtwe  lumber. — During  the  year  native  lumber  has  been  used  exclu- 
sively for  general  purposes  throughout  the  department.  There  seems 
to  be  a  diversity  of  opinion  as  to  the  suitability  of  native  lumber  as 
compared  with  Oregon  pine.  A  report  on  this  subject  was  called  for 
from  the  different  posts,  and  a  statement  of  tne  result,  marked 
"Exhibit  23/'  is  inclosed.  On  the  whole,  however,  the  native  lumber 
(Lauan,  Tanguili,  and  Apitong)  have  proved  so  satisfactory  and  much 
cheaper  than  Oregon  pine  tnat  contract  has  been  made  for  over 
4,600,000  feet  of  rougn  lumber  at  $24  per  1,000  board  feet,  and 
411,000  feet  of  flooring  at  $30  per  1,000  board  feet. 

Oreen  forage  and  hmding. — Green  forage  has  been  procured  imder 
contract  to  supplement  the  forage  ration  for  animals  in  this  depart- 
ment at  posts  of  Camp  Eldridge,  Camp  McGrath,  Camp  John  Hay, 
Camp  Stotsenburg,  Fort  Wmiam  McKinley,  and  Manila.  The 
quahty  of  this  class  of  forage  has  been  very  satisfactory.  The  class 
usually  furnished  is  known  as  native  zacate,  barn  grass,  and  green 
com.  Rice  straw  and  cogon  grass,  for  bedding,  have  been  supphed 
imder  annual  contract.  At  Fort  WilUam  McKimey,  in  January,  1916, 
the  animals  in  several  organizations  were  seriously  affected  and  11 
died.  The  local  veterinarians  were  puzzled  as  to  the  cause  but 
finally,  by  analysis,  traced  the  trouble  to  musty  rice  straw  used  as 
beddmg.  With  this  exception  no  complaints  as  to  the  quality  of 
bedding  have  reached  this  oflBce. 

Heavy  furniture  for  officers'  quarters, — The  following  heavy  furniture 
wasmanufactured  at  the  land  transport  shops  during  the  year,  from 
native  woods: 

50  chairs,  dining,  end 1832.94 

228  chairs,  dining,  side 323.49 

47  drawers,  chests  of 1,210.52 

55  sideboards 1, 156. 55 

13  tables,  dining 652.67 

74  tables,  kitchen 269.09 

Orders  have  recently  been  given  for  construction  at  the  land  trans- 
port shops  of  additional  heavy  furniture  and  ice  boxes.  All  quarters 
occupied  by  officers  with  American  troops  are  now  fully  equipped 
with  these  articles,  and  when  the  furniture  now  imder  construction 
is  completed  all  officers'  quarters  at  scout  posts  will  also  be  fully 
equipped. 

Fresh  potatoes. — ^The  procurement  of  fresh  potatoes  presented  some 
obstacles.  Bids  were  mvited  and  opened  on  February  1^  1916. 
There  was  but  one  bidder  (Pacific  Commercial  Co.)  and  their  price 
was  2.99  cents  per  pound  as  compared  with  1.56  cents  per  pound, 
their  old  price.  The  bid  was  considered  excessive  and  a  cable  was 
sent  to  the  depot  quartermaster,  Nagasaki,  to  ascertain  if  he  could 
purchase  500,000  pounds  of  potatoes,  and  at  what  price.  He  repUed, 
quoting  1.16  cents  per  pound  f.  o.  b.  Nagasaki.  He  was  asked  to 
purchase  500,000  pounds.  Later  the  depot  quartermaster,  Nagasaki, 
replied:  ** Government  contractor(s)  potatoes,  fresh,  crop  cornered  by 
Pacific  Conamercial.  Will  send  particulars  by  mail.  Was  unable  to 
secure  bond.*'  Here  we  were  confronted  with  a  serious  proposition. 
TTie  following  letter  was  sent  to  aU  posts,  and  in  the  meantime  this 
office  began  to  look  about  for  substitutes: 

Keport  is  desired  from  commanding  oflScers  as  to  the  possibility  of  procuring  locally 
potatoes  or  substitutes  therefor  during  the  months  named  (March,  April,  May,  and 


394  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUARTEBMASTEB  GENERAL. 

June),  and  accounts  settled  with  issuing  quartermasters  at  the  end  of  the  month,  or 
whenever  necessary,  on  the  basis  of  the  price  of  the  last  lot  purchased,  at  $0.02199  per 
pound,  instead  of  depending  upon  the  quartermaster  for  supply  as  usual. 

First.  We  bought  70,000  pounds  of  sweet  potatoes  at  1.25  cents 
per  pound  from  the  Momungan  Colony  near  (Jamp  Overton.  These 
were  issued  and  sold.  We  c5)led  the  depot  quartermaster,  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  bought  63,000  pounds  potatoes  at  2.05  cents;  they  arrived 
on  Sherman, 

Second.  We  ascertained  that  there  was  an  excellent  white  notato 
in  the  local  market,  and  upon  investigation  found  it  was  shipped  from 
Hongkong.  Arrangements  were  at  once  made  for  an  open-market 
purchase  of  150,000  pounds  of  these  potatoes  at  2.15  cents  per  pound. 
This  stock,  together  with  the  sweet  potatoes  and  the  San  Francisco 
shipment,  broke  the  ''comer"  on  white  potatoes  required  for  month 
of  April.  The  low  and  only  bidder  (Pacific  Commercial  Co.)  protested 
any  mtention  of  a  ''corner,"  but  at  the  same  time  desired  to  offer  a 
lower  quotation  after  this  oflBce  had  arranged  for  March  deliveries. 
For  May  and  June  deliveries  this  same  firm  offered  potatoes  at  2.4 
cents  per  poimd,  ascribing  the  difference  to  easier  freight  conditions. 
This  price  was  considered  excessive,  and  the  depot  quartermaster  at 
Nagasaki  was  requested  by  cable  to  quote  on  500,000  pounds  in  that 
market,  shipment  to  be  made  on  the  U.  S.  Army  transport  MerriU  on 
return  trip  from  China.  He  quoted  1.65  cents  per  pound,  and  pur- 
chase was  made  accordingly  for  the  month  of  May.  For  the  montn  of 
June  potatoes  were  procured  from  China  at  2.05  cents  per  pound.  It 
was  impossible  to  prociire  potatoes  from  Japan  for  June  consimiption 
on  account  of  lack  of  transportation  facihties. 

Fresli  fruit. — Fresh  fruit  received  from  San  Francisco  has  been  very 
good  quality  and  is  much  appreciated  by  the  personnel  of  this  com- 
mand. Considering  quantities  handled  and  conditions  of  diipment, 
losses  have  been  comparatively  small.  The  monthly  shipment  has 
been  increased  as  follows:  Apples,  200  cases;  oranges,  150  cases; 
lemons,  70  cases;  grapefruit,  100  cases.  This  will  give  ample  fruit 
to  all. 

United  States  Morgue  and  Burial  Corps. — ^There  has  been  no  change 
in  the  civiUan  personnel  during  the  year  and  the  work  has  been  car- 
ried on  successfully  and  satisfactorily.  Eightv-four  bodies  were 
embalmed  and  prepared  for  burial,  41  disinterrea,  44  shipped  to  the 
United  States,  31  transferred  to  other  cemeteries,  3  awaiting  ship- 
ment. The  cemetery  at  Camp  Gres^  was  abandoned  and  l>odie8 
removed  to  the  cemetery  at  Fort  Wiffiam  McKinley. 

Quartermaster  steam  laundry. — ^To  accommodate  the  needs  of  the 
troops  the  capacity  of  the  taundrv  in  buildings,  machinery,  and 
employees,  has  practically  been  douoled  during  the  year.  This  plant 
is  a  great  convenience  ana  in  fact  has  become  a  necessity  to  the  troops 
in  Manila  and  to  a  large  number  of  organizations  other  than  those 
stationed  in  the  city.  The  average  number  of  pieces  laundered  for 
the  past  11  months  was  301,507  per  month,  at  a  total  cost  of 
$1,456  per  100  pieces.  The  number  of  employees  has  been  increased 
from  187  to  225,  but  the  full  number  authorized  is  not  employed 
except  in  cases  of  necessity.  In  the  past  collections  and  delivery  of 
lauildry  in  the  city  o^Manila  has  been  made  by  two  wagons,  wnich 
has  proved  unsatisfactory,  being  both  slow  and  imnecessarily  expen- 
sive.   A  Ford  chassis  has  been  purchased,  for  which  a  body  is  now 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENEBAL.  395 

beins  constructed  at  land  transport  shops.  This  light  delivery  car; 
which  will  run  at  very  moderate  expense,  will  greafly  facilitate  the 
collection  and  delivery  of  laundry.  The  cost  of  operation  of  this  car 
will  of  course  be  borne  entirely  from  the  revenues  of  the  laundry  and 
will  therefore  be  without  cost  to  the  Government.  Due  to  increased 
cost  of  supplies  and  replacement  of  machinery,  the  rate  for  enlisted 
men  was  mcreased  in  January,  1916,  from  $1.26  to  $1.50  per  month, 
and  flat-rate  work  for  the  Quartermaster  Corps  and  Medical  Depart- 
ment from  $1.25  to  $1.30  per  month. 

Beservations. — ^There  has  been  very  little  change  in  the  reservations 
during  the  year.  Camps  Gregg  and  Treadwell  were  both  abandoned 
and  aB  buildings  and  other  structures  at  those  stations,  in  so  far  as  it 
was  practicable  to  do  so,  were  demolished  and  the  material  salvaged. 

A  small  addition  to  the  Camp  Eldridge  Reservation  was  purchased 
for  the  purpose  of  making  a  necessary  extension  to  the  target  range. 

Agreement  has  been  made  with  the  owners  for  the  purchase  of  two 

Earcels  of  land  lying  within  the  limits  of  the  Camp  Gregg  Reservation, 
ut  as  yet  the  reqiured  papers  in  the  case  have  not  been  completed. 
At  Augur  Barracks,  Jolo,  an  old  blockhouse  and  the  grounds  sur- 
rounding it,  not  needed  by  the  mihtary  authorities,  were  turned  over 
to  the  constabulary  for  its  use  until  further  orders.  The  civil  govern- 
ment was  given  a  license  to  construct  a  roadway  through  the  Augur 
Barracks  Reservation. 

BARRACKS  AND  QUARTERS. 

All  buildings  at  Manila  depot  have  been  repaired  and  repainted, 
but  the  floors  in  some  of  the  buildings  will  require  additional  work 
in  the  near  future,  which  will  be  taken  up  as  soon  as  funds  become 
av^able.  Twenty-eight  iron-pipe  posts  have  been  installed  in  the 
laimdry  groxmds  at  the  Manila  depot  and  equipped  with  galvanized- 
iron  wire  for  the  air  drying  of  heavy  articles,  such  as  canvas  bunk 
bottoms,  blue  denim,  and  cotton  O.  D.  cloth.  The  grounds  have 
been  improved  in  appearance  by  the  setting  out  of  hei^es  bordering 
roads  and  walks  and  the  use  of  flowering  shrubs. 

The  condition  of  barracks  and  quarters  at  the  different  posts  in 
this  department  is  as  good  as  could  be  expected  under  the  circum- 
stances. The  majority  of  them  are  old  and  badly  in  need  of  exten- 
sive repairs.  Althoiidn  for  several  years  the  appropriation  has  been 
insuflicient  to  keep  the  barracks  and  quarters  m  repair,  this  year  it 
has  been  particularly  insuflBcient  on  accoimt  of  extra  repaLre  made 
necessary  by  the  succession  of  storms,  one  or  more  of  which  has 
reached  and  damaged  nearly  every  post  in  the  department.  In 
order  to  repair  the  damages  caused  by  these  storms  it  was  necessary 
to  use  funds  which  had  been  allotted  for  annual  repairs;  consequently, 
repairs  much  needed  at  the  present  time  will  have  to  be  delayed 
until  funds  for  the  next  fiscal  year  become  available.  The  following 
construction  of  barracks  and  quarters  is  now  under  way  or  has  been 
completed: 

Fori  Mills. — ^Two  Infantry  barracks,  permanent  construction; 
five  scout  barracks,  temporary  construction,  to  replace  five  barracks 
demolished  diuing  typhoons;  a  hangar,  complete  with  plumbing  and 
electric  wiring. 


396        BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  QENEBAL. 

Fort  WiUiam  McEinley. — This  post  was  provided  during  the  last 
fiscal  year  with  a  bakers'  school  barrack  by  enlarging  and  remodeling 
a  building  formerly  used  for  civilian  employees.  Also,  a  kitchen 
was  built  in  connection  with  the  present  post  bakery  building,  for 
baking  pastry  in  conjunction  with  the  bakers'  and  cooks'  schooL 
The  two  double  sets  of  company^  officers'  quarters,  semipermanent, 
are  now  imder  construction  at  this  post.    * 

Camp  Stotsenburg. — ^Twelve  old  field  officers'  quarters,  nipa  con- 
struction, are  being  replaced  by  new  wooden  construction,  and  in 
addition,  six  new  sets  of  quarters  are  being  built  at  this  post. 

Camp  Overton.— Two  new  sets  of  company  officers'  quarters  were 
constructed  at  this  post  during  the  past  fiscal  year. 

Camp  Keithley. —Fo}}T  cottages  bmlt  as  rest  houses  were,  during 
the  year,  remodeled  into  satisfactory  officers'  quarters. 

Camp  Nichols. — ^Two  double  sets  of  officers'  quarters,  semiper- 
manent construction,  have  been  completed  during  the  year. 

Camp  John  Hay.— Two  frame  barracks  were  constructed  at  the 
scout  garrison  at  this  post  from  the  same  plans  as  the  present  bar- 
racks. The  scout  barracks  now  have  sufficient  accommodations  for 
one  battalion. 

Bakeries,  storehouses,  stables,  etc. — These  buildings  are  in  the  same 
condition  as  the  barracks  and  quarters,  being  in  need  of  extensive 
repw^  during  the  coming  fiscal  year. 

A  large  modern  and  well-eqmpped  bakery,  permanent  construc- 
tion, has  been  completed  at  Fort  Mills  during  the  year. 

The  bakine  f  acihties  at  Camp  John  Hay  have  been  increased  dur- 
ing the  year  DV  the  installation  of  an  additional  oven. 

Storage  faciuties  at  Fort  Mills,  Fort  William  McEinley,  and  Camp 
John  H^y  have  been  increased  to  some  extent  during  the  present 
year. 

No  new  stables  have  been  constructed  during  the  present  fiscal 
year,  and  very  little  change  has  been  made  in  the  old  ones. 

A  small  addition  was  made  to  the  Signal  Corps  stables  at  Fort 
William  McKinley.  The  blacksmith  shops  and  guard  house  in 
connection  with  the  Cavalry  stables  at  Camp  Stotsenburg  wero 
rebuilt  by  the  use  of  material  salvaged  from  Camp  Gregg. 

The  following  bake  ovens  are  now  installed  and  in  operation  at 
the  different  posts  in  this  department:  Marshall,  No.  30,  8:  No.  40, 
20.  Middelby,  No.  3,  2;  No.l,  1.  Blodgett  Stanard,  3;  No.  19,  2. 
Knocked-down  type,  1.     Concrete,  1. 

A  number  of  ovens  have  been  repaired  and  some  have  been  replaced 
during  the  year.    All  of  them  are  now  in  good  working  condition. 

Hosjoitals. — New  hospitals  under  construction  at  Camp  John  Hay 
and  (Jamp  Nichols  have  been  practically  completed.  Sufficient 
screening  has  also  been  furnished  Camp  Nichols  to  completdy 
screen  the  hospital  at  that  post.  The  hospitals  at  the  other  posts  in 
the  department  are  in  good  condition  and  sufficient  funos  were 
available  during  the  year  to  keep  them  in  repair. 

A  temporary  smallpox  hospital  has  been  constructed  at  Augur 
Barracks. 

The  hospital  at  Fort  San  Pedro,  Hoilo,  has  been  remodeled  to 
provide  a  dressing  room. 

Electric  passenger  elevators  have  been  installed  in  the  hospital  at 
Fort  William  McKinley,  and  at  the  department  hospital,  Manila. 


BEPORT  OF  THE  QUARTEBMASTER  GEITBRAIj.  397 

Water  supply. — In  general,  the  water  supply  at  the  different  posts 
is  ample  and  water  is  of  good  quality,  although  in  most  places  it  is 
not  potable. 

The  water  supply  at  Camp  John  Hay  has  been  improved  by  the 
installation  of  electrically  driven  pumps  and  an  increase  in  the 
reservoir  capacity.  Arrangements  have  been  made  for  procuring  a 
hypochloride  dosing  apparatus  for  the  water  system  at  Camp  John 
Hay,  which,  when  installed,  will  render  the  water  potable  and  will 
allow  the  distilling  plant  to  be  discontinued. 

The  water  sup^y  at  Fort  WilUam  McKinley  is  derived  from  two 
sources — ^wells  and  seepage  water  along  the  Pasig  River.  The  well 
system  is  satisfacory  and  is  sufficient  to  supply  potable  water  for 
all  purposes  excepting  fire  and  sprinkling.  The  seepage  water 
system  has  been  remodeled  and  increased  durmg  theyear,  in  so  far  as 
funds  would  permit.  It  is  the  intention  to  carry  on  the  work  during 
the  next  fiscal  year.  When  completed.  Fort  William  McKinley  wiu 
have  a  water  supply  sufficient  for  all  needs. 

The  water  system  at  Camp  Eldridge  has  been  improved  during 
the  year  by  the  installation  of  a  larger  sized  main  to  the  reservoir, 
and  now  it  has  a  water  supply  sufficient  for  all  purposes. 

The  water  system  at  Camp  Overton  was  improvea  during  the  year 
by  raising  the  elevation  of  the  intake  and  straightening  the  pipe. 
Shortly  filter  this  work  was  completed  a  flood  carried  away  a  por- 
tion 01  the  pipe  line,  but  this  has  been  replaced  and  the  water  system 
is  in  good  condition  at  present. 

The  water  system  at  rettit  Barracks  is  not  satisfactory  at  present, 
but  as  the  city  of  Zamboanga  is  installing  a  water  system  which 
when  completed  will  be  sufficient  to  supply  both  the  city  and  the 
post,  nothmgis  being  done  at  present  except  to  keep  the  system  in 
operation.  When  the  city  water  system  is  completed  arrangements 
will  be  made  to  procure  water  from  this  system. 

An  attempt  was  made  to  drive  an  artesian  well  at  Ludlow  barracks 
for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  a  satisfactory  and  potable  water  supply. 
This  attempt  was  not  a  success.  It  is  believed  tnat  one  of  the  reasons 
why  a  successful  weU  was  not  obtained  is  that  it  was  not  properly 
located.  Further  investigation  will  be  made,  after  which  it  will  be 
determined  whether  or  not  the  probabiUties  of  obtaining  a  potable 
water  supply  are  sufficient  to  justify  another  attempt. 

Camp  Stotsenburg  has  two  sources  of  water  supply,  one  from  the 
river  and  the  other  from  artesian  wells.  Owing  to  the  condition  of 
the  pipe  line  and  the  failure  of  the  wells,  the  water  supply  was  reduced 
below  the  needs  of  the  post.  The  pipe  line  for  the  river  water  supply 
has  been  placed  in  good  condition  and  a  reservoir  in  connection  there- 
with is  being  constructed.  Two  new  successful  artesian  wells  have 
been  driven.  When  the  reservoir  is  completed  and  the  machinery 
installed  for  pumping  the  new  wells,  Camp  Stotsenburg  will  have  a 
water  supply  sufficient  for  all  necessary  purposes. 

Camp  Nichols  obtains  its  water  from  an  artesian  well.  This  has 
been  improved  during  the  year  by  the  erection  of  a  new  tank,  and  by 
the  installation  of  an  auxiliary  engine  for  use  in  case  of  emergency. 
The  water  supply  is  now  satisfactory  and  ample  for  all  necessary  pur- 
poses. 

The  large  product  of  water  conservation  at  Fort  Mills  is  well  under 
way.  Downspouts  have  been  placed  on  a  number  of  the  buildings,  a 
number  of  successful  wells  have  been  driven,  and  a  number  of  springs 


398  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUARTEBMASTEB  QENEBAL. 

have  been  opened  up  and  arrangements  made  for  conserving  the 
water  therefrom,  and  the  excavations  for  two  of  the  reservoirs  are 
made.  Work  on  the  reservoirs  is  delayed  on  account  of  lack  of  mate- 
rial, which  has  been  ordered  from  the  States. 

A  new  high-power  electrically  driven  triplex  pump  and  other 
equipment,  including  condenser,  etc.,  for  the  more  economical  opera- 
tion of  the  pumping  plant  and  to  increase  its  capacity,  is  being  pur- 
chased under  contract.  A  new  boiler  to  be  installed  in  conjunction 
with  the  present  boilers,  to  increase  the  capacity  of  the  boiler  plant, 
is  also  being  purchased. 

The  Sisiman  water  supply  has  been  placed  in  good  condition,  and 
as  soon  as  the  new  water  barge  is  completed  it  will  materially  assist 
in  supplying  water  for  Fort  Mills  and  tne  other  Coast  Artillery  posts 
in  Manila  Bay. 

The  project  of  increasing  the  water  supply  at  Fort  Frank  by  rais- 
ing the  intake  and  installmg  a  new  pipe  une  from  the  mainland  to 
Carabao  Island  is  now  imder  way.  After  this  project  has  been  com- 
pleted Fort  Frank  will  have  a  supply  of  water  sufficient  for  all  pur- 
poses. 

Water  for  the  use  of  the  military  stations  m  Manila,  excepting  for 
drinking  purposes,  is  secured  from  the  city  water  supply.  This  is  olf 
course  paid  for  on  meter  readings.  In  the  past  it  was  customary  to 
have  but  one  meter  at  each  station,  in  consequence  of  which  sewerage 
charges  were  paid  on  all  water  consimied.  During  the  past  year  this 
has  all  been  changed,  so  that  water  for  sprinkling  purposes, 
watering  stock,  etc.,  is  paid  for  on  a  different  meter  and  no  sewerage 
charges  paid  tnereon.  This  has  resulted  in  a  considerable  saving  m 
the  expenditures  for  water  for  stations  in  Manila. 

The  water  used  for  drinking  purposes  was  formerly  obtained  from 
the  distilling  plant  located  at  the  land  transport  corral.  As  the  oper- 
ating expenses  of  this  plant  were  very  large,  it  was  decided  to  make 
an  attempt  to  obtain  a  successful  artesian  well  for  the  purpose  of 
supplying  drinking  water  to  the  different  stations  in  Manila.  A  weJl 
was  driven  at  the  Ouartel  de  Espana.  Although  the  well  was  suc- 
cessful, unfortunately,  on  account  of  the  failure  of  the  distilling 
plant,  the  water  from  this  well  had  to  be  used  before  it  had  been 
pumped  sufficient  to  clear  it.  Like  all  other  artesian  wells  in  this 
vicinity,  the  water  at  first  is  very  impalatable,  but  after  having  been 
used  for  some  time  it  finally  clears  up  and  becomes  palatable.  It  is 
believed  that  the  result  in  this  case  will  be  the  same  as  in  others. 

The  distilling  plant  at  the  land  transport  corral  having  been 
unserviceable,  it  was  dismantled  and  installed  in  connection  with 
the  fire  system  at  the  Manila  depot  for  use  in  case  of  emei^ency. 

A  successful  artesian  well  has  been  drilled  at  the  department  hos- 
pital and  the  installation  of  machinery  completed.  It  will  deliver 
sufficient  water  to  supply  this  station. 

Sewer  systems, — At  such  posts  that  have  sewer  systems  the  same 
have  been  satisfactory  during  the  year.  Sufficient  fimds  have  been 
available  to  keep  these  systems  in  proper  condition.  However,  at  a 
number  of  posts  dry-earth  closets  are  still  in  use.  These  are  being 
replaced  by  sewer  systems  as  rapidlv  as  funds  will  permit. 

A  sewer  system  has  been  installed  at  Camp  Nichols  during  the 
present  year,  and  funds  to  start  sewer  systems  at  Camp  Keithley  and 
Ke^an  Barracks  have  been  allotted.  Work  on  these  systems  is  now 
under  way. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL.  399 

As  soon  as  the  post  of  Pettit  Barracks  is  connected  with  the  water 
system  of  the  city  of  Zamboanga,  it  is  proposed  to  install  a  sewer  sys- 
tem at  that  place  should  the  necessary  funds  be  available. 

The  sewer  system  at  Fort  William  McKinley  is  being  improved  by 
the  installation  of  a  new  bacteriological  tank.  When  this  tank  has 
been  completed  the  sewer  system  at  Fort  William  McKinley  will  be 
satisfactory  and  in  good  condition. 

New  incinerators  have  been  constructed  during  the  year  at  Fort 
Mills,  Camp  John  Hay,  and  Regan  Barracks. 

lAgJUing  systems. — ^The  only  stations  in  this  department  lighted  by 
electricity  are  Camp  John  Hay,  Fort  William  McKinley,  Fort  Mills, 
and  the  posts  in  Manila.  Fort  Mills  and  Camp  John  Hay  have  their 
own  lighting  systems.  At  the  other  posts  mentioned  electric  current 
is  purchased  from  the  Manila  Electric  Railroad  &  Light  0>. 

it  is  the  intention  to  install  a  generating  plant  at  Fort  William 
McKinley.  and  one  generator,  two  exciters,  one  switchboard,  com- 
plete, ana  one  condenser,  to  be  used  in  conjunction  with  street  and 
service  lighting,  for  installation  in  the  new  power  plant  in  connection 
with  the  steam  engine  and  generator  now  on  hand,  are  being  pur- 
chased under  contract.  Electric  house  meters  to  replace  those  now 
owned  by  private  parties,  as  well  as  constant-current  transformers 
with  street-lighting  brackets  and  lamps  to  replace  the  present  arc 
lamps,  are  also  under  contract. 

It  is  the  intention  during  the  fiscal  year  1917  to  pay  on  one  meter 
reading  for  all  current  consumed  at  the  different  stations  in  Manila, 
and  to  this  end  meters  are  being  purchased  under  contract  for  use 
where  it  is  necessary  to  measure  current  to  comply  with  existing  r^- 
ulations  to  replace  those  now  owned  by  the  lighting  companv. 

Sufficient  funds  have  been  available  during  the  year  to  keep  the 
system  at  Fort  Mills  in  repair,  and  the  same  has  been  satisfactory. 
The  only  additions  made  tnereto  have  been  the  necessary  extensions 
to  furnish  light  to  buildings  completed. 

Camp  Stotsenburg  was  provided  with  a  switchboard  to  be  used  in 
conjunction  with  a  small  generator. 

At  Camp  John  Hay  a  concrete  shed  was  erected  for  the  protection 
of  certain  electrical  equipment  and  main  valves  for  the  hydroelectric 
]>liuit:  also  the  electric  substation  at  this  post  was  provided  with  addi- 
tional equipment,  and  a  machine  shop  was  installed  in  conjunction 
with  the  ice  plant. 

Complete  apparatus  has  been  purchased  for  the  installation  of  series 
street  lighting  at  Camp  John  Hay,  as  well  as  cooking  ranges,  hot-water 
heaters,  and  air  heaters  for  the  entire  post,  so  as  to  utilize  power  now 
generated  by  the  hydroelectric  plant. 

Ice,  distiUiryjj  coid-stordge,  and  pumping  plants. — ^These,  in  the  main, 
have  been  satisfactory  throughout  the  department  and  sufficient  funds 
have  been  available  to  keep  them  in  proper  condition. 

During  the  year  an  inspection  of  every  plant  has  been  made  by  an 
engineer  from  this  office,  the  result  of  wilcn  has  been  an  improvement 
in  the  condition  of  aU  these  plants  and  a  saving  in  the  amoimt  of 
coal  consumed. 

During  the  year  a  new  compressor  was  installed  at  Camp  Eldridge. 
New  compressors  have  been  purchased  for  Fort  Mills,  but  as  yet  have 
not  been  instaUed.  Material  and  apparatus  have  also  been  purchased 
for  insulating  one  of  the  rooms  in  the  present  bombproof  plant  at  this 


400  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUAKTEBMASTER  GENERAL. 

post,  as  well  as  a  new  ammonia  condenser,  piping,  etc.,  so  as  to  in- 
crease the  cold-storage  facilities,  and  to  be  used  m  conjunction  with 
the  two  65-ton  ammonia  condensers  already  purchased. 

The  ice  and  cold-storage  plant  at  Camp  John  Hav  is  being  enlarged 
and  remodeled.  When  completed  this  post  will  have  a  plant  sim- 
cient  for  all  needs  and  shoula  be  a  very  economical  one,  as  it  will  be 
operated  by  electricity.  A  machine  shop  was  iostalled  in  conjunction 
with  the  ice  plant  at  this  post,  as  stated  in  paragraph  48. 

As  stated  before,  the  distiUing  plant  at  the  land  transport  was  moved 
to  the  depot.  When  the  new  well  at  the  department  hospital  is  in 
operation,  the  distilling  plant  at  that  place  can  be  discontinued. 

Roads  and  walks. — ^The  roads  at  the  different  posts  in  the  depart- 
ment are  in  good  condition,  and  sufiBicient  fimds  nave  been  available 
to  keep  them  in  proper  repair. 

Road  extensions  nave  been  made  at  Camp  Eldridge,  Camp  John 
Hav,  Camp  Stotsenburg,  and  Fort  Mills. 

A  cableway  is  being  erected  at  the  hydroelectric  plant  at  Camp 
John  Hay,  so  as  to  provide  a  better  means  of  reaching  the  plant  and  a 
safe  exit  for  the  employees  in  case  of  danger. 

Considerable  grading  in  connection  wim  the  scout  post  at  Camp 
John  Hay  was  done  during  the  year. 

At  Camp  Stotsenburg  fimds  have  been  allotted  for  the  purpose  of 
building  a  road  to  connect  the  post  system  with  the  insular  pubUc- 
road  system.  After  this  road  nas  been  completed  there  will  be  a 
&st-class  road  from  Camp  Stotsenburg  to  Manila. 

During  the  year  funds  were  allotted  for  resurfacing  the  Overton- 
Keithley  road.  WTiile  this  work  was  being  carried  on  the  road  was 
severelv  damaged  by  flood,  which  carried  out  some  of  the  bridges, 
washed,  out  portions  of  the  roadbed,  and  caused  slides  which  covered 
other  portions.  All  steps  possible  were  inmiediately  taken  to  clear 
this  road  and  it  is  now  passable  for  automobiles.  Work  is  being  car- 
ried on  in  repairing  the  road  and  resurfacing  it,  and  such  funds  as 
could  be  used  during  the  year  were  allotted.  It  is  the  intention  to 
carry  this  work  on  until  completed,  such  funds  as  are  necessary  to 
be  provided  from  the  fiscal  year  1917  appropriation. 

Considerable  grading  has  oeen  done  at  Fort  Mills  in  connection  with 
new  construction  at  that  post. 

The  old  bridge  across  tne  moat  at  Fort  Santiago  has  been  replaced 
by  a  fill  and  a  macadam  roadway,  which  has  very  much  improved  the 
appearance  of  the  entrance  to  Fort  Santiago. 

Wharves. — Pier  No.  1,  Manila,  has  been  completed  aiid  surfaced 
with  block  pavement  during  the  year  and  is  now  in  splendid  condition. 

Contract  has  been  let  for  the  construction  of  Pier  B  on  the  Port 
Reservation,  Manila.  This  pier  will  be  constructed  on  the  bay  side 
of  the  strip  of  land  known  as  Lot  No.  2,  Port  Reservation,  Mafiila,  and 
will  be  directly  opposite  the  present  Pier  A.  The  construction  con- 
sists of  concrete  piles  of  sufficient  size  and  driven  to  sufficient  depth 
to  provide  for  a  future  concrete  docking.  The  present  plan  is  to 
install  a  wooden  deck,  with  the  necessary  wooden  beams,  etc.,  pro- 
tecting same  with  an  asphaltum  coating. 

Extensive  repairs  have  been  made  to  the  wharf  at  Camp  Eldredge. 

A  new  wharf  has  been  buUt  at  Camp  Keithley. 

Two  new  wharves,  in  connection  with  water  supply  at  SisimaUi  are 
being  constructed. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTBB  GENEBAL.         401 

A  contract  was  made  with  the  civil  government  for  the  dredging  of 
the  approaches  to  the  wharves  at  Fort  Mills.  Anchors  and  buoys 
were  also  furnished  Fort  Mills. 

The  wharf  at  Iloilo  has  been  improved  by  the  installation  of  fender 
piles,  so  that  interisland  transports  can  go  alongside  and  unload  at  this 
wharf  at  any  stage  of  the  tiae. 

The  old  wooden  wharf  at  Fort  William  McKinley  was  replaced  by  a 
concrete  wharf  during  the  year. 

The  wharves  at  Ludlow  Barracks,  Augur  Barracks,  and  Camp  Over- 
ton have  been  kept  iq  serviceable  condition,  and  while  the  whan  at  the 
latter  post  is  not  in  perfect  condition,  suflSciont  funds  were  allotted  to 
keep  it  in  repair  durmg  the  year. 

Screenivg, — Such  fimds  as  were  available  were  allotted  the  different 
posts  in  the  department  during  the  year  for  screening,  and  a  state- 
ment showing  the  condition  of  the  dinerent  posts  in  regard  to  screen- 
ing is  inclosed. 

Typhoons. — ^This  department  was  visited  during  the  year  by  four 
destructive  typhoons  and  a  disastrous  flood  at  Camp  Overton,  which 
occurred  on  the  following  dates:  October  23,  November  3,  December 
7,  1915,  January  14  to  27  and  May  6,  1916,  resulting  in  damage  to  the 
different  posts  as  follows: 

Camp  Eldredge $73.40 

Camp  John  Hay 8,713.92 

Camp  Overton  (O.-K.  Road) 32, 000. 00 

Camp  Overton 6,000.00 

CampMcGrath 3,288.00 

Camp  Stotsenburg 4,737.00 

FortMillfl 78,341.50 

Regan  Barracks 970.00 

Augur  Barracks 4,000.00 

Fire  apparat'us, — The  fire  apparatus  at  the  different  posts  has  been 
kept  in  good  condition.  On  investigation  it  was  found  that  no 
standard  nad  been  adopted  for  the  size  of  hose  and  hydrants  at  the 
different  stations.  A  standard  has  been  adopted  which  conforms  to 
that  in  general  use  and  the  project  is  imder  way  to  standardize  all  of 
this  apparatus  at  the  different  posts  in  the  department. 

Post  exchanges. — The  post  exchange  handball  court  has  been  con- 
structed at  Fort  William  McKinley,  and  jimiping  standards  have 
been  furnished  all  posts  in  the  department. 

Motor. — ^The  economy  of  motor  transportation  over  animal-drawn 
is  no  longer  debatable,  but  so  far  as  this  department  is  concerned, 
the  initialcost  of  motor  trucks  and  the  Umited  appropriation  available 
prohibits  consideration  of  any  very  considerable  increase  in  trucks. 
A  recent  board  of  officers  on  Corregidor  Reserve  recommended  exclu- 
sive use  of  motor  transportation  for  Corregidor  Island.  Owing  to  the 
distance  from  the  factory,  the  cost  of  upkeep  of  motor  transportation 
in  these  islands  is  very  great  for  two  cogent  reasons,  viz : 

First.  In  order  to  avoid  delays  in  making  repairs  the  department 
is  called  upon  to  invest  large  sums  of  money  in  spare  parts  sent  out 
from  the  States,  or, 

Second.  These  spare  parts  are  bought  locally,  as  needed,  at  an 
exorbitant  pnce,  because  the  local  dealer  nmst  bear  the  outlay  men- 
tioned in  firet  paragraph  above,  and  he  makes  his  retail  price  to  cover 
interest  on  investment. 

These  conditions  should  not  be  overlooked  m  coT^idsra^  xsksA/^x 
transportation  for  this  department. 

69176"— WAB 1916— VOL  1 26 


402  BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENERAL. 

One  auto  truck  of  IJ-ton  capacity  was  purchased  and  placed  in 
service  on  the  Overton-Keithley  Road,  wnich,  together  with  the 
supply  of  two  trailers,  which  were  manufactured  at  the  land-transport 
shops  at  a  cost  of  $714  each,  released  for  assignment  elsewhere  22 
draft  animals. 

Twelve  2-ton,  one  three-fourths  ton,  and  four  Ford  truck  chassis, 
three  Ford  runabouts,  and  one  7-passenger  touring  car  have  recently 
been  ordered. 

Three  of  the  2-ton  trucks  arrived  here  from  San  Francisco  on  July 
3,  1916,  and  will  be  sent  to  Camp  John  Hay  for  use  in  hauling  fud 
for  the  post.  Contract  was  made  for  3,243  cords  of  wood,  dehvfery 
to  be  taken  at  a  point  7  miles  from  the  post,  at  a  price  $14,593.50 
less  than  the  lowest  bid  for  delivery  at  post,  and  these  three  truck 
chassis  will  be  equipped  with  bodies  constructed  at  Manila  Depot 
suitable  for  transportmg  this  wood  to  post. 

Three  of  the  2-ton  trucks  will  be  used  on  the  Overton-Keithley 
Road  and  the  post  authorities  at  Camp  Overton  have  been  instructed 
to  submit  plans  for  suitable  bodies,  and  trailers,  if  desired,  to  be  con- 
structed at  Manila  Depot. 

It  is  estimated  that  each  of  the  2-ton  trucks  to  be  used  on  the 
O.-K.  Road  and  in  Manila  will  take  the  place  of  two  4-mule  teams 
at  present  in  service,  and  the  light  trucks  each  take  the  place  of  two 
light  deUvery  teams.  Requisitions  for  animals  for  fiscal  year  1917 
will  be  reduced  accordingly. 

Railroads. — Regan  Barracks  has  been  connected  by  a  spur  track 
to  the  Manila  Rai&oad  during  the  year.  This  utihty  is  now  in  opera- 
tion and  has  resulted  in  a  great  saving  in  wagon  transportation. 

The  electric  railroad  at  Fort  Mills  has  been  kept  in  good  condition 
and  funds  have  been  allotted  for  double-tracking  it.  This  project  is 
well  under  way  and  it  will  be  nearly,  if  not  entirely,  completed  by  the 
end  of  the  present  calendaryear. 

Transportaiion,  water. — The  equipment  of  inter-island  transports, 
harbor  boats,  mine  planters,  distnbution  box  boats,  laimches,  lighter- 
age, and  rowDoats  has  been  maintained  in  a  satisfactory  state  during 
the  year.  The  following  additions  have  been  made  to  tnis  equipment 
at  cost  indicated :  Scow  No.  I4S,  $6,795 ;  scow  No.  144y  $6,795. 

Due  to  lack  of  water  transportation  and  fimds  pertaining  to 
fiscal  year  1916  being  available,  contracts  have  been  made  for  the 
construction  of  five  additional  scows,  viz:  Two  110  feet  long  at  an 
estimated  cost  of  $18,100;  work  was  begun  June  12,  1916,  and  calls 
for  completion  in  76  working  days.  One  110  feet  long ;  contract  price. 
$10,515.60;  work  was  begun  June  28,  1916,  and  is  to  be  completea 
in  68  working  days.  Two  80  feet  long ;  contract  price,  $10,750 ;  work 
was  begun  June  28, 1916,  and  is  to  be  completed  in  90  working  days. 

The  following  equipment  was  lost  during  typhoons  in  October  and 
December,  1915: 

Value. 

Bcow  No.  39 11,700 

Scow  No.  45 2,000 

LorchaNo.  106 3,800 

Bcow  No.  121 1,760 

Bcow  No.  124 3,650 

Total 12,900 

Total|  1  lorcha  and  4  scows. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENEBAL.  403 

Lorcha  No.  90,  value  $13,814.37,  was  sunk  at  sea  en  route  to 
Aparri.  Repairs  to  equipment,  made  necessary  incident  to  typhoons, 
amoxmting  to  $40,000,  were  made  from  apportionment  maae  to  this 
department  for  fiscal  year  1916. 

Manual  for  the  QuartermcLster  Cor^ps. — ^The  compilation  of  a  manual 
for  the  Quartermaster  Corps  has  been  in  progress  for  several  months. 
When  completed  it  will  cover  the  consoUdated  corps  and  will  embrace 
all  subjects  contained  in  the  manuals  for  the  former  Quartermaster, 
Pay,  end  Subsistence  Departments. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  manual  will  be  ready  for  distribution  to 
the  service  by  January  1,  1917. 

Civilian  employees,  Oj^ce  of  the  Quartermaster  General, — The  legis- 
lative, executive,  and  judicial  appropriation  bill,  fiscal  year  1916, 
provides  for  295  employees  of  this  office,  235  of  the  number  being 
clerks.  The  organization  of  the  office  is  that  approved  by  the 
Secretary  of  War  September  10,  1912.  and  with  tms  organization 
CTeat  economies  in  the  administration  of  the  business  of  the  office  and 
Quartermaster  Corps  have  been  accomplished.  The  clerks  have 
attained  a  high  state  of  efficiency  and  are  entitled  to  great  credit  for 
the  splendid  work  performed  during  the  year.  Delinquencies  have 
been  remarkably  few.  The  office  has  kept  step  with  modem  commer- 
cial developments  in  its  business  methods,  and  the  work  has  been 
simplified  and  so  systematized  as  to  require  the  fewest  clerks  possible. 

The  national  defense  act.  approved  June  3,  1916,  will,  it  is  beUeved, 
after  a  careful  analysis  of  its  provisions,  increase  the  work  of  tlus 
office  40  per  cent,  and  the  clerical  force  must  necessarily  be  in- 
creased. With  a  view  to  obtaining  additional  clerical  assistance 
this  office,  on  May  20,  1916,  the  date  the  national  defense  act  passed 
the  House  of  Keprcsentativcs,  submitted  a  supplemental  estimate 
for  30  clerks  (3  principal  clerks  at  $2,000,  4  clerks  at  $1,600,  6  at 
$1,400,  8  at  $1,200,  and  9  at  $1,000  per  annum),  an  increase  of 
approximately  10  per  cent.  These  clerks  are  urgently  required  in 
tne  grades  indicated  to  assist  in  handling  the  large  amount  of  ad- 
ditional work  imposed  upon  the  office  by  the  national  defense  act. 

The  need  for  tne  grad!e  of  principal  clerk  of  branch  at  $2,000  per 
annum  has  been  much  felt  since  the  consolidation  of  the  Pay,  Sub- 
sistence, and  Quartermaster's  departments  on'  November  1,  1912 
(fiscal  year  1913),  at  which  time  the  Quartermaster  General  in  his 
scheme  for  an  office  force  for  a  consoUdated  bureau,  recommended 
six  such  positions.  This  grade  was  again  asked  for  for  the  fiscal  years 
1915  ana  1917.  This  latter  year  Congress  authorized  three  of  the 
positions,  and  it  is  hoped  that  it  will  authorize  the  remaining  three 
which  have  been  estimated  for,  thus  completing  the  organization 
originally  proposed. 

In  a  number  of  previous  annual  reports  this  office  called  attention 
to  the  need  for  some  equitable  system  of  retirement  for  superannuated 
clerks.  Because  of  the  consideration  that  has  been  given  this 
subject  both  in  and  out  of  Congress,  I  do  not  deem  it  necessarv  to 
say  more  in  this  report  than  that  as  each  year  passes  the  neea  for 
some  such  provision  becomes  more  pressing.  . 
Very  respectfully, 

Henry  G.  Sharpe. 
Brigadier  General,  Quartermaster  Uorvs, 

Acting  Quartermaster  General. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QDASTEBUABTEB  QENEBAIt. 


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B£PORT  OF  THE  QUABTEBUASTBB  OENEBAIi,  405 


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BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUAHTEBMASTEB  QENEBAL. 


Exhibit  2. 


Grade  and  examixiation. 


Educational: 

Master  electrician. 


Sergeant,  flist  class- 
Baker 

Blacksmith  and  horseshoer,  foreman. 

Carpenter,  foreman 

Clerk 


Electrician 

Engineer,  foreman 

Mechanic,  foreman 

Packmaster 

Painter,  foreman 

Plumber,  foreman 

Superintendent  of  transportation. 

Trainmaster 

Truckmaster 


Total. 


Sergeant^ 

Chauffeur 

Clerk 

Electrician..., 

Engineer , 

Foragemaster. 
Storekeeper... 


Total 

Total  educational. 


Noneducational: 
Sergeant- 
Baker 

Blacksmith  and  horseshoer. 

Carpenter 

Farrier 

Fuel  overseer 

Mason 

Overseer 

Packmaster 

Painter 

Plumber 

Saddler 

Tinner 

Trainer 

Wagonmaster 

"WheelwriRht 


Total  noneducational 
Grand  total 


Number 
ex- 

amined. 


Nomber 
poixited. 


17 


17 

15 

27 

122 

18 

29 

5 

6 

11 

Id 

12 

18 


1 

le 

2 
2 


296 


134 

143 

24 

67 

5 

15 


378 


691 


34 
64 

50 
12 
18 

6 
S3 
11 
34 
23 
41 

5 

1 
40 

5 


427 


1,118 


3 

»7 


33 


143 
75 

8 
11 

1 


238 
272 


15 

47 

16 
'» 

at 

17 
1 

31 
8 
5 

10 

18 
2 
1 

10 


183 


453 


1  Appointed  after  practical  test. 
Exhibit  3. 

Statement  showing  number  of  enlisted  men,  Quartenruuter  Corps,  by  grades,  apportioned 
for  the  performanceofthe  variouLS  duties  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  in  the  United  States, 
Hawaii,  and  the  Philippines,  the  number  of  such  men  actually  in  the  service,  and  the 
number  ofvaaincies  as  of  June  SO,  1916. 


United    States 
Alaska.  Porto 
Canal  Zone): 
Apportioned. 
In  the  sen,ice 
Vacancies 

Hawaii: 

Apportioned., 
In  the  "service 
Vacancies 

Phillppine.s: 

Apportioned., 
In  the  service 
Vacancies 


(including 
nice,  and 


Totals: 

Apportioned.. 
In  the  service. 
Vacancies 


Master 
elec- 
tricians, 


4 
4 


3 
3 


Ser- 
geants, 
first 
class. 


94 

86 

8 

5 
5 


18 

14 

4 


Ser- 
geants. 


1,028 

934 

74 

66 

63 

3 

143 

132 

11 


7 
7 


117 

105 

12 


1,237 

1,149 

88 


Cor- 
porals. 


615 

464 
51 

26 

25 

1 

46 

43 

3 


5S7 

532 

55 


Cooks. 


75 
75 


0 
6 


II 
8 
3 


92 

89 

3 


Pri- 
vates, 

first 
class. 


2,2S1 

2,lo:j 

178 

157 

153 

4 

299 

261 

38 


2,737 

2,517 

220 


Pri- 
vates. 


543 
621 


27 

25 

2 

32 
14 

18 


602 
660 


ToUl. 


4,540 
4,307 


287 
277 


552 

475 


Va- 
cancies. 


311 


10 


77 


6,379 
5,060 


378 


I 


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BBPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENEBAL.  409 

Exhibit  4. 

I\re(uury  balance  hool$,  financial  Mtatement,  QuartermasUr  CorpSf  fiscal  year  ending 

June  SO  J 1916. 

For  appropriatioDfl  desiniatod  as  aimiial  there  was  provided  for  the  service 
of  toe  Quartermaster  Corps  for  the  fiscal  year  aiding  June  30, 1016,  and 
by  allotments,  the  sum  01 $106,321,808.60 

During  the  said  fiscal  year  1016  there  was  deposited  to  the  credit  of  said 
appropriations  by  Treasury  settlements,  sales,  collections,  balances,  etc., 
thesumof. 0,062,308.26 

And  by  department  and  Treasury  transfers  and  miscellaneous  items  the 
sum  of 02,012.40 

Total 1116,477,114.81 

Of  this  there  was  remitted  to  disbursing  officers  upon  requisitions,  the  sum 

of 100,081,820.10 

There  was  expended  on  account  of  settlements  made  at  the  Treasury,  the 

sum  of 880,170.00 

And  by  department  and  Treasury  transfers  and  miscellaneous  items 2, 630. 01 

Total 110,873,630.10 

Leaving  a  balance  on  hand  July  1,  1016,  available  for  payment  of 
outstanding  obligations,  the  sum  of 4,603,484.26 

On  July  1,  1016,  there  was  on  hand  from  annual  appropriations  for  the 
service  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps,  pertaining  to  said  fiscal  year,  the 
sum  of 4,656,735.74 

Also  on  hand  from  appropriations  of  other  fiscal  years,  including  all  special 
and  indefinite  appropriations,  the  sum  of 2,714,603.30 

There  was  added  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1016,  by  appro> 
priations  and  allotments,  the  sum  of 2,467,703.03 

During  said  fiscal  year  there  was  deposited  to  the  credit  of  these  appropria- 
tions by  balances,  sales,  collections,  etc.,  and  settlements  made  at  the 
Treasury,  the  sum  of 3,548,588.00 

And  by  department  and  Treasury  transfers  and  miscellaneous  items 34,184.23 

Total 13,421,004.48 

Of  this  there  was  remitted  to  disbursing  officers  on  requisition  the  sum  of. .  6, 233, 001. 75 
There  was  paid  out  cm  account  of  settlements  made  at  the  Treasury  the 

stmiof 1,023,008.21 

And  on  account  of  department  and  Treasury  transfers  and  miscellaneous 

items 2,321,278.50 

Carried  to  surplus  fund,  the  sum  of. 2,002,220.01 

Total 11,580,505.46 

Leaving  a  balance  on  hand  July  1,  1016,  available  for  payment  of 
outstanding  obligations  pertaming  to  fiscal  years  lOlo,  1014,  etc., 
and  special  or  inaefinite appropriations,  the  sum  of 1,841,480.02 

KECAPITULATION.  ' 

Balance  on  hand,  all  appropriations,  July  1, 1015,  fiscal  year  1015 7, 371, 420. 13 

Appropriated  by  Congress  for  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 1016 106, 321, 893. 60 

Credited  to  all  appropriations  by  deposits,  transfers.  Treasury  settlements, 

allotments,  etc 15,205,786.10 

Total 128,809,108.88 

Remitted  to  disbursing  officers,  all  appropriations 116,215,730.^ 

Charged  on  account  of  translers  and  Treasury  settlements,  etc 4, 236, 177.  so 

Carried  to  surplus  fund 2,002,22<i.91 

Total 122,454,135.66 

Balance  on  hand  July  1, 1916,  for  all  appropriations  of  the  Quartermaster 
Corps 6,444,973.27 

Grand  total  for  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 1016,  of  all  appropriations 
of  the  Quartermaster  Corps,  the  sum  of. 128,899,108.83 


410 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 


Exhibit  5. 

Detailed  expenditures  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  SOy  1916, 
itemized  under  different  appropriations ^  as  compared  with  cost  for  similar  purposes, 
fiscal  year  1915. 

APPROPRIATION:  "SUPPLIES,  SERVICES.  AND  TRANSPORTATION,  QUARTERMASTER 

CORPS." 


Class  and  purpose. 

Fiscal  year 
1916. 

Fiscal  year 
1916. 

1916  less 
than  1915. 

1910  greater 
than  1915. 

Net  re- 
ductirai. 

Class  A,  supplies: 

•Quartermaster  depots,  Independ- 
ent stations,  and  constructing 
Quartermasters 

5358,329.11 

8.5,974.05 

332,069.27 

118,734.75 

3S0,  f  a5. 58 

173,^oM.33 

2S,WX5.17 

92,306.06 

$1,271,795.35 

29,129.01 

94,463.81 

2,583.81 

1,971.76 

890.15 

41,943.29 

68,782.60 

Central  J  epartment 

Eastern  I  epartment 

Hawaiian  1  epartment 

Southern  repartment 

Wostem  repartment 

Civilian  outer  (lothing 

Packing  materials 

Barbers'  materials 

Housewives 

Tailors*  materials 

Toilet  articles 

107,1  S3.  48 

Toilet  kits 

Total  Class  A 

1,683,.S2^^.S0 

1.501.550.78 

*lSr2fifl-02 

' 

Class  A-1,  supplies: 

Sub«Ustenee  stores  (formerly  sub- 
sistence of  the  Army) ... 

12,947,771.24 
642.50 

11,414,673.30 

Prizes    for   enlisted    men    who 
graduate  from  cooks'  and  bak- 
ers* schools 

Total  Class  A-1 

12,948,413.74 

11,414,673.30 

1,533,740.44 

Class  II,  services: 

Quartermaster  depots,  independ- 
ent stations  and  constructing 
quartermasters 

27,174.99 
12,-527.97 
28, 307.  W 
12,374.52 
13,550.52 
15,459.05 
12,073.03 

120,87^96 
14,125.92 

Central  department 

Eastern  F  epartment 

xiawaUan  i  epartment 

Southern  Department 

Western  I  epartment 

Altering,  fitting,  washing,  etc.. 

Total  Class  n 

121,468.02 

135,004.88 

$13,536.  *-ri 

Class  I,  personal: 

Civilian  employees 

4,040,147.61 
55,089.93 
83,287.97 

15,480.00 

65,351.76 

435,664.86 

619,366.06 

3,858,863.92 
2^356.50 
91,710.61 

16,285.00 

46,733.42 

696,469.72 

Extra  duty 



I^eserters,  apprehension  of 

Ponations  to  dishonorably  dfa- 
disohorged  prisoners 

Reimbursement    of   travel   ex- 
penses  

Travel  allowances  to  discharged 
enlisted  men 

Pay  for  clothhig  not  drawn  due 
enlisted  men  on  discharge 

Total  Class  I,  personal 

5,304,388.19 

4,639^419.17 

664,969.02 

diss  I,  nonpersonal: 

Heat,  purchase  of,  account  rent- 
als, including  recruiting  sta- 
tions  

37,396.38 

866,33L75 
7,112.12 

96,359.36 
13,146.33 
«),433.78 
29,956.85 
20,055.48 

118,704.24 

874,241.35 
6,179.26 

94,097.69 
14,991.92 
38,29t>.90 
26,603.06 
30,619.27 

Light,  purchase  of,  electric  cur- 
rent and  gas,  including  light  as 
part  of  rentaJs  of  quarters,  etc. . 

Subscriptions,  newspapers  and 
periodicals 

1 

Printing  blank  forms,  Quvtw- 
master  Corps,  and  orders,  etc., 
at  headquarters  of  dlvislmis 
and  departments .... 

1 

Sboeine  animals 

Teletrams.  pavment  of 

1     .,.-,,. 

Telephones,  rental  of 

Drayage  at  depots 

BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTGBMASTEB  OENEBAIi. 


411 


Detailed  expenditures  oftlie  Quartermaster  Corps  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  SO,  1916, 
itemized  under  different  appropriations ,  as  compared  with  cost  for  similar  purpoiCi, 
fiscal  year  1915 — ('ontinuecf. 

APPROPRIATION:  "SUPPLIES,  SERVICES,  AND  TRANSPORTATION,  QUARTERMASTER 

CORPS  "—Continued. 


Class  and  purpose. 

Fiscal  vear 
1916. 

Fiscal  year 
1915. 

1916  less 
than  1915. 

1916  greater 
than  1916. 

Net  re- 
duction. 

dflSfl  I,  nonpcrsonal — Continued. 
Haulin»!  at  posts 

139,633.19 

$46,837.50 

2,5.00 

63,504.00 

4,318,951.26 

217,337.46 

9,884.00 

Tolls  and  ferriages 

Wharface 

63,983.44 

3,608,462.36 

275,212.03 

9,957.47 

Transjx)rtation  accounts 

Purchas?  of  water 

Garbage,  disposal  of 

Total  Class  I,  nonpersonal 

4,598,970.54 

5,349,272.90 

1750,302.36 

Recruit ing:  Incidental  expen.ses  of 
recruitind 

121,570.45 

109,692.79 

111,877.66 

..••••••• 

Class  B,  supplies,  and  Class  III,  serv- 
icesi 
Annual  repairs  and  maintenance, 
heating  apparatus 

63,425.54 

49,602.20 

5,133.01 

3,916.78 

62,509.91 

56,506.57 

49,110.43 

6,136.66 

8,367.21 

63,402.26 

Annual  repairs,  lighting  plants .. 

Annual  repairs  to  bakeries 

Annual  repairs  to  bake  ovens 
and  equipment 

Annual     repairs     (water     and 
sewers) 

Total  Classes  B  and  III 

174,587.44 

168,423.13 

6,164.31 

Ntw  construction,  installations,  and 
betterments: 
Appliances  for  cooking  and  serv- 
ing foo^i  at  posts 

21,704.90 
21,478.16 

2,849.25 
10,858.09 

8,722.04 

86,803.65 

42,704.17 
1,328.35 
2,931.35 

12,213.68 

77,407.29 
3,270.00 

35,577.40 

Bake  ovens  and  apparatus 

Cold  storaije,  rental  of 

63,325.54 

6,440.00 

20,000.00 

13,647.61 

28,863.42 
16,236.02 

Field  ranges 

Fences,  construction 

Heating  apparatus,  installations 
in  coimoction  with  new  con- 
struction  

Heating     apparatus,    renewals 
and  iiistallatioDs  otber  tlian  in 
connection  with  new  construc- 
tion  

Ice  machines,  installations 

Ice  machines!  maintenance  of. . . . 
Lighting  fixtures  in  connection 
with  new  buildings 

2, 177. 76 

13,685.36 

7,606.36 
7, 758. 90 

Lighting  plants,  renewals  and 
installations 

Post  bakeries,  construction 

Laundries,  construction  and  re- 
pair of 

1,121.00 

Kitchen  waeons 

300.00 
164.85 

17,387.95 
799.00 

Laundries,  maintenance 

510.60 

82,192.65 
621.50 

Fire  apparatus,  purchase  and  re* 
pair  of 

Tune,  flre-alarm  service,  etc 

Garbaee  crematories 

Plumbing  in  new  buildings 

Repairs  to  plumbing  in  buildings. 
Construction  of  water  and  sewer 
systems 

66,020.60 
80, 140. 20 

131,888.22 

228.03 

20,868.01 

46,972.49 
61,793.37 

35,703.28 
61.25 

Sterilizers,  incinerators,  etc 

TnnftnilASPAnt  lAmnA    . 

Total 

599,318.74 

284. 941. 15 

314,377.59 

Contracts:  Procurement  of  materials 
for  manufacture  of  clothing;  pur 
chase  of  clothing;  manufacture  of 
clothing;  purchase  of  equipage 

9,942,009.23 

6. 673. 805. 24 

3,268,203.99 

........  .| 

Class  D,  supplies: 

MisrAll:inAoti<9 . 

114,835.24              86,736.25 

Typewriters,  purchase  and  repair 
Addinc  machines    .  . .... 

36.179.35              16.474.Q1  1 

4,562.25 
173. 45 

1 

Technical  books     .... 

344.  nn  ' 

T) ATiH  in<ttTiiTn Aiitii    

24,476.57  |           40,811.09  ' 

Total  Class  D 

180,226.86 

144,366.26  ^ .\       "ilb.^yift.^YX 

412 


REPORT  OF  THE  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 


DetmUd  expenditures  of  the  QuarUrmaster  Ccfrpefor  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  SO,  1916^ 
itemized  under  different  appropriations,  as  compared  with  cost  for  similar  purposes, 
fiscal  year  IBIS—Coniimiea. 

APPROPRIATION:  "SUPPLIES,  SERVICE,  AND  TRANSPORTATION,  QUARTERMASTER 

CORPS^'-Contlnued. 


Class  and  purpose. 

Fiscal  year 
1916. 

Fiscal  year 
1915. 

1916  less 
than  1915. 

1916  greater 
than  1915. 

Net  re- 
duction. 

Glass  IV,  services: 

If  fwHklt  AnAniiR .. 

112,509.82 
5,317.03 

115,678.06 
15,553.88 

A.  rt  w«rt.l«infi' 

Total  Class  IV 

17,820.85 

31,231.94 

$13,405.09 

""' 

Foel,  forage,  and  mineral  oil: 

Furi  iiormerly  R.  8.) 

1,751,626.64 

131,443.75 

34,989.45 

5,251.40 

3,264,670.65 

48,014.08 

1,842,065.91 

131,404.05 

19,036.74 

8,629.26 

3,121,440.45 

63,873.46 

Fnel  lor  Dumnins  plants 

Fuel  for  Incinerators 

Blacksmith  coal............ 

Foraee  and  straw 

Mhwm^oU , 

Total 

5,235,996.87 

5,187,349.87 

?48,647.00 

Harbor  boats,  supplies  and  services: 
Fuel  for  harbor  boats 

209,331.63 

141,865.38 

23,529.41 

16,401.94 

15,031.05 

357,877.93 

232,408.00 

129,467.50 

18,127.50 

13,317.40 

8,049.56 

51,012.50 

1 

Repair  of  harbor  boats 

Hire  or  charter  of  harbor  boats.. . 

.  ..••••••• 

Water  for  harbor  boats 

t                        1 

Class  D,  supplies 

t 

Other  yessets  (Artillery)  pur- 
chase of ...r....rr.n.^..,.. 

Total 

764,037.34 

453,282.46 

310. 764.  88 

Anny  Transport  Service: 

353, 112. 19 

161,906.00 

9,680.31 

227,733.28 

143,197.20 

6,630.90 

79,280.00 

120,762.79 
12,676.00 

182,097.30 

Class  A, supplies 

1 

Class  P.  ffuppllfls 

1 

Idfeboais . .".' 

Water,  stevedoring,  pilotage,  etc. 
Wirelc^  eauipment 

168,231.25 

•  •     •     • 

Repair  of  transports ....  r ....... . 

205,498.24 

Total 

898,427.99 

772,376.47 

126,051.52 

ICisoellaneous: 

Strike.  Colorado 

7,165.80 
2,485,283.34 

1 

Mexican  border  (supplies  and 
services) 

7,853,352.66 

977,091.50 

29,289.10 

5,837.54 

48,250.00 

1,743.14 

ICHitia,  FedenU  service 

::::::::::::::i::::;::::; 

(}alvesion  stock 

50,803.56 

5,455.43 

28,967.00 

2,961.23 

5,989.83 

47,3*4.20 
65.415.00 

. 

1   : 

Seeds,  implements,  and  labor  for 
raising    forage    at    remount 
depots. 

Saniiationt  (3anal  Zone 

t 

CJare  of  post  cemeteries 

Depot  siock,  manuevers  division . 

..  .....  .. 

1 

Purchase  of  draft  and  pack  ani- 
mals  

92,602.75 

1 

Purchase  of  railroad  eauipment.. 

Operation  of  railroad  ebuipinent. 
Autod)  and  trucks,  purchase  of. . . 

9,999.26 

8,53fi.lS 
34.3<>0.49 

1 

Autos  and  trucks,  maintenance. . 

142,637.22 
1,078.85 

20,837.44 

1 "" 

Antr>?  f^nd  tonmlrfi,  hire  of .-,... , 

I                                               ^ 

Wacons.  purchase  of... 

3,886.66 

1 

Reserve  stock  (A.  T.) 

12S,276.77 
2,575.02 

1     

Special  expenditures  ( A.  T.) 

1 

1 

Total 

9,292,633.71 

2,767.045.50 

6,52.5.58S.21 

Total    expenditures,    United 
States 

51,883,701.77 
5,699,723.02 

39,632,444.83 
4,920,718.75 

12.251.256.94 

\ 

Apportioned  the  Philippine  Islands 
for  all  purposes  of  the  appropria- 
tion.  ,.., 

779,004.27 

Total  United  States  and  Phil- 
ippine Islands 

57. 583. 424. 79 

44  65.1  Ifwt  .<»    

13,030,»,1.21 

* 

Amount  of  the  appropriation 

Sundry    credits    to   appropriation, 
sales,  Treasury  settlements,  trans- 
hr  from  191^17,  etc 

42,524,304.33 
10.893.771.08 

40,685.430.36 
4,187,889.75 

1,838,933.97 

Total 

53,418,13.5.41 

44,873.321.11 

1 

Unexpondcyi  balance. 


:r 


Poflcft 4.1«^,289.38 


320, 15b. » 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QT7ABTEBMASTEB  GENESAIj. 


418 


Detailed  expenditures  of  the  Qwxrtermaster  Carps  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  SO,  1916, 
iUmized  under  different  appropriations ,  as  compared  with  cost  for  similar  purposes, 
fiscal  year  1915 — Continued. 

APPROPRIATION:  "HORSES  FOR  CAVALRY,  ARTILLERY,  ENGINEERS,  ETC." 


Class  and  purpose. 

Fiscal  year 
19li 

Fiscal  year 
1916. 

1916  less 
than  1915. 

1916  greater 
than  1915. 

Net  re- 
duction. 

Class  D:  Purchase  of  honm.  United 

States  and  Philippine  Islands 

Class  IV,  services:  Advertlsine,  etc... 

1639,327.51 
38L52 

87,962.77 

1,232,090.54, 
101,315.00 

1347,146.82 
508.90 

86,835.33 

1       ------ 

Class  I,  services,  personal:  Civilian 
employees 

1 

Miscedaneous: 

Mexican  hord^ir. r ^-,-,,, 

1 

ICnitia.  Federal  service 

1 1 

Total  exnenditures 

2,071,667.34 

3,024,120.00 

76,525.75 

384,491.05 

865,285.00 

25, 824.  OS 

$1,617,176.29 
1,658,835.00 

Amount  of  the  appropriation. . . . 

1 

Received  (rom  sales,  etc 

1 

'                                        ^ 

Unexpended  balance 

28,978.41 

6,618.93 

1 

*      '         i  

APPROPRIATION:  "BARRACKS  AND  QUARTERS." 


Class  A,  supplies:  Supplies  to  inde* 
pendent  stations,  tools,  etc 

1226.61 
81,396.50 

1226.61 
673.00 

Class  I,  services,  personal:  Civilian 
employees 

180,723.50 

Class  I,  services,  nonpersonal: 

Annual  rentals,  other  than  r»- 
cruiting 

IS'SSS  ^       4m  AM^iT 

Rentals,  recruiting 

183,704.92 

1         "--» " —  -• 

Total  Class  I 

358,785.35 

404,622.47 

45, 837. 12 

Class  II,  services:  Services,  general... 
Class  IV:  Advertising 

575.00 

1,447.24 

628,853.20 

8,185.92 

1,518.78 

623,234.61 

7,610.92  ' 

71.54  ! 

i 

1 

Classes  B  and  III:  Annual  repairs.... 

$5,618.59 

Miscellaneous: 

Minor  naw  construction ......... 

197,244.69 
45,967.37 
25,048.74 

216,882.95 
22,613.61 
24,864.53 

61, 153. 30 

RAfrifflrators 

14,517.01 

15,035.00 

151,480.30 

81,207.15 

4,389.31 

53,440.68 
399,244.01 

5,835.15 
70,000.00 

164,004.53 
22,765.21 

1     

Screois.  storm  doors,  etc. ....... 

1              "' 

Special  repairs,  alteratioas,  etc..^ 
Wall  lockers 

, 1 1 

1 
••• • •      •         ' 

Piimitiim -  - 

' 

Library  building.  Fort  Leaven- 
wortn.  Kans 

I 
1 

New  construction 

380,206.21 

1                                 

Rostrum,    national    cemetery, 
Presidio  of  San  Francisco 

i 
1 

Philippine  Islands 

70,ooaoo 

43,318.58 

! ' ... 

Mexican  border  (supplies  and 
services) 

Strike .  Colorado 

.  .  .        !          -              " 

Galveston  stock 

100.34 
29,731.15 

5,577.24 

1 

Militia  Federal  service       

1 

Sundry  debits  to  appropriation, 
account  Treasury  settlements, 
ttc 

k 

Total 

1,061,615.41            903,132.25 

1 

1        68,483.16 

I 

Total  expenditures 

2,131,999.70 
2,0ys,858.00 

2,112,317.14 
2,123,997.00 

1 

19,682.56 

Amount  of  the  appropriation 

2S.  1.^.00 

'       '              1 

Unexpended  balance 

11,679.86 

1 

m 

Daficft. 

33,14L70 

414 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTERMASTBB  GENEBAL. 


Detailed  expenditures  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  Jor  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  SO,  1916, 
itemized  under  different  appropriations  ^  as  compared  with  cost  for  similar  purposes, 
fiscal  year  iPi5— Continued. 

APPROPRIATION:  "MILITARY  POST  EXCHANGES." 


Class  and  purpose. 

Fiscal  year 
1916. 

¥ixA\  year 
1916. 

1916  less 
than  1915. 

1916  greater 
than  1915. 

Netre- 
ductloo. 

Class  IV: 

Construction  and  equipment 

116,322.81 
21,413.23 

}     1118.464.36 

Maintenance 

Totn.1  TTnited  States           

37,736.04 
6,9^.08 

118.464.36     S80.728.32 

Apportioned  the  Philippine  Is- 
lands             

24,818.00 

17,883.92 

Total  United  States  and  Phil- 
ippine Islands 

44,670.12 
45,839.85 

143.282.36 
164,391.00 

98,612.24 
108,551.15 

\ 

198,61X34 

Amount  of  the  appropriation 

/ 

rinATnAndfid  halanoA 

1,169.73 

11,108.64 

APPROPRIATION:  "ROADS,  WALKS,  WHARVES,  AND  DRAINAGE." 


Class  I,  services,  personal:  Civilian 
emnlovees 

S3, 917. 50 

13,475.00 

$442150 

Classes  B  and  III: 

Care     and     improvement     of 
erounds 

38,854.35 
30,930.39 
101,9a=).64 
32,806.93 
48,017.08 

30,792.90 
31,909.64 
98,126.03 
18,453.50 
48,703.36 

*..•......•. 

Drainaee.  reoairs 

Roads,  repair 

Walks .  reoair 

Wharves,  reoair 

Total 

238.534.39 

227.985.4.^ 

10,548.86 

New  construction  and  betterments: 
Drainage.  Drojects 

15,391.17 
6,469.00 
63,008.77 
13,891.05 
44,591.50 

13,739.46 

17,730.34 

44,261.72 

8,164.44 

4,884.88 

DredKlng  channels 

Roads .  construction 

Walks .  construction 

Wharves,  constnictlon.. 

Total 

143,35L49 

88, 78a  84 

54,570.65 

Class  IV:  Advertisine 

131. 19 

366.64 

1233.45 

1 

Miscellaneous: 

Mexican  border 

IIZOO 

2,000.00 

32.10 

6,086.19 

Militia ,  P'ederal  service 

Galveston  stock 

Total 

2,144.10 

6,086.19 

3,»42.09 

Total   expenditures.    United 
States 

388,078.57 
209,896.00 

326,6»i.l0 
156,052.50 

61,384.47 
53.K43.50 

Apportioned  the  Philippine  Is- 
lands   

Total  United  States  and  Phil- 
ippine Islands 

597,974.67 

6oo,ooaoo 

680.77 

482,746.60 
485,000.00 

115,227.97 

ii5,ooaoo 

Amount  of  the  appropriation 

Received  from  sales.  Treasury 
settlements,  etc 

Unexpended  balance 

2,706.20 

2,353.40 

APPROPRIATION:  "MAINTENANCE  ARMY  WAR  COLLEGE." 


Class  I,  personal:  CivULm  employees. 

Class  I,  nonpersonal:  Light 

Class  A:  Fuel 


Toi  A  expenditures. . 
Total  of  Lho  appropriation. 


Unexpended  balance. 


$5,700.00 

i,i.jaoo 
8,ooaoo 


9,85a  00 

io,7oaoo 


85a  00 


$5,7oaoo 

1,481.56 
3,369.00 


10, 56a  56 

io,7oaoo 


149. 44 


$331.56 
369.00 


70a56 


SToase 


REPOET  OP  THE  QXTABTBBMASTEB  GBNEBAL.  415 

Detailed  expenditures  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  for  the  fiscal  year  eroded  June  SO,  1916, 
itemized  under  different  appropriations^  as  compared  with  cost  for  similar  purposes, 
fiscal  year  /Pi5— -Gontmued. 

Supplies,  services,  and  transportation,  Quartermaster  Corps:  *  1916-17. 

MUltia,  Federal  service |5,821,18a00 

Mexican  border .^ 205,286.61 

Transportation  accounts 339,000.00 

Funds  supplied  on  1916  ledger  accoonts, etc 4,760,258.28 

Total 11,215,724.89 

Amount  of  appropriation 14,631,103.88 

Balance 8,415,378.94 

Hones  for  Cavalry,  Artillery,  Engineers,  etc.: 

Purchase  of  horses 240,201.14 

MUltia,  Federal  service 7,307,966.00 

Total 7,548,167.14 

Amount  of  appropriation 8,025,965.00 

Balance 477,797.86 

Exhibit  6. 
Philippine  Islands  account ^  fiscal  year  1916 


Appropriation. 


Pay,  etc.,  of  the  Army 

Mileage  to  officers  and  contract  sur* 

geons 

Supplies,  services,  and  transporta- 

u<m,  Quartermaster  Corps 

Horses  for  Cavalry,  Artillery,  En- 

irineers  etc 
Barracks'  and  quarters,  Philippine 

Islands 

Military  post  exchanges 

Roads,  walks,  wharves,  and  drainage. 
Construction  and  repair  of  hospitals. 

auarters  for  hospital  stewards 
iiooting  galleries  and  ranges 

Disposition  of  officers,  scddiers,  and 

civil  employees 

Barracks  and  quarters 


Amount  ap- 
portioned. 


16,564,754.00 

17,173.51 

16, 430,54a  15 

8, 03a  73 

401,853.86 

6,934.06 

209,896.00 

40,00a00 

1,000.00 

10,264.19 

14,000.00 
50,000.00 


Apportion- 
ment funds 
remitted. 


16,487,754.00 

16,355.36 

4,340,769.24 

3, 03a  73 

334,855.62 

6,104.52 

202,176.55 

32,519.00 

1,000.00 

10,261.19 

0,295.86 
50,000.00 


Funds  re- 
mitted due 
on  account 
of  sales. 
Treasury 

settle- 
ments, etc. 


1242,682.87 


892.06 


Funds  ex* 

pended  in 

the  United 

States. 


$876,570.94 


66,998.24 

829.56 

7,638.90 

7,479.87 


4, 78a  70 


Total  re- 
mitted and 
expended  in 
United  Stataob 
exclusive  of 
amounts  in- 
dicatedin 
column  3. 


$6,487,754.00 

16,355.88 

s  5, 217, 34a  18 

8, 03a  78 

401,853.80 

6,934.08 

209,815.45 

39,998.87 

1,000.00 

10,264.19 

14,076.66 

5o,ooaoo 


)  Of  this  amount  $1,673,000  is  for  local  disbursement  for  subsistence  of  the  Army.  Subsistence  supplies 
purchased  in  the  United  States  not  charged  against  apportionment. 

'  $213,199.97  withheld  to  cover  net  debit  Treasury  transfer  settlements,  Philippine  accounts. 

-  The  apparent  overdraft  is  covered  by  net  creolt  Treasury  transfer  settlements,  Philippine  aooounti, 
which  have  not  been  remitted. 

The  amounts  apportioned  and  rtmltted,  approprlatioo  "Horaes  for  Cavalry,  Artillery,  Engineers,  etc,'' 
are  for  local  disbursements  only. 


416 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QXTABTEBMASTEB  QENEBAIj. 


Exhibit  7. 
Mileage  dishtursements/or  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30, 1926. 


Duty. 


Ttinpectlon  of  the  Army: 

By  generals  oommaDdinK  departments,  aooompanied  by  officers  of 

their  staffs,  as  provided  by  Army  regulation  191 

By  generals  commanding  departments,  accompanied  by  ofHoers  of 

their  staff,  as  provided  by  Army  regiilation  193 

By  brieve  commanders,  as  provided  by  Army  r^ulation  194 

By  Coast  Artillery  district  commanders,  as  provided  by  Army 

regulation  194 

By  officers  of  the  Qeneral  Staff ^ 

By  officers  of  The  AdJatantOenerars  Department 

By  officers  of  the  Inspector  General's  Department 

By  officers  of  the  QoartermasterCofps 

By  officers  of  the  Medical  Department 

By  offlctfs  of  the  Ck>rp6  of  Engineers 

By  officers  of  the  Onuutnce  Department • 

By  officers  of  the  Signal  Corps 

By  officers  of  the  Coast  Artillery  Corps ■ 

By  officers  of  the  Field  Artillery 

Inspection  o^- 

CollcMS. 

Fortlflca 

Horses. 

Militia. 

Signal  Corps  equipment  under  General  Order  146,  War  Depart- 
moit,  1911 


tions  by  officers  of  C<»ps  of  Engineers . 


Special  inspection . 


Total  for  inspections. . 


Appropriatkms. 


1914 


Alaskan  Road  Commission 

Attending  athletic  exhibition 

Attending  conference  on  disposition  of  buildings  at  Panama-Pacif)c 

Exposition 

Attending  funerals 

Attending  Joint  Armv  and  Navv  conference 

Attending  meeting  of  Bureau  of  Standards 

Attending  meeting  in  connection  with  an  exhibition  of  railway  supplies  ; 

and  equipn*  en t I 

Attending  military  carnival I 

Attending  National  Guard  Association 

Attending  Naval  War  College  conferoice 

Boards: 

On  aeroplanes 

On  business  moi's  camps 

On  Cavalry  equipment  and  drill  regulations 

On  examination  of  officers  for  assignment  or  promotion 

On  examination  of  gunners 

On  fire  control  and  Installation 

On  land  defenses 

On  military  posts  and  buildings 

On  plotting 

On  ordnance  and  fortiflcations 

On  quartermaster  supplies 

On  retirement  of  officers 

On  special  diseases 

On  target  ranges 

On  testing  guns 

Joint  Armv  and  Navy  boards 

Cbange  of  station  of  officers  of  the  staff  departments 

Change  of  station  of  officers  of  the  line 

Conducting  prisoners 

Conducting  sick  and  insane 

Consultation  with  bureau  chiefs,  department  commanders,  and  others. 

Court-martial  duty 

Delivering  lectures  to  schools  and  colleges 

Horsemanship  or  walking  tests 

Instmotions  of  Secretary  of  War  (confidential  duty) 

Leases  and  other  legal  business 

Line  officers  on  duty  pertaining  to  Quartermaster  Corps 

Maneuvers  and  camps  ot  instruction: 

Joint  Army  and  militia  camps 

Militia  camps 

Regular  Army  camps 

Payment  of  troops  or  securin£  funds 


19U 


■•••••• . 


116.40 


256.50 
150.60 


14.40 
167.29 


9.12 
32.27 
41.16 


696.74 


481.15 


399.07 


f29.00 
62.31 


1,861.97 

9,014.65 

40.16 

00.36 


18.83  . 


135.94 


4.33 


IS.  12 
115.12 


112.30 
103.26 


1916 


12,130.80 

1,007.28 
1,535.96 

3,000.01 

180.96 

471.60 

18,126.90 

11,543.63 

56a  40 

1,033.43 

6,728.56 

1,920.78 

660.70 

66.10 

1,882.21 

77.70 

76a  86 

9,184.96 

loaso 

214.67 
173.24 


66,977.07 


02L56 
9.60 

400.02 
11.34 
23.82 
65.94 

lOiOi* 

15.96 

413.84 

32.14 

350.16 

32.20 

991.79 

10.525.79 

284.83 

535.79 

635.25 

17a  22 

80.23 

1,736.97 

11.71 

8,t94.a 

13.03 

laoa 

179.22 

197.48 

82,132.14 

190,667.81 

2,814.74 

2,?«4.47 

926.90 

10,688.  U 

381.  U 

2.008.06 

2,o«aoo 

884.64 

2,678.00 

8,816.78 
8,32F.27 
8,190.0 
3,717.67 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTERMA8TEB  OENERAIi. 


417 


Mileage  diilmneiMnt/or  theji$eal  ytar  ended  June  SO^  lPi6— Continued. 


Vntf. 


Approprtetloiia. 


1014 


19U 


ma 


B«eniUliic  MTvioK 
Condiictinc  reonilti. 


Jolnlnc  sUlion  afUr  ■wlnnmnt  to  rtenilttog  duty. 

ravel. 


tlOS^M 


RecuUu-  recniltinE  travi 
Relief  from  recnutiSK  duty. 

Relief  of  KlBtissiimi  flood  sulTenn 

Relief  of  stonn  luneri  Deer  Texas  City,  Tex 

Bpedal  inTeetigattons. 

Target  pnM^ioe 

Topographical  duty 

Travel  in  ocoDectian  with  awarding  of  Knox  Trophy 

Travel  in  ooDDeotion  with  expedition  to  China. 

Travel  in  comieotion  with  Panama-Paciflc  Expoeltlon 

Travel  of  dental  rargeons  to  render  dental  treatment 

Travel  of  generals  and  aida,  not  inepectlon 

Travel  of  nupector-lnstmotorSfOrnnixed  ICilltla 

Travel  of  mifitanr  attachte  after  Jmning  station  and  prior  to  relief  fktan 

dnty  as  attache 

Tiavel  of  oflleers  detaOed  as  military  attaoMs  in  jotaiing  for  duty  and 

relief  thenfrom 

Travel  of  ofRoers  detailed  as  military  obseryers  in  Joining  for  duty  and 

relief  therefrtm 


41.08 
9Bi82 


104.40 
47.43 


31.  a 


$2.28 


lOaftS 


Travel  ofoffieers  detailed  to  study  Spanish 

Travel  of  profSmofS  of  ICiUtary  Academy 

Travel  of  ofSeers  to  and  IhMn  nospitals  for  medical  treatment 

Tiavel  of  Regalar  Army  oHoers  In  oonneotion  with  muster  in  of  the 

National  Qnard 

Witness  before  SMatelCilitary  Committee 

Witness  balloon  test 

Witness  coast-defense  exercises 

Witness  target  practice 

Duty  not  stated 


31.00 

800.05 
4&00 


334.70 


4a  66 


Total  dlsborsements  by  Quartermaster  Corps. 
Total  paid  on  Treasory  Department  settlements. . . . 


112.42 
0a  34 


14,017.18 
0,028.42 


Grand  tolaL. 


173.06 


30,045.00 


0043.03 

4,6saoo 

21,335.03 
3,06a  48 


113.13 

3,ooao7 

lO,0Oa88 

3,001.36 

08.40 

03a  56 

1,424.73 

1,000.27 

222.30 

0,873.01 

1,383.03 

4,006.57 

3,00aO7 

668.00 

104.04 

13,055.00 

783.76 
480.10 

01.83 
134.80 
305.08 

91.43 


470,034.40 
35.16 


470,000.50 


09176*— WAB  19ie— VOL  1 ^27 


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BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  QENERAU  427 

Exhibit  10. 
changes  in  military  resbrvations  other  than  those  made  by  purchase. 

Fori  Armstrongt  Hawaii. — ^The  following  tracts  of  land  have  been  transferred  by 
Executive  Order  No.  2323,  dated  February  21,  1916,  from  the  Navy  Depcutment  to 
the  War  Department: 

Tract  No.  1.  Esplanade  lots  Nos.  63,  64,  65,  66,  67,  and  68,  containing  30,000 
square  feet,  approximately. 

Tract  No.  2.  B^inning  at  the  south  comer  of  Richards  Street  and  Halekauwila 
Street,  containing  5.69  acres,  approximately. 

Tiact  No.  3.  Be^:inning  at  the  southeast  comer  of  Richards  Street  and  Halekau- 
wila Street,  containing  38,120  square  feet,  approximateljr. 

Tract  No.  4 .  Beginmnc;  at  the  south  comer  of  Halekauwila  Street  and  Mililany  Street, 
containing  5,728  square  feet,  approximately. 

Tract  No.  5.  United  States  Naval  Wharf  No.  1,  on  Allen  Street,  on  the  foot  of  Rich- 
ards Street. 

Tract  No.  6.  Beginning  at  the  north  comer  of  immigration  station  reservation  on 
Channel  street,  containingabout  22.41  acres.  '^  « 

Fort  Bayardf  N.  Ito.— -Executive  Order  No.  2393,  of  June  5, 1916,  released  sections 
of  land  set  aside  for  reservations  for  military  purposes  by  Executive  Order  Nos.  1954, 
dated  June  6, 1914,  and  1927,  dated  May  2, 1914,  and  tumed  same  back  to  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Interior. 

Fort  Brown,  TVa.— Executive  Order  No.  2377,  of  May  2,  1916,  restored  this  mili- 
tary reservation  to  the  control  of  the  War  Department. 

Coo9  Bay,  Oreg. — Executive  Order  No.  2233,  of  August  6, 1915,  withdraws  from  set- 
tlement, location,  sale,  etc.,  and  sets  apart  for  military  purposes  a  tract  of  land  adjoin- 
ing 32.CN6  acres  on  the  south  side  of  entrance  to  Coos  Bay,  Oreg.,  described  as  lot 
No.  4. 

Cam'p  Eldridge,  P.  /.—Executive  Order  No.  2316,  dated  February  14, 1916,  sets  aside 
a  certain  tract  of  land  at  Los  Bancs,  Province  of  Laguna,  island  of  Luzon,  as  an  addi- 
tion to  this  reservation. 

Emma  Wharf  Site,  Hawaii, — Executive  order  dated  March  6, 1916,  No.  2335,  restores 
to  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  the  Emmes  wharf  site  and  the  Esplanade  lots,  and  sets  aside 
as  a  Government  reservation  the  tract  known  as  the  Territorial  Immigration  Station. 

Esplanade  lots,  Hawaii, — See  preceding  paragraph. 

Henry  Barracks,  P,  i?.— Executive  Order  No.  2322,  dated  February  21, 1916,  trans- 
fers from  the  War  Department  to  the  Navy  Department,  for  use  as  a  naval  radio  sta- 
tion and  for  other  naval  purposes,  all  that  piece  or  parcel  of  land  situated  just  east  of 
the  town  of  Aibonito,  P.  K.,  where  the  barracks  now  stand,  containing  175,570  square 
feet,  more  or  less. 

Letterman  General  Hospital,  Cat, — ^Transfer  of  a  small  triangular  plot  of  ground 
between  the  hospital  ana  the  main  road  from  the  Presidio  reservation  to  the  Let- 
terman General  Hospital  reservation. 

Pettit  Barracks,  P,  I, — Executive  Order  No.  2234,  dated  Aiigust  13,  1915,  reserves 
or  military  purposes  the  *' Corral  Pettit  Barracks  Military  Reservation,''  situated 
in  the  municipality  of  Ziunboan|;a,  containing  an  area  of  28,639  square  meters. 

Fort  Rosecrans,  Cal, — Executive  Order  No.  2328.  of  February  25, 1916,  retransfers 
to  the  War  Department  that  portion  of  the  naval  reservation  at  Point  Loma  that 
lies  southerly  and  westerly  of  a  line  beginning  at  a  concrete  monument.  No.  1,  con- 
taining approximately  159.4  acres,  and  transfers  to  the  Navy  Department  that  portion 
of  the  military  reservation  on  Point  Loma  that  lies  northerly  and  easterly  of  a  line 
beginning  at  a  concrete  moniunent.  No.  4,  containing  approximately  57.8  acres.' 

Exhibit  11. 

ebvocable  ucbnsbs,  pbrmfts,  and  lbases  qranted  bt  the  war  department 
during  the  fiscal  tear  1016  (so  far  as  shown  bt  the  records  of  this 
office). 

Fort  Armistead,  Md. — Permission  to  the  Department  of  Commerce  to  build  a  timber 
walkway  from  the  Brewerton  Channel  range  Iront  light  station  to  the  shore,  said 
approach  to  extend  from  the  military  reservation  to  the  light  station  mentioned. 
Date,  January  26,  1916. 

Augur  Barracks,  P,  I. — Revocable  license  to  the  municipality  of  Jolo,  District  of 
8ulu,  P.  I.,  to  construct  and  maintain  a  road  X5  meters  wide,  across  and  through  a  por- 
ticm  of  the  reservation.    Dated  August  4, 1915. 


428  BEPORT  OF  THE  QUABTERMASTEB  OENEBAL. 

Fort  Baker,  Cal, — ^Revocable  licenfle  to  the  Pacific  Gas  &  Electric  Co.,  dated  Sep- 
tember 2,  1915,  to  erect  and  Tnaintain  pole  line  for  the  transmission  of  electric  cur- 
rent. Pa3rment  of  11.000  per  annum  to  be  made  to  the  quartermaster  at  the  f^residio 
of  San  Francisco. 

Fort  Benjamin  Harrison,  Ind. — Lease  dated  October  15,  1915,  to  Madison  Thomaa 
of  approximately  40  acres  of  the  reservation  for  agricultiiral  purposes,  for  the  t^rm 
b^:inning  October  15,  1915,  and  ending  August  31,  1916.  The  lessee  is  required  to 
pay  the  United  States  20  per  cent  of  the  wheat  and  straw  harvested,  the  straw  to 
be  baled  and  stored. 

Revocable  license,  December  16,  1915^  to  Indianapolis  Council  of  Boy  Scouts  of 
America,  to  occupy  a  site  on  the  reservation  for  camping  purposes,  during  the  pmod 
commencing  January  1,  1916,  and  ending  December  31,  1916. 

Fort  Bliss,  Tex. — Revocable  license,  March  9,  1916,  to  the  El  Paso  &  Southwestern 
Railroad  Co.,  to  maintain  and  construct  railway  spurs  and  sidings  and  to  operate 
Buch  trains  thereon  as  may  be  necessary  for  purposes  of  the  Grovemment. 

Boise  Barracks,  Idaho. — Permission,  December  30,  1915,  to  the  Department  of  the 
Interior  for  use  of  building  No.  51  to  enable  the  assistant  supervisor  of  surveys  to  make 
repairs  to  winter  equipment  of  the  surveying  service. 

Revocation  of  permit  granted  October  27,  1914,  to  Department  of  Agriculture  to 
use  Cavalry  stable  building  No.  34.    Revocation  dated  December  24,  1915. 

Permission,  May  25,  1916,  for  the  use  of  the  Cavalry  stable  No.  49  for  stabling  the 
visiting  teams  of  polo  horses  on  the  occasion  of  the  polo  tournament  to  be  held  in 
Boise  banning  May  30,  1916. 

Fort  Canhy,  Wash. — Revocable  license,  November  4, 1915,  to  the  Ilwaco  Telephone 
&  Telegraph  Co.  to  erect  and  maintain  a  line  of  poles  at  this  post,  following  the  Gov- 
ernment road  north  to  North  Head. 

Fort  D.  A.  Russell,  Wyo, — Revocable  license,  dated  November  30,  1915,  to  the  city 
of  Cheyenne  to  use  the  hi^h-tension  transmission  line  on  the  military  reservation  to 
the  electric  substation  on  tne  reservation. 

Revocable  license,  dated  October  15,  1915,  to  the  Mountain  States  Telephcme  d 
Tele^ph  Co.,  for  right  of  way  for  telephone  and  telegraph  line  through  the  re»- 
ervation. 

Lease,  October  26,  1915,  to  the  Pacific  Market  Co.,  for  cutting  hay  and  miing 
stock  for  the  term  beginning  January  1, 1916,  and  ending  with  June  30, 1916.  Rental, 
1400. 

Revocable  license,  January  6,  1916,  to  the  dty  of  Cheyenne,  amending  paragra|^ 
2  of  license  of  November  30.  1915,  so  as  to  read:  "That  the  electric  light  line  shaQ 
not  be  used  by  the  licensee  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  current  for  the  development 
of  power  between  the  hours  of  5  p.  m.  and  11  p.  m.  and  between  the^houra  of  5  a.  m* 
and  8  a.  m.  each  day.'' 

Revocable  license,  June  10^  1916,  to  the  Cheyenne  Electric  Railway  Go.,  to  con- 
struct a  loop  at  the  end  of  their  electric  railway. 

Revocable  license,  June  10^  1916,  to  the  Mountain  States  Telephone  d  Telegraph 
Co.,  to  construct  and  maintam  a  temporary  building,  with  a  lean-to  for  horses,  on 
the  target  and  maneuver  reservation. 

Columbus  Barracks,  Ohio. — Permiaaion,  April  24,  1916,  to  Capt.  G.  W.  Biegler  to 
install  a  citizens  telephone  in  his  quarters,  provided  proper  care  was  taken  not  to 
demure  the  building  wnen  the  installation  was  made. 

Fort  Crook,  Nehr. — Lease,  dated  April,  8, 1916,  to  Herman  Piatt,  of  the  poet  gardeni^ 
about  50  acres.    Rental,  $8.51  per  acre. 

Esplanade  Lots,  Hawaii. — ^Revocable  license  to  the  city  and  county  of  Honolulo 
(Jan.  10,  1916)  to  construct,  maintain,  and  operate  a  24-inpn  pipe  line  across  these  lota. 

Fcrt  Flagler,  Trfl«A.— Permission,  April  26,  1916,  to  Serg.  William  Smith  to  con- 
nect his  residence  with  the  water  system,  provided  connections  are  made  and  meter 
installed  without  expense  to  the  Government. 

Fori  Hancock,  N.  J. — Revocable  license,  Au^-ust  5, 1915,  to  the  New  York  Telephone 
Co.  of  Newark,  N.  J.,  for  the  purpose  of  supplyingcommercial  telephone  service  to  the 
United  States  reeerv^ation,  including  the  Sandy  Hook  Proving  Ground.  The  amount 
to  be  paid  annually  for  the  privilege  is  |100  instead  of  $50  as  provided  in  licenas 
granted  December  16,  1914. 

Henry  Barracks,  P.  R. — Revocable  license,  May  31,  1916,  to  Fernando  Perez  to  lay 
and  use  a  temporary  portable  railroad  track  for  hauling  sugar  cane  across  that  portion 
of  the  re8er\^tion  near  the  target  ran^. 

Fort  Huachuca,  j4ru.— Revocable  hcense,  February  1, 1916,  to  the  El  Paso  «k  South- 
western system  to  extend  a  spiu"  track  to  the  electric  light,  power,  and  ice  plant. 

Jefferson  Barracks,  i/b.— Revocable  license,  March  16.  1916,  to  dty  of  St.  Louis^ 
to  straighten  and  change  location  of  southern  end  of  road  leading  to  Koch  Hospital. 


REPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMA8TEB  QENEBAL.  429 

Fort  Leavenworth^  Kam. — Lease,  dated  September  23,  1915,  to  John  Schmidt 
for  gnudng  piivilegee  for  term  beginning  October  1,  1915,  and  ending  June  30,  1916. 
Rental,  |150. 

PermisBion,  May  9, 1916,  to  the  Department  of  Justice  for  the  use  of  50  acres  of  land 
on  the  Fort  I^ieavenworth  Reservation  for  the  use  of  the  penitentiary  for  farming 
purposes. 

Fort  Logan^  Colo. — Lease,  March  8,  1916,  to  R.  T.  Hawkey  of  the  Fort  Logan  taiget 
range  at  I^ker,  Colo.,  for  one  year.    Rental,  $260. 

Revocable  license,  May  15,  1916,  to  the  Cherry  Creek  Telephone  Co.,  to  string  tele- 
phone wires  upon  the  posts  of  the  Government  fence. 

Fort  McHeiyy,  Md. — Permission,  December  6,  1915,  to  the  mayor  of  Baltimore 
for  tiie  extension  of  a  spur  track  upon  the  reservation  to  reeich  the  immigration  station 
in  course  of  construction,  track  to  oe  removed  after  completion  of  structure. 

Permission  to  the  governor  of  the  State  of  Marylana,  March  13,  1916,  to  use  and 
occupy  barracks  No.  3,  the  conmiissary  storehouse,  and  the  stables,  and  to  use  the 
grounos  of  the  reservation  for  drill  purposes  by  the  field  artillery  of  the  State  Militia. 

Madison  Barracks,  N.  Y. — Permission,  December  8,  1915,  to  Mrs.  D.  M.  Anderson, 
Sacket  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  to  continue  to  use  and  purchase  surplus  water  from  the  post 
mains.  This  penmsslon  is  given  under  the  same  conditions  as  governed  the  former 
owner  of  the  residence,  Mrs.  Nellie  Powell  Koehler. 

Revocable  license,  March  11,  1916,  to  the  board  of  education,  village  of  Sacketts 
Harbor,  N.  Y.,  to  obtain  surplus  water,  not  exceeding  1,000  gallons  per  day,  for  the 
use  of  the  public  school  of  the  village. 

Fort  Marion,  Ala. — Revocable  ucense,  October  16,  1915,  to  the  St.  Augustine 
Historical  Society  and  Institute  of  Science  to  occupy  and  use  rooms  Nos.  9, 10,  and  11 
on  the  west  side  of  the  central  court,  in  addition  to  rooms  Nos.  1  and  2,  and  room  C, 
occupied  under  revocable  license  of  November  20,  1914,  as  modified  by  revocable 
license  dated  February  1,  1915. 

Fort  MUlSj  P.  /. — ^rermisBion,  December  22,  1915,  to  the  municipal  authorities  of 
Cavite  Province,  for  the  erection  of  a  temporary  building  upon  land  owned  by  the 
United  States  in  the  military  varrio  of  San  Jose  for  the  omces  of  municipal  justice  of 
the  peace  and  banio  teniente. 

Moanaluaj  Hawaii. — Revocable  license,  November  4,  1915,  to  the  Hawaiian  Elec- 
tric Co.  to  erect  and  maintain  a  pole  line  and  to  string  wires  thereon  for  the  trans- 
miasion  of  electrical  light  and  power. 

Fort  Monroey  Va. — Revocable  license,  November  1,  1915,  to  Charlotte  Taylor 
Evans,  widow  of  the  late  R^kr  Admiral  R.  D.  Evans,  to  maintain  in  its  present  loca- 
tion and  for  the  occupancy  of  the  present  tenant  as  a  residence  the  cottage  erected 
under  license  of  the  said  Rear  Admiral  Evans. 

Pemussion,  August  14,  1915,  granted  by  the  Secretary  of  War  that  a  portion  of  the 
Eldredge  property  be  made  available  for  the  purposes  olthe  Treasury  Department. 

Fort  Myer,  Va. — Revocable  Ucense,  dated  November  17,  1915,  to  the  Washington- 
Viiginia  Railway  Co.  to  construct  and  maintain  a  passenger  station  at  Hatfield  Junc- 
tion. 

Fort  Niagara,  N.  F.— Permissbn,  April  27,  1916,  to  the  Buffalo  Chapter  U.  S. 
Daughters  of  1812  to  place  a  bronze  tablet  on  the  old  castle  at  this  fort,  which  will 
indicate  the  most  important  incidents  in  the  history  of  this  old  castle. 

Fort  Omaha,  Nebr. — Revocable  license,  August  2,  1915,  to  the  Nebraska  Telephone 
Co.  to  make  such  installations  of  private  telephones  in  quarters,  etc.,  as  may  be 
required  by  post  authorities. 

Omaha  Depot,  Nebr. — Permission,  September  17,  1915,  to  the  Mendelssohn  Choir  of 
Omaha  to  use  the  third  floor  of  the  Army  Building  for  holding  its  rehearsals. 

Fort  Pickens,  Fla. — Revocation  of  license^  September  13,  1915,  to  Mr.  H.  H.  Thorn- 
ton to  occupy  and  use  in  connection  with  pavilion  bathhouses,  etc..  a  strip  of  land 
approximately  500  by  600  feet.    Original  license  dated  September  24,  1908. 

license  dated  December  9, 1915,  five  years  at  $5  per  year,  to  Benjamin  P.  Eklmund- 
Bon  A  Son,  for  the  purpose  of  operating  and  maintaining  thereon  a  public  bathing 
establishment,  with  hotel  and  dancing  pavilion,  etc.,  and  in  connection  therewith 
to  maintain  a  temporary  wbarf  and  to  improve  said  bathing  pavilion.  These  premises 
were  formerly  occupied  by  him  under  revocable  license  dated  January  26,  1911. 

Fort  Pike,  La. — Permit,  July  28,  1915,  to  the  city  of  New  Orleans  to  construct  and 
maintain  a  h%hway  across  this  reservation. 

Lease,  November,  1915,  to  Jahncke  Navigation  Co.  for  reservation,  with  permission 
to  erect  temporary  clubhouse.  Rental,  $&  per  annum.  Mr.  C.  A.  Hassler  assinied 
his  leasehold  to  Jones  S.  Irvine,  who  in  turn  assigned  it  to  Jahncke  Navigation  Co. 

Pittsburg  Storage  and  Supply  Depot,  Pa. — ^Permiasion  granted  Bureau  of  Mines, 
January  14, 1916,  to  erect  two  new  temporary  storehouses,  naake  an  extension  to  testing 
house,  and  erect  new  testing  gallery. 


430  BEPORT  OF  THE  QUAETERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Permission,  March  31,  1916,  to  the  Bureau  of  Standards  to  lay  4-inch  cast-iron  main 
to  their  furnace  building  (No.  38). 

Fort  Porter^  N.  T, — LcAse  for  a  period  of  five  years  from  April  1,  1916,  a  certain 
portion  of  this  reservation,  about  1.12  acres.  Instnunent  dated  March  16,  1916,  and 
calls  for  the  payment  of  1100  per  year  rental. 

Potomac  Highway  Bridge,  Va. — License,  May  24,  1916,  to  H.  Rozier  Dulany,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  to  enter  upon  and  fill  in  to  the  approximate  level  of  road  such  of  the 
(jovernment  land  pertaining  to  the  right  of  way  for  the  highway  bridge  and  Arlington 
roadway  as  has  not  yet  been  filled,  at  the  south  end  of  the  highway  bridge. 

Presidio  of  San  Francisco,  Cal. — Kevocable  license,  Septemoer  2, 1915,  to  the  Pacific 
(jas  &  Electric  Co.  to  locate  cable  house  on  this  reservation,  and  to  extend  pole  line 
across  Fort  Baker,  |1,000  to  be  paid  for  the  privilege. 

Revocable  license,  March  6, 1916,  to  the  Pacific  Telephone  &  Tel^^ph  Co.  to  erect 
and  maintain  three  poles  on  this  military  reservation  in  order  to  connect  its  telephone 
system  with  the  Ufe-savine  station  near  Fort  Point. 

Revocable  license,  dated  June  8,  1916,  to  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  to  erect  and  maintain  a 
temporary  building  on  the  reservation,  it  being  understood  that  steps  will  be  taken 
by  the  licensee  to  raise  fimds  for  more  pennanent  buildings,  and  that  work  on  eaid 
permanent  structure  will  be  commenced  within  three  years  from  the  date  of  thia 
ucense. 

Fort  St.  Michael,  Alaska. — Revocable  license  dated  August  10,  1915,  to  Patrick 
CoHey,  covering  the  building  known  as  Mess  House,  situated  upon  a  tract  of  ground 
22  feet  front  by  60  feet  deep,  which  premises  were  formerly  occupied  by  Robert  E. 
Flynn  under  revocable  license  datea  March  31,  1915.  Mr.  Coney  purchased  the 
rights  of  Mr.  Flynn. 

License,  September  16,  1915,  to  Alexander  Stevens  to  occupy  a  tract  of  land  on  the 
reservation  and  to  maintain  and  occupy  thereon  for  residential  purposes  the  building 
erected  under  War  Department  license  dated  October  28,  1908,  to  John  A.  Tilly,  the 
license  to  the  latter  being  revoked. 

License,  January  17,  1916,  to  Frank  P.  Williams,  formerly  a  member  of  the  firm  of 
Traeger  &  Williams,  he  ha\'ing  acquired  from  Traeger,  the  other  member  of  the  firm, 
by  instrument  dated  June  28,  191o,  all  his  right,  title,  and  interest  in  and  to  the 
business,  buildings,  and  other  property  of  said  firm. 

Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex. — ^Permission  withdrawn  November  24,  1915,  to  Miae 
Katherine  Stinson,  aviator,  to  use  hangars,  etc.,  for  storing  her  aeroplane.  By  same 
instrument  permission  also  withdrawn  to  Mr.  R.  E.  Wa^er  covering  similar  use. 

Revocable  license  of  January  17,  1916,  to  San  Antomo  Gas  &  Electric  Co.  to  build 
pole  line  across  the  reservation  for  Buppl>ing  the  new  aviation  post  with  electric 
current. 

San  Di^o,  Cal. — Revoca"ble  license,  December  2,  1915,  to  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  Railway  Co.  to  maintain  its  wharf,  known  as  the  "Long  Wharf,"  in  the 
harbor  of  San  Diego,  where  i^  extends  across  certain  submerged  lands  of  the  United 
States. 

License,  December  31, 1M5,  to  Janus  Bros.,  renewed  for  one  year,  and  which  now 
expires  December  31, 1916.  This  covers  the  occupation  and  use  of  that  portion  of  the 
reservation  known  as  the  "Wharf  Lot,"  situatea  near  the  foot  of  California  Street, 
for  the  purpose  of  harboring  and  launching  flying  boats. 

San  Juan,  P.  i?.— Permission  by  the  SecreUuy  of  War,  August  16,  1915,  to  the 
Governor  of  Porto  Rico  for  the  construction  of  a  jury  room  on  the  roof  of  the  building 
occupied  by  the  District  Court  of  San  Juan  and  known  as  Santo  Domingo  Barracks, 
the  title  of  which  is  in  the  War  Department. 

San  Pedro  Military  Reservation,  Val. — Revocable  license  of  December  4,  1915,  to  the 
Southern  Pacific  Railway  Co.  to  maintain  and  operate  its  railway  lines  across  the 
military  reservation  in  Los  Angeles  County,  Cal. 

Sckofield  Barracks,  Cattail.— Revocable  license  of  April  20,  1916,  to  Second  Lieut 
Dexter  C.  Rumsey,  Fourth  Cavalry,  to  build  a  garage  of  frsune  construction  in  rear 
of  quarters.  No.  1013,  Artillery-Cavalry  cantonment. 

Fort  Sheridan,  III. — ^Permission,  November  17,  1915,  to  the  Illinois  Field  Artillery, 
Battery  C^  to  occupy  gim  shed  and  barracks. 

Permission,  December  31,  1915,  to  the  same  organization  to  occupy  stables  (to  use 
south  half  of  stable  No.  98). 

Fort  Silly  Okla. — Revocable  license  to  the  Lawton  Lighting  &  Railway  Co.  dated 
July  16,  1915,  to  connect  the  waiting  stations  on  the  line  of  its  electric  railway  acroas 
the  reservation  with  the  electric  lightine,  water,  and  sewerage  systems  of  the  poet. 

Fort  Snelling,  Minn. — License  dated  August  11,  1915,  to  the  Twin  City  Rapid 
Transit  Co.  to  construct  a  double-track  extension  of  its  electric  railroad  along  the 
northern  and  western  boundary  of  the  reservation. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENEBAL.  431 

New  license  dated  August  24, 1915,  to  the  same  company  and  for  the  same  piupose  aa 
above,  except  that  the  center  line  of  the  proposed  extension  will  be  located  35  feet  from 
the  boundary  line  of  the  reservation.  In  the  instrument  of  August  11, 1915,  the  center 
line  was  16^  feet. 

Permission,  December  15,  1915,  to  the  Field  Artillery  of  the  State  of  Minnesota  to 
use  and  occupy  Artillery  Barracks. 

Fort  Standisn,  Mass. — ^Permission,  March  4,  1916,  to  the  Lighthouse  Service  to 
install  at  its  own  expense  an  independent  pipe  line. 

Fort  Terry,  N.  Y. — Permission  granted  April  11,  1916,  to  D.  Milton  Rackett,  who 
is  engaged  in  the  lobstering  business  on  Long  Island  Sound,  to  land  his  boat  at  the 
dock  on  Plum  Island  during  stormy  weather. 

Fort  Thomas,  Ky. — ^Lease  oated  March  9,  1916,  to  John  Schmidt  of  the  target  range 
belonging  to  this  post^  rental  $100  per  annum. 

Tobyhanna,  Pa. — ^License  dated  August  10, 1915,  to  Thomas  Brady  to  flood  and  sub- 
merge certain  lands. 

Lease  dated  May  3,  1916,  to  Tobyhanna  Rod  and  Gun  Club  of  1  acre,  about  one- 
third  of  a  mile  below  the  club  house,  for  a  yearly  rental  of  |1, 

Vancouver  Barracks,  Wash. — Permission  dated  April  22. 1916,  to  the  Portland  Rail- 
way Light  &  Power  Co.  for  permission  to  install  an  additional  electric  light  line. 
This  company  purchased  the  electric  light  line  of  the  Mount  Hood  Railway  Light  <% 
Power  Co. 

Fort  Walla  Walla,  Wash. — ^Revocable  license  of  August  9,  1915,  to  the  Commercial 
Club  of  Walla  Walla  to  occupy  for  hospital  purposes  the  porch  of  barracks  No.  69 
and  the  rear  part  of  the  old  band  quarters,  and  to  keep  cows  and  one  horse  in  stable 
No.  31. 

Lease  dated  March  24,  1916,  to  C.  S.  Norman  of  certain  portions  of  the  military 
reserv'ation  for  the  term  of  one  year  from  the  1st  of  April,  1916.  Rental,  $1,255 
per  year. 

Fort  Washington,  Md. — Relinquishment  to  the  War  Department,  August  21,  1915, 
by  the  Commerce  Department,  of  old  brick  building  at  Fort  Washington  Light  Sta- 
tion, used  by  the  Lighthouse  Service  by  virtue  of  license  granted  by  the  War  De- 
partment of  November  8,  1882. 

West  Point,  N.  Y. — ^Permission,  August  12,  1915,  to  the  board  of  commissioners  of 
the  Palisades  Interstate  Park  to  erect  bridge  and  approaches  upon  reserv^ation  of 
Popolopen  Creek,  which  was  acquired  by  the  Government  for  the  protection  of  the 
water  supply  at  West  Point. 

Revocable  license  of  January  12,  1916,  to  the  same  people  to  construct  dams  on 
Queensboro  Brook,  in  order  to  impound  the  water  of  the  said  brook  and  create  arti- 
ficial basins  or  lakes  with  the  double  purpose  of  conserving  the  water  flowing  from  the 
territory  drained  by  said  brook  and  adding  to  the  natural  beauty  of  said  temtory. 

Whipple  Barracks,  Ariz. — Revocation  of  license,  November  4,  1915,  to  the  Prescott 
&  Mount  Union  Railway  Co.  to  construct,  operate,  and  maintain  a  line  of  electric 
railway.    License  was  granted  to  the  company  on  June  26,  1905. 

Revocable  license  of  November  4,  1915,  to  Thomas  H.  Hager  to  remove  certain  old 
coi)per  (trolley)  wire  acquired  by  him  from  the  creditors  of  the  Prescott  A  Mount  Union 
Railway  Co. 

Permission,  March  2,  1916,  to  the  board  of  supervisors  of  this  county  to  relocate 
a  portion  of  the  county  road  passii^  through  this  reser/ation. 

Fort  William  Henry  Harrison,  Mo7it. — Permission  dated  August  12,  1915,  by  the 
Secretary  of  War  to  the  Helena  Country  Club  to  put  in  an  entrance  to  the  porch  on  the 
south  end  of  the  bachelor  officers'  quarten. 


432 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENERAL. 


Exhibit  12. 

SUUement  shomng  quantities  of  clothing  and  equipage  to  be  hept  in  field  supply  depoi 
No.  1  ana  quantities  remaining  on  hand  xn  that  depot  June  SO,  1916. 


Articles. 


Breeches,  service,  cotton,  foot pairs. 

Breeches,  service,  cotton,  mounted do... 

Breeches,  service,  wool,  foot do... 

Breeches,  service,  wool,  mounted do... 

Chevrons,  olive-drab  wooL do... 

Coats,  wool,  oUve-drab 

Cords,  hat 

Drawers,  lean pairs. 

Gloves,  olive-drab,  wool do... 

Hats,  service 

Leggins,  canvas,  N.  P pairs. 

Overcoats,  olive-drab,  without  hoods 

Shirts,  flannel,  olive-drab 

Shoes,  marching,  russet pairs. 

Stockings,  cotton do... 

Stockings,  woolen,  lightweight do... 

Stockings,  woolen,  heavy do... 

Sweaten,  olive-drab,  N.  P 

Tags,  identification 

Tape,  for  above  tags yards. 

Undershirts,  cotton 


■QUIPAOI. 

Bags,  surplus  kit 

Bkinkets,  woolen,  oUve-drab,  lifi^t  weight 

Brassards 

Brushes,  tooth v. 

Combs,  medium 

Elbows,  stovepipe,  tent 

Flies,  tent,  storage 

Flies,  tent,  wall,  small 

Beadnets,  mosquito 

Ofl,  neat's-foot gallons. 

Pins,  tent: 


8 


Shelter,  aluminum 

Poles,  tent: 

Pyramidal,  large 

Wall,  small,  ridee 

Wall,  small,  upright 

Shelter 

Storage,  set. 

Ranges,  field.  No.  1,  complete  with  alamo  attachments. 

Ranges,  field.  No.  2,  complete 

Soap,  toilet,!  ounce  cakes 

Stoves,  tent 

Stovepipe,  tent.  Joints 

Tent^: 


pyramidal,  large. 
Wan.  small. 


Shelter,  halves,  N.  P. 

Storage 

Towels,  huckaback 

Tripods 

WhisUes,N.  P 


To  be  kept 
in  stock. 


52,672 
9,000 
48,128 
9,000 
34,563 
60,000 
66,412 

157,500 
98,772 
40,971 
32,700 
64,324 
89,297 

164.897 
25,935 

300,677 
10,000 


106,370 
106,693 
180,512 


0,538 

71,717 

801 

50,690 

50,600 

1,183 

252 

1,183 

122,338 

1,496 

228,310 
235,179 
290,886 

7,339 

1,183 

2,366 

17,464 

252 

006 

1A5 

50,690 

18,834 

134,787 

7,339 
1,183 

59,977 
252 

50,690 
7,339 

10,723 


Total  in 

depot  June 

30, 1916. 


50,690 


122,338 


606 

165 
50,090 
18,834 
42,337 


50,000 


REPORT  OP  THE  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 


433 


Exhibit  13. 

Statement  showing  number  of  National  Gvmd  and  Organized  Militia  moved  to  Mexican 

border  from  each  State  prior  to  Aug.  i,  1916. 


Organization. 


Arlxona: 

1  regiment  infiantry. 


California: 

1  brigade  (3  regiments  Tnfontry),  1  squadron  Cav- 
alry, 1  battalion  Field  Artillery,  1  company  Signal 
Corps,  1  ambulance  company,  1  field  nospitaT. 

Connecticut: 

2  regiments  Infantry,  1  squadron  Cavalry,  1  battery 
Field  Artillery,  1  company  Signal  Corps,  1  ambu- 
lance company,  field  hospital. 

Recruits 


Delaware: 

2  battalions  Infantry. 


District  of  Columbia: 

1  separate  battalion  Infantry,  1  company  Signal 
C<xrps,  1  field  hospital. 


Idaho: 

1  regiment  Infantry . 


Illinois: 

2  brindes  Infantry  (3  regiments  each),  2  battalions 

Field  Artillery,  i  company  Engineers,  1  company 

Signal  Corps,  2  field  hospitals. 
1  regiment  Cavalry 


Indiana: 

8  regiments  Inluitry,  1  battalion  Field  Artillery,  1 
company  Signal  Corps,  1  ambulance  company,  2 
Add  hospitals. 
Iowa: 

1  brigade  Infantry  (3  regiments),  1  battalion  Field 
Artillery.  1  company  engineers,  1  ambulance  com- 
pany. 1  field  hospital. 
1  iquaaron  Cavalry 


Kansas: 

2  regiments  Infantry,  1  battery  Field  Artillery,  1 
company  Signal  Corps. 
Louisiana: 

1  regiment  Infim  try 

1  troop  Cavalry , 

1  battalion  Field  Artillery 

Maine: 

1  regiment  Intentry , 

ICanrland: 

1  brisade  Inbintry  (3  regiments),  1  troop  Cavalry,  1 
ambulance  company,  1  field  hospitaL 
Maaaachusetts: 

1  briffade  Infantry  (3  regiments),  1  separato  regiment 

In&ntry,  1  squadron  Cavalry.  1  regiment  Field 

Artillery,  1  company  Signal  Corps,  1  ambulance 

company,  1  field  hospital. 

Recruits , 


Michigan: 

2  regiments  Infantry 
Minnesota: 


1  brigade  Infantry  (3  regiments),  1  battalion  Field 


Missouri 
Ibr: 


ruiery. 


ipany  e  _ 
pany,  1  field  hospitaL 
Montana: 

1  regtment  Infantry 


Total 
strength. 

Date  leaving 
mobilization  camp. 

Destination. 

915 

Mftv  11 

Douglas,  Ariz. 

June29-July  4 

4,487 

Nogales,  Ariz. 

2,186 

June27-June29... 

Do. 

866 

July  11 

1 

July  26 

3,062 

672 

Deming,  N.Mex. 

July  4 

500 

Bisbee,  Ariz. 

July7 

1,145 

Nogales,  Ariz. 

June  28-July  4 

7,904 

San  Antonio,Tex 

1,233 

July  1 

Browns  vllle,Tex 

Jnly6-Julyl2....- 
July  20-July25.... 

9,137 

3,502 

Mercedes,  Tex. 

4,247 

Brownsvllle,Tex 

267 

July  23 

Dnnn^,  Tkt, 

Julyl-July7 

4,514 

2,231 

Eagle  Pass,  Tex. 

1,619 

Julyl8-July20.... 

San  Benito, Tex. 
Mercedes,  Tex. 
I       Do. 

1,043 
3,189 

June  29 

Laredo,  Tex. 

June30-July5 

June27-June28... 

Eagle  Pass,  Tex. 

5,081 

£1  Paso,  Tax. 

2.268 

Julyl0-July26.... 

7,299 

2,556 

July8-Julyl4 

Do. 

3,725 

Julyl0-Julyl9.... 

Mercedes,  Tex. 

4,802 

Juned0-July9 

Laredo,  Tex. 

990 

July  2. 

Douglas,  Ariz. 

e9176*— WAB 1916— VOL  1 28 


434 


REPORT  OP  THE  QUARTERMASTER  QENBRAL. 


Statement  showing  numher  of  National  Ouard  and  Organized  Militia  moved  to  Jiexfean 

border  from  each  State  prior  to  Aug,  1, 1916 — Oontmued. 


OrganizatioiL 


Nebraska: 

2  reciments  Infantry,  1  company  Signal  Corps,  1 
field  hospitaL 

New  Hampshire: 

1  regiment  Intentry 

I'few  Jorsev* 

1  brigade  Infontry  (3  neimetfts),  1  sqnadron  Cav- 
alry, 2  batteries  Field  Artillery,  1  company  Sicnal 
Corps,  1  ambulance  company,  1  field  nospitaL 
New  Mexico: 

1  regiment  Infantry,  1  troop  Cayalry 

New  York: 

1  division,  including  8  brigades  of  3  regiments  each. 
Infantry;  1  reginient  and  1  squadron  and  1  ma- 
chine-gun troop  Cavalry,  2  regiments  Field  Artil- 
lery, 2  battalions  Engineers,  1  battalion  Signal 
Corps,  4  ambulance  companies,  2  field  hospitals. . 
North  Dakota: 

1  regiment  Inftotry 

Oklahoma: 

1  regiment  Infantry,  2  troops  Cavalry,  1  fi^  hospl- 

Oregon: 

1  regiment  Infantry,  1  troop  Cavalry 

1  battery  Field  Artillery , 

Pennsvlvania: 

1  division,  including  3  brkades  of  8  regiments  each 
of  Infantrv;  1  regiment  Cavalry,  1  regiment  Field 
Artillery,  2oompaniesengineers,  1  battalion  simal 
Corps,  2  ambulance  companies,  2  field  hospitals. 
RJiode  Isumd: 

4  troops  Cavalry,  1  battery  Field  Artillery,  1  ambu- 
Iimce  company. 
Sooth  Dakota: 

1  regiment  Infantry 

Texas* 

3  ragiments  Infantry,  1  squadron  Cavalry,  1  battery 

field  Artillery,  1  field  hospital. 
Utah: 

2 squadrons  Cavalry,  1  battery  Field  Artillery,  1  field 
hospitaL 
Vennont: 

1  regiment  Infantry , 

Virginia: 

2  regiments  Infantry , 

Washington: 

1  regfanent  Infemtry,  1  troop  Cavalry,  1  company 
Si^al  Corps. 
Wisoonsm: 

1  brigade  Infantry  (3  regiments).  1  troop  Cavalry, 
1  battery  Field  Artillery,  1  field  hospitaL 

Grand  total  


Total 
strraigth. 


1,910 

909 
4,067 

754 
16,729 


1,085 
1,594 


1,230 
179 


1,415 
12,998 

065 

1,016 
8,876 

779 

906 
1,898 

2,  on 

4,009 


111,919 


Date  leaving 
mobflisatioo  camp. 


July7-July9..... 

July  15 

Jane26-July2... 

May  11 

June27-July  15... 


July  22. 

July  19 

June  27-June  29 
June  28 


June29-Jaly9.... 

June80-July9.... 

July  31 

May  11 

June  27- July  14... 

June  27 

July  6 

June30-nJuly4... 

Julyl-Julyl3 


Destinatlofi. 


Mercedes,  Tex. 

Laredo,  Tax. 
Douglas, 


Columbus,  N. 
Mex. 

Brownsville  dli- 
trlct,Tex. 


Mepoedes,  Test. 

San  Benito  and 
Donna,  Tex. 

San  Diego,  OaL 
Calexioo.GaL 


BlPM0,Tac. 


Do. 


San  Benito,  Tax. 

San  Antonio, 
Tex. 

Negate,  Arls. 

Eagle  Pass,  Tax. 

Brownsvilla^ 
Tex. 

Oalexloo,OaL 


San   Antonio, 
Tex. 


Exhibit  14. 

Principal  movements  of  troops  for  strictly  military  purposes,  thanges  of  station,  etc.,  with 

cost  of  each  movement. 

(No  movement  less  than  one  troop,  battery,  or  company  reported.] 
Rnglneefi: 

Company  B,  First  Battalion,  Fort  Screven.  Oa.,  to  Washington  Barracks,  D.  0 88,00Qi0Q 

Second  Battalion,  San  Antonio,  Tex.,  to  El  Paso,  Tex 4,860  80 

Company  C.  First  Battalion,  New  York,  N.  Y,  to  Washhigton,  D.C 485.00 

Company  F,  Second  Battalion.  Santa  Rosa,  Cal.,  to  Vaoooaver  Barraeks,  Wasn 79a  00 

Company  D,  First  Battalion,  Plattsburg  Barracks,  N.  Y..  to  Tarrytown,  N.  Y. ,  and  retuni.  OOa  86 

Company  D,  First  Battalion,  Plattsburg  Banraoks,  N.  Y.,  to  Washhigion,  D.C 867.a 

Company  D,  First  Battalion,  Washington,  D.  C,  to  Plattsburg  Barracks,  N.  Y 1,848.4a 

Company  A,  First  Battalion,  Washington,  D.  C,  to  Portsmouth,  N.  H 2,675. 7S 

Company  B,  First  Battalion,  Washington,  D.  C,  to  Fort  Screven,  Oa. 3,126.46 

Company  C,  First  Battellon,  Waahfaigton,  D.  C^  to  Fort  Odethqrpe,  Oa. 2,041.00 

Company  C,  Firat  BattaUon,  Fort  O^borpe,  Oa.,  to  Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex. 2,9M.60 

Company  D,  First  BattaUon,  Washington,  D.  C,  to  Plattsburg  Barracks.  N.  Y 1.884.00 


BEPORT  OF  THE  QUARTEBMA8TEB  QENERAL.  435 

Prineipal  movemenU  qf  trooptfor  itrictly  mUUary  marpouBt  changes  of  station,  etc. ,  with 

cost  of  each  movement — Continued. 

Bngineen— Continued. 

SMond  Battalion,  OalTeftoQ,  T«x.,  to  San  Antonio,  T«z $1,626.88 

Companv  Knfdncen,  Lowell,  ICass.,  to  Harrisville,  R.  1 196.49 

Company  EnicinMrs,  Bonme,  lCa8t.,to  Washington,  D.C 463.66 

Battalion  En^MTB.  El  Paso, Tax.,  to Colomlms.  N.  Max l,ltt.80 

Company  O,  Fort  Blist,  Tax.,  to Ooiombat,  N.  Itaz 1,W1.88 

Flitt  Cavalry: 

Troop  B,  San  Diego  to  Calaxioo,  Cal No  cost* 

Troop  M,  San  DieJKO  to  Calexico,Cal No  cost 

Haaaquartera  Band,  machJne-cun  troop,  and  Troops  C,  E,  F,  O,  H,  and  I,  Presidio  of  Mon- 
terey, Oal.,  to  Dooclas.  Arts 34,797.00 

Troops  A,  D.  K.  and  L,  Fort  Rosecrans.  Cal.,  to  Dooflss,  Aria.,  and  paok  train  No.  12 10. 884. 67 

Troop  A.  Calexioo,  Cal.,  to  San  Di«<^,  Cal No  cost. 

Troop  Kl Calaxloo,  Cal.,  to  San  Diego,  Cal Nooost. 

Saoond  Cavau^: 

Troop  A,  Fort  lCyer,Va.,  to  Fort  Oglethorpe,  Qa 1,660.00 

1  squadron,  Fort  Ethan  Allen,  Vt.,  to  Springfield,  Ifsss 6,248.00 

1  squadron,  Fort  Ethan  Alien,  Vt.,  to  FortHyer,  Va 8,330.00 

3  troops,  Fort  Ethan  Allen,  Vt.,  to  rUttaburg  Barracks,  N.  T 28160 

6  troons.  Fort  Ethan  Allen,  Vt..  to  PUttsbuiyBarrscks.N.Y 000.00 

Second  Squadron,  Plattsburg  Bamcks,  N.  V.,  to  Fort  Ethan  Allen,  Vt 340. 7S 

Fifth  Cavalry: 

First  Squadron.  Fort  Sheridan,  ni..  to  Columbus,  N.  Mez. 16,831.10 

Hsftd  iiiarters  Band  and  Troops  I,  IC,  L,  and  M,  Fort  Myer,  Va..  to  Columbus,  N.  Ilex. .  18, 078. 00 

Seoona  Squadron,  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kans.,  to  Columbus,  N.  Ilex 12,261. 7S 

Sixth  Ca%-alry:  All,  OalTsston  to  Harilngen,  Tex 14,177.41 

Baventh  Cavalrv: 

All,  except  Troops  A,  B. and  C,  San  Frencisoo,  C4d.,  to  Douglas,  Aris 10,714.11 

Troops  A,  B, ana  C,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  to  HadiJta,N.lfex 6,604.00 

Blghth  ravalry: 

All,  ti^ui  Francteco,  Cal.,  to  Fort  Bliss.  Tex. 14,644.01 

Troop  B,  Foct  Bliss,  Tex,  to  Fabcns, Tex 60.70 

Troop  C,  Fort  Bliss,  Tex.,  to  Foft  Hancock,  Tex 80.66 

Troop  D,  Fort  HiLss.  Tex.,  to  Sierra  Blanca,Tex 150.00 

Two  troops.  Fort  Bliss, Tex.,  to  ICaratbon,  Tex 894.40 

Bleventh  Cavalry: 

All,  Fort  Oglethorpe,  Oa.,  to  El  Paso,  Tex 66.000.20 

All,  Kl  Paso,  Tex.,  to  Columbus,  N.  Hex 0,846.00 

Twelfth  Cavalry: 

First  Squadron.  Mercedes, Tex.,  to  Galvestoti,  Tex 3,346.06 

Headquarters  Band,  Troops  F  and  G,  and  machinei{un  troop.  Fort  Robinsoa,  Nebr.,  to 

FtntSquadron.Crlstobal.C.  Z.,  toCorotal.C.  Z 28LflO 

Troops  E  and  H,  Twalfth  Cavahry,  Fort  D.  A.  RusselL  Wyo.,  to  Columbus,  N.  Hex 7, 103. 66 

Third  Squadron,  Fort  Meade,  S.  Dak.,  to  Hachita,  NTlCex 30,673.00 

Fifteenth  Cavalry:  All,  Fort  bliss,  Tax.,  to  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  tn  route  to  tha  PhUtoplna 

Islands. 10|300.9I 

Second  Fldd  ArtUlery. 

Battery  C,  San  Antonio, Tex.,  to  Anniston,  Ala. 2.914.04 

Regulation  Headquarters,  and  Battery  B,  F,  and  A,  San  Antonio,  Tex.,  to  Sparta,  Wis. .  0, 734. 80 

Third  Field  Artillery: 

Hsftdquarten  and  Battery  B,  Camp  Robtaisan,  Sparta,  Wis.,  to  Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tax.  3, 782. 79 

Band  and  Battery  A,  Gamp  Robinson.  SparU,  wis.,  to  Fort  Sheridan,  111 1.907.00 

Battery  A  and  band.  Fort  Sheridan,  lU..  la  Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex 6,121.42 

Battery  D,  Plattsburg  Barracks,  N.  Y.,  to  Harrisbarg,  Pa 1,885.67 

Fourth  Field  Artillery: 

All.  El  Paso  to  Fort  BlisB.  Tex.,  en  route  Ikum  Galveston,  Tex 100.00 

Battery  D,  Fort  BUss  to  HarUngen*  Tax 7,049.90 

Flrat  Battalkm,  Fort  Bliss.  Tex.,  to  Columbus,  N.  Mex 0,127.00 

Beoood  Battalion,  Fort  Bliss  to  Qalverton,  Tex.,  en  route  to  Canal  Zone 11, 466.00 

Fifth  Field  ArtUlery: 

Battery  A,  Fort  sni,  Okla.,  to  El  Paso,  Tex 6,34a46 

Battery  B,  Fort  sni,  Okla.,  to  BrownsvOle,  Tex 0,788.41 

Battery  E,  Fcrt  Sill,  Okla.,  to  Brownsville,  Tex 0,956.00 

Battery  E,  Fort  Sill,  Okla.,  to  El  Paso,  Tex 7.772.80 

Battery  D.  Fort  8U1,  Okla.,  to  Brownsville,  Tex 0,907.48 

Battery  F,  Fort  Bill,  OkU.,  to  Brownsville,  Tax 0,907.48 

Battery  B,  Fort  KUl,  Okla.,  to  El  Paso,  Tex 6,340.46 

Battery  C.  Fort  Sm,  Okla.,  to  Kl  Peso,  Tex 0.082.00 

Sixth  Field  Artillery: 

BattaryD,  ForfRlley.Kaii8.,toNoga]es.  Arls. 11,404.06 

Battery  B.  Gigling,  CM.,  to  Douglas,  Arts 0,400i79 

TMrteentn  Band^  San  DIeco.  CaL,  to  San  Francisco,  CaL, an  route  to  Honolulu,  Haw^. .  383. 36 
Thlrtasntli  Company,  San  Diego,  Cil.,  to  Port  Townsend,  Wash.,  an  route  to  Fort  Woroen, 

WMh rr^! :....... i,«w.88 

One  hnndrad  and  stxtieib  Comnanj,  Ban  Diego,  CaL.  to  Fort  Stevens.  Orec 1,138.16 

Thlr^-thlrd  Company,  Port  Ooiumbia,  Waslu,  to  San  Francisco,  Oil.,  an  routa  to  Manila, 

P.  I. 011.67 

Twnty-eeventh  Company,  Fort  WlnflaM  Scott,  Cal.,  to  Prssldlo  of  Monterey.  Oal No  cost. 

One  hundred  and  lorty-seventli  Company,  Fori  Winflek)  Soott  to  PrsskSio  or  Monterey, 

Oal Nooost. 

Btvonty-fourth  Company.  FortSmvens.  Ga..  to  Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tax 2,288.92 

Oaa  hundrod  and  sixty-seventh  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y.,  to  Laredo,  Tex 6,234. 13 

Oaa  hundred  and  first,  One  hundred  and  sixty-flith.  and  Ona  hundred  and  sixty<aevanth 

Companies,  Fort  Tottan,  N.  Y.,  to  Qofanon  Island,  N.  Y Transport. 


1 


436         REPORT  OF  THE  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 

Principal  movements  of  troops  for  strictly  military  jaurj>oseSy  changes  o/stationy  etc.^  rcith 

cost  of  each  movement— Coniinned, 

Coast  Artillery  Corps— Continued. 

Righty-soTenth  Company.  Fort  Totten,  N.  Y„  to  Panama  Canal Transport 

Forty-sixth  and  One  nnnored  and  forty-first  Companies,  Fort  Strong,  Mass.,  to  Fort  Sam 

Houston.  Tex $8,064.00 

First,  Fifth,  Eighth,  Twenty-fourth,  Thirty-seventh,  Forty-nh»th.  Fiftieth,  Fifty-first, 
Eighty-ninth,  One  hundred  and  seventh,  and  One  hundred  and  fifty-fourth  Companies, 

Fort  Williams,  Me.,  to  Camp  White,  Gambo  Falls,  Me.,  and  return 476.00 

Eijdith  Company,  Fort  McKlnley,  Me.,  to  New  York  City,  N.  Y.,  en  route  to  Fort  Grant, 

Canal  Zone 349.13 

Twenty-fburth,  Forty-nfaith,  and  Bighty-nfaith  Companies,  Fort  Williams,  Me.,  to  Platts- 

burg  Barracks,  N.  V 1.7ia21 

Second  Band,  Fort  Williams,  Mt.,  to  Plattsburg  Barracks,  N.  Y 176.19 

First  and  One  hundred  and  fifty-fourth  Companies,  Fort  McKinley,  Me.,  to  Fort  Sam 

Houston,  Tex 10,9CS.28 

Second  Company.  Fort  H.  G.  Wright,  N.  Y.,  to  San  Francisco,  Cal 5,736.04 

One  hundredth  Company,  Fort  H.  O.  Wright,  N.  Y..  to  Plattsburg  Barracks,  N.  Y 92a  32 

One  hundred  and  twenty-fifth  Company,  Fort  H.  G.  Wright.  N.  Y.,  to  San  Francisco,  Cal. .  6,907. 88 

One  hundred  and  thirty-fourth  Company,  Fort  H.  G.  Wright,  N.  Y.,  to  Eagle  Pass.  Tex.  6,262. 36 

One  hundred  and  forty-sixth  Company,  Fort  H.  G.  Wright,  N.  Y.,  to  Eagle  Pass,  Tex. . .  6,262. 36 

Company,  Fort  Rodman.  Mass.,  to  Fort  Terry,  N.  Y 25.00 

Two  companies,  Newport,  R.  I.,  to  Plattsburg  Barracks,  N.  Y 2,014.36 

Two  companies,  Newixirt,  R.  I.,  to  Eagle  Pass,  Tex. 8,964.39 

Twentieth  and  beventy-seventh  Companies,  Fort  Barrancas,  Fla.,  to  Fort  Sam  Houston, 

Tex 3,902.03 

Thirty-first  Company,  Fort  Caswell,  N.  C,  to  Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex 3.506.83 

One  hundred  and  twenty-seventh  Company,  Fort  Crockett  to  Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex 679. 00 

One  hundred  and  twelfth  and  One  hundred  and  thirty-ninth  Companies,  Delaware  City, 

Del.,  to  Fort  Monroe,  Va.,  and  return 1, 156. 48 

Fourth  and  Thirty-sixth  Companies,  Delaware  City,  Del.,  to  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  en  route 

toManlla,  P.  1 14,871.60 

One  hundred  and  twelfth  Company,  Delaware  City.  Del.,  to  San  Antonio,  Tex 2. 353. 40 

Thirty-second  Company,  Fort  Baker,  Cal.,  to  Presiaio  of  Monterey.  Cal No  cost. 

One  hundred  and  sixty-first  Company.  Fort  Barry,  Cal.,  to  Presiaio  of  Monterey,  Gal No  cost. 

Sixty-third  Company,  Fort  Worden,  Wash.,  to  Fort  George  Wright,  Wash 707. 16 

Ninety-third  Company,  Fort  Stevens,  Oreg.,  to  Vancouver  Barracks.  Wash 248. 58 

Ninety-fourth  Company,  Fort  Flayer,  Wash.,  to  Fort  Lawton,  Wash 4.90 

One  company,  Fort  Hancock,  N.  J.,  to  Laredo,  Tex 4,777.66 

One  company,  Fort  Howard,  Md.,  io  Fort  Monroe,  Va.,  and  return 650.00 

One  company,  Fort  Howard,  Md.,  to  El  Paso,  Tex 3.740.00 

Forty-seventh  Company,  Fort  Hunt,  Va.,  to  Fort  Monroe,  Va 100. 00 

Seventeenth  Company,  Fort  Hunt,  Va.,  to  San  Francisco,  Gal^  en  route  to  Manila,  P.  I . .  3. 885. 00 
One  hundred  and  sixty-fourth  Company,  Jackson  Barracks,  La.,  to  Fort  Sam  Houston, 

Tex 1 ,  500. 00 

Three  companies.  Boston,  Mass.,  to  Plattsburg  Barracks,  N.  Y 1,808.68 

Forty-first  and  Sixty-ninth  Companies,  Fort  Oglethorpe,  Ga..  to  Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex.  3,063.  ^ 

Ei^t  companies  and  band,  Fort  Monroe,  Va.,  to  Phoenix,  Md..  and  return 4,178.70 

Four  companies,  Fort  Monroe,  Va.,  to  Fort  Oi^lethorpe.  Ga 6, 126.00 

One  hundred  and  forty-fifth  Company,  Fort  Moultrie,  8.  C,  to  Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex. . .  2,375. 96 

Sixtieth  and  Thirty-eighth  Companies,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  to  San  Diego,  Cal 2,962. 36 

Provisional  Battalion  and  Provisional  Field  Battery,  San  Francisco,  Cat.,  to  Calexico,  Cal.  8, 707. 33 

Third  Infantry: 

First  Battalion,  Malone  Junction,  N.  Y.,  to  Oswego.  N.  Y 1,033.96 

Second  and  Third  Battalion,  Malone  Junction,  N.  Y.,  to  Sacket  Harbor.  N.  Y 2,72!i.83 

Two  companies,  First  Battalion.  Fort  Ontario,  N.  Y^  to  Ludlngton,  Mich 1.082.00 

First  Battalion.  Fort  Ontario,  N.  Y.,  to  Eagle  Pass,  Tex 11,778.76 

Band,  Sacket  Harbor,  N.  Y..  to  Ludington.  Mfch 590.74 

Machine-gun  company,  Sacket  Harbor,  N.  V.,  to  Indiana,  Pa 317.66 

Machine-gun  company.  Indiana,  Pa.,  to  Sacket  Harbor,  N.  Y 308.51 

All,  Sacket  Harbor,  N.Y.  to  Eagle  Pass,  Tex 26,030.14 

Fourth  In&ntry:  All,  Galveston  to  Brownsville,  Tex 11,368.63 

Sixth  Inftmtry:  All,  El  Paso,  Tex.,  to  Columbus,  N.  Mex 6,922.90 

Seventh  Infentry: 

All,  Galveston,  Tex.,  to  EI  Paso,  Tex 23,755.14 

AU,  El  Paso.  Tex.,  to  Fort  Bliss,  Tex lOaOO 

(En  route  from  Galveston.  Tex.) 

All,  Fort  Bliss,  Tex. ,  to  Douglas,  Arix ll,8S6cfiO 

Fourteenth  In&ntry: 

Headquarters,  band,  and  Second  Battalion.  Fort  Lawton,  Wash.,  to  Douglas,  Arix 12,771.43 

Third  Battalion,  Fort  George  Wright,  Wash.,  to  Douglas,  Arit 15,744.19 

Stxtenth  Infantry:  All,  El  Paso,  Tex.,  to  Columbus,  N.  Mex 5,658.00 

Nfaietecnth  Infantry: 

Company  E,  Fort  Sheridan.  III.,  to  Fort  SUl.OkIa l.ST.Sf 

Companies  E  and  H,  Fort  Sill.  Okla.,  to  Spotford,  Tex 3.614.  tt 

Companies  A  and  B,  San  Antonio,  Tcx^  to  Del  Rio.  Tex 631.50 

NineteenthlniiBitry,  Galveston  to  Del  Rfo,  Tex.,  Third  Battolfcn 3.646.23 

Headquarten,  First  Battalion,  and  Companies  F  and  G,  Galveston  to  San  Antonio,  Tex.  4.17a  W 

Companies  E  and  H,  Galveston,  Tex.,  to  Fort  Sill.  Okla 1.907.96 

Twentleu  Infantry: 

AU,  Fort  Bliss,  Tex.,  to  Douglas,  Arfa 11.XK.00 

First  BattalfcMi,  Fort  Bliss,  Tex.,  to  Columbus,  N.  M« l.lOfi.46 

Companies  E  and  F.  El  Paso,  Tex.,  to  Demin£,  N.  Mex 70140 

Companica  E  and  F,  Doming,  N.  Mex.,  to  El  Paso,  Tex 796.00 

Twoity-flrst  InCsntry: 

Company  K,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  to  Vanooover  Barracks,  Wash 83X64 

Company  K,  Vancouver  Barracks,  Wash.,  to  Presidio  of  San  Franeiioo.  Cal 3A96 

Third  Battaikm,  Vanoouver  Banaoks.  Wash.,  to  El  Ccntro,  Cal 4,6Ta  m 

Haadqaarter8,a&dSeooiidBattallon,VanooaT«rBaniola,Waah.,  to  Yuma,  Aria (,4I1M 


EEPOBT  OP  THE  QUARTEBMASTEB  GENERAL.  437 

Principal  movemenU  of  troops  for  strictly  miliiaryjpurj>08es,  changes  oj  station,  etc,  with 

'    cost  of  each  woi'«?n€nt— Continued. 

Twenty-Ant  Infantry— Continued. 

Comnmy  C,  VanooQTer  Barnoks,  Waah.,  to  Noeales,  Ariz $1,871.07 

Machine Qun. Company,  Vanoouvcr Barracka,  wash.,  to Calexico,  Cal 616.22 

Third  BattaUoD,  El  Centre.  Cal.,  to  CalezloOfCal No  cost. 

Band,  Camp  at  San  Diego.  Cal.,  to  Yuma,  Aril 226.80 

CompanieaA,  B,and  D,  Dan  Diego, Cal.,  to  Nogalee,  Arts ^ 6,427.48 


Twenty-lou^y*  ^M^^yi  - ' .    _    .1.       '      '  I 

t^yo.,  to  Columbus,  >r.  kex 

Companies  B  and  C,  Fort  Bliss,  Tex^  to  Columbus, N.  Hex 1.960.45 


All,  San  Francisoo.  Cal..  to  Fort  D.  A.  Russell.  Wyo #. 54,198.43 

*""'''  "  '      "     ,  N.  Itej 


All,  Fort  D.  A .  Russell ,  W yo. ,  to  Columbus,  N .  Hex 53, 838. 25 

Companies  B  and  C,  Fort  Bliss,  Tex^  to  Columbus,  N.  Hex 1. 

Twenty-sixth Infuitry:  All,  Galveston, Tex.,  to BrownsviUe, Tex 9,249.45 

Tweo^-flinth  Inbnt^:  Company  A,  Culebm,C.Z.,  to  Corocal,C.Z 13.40 

Thirtieth  InfiEmtry: 

Company  A,  rlattsbuig  Bamcks.  N.  Y.,  to  Burlington.  Vt.. 45.06 

Maohine-gun  company.  Plattsburg  Barracks,  N.  Y.,  to  Burlington,  Vt 45.S0 

All,  Platisburg  Banacks,  N.  Y.,  to  San  Antonio,  Tex 26,366.66 

Signal  Corps: 

Company  A,  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kans.,  to  Fort  Sheridan,  £11 1,849.92 

CompanyA,  Fort  Sheridan,  111.,  to  Weehawl«LN.  J 2.551.36 

First  Aero  Squadron,  San  Diego,  CaL,  to  Fort  Sill,  Okla 7,604.41 

FirstAeroSquadron,  Fort  Siir,Okla.,  to  San  Antonio,  Tex 1,037.17 

First  Aero  Squadron,  San  Antonio,  Tex.,  to  Columbus.  N.  Mex 3,968.00 

Second  Aero  Squadron,  Ftnt  Company,  San  Diego,  Oai.,  to  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  en  route 

to  Manila,  P.  1 412.28 

Medical  Corps: 

Ambulance  Company  No.  1  and  Field  Hospital  Company  No.  1,  Camp  McCoy,  Sparta, 

Wis.,  to  North  Platte, Nebr ! :. .....VT...       3,6ia60 

Ambulanoe  Company  Na  1  and  Field  Hospital  Company  No.  1,  North  Platte,  Nebr.,  to 

Camp  McCoy,  Sparta.  Wis 3,6ia50 

Ambulance  Company  Na  1  and  Field  Hospital  Company  No.  1,  Fort  D.  A.  Russell,  Wyo. . 

to  £1  Paso,  Tex 4,994.05 

Ambulance  Company  Na  2  and  Field  Hospital  Company  No.  2,  Presidio  of  Ban  Fran- 
cisco. Cal,  to  nresidio  of  Monterey,  Cal No  cost. 

Ambuunce  Company  No.  2  and  Field  Hospital  Company  No.  2,  Presidio  of  Monterey, 

Cal..  to  Douglas,  Aril 4,703.07 

Ambulance  Company  Na  8  and  Field  Hospital  Company  No.  3,  El  Paso,  Tex.,  to  Colum- 
bus, N.  Mex •. 934.60 

Field  Hospital  No.  3,  Texas  City  to  Fort  Bliss.  Tex 1,408.95 

Ambulance  Company  No.  6  and  Field  Hospital  Company  Na  6,  Plattsburg  Barracks, 

N.Y.,  to  F(»t  Ethan  Allen,  Vt 87.59 

Ambulance  Company  No.  6  and  Field  Hospital  Company  No.  6,  Fort  Ethan  Allen,  Vt., 

to  Plattsburg  Barracks,  N.  Y 363.00 

Ambulance  Company  No.  6  and  Field  Hospital  Company  No.  6,  Plattsburg  Barracks, 

N.Y.,  to  Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex 5,286.63 

Ambulance  Company  No.  7  and  Field  Hospital  Company  No.  7,  San  Antonio,  Tex.,  to 

Cohimbus,  N.  Mex 3,856.00 

Miscellaneous: 

Provisional  Wagon  Company  No.  1,  Galveston  to  £1  Paso,  Tex 1,364.55 

131  officers  and  cadets  from  West  Point.  N.  Y^  to  Gettjraburg,  Pa.,  and  return 2, 066. 26 

120  officers  and  cadets,  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  to  Watervliet,  N.  Y.,  and  return 35i.  75 

Total 949,218.00 

Exhibit  15. 

Statement  showina  special  movements  of  troops  in  connection  with  labor  strikes,  parades, 
dedications  f  celebrations,  etc.,  with  cost  of  such  movements. 

Coast  ArtUlerv  Corps: 

Nineteentti  Company,  Fort  Caswell^  N._C.,  to  GoUford  Co^  House  JulyJ  celebration |96a  00 

One  comi 
Memorial  Day  parade '_ i 'S .V. '..i .'         8.20 


«nui  Company,  Fort  Caswell.  N.  C,  to  GoUford  Court  House  July  4  celebration 

ompany,  Fort  Wadsworth,  K.  Y.,  to  Cypress  HUls  Cemetery,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 

lorial  Day  parade 

One  hundred  and  forty-fifth  Company  and  Seventy-eighth  Company,  Fort  Moultrie,  S.  C, 

to  Columbia,  S.  C,  State  fiiir No  coat. 

Provisional  company  and  depot  band.  Fort  Slocum,  N.  Y.,  to  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  and 

return.  Memorial  Day  parade No  cost. 

Four  companies,  Fort  Totten,  N.  Y.,  to  Governors  Island^  N.  Y.,  Memorial  Day  parade No  cost 

Five  companies,  Fort  Totten,  N.  Y.,  to  Sandy  Hook  Proving  Ground,  N.  J.,  Memorial  Day 

parade — No  cost. 

One  hundred  and  fifty-fourth  and  One  hundred  and  fifty-fifth  Companies,  Fort  Williams, 

Me.,  to  Portland,  Mc^July  4  parade - No  cost. 

First,  Fifth,  Eirfith,  Twenty-fourth,  Thirty-seventh.  Forty-ninth,  Fiftieth,  Fifty-first, 

Eimty^iinth,  One  nundred  and  seventh.  One  hmuuvd  and  fifty-fourth,  One  hundred 

and  fifty-fifth  Companies,  participated  hi  war-condition  period  in  Boston  Harbor No  cost. 

Second  band.  First  and  Fifth  Companies,  Fort  WilUams,  Me.,  to  Portland,  Me.,  Memoria] 

Day  parade — No  cost 

Thirty-seventh  and  Fifty-first  Companies,  Fort  Williams,  Me.,  to  Portland,  Me.,  centennial 

parade — No  cost. 

Twenty-ninth  Infantry:  Company  G,  Culebra  to  Corosal,  Canal  Zone,  funeral  ceremony 24.00 

From  Washington  Baixacks.  D.  C— 

Eight  ftmerals  at  ArUngion  Cemetery,  240  street-car  tkdrets 10.00 

Band  concerts.  Washington,  D.  C,  by  Engineer  Band,  8,451  street^iar  tickets 375.35 

Detadunents  to  Chevy  i3>ase  in  connectiCHi  with  Women's  Camp,  504  street-car  tickets .  21. 00 

Total 1,398.55 


438 


SEPOBT  OF  THE  QUARTEBMASTER  GENERAL. 


Exhibit  16. 

OperatioM  of  the  transportation  division  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  in  the 

Islands. 

FREIGHT  AND  PASSENGERS  TRANSPORTED. 


A 


Passen^rs: 

Offioera 

Enlisted  men. 
Ciyflians 

Total 

Horses 


Stores: 

Quartermaster 

Ordnance ., 

Medical 

Engineer 

Signal 

Miscellaneous 


tons. 

....do... 
....do... 

. do... 

....do... 
do 


TotaL. 


Funds. 


By 
railroad. 


110 
10,334 

814 


11,258 
2 


64,026 

1,347 

18 

10 

26 

307 


65,734 


By  com- 
mercial 

vessels. 


42 
53 


95 
158 


66 


3 

38 

107 


By  wagon 
or  stage. 


25 
1 


6 
8 


40 


By 

express. 


1180,987.10 


TotaL 


10,387 
814 


U,358 
160 


64,  US 

1,M8 

18 

10 

U 

853 


66, 


1180,987.10 


STATEMENT    BHOWmG    PRINCIPAL    MOVEMENTS    OP    TROOPS    POR    STRICTLY    MIUTART 
PURPOSES,   CHANGE   OP  STATION,   ETC.,   WITH  COST  OP  EACH  MOYEMBNT. 

Two  battalions,  Second  Infontry,  annual  training  of  troops SSIAOO 

Second  Inftmtry,  annual  practice  march . 205.40 

Second  Inltotry  and  Field  Company  E,  Signal  Corps,  mapping  and  reconnoitering 212. 88 


Total. 


733.38 


SPECIAL  MOYEMENTS  OP  TROOPS  IN  CONNECTION  WITH  PARADES,  DEDICATIONS,   LABOR 

STRIKES,   ETC.,   WITH  COST  OP  SUCH  MOVEMENTS. 

February  22,  1916,  a  provisional  battalion  consisting  of  detachments  of  Tenth, 
Fifty-fifth.  One  hundred  and  fifth,  and  One  hundred  and  fifty-ninth  Companies.  Coast 
Artillery  Corps,  coast  defenses  of  Oahu,  participated  In  parade  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii, 
in  honor  of  the  anniversary  of  the  birth  of  Georee  Washington. 

February  21  to  26, 1916,  First  and  Twenty-fifth  Infantry,  Fourth  Cavalry,  And  Piist 
Field  Artillery,  less  the  necessary  guard  and  fatigue,  from  Schofield  Banacks,  ^waii, 
participated  in  the  Mld-Paclfic  Oamlval  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 

No  cost  to  the  Government  In  connection  with  the  above  movements. 

Exmarr  16^. 

Operations  of  the  transportation  division  of  the  Qiuxrtermaster  Corps  in  the  PhilippinM 

Islands. 


FREIGHT  AND  PASSENGERS  TRANSPORTED. 

By  railroad. 

1 

By  com- 
mercial 
vessels. 

By  wagon 
or  stage. 

By  express. 

Total. 

Passensera: 

Officers 

9M 

7,528 
125 

12 

40 

9 

1 

279 

Enlisted  men ^ , 

7,5«8 
134 

Civilians 

Total 

7,919 

639 
140 

779 

61 

1 

7,981 

Animals: 

Horses... 

639 

Mules 

io 

156 

Total 

16 

79i 

Stores  (tons): 

Qnart^nwaster 

20,199 

'it 

1 

36 

2OT 

20,744 

$200,518.65 
2 

845 

1 
1 
1 

2,504 
5 
3 

14 

23,001 
216 

Ordnance 

Medical 

1 

36 

Engineer 

3 

8<pnftl . .  r . . . , . 

1 

87 

Miscellaneous 

6 

273 

Total 

„     354 
$41,139.22 

27513^ 

15 

23,636 

Funds 

- 

041.~657r^ 

Remains , .  x  ^ 

3 

i 

BEPOBT  OF  THE  QtTABTEBHABTEB  QENBRAL. 


Priiuipal  wtovemeTttt  o. 


itihi,  ChinA... 
italn,  China  r^ J 


loCunp  StotMabotEi'F 


137.71 
1S7.71 


Weigld  of  baggage  (induding  houteholdgoodi  and  pertottal  tfftdi)  md  pro/aiioruil  booki 

trantpoTied  at  public  expenie  /or  officeri,  noneommittioned  offieert,  and  dvilvm  em- 
ployea,  tniih  eoit  of  Aipmeal  and  oat  of  padxng  ajid  trating;  alto  vieight  of  haggagt 
ihipptd  in  exeeti  of  authorized  alloviimix  at  the  expense  o/  the  owner. 

PNITED  STATES  (INCLUDING  ALASKA,  CANAL  ZONE,  AND  HAWAII). 


Profoi- 
Bkmal 

iwon. 

Poundt. 
11, Ma,  788 

10,307 

r.^^ 

''^■i 

H,  382,  AM 

1,511,  sao 

1,288,231 

C«gt  of  shlpniBDt  at  public  tipanse. . . 
Coat  o[  packing  and  oraUng  at  public  i 

TalBlooat 


PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS. 


■B 

Prolw- 

■WpSsr 

aipaiiM. 

'% 

'--$ 

'""uMi 

m 

873, J78 

28,S34 

13.  «0 

al  ot  iblpnuD 


.    Il.M4.7t 

ii,eai.K> 
.  u,w7.a 


440 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBBiASTEB  QENEBAL. 


Exhibit  18. 


Oott 


to  the  Qtutrtermcuter  Cwps  of  operation  of  military  telegraph  lines  in  Alaska,  exclusive 

of  the  operation  of  the  cable  shxp  **Bumside.** 


ConstniotiQQ  and  repair  of  buildings $5,334.92 

Rental  of  lodgings  and  quarters £07.25 

Rental  of  offices 400.00 

Sabfiistenoe 21,548.47 

Clothtaif 3,e7«.0l 

Water,  beat,  and  light 16,dOL1D 

Tetephone  rentals la&OO 

Scavenger  service 34.00 

Newspapers  and  periodicals 40. 05 

Forace 3,130.37 

Shoemg  animals 377.10 

Packing  and  crating 113.13 

FmoliMeofdogs 680.00 

Hire  of  dogs 0.75 

Hire  of  launches 3.00 

Purchase  of  sleds 818.07 

Stabling  public  animals : 235.  lo 

Repairs  to  means  of  transportation 1S&.S5 

WhsrCsge,  dravage,  and  hauling 9,845.55 

Snowshoes  and  snowshoe  webbing,  purchase  of 100.57 

Harness 65.14 

Miscellaneous 3.75 

Total .'- 02,199.83 

Exhibit  19. 
Motor  trucks  purchased  during  the  fiscal  year  1916,  except  the  Philippine  Islands. 


Make. 


Locomobile. 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

SS::::: 
SS::::: 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do  .... 

Do 

Do 

>o 

>o 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

>o 

>o 

Do 

Do 

gS::::: 
82::::: 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

gS::::: 

Do  .... 

Do 

Do 

Do 


g| 


g; 


Date 

purchased. 


June  34,1916 

do.. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 


....do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

....do 

do 

do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

do 

....do 

do 

do 

do 

.....do 

.....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

May   13,1916 

do 

....do 

...do 

do 

....do 


Capacity. 

Serial 
number. 

Ton*. 

3 

2376 

3 

2277 

3 

2210 

3 

2717 

3 

2227 

3 

2258 

3 

2261 

3 

2363 

3 

1633 

3 

2115 

3 

2116 

3 

2117 

3 

2122 

3 

2209 

3 

2211 

3 

2218 

3 

2219 

3 

2220 

3 

2221 

3 

2234 

3 

2225 

3 

2226 

3 

2253 

3 

2254 

3 

2255 

3 

2256 

3 

2257 

3 

2250 

3 

2360 

3 

3262 

3 

2265 

3 

2266 

3 

2367 

3 

3260 

3 

2270 

3 

2272 

3 

2273 

3 

2274 

3 

2275 

3 

1615 

3 

1617 

3 

1621 

3 

1622 

3 

1634 

8 

1530 

Cost. 

Wheceused. 

13,840.00 

Mexican  bordff. 

8,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,34a  00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Da 

3,84a  00 

Do. 

8,340.00 

Do. 

3, 34a  00 

Do. 

3, 34a  00 

Do. 

3, 34a  00 

Da 

3, 84a  00 

Da 

3,34a  00 

Da 

3,340.00 

Do. 

8,34a  00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Da 

8,34a  00 

Da 

8,340.00 

Do. 

8,340.00 

Da 

3,340.00 

Da 

3,340.00 

Da 

3,840.00 

Da 

3,840.00 

Da 

3,840.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Da 

8, 34a  00 

Da 

8,340.00 

Da 

3,34a  00 

Do. 

3,34a  00 

Da 

3,84a  00 

Da 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,84a  00 

Da 

8,84a  00 

Da 

3, 84a  00 

Da 

8,S4a00 

Da 

3,S4aOO 

Da 

8,84a  00 

Da 

3,840.00 

Da 

3,S4a00 

Da 

8,84a  00 

Da 

s,S4aoo 

Da 

8,84a  00 

Da 

8, 84a  00 

Do. 

BEPOBT  OP  THE  QUABTBfiMASTEB  QENEBAL.  441 

Motor  tntekt  purdiatdduriny  Ihtfixal  ytar  1916,  txeept  lft«  PkUippint  /ijimdi— CoDtd. 


llBk*. 

porctuwd. 

C»pMtty 

Serial 

C-. 

Whmused. 

M.7^W,ieifl 

T^. 

IBM 

i 

1837 

i 
B 

MM 

WiM 

«M8S 
tMSS 

urn 

E 

40493 

4MM 

3 

104W 

E 

1 

1 
s 

40U3 
40S53 

S 

405« 

tosm 

404S7 
40631 
40639 
40633 

i 

00 

00 
00 
00 

00 

Si 

00 

i 

i 

i 

i 
i 

i 

00 

00 

i 

00 

00 
00 

00 
00 
00 
00 
00 

m 

00 
00 
00 

H*il™bord«. 

1 

i 
1 

S 

! 

> 

j 

1 

1 

3 

1 

S 
3 

BS: 

Ub7.       IB1« 
JUD*    8,1018 

M^^b0rt«. 

B? 

Iiina  !H,ieiS 

S:::;::::::::::::::::::::: 

D? 

P» 

do 

BS 

-£:::: 

:::;:dS: :::::: 

g 

442 


BEPORT  OF  TH£  QUABTEBMASTEB  G£N£BAIi.  . 


Motor  truck9  purchoied  during  tht  JUeal  year  1916,  except  the  Philippine  /«{andf— Ooatd. 


Make. 


^•eilMS. 
Do. 


DO, 


Do. 
Do. 

ES: 

Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
-  Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

«: 

Do. 
Do, 
Do. 
Do. 

^: 

Do. 
Do. 

gS: 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

gS: 
gS: 

Do. 
Do. 

gS: 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Date 
purchased. 


June  34,1916 

....do 

do 

do 


....do 

do 

....do 

....do 

do. 

....do 

....do 

....do. 

....do. 

....do. 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Dec.  30,1915 
....do... 


Deo.  81,1916 
Aug.  16,1916 

do 

Nov.    1,1916 
ICar.  30,1916 

....do 

....do 

do 

do 

.....do 

....do 

.....do 

....do 

do 

....do 

.do. 


.....do 

do 

do 

do 

.....do 

do 

.....do 

.....do 

.....do. 

do 

do 

.....do. 

do. 

do. 

do 

do. 

do 

do. 

.....do 

....do. 

do. 

.....do 

do 

.....do. 

do 

do 

....do. 

do. 

do 

....do 

.....do 

....do 

do. 

....do 

do 

...do 

do. 

do. 

do 

....do 

....do 

Ifar    14,1916 

....do... 

do. 

.....do 


Capacity. 


Tonf. 


3 
3 
3 
8 
8 
8 
8 
3 
8 
3 
3 
3 
8 
3 
8 
8 
8 
3 
8 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 


Serial 
number. 


40637 
40628 
40613 
40534 
40646 
40521 
40523 
40526 
40534 
40486 
10483 
40544 
40531 
4a527 
40523 
40536 
40641 
40538 
40640 

64644H 

64646 
64641^1 
64141 
64136*1 
64620 
70942 
70958 
70959 
70961 
70963 
70963 
70964 
70968 
70909 
70970 
70992 
72150 
721.'.1 
72163 
73163 
72164 
72156 
72156 
72157 
72168 
72159 
72161 
72163 
72163 
72166 
-^66 
^67^ 
709471 
70953 
70956 
70960 
70966 
70967 
70972 
70973 
70976 
70976 
70977 
70981 
70982 
70983 
70984 
709«7 
70989 
70990 
70991 
72144 
73164 
72168 
72160 
70966 
709»« 
70939 
70916 
70919 
706S2 
70673 


Cost. 


$3,05a00 
3,05a  00 
3, 06a  00 
3,05a  00 
8,060.00 
3, 06a  00 
3,06a  00 
3,06a  00 
3, 06a  00 
3,06a  00 
3, 05a  00 
3,05a  00 
3, 05a  00 
3, 05a  00 
3,050.00 
3,050.00 

3,  Of  a  00 

3, 05a  00 
3,OM).0O 
3,50a00 

2,6oaoo 
2,6oaoo 
2,5oaoo 

2,50a00 

2,5oaoo 

2,778.00 
2,778.00 
2,778.00 
2,778.00 
2,778.00 
2,778.00 
3,778.00 
2,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
2,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
2,778.00 
3,77&00 
3,778.00 
3,77&00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,77&00 
3.778.00 
3,77*00 
3,77&00 
3,77&00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
2,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
2,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
3,778L00 
3,778.00 
3,778.00 
2,778.00 
2,778.00 
2,nH.OO 
2.62S.00 
2,628.00 
3,638.00 
3,628.00 


Where  osed. 


ICezioan  bord«r. 

Do. 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 
Panama. 

Da 

Da 
Aero  8<iciadnML 

Da 
Fort  Williams, 
Mexican  border. 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Do. 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Do. 


BEPOBT  OF  TH^^IUABTEBMASTEB  GENEBAI,.  443 

MolortTuektpurehoHdduriTtg  the  JUealyiar  1916,  txetptthtPhilippimltlMdB—Ootitd, 


Itn 

H&r.  14,  IMS 

iS::::::::::::::::::::::i: 

.*'..'/"» 

■«::::::::;::::::::::::::::  :::::a;;:::::::| 

7087S 

4660 

OO    l£«iksD  bordv. 


444 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBft^TEB  GENEBAL. 


Motor  truch  purchaied  during  the  fiscal  year  1916,  except  the  Philippine  Islandi — Contd. 


Make. 

Date 
purchased. 

Capacity 

Serial 
•  number. 

Cost. 

Where  used. 

1 

Tons. 

White 

May  16,1916 

I 

31117 

S2,(.00.00 

Mexican  border. 

.      Do 

do 

! 

31127 
31130 

2,000.00 
2.600.00 

Do. 

Do 

do 

Da 

Do 

do 

1 
1 

1 

31137 

sisan 

2,fD0.00 
2,600.00 

Do. 

Do 

do 

Do. 

Do 

do 

31829 

2,600.00 

Do. 

Do 

.....do 

1 

31830 

2,600.00 

Da 

Do 

do 

1 
1 

31038 

2,600.00 

Da 

Do 

Mar.  14,1916 

31073' 

2,430.00 

Da 

Do 

do 

1 

31089  H 

^      2,430.00 

Da 

Do 

do 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

310H9" 

2,430.00 

Da 

Do 

do 

31086* 

2,430.00 

Da 

Do 

do 

31096 

2,43a00 

Da 

Do 

. . . .  .do>»>«. ... 

31057 

31075 

31045- 

31061 

31068 

^      2,43a00 
2, 43a  00 
3,430.00 

^     3.43a00 
2,430.00 

Do. 

Tio'.'.'.'.V.'.'.'.V.'. 

do 

Da 

Do 

....  .do..... ... 

Da 

Do 

do 

Do. 

Do 

do 

Da 

Do 

do 

1 
1 
1 

31091' 

2,430.00 

Da 

Do 

•  •  •  •  •Uw««*«*  •  •• 

31062 

2,430.00 

Da 

do 

31101  -> 

2,430.00 

Do. 

Do 

do 

i 

31053. 

2,430.00 

Da 

Do 

do 

31042 

2,430.00 

Da 

Do 

do 

31074 

h      2,430.00 

Da 

Do 

do 

31026- 

'      2.430.00 

Do. 

Do 

do 

1 
1 
1 

i 

31035- 

2,430.00 

Da 

Do 

do 

31032 

2,430.00 

Da 

Do 

do 

31063 

2,430.00 

Da 

do 

31064 

2,430.00 

Da 

Do 

do 

31037 

2,430.00 

Da 

Do 

do 

31039 

2,430.00 

Da 

Do 

do 

31008 

2,4.30.00 

Da 

do 

1 

31070 

2,430.00 

Da 

Do 

do 

1 

31059 

2,430.00 

Da 

Do 

do 

1 

31076 

2,430.00 

Do. 

Do 

Apr.    5,1916 

1 

31065 

2,746.48 

Da 

do 

1 

31080 

2,746.48 

Da 

Do 

do 

i: 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

31024 

2,746.48 

Da 

do 

31052 
31043 
31(»S4 
31049 
31058 
31118 
31832 
31056 

2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 

Da 

Do 

do 

Da 

do 

Da 

Do 

do 

Da 

do 

Da 

Do 

do 

Da 

do 

Da 

Do 

do 

Da 

Do 

do 

1 
1 
1 
1 

1 

31033 

2.746.48 

Da 

Do 

....  .do. ...... 

31068 
31034 

2,746.48 
2,746.48 

Da 

Do 

do 

Da 

Do    

do 

31065 
31055 

2,746.48 
2,746.48 

Da 

Do:.!*.; 

do 

Da 

Do  

do 

1 
1 

1 
1 

i 

1 
1 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

•  i: 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

1; 

31121 
31S41 
3in?7 
31029 
31108 
31079 
31023 
31066 
31067 
31028 
31077 
31129 
31109 
31123 
31128 
31119 
31124 
31092 
31120 
31842 
31839 
31054 
31132 
31122 
31843 
31099 
31834 
31112 
31102 
31827 

2,746.48 
2.746.48 
2,746.48 
2.746.48 
2.746.48 
2.746.48 
2.746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2.746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2.746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2.746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2.746.48 

Da 

do 

Da 

Do  

....  .do. ...... 

Do. 

....  .do 

Da 

Do    

do. 

Da 

do. ...... 

Do. 

Do  

....  .do. ...... 

Da 

do 

Da 

Do 

do 

Da 

do 

Da 

Do 

do 

Do. 

do 

Da 

Do  

Da 

Do 

do 

Da 

Do 

do 

Da 

do 

Da 

Do  

do. ...... 

Da 

50.:::: 

do 

Da 

Do 

do 

Da 

do 

Da 

Do 

do 

Da 

do 

Da 

Do    

do 

Da 

do 

Da 

Do 

do. ...... 

Da 

....  .do. ...... 

Da 

Do  

do. ...... 

Da 

do 

Da 

Do 

do 

Da 

Do .• 

do 

Da 

BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUAETEBMASTEB  GENEBAL. 


445 


Motor  trucks  purchased  during  the  fiscal  year  1916,  except  the  Philippine  Islands — Gontd. 


Make. 


-IFhlte. 
Do. 


8S: 

Do. 
Do. 


Packard. 


-gS: 

^: 

^; 

^: 

^: 
8S: 
^: 
^; 

^: 
ES: 

^: 
-^: 

Do. 
Do. 


82: 


^: 

^: 

■K: 

8S: 


■BS: 
^: 
^: 
^: 
^: 
^: 
^: 


Date 
purchased. 


•I 


Apr.    5,1016 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

June  30,1916 

do 

Hay  12,1916 

do 

.i...do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

.....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

....do 

do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

....do 

do 

....do 

do 

....do 

..-.do 

do 

....do 

.....do 

....do 

do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

do 

....do 

....do 

...-do 

....do 

Apr.    5, 1916 

do 

do 

do 

do 

....do 

.....do 

..-..do 

do 

.....do 

do 

do 

....do 

....do 

....do 


Capacity. 

Serial 
number. 

Tont. 

I 

31106 

I 

31836 

I 

31096 

I 

31111 

1 

31103 

1 

31840 

1 

31133 

1 

31838 

3 

91828 

3 

92055 

3 

91452 

3 

91466 

3 

9180S 

3 

91816 

3 

91847 

3 

91852 

3 

91896 

3 

91900 

3 

91902 

8 

91904 

3 

91906 

3 

91909 

3 

91914 

3 

91924 

3 

91928 

3 

91933 

3 

92014 

3 

92153 

3 

92194 

3 

92201 

3 

92204 

3 

92206 

3 

92217 

3 

92220 

3 

92228 

3 

92244 

3 

92249 

3 

92270 

3 

91923 

3 

91835 

3 

92094 

3 

92259 

3 

91915 

3 

92295 

3 

91910 

3 

92273 

3 

92254 

3 

91941 

3 

92260 

3 

92138 

8 

91861 

3 

92252 

8 

91815 

3 

92274 

3 

91927 

3 

91922 

3 

92263 

3 

91952 

3 

91935 

3 

92271 

3 

92243 

3 

92219 

8 

92256 

8 

92203 

3 

92017 

3 

91865 

1 

74119 

1 

74130 

1 

74146 

1 

74122 

1 

73952 

1 

74157 

1 

74098 

1 

74134 

1 

74113 

1 

74117 

1 

74111 

1 

74124 

1 

74145 

1 

74123 

l{ 

74109 

Cost. 


82,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
2,746.48 
3,155.00 
3,155.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
8,250.00 
3,250.00 
8,250.00 
8,250.00 
3,250.00 
8,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
8,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3.250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
8,250.00 
3,250.00 
8,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3.250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,250.00 
3,040.74 
3,040.74 
3,040.74 
3,040.74 
3,040.74 
3,040.74 
3,040.74 
3,040.74 
3,040.74 
8,040.74 
3,040.74 

-3,040.74 
3,040.74 
3,040.74 
3,040.74 


Where  used. 


Mexican  border. 

Da 

Da 

Do. 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 
Philadelphia  depot. 

Da 
Mexican  border. 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Da 

Da 

Da 

Do. 

Da 

Da 

Do. 
Da 
Da 
Do. 
Do. 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Do. 
Do. 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Da 


440 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMABTEB  GENERAU 


Exhibit  18. 

Cost  to  the  Quartermagter  Corps  of  operation  o/mUitary  telegraph  lines  in  Alaska,  exdtisivt 

of  the  operation  of  the  cable  ship  **JBumside.** 

Construction  and  repair  of  buildlDgs t5,334.93 

Rental  of  lodgings  and  qoarters fi07.S5 

Rental  of  ofSoes 400.00 

Bnbslstenoe 21,548.47 

ClothlnK 3,670.91 

Water,  heat,  and  Ught 15,fiOL70 

Telephone  rentals 130.00 

Scavenger  service 34.00 

Newspapers  and  periodicals 40.05 

Poraee 8,126.27 

Shoeing  animals 377.10 

Packing  and  orating 113.  U 

Pnnbaseofdogs 680.00 

Hire  of  dogs 63.75 

Hire  of  launches 3.00 

Purchase  of  sleds 318.07 

Stabling  pablio  animals 236.10 

Repairs  to  means  of  transportation 155.25 

Wharfage,  drayage,  and  hauling 9,846.56 

Snowshoes  and  snowshoe  webbing,  purchase  of 190.57 

Harness 55.14 

Miscellaneous 3.75 

Total .'. 62,199.83 

Exhibit  19. 
Motor  trucks  purchased  during  the  fiscal  year  1916,  except  the  Philippine  lakmds. 


Make. 


Locomobile . 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

SS::::; 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do  .... 

Do 

Do 

Po 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

>o 

io 

Do 

Do 

?S::;:: 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

^o 

)o 

Do  .... 

Do 

J>o 

Do 


s: 


Date 
purchased. 


8: 


June  24,1916 

do 

do 

do , 

...-do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do...... 

do 

do 

....do 

do 

....do 

do 

do 

do 

....do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

.....do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

.....do 

do 

do 

do 

May  13,1916 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 


Capacity. 

Serial 
number. 

Tons. 

3 

2276 

3 

2277 

3 

2210 

3 

2717 

3 

2227 

3 

2258 

3 

2261 

3 

2203 

3 

1613 

3 

2115 

3 

2116 

3 

2117 

3 

2122 

3 

2209 

3 

2211 

3 

2218 

3 

2219 

3 

2220 

3 

2221 

3 

2224 

3 

2225 

3 

2226 

3 

2253 

3 

2254 

3 

2255 

3 

2256 

3 

2257 

3 

2259 

3 

2260 

3 

2262 

3 

2265 

3 

2266 

3 

2267 

3 

2269 

3 

2270 

3 

2272 

3 

2273 

3 

2274 

3 

2275 

3 

1615 

3 

1617 

3 

1621 

3 

1622 

3 

1624 

3 

1620 

Cost. 

Where  used. 

33,340.00 

Mexican  bonte. 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Da 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Da 

3,340.00 

Da 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Da 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Da 

3, 34a  00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Do. 

8,840.00 

Da 

3,340.00 

Da 

3,340.00 

Da 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Da 

3,340.00 

Da 

3,340.00 

Do. 

8,34a  00 

Da 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3, 34a  00 

Da 

3, 34a  00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Da 

3,340.00 

Da 

8,84a  00 

Da 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Do. 

8,840.00 

Do. 

3, 34a  00 

Da 

3,340.00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Da 

3,34a  00 

Do. 

3,340.00 

Do. 

8, 84a  00 

Do. 

BEPOBT  0?  THE  QUABIEEMASTBB  QENESAZi.  447 

Uotor  tniett  ptirehattd  during  At  fitoal  ytar  1916,  erupt  the  PktKppme  Itlamii — Gontd. 


DaM 

nomlxr. 

'' 

OfaOcnTlIta  Foot- Wheel  Prlw. 

JdM    8.MW 

""1 

s 

1 

1 

B03 
BIO 

1 

i 

se7 

1 

1 

J00.(O 

aottoo 

300.00 
100.00 

300.00 

aoo.00 
mo.  00 

ii 

200.00 
300.00 

an.  00 

300.00 
200.00 

an.  00 

300.00 

llaxicanbofto. 

:::::S::::::: 

si; 

jgo 

:::;:t:::::;: 

s; 

liEEiii;;; 

eI;;e 

dS; 

lES 

m.80 

W6.80 

4W  80 

,       4M.80 

Si 

eeooo 

ISSSSSSl 

1I24S 
1I2« 

Aflia 

"!•:«.'.■■:•:', 

fasr"-"-' 

'•V:.'™. 

K:  ?l:l!l! 
fS.  IMS! 

1 

> 

May  lo.ieta 

May  ie.»W 
June  37,l«ia 

g;s.oo 

875,00 
375.00 

II 
ill 

IBS.  00 
Ms' CD 

aKioo 

o.J^:::::::;:::::::::::;:::: 

S 

FhUadctpUa  depot. 

(to 

138 
110 

tin 

!S 

EsSJ*"" 

^^EEE 

Da. 

go 

Mar.  I0,m« 

:::::do::;:::: 

i: 

gS::::;:;:::::;:::::::;;::: 

Do. 

R  TANK  TRUCES. 


iUU 

M- 

MO 

00 

D* 

448 


BBPOBT  OP  THE  QUARTEBMASTEB  OENEBAL. 


Motor  (rudb  purduued  during  (he  fiscal  year  1916,  except  the  Philippine  i«2ancb— Oontd. 

MOTOR  TANK  TRUCKS— Continued. 


Make. 


CUntonvflle  Four-wheel  Drive. 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Ptokard 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Peerless 

>o 


S 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

?S: 

Do. 
Do. 
i^rblte. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do, 
Do. 
Do, 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


pmSSed.    iCaP^ctty- 


Serial 
number. 


June    8,1016 

do.!.... 

do 

do 

Apr.    8, 1916 

do 

do 

do 

May  19,1916  ! 
do 


do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

June    8,1916 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Mar.  20,1916 

do 

do 

Mar.  30,1916 

do 

do 

do 

May  19,1916 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 


.do. 


Total,67. 


Tom. 
3 
8 
3 
3 
3 
8 
8 
8 
8 
3 
3 
•  8 
3 
3 
3 
3 
8 
8 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

it 

i 

8 
8 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
8 
3 
3 


904B 
906B 
907B 
908B 
90711 
90664 
90667 
90634 
40466 
40467 
40468 
40169 
40470 
40471 
40472 
40473 
40474 
40475 
4730 
4727 
4729 
4726 
4728 
3U35 
30544 
31781 
?2179 
32778 
32777 
32178 
32741 
32671 
32726 
82727 
32740 
82743 
32730 
32722 
32541 
32540 


Cost. 


13,500.00 
3,500.00 
3,500.00 
3,500.00 
3,825.00 
3,825.00 
8,825.00 
3,825.00 
3,450.00 
3,450.00 
3,450.00 
3,450.00 
8,450.00 
3,450  00 
3,450.00 
8,450.00 
3,450.00 
3,450.00 
3,450.00 
3,450.00 
3,450.00 
3,450.00 
3,450.00 
2,550.00 
2,550.00 
2,550.00 
2,850.00 
2,850.00 
2,850.00 
2,850.00 
3,500.00 
8,500.00 
3,600.00 
3,500.00 
3,500.00 
3,500.00 
3,500.00 
3,500.00 
3,600.00 
3,600.00 


196,100.00 


Where  used. 


MexJoan  border. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


MOTOR  MACHINE-SHOP  TRUCKS. 


CUntonTllle  Four- Wheel  Drive 
Do 

'•"Uv;.::::;::;:;:::::::::;:: 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Packard 

Do 

White • do 

Do do 


May  11,1916 

....do 

May  6, 1916 
....do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 


Do. 


Machine-shop    equipment 
above. 

Total,  12 


for 


.do. 


3 
3 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 


799 


71182 
71178 
71174 
71180 
ni69 
3(^114 
30>8U5 
380M 
38066 
38076 


16,457.00 
6,457.00 
2,737.80 
2,737.80 
2.737.80 
2,737.80 
2,737.80 
3,060.00 
3,060.00 
2,960.00 
2,960.00 
2.960.00 

33,000.78 


Mexican  border. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


74,608.78 


Non.— Two  of  the  above  diastis  not  equipped  with  machinery. 

MOTOR  WRBCKINO  TRUCKS  (REPAIR). 


Jeffery... 

Do.. 
Packard. 

Do.. 
White... 

Do- 


Mar.  4,1916 
Mar.  20,1916 

do 

AiN-.  5,1916 
Mar.  14,1916 
.\pr.  5,1916 


Total,  6. 


71070 
72196 
74009 
74268 
81107 
31887 


83,528.00 
8,528.00 
6,641.06 
6,641.06 
2,550.00 
2,550.00 

25,438.12 


Mexican  border. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENEBAL. 


449 


Motor  tnicki  purduued  during  the  fiscal  year  for  the  Philippine  Islandi. 


Make. 


Date 
pnrehased. 


Wblte 

Hewttt-Ludlow. 


Total,  9. 


May,    1910 
Jane,  1916 


Capacity, 
tons. 


i* 


Nombcr 
purchased. 


3 
6 


Unit  price. 


12,838.00 
2,000.00 


Total  eost. 


$8,514.00 
12,000.00 


20,514.00 


Exhibit  20. 
AtUomobiles  in  uu  June  SO,  1916,  except  the  PhUippine  leJandi. 


Machine. 


\  Ford,  1915. 

DO 


^f^''-"^ 


,„..-.  1915.... 
Cadillac,  1915. 
Cadillac,  1911. 


0  Ford,  1915 

>  Ford,  1914 

/^Wlilte,1912.... 

.\Ford,1915 

;         l5o 

C         Do 

v>  Cadillac,  1914.. 

>Ford,1913 

\  Rambtor,  1912. 


\Fonl,1913 

^  Rambler,  1912. 

^  White,  1911.... 

\  Ford,  1916 

Do 

^Ford,  1916 


Ford,  1915. 


Nlriarcliff,  1910 

Ford,  1915 

Railroad  motorcar. 

Ford,  1915 

Do 


N^adillac,  1915. 


N^  Ford.  1915 

^MttdneU,  1912.. 

Snilto,1913.... 


N^  Ford,  1915. 
^Ford,  1916. 


.  ^tadebaker,  1911. 
^Franklin,  lfi07  >.. 


Station. 


Brownsville,  Tex 

do 

Chicago,  BL 

Dougtts,Aris 

Governors  If]and,N.T. 
do 


El  Paso, Tex..... 

do 

Front  Royal,  Va. 
Haohita,  N.  Mex. 
Harlingen,  Tex. . 

do 

Hawaii. 

do 

do 


.do. 
.do. 


do 

Marlia,  Tex 

Fort  Mcintosh,  Tex. . 
FortMHey.Cal 


Mission,  Tex. 


New  York,  N.Y 

Nogale8,Aris 

Panama... 

do 

Presidio  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, CaL 

Fort  Sam  Hooslon, 
Tex. 

do 

do 


.do. 


San  Francisco,  Cal. . . 
do 


^Cadillac,  1915. 
"Jeffery,  1915.. 


.do. 
.do. 


Washington,  D.  G. 
do 


Ford,  1913 do. 

V  Do do. 

^:Franklin,  1913 | do. 

^^  Hudson,  1911 1 do. 

>*  Packard,  1913 i do. 

OStoddard-Dayton,  1909 , do. 

OWhite,1911 ' do 

OFord,  1916 

^  White,  1911  (bus) 

^White  1918........... 


Oakland,  1916. 


West  Point,  N.  Y. 

do 

do 


Fort  Sam  Houston, 
Tex. 


By  whom  used. 


Fourth  InAmtry. , 

ConunandingpfllMr . . . 

Recruiting  omoer 

Commanoing  general. , 

do 

Department  head- 
quartflrs. 

Omoersand  troops... 

do 

Depot  quartermaster. . 

Commanding  officer. . . 

do 

Officers  and  troops 

Commanding  generaL . 

Attending  surgeon 

Department  o  o  m  • 
mander. 

Coast^efense  com- 
mander, Oahu. 

Department  quar- 
termaster. 

Emergency  purposes. . 

Officers  and  troops. .. . 

Signal  Corps 

Commandfng  general. 


Anniiai 
oost. 


In- 


coast  defense. 
Twenty-eighth 

fuitrV. 
Recruiting  officer. . .. 
Commanding  ofDoer. . 
Commanding  generaL 

do 

Quartermaster 


Commanding  general.. 

Attending  surgeon . . . . 

Department  quar- 
termasttf. 

Depar^ent  head- 
quarters. 

Depot  quartermaster.. 

Constructing  quar- 
termaster. 

Commanding  generaL. 

Constructinji  quar- 
termaster. 

Chief  ofStair 

Assistant  attending 
surgeon. 

.....do 

do 

Attending  surgeon 

Emergency  muposes. . 

Secretary  oiWar 

Emergency  purposes. . 

Depot  Quartermaster.. 

A  tiendmg  surgeon 

Quartermaster  Corps . . 

Superintendent  Mili- 
tary Academy. 

Officers 


e9176' 


1  Condenmed  and  sold  dnring  the  year* 
-WAB 1916— VOL  1 29 


t25a44 

80a92 

673.15 

98.86 

1,38a  IS 

802.00 

353.10 
467.95 

1,402.16 
884.01 
486.59 
295.02 

1,414.27 
286.23 

1,124.67 

669.71 

1,066.26 

242.21 
54a  63 
277.44 
21X27 

866.16 

926.11 
819.37 
416.25 
309.91 
813.67 

786.76 

94.84 
1,217.15 

85L55 

1,536.75 
225.77 

1,75a.  52 
1,129.63 

1,422.90 
174.21 

253.69 

157.22 

46a  39 

7a  58 

1,742.52 

87.22 

43L63 

236.97 

803.77 

1,182.00 

U25 


Mileage. 


5,855 

6,969 
18,857 

3,986 
12,470 

7,158 

4,868 

10,894 

11,947 

6,257 

10,709 

8,515 

8.650 

8.060 

10,724 

8,338 

6,452 

1,550 
6,982 
6,181 
4,427 

9,494 

8,802 
6,248 
2,202 
5,035 
8,272 

6,838 

2,424 
12,068 

6,106 

4,173 
3,572 

7,467 
7,012 

16,578 
6,732 

8,447 
6,922 

11,551 
4,559 

12,174 
8,919 
7,495 
3,438 
6,157 
6,808 

134 


Cost  per 
mile. 


8a  0437 
.048 
.05 
.038 
.11 
.112 

.04 

.0«8 

.117 

.061 

.045 

.034 

.16 

.086 

.16 

.08 

.17 

.166 
.077 
.046 
.048 

.0S8 

.248 

.051 

.19 

.061 

.038 

.124 

.039 
.101 

.14 

.37 
.068 


.16 

.06 
.02 

.03 

.022 

.04 

.015 

.148 

.022 

.057 

.097 

.13 

.178 

.001 


450 


REPORT   OF  THE   QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 


Automobiles  in  uu  June  SO,  1916,  except  the  Philippine  Islands — Oontmued. 


Machine. 


Station. 


Cberrolet,  1010 El  Paso,  Tex 

Dodge,  1916 Fort   Sam   Houston, 

I      Tex. 

Do do 

Do • do 

Do ! do 

Do do 

Do do 

Do , do 

Do do 

Do '  El  Paso,  Tex 

Do I do 

Do J  Fort  Mcintosh,  Tex... 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do, 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


-Ford,  1916 

'      Do 

Do 

~  Btadehaker,  1916. 

Do 


Total,  73. 


Marathon,  Tex 

Mission,  Tex 

Eaele  Pass,  Tex.... 

Del  Rio,  Tex 

narlingeo,  Tex 

Laredo,  Tex 

Harlingen,  Tex 

Marfa.Tex 

Fort  Bliss,  Tex 

Fort  Rinfkold,  Tex 
Brownsvufe,  Tex. . 
Eagle  Pass,  Tex 


By  whom  used. 


Officers. 
....do.. 


.VnnnaJ 
cost. 


UiI«K^    **g£" 


do •., 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Commanding  officer. 

Officers 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Remount  depot 

Commanding  officer. . 

Officers 

do 


Fort  Sam 
Tex. 


Houston,  : do. 


S237.46 
30.65 

13.30 

12.60 

3.83 

U.69 

31.22 

35.80 

87.37 

355.10 

Ua73 

92.04 

289.63 

5.93 

177.90 

177.74 

209.33 

116.79 

44.45 

285.70 

4a  58 

41.05 

38.67 

16.82 

182.08 


5,152 
401 

98 
159 

114 
512 
639 
1,000 
3,100 
4,456 
2, 142 
3,749 

234  ' 

2,009 

980 

1.965 

1,020 

1,587 

1,206 

2,952 

1,050 

875 

961 

1,500 


ia04« 

•<nv 

.136 
.07V 

.lis 

.119 

.06 

.0S6 

.087 

.114 

.081 

.(MS 

.077 


32,715.20      379,295 


.181 
.106 
.114 


.014 

.04 

.044 

.OM 

.13 


Automobiles  in  use  June  SO,  1916,  in  the  Philippine  Islands. 


Machine. 


De  Dion,  1913  (bos). 
-  le,  19U. 


Station. 


Camp  ITay. 

nopmobfle,  1913 • do 

MitcheU,1912 1  Manila 

Overland,  1913 do. 


R.C.  II.,1912.... 
White,  1913  (bos). 
White,  1913. 


White,  1912  (bos). 
Do 


Total,  0. 


.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


Fort  MoKiQiey. 
Manila 


By  whom  used. 


Quartermaster  Corps. . 

Post  commander 

.Vttendinf;  surgeon . . . . 
Departmmt  quarttf^ 

master. 
Quartermaster  Corps. . 

do 

Departmmt    C  o  m  • 

mander. 
Quartermaster  Corps. . 
do 


Annual 
cost. 


$1,685.22 

1,049.06 

293.13 

504.80 

169.73 
1,360.94 
1,797.58 

792.66 
892.80 


8,544.90 


MUeaee. 


8,388 
5,572 
3,950 
6,438 

1,540 

13,113 

8,425 

3,933 
13,348 


Cost  per 

mile. 


50,606 


Automobiles  purchased  during  the  fiscal  year  1916,  except  in  the  Philippine  Islands, 


Make. 


Date 
purchased. 


Dodtfe June  29,1916 

Do I  June  37,1916 

Do June  31,1916 

Do ;  June  36,1916 

Do do 

>o June  39,1916 

)o do 

Do June  10,1916 

Do June  20,1916 

Do do 

Do May  30,1916 

^0 Apr.    6,1916 

do 


s: 


J)0. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


74424 
73623 
71608 
73653 
74215 
56120 
9271 
74183 
73738 
73749 
69678 
58821 
58826 
56663 
58823 
41955 
43157 


$817.00 
890.00  I 
808.08  I 
896.08  I 
898.08 
898.08 
898.08 
888.08 
896.08 
806.08 
898.08 
898.08 
888.08 
898.08 
808.08 
910.00 
910.00 


Where  osid. 


Philadelphia,  Pa. 
San  Franclioo,  Cat 
Mexican  bordo*. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


EEPOBT  OP  THE  QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 


451 


AuUmobilei  purchased  during  the  fiscal  year  1916,  except  in  the  Philippine  Islands— 

Continued. 


Make. 


^ 
S 


■i^l 


)o., 

.  Po.. 

>o.. 

>o.. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do.. 
Do. 
Do. 

^:: 

Do.. 
Do.. 
Ford... 

^l: 

Do.. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do.. 

X:: 
-BS:: 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

)o.. 

)o. 
Do.. 
Do.. 

Do.. 

Do. 

Do. 


^ 


Date 
purchased. 


Apr.    6,1916 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

.....do 

do 

do 

do 

Mar.  14,1016 
Mar.  28,1916 
Mar.  31,1916 
Mar.  17,1916 
May  28,1916 

do 

May  30,1916 
May  11,1916 
May  18,1916 
May  16,1916 
May  11,1916 
May  29,1916 
May  8,1916 
liay  12,1916 
May  18,1916 
Nov.  2,1916 
Aug.  24,1915 
9,1915 
2,1915 
9, 1915 
2, 1915 

....do 

Aug.  24,1915 

do 

....do 

Sept. —,1915 
Feb.  2, 1916 
Nov.  2,1915 
Dec.  1, 1915 
Nov.  4,1915 
Nov.  2,1915 
Dec.  —,1915 
July  22,1915 
Feb.  21,1916 
Mar.  16,1916 
Apr.  —,1916 

do 

.....do 

....do 

do 

....do 

.....do 

....do 

do. 


Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 


Do May  24,1916 

Do I do 

Do I  May  28,1916 

Do May     9,1916 

Railway  motor  car ,  Nov.    8,1915 

Chevrolet ,  Apr.  —,1916 

Studebaker '  May  22,1916 

Do i.....doT?. 

Do I  May  25,1916 

Overland June  27,1916 

Nov.  —,1915 
June  26,1916 
Sept.  11,1915 


Jeffery 

Oakland 

Cadillac , 

Do •» '  Sept.  20;i915 

Do I  Aug.  16,1915 


Serial 
number. 


Total,  89. 


I 


42154 
39310 
30519 
46300 
49162 
50082 
50330 
39326 
44015 
39421 
50294 
53725 
50397 
44624 
40306 
54839 
54591 
69111 
69148 
60678 
66370 
65487 
65482 
65411 
68736 
50299 
66654 
66615 
944239 
U02188 
967524 
925476 
999176 
930219 
57663 
908229 
822296 
602215 
012883 
1013035 
030847 
048010 
027881 
047530 
1005436 
700834 
1006261 
1010092 
1120883 
1138829 
1138819 
10rai38 
lO'^OllO 
1085915 
1080026 
1087711 
1085850 
1034868 
1079200 
1027423 
1171124 
MC9 
15489 
484478 
484505 
483382 
4728 
49954 
337204 
53A921987 
A21505 
20443 


Cost. 


soiaoo 

910.00 
910.00 
896.08 
898.08 
898.06 
896.08 
898.08 
898.08 
898.08 
898.08 
898.08 
910.00 
808.08 
808.08 
808.08 
808.06 
808.08 
808.06 
860.00 
860.00 
850.00 
850.00 
850.00 
85a  00 
850.00 
062.63 
898.08 
524.00 
524.80 
524.00 
524.00 
524.00 
524.00 
524.00 
624.80 
524.80 
524.80 
440.50 
570.00 
524.00 
493.25 
550.00 
500.00 
425.95 
566.85 
499.85 
500.00 
523.85 
523.85 
523.85 
523.85 
523.85 
523.85 
523.85 
523.85 
523.85 
525.00 
525.00 
466.10 
523.85 
6,370.72 
863.50 
850.00 
85a  00 
850.00 
1,000.00 
1,200.00 
1,050.00 
2,250.00 
2,261.45 
2,000.00 

76,737.82 


Where  used. 


Mexican  border. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Ho. 

Ho. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

1^0. 

1>0. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Vo. 

]>o. 

Do. 

I'o. 

Do. 

T>o. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Fort  Mcintosh,  Tex. 
Fort  Miley,  Cal. 
Mexican  border. 

Do. 
Panama. 

Presidio  of  San  Francisco,  CaL 
Fort  Sam  Iloaston,  Tex. 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Do. 
West  Point,  N.  Y. 
Mexican  border. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Panama. 
Mexican  border. 
Mexican  border. 

Do. 

Do. 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Washington,  D.  C. 
Mexican  border. 
Governors  Island,  N.  Y. 
Fort  Saoi  TFouston,  Tex. 
Washington,  D.  C. 


452 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GBNEBAL. 


Exhibit  21. 
Motor  trucks  on  hand  June  SO,  1916,  except  Philippines. 


Make  of  track. 


/ 


Packard. 

Do.. 
Jiffery... 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

l>o.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

l>o,. 

Do.. 

Do.. 
-Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 
White... 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 

Do.. 


Serial  No. 


14467 
14468 
70943< 
70968 
70969 
70961: 
70962  < 
70963' 
70964' 
70968 
709091 
70970^ 
7099a< 
72150 
72151- 
72152 
72163' 
72154. 
72165 
72156 
72157 
72158 
72159 
72161 
72162 
72163 
72165 
72166 
72167 
'39086 
^39087 
64644 
64646 
^  64641- 
64121 
64126 
64123 
39527 
39531 
39681 
89589 
39665 
"89563 
64135 
^39657 
64620* 
^19748 
-18763 
16652 
18714 
^16795 
20860 
16639 
•       20812 
^-  13250 
TBC4562. 
TBC4550' 
TBC4560^ 
TBC4561>' 
20846 
20842 
16616 
16540 
20836 
20837 


N 


20843 

17578 

11465 

17372 

13054 

13071 

13300 

12806 

31073 

31089 

31069^' 

31086 


Capacity 


-M 


3 
3 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

I 

1 

^3 
U 

6 
^3 

I 

3 

i| 
} 


Location. 


San  Francisco  depot. 

— .do 

Mexican  border 

do 


..do. 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 

...do. 

...do. 

..do. 

...do. 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 

..do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 


Eagle  Pass,  Tex. 

Panama 

do. 


.....do 

.....do 

.....do 

.....do 

do 

Acrosqaadnm 

.....do 

.....do 

....do 

do 

do 

do 

FortSiU.Okla 

Fort  Williams,  Me. 
Mexican  border — 

do 

.....do 

.....do 

Army  War  College . 
Fort  Clark,  Tex.... 

Mexican  border 

.....do 

....do 

Hawaii. 

....do 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


do 

.....do.. , 

Mexican  border 

Aero  squadron 

do 

San  Diego,  Cal 

San  Francisco  depot 

do 

.....do 

Fart8IU,0kla 

Washington,  D.  C 

.....do 

Washbigton  Barracks.  D.  C, 

West  Pobit,  N.  Y 

Mexican  border 

....do , 

....do 

....do 


Miles 
run. 


6,459 
7,030 
3,184 
3,093 
3,636 
2,460 
8,476 
3,523 
3,551 
3,563 
3,539 
2,754 
3,651 
3,663 
3,194 
2,640 
2,926 
3,197 
3,131 
3,422 
3,563 
8,629 
3,213 
8,629 
3,621 
3,702 
2,804 
8,662 
3,653 
4.829 
3,690 
186 
867 
1,872 
3,956 
8,424 
4,679 
3,933 
4,491 
4,484 
4,988 
4,630 
1,896 
3,884 
6,130 
1,663 
8,694 
4,158 
8,368 
9,124 

11,639 
8,450 
6,972 
6,217 
2,072 
8,893 
3,660 
3,881 
3,828 

10,218 
9,325 
9,670 
1,650 
3,U4 
6,706 
8,207 
9,391 
6,787 
6,048 
4,389 

?;% 

6,960 
8,8M 
4,101 
6,066 
6,124 
4,191 


Tons 
hauled. 


2,883 
2,609 
292 
289 
317 
270 
803 
314 
308 
306 
299 
280 
307 
391 
290 
270 
284 
283 
291 
297 
296 
804 
288 
811 
308 
830 
384 
306 


216 


100 
439 

303 

3,930 

3,396 

3,267 

818 

960 

970 

1,005 


418 
464 
486 

349 

304 

849 

408 

616 

918 

1,060 

3,100 

1,083 

1,791 

436 

342 

456 

6S8 

1.380 

801 

830 

347 

121 

734 

490 

1,322 

3,877 

3,648 

100 

1,470 

1,475 

488 

4,386 

3S7 


363 
357 


Tons. 

hauled 

Imile. 


6,736 
6,087 
4,100 
4,684 
4,940 
8,308 
4,516 
6,300 
8,683 
4,974 
4,790 
3,784 
4,683 
4,974 
3,963 
8,268 
3,976 
3,334 
4,098 
4,464 
4,974 
4,638 
4,110 
6.083 
4,U8 
6,758 
4,066 
4,308 
4,363 
3,836 
6,270 
131 
097 
3,108 
3,887 
8,017 
3,837 
4,270 
4,006 
4,688 
4,568 
4,740 
3,9a 
8,987 
8,188 
1,914 
7,878 
8,818 
6,807 
14,004 
6,608 
0,087 
3,007 

4,  an 

3,631 
8,488 

8.343 
3,977 
8,646 
8,488 
8,106 
8,181 
1,101 
1,470 
8,880 
3,880 
3,144 
9.038 
6,00 


8.1 
3,888 
8,8St 
10.50 
4,198 
6.  US 
6,235 
4.198 


I  Poimds. 


BXiPOBT  OF  THE  QUASTEBMA8TEB  OENERAIi. 

EimBrr  21. 
Jfofor  tmei*  on  hand  June  30, 1316,  exotpt  Philippinei. 


^■r, 

imu 

no.  ST 

T4.ao 

"J^'S 

tS,  ™i 

1S3.M> 

AITM 

%« 

m 

31                    '."'.'.'.'. 
U                    

1                   ayi... 

Nov.  IJ,  1910 

...do 

Hat.  IS,  1910 

::::t;:::::: 

"> 

....do 

■^ 

...do 

....do 

:::;£:;::;;; 

— -^^ 

3«                    

::*;:::;;: 

::::|:::;:::: 

ill 

:::;:|:;;::;; 

;;;;!do";;;!'' 

".'.'.'ao.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

1                     i^ii.'.'.'. 

....do 

:;::do!::;::i" 

do 

a                    1  days. 

'.'.'.'.'.iloS.'.''.'.'.'.'. 

::;;:£:;:::::: 

V.'.'.Aa'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 
do 

','."'.6e'".'.'."." 

:::;:S;;;;::: 

Aug.  1S,I91S 

SS.-;;i!S 

Ian.  IS.IOH 
Ua;     9,1014 

iSiS!!!! 

Jan.  19,1011 
June  11,1914 

5S'!:1!15 

Dao.  0,1911 
D*.     1,1914 

::;;:l;;;;;:: 

,u«..l,,.,. 

IE;;;;;;;:;;: 

'■"ifiii^;;: 

iDianUi.atdayi... 

:;::;^:::::;::: 

yr£'.:^^;:: 

Immth.Udaya... 

do 

iS:S;; 

•sfeiv- 

•EffiiiS: 

ImonthlVilaTi!;" 

lmai«h,3»dayi... 
8montlu,13dap.. 

do. 

■ui^&ibu: 

a  month.,  131  day*. 

do. 

iiJ";:::::::: 

rtb 

Not.  is,  918 

1111 

::::;£;;;;;:: 

lmcath,4)dB)^... 

do. 

"■o^-lSidajra. 

■^ii^::: 

eAdayi. 

*>. 

8  monttu,  13  dajt. 


454 


BEPORT   OF   THE   QUARTERMASTER  GENERAL. 


Motor  trucks  on  hand  June  SO,  1916,  except  PWKppin«»— Continued. 


Make  of  truck. 


White  , 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do, 

Do. 
Mack.. 

Do, 

Do. 


Serial  No. 


KeUy-Springfiekl, 


Do, 
Doplez 

DollV.'.'.V.V. 

Velie 

Do 

Do 


Do. 
Do. 


Drtep-Seal 


hury. 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Federal. 


Do., 
iriesi! 


Peer 

Oarfbrd 

Eleotrio 

Do 

Studebaker 

Do 

GUntonviUe  Four- 
Wheel  Drive. 

Do 

Oramm 


Lord-Baltimore.. 

Wiloox 

Aloo 

Do 

Boick 

Do 


Total. 


31096" 
31057 
31075- 
31045 
81060- 
31068- 
81091- 
31062' 
81101' 
81053 
810424 
81074 
81026 -j 
81035 
81082- 
81063- 
81064 
31037- 
81039- 
31098 
31070 
81059 
81076 
^2971 
2970 
1198 
4017 
-«547 
5077 
^^501 
-^602 
2045 
2047 
2046 
8006 
3005 
3002 
3003 
8004 
21426^ 
1082012  \ 
1029933 
1015022V ; 
1029870 
1038116 
1029938 
925820 
063572 
584466 
616.'i64 
2061 
142 


140 
09 
80589- 

66661 

1174 

0 

11044 

11090 

^AQ5 

452* 
102061 


1017 

10411 

824 

477 

128045 

128038 


(^macity 
(tons). 


I 

i» 

u 

1 

1 

1 

1 

t 
1 

i 


1 

2 
8 
2 
2 

I 

}: 

1 

Delivery. 
Delivery. 
Delivery. 
Delivery. 
Delivery. 
Delivery. 
Delivery. 
Delivery. 
Delivery. 
Delivery. 


a 


1 


LocatloD. 


Mexican  border 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

.....do 

do 

do 

.....do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Washfaigton,  D.  C 

Fort  Bayard,  N.  Max 

CSiicago,  111 

Fort  Worden,  Wash 

Fort  Barry  Gal 

Preaidio  of  San  Francisco. 

Mexican  border 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

NewYork.N.Y 

Eastern  Department 

do 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Fort  Hamilton,  N.  Y. 

Panama. 

San  Francisco  depot.. 

.do 

El  Paso,  Tex 

Mexican  border 


U,5Q0  ,' 


Fort  Leavenworth,  Kans. 

Fort  Sheridan,  111 

HawaU. 

Panama. 

Philadelphia  depot 

do 

Fort  Roseorans,  Gal 

do 

San  Diego,  Oal 


8 
2 


Fort  Sill,  Okla 

'  San  Franoisoo  depot. 


■I 

11,600 

11,500   do. 


San  Joan,  P.  R... 
Washhigton,  D.  C. 
West  Potot,  N.  Y. 

.do 

.do 


Miles 
run. 


5,124 
4,312 
5,056 
4,056 
6,066 
5,124 
5,066 
4,672 
5,117 
5,124 
5,057 
5,124 
4,250 
5,066 
5,174 
5,066 
4,287 
5,124 
5,124 
5,152 
4,191 
4,191 
5.124 
9,139 
7,205 
4,478 
3,984 
3,858 
1,014 
8,789 
5,274 
4,278 
1,578 
5,917 
3,140 
5,248 
3,434 
5,916 
8,296 
5,103 
8,484 
4,472 
2,324 
8,215 
2,872 
8,060 
30 
1,587 
9,010 
4,793 
4,006 
1,824 


2,059 
4,878 
8,024 
1,275 
876 
1,061 
9,815 
8.085 
1,627 

1.515 
4,«7 


5,184 
6,764 
4,755 
4,082 
8,808 
7,482 


652,806 


Tons 
hauled. 


262 
257 
299 
299 


262 

259 

258 

262 

262 

259 

262 

260 

273 

275 

250 

270 

262 

262 

260 

257 

257 

261 

886 

833 

766 

221 

790 

864 

1,268 

1,758 

1,256 

233 

1,604 

895 

862 

1.410 

751 

1,844 

880 

75 

80 

76 

100 

56 

75 


101 


966 
837 


106 
551 
664 


1.645 
594 
917 
450 

278 
1,158 


100 
1,555 
8,857 
4,7SS 
1,067 
1, 


106,601 


Tons, 

hauled 

Imile. 


5. 

4,735 

5,133 

5,133 

5,13S 

S.SSS 

5,133 

4,510 

5,235 

5,235 

8. 
5. 
4, 
5,133 
5,810 
5,133 
4,254 
5,285 
5,235 
5,205 
4.109 
4,193 
5,285 
7,466 
6,122 
1,694 
1,287 
2,674 
1.868 
11,810 
5,358 
8.641 
1,433 
8,644 
8,854 
8,424 
2,408 
7,085 
2,868 
1,716 
888  I 
798 
702 


606 


276 


2,907 
1,U4 


1, 
1,456 


1,746 


6,ffl 

6,486 

787 

i,m 

2,900 


4.6a 

8,966 

10,8M 

1S,9» 

8,868 

8,Ta 


>  Pounds. 
Awtfe  cost  par  ton  mUe  80.0046,  axolnslTt  ofohaaffeur. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENEBAL. 


455 


Motor  trucit  on  hand  June  30,  1916^  except  PhiUppines — Continued. 


Cost 

operation, 

•xdusWe 

of 
cfaaofleur. 


$416.71 
423.97 
485.98 
601.56 
643.48 
663.44 
683.  «3 
496.84 
49a  08 
662.96 
606.63 
473.90 
4ia63 
60a78 
618.27 
853.83 
653.16 
480.80 
466.63 
883.63 
839.88 
309.63 
413.03 
714.83 
1,147.31 
147.98 
139.40 
33a  57 
36a  78 
266.91 
715.00 
360.18 
32a  40 
37a  04 
354.90 
847.87 
391.40 
439.36 
1,157.83 
523.30 
233.33 
122.31 
90.78 
239.93 
30ai3 
238.85 
26.04 
58.01 
178.82 
214.69 
158.70 
34L78 


26a  25 
344.38 
84.09 
29.55 
212.93 
115.11 
697.93 
879.29 
104.76 

86.62 
622.02 


508.40 
321  50 
596.14 
7ia30 
531.39 
55a  48 


Cost  of 
tirfle. 


Wages  of 
chaafTeur, 
including 

rations 
and 

clothing. 


169.44 

118.40 

118.40 

118.40 

147.36 

196.82 

142.88 

167.36 

147.36 

147.36 

69.44 

03.92 

2a  48 

44.96 

167.18 

2a  48 

167.36 

69.44 

44.96 

44.96 

2a  48 

2a  48 

69.44 

162.00 

342.00 


66.46 


107.00 
66.42 


02.42 


378.60 
133.30 
29.63 
29.63 
29.68 
32.13 
29.63 
82.48 


ia65 

44.73 

103.60 


63.56 


168.34 
42.23 


8136.68 
136.68 
136.68 
136.68 
13a  68 
13a  68 
13a  68 
13a  68 
13a  68 
13a  68 
13a  68 
13a  68 
13a  68 
13a  68 
13a  68 
13a  68 
18a68 
18a68 
13a  68 
13a  68 
13a  68 
136.68 
13a  68 
803.90 
780.74 
720.00 
234.15 
1,147.93 
29a  43 
502.09 
580.22 
803.22 
449.65 
845.21 
624.20 
833.61 
965.34 
715.69 
655.13 
900.00 
35.43 
62.23 
40.57 
47.06 
34.71 
37.45 


Time  laid  up. 


6{days.... 

6dav8 

6A  days... 
13  days..., 
OAdays... 
8aay8...., 
8Aaa78... 
6aa78..... 
5i^  days... 


OAdays.. 
8  days.... 


8  days. 

8days 

15  days. 

12Aaays. 

7laay8 

itdays...!!!!.!!!! 

11  days. 

11}  days. 

4|days 

6day8 

15  days 

Sdays 

1  month,  14  days... 
4  months,  17  days.. 
Imonth 


16a  46 
88a  00 


887.79 
1,142.33 


33  days. 

Imonth,  9  days..., 
Imonth,  6}  days.. 

9days , 

9  months,  3  days.., 
Imonth,  Sdays 

1  month,  16  days 

5  months 

3  months,  3  days... 

2  months,  17  days.. 

17  days 

Imonth,  2  days 

Imonth,  Iday 

7days 


Condition  at 

end  of 
fiscal  year. 


1  month. 

1  month,  6  days. 

Imonth. 

14  days. 


14}  days... 


1  month,  14  days. . 
3  months,  3  days.. 


Iia58 
104.69 


68.20 


162.50 
77.78 
361.02 
38a  48 
265.53 
303.06 


67, 136.  as  ,11.35^.95 


422.42 
2ia44 
4a  72 
263.90 
48a  76 
684.63 
687.04 
28a  64 

313.44 
1,200.00 


667.23 

i,2oaoo 

64a  22 
494.22 
524.22 
492.22 


3  months,  15  days. 
2  months,  3  days.. 


Seryioeablo... 

•  * •  •"  v«  •••••••• 

•  •  •  «^Aw«  •«•••*•  * 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Good 

Unserviceable. 

do 

Good 

do 

do 

Falr....v 

Good 

do 

Poor 

Good 

Poor 

»  B  • •  •  U  V* •••»•••< 

»   •  •   •  •  ^'^^w  •••••••< 

do 

Fair 

Good 

do 

do 


Date  pur- 
chased. 


do. 

do. 

....do. 

....do. 

.....do. 

do. 

do. 

Poor.. 
do. 


Iday. 


l|days 

29  days. 

23  days 

3  months,  10  days.. 


3  months,  7  days. 

4  months,  7  days. 


6  months,  18  days. . 


67, 09a  80 


2  months,  17  days. 

3  months.  4  days.. 
1  month,  10}  days.. 
lmontn,24}  days. 


....do. 
....do. 
Good.. 

do. 

Poor.. 
Good.. 
Fair... 
.....do. 
Poor.. 


.do. 
.do. 


.....do. 

do. 

Good.. 

do. 

do. 

do. 


Mar.  14,1916 

■  •  •  •  •U\l«  ««••••■ 
•  • • •  •  U  V*  ••••••< 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

June  11.1914 

do 

Nov.  21,1911 
Nov.  1,1915 
June  11,1914 
Nov.  1,1915 
February  ,1915 
March,  1915 
June  11,1914 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Jan.   19,1916 

do... 

do 

.....do........ 

do 

do 

Nov.  18, 1915 
Mar.    8,1915 
Mar.    6,1915 
Juna  11,1914 
Recalved 
flrom  Medi- 
cal Depart- 
ment. 

do 

do 

Mar.  1, 1916 
March,  1916 
June  26,1907 
Jan.  19,1912 
June   3,1914 

do... 

Jan.   11,1913 

July    8,1915 

Received 

flrom  Bab- 

sistaQceDe> 

partmant. 

Jane  11,1914 

Sept.  19, 1011 

Dec.  30,1913 

Deo.     4,1914 
do 


Time  in  operation 
less  than  1  year. 


3}  months. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Da 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


5  months. 

Do. 
Hauls  tntlera. 


3  months. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Imonth. 
6montha. 


4  months. 
3  months. 


7montha. 


456 


BEPOBT  OF  TH£  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENEBAL. 


Exhibit  22. 
Motor  trucks  in  use  in  Philippine  Islands^  June  SO,  1916, 


Mftka. 


Couple  Q€ar,  1913. 
I>elahAy6,1013... 

De  Dion.  1913 

Ford,  1914 

Ford,  1916 

Jtfftry,  1914 

Jtfftry,  1915 

Peerless,  1914 

Peerless,  1913 

Do 

Do 

Wliite,1912 

Do 


Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

White,  1914. 

White,  1913. 

Do 


Station. 


Manila 

Camp  John  Hay. 

Manila'.'.  II  illlll! 

do 

do 

do 

Camp  John  Hay.. 

iiiiidoiiiiiiiiii; 

do 

Manila 

do 

do 

do 

do 

FortMcKlnley... 

Manila 

Canm  Kiaithley... 


By  whom  used. 


Qoartermaster 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Total,  20. 


Exhibit  23. 


Philippine  Islands — Tabulation  of  imports  received  from  posts  in  the  Philippins  Depart- 
ment regarding  Lauan  versus  Oregon  pine. 


Poet. 


Augur  Banacks 

Camp  Eldridffe 

Camp  John  Hay , 

Camp  KeithMy 

Camp  McOrath. , 

Camp  Nichols , 

Camp  Overton. , 

Camp  StotsenhoTg 

FortMills T , 

Fort  San  Pedro 

Fort  Winiam  MoKhiley. 

Ludlow  Barracks 

Pettit  Barracks 

Regan  Barracks 

Warwick  Barracks 


Depot  quartermaster,  Manila. 


Preference  as  to 
suitability. 


E<iual....... 

Oregon  pine. 

EquaL 

Oregon  pine. 


Oregon 


pine. 


do , 

do 

Lauan 

Oregon  pine 

Equal 

do 

do 

Lauan  when  pro- 
tected from  the 
weather. 

Oregon  pine , 


Pref  eranoe  as  to 
durability. 


Oregpi 


nplne. 


.do 

do 

Lauan 

Oregon  pine. 

[IllldoIIIIII 

do 

Lauan 

Oregon  pine. 

Equal 

.....do 

do 

Lauan 


Oregon  pine. 


Cheaper  to  put 
in  place. 


EquaL 
Oregon  ^Do. 
EquaL 
Do. 


EquaL 
Oregon  pina. 

Do! 
Lauan. 
Oregon  pine. 
EquaL 

Do. 
Oregon  pina. 


Oregon  ptue* 


RECAPITIILATION. 


Lauan 

Oregon  pine 
£qi^ 


f 
t 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  GENEBAU 


457 


Exhibit  24. 
Philippine  I$land$ — Ice,  cost  per  100  poundi. 


Station. 


Augur  Barracks 

Gamp  Eldridm 

Oamp  John  Hay 

Gamp  Keithley 

Camp  McOrath« 

Camp  Overton 

Oamp  Stotsenborg 

Fortiiills : 

Fort  San  Pedro,  Ik>ilo. .. 
Fort  William  McElnley . 

Ludlow  Barracks. 

Pettit  Barracks 

Regan  Barracks 

Warwick  Barracks 


Net  cost  of 
ice  per  100 
pounds  as 
manufiio- 
tored. 


I0.asi3 
.3000 

.2782 
.2S8S 

.1002 
.2387 
.1642 
.1178 
1.304 
.1533 
.2023 
.1736 
.191 
.3442 


Depreda- 
tion at  10 
percent 
pirannnm 
per  100 
pounds. 


10.04 
.0247 
.043 
.036 
.0311 
.0266 
.0267 
.014 
.066 
.0832 
.0816 
.0801 
.0307 
.061 


Total  cost 

of  ice  per 

100  pounds. 


to.  8212 
.2256 
.3102 
.2048 
.2002 
.2653 
.1009 
.1318 
.460 
.1865 
.2338 
.2127 
.2307 
.4052 


>  Should  be  slightly  kss,  but  the  exact  amoont  of  distilled  water  to  be  credited  can  not  be  determined. 

Exhibit  25. 
Cost  per  1,000  gaUons  of  water  pumped  at  posts  in  the  Philippine  Department. 

[The  following  costs  of  pumping  water  at  the  several  posts  in  the  Philippine  Department  are  based  upon 
the  reports  of  water  systems  for  one  year  from  Apr.  1, 1915,  to  Mar.  31, 1916.] 


Station. 

Aetnal 
ooetof 

operating 
pumps 

and  inci- 
dentals 
for  or- 
dinary 
repairs. 

Esti- 
mated 
cost  to 
be  added 
for  depre- 
dation 
based  on 
value  of 
plant  and 
equip- 
ment. 

Esti- 
mated 
cost  to 
be  added 
to  cost 
of  coal 
stated 
in  report 
to  cover 
drayage. 

Net  esti- 
mated 
cost  per 

1,000 
gallons. 

Remarks. 

ingnr  Barracks 

Oamp  Keithley 

OampMoGrath 

Camp  Nichols 

Fort   William    ICo- 

Kinley. 
Ludlow  Barracks 

PetUt  Barracks. 

Regan  Barracks 

Warwick  Barracks.. 

Camp  J<^m  Hay  i. . . 

tao6 

.19 
.13 

.04 

.081 

.060 

.147 

.065 

.103 

taoi6 

.064 
.03 

.06 

.063 

.06 

.083 

.022 

.027 

taoi2 

None. 
.028 

.003 
None. 
.035 
.01 
.02 
.01 

taOTS 

.254 
.188 

.103 

.134 

.174 

.19 

.107 

.14 

Low  head;  required  to  handle  ooal;  ship 
to  pile,  pfle  to  wagon,  wagon  to  plant. 

High  head;  wood  fuel  delivered  at  plant. 

High  head;  ooal  handled;  scows  to  ooal 
shed  on  beadi,  ooal  shed  to  wagon, 
wagon  to  plant. 

Low  head;  intemaKoombustion  engine 
pmnp;  uses  mineral  oiL 

Deep  wells,  high  head;  ooal  delivered  on 
soow  to  plani. 

Very  hMi  head;  ooal,  same  as  Augur 
Barracks. 

Very  low  head;  ooal,  ship  to  oar,  car  to 
plant. 

Hlj^  head;  same  as  Augur  Barracks,  ex- 
cept longer  haul. 

Low  head;  same  as  Augur  Barracks,  ex- 
cept shorter  hauL 

Very  high  head. 

High  head. 

Very  high  head. 

Camp  Stotsenburg  *. . 

Fort'MiUss T... 

1 

1 

1  Now  all  electrical  power;  not  sufOdent  length  of  time  in  operation  to  determfcie  cost. 

*  New  plant  read  v  to  install  at  new  wells;  old  wells  fsHed. 

*  Plant  not  oompleted;  data  on  hand  too  variable  to  quote. 

Comparison  of  estimated  cost  of  water  in  39  puitiping  plants  in  MassachusettB  with 
those  <n  the  Quartennaster  Corps  in  the  Philippine  Department. 


Average... 
Minimum. 
Maximum. 


liassacho- 
setts. 


tail5 
.065 
.257 


Philip- 
pines. 


tai51 
.078 
.254 


u 


muttrnm 


s 


a    M 

IP 


nnhni 

HIHHiiN 


\:\\\\ 


i     ;i 


M 


ij 


U 


i3^5M 


a|  ^iiii|  iiiiiiiiii  i 


BEPOBI  OF  THE  QUABTEBMASTEB  OENEBAIi. 


§4 


I 

!l 


■^4  444S44  «S' 


m^^  ^^-3^  :|^|s4^^^^  ^1^^^^ 


ISS   8SRSS8   f!S8RKS   8SS8S;:asa38S8   83118388833 


'M  ««;«e- 


f, 


'."■"".■ 


'Mi' 


Mlt- 


, ,.... iil|.. 

|ssi  ssssss  sissss  'Jss'Jsis&sis  isssfisass 
I  is  SI  I 


SEPOBT  OF  THE  QUABXBBMASIEB  OENESiLU 


461 


•   •   *    •   t 


ISSSSS 


8 


§ 


o  :u 


I 


462 


BEPORT   OF  THE   QUARTERMASTER   GENERAL. 


Exhibit  27. 


From  the  apportionmenta  made  to  the  Philippine  Department  fro-n  the  1916  appro- 
priations, the  following  amounts  were  allottea  for  new  construction,  annual  repairs, 
special  repairs,  alterations  and  extensions,  rentals,  purchase  of  water,  and  purchase 
of  electric  current: 


Appropriations. 


B.  &Q.,U.  S 1310.00 

8.  8.  &  T.  Q.  M.  C,  1016 272.231.36 

S.  8.  A  T.  Q.  M.  C,  lOlo-lrt 75.000.00 

M.  P.  E 1.097.60 

R.  W.  W.  AD ft6.364.71 

B.&  Q.P.I 133,P35.31 

C.  &  R.  H 22,208.42 

8.  O.  &R 460.12 

n.8.  Q 


Xew  con- 
struction. 


Annual  re- 
pairs. 


146.243.76 


2.215.34 

43.076.10 

121.846.84 

12.746.40 

8,437.11 

5.'»i.48 


Special  rfr> 
pairs,  alter- 
ations and 
extensions. 


S500.00 
37,378.  U 


1.809.(9 

8.360.09 

20,098.S2 

1,074,17 

41S.O0 


Totals: 

New  construct  ion 1821. 207. 4t 

Repairs 235  117.08 

Specials,  etc 70,.'W.46 

Total 926,631.91 


Rentals: 

B.  &Q.  P.  T 3.675,41 

B.  AQ.  U.  8 35,915.50 

8.  G.  A  R 321-30 


Total 39.943.21 

waver:  o.  o,  s  x .  Vc*  aa.  >-'..••••••.••••••••.••••.••••••.«.•••••.•..'..«•••.•..•.•...••••••.•.•  *if Ovi. ss 

Electric  current: 

8.  8.  &  T.  Q.  M.  C,  Manila 19.968.83 

S.  8.  &  T.  Q.  M.  C,  Fort  William  McKinley 27.517.90 

Exhibit  28. 

The  following  amounts  for  new  construction,  annual  repairs,  and  8{>ecial  repairs, 
alterations,  and  extensions  were  allotted  the  different  posts  and  stations  in  the  Pnilip- 
pine  Department  from  the  1916  apportionment: 


Headquarters  and  Manfla. 

Augur  Barracks 

Camp  Eldridge 

Camp  Oregg 

Camp  John  Hay 

Camp  Keithlev 

CampMcGratb. 

Camp  Nichols 

Camp  Overton 

Camp  Stotaenbur? 

FoftMOte 

Fort  San  Pedro 

Fort  William  HcKinley . . 

Ludlow  Barracks 

Pettit  Barracks 

Regan  Barracks 

Warwick  Barracks 

China 


New  con- 
struction. 


115,427.44 

96.44 

3,176.60 


57.199.25 
4,245.83 


5.377.18 

32,481.53 

51.765.07 

382,524.51 

3.758.11 

34,329.62 

2,039  12 

1,300.00 

5,656.55 

873.04 

956.23 


Annual  re- 
pairs. 


138.415.26 

8.149.83 

7,540.78 

918.96 

28,829.88 

4,270.44 

0,004.94 

491.72 

9.311.36 

22,299.40 

23,955.06 

4,261.74 

51,675.74 

8,960.52 

5,964.73 

8,072.49 

2,781.06 

202.00 


Special  re- 
pairs, alter- 
ations, and 
extensions. 


•4.066.73 
3.624.62 
1.6Sl.aO 


10.299.28 

2,084.21 

1,157.94 

1.256.00 

8.016.04 

2,785.00 

17,010.25 

663.10 

10,774.49 

462.50 

310.20 

3,208.08 

1,037.71 

1,874.01 


Totals: 

New  construction. 
Repairs. 


$621,207.49 
235. 117.08 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 


463 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 


War  Dbfabtment, 
Office  of  the  Surgeon  General, 

Washington,  September  1, 1916, 
The  Secretary  of  War. 

Sm:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  the  annual  report  upon 
the  work  of  the  Medical  Department.  This  covers  a  study  of  the 
health  and  sanitary  conditions  of  the  Army  for  the  calendar  year 
1915|  and  a  financial  statement  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30 
1916.  I  desire  here  to  invite  attention  to  certain  matters  of  interest 
in  this  report. 

geographical  distribution. 

The  United  States  Army,  ag^egating  approximately  100,000  men, 
had  during  the  year  1915  a  wide  geograpnical  range  in  its  various 
activities.  Troops  were  stationed  m  greater  or  less  numbers  from 
the  sixty-sixth  meridian  of  west  longitude  to  the  one  himdred  and 
fifteenth  meridian  east  of  Greenwich,  and  from  the  sixty-fourth 
degree  north  latitude  to  within  7**  of  the  equator;  distributed  over 
two  hemispheres,  literally,  from  St.  Michael  to  Mindanao,  and  from 
Porto  Rico  to  Pekin. 

The  significance  of  this  far-extended  field  of  action  in  its  relation 
to'  the  health  and  disease  of  the  Army  is  readily  appreciated  by  the 
most  superficial  investigator,  and  to  the  student  of  vital  and  social 
statistics  and  their  appbcation  to  the  comparative  study  of  races  and 
nations,  it  assumes  a  particular  importance. 

The  medical  officers  of  the  Army  in  their  capacity  of  sanitary 
advisers  to  the  line,  have  thus  had  the  opportunity  of  studying  and 
applying  the  recent  advances  of  moden^  preventive  medicine  under 
the  most  varied  and  interesting  conditions. 

In  all  the  changing  circumstances  of  garrison,  camp,  and  field,  the 
work  of  the  Medical  Corps  has  measured  well  up  to  the  best  tradi- 
tions and  to  the  highest  standards  of  the  profession.  The  success  they 
have  achieved  is  the  result  of  earnest  and  painstaking  effort  coupled 
with  the  most  important  factors — the  sympathetic  cooperation  and 
loyal  support  of  those  they  served. 

The  following  are  the  officers  who  have  held,  during  the  last  year, 
the  responsible  position  of  department  surgeon  in  the  several  mihtary 
departments  of  the  Army: 

Col.  Charles  Richard,  Medical  Corps. 
Col.  Rudolph  G.  Ebert,  Medicid  Corps. 
Col.  William  H.  Arthur,  Medical  Corps. 
Col.  Henry  P.  Birmingham,  Medical  Corps. 
Col.  William  Stephenson,  Medical  Corps. 
Col.  Guy  L.  Edie,  Medical  Corps. 

e9176'— WAB  19ie— VOL  1 80  465 


466  REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  OENERAU 

Col.  William  D.  Crosby,  Medical  Corps. 
Col.  Charles  M.  Gandy,  Medical  Corps. 
Col.  Walter  D.  McCaw,  Medical  Corps. 
Col.  Henry  S.  T.  HarriS;  Medical  Corps. 

GENERAL  HEALTH  OF  THE  ARMY. 

The  general  health  of  the  Army  was  excellent  during  the  year  1915. 
There  were  no  epidemics  or  unusual  incidence  of  infectious  diseases. 

The  mean  strength  of  the  entire  Army  for  the  calendar  year  1915, 
upon  which  the  statistics  contained  in  the  annual  report  are  based, 
was  103,842. 

The  noneflfective  rate  for  the  entire  Army  for  1915,  from  all  causes, 
was  25.22  per  1,000  (for  disease  alone  20.85),  which  is  slightly  higher 
than  that  for  1914,  the  lowest  noneflfective  rate  in  the  hStory  of  the 
Army;  but  still  much  below  the  rates  for  any  preceding  j^ear,  except 
1913,  when  the  rate  was  23.98.  The  noneflFective  rate  during  the  past 
decade  shows  a  steady  reduction.     In  1906  it  was  47.86  per  1,000. 

The  admission  rate  for  the  entire  Army  for  1915,  was  726.19,  as 
compared  with  660.45  per  1,000  for  1914.  With  the  exception  of 
1913-14,  the  1915  admission  rate  is  the  lowest  in  the  last  10  ^ears. 
The  admission  rate  shows  a  marked  decline  since  1906,  when  it  was 
1188.00  per  1,000. 

The  death  rate  of  the  entire  Army  for  1915,  from  all  causes,  wap 
4.45  per  1,000,  compared  with  4.40  for  1914,  which  was  the  lowest 
mortality  rate  in  the  Armv  for  many  years.  The  death  rate  from 
disease  was  2.53  per  1,000  for  1915;  tne  same  rate  for  1914  was  2.35, 
and  that  for  1906  was  3.77. 

The  discharge  rate  for  the  year  1915,  from  all  causes,  was  14.06  pei 
1,000,  somewhat  higher  than  1914,  when  the  rate  was  12.78  per  1,(X)0, 
but  still  markedly  less  than  the  discharge  rates  prior  to  1910,  when 
they  ranged  from  16.64  upward. 

The  total  losses  of  the  Army,  from  all  causes:  Deaths,  discharges, 
and  retirements,  was  18.03  per  1,000  for  1915;  for  the  year  1914  it 
was  16.86,  the  lowest  in  the  past  decade. 

Malarial  fevers  show  the  lowest  noneflfective  rate  in  the  history  of 
the  Army,  0.54.  In  1906  the  noneflTective  rate  for  malarial  fevers 
alone  was  2.55  per  1,000.  The  decade  following  has  demonstrated 
the  eflTectiveness  of  the  antimalarial  measures  that  have  been  unceas- 
ingly employed  by  the  sanitary  officers  of  the  Army  each  year,  exhib- 
iting, with  but  two  exceptions,  a  marked  decrease  in  the  mcidence  of 
the  disease. 

The  record  in  the  Philippines  has  been  speciaUy  creditable  com- 
pared with  former  years,  though  here,  as  in  tne  Canal  2jone,  the  Med- 
ical Department  has  been  at  some  disadvantage,  through  lack  of 
screening  or  other  antimosquito  requisites,  due  to  insufficient  appro- 
priation of  funds  for  this  important  work.  There  should  be  no  fur- 
ther delay  in  properly  screenmg  all  buildings  in  the  Tropics  occupied 
as  hospitals,  barracks,  or  quarters. 

The  nigheet  noneflTective  rate,  for  disease  alone,  for  1915  was  among 
the  troops  stationed  in  China,  31.78  per  1,000.  Then  foDows  in 
order:  Panama  with  21.66;  the  Philippine  Islands  with  21.42;  the 


I 

I 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON   GENEBAU  467 

United  States,  20.90;  Porto  Rico,  20.57;  and  Hawaii  and  Alaska  with 
the  lowest  noneffective  rates  for  the  year  1915,  16.20  for  Hawaii  and 
6.02  for  Alaska. 

TYPHOID  FEYEB. 

There  were  eight  cases  of  typhoid  fever  in  the  entire  Army  during 
the  jesiT  1915;  no  deaths  resulted,  all  making  ^ood  recoveries.  Oi 
the  eight  cases  mentioned,  four  only  occurred  within  the  continental 
limits  of  the  United  States;  the  four  other  cases  of  typhoid  fever 
were  reported  from  Hawaii. 

During  the  Spanish-American  War,  from  May  1, 1898,  to  June  30, 
1899,  the  total  number  of  deaths  in  our  armies.  Regular  and  Volunteer, 
was  6,619.     This  was  equivalent  to  an  annual  mortality  rate  of  33.03 

?>er  1,000  of  strength:  the  rate  for  disease  alone  being  25.68.  Typhoid 
ever  was  accountable  for  more  than  one-half  of  the  deaths  from  dk- 
ease.  The  total  number  of  deaths  from  typhoid  fever  was  2,774 — 
equal  to  an  annual  rate  of  13.84  per  1,000. 

In  the  United  States  the  r^ulars  lost  361  and  the  volunteers  1,890 
from  this  fever;  these  numbers  being  equivalent  to  the  respective 
rates  of  7.78  and  18.21  per  1,000  of  stren^h. 

The  record  of  the  fight  against  typhoia  fever  in  the  United  States 
Army  during  the  decade  and  a  half  smce  the  Spanish  War,  constitutes 
one  of  the  most  interesting  and  brilliant  chapters  in  the  history  of 
preventive  medicine,  beginning  with  the  epoch  making  investigation 
of  the  "Typhoid  Fever  Soard  into  the  manner  of  infection  and  dis- 
semination of  the  disease  in  the  mihtary  camps  of  1898,  and  culmi- 
nating 12  years  later  in  the  equally  notable  adoption  of  antityphoid 
vaccination  in  the  United  States  Army.  ^ 

The  results  following  compulsory  vaccination  in  the  Army  are  now 
well  known  and  are  exemplified  by  the  record  of  the  present  year. 

MAT.ARTAL  FEVEBS. 

Malarial  fevers  no  longer  occupy  the  high  place  of  a  few  years  past 
in  the  sanitary  statistics  of  the  Army,  when  tney  ranked  well  up  to  the 
top  of  the  list  of  those  diseases  producing  the  greatest  admission  and 
noneffective  rates  in  our  service.  These  rat^  have  been  steadily 
falling  for  the  past  decade,  with  the  exception  of  the  year  1912, 
when  an  imavoidable  exposure  of  troops  m  a  tropical  campaign 
occurred  with  a  resulting  increase  in  tne  number  of  cases.  The 
control  of  the  disease  in  the  Philippines  since  that  time  deserves 
special  notice. 

The  admission  and  noneffective  rates  for  the  year  1915  for  these 
fevers  are  the  lowest^  in  our  experience  in  the  Far  East.  This  result 
has  been  achieved  in  spite  of  a  serious  sanitary  handicap  existing  at 
certain  of  the  posts  where  lack  of  screening  in  barracks  and  quarters 
and  a  badly  malarial  infected  native  population  in  close  proximity 
makes  the  task  a  discouraging  and  dimcidt  one.  Appropriation  of 
adequate  funds  for  the  proper  screening  of  all  hospitals,  barracks,  and 
quarters  in  the  Philippme  Islands  should  not  be  further  delayed. 

The  admission  rate  lor  the  entire  Army  dining  1915  was  25.16  per 
1,000,  and  the  noneffective  rate  was  0.54  per  IjOOO. 


468  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON  QENEBAIj. 

Measles  is  a  disease  rarely  considereci  as  serious  by  the  layman  I 
and  the  practitioner,  who  see  only  an  occasional  isolated  case  without  ^ 
complications.  Under  ordinary  conditions  the  mortality  from  the  i 
disease  itself  is  not  high,  but  in  certain  epidemics  occurring  amonfi;  | 
nonimmune  (native)  populations,  in  large  institutions,  schools,  and 
armies,  pulmonary  and  middle-ear  complications  make  measles  the 
most  formidable  and  deadly  of  the  eruptive  fevers. 

In  the  United  States  Anny,  outside  of  the  recruit  depots,  but  few 
cases  of  measles  occur,  and  these  iisually  in  a  mild  form.  The  experi- 
ence with  the  disease  at  several  of  our  recruit  depots  has  been  quite 
otherwise,  however.  At  these  depots,  during  the  winter  monUis  the 
period  of  most  active  recruiting,  large  nmnbers  of  yoimg  adults  are 
assembled  for  instruction  and  equipment.  A  great  many  of  these 
youths  are  from  the  country  districts  and  particularly  susceptible  to 
mfectious  disease.  Given  cold  weather,  necessitating  indoor  life,  an 
overcrowded  barracks,  young  and  noninmiime  individuals  in  con- 
nection with  the  appearance  of  a  specially  virulent  form  of  measles 
such  as  has  repeatedly  prevailed  at  Colmnbus  Barracks,  Ohio,  and 
Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo.,  and  you  have  the  conditions  which  make  an 
epidemic  of  measles  much  more  to  be  feared  than  smallpox. 

As  has  been  stated,  respiratory  complications,  particularly  broncho- 
pneumonia and  empyema,  together  with  frequent  involvement  of  the 
middle  ear,  inevitably  results  in  a  high  mortality  and  discharge  rate. 

The  insidious  onset  of  this  disease  among  recruits  and  its  rapid 
spread,  when  once  started,  through  congested  quarters,  has,  in  the 
past,  necessitated  the  cessation  of  recruiting  for  months  and  the  rapid 
evacuation  of  the  depots;  all  ordinary  methods  for  the  control  of 
those  epidemics  having  proved  unavailing. 

The  chief  factor  in  the  spread  of  measles,  as  it  has  appeared  in  our 
Army,  has  resulted  almost  always  from  the  overcrowdmg  of  suscept- 
ible and  infected  recruits. 

Before  another  season  brings  its  usual  round  of  cases,  complications, 
and  criticisms,  prompt  steps  should  be  taken  by  the  proper  authority 
to  provide  at  all  of  these  recruit  depots,  and  particularly  at  Coliunbus 
Barracks,  Ohio,  and  Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo.,  the  much-needed  and 
of  ten-reconmiended  additional  barracks. 

TUBERCULOSIS. 

Tuberculosis  is  the  cause  of  the  highest  death  rate  in  all  armies 
under  peace  conditions,  differing  in  no  way  in  tins  respect  from  the 
experience  among  the  civilian  population,  where  it  produces  the 
greatest  mortality  of  any  infectious  disease. 

In  the  United  States  it  has  been  stated  that  tuberculosis  is  respon- 
sible for  approximately  one-tenth  of  the  deaths  annually. 

The  dimculty  of  recognizing  tins  disease  in  its  early  stages  accounts 
in  part  for  its  appearance  among  soldiers  in  spite  of  the  rigid  and 
thorough  physical  examination  to  which  they  are  subjected  on 
admission  mto  the  service. 

All  cases  of  tuberculosis  among  American  troops  are  sent,  without 
delay,  to  the  United  States  Army  General  Hospital,  Fort  Bayard. 
N.  Mex.,  for  prolonged  treatment,  if  necessaryi  under  climatic  ana 


J 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON  GENERAL.  469 

other  conditions  most  favorable  for  the  arrest  of  the  disease.  The 
Army  Greneral  Hospital  at  Fort  Bayard,  N.  Mex.,  is  intended,  mi- 
manly,  only  for  those  who  have  pulmonary  tuberculosis.  The 
highly  creditable  record  of  cases  in  this  hospital,  for  a  decade  or  more, 
under  the  conmiand  of  Col.  Geoi^e  E.  Bushnell,  Medical  Corps,  a 
very  distin^shed  authority  on  all  that  relates  to  tuberculosis,  has 
been  a  gratifying  feature  oi  Army  medical  administration. 

The  admission  rate  for  this  disease  for  the  entire  Army  for  1915 
was  3.49  per  1,000. 

VEKEBEAL  DISEASES. 

Venereal  diseases  still  continue  to  constitute  in  the  Army  of  the 
United  States,  as  in  those  ol  other  countries,  a  very  serious  factor 
against  military  efficiency  of  the  Army,  just  as  in  civil  life  these  same 
diseases  occupy  a  similar  commanding  and  threatening  position  in 
their  relation  to  the  welfare  and  usefulness  of  the  community  and 
State. 

It  should  be  clearly  understood  that  the  Army  sanitarians  and  the 
military  authorities  generaUy  are  fully  aware  at  this  time,  as  they 
have  been  for  many  years  past,  of  the  necessity  and  importance  of 
attacking  and  limiting  by  every  possible  means  these  so-called  social 
diseases.  To  that  end  there  have  been  formulated  and  put  into 
vigorous  oi)eration  measures  designed  to  control  to  the  greatest 
degree  possible  these  infections,  which  always  have  their  ongin,  so 
far  as  the  soldier  is  concerned,  quite  outside  of  his  military  me  and 
duties  and  far  removed  from  any  military  authority  or  discipline. 
It  is  believed  that  no  more  comprehensive  system  of  attack  against 
a  disease  has  ever  been  institutea  in  the  Army  or  elsewhere  than  that 
at  present  in  active  operation  in  the  United  States  Army. 

It  includes,  among  other  features,  reg[ular  medical  examinations 
twice  a  month;  prompt  isolation,  quarantine,  and  hospital  treatment 
until  cured  of  all  f oimd  with  infective  conditions ;  court-martial  and 
stoppage  of  pay;  the  hearty  encouragement  of  athletic  games  and 
sports  of  all  kinds;  the  furnishing  of  rational  amusements;  libraries, 
opportunity  for  study  and  for  school;  the  best  of  food  and  clothing; 
and  last,  but  not  least,  an  earnest  appeal  to  the  moral  and  ethical 
side  is  not  neglected. 

In  brief,  the  Army  is  controlling  its  own  limited  area  and  is  suc- 
cessful within  its  garrisons  and  camps.  The  same  measures,  or 
similar  ones,  adopted  by  nearby  civil  commimities  would  be  equally 
effective.  Until  either  the  sex  instinct  is  abolished  or  much  altered., 
or  Federal  control  is  invoked  as  in  certain  other  diseases  far  less 
threatening,  we  may  expect  that  the  disability  from  this  cause  will 
continue.  In  the  meantime  there  should  be  no  relaxing  of  effort 
on  the  part  of  the  Army.  The  fight  wiU  be  vigorously  continued, 
with  constant  hope  for  increasing  assistance  and  cooperation  from  the 
civil  communities  whose  interests  are  quite  as  vitally  concerned  as 
those  of  the  Army. 

In  connection  with  the  subject,  attention  is  invited  to  the  remark- 
able report  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Venereal  Diseases,  lately 
i>ublLBhed  in  England,  and  also  particularly  to  the  recent  State  legis- 
ation  in  Austria,  dealing  drastically  with  venereal  infections  of 
every  character. 


470  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQBON   GENEBAU 

ALCOHOLISM. 

The  admission  and  noneffective  rates  for  alcoholism  in  our  Army 
have  steadily  diminished  during  the  past  decade  and  a  half,  keeping 

{)ace  with  the  general  public  sentiment  and  decreased  use  of  stimu- 
ents  of  this  character  among  all  classes  in  all  walks  of  life  in  this 
coimtry. 

The  Army  has  banished  alcohol  from  its  garrisons  and  camps  and 
the  Navy  has  eliminated  it  from  its  ships  and  yards.  All  this  oef ore 
the  outbreak  of  the  great  war,  the  struggle  which,  if  it  proves  nothing 
else,  has  demonstrated  long  since,  by  the  similar  action  of  the  various 
nations  engaged,  that  alcohol  and  military  efficiency  have  nothing  in 
common  and  must  hereafter  be  held  unqualifiedly  antagonistic. 

LEGISLATION. 

As  a  result  of  legislation  reorganizing  the  Army  imder  the  national 
defense  act  of  1916,  the  Medical  Department  was  placed,  for  the  first 
time  in  its  history,  upon  a  satisfactory  basis.  This  is  especially  true 
of  the  commissioned  personnel. 

The  Medical  Corps  was  reorganized  upon  a  basis  of  seven  medical 
officers  to  each  one  thousand  of  the  enlisted  strength  of  the  Army,  the 
increase  to  take  place  in  five  annual  mcrements.  This  increase  will 
add  1,107  officers  to  the  Medical  Corps  of  the  Army,  raising  the  total 
from  443  to  1,550.  The  ratios  in  the  various  grades  remain  as  pro- 
vided by  law  in  the  act  of  April  23,  1908; 

Percent. 

Colonels 3. 16 

Lieutenant  colonelB 5. 42 

Majors 23. 70 

Captains  and  lieutenants 67. 72 

The  Dental  Corps  was  reorganized  and  the  probationary  contract 
system  abolished.  Dental  surgeons  are  now  commissioned  as  first 
lieutenants  and  after  eight  yeare'  service  promoted  to  captains.  It 
is  further  provided  that  after  24  years'  service,  not  to  exceed  15 
dental  surgeons  may  be  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major. 

The  Veterinary  Corps  was  established  and  becomes  an  integral  part 
of  the  Medical  Department.  Appointments  are  made  to  the  Veteri- 
nary Corps  as  assistant  veterinarians  with  the  rank  of  second  lieu- 
tenant. After  five  years'  service  they  are  promoted  to  first  lieutenant. 
The  law  provides  that  after  15  years  veterinarians  attain  the  rank  of 
captain  and  after  20  years'  service  the  rank  of  major. 

A  very  important  provision  is  made  in  the  national  defense  act  of 
1916  for  the  assignment  of  not  to  exceed  five  officers  of  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  Army  for  duty  with  the  military  relief  department 
of  the  National  Red  Cross^  and  also  permits  the  erection  of  store- 
houses on  military  reservations  for  the  use  of  the  Red  Cross  and  the 
use  of  Government  buildings  for  the  storage  of  their  medical  supplies. 

Col.  Jefferson  R.  Kean,  Medical  Corps,  distinguished  as  a  sanitarian 
and  executive,  becomes  the  first  director  general  of  military  relief  of 
the  Red  Cross,  and  has  already  utilized  his  extended  experience  to  the 
very  great  advantage  of  both  the  Red  Cross  and  the  Army. 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  8UBQE0N  OENEBAIi.  471 

ABMT  MEDICAL  SCHOOL. 

The  Army  Medical  School,  located  at  Washington,  D.  C,  has  had 
an  imusuallj  successful  year. 

Col.  WiUiam  H.  Arthur,  Medical  Corps,  is  the  present  head  of  the 
school  and  has  been  its  commandant  since  Octooer,  1915.  Aj3soci- 
ated  under  his  direction,  the  staff  of  professors  and  assistant  professors 
and  special  lecturers  have  given  a  valuable  course  of  instruction  to 
the  student  class,  consisting  of  officers  of  the  Medical  Reserve  Corps, 
who  were  candidates  for  appointment  in  the  Medical  Corps,  medical 
officers  of  the  Army  and  National  Guard,  and  eiJisted  men  of  the 
Medical  Department  who  were  ordered  to  the  school  for  special 
instruction. 

The  coxirse  has  covered  a  wide  range  of  subjects  relating  to  medico- 
military  science,  the  instruction  being  both  tneoretical  and  practical. 

The  laboratories  of  the  school  have  produced  all  the  vaccines  used 
in  the  United  States  Army  and  in  the  National  Guard,  and  have  like- 
wise furnished  the  antityphoid  vaccine  for  the  United  States  Navy. 

The  importance  of  this  school  to  the  military  service  can  hardly 
be  overestimated,  and  it  is  recommended  that  steps  be  taken  looking 
to  the  securing  by  the  Government  of  a  suitable  modem  building 
specially  designed  for  the  Army  Medical  School.  Heretofore  its 
activities  have  been  handicapped  by  crowded  or  imperfectly  arranged 
rented  buildings,  and  while  tne  present  quarters,  recently  occupied, 
are  much  better  adapted  to  the  purposes  of  the  school  than  any  of  its 
former  homes,  yet  they  are  far  from  ideal  either  in  location  or  arrange- 
ment and  leave  much  to  be  desired. 

The  Government  should  provide  the  Army  Medical  School  with  a 
permanent  and  modem  home  of  its  own. 

LIBRARY  OF  THE   SURGEON   GENERAL. 

It  is  desired  at  this  time  to  call  attention  to  the  remarkable  devel- 
opment during  the  past  half  century  of  this  important  adjunct  of  the 
Medical  Department  of  the  Army,  and  particularly  to  the  great 
present  neea  of  a  modem  fireproof  building  for  the  proper  housing  of 
these  valuable  collections. 

The  Suigeon  General's  library  began  as  a  small  collection  of  medical 
books  in  the  office  of  Surg.  Gen.  Lovell  in  1835,  numbering  about  228 
volumes  in  1840,  and  increased  to  about  587  in  1862. 

The  library  in  1865  came  first  under  the  master  hand  of  John  Shaw 
Billings,  and  to  this  able  medical  officer  and  distinguished  bibliogra- 
pher must  be  riven  the  greatest  credit  for  several  unique  features  in 
connection  with  its  development.  In  1889  the  collection  consist|ed  of 
about  1,000  volumes.  In  1895  it  had  grown,  under  the  administra- 
tion of  Capt.  Billings,  to  300,000  portraits,  books,  and  pamphlets. 
During  this  period  the  Ubrarian  conceived  and  promptly  initiated  the 
ingenious  plan  of  a  medical  catalogue,  indexed  for  author  and  subject, 
that  should  embrace  not  only  monographs  and  standard  works  but 
the  reports  of  individual  cases  upon  wnich  so  many  conclusions  of 
medical  science  depend. 

From  this  beginning  has  developed  the  universal  catalogue  of  med- 
ical literature,  The  Index  Catalogue,  the  first  volume  of  which  was 


472  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON  GENEBAL. 

issued  in  1880  and  consisted  of  880  quarto  pages.  Since  that  date  at 
least  one  such  issue  has  been  made  annually  by  him  and  his  able  suc- 
cessors; Billings  hbnself  having  edited  the  entire  first  16  volumes, 
which  ran  through  the  alphabet. 

This  index,  requiring  great  technical  knowledge,  infallible  arrange- 
ment, and  unceasing  inoustry,  has  been  kept  fufly  up  to  date  and  to 
the  latest  professional  advances,  and,  makmg  its  way  over  the  earth 
wherever  medical  science  is  known,  has  brought  great  credit  to  the 
Army,  fame  to  its  designer  and  compilers,  and  has  received  the  high 
commendation  of  the  whole  world — praise  not  given  to  mediocre 
work. 

The  present  librarian,  Lieut.  Col.  Champ  C.  McCuUoch,  jr.,  in  his 
annual  report  to  this  office,  makes  certain  recommendations  which 
are  concurred  in. 

The  Sui^eon  GeneraVs  library  on  June  30,  1916,  contained  563,238 
bound  volimies,  theses,  journals,  transactions,  unbound  volumes  and 
pamphlets,  constitut'mg  the  largest  collection  of  medical  literature  in 
the  world. 

ABMY  MEDICAL  BfUSEUM. 

The  Army  Medical  Museimi  was  begun  under  the  direction  of  Surg. 
Gen.  William  A.  Hammond,  United  States  Army,  in  1862.  It  begaa 
very  modestly,  as  all  the  great  collections  have,  but  with  the  passme 
years  and  under  the  skilled  direction  of  many  capable  and  devot^ 
hands,  it  has  grown  into  one  of  the  largest,  most  instructivei  and 
valuable  museums  in  existence. 

It  consists  now  of  approximately  47,000  specimens:  Pathological, 
anatomical,  comparative  anatomy,  microscopical,  and  miscellaneous, 
and  about  15,000  photographs  ana  negatives.  About  8,000  specimens 
have  been  donated  or  exchanged  with  other  instititions. 

MEDICO-mLrrARY  OBSERVERS   OP  EUROPEAN   WAR. 

The  Medical  Department  has  had  six  representatives  with  the 
armies  of  the  countries  now  at  war.  Thase  oflBcers  of  the  Medical 
Corps  are  Lieut.  Col.  Alfred  E.  Bradley,  Majors  Joseph  H.  Ford, 
James  Robb  Church,  Clyde  S.  Ford,  and  WiUiam  J.  L.  Lyster,  and 
Capt.  Perry  L.  Boyer. 

Maj.  Joseph  H.  Ford  spent  approximately  13  months  with  the 
Austro-Hungarian  armies  on  the  eastern  front,  his  detail  extending 
from  September  26,  1914,  to  October,  1916.  His  reports  received  in 
this  office  have  covered  a  wide  range  and  are  most  comprehensive  and 
valuable. 

Maj.  James  Robb  Church,  who  has  been  present  with  the  French 
Army  on  the  western  front  since  January  28,  1916,  has  already  for- 
warded much  information  of  value  in  nis  reports  on  the  medico- 
military  conditions  coming  imder  his  notice. 

Col.  'feradley,  Maj.  Qyae  S.  Ford,  and  Maj.  William  J.  L,  Lyst-er 
were  officially  detaded  by  the  War  Department  as  observers  with 
the  British  forces  in  May,  1916,  and  are  now  actively  engaged  with 
their  duties  in  the  field.  Their  arrival  in  Europe  was  opportune, 
and  the  information  received  indicates  that  their  observations  will  be 
of  great  interest  and  value  professionally  and  scientifically. 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  SUBGEON  GENERAL.  473 

Maj.  Perry  L.  Boyer  was  in  London,  England,  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  war  ana  departed  therefrom  September  10,  1914,  en  route  to 
Paris,  France,  as  an  observer  with  the  French  armies,  being  on  duty 
in  France  imtil  November  25,  1914,  when  he  returned  to  the  United 
States. 

The  reports  made  by  the  members  of  the  Medical  Corps  detailed 
as  observers  in  Europe  are  of  such  a  character  as  to  warrant,  at  the 
proper  time,  their  presentation  in  an  extended  form  for  the  informa- 
tion not  only  of  the  medical  and  military  student,  but  for  the  interest 
they  will  have  for  the  general  reader. 

ARMY  NtJBSE  CORPS. 

The  reports  of  the  work  of  the  Army  Nurse  Corps  have  been  most 
gratifying,  and  a  much-needed  increase  has  been  authorized  for  the 
coming  uscel  year.  Great  care  is  exercised  in  the  scJection  of  its 
personnel,  with  the  result  that  most  satisfactory  work  is  being  done. 

The  mobilization  of  the  regular  troops  and  militia  having  resulted 
in  the  'establishment  of  many  hospitals  on  the  border,  the  appoint- 
ment of  276  nurses  was  authorizeci  to  meet  the  emergency.  At  this 
time  there  are  on  duty  at  the  border  hospitals: 

Base  hospitak: 

Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex »  54 

FOTtBliflB,  Tex .• 26 

Brownsville,  Tex 20 

Eagle  Pass,  Tex * 24 

Nogales,  Ariz 16 

Camp  hospitals: 

Deming,  N.  Mex 10 

Laredo,  Tex 10 

Douglas,  Ariz 10 

McAllen,  Tex 12 

Total 182 

Nurses  have  been  and  are  being  appointed  in  the  regular  corps  as 
rapidly  as  possible  to  meet  the  need,  and  their  numbers  have  oeen 
further  augmented  by  the  assignment  to  active  duty  of  a  large  num- 
ber from  tne  reserve  Ust,  the  enrolled  nurses  of  the  American  Red 
Cross  constituting  this  reserve. 

HOSPrTAL  TRAIN. 

A  hospital  train,  designed  in  the  office  of  the  Surgeon  General  and 
consisting  of  10  Pullman  cars  built  in  the  Pullman  car  shops  at 
Chicago,  has  been  prepared  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment and  is  now  in  operation.  Five  of  the  cars  are  stripped  of  berths 
and  regular  hospital  beds  have  been  installed;  two  large  side  doors 
for  loading  and  unloading  stretcher  cases  are  provided;  two  of  the 
cars  are  regulation  sleepers  and  equipped  with  extra  fans,  call  bells, 
medicine  cabinets,  Unen  cabinets,  extra  water  and  ice  tanks,  etc., 
installed  for  ambidant  cases.  One  car  has  a  complete  operating 
room.  The  kitchen  car  is  complete  and  so  designed  that  it  can  care 
for  over  200  sick. 

'Includes  7  for  anlgnmtnt  to  duty  on  the  hospital  train. 


474  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENEBAL. 

In  addition  to  the  Regular  Army  personnel  there  will  be  nurses 
from  the  Army  Nurse  Corps  to  act  as  ward  nurses  in  certain  cars^ 
diet  nurses,  and  two  are  to  be  assigned  to  the  operating  car. 

The  train  is  painted  maroon,  with  the  insignia  of  the  Army  Medical 
Department,  and  with  the  train  number  and  car  number  on  each  car. 

This  train  will  operate  between  the  Mexican  border,  the  west  coast, 
Hot  Springs,  and  the  East.  Such  additional  trains  as  may  be  neces- 
sary to  meet  the  needs  of  the  service  will  be  provided,  including  a 
completely  equipped  bath  and  disinfecting  tram  for  use,  if  needed, 
on  tne  border  in  connection  with  any  possible  appearance  of  tjrphus 
fever  among  troops. 

EXPEDmON   INTO  MEXICO. 

In  March,  1916,  an  expeditionary  force,  consisting  of  United  States 
troops  of  all  branches,  crossed  the  Rio  Grande  and  entered  northern 
Mexico.  This  force  during  most  of  the  time  has  consisted  of  from 
8,000  to  12,000  men  (a  monthly  average  of  about  10,000).  During 
an  experience  covering  several  months  of  arduous  service  imder  the 
most  trying  climatic  and  insanitary  conditions  this  10,000  has  main- 
tained a  remarkable  record  of  health  and  efficiencv. 

Its  noneffective  rates  compare  favorably  with  the  best  of  the  home 
troops  under  garrison  conditions.  The  work  of  the  medical  officers 
and  the  sanitary  personnel  has  been  the  subject  of  special  commenda- 
tory reports  by  the  commanding  general  of  the  expedition. 

MOBILIZATION   OP  THE   NATIONAL  OUABD. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  national-defense  act  of  June  3,  1916, 
the  State  troops  of  the  country  were  called  into  the  Federal  service 
in  June,  1916,  by  an  order  of  tne  President. 

The  National  Guard  of  the  United  States,  comprising  a  force  con- 
sisting of  approximately  135^000  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  various 
branches,  was  rapidly  mobilized  in  their  respective  State  camps. 
Here  they  were  suojected  to  a  rigid  physical  examination,  when  time 
allowed,  conforming  to  that  requu*ed  in  the  r^ular  service :  inspected, 
mustered,  and  eqmpped  under  the  direct  supervision  of  officers  oi 
the  United  States  Army  specially  detailed  for  that  duty.  As  rapidly 
as  possible  these  soldiers  from  ci\U  life  were  transferred  to  the  large 
concentration  and  training  camps  in  the  Southern  Department  and 
stationed  in  close  proximity  to  the  troops  of  the  Regular  Army, 
some  40,000  of  which  had  been  occupying  the  border  district  adjacent 
to  the  Rio  Grande  for  several  years.  Tnis  sudden  and  rapid  move- 
ment of  a  large  body  of  partially  trained  or  quite  inexperienced 
troops  threw  an  enormous  amount  of  work  and  responsibility  on 
those  charged  with  its  execution,  and  particularly  upon  the  staff  and 
supply  departments  of  the  Army. 

To  the  officers  of  the  Medical  Corps  of  the  Army  was  given  the 
task  of  making  the  physical  examinations  and  administering  the  vac- 
cination against  typhoid  fever  and  smallpox,  immediately  compul- 
sory on  entering  the  Federal  service  imder  the  existing  regulations. 
Their  assignment  to  the  different  camps  as  sanitary  inspectors  and 
instructors  added  further  to  their  important  duties. 

It  can  be  fairly  stated  that  this  mooiUzation  has  been  accomplished 
with  promptness  and  with  the  minimum  of  disease  and  discomfort. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON  GENERAL.  475 

In  view  of  the  general  situation  and  the  suddenness  of  the  call  there 
is  little  ground  for  complaint  of  any  kind,  and  particularly  from  the 
standpomt  of  hygiene  and  sanitation.  A  comparison  with  a  some- 
what similar  mobilization  of  citizen  soldiers  in  the  sunmier  of  1898 
and  its  results  shows  clearly  the  advance  that  has  been  made  in  the 
^owledge  of  preventive  medicine  and  camp  sanitation  in  the  Army 
since  the  days  of  the  Spanish-American  War. 

From  the  weekly  telesraphic  reports  of  **sick  and  wounded"  for 
the  combined  forces  on  the  southern  border  the  sick  rate  since  mobil- 
ization has  been  less  than  2  per  cent,  which,  expressed  in  terms  of 
noneffectiveness,  is  eqmvalent  to  a  rate  of  18.13  per  thousand. 

The  mobilization  of  the  National  Guard  in  1916  offered  a  unique 
and  valuable  opportimity  for  instruction  to  the  members  of  both  the 
National  Guard  and  the  Kegular  Army.  The  medical  officers  of  both 
branches  have  rendered  excellent  service,  and  the  exceptionally  low 
sick  rates  that  have  prevailed  during  the  first  few  months  in  the 
combined  camps  of  the  border  speak  in  the  highest  praise  of  their 
ability  and  efficiency. 


HEALTH  OF  THE  ABHT. 

International  Nomenclaturb. 

The  diagnostic  terms  for  diseases  and  injuries,  adopted  by  the 
Medical  Department  in  accordance  with  the  International  Nomen- 
clature, are  used  with  the  international  nimibers  for  the  fourth  year 
in  this  report. 

The  International  Nomenclature  is  used  by  most  of  the  imj>ortant 
foreign  countries.  It  is  also  used  by  the  Census  Bureau  in  this 
country  and  by  an  increasing  nimiber  of  boards  of  health  and  large 
hospitals. 

In  studyuig  statistics  for  other  countries  where  the  terms  used  are 
expressed  in  a  foreign  language,  the  international  nimiber  furnishes  a 
ready  key  for  their  interpretation. 

Following  Table  No.  81  vdll  be  found  the  10  tables  giving  ihe 
military  statistics  for  the  year  1916,  as  agreed  upon  at  the  Liter- 
national  Conmiission  for  the  Unification  of  the  Medical  Statistics  of 
Armies,  held  at  Budapest  in  1894,  at  Madrid  in  1903,  and  modified 
by  the  last  meeting  held  at  Berlin  in  1907.  The  dic^ostic  terms  and 
nimibers  used  in  these  tables  are  those  i^eed  upon  by  the  com« 
mission,  and  are  not  to  be  confused  with  the  terms  and  nimibers  of 
the  international  nomenclature  used  in  the  remainder  of  this  report 
and  based  upon  the  second  decennial  revision  by  the  international 
commission  held  in  Paris,  July  1  to  3,  1909. 

As  in  1912,  1913,  and  1914,  only  original  admissions  are  used  in 
compiling  the  statistics  in  this  report.  In  the  years  1904  to  1911, 
inclusive  (reports  1905-1912),  the  readmissions  were  counted  as 
admissions.  In  this  report  in  making  comparisons  between  cases  and 
admissions,  the  terms  case  admission  (reports  1913-1916,  inclusive, 
and  prior  to  the  one  for  1905)  and  total  admission  (reports  1905- 
1912,  inclusive),  will  be  used. 

Admission  Rates. 

Table  No.  81  shows  the  total  admission  and  case  admission  rates  for 
American  troops  of  the  Army,  for  the  United  States,  continental 
(exclusive  of  Alaska),  and  for  American  troops  in  the  Philippine 
Islands,  for  diseases,  external  causes,  and  all  causes  separately  for 
each  year  1904  to  1911,  inclusive. 

Table  No.  68 J  gives  the  rates  per  1,000  for  the  entire  Array.  So 
much  interest  has  been  shown  concerning  the  incidence  of  certain 
diseases,  especially  tuberculosis,  typhoid  fever,  and  venereal  diseases, 
for  the  entire  Army — that  is,  for  all  officers  and  enlisted  men,  both 
American  and  native  troops — that  it  was  deemed  advisable  to  pubUsh 
this  data  to  include  all  troops  together.  The  rat^s  for  American 
troops,  enlisted  men,  placed  in  comparison  for  ready  reference,  may 
be  found  in  Tables  Nos.  69  and  76. 

476 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON  GENERAL. 


OFFICERS. 


477 


The  mean  strength  of  officers  was  4,394,  as  obtamed  from  the 
reports  of  sick  and  wounded  of  the  Medical  Department,  and  4,873, 
from  the  office  of  The  Adjutant  General.  There  were  2,430  admis- 
sions. 18  deaths,  and  103.58  constantly  noneffectiye  from  all  causes, 
equal  to  ratios  of  553.03,  3.69,  and  23.57  as  compared  with  ratios  oi 
495.76,  4.76,  and  23.12  per  1,000  for  the  year  1914.  The  constantly 
noneffective  rate  was  higher  than  for  1914;  the  admission  also  was 
hidber. 

The  chief  causes  of  admission  and  their  rates  were:  Influenza, 
60.54;  bronchitis,  42.33;  diarrhea  and  enteritis,  39.14;  diseases  of  the 
pharynx,  31.63;  diseases  of  the  nasal  fossae,  29.59,  and  dengue,  20.94. 

OFFICEIBS  RETIBED. 

Eighteen  officers  were  retired  on  account  of  disability  diiring  the 
year,  making  a  rate  for  retirement  for  disability  of  3.69  per  l.olOO  as 
compared  with  6.22  per  1,000  for  1914.  The  oischarge  rate  tor  dis- 
ability in  enlisted  men  (all)  was  14.06,  as  compared  with  12.78  per 
1,000'^for  1914. 

The  foUowinff  table  shows  the  principal  causes  for  which  retire- 
ments were  made  and  the  rank  and  age  of  the  officers  retired : 

Tablb  No.  1. — Retirement  of  officers.  United  States  Army,  year  1916,  for  disability,  hy 

causes  and  rank,  grouped  by  ages. 


Total. 

Ages  of  officers,  quinquennial  groups. 

Num- 
ber. 

Ratio 
per 
1,000 
of  all 
offi- 
cers. 

24 
years 
and 
un- 
der. 

25  to 

29 
years. 

30  to 

34 
years. 

35  to 

39 
years. 

40  to 

44 
years. 

45  to 

40 
years. 

50  to 

54 
years. 

55  to 

50 
years. 

60 
years 

and 
over. 

CAUSES  or  BrrnuciiKirT. 
NemasthCTLia 

4 
3 
2 
2 

1 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 

0.82 
.62 
.41 
.41 
.21 
.21 
.21 
.21 
.21 
.21 
.•21 

1 

...... 

1 

2 

BrUdit's  disease 

2 

1 

OmmiclM>Artdi!W&<ie... ^ 

1 

Fractures,  results  of . ............. 

1 

1 

Diabetes 

1 
1 

Myelitis 

EDUeDST 

1 

neatness  and  otitis  media... ..... 

1 

Peoumonia  reimlts of.,r, 

1 
1 

Ai^pfocliolithi 

Flat  foot 

1 

i 

EANK  IN  SEBYIOE. 

Colonel 

1 
3 

4 
8 

1 
1 

.21 
.62 
.82 
L64 
.21 
.21 

1 

Lieutenant  oolonel 

i 

1 

2 
1 
1 

Major v.:....:::.:::. 

2 

1 

Captain 

1 

1 
1 

4 

Flrtt  lieutenant 

Second  lieutenant 1.. 

1 

t 

Number  of  retirements 

18 

4,S73 

3.09 

*2i6' 

1 

906 

LOO 

1 

801 

L12 

2 

966 

2.07 

4 

860 

4.66 

2 

487 

4.11 

4 

258 

15.50 

4 

140 

26.85 

Number  of  ofDcers  in  service 

Ratio  per  1,000  of  each  group 

82 

There  were  18  deaths,  with  a  rate  of  3.69  per  1,000|  as  compared 
with  23  deaths,  with  a  rate  of  4.76  in  1914. 


478 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON  QENEBAL. 


The  following  table  shows  the  causes  of  deaths  of  officers: 

Table  No.  2,— Deaths  of  officers,  United  States  Army,  year  1915,  by  causes  and  rank, 
•  grouped  by  ages. 


Total. 

Ages  of  officers,  qolnqaenniml  groopi. 

Num- 
ber. 

Ratio 
per 
1,000 
of  all 
offi- 
cers. 

24 

years 

and 

under. 

26  to 

29 

years. 

90  to 

34 
years. 

35  to 

30 
years. 

40  to 
44 

years. 

46  to 

40 
years. 

60  to 

M 
years. 

66  to 

60 

60 
yoan 

and 
ow* 

CAU8B8  or  DIATO. 

By  onishing  (2  by  fall  of 
aeroplane,  1  by  over- 
tonune  auto,  1  by  fall 
from   none   in   polo 
game) 

4 
8 

2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

0.82 
.62 

.41 
.41 
.41 
.21 
.21 
.21 
.21 
.21 

1 

1 

a 

1 
1 

By  soidde  (2  by  gonsbot, 
Iby  hanging) 

Organic  heart  disease  (1 
valvular,  1  hypertro- 
phy and'dflatation) 

Pneumonia 

1 
1 

1 

2 

Pancreas,  dLwase  of  the . . 
Septicemia 

1 

I 

I 

Carcinoma 

1 

Apoplexy,  cerebral 

Uioer  of  stomach 

1 

1 

Causes  unknown 

1 

••■; :'. 

••••••• 

-i—i— ^ 

RANK  IN  flKBVICX. 

Colonel 

1 
2 
4 
6 

4 
2 

.21 
.41 
.82 
1.03 
.82 
.41 

1 

Lieutenants  c<Monel 

1 
8 

1 

Vb^f^  -  

1 
1 

4' 

Captains 

Firet  lieutenants ] . 

i* 

1 

1 

8 

Beoood  lieutenants. ..... 

Number  of  deaths. 
Number   of  officers  in 
service. 

18 
4,873 

3.80 

1 

215 
4.66 

2 

006 
2.01 

8 

801 

8.87 

2 

066 
2.07 

4 

850 

4.66 

4 

487 

8.11 

268 

1 

140 
6.71 

1 

6» 

Death  rate  per  1,000  of 
each  group 

lf.S> 

ENLISTED  MEN. 

The  mean  enlisted  strength  of  the  Army,  American  troops,  white* 
and  colored,  for  the  year  1915,  as  reported  on  the  monthly  sick  reports 
of  the  Medical  Department,  was  93,262,  and  on  the  returns  oi  TTie 
Adjutant  General  s  Office,  94,729.  The  former  represents  the 
strength  of  the  commands  from  which  the  sick  returns  were  made  and 
was  used  in  calculating  all  ratios  except  those  for  deaths  and  dis- 
charges. As  all  deaths  and  discharges  were  reported,  even  of  those 
absent  from  a  command,  the  total  strength  as  obtained  from  The 
Adjutant  (General  was  used  in  calculating  ratios  pertaining  to  those 
headings.  There  was  an  increase  in  strei^h  over  the  year  1914,  for 
which  the  medical  returns  showed  87,228  and  The  Adjutant  General's 
Office,  88,133. 

During  the  year  1915  American  troo^  were  stationed  in  the  United 
States  proper,  the  Philippine  Islands,  China,  Alaska,  Hawaii,  and  the 
Canal  Zone.  Native  troops  served  in  Porto  Rico  and  the  Philippine 
Islands.  Statistics  for  the  native  troops,  Porto  Ricans  and  the  Phil- 
ippine Scouts,  have  been  separately  compiled,  and  when  reference 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEOK  GENEBAL. 


479 


is  made  to  the  "Army"  in  this  report  the  entire  Army — officers, 
white,  colored,  and  native  enUsted  men — is  meant. 

The  size  of  garrisons  in  the  Tropics,  which  constituted  such  a  large 

f percentage  of  our  military  forces,  renders  of  more  importance  than 
ormerly  the  general  rates  for  the  entire  Army. 

Charts  A,  S,  C,  D,  E,  F,  and  G  are  for  the  entire  Army  for  the  dec- 
ade 1906-1916.  For  years  prior  to  1906  the  same  data  as  shown  in 
these  charts  will  be  found  published  in  the  report  for  1912,  pages  14, 
15,  and  16. 

Table  No.  76  gives  American  troops,  enlisted  men  by  countries, 
placed  in  companson  for  1915. 

The  admission  and  noneflFective  rates  for  the  entire  Army  and  for 
the  troops  in  geographical  divisions  are  readily  oomparable  m  the  fol- 
lowing tabulation  : 

Admission  and  noruffective  rates  for  entire  Army  and  for  troops  in  geographical  divisiont 

for  years  1915  and  1914- 


Army 
(entire). 

Ameri- 

ran 
troons 
of  the 
Army 

(en- 
listed 
men). 

Enlisted  men  serving  in  geographical  divisions. 

United 
States 

(at 
home). 

Alaska. 

Canal 
Zone. 

Hawaii. 

Philippine 
Islands. 

Chhia. 

Porto 
RIoo. 

Ameri- 
can 
troops. 

Native 
troops. 

Admissian  rates: 
1916 

72itl9 
660.45 

25.22 
23.78 

744.59 
665.83 

25.88 
24.02 

704.01 
629.84 

25.74 
23.37 

38(L63 
422.96 

8.91 
10.52 

871.00 
955.22 

26.00 
37.30 

568.94 
523.27 

20.44 
18.75 

990.45 
877.69 

29.15 
30.68 

573.84 
714.14 

15.68 
20.30 

1,462.17 
1,080.23 

35.00 
29.68 

655.07 

1914 

629.30 

Noneffective  rates: 
1915 

22. 7S 

1914 

22.52 

The  rates  are  slightlv  higher  this  year  for  the  United  States, 
Hawaii.  China,  and  for  the  American  troops  in  the  Philippine  Islands. 
A  decided  reduction  in  admission  and  noneffective  rates  occurred  in 
Alaska,  Canal  Zone,  and  the  Phihppine  Islands  (native  troops).  The 
niost  marked  reduction  is  noted  in  the  admission  rate  for  the  Philip- 
pine Scouts  and  in  the  noneffective  rate  for  the  troops  serving  m 
Canal  Zone. 

ADMISSIONS    TO    SICK    REPORT    (AMERICAN    TROOPS,    ENLISTED   MEN). 

[See  Tables  Nos.  60  and  76.] 

The  admissions  to  sick  report  during  the  year  1915  show  a  slight 
increase,  being  744.59  as  compared  with  665.83  in  1914.  The  admis- 
sion rate  for  disease  only  is  610.32;  in  1914  it  was  539.46.  Table 
No.  81  shows  the  case  admission  and  total  admission  rates  for  all 
American  troops,  those  in  the  United  States  and  those  in  the  Philip- 
pine Islands,  1904  to  1911,  inclusive.  The  diseases  causing  the 
nighest  admission  rates  were:  Venereal,  107.71;  diseases  of  the 
pharynx,  66.10;  bronchitis,  35.17;  influenza,  34.27;  and  diarrhea  and 
enteritis,  31.51.  The  rates  just  given  are  for  the  American  enlisted 
men  of  the  Army  and  are  g^esn.  first  for  convenience  of  comparison. 
For  the  entire  Army  (all  officers  and  enlisted  men,  including  native 


480  REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  QEKERAL. 

troops)  the  rate  is  726.19.  For  disease  only  the  rate  is  597.02.  The 
rate  for  disease  this  year  is  slightly  higher  both  among  the  American 
troops  and  for  the  entire  Army.  This  is  probably  accoimted  for  by 
the  mcreased  rates  for  venereal  diseases. 

For  venereal  diseases  the  rate  for  white  troops  was  1 05.81 ,  a  decrease 
over  1914;  for  colored,  136.30,  which  was  slightly  higher  than  for 
1914.  The  rates  in  the  Philippines  for  these  troops  were  177.08  and 
258.76,  respectiveljr,  which  are  higher  for  both  races  over  the  rates 
of  1914  in  the  Philippines,  174.79  and  233.76,  respectively.  Th^ 
high  rates  are  undoubtedly  due  to  social  conditions  and  indicate  tiie 
necessity  for  a  change  of  conditions  before  rates  comparable  to  those 
obtaining  in  the  United  States  may  be  expected.  As  the  rate  for 
1912  for  colored  troops  in  the  Philippines  was  524.06,  the  highest 
recorded  in  the  Army,  the  present  rate  is  an  index  of  the  effectiveness 
of  the  measures  instituted  for  improvement  in  this  condition. 

The  case  admission  rate  for  external  causes,  American  troops, 
enlisted  men,  was  134.27.  In  1914  this  rate  was  126.37,  and  in  1913, 
136.52.  The  principal  causes  for  this  rate  were:  Traumatism  by 
fall,  36.16;  injuries  by  animals,  12.33;  traumatism  by  cutting  or 
other  piercing  instruments.  10.57;  traumatism  by  crushing,  6.66; 
bums,  4.12;  and  poisoning  by  food,  3.44. 

NONEFFECnVB  BATES. 

Chart  B  shows  for  the  entire  Army  the  constantly  noneffective 
rate  for  all  causes  from  the  year  1906  to  1915,  inclusive.  This  rate 
is  the  true  measure  of  nonemciency  of  the  Army  from  sickness  and 
injury.  The  rate  for  disease  and  injury  obtained  for  the  total  Ameri- 
can troops,  enlisted  men,  for  the  year  1915  was  25.88,  as  compared 
with  24.02  for  1914  aiid  24.33  per  1,000  in  1913.  The  rate  for  1914 
is  the  lowest  recorded  noneffective  rate  in  the  history  of  the  Axmy. 
The  highest  noneffective  rate  on  record  was  for  the  year  1898,  whai 
the  total  rate  was  82.83  per  1,000,  and  the  rate  for  diseases  alone  was 
69.09. 

The  noneffective  rate  for  all  troops  in  the  military  service,  or  the 
entire  Army,  from  all  causes,  was  25.22  (for  disease  alone,  20.85), 
which  is  slightly  higher  than  that  for  1914,  but  still  much  below  the 
rates  for  any  preceding  year,  except  1914,  when  the  rate  was  23.78. 
This  rate  during  the  past  decade  shows  a  steady  reduction.  In  1906 
the  noneffective  rate  was  47.86. 

DISCHABGES  FOB  DISABUJIT. 

Chart  D  gives  the  rates  for  discharges  for  disability  for  the  Army 
from  the  year  1906  to  1915,  inclusive. 

Soldiers  stationed  outside  of  the  territorial  limits  of  the  United 
States  are  brought  to  the  United  States  for  discharge,  except  those 
belonging  to  the  Porto  Rican  Regiment  and  the  Pmlippine  Scouts. 
They  are,  however,  credited  in  the  tabulated  reports  to  the  coontr^ 
in  which  the  soldiers  were  serving  when  they  became  disabled,  if  their 
commands  were  there  at  date  of  discharge. 

The  present  system  requires  that  all  soldiers  certified  by  medical 
officers  to  be  permanently  incapacitated  for  the  miUtary  service  shall 
be  critically  examined  by  a  board  of  two  medical  officers  before  ~ 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 


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■ 

■ 

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1 

1 

1 

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1 

1 

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1 

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--    J   1   1   1   1   I..I. 

1 

482 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  OENBBAU 


Chart  B. — Army.    Offioert  and  American  and  native  troop*. 
INoneOectiTe  rates,  all  causes,  years  IM)&-1915.] 


P^frs 


TZe^^s 


/o.         xo.        So.        &^o. 


/fo  6 


^r.^^ 


/for^sss 


/fOS 


^/Ms 


/far 


^a.^8 


/f/^> 


^^.sf 


«■ 


/f// 


Jx.as 


/f/n 


^f.zv 


/f/sz<?ss 


/^/YX^.Ti 


/f/^zsiz^ 


lAMMM 


i 


J- 


BEPOBT   OF  THE  SITBGEON   OENEBAL. 


483 


Cfuoi  C. — Army.    Officers  and  Ameriean  and  native  troopt. 
INonelltotive  nUs  (or  disease,  yean  1W6-1015.) 


yesrs. 


-T^fif^s. 


0    s:  /o.  /f.  zo.  :zf:  So.  ^s:  j/o. 


/  f  O  6 


'^/.Z  ^ 


/  ?  a  y 


^r.r^ 


/  ^  a  S 


^  -r-.^f 


/  r  ^/ 


^'^.fS 


/  f  /  Cf 


Zf.^  ^ 


/  f  /  /^7:z  7" 


/  ^  y  ^ 


z&^.^  / 


/  f  /  ^ 


/y.yo 


/  ^  /  ^ 


/r- 


/  f  /  J-'Z  o.^  r 


484 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 


discharged.  The  reports  of  these  boards  go  to  the  departmeat  head- 
quarters from  where  discharges  are  ordered^  except  in  the  cases  of 
soldiers  at  a  recruit  depot  or  general  hospital,  and  Uie  reports  of 
boards  on  insane  patients.  In  the  latter  circumstances  the  reports 
are  sent  to  the  Aojutant  General  of  the  Army,  who  directs  the  dis- 
charge or  issues  the  order  when  insane  are  recommended  to  be  trans- 
ferred to  the  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Washington,  D.  C. 

The  discharge  rate  for  1914  was  lower  than  for  any  year  since  the 
Spanish-Amencan  War,  being  12.99  as  compared  with  14.26  for  the 
year  1915.  In  1915  there  were  in  the  Army  1,351  men,  American 
troops,  discharged  for  disability ,  as  compared  with  1,145  during  1914. 
The  corresponding  rate  for  1913  was  13.24.  The  rate  for  1867  was 
13  per  1,000,  and  the  lowest  rate  from  1894-1898,  inclusive,  was  that 
for  1895,  the  lowest  on  record  in  the  Anny,  9.15  per  1,000.  The 
highest  rate  in  any  year  for  discharge  for  disability  was  in  1849,  when 
the  total  rate  for  discharge  was  76.7  per  1 ,000.  The  rate  for  the  entire 
Army  was  14.06  per  1,000. 

The  discharge  rate  for  disease  in  1915  (American  troops)  was  12.79 
per  1,000,  as  compared  with  11.39  in  1914,  and  that  for  external 
causes  was  1.47  in  1915  as  compared  with  1.60  in  1914.  The  diseases 
causing  the  highest  discharge  rate  in  1915  were  as  follows,  absolute 
numbers  and  rates  per  1 ,000  being  given : 

DiBchargeSf  enlisted  men  (American  troop8)t  year  1915. 


DisMse. 

Number. 

Ratio. 

M«ntii1  Allmatfon 

8U 

170 

118 

78 

85 

47 

8.91 

Taberculosis  (all) 

L7f 

Flat  foot : 

l.S 

VoneraaldiffMiMs..  .      .    ..^    ..  ..      .      .        .           x.......^^^^,^...^,* 

.81 

Epilepsy 

.61 

Oy^niflhffartdlaoftoe. . .  .......       ...  ..    .....        .  ..  ..  ...............  .. 

.98 

DEATHS  FROM  ALL  CAUSES. 

Chart  E  shows  the  total  death  rate  for  all  causes  for  the  Army  from 
the  year  1906  to  1915,  inclusive.     (See  also  Table  3A.) 

For  American  troops,  enlisted,  the  total  rate  for  1915  was  4.60  as 
compared  with  the  corresponding  rate  of  4.45  for  1914  and  4.86  for 
1913.  The  rate  for  1916  is  but  httle  above  the  rate  for  1914,  which 
was  the  lowest  on  record  in  the  Army.  Hie  highest  death  rate  oc- 
curring in  any  year  was  in  1849,  when  the  total  rate  for  deaths  was 
80.2.  The  deatn  rate  for  diseases  was  2.60  in  1915;  2.36  in  1914,  and 
2.57  m  1913.  The  total  number  of  deaths  in  1915  was  436.  The 
following  diseases  caused  the  highest  number  of  deaths,  absolute 
numbers  and  rates  per  1,000  being  given: 

Deaths,  enlisted  m^n  {American  troops),  year  1915, 


Disease. 


Taberculosis 

Pneamonla  (lobar) 

Organic  heart  disease 

Measles 

Appendicitis 

Epldemio  cerebrospinal  meningitis 


0.88 
.81 


U 

U 


REPOBT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENEBAL.  485 

The  following  were  the  principal  causes  of  deaths,  among  officers 
and  enlisted  men,  American  troops,  from  external  causes,  with  Uie 
niunber  in  each  instance:  Suiciaes,  53;  homicides.  21;  drowning, 
accidental,  34;  traiunatism  by  fall,  9;  traumatism  oy  other  crush- 
ing, 29;  traumatism  by  firearms,  12. 

INFLUENCE  OF   STATION  ON  TBOOPS. 

R^arding  the  comparative  healthfulness  of  the  yarious  countries 
in  which  American  troops  were  serving  during  the  year  (Army  trans- 
ports being  excluded)^  it  will  be  noted  that  Alaska  maintains  the  lowest 
admission  and  noneffectiye  rates,  386.63  and  8.91  per  1,000,  respect- 
ively; the  Canal  Zone  the  lowest  death  rate,  2,37  per  1,000;  China 
had  uie  lowest  discharge  rate,  9.74;  China  also  had  the  highest  non- 
effective rate.  35.00,  as  well  as  the  highest  admission  rate,  1 ,462.17  per 
1,000;  the  Philippine  Islands  the  nighest  discharge  rate,  and  the 
Unit^  States  the  highest  death  rate. 


486 


BEPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 


Chart  D. — Army,    Officers  and  American  and  native  troop$. 
[Disoliarge  rates,  all  causes,  yean,  1906-1015.] 


/' 


e  ffrs. 


"Tds^cs 


/  ?  O  6 


X¥.^  S 


/fa?' 


/  f./Z 


/  f  0^ 


/  T'.SZ 


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/  s.^r^ 


//// 


/f/x 


/  ^.x  a 


/^.^ 


/f/s 


/x,^ 


/  T  /  ^  /  x.y  7 


/f/r 


/&^.o^ 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  STJBGEON  GENEBAL. 


487 


Chart  E. — Army.    Officers  and  Ameriean  and  native  troops, 
[D«atti  ntes,  aU  causes,  years  19(»-1M6.] 


Y^ers. 

/rVa'eJ. 

a     /     X      S     ^     s-     ^ 

1        1        1        1        r        ' 

/7^^ 

6.r3 

1 

/f  or 

r.r/  HjHHHHJI 

1 

* 

/  f  O  8 

x  ^^^^^^^^^^^^H 

1 

/?^f 

F  ^^^^^^^^^H 

/  f/  o 

• 

/•^// 

'^.r^^  HH||HH|H 

/  f/x. 

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/  f/  ^ 

^,/  r-^^^^^^^^^M 

1 

/^/y 

^yo  HHHH| 

/  ?  /r 

y.^X  MMjjj^MHI 

Chart  F. — Ampt    Officer »  and  Amenean  and  va^ve  iroopt. 
(Death,  dlscbaigs,  anid  noneffecUv*  rates  (or  dlseaee,  years  1906-ins.l 


/e4rs. 


T^st^s. 


ffa6 


ffar 


/fa? 


/fa? 


/f/c 


/f// 


/f/z 


/f/s 


///>/ 


/f/s- 


7>«f*X.  "^'st/ttyt  ^tet/fft 


3.rr 


J.rr 


3.6  3 


^.ag 


z.rp 


z.^y 


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z,^o 


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z.s-3 


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/ZiOdZf.^ 


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/  /.T'o 


/  /,Z3 


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^r,r? 


3ry 


/  ay?  z&i^  / 


/fT"' 


Za.9 


488 


J>/sc/^ry«s  ^§^  J^e/f/ectf^    K^^^ 


CAart  Q. — Armg,    Offieert  and  AtMtitan  and  native  tnopt. 

[Total  loa«,  dl  OMlMi,  jwn  UOO-UU.) 


7>e^As^^^  ■7fiei'/r^'^i2^fJte^'fr^  ^^-^tv/^o^jw 


490  BEPOET  OF  THE   SURQEON   OSNEBAI>. 

Chart  S. — Arm^.    O^fxn  and  Ameriean  aitd  Tuttive  troopi. 


BBPOBT  OF  THE  STJBGEON  GENERAL. 


491 


"8 


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492 


HBPOBT  OF  THE  STTBOEON  QENEBAL. 


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11 


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BEPOBT  OF  THE  SURGEON  OENESAL. 


493 


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to 

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24a-4^a-4f^^^r4a-4v4^a-4«>««>«24r4a-4ti4 


I 


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& 


494 


BEPOBT  OF  THE   SURGEON   GENEBAK 


INFLUENCE  OF  ASMS  OF  SEBYIOB. 

The  admission  rate  for  disease  was  highest  for  the  Field  ArtiHerj, 
being  764.67,  wiiile  the  Ordnance  Corps  had  the  lowest,  426.21  per 
1,000.. 

The  death  rate  was  highest  in  the  Ordnance  Corp^,  6.78,  and  lo^rest 
in  the  Field  Artillery,  1.79;  the  Hospital  Corps  being  next  with  2.02 
per  1,000. 

Tablb  No.  4. — Influence  of  disease  on  enlisted  American  troops  of  the  Army,  hy  camu  of 

service,  for  the  year  1915. 


Mean 
strength. 


Infontry 

Cavalry 

Coast  Artmery 
Field  Artillery. 
Enclneen.:... 

Oramanoe 

Signal  Con;)e... 
Hospital  Corps 
Others 

TotaL... 


34,090 

14,406 

18,963 

5,509 

1,877 

725 

1,364 

3,891 

12,435 


93,262 


Ad- 
mitted. 


22.535 

8,361 

10,194 

4,212 

1,282 

309 

594 

2,135 

7,298 


56,920 


Dis- 
charged 
on  certi- 
ficate of 
disabU- 

ity. 


461 

149 

273 

76 

21 

1 

10 

50 

162 


1,212 


Died. 


Con- 
stantly 

non- 
effective. 


75 

30 

49 

10 

7 

5 

5 

8 

67 


246 


781.60 

284.01 

882.31 

133.^ 

57.58 

9.60 

23.83 

74.77 

245.73 


1,992174 


Ratio  per  1,000  of 


Ad- 
mitted. 


66L04 
58a  80 
537.57 
764,57 
683.00 
426.21 
435.48 
548.70 
586.80 


6iaa2 


Dis- 
charged 
onoerti- 
flcateof 
disabil- 
ity. 


13.31 
iai8 
14.17 
13.60 
11.01 
1.36 
7.21 
14.08 
12L83 


1X79 


Died. 


2117 
2L06 
2L54 
L79 
3.67 
6.78 
8.61 
Z03 
4.51 


XOO 


Ooo- 

stantly 
non- 


IOlTS 

aaie 

94.19 

aa68 

13Lg7 
17.47 
19.23 
19.  TV 


2LS7 


The  following  table  shows  the  relative  frequency  of  the  occurrence 
of  the  more  important  diseases  for  the  various  arms  of  service;  figure  1 
indicating  the  nighest  ratio  and  figure  8  the  lowest  in  each  case  for 
each  arm: 


Tablb  No.  6. — Rdaiivejrequeruy  of  occurrence  of  certain  important  diseateit  by  arms  </ 
service,  in  the  Army,  among  American  troops,  enlisted  men,  year  1916, 


Arms  of  sanrlos. 


Intentry 

Cavalry 

Coast  ArtiUery 

Field  Artillary 

E    • 

O 

Signal  Corps. . . 

Hospital  Oorpt. 


1 
4 

6 
2 
3 
8 
5 
7 


Most  important  diseases. 


2 
3 

4 
1 
6 
8 
7 
5 


k 


I. 

i 


4 
3 
8 
1 
2 
7 
6 
6 


3 
6 
5 
2 
1 
8 
7 
4 


2 
3 

4 
1 
5 
6 
8 
7 


J 


6 
7 
5 
8 
8 
4 
3 
1 


3 
5 
3 
7 
6 
4 
8 
1 


4 

7 
6 
6 
3 
8 
8 
1 


3 
1 


A. 

I 


J 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SXJBOEON   GENERAL. 


495 


Chart  L —  UniUdStatet  andPhUippine  Islands.    Officers  ondAmmcan  andnaUve  troops, 

(KodflfleoUve  rates  for  special  diseases,  year  1016.] 


t'- 


^ 


^ 


■Site 


y^. 


^ 


^ 


% 


i 


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I 


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l 


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1 
\ 


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I 


1 


<0 


/^- 


'^/ercuAsU  "DyreM^er^, 


496 


BEPOET  OF  THE   SURGEON   GEKEBAL*. 


Chart  P.^-Army.    Officers  and  American  and  native  troap§, 
(AdmiBsioii  lotos  for  malarbl  feven,  yean  1906-1916.] 


/ 


Ctfrs 


'7?e¥'e.s. 


9  /a  Xo  Jo  'i'a  ^  ^o'T'o  •g'o  To  /oo  ^/o  ^XO 


/fa6/x  "^ya 


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^  /,'yo 


/ffig 


-rf.^^ 


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^r.^z 


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/f/¥ 


/f/j-  xr,/6 


*«i 


♦^^ 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  BUBQEON  GENEBAIi. 


497 


Chart  K. — Army.    Officen  and  American  and  native  troopi. 
(NooaOacUve  rates  for  malarial  ferws,  years  1800-1015.] 


yefrs.'Kr^es 


^fo         /.oo       /.^a     z.ao       ieS'o 


/fO& 


Z.S-S- 


/fo7 


/.^X 


/fOZ 


S^ 


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/f/C 


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/f// 


,8'S- 


/f/Z 


/.or 


/?/s 


.AS 


/f/&^ 


.-// 


/f/s  .^^ 


Chaari  L, — ilrmy.    Total  Anurioan  enliited  men. 
CAdmteloo  Mid  nonsfleotiv*  rates,  all  oauaes  Mid  dbwM,  by  tnm  o(  nrylot, 


191&.] 


^  /^^  ;?0O  ,9^0  4<9o  Joo  4oo  7^  too  ^o 


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ZS.3' 


rz*/./* 

/3.3: 


^ 


^/t^yacy/rt^/reffs^ 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SX7BQE0K  GEKEBAIj. 


499 


The  f ollowiiig  tabulation  exhibits  the  admission  and  noneffectiye 
rates  for  the  mfferent  races  for  the  principal  diseases  causing  the 
greatest  nonefficiency; 

DiieaieBeauringihegrmfeHamourUcffumiffi^^ 

theraoUh,  together  wUh  their  admiuion  raU»j  in  raUoe  per  1,000  of  mean  ttrength. 


Army,  total 
enlbted. 

White. 

Colored. 

Porto  Rioans. 

PhDippfaie 
Scouts.   ' 

Nonef- 
fective 
rates. 

Admis- 
sion 
rates. 

Nonef- 
fective 
rates. 

Admis- 
sion 
rates. 

Nonef- 
fective 
rates. 

Admis- 
sion 
rates. 

Nonef- 
fective 
rates. 

Admis- 
sion 
rates. 

Nonef- 
fective 
rates. 

Adml». 
sion 
rates. 

Venereal  diseases — 

Tubercolosis 

Mental  aUenatlom. . . 
Bronchitis 

4.62 

1,72 

.85 

.62 

.50 
.50 
.54 
.46 
.44 

.41 
.40 

.88 

108.52 

8.56 

8.74 

84.56 

42.44 

'     8.24 

25.74 

9.80 

82.25 

81.76 
6.45 

JLiS2 

4.68 

1.74 

.80 

.68 

.67 
.68 
.50 
.47 
.47 

.42 
.45 

.41 
.88 

106.81 
8.44 
8.88 

85.06 

46.48 
8.84 
28.60 
ia80 
85.06 

81.87 
7.22 

6.92 
8.80 

6.25 

2.60 

1.04 

.65 

.84 
.65 
.17 
.54 
.81 

.20 
.01 

.28 

.26 

186.80 
4.66 
8.27 

86.87 

28.60 
7.24 
8.44 
9.82 

22.40 

26.19 
.84 

4.18 
X24 

4.82 
.19 
.28 

80.67 
1.47 
L47 

1.96 
.58 
.16 
.48 

.06 
.03 
1.54 
.17 
.04 

.45 
.07 

.03 
.06 

34.88 
4.54 
X86 

28.52 

TQnsiUitis,aoutelol- 
Ucular.. 

.06 

2194 

8.00 

Appendicitis 

.78 

.85 

8.81 

80.11 

Mamps 

8.00 

tnfliMnia 

.10 
.23 

X04 
17.62 

1.68 

Piarrliea  and  enter- 
itis  

87.60 

Heaslcs 

1.45 

Articular    rheoms- 
tism,  acute  and 
chronic  ..•••  • 

.41 

4.41 

.54 

Sernia 

.86  1     2.50 

.78 

1 

It  win  be  seen  from  the  above  tabulation  that  the  "white  troops 
have  next  to  the  highest  rate  for  venereal  diseases,  105.81  per  1,000; 
the  colored  troops  the  highest,  with  136.30.  while  the  native  troops 
(Porto  Ricans  and  Philippine  Scouts)  had  tne  lowest  rate,  89.57  and 
84,33|  respectively. 

INFLUENOB  OF  BAOE. 

[See  Tables  67  and  75.] 

Table  No.  67  shows  that  the  white  trt)ops  had  the  highest  admission 
rate,  while  the  colored  troops  have  the  hidbiest  death,  dischiurge.  and 
noneffective  rates.  Porto  Kico  had  the  lowest  admission  ana  dis- 
chaj^  rate,  and  the  Philip{)ine  Scouts  the  lowest  death  and  non- 
effective rates.  The  admission  rates  were:  White  trt)ops,  745.17; 
coloredi  735.87;  Philippine  Scouts,  573.84*;  and  Porto  Ricans,  665.07. 

The  constantly  noneffective  rates  were:  Colored,  28.46;  white, 
26.70;  Porto  Ricans,  22.78;  and  Philippine  Scouts,  15.68  per  1,000. 

The  discharge  rates  were:  Colored,  15.85;  white,  14.16;  rhOippine 
Scouts,  11.44;  and  the  Porto  Ricans,  7.34  per  1,000. 

The  death  rates  were:  Colored,  5.51;  white,  4.54;  Porto  Ricans, 
4,41:  and  the  Philippine  Scouts,  2.54  per  1,000. 

The  rates  for  total  losses  were:  Colored,  21.36;  white,  18.70;  Phil- 
ippme  Scouts,  13.98;  and  Porto  Rican  troops,  13.45  per  1,000. 

The  average  number  of  davs  lost  for  each  case  treated  was :  Porto 
Ricans,  14.98;  colored,  14.12;  white,  12.59;  and  Philippine  Scouts, 
9.97  per  1,000. 


500  BEPOET  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 

COMFABISON  WITH  FOBEIGN  ARMIES. 

As  in  previous  years  it  has  been  customary  to  make  an  effort  to 
compare  the  health  conditions  in  the  United.  States  with  the  same 
conoitions  in  the  armies  of  Great  Britain,  the  continental  powers,  and 
Japan.  Owing  to  the  unusual  conditions  which  have  existed  throngh-  | 
out  the  calendar  year  1915  in  Europe,  no  effort  at  comparison  is  made  > 
in  this  report.  | 

SURGICAL  OPERATIONS.  I 

Table  No.  66  shows  the  principal  surgical  operations  performed  by 
medical  officers  upon  the  personnel  of  the  Army.  Operations  up<m 
families  of  officers  and  enlisted  men  and  other  civilians  who  are  en- 
titled to  treatment  at  Army  hospitals  at  the  various  posts  are  not 
included.  During  the  year  1915  there  were  6,323  operations  per- 
formed, of  which  6.244  were  successful,  36  partially  successful,  ami 
15  failures;  28  deaths  resulted.  Of  the  anesthetics  used,  ether  was 
more  prominent,  bein^  xised  in  2,459  cases,  chloroform  in  135,  local 
anesthesia  in  2,865,  chloroform  and  ether  or  gas  in  63,  and  other 
general  anesthetics  in  7  cases.  Six  hundred  and  eleven  appendec- 
tomies were  performed,  of  which  15  were  gangrenous,  6  resulting 
in  death;  289  herniotomies  and  14  operations  for  goiter. 


REPORT   OF   THE   SURGEON    GEBEBAL. 


XTVITED   STATES    (COB'TIB'EB'TAL)    EXCLXTSIVE   OF    ALASTfA 


ADMISSION  BATE. 


Cases  only  are  counted;  readmissions  for  the  same  illneas  are 
omitted  in  counting  cases.  Table  No.  81  shows  case  admissions  and 
total  admissions  for  enlisted  American  troops  of  the  Army  for  the 
United  States  and  American  troops,  Philippine  Islands,  1904  to 
1911,  indusire. 


i 


I 


Tear. 

Caae  admissloo  rate. 

Noa- 

effeotive 

rate,  all 

oauses. 

tirerato  far  dl»> 

All 
causes. 

For 
disease. 

External 
oauses. 

VenereaL 

niliiiii. 

1915 

704.01 
629.84 
619.90 
73a  70 
837.00 
840.00 

564.49 
498.83 
487.94 
596.94 
680.00 
662.00 

139.52 
131.01 
131.96 
141.76 
157.00 
178.00 

25.74 
23.37 
22.94 
27  15 
81.40 
33.96 

3.90 
3.75 
3.58 
&96 
8.82 
10.14 

2.33 

1914 

xm 

1913 

xm 

1912 

i.« 

1911 

urn 

1010 

i.fi 

The  admission  rate  for  1915,  704.01,  is  slightly  higher  than  for  the 
precedmg  year;  this  rate  is  compared  with  the  rate  for  five  years 
preceding  m  tne  total  above.  The  noneffective  is  lower  than  the 
average  for  preceding  five  years. 

DISOHARGES  FOR  DISABIUTY. 

The  disability  discharge  rate  for  the  United  States  for  1915  was 
13.60  per  1,000,  as  compared  with  14.82  for  1914,  13.45  for  1913. 
14.48  for  1912,  15  for  1911  and  15.28  for  1910.  It  will  be  noted 
that  the  rate  is  considerably  lower  than  for  1914. 

Table  No.  7. — Di$charge$  fordi$ability,vear  J915,  Uniud  Stata,  ecmHnental  (exdutHm§ 

Alatka). 


Number 

die- 
diarged. 

Per 
oent- 
ageof 
total 
dia- 
diarns 
for<U». 
eases 
or  ex- 
ternal 
causes. 

Disdiarses  tor  disability. 

Oauses  of  dJioharce. 

In 
line  of 
duty. 

Not  in  line  of 
duty. 

Disoliarsad  9ot 

disability  betee 

sislpifneiil 

Con- 
traoted 
oenre 
enlist- 
ment. 

Con- 
tracted 

after 
eniist- 
ment. 

In 
line  of 
duty. 

Not  la 

Una  of 
dnty. 

DISBA8C9. 

Nervous  system  and  orpuM  of  special  sense. 
Nervoos  system 

280 

S53 

164 

«S 

S6 

12 

7 

1 

1 

14 
SO 
13 
10 

87.00 

S2.81 

21.27 

0.47 

4.07 

l.M 

.01 

.13 

.18 

l.fl2 

6.00 

1.50 

1.30 

70 
S2 
21 
11 

201 

187 

131 

82 

30 

15 
14 
12 

4 
S 

IS 

• 

IfeatalaUenatioo 

m 

Dementia  preooz ....  .  ^ .    ^ . . ,  * ..  x . . 

IS 

Defseti  ve  mental  development 

General  paralysis  of  the  insane 

• 

12 

1 
1 
1 
7 
2 
0 

0 

s 

T'^^chasthenia. .....  r. ......  ^^ .  i ..  i . 

Pmbosis,  traumatic .....  ^ ........ . 

7 
37 

6 

2 

Epuepsy  • ..  •....■•..•..•••...••*•■■.•.• 

n 

Nearasnienia............  ...........  . 

1 

Hysteria. :::..::::.:..:....:...... 

3             7 

........ 

502 


^^ 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON  GENERAL. 


503 


Tablb  No.  T .—DMuxrga  for  dUabUity,  year  1916,  UniUd  States,  contmerUal  (exduding 

AUuka) — Continued. 


Number 

dls- 
efaarced. 

Psr 
cent- 
age  of 
total 
dls- 
diaries 
fdrdJb- 

orex- 
temal 
oauses. 

Discharces  tor  disability. 

GauMs  of  diioliarft. 

• 

In 
line  of 
duty. 

Not  in  line  of 
duty. 

Disdiarsed  for 

disabUity  before 

assignment. 

Con- 
tracted 
before 
enlist- 
ment. 

Coo- 
tracted 

after 
enlist- 
ment. 

In 
line  of 
duty. 

Not  in 
line  of 
duty. 

Nflrrous  lystam— Continnad t 

NeurttiB 

6 

6 

4 

3 

3 

8 

5 

30 

4 

3 

3 

3 

10 

13 

11 

3 

228 

106 

101 

2 

1 

2 

2 

57 

85 

38 

0 

1 

3 

30 

13 

4 

1 

1 

1 

3 

17 

13 

4 

13 
8 
4 
1 

13 
8 
5 
3 
3 
1 
1 
1 
111 

3 

1 
1 
1 
1 
7 

44 

27 
10 

0.78 

.78 

.52 

.26 

.26 

.30 

.65 

3.50 

.52 

.36 

.26 

.26 

L30 

LOO 

L43 

.26 

20.57 

14.01 

18.10 

.36 

.13 

.36 

.26 

7.80 

4.54 

3.08 

M7 

.13 

.36 

3.50 

L60 

.53 

.13 

.13 

.18 

.36 

3.30 

LOO 

.63 

LOO 

L04 

.53 

.13 

LOO 

L04 

.65 

.36 

.36 

.13 

.13 

.13 

14.40 

0.00 

LOO 

.01 

.30 

.13 

.13 

.18 

.18 

.01 

5.71 
8.60 
L30 
.30 
.18 
.13 
.18 
.18 

m 

1 
1 

Epidemic  cerebroq>in>l  meninfttis. 

Pumlysis  witboat  spedfled  ouiae 

3 

1 

Mflitnjttfc.irfinple." 

2 

........ 

Otben  of  the  spinal  eord 

10 

115 
80 
75 

i* 

i' 

1 
8 

0 

1 

DisMUHi  <rfthe  eye.. . ......'.... 

1 

Catanet 

Cooiunctivitis 

1 

3 

4 
5 
4 
1 

67 

27 

35 

1 

Amblyopia 

Iritis..?....::;.:;;....;;.:.;:;;:;;:;::; 

others  of  Uie  eye 

1 

DisBascioftheear...... **....... 

3 
3 

1 

Otitis  media... 

1 

Others  of  the  ear. 

Oeneral  diseases. 

46 

1 
1 

13 
2 

1 
1 

38 

Tubercnl^wls......... ................... 

11 

11 

Of  the  pleura 

OftbOTertebra 

Abdominal 

1 

Of  other  organs 

Venerpal  diseases 

35 
21 
15 
8 
1 
3 
4 
8 
1 

31 
14 

8 
6 

5 

Syphilis 

8 

Tertiary ;;;;.;;;;;;;;.;;;.; 

3 

Secondary  X  X  a  X  a  x          .xx.xx.x. 

HBiedita^'.";;;;;;. ;;::;;;;;;;; 

Period  undetermined ........... 

1 

15 

10 

8 

3 

1 

Urethritis ::;.:... 

Of  theeye  (Innoosotly  inonnad) . 

Epididymitis,  gonorrheal 

Oib^r  R^morrneel  infeotioos 

1 

1 
1 
3 
8 
3 
1 

Chancroid.' .......x... 

0 
6 
3 
13 
8 
4 

4* 

5 

5 
5 

i* 

8 

3 

1 
8 
8 

8 

Chronic  tMticular 

2 

Acute  articular 

1 

'  Measies.:;... .'..'..'.'./.:'..:;;:'.;;;;.; 

•  •  •  •  V  •  • 

Dysentery,  entamoebio 

Erysipelas 

1 

4 

Ai<x4M>)fsiPf  dimiic 

8 

2 

2 

Cancer T ........x.  .  .x.  . 

3 

1 

I^aofismia 

1 
1 
1 
1 

20 
0 

11 
5 

r 

i* 

8 

0 

7* 

1 

i* 

nnrfiririnff*  dtoense 

Diabetes 

Pellafra 

Diseases  of  the  organs  of  locomotion 

W* 

68 
3 
3 
8 

1 

5 

4 

Arthritb 

1 

1 

Synovitis 

Tf  aII^t  Talrns. ...  x ............  x .  x ...... . 

M«fft<«MHis                      r 

Periostitis 

1 
1 

TenontosynoVitis                 \\  ]. 

Others  of  the  order V,/./.,,'.., 

5 

85 

27 
8 

3 

1 

1 

Diseases  of  the  genito-nrinary  system  (non« 
Tsnereal) 

0 

Bnurwis. 

0 

Brisht's  disease 

N«phT0lHh%fffs 

Cairalns  in  bladder 

TTnrthr*.  dbflasM  of . X . .  .....x......... 

1 
1 

Hydrocele 

504 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 


Table  No.  T.— Discharges /ot  disability,  year  1915,  United  States,  conlinenial  (excluding 

A  /(u£z-~Contmued. 


Nnmber' 

dis- 
diarged. 

Per 
cent- 
age  of 
total 
dis- 
charges 
iordis- 
ea.ses 
or  ex- 
ternal 
causes. 

Discharges  for  disability. 

Causes  of  discharge. 

In 
line  of 
duty. 

Not  in  line  of 
duty. 

Disdiarged  for 

disability  beta* 

assignment. 

Con- 
tracted 
before 
enlist- 
ment. 

Con- 
tracted 

after 
enlist- 
ment. 

In 
line  of 
duty. 

Not  In 

lino  of 
duty. 

DiSKASES— continued. 
Diseases  of  the  cimilatorr  STstern., 

37 
29 
25 

4 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

38 
14 

3 

3 

2 

V 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

I 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 
a) 

7 

6 

3 

2 

1 

1 

6 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

4.80 
8.76 
3.24 
.52 
.26 
.13 
.13 
.13 
.13 
.13 
.13 
4.93 
1.82 
.39 
.26 
.26 
.13 
.26 
.13 
.13 
.13 
.13 
.13 
.13 
.13 
.13 
.13 
.13 
.13 
.13 
.26 
2.59 
.91 
.78 
.39 
.26 
.13 
.13 
.78 
.13 
.13 
.13 
.13 
.26 
.13 

18 

15 

13 

2 

r 

i* 

1 

2*1* 

7 
2 

1 
1 

2* 

I 

1 
1 
1 
1 

1 

i* 

1 

13 
7 
2 

2* 

r 

1 
1 



10 
11 
11 

2* 

V 

3 
3 
1 
3 

1 
1 

1 

4 

Onanic  heart  disease r .  - 

4 

Valvular  d^sewpe.T.  .r 

4 

Chronic  endocarditis 

VaricosA  veins 

AratA  Midocftrditis .  ............«•••«•«• 

Anirlna  iMctoris ..................... 

1 

I ., 

Embolism .     ....................... 

Variooofilfl     ..........•...•...•■..•.. 

1 

1 

16 
6 
1 
1 
1 
1 

TAAhvAArrliA  .        

DiiiMMM  of  thft  diirnstive  svsteni.... . ........ 

1 
1 

1 
1 

7 

Inmlnal  hemlsi 

5 

Other  hernia...... 

n\o0tr  nf  iitnfnAr>h _ 

Gastritis,  chronio  catarrhal 

Dilitatibn  of  the  stomach 

Othftr^  of  the  stomach 

Dental  caries 

1 
1 

1 
1 

Tl  vnArHvtnhiA  timcflii    

Hvnerchlorhvdria 

1 

Anmvlostomiasis. 

1 

AnnAndicitis ..................... 

Constination  ......a........ 

Cirrhosis  of  liw 

BilllarycalcuU 

Choleovstitis 

......m 

Ruhnhrank*  nhimwii 

Others  of  the  intestines r 

1 

Others  of  the  Uver 

Others  of  the  dieestive  svstem, 

1 
8 

DiseasM  of  the  resDiiatorv  system. ......... 

1 
1 

1 

Pleurisv      

Aflthmci  .  . ....•••••••••••.••••••• 

4 
3 

Goiter      

1 

Bronchitis,  chronio. 

Rhinitis,  atroohic 

1 

Bronchonnenmonia. , ,  - .  r 

Diseases  of  the  skin  and  cellular  tissues 

4 

1 

Cellulit^ 

Bromidrosis 

1 
1 
1 
1 

1 

Chilblain 

H  vneridrosis 

Other  skin  di/WMVws. .-....-.-  ^  r  r  r 

1 

Congenital  m<^i'''^nnations 

Total  for  dismae. , . 

771 

87.71 

275 

430 

66 

31 

•1 

BXTBBIfAL  CAUSES. 

36 
25 
18 
8 
5 
6 
3 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 

83.33 

23.15 

16.07 

7.41 

4.63 

4.63 

2.78 

1.85 

1.85 

.93 

.93 

.93 

.93 

34 

21 

1 

4 
4 
5 
3 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

i7 

1 
1 

3 

4 

3' 

Gunshot  ^^owndf. ..,,,--.,,,, 

i' 

Secondary  results  of  fniuHes. ...  r  r,r ,  -,-.,■,-- 

s 

CmshiniF ^,^,.,-,-^., 

1 

DislocatuKis 

1 

Snralns 

Bums  

Incised  wounds 

1 
1 

1  jmersfjMl  wounds -r » ^.r 

PimrtiirMi  wounds ..........t.... 

Pnntiiwwl  vrrMindft 

Concussion ,,T.^,-r...r,r.- 

Contusion  ..............  .......'r.r.*....r.TT 

• 

Total  for  eztirnal  caasM 

108 

100.00 

78 

275 
78 

19 

430 
10 

U 

1 

ai 

1 

ft 

Total  for  diseese 

771 
108 

87.71 
13.29 

06 

U 

91 

Total  for  external  causes. .  x .  x  ^  x .  ^ .  ^ .  ^ .  ^ .  x  x  ^ 

6 

, 

Grand  total 

879 

100.00 

353 

449 

77 

23 

96 

Chart  M.—  United  States.    Officers  and  men. 
[Admission  rates  for  disease,  years  1906-1915.] 


/* 


/TVr^-^- 


O  /^o.  zoo.  ^oo,  ^ao.  Sao.  £00.  Too,  Soo- 


*  Excess  of  cases  dedncted  to  corwBPODd  with  years  pfeoedlng  1906  and  1913 16 1916. 
s  Enllstad  men.  ofBoers  not  inolnded. 

605 


506 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SURQEON  OENEBAL.. 


Chart  N.—  United  States.    Enlitted  men. 
[Discbarge  rates,  sll  causes,  yean  1906-1015.] 


X 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 


509 


Table  No.  8. — Deaths  among  officers  and  enlisted  troops  serving  in  the  United  States, 

continental  (excluding  AUuka)^  year  iPi5— Continued. 


Cftoses  of  death. 


DisxASES— continaed. 

Epidemic  cerebrospinal  meningitia. 

Cerebral  bemorrhaffe,  apojriexy 

BroQcho-pneiunoiua , 

Pamlentinfectioii  and  septicemia , 

.Influenza 

Venereal  diseases , 

Tertiary  syidiUls t , 

Secondary  syphilis 

Ctonorrh^ 

Alcoholism,  aente 

Diseases  of  the  pancreas 

Diabetes,  mellitus 

Uental  flOienatioQ 

General  paralysis  of  th^  insane 

p8ychoe£B,  nuuiiac<leivesBlve 

Pleurisy 

Empyema. , 

Sero^brinoos. 

Ulcer  of  dnodennm 

AestiTo-aatumnal  malarial  fever 

Angina  pectoris. 

Aneorlsm.  ....•..•...•.•••••••.•.*•.••••••••.••••.•.•••.•••••••■•....••., 

Arterialsclerods. 

U^cer  of  the  stomach. 

Litestmalobstmotioii. 

CeUuUtis. 

Scarlet  fever 

Erysipelas. 

Benicntnmor  of  brain 

Pemicioas  anemia. 

Aortic  stenosis. 

Embolism 

Bronchitis  .ohrooio 

Angina.  Vincent's 

Dilatation  of  the  stomach 

Acute  yellow  atrophy  of  the  liver 

Cirrhosis  of  the  liver 

Acute  degenerative  hepatitis 

PeritonitiSfgeneral 

Total  for  disease 

BZTEBNAL  CAUSES. 

Suicidal  ...••••••■......•......•.••••..•.«.••...•.•••••■•..■.............. 

By  firearms  (rifle,  10;  revolver,  13) 

By  hanging 

By  poisaaCDlchloride  of  mercury,  2;strychnine,l;  hydrocyanic  acid,l) 

By  drowning 

By  cutting  throat  with  raaor 

Bylump&ngfirombaloGiiy,stri]dngOQhead 

HomicidaL • 

Bv  firearms  (rifle,  6;  revolver,  8;  not  stated,  8)  (by  comrades,  6;  by 
Mexicans,3;  by  civilians, 2;  by  miknown  person,  1) 

By  stab  wounds  (in  brawls,  2;  unknown,!) 

By  blow  on  head  from  a  rook  by  unknown  man  in  a  drunken  brawlin 
a  saloon) 

Found  dead  (head  mashed  by  unknown  instrument) 

AcddentaL 

Bv  drownixig  (during  hurricane  and  flood  at  Galveston,  Tex.,  6;  wMle 
bathinff,  S;  by  boats  overtumlne,  6;  by  falling  from  boata,  8;  by 
falling  from  precipice  into  canal,  1;  by  being  knocked  overboard  off 
trestle  by  train  and  fallingintooanal,!;  while  attempting  a  rescue,!; 
drcurostances  unknown,  3) 

By  crushing  (by  falling  walls  during  hurricane  and  flood  at  Galveston, 
Tex.,  12;  Dv  railroad  trains,  3;  by  switch  engine,!;  by  street  car,!; 
by  automobile  overturning,  2;  run  over  by,  1;  on  bicycle  colliding 
with,  1;  by  falling  with  aeroplane,  1;  with  hydroaenq;>lane,  1;  by 
being  thrown  from  runaway  team,!;  run  over  by  wheel  of  camum,!) 


Number. 


Ratio  per  1,000  of— 


Mean 
strength. 


201 


40 
22 
9 
4 
3 
1 
1 
17 

12 
S 

1 

! 

104 


25 


25 


0.13 
.00 
.07 
.07 
.06 
.06 
.03 
.0! 
.01 
.06 
.06 
.04 
.04 
.03 
.0! 
.04 
.03 
.01 
.04 
.03 
.03 
.03 
.03 
.03 
.03 
.03 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.0! 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.0! 
.01 
.01 


Death 

from 

disease  Of 

external 

f9aU86S« 


2.05 


.59 
.32 
.13 
.06 
.04 
.01 
.0! 
.25 

.18 
.04 

.01 

.0! 

1.53 


.37 


.37 


44.78 

29.85 

24.88 

24.88 

10.90 

19.90 

9.96 

4.98 

4.98 

19.90 

19.90 

14.03 

14.03 

9.96 

4.96 

14.03 

9.96 

4.96 

14.03 

9.96 

9.96 

9.96 

9.96 

9.96 

9.96 

9.96 

4.96 

4.96 

4.98 

4.98 

4.98 

4.98 

4.96 

4.96 

4.98 

4.96 

4.96 

4.06 

4.06 


555.86 


248.45 

136.65 

55.90 

24.84 

18.68 

6.21 

6.21 

105.69 

74.68 
18.68 

6.21 

6.21 

645.90 


155.28 


166.38 


RBPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON  OENEBAL. 


Rtht  United  SlaU$, 


Number. 

B*tlop«r  1,000  of- 

OumoldWlL 

^-„\ 

^5 

iii«K*t  CiOiM-contlnued. 

a 

0.S7 

lU-X 

' 

.,.l  «.. 

a 

.0« 

n.sr 

t 

.ot 

».N 

a 

.01 

U.4t 

■ 

.01 

•.B 

J 

.u 

n.» 

iSI 

tn 

361           S-U 

PREVALENCE  OF  SPECIAL  DISEASES. 

TYPHOID  FEYEB. 

Eight  cases  of  typhoid  fever  (officers  and  enlisted  men)  occurred  in 
the  entire  United  States  Army  during  the  calendar  year  1915.  Only 
four  of  these  were  among  troops  stationed  in  the  United  States,  the 
other  four  occurred  in  the  island  possessions.  During  the  year  the 
Aimy  was  scattered  over  the  earth  through  a  wide  ra^e  of  latitude 
in  Alaska,  in  Panama,  in  Oiina,  in  Porto  Rico,  in  ^waii,  in  the 
Philippmes.  m  Mexico,  and  m  the  various  camps,  posts  and  garrisons 
north,  soutn,  east  and  west  of  the  continental  temtory  of  the  United 
States.    The  mean  stren^h  for  the  jear  was  103^42. 

There  were  no  deaths  &om  typhoid  fever  and  no  serious  complica- 
tions followed  the  cases  that  occurred. 

Of  the  eight  cases  reported  one  was  in  the  person  of  an  officer  and 
seven  in  enusted  men,  mcludin^  a  recruit,  who  is  now  known  to  have 
been  in  the  prodromal  stage  of  the  disease  when  accepted  for  enlist- 
ment. All  except  the  recruit  received  the  antityphoid  vaccination: 
the  officer  four  years  seven  months  and  two  days  oefore;  the  enlistea 
men  showed  the  following  intervals  of  time  between  the  date  of  vac- 
cination and  the  date  of  sickness: 

1.  Private,  8  months  18  days. 

2.  Private,  2  yean  1  month  23  days. 

3.  Recruit,  not  vaccinated. 

4.  Private,  1  year  8  months  27  days. 

5.  Private,  1  year  8  months  12  daysi 

6.  Private,  8  months  9  days. 

7.  Private,  2  years  7  months  12  days. 

Of  the  four  cases  occurring  in  the  island  possessions  (Schofield  Bar- 
racks), three  were  enlisted  men  of  the  same  organization.  First  Inf  antrv 
and  the  fourth  an  enlisted  man  of  the  Fourth  Cavalrv,  all  of  whicn 
occurred  within  a  period  of  25  days  from  the  onset  oi  the  first  case. 

Revaccination  against  typhoid  fever  upon  reenlistment  is  now  re- 
quired in  the  same  way  as  revaccination  against  smallpox.  Officers 
are  required  to  be  revaccinated  five  years  after  the  first  course.  After 
two  completed  courses  of  vaccination  are  ^ven  no  further  is  required. 

Duration  of  immunity:  The  question  of  the  duration  of  immunity 
conferred  by  antityphoid  vaccination  is  still  an  open  one,  statistical 
information  being  at  this  time  too  meager  to  draw  definite  and  satis- 
factory conclusions  on  this  point. 

The  English  observers  from  their  experience  in  India  and  elsewhere 
have  inclined  to  the  belief  that  the  protection  against  typhoid  fever 
furnished  by  the  vaccination  as  they  give  it^  begins  to  declme  between 
the  second  and  third  year  following  administration. 

Students  of  this  subject  in  our  Army,  including;;  those  most  com- 
petent anywhere  to  discuss  the  matter  have  with  few  exceptions 

611 


512 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON   GENERAL. 


ascribed  a  much  ^eater  degree  and  longer  period  of  protection  against 
typhoid,  when  the  vaccination  was  made  with  the  vaccine  prepared 
by  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Army  and  ^ven,  as  now  pro- 
scribed, three  doses  at  intervals  of  10  days,  a  tot^  of  2i  cubic  centi- 
meters, the  first  dose  being  one-half  cubic  centimeter,  the  succeeding 
doses  1  cubic  centimeter  each. 

It  is  jgenerally  imderstood,  of  course,  that  the  protection  from  the 
typhoid  vaccine  has  never  been  considered  absolute  in  all  individuals, 
a  certain  smaU  percentage  of  persons  being  incapable  of  complete 
immunization  against  the  disease,  as  is  shown  by  tne  fact  that  actiial 
attacks  of  typhoid  fever  itself  do  not  always  anord  freedom  from  a 
second  attack.  Other  reasons  for  the  appearance  of  typhoid  among 
those  vaccinated  are  inert  vaccines  or  defective  methods  of  adminis- 
tration and  unusual  exposure  to  highly  infective  typhoid  material. 

It  may  be  stated  that  the  disease  occurring  after  antityphoid  vacci- 
nation, with  but  few  exceptions,  shows  a  much  milder  course  than 
ordinary,  and  the  death  rate  is  markedly  lower  among  those  who  have 
receivea  the  antityphoid  vaccination. 

The  following  tabulation  is  for  the  purpose  of  comparing  the  figures 
for  1915  with  tnose  for  the  years  1914  and  1913: 


TyphotdfeveTf  the  Army,  officer  and  enlisted  men 

,  American  and  native  troops. 

Cases. 

Deaths. 

Klpenoos. 

Tear. 

Number. 

Rates  far 
1,000 
mean 

Number 
cases. 

Rates  for 

1,000 

mean 

strengtli. 

Cases. 

Deaths. 

1915 

8 

7 

4 

ao6 

.07 
.04 

7 

1 
2 

1914 

3 

0.03 

1913 

Attention  is  invited  to  Chart  P,  showing  the  admission  and  death 
rates  for  officers  and  enlisted  men  serving  in  the  United  States. 
This  chart  shows  graphicaUv  the  remarkable  decrease  in  both  rates 
as  the  result  of  the  use  of  tne  antityphoid  vaccination.  This  vacci- 
nation was  begun — ^but  was  volimtary — ^in  1909,  and  was  made  com- 
pulsory for  the  entire  Army  in  1911.  (For  the  various  steps  from 
voluntary  to  compxilsory  vaccination,  vide  annual  report  of  this  office 
for  1912,  pp.  62  et  seq.) 

The  increasing  use  of  antityphoid  vaccination  as  a  prevention 
against  typhoid  oy  the  National  Guard  is  to  be  encouraged.  This 
procedure  is  now  necessary  before  these  troops  can  be  mustered  into 
the  Federal  service,  or  be  accepted  as  Volunteers;  and  to  have  this 
already  accomplished  is  to  materially  expedite  the  mustering  in  of 
such  txoops.  It  is  also  deemed  desirable,  in  order  that  standardized 
results  may  be  obtained,  that  the  vaccine  made  for  the  R^?ular 
Army  and  supplied  by  the  laboratery.  Army  Medical  School,  "Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  DO  used  for  the  troops  liable  to  service. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  OENEBAL. 


516 


OQ 


I 


3: 


g 


s 

m 


I 


Hi 


lilH 


III   i|n 

III  4i 


8    ii 


A 


»4     ^      > 


-IS 


9 


CD 


l2^i 


tejo; 


mo 

Oil    a 


1^ 


•3       € 


8 


s 


o» 


«1 


Ok  Ok 


,-s   K^.       5 


•» 

;i^ 


••  • 


8i 


s 


s 


8g     U 


0   li  |i   |i   it  it   |i 


'1^ 


I 


i 


s 


<S     € 


.8 


9 

U 

o 


n    s 


3§  5-         3j 


"I 


iii 


a 


S|      S|    S| 


,9 


^ 

Pd 


^3 


H 


-I 


M 


-I 


CO 

a .     a . 

Si     s 


I 


^ 


S      A 


I 


* 

I 


9^ 

Sfr 


M 


a 


^i    i 


s4 


a  . 


15 


^1  d| 


I 


I 


^P« 


Z  I 

e9176'— WAB 1910— VOL  1- 


CO 


X 


^ 


Chart  P.—  United  States.    Offioen  and  men. 
[  Admtwhm  and  death  latet  tor  typhoid  tevgr,  years  IgOft-lMS.] 


Chart  P>.—  United  States.    Officers  and  men. 
(Ncoflfltetive  rates  for  typboid  few,  years  1906-1915.] 


f«'£"n/'/i^«'«»5 


m^n. 


4h  ^^/<f  ^rs  net  /nc/u^^^^ 


516 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEOV  GENEBAL. 


Chaart  Q.—Army.    Officers  and  American  and  native  troop$, 
( Admtekm  rates  for  typhoid  foYer,  years  1906-1016.] 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  GENERAL. 


517 


Chart  Q*. — Army.    Officer*  and  ArMfiam,  and  native  tfoopi. 
[Nouasctlve  tatM  for  tjrpbold  (evw,  ytm  UOe-ins.] 


y^'^s 


0    ./o  .Ha    ,So    Mo    .Jo    .^<>     .Ti     '9o 


no6 


.93 


/fo? 


.rs 


/fas 


.S-3 


/fo? 


.6/ 


Iflo 


fl'-? 


^^ 


^•^«" 


/?// 


vf/ 


/f/Z 


.06 


/f/^.<?/ 


/f/¥ 


.a/ 


/f/S 


.oz 


\ 


518 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  SXmOEON  GENEBAU 


InUrvaU  oftvme  daptmg  bettoecn  antityphoid  vaccination  and  onset  of  typhoid  fever,  with 

number  of  cases  and  stations,  years  191S,  1914,  and  1915. 


Tear 


1913. 


1914. 


1915. 


0M6 

No. 


«1 

2 

«3 

4 

»1 

2 

3 

M 

15 

i« 

7 

1 
2 
3 
M 
6 
6 
7 
8 


Date 

taken 

sick. 


1013. 
Jane  26 
Noy.  24 
Dec  13 
Oct.  23 

1914. 
Feb.  26 
Mar.  23 
June  24 
July  4 
Sept.  11 
Noy.  22 
Deo.    1 

1915. 
Feb.  13 
July  6 
Aug.  8 
Oct  12 
Oct.  19 
Oct.  28 
Nov.  2 
Nov.  13 


Number 
of  doses. 


3 
3 
3 
3 


Interval  of 
time. 


yff.jrotJ>cf« 


8 

1 

3 

8 

3 

2 

0 

23 

1 

0 

0 

3 

3 

1 

3 

21 

2 

2 

2 

23 

2 

0 

0 

3 

3 

4 

7 

2 

3 

0 

8 

18 

3 

2 

.. . .. 

1 

23 

1 

1 

0 
2 


8 
8 
8 
7 


27 

12 

9 

12 


Station. 


SnelUng,  Fort,  Minn. 
Stevens,  Fort,  Ores. 
McDowell,  Fort,  Gal. 
Tientsin,  China. 

lefleison  Baira^s.  Mo. 
Nia«kra,Fort,N.Y. 
Madison  Barracks,  N.  T. 
Columbus  Barrat^s,  Ohio. 
Slocum,  Fort,  N.  Y. 
Columbus  Barrat^s,  Ohio. 
Screven,  Fort,  Oa. 

Key  West  Barracks,  Fla. 
Huachuca,  Fcrt,  Aris. 
Mission,  Tex. 
Oglethorpe,  Fort,  Oa. 
Schoflela  Barracks,  Hawaii. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


t  Indicates  recruit:  no  doubt  in  the  prodromal  stage  o(  the  disease  when  enlisted. 

PABATTPHOm  PEVEB. 

Table  No.  10  shows  that  mne  cases  of  paratyphoid  fever  occurred 
in  the  entire  Army  during  the  calendar  year  1915,  eight  of  which 
were  confirmed  by  bactenological  diagnosis,  the  other  being  diag- 
nosed clinically.  Three  of  these  cases  (Nos.  1,  3  and  8)  were  re- 
ported from  the  PhiUppine  Islands,  and  one  from  the  Hawaiian 
Islands,  leaving  but  five  distributed  throughout  the  United  States — 
two  at  Fort  I^venworth,  Kans.,  and  one  each  at  Fort  Niagara, 
N.  Y.,  Presidio  of  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  and  Douglas,  Ariz.  All  cases 
had  received  the  full  three  doses  of  the  antityphoid  vaccine  (see  foot- 
note), except  case  No.  1,  to  whom  it  was  administered  after  his 
return  to  duty,  and  case  No.  9,  appointed  from  the  Naval  Academy, 
who  had  not  received  the  prescribed  three  doses  due  to  the  fact  that 
antityphoid  vaccination  was  not  instituted  in  the  naval  service  imtil 
1912,  the  officer  in  question  having  been  commissioned  in  the  Army, 
September  28,  1911. 

It  is.  of  course,  well  understood  that  paratyphoid  fever  is  a  distinct 
clinical  entity  and  is  not  typhoid  fever,  thougn  sometimes  resembling 
atypical  cases  of  that  disease.  It  is  caused  by  a  different  micro- 
orgamsm,  the  bacillus  paratyphosus,  of  which  two  types  are  dis- 
tinguishable: B.  paratyphosus  A  and  B.  paratyphosus  B.  In  western 
Europe,  as  reported,  paratyphoid  fever  is  much  more  frequently 
due  to  the  B  type  of  oacillus  than  to  tJie  A  type.  CUnicaJly  they 
are  hardly  distinguishable,  but  it  is  stated  that  tne  A  fever  is  apt  to 
last  three  or  four  days  longer. 

^  Of  the  nine  cases  of  paratvphoid  fever  among  our  troops  in  1915, 
six  were  caused  by  the  bacillus  paratyphosus  A,  two  by  tne  bacillus 
paratyphosus  B,  and  in  the  remaining  case  the  diagnosis  was  clinical. 

An  important  feature  in  the  prevention  of  paratyphoid  fever,  as 
in  typhoid  fever,  is  the  active  searching-out  oi  "earners"  and  tneir 
prompt  isolation  and  treatment. 

NoTB. — ^It  mtut  be  undentood  that  antityphoid  vaccine  is  not  effective  in  the 
prevention  of  p«ratyphoid  fever. 


;  OF  THE  SUBOEON  GfNBBATj. 


519 


I 


i  i    t  i     i    t      i 

1 1 1 1  1 1 '  I 
ii 


all 


ilJ! 


^  lit  I  Si  11 


^"  H  ill    I   i  i  I   I 


9 


1  fm    n 


i  j  n  rj  i  J  j! 


520 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  STJBOEOK  GEKERAK 


It  may  be  stated  at  this  time  that  paratyphoid  fever,  heretofore 
but  imfrequently  met  with  in  our  Army,  appeared  in  the  New  York 
division  of  the  National  Guard,  stationed  in  the  Brownsville  district, 
in  August,  1916,  principally  among  the  troops  at  Mission^  Tex« 
A  few  scattering  cases  at  other  points  occurred  in  the  same  district; 
in  all  a  total  of  120  cases. 

The  outbreak  of  this  disease  was  promptly  and  satisfactorily  met. 
The  vaccination  agamst  paratvphoid  with  a  mixed  Para-typhoid  A. 
and  B.  vaccine  prepared  in  tne  laboratories  of  the  Army  Medical 
School  was  authorized;  the  searching  out  of  possible  ''carriers"  of 
the  disease  was  vigorously  prosecuted;  camp  sites  were  changed,  and 
aU  sanitary  orders  rigidly  enforced  under  the  direction  of  inspectors 
of  the  Army  Medical  Corps. 

VENEREAL  DISEASES. 

Special  measures  for  protection  against  this  class  of  infectious 
diseases  were  f oimulated  nve  years  ago,  since  which  time,  so  far  as  lies 
in  the  power  of  the  Medical  Department,  they  have  been  vigorously 
and  conscientiously  carried  out.  and  it  is  further  believed  that  in 
tiie  great  majoritv  of  instances  tnere  has  been  no  laxness  in  the  strict 
enforcement  of  the  regulations  by  others  in  military  authority.  It 
should  be  understood  that  the  prime  source  of  infection  in  venereal 
disease  lies  not  within  military  jurisdiction  and  control^  but  in 
the  civilian  life,  quite  apart  from  the  inmiediate  garrison  life  of  the 
soldier  and  the  rigid  supervision  incident  thereto. 

Tablb  No.  12!. — Venereal  diseases,  Army  and  United  States  continental  (excluding 
Alaska)  enlisted  American  troops,  compared/or  years  191S,  1914,  and  1916. 


Anny    (enlisted    Ameriean 
troops). 

United    States    oootiDBntal 
(ezolnding  Alaska)  enlist- 
ed men. 

1915 

1014 

1013 

1015 

1014 

1018 

Batfos  per  1,000  of  mean  strength  for: 
Cases  admitted 

107.  n 
4.78 

110.60 
4.78 

07.22 
4.61 

88.00 
8.00 

80.84 
8.75 

85. 81 

8.58 

Tablb  No.  13. — Venereal  diseases^  admissums  and  discharges,  Army  American  troops 

{enlisted  men),  year  1915, 


Mean 
strength 

Syphilh. 

Chancroid. 

Dlsdiaifes. 

A<lin<Bffiftnn 

DisehaifesL 

Nom- 
ber. 

Ratio. 

Nnm- 
ber. 

Ratio. 

Nom- 
ber. 

Ratio. 

Num- 
ber. 

Ratio. 

United  states 

68,726 
768 

11,834 
8,672 
5,721 
1,885 
1,312 

1,000 

8 

483 

380 

01 

68 

IS 

17.31 
3.03 
40.78 
27.58 
15.01 
5a  04 
0.01 

85 

a54 

1,007 

6 

450 

06 

800 

386 

41 

15.80 
7.86 
88.03 
1L30 
53.44 
214.28 
8L26 

2 

aoo 

Ateffka 

F*»n*ppiin» 

6 
4 

1 

1 

.50 
.45 
.17 
.75 

Hawaii 

inuama.  •..>...•.•..•....• 

Cbina 

AnDl7  trSDHKItS..... ...... 

TotaL 

08,383 

1,003 

31.36 

47 

.50 

3,186 

23.44 

2 

.08 

REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 


521 


Tablb  No.  13. — Venereal  diteaseSf  admMont  and  dikharges,  Army  American  troops 

(enlisted  men),  year  i9i5-Oontinued. 


Gononhea. 

TotaL 

Adxnlssioos. 

Disdiarges. 

Admissions. 

Disduuges. 

Num- 
ber. 

Ratio. 

Num- 
ber. 

Ratio. 

Num- 
ber. 

Ratio. 

Num- 
ber. 

Ratio. 

United  States 

3,222 
18 

1,273 
517 
300 
319 
128 

60.66 
23.59 

107.67 
60.31 
68.17 

238.95 
97.66 

20 

0.31 

5,828 
27 

2,205 
840 
781 
673 
182 

83.60 
85.30 
180.32 
00.04 
136.51 
504.12 
138.72 

57 

0.88 

ptiilfnpfiiM^ 

5 
1 
3 

.42 

.11 
.51 

11 
5 
4 
1 

.03 

HB«iA  ,. 

.56 

Panama , 

.68 

China r .  T 

.76 

Army  transports 

Total 

5,867 

62.91 

29 

.31 

10,045 

107.71 

78 

.82 

Total 
days. 

Con- 
stantly 
sink. 

Ratio 

per 

1,000. 

f«7Phlifff 

45,706 
20,653 
87,216 

125.23 

81.24 

238.95 

L34 

CfaknerOid r .   ..rwrr,-.   - 

.87 

Ofnvinliaa. 

2.66 

• 

Total                        -- 

102,577 

445.42 

4  78 

Tablb 'No.  14. — Venereal  diseases j  hy  years,  1911  to  1915,  United  States,  continental 

(excluding  Alaska),  enlisted  men, 

[Ratio  per  1,000  of  mean  strength.] 


Oononfaea  and  le- 
■ults: 

1016 

1014 

1013 

lOU 

caianoroid: 

1016 

1014 

1013 

1012 

1011 

Syphilis: 
How 

1014 

1012 

1011 

Total  Tcoereal: 
1016 

lyi^  ••••••••••• 

1012 

lOU 


Admitted. 


o 


60.56 
61.36 
40.46 
70.07 
85.87 

15.80 
10.06 
15.38 
20.00 
23.55 

17.24 
18.53 
20.00 
25.56 
26.37 

83.60 

80.  »t 

85.83 

115.74 

146.20 


60.56 
51.35 
40.46 
70.07 
04.52 

15.00 
10.06 
16.38 
20.00 
25.04 

17.24 
18.53 
20.00 
25.58 
44.30 


60.01 
52.04 
40.14 
GO.  87 
04.48 

15.73 
20.00 
15.11 
20.62 
25.22 

17.44 
18.86 
20.06 
25.84 
46.33 


83.60184.08  71.75 

80.84  00.00  52.52 

85.83  85.23106.18 

115.74116.24104.60 

163.85166.031142.86 


41.82 
28.00 
60.14 
74.36 
45.12 

17.63 
18.66 
24.76 
10.45 
21.82 

12.30 
7.66 
21.23 
10.60 
25.01 


Discharged  on 

certificate  of 

disability. 


a 


asi 

.32 
.66 
.60 
.79 

.OS 


.03 


.54 

.56 
.35 
.62 
.52 

.88 

.87 

1.01 

1.26 

1.31 


a82 
.33 
.68 
.61 
.84 

.021 


.08 


Died. 


I 


ao2 


0.40       .02 


.41 


.51 
.48 
.20 
.61 
.48 

.85 

.77 

.07 

1.26 

1.31 


1.23 
4.38 
2.36 
.80 
1.36 

1.64 
4.38 
2.36 
1.21 
1.86 


.05 
.05 
.07 
.08 
.11 

.06 
.05 
.07 
.06 
.11 


ao3 


.02 


.06 
.06 
.06 
.03 
.U 

.06 
.06 
.06 
.06 
.11 


Noneffective. 


o 


a4i 

•  *  •  •  • 

.6M 


.41 

»  •  •  • 

.50 


2.06 
1.80 
1.84 
3.26 
4.68 

.72 

.80 

.57 

1.01 

1.82h 

1.22 
1.16 
1.17 
L70 
2182 

8.00 
1.15 
3.68 
6.06 
8.82 


2.04 
1.81 
1.84 
8.27 
4.72 

.71 

.70 

.56 

1.03 

1.84 

1.23 
l.U 
1.151 
1.68 
2.85 

8.96 
1.11 
8.55 
6.06 
8.01 


2.10 
1.44 
1.66 
2.04 
3.03 

.85 

1.18 

.08 

.50 

1.05 

1.18 
2.46 
1.0O 
2.11 
2.80 

4.32 
2.46 
4.53 
6.56 
7.20 


522 


BBPOBT  OF  THE  SUEGEON  GENERAL. 


Table  No.  Ib.^SyphxliSy  United  States,  continental  {excluding  AUuha),  yean  1911  to 

1916 f  enlisted  men. 

[Ratio  per  1,000  of  mean  strength.] 


Tear. 


1915... 
1914... 
1913... 
1912... 
1911... 


Primary-  syphilis. 


2.86 
8.10 
2.73 
3.89 
3.75 


a 
o 


2.86 
8.10 
2.72 
3.89 
4.09 


1 


8 


ai5 

.17 
.13 
.18 
.26 


Secondary  syph- 
ilis. 


I 


11.53 
12.78 
15.45 
19.01 
28.66 


o 

II 


11.58 
12.73 
15.45 
19.01 
35.54 


I 


8 


a  67 

.63 

.78 

1.20 

3.14 


Tertiary  syi>hilis. 


& 


2.39 
2.25 
1.90 
2.50 
8.64 


a 

o 

ea 

00. 


2.39 
2.25 
1.90 
2.50 
4.29 


^ 


I 


a35 

.82 
.27 
.31 
.43 


Hereditary  sjrph- 
ilis. 


a 

o 

... 
« 


I 


0.06 
.05 
.02 
.17 
.33 


0.06 
.05 
.03 
.17 
.38 


0.01 
.03 
.01 
.01 
.02 


TotaL 


I 


17.24 

18.531 
20.99 
25.58 
36.37 


O 

o 


ie 


17.34 
18.68 
20.99 
35.58 
44.80 


1.39 
1.15 
1.17 
LTD 
3.81 


Table  No.  16. — Recruit  depots,  total  number  of  admissions,  venereal  diseases,  toith  ratioB 
and  mean  strength,  officers  and  enlisted  men,  years  1916, 1914 ^  and  191 S. 


1915 

1914 

1913 

Reonilt  depots. 

Admissions. 

Mean 
strength. 

Admissions. 

Mean 
strength. 

Admissions. 

Mean 

Total. 

Ratia 

TotaL 

Ratia 

Total. 

Ratio. 

stvengtiL 

TefFefson  Bairaoks,  Mo. . . 

FortMoDoweU.Cal 

Columbos  Barracks,  Ohio. 

FortSlocam,N.Y 

Fort  Logan,  Colo 

222 
'    104 

110 
77 
32 

167.11 

119.40 

94.34 

50.82 

56.04 

1,418 

871 

1,166 

1,287 

571 

203 

97 

194 

139 

76 

136.48 
94.36 

138.89 
88.30 

116.93 

1,491 
1,028 
1,611 
1,461 
650 

170 

66 

188 

114 

77 

153.15 
74.45 
156.51 
104.78 
131.86 

1,110 

779 

1,186 

1,088 

584 

Total 

645 

102.68 

6,306 

608 

113.66 

6,141 

607 

137.87 

4,747 

The  admission  rate  for  enlisted  men  in  the  United  States  is  some- 
what lower  than  for  1914,  being  83.60  compared  with  89.84  per  1,000. 

The  noneffective  rate  was  considerably  higher,  being  3.99  per  1,000 
for  1915  as  against  1.15  in  1914,  which  may  De  accoimted  for  (in  view 
of  a  reduction  in  the  admission  rate)  bv  tiie  presence  in  hospital  for  a 
greater  length  of  time  of  cases  of  sypnilis,  there  being  a  decrease  in 
the  numbe?  of  cases  so  diagnosed  of  38  over  1914.  Tor  gonorrhea 
the  number  of  cases  is  71  more  than  last  year,  and  in  the  local  in- 
fection, chancroid,  the  increase  is  218.  In  1912  there  was  a  large 
fallmg  off  in  tiie  number  of  secondary  and  tertiary  cases  of  S9>hi& 
with  a  slight  increase  in  the  case  rate  for  the  primary  cases,  it  will 
be  noted  irom  Table  No.  15  that  a  like  decrease  has  taken  place  in 
the  number  of  cases  of  primanr  and  secondary  syphilis,  while  there 
is  a  slight  increase  in  the  rate  for  tertiary  cases. 

In  comparing  the  figures  for  1915  and  1914  with  those  for  1912  and 
1913  andf  the  preceding  years  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the 
diagnoses  made  prior  to  1911  were  determined  without  the  aid  of  the 
Wassermann  realction.  Bv  reason  of  this  many  latent  cases  are  now 
detected  which  were  largely  missed  prior  to  1911. 

By  reference  to  Table  rl^o.  12  it  will  be  seen  that  the  admission  rate 
for  the  total  American  troops  of  the  Army  also  was  lower  than  for  the 


EEPOBT  OF  THE  SUHQEON   GENERAt.  523 

year  1914,  the  rate  being  107.71  as  against  110.69,  while  the  non- 
effectire  rate  was  but  sU^Uy  higher,  being  4.78  per  1,000  in  1915  as 
compared  with  4.73  in  1914. 


'•S 

l.OOS 
«0 

i,on 

..s 

us 

s 

IDS 

i 

7U 

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033 

M£ 
MM 

i 

MO 

1 
J 

41 
SI 

1 

U 
31 

ao 

s 

1 
1 

» 

3S 
48 

a 

14 

as 
11 

I A  OS 
107.06 

SI 

K.04 
S3. 71 

II 

aa.to 

11 

t&2S 

si 

H.eo 

II 

4s!  53 
4fi.U) 

as 

33.33 
31.35 
30.76 

27.46 

•a.x 
ii.n 

120 

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19LW 
93.30 

S7.U 
S3. 50 

Prjsldlo^^  ftiid««,  oil' 

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33 
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34 

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33.33 
80.00 
£8.70 
37.37 
50.00 
50.88 
30.08 

"^ISS"'^"'^""""- 

fSfSv"-"""":;-:;;-:;;; 

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Fort  Twry,  N.Y 

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as 

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524 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAI.. 


Table  No.  18. —  Venereal  diseases t  Army,  American  troops j  officers  and  enlisted  men,  by 

departments  ana  divisions,  year  1915, 


Army  American  troops 

United   States   oonuDental 

(axdading  Al&ska) 

Eastern  Department 

Central  Department 

Southern  Department  (ex- 

oludinf  tro<^  on  Mexican 

border) 

Troops  on  Mexican  border. .. . 

Second  dlTisian,  Texas 

Western  Department 

Independent  stations 

Recruit  depots 

General  hospitals 

Alaska 

Panama  Canal  Zime 

Hawaiian  DeparUnent 

China 

Philippine  Islands  (Ameri- 

can  troops) 

Arrnvtranamls 

Philippine  Scouts 

Porto  Rican  Regiment 


Mean  strength. 


Ofla- 
oers. 


4,394 

3,064 
958 
258 


230 

590 

328 

341 

205 

106 

42 

24 

182 

304 

43 

666 
73 


38 


En- 
listed 
men. 


93,262 

63,725 

19,145 

2,748 


6,073 

14,239 

6,895 

7,898 

2,016 

5,202 

509 

763 

5,721 

8,572 

1,335 

11,834 

1,312 

5,505 

681 


Total. 


97,656 

66,789 

20,108 

3,006 


5,303 

14,835 

7,223 

8,239 

2,221 

5,308 

551 

787 

5,903 

8,876 

1,378 

12,500 
1,385 


719 


Offi- 
cers. 


20 

12 
3 


6 
2 


Cases. 


En- 
listed 
men. 


10,045 

5,328 

1,341 

199 


588 
1,130 

785 

598 
75 

545 
67 
27 

781 

673 

2,205 

182 

189 

61 


Total. 


10,065 

5,340 

1,344 

199 


588 

1,136 

787 

598 

75 

545 

68 

27 

782 

850 

673 

2,211 
182 


61 


Rates  per  1,000  of 
strength. 


Offi. 
oers. 


4.56 

8.10 


iao7 

6.10 


23.81 


5.49 
3.29 


0.01 


En- 
listed 
men. 


107.71 

8S.60 
70.04 
42.42 


115.91 
79.36 

113.85 
75.72 
87.20 

104.n 

13L63 
8&39 

136.51 
90.04 

50112 

186.82 

13&72 

34.83 

80.57 


ToteL 


UK.07 


66.85 
66.90 


iiass 

76w5S 
lO&ftft 

72.50 

82.77 
102:68 
123.41 

34.31 
132L48 

0&.78 


176.88 
13L41 


84.84 


Table  No.  16  shows  the  rates  of  admission  for  three  years  of  venereal 
disease  at  the  five  recruiting  depots.  With  the  exceptions  of  JeSet- 
son  Barracks  and  Fort  McDowell,  a  marked  decrease  in  the  admis- 
sion rates  over  1914  and  1913  is  noted.  Fort  Logan  has  the  lowest 
rate  for  1915,  being  a  reduction  of  over  one-half  compared  with  the 
rate  prevailing  for  1914.  Taking  the  five  recruit  depots  as  a  whole, 
the  total  admission  rate  is  lower  for  1915,  being  102.68,  as  compared 
with  113.66  in  1914  and  127.87  for  1913.  Jeflferson  Barracks  has 
the  highest  rate  of  any  of  the  depots,  157.11  per  1,000  in  1915.  as 
compared  with  135.48  m  1914,  with  a  rate  of  119.40  in  1915  at  Fort 
McDowell,  as  compared  with  94.36  for  1914. 

Table  No.  17  gives  the  relative  standing  and  rates  .with  reference 
to  venereal  disease  for  45  posts  in  the  United  States.  The  post 
having  the  highest  rate  for  venereal  disease  is  Fort  Sam  Houston, 
Tex.,  changing  places  with  Fort  Oglethorpe,  being  third  and  first, 
respectively,  for  1914.  The  fact  that  Fort  Sam  Houston  leads  all 
other  posts  for  venereal  disease  this  year  can  be  accoimted  for  by  the 
mobilization  of  a  good  portion  of  our  troops  on  the  southern  border. 
But  such  facts  seem  only  to  extenuate,  but  not  to  excuse,  the  failure 
to  lower  the  ratio  of  these  preventable  diseases. 

The  most  marked  improvement  is  shown  at  Fort  Greble,  R.  I., 
where  the  admission  rate  was  reduced  from  94.94  in  1914  to  47.75  per 
1,000  in  1915;  where  formerly  Greble  stood  No.  14  on  the  list,  tnis 
year  it  stands  No.  31;  Fort  Howard,  which  lastyear  stood  No.  23 
on  the  list,  this  year  stands  No.  41,  while  Fort  Totten  moved  from 
No.  20  last  year  to  No.  32  this  year. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON   GENEBAL. 


525 


MALARIAL  FBYEBS. 

The  adlnission  rate  for  malarial  {ever,  officers  and  enlisted  men,  in 
the  United  States  is  slightly  higher  than  for  the  year  1914,  being  12.37 
per  1,000,  as  compared  with  10.74  in  1914,  and  with  the  exception  of 
1913  is  lower  than  for  the  previous  three  years.  The  rate  lor  1913 
was  8.62;  that  for  1912,  13.99;  that  for  1911,  14.35;  and  for  1910, 
16.07. 

The  noneffective  rate  for  1915  was  0.27,  as  compared  with  0.24  in 
1914,  0.18  in  1913,  0.30  in  1912,  and  0.35  per  1,000  in  1911. 

No  discharges,  but  2  deaths,  resulted  from  malarial  fevers  during  the 
year.  Chart  K  shows  comparative  rates  for  this  disease  for  llie  entire 
command,  including  officers. 

Tablb  No.  19. — Maiarial  infectionSy    United  States,  continental  (excluding  Alasha)f 

years  1911  to  1915,  inchtsive,  officers  and  enlisted  men. 

[Ratio  per  1,000  of  mean  stnogth.] 


Admitted. 


MaJarfalferars. 


Qoartan  and  tertian: 

191^ 

im 

1W3 

1912 

mi 

Estivo-aatumnal: 

\9lb 

1914 

1913 

1912 

1911 

Malaria  cachexia  and 
undetermined  mala- 
rial fever: 

1916 

1914 

1918 

1912 

19U 

Total  malarial  diseases: 

1916 

1914 

1913 

1912 

1911 


1 

US 

o 


9.25 

9.28 

7.16 

12.20 

13.26 

1.87 
.71 
.09 
.94 
.88 


1.24 
.76 
.78 
.86 
.21 

12.37 
10.74 
8.62 
13.99 
14.36 


6.22 
6.68 
4.17 
7.92 
6.26 

.33 
2.00 
.96 
.66 
.69 


L63 

2.00 

.32 

.99 

1.04 

7.18 
9.68 
5.46 
9.67 
7.99 


Enlisted  men. 


9.44 

9.46 

7.31 

12.42 

13.63 

1.96 
.66 
.67 
.96 
.89 


L23 
.09 
.81 
.84 
.16 

12.62 
10.79 
8.79 
14.22 
14.68 


Noneffectira. 


9.61 

9.67 

7.50 

12.80 

14.36 

1.97 
.67 
.09 

1.00 
.94 


L27 
.71 
.64 
.77 
.17 

12.86 
11.06 
8w82 
14.26 
16.47 


5.33 
2.19 
L18 
2.01 
.68 

L23 


6.^ 
2.41 


6.56 
2.19 
7.67 
4.42 
.68 


3 

Enllstedn 

Si 

3^ 

1 

► 

^ 

• 

S 

o 

>3 

o 

IT: 

H 

o 

H 

^ 

a20 

a22 

a20 

a20 

.18 

.16 

.18 

.18 

.14 

.14 

.13 

.14 

.24 

.12 

.24 

.25 

.28 

.08 

.29 

.30 

.04 

.07 

.04 

.04 

.08 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.13 

.14 

.03 

.02 

.24 

.25 

.04 

.06 

.29 

.30 

.08 

.10 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.04 

.03 

.00 

.02 

.02 

.03 

.03 

.02 

.02 

.02 

.11 

.03 

.02 

.27 

.40 

.27 

.27 

.24 

.37 

.24 

.24 

.18 

.16 

.18 

.18 

.29 

.17 

.30 

.31 

.34 

.24 

.35 

.38 

1 

6 


0.09 

.09 

.01 

.04 

.01 

.04 

•••••• 

0.C3 

.01 

.04 

.01 

.11 
.02 

ao2 

.18 
.08 

.06 

.12 

.06 

.02 

.01 

I 


Tablb  No.  20. — The  10  posts  of  metre  than  tOO  (officers  and  enlisted  men)  in  the  United 
States,  continental  (exctudina  Alaska),  Jiaving  {he  highest  admission  rates  for  malarial 
duteases,  year  1915,  compared  loiih  1914- 


fRatio  per  1,000  of  mean  strength.] 


Posts. 


Port  Moultrie,  8.  C 

Jeffersoo  Barracks,  Mo 

Wadiington  Barracks,  t>.  C 

FortM7er,Va 

Fort  D.  A.  Russell,  Wyo 

Fort8ffl,0kla 

Fort  SoreveEtf  Oa 

Fort  Leavenworth,  Kans.  (military  prison) 

Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex 

Fort  Caswell,  N.C 


Mean  strength. 


1915 


397 

1,413 

506 

694 

264 

1,182 

444 

272 

1,293 

290 


1914 


469 

1,491 

725 

702 

178 

1,013 

508 

258 

1,0W 

329 


Malarial  diseases, 
total  ratio. 


1916 


1914 


73.06 

8.53 

37.51 

22.13 

33.46 

73.10 

27.38 

28w49 

26.52 

26.23 

5.92 

22.52 

13.92 

22.06 

27.18 

17.79 

2164 

17.24 

2L28 

526 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  GENEBAL. 


From  the  above  table  it  wOl  be  noted  that  Washin&;ton  Barracks^ 
D.  C;  which  had  an  admission  rate  in  1914  of  73.10,  £is  year  shows 
bui  33.46  per  1,000,  a  remarkable  reduction,  due  to  the  vigorous 
antimosquito  campaign  that  is  being  waged  where  mosquitoes  are 
prevalent.  The  excessive  rate  shown  for  Fort  Moultrie,  S.  C, 
which  is  No.  1  on  the  list,  is  not  enviable  when  compared  with  that 
for  1914,  8.53  per  1,000. 

TUBEBCULOSIS. 

The  following  tabulation  shows  for  the  total  American  Army,  and 
separately  for  the  different  coimtries  'frhere  the  Army  has  been 
stationed  continually,  the  case  rate  for  tuberculosis  (all  forms)  for 
enUsted  men  for  the  last  seven  years.  In  this  tabulation  all  read- 
missions  during  each  year  have  been  eliminated,  so  that  the  actual 
occurrence  of  tuberculosis  (all)  is  shown : 

Tuberculosis  (aZZ),  enHsled  men^  case  rates  only. 


Year. 


1916 
1914 
1918 
1913 
1911 
1910 
1909 


United 
SUtes. 

Phflip. 

pine 

Islands. 

Alaska. 

Hawaii. 

Trans- 
ports. 

Panama. 

China. 

2.68 
2.69 
3.07 
3.25 
3.64 
I         3-34 

6.42 
7.31 
6.70 
5.02 
3. 77 
5.46 
6.06 

1.31 
1.00 
1.75 
4.18 
2.68 
1.85 
3.76 

362 
301 
4.24 
2.07 
1.99 
4.10 
2.96 

5.34 
2.85 
4.37 
2.74 
1.76 
.80 
3.00 

6.12 
2.49 
3.76 

5.24 
6.69 
329 

4.53 

i 

1 

1 

ToUL 


S.S5 
3.66 
3.49 
S.66 
S.65 
4.tt 


The  above  tabulation  shows  that  for  the  year  1915  the  rate  for 
tuberculosis  in  the  United  States  is  lower  than  for  any  previous  yejar 
recorded,  bein^  2.68,  as  compared  with  2.69  per  1,000  for  1914.  The 
general  rate  For  the  Amencan  Army  was  3.52,  which  is  slightly 
higher  than  for  the  year  1914.  All  of  the  places  shown  in  the  tabu- 
lation have  higher  rates  than  for  the  tJnited  States,  with  the 
exception  of  Alaska,  the  rate  for  which  is  1.31  per  1,000,  as  compared 
with  1.09  for  1914.  The  rate  for  the  United  States,  when  compared 
with  former  years,  is  encoura^gly  low,  while,  with  the  exception  of 
the  Phihppine  Islands  and  Cmna,  the  other  places  show  an  increased 
rate,  all  or  which  exceed  that  for  the  American  Army. 

Tne  following  tabulation  shows  for  the  total  American  Army,  and 
for  those  parts  stationed  in  the  United  States  and  the  Philippine 
Islands,  the  rates  for  tuberculosis  (all)  for  discharges  for  disability, 
for  deaths,  and  for  noneffectiveness  for  the  last  four  years : 


Anoy,  Amerioan  troops. 


Amarioaa  troops,  Unitsd  States. 


Amsffoan  troops,  Philippine  Islands. 


Year. 


1915 
1914 
1913 
1913 
1915 
1914 
1913 
1912 
1915 
1914 
19U 
1912 


Dis- 
charged 
fordba- 
Mllty. 


1.79 
2.07 
2.26 
1.66 
1.67 
2.10 
2.16 
1.67 
3.28 
3.41 
3.96 
1.46 


Deaths. 


ass 

.47 
.49 
.31 
.28 
.47 
.40 
.27 
.60 
.28 
.79 
.67 


NonflaiB»> 
tive. 


1.80 
L77 
L04 

2.U 
2.28 
3.S4 

1.65 
.50 
.00 
.56 
.58 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON  GENEBAL. 


527 


Prom  a  study  of  Table  No.  21,  giving  the  occurrence  of  tuberculosis 
at  Army  posts  in  the  United  States,  Vancouver  Barracks,  Wash., 
after  dropping  down  on  the  list  to  one  case  during  1914.  has,  as  in  the 
years  1913, 1912,  and  1911,  more  cases  of  tubercmosis  man  any  other 
station,  with  the  sinde  exception  of  Sam  Houston,  Tex.,  both  naving 
seven  cases  recorded  for  the  year  1915. 

Four  more  cases  of  this  disease  occiured  than  during  the  year  1914, 
although  a  reduction  over  1913  of  the  same  number  of  cases. 

Table  No.  21. — TSiberculotit  (all)  at  Army  stoHonSj  United  States,  continental  (exdud- 
ing  AUuha),  1915,  camparm  with  1914  and  191S,  officers  and  enlisted  men. 


Admissions. 

1015 

1914 

1913 

Number. 

Ratio  per 

1,000  of 

mean 

strength. 

Number. 

Ratio  per 

1,000  of 

mean 

strength. 

Number. 

Ratio  per 

1,000  of 

mean 

strength. 

Vanooavw  Banaeks,  Wash 

7 
7 
5 
5 
5 

8 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

7.31 
5.41 
7.32 
7.20 
6.06 

21.39 
4.59 
3.66 
3.43 
3.11 
2.83 

12.88 
5.91 
5.04 
3.92 
2.73 
2.22 

14.81 
12.82 
6.51 
5.00 
4.22 
3.60 
3.18 
3.16 
3.14 
3.12 
2.47 
2.80 
58.82 
13.70 
7.87 
6.94 
6.94 
6.58 
5.15 
1.14 

1 
5 
3 
2 
4 
5 
1 
8 
5 
3 
2 

ao6 

4.56 
4.49 
2.85 
5.95 
26.60 
.97 
6.41 
3.31 
2.05 
1.34 

10 
4 
2 

1 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
5 
4 
1 
2 
1 
3 
2 
3 

3 
2 

1 
1 
1 
1 
4 
4 

7.73 

Fort  Bam  Hniflion.  ^fix ....^...  . 

3.21 

FortH.  O.WririitlN.YV.„i;i. III. 1.111. 

2.96 

FortMyer.Va.T..! 

1.72 

Fort  Bliss' Tax '..'..'.'.'./.,, 

1.40 

Lettonnan  GeDeral  Ho^ital,  CaUfornla.... 
FortMcDowelLCal......... 

ia87 
3.85 

Prv^io  of  flan  l^»TtfM?isw>»  Oai. 

2.15 

C<4um1>i]8  Barracks.  Ohk> 

4.22 

Fnrt  Rlncnm,  N.  Y.'. V.]"] 

4.60 

j4M*(irm>n  Barradn.  MOx..x...  x 

3.60 

Fort  Ontario,  N.  1^ 1.11111111111111111 

3.65 

2.97 

1.82 

Plattsborg  barracks,  N.Y..1..1 

2 

2.56 

3.84 

Fort  WinBeld  Soott,  CaL 

2.15 

Fort  Monroe,  Va 

2 

6 
3 
3 
5 
3 
3 
2 
5 
1 
2 

1.77 

42.86 

19.11 

11.76 

15.02 

4.57 

4.62 

3.28 

7.76 

L62 

3.33 

2.70 

Waltv  Reed  Qeneral  Ho^ital,  District  of 
Colombia 

32.26 

General  Hosplta],  Fort  Bayard,  N.  Hex. . . 
Fort  Baker,  Cal.. ....T! 

13.16 
3.30 

Fort  BberidaTi,  HI , 

2.28 

Fort  Kiley,  Kans , . . , 

.76 

Fort  liOnn,  Colo , 

1.71 

FflrtHa»nfltmi^  Y.   . 

7.30 

Fort  Wordw,  tVash ^  x  ^ 

2.73 

Fort  Barrancas,  Fla. 

Madison  Barracks.  N.Y 

Fort  Leavenwortl^  Kans 

5 

3 

4.96 

Fort  Ethan  AUen,  Vt ..111. 

1 

1.07 

4.68 

Fort  Wayne,  MM 

Genwal  Hospttal.  Hot  Sprkigs,  Ark 

Fort  Hunt,  ta... ......7. 

1 

14.71 

2 

1 

34.48 
8.85 

FortMott,*N.J 

FortWashhigtoo,Md 

FortConstitu^an,  N.  H 111. 

1 

7.14 

Fort  Crockett,  Tex. 1 

FortHuadmca.  Arix 

5 
4 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

10.44 
11.40 
ia56 
6.91 
6.40 
4.78 
8.91 
8.89 
2.96 

1 
1 
2 

4 
1 

1.83 

Fort  Stevens,  Oreg 

2.29 

Fort  Niagara.  N.Y 

7.22 

Fort  Mcmtosh,  Tex. 

1 

2.61 

10.60 

FortMol2ltri^S.C 

2.15 

TTnrt  Ut>lCln}my^  M^  ,  .  . 

Presidio  of  Monterey,  CaL 

1 
1 

1 

19 

2.42 
1.33 

.85 

4 

2 
1 

3.54 

Fort  Hancock,  N.r/. 111111111 

2.76 

Fort  Sill,  Ok£ 

1.03 

19  stations  not  included  above  had  1  case 
each  in  1015 

4  stations  not  included  above  had  2  cases 
each  in  1914 

8 
18 

13  stations  not  included  above  had  1  case 
each  in  1014 

7  statioos  not  included  above  had  2  cases 
each  in  1913 

14 

23 

49 

n  stations  not  included  above  had  1  case 
each  in  1013 

Field  misoeUBneons,  etc 

53 

45 

TotaL 

179 

• 

2.68 

175 

2.72 

183 

8.07 

528 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL 


Table  No.  22. — Occurrence  of  tuberculoeie  {dU)  among  American  troopi,  Army, 

1915 1  by  years  o/servicet  enlieted  men. 


Years  of  seryfoe. 

First. 

Second. 

Third. 

Fourth. 

Fifth. 

Hfxth 
and 
oyer. 

Total. 

Unltod  States,  continental  (excluding  Alaska): 
Mean  -strength 

• 

171 

A^^mlttMl  " 

48 

31 

17 

22 

10 

43 

Ratio  per  1,000  of  mean  strength 

2.68 

Duty  .*....'. r. 

5 
5 

18 
6 

14 

2 
3 

4 

1 

21 

4 

< 

1 
3 
2 

2 
5 
5 

1 
30 

14 

Died 

16 

DischarsBd  on  certificate  of  disability 

Otherwise.. 

5 

2 

10 

4 

38 
10 

^^mahning  Dec.  31. 1915 

14 

4 

98 

Alaska: 

Mean  strwigth , 

76S 

A^n^Htivf 

1 

1 

Ratio  per  1,000  of  mean  strength 

L31 

RfimiifpinE'PfH?.  31 .  1915 ". . 

1 

1 

FhUlppfaies: 

Mean  strength 

11,834 

Admitted..''. 

39 

13 

8 

3 

3 

10 

78 

Ratio  per  1.000  of  mean  strength 

ft.  43 

Duty 

1 
4 

19 
1 

14 

3 

1 
2 

5 

Died 

........ 

6 

Discharged  on  oertlficate  of  disability 

Otherwise 

2 
1 

7 

2 
2 
4 

1 

21 

4 

FemalningDw.  31,1915 ...... 

2 

3 

7 

37 

Hawaii: 

Mean  strength 

8,672 
31 

Admitted..". 

10 

9 

8 

1 

1 

2 

Ratio  per  1,000  of  mean  strength 

3.83 

Duty." -..-' .1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

3 

Died 

1 

Dischareed  on  certificate  of  disability 

2 
6 

1 

1 

3 

Remafplnir  Dec.  31 .  1915 

10 

6 

1 

21 

Qanal  Zone,  Panama: 

5.721 

At\mHt*A       -   -      , , ,, 

10 

7 

6 

3 

1 

8 

35 

6.12 

Duty 

1 

1 
1 
4 

1 

1 

1 

4 

Died 

1 

2 

Discharged  on  oerti^ate  of  disability 

1 

1 
6 

s 

Rematnlnc  Dec.  31 .  1915 , , '. 

9 

5 

2 

S6 

China: 

Mean  strenirtb , . . 

1,385 
7 

Admitted 

4 

2 

1 

Ratio  ner  1.000  of  mean  strength 

5.24 

Duty 

1 
1 

1 

Died 

1 

1 

• 

2 

Otherwise 

1 

RemalninK  Dec.  31 .  1915 

2 

1 

3 

Transports: 

Mean  strength 

1,312 

AdmHt^.T 

4 

1 

S 

Ratio  per  1.000  of  mean  strength 

5.34 

Dischareed  on  certificate  of  disability 

4 

1 

1 

1 

6 

Remaining  Dec.  31, 1915 

1 

Total: 

Mean  strength 

98,263 

•Admitted..". 

110 

«2 

39 

30 

15 

«6 

328 

Ratio  per  1,000  of  mean  strength 

Z.S2 

Duty .'....'. r. 

7 
11 
41 

7 
SO 

7 
5 
9 
3 
38 

2 
1 

7 

4 

25 

6 
6* 

1 
3 

3 

4 
7 
8 
1 
46 

27 

Died 

27 

Discharged  on  certificate  of  disability 

74 
16 

Remaining  Dec.  31. 1915 

18 

8 

186 

REPORT  OP  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 


529 


Table  No.  23. — UndeUrmined  fevers,  1915,  by  courUriei,  officers  and  enlisted  men, 

il^cluding  Philippine  Scouts  and  Porto  Rican  troops. 


DiBOnes. 

United 
States 
(conti- 
nental) 
exdad- 

ing 
AJauB. 

Alaska.  Hawaii 

Philip- 
pine 
Islands. 

Canal 
Zone, 
Pan- 
ama. 

China. 

Porto 
RIoo. 

Army 

tiana-  TotaL 
ports. 

25 

8 

72 

5 

i' 

6 
6 
1 

27 
33 
30 

2 

50 

Fever,  simple  oontiiiQed 

Fever,  type  Qndetenniiied 

^PuBosBnu  fover. . .  • .  • 

2* 

1 
U 

47 

i' 

120 

5 

' 

Total 

110 
1.66 

1 

1.27 

11 
1.24 

90 
5.00 

2 

0.34 

12 
8.71 

6 
6.95 

231 

Ratio  per  1,000  of  mean  strength 

2.22 

From  the  above  table  it  will  be  noted  that  the  admission  rate  for 
these  fevers  in  the  United  States  was  1.65  per  1,000  of  mean  strength. 
The  same  rate  for  1914  was  1.49,  that  for  1913  was  2.65,  and  for  1912, 
1.94  per  1,000.  China  has  the  h^hest  admission  rate  for  this  class 
of  fevers,  8.71  per  1,000;  Porto  Rico  comes  next  with  6.95  per  1,000. 
The  rate  for  the  United  States  alone  is  lower  than  the  total  rate  for 
these  fevers.  It  mi^ht  be  wdl  to  apain  state,  as  in  previous  reports 
that  in  questions  of  doubt,  procecnires  are  used  in  the  laboratory 
diagnosis  of  typhoid  and  paratyphoid  fevers  so  as  to  exclude  any 
possibility  of  overlooking  tnese  two  diseases. 

MENTAL  ALIENATION    (ENLISTED  MEN). 

It  is  impracticable  to  compare  the  admission  rate  for  this  class  of 
disturbances  with  the  rate  for  diseases  formerly  classified  and  pub- 
lished under  the  term  ''insanitv."  'Die  diseases  included  imder  the 
term  ''mental  alienation"  used  in  the  present  nomenclature,  which 
was  put  into  use  January  1, 1912,  include  several  conditions  not  taken 
into  consideration  under  the  term  insanity,  such  as  defective  mental 
develo]>ment,  constitutional  psychopathic  state,  hypochondriasis,  and 
nostalgia.  The  case  admission  rate  for  mental  alienation  (all)  for 
1915  was  3.04  per  1,000,  and  the  discharge  rate  2.54,  as  compared 
with  3.83  per  1,000  for  the  admission  rate  and  3.02  for  discnarge 
rate  during  the  year  1914.  The  admission  and  discharge  rates  for  the 
entire  Army  for  1915  were  3.84  and  3.30  per  1,000,  respectively. 

^  ALCOHOLISM. 

The  admission  rate  for  alcoholism  in  the  United  States  for  the  year 
1915  was  13.07  per  1,000,  which  is  lower  than  for  the  preceding  year, 
when  it  was  13.46.  It  is  exceedingly  gratifying  to  note  that  there 
has  been  a  steady  decrease  in  this  rate  smce  1907,  when  the  rate  was 
36.09,  before  which  year  there  was  a  steady  increase  for  eight  years. 
The  rate  for  1915  is  the  lowest  on  record  in  the  Army  since  the  year 
1870.  As  it  has  been  stated  b^ore,  the  rates  given  are  not  repre- 
sentative of  the  true  amount  of  intemperance  existing  in  the  Aimy . 
but  as  they  are  all  calculated  from  similar  data,  i.  e.,  the  number  oi 
cases  in  which  medical  assistance  intervenes,  thev  are  useful  as 
indices  of  alcoholic  excesses.  There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  this 
remarkable  decrease  in  the  rates  is  properly  attributable  to  the  effect 
produced  by  the  act  of  Congress  in  stopping  the  pay  of  officers  and 
enlisted  men  when  incapacitated  for  duty  because  of  sickness  due  to 
drug  addiction,  alcoholism,  or  other  misconduct. 

69176*— WAR  1916— VOL  1 34 


REPORT  OF  THE  SUBOEON   OENERAU 


11 H 
liflil 


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S        Sn    3 
If       =J    =■ 

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I    I   3"*  I 


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III  I 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  GENEBAL.  531 

SMALLPOX. 

Three  cases  of  smallpox  occurred  within  the  United  States  proper 
during  the  year,  making  an  admission  rate  of  0.05,  with  no  deatns. 

MEASLES. 

During  the  year  1915,  555  cases  of  measles  occurred  in  the  Army 
in  the  United  States,  with  20  deaths  and  8  discharges.  In  1914  there 
were  448  cases,  with  8  deaths  and  1  discharge. 

An  epidemic  during  January,  February,  March,  April,  and  May  at 
Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo.,  resulted  in  147  cases  being  reported,  while 
at  Colmnbus  Barracks^  Ohio,  during  February,  W)  aomissions  for 
measles  are  recorded,  with  6  and  10  deaths,  respectively.  Of  the  147 
cases  at  Jefferson  Barracks,  56  occurred  during  the  month  of  January 
and  50  during  the  month  of  March.  The  depots  having  the  next 
highest  niunber  of  admissions  for  the  year  were  Fort  McDowell,  Cal., 
with  27  cases  and  no  deaths,  and  Fort  Ix)gan,  Colo.,  with  26  cases  and 
1  death.  The  mean  strengths  during  the  year  at  the  above-mentioned 
recruit  depots  were:  Jefferson  Barracks,  1,391;  Colmnbus  Barracks, 
1,143;  Fort  McDowell,  854;  and  Fort  Logan,  553. 

The  diversion  of  accepted  applicants  to  other  stations  resulted  in 
the  disease  assmning  no  greater  proportions  than  shown  at  Columbus 
Barracks.  With  the  advent  of  milaer  weather  the  change  in  habitat 
from  the  barracks  to  out-of-door  life  usually  marks  a  decUne  in  the 
incidence  of  the  disease,  which  would  tend  to  bear  out  the  contention 
tiiat  crowding  is  a  very  material  factor  in  the  spread  of  this  disease. 

This  office  renews  its  recommendation  that  either  additional  bar- 
rack room  be  provided  or  that  the  number  of  accepted  applicants  sent 
to  the  recruit  depots  be  curtailed,  in  order  that  an  epiaemic  such  as 
thireatened  at  Colmnbus  and  Jefiterson  Barracks  might  be  averted. 
The  continuance  of  an  epidemic  is  in  the  main  attributable  to  contact 
of  noninmiimes  with  infected  cases  before  the  latter  have  shown  any 
symptoms.  That  the  death  rate  was  not  higher  for  the  year  1915  is 
(urectly  due  to  the  response  on  the  part  of  The  Adjutant  General  to 
reconunendations  of  this  office  for  the  removal  to  other  quarters  of  the 
majority  of  the  personnel  before  the  disease  had  assumed  greater  pro- 
portions than  the  figures  above  given  would  indicate. 

EPIDEMIC  POLIOMYELITIS. 

No  cases  of  this  disease  occurred  among  soldiers  or  civilian  em- 
ployees of  the  Army  or  among  the  families  resident  in  the  various 
gwrisons.  During  the  past  year,  however,  poliomyelitis  appeared  in 
the  vicinity  of  Beveraf  of  the  larger  military  reservations  in  the 
eastern  Umted  States^  notably  at  Highland  Falls,  N.  Y.,  immediately 
adjoining  the  United  States  Military  Academy  Reservation  at  West 
Point,  N.  Y.  Nineteen  cases  with  five  deatHs  occurred.  Stringent 
quarantine  measures  were  promptly  and  successfully  put  in  operation 

%'     the  academy  authorities  upon  tne  recommendation  of  the  surgeon, 
ese  measures  were  as  follows: 

The  following  quarantiDe  regulations  with  reference  to  iK)liomye]itiB  are  established: 

1.  Children  under  16  years  of  age  residing  at  West  Point  will  not  be  permitted  to 
leave  the  reservation.  Children  under  16  years  of  age  residing  elsewhere  will  not  be 
permitted  to  enter  the  reservation. 

2.  All  general  pleasure  travel  to  and  from  West  Point  is  discontinued. 

3.  Guests  of  individuals  residing  at  West  Point  and  guests  of  the  hotel  to  be  author- 
ized to  visit  the  reservation  by  permit  only.  Upon  arrival  at  West  Point  they  wiU 
be  held  pending  investigation  and  issuance  of  permit  if  warranted. 


532  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGBON  GENERAL.. 

4.  Travel  to  and  from  West  Point  on  buflineflB  to  be  by  permit  only.  Ilioee  cowSi^ 
to  Weet  Point  will  be  held  at  point  of  entrance  until  neceesary  investigation  ia  made 
and  permit  iasued. 

5.  All  soldiers  of  the  garrison  at  West  Point  will  be  quartered  on  reservation  and 
will  not  be  allowed  to  leave  the  reservation  during  the  continuance  of  the  quarantiiie. 

6.  Clasaified  civilian  employees  to  be  permitted  to  enter  and  leave  the  reservation 
by  permit  only. 

7.  Employees  of  the  West  Point  Army  mess  and  cadet  mess  will,  as  far  as  practicable^ 
be  quartered  on  the  reservation,  and  others  not  so  quartered  will  enter  and  leave  the 
reservation  by  permit  only. 

8.  Tailors  and  similar  employees  of  the  cadet  store  will  enter  the  reservation  at  the 
railroad  station  or  south  gate  and  will  proceed  directly  to  the  cadet  store,  and  when 
through  with  their  work  at  that  place  will  leave  the  reservation  by  the  most  direct 
route. 

9.  All  servants  employed  on  the  reservation  will  be  required  to  live  thereon  and 
will  not  be  permitted  to  pass  back  and  forth  from  the  reservation. 

10.  Launoresses  will  assemble  at  the  south  gate  at  the  time  specified  by  the  officer 
in  charge  of  the  cadet  laundry  and  will  there  be  transported  by  wagons  to  me  laundry. 
Upon  completion  of  their  work  at  the  laundry,  they  will  be  tran^rted  back  to  the 
south  gate.  They  will  not  be  permitted  to  pass  back  and  forth  on  foot  through  the 
reservation. 

11.  General  laborers  employed  under  the  quartermaster  will  assemble  at  the  south 
gate  and  be  conducted  by  a  noncommissionea  officer  to  their  work.  Upon  completion 
of  their  work  they  will  again  be  assembled  and  conducted  back  to  the  south  gate. 

12.  The  vending  of  food  products'  of  any  kind  on  the  reservation  is  prohibited. 
Vegetable,  fruit,  bakery,  and  butcher  wagons  will  not  be  permitted  to  ent^  the 
reservation. 

13.  In  all  cases  not  covered  by  the  above,  entrance  to  and  departure  from  the 
reservation  will  be  by  special  permit  only,  to  be  issued  from  these  headquarters. 

14.  All  persons  residi^  on  the  reservation  or  who  may  be  employed  on  the  reser- 
vation wiU  at  once  noti^  the  surgeon  of  any  suspicious  case  of  illness  occurring  in 
their  families  or  in  the  same  house  in  which  they  reside. 

15.  The  i^ve  measures  are  adopted  as  necessary  for  the  health  of  those  resident  or 
employed  at  West  Point. 

OEBEBROSPINAL  MENINGITIS. 

Twenty-three  cases  of  this  disease,  with  9  deaths,  occarred  doling 
the  year  1915  in  the  United  States.  In  1914  there  were  14  cases 
with  5  deaths. 

INFLUBNCB  OP  STATION. 

The  posts  haying  the  highest  admission  rates,  from  all  causes,  were: 
Forts  D.  A.  Rnsaell,  Wvo.,  with  a  rate  of  1,303.03;  Caswell,  N.  C., 
with  a  rate  of  955.17;  Geoi^  Wright,  Wash.,  943.61;  Leavenworth, 
Kans.,  930.95;  and  Mver.  Va.,  880.40. 

The  posts  having  tne  nighest  noneffective  rate  for  the  year  1916 
were:  Forts  Bliss,  Tex.-  Sam  Houston,  Tex.;  D.  A.  RusseU.  Wye; 
Huachuca,  Ariz.;  and  Sheridan,  HI.,  in  the  order  named.  The  rates 
from  all  causes  were  95.24,  77.63,  37.86,  34.91,  and  25.43  per  1,000, 
resi>ectively.  The  average  number  of  days'  treatment  for  each  case 
was  as  follows:  Fort  Bhss,  43.68;  Fort  Sam  Houston,  35.68;  Fort 
D.  A.  Russell,  10.60;  Fort  Huachuca,  39.12;  and  Fort  Sheridan,  11.65. 

The  five  posts  having  the  lowest  admission  rate,  from  all  causes, 
during  the  year,  were:  Forts  Casey,  Wash.,  190.62;  Yellowstone, 
Wyo.,  261.90;  Stevens,  Oreg.,  294.57;  Winfield  Scott,  CaL,  330.60; 
and  West  Pomt,  N.  Y.,  with  343.68  per  1,000. 

The  posts  having  the  lowest  noneffective  rates,  from  all  causes,  wiUi 
their  rates,  were:  Forts  Preble,  Me.,  3.96;  Hamilton,  N.  Y..  6.90; 
Yellowstone,  Wyo.,  6.06;  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  7.16;  and  Alcatras 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL.  533 

Island,  Cal.,  8.63  per  1,000.  The  average  number  of  days'  treat- 
ment for  each  case  was:  4.15,  6.53, 8.44, 7.60,  and  7. 90, respectively. 

Of  the  recruiting  depots  Fort  Slocum,  N.  Y.,  had  the  hi^nest  admis- 
sion rate  from  all  causes,  1,341.10,  and  Jefferson  BarracKs,  Mo.,  the 
lowest,  815.99  per  1,000;  the  latter  depot  had  the  highest  average 
nimiber  of  days'  treatment  for  each  case,  15.52.  Fort  Slocum  had 
the  highest  noneffective  rate  from  all  caus^  38.64  per  1,000,  and 
Fort  McDowelL  Cal.,  the  lowest^  11.12.  Tne  highest  death  rate 
occurred  at  Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo.,  being  14.86  per  1,000,  and  the 
lowest  at  Fort  McDowell,  Cal.,  1.15. 

Tlie  Western  Department,  as  last  year,  had  the  lowest  admission 
rate,  556.47  per  1,000,  as  compared  with  437.09  for  1914,  with  the 
exception  of  the  indep^ident  stations,  which  had  a  rate  of  508.43 
per  1,000,  as  compared  with  579.81  per  1,000  for  1914.  A  consider- 
able increase  is  noted  in  the  Eastern  Department,  whose  rate  for 
1915  was  654.32,  as  compared  with  567.44  per  1,000  for  1914.  The 
rate  for  the  recruit  depots,  while  still  high,  is  slightly  lower  than  for 
1914,  being  1,070.17  for  1915,  as  compared  with  1,087.43  per  1,000 
for  1914. 

The  independent  stations  had  the  lowest  noneffective  rate,  10.46 

B^T  1,000,  for  the  year  1915,  as  compared  with  11.18  for  the  Western 
epartment,  12.72  for  the  Mexican  border,  and  16.21  for  the  Eastern 
Department. 

The  Central  Department  had  the  lowest  death  rate,  2.29  per  1,000 
for  1915,  as  compared  with  7.97  for  1914,  and  the  Western  and 
Eastern  Departments  and  the  Mexican  border  next  in  order  with 
6.26,  6.28,  and  6.33  per  1,000,  respectively. 

Tables  Nos.  24  and  25  show  the  posts  having  the  highest  and  the 
lowest  ratios  of  admission  and  noneffectiveness  in  the  United  States 
as  a  whole. 

INPLUBNOE  OP  RACE. 

The  colored  troops  (enlisted)  had  higher  rates  than  the  white  for 
noneffective  and  discharges,  bemg  31.26  and  22.96,  as  compared  with 
25.52  and  13.23  per  1,000,  respectively,  for  1915.  Hie  respective 
rates  for  1914  were  33.73  and  27.90  as  compared  with  23.05  and 
14.42.  The  admission  rate  for  white  troops  was  higher  than  for  the 
colored,  being  708.51  as  compared  with  590.81. 

For  venereal  diseases  the  admission  rate  for  the  white  troops  was 
84.08.  and  for  the  colored  71.75  per  1,000  for  1915;  for  alcoholism  the 
rate  lor  the  white  troops  was  13.49,  and  for  the  colored,  2.46;  for 
tuberculosis  (all  kinds)  for  the  white  was  2.72  and  for  the  colored, 
1.64;  for  bronchitis  the  rate  for  white  was  37.07,  and  for  colored, 
33.21;  for  diarrhea  and  enteritis  the  rate  for  white  was  32.12.  and  for 
colored,  35.26:  and  for  tonsilitis,  acute  follicular,  the  rate  tor  white 
was  62.18,  ana  for  colored,  21.32. 

The  relative  prevalence  of  the  other  diseases  in  the  two  races  with 
comparisons  are  shown  in  Table  No.  7. 


534 


BEPOET  OP  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL 


CJuirt  R. —  United  States,    Officers  and  men, 
(Admisskm  rates  for  typhoid  fever,  undetormined  fever,  and  malarial  fevers,  years  1906-1015  J 


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538 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON  GENERAL. 


Chart  F. — Army.    Officers  and  American  and  native  troop; 
[Admission  and  death  rates  for  tuberculosis,  years  1906-1915.) 


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542 


BEPOBT  OF  THE   SUBGEON   GENEBAL. 


Table  No.  26. — Influence  of  disease  on  enlisted  men,  American  troops,  serving  in  the 

United  States,  by  arms  of  service,  for  year  1915, 


Anns  of  8«nrioe. 


Infantry 

Oavalrv 

Coast  Artillery, 
Field  Artmery. 
Engineers. . . . . 

Ordnanre 

Signal  Corps... 
Hospital  Corps 
All  others 

Total.... 


Mean 
strength. 


16,570 

11,703 

16,057 

3,707 

1,262 

647 

843 

2,898 

11,038 


63,736 


Ad- 
mitted. 


9,807 

6,323 

7,797 

2,586 

825 

271 

393 

1,507 

6,463 


35,972 


Dis- 

diarged 

oncertifl' 

cateof 

disa- 

biUty. 


210 

110 

188 

48 

13 


6 

46 

161 


771 


Died. 


41 
26 
44 

8 

4 
4 
4 
7 
55 


193 


Con- 
stantly 
nonefleo- 

tive. 


380.00 

227.18 

288.91 

91.27 

41.89 

8.27 

17.90 

57.18 

217. 18 


1,329.77 


Ratio  per  1,000  of  mean  strencUi. 


Ad- 
mitted. 


591.85 
540.29 
517.83 
697.60 
653.72 
418.86 
466.19 
520.01 
585.52 


604. «) 


Dis- 
charged 
onoeitifi- 
cateof 
dba- 
bility. 


12.49 
9.26 
12.31 
12.77 
10.16 


5.85 
15.65 
13.49 


11.93 


Died. 


2.44 
2.19 
2.88 
2.13 
3.13 
6.10 
4.68 
2.38 
4.91 


3.99 


stantly 

elliB^ 
tire. 


19.41 
19.19 
24.  «a 
33.19 

12.78 
21.23 
19.73 
19.  S7 


20.87 


Tablb  No.  27. — Influence  of  season.  United  States,  continental  {exdvding  Alaska),  year 

1915,  officers  and  enlisted  men. 


Month. 


Ratios  per  1,000  of  mean  strength. 


All  causes. 


Admis- 
sions. 


January.. 
February. 
March.... 

Apm 

May 

June 

July 166,663 

August 68,762; 


68,914 
69,968 

!«.114 
68,117 

66,684 
66,291 


61.02 
64.77 
n.65 
61.57 
62.82 
49.00 


,4»| 


8.pt-nUr    .5,      , 

October 64,782^ 

NoTsmber..  66,771 
Deoonber...  67,068 


62.93 
62.68 
67.44 


I 

n 


45.120.34 
47.93!  .49 
51.80  .49 
42.84  .45 


Non- 
effect  iye. 


36.73|  .27 
33.40  .37 
53.84|  36.65  .34 
51.90  37.10|  .09 
37.87i  .39 
36.43  .63 


26. 80^ 


64.84  46.14  .66 


.41 


Total .  66, 789  696. 04,493. 14  5. 31 


"1 


24.76 

36.99 

I 

28.50! 
27.95 

25.30 

I 

24.23 
24.16 
24.78 

24.61 

I 

24.74 

I 
25.78 

27.32 


21.09 
22.99 
24.21 
23.01 


Exclusive  of 
venereal  dis- 
eases, alcohol- 
ism, vaccinia, 
and  injuries. 


•9 


41.14 
47.99 
52.55 
42.36 


21.201  32.22 


20.80  29.79 


30.20 
31.17 


33.96 
31.12 


20.63,  33.61 


20.77 
31.61 
33.64, 


33.77 
36.36 
45.62 


24 
.32 
.35 
.32 
.18 
.18 
.13 
.12 
.22 
.24 
.16 
.35 


36.77,  21.70461.29 


2.83 


I 


§ 

55 


Prevailing  diseases  (exclusive  of 
venereal  diseases,  vacdnia,  atoobol- 
ism,  and  injuries). 


16. 24,  Tonsillitis,  620;  acute  brondiitte,  321; 

influenza,  202. 
18.95  InflueiuaTMO;  tonsillitis,  491;  aoote 

bronchfas^299. 
30.37  Influeoza,  523;  tonsillitis,  483;  acute 

bronchus,  340. 
19.35  Tonsillitis,  380;  influenza,  380;  acute 

bronchitis,  198. 
16.58    TonsOlitfe,  216;  Acute  broncfaitta, 

109:  furuncles,  102. 
15.48|  Tonsillitis,  177;  furundes,  125; 

laria  84. 
16.56  Tonsillitis,  156;  furuncles,  126; 

stipation,  112. 
15.69^  Tonsillitis,  132;  furuncles,  116;  aoata» 

bronchitis,  106. 
16.32  Oastro-enteritb,  144;  tonsillitis,  134; 

intestinal  fermentations,  133. 
15.21  Tonsfllitis,  142;  gastro^iteritis,  !«; 

acute  bronchitb,  139. 
16.671  Influenza,  281:  acute  bronchitis,  312; 

tonsiUitis,198. 
16.92  Imfluenza,  880;  acute  broodiitis,  861; 
I     tonittUtfa,284. 

16.78  TonsiUitis,    3,313;    influenza,  3;919; 
acute  bronchitis,  2,414. 


SANITATION,  UNITED  STATES. 

The  general  sanitary  conditions  throughout  the  United  States  for 
the  Amiy  have  been  very  satisfactory.  Such  defects  as  were  re- 
ported were  of  a  minor  character  and  were  promptly  remedied 
through  the  cooperation  of  those  in  authority.  At  several  of  the 
newer  posts  in  the  Canal  Zone  complaints  havo  reached  the  office 
in  regard  to  the  absence  of  screening  against  mostjuitoes.  Unfor- 
tunately it  has  not  been  possible  to  make  corrections  in  all  cases 
through  a  lack  of  appropriation  of  funds. 

The  department  surgeon,  Eastern  Department,  under  the  subject 
of  hospital  treatment  in  the  Canal  Zone,  remarks: 

I  desire  to  invite  attention  to  the  unsatLsfactory  condition  in  the  matter  of  hoe- 
pital  treatment  in  the  Canal  Zone  for  thoee  in  the  military  service,  and  more 
particularly  for  the  dependent  members  of  their  families,  who  are  accorded  the  privj- 
lege  of  hospital  treatment,  subject  to  a  charge  for  subsistence  and  medicines,  every- 
where  else  in  the  service  where  troops  are  serving  and  the  facilities  exist,  except  in 
this  district.  Aside  from  the  hardship  just  mentioned,  I  consider  the  present  arrange- 
ment, whereby  all  the  sick  of  the  service  are  sent  to  the  Canal  Zone  hospitals  except 
those  requiring  dispensary  treatment  only,  and  b^r  which  the  medical  officers  there 
on  duty  are  deprived  in  la^  part  of  the  care  of  the  sick  and  in  whole  of  the  professional 
work  and  administration  of  hospitals,  as  tending  to  the  deterioration  of  the  efficiency 
and  morale  of  the  medical  officers  concerned.  In  my  opinion,  the  restoration  to  the 
Medical  Corps  of  its  proper  function  of  the  care  and  control  of  all  military  sick,  by  the 
establishment  of  military  hospitals  in  the  Canal  Zone  on  exactly  the  same  basis  as  else- 
where in  the  Army,  is  the  most  important  medico-military  matter  in  this  department. 

On  the  subject  of  sanitary  inspections,  he  further  remarks: 

No  sanitary  inepections  were  made  during  the  year.  The  War  Department  under 
date  of  July  8,  1915,  decided  that  "Such  general  inspections  except  for  troops  in  the 
field  in  large  camps  should  be  made  as  a  rule  by  officers  of  the  Inspector  General's 
Department,  that  inspections  by  sanitary  inspectors  should  be  limited  to  special 
cases  requiring  unusually  detailed  and  careful  inspection  of  a  more  or  less  technical 
cluuucter,''  etc.  A  great  part  of  the  work  of  the  sanitary  inspector  is  of  a  technical 
nature,  and  no  other  inspector  is  capable  of  giving  such  expert  information  to  the  depart- 
ment commander  or  the  Surgeon  General,  who  are  by  these  inspections  kept  fully  in- 
formed as  to  the  proficiency  of  the  personnel,  care  of  the  sick,  sanitary  conditions  and 
health  of  the  troops,  not  to  speak  of  the  inestimable  disciplinary  value  that  accrues  to  the 
mediceJ  personnel  of  the  various  posts  from  a  knowledge  that  searching  technical 
inspections  will  be  made  each  year  of  all  things  pertaining  to  the  Medical  Department 
by  an  official  sanitary  inspector.  As  a  matter  of^fact,  the  sanitary  inspector  was  called 
upon  to  tfi^e  over  the  inspections  previously  made  by  the  department  surgeon^  who 
was  required  by  regulations,  ever  since  the  Civil  War,  to  inspect  every  post  in  his 
department  at  least  once  a  year. 

Further  he  states: 

In  the  matter  of  winter  armory  inspections  by  medical  officers,  the  ^t  that  there 
have  been  assigned  to  districts  five  medical  inspector-instructors,  has  improved  the 
situation  very  much,  so  far  as  the  post  surgeons  are  concerned,  it  having  been  necessary 
to  recommend  very  few  details  for  this  duty.  But  in  regard  to  the  summer  encamp- 
ments, where  the  services  of  a  medical  inspector-instructor  are  required  for  every 
organization  which  has  attached  to  it  sanitary  persormel,  the  department  was  put  to  it 
to  find  officers  available  at  the  times  and  places  required.  In  tne  vicinity  of  Boston, 
last  summer,  there  were  six  different  encampments  of  the  Massachusetts  Volunteer 
Militia  at  different  places  at  the  same  time.  Tne  encampment  of  United  States  troops 
at  Plattsbuxg,  to  which  students  and  business  men  were  invited,  lasting,  as  it  did, 

543 


544  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 

more  than  three  months,  required  the  services  of  a  number  of  medical  officers  in  addi- 
tion to  those  serving  at  Plattsburg  Barracks.  The  situation  was  such  that  It  wbb 
necessary  to  recall  the  sanitary  inspector  from  leave  and  send  him  up  to  Plattsboig 
Barracks  to  administer  the  hospital  at  that  post. 

In  commenting  upon  the  sanitary  conditions  in  that  department 
during  the  year,  tne  department  surgeon,  Western  Department, 
states* 

The  sanitary  conditions  throughout  the  department  for  the  year  were  very  good. 
A  few  defects  were  noted  on  the  monthly  reports,  and  where  possible  were  promptly 
corrected.    The  following  is  deemed  worthy  of  special  note: 

The  water  supply  for  the  Presidio  of  San  ftancisco,  Fort  Winfield  Scott^  the  Letttf- 
man  General  Hospital,  Fort  Mason,  and  the  transport  docks,  is  obtained  from  a  small 
stream  that  arises  from  springs  on  the  Presidio  Eeservation  and  flows  a  short  course 
near  the  southern  boundary  of  the  reservation  to  the  sea.  There  are  many  buildings 
just  outside  the  reservation  and  the  slope  of  the  creek  is  abrupt  and  such  that  con- 
tamination by  drainage  from  the  adjacent  streets  and  building  and  leaking  eewers 
is  alwa]^  a  possibility.  At  the  pumping  station  the  water  is  subjected  to  rapid 
mechanical  nitration,  with  the  addition  of  a  coagulant,  and  the  laboratory  findings 
of  the  filtered  water  have  been  satisfactory;  but  tne  dam  is  wooden  and  in  oad  ord^ 
and  the  sediment  tank  is  too  small  to  pencnrm  its  function.  Recommendations  have 
been  made  that  a  concrete  dam  and  two  sediment  tanks  be  built,  and  the  item  has 
been  included  in  the  1917  estimate  to  Congress.  As  the  laige  number  supplied  with 
water  from  this  plant,  and  the  liability  of  the  supply  to  contamination  makes  it  im- 
portant that  the  filtration  plant  shotdd  be  kept  in  the  highest  state  of  efficiency,  it  is 
believed  that  the  work  recommended  is  of  considerable  importance. 

The  suigeon  at  Vancouver  Barracks  reported  the  water  supply  endangered  by  a 
cesspool  in  use  within  75  yards  of  the  wells.  A  requisition  for  the  c<mstruction  of 
a  septic  tank  for  the  disposal  of  this  sewaee  was  fomrarded  to  the  War  Departmoit 
' 'approval  recommended    under  date  of  November  30,  1915. 

The  suigeon,  Presidio  of  Monterey,  Cal.,  recommended  in  the  sanitarv  report  for 
December,  1914,  the  ''Extension  of  existing  barrack  buildings  to  provide  sufficient 
BQuad  rooms  to  give  at  least  60  square  feet  floor  space  to  every  man;  the  installation 
of  an  adequate  neating  and  ventilating  system  in  all  barracks;  the  installation  of 
modem  plumbing  (water-closets  and  urinab)  and  adequate  hot  water  system  for 
bath  rooms;  connection  of  barracks  to  bath  rooms  bv  covered  passage.''  The  fore- 
going has  been  the  subject  of  considerable  correspondence,  and  the  present  status  is 
that  estimates  for  this  construction  (as  modified  in  the  office  of  the  Quartermaster 
General)  were  to  be  included  in  the  estimate  for  the  fiscal  year  1917. 

The  department  surgeon,  Central  Department,  in  his  annual  repK)rt 
for  the  calendar  year  1915,  states: 

All  conditions  were  cheerfully  met  and  the  duties  required  of  the  medical  officem 
were  satisfactorily  performed,  no  complaint  being  received  as  to  unsatidacUny  or 
inadequate  service.  The  service  of  the  medical  officers  assigned  as  locum  tenens  at 
posts  was  also  satisfactory. 

Speaking  of  the  venereal  situation  in  the  department,  the  surgeon 
at  Fort  Leavenworth  is  quoted  as  follows : 

The  venereal  rate  has  been  somewhat  above  the  a\'erage  for  the  Arm}r.  Care  has 
been  taken  to  make  every  provision  for  the  convenience,  comfort,  and  privacy  of  the 
men  who  come  to  the  hospital  under  the  provisions  of  G.  O.  17,  W.  D.,  1912,  for  the 
cleansing  and  disinfecting  treatment  prescribed.  A  man  of  the  Hospital  Corps 
detachment  is  on  dutv  at  all  hours  of  the  day  and  night  to  supervise  the  procedure. 
The  medical  officers  also  take  occasion  to  point  out  to  the  men  the  importance  of  this 
sanitary  precaution  for  those  who  will  expoee  themselves. 

A  wide  difference  exists  between  the  various  organizations  as  reeards  the  carrying 
out  of  the  provisions  of  G.  O.  17,  W.  D.,  1912,  and  it  is  believed  that  this  has  direct 
relation  to  the  amoimt  of  interest  which  the  company  officers  take  in  the  matter. 
The  success  of  some  officers  in  educating  their  men  to  take  this  sanitary  precaution 
shows  that  all  could  achieve  a  reasonable  amoimt  of  success  by  earnest  and  persLstent 
efforts.  It  is  believed  that  in  the  case  of  company  officers  who  fail  to  attain  a  r^umi* 
able  amount  of  success  in  the  matter  the  fact  snould  be  noted  on  their  efficiency 
reports  by  commanding  officers  under  the  heading  of  remarks. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEOK  GEKEBAIj.  545 

Regarding  sanitation,  the  department  surgeon  adds: 

The  poets  in  this  department,  all  with  ganisons  depleted  by  the  departure  of  the 
Secona  Division  to  the  southern  border,  nearly  three  vears  since,  have,  as  a  rule,  all 
been  caring  for  themselves,  with  more  or  less  difficulty,  owing  to  their  shortage  of 
personnel. 

The  annual  reports  concerning  sanitation  from  all  posts  are  usuall^r  brief,  expressing 
satisfaction,  and  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  there  are  any  sanitary  questions  in 
the  department  of  real  urgency. 

The  following  conditions,  however,  have  existed  for  several  vears,  during  which 
complaints  have  come  from  Forts  Leavenworth  and  Brady  of  a  smoke  nuisance  from  the 
use  of  soft  coal,  with  recommendations  for  the  substitution  of  hard  coal.  The  greatly 
increased  expeDBe  of  such  a  change  has,  however,  militated  against  its  adoption. 

At  Fort  Russell  the  completion  of  the  new  poet  dty  water-supply  plant  is  expected 
within  a  few  weeks,  which  will  permit  the  use  of  city  water  with  confidence.  This 
wiU  apparently  terminate  an  agitation  for  pure  water  lasting  for  years. 

At  Fort  Meade  the  damming  up  of  the  post  sewer  at  terminus  into  Bear  Butte  Creek 
has  for  years  prompted  recommendationB  for  the  construction  of  a  septic  tank. 

The  sanitary  conditions,  as  reported  by  the  department  surgeon, 
Southern  Department,  have  been  generally  good.    The  men  are  well 

Protected  from  weather.  Suitabfe  buildings  were  erected  for  the 
itchens  and  mess  halls  and  they  have  been  effectively  floored  and 
screened.  Latrines  are  boxed  and  fly  proof.  Lime  and  flytraps  are 
suppUed  latrines.  Kitchen  wastes  and  manure  are  usually  carted 
away  daily  by  outlying  farmers.  Habits  of  men  are,  as  a  rule,  very 
gooG.     Food  supply  and  preparation  are  satisfactory. 

In  speaking  oi  tne  preventable  diseases  with  which  they  have  to 
contend  on  tne  southern  border,  the  department  surgeon  remarks  : 

War  and  famine  have  paved  the  way  for  typhoid  fever,  smallpox,  typhus  fever,  and 
influenza  in  severe  forms,  and  these  epidemic  diseases  have  all  pre\^ed  in  Mexico 
and  among  the  refugees  who  have  flocked  to  this  side  of  the  border.  The  fact  that 
smaUpox  has  been  limited  to  two  cases,  typhoid  fever  to  two,  and  epidemic  menin- 
gitis to  one  show  how  splendidly  under  control  are  these  diseases,  whidi  formerly 
caused  such  morbidity  and  mortality. 

Further,  he  adds : 

The  prevailing  diseases  have  been  gastrointestinal,  bronchial,  and  venereal. 
Acute  follicular  tonsillitis  and  influenza  have  prevailed  exUsnmyeiy  during  the  colder 
months,  espedall^r  at  Douglas,  Ariz.  They  seem  connected,  in  their  mode  of  spread, 
with  poor  ventilation  in  the  tenta  of  the  men  and  in  the  various  moving-pictuie  shows 
frequented  by  the  commands.  Improvement  has  followed  a  neater  care  in  seeing 
that  the  tents  are  properly  aired  during  the  day  and  ventilated  at  night.  The  pro- 
prietors of  the  various  picture  theaters  have  likewise  cooperated  to  improve  tneir 
ventilation. 

There  were  relatively  a  laige  number  of  cases  of  diphtheria.  Twelve  of  these  cases 
occurred  at  Fort  Mcintosh  from  Januarv  6  to  May  3.  The  usual  methods  of  isolation, 
careful  bacteriological  examinations  of  throats,  and  immunization  of  contacts  with 
antitoxin  kept  the  disease  well  in  check.  The  majority  of  cases  seem  to  ha\e  been 
contracted  in  Laredo,  where  an  epidemic  prevailed  during  the  spring. 

In  explanation  of  the  high  rate  of  venereal  diseases  it  is  stated : 

It  is  partly  due  to  the  soldiers  obtaining  24-hour  passes  and  idling  to  take  the 
prophylactic  treatment  soon  enough  after  exposure  to  be  of  much  value.  For  such 
as  meee,  and  especially  for  the  use  of  troops  serving:  on  the  border  and  on  detached 
service,  where  me  usual  prophylactic  can  not  be  given,  it  is  recommended  that  the 
prophylactic  tubes  formerly  authorized  be  again  issued. 

Continuing  on  this  subject  of  venereal  disease,  the  following  is 
quoted  from  the  report  of  the  surgeon.  Fourth  Infantry,  Brownsville, 
Tex.: 

At  Brownsville  the  usual  factors  are:  (a)  The  small  number  of  prostitutes  present 
in  a  small  town;  (6)  the  exceedingly  low  grade  of  those  who  are  here.  Cause:  (a) 
Operates  by  the  whole  number  of  women  becoming  more  rapidly  diseased  than  in  a 

6917e'— WAR  1916— VOL  1 36 


546  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 

laiger  town  and  increasing  the  chances  of  contagion.  Lic^ht  is  shed  as  to  the  grade  of 
these  women  by  the  fact  that  pedicidosis  pubis  is  exceedingly  prevalent  in  tne  com- 
mand, as  many  as  eight  cases  lutving  been  foimd  in  one  company  at  the  semimonthW 
physical  inspection.  The  large  majoritjr  of  these  women  are  Mexican-Indians,  whicti 
fact  needs  no  further  comment  as  to  their  hygienic  condition. 

The  large  number  of  prophylactic  treatments  given  indicates  a  general  knowledge 
of  the  importance  of  the  measures  and  would  give  ground  to  expect  a  small  veneroJ 
rate  were  it  not  for  the  well-known  means  of  circumventing  the  order  or  of  piartial 
compliance  that  is  sufficient  to  avoid  legal  penalties  but  not  sufficient  for  therapeutic 
benefit.  All  cases  of  venereal  exposiu^  without  venereal  prophylaxis,  where  the 
facts  could  be  established,  have  been  tried  by  summary  coiul-martial.  There  have 
been  17  convictions  for  this  offense  during  the  year. 

The  surgeon,  Twelfth  Infantry,  Camp  Stephen  Little,  Nogales, 
Ariz.,  contributes  the  following  on  the  subject: 

This  station  can  point  with  pride  to  the  unusually  low  venereal  rate  for  the  year, 
which  could  only  have  been  secured  through  the  system  of  venereal  prophylaxis  in  use. 
During  the  year  there  were  recorded  5,401  prophylactic  treatments,  an  average  of  450 
per  month.  These  figures  show  the  great  extent  to  which  the  men  have  been  exposed 
to  venereal  disease.  Prostitution  in  this  vicinity  is  not  regulated  and  most  of  the  pros- 
titutes are  Mexican  women  who  loiter  in  the  vicinity  of  the  camp.  Undoubtealy  a 
very  favorable  influence  in  reducing  the  number  of  vereneal  infections  has  been  the 
absence  of  saloons  in  the  town  of  Nogales.  A  sober  soldier  after  exposure  to  venereal 
disease  resorts  to  the  prophylaxis  and  properly  carries  out  the  treatment,  but  a 
venery  associated  with  drunkenness  is  a  serious  menace  to  an  individual's  health  and 
undoubtedly  is  the  cause  of  so-called  failures  of  our  venereal  prophylaxis. 

The  following,  quoted  from  the  report  of  the  surgeon,  Eighteenth 
Infantry,  Douglas,  Ariz.,  has  the  approval  of  the  department  surgeon: 

When  cases  are  transferred  to  other  hospitals  their  subsequent  history  under  present 
methods  is  unknown  to  the  medical  officers  who  cared  for  patients  originaAy.  It 
would  increase  the  interest  in  following  cases^  and  be  very  instructive,  if  some 
method  could  be  instituted  of  reporting  changes  m  diagnosis,  complications,  and  final 
disposition  of  these  patients  to  tne  officers  who  have  formerly  treated  them. 

The  surgeon,  Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex^  in  his  report  to  the  depart- 
ment surgeon,  submits  the  following  on  *  *  Patients  refusing  operations:" 

The  service  on  the  border  is  not  attractive,  and  as  a  result  many  men  take  advantage 
of  every  opportunity  to  leave  the  Armjr  by  discharge.  In  my  opinion  this  accounts 
for  the  many  refusals  to  undergo  operations  to  render  the  patient  fit  for  the  military 
service.  I  am  keeping  a  list  of  these  refusals,  and  at  the  proper  time  will  forward  it 
to  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army,  with  remarks,  with  a  view  of  having  the  present 
privilege  of  refusing  operations  revisisd. 

The  surgeon. Sixth  Cavalry,  which  was  stationed  at  Harlingen,  Tex., 
reports  the  following: 

Skin  and  subcutaneous  affectums. — ^There  has  been  a  great  number  of  sores,  boils, 
abscesses,  and  ulcers  with  adenitis  and  lymphadenitis  from  infection.  The  prevalence 
with  which  slight  scratches  became  spreaain^  sores,  which  resist  or  at  least  require 
treatment  over  a  long  period,  leads  one  to  consider  infection  from  some  parasitic  fungi. 
Abrasions  from  thorns,  as  well  as  bites  from  sand  fleas  and  ticks,  common  to  this  section, 
could  easilv  promote  this  infection.    Tropical  ulcers  are  in  some  cases  simulated. 

Intestinal  aisturhances. — Quite  a  number  of  cases  of  acute  dysenterjr  have  been  seen. 
These  \'ary  in  severity,  but  have  run  a  fairly  similar  course,  characterized  by  fever  and 
rapid  onset  and  diarrhea  of  varying  severity,  but  often  with  blood  and  mucus.  They 
have  responded  rather  quickly  to  treatment,  and  it  is  believed  to  be  a  bacillary  dy»- 
entery.    No  amoebic  cases  have  been  observed,  except  one  with  a  past  history. 

Malaria  and  fevers  undiagnosed. — ^There  have  been  a  few  cases  of  malaria  of  the  type 
Plasmodium  vivax  diagnosed,  and  more  called  malaria,  but  the  disadvantagef*  of  not 
navin^  a  microscope,  and  the  habit  of  the  corps  men  on  dutv  with  the  troops  on  the  riN~or 
of  giving  (|uinine  has  precluded  diagnosis  in  these  cases,  out  I  believe  malarial  infec- 
t'on  in  tnis  section  to  oe  a  negligible  factor.  There  have  been,  however,  quite  a  num- 
bor  of  cases  of  fever  type  undetermined.  These  were  characterized  by  rapid  onset, 
with  or  without  diarrhea,  quite  high  and  continuous  fever  lasting  three  or  lour  daya» 


RBPOBT  OP  THE  SUBGEON  GENERAL.  547 

and  rapid  recovery.    With  the  coming  of  cooler  weather  and  fewer  insects,  this  affec* 
tion  seems  to  have  lessened  or  disappeared. 

Sanitation. — ^The  troops  at  the  outlying  stations  are  for  the  most  part  in  tents  and 
have  been  supplied  lumber  for  floors  and  Kitchens.  They  depend  upon  such  water  as 
the  community  affords,  as  wells,  rivers,  or  small  lakes,  and  each  troop  is  supplied  with 
a  Lyster  bag.    The  remainder  of  the  regiment  at  Harlingen  is  well  camped  and  sup- 

8 lied  with  water  from  the  town  waterworks,  and  with  electric  lights.  Tents  are 
cored  and  kitchens  screened.  Deep-pit  latrines  are  used  and  are  satisfactory. 
Flies  were  very  numerous  during  the  warm  weather,  but  few  remained  after  December 
1,  1915.  Mosquitoes  at  no  time  nave  been  troublesome,  and  these  mostly  of  the  culex 
type.  It  has,  nowever,  been  very  dry  since  the  troops  arrived  and  all  standing  water 
in  the  vicinity  of  camp  has  been  oiled.  The  climate  since  October  1  has  been  ideal, 
and  it  is  believed  the  men  are  reasonably  content.  The  splendid  shooting  has  afforded 
the  chief  amusement.  The  outlying  troops  have  depended  largely  upon  Hospital 
CoTpa  men  for  medical  attendance,  and  the  necessity  of  reliable  men  for  the  corps 
has  been  most  apparent,  and  that  they  should  have  sufficient  training.  An  automo- 
bile ambulance  was  asked  for  shortly  after  the  troops  arrived  in  Harlingen,  and  was 
approved  but  never  supplied.  It  would  have  been  most  useful,  and  the  scattered 
troops  could  have  been  much  more  easily  and  effectively  cared  for.  The  ambulance 
company  has  supplied  service  only  within  the  town,  whereas  an  automobile  ambulance 
could  have  collected  the  sick  and  wounded  over  most  of  the  district. 

CAMP    SANITATION. 

This  subject  has  been  one  of  unusual  importance  and  interest  during 
the  past  year. 

The  camps  of  instruction  for  civilians  at  Plattsburg  and  elsewhere, 
the  assembling  of  the  State  troops  in  camps  of  mobihzation,  and  the 
muster  in  to  me  Federal  service  of  140^000  National  Guard  in  Jime, 
1916,  have  necessitated  a  thorough  consideration  of  all  measures  rolat- 
ingto  the  care  of  troops  in  the  field. 

The  following  circular  relating  to  camp  sanitation  and  personal 
hygiene,  prepared  by  the  Surgeon  General  of  the  Army,  was  early  sent 
to  The  Adjutant  General  with  a  view  to  its  publication  for  the  informa- 
tion and  guidance  of  all  concerned. 

With  sught  modification  this  circular  has  been  approved  and  issued 
as  a  general  sanitary  order  of  the  War  Department. 

As  will  be  noted,  this  order  embodies  largely  those  methods  which 
the  experience  of  the  regular  troops  in  their  camps  at  Vera  Cruz, 
Galveston,  Texas  City,  San  Antonio,  and  other  places  on  the  border 
and  in  Mexico  proved  to  be  most  valuable  and  satisfactory  for  field 
conditions. 

The  following  sanitary  regulations  are  published  for  the  guidance  of  all  concerned 
and  should  be  strictly  enforced: 

1.  Chief  surgeon. — ^The  chief  or  division  surgeon  is  charged  with  the  general  conduct 
and  supervision  of  the  Medical  Denartment  in  the  i>erformance  of  its  duties^  and  will 
make  such  assignment  of  personnel  as  may  be  required. 

2.  Sanitary  inspector. — ^The  sanitary  inspector  is  charged  especially  with  the  super- 
vision of  the  sanitation  of  the  camp.  It  is  the  duty  of  commanders  to  remedy  defects 
reported  to  them  by  the  inspector. 

8.  Water  supply. — Precaution  must  be  taken  to  prevent  contamination  of  the  camp 
water  supply  by  keeping  all  containers  scrupulously  clean  and  protected  from  dust 
and  other  sources  of  infection. 

An  appliance  designed  bv  Mai.  William  J.  Lyster,  Medical  Corps,  and  carried  on 
the  supply  table  as  **  Water  bag,  field,  sterilizing,  **  consists  of  a  canvas  bag  of  special! v 
woven  flax,  20  inches  in  diameter  and  28  inches  in  length,  sewn  to  a  flat  galvanizea* 
iron  ring,  hinged  so  it  folds  at  one  diameter.  Spliced  at  four  equi-distant  points  on 
the  ring  are  two  crossed  pieces  of  hemp  rope,  enabling  the  bag  to  be  suspended  on 
any  convenient  support  capable  of  holding  the  weight  of  the  bag  when  filled  witii 
water,  which  is  about  330  pounds.  Five  nickel  spring  faucets  are  placed  at  equal 
spaces  about  the  bottom  edge  of  the  bag.    The  necic  of  these  faucets  is  small  enough 


548  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEOK  GBNEBAI^. 

to  enter  a  canteen  which  can  be  filled  in  10  seconds.    The  self-closing  faucets  pre> 
vent  wastage. 

The  purpose  of  the  bag  is  not  for  transporting  water,  but  to  provide  a  stationary  re- 
ceptacle in  which  water  can  be  held  long  enough  to  sterilize  and  then  distribute  it. 
The  empty  bag  weighs  from  7  to  7)  pounds  and  folds  into  a  convenient  package  for 
carriage  in  the  field.  It  thus  can  be  carried  by  the  soldier  on  the  Inhmtry  pack  when 
other  transportation  is  wanting. 

After  the  bag  is  suspended  and  filled  with  water,  it  is  sterilized  by  the  addition  of 
a  small  amount  of  hypochlorite  of  calcium.  This  is  carried  in  measured  doses,  sealed 
in  elass  tubes.  A  package  of  60  of  these  tubes  weighs  10  ounces  and  measures  7}  by 
3}  oy  4i  inches.    Packed  in  corrugated  parser  it  will  stand  rough  usage. 

The  tubes  themselves  are  3  inches  in  length  by  three-fifths  of  an  inch  in  di- 
ameter and  are  marked  with  a  file  enabling  them  to  bo  easily  broken  in  the  finders 
without  fragments.  They  contain  from  14  to  15  grains  of  calcium  hypochlorite. 
This  chemical  contains  from  30  to  32  per  cent  chlorin,  which  forms  in  tiie  water 
hypochlorous  acid  and  results  in  sterilizing  the  water.  The  process  is  one  of  oxida- 
tion.  In  the  strength  used  waters  highly  infected  are  rendered  safe.  Of  course,  in 
such  strengths  (1-500,000)  grosslv  polluted  water  such  as  sewage  will  not  be  rendered 
safe.  Water  ordinarily  used  will  be  entirely  safe  after  beins  so  treated.  As  the  chem- 
ical acts  more  efficientlv  in  clear  waters,  a  filter-cloth,  to  oe  fastened  over  the  open- 
ing of  the  b^  and  weigning  1  ounce,  is  provided,  or  water  may  be  strained  through 
a  blanket.  The  bag  is  filled  after  it  is  in  place.  Susi>ended  matter,  such  as  clay,  is 
lai^ely  removed  and  not  left  to  interfere  with  the  action  of  the  chlorin. 

Comprehensive  experiments  demonstrate  the  bacteriological  efficiency  of  the 
appliance.  The  organisms  causing  typhoid  fever,  the  dysenteries,  including  amoebic 
or  tropical  dysentery,  and  ciliates  are  promptljr  destroyed.  Even  in  the  vegetative 
form  amoebae  are  killed  in  15  minutes — ordinarily  5  to  10  minutes  suffices  uter  the 
addition  of  the  powder  to  render  the  water  safe  to  drink.  Exposure  of  30  minutes  haa 
been  found  to  destroy  all  amoebse  and  ciliates  under  most  severe  conditions  in  a 
test. 

4.  Disposed  of  garbage. — ^For  detachments  or  companies  in  camps,  or  in  isolated 
locations  where  other  means  are  not  available,  the  incinerator  shall  be  installed. 

If  wood  is  plentiful  and  medium-sized  stones  can  be  obtained,  both  liquid  and  solid 
refuse  can  be  disposed  of  by  using  incinerators  improvised  for  each  company  aa 
follows: 

A  pit  is  dug  about  5  feet  long,  2i  feet  wide,  and  6  inches  deep  at  one  end  and  12  at 
the  other;  the  excavated  earth  is  banked  around  the  pit  and  tne  latter  is  then  filled 
with  stones  on  which  a  fire  is  built;  when  the  stones  have  become  heated  liquid  refuee 
is  poured  into  the  pit  (shallow  end)  where  it  gradually  evaporates;  solid  matter  is 
burned  on  the  fire. 

The  efficiency  of  this  type  of  incinemtor  depends  largely  upon  the  fact  that  porous 
earth  absorbs  a  very  large  part  of  the  liouid  slops,  but  it  is  not  considered  practicable 
to  destroy  the  usual  accumulation  of  slops  every  day  without  using  an  extravagant 
amount  of  fuel. 

A  type  of  incinerator  having  a  fire  bed  of  rock  1  foot  deep  will  not  permit  the  heat 
from  the  fire  to  penetrate  beyond  that  depth.  The  rock  wall  on  three  rides  of  Ihe 
fire  bed  absorbs  much  heat  that  otherwise  mi^t  be  dissipated  into  space,  idiidi 
increases  the  evaporating  capacity  of  the  incmeiator  enormously,  ana  requires  a 
comparatively  very  small  amount  of  fuel.  Incinerators  built  of  huge  rocks  are  con- 
sidered to  be  most  efficient. 

About  one-sixth  of  a  cord  of  wood  per  dav  per  com|Miny  is  considered  more  than 
sufficient  for  the  destruction  of  all  slops  and  garbage,  if  ordinary  care  and  attention 
is  given  the  incinerator.  Liquid  slops  should  be  evax>orated  by  being  poured  slowly 
along  the  vertical  walls  of  the  incinerator,  not  upon  the  fire  bed,  and  tne  solid  garbage 
should  be  placed  on  top  of  the  fuel.  It  has  been  determined  that  a  skilled  attiandant 
can  destroy  100  gallons  of  liquids  and  23  cubic  feet  of  solid  garbage  in  about  12  houn 
by  using  one-sixteenth  of  a  cord  of  wood. 

'Where  rock  is  not  available,  material  (brick,  340;  Ume,  three-fourths  ba^)  will  be 
obtained  on  requisition  from  the  quartermaster.    Where  disposal  in  a  sanitary  way 


can  be  made  by  means  of  carts,  the  garbage  can  may  be  used.    The  cans  shall  be  thor- 
oughly cleanea,  scalded  and  coated  with  crude  petroleum  after  emptying. 

5.  Disposal  ofmanure  and  care  of  picket  lines.— \U  manure  shall  be  hauled  to  the 
camp  dump.  Picket  lines  shall  be  kept  broom  swept  and  all  manure  and  stimw  hauled 
off  oaily.  A  weekly  indneration  of  the  picket  Imes  shall  be  ccccompUshed  with 
crude  oil  at  the  rate  of  10  gallons  to  each  fine.  Crude  oil  may  be  obtained  ttom  the 
Quartermaster  Corps  on  usual  requisition. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON  GENEBAL.  549 

6.  Disposal  of  eoccreta,— Where  a  water  carriage  syBtem  is  not  feasible,  the  Havard 
box  ahall  be  used  over  the  earth  latrines.  Daily  inspections  of  this  63r8tem  are  en- 
joined on  the  |)art  of  the  medical  officer  of  the  organization,  who  will  see  that  ^e 
following  plan  is  carried  out: 

(a)  The  latrine  shall  be  burned  out  thoroughly  with  crude  oil  and  hay  twice  a  day. 
(Each  burning,  I  eallon  crude  oil  and  7.5  pounds  of  hay,  or  straw.) 

(6)  The  boxes  shall  be  at  all  times  kept  fl^^-tight;  this  implies  closure  of  all  cracks 
and  care  of  the  hinges  and  a  back  construction  so  that  the  lids  drop  automatically. 
The  latrine  seats  shiQl  be  washed  o£f  twice  weekly  with  a  I  to  100  solution  of  cresoline, 
or  other  disinfectant,  and  whitewashed  inside  twice  weekly. 

(e)  Latrines  shall  be  rebuilt  when  filled  to  within  2  feet  of  the  top. 

(a)  Where  water-carriage  system  is  in  vogue,  either  the  automatic  flush  or  trough 
system  shall  be  installed. 

7.  Kitchens  and  mess  rooms. — Kitchens  and  mess  rooms  shall  be  securely  screened 
and  an  efficient  fly  trap  provided  for  catching  such  flies  as  gain  entrance  thereto. 
An  effective  fly  trap  consisting  of  a  light  wooden  frame,  covered  with  wire  gauze, 
extending  to  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  of  the  floor  of  the  trap,  is  readily  conBtructed. 
It  has  been  found  that  sweetened  water,  slightly  acidulated  with  vinegar,  is  an  excel- 
lent bait. 

Ice  boxes  installed  shall  be  inspected  daily  and  drip  pans  emptied  and  scalded  out. 

Garbage  cans  shall  be  kept  on  wooden  racks  and  elevated  from  the  ground,  and 
cans  burned  out  daily  with  oil  to  prevent  fouling,  and  kept  clean  outside  with  a  coat 
of  whitewash. 

8.  Arrangements  shall  be  made  for  the  installation  of  shower  baths  for  all  troops  and 
a  careful  inspection  shall  be  made  daily  to  see  that  waste  water  therefrom  is  so  dis- 
posed of  as  to  prevent  moeNquito  breeding. 

9.  The  use  of  the  mosquito  bar  is  imperative  and  it  shall  be  used  in  all  districts  where 
mosquitoes  are  prevalent. 

10.  Food  ana  drinks, — No  food,  drinks,  or  like  commodities  will  be  sold  in  camp 
except  in  the  authorized  exchanges. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  use  of  the  following  foods,  the  elimination  of  which  from 
the  messes  will  serve  to  prevent  a  variety  of  intestinal  disorders: 

(a)  Canned  milk  and  nsh  opened  the  day  before.    (Fish  and  milk  poisoning.) 

( h)  Hashes  of  meats  and  potatoes  prepared  the  night  previous.  (Ptomaine  poisoning 
of  severe  type.) 

(c)  Locally  grown  green  ve^tables^  uncooked.    (Dysenteries  and  diarrhea.) 

11.  Malana. — ^When  malaria  prevails,  the  daily  use  of  three  ^;rains  of  sulphate  of 
quinine,  to  be  increased  as  indicated,  as  a  malarial  prophylactic  is  made  compulsory. 

12.  Insptciions. — Suigeons  of  orguiizations  shall  make  a  daily  inspection  of  the 
commands  to  which  tney  pertain,  covering  the  following:  Picket  fines,  latrines, 
kitchens,  barracks,  inclosed  toilets,  baths,  garbage  receptacles,  incinerators,  and  all 
food  supplies;  they  shall  make  a  verbal  report  at  once  to  tkeir  respective  commanding 
officers  for  the  correction  of  any  sanitary  defects  noted^  and  a  similar  report,  with  the 
action  taken,  to  the  sanitary  inspector  on  his  next  visit. 

13.  A  special  report  shall  oe  made  at  once  by  the  surgeon  of  each  organization  to  the 
sanitary  inspector  for  the  information  of  the  chief  surgeon,  in  the  following  cases: 

{clS  Acute  infectious  or  contagious  diseases  developing  in  barracks  or  camps. 
JbS  Gases  of  fever  of  101°  or  over,  attended  with  albuminuria. 

)  Unusual  prevalence  of  mosquitoes  in  vicinity. 

;  Development  of  amoebic  or  bacillary  dysentery  or  malaria  in  the  command. 

14.  Venereal  prophylaxiB  and  venereal  inspections  shall  be  carried  out  thoroughly 
and  the  required  monthly  report  of  the  number  of  new  cases  of  venereal  diseases  snail 
be  sent  to  the  chief  surgeon,  through  the  sanitary  inspector,  each  month. 

15.  Areas  about  camps  in  which  mosauitoes  could  breed,  such  as  cisterns,  tanks, 
woods,  gutters,  pools,  and  drains  shall  be  kept  under  close  observation  by  the  surgeon, 
and  the  proper  remedies  appfied.  i.  e.,  screening,  draining,  oiling,  etc. 

16.  Sanitary  sauads  composed  of  medical  officers,  noncommissioned  officers,  and 
privates  of  the  Medical  Department  will  be  organized  by  the  chief  suij^eon.  The 
sanitary  sqimd  will  supervise  and  assist  in  the  disposal  of  camp  wastes.  Givilians  em- 
ployed as  sanitary  laborers  will  be  employed  by  the  Quartermaster's  Department 
and  turned  over  to  the  Medical  Department. 

The  sanitary  police  officer  will  make  requisition  on  the  Quartermaster  General  for 
such  transportation,  labor^  material,  etc.,  as  may  be  needed.  When  assigned  to  this 
service  they  will  not  be  diverted  to  other  uses  except  by  competent  authority. 

17.  Flies, — All  possible  breeding  places  of  flies,  accumulations  of  wastes  and  filth, 
should  be  destroyed  by  incineration  and  particular  attention  given  to  the  manure 
and  refuse  from  the  picket  lines  and  stables. 


550  REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 

An  energetic  campaign  must  be  befi;un  at  once  against  the  mature  fliee. 
Each  company  or  organization  will  provide  itself  with  several  large  fl3rtrap8,  to  be 
placed  near  kitchen  doors,  store  tents,  and  wherever  flies  are  present. 

INPEOnOUfi   DISBA8B8. 

Certain  infectious  diseases  are  of  primary  importance  in  military  nnitation  and 
will  be  mentioned  briefly  in  the  following  notes: 

Typhoid  fever. — Is  caused  bjr  a  specific  organism,  the  bacillus  typhosuB.  When 
the  oacillus  finds  an  entrance  into  man's  intestinal  tract  typhoid  fever  is  likely  to 
result. 

The  excreta,  and  particularly  the  stools  of  the  victim  of  typhoid,  and  his  urine  are 
loaded  with  tne  t3rphoid  bacilli.  Hence  the  necessity  for  extreme  care  in  properly 
"'      lin^  of  excreta,  and  the  strict  avoidance  of  camp  pollution. 

^,  jhoid  fever,  like  cholera,  is  due  to  the  transference  of  fecal  matter  of  the  in- 
ectea  individual,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  to  the  alimentary  canal  of  another 
nonimmune  person. 

Typhoid  fever  is,  therefore,  chiefly  a  filth  disease  and  one  widely  distributed  over 
the  world.  Its  presence  in  a  camp  or  community  is  chiefly  determined  hy  the  personal 
cleanliness  of  the  occupants,  and  largely  by  their  method  of  disposmg  oi  human 
excreta. 

Through  careless  means  of  disposing  of  feces  and  urine,  water,  milk,  and  food  be- 
come infected,  very  largely  through  the  agency  of  insects,  principally  the  fly,  which, 
breeding  in  accumulations  of  refuse,  manure,  and  various  forms  of  mth,  traosfer  the 
disease  germ  mechanically  on  their  bodies  and  in  their  secretions  from  the  infected 
source  to  the  food.  Absolute  protection  of  food  supplies  of  all  kinds  and  persistent 
warfare  on  the  fly  are  imperative. 

The  most  common  mode  of  infection  in  typhoid,  as  was  shown  in  the  camps  of 
1898.  was  by  contact,  direct  or  indirect,  with  them  fected  individual.  About  60  per  cent 
of  all  cases,  as  shown  by  investigations,  are  believed  to  be  due  to  contact  infection. 

Direct  contact  infection  follows  intimate  association  with  the  infected  person. 

Indirect  contact  infection  results  from  clothing,  bedding,  drinking  cups,  food, 
dishes,  etc.,  which  may  serve  to  carry  the  infection  from  one  person  to  another. 

The  necessity  for  great  care  as  to  personal  cleanliness  is  obvious. 

Frequent  bat*hing,  the  washing  of  hands  before  eating,  attention  to  laundering  under- 
clothing, and  general  personal  cleanliness  are  obli^tory,  as  well  as  the  prompt  sterili- 
zation of  all  articles  which  have  been  used  bv  those  suffering  from  the  disease,  as 
well  as  by  "carriers,"  those  excreting  typhoid  bacilli,  thougn  presenting  no  active 
symptoms  of  the  disease. 

These  "carriers"  are  an  insidious  menace,  an  even  greater  one  than  a  frank  case  of 
typhoid  fever,  because  so  frequently  imrecognized.  The  greatest  precautions  must 
be  taken  by  sanitary  officers  for  the  prompt  recognition,  isolation,  and  treatment  of 
these  "earners." 

The  regulations  direct  that  all  soldiers,  immediately  on  entrance  into  the  service, 
be  protected  against  typhoid  fever  by  vaccination,  as  well  as  against  smallpox.  This 
regulation  will  be  strictly  enforced. 

Malaria. — Is  caused  by  a  microorganism  (the  Plasmodia  malaris)  which  gains 
access  to  the  body  through  the  bites  of  mosquitoes  belonging  to  the  g^us  anopheles. 

The  predispos'mg  causes  of  the  disease  are  those  that  &vor  the  development  of 
mosquito  life. 

On  account  of  the  nocturnal  habits  of  the  malaria-bearing  mosquitoes,  the  disease 
is  more  likely  to  be  contracted  at  night. 

Camps  will  not  be  located  near  ewamps  or  in  places  where  standing  water  favors 
the  development  of  the  mosquito.  Every  precaution  will  be  ta':en  to  destroy  theee 
breeding  places  by  draining  and  filling,  or  by  oiling  them  and  by  the  cutting  away 
of  all  gra88  or  undergrowth  tor  a  distance  of  200  yards  about  camps  and  habitattons  in 
order  that  the  adult  mosquitoes  mav  not  find  loogment  and  protection  there. 

S'nce  the  malaria  mosquito  is  cliiefly  a  night  biter,  the  reffolation  re<}uiring  the 
use  of  the  mosquito  bar  at  night  will  be  rigidly  enforced  ana  frequent  inspectioiia 
made  to  see  that  no  evasion  of  this  order  occurs. 

In  certain  conditions  the  use  of  preventive  doses  of  quinine  may  be  required  and 
administered  by  order  under  the  supervision  of  the  medical  officer.  All  cases  of 
malaria  will  be  promptly  isolated  for  treatment  and  protected  from  attacks  by 
mosquitoes. 

Yellow  fever. — Is  transmitted  by  the  bite  of  the  yellow-fever  moequito  (the  SUgo- 
miffia  calojnu^  as  proved  by  Maj.  Walter  Reed,  Medical  Ocurps,  United  States  Army, 
Id  1900. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON  GENERAL.  551 

Yellow  fever  is  essentially  a  disease  of  the  Tropics,  and  its  existence  is  entirely 
dependent  upon  the  distribution  of  this  single  species  of  mosquito,  small  and  silver 
striped,  active  principallv  at  evening  time,  and  breeding  generally  in  small  accumu- 
lations of  water  close  to  the  habitations  of  man. 

The  prevention  of  this  disease,  as  in  malaria,  depends  chiefly  on  the  destruction 
of  the  mosquito  and  its  breeding  places,  the  proper  protection  against  the  bitee  of  the 
insects  at  all  times,  and  the  eariv  isolation,  protection,  and  treatment  of  each  case  of 
yellow  fever  as  soon  as  suspected. 

Cholera. — Is  an  acute  infectious  disease  caused  by  a  comma-shaped  microorganism — 
the  cholera  bacillus. 

These  germs  breed  in  the  intestines  of  man  and  find  their  way  into  the  mouth  of 
another  individual  through  the  medium  of  infected  water,  milk,  and  food;  or  the  germs 
can  be  conveyed  by  earners — by  flies — and  by  contact  infection,  as  in  tjrphoid  fever. 

In  every  case  this  connection  is  certain  and  absolute.  The  disease  extends  in  no 
other  manner. 

In  the  cholera  patient  practically  the  only  infected  discharge  is  the  stool.  It  is 
therefore  essentially  a  filth  disease. 

As  in  typhoid  fever,  contaminated  food,  dirty  hands,  flies,  and  infected  clothing 
and  bedding  are  frequent  sources  of  danger.  All  the  sanitary  precautions  used  in 
the  prevention  of  typhoid  fever  should  be  exercised,  including  tne  careful  searching 
out  of  carriers — those  individuals  having  the  germs  of  cholera  in  their  intestines  ana 
excreting  them  in  their  stools,  thus  scatteiing  the  infection  and  unknowingly  infect- 
ingUiose  about  them  and  greatly  assisting  in  the  rapid  spread  of  the  disease. 

lliese  *' carriers''  in  an  infected  district  are  often  numerous,  ranging  in  numbers 
from  5  to  10  per  cent  of  the  apparently  normal  population  in  a  community  where  an 
epidemic  prevails.  '^Carriers '^ are  specially  dangerous  if  connected  in  any  way  with 
the  handhng  of  the  food  supply. 

In  cholera,  as  in  typhoid  fever,  djrsentery,  and  other  so-called  diarrheal  diseases, 
great  care  should  be  exercised  to  provide  that — 

fl)  Only  sterilized  water  is  used. 

2 J  Only  recently  cooked  and  properly  served  food  is  allowed. 
3)  All  kitchens  are  screened. 

[4)  All  refuse  is  burned  and  constant  warfare  made  against  the  fly  and  its  breeding 
places. 

Ajiticholera  vaccination  has  been  proved  an  effective  preventive  measure  also,  but 
again,  as  in  typhoid  fever,  the  application  of  vaccination  in  these  diseases  does  not 
lessen  in  any  degree  the  responsibility  or  importance  of  rigidly  enforcing  all  the  gen- 
eral sanitary  rules  which  have  been  here  briefly  stated. 

Dysentery. — Under  this  head  are  included  at  least  two  severe  specific  diseases — 
baculary  dysentery  and  amebic  dysentery — each  caused  by  distinctive  organisms. 

In  addition  there  may  be  mentioned  under  this  heading  all  the  various  forms  of 
diarrhea  and  colitis  characterized  by  colic,  bloody  stools,  and  tenesmus. 

Some  of  these  are  undoubtedly  of  a  nonspecific  and  temporary  nature,  due  to  chill 
or  to  indiscretions  in  eating  and  drinking. 

Prevention  ia  the  same  as  in  typhoid  fever  and  cholera,  since  there  is  no  doubt  that 
in  the  specific  bacillary  and  amebic  djrsenteries  the  cause  of  the  infection  leaves 
the  infected  man  by  his  excreta,  largely  in  his  feces. 

Attention  is  again  directed  to  what  has  already  been  said,  to  the  great  importance 
of  strict  attention  to  the  disposal  of  all  excreta  and  wastes,  and  to  the  careful  investi- 
gation and  protection  of  the  water  supply. 

The  three  diseases,  typhoid  fever,  cholera,  and  dysentery,  may  from  the  stand- 
point of  prevention  be  considered  as  forming  a  well-marked  group. 

In  all  the  mode  of  departure  from  the  infected  man  is  in  his  dejecta,  in  all  it  enters 
the  infected  man  in  food  and  drink,  and  in  all  three  the  fly  very  often  provides  the 
most  important  link. 

Typhtis  fever. — Is  an  acute  infectious  disease  caused  by  a  specific  germ,  character- 
ized by  sudden  onset,  high  fever,  marked  nervous  symptoms,  and  macular  eruption. 
It  has  prevailed  in  Mexico  since  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

Typhus  fever  is  transmitted  to  man  only  by  the  bite  of  the  louse,  which  infests  the 
body  and  clothing  of  the  victims. 

Tne  prevention  of  typhus  fever  depends^  therefore,  upon  personal  cleanliness  and 
the  avoidance  and  destruction  of  infected  hce. 

Frequent  bathing  and  cleansing  of  clothing,  with  repeated  inspections  of  garments, 
particularly  the  seams,  where  we  eggs  of  the  louse  are  deposited,  are  imperative 
precautions. 


552  REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  OENERAL. 

The  body  louse  lays  its  egsa  among  and  attached  to  the  fibers  of  clothes,  with  a  spe- 
cial preference  for  seams  and  linings,  a  point  to  be  remembered  in  the  destruction  of 
lice. 

These  eggs  are  the  size  of  a  small  pinhead,  yellowish  white  in  color,  Roblet-flhaped, 
and  attached  at  the  lower  end  to  the  cloth  by  a  cement  excreted  by  the  lemale.  'They 
can  be  destroyed  with  boiling  water  or  kerosene. 

The  avoidance  of  buildings,  places,  and  persons  known  to  be  infected  with  lice  ii 
of  first  importance. 

In  case  troops  are  sent  into  a  typhus  area,  a  railway  disinfecting  and  bathing  train 
will  be  provioed  and  stationary  pmnts  of  like  character  established  at  the  bases. 

SmaUpox. — hXL  soldiers  will  be  vaccinated  against  this  disease  on  enlistment. 
Vaccination  confers  immunity  against  smallpox  for  a  number  of  years. 

Any  case  occurring  among  recruits  will  be  isolated,  and  contacts  not  protected  by 
recent  successful  vaccination  will  be  revaccinated. 

Epidemic  cerebro-meningitis, — Preventive  measures  in  this  disease  consLst  of  prompt 
recognition,  isolation,  and  treatment  of  the  patient. 

'^GamerB''  will  be  also  carefully  sought  for  and  kept  under  close  observation. 

Measles,  mumpSf  and  scarlet  fever. — When  these  diseases  appear  in  a  command  all 
cases  will  be  Immediately  isolated,  all  '* contacts"  inspected  daily,  .and,  where  the 
diseases  show  a  tendency  to  spread,  a  detention  camp  will  be  established,  where  all 
recentlv  arrived  recruits  will  oe  detained  under  observation  for  a  period  of  12  day  ■ 
before  being  permitted  to  join  their  organizations. 

Venereal  diseases,— The  cause  of  these  diseases  is  a  matter  of  common  knowledge. 
They  are  entirely  preventable,  and  the  Qovemment  punishes  those  who  expose 
themselves  and  contract  venereal  disease  by  prompt  stoppage  of  pay  and  restriction 
of  privileges  while  under  treatment. 

All  preventive  measures  prescribed  by  Army  Regulations  against  infections  of 
this  cli^uracter  will  be  rigidly  enforced. 

WATER    SUPPLY. 

The  complaints  as  to  insufficient  and  impotable  water  supply  at 
the  various  posts,  mentioned  in  the  last  annual  report,  have  l>een, 
in  the  main,  remedied,  and  those  made  during  the  year  1915  will,  it 
is  believed,  be  satisfactorily  adjusted  by  the  appropriation  of  funds 
necessary  to  make  such  necessary  alterations  as  will  insure  an  ade- 
quate and  potable  supply. 

In  connection  with  the  "Bags,  water,  sterilizing''  placed  upon  the 
supply  table,  mention  of  which  was  briefly  made  in  the  last  report 
of  this  office  imder  this  caption,  it  is  considered  meet  to  mention 
the  highly  satisfactory  results  obtained,  as  evidenced  by  the  reports 
reaching  this  office,  by  the  troops  serving  in  the  United  States,  as 
well  as  those  making  up  the  pumtive  expedition  into  Mexico,  in  the 
use  of  the  bags  in  question. 

Too  much  credit  can  not  be  given  Maj.  William  J.  L.  Lyster. 
Medical  Corps,  the  officer  who  oe  vised  this  most  useful  article  oi 
equipment.  During  the  last  year  certain  improvements  have  been 
made  in  the  origin^  ba^  which,  judging  from  the  reports  of  triab, 
stamps  it  at  once  as  an  mdispensable  article  of  equipment.  Among 
the  more  important  merits  which  the  ba^  possesses  may  be  mentioned: 

1.  Its  portability,  thereby  making  it  adaptable  for  use  by  ^mall 
commanos  segregated  by  necessity  from  the  main  column  of  troops. 

2.  Simplicity  of  operation,  thus  insuring  prompt  and  efficient 
service  and  a  supply  of  potable  water,  not  raised  in  temperature, 
whenever  the  demand  arises. 

3.  Availability  of  potable  water^  obviating  the  desire  to  quench 
the  thirst  at  streams,  irrigation  ditches,  etc.,  on  the  march,  since 
the  canteen  is  sterilized  and  the  filling  of  it  supervised  by  those 
competent  to  determine  potable  water. 

4.  The  lessening  of  the  possibilities  for  ingesting,  through  unster- 
ilized  water,  of  organisms  causing  typhoid  fever,  the  dysenteries, 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL.  553 

including  amoBbic  or  tropical  dysentery,  thus  making  for  a  minimum 
sick  rate  and  for  a  greater  efficiency  among  the  troops. 

The  hypochlorite  of  calcium  used  as  the  sterilizing  agent  in  con- 
nection with  the  bag  is  put  up  in  hermetically  sealed  glass  tubes  and 
the  tubes  packed  in  a  corrugated  paper  container,  making  a  light, 
portable  package,  with  little  or  no  weight  added  to  the  pack  on  the 
soldier's  back.  The  containers  being  made  of  corrugated  paper  will 
stand  much  roii^h  usa^e  without  danger  of  breaking  the  tub^  and 
robbing  them  oi  its  active  agent — chlorin. 

BARRACKS   AND  QUARTERS. 

Attention  is  again  invited  to  the  matter  of  overcrowding  at  the 
recruit  depots,  particularly  at  Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo.,  and  Columbus 
Barracks,  Ohio.  Crowding  adds  to  the  ready  spread  of  infection, 
especially  during  the  winter  months,  when  the  morbidity  and  mor- 
tality rates  for  measles  have  been  rather  high.  Too  much  emphasis 
can  not  be  laid  on  the  evil  results  of  crowding  at  this  time  of 
the  year,  when  the  recruiting  is  au^ented,  and  with  the  prospect 
of  an  increased  volume  of  recruits  m  the  future  this  defect  should 
be  remedied.  It  has  proven  such  a  serious  defect  not  alone  in 
causing  temporary  suspension  of  the  work  at  the  depots,  but  in 
causing  a  very  lar^  number  of  deaths  among  young  men  contract- 
ing measles  and  otner  contagious  diseases  who  had  reported  at  the 
depots  in  robust  health. 

During  the  stmmier  months,  when  an  open-air  Ufe  is  permissible, 
the  question  is  not  so  vital;  but  when  climatic  conditions  are  \mfa- 
vorable  and  infections  so  rife  and  of  such  increasing  virulence  as 
experienced  during  the  winter  months,  at  which  time  recruiting  is 
so  much  increased  in  volmne,  crowding  is  a  most  serious  defect  and 
should,  for  the  best  interests  of  the  recruit  depots,  be  reduced  as 
much  as  possible,  even  if  necessary  to  move  the  permanent  ner- 
sonnel,  as  nas  been  done  in  the  past  when  an  epidemic  threatenea. 

It  is  believed  that  the  expense  of  added  buildings  would,  in  the 
lon^  run,  prove  a  great  savmg  in  reducing  the  disability  and  mor- 
tidity  inciaent  to  overcrowding  and  the  resultant  spread  of  infection. 

CLOTHINO. 

There  has  been  no  change  in  the  clothing  to  be  worn  as  provided  for 
in  Uniform  R^ulations  since  the  last  report.  However,  owing  to 
the  scarcity  of  materials  it  has  been  found  necessarjr  to  make  some 
change  in  the  fabric  used  in  the  hat,  this  with  the  idea  of  meeting 
abnormal  conditions  in  the  National  Guard. 

A  board  of  officers  with  the  punitive  expedition  in  Mexico  give  it  as 
their  opinion  that  the  present  cuff  legging  is  not  a  success  and  urgently 
recommended  the  return  to  the  leegmg  similar  in  shape  to  that  used 
in  1898,  with  certain  parts  reinforce  with  leather  for  the  Field 
Artillery  and  Cavalry. 

Several  recommendations  have  been  submitted  from  various 
sources  to  do  away  with  the  high  collar  on  all  of  the  coats,  more 
especially  in  the  Canal  Zone,  and  adopt  for  the  officers  in  particular 
a  coUar  similar  to  that  worn  b v  the  British  officers,  and  for  the  men 
a  turn-down  collar  similar  to  the  old  blouse  collar  worn  before  1898. 
No  definite  action  has,  however,  been  taken  on  any  of  these  recom- 
mendations. 


554 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON   QENEBAL. 


UNITED   STATES   MIUTARY   ACADEMY,  WEST   POINT,  N.  Y. 

The  surgeon  at  West  Point  reports  as  follows  on  health  condi- 
tions, etc.: 

Corps  of  cadets. — ^The  health  of  the  corps  has  been  excellent  throughout  the  vear. 
There  were  579  hospital  admissions  during  the  year,  equivalent  to  an  annual  admis- 
sion rate  of  1,000  per  thousand,  a  decrease  of  127  per  thousand  as  compared  with  the 
preceding  year;  this  is  the  smallest  admission  rate  recorded  during  the  past  10  years. 
The  nonenective  rate,  or  the  number  of  cadets  constantly  in  hospital,  was  13.82  per 
thousand,  as  compared  with  19.83  per  thousand  in  1915;  this  is  ^e  smallest  rate  during 
the  past  10  years  except  in  1914,  when  it  was  11.92.  The  avera^  number  of  days 
treatment  of  each  case  was  5j  as  compared  with  6.4  for  the  preceding  year,  4  days  for 
1914 J  and  4.8  for  the  preceding  four  years.  The  following  table  shows  the  hospital- 
admission  rates  and  the  none£fective  rates  per  thousand  for  hospital  cases  for  the  past 
10  years. 

Table  I. — Admissions. 


Year. 


1906-7. 
1907-8. 
1908-9. 
190^10 
1910-11 
1911-13 
1912-13 
191S-14 
1914-15 
1915-16 


Mean 
actual 
stren^ 
com- 
mand. 


440 
404 
422 
417 
407 
531 
515 
562 
612 
579 


Cases. 


682 
641 
992 

967 
7B0 
764 
587 
612 
690 
579 


Rates  per 
thousand. 


Nooef- 

rectfve 

rates  per 

thousand, 

hospital. 


1,650 
1,586 
2,310 
2,366 
1,916 
1,438 
1.139 
1,088 
1,127 
1,000 


35.22 

32.17 
32-77 
35.73 
28.25 
17.70 
16.89 
11.92 
19.81 
13.83 


There  were  no  cases  of  critical  illness  nor  of  dangerous  injury  under  treatment 
during  the  year.  A  mild  but  extremely  contagious  epidemic  of  influenza  occurred 
during  December  and  January,  lasting  about  one  month  and  affecting  about  16  per 
cent  of  the  corps;  108  cases  were  admitted  to  the  hospital  for  treatment,  the  average 
duration  of  each  case  being  about  four  days;  there  were  no  serious  complications. 
Forty-one  cases  of  contagious  catarrhal  conjunctivitis  were  treated  in  hospital  during 
the  year.  None  of  the  cases  were  at  all  serious.  One  case  of  laryngeal  tuberculosis, 
occurring  in  a  cadet  on  furlough,  was  transferred  to  Fort  Bayard,  N.  Mex.  Five 
cases  of  malaria  appeared  during  the  year,  one  a  new  case  and  four  recurrences  from 
previous  infections.  Three  cadets  were  discharged  for  physical  disability,  for  valvular 
disease  of  the  heart;  one  case  followed  an  attack  of  articular  rheumatism,  in  line  of 
duty;  the  other  two  occurred  previous  to  entrance  into  the  Military  Academy. 

Of  the  579  hospital  admissions,  general  diseases,  including  108  influenza,  furnished 
the  greatest  proportion,  135,  or  23.31  per  cent;  injuries  and  other  affections  due  to 
external  causes  furnished  132,  or  22.79  per  cent;  diseases  of  the  digestive  system  96, 
or  16.58  per  cent;  diseases  of  the  respiratory  system  79,  or  13.64  per  cent;  and  diseases 
of  the  eye  and  ear,  including  41  cases  of  conjunctivitis,  56,  or  9.65  per  cent. 

Of  the  132  affections  due  to  external  causes,  the  greatest  proportion  were  as  usual 
due  to  accidents  during  riding;  the  next  most  frequent  were  due  to  football,  to  gym- 
nastic exercises,  to  badly  fitting  shoes,  to  basket  ball,  and  to  baseball,  as  foUowB: 

Table  II. 


Accidents  dur  in;;  rldtng 

Injuries  due  to  football. 

Accidents  during  fO'mnastics 

juries  from  baalr-f^tttne  shoes.... 

luries  due  to  basket  ball 

ries  due  to  baseball 

Mborilaneous  accidents  and  iz^urlM 

Total , 


1915 

1914 

43 

49 

25 

36 

17 

13 

7 

11 

4 

7 

7 

3 

30 

37 

132 


156 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  8TJBGE0N   GENERAL. 


555 


The  football  seaaon  was  marked  by  an  unuBually  small  number  of  accidents,  most  of 
them  of  a  trivial  nature,  no  injury  being  permanent.  Twenty-five  cases  required  hospitsd 
treatment  entailing  an  absence  of  159  days  from  duty,  as  compared  witn  36  cases  and 
221  days  lost  in  hospital  during  the  preceding  season.  The  freedom  of  football  players 
from  serious  accidents  is  grati^dng  and  is  to  be  attributed  to  tiie  fine  physical  condi- 
tion of  the  members  of  the  squad  when  active  fall  practice  is  begun  and  also  to  the 
careful  overdght  on  the  part  of  the  medical  officer  on  duty  with  tne  sqiiad  and  of  the 
coaching  staff.  Accidents  are  far  more  likely  to  occur  when  a  player  begins  to  tire 
and  when  the  fine  edge  of  mental  and  physical  fitness  has  begun  to  turn.  If  at  that 
point  the  nlayer  is  taken  out  of  the  rame  most  of  the  serious  accidents  of  football  may 
be  avoided.  This  is  the  policy  which  is  followed  at  the  academy  and  which  has  given 
excellent  results. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  football  injuries  during  the  past  nine  years 
and  the  numb^  of  days  lost  by  treatment  in  hospital: 

Table  III. 


Year. 

Number 
of 

Days 

lost  in 

hospital. 

Average 

day  8  per 

case. 

• 
1907 

25 
62 
34 
27 
34 
35 
28 
36 

1      * 

117 
362 
174 
210 
160 
259 
157 
221 
150 

4.6 

1008 

5.8 

ijbtf 

5.0 

1910 

7.7 

1911 

4.9 

1912 

7.4 

1913 

5.6 

1914 

6.1 

1915 

6.3 

In  the  last  annual  report  from  this  office,  mention  was  made  of  the  fact  that  badly- 
fitting  shoes  were  the  cause  of  much  foot  trouble,  particularly  in  tJiefourUi  class  during 
summer  camp.  An  effort  was  made  to  prevent  these  troubles  in  the  incoming  class 
by  requiring  that  all  new  cadets  be  measured  and  that  shoes  of  proper  size  be  issued 
in  accordance  with  the  detailed  instructions  prescribed  by  the  War  Department  for 
fitting  enlisted  men.  The  practical  results  of  this  scheme  have  been  exceedingly 
satisfactory.  Capt.  H.  C.  Cobum,  jr.,  Medical  (Dorps,  on  duty  with  the  corps  dunng 
their  week's  practice  march  in  August,  reported  as  follows: 

''In  closing  this  report  I  desire  to  call  especial  attention  to  the  exceedingly  small 
number  of  foot  injuries  treated  on  this  march.  Only  eight  cadets  reported  to  the 
hospital  during  the  entire  week  on  account  of  blisters  or  corns  due  to  marching  and 
these  were  all  of  such  a  trifiing  nature  that  no  duties  were  missed.  I  consider  this 
excellent  showing  due  to  the  good  work  done  this  year  in  accurately  fitting  the  fourth 
class  with  shoes  of  proper  size  immediately  upon  admission  to  the  academy.  Last 
year  many  cadets  reported  daily  with  foot  trouole,  the  bulk  being  made  up  of  fourth 
classmen  with  all  forms  of  injuries  due  to  short  shoes.  The  improvement  this  year 
was  very  noticeable  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  good  results  may  be  perpetuated  by  the 
same  careful  supervision  of  footwear  as  was  practiced  this  summer.  '* 

A  minimum  standard  of  vision  has  been  fixed  by  the  War  Department  for  graduation 
at  the  Military  Academy.  The  vision  ''shall  not  be  less  than  20/100  in  one  eye  and 
20/70  in  the  other,  these  defects  to  be  entirely  correctable  bv  proper  elasses.  **  TMs 
is  in  accordance  with  the  recommendation  of  Maj.  S.  H.  Waahams,  Medical  Corps, 
who  was  detailed  by  the  War  Department  to  make  a  special  study  of  visual  defects 
among  cadets  at  the  academy. 

3.  Enlisted  ?n^.— During  the  past  year  there  were  231  admissions  to  sick  report, 
equivalent  to  an  admission  rate  per  tnousand  of  326,  the  lowest  on  record  in  recent 
years.  The  noneffective  rate  was  also  lower  than  in  1915,  being  7.9  per  thousand  as 
compared  with  9.35  for  1915.  Both  the  admisEdon  and  the  noneffective  rates  are  very 
considerably  lower  than  for  the  Armv  at  large.  The  following  table  shows  the  numbcur 
of  admissionfl,  the  admissi  n  rate  and  the  noneffective  rate  per  thousand  among  enlisted 
men  for  the  past  six  years: 

Table  IV. 


AdmlssloDs  to  sick  report 

Ratetper thousand  (admfesion). . . 

NoDeffective  rates 

ICean  annual  strenjjth  of  coinmaud 


1911 


622 

82.-) 

18.  .S7 

649 


1912 

1013 

1014 

1915 
359 

401 

415 

902 

626 

m3 

468 

501 

14.81 

15.26 

11.25 

0.35 

648 

688 

702 

716 

1916 


230 

328 

7.01 

706 


556 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEOK  GENERAL. 


The  number  of  admissions  for  transmissible  diseases  was  smaU,  including  venenaL 
28;  influenza,  25;  malaria,  3;  tirt)erculoeis,  3.  The  three  cases  of  malaria  reported  were 
recurrent  attacks;  the  three  cases  of  tuberculosis  were  transferred  to  Fort  Bayard, 
N.  Mex.,  for  treatment.    No  case  of  pneumonia  was  reported  during  the  year. 

4.  Civilian  population. — ^Health  conditions  among  civilians  attached  to  tlus  com- 
mand have  been  very  satisfactory.  A  mild  epidemic  of  mumps  occurred  during 
December  and  January  among  the  children  of  officers  and  enlisted  men,  numbering 
42  cases;  9  cases  of  measles  were  reported  during  the  year,  3  of  chicken  pox,  and  1  m 
whooping  cough. 

5.  Sanitation. — ^The  sanitary  conditions  of  the  post  have  been  excellent  througfaont 
the  year.  The  stringent  measures  against  mosauito  and  fly  breeding  heretotoe 
adopted  have  been  successfully  carried  out.  Only  eight  cases  of  malaria  occurred 
during  the  year,  of  which  seven  were  recurrences  of  previous  infection.  Five  cases 
were  among  cadets,  equivalent  to  an  annual  admission  rate  of  8.6  per  thousand,  the 
lowest  on  record  except  in  1914;  three  cases  were  amon^  enlisted  men,  an  e<]uivalent 
rate  of  4.2  per  thousand.  The  admission  rates  for  malaria  for  cadets  and  enlisted  men 
are  shown  in  the  following  table: 

Tablb  V. 


1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1016 

Cadets 

19.0 
69.4 

126.3 
72.2 

127.6 
76.2 

58.9 
36.9 

88.5 
41.6 

25.2 
23.2 

.0 
5.6 

11.4 
8.8 

8.6 

Enlisted  men 

4.2 

The  following  tables  show  the  character  and  amotmt  of  certain  of  the  profeesional 
work  done  during  the  year: 

Tablb  VI. — Dental  operations. 

Affecting  teeth  and  gums 3, 165 

Affecting  mouth  and  jaws 204 

PiUingB 1,724 

Bridges SS 

Crowns 76 

Artificial  dentures 4 

Miscellaneous  treatments 3, 610 

Total 8,816 

Tablb  VII. — Surgical  operations. 


Abortion,  inoomplete,  oaietta^e 

Abtoess.  molsion  and  drainage 

Adenoids,  excision 

AppendioBctomles 

Ampatation,  Anger 

Celloiltis,  incision  and  drainage 

Cinnuncttions 

Corns,  ezdskm 

Cysts,  excision 

Dislooations,  reduction 

Empjrema,  antrum  of  Hlghmore,  incision  and  drain- 


age. 


Bxoetosii,  excision 

Fistula  in  ano,  incision 

Frsctures,  reduction 

Hematoma,  aspiration. 

Hematoma,  incision 

Hemoniioiai,  exdsion. 

Herniotomies 

Hydrocele,  aspiration 

Ingrowing  toe  mil,  exciston , 

Lipoma,  excisioo 

Mole,  exciskm 

Neonwis,  bones  of  wilft,  tauUha. . 

OTariotomy 

Paracentesfa,  membrana  tympanl. 
Pwliioonmpliy 


Civilians. 


4 

31 
36 
13 

1 
18 

8 


1 
4 


1 
1 
2 
I 


Cadets. 


46 


8 
4 


5 
2 

a 


0 
1 
1 
7 
1 


Officers. 


0 
1 
1 


3 


Enlist«l 


10 


4 

1 
« 
2 


3i< 
1 


TotaL 


S7 

31 

2 
3B 
10 

5 


3 

1 
1 

16 
1 
1 

11 

a 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
I 
1 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON  QENEBAIi. 


557 


Tablb  VII. — Surgical  operations — Continued. 


Plastio  opwatioii,  ramoTal  of  tissue 

P<ri7pa8,  nasal,  removal  of. 

Polypus,  aural ,  removal 

Septum,  deflected  nasal,  submucous  resecti^m 

Synovitis,  aspiration 

INansiUectomjes 

Thyroidectomy,  partial 

Uloer,  eiccision , 

XJloer,  curettage , 

U  terus,  curettage  and  dilatation , 

Uterus,  cuiBttaee  and  removal  left  tube  and  ovary . . . 

Varicocele,  excision 

Warts,  excision. 

Wounds,  suture 


Total. 


CiviUans. 


33 
1 
1 
1 
4 
1 
1 


20 


189 


Cadets. 


2 
1 


12 
30 


OfBcers. 


132 


Enlisted 
men. 


2  '. 


34 


36 


Total. 


1 
1 

1 
1 
2 
3d 
1 
1 
1 
4 
1 
1 

12 
66 


380 


Tablb  VIII. — Laboratory  toork. 


Examination  of — 

Blood 249 

Fecee 15 

Urine 1,259 

Pub 13 

Throat  cultures 103 

Sputum - 63 


Examination  of — 

Stomach  contents. . 

Water 

Milk 

Urethral  discharges. 


4 
12 

5 
54 


Total 1,777 


Table  IX. — MiseeUaneous. 


Badiograms 237 

Bye  refractions 244 

Typhoid  prophylactics 203 


Vaccinations 235 

Surgical  dressings 3, 555 

Prescriptions  filled 4,916 


There  have  been  26  births  and  7  deaths  during  the  year. 


Tablb  X.— Births. 

Hales 11 

Females 15 


Total 


26 


Table  XI.— Deaths. 


Cause. 

OfBcers. 

Retired 

enlisted 

men. 

CiWlians. 

Children. 

TiL^iiitrition 

• 

1 

If  ltTA.1  {rL«nfn<*iAnrrv 

1 

TntjMtinAl  ohfttnmtion 

1 

nnnithot  wound  of  beftdr ^.^^t-^ 

1 

atfllbom  .,,,..,- 

3 

Total 

1 

1 

1 

4 

ALASKA. 

The  mean  strength  of  the  troops,  officers,  and  enlisted  men  serving 
in  Alaska  during  the  past  year  was  787,  as  compared  with  958  in  1914. 
This  force  consisted  of  Infantry,  Signal  Corps,  and  Hospital  Corps, 
all  white.  Alaska  still  remains  the  healthiest  region  in  which  tne 
Army  is  stationed. 

The  admission  rate  for  all  causes  was  378.65  per  1,000  in  1915,  as 
compared  with  408.14  in  1914.  The  rate  for  disease  was  292.24  per 
1,000,  and  that  for  external  causes  86.40,  as  compared  with  303.76 
and  104.38,  respectively,  in  1914.  The  corresponding  rates  for  the 
United  States  were,  for  total  causes,  696.04  per  1,000;  that  for 
disease  being  559.43.  and  that  for  external  causes,  136.61.  The  dis- 
eases having  the  hignest  admission  rates  are  shown  in  the  following 
tabulation: 

Admission  raUs  for  some  of  the  principal  diseases  for  Alaska^  American  troops,  officers 

ana  enlisted  m^n. 


34.81  i    ao.88 

3a 49  ,    10.83 

3S.41  :    39.23 

15.26  ia44 

12.71  

10.17  1(L70 

iai7  I      9.89 

8.89  34.01 

7.«3  7.81 

0.35  12.53 

6.06  4.18 

^64  I      4.18 

2.64  8.13 

2.54  2.09 

1.27  ,      2.09 

1.27  1.04 

AUOMIM.. 878.05  ,  408.14 


Vcneral  diseases 

BnmobttiB 

Tonsillitis 

Rheumatism,  musoolar . . . . 

Phanmgitis 

Alooliol£m(aU) 

Ifental  alienation 

Influensa 

Diarrhea  and  enteritis 

Appendicitis 

Rheumatism,  articular  (all) 

Constipation 

Gastritis,  acute  and  chronio 

Synovitis 

Mialarial  fevers 

Tuberculosis  (all) 


Total  officers 

and  enlisted 

men. 


Enlisted 


35.89 

28.83 

30.31 

1&73 

18.11 

ia48 

ia48 

9.17 

7.80 

0w66 

5.34 

3.02 

2.02 

2.02 

1.81 

1.31 

880.03 


SL80 

aa77 
saoo 
laoo 


17.49 

ia» 

34.04 
7.05 

18.11 
4.87 
4.87 
8w8B 
a.  19 
3119 
1.09 
428.90 


The  noneffective  rate  was  8.71  per  1,000  in  1915,  as  compared  with 
10.17  in  1914.  The  rate  for  disease  was  6.02  and  for  external  causes 
2.70  por  1,000, 


558 


BEPOBT  OF  THB  8UBQE0N  OBNERAU 


&59 


The  diseases  causing  the  highest  noneffectiye  rates  are  shown  below. 

Nontffecdve  raiufotr  wmt  of  (he  principal  di$etuetfar  Alaska^  Ameriean  troop$,  officen 

andefUiiUd  men. 


Total  offioers 
and  enlisted 

Enlisted  men. 

1915 

1914 

1915 

1914 

Veneral  diseases 

a53 
.39 
.37 
.33 
.27 
.13 
.15 
.18 
.06 
.07 
.06 
.04 
.04 
.08 
.02 
.01 

8.71 

a29 
.63 
.29 
.10 
.96 
.33 
.33 
.83 
.19 

"".'oi* 

.06 
.04 
.06 
.01 
.04 

iai7 

a54 
.40 
.34 
.34 
.28 
.14 
.15 
.14 
.06 
.07 
.06 
.04 
.04 
.03 
.02 
.01 

8.91 

a  31 

Append  Icitis 

.60 

Bronchitis 

.81 

RhAiimf%ti«ni,  inillM?Ulftra.x      .    .    x    .^^    ...^»..x    .. 

.10 

1.08 

T<^<||iftf<^  . . , 

.82 

Tuberculosis  (all) -... 

.34 

TPflUfP«<l  ..... .   ,   .  r   .   T   .  r  ,  .   r  .  .  r  .  .  ,  .  ,  r  . 

.82 

Alcoholism  (all) 

.20 

Pharyngitis .* 

Rhenmatism.  articular  (all) 

.06 

Diarrhea  and  enteritis 

.06 

Synovitis  .•«■•.•............••••..•••..........•.....•...•.•.•••••.••.. 

.04 

Constipation 

.06 

.01 

if  alarial  i^fvns , 

.04 

All  causes 

10.52 

The  death  rate  in  1915  was  2.54  per  1,000,  and  in  1914  was  8.35. 
In  actual  numbers  2  deaths  occurred,  one  from  disease  and  one  from 
external  causes. 

The  discharge  rate,  all  for  disease,  in  1915,  was  11.80  per  1,000,  as 
compared  with  8.74  in  1914. 

Tables  Nos.  3  and  76  give  general  figures  for  all  enlisted  men  as 
compared  with  those  serving  m  other  coxmtries,  and  Table  No.  73 
for  cQl  officers  and  enlisted  men,  together  with  proportionate  figures 
for  disease  and  injury. 

EnlisUd  men  invalided  home  from  AUuhit  i915. 


Cause. 


Number 
of  cases. 


Mental  alienation  (defective 
mental  development,  1:  de- 
mentia precox.  1;  psychosis 
manaic  depressive,  1) . . 

Flat  foot 

Pulmonary  tuberculosis 

Exophthalmic  eoiter 

Chronic  alcohofi»m 

Hvsteria 

Ptourisy 

Asthma 

Uloerofstomadi 

Arthritis 


Total 
Peroentaf  •  of  total  cases 


Per. 
rentage 
of  total 

cases. 


Duty. 


1 
7.60 


Dis- 
charged 
oncer- 
tiflcate 
of  dis- 
ability. 


8 
2 


Dtod. 


8 

01.  M 


( 


Other- 
wise dis- 
posed of. 


Remain- 
ing at 
end  of 
year. 


1 


1 
7.M 


1 
1 


8 
28.06 


560 


BEPORT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  OENEBAI* 


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5  o  o  e  o  d  « 


PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS. 
AMERICAN  TROOPS   (ENLISTED  MEN). 

By  reference  to  the  figures  furnished  below  it  will  be  noted  that  no 
marked  improvement  in  the  health  of  the  American  troops  serving 
in  the  Phihppine  Islands  resulted  during  1915  when  compared  witn 
the  fijgures  for  1914.  While  the  rate  for  venereal  diseases  (all)  com- 
pared favorably  with  the  admission  rate  for  1914,  these  diseases  still 
remain  a  matter  of  concern.  The  adnussion  rate  for  malarial  fever 
has  taken  a  remarkable  jimip,  compared  with  the  rate  prevailing  for 
that  disease  during  1914,  being  45.26  for  the  latter  and  63.12  per 
1,000  for  1915. 

The  mean  strength  of  the  enlisted  American  troops  stationed  in 
the  Philippine  Islands  for  the  year  was  11,834  (S.  6.  O.).  Of  this 
number  10,493  were  white  and  1,341  colored.  The  statistics  for  the 
Philippine  Scouts,  of  whom  there  were  5,505,  will  be  given  separately. 

ADMISSION    RATES. 

During  the  year  there  were  ll,72i  case  admissions  for  all  causes, 
white  and  colored  troops,  making  a  case  admission  rate  of  990.45  per 
1,000,  as  compared  with  8,999  case  admissions  and  a  case  admission 
rate  of  877.69  per  1,000  for  1914,  922.06  for  1913,  and  1,246.99  forl912. 

The  case  admission  rate  for  disease  only  was  871.05  for  1915, 
746.61  for  1914,  776.28  for  1913,  and  1,075.34  for  1912. 

The  case  admission  rate  for  white  troops  for  all  causes  was  954.35, 
as  compared  with  1,272.93  for  colored  troops,  the  latter  having  a 
mean  strength  of  1,341  during  the  year. 

The  case  admission  rate  for  injuries  for  white  troops  was  120.08 

r  1,000  as  compared  with  114.09  per  1,000  for  colored  troops,  and 
or  the  total  American  troops,  white  and  colored,  119.40  per  1,000, 
the  lowest  rate  for  several  years. 

CONSTANTLY   NONEFFECTIVE   BATES. 

The  total  constantly  noneffective  rate  for  the  year  was  29.15  per 
1,000;   that  for  white  troops  being  28.20  and  for  colored,  36.57. 

The  total  noneffective  rate  for  disease  only  in  1915  was  25.42  per 
1,000,  as  compared  with  24.62  for  white  troops  and  31.73  for  colored. 
Tlie  rates  for  1914  were  26.60,  27.29,  and  23.56  per  1,000,  respectively. 

DISCHARGE   ON   CERTIFICATE   OF  DISABILnT. 

The  American  soldiers  are  very  rarely  discharged  in  the  Philippine 
Islands,  being  invaUded  home  and  discharged  in  the  United  States; 
however,  those  so  discharged  are  credited  to  the  Philippines.  Table 
No.  28  shows  the  diseases  for  which  these  discharges  were  made. 

The  discharged  rate  for  1915  was  23.22  per  1,000  as  compared 
with  the  corresponding  rate  of  10.62  for  1914.  The  rate  for  disease 
only  was  22.04  per  1,000,  and  that  for  injury,  1.18,  as  compared  with 

e9176'— WAB 1916— VOL  1 36  561 


K 


562 


BEPORT  OF  THE  SUBGEON   GENERAIi. 


the  corresponding  rates  of  10.24  and  0.38  for  1914.  The  total  rates 
for  the  white  troops  was  23.79  as  compared  with  18.64  per  1,000  for 
the  colored  troops. 

The  diseases  causing  the  highest  number  of  dischai^es  were :  Mental 
alienation,  with  a  rate  of  7.99;  tuberculosis,  3.28;  flat  foot,  2.27,  and 
venereal  diseases,  0.93.  The  corresponding  rates  for  the  United 
States  were  2.54,  1.67,  1.19,  and  0.88  per  1,000,  respectively. 

Table  No.  2S.—Di8charge8  far  duabUity,  American  troops  in  the  PkUippine  Islande, 

year  1915, 


CAOse  of  discharge. 


DISEASES. 

Diseases  of  the  nerv^ous  system  and  organs 

of  special  sense 

Bi^Dtalaliflnatioii 

Dementia  precox 

Defective  mental  development 

Psytdio8isnfanicdepr>ssive 

Qeneral  paralysis  oi  the  insane 

Psychosis  traumatic 

other  forms 

Epilepsy 

Neurasthenia 

Otitis  media. 

Other  nervous  diseases 

Neuritis 

Hysteria. 

LocomoUM' ataxia 

Anterior  poliomyelitis,  acute 

Choroiditis 

General  diseases 

Tuberculosis 

Of  the  lungs 

Of  the'ioints 

Venereal  diseases 

Syphilis 

Tertiary 

Secondary 

Oonorrhca 

Arthritis 

Cystitis 

Endocarditis 

Alcoholism,  chronic 

Drue  habit 

Morj^Ine 

Cocaine 

Mori^ineand  cocaine 

Dysentery,  chrtRiic  cntomebio 

Rheumatic  fever,  subacute 

Ezophthalraic  goiter 

Pernicious  an?mia 

Diabetes  insipid  is,  chronic 

Diseases  of  the  organs  of  locomotion 

Flat  foot 

Others 

Periostitis 

Ankylosis,  chronic 

Arthritis,  chronic 

Hammertoes 

Metataisalgia,  chronic 

Diseases  of  the  circulatory  system 

Organic  heart  disease 

Chronic  valvular  disease 

Chronic  myocarditis 

Ctironio  eodooarditis 


Num- 
ber dls 
charged. 


180 

05 

60 

21 

2 

1 

1 

20 

16 

6 

4 

8 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

67 

30 

38 

1 

11 
6 
5 
1 
5 
8 
1 
1 
6 
6 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
I 
84 
27 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

11 
8 
4 
3 
1 


Per- 
centage 
of  dis- 
charges 
fordls- 
abUity 
for  dis- 
ease. 


40.62 

86.26 

10.08 

8.02 

.76 

.38 

.38 

7.63 

6.11 

1.01 

1.63 

1.16 

.76 

.76 

.38 

.38 


25.67 

14.88 

14.60 

.38 

4.20 

2.20 

1.01 

.38 

1.01 

1.16 

.38 

.38 

2.20 

2.20 

.76 

.76 

,76 

.38 

.38 

.38 

.38 

.38 

12.06 

10.30 

.76 

.88 

.38 

.38 

.88 

.38 

4.20 

8.06 

1.&3 

1.16 

.38 


Discharged  for  disability. 


Inline 
of  duty. 


16 
0 
8 


1 


1 
1 

10 
18 
18 


Not  in  line  of 
duty. 


Con- 
tracted 
before 
enlist- 
ment. 


Ill 

84 

42 

21 

1 


20 
16 
1 
4 
8 
1 
2 


Con- 
tracted 
after 

enlijst- 
ment. 


Inlhie 
of  duty. 


31 
21 
20 
1 
6 
4 
3 
1 
1 


1 


1 
1 
1 


1 

82 
27 

2 


8 
2 


17 


Dischar00d  for 

disability  bete* 

assignment. 


6 
2 

2 


4 
3 


1 
5 
6 
2 
2 
2 


2 
2 


Not  In 
line  of 
duty. 


1 
1 
1 


1 
1 


B£POB¥  OF  THE  SURGEON   GENEBAL.. 


563 


Tablb  No.  28. — Diicharge  for  disability,  American  troops  in  the  Philippine  Islands^ 

year  1916 — Continued. 


Num- 
ber dis- 
charged. 

Per- 
centage 
of  dis- 
charges 
for  dis- 
ability 
for  dis- 
ease. 

I  ischarged  for  disability. 

Cause  of  discharge. 

Inline 
of  duty. 

Not  in  Ifaie  of 
duty. 

Discharged  for 

disability  before 

assignment. 

Con- 
tracted 
before 
enlist- 
ment. 

Con- 
tracted 

after 
enlist- 
ment. 

Inline 
of  duty. 

Not  in 
line  of 
duty. 

DisxAfiia— continued. 

Diseases  of  the  circulatory  8y8teni--<k>ntd. 
Fndoctnlltis.  ecate r . . .  r 

1 
1 
1 
8 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
8 
4 
1 
1 
0 
4 
1 
1 

0.88 

.88 

.88 

8.05 

.78 

.76 

.78 

.88 

.88 

2.29 

1.68 

.88 

.38 

2.29 

1.63 

38 

.38 

1 

Anenrjsni .••••...*......  •••«••«••«•«.•• 

1 

Tadiy^anlia , 

i' 

i* 

1 

1 
6 
2 
2 
1 

Diseases  of  the  digestive  system 

Ulcer  of  the  stomach  ^  ^  ^ .....  ^ .....  ^ ..... . 

InfmfnAl  hMtif A. „..^^^,..^^.. 

QastritiSx  catanhal.  chronic   .  ^  . 

AnDendicltis.  catanhal.  chrooic 

1 
6 

Asthma. ''. .'...''........... 

•••••■•* 

4 
1 
1 
6 
4 
1 
1 

Bronchitis,  chronic 

Diseases  of  the  senito-urinary  system 

Knnrpsto 

Nephritis,  chronic  interstitial 

ProBtatitis.  diroalc 

Total  for  disease 

262 

100.00 

44 

197 

21 

!           2 

KXTEBNAL  CAUSES. 

Secondary  resolts  ctf  injuries 

6 
8 
2 

1 
1 

1 

42.88 

21.48 

14.29 

7.14 

7.14 

7.14 

3* 

2 

1 
1 

6 

,    ,,t ... 

Tnm'nfitifqn  by  mnffhof^ -.,. 

Traumatism  bv  Bicised  wound 

Traumatism,  fracture  of  hand  by  striking 
object ...,..\V7r.. 

1 

Total  for  external  causes 

14 

100.00 

7 

6 

1 

Total  for  disease a . . . .  ^  x 

262 
14 

94.93 
6.07 

44 

7 

197 
6 

21 

1 

2 

Total  for  external  causes 

Grand  total 

278 

100.00 

61 

203 

22 

2 

DEATHS. 

Deaths  occurring  in  the  United  States  in  the  persons  of  those 
invalided  home  from  the  Philippine  Islands  are  credited  to  that 
station. 

There  were  36  deaths  among  the  American  troops,  oflScers  and  en- 
listed men,  during  the  year  1915,  34  of  which  were  enUsted,  white 
and  colored;  20  from  disease  and  16  from  injury,  the  total  death  rate 
being  2.87  per  1,000;  that  for  disease  1.59  and  for  injury  1.27  per 
1,000.  The  figures  here  given  are  taken  from  Table  No.  29  and  are 
for  officers  and  enlisted  men.  The  figures  sUghtljr  differ  from  those 
given  in  Table  No.  72  at  the  back  of  the  report,  which  are  for  enUsted 
men  only.  The  total  death  rate,  officers  and  enlisted  men,  for  1914 
was  3.64  per  1,000;  that  for  disease  being  1.95  and  for  injury  1.69 
per  1,000.  There  were  3  deaths  from  drowning  in  1915,  as  compared 
with  4  in  1914.     Six  suicided  in  1915  as  against  2  in  1914. 


564 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON  GENERAL. 


Tuberculosis  caused    6  deaths  in  1915  and  4  in  1914;  dysentery, 
2  in  1915  and  1  in  1914;  alcoholism,  no  deaths  in  1915  and  2  in  1914. 

Table  No.  29. — Causes  ofdeaih^  American  troops^  PkUippine  Islands,  year  1916,  officers 

and  enlisted  men. 


Causes  of  death. 


DISEASES. 

Tuberculosis  (all  of  the  lungs) 

Purulent  infection  and  septiolBmJa 

Dysentery,  entamoeblo 

Diphtheria,  laryngeaL 

Syphilis,  tertiary 

Myelitis,  acute  diiluse 

Apoplexy,  cerebral 

Valvular  disease  of  the  heart 

Aneurism  of  aorta 

Dilatation  of  stomach,  acute 

Nephritis,  acute 

Nephritis,  chronic  interstitial 

Total 

BXTEBNAL  CAUSES. 

Suicidal 

By  gunshot  wound  (rifle,  2;  reyolver,  2) 

By  hanging 

Homicidal 

By  gunshot 

Ifjsaue  unknown 

Accidental 

Drowning  (while  swimming,  1;  circumstances  unknown,  2) 

Crushing  (railroad  accident,  2;  automobile  accident,  1) 

Bums,  general  (explosion  of  wood  alcohol) 

FaU(inloweU) 

Total 

Total  for  disease 

Total  for  external  causes 

Grand  total 


Number 

of 
deaths. 


6 
3 
2 


20 


6 
4 
2 
2 
1 
1 
8 
3 
3 
1 
1 


16 


20 
16 


30 


Batio  per  1,000  of— 


Mean 
strength. 


0.46 
.24 
.10 
.08 
.08 
.08 
.08 
.08 
.08 
.08 
.08 
.08 


1.50 


.48 
.32 
.16 
.16 
.08 
.08 
.64 
.24 
.24 
.06 
.08 


1.27 


1.50 
1.27 


2.87 


Deaths 
frain 


300.00 

isaoo 

100.00 
Ml  00 

fiaoo 

60.00 

5a  00 

60.00 
60.00 
60.00 
60.00 
60.00 


l,000i00 


375.00 


125.00 

125.00 

62.80 

02.60 

500.00 

187.60 

187.80 

02.60 

02.80 


1,000.00 


655.60 

444.44 


1,000.00 


PREVALENCE  OF  SPECIAL  DISEASES,  AMERICAN  TROOPS 

(ENLISTED  MEN). 

TYPHOID  FEVER. 

None  occurred  in  1915  or  in  1914  and  1913. 

MALARIAL   FEVERS. 

The  admission  rate  for  aU  fevers  of  this  class  was  63.12  per  1,000 
as  compared  with  45.26  in  1914  and  112.08  in  1913.  The  rates  for 
American  and  native  troops  are  shown  graphically  in  charts  X  and  Y. 

By  reference  to  Table  No.  31  it  will  be  seen  that  Camp  Stotsenburg 
had  the  highest  admission  rate  for  American  garrisons,  121.18  per 
1,000,  as  compared  with  81.12  in  1914.  Camp  Eldridge,  last  year 
stood  in  second  place,  this  year  has  dropped  down  to  No.  4.  Fort 
Mills,  which  was  No.  7  on  trie  list  in  1914,  now  takes  second  place 
with  a  rate  for  1915  of  88.48,  compared  with  31.75  per  1,000  in  1914. 
In  this  connection  it  shoidd  be  noted  that  the  posts  garrisoned  with 
native  troops  have  considerably  higher  admission  rates  than  those 
garrisoned  with  American  troops. 

Tablb  No.  31. — lialarialfeven,  year  1915 ^  compared  with  year  1914tfor  stations  in  the 

rkUippine  Islands, 


Posts. 


Prindpally  of  Am«rkan  troops: 

Camp  Stotsenburg 

FortliiDs. 

Regan  Barracks 

Camp  Eldridge 

Port  Santiago  and  headqoarters  of  Philippine  Department 

Fort  William  McKinley 

CamplIcQrath 

Cuazielde  Elspana.. 

Prlnotpally  of  Philippine  Sbouts: 

Ludlow  Barracks 

Camp  Overton 

OampOregg 

Pettit  Barracks 

Aogor  Barracks 

Port  San  Pedro 

OampKeithley 

Camp  Nichols 

Warwick  Barracks 

Camp  John  Hay 


Ratio  per  1,000  of 

iiieoD  streugtb. 

1916 

1914 

121.18 

81.12 

8S.48 

81.75 

37.15 

39.77 

32.44 

75.47 

27.82 

15.62 

17.95 

33.28 

12.40 

16.97 

10.01 

72.84 

213.42 

778.49 

iiaoo 

75.47 

70.06 

247.01 

62.90 

isa46 

57.42 

178.90 

56.88 

183.96 

43.85 

62.62 

26.79 

17.78 

21.65 

152.50 

13.13 

37.27 

UNDETERMINED  FEVERS. 

The  admission  rate  for  these  fevers  during  1915  was  4.31  per  1,000| 
as  compared  with  4.39  m  1914,  5.27  m  1913,  and  15.46  in  1912.  The 
various  diagnoses  imder  this  head  are: 

Febricola 27 

Fevera,  simple,  continued 33 

Pev  er ,  type  unde  tennined 30 

Total 90 

666 


566 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENEBAL. 


The  diagnoses  given  above  are  for  officers  and  enlisted  meii«  Ameri- 
can troops,  and  rnilippine  Scouts. 


SMALLPOX   AND   VARIOLOID. 

No  cases  occurred  in  the  islands.  One  case  developed  in  a  casual 
transferred  from  a  transport  en  route  to  the  United  States. 

VENEREAL   DISEASES. 

Notwithstanding  vigorous  efforts  made  by  the  authorities  and  the 
carrying  out  of  the  provisions  of  G.  O.  31,  1912,  and  G.  O.  45,  1914, 
venereal  diseases  still  hold  first  place  for  both  admission  and  non- 
effective rates.  Of  the  total  admissions  for  the  year  over  one-fifth 
were  due  to  venereal  diseases.  There  were  482  admissions  for 
syphilis,  450  for  chancroid  and  1,273  for  gonorrhea.  Of  the  total 
noneffective  rate  for  disease,  25.42  per  1,000,  venereal  diseases  alone 
contributed  a  rate  of  8.10  during  1915  as  compared  with  10.41  in  1914. 

The  following  tabulation  shows  the  admission  rates  and  their  causes 
for  the  enUsteapersonnel  serving  in  the  PhiUppines  during  1915: 

Venereal  dUea*e9,  Philippine  Islands  lenlisted  men). 


Syphilis. 

0 

Chan- 
croid. 

Gonor- 
rhea. 

Total 
▼eiMnaL 

yrhite  troops: 

1915 

87.93 
47.28 

62.64 
48.46 

4a  73 
47.40 

88.79 
47.40 

32.06 
88.46 

88.02 
65.10 

100.35 
8a  11 

164.05 
96.85 

107.67 
83.00 

177.08 

1914     

174.79 

Colored  troops: 

ldl5 

2Sa.76 

1914 

233.76 

All  American  troops  (enlisted): 

1915 

186.32 

1914 

185.60 

Tab  LB  No.  32. —  Venereal  diseases  among  officers  and  enlisted  men  at  pasts  in  the  PhU- 

ippines  having  strength  of  more  than  SOO  men,  year  1916. 


Posts. 


Principally  Amwican  troops: 

Regan  Barracks 

CampEldridm 

Camp  Stotsenburg 

CampMoOrath 

Coaziel  de  Espafia 

Fort  Wflliam  MoKinley . . 

Fort  Mills 

Principally  Philtopine  Scouts: 

Augur  Barracks 

Fort  San  Pedro 

Camp  John  Hay 

Warwick  Barracks 

PeUit  Barracks 

Ludlow  Barracks 

Camp  Keithley 

Camp  OvartoQ 


Admissions. 


Total 


230 
164 
433 
148 
175 
572 
416 

78 

28 

18 

U 

9 

IS 

9 

8 


Ratios. 


856.04 
312.96 
213.80 
203.86 
194.66 
19a  15 
88.90 

93.30 
68.25 
83.77 
28.81 
18.87 
14.30 
13.93 

a88 


Mean 
strength. 


646 

624 

2,090 

726 


3,006 
4,679 

836 
887 


477 
909 

646 

486 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SURGEON   GENERAL.  567 

ALCOHOLISM   AND   ITS  RESULTS. 

Tlie  admission  rate  for  this  disability  for  1915  was  18.08  per  1,000 
as  compared  with  22.14  in  1914,  a  considerable  reduction  when  con- 
sidering the  increase  in  this  rate  in  1914  over  that  for  1913. 

The  noneffective  rate  was  0.21  per  1,000  as  compared  with  0.34  in 
1914.  The  rate  for  white  troops  was  0.22  and  that  for  colored  0.14, 
the  former  having  197  admissions  as  against  17  for  the  colored  troops. 

CHOLERA. 

No  case  of  cholera  reported  among  the  American  troops  during 
1916. 

TUBERCULOSIS. 

Seventy-six  cases  of  tubercidosis  occurred  among  American  troops, 
making  a  ratio  of  6.42  per  1,000  All  of  these  cases  were  transferrea 
to  the  United  States.  Of  the  6  deaths  reported  all  occurred  in  the 
cases  invalided  home.  In  1914  there  were  75  cases  of  this  disease, 
with  an  admission  rate  of  7.31  per  1,000,  with  3  deaths, 

BERIBERI. 

No  case  occurred  among  American  troops. 

DYSENTERY. 

A  marked  decrease  in  the  incidence  of  this  disease  is  noted  for  1915, 
but  63  cases  occurring  with  an  admission  rate  of  5.32  per  1,000,  as 
compared  with  133  cases  with  a  ratio  of  12.97  in  1914.  Of  the 
63  cases  reported,  2  were  bacillary,  58  entamoebic,  and  3  cases  im- 
dassified.  The  entamoebic  dysentery  gives  an  admission  rate  of 
4.90  per  1,000. 

The  noneffective  rate  for  dysentery  (all)  was  0.31  per  1,000  for  1915, 
as  compared  with  0.76  for  1914. 

DENGUE. 

This  disease,  which  appeared  in  epidemic  form  at  seven  posts  in 
the  islands,  had  the  second  highest  admission  rate  as  well  as  the  sec- 
ond liighest  noneffective  rate,  being  131.31  and  1.94  per  1,000, 
respectively,  as  compared  witn  33.16  and  0.55  per  1,000,  respec- 
tively, in  1914.  One  thousand  five  hundred  and  fifty-foiu*  cases  in 
all  were  reported  during  the  year.  No  discharge  or  death,  however, 
residt^d  in  this  number  of  cases. 

MENTAL  ALIENATION. 

There  were  86  admissions  for  mental  alienation  in  1915,  with  an 
admission  rate  of  7.27  per  1,000.  In  the  United  States  Hhe  rate  was 
3.04  per  1,000.  In  1914  the  rates  were  6.24  for  American  troops 
in  the  Philippine  Islands  and  3.83  in  the  United  States. 


568 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON   GENERAL 


DIARRHEA   AND  ENTERITIS. 

A  marked  reduction  over  1914  is  noted  in  the  cases  of  this  disease, 
being  449  in  1916  as  compared  with  647  in  1914.  The  admission 
rate  per  1,000  in  1915  was  37.94;  in  1914  it  was  63.10;  in  1913,  67.48; 
and  m  1912,  60.69. 

The  noneffective  rate  for  1915  was  0.51  as  compared  with  0.91  per 
1,000  in  1914,  being  a  marked  improvement  over  the  rate  for  1913, 
when  it  was  1.14. 

TYPHUS   FEVER. 

No  case  of  this  disease  occurred  among  the  American  troops.  Three 
cases,  however,  were  reported  in  the  native  troops  from  Camp 
Keithley. 

INVALIDING  TO  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

The  disease  causing  the  highest  number  of  men  to  be  invalided 
home  were,  with  actual  numbers:  Tuberculosis,  93;  mental  aliena- 
tion, 93;  fiat  foot,  50;  epilepsy,  18;  syphilis,  17,  and  neurasthenia,  12. 

Table  No.  33. — EnluUd  men  invalided  home  Jwm  the  Philippine  Islands^  year  191S. 


Cmim. 


Tuberculosis  (polmooBry,  91;  of  oUmt  orgAot, 
2) 


Msntal  alleoatioo  (defectlTe  mental  develop- 
mant  20;  general  paralysis  of  the  Insane,  1; 
dementia  precox,  50;  othera,  22) 

Flat  foot 

BpUMMy r 

B/phms 

Neurasthenia 

Organic  disease  of  heart 

Dysentery 

Oonorrbca 

Secondary  rssults  of  injury 

Drug  habit 

Chronic  aloohottsm 

Pleurisy 

Fracture. 


Exophthalmic  goitre 

Otidi  media 

Knuresls... • • 

Asthma 

Inguinal  hernia... •••• 

Other  intestines  (adhesions  S,  enteroptocis  1) . . 
Chronic  articular  rheumatism 

Neuritis 

Othernervous  diseases 

Ohfonle  ptftntis 

Chronie  gastroenteritis 


Bpcue* 
Cnronlc 


lo  nephritis.... 
Othera  of  locomotion . 
Gunshot  wound 


Nnm* 
berof 
cases. 


-of  stomach 

Arthritis 

BynoTitis 

Indsed  wound 

Crushing 

Chronic  materia,  tertian 

Rheumatlo  IbTsr,  subacute . . . 

Arthritis  detormaM 

Pemloious  anemia. 

DUbetesittstpldut 

I^ooomotor  a£axia«>*. 

Anterior  poliomyelitis,  acute. 


«S 


60 

18 


Per- 
cent- 
age of 
total 
cases. 


30.70 


90.70 
11.10 
4.02 
8.70 
3.08 
2.40 
1.70 
1.70 
1.70 
1.60 
1.S4 
I.S4 
1.S4 
1.12 
1.13 
1.12 


.09 
.07 
.07 
.07 
.07 
.07 
.07 
.07 
.07 
.07 
.46 
.46 
.46 
.46 
.46 
.46 
.33 


Duty. 


8 


4 

I 
S 
6 
3 
0 
1 


1 

9 
1 
S 


9 
1 
9 
I 


Dis- 
charged 
on  cer- 
tificate 
ofdisa- 
biUty. 


38 


86 
34 
1 


Died. 


Other- 
wise  '  mais> 
dLv      Inf  at 

posed    endof 
of 


5 
9 
1 


1 

i 


9 
1 
1 


8 
10 


1 
1 


1 

t 


9 
f 


9 
1 


1 
1 
1 


REPORT  OP  THE  SURGEON   GENERAL. 


569 


Tabls  No.  33. — Bnlitted  men  invalided  home  from  the  Philippine  Islands,  year,  1015— 

Contmued. 


Cause. 

Nom- 
berof 
caset. 

Per- 
cent- 
age of 
toUl 
cases. 

Duty. 

Dto- 

cbargod 
oncer- 
tffleate 
of  disa- 
bility. 

Died. 

Other- 
wise 
dis- 
posed 
of. 

Re- 

main- 

fngat 

end  of 

year. 

Paralyids.  candle  tmdetennined 

0.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 
.22 

1 

MuttiDle  neuritis 

1 

Chronic  ooniunctl  vlti*  --^^^-,^,^Tr,T,»»-T-Tr-- 

1 

i* 

i* 

•  *  .  . 

TiM^ODia ....-T.,,r^ 

i' 

1 

Ontic  atronhy 

::::;:::i:::::::: 

rmf   1L^,      "*^"*  ................................ 

Strabisnins ..r,r.f.T,..T.f.f. r. -r-,- 

•  "  "••""•• 
1 

Endocarditis  acute............. 

1 

Aneurism 

Arterial  sclerosis 1 

.... 

TiVnii^iadenitls  oervioaJ--»r.»,r,-rT--rrT,TrrTi          i 

1 

TaoliTCArdia--.  ..r.^.r ,- 

i 

1 

..      } 

Rhinitis  atrophic 

Chronic  bronchitis '          1 

1 
1 

A  nthPtCOSlS  ........  ...^.r,-.r,..T.,T-. 1 

Chronic  colitis i 

••...•.. 

i 

\  nnendlci  tin »,, r»r»rT r ^t--^,,... 

* 

1 

Ischiorectal  abscess 

...... 

Ulcer  of  duodenum 

1 

Abecessof  liveTr.  ,.T.r r ....... 

1 

Cholecystitis 

1 

Chronic  cvatitis 

, 

1 

* 

Prostatitis,  non  venereal  ^-^-..,,.. 

1 

1 

Pg^rrtaSii r r-r-     

Painful  scar 

1 

Frontal  sinusitis r .  r 

1 

i' 

1 



- 

A  nkvIOSiS ........T-ir.'Tr.-.r.r........ 

1 
1 

'**t     

Hammer  toee.  .......^r^t-T ^-..t.,.,,  r . .. . 

t 

llf^tatan»*Rfa  ,r  r---T- r,  .. 

1 

(  *  •••-• 

••••••• 

( 

Pnnctnred  wound • 

1 
1 

448 

*i66.66' 

55 
12.28 

281 

7 

20 
5.80 

79 

Peroentase  of  total  eans 

63.72        1.58 

17.63 

1 

570 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 


Chart  W. — Philippine  Islands.    American  erditUdmen 
(Admission,  discharge,  death,  and  noneffective  rates  for  diseases  baring  hi^iest 


191A4 


j9Bm/ss/ans. 


"TiH^so 


Kn^ree/  Ji'sesses. 


/S6^Z 


^e'n^4d,<. 


/S/.S/ 


^s/yr/W  /^rers. 


63./X 


eo 


^tS-^/P^-g 


^■^/otu 


¥?.? 


'p/^rr/^^AtftT/^'e 


^r.? 


3>/scj{erf 


*^_u — 3 — Zx — 21 


X 


^*n^9//'//»n^^/»n. 


r.f 


i^mmmmmmmm 


^€C/9^Te  €4.  /OS/S' 


^s/^ 


•vW.  *♦•♦•*••  >"••.•♦  *I* 


/^/^^ 


^/^//e^^y 


yi. 


^fier^^/^/s^9s  e 


^fteZ/ecf^/ye. 


s. 


d   /    ;?    ^    4^ 


6   r   9 


Venere^/^/Se^ses 


s./ommmmmmmm\ 


2^C^f4l^ 


/•: 


2 


.^f^/^rvy/'/^V*yy 


/./¥m\ 


ve/^/s. 


■frm 


^iro  pt  c//Ws^^/A      It^^ 


Chart  X, — Philippine  Islands.    Officers  and  American  and  native  troop$. 
CAdmisioQ  ntes  for  malarial  fovws,  yean  1906-1915.) 


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j£-n//'rf^  *n«-rt. 


571 


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574 


REPORT  OF  THE   SURGEON   GEKERAIj. 


XNFLUBNCB   OF   SEASON. 

The  highest  admission  and  noneffective  rates  (all  causes)  occurred 
in  July,  oeing  116.65  and  33.59  per  1,000,  respectively.  likewise, 
exclusive  of  mjuries,  venereal  diseases,  alcoholism,  and  vaccinia, 
which  are  not  influenced  by  season,  July  had  the  highest  admission 
rate,  88.33,  with  August  running  a  close  second,  87.82. 

^Tablb  No.  35. — Injhtence  of  season  on  American  troops  in  the  Philippine  Islands,  pear 

1916  (enlisted  men). 


Months. 


Ratio  per  1,000  of  mean  strength. 


All  causes. 


Admis- 

SiODS. 


January 

February. . . 
Mardi 


11,519 
13,097 
13,696 


April 13,810 

May 12,864 


June 

July , 

August..... 
8H>tember.. 

Oetober 

November. . 
December... 


Total. 


13,566 
13,464 


11,153 

10,769 

10,747 

9,896 


86.98 
68.53 
n.99 

85.13 

84.36 

84.19 
116.65 


11,990113.43 


88.85 
70.39 
56.76 
55.17 


n 


I 

I 


83.680.17 


64.97 
68.37 


75.96  .39 


.34 
.16 


83.01 


79.83 


104.78  .16 


98.35 
85.18 
66.95 
53.76 
51.33 


15 


.33 


NoneiTeO' 
live. 


.49 
.18 
.19 
.30 
.30 


3 

t 

n 


33.31  31.86 

30.75  30.35 

38.13  37.77 

30.85  39.87i 

31.56  31.03 

31.05  30.68 

33.50  33.43 

30.66  38.90 

30.30  39.85 

33.98  33.50 

30.88  30.75 

33.351  33.01 


Exclusive  of  ve- 
nereal diseases, 
alcoholism, 
vaccinia,  and 
injuries. 


I 

«0 


I 
I 


53.60... 
39.360.08 
44.75  .16 


55.97 
54.03 

63.31 
88.33 
87.83 
64.91 
45.41 
33.59 
39.51 


.31 
.08 

.08 
.06 
.35 

>  •  •• 
.19 
.30 


> 


18.03 
17.96 
16.53 

19.10 
18.59 

18.95 
31.73 
19.68 
17.57 
18.10 
10.78 
10.74 


3.86  39.15'  38.48666.64  1.43 


17.11 


Prevailing  diseasM  (ezdushr*  of 
venereal  diseases,  etc.). 


Malaria,  81;  acute  bronchitis,  67; 

sillitis,  35;  dengue,  33. 
Malaria.   49;    tonsUlitIs,   38;    acute 

bronchitis,  38;  dengue,  31. 
TonsflUtis,  43;  diarrhea  and  enteriUi, 

39;  malaria,  38;  acute  brond^itli, 

33. 
Malaria,  110;  constipation,  88;  toD* 

sillitis,  44;  acute  bronchitis,  43. 
Malaria,  141;  tonsillitis,  44;  eonstl- 

Mtion,  44;  diarrhea  and  enterttii. 

Malaria,  118;  constipation,  81;  den- 
gue, 71;  diarrhea  and  enteritis,  80. 

Dengue,  408:  constipation,  133;  o*- 
Uria,  63;  diarrhea  and  enteritis,  50. 

Dengue,  473;  constipation,  99;  diar- 
rhea and  enteritis.  67. 

Dengue,  807;  constipation,  53;  dlif^ 
rhea  and  enteritis,  48. 

Dengue,  133;  diarrhea  and  enterttii, 
36;  constipation,  84. 

Dengue,  36;  malaria,  80;  tonsilHtli, 
34;  diarrhea  and  enteritis,  33. 

Malaria,  38:  tonsiUitis,  35;  dlVTbea 
and  enteritis,  35. 

Dengue,  1^554:  malaria,  747;  consti- 
pation, 501:  diarrhea  and  enteritli. 
449;  tonsillitis,  417. 


Table  No.  S6.— Influence  of  disease  on  enlisted  American  troopSy  by  arms  of  service^ 

sennng  in  the  Philippine  Islands^  year  1915, 


Arms  (tf  service. 


Ad- 
Mean      mitted 
strength,      for 
disease. 


Dis- 
charged 
on  o^tifi- 
cateof 
disabU- 

ity. 


Con- 
tive. 


Ratio  per  1,000  of  mean  strength. 


Ad- 
mitted. 


Infimtry 

Cavalry 

Coast  Art Ulery. 
Field  Artillery. 

Engineers 

Ordnance 

Signal  Corps. . . 
Hospital  Corps. 
All  others 


5,510 

1,706 

1,988 

906 

340 

78 

155 

678 

571 


5,(H8 

1,578 

1,377 

1,330 

300 

35 

UH 

345 

383 


'           131 

13 

31 

3 

63 

1 

i             » 

1 

7 

1 

1 

1 

13 

4 

i 

148.30 

41.34 

43.69 

31.09 

8.60 

I.IU 

3.44 

9.41 

15.77 


916. 15 
933.89 
643.35 
1,367.55 
883.35 
448.73 
671.01 
596.89 
669.00 


Total I      11,834     10,308  j  363 


18  ;      300.83 


871.05 


Dis- 
charged 
oncerttA' 
cateof 
disabil- 
ity. 


33.67 
13.34 
31.05 
35.37 
30.47 
13.83 

6.41 
30.65 

6.97 


38.04 


Died 


3.17 

1.17 

.50 

1.10 


13.83 


1.74 


L61 


Con- 
stanUy 


tfva« 


36.99 
34.14 
3L47 
84.88 
35.80 
15.31 
15.73 
16.31 
37.68 


S&.48 


PHILIPPINE  SCOUTS. 

The  health  of  the  troops  (native)  in  the  Philippines  for  the  year 
1915  was  very  good,  being  a  marked  improvement  over  that  for  the 
year  1914.  The  mean  strength  of  these  troops  during  the  year  was 
5|505,  as  compared  with  5,020  dm*ing  1914. 

ADMISSIONS. 

During  the  year  there  were  3,159  admissions  for  all  causes,  with  a 
case  admission  rate  of  573.84  per  1,000,  as  compared  with  3,585  ad- 
missions and  a  case  admission  rate  of  714.14  per  1,000  for  the  year 
1914. 

The  rate  for  disease  for  1915  was  482.65  and  that  for  injury  91.19 
per  1,000  as  compared  with  618.33  for  disease  and  95.82  for  injury  in 
1914. 

The  following  tabulation  gives  the  admission  rates  for  some  of  the 
principal  diseases  in  1915  as  compared  with  the  year  1914: 


1915 


Malaila]  fevere 

Diarrhea  and  antcritis. 

Venereal  diseases. 

Bronchitis 

Dengue 

Dysentery 

Ankylostomiasis 

Tuberculosis  (all) 


1914 


sail 

201.80 

37.60 

26.49 

34  33 

57.57 

38.52 

24.60 

16.71 

5.58 

9.99 

8.96 

9.45 

16.53 

4.54 

6.67 

CONSTANTLY   NONEFFECTIVE   RATES. 

The  constantly  noneffective  rate  for  1915  was  15.68  per  1,000,  as 
compared  with  20.30  in  1914.  The  rate  for  disease  was  13.31  per 
1,000  in  1915,  and  17.48  in  1914,  while  that  for  external  causes  was 
2.37  per  1 ,000  in  1915  and  2.82  in  1914. 

The  following  tabulation  shows  the  noneffective  rates  for  the 
principal  diseases  in  1915  as  compared  with  1914: 


Venereal  diseases 

Malarial  fevers 

Acote  abscess  and  cellulitis 

Tuberculosis  (all) 

Dysentery 

Furuncle  and  carbuncle. . . . 

Bronchitis 

Diarrhea  and  enteritis 

Ankylostomiasis 

Mumps 

Rheumatism,  articular 


1915 


1914 


1.96 

3.66 

1.54 

3.48 

1.05 

.79 

.58 

.82 

.56 

.39 

.48 

.62 

.48 

.60 

.45 

.30 

.19 

.46 

.17 

.41 

.03 

.23 

575 


SPECIAL  DISEASES. 

TYPHOID  FEYEB. 

There  were  no  cases  of  this  disease  among  the  Philippine  Scouts. 

MALABIAL  FEYEBS. 

The  admission  rate  for  all  fevers  of  this  class  was  80.1 1  per  1 ,000, 
as  compared  with  201.80  in  1914  and  193.49  in  1913.  This  rate  is 
the  lowest  in  the  history  of  the  Philip]3ine  Islands,  an  evidence  of 
the  persistent  and  vigorous  antimosc^uito  campaign  that  is  being 
waged.  Certain  posts  in  the  Philippmes,  however — notably  Camp 
Stotsenbu^.  Pampac^a — continue  to  show  high  admission  rates  for 
malaria.  Tnis  post  is  not  properly  screened,  in  spite  of  repeated 
recommendations.  The  same  statement  is  true  of  other  Army  posts. 
The  relation  of  mosquitoes  and  other  insects  to  disease  incidence  is 
now  so  well  known  tnat  to  defer  the  matter  of  complete  screening  of 
all  quarters  in  the  Army  is  inexcusable.  "Lack  of  Junds"  or  "insuf- 
ficient appropriations "  for  this  important  work  should  no  loiter  be 
accepted  and  the  responsibility  lor  this  serious  defect  demiitely 
placed. 

TYPHUS  PEVEB. 

There  were  3  cases  of  this  disease  among  native  troops  at  Camp 
Keithley,  Mindanao,  where  last  year  an  epidemic  resulted  in  24 
cases,  18  among  the  scouts  and  6  civilians.  A  special  report  on  the 
epidemic  occurring  in  1914  was  made  to  the  Surgeon  General,  and 
tne  article  was  considered  of  sufficient  importance  to  public  it  in 
the  Arrhives  of  Internal  Medicine,  September,  1915. 

VENEBEAL  DISEASES. 

These  diseases  furnish  an  admission  rate  of  34.33  per  1,000,  as 
compared  with  57.57  in  1914^  a  marked  reduction.  Of  a  total  of  189 
admissions,  31  were  for  syphilis,  17  for  chancroid,  and  141  lor  gonor- 
rhea, as  compared  with  45,  34,  and  210,  respectively,  for  1914.  TTie 
noneffective  rate  for  all  venereal  diseases  was  1.96|  as  compared  with 
3.66  per  1,000  in  1914. 

SMALLPOX. 

No  case  occmred  during  the  year. 

OHOLEBA. 

Two  cases  of  this  disease  occurred  during  the  year,  with  one  death. 
An  epidemic  occurred  at  Tamoaran  and  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
Camp  Keithley,  Mindanao,  resulting  in  20  deaths  among  the  civilian 
popiHation.  This  epidemic  seemed  to  be  continuous  with  the  one  that 
nad  been  traveling  through  the  island  of  Mindanao  during  the  vear 
1915.  The  disease  appeared  at  Tamparan  during  the  last  week  of 
November  in  a  company  of  Constabulary  soldiers  recently  brought 
there  from  Gannassi. 

578 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON  GENEEAIm  679 

TUBERCULOSIS, 

There  were  25  cases  of  this  disease,  with  an  admission  rate  of  4.54 
per  1,000,  as  compared  with  33  cases  and  an  admission  rate  of  6.57 
m  1914.    There  were  no  deaths,  all  being  discharged. 

dtsentebies. 

Fifty-five  admissions  for  this  disease  during  the  year,  of  which 
number  21  were  classed  as  bacillary,  28  as  entamoeoic,  and  6  im- 
classified.  The  rate  for  this  disease  was  9.99,  as  compared  with  8.96 
for  1914.  The  noneflfective  rate  was  0.56  per  1,000.  One  death 
resulted  in  the  unclassified. 

DENOUB. 

Dengue,  or  "breakbone  fever,"  is  an  acute  disease  of  tropical  and 
subtropical  countries,  characterized  by  severe  pains  in  the  muscles 
and  jomts  and  by  an  eruption  similar  to  measles.  ^  The  mortality  is 
practically  nil.  It  has  been  demonstrated  that  it  is  transmitted  by 
the  culex  fatigans  species  of  mosquito. 

Ninety-two  cases  of  this  disease  occurred  among  the  native  troops, 
with  an  adnussion  rate  of  16.71  per  1,000  and  a  nonefifective  rate  of 
0.28.    There  were  no  deaths. 

DIABBHEA  AND  ENTEBITI8. 

Two  himdred  and  seven  cases  occurred,  making  an  adnussion  rate 
of  37.60  per  1,000,  as  compared  with  a  rate  of  26.49  in  1914.  The 
nonefifective  rate  was  0.45. 

ALCOHOLISM  AND  ITS   BESULTS. 

But  one  admission  is  recorded  for  this  disability^  the  admission 
rate  being  0.18  per  1,000. 

BEBI  BEBI. 

No  case  of  this  disease  occurred  among  the  scouts  during  the  year. 

UNDETEBMINED  FEVEBS. 

There  were  32  cases  of  undetermined  fevers  during  the  year. 
Under  this  heading  are  included  febricula,  simple,  continued,  and 
ol^er  fevers  of  imdetermined  causation.  The  admission  rate  was  5.81 
per  1|000|  as  compared  with  3.78  in  1914. 


580 


REPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEOK  GEN£BAI«. 


The  foDowing  table  exhibits  the  various  surgical  operations  per- 
formed on  the  rhilippine  Scouts  durmg  the  year: 

Table  No.  40. — Surgical  operations  performed  on  Philippine  ScouU,  year  1915. 


Operation. 


Transplantstioo 

Incision  and  drainage 

Do 

Amputation  anterior  end  right 
middle  turbinate. 

Inolffion  of  abscess 

ToDsniectomy 

Do 

Aspiration 

Tbora-laparotomy,  tenth  rib ... . 
Appendectomy,  1;  laparotomy 
and  drainage.  1. 

Laparotomy  exploratory 

Laparotomy 

Bassini's  operation 

Indsioo  and  drainage 

Incision  and  drataiage.  1 ;  sphlno- 

ter  dilated,  tract  laia  open  and 

caretted,  1. 
Incision  and  evaouation  of  blood 

dot 

Incised  and  punctured 

Epldidymotomy 

Jaboolay's  operatloo 

Qrcnmcislon 

InelBion  and  drainage,  78;  Inci- 
sion and  curetment,  S. 

Incision  and  curetment.  2;  exd* 
slon.  1;  curetment  and  caut«r- 
liatfon,  1;  incision  and  drain- 

Incision  and  drainage 

Exdsion,  5;  partial  excision,  1: 

Cotting's  operation,  1 ;  removal 

ofnaU,  1. 

Indslon  and  curetment,  1;  ind- 

slon  and  drainage.  6. 
Indsioo  and  drainage 

Bzdslon.  •••••••..••••.••••••••. 


Disease  or  iiUury. 

J 

Result 

Anesthetie. 

S 

• 

1 

i 

1 

1 

EYE. 

Ptervfdum 

7 

1 
1 

1 

1 
4 
3 

1 

1 
3 

«1 
1 

4 

1 
3 

1 

1 
3 
1 
S 

75 
8 

30 
8 

t 
S 

1 

7 

1 
1 

1 

1 

4 
3 

I 

1 
3 

1 

1 

0 

1 
I 

1 

1 
4 
3 

Daciyooystitis 

Chalazion 

NOSE. 

Frontal  sinusitis 

MOUTH  AND  PHARYNX. 

Alveolar  abscess 

Hypertrophy  of  tonsil 

TonsiUtis'...! 

THORAX. 

Pleurisy 

1 

AB1>01IEIf. 

Abscess  of  liver 

1 

3 

1 
I 

4 

1 
3 

Appendicitis 

Penetrating  vound  of  abdomen 
Punctured  wound. 

1 

•  •  •  • 

Tngpfn^l  Nmia 

4 

1 
3 

1 

1 
3 
I 

S 

76 
8 

30 

8 

0 

s 
1 

AinrS  AND  RECTUM. 

Isdiio-reotal  abecess 

Fistula  in  ano »...x a 

Hemorrtioids. 

1 

GENrrO-URDfART  SYSTEM. 

Epididymitis  gonorrheal 

Epididvmltis 

1 

3 
1 

S 

31 
S 

14 

1 

S 
3 

1 

Hydrocele 

Phimosis 

Abscess 

8 

I 

3 

ti 

Carbuncle 

1 

a 

Cellulitis 

4 

Incro^^iF  toe  nail. 

LYMPHATIC  SYSTEM. 

Adenltb  Inguinal  nonveoereal. 

MUSCLES,  TENDONS,  BTa 

Ganglion 

1 
1 

•••• 

3 

•  ••• 

•  ••« 

•  ••  • 

•••• 

>  Patient  died  6  hooxB  after  operaticQ. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEOK  GEKEBAL. 


581 


Tabls  No.  40,— Surgical  operations  performed  on  Philippine  SeotUs,  year  1P15— CJontd. 


Operation. 


DapTMMd  frtotcm  raistd  and 

loose  bone  removed. 
Fredwning  and  resettinf  ftrao- 

tured  ends  of  bones. 
Wound  enlarged,  fractured  bone 

removed  and  wound  dosed. 
Beseetion  ooe4oarth  distal  cod 


proximal  pi 
iidaionaDa< 


Dadaion  and  drainage. 
Amp^tion  of  flngv. 


Extraction. 


Do. 


Exdsfon,  7;  tndslon  and  drain- 


Sotorlng. ........ ..... 

Indsloo  and  drainage. 


Total  number  of 


Disease  or  ii^ary. 


BONIS. 

Depresssd  firaoturs  of  sknU . . . . 

Fraotore  simple,  both  bones, 

forearm. 
Fracture,  compound,  oomml* 

nuted,  tibia  and  fibula. 
Non-union  old  fracture 


Periostitis. 

JODfTS. 

Arthritis,  knee,  gonorrheal. 

▲MFUTAlIOIia. 


F8nostitis.k 

Gunshot  woimd. 


fOEBION  BODIE8. 

Piece  of  lead 

TUMOBa. 

Fibroma ....«•.... 

Lipoma , 

8e  oaceous  cyst , 

Tumor,  type  not  stated , 

macBi.f.ANious  ofbrahootl 


Incissd  wound 

Punctured  wound.. 


1 
1 
1 
1 
2 


1 
1 


4 

1 
10 


1 
6 


191 


Result. 


& 


1 
I 
I 
I 

2 


1 
1 


4 

1 
10 


1 
6 


190 


I 


Anesthetic 


1 
1 
1 


1 
9 


8 
9 
1 


116 


1 

9 


a 


INFLUENCE  OF  SEASON. 


Excluding  injuries,  venereal  diseases,  alcoholism,  and  vaccinia,  as 
uninfluenced  by  the  seasons,  the  highest  admission  rate  was  in  June 
and  the  lowest  in  October. 

The  highest  noneffective  rate  for  the  same  was  in  June  and  the 
lowest  ^^ovember.    The  highest  rate  for  malarial  fevers  was  in  Maj. 


582 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEOK  OEKEBAL. 


Table  No.  41. — Influence  of  season  on  Philippine  Scouts,  year  1916, 


MoDthf. 


Jtonary.... 

Febfiiary.. 
Hanh 

ApflL 

Itay 

lone 

July 

Angost. 

September. 

October 

November. 

December.. 
Total 


6,441 

6,445 

6,480 

6,444 

5,456 
5,431 
6,487 
5,463 
6,513 

5,601 
6,621 

5,675 


Ratio  per  1,000  of  mean  strength. 


Alloaosee. 


Admis- 
•  sions. 


i 


66.14 

47.94 
48.00 

48.68 

50.40 
60.05 
53.76 
42.47 
43.53 

30.64 
42.16 

4L94 


I 


53.850.18 

45.92... 
47.45... 


6,5051573.84 


47.21 

50.04 
68.74 
52.31 
41.87 

42.08 

38.03 


40.53 


5S7.132.54 


.18  14.17  13.83 


.66 

.18 

»  •  •  • 

.18 
.86 

.36 


16.71] 
40.381  .181  14.41 


.35 


Noneffeo* 
tlve. 


i 

o 


18.36 

16.04 
16.25 


16.35 
17.41 
15.09 
14.86 
14.62 


15.90 


15.66 


s 

» 


18.03 

16.77 
15.99 


16.06 
17.06 
14.84 
14.67 
14.32 

16.39 
14.03 

15.39 


Exdosive  of  re- 
nereal  diseases, 
alcoholism,  rao- 
olnia,  and  inju- 
ries. 


43.190.18 

36.73 
38.51 


40.32 
61.92 
44.47 

32.58 
29.93 

28.21 
30.00 

81.89 


.37 
.18 

»  •  ■  • 

.18 
.18 

.36 
.18 


16. 37*  447.05 


1.63 


i 

1 


12.96 

11.08 
U.98 

10.41 

1L33 
13.10 
12.54 
U.34 
10.04 

laos 

9.29 
10.74 


1L82 


Preralllng  dlMaset  (ezahiilra  cf 
Teoereal  diseases,  i«o.). 


Malaria,  55;  acate  broochitti,  16;  di- 
arrhea and  enteritis,  13;  ooo^Up^ 
tion.  12.  ™— r- 

Malartt,  55;  diarrhea  and  enterttli^ 
25;  acute  abscesses,  13. 

Malaria,  54;  coostipatioo,  90:  acute 
bronchitis,  19;  dttrrhea  and  ente- 
ritis, 17. 

Malaria,  50;  constipation,  24;  diarrhea 
and  enteritis,  17;  acate  brondUtiL 
15. 

Malaria.  73;  diarrhea  and  enteritis,  S8( 
constipation,  13. 

Malaria,  56;  autotntoxicatkm,  86; 
denme,  28;  acute  brooobttis,  27. 

CoDstfoation,  35;  malaria,  25;  aengne, 
19 ;  diarrhea  and  enteritis,  19. 

Constipation,  19;  malaria,  16;  acate 
brcmchitis,  15. 

Constipation,  15;  diao-hea  and  ente- 
ritis, 14;  malaria.  13;  acaU  ab- 
scesses, 12. 

Acate  bronchitis,  15;  constipation,  16; 
malaria,  13:  acute  abscesses,  13. 

Diarrhea  and  enteritis,  22;  malaria, 
15;  constipation,  14;  acate  bcon- 
chilis,  12. 

Constipation,  27;  dlorrtiea  and  ente- 
ritis, 18;  acute  abeoeases,  17; 
ria^l6. 

Malaria,  441;  constipation,  221;  dlw- 
rhea  and  enteritis,  907;  acute ' 
chilis,  156. 


PREVALENGB  OF  DISEASES,   BY  RACES. 

With  the  exceptions  of  diarrhea  and  enteritis,  fnrunculosis.  mala- 
ria, conjunctivitis,  trichophytosis,  dysentery,  and  intestinal  para- 
sites, the  rates  for  the  rhuippine  scouts  were  all  lower  than  for 
either  the  white  or  colored  American  troops.  It  should  be  borne  in 
mind  that  the  native  troops  are  serving  in  their  own  country  under 
conditions  natural  to  them,  to  which  American  troops  are  not  accus- 
tomed. 

The  rates  for  the  American  white  and  colored  troops  and  Scouts 
are  compared  in  the  following  tabulation: 


Admission  rate.. 
Noneffective  rate 

Peatbrate 

DiBoharfermte... 


White. 


964.36 

28.20 

2.46 

2179 


Colored. 


1,372. 93 

86.67 

6.97 

18.64 


16.  li 
2.M 


BEPORT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  GENEBAL. 


583 


Tabls  No.  42. — Important  diseases  by  races,  Philippine  Islands,  year  1916, 


on  rates. 

Disetsea. 

White  troops. 

Colored  troops. 

Philippine  Reonts. 

1915 

1914 

1915 

1914 

1915 

1914 

VoneTMl 

105.81 

67.34 

35.06 

35.06 

31.87 

17.01 

15.90 

14.34 

14.06 

8.84 

5.53 

4.94 

4.04 

3.98 

8.44 

3.34 

3.06 

1.06 

174.79 

27.83 

32.72 

2.75 

68.78 

25.79 

48.60 

35.67 

34.15 

13.73 

6.09 

8.34 

5.85 

10.63 

6.45 

.96 

12.66 

3.03 

136.80 

33.91 

36.87 

22.40 

26.19 

8.63 

7.75 

6.89 

68.75 

7.24 

10.86 

3.27 

5.51 

3.63 

4.65 

8.45 

.53 

.69 

333.76 
16.50 
36.63 

84.33 

7.08 

38.52 

1.63 

87.60 

19.63 

58.77 

.18 

16.71 

.73 

.18 

.64 

13.17 

9. 06 

4.64 

3.00 

9.99 

6.99 

67.57 

ToDsfllitis  (all) 

2.19 

Bronchitis  (all) 

M.50 

lDfliiep«ft ,..,.... 

Pterrheaand  enteritis. ....<..^..... 

37.81 
11.71 
80.35 

6.39 
38.75 

3.73 
13.25 

1.06 

3.19 

15.44 

U.18 

.53 

14.38 

.63 

36.49 

FniTTPfnlosis. 

39.88 

Malf^H*  

201.80 

Alcoholifflii X. 

.60 

Pwgnfl     ..  .,......- ^...... ....... ^... 

6.58 

Appendicitis « 

HMnorrholds 

.60 
.60 

Articalar  rhetunatism  (acate  and  ehrooio). 
OcninjM^tivitis, 

8.30 
8.76 

Trichophytosis. 

16.98 

Taberailosis 

6.57 

Pneomonia  (lobar) 

1.69 

JDysentery.. ', 

8.96 

iDteMinaf  partiffites 

10.76 

SANITATION  IN  THE  PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS. 
The  department  surgeon,  Philippine  Department,  reports  as  follows: 

AUOUR  BARRACKS,  JOLO. 

This  station  shows  a  marked  decrease  in  admissions  on  account  of  malaria  and  a 
sl^t  decrease  in  the  number  of  venereal  cases. 

The  surgeon  reports: 

"Malaria,  reported  by  my  predecessors  and  continued  by  myself  until  I  could 
verify  or  disprove  it,  as  the  chief  disease  here,  does  not  in  the  light  of  over  30O 
blood  examinations  appear  to  prevail  so  extensively  as  stated  *  *  *  Novem- 
ber 1,  two  companies,  on  surgeon's  recommendation,  stopped  taking  quinine,  llieir 
bloods  (204  cases)  were  all  examined  between  Novemb^  20  and  December  12,  with<Hii 
finding  the  plaonodium.  The  number  of  admissions,  all  cases  from  these  two  com- 
panies, were  13  in  November  as  against  14  for  the  preceding  month.  In  addition,  all 
admissions  to  the  medical  ward  had  from  two  to  tour  blood  examinations,  and  only 
five  times  was  the  Plasmodium  found  in  the  entire  conmiand." 

He  adds  that  the  studies  along  this  line  vill  be  continued,  and  a  report  will  be  made 
diould  the  results  show  any  cause  for  a  change  of  opinion. 

The  usual  antimoequito  measures  are  carried  out  at  the  post. 

He  remarks  ^ith  reference  to  the  venereal  problem: 

''The  venereal  diseases  constitute  a  large  factor  in  the  morbidity.  There  is  evi- 
dently much  clandestine  prostitution,  and  Hie  native  soldier  does  not  yet  understand 
the  seriousness  of  the  veneresd  disease  and  the  value  of  prompt  prophylaxis  after 
exposure.  Prophylaxis  stations  and  short,  frequent  lectures  r^arding  Uie  same  and 
the  necessity  ot  early  prophylaxis  after  exposure  are  employed  to  combat  venereal 
disease.** 

Diu'ing  May  and  June  cholera  was  epidemic  in  the  adjacent  barrios  and  throughout 
the  island,  but  only  two  cases,  with  one  death,  occurred  amon^  troops. 

Bacillary  dysentery  appears  from  time  to  time.  This  is  attributed  by  the  suigeoa 
to  contact  infection  m>m  the  civil  population,  in  which  the  disease  appears  to  be  ever 
present. 

CAMP  ELDRIDOE,  LAQUNA. 

This  post  sho^;^  a  decided  improvement  in  the  morbidity  on  account  of  malaria  and 
a  marked  increase  in  the  venereal  diseases. 

The  usual  antimalari^  measures  have  been  carried  out. 

The  surgeon  reports  as  follows  with  reference  to  antivenereal  procedures: 

"The  special  stefM  that  have  been  taken  to  control  venereal  diseases  are:  Treating 
in  hospital  all  syphilitic  cases  in  the  infectious  stage  and  isolation  in  post  of  all  other 
venereal  cases;  providing  venereal  prophylactic;  disciplinary  measures  instituted 
in  all  cases  of  ven^eal  oisease  where  failiu-e  to  take  venereal  prophylaxis  is  shown; 
lectiu'es  by  medical  officers  given  to  the  command  on  personal  samtationj  the  source 
of  all  cases  of  venereal  disease  sought  out  and  the  woman's  name  submitted  to  the 
authoritiee  of  Los  Bancs  for  isolation  and  treatment;  semimonthly  inspection  of  the 
command  by  medical  ofiicers.*' 

CAMP  JOHN  HAT,  BENOUBT. 

The  surgeon  reports  skin  diseases  due  to  the  wearing  of  "G"  strings  and  foot  injuries 
due  to  going  barefooted.  The  uniform  of  Igorot  scouts  has  now  been  changed  to  con- 
form to  that  of  oUier  scout  soldiers,  and  they  now  wear  breeches,  leggings,  and  dioes  as 
a  part  of  the  uniform. 

CAMP  KErrHLBT,   MINDANAO. 

An  epidemic  of  measles  appeared  at  the  post  in  October  following  the  arrival  of  tiie 
Forty-seventh  Company  of  Fnilippine  Scouts  from  Fort  Mills,  where  the  diaeaso  had 
been  more  or  less  prevalent. 

584 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SXJBGEOK  GEKEBAL.  585 

Tliere  ia  very  little  venereal  disease  at  the  poet.  The  surgeon  reports  that  existing 
orders  relating  to  the  prevention  of  this  class  of  diseases  are  strictly  complied  ^ith. 

There  has  been  a  decided  decrease  in  the  malarial  rate  over  that  of  the  previous 
year.    The  surgeon  reports  the  folio  .ving  measures  for  the  control  of  the  disease. 

1.  The  constant  use  of  mosquito  bars  in  barracks  and  hospital ,  the  bars  being  lowered 
at  4  p.  m.  daily. 

2.  Koutine  blood  examinations  of  all  cases  of  v  hatever  nature  admitted  to  hospital. 

3.  All  positive  cases  kept  in  hospital  and  undei  treatment  for  at  least  one  week, 
subsequent  daily  observation  with  treatment  for  two  weeks,  and  weekly  observation 
for  a  period  of  three  months  thereafter. 

The  sui^eeon  a^in  calls  attention  to  the  unfortunate  condition  at  the  post  resulting 
from  the  large  civilian  population  thereat,  members  of  families  of  native  soldiers, 
far  whom  no  adequate  accommodations  are  provided.  Thi^  matter  was  referred  to 
in  the  last  annual  report  from  this  office,  and  the  comment  appears  on  page  113  of  the 
annual  report  of  the  Surgeon  General  for  1915. 

CAMP  M'GRATH,  BATANOA8. 

The  prevailing  diseases  have  been  dengue  and  venereal  troubles. 

The  records  enow  a  considerable  reduction  in  both  venereal  diseases  and  malaria 
over  the  rates  for  the  preceding  year. 

The  post  authorities  have  cooperated  ^ith  tliose  of  the  nei^boring  municipality 
of  Batangas  in  the  matter  of  the  general  sanitation  of  the  latter,  and  also  with  reference 
to  the  venereal  problem. 

The  surgeon  reports  as  follows  with  reference  to  measures  against  the  venereal 
diseases: 

"The  name  and  address  of  the  woman,  or  the  license  number  of  the  house  and 
inmate,  with  the  time  of  intercourse,  are  recorded  on  prophylaxiB  cards.  When  a 
man  contracts  a  venereal  disease  the  woman  Is  examined  oy  an  Army  medical  officer, 
and  if  positive,  ehe  is  quarantined  by  the  municipal  health  department  until  the 
health  officer  is  notified  by  an  Army  medical  officer  that  she  is  cured,  the  necessary 
examinations  being  made  at  the  poet  hospital.  The  Japanese  prostitutes  are  examined 
and  certified  to  by  the  surgeon.  There  has  been  a  marked  improvement  under  this 
plan.  In  addition  to  the  prophylaxis  station  at  the  hospital,  a  separate  one  is  main- 
tained at  the  corral,  whicn  is  located  practically  on  the  outskirts  of  the  town,  thus 
affording  the  opportunity  for  prompt  treatment.  Men  who  contract  these  diseases 
are  kept  on  sick  report  until  danger  of  dissemination  thereof  has  passed.  Those  idling 
to  take  the  prophylactic  are  court-martialed.'' 

CAMP  8TOTSENBUBO,  PAMPANOA. 

Notwithstanding  the  efforts  of  the  post  authorities  the  admissions  to  sick  report  on 
account  of  both  malaria  and  the  venereal  diseases  have  been  greater  than  for  tne  pre- 
ceding year. 

The  surgeon  reports  as  follows: 

'*The  most  marked  sanitary  defect  has  been  the  absence  of  screens  in  barracks  and 

auarters.  Also  the  scout  post  is  located  in  an  infected  area,  and  troops  quartered 
lere  have  shown  a  high  malarial  incidence. 

"A  very  active  antimosquito  war  has  been  constantlv  waged,  and  the  grass,  brush, 
and  undergrowth  have  been  cut  for  a  wide  area  about  tne  p(^.  *  «  *  All  ditches 
are  kept  open,  all  holes  are  filled,  ditches  and  moist  places  are  petrolized,  and  breed- 
ing places  are  constantly  sought." 

With  reference  to  the  venereal  problem  he  remarks: 

"Most  of  the  cases  come  from  Angles,  a  town  6  miles  distant,  and  in  which  there  is 
no  adequate  regulation  of  prostitution.  A  model  or  sanitarv  barrio  is  situated  about 
1  mile  from  the  post  and  which  is  countenanced.  Kecoras  kept  of  venereal  admis- 
sions show  relatively  few  venereal  cases  originating  in  this  barrio.  The  prostitutes 
who  are  unable,  on  account  of  venereal  disease,. to  secure  admission  to  this  barrio 
become  inmates  of  houses  of  prostitution  in  Angeles,  and  those  who  become  diseased 
in  this  barrio^  and  are  not  permitted  to  operate  there,  immediately  go  to  Angeles  and 
continue  their  operations  unmolested.'' 

FOBT  MILLS,  CORREOIDOR,  AND  SUBSTATIONS. 

At  this  group  of  stations  there  have  occurred  at  various  times  during  the  year  among 
the  population  cases  of  mumpsMneasles,  dengue,  whooping  cough,  smallpox,  cholera, 
and  all  the  venereal  diseases.    The  one  case  of  cholera  occurred  in  a  native  employee 


586  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON  GENERAL. 

at  Fort  Hughes  (Oaballo  Island).  One  case  of  smallpox  develoi>ed  in  a  native  dvifiaa 
employee  at  Fort  Drum  (El  Fraile  Island)  and  one  of  varioloid  in  a  Coast  Artilltfy 
soloier  at  Fort  Mills. 

There  has  been  an  increase  in  both  venereal  diseases  and  malaria  over  the  rate  lor 
the  preceding  year,  the  latter  increase  being  a  very  decided  one. 
The  siurgeon  reports: 

'*A11  re^ilations  complied  with  in  regard  to  veneral  diseases  and  malaria  fever/' 
"''*"■  '  '    '  '     'ebeennea^j 

are  good. 


He  also  reports  that  during  the  year  sewase  and  drainage  systems  have  been  ^reaUy 
improved,  and  that  sanitary  conditions  at  this  post  (Fort  Mills  proper) 


FORT  SAN  PBDBO,  ILOILO. 

This  post  shows  a  very  decided  reduction  In  the  admission  rate  for  both  malaria 
and  venereal  diseases  over  the  figures  for  those  diseases  for  the  preceding  year.  Tlie 
venereal  rate  is  still  high  for  a  station  sarrisoned  by  native  troops,  but  is  hut  below 
that  for  any  of  the  American  garrisons,  being  77  per  thousand  as  against  214.7  for  the 
year  1914. 

The  methods  reported  by  the  surgeon  in  handling  both  the  malarial  and  venereal 
problems  are  well  planned  and  appear  to  have  been  carefully  carried  out,  and  with 
good  results. 

FOBT  WILLIAM  m'KINLET,  RIZAL. 

The  prevailing  diseases  during  the  year  have  been  venereal,  dengue,  digestive 
disorders,  and  cutaneous  troubles.  The  venereal  rate  has  been  somewhat  reduced, 
but  is  still  high.  Prophylactic  measures  are  conscientiously  carried  out  at  the  poet, 
and  the  various  prophylactic  stations  in  Manila  cooperate  with  the  authorities  of  this 
and  other  stations  in  the  vicinity,  but  the  proximity  of  a  large  oriental  dtv  makes  the 
problem  a  difficult  one.  The  malarial  rate  is  low  and  shows  a  considerable  reduction 
over  that  of  last  year.  The  surgeon  reports  that  most  of  the  cases  coming  under 
treatment  have  been  contracted  in  other  localities. 

Two  cases  of  diphtheria,  with  one  death,  have  occiirred  in  enlisted  men  during  the 
year,  and  several  cases  have  occurred  among  the  civilian  population  of  the  post. 

The  sewage  disposal  system  has  given  trouole,  and  a  new  plant  is  under  considera- 
tion, and  plans  tnerefor  have  been  prepared.  The  surgeon  repK)rts  that  the  trouble, 
due  to  lack  of  capacity  of  the  tank,  has  oeen  remedied  by  allowing  the  sewaee  to  peas 
directly  into  the  Pasig  River.  Inasmuch  as  either  bank  is  dotted  with  haSitattons, 
singly  and  in  barrios,  and  since  the  river  passes  through  the  city  of  Manila  a  few 
miks  farther  down,  this  is  a  most  undesirable  expedient. 

LUDLOW   BARRACKS,  MINDANAO. 

Malaria  has  been  the  prevailing  disease  at  this  post  during  the  year.  There  was 
also  an  epidemic  of  mumns.  There  has  also  been  a  considerable  amount  of  cholera 
and  smallpox  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  post,  but  no  cases  of  either  at  the  station. 

This  post  shows  the  highest  admission  rate  lor  malaria  of  any  station  in  the  depart- 
ment, but  the  rate  per  tnousand  has  been  cut  down  from  791.3  in  1914  to  220.4  for 
1915     The  surgeon  reports  the  following  as  the  measures  for  the  control  of  the  disease: 

1.  Prompt  isolation  and  treatment  in  nospital  of  all  cases. 

2.  Weekly  administration  of  1  gram  quinine  in  solution  to  every  man  of  the  com- 
mand 

3.  Daily  administration  of  quinine  to  all  cases  of  malaria  for  six  weeks  after  return  to 
duty. 

4.  All  barracks  and  quarters  screened,  and  the  general  use  of  the  mosquito  bar  is 
enforced. 

5.  Grass  cutting  and  drainage  of  standing  water  in  constant  proeress. 

6.  Standing  water  incapable  of  drainage  oiled  weekly  by  details  from  the  hoi^ital. 
Only  13  new  venereal  cases  were  taken  up  during  the  year.    The  surjgeon  report! 

that  there  has  been  no  case  of  chancroids  and  no  new  cases  of  syphilis  dunng  the  time. 
Prophylaxis,  semimonthly  inspections,  and  hospital  treatment  are  the  preventive 
measures  in  force. 
The  surgeon  rei)orts  the  following  as  the  sanitary  defects  at  the  post: 

1.  Water  in  mains  drawn  from  mtuan  River,  and  highly  infected,  is  used  for  bath* 
ing  and  washing. 

2.  Swampv  section  in  northeast  comer  of  poet. 

3.  Six  pad  closets,  remaining  from  old  system  of  disposal  of  excreta,  still  in  use. 


cogon 
Wi1 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  SURGEON  GEKEBAL.  587 

4.  The  great  extent  of  the  post,  necessitating  a  large  amount  of  work  in  keeping 
m  grass  and  other  undesiraole  v^tation  under  control. 
1th  reference  to  the  correction  of  these  defects,  the  surgeon  states  as  follows: 
'1.  An  artesian  well-drilling  outfit  is  at  work  on  the  post,  and  it  is  expected  that 
a  supply  of  artesian  well  water  will  eventually  be  available  for  use  in  the  mains. 

"2.  A  i^uction  of  Uie  area  of  the  swamp  referred  to  by  drainage  by  post  labor  has 
been  effected,  and  the  work  is  being  continued  to  the  extent  of  keeping  open  the 
ditches.  He  believes  that  further  improvement  is  possible  only  by  extensive  filling 
ftt  a  cost  which  would  prolMibly  be  prohibitive,  and  certainly  so  under  present  con- 
ditions. 

"3.  Plans  have  been  prepared  and  estimates  made  and  forwarded  for  the  replace- 
ment of  all  sanitary  pMsdls  by  water-closets. " 


CITT  OF  MANILA.. 

The  following  stations  are  located  within  the  city  limits:  Cuartel  de  Espana,  Cuartel 
de  Infanteria,  department  hospital,  Fort  Santiago,  medical  supply  depot,  Manila 
ordnance  depot,  and  quartermaster's  depot. 

Of  theee  stations,  Cuartel  de  Espana  has  normally  a  garrison  consisting  of  regimental 
headquarters  and  a  battalion  of  Infantry. 

Fort  Santiago  (department  headquarters)  has  one  company  of  Infantry  as  a  head- 
quarters guard,  one  company  of  si£pal  corps  is  quartered  at  Cuartel  de  Infanteria,  a 
detachment  of  ordnance  at  the  Manila  Ordnance  Depot,  and  detachments  of  the 
Hospital  Corps  at  the  department  hospital  and  medical  supply  depot. 

In  general  terms,  and  with  the  restriction  that  the)r  are  under  military  control, 
it  may  be  said  that  the  sanitary  conditions  of  these  stations  are  those  of  the  city,  and 
the  sewer  s>'stems,  general  water  supplv,  and  environment  are  those  of  the  city. 
The  department  hospital  is  practicalljr  the  post  hospital  for  all,  as  only  dispensaries 
are  maintained  at  the  individual  stations. 

Stations  for  venereal  prophylaxis  have  been  established  at  the  department  hospital, 
and  the  dispensaries  at  (  uartel  de  Espana  and  Fort  Santiago  where  treatment  can  be 
obtained  at  all  hours,  not  onjy  by  the  enlisted  men  stationed  in  the  city,  but  also  by 
those  on  pass  in  Manila  from  Fort  McKinley,  Fort  Mills,  and  other  posts  in  the  vicinity. 
The  existence  of  these  stations  is  officially  made  known  to  the  members  of  the  com- 
mands of  such  posts,  and  form  part  of  the  prophylactic  system  thereof,  cards  from  the 
stations  referred  to  being  forwarded  to  the  surgeon  of  the  command  to  which  the  man 
belongs. 

At  Cuartel  de  Espana,  the  only  station  of  the  group  having  a  garrison  of  any  con- 
siderable size,  the  venereal  rate  is  somewhat  higher  than  for  tne  previous  year  (226.2 
per  1,000  as  against  203.4).  From  March  to  October,  1915,  the  garrison  consisted 
of  colored  troops.  The  usual  methods  have  been  followed  with  reference  to  venereal 
diseases,  and  all  orders  and  instructions  relating  thereto  have  been  carried  out.  The 
rate  of  admissions  on  account  of  malaria  has  been  greatly  reduced.  Mosquito  destruc- 
tion, use  of  mosquito  bars,  and  the  segregation  and  following  up  of  cases  being  the 
methods  employed  for  its  control. 

In  common  with  other  stations  of  the  Manila  group,  dengue  has  been  the  prevailing 
disease,  the  principal  epidemic  occurring  dunng  the  months  of  July  and  August, 
witli  occasional  cases  throughout  the  year. 

An  artesian  well  between  seven  ana  eight  hundred  feet  in  depth  has  recently  been 
bored  at  Cuartel  de  Espana,  and  a  covered  steel  tank  of  10,000  gallons  capacity  with  the 
necessary  pumping  machinery  has  been  installed.  The  purpose  of  this  well  is  to 
supply  not  only  Cuartel  de  Espana  but  the  entire  military  population  of  Manila 
with  potable  water  to  replace  distilled  water  should  the  plan  prove  satisfactory. 
The  water  from  this  well  nas  a  slightly  saline,  or  more  properly  ** mineral,*'  taste  so 
common  in  waters  from  wells  of  this  character.  When  taken  directly  from  the  well 
it  gives  a  bacterial  count  of  about  60  colonies  per  cubic  centimeter,  with  no  gas  pro- 
ducers. The  water  in  the  tank  later  showed  a  oacterial  count  of  20,000,  and  from  Uie 
outlet  pipe  60,000  per  cubic  centimeter,  with  no  gas  producers.  The  matter  of  disin- 
fection of  the  tank  was  turned  over  to  Maj.  Carl  R.  Darnall,  Medical  Corps,  and  on 
November  30  he  put  into  it  a  solution  of  hvpochlorite  of  lime  containing  suflicient 
available  chlorine  to  give  a  concentration  of  about  16  parts  per  million  in  the  10,000 
gallons  of  water  in  the  tank.  This  strongly  chlorinated  water  was  allowed  to  remain  for 
48  hours.  The  water  was  tlien  drained  oiit  and  the  tank  refilled  on  December  2, 1915, 
and  the  water  allowed  to  stand.  The  first  sample  from  this  filling  was  taken  December 
3  and  gave  a  count  of  5,500  per  cubic  centimeter.  The  second  sample  of  the  same  water 
taken  December  4  gave  a  count  of  50,000  pe  rcubic  centimeter.  The  third  sample  taken 
on  December  6  gave  a  count  of  30,000.    The  fourth  and  last  sample  from  this  filling 


588  REPOBT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENEBAL. 

was  taken  December  7»  five  days  after  the  tank  was  filled,  and  gave  a  count  of  550,000 
per  cubic  centimeter.  No  gas  producers  in  any  of  the  samples.  The  tank  was  then 
emi)tied  and  refilled,  and  a  sample  taken  24  hours  later  gave  a  count  of  25,000  per 
cubic  centimeter.    This  was  likewise  free  from  ^as  producers. 

To  observe  the  action  of  the  water  under  service  conditions  the  water  was  drawn  off 
during  the  forenoon  of  December  8  and  refilled  during  the  afternoon,  and  the  process 
repeated  for  the  six  succeeding  days,  samples  being  taken  while  the  tank  was  being 
emptied.  These  samples  gave  respective  counts  as  follows:  December  10,  55,000; 
December  11, 40,000;  December  13, 20,000;  December  14, 23,000.  No  gas  f^merB  were 
present  in  any  sample. 

The  bacteriological  work  was  done  at  the  department  laboratory  by  Capt.  W.  H. 
Allen,  Medical  ( orps. 

In  submitting  his  report,  Maj.  Damall  comments  as  follows: 

**From  this  series  of  tests  it  appears  probable  that  the  few  harmless  bacteria  in  the 
water  as  it  comes  from  the  well  rapidly  multiply  in  the  tai^,  which,  when  wanned  by 
the  sun,  acts  as  a  very  efficient  incubator.  Hence  a  hi^  bacterial  count  in  the  water 
taken  at  the  outlet  24  or  more  hours  after  fiUine  the  tank  is  of  no  sicnificance  in  itself. 
It  diowB,  however,  that  the  water  contains  suostances  on  which  the  bacteria  (of  the 
kind  found)  grow  readily,  and  the  possibility  of  pathogenic  germs  doing  the  same, 
should  they  by  chance  gain  access  to  the  tank,  must  be  considered. " 

He  furUier  comments  on  the  possibility  of  contamination  during  the  procen  of 
delivery. 

On  December  21, 1915,  after  consultation  with  Maj.  Damall,  the  department  suigeoD 
transmittcKi  to  the  department  commander  the  repK>rt  referred  to,  with  the  following 
comment: 

*'2.  The  inference  to  be  drawn  from  the  results  of  the  very  thorough  study  which 
Maj.  Damall  has  made  of  the  subject  is  that  the  water  of  the  well  is  potable,  but  that  it 
is  of  a  character  which  favors  the  rapid  growth  of  bacteria,  and  tnat  it  will  require 
exceptional  care  in  handling.  The  bacteria  which  have  already  been  found  are  in 
themselves  harmless,  but  their  rapid  multiplication  affords  an  index  of  what  would 
happen  in  the  event  of  the  infection  of  any  part  of  the  svstem  of  supply  by  the  acci- 
dental introduction  of  the  organisms  of  cholera,  typhoid  fever,  or  otner  water-borne 
diseases. 

''3.  If  proper  precautions  are  taken  and  unceasing  vigilance  is  exercised,  it  is 
believed  that  this  well  can  be  safely  used  as  a  source  ofsupply,  but  in  the  event  of  its 
beinff  so  used,  the  danger  of  careless  handling  should  be  thoroughly  understood  by 
all  wno  are  responsible  for  its  distribution. 

"4.  I  recommend  that  the  well  be  put  in  use,  and  that  pumping  be  regulated  by 
the  daily  requirements  in  order  that  surplus  water  be  not  allowed  to  accumulate; 
that  water  wagons  and  utensils  used  in  distributing  be  frequently  sterilized  by  steam; 
and  that  all  possible  precautions  be  taken  in  handling  the  water.  I  further  recom- 
mend that  samples  of  water  from  the  tank,  service  pipe,  and  water  wagons  be  collected 
weekly  and  sent  to  the  department  laboratory  for  examination." 

Water  from  the  well  has  recently  been  supplied  with  more  or  less  regularity,  and 
the  matter  is  still  under  investigation,  additional  samples  being  taken  for  examinatian 
from  water  coolers  and  other  places  of  terminal  distribution.  Certain  complaints 
from  consumers  have  been  personally  made  to  the  writer,  but  these  ordinarily  refer 
to  the  taste  of  the  water,  which  is  appreciable  to  persons  accustomed  to  the  use  of 
distilled  water.  In  this  respect  it  is  considered  that  the  Cuartel  de  Eepana  water 
is  equal  to  or  superior  to  that  furnished  by  the  artesian  wells  at  Fort  McKinley. 

A  new  difitillinff  plant  is  being  installed  by  the  Quartermaster  Department  at  its 
depot  to  replace  ^e  one  now  in  uar*.  This  will  be  held  in  reserve  for  use  should  the 
well  water  oecome  infected  or  be  finally  considered  unfit  for  use. 

A  second  artesian  well  is  now  being  bored  at  the  department  hospital. 

PETTrr  BABaACKS,  lONDANAO. 

The  surgeon  reports  that  there  have  been  no  prevaidng  diseases  during  the  year. 
A  slight  outbreak  of  dengue  occurred  in  June.  Venereal  diseases  have  been  raro. 
There  has  been  a  marked  decrease  in  the  malarial  rate.  Troops  sleep  under  mosquito 
bars  in  screened  buildings,  and  draining  and  the  usual  antimosquito  measuresnaw 
been  carried  out. 

There  is  no  sewerage  sysU*-  ^^^  ^nr-earth  closets  are  in  use  at  the  post 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  SUBGEON  GENERAL.  589 

BEOAN  BARRACKS,  ALBAT. 

The  venereal  rate  at  this  station  has  practically  doubled  during  the  past  year,  and, 
with  the  exception  of  that  among  troops  of  the  China  expedition,  is  the  highest  in 
the  department.  The  matter  was  taken  up  from  this  office,  and  tne  post  au&orities 
attempted  and  partially  succeeded  in  enlisting  the  assistance  of  tibe  load  civil  authori^ 
ties  in  an  attempted  solution  of  the  problem.  In  November  the  surgeon  sent  to  the 
department  laboratory  a  considerable  number  of  blood  specimens  for  Wasserman 
test,  and  explained  to  this  office  that  these  were  from  prostitutes  who  had  been  airested 
by  the  civil  authorities.    He  reported  as  follows  in  connection  therewith. 

''All  known  prostitutes  are  being  arrested  and  examined  by  the  district  health 
officer  and  the  medical  officers  of  tne  command.  All  found  infected  are  tried  and 
sentenced  to  jail.  During  their  confinement  thejr  are  treated  until  noninfective. 
These  24  specimens  are  from  women  now  underling  confinement,  as  it  is  desired 
to  know  the  number  suffering  from  syphilis  in  addition  to  having  gonorrhea  and  chan- 
croids. The  civil  authorities  have  set  aside  a  designated  area,  and  when  these  pros- 
titutes are  rendered  noninfective  will  require  them  to  live  in  that  area  and  be  sub- 
jected to  weekly  inspections.  All  prostitutes  found  outside  of  the  area  will  be  arrested 
and  confined. 

The  surgeon  further  reports  that  all  orders  with  reference  to  inspections  and  pro- 
phylaxis are  carried  out,  and  that  all  infected  men  are  quarantined  and  treated  until 
they  cease  to  be  infective. 

In  this,  as  at  all  other  stations,  clandestine  prostitution  is  undoubtedly  an  important 
factor  in  the  spread  of  this  class  of  diseases. 

The  admission  rate  for  malaria  has  been  considerably  reduced  during  the  year. 

WABWICK   BABBACKS,  CEBU. 

The  surgeon  reports  that  dengue  is  endemic  in  Oebu,  and  that  with  the  exception 
of  minor  acute  gastrointestinsd  disturbances  and  respiratory  disorders  this  disease 
has  furnished  the  greater  part  of  the  admissions  to  sick  report  during  the  year. 

He  also  states  that  there  is  practically  no  malaria  in  Cubu,  and  states  that  the  cases 
are  usually  imported  ones,  aoout  30  of  these  having  recently  been  brought  to  the 
post  with  the  battalion  of  native  troops  transferred  from  Camp  Overton.  The  usual 
antimalarial  precautions  are  taken. 

The  venereal  rate  is  small.  Existing  orders  with  reference  to  this  class  of  diseases 
are  carried  out. 

The  cuartel  and  hospital  are  reported  as  beine  located  "in  the  dirtiest  part  of  the 
dty,''  and  officers  are  quartered  in  rented  buildings  in  the  town.  "The  quarters 
of  married  enlisted  men  hving  out  of  barracks  are  usually  dirty  and  badly  overcrowded. 
The  poor  housing  is  undoubtedly  a  prominent  factor  in  the  causation  of  the  respiratory 
disoraers  with  wnich  these  people  are  affee'ed.'* 

TIENTSIN,  CHINA,  AND  8UBP08T8  OF  CHINA   EXPEDITION. 

This  command  continues  to  lead  the  department  in  the  admission  rate  on  account 
of  venereal  diseases,  and  the  figures  are  slightly  larger  than  those  of  the  preceding 
year.  The  surgeon  reports  that  all  War  Department  instructions  with  reference  to 
these  diseases  have  been  carried  out,  supplemented  by  restriction  to  barracks  of  all 
cases  undergoing  treatment  outside  of  hospital  until  they  have  ceased  to  be  infective. 
He  further  states  that  the  rates  have  been  high,  owing  to  local  conditions.  "On 
account  of  the  delicate  international  relations  existing  here  it  is  not  believed  that 
it  will  be  practicable  to  institute  any  control  over  prostitution  and  prostitutes  in  the 
various  concessions."  This  question  has  been  taken  up  by  this  office  at  various 
times  and  it  is  believed  that  the  military  authorities  are  taking  every  possible  step 
to  control  the  evil. 

The  malarial  rate  is  not  large  and  shows  little  change  from  that  of  the  preceding 
year.    Owing  to  local  conditions  no  extensive  antimosquito  work  is  practicable. 

There  have  been  no  prevailing  diseases  except  venereal. 

The  general  sanitary  condition  is  reported  as  "excellent,  when  due  allowance  is 
made  for  the  lack  of  modem  heating,  plumbing,  and  lavatory  conveniences." 

CONCLUSION. 

In  closing,  the  department  surgeon  desires  to  say  that  general  sanitary  conditions 
thzoudiout  the  department  are  satisfactory.  There  has  been  a  decrease  in  the  num- 
ber ofdeaths,  ana  had  it  not  been  for  the  extensive  prevalence  of  dengue  and  the 


590  REPOET  OF  THE  SUBGEON  GENBRAU 

slight  increase  in  the  venereal  rate  the  saiHe  remark  would  have  applied  to  the 
morbidity. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  over  half  the  deaths  in  the  department  among  white 
troops  during  the  year  occurred  as  a  result  of  traiunatism  or  drowning,  and  it  is  a 
still  more  interesting  fact  that  practically  25  i>er  cent  of  the  total  deam  rate  in  the 
same  class  of  soldiers  *is  made  up  by  cases  of  suicide. 

The  question  of  Medical  Department  personnel  for  this  department  was  folly  dis- 
cussed in  the  department  surgeon's  report  to  the  department  comnumder,  and  wis 
by  him  embodied  in  his  annual  report  wnich  has  already  reached  the  Surgeon  Gen^^'s 
Office.  When  the  personnel  now  under  orders  for  duty  with  this  command  shall 
have  reported,  it  is  oelieved  that  all  ordinary  conditions  can  be  successfully  met. 

The  commissioned  personnel  has  been  generally  efficient,  and  the  department 
Bur^n  has  been  particularly  pleased  with  the  manner  in  which  a  number  of  the 
junior,  and  consequently  imtried,  officers  of  the  Medical  Corps  have  acquitted  them- 
selves when  it  became  necessanr,  owine  to  a  deficient  personnel,  to  place  them  in 
positions  of  responsibility  which  would  not  ordinarily  nave  been  given  to  officen 
of  their  rank  and  experience.  The  manner  in  which  they  have  taken  hold  of  and 
carried  on  their  work  has  furnished  another  evidence  of  the  value  of  the  training 
given  at  the  Army  Medical  School. 

The  work  of  the  Hospital  Corps  has  been  generally  satisfactory.  As  in  all  bodies 
of  men  of  considerable  size,  there  are  many  wno  could  have  been  replaced  with  great 
advantage.  It  is  desired  to  mention  particularly  the  sood  work  of  many  of  the  older 
noncommissioned  officers^  as  well  as  other  old  and  faithful  soldiers  who  have  not 
been  so  fortunate  as  to  win  their  chevrons. 

It  is  regretted  exceedingly  that  the  law  does  not  permit  compensation  commeA- 
forate  wiui  the  value  of  their  services. 


EAWAn. 

The  mean  enlisted  strength  of  the  troops  serving  in  Hawaii  dxirin^ 
the  year  1915  was  8,572,  as  compared  with  7,971  during  1914.  09 
these,  1,863  were  colored.  A  remarkable  feature  in  connection  with 
the  rates  for  Hawaii  in  comparison  with  those  for  the  United  States 
is  that  while  the  total  admission  rate,  noneffective,  discharge,  and 
death  rates  are  lower,  vet  the  individual  rates  for  the  preventable 
diseases  are  somewhat  higher,  especially  that  for  venereal  diseases. 
The  average  number  of  days'  treatment  for  each  case  was  13.11,  as 
compared  with  13.34  for  the  United  States. 

ADMISSION   RATES. 

The  admission  rate  during  1915  was  568.94  for  total  enlisted  men 
per  1,000,  as  compared  with  523.27  for  1914.  The  rate  for  disease 
alone  was  440.85  per  1,000  and  that  for  external  causes  128.09;  that 
for  disease  in  1914  was  401.96  and  for  external  causes  121.31. 

CONSTANTLY  NONEFFECTIVE  RATES. 

The  constantly  noneffective  rate  was  20.44  per  1,000  ior  all  causes 
in  1915,  as  compared  with  18.75  for  1914.  Tne  rate  for  disease  was 
16.39  and  that  lor  external  causes  4.04  per  1,000,  as  compared  with 
14.33  for  disease  and  4.42  for  external  causes  in  1914. 

DISCHARGES  ON   CERTIFICATES  OF   DISABILITT. 

The  rate  for  dischai^es  for  disabiUty  was,  for  aU  causes,  10.92  per 
1.000,  9.79  being  for  disease  and  1.13  for  external  causes.  In  1914 
tne  total  rate  was  9.02,  that  for  disease  being  7.89  and  for  external 
causes  1.13  per  1,000. 

DEATHS. 

The  death  rate  (total)  was  3.04  per  1,000,  that  for  disease  being 
2.25  and  for  external  causes  0.79,  as  compared  with  a  total  rate  oi 
1.63,  1.13  for  disease  and  0.50  for  external  causes  per  1,000  in  1914. 
In  actual  numbers  27  deaths  occurred  among  the  enlisted  personnel, 
20  being  due  to  disease  and  7  to  external  causes.  Two  of  these  deaths 
from  external  causes  were  due  to  suicide;  1  from  suffocation,  strangu- 
lation; 1  from  drowning,  accidental;  1  from  traumatism  by  crushing; 
1  from  homicide;  and  1  from  other  external  violence. 

691 


592 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENBRAU 


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BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEOX  QBNEBAL. 


593 


INYALIDINO  TO  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

In  1915  there  were  142  cases  invalided  home;  in  1914  there  were 
141,  and  in  1913  there  were  106. 

Tiie  diseases  or  conditions  causing  the  highest  number  of  cases  to 
be  invalided  home  were: 

Mentol  alienation,  33;  tuberculosis,  28;  syphillis,  9;  organic  dis- 
ease of  the  heart,  8;  chronic  alcoholijam  and  epilepsy,  5  each;  and 
5  cases  of  enuresis. 

Enlitted  men  invalided  home  from  Hawaii,  year  1916, 


Cftuaa. 

Nnm- 
btfof 

Percent- 
age of 
total 

Dnty. 

Discharge 

onoertifl- 

eateof 

disabO- 

ity. 

Died. 

Other- 
wise dis- 
posed of. 

Remain- 
ing at  end 
of  year. 

Itaital  altonatkwi  (pMftlysb  of  Um  in- 
sane, 4;  donentift  precox.  17;  defee- 
ttve  mental  developfneni,  5;  other 
vmrieties,  7) 

39 

28 
9 
8 

23.24 

19.72 

6.34 

5.83 

3.52 

3.52 

3.52 

2.82 

2.82 

2.11 

2.11 

2.11 

1.41 

1.41 

1.41 

1.41 

1.41 

1.41 

.70 

.70 

.70 

.70 

.70 

.70 

.70 

.70 

.70 

.70 

.70 

.70 

.70 

.70 

.70 

.70 

.70 

.70 

.70 

.70 

3 
3 

1 

i* 

1 

2 

i' 

i* 

25 

8 
3 
7 
3 
5 
2 

1 
1 

Tubercoloeis:  polmooair,  27;  Potts' 

1 

20 

Rn>hiUs 

Orninfc  dfieam  of  the  heart 

Epfleponr 

Bnnresn 

3 
2 

Chrontf  arttmlar  rhmmatlnn 

Secoodary  reooltfl  of  taihinr 

2 

1 
8 
2 

Qooorrhea 

Biinioo.. .•.•••...••••................ 

Pncture 

Paraplegia....  7 

1 

1 
1 
2 
1 

Hysteria 

Goitre 

Chronic  l»vw*»itiji»»r-t-,--»r,. ....... 

• 

AjlthTna  ,    -    . -  t  -  r  -  t   r    r   r 

Dyaeotery 

Cerebrospinal  meningitis,  epidemio. . . 
Ohncoma 

i* 

i* 

i* 

1 
1 

1 

Otitis  media 

I 

1 

flhinitis  hypertrophic ^ ,,,., 

1.::::::::: 

Oinffiritlsr ." '-- 

Intestinal  tn^^wa^*^ .  t  t  .  t  t     . , 

i* 

1 

Peritoneal  adhesions 

Chronic  nePhriti* » r 

Kcsema ,      rrr ,,T.,T-.r... ... 

Pataifnl  scar  -  - , r  - . .  - . . 

**********i 

Necrosis,  .-t -r,. 

1 

Periostitis 

1 

Arthritis 

1 

Synovitis 

1 

flat  foot 

1 

Incised  wqimd ,   ,.,..,,, 

1 

I^acerated  wwind 

1 

Pnnntnrnd  wound T 

1 
1 

Dislocation 

.. ..    1 

Total  cases ......--, t 

142 

20 
14.08 

70 
49.30 

2 
1.41 

6 
4.23 

44 

Perotfi tace  of  total  cases 

100.00 

33.99 

The  following  tabulation  for  enlisted  men  furnishes  a  comparison 
of  general  rates  for  Hawaii  with  the  United  States: 


Adpiiss 

Ion  rate. 

Noneffective 

Death  rate. 

Discharge  rate. 

rate. 

1916 

1914 

1915 

1914 

1915 

1914 

1915 

1914 

Hawaii 

568.94 
704.01 

523.27 
629.84 

20.44 
26.74 

1R.75 
23.37 

3.04         1.G3 
1      5.42        4.82 

10.92 
13.60 

9.02 

United  States 

14.82 

1 

«H76'— WAB 1916— VOL  1- 


-38 


' 


594 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON   QENERAIi. 


Table  Nos.  43  and  74  ^ve  fimires  for  all  troops  servinjg  in  Hawaii. 

The  diseases  causing  tne  hi^est  admission  and  nonenectiye  rates 
among  officers  and  enlisted  men  are  shown  in  the  following  tabula- 
tions: 

AdmUnon  rates  for  some  of  the  principal  diseases  in  the  Hawaiian  Department ,  American 

troops^  officers  and  enlisted  men. 


Total  ofUcers  and 
enlbted  men. 

Total  enlisted  man. 

1915 

1914 

1915 

1914 

Venereal  diseases. 

95.76 

29.63 

26.36 

19.83 

19.37 

14.06 

13.53 

11.37 

10.59 

8.90 

7.89 

7.44 

6.76 

4.39 

8.49 

S.37 

3.48 

1.93 

1.69 

.79 

65.07 

83.65 

36.85 

15.34 

38.43 

33.63 

17.43 

11.61 

6.89 

11.01 

6.93 

1.94 

6.05 

8.63 

8.03 

3.66 

3.54 

.97 

LS8 

.48 

99.04 

38. 9S 

34.85 

19.95 

18.31 

14.85 

18.77 

1L56 

9.93 

8.53 

7.93 

7.47 

7.00 

4.65 

8.63 

8.88 

3.45 

1.98 

L75 

.83 

67.87 

Bronchitis 

8X87 

Diarrhea  and  enteritis 

36.60 

TOaiilMtfS T    ,         ,    ,    T T T   T  -   T  - . 

15.18 

Influenza 

36.73 

Furuncle ............*.T...rTWT t t--,t -,,» 

33.96 

Constlnatlon 

17.69 

Aloohollsni 

13.01 

Annendloftis.  .,t ^^,^.-»r .r» 

6.90 

RneumatlsTi.  'niiscular. 

10.41 

Gastritis,  ac^ite  and  chronic .. , ^r t-TTT, 

5.61 

Rhinitis,  acute 

Ltt 

Cellulitis 

5.90 

If  ental  alienation ..^. ............. ...-r...... 

8.64 

Tuberculosis. • 

8.01 

Rheumatism,  artfc^ihir.  acute  and  chronic 

3.68 

livmnhadenitis.  nonvenereal 

3.63 

Knurcsis .........r....... ....... 

LOO 

Malarial  fevers ,..  ...t  .....  r  t  .  r  r .......  r  t  .... . 

L35 

Flat  foot 

.80 

Noneffective  rates  for  some  of  the  principal  diseases  in  the  Hawaiian  Department  ^  American 

troops^  officers  and  enlisted  men. 


Total  officers  and 
enlisted  men. 

Total  enlisted  men. 

1915 

1914 

1915 

1914 

Venereal  diseases.  .1 

4.78 
.71 
.57 
.88 
.88 
.87 
.86 
.37 
.33 
.33 
.33 
.18 
.17 
.14 
.18 
.18 
.18 
.07 
.06 
.03 

8.41 
.54 
.69 
.56 
.87 
.36 
.84 
.33 
.08 
.31 
.86 
.37 
.14 
.09 
.30 
.19 
.16 
.03 
.08 
.04 

4.96 
.67 
.68 
.87 
.87 
.88 
.85 
.38 
.34 
.38 
.38 
.18 
.18 
.18 
.18 
.14 
.18 
.07 
.06 
.03 

8.58 

A  DDendioitis  ...............••.................^...1-1- ^,^...., 

.58 

Bronchitis 

.79 

Influenia 

.58 

Plarrhea  and  enteritis r ......  r t  r  r  -  t  -  - t  .  t  . , 

.87 

Too^itis.  acute 

.38 

If  ental  alienation , t  . . .  t 

.88 

Tuberculosis ...........rT.-rTr ....• 

.81 

Bnuresis 

.08 

Rhwimatisni  articular,  acute  and  <dutnilc. ..  tti-.-^ ^.,^^t.**. 

.31 

PimniOla T,r,r.....r.r.... 

.88 

Rhenmatinm  muscular 

.37 

Alcoholism r......i- .- ^ 

.M 

Tivmrhadenitis.  nooveMreal. 

.M 

Oellnlitis / 

.38 

Constipation .. 

.19 

GastriCls.  acute  and  chronic .........r....--^-rT-r-rT-r-T .^ 

.14 

Rhinitis,  acute  ,  r 

.09 

Malarial  feyers 

.08 

Flat  foot 

.01 

SPECIAL  DISEASES. 


TYPHOID  FEVER. 

An  epidemic  of  typhoid  fever  occurred  at  Schofield  Barracks  dur- 
ing the  latter  part  oi  the  year  1915,  the  last  case  of  which  occurred 
in  February,  1916,  to  determine  the  incidence  of  which  the  surgeon 
at  that  post  appointed  a  board  of  medical  officers  to  investigate  it 
carefully.  The  work  was  carried  out  under  three  heads,  viz,  first,  a 
careful  tabulation  of  the  cases  according  to  the  form  desired  by  this 
office;  second,  a  survey  of  the  food  and  water  supplies;  and,  third, 
an  attempt  to  establish  the  presence  of  a  carrier. 

The  board,  composed  of  Mai.  H.  D.  Bloombereh  and  Ldeuts.  G.  R. 
Callender,  R.  W.  Bliss,  and  K.  H.  Duenner,  ably  assisted  by  Capt. 
F.  H.  Foucar,  of  the  Department  Laboratory,  Hawaiian  Department, 
investigated  the  following  cases,  which  occurred  on  the  dates  specified : 


No. 

1 
2 

8 

4 


6 
7 
8 

9 

10 

11 

12 
13 


DaU. 


1915. 
Oet.   16 

•  •  •  UV«  •  •  •  • 

Oct.   25 
Oct.  27 

Oct.  28 

...do.. .. 
Nov.    2 
Nov.  15 

Nov.  18 

Dm.  24 

1916. 
Jan.    14 

Jtn.   29 
Feb.  20 


Name. 


A.  H.1. 


O.t. 


Female 
ICale... 


.do. 
.do. 


I  Y  » 


B. 
D. 
L. 


B.. 


Female 

Male... 
...do-... 
...do.... 


Yv  1 


...do.... 
Female 

Male... 


.do. 


T.  8. *....•.. .....'  Female 


Age. 


8 

8 

23 
29 

26 

24 
19 
24 

23 

25 

25 

30 
25 


Nationality,  etc. 


Japanese.. 
American. 


Soldier... 
Japanese. 

«  •  •  •  ■  U  V  •  *  • 


Soldier. 

dD. 

do. 


White  civilian. 
Japanese 


>  •  • •  •UW» • • « 


Soldier... 
Japanese. 


Place. 


Lieat  Sears's  quarters,  First  In> 

ftmtry. 
Son  of  Capt.  Fair,  Qoartermastcr 

Corps. 


Company  F,  First  Infant 
"apt.  Ki"  "   * 
mntry. 


Capt.  Knight's  quarters 


itry. 
,  First 


In> 


Mi^.  Sorley's  qnarters,  First  In- 
fantry. 

Company  L  First  Infantry. 

Company  E ,  First  Infantry. 

Troop  K,  Fourth  Cavalry,  near 
Flnt  Infantry. 

Civilian  emplovee.  Quartermaster 
Corps,  near  First  mfantrv. 

Quartermaster  camp,  7  mifes  from 
camp. 

Lieut.  Kieffer's  quarters.  Fourth 

Cavalry. 
Company  I,  First  Infantry. 
First  Infantry  tailor  shop. 


1  Transferred  to  other  bospltali . 


*  Died  in  department  hospitals. 


At  Schofield  Barracks  during  the  two  years  prior  to  October.  1915, 
there  have  been  no  cases  of  typhoid  fever  and  but  one  case  of  para- 
tyj^oid  fever  in  July,  1915. 

Schofield  Barracks  in  its  entiretv  extends,  roughly  speaking,  over 
3  square  miles  of  territory.  Locally  it  is  known  to  consist  of  two 
parts,  the  upper,  old,  or  cantonment  section  is  called  Schofield  Bar- 
racks, while  the  lower,  new,  or  concrete  portion  is  called  Castner, 
after  the  railroad  station  of  that  name.  All  of  the  cases  of  typhoid, 
with  one  exception,  occurred  in  the  Castner  section,  the  excepted 
case  (U.)  arising  at  the  quartermaster  construction  camp  connected 
with  the  building  of  the  new  water-supply  system,  and  aistant  from 
the  post  about  7  miles.  The  entire  command  was  on  maneuvers 
near  Fort  Shafter  from  October  13  to  October  23,  when  the  enlisted 
mes  visited  Honolulu,  where  typhoid  fever  is  endemic.    Notwith- 

505 


596  BEPORT  OF  THE  SUBQEON  GENERAL. 

standing  this  fact,  it  is  believed  from  a  study  of  the  clinical  records 
in  cases  3,  6,  and  7  that  these  soldiers  most  likely  were  infect-ed  in 
the  post  and  not  at  Honolulu. 

The  water  supply  of  Schofield  Barracks  proper  is  obtained  from 
tunnels  driven  into  the  Waianae  Range  of  mountains.  The  tunnels 
bring  the  water  into  reservoirs  located  about  1^  miles  from  the  post, 
from  whence  it  is  pumped  into  tanks,  which  then  supply  the  post 
by  gp'avity.  No  cases  of  typhoid  fever  have  occurred  in  the  Schofield 
section. 

The  water  supplyof  the  Castner  section  at  present  comes  from  the 
South  Fork  of  the  Kaukonahua  River,  the  water  being  conducted  to 
the  post  by  means  of  an  extensive  systena  of  partly  concreted  tun- 
nels, which  pick  up  the  stream  high  up  in  the  Koolau  Range  and 
carry  it  through  hillsides  or  in  the  open  for  a  distance  of  3  mite  to  a 
reservoir,  whence  a  pipe  line  takes  it  to  the  post,  a  farther  distance 
of  6  miles.  While  tnese  typhoid  cases  were  occurring  this  system 
of  water  supply  had  not  been  put  into  effect.  The  water  supplied 
to  the  Castner  and  only  occasionally  to  the  Twenty-fifth  Iniantry 
section  of  Schofield  came  from  the  reservoir.  This  reservoir  is  formed 
by  a  dirt  embankment  across  a  gulch  and  is  fed  by  surface  water 
and  small  springs.  The  flow  from  this  reservoir  was  augmented  at 
times  by  water  pumped  directly  from  the  South  Fork  by  a  pumping 
station  3^  miles  from  the  post. 

For  the  construction  oi  the  tunnel  system  a  camp  for  employees 
was  established  in  the  vicinity  of  the  line  of  construction.  On  an 
inspection  trip  made  January  22,  1916,  inquiry  was  made  of  various 
white  and  Japanese  anployees  with  the  idea  of  determining  the 
possibilities  of  a  water  infection  of  the  Castner  section.  Water  was 
pumped  from  time  to  time  between  September  14  and  December  26, 
1915,  from  the  open  South  Fork  River  into  the  main  supply  line  to 
the  post  and  twice  in  January,  1916,  for  three  hours  at  a  time.  The 
course  of  the  river  is  through  uninhabited  regions,  and  the  water  is 
as  safe  as  such  waters  can  be. 

It  seems  further  that  about  December  22,  1915,  a  Japanese  laborer 
left  the  camp  sick  of  some  unknown  condition  and.  a  lew  days  later, 
a  sick  Japanese  woman  went  to  Honolulu  from  tne  camp.  About 
this  time  the  department  of  health  in  Honolulu  gave  the  information 
that  a  Japanese  woman  formerly  employed  in  Scnofield  Barracks  was 
sick  at  the  Japanese  hospital  with  typhoid  fever.  This  seems  to  refer 
to  one  and  the  same  woman  and  the  name  of  the  sick  woman  was 

S'ven  as  U.  Unfortunately  there  is  an  irreconcilable  conflict  of 
ites  as  to  the  occurrence  of  this  illness.  During  the  construction  of 
tunnels,  the  camp  for  Japanese  workmen  referred  to  was  maintained 
about  2  miles  aoove  the  reservoir.  The  sanitary  arrangements  of 
the  camp  were  very  good.  It  was  learned,  however,  that  while  these 
workmen  were  supposed  to  use  buckets  for  their  excreta  while  working 
in  the  tunnels,  in  spite  of  this  fact  the  tunnels  became  soiled;  further- 
more, that  about  December  26, 1915,  the  tunnels  were  cleaned  out  and 
that  this  filth  was  swept  into  the  reservoir. 

It  is  an  easy  assumption  to  make  (but  one  untenable  on  account  of 
the  lack  of  exact  information)  that  U.  acquired  her  typhoid  fever 
at  the  quartermaster  camp  along  the  tunnels,  that  she  went  out  of 
the  camp  by  way  of  the  tunnels,  that  she  scattered  the  organisms 
along  the  route,  and  that  this  one  case  gave  rise  to  cases  11, 12,  and  13. 


REPORT  OF  THE  BURGEON  GENERAL.  597 

But  assuming  for  the  sake  of  argument  that  this  woman  might  have 
been  so  responsible,  such  fact  would  throw  no  Ught  on  the  earUer 
cases  unless  she  had  acquired  her  disease  from  some  earlier  carrier  in 
the  camp. 

On  February  13,  1916,  the  following  report  of  water  examination 
was  made  by  Capt.  Foucar,  in  charge  of  tne  department  laboratory: 

,  Fourth  Cavalry  supply  (Scbofield  Barracks):  No  gas  formation  in  three  lactose 
fermentation  tubes;  colony  count  per  cubic  centimeter  0.25  (1  colcmy  in  4  cubic 
centimeters). 

First  Infsmtry  supply  (Castner):  Gas  production,  No.  1  tube,  30  per  cent;  No.  2 
tube,  30  per  cent;  No.  3  tube,  40  per  cent;  still  active  gas  production  at  end  of  24  hoxirs 
in  all  three  tubes;  colony  count  per  cubic  centimeter  0.40. 

Vegetables  and  fruits  are  suppUed  to  the  post  very  generally  by 
Japanese,  Chinese,  and  Korean  hucksters.  There  are  about  18  of 
these  men  who  have  their  own  wagons  and  peddle  their  supplies 
daily,  with  the  exception  of  one  or  two.  These  men  get  all  of  their 
vegetables  and  fruits  from  gardens  at  Waialua,  8  miles  from  the 
post.  These  gardens  are  kept  by  six  Chinese  famiUes,  and  are  irri- 
gated by  runnmg  water  from  the  Koolau  range  in  a  series  of  ditches. 
Tlie  gardeners  Uve  in  wooden  shacks  by  the  side  of  the  gardens  and 
have  dry  earth  closets  in  the  rear  of  these  gardens.  They  use  no 
human  excreta  for  fertilizing  purposes  and  the  gardens  are  especially 
well  kept.  The  gardeners  are  in  all  instances  Qiinese  who  deny  sick- 
ness. Two  of  the  nucksters  have  their  own  gardens  at  Wahiawa.  They 
also  have  diy  earth  closets  and  do  not  use  human  excreta  for  fertilizer, 
and  show  no  evidence  of  ill  health.  There  are  two  vegetable  markets 
in  the  post,  one  run  by  an  Hawaiian  woman,  who  gets  her  vegetables 
from  tne  gardens,  and  a  Chinese  who  gets  his  vegetaoles  from  Wahiawa 
and  Wai^ua.  At  times  these  markets  and  the  post  exchange  and  the 
different  organizations  purchase  vegetables  and  other  supplies  from 
the  markets  in  Honolulu. 

Milk  and  cream  are  suppUed  to  the  post  from  two  sources.  All 
of  the  officers  are  supphed  from  the  T.  ranch,  which  is  situated 
3  miles  from  Wahiawa  and  6  miles  from  the  post.  The  dairy  is 
conducted  in  a  fairly  clean  manner.  Mr.  T.  has  a  herd  of  about 
70  tuberculin-tested  cows.  These  animals  are  fed,  for  the  most 
part,  on  imported  alfalfa,  the  grazing  f aciUties  of  this  country  being 
very  poor.  The  cows  are  milked  twice  daily  in  sheds  with  cement 
floors  by  four  Japanese.  There  is  nmning  water  in  the  milk  shed 
and  the  milkers  are  clean  and  fairlv  careful.  The  milk  is  milked  into 
small-mouthed  tin  pails  and  is  taken  to  another  building  where  it  is 
cooled.  The  cooling  system  is  crude,  but  answers  the  needs  fairly 
well.  The  milk  is  then  collected  in  glass  bottles,  which  are  kept 
clean  by  soap  and  water,  and  immediately  delivered  by  means  of  a 
motor  truck  to  the  post.     The  cows  are  milked  at  4  a.  m.  and  1.30 

§.  m.,  and  two  deUveries  made  daily.  All  of  the  employees  of  this 
airy  have  been  examined  (by  Widals),  with  negative  results.  The 
different  exchanges  and  restaurants. connected  with  them  set  their 
milk  from  the  Honolulu  Dairymen's  Association,  deliverea  to  the 
post  by  motor  truck. 

For  the  sake  of  completeness  the  following  table  shows  the  result 
of  examinations,  made  by  the  department  laboratory,  of  the  milk 
from  the  post  dairy  during  1915. 


598 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GBNERAIi. 


Date 


1915 

Junes 

June? 

June  17 , 

July? 

July  22 

Aug.? 

Aug.  19 , 

Oct.  15 , 


Butter 

1 
Specific 

fat. 

gravity.  | 

Percent. 

3.2 

L029 

3.0 

L029 

3.2 

L030 

3.4 

L030 

3.6 

L030 

2.7 

L030 

8.2 

L030 

4.4 

L031 

10,000 

uaoo 

16,000 
1,250,000 
9,000,000 
2,000,000 

20,000 
4,000,000 


A  bacteriolofirical  count  made  February  11,  1916,  showed  246,000 
bacteria  per  cubic  centimeter. 

The  milk  gave  no  reaction  to  tests  for  formaldehyde,  salicylic, 
benzoic,  and  Doric  acids. 

The  following  table  gives  the  most  essential  features  of  the  cases 
among  the  enlisted  men : 


No. 

Name. 

Tmnnniitttioa 
completed. 

3 

F«   ,. 

Jan.   22,1914 

6 

f^ 

Feb.  10.1914 

7 

D 

Feb.  23.1915 

8 

Apr.    1, 1913 
Mar.  16,1915* 

12 

C 

1  Transferred  to  department  hospital;  no  record. 

*2  doses  only 

• 

These  cases  were  clinically  typhoid  fever.  Case  No.  8  was  mild. 
Cases  Nos.  6  and  12  were  moderately  severe.  Case  No.  7  was  ex- 
tremely severe  and  characterized  by  delirium.  All  recovered.  None 
had  hemorrhage.  Case  No.  6  had  two  relapses,  and  case  No.  12  had 
phlebitis,  left  leg,  and  cystitis. 

In  the  attempt  to  isolate  a  carrier,  it  was  deemed  advisable  to  make 
routine  Widals  of  various  servants  and  employees.  All  the  servants 
of  the  officers  of  the  First  Infantry,  numbering  70,  mostly  Japanese, 
were  examined,  and  the  reactions  were  negative  except  in  three 
cases  previously  vaccinated.  On  the  supposition  that  a  carrier 
might  oe  found  in  the  restaurants  at  Castner,  Widals  were  made  on 
specimens  of  blood  from  the  seven  Chinese  employees  of  the  First 
Infantry  restaurant  and  the  four  Chinese  employees  of  the  Fourth 
Cavalry  restaurant.    The  reactions  were  negative. 

On  February  20,  a  case  having  been  foiind  in  the  First  Infaaitr^ 
tailor  shop  in  the  person  of  a  Japanese,  Widals  were  made  on  spea- 
mens  of  blood  taken  from  the  nine  employees  of  this  estabUshment. 
The  reactions  were  negative. 

In  addition  seven  Widals  were  made  on  Japanese  foimd  at  the 
Quartermaster  camp  connected  with  the  building  of  the  tunnels  for 
uie  Nv'ater  supply  and  also  on  the  five  employees  of  the  post  dairy. 
The  reactions  were  neg:ative. 

Systematic  attempts  were  made  to  isolate  carriers  by  stool  and 
urine  examinations.  Eight  examinations  were  made  for  typhoid  or 
paratyphoid  in  this  manner  of  the  employees  of  the  First  Infantry 
tailor  shop;  2  cooks  of  K  Troop,  Fourth  Cavalry;  3  cooks  from  F 
Company;  3  cooks  from  I  Company;  and  2  cooks  from  E  Company, 


BEPORT  OF  THE  8UBGE0K  GENERAL.  599 

First  Infantry.  Liater  stools  or  urine  were  examined  of  8  hucksters, 
Chinese  or  Japanese,  and  of  13  employees  of  restaurants,  the  latter 
comprising  all  the  enlisted  men  on  duty  in  the  restaurants  in  whose 
cases  the  Widal  reaction  would  be  useless  on  account  of  typhoid  im- 
munization. Additional  examinations  were  made  of  suspect  carriers 
Srior  to  the  establishment  of  this  board,  after  the  occurrence  of  the 
isease  in  B.,  a  civilian  employee.  Carefid  stool  examinations  were 
made  of  all  cooks  and  mess  attendants  at  the  prison  stockade  mess, 
8  in  niunber,  with  negative  results. 

In  summing  up  the  findings  of  the  board,  the  following  general 
review  is  given : 

The  first  two  cases  occurred  on  October  15,  1915,  in  two  children, 
both  8  years  of  age  and  attending  the  district  school,  which  is  located 
in  the  Schofield  Barracks  section.  No  other  cases  occurred  in  this 
school.  The  two  children  went  back  and  forth  from  school  in  different 
wagons. 

The  board  has  been  unable  to  trace  any  connection  between  the 
two  cases  which  occurred  on  October  15  and  the  four  succeeding  cases 
which  occurred  between  October  25  and  28, 1915,  but  it  believes  that 
the  same  cause  was  common  to  the  first  six  cases. 

Following  the  discovery  of  typhoid  fever  in  the  son  of  Capt.  F., 
stool  exammations  were  made  of  Capt.  F.,  who  had  typhoid  fever 
in  1898,  and  also  of  O.,  a  house  servant.  These  were  negative  for 
typhoid  bacilli  and  their  respective  Widals  were  also  negative. 

After  close  scrutiny  of  the  foregoing  data,  the  board  can  not  decide 
even  Uie  probable  origin  of  the  disease. 

It  is  recognized  that  a  single  examination  does  not  decide  whether 
an  individual  is  or  is  not  a  carrier. 

As  far  as  examinations  are  concerned,  the  results  indicate  that 
there  is  no  carrier  among  the  dairy  employees,  the  hucksters,  and 
thepost  exchange  employees. 

Tne  evidence  wirows  suspicion  on  the  water  supply,  but  the  epidemic 
was  not  of  the  explosive  type  characteristic  of  water-borne  disease. 

Even  if  the  disease  disappears  coincidentally  with  the  instdlation 
of  a  new  and  improved  water-supply  system,  at  the  same  time  some 
carrier  connectea  with  the  food-supply  system  may  have  left  the  post 
or  been  transferred  to  some  other  d!uty. 

While  the  report  is  submitted  witn  no  conclusions  reached,  the 
board  believes  tnat  considerable  valuable  material  has  been  collected 
and  made  available,  in  case  further  cases  should  develop. 

The  surgeon,  Schofield  Barracks,  in  transmitting  the  report  of  the 
board,  remarks: 

Though  poaitive  proof  is  not  available,  the  suigeon  is  strongly  of  the  opinion  that  a 
Japanese  carrier  was  responsible  for  all  the  cases  cited  in  this  report. 

PARATYPHOID   FEVEB. 

One  case  of  this  disease  occurred. 

MALARIA. 

Fifteen  cases  were  reported  during  the  year. 


600  REPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON   QENERAU 

SMALLPOX    AND  VARIOLOID. 

None  occurred. 

MEASLES. 

rVenty-two  cases  of  measles  occurred  with  two  deaths. 

INFLUENZA. 

This  disease  caused  the  highest  number  of  admissions,  venereal 
diseases  excepted,  171  cases  being  reported,  with  an  admission  rate  of 
19.27  per  1,000. 

DTSENTEBT. 

Owing  to  the  niunber  of  cases  of  amcebic  djsentery  occurring  dur- 
ing the  year,  20  in  number,  a  board  was  appouited  consisting  oi  three 
medical  officers  to  investigate  and  report  u{)on  the  cause  and  submit 
recommendations  for  the  prevention  of  this  disease  in  the  future. 
The  board  met  at  Fort  Ruger,  Hawaii,  April  25,  1916,  and  their  con- 
clusions and  recommendations  may  be  summed  up  as  follows: 

That  amoebic,  or  more  properly  entamoebic,  dysentery  is  not 
especiallv  prevalent  in  Oahu,  and  while  sporadic  cases  do  originate 
in  the  island,  it  can  not  properly  be  considered  as  endemic. 

That  its  apparent  incidence  is  imderstood  to  result  principally  from 
importation  of  chronic  cases,  carriers,  and  persons  in  long  incuDation 
period  (average  64.8  days). 

That  the  carrier''  theory  is  the  method  in  which  entamo&bic 
dysentery  is  disseminated,  but  that  its  transmission  is  still  unde- 
termined. 

That  infection  usually  occurs  through  the  ingestion  of  cyst-beariog 
food  and  drink  either  directly  or  contaminated  through  handling  by  a 
carrier,  or  indirectly  contaminated  by  rodent,  fly,  or  other  insect 
transferences  of  cysts  from  infected  stools  to  food,  or  by  the  use  of 
nifi^t  soil  or  polluted  water  in  irrigating  and  washing  garc^n  produce. 

That  the  fife  of  the  cysts  of  entamoebic  histolytica  in  water  or  on 
vegetables  before  losing  their  infective  power  is  not  known  at  this 
time. 

That  the  usual  bacteriological  and  chemical  examination  of  water 
and  milk  woidd  be  useless  m  attempting  to  determine  the  presence 
or  absence  of  these  cysts,  and  tliat  after  an  examination  nothmg  more 
conclusive  than  an  opinion  as  to  whether  the  water  was  polluted  with 
sewage  coidd  be  given. 

That  the  local  sanitary  defects  noted  at  the  different  posts  visited 
is  not  directly  related  to  the  occurrence  of  the  cases  considered,  but 
that  the  more  scrupulous  the  individual  and  oi^anization  hygiene 
the  less  frequent  will  be  the  cases  of  entamoebic  inaction. 

That  Uie  prominent  part  played  by  carriers  should  be  constantly 
borne  in  mind  in  determining  the  details  of  administration  pertaining 
to  food  and  its  preparation. 

That  the  immediate  proximity  of  latrines  to  the  kitchens  as  seen 
in  the  new  barracks  at  Fort  Eamehameha  is  considered  dangerous  and 
likely  to  rapidly  disseminate  any  intestinal  disease  that  might  gain 
a  foothold  m  the  organization  even  if  contrair  to  the  present  condi* 
tion,  both  kitchens  and  latrines  were  property  screened. 


REPORT  OF  THE  BURGEON  GENERAL.  601 

The  board  recommended  that — 

All  cooks  m  organizations  from  which  patients  showing  entamceba 
histolytica  in  their  stools  are  received  have  their  stools  examined  once 
a  month  for  three  months  thereafter. 

AU  enlisted  men,  and  especially  noncommissioned  officers,  be  in- 
structed r^ularly  in  hygiene  of  entamoebic  dysentery  especially  with 
regard  to  tne  danger  from  allowing  men  with  histories  of  abdominal 
cramps,  diarrheas,  etc.,  who  might  be  carriers,  as  cooks  and  kitchen 
police. 

All  medical  officers  be  instructed  to  prepare  complete  histories  of 
all  cases  diagnosed  as  diarrhea,  intestinal  fermentation,  coUtis,  enteri- 
tis, gastritis,  ptomaine  poisoning,  gastroenteritis  following  the  form 
outhned  above  and  that  the  stools  of  such  cases  be  examined  repeat- 
edly for  entamoeba  histolytica  as  invariably  as  the  Wassermann  reac- 
tion is  now  being  requested  in  cases  of  venereal  sore. 

Increasing  eflU)rts  be  made  everywhere  in  garrison  and  in  the  field 
to  make  latrines,  kitchens,  and  dining  rooms  flyless  and  flyproof. 
The  importance  of  this  can  not,  in  the  opinion  of  the  board,  be  over- 
emphasized and  it  beUeves  that  apparent  comphance  with  but  real 
indifference  to  the  thorough  execution  of  these  principles  is  a  sanitary 
menace. 

Experimental  work  be  ii^stituted  to  determine  whether  the  rat  is  a 
carrier  of  entamoeba  histolytica,  and  how  long  the  cysts  of  that  para- 
site retain  their  infective  power  after  leaving  their  host. 

BRONCHITIS. 

There  were  263  cases  of  bronchitis  with  an  admission  rate  of  29.63. 

TUBERCULOSIS. 

There  were  31  cases,  28  of  which  were  pulmonary  tuberculosis. 

VENEREAL  DISEASES. 

There  was  a  considerable  increase  in  the  venereal  rate  for  1915  over 
1914,  850  cases  in  all  occurring,  with  an  admission  rate  of  95.76. 
Of  these  cases  237  were  syphilis,  96  chancroid,  and  517  gonorrhea. 

ALCOHOLISM   AND   ITS   RESULTS. 

There  were  100  cases  admitted  for  this  cause,  with  an  admission 
rate  of  11.27,  which  was  slightly  lower  than  for  1914. 

DIARRHEA    AND   ENTERmS. 

Two  hundred  and  thirty-four  admissions  are  chargeable  to  this 
cause,  producing  an  admission  rate  of  26.36. 

HilMORRHOIDS. 

There  were  55  cases  admitted  during  the  year. 

MENTAL    ALIENATION. 

Thirty-nine  cases  of  mental  aUenation  were  reported,  resulting  in 
an  admission  rate  of  4.39,  an  increase  over  last  year. 


SANITATION. 

The  following  sanitary  defects  are  reported  by  the  department 
surgeon: 

PORT  ARMSTRONG. 

Septic  tank  too  small  (January  ceport).  War  Department  declines  to  act,  as  it  ia 
the  policy  to  remove  command  to  Fort  Kamehameha  and  retain  only  a  caretaker 
(fifth  indorsement,  Mar.  13). 

FORT  DS  RU88T. 

The  old  and  temporary  buildings  are  to  be  replaced  by  new  construction,  for  which 
bids  have  been  invitedf.  Estimates  have  been  made  to  properly  fly-proof  kitchen  of 
Tenth  Oompany,  Coast  Artillery  Corps  (December  report). 

FORT  KAMEHAMEHA. 

Authority  has  been  given  to  correct  faulty  location  of  windows  in  permanent  non- 
commissioned officers'  quarters  if  source  of  discomfort  ^special  sanitary  report,  Mar.  12). 

From  special  sanitary  report  of  November,  it  would  appear  that  the  plans  of  new 
permanent  barracks  overlooked  essentials  of  sanitation  and  that  chanrai  in  original 
plan  further  increased  difficulties.  This  has  been  made  the  sub|ect  or  investigation 
and  report  of  sanitary  inspector  and  is  now  receiving  the  special  attention  of  the 
department  commander,  it  is  not  known  b v  whom  the  original  plans  were  drawn  and 
approved,  but  one  can  not  conceive  them  obtaining  the  approval  of  a  sanitarian. 

The  filling  of  the  near-by  swamps  is  urged  by  the  surgeon  as  a  sanitary  matter  in 
December  report,  and  as  me  labor  and  expense  involved  is  great,  will  require  the 
action  of  the  War  Department. 

FORT  SHAFTBR. 

The  reconmiendation  of  the  surgeon  (March  report)  to  hold  recruits  on  mainland 
until  all  likelihood  of  introduction  of  infectious  diseases  is  passed,  is  impracticable 
and  inadvisable. 

In  August  report  the  following  defects  are  noted:  No  kitchen  and  dining  room  for 
band  of  Second  In^try.  Room  so  used  inadequate  in  size  and  so  situated  that  dust 
from  grounds  of  quartermaster  stables  blows  into  door.  This  is  awaiting  aodon  of  War 
Department.  Drainage  ditch  through  post  imperfect  and  should  be  cemented  to 
assure  free  flow  of  water  and  prevent  breeding  of  mosquitoes.  Cement  is  now  available 
and  rock  crusher  of  post  has  been  repaired,  so  that  work  can  be  done  with  post  labor 
(December  report).  Imperfect  sewage  plant  for  the  present  and  proposed  future  gar- 
rison. The  present  plant  was  intendfed  for  one  battalion  at  peace  strength.  Present 
garrison:  One  regiment  of  Infantry,  one  company  of  Engineers,  one  company  of  Signal 
Corps,  all  at  war  strength.  Future  garrison  probably  will  be  one  or  two  additional 
regiments.  Estimates  ($140,000)  for  a  proper  main  sewage  system  are  being  prepared 
(December  special  report).  This  should  be  installed  prior  to  permanent  constructi<Hi. 
September  report  shows  the  need  for  a  proper  dispensary  building.  The  need  is 
acknowledged  by  the  department  commander,  but  not  approved  for  a  temporary 
structure,  as  estimates  for  a  permanent  post  have  been  submitted  for  action  of  Con- 
gress (November  report).  Inadequate  water-closet  facilities  in  cantonment  barracks. 
This  has  received  as  yet  no  action. 

80HOFIBLD  BARRACKS. 

The  necessity  of  sanitary  provisions  in  advance  of  the  arrival  of  troops  is  shown  by 
the  many  defects  noted  in  tne  reports  of  Schofield  Barracks. 

The  shortage  of  water  supply  has  been  one  of  constant  complaint.  With  the  cement 
lining  of  the  ditch  from  Koolau  Range  to  reservou^  it  is  believed  this  will  end.  It  is 
thought  that  thi^  cement  lining  of  ditch  would  have  been  provided  for  in  the  beginning 
bad  a  hydraulic  engineer,  familiar  with  Hawaiian  conditions,  been  in  chai^ge.    The 

602 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEOK  GENERAL.  603 

dispoeal  of  sewage  oEfers  an  opportunity  for  similar  comment  regarding  the  employment 
of  a  competent  sanitary  engineer  in  planning  a  comprehensive  svstom  provided  fore 
knowledge  is  available  of  wnat  the  gaxrison  is  to  be.  Defects  in  tnis  respect  are  noted 
in  sanitary  report  of  September,  and  it  is  believed  will  continue  until  remedies  pro- 
posed are  earned  out.  A  proper  plan  of  post  would  not  have  constructed  noncommis- 
sioned officers'  quarters  in  the  proximity  of  septic  tanks  when  so  much  other  land  is 
available. 

The  following  recommendations  of  surgeon  on  December  report  await  action  of 
higher  authority: 

(a)  Barracks  to  be  built  to  repiace  casual  (quarantine)  camp." 

Widi  a  post  the  size  of  Schofield  Barracks  infectious  diseases  are  almost  sure  to  be 
brought  with  each  lot  of  recruits  from  the  mainland.  Should  the  enlistment  period 
be  decreased,  such  arrivals  will  be  more  numerous  and  more  frequent  than  in  the 
past,  and  the  need  of  proper  quarantine  greater. 

"(6)  That  a  guardhouse  be  erected  in  place  of  the  stockade  camp  for  general  pns- 
oners." 

The  recent  severe  storms  have  demonstrated  the  need  for  this. 

'*(c)  That  permanent  roads  be  built  to  replace  the  quagmires  now  used  as  roads.'' 

This  only  indirectly  affects  sanitation. 

^'((f)  That  the  makeshift  and  partial  sewer  system  be  extended  to  all  parts  of  the 
post  and  completely  modernized." 

"(«)  That  the  septic  tanks  of  the  sewage  disposal  plant  be  covered  to  prevent  fly 
breeding." 

These  last  two  are  covered  by  remarks  above  as  regards  a  competent  sanitary  engineer 
furnishing  a  proper  plan  and  strict  adhesion  thereto. 

« 

DEPARTMENT  HOSPrrAL. 

Quarters  for  medical  officers  and  noncommissioned,  officers  of  Hospital  Corps  are 
required,  as  stated  in  January  report.  The  War  Department  has  been  asked  for  the 
money  to  buy  adjoining  lana  and  Congressional  action  is  sought.    Until  that  time 

gublic  buildings  will  be  inadequate  for  command  and  the  officers  be  obliged  to  live 
t>m  3  to  10  miles  from  hospital. 

SANrrABY   PERSONNEL. 

« 

With  an  increase  of  13  medical  officers,  the  compkint  of  last  annual  report  as  to 
scarcity  tor  peace  conditions  no  longer  holds.  The  Hospital  Corps  is  deficient,  espe- 
cially in  competent  noncommissioned  officers,  of  whom  there  are  but  31.  These,  wiUi 
the  185  privates  first  class  and  privates,  including  lance  corporals  and  acting  cooks, 
give  but  2J  per  cent  of  the  command,  a  number  barely  sufficient  to  do  the  ordinary 
routine  work  of  hospitals  and  dispensaries  and  not  having  time  to  devote  to  the  neces- 
sary field  instruction  at  Schofield  Barracks  and  hospital  training  at  department 
hospital.  Should  an  active  campaign  become  necessary,  this  shortage  would  most 
seriously  affect  the  sanitary  conditions  and  consequent  morale  of  the  troops. 

The  needs  of  the  Medical  Department  for  war  in  Hawaii  were  set  forth  in  a  report  to 
the  department  commander  under  date  of  October  1,  1915. 

INSTRUCTION   OP  PERSONNEL. 

With  the  arrival  (Jan.  15,  1916)  of  25  recruits,  Schofield  Barracks  will  be  enabled  to 
give  some  needed  field  instruction.  In  January.  1915,  a  class  of  10  men  was  formed 
at  department  hospital  from  selected  privates  oi  the  various  stations  for  a  course  in 
nursing.  These  men  were  returned  to  their  stations  after  four  months'  training  and 
were  given  certificates  of  having  completed  such  special  course  of  Army  nursing. 
Report  of  school  inclosed.  In  November  another  claiss  of  10  was  organized,  a  greater 
number  not  being  available.  It  is  intended  to  continue  this  training  for  six  months. 
The  or^nization  of  the  United  States  Service  Medical  Society  of  Hawaii,  of  which  all 
commissioned  officers  of  the  Medical  Department  (excepting  three)  are  members,  for 
the  discussion  of  medico-military  matters,  it  is  believed  will  oe  of  benefit  to  the  Army 
service  as  well  as  individuals.  Paragraph  45,  General  Orders,  No.  2,  Headquarters, 
Hawaiian  Department,  July  1,  1915,  has  resulted  in  a  better  study,  especially  by 
junior  medical  officers,  firom  a  military  sanitary  point  of  the  conditions  liable  to  be 
met  in  war. 

Until  ambulance  companies  are  given  this  department,  proper  field  training  and 
consequent  sanitary  preparations  can  not  be  gained. 


604  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON    QENEBAI«. 

HOSPITALS  AND  DISPENSARIES. 

The  confitnictlon  of  a  nurses*  quarters  and  clinic  building  have  given  much-needed 
additions  to  the  department  hospital.  The  alterations  ot  one  oi  the  buildings  into 
prison  and  detention  wards,  witn  hvdrotherapeutic  section,  is  under  way,  and  will 
permit  better  handling  of  cases  for  which  instituted.  A  laundry  should  be  provided. 
Quarters  for  commissioned  and  married  noncommissioned  officers  is  an  uigent  need. 
It  is  not  known  what  progress  has  been  made  In  obtaining  the  necessary  land  adjoining 
the  hospital  upon  which  these  buildings  can  be  erected,  but  the  need  therefor  is 
great,  and  the  expense  to  the  Government  in  the  form  of  commutations  for  quarten 
makes  a  considerable  item.  As  it  is,  commissioned  and  nonconmiissioned  officers 
are  obliged  to  reside  at  distances  of  3  to  8  miles  from  their  work,  are  under  expense 
in  going  to  and  fro,  and  are  not  as  immediately  available  as  though  they  lived  nearer. 

The  estimates  for  these  14  sets  of  officers'  and  6  sets  cf  noncommissioned  officeis* 
quarters  call  for  approximately  $75,000. 

A  240-bed  hospital  should  be  one  of  the  permanent  structures  at  Schofield  Barracks. 
Estimates  have  already  been  submitted  for  a  plan  which  can  be  readily  expanded.  It 
is  understood  that  the  Surgeon  General  has  asked  for  $150,000  for  this  purpose. 

The  construction  of  the  Iwilei  prophylactic  station  has  already  been  mentioned. 
As  it  was  occupied  only  subsequent  to  June  22,  its  workings  can  not  be  told. 

Additionid  room  for  dental  suigeons  and  a  larger  detachment  of  Medical  Department 
is  required  at  the  Fort  Kamehameha  dispensary.  Until  such  space  is  available,  this 
post  can  not  be  made  a  base  dental  station,  and  the  people  entitled  to  treatment 
must,  in  many  instances,  go  either  to  department  hospital  or  department  hesdquarteis 
for  proper  treatment. 

A  proper  dispensary  Ib  an  urgent  need  at  Fort  Shafter.  The  present  shack  offers 
but  poor  facilities  for  doing  the  great  amount  of  regular  dispensary  work  of  a  station 
having  a  strength  approximating  2,000  with  many  families  of  officers  and  enlisted 
men  in  addition.  Snould  additional  regiments  be  stationed  at  this  ganison,  it  is 
recommended  that  additional  dispensaries  be  provided. 

The  establishment  of  a  medical  supply  depot  by  authority  of  Secretary  of  War 
(Dec.  9,  1915).  and  actual  oiganlzation  in  March,  1916,  has  added  much  to  the  pre- 
paredness of  tne  medical  department  In  case  of  emergencies.  Suitable  storehouses 
and  offices  are  needed.  The  reserve  supplies,  valued  at  approximately  $105,000,  have 
not  been  entirely  overhauled  since  their  receipt  in  these  islands  in  1910.  and  tms  work  is 
hampered  by  reason  of  lack  of  room,  and,  in  the  past,  shortage  of  help.  In  1915  the 
leather  equipments  of  the  ordnance  department  for  sanitary  field  units  were  over- 
hauled, and  it  was  estimated  that  they  had  deteriorated  many  per  cent  (20-40). 
The  condition  of  canvas  and  cloth  material  ia  not  known.  Stored  as  it  has  been  in 
the  past,  and  still  is,  in  all  kinds  of  structures,  and  wherever  space  is  available,  hao  not 
been  in  the  interest  of  economy.  Undoubtedly  niuch  of  the  medical  supplies  are 
deteriorated.  As  the  advance  copies  of  Manual  Medical  Department,  which  make 
changes  in  supply  tables,  has  just  been  received,  these  units  will  be  oveihauled  at 
earliest  practical  opportunity  and  be  brought  up  to  date.  But  proper  storage  facili- 
ties must  be  proviaed.  To  nave  an  efficient  department  of  any  kind  requires  proper 
personnel,  with  sufficient  time  to  train,  needed  mat^iel  storea  and  assembled  where 
it  can  be  safqs^arded  and  issued,  and,  in  the  case  of  the  Medical  Department,  proper 
hospital  facilities.  In  all  these  respects  there  is  much  lacking,  and  efforts  to  secure 
the  same  have  met  with  only  partial  success. 


PAVAMA  CAVAI  ZOVE. 

The  mean  strength  of  all  troops,  indudmg  oiB&cers,  serving  in  the 
Panama  Canal  Zone  during  the  year  was  5,903,  as  compared  with 
2,076  for  1914. 

ADMISSION  RATES. 

The  admission  rate  for  all  causes  was  859.22,  that  for  disease  heing 
709.81  and  that  for  external  causes  149.41,  as  compared  with*938.35, 
818.88,  Mid  119.46,  respectively,  for  the  year  1914. 

The  diseases  causing  the  highest  admission  rates  were:  Venereal 
diseases,  132.48;  malarial  fevers,  85.55;  influenza,  46.76;  bronchitis, 
29.65;  tonsillitis,  29.14;  and  funmcle,  26.09. 

It  is  considered  worthy  of  comment  to  call  attention  to  the  remark- 
able reduction  in  the  malarial  fever  rate  from  205.20  in  1914  to  that 
given  above,  which  would  indicate  that  mearures  looking  to  the  pro- 
tection against  and  destruction  of  mosquitoes  are  effective,  if  properly 
carried  out. 

Admisnon  rates  for  some  of  (he  principal  diseases  for  Panama  Canal  Zone^  American 

troops,  officers  and  enlisted  m£n. 


OfBoers  and  enlisted 
men. 

Enlisted  men. 

1915 

1014 

1015 

1014 

Venereal  diseases 

Melarfal  fnmTi 

13X48 
85.55 

46.76 

20.65 

20.14 

26.00 

16.60 

15.02 

15.25 

13.21 

1         0.32 

8.13 

6.78 

5.03 

5.25 

4.41 

3.22 

1.02 

131.50 

205.20 

31.31 

18.30 

46.72 

12.52 

15.41 

21.68 

0.63 

21.68 

8.10 

13.07 

7.71 

2.41 

6.26 

4.84 

7.23 

136.51 

87.57 

47.37 

20.80 

29L36 

26.57 

16.78 

16.06 

15.78 

13.63 

&31 

&22 

6.20 

6.12 

5.42 

4.54 

2.07 

1.05 

135.83 
206.06 

Infloeim 

31.84 

Bronchitis 

TdndlliUs. 

Ponxnch^. 

18.01 
47.76 
12.04 

Diairheft  and  enteritis 

15.02 

Appendidtis 

21.80 

Alealiolisn]  (mU) 

T.ymph4(rfAiiit4, nonvmerml  ....... 

0.05 
22.38 

'Plv«n'nAt1sni|  mrawnlar , 

&46 

Hemflrrhoidsl 

Rhinitis,  scate 

ToberculoBis  (mU) 

FUtfbot 

14.43 
7.46 
2.40 
6.47 

RheaniatiBfQ.  articnlar  (all) .    . 

4.48 

Pleurisy 

7.46 

Dysentery 

CONSTANTLY  NONEFFECTIVE  BATE. 


The  noneffective  rate  was  25.63  for  all  causes,  as  compared  with 
36.45  for  1914;  that  for  disease  being  21.66  per  1,000,  and  that  for 
external  causes,  3.97.  The  diseases  causing  the  highest  noneffective 
rates  were:  Venereal  diseases,  5.05  per  1,000;  malarial  fevers,  2.27; 
appendicitis,  1.06;  and  lymphadenitis  (nonvenereal),  0.95. 


605 


POBTO  BICO. 

The  troops  are  all  recruited  from  and  partly  officered  by  native  Porto 
Ricans.  The  regiment  is  commanded  by  a  United  States  Anny  of- 
ficer. The  sanitary  work  in  connection  with  this  organization  is  in 
charge  of  a  medical  officer  from  the  regular  corps  and  a  medical 
officer  from  the  Medical  Reserre  Corps.  The  two  garrisoned  posts 
have  a  mean  strength  of  719  officers  and  men. 

ADMISSION    RATES. 

The  admission  rate  for  all  causes  in  1915  was  552.16,  as  compared 
with  615.28  in  1914;  for  disease,  496.52  as  compared  with  534.65, 
and  for  external  causes,  55.63  as  against  80.62  in  1914. 

An  improvement  in  health  conditions  among  the  troops  is  evi- 
denced by  the  reduction  in  the  rates  for  1915  over  the  year  1914. 
It  is  regrettable  that  the  rate  for  venereal  diseas^  is  higher  this  year, 
as  compared  with  1914  which  showed  an  appreciable  reduction  over 
1913,  these  diseases  causing  the  highest  admission  as  well  as  the  high- 
est nonefifective  rate,  dengue  fever  taking  second  place,  with  rates 
of  84.84  and  76.50  per  1,000,  respectively. 

NONBFFECnVB  BATES. 

The  noneffective  rate  for  all  causes  is  also  slightly  hig|her  than  for 
the  precediiu^  year,  being  22.36  for  1915,  as  compared  with  21.64 
for  1914.  Tne  rate  for  disease  was  20.57,  as  compared  with  18.93 
for  1914. 

It  will  be  noted  that  there  was  a  marked  decrease  in  the  malarial 
rate. 

Some  of  the  principal  diseases,  with  the  admission  and  nonef- 
fective rates  as  compared  with  the  preceding  year,  are  shown  in  the 
following  tabulation: 

Admission  and  noneffective  rates  per  1,000  of  mean  strength  for  the  most  prevalent  diseases 

among  officers  and  enlisted  men  in  Torto  Rico, 


Wwrnmldiamam 

Chancroid  and  results 

Oonorrbea  and  results. 

SypbiUs  and  results 

Donsue 

Aoito  abscess  and  oeUnUtis. 

Diseases  of  tha  lymphatio  system. . . 

Rhinitis,  acuta 

Furuncle 

Dysentery 

Diarrhea  and  enteritis 

Rheumatism,  muscular 

Malarial  fevers 

Febrlcula  and  undetermined  fevers 

Rheumatism,  articular  (all) 

Ankylostomiasis 

Tonsillitis 

Smallpox 

Tuberculosis 


608 


Admi)tsi< 

on  rates. 

NooeffsctlTa  rates. 

1015 

1914 

1915 

1914 

IM»  IM 

68.48 

4.57 

3.84 

96.43 

16.97 

L66 

1.19 

83.38 

18.39 

L56 

.75 

34.90 

81.18 

L33 

L89 

7«.50 

&49 

3.94 

.U 

44.51 

5a  93 

L16 

.90 

81.99 

19.80 

1.06 

.71 

20.48 

115.98 

.40 

L88 

23.64 

15.56 

.45 

.88 

21  ?S 

7.07 

.56 

.31 

19.47 

8178 

.87 

.75 

11.18 

9.90 

.it 

.38 

8.84 

1&78 

.34 

.81 

6.95 

1.41 

.13 

.01 

5.58 

1L33 

.43 

.a 

5.50 

5.66 

.36 

.s 

&78 

13178 

.05 

.16 

L89 

&83 

.33 

.17 

1.89 

L41 

.18 

.48 

REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL.  609 

DISCHARGES   ON   OERTIFIOATB   OF   DISABnJTT. 

The  rate  for  discharge  for  disability  was  7.34  per  1,000  for  disease 
for  1915,  as  compared  with  8.97  for  diseases  in  1914. 

DEATHS. 

The  death  rate  was  4.17  per  1,000,  there  being  three  deaths  during 
the  year,  two  due  to  disease  and  one  to  injury.  In  1914  there  were 
also  three  deaths,  all  due  to  disease. 

SPECIAL  DISEASES. 

YELLOW   FEVER. 

The  surgeon  at  San  Juan,  P.  R.,  in  September^  1915,  called  atten- 
tion to  the  existence  of  several  cases  of  febrile  disease  coming  under 
his  observation  and  resembling  in  certain  features,  yellow  fever. 
He  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  so-called  ''seven-day  fever," 
" dengue,^'  and  ''black-water  fever"  as  they  exist  in  Porto  Rico, 
were  possibly  all  closeljr  related  to  yellow  fever,  and  accordingly  so 
tentatively  aiagnosed  nis  cases.  ^ 

On  furtner  study  the  diagnosis  of  yellow  fever  in  these  cases  was 
not  confirmed  by  either  the  local  health  authorities  or  by  the  Surgeon 
General  of  the  Army,  who  in  person  investigated  the  matter  very 
thoroughly  upon  the  request  of  the  Bureau  of  Insular  Affairs. 

e9176'— WAB 1916— VOL  1 39 


OHIVA. 

The  mean  strength  of  all  troopKs,  includmg  officers,  serving  in 
China  during  1915  was  1,378.  This  force  consisted  of  Infantry,  a 
detachment  of  Signal  C!orps,  Hospital  Corps,  and  noncommissioned 
staff,  all  white. 

ADMISSION   RATES. 

The  admission  rate  for  all  causes  was  1,438.32,  that  for  disease 
1,328.74  and  that  for  external  causes  109.58,  which  are,  with  the 
exception  of  the  latter,  all  higher  than  for  the  year  1914.  The  dis- 
eases causing  the  highest  admission  and  noneffective  rates  are  shown 
in  the  following  tabidations: 

The  principal  diseases  for  China — Admission  rates  for  American  troops^  officers  and 

enlisted  m^n. 


Ofiloen  and  en- 
listed men. 

Enlisted  men. 

• 

1915 

1914 

1915 

1914 

V«  iwr^ftl  dbMsm 

488.39 

80.55 

77.65 

48.62 

32.65 

29.03 

27.57 

27.57 

24.67 

23.22 

15.24 

10.88 

10.16 

5.06 

5.06 

4.35 

4.35 

1.45 

381.30 

50.00 

40.33 

57.74 

39.41 

20.16 

30.26 

18.33 

31.16 

22.00 

7.33 

4.56 

8.25 

6.42 

.92 

10.06 

.92 

9.17 

604.12 

83.15 

78.65 

47.94 

33.  n 

26.23 

26.22 

28.46 

24.72 

21.72 

15.73 

n.24 

9.74 

5.24 

5.24 

4.49 

4.49 

1.50 

306.  S7 

Ccnsttpatkm 

86.  as 

fYmllMth ,   - 

41.07 

D  iarrhM  and  entarltis. 

S7.S1 

AlmhQiism  (•II) 

4L07 

Tfiflfienffi, r . , . . .  .... 

19.10 

BTOHchUffi ..-.,-..., 

38.  OS 

Lymuhiidffnltls.  iionvMi#rtftl , . , 

19.10 

Rnftninatisin.  moscaltr 

S3. 47 

If altffftl  fevws .  .  

30.06 

FUnlQCI* ...         ..             ,. r        -,r        -        .        r.         ,.        .,        -r- 

7.64 

Rhmnnfttisiii.  irticular  (all )  

s.n 

ADDendJcitis 

8.60 

Tuoerculosis  (all) 

6.60 

Mumps 

.96 

PnAumonia  (lobar) 

10.61 

Plourfay 

.96 

Dy  Mntery 

160 

Noneffective  rates  for  American  troops ^  officers  and  enlisted  men. 


Venereal  diseases 

Lymphadenitis,  nonrenereal. 

TonsUJitis 

Tuberculosis  (all) 

Constipation 

Rheumatism,  muscular 

Brooch  Itis 

Diarrhea  and  enteritis 

llalarial  fevera 

Humps 

Influenta 

Aleoholism(aU) 

Appendidtii 

Dysentery 

Furuncle 

PneumooJa  (lobar) 

Rheumatism,  artioolar  (all) . . 
Pleurisy 


Officers  and  en> 
listed  men. 


1915 


13. 
1. 
1. 


57 
15 
06 
70 
69 
57 
53 
48 
42 
40 
38 
37 
31 
38 
28 
27 
23 


1914 


15.39 
1.06 
.41 
.92 
.89 
.47 
.39 
.40 
.29 
.02 
.33 
.34 
.51 
.31 
.04 
.57 
.12 
.01 


Bnllsted 


1915 


14.01 

1.19 

1.07 

.73 

n 

.56 
.58 

.46 
.40 
.41 
.35 
.38 
.31 


.33 
.01 


1914 


16.06 
1.10 
,41 

96 
40 
46 
37 
41 
37 


39 
04 

60 

or 


610 


BBPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  OENERAL. 


611 


DISOHABOE   ON   CERTIFICATE   OF  DISABILTTT. 

The  discharge  rate  for  disability  was  9.74  per  1,000  for  all  causes. 

DEATHS. 

The  death  rate  was  4.35  per  1,000,  the  rate  for  disease  being  2.90, 
and  that  for  external  causes  1.45.  Tlie  death  rate  was  lower  than  for 
1914,  bein^  5.50  for  the  latter  jear. 

Tables  Nos.  3,  73,  and  76  give  all  figures  for  the  troops  serving  in 
Chma  for  the  year  1915. 

The  rates  would  indicate  that  the  general  health  conditions  have 
decidedly  deteriorated  during  the  year  1915,  although  not  so  marked 
as  last  year  (1914)  over  1913.  An  appreciable  increase  in  the  admis- 
sion rate  for  venereal  diseases  is  noted,  with  a  decrease,  howover, 
in  the  noneffective  rate  for  the  same  disease. 

Tablb  No.  46. — Compariicn  of  rata  for  the  several  courUries  garrisoned  by  the  United 

StaUs  Army, 

COMPARISON  OF  BATSB  (PER  1,000  OF  ICE  AN  STRENGTH)  YEARS  1014-15,  OFFICERS 

AND  ENLISTED  MEN. 


Admissions. 

Noneffective. 

Discharges. 

Deaths. 

1915 

1914 

1915 

1914 

1915 

1914 

1915 

1914 

American  troops,  ezcladinr  officers: 
United  StiStt 

696.04 
378.66 
976.88 
1,43a  83 
568.50 
859.33 

633.38 
408.14 
865.79 
1,063.34 
533.58 
038.35 

35.77 
8.71 
38.70 
34.45 
30.34 
35.63 

33.41 

iai7 

3a  56 
38.88 
18.69 
36.45 

13.60 
11.80 
33.33 
9.74 
ia93 
13.03 

14.83 
8.74 

10.63 
3.83 
9.03 

10.94 

5.31 
3.54 
3.87 
4.35 
3.36 
3.46 

4.87 

AlMk^.                     

8.35 

PtalllDpine  Islan<1fl ............... 

3.64 

Cbfalfl X           X.  .  X  a  a  X  ^ 

5.50 

Haw«U 

1.81 

3.31 

The  Anny 

735.97 

555.07 
573.84 

657.73 

615.38 
714.14 

35.77 

33.78 
15.68 

33.98 

31.64 
30.30 

14.36 

7.84 
11.44 

13.99 

8.97 
9.56 

4.57 

4.41 
3.54 

4.53 

Nati^  troops  (enlbted): 

Porto  RJcan  Reeiment 

4.34 

3.19 

Venereal  diseases. 

Malaria 

1  fevers. 

Tuben 

:al06is. 

Admis- 
sions. 

Nonefleo- 
tive. 

Admis- 
sions. 

Nonefliec- 
tive. 

Admis- 
sions. 

Noneffec- 
tive. 

1915 

1914 

1915 

1914 

1915 

1914 

1915 

1914 

1915 

1914 

1915 

1914 

American  troops,  including 
oAcen: 
United  States 

70.05 

AS.  84 

3.84 
.53 
7.70 
13.57 
4.78 
5.05 

8.58 
.39 
9.78 
15.39 
3.41 
6.63 

13. 3* 
1.3- 

61. 6f 

33.32 
1.61 

S5M 

J  ia74 

J    3.00 
J  46.97 
I  3100 
)     1.33 
>  305. 30 

a37 
.01 

1.13 
.43 
.05 

3.37 

0.34 
.04 

1.39 
.39 
.03 

7.67 

3.68 
1.37 

3.73 
1.04 

3.83 
.15 
.47 
.70 
.37 
.35 

3.34 

AifMpinf 

84.31  afL8R 

.33 

Philippine  Islands 

Chfaia V / 

Hawaii 

170.88 

488.39 

06.76 

174.86 

381.30 

65.07 

6.08 
5.08 
3.49 

7.05 
6.43 
3.03 

.60 
.93 
.33 

Panama,  Canal  Zone .. . 

133.48 

131.60 

5.03 

3.41 

.16 

The  Army 

103.07 

89.67 
34.83 

106.  n 

4.50 
1.M 

4.51 

3.84 
3.66 

33. 1{ 

8.81 
80.11 

)  30.16 

I   13.73 
1301.80 

.48 

.35 
1.54 

.&7 

3.44 

3.34 

1.41 
6.57 

1.79 

.19 
.58 

1.78 

Native  troopa: 

Porto  Rlean  Reelment. 
Phll^ypine  Booott 

66. 

57. 

48 
57 

I 

.38 
1.48 

1.- 

4.1 

17 
S4 

.43 
.83 

ABMY  TBAVSPOBTS. 

The  sanitary  condition  of  the  Army  transports  and  the  accommo- 
dations provided  for  troops  and  passengers  have  been  satisfactory. 

With  one  exception,  hospital  accommodations  were  reported  ample. 
On  the  homeward  voyage  of  the  Sheridan  in  April  and  May,  86  patients 
were  received  by  transfer  from  Manila  and  Honolulu,  in  addition  to 
the  casuals  admitted  from  time  to  time  from  command,  necessitating 
the  placing  of  20  or  more  patients  in  the  troops  quarters  of  hold. 

During  the  voyage  of  tne  Sherman  from  San  Francisco  to  Manila 
in  January,  16  cases  of  mumps  and  19  cases  of  measles  occurred.  On 
the  next  voyage  of  the  same  transport  in  April,  22  cases  of  mumps 
and  3  cases  of  measles  developed. 

Twenty-six  cases  of  mumps  developed  on  the  transport  Thomas 
between  Februarv  5  and  March  8  while  en  route  to  Manila.  One 
case  occurred  at  Manila,  and  one  case  during  the  retxim  voyage. 

A  case  of  smallpox  was  foimd  among  casuals  coming  n*om  Fort 
MiUs,  P.  I.,  on  October  14,  prior  to  the  sailii^  of  the  Logan  from 
Manila.  The  patient  was  taken  to  the  San  Lazaro  Hospital,  and 
isolation  ward  and  quarters  of  casuals  disinfected. 
~  The  following  is  a  statement  of  enlisted  men  carried  between  the 
several  ports  during  the  year: 

San  Francisco  to  Honolulu 8, 978 

San  Francisco  to  Manila ; S,  445 

Honolulu  to  Manila -16ft 

Manila  to  Nagasaki 8 

Manila  to  Honolulu 21 

Manila  to  San  Francisco 6, 397 

Honolulu  to  San  Francisco 1, 946 

Nagasaki  to  San  Francisco 273 

Total 18,174 

Some  difficidty  has  been  experienced  by  transport  sui^geons  in 
obtainin£[  from  uie  casual  officer,  prior  to  arrival  at  port  of  desti- 
nation, the  health  records  (descriptive  lists)  of  enlisted  men  from  the 
Navy  and  Marine  Corps  given  transportation  on  Army  transports. 
This  office  has  recommended  that  nealth  records  be  sent  to  the 
ship's  surgeon  instead  of  to  the  casual  officer. 

612 


GEVEBAL  HOSPITALS. 

LETTERMAN    GENERAL   HOSPITAL,  SAN   FRANCISCO,  CAL. 

lliis  hospital  is  used  as  a  base  hospital  for  the  Philippines  and 
Hawaii;  a  post  hospital  for  the  Presideo,  San  JVancisco,  Fort  Winfield 
Scott  and  several  smaller  posts  in  the  harbor  of  San  Francisco,  and 
a  general  hospital  for  the  western  part  of  the  country.  It  is  the 
lai^est  general  hospital  in  the  Army. 

Curing  the  year  the  following  new  buildings  have  been  completed: 
Addition  A  to  nurses'  dormitory,  ward  for  special  surgical  cases, 
garage,  and  storehouse  for  combustibles. 

The  number  of  patients  admitted  during  the  year,  including  civil- 
ians and  general  prisoners,  was  3,195,  being  an  increase  of  178  over 
the  preceding  year.  There  were  183  cases  remaining  in  hospital 
December  31,  1914,  making  a  grand  total  of  3,378  patients  treated  in 
the  hospital  during  the  year.  Of  this  number  2,433  were  officers 
and  enlisted  men,  46  general  prisoners,  and  899  others.  There  were 
1,940  medical  cases,  907  siirgical,  293  venereal,  and  234  mental. 
Tne  daily  average  number  of  patients  was  283.86.  Of  this  number 
21.28  were  officers,  214.38  enlisted  men,  4.63  general  prisoners,  and 
43.58  others.  The  average  number  of  days  in  hospital  for  each  case 
was  as  follows: 


Medical.. 
Surgical. 
Veoeraal 
llantal.. 


Officers. 


46.00 
5A.58 
74.00 
5&00 


Solisted 
men. 


84.83 
21.17 
84.10 
«&61 


General 
prisonen. 


26.45 
4«i36 
5a  50 

laaoo 


Civilians. 


Male. 


2a  75 
15w23 
85.77 
26^62 


Female. 


17.00 

11.89 

21.00 

4.00 


The  following  tables  show  the  movement  of  the  sick,  together  with 
the  principal  sources  of  admission,  during  the  calendar  year  1915: 


ADMISSIONS. 

Command 

Transter 

Otherwise 

Bemaining,  1914 , 

Toftal 

MSPosrnoNS. 

Duty 

Died 

Discharged  for  disabUity 

Deserted 

Discharged,  expiration  of  term 

Transfierrea  to  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane 

Transferred  to  Fort  Bayard,  N.  Mex 

Transferred  to  other  hospitals 

Otherwise  disposed  of 

Remaining,  1915 

Total 


Officers 

and 
enlisted 

men. 


122 

2,115 

54 

142 


2,433 


1,410 
35 

474 
10 
25 
21 
93 
8 
85 

272 


2,433 


Qeneral 
prisoners. 


41 


46 


25 
1 


2 
6 
9 


46 


Civilians. 


27 

16 

820 

36 


899 


6 
36 


1 

803 

53 


899 


Total. 


140 

2,172 

874 

183 


3,378 


1,442 

72 

474 

10 

27 

21 

93 

11 

894 

334 


3,878 


613 


614 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON   QBNEBAI^. 


There  were  72  deaths  in  all  during  the  year,  35  officers  and  enlisted 
inen,  1  general  prisoner,  and  36  civilians  and  others.  The  principal 
causes  for  these  deaths  are  given  below: 

Tuberculosis  of  the  lungs 8 

Cancers  and  other  malignant  tumors 4 

Simple  peritonitis  (nonpuerperal) : 4 

Bright's  disease 4 

Purulent  infection  and  septicemia 3 

O rganic  diseases  of  the  heart 3 

Broncho-pneumonia ^  3 

Diseases  of  the  intestines 3 

Simple  menin^tis 2 

Cereoral  hemorrhage  (traumatic) 2 

Pericarditis 2 

Pneumonia  (lobar) 2 

In  addition  to  the  above  list  4  civilians  were  suffocated  in  burning 
building. 

There  were  474  discharged  on  certificate  of  disability.  Of  this 
number  403  were  not  in  line  of  duty  and  71  in  line  of  duty.  The 
principal  causes  were  as  follows: 

Mental  alienation 125 

Diseases  of  the  on;anB  of  locomotion 65 

Tuberculosis  of  the  lungs 39 

Epilepsy '. 24 

Orgamc  diseases  of  the  heart 28 

Other  diseases  of  the  nervous  system 16 

Other  external  \dolence : 16 

Syphilis 14 

Neuralgia  and  neuritis 12 

Diseases  of  the  bladder 12 

Gonococcus  infection 10 

Diseases  of  the  joints 10 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  admissions  and  dispositions  of 
insane  patients  during  the  year: 

Movements  of  the  imane. 


DisposiUoa. 


Returned  to  duty 

Lefthosplwl 

Discharged  on  certificate  of  disability  at  this  hospltaL. 
Died. 


Transferred  to  recruiting  officers  for  dlspot^ition 

Transferred  to  the  Oovemment  Hospital  for  the  Insane. 

Sent  home  for  discharge 

Discharged  without  honor  for  fraudulent  enlistment.. . . 


Total. 


Officers 
and  en- 
listed 
men. 


130 
2 
8 

21 
6 
1 


177 


General 


Otben. 


TMaL 


11 
S 

00 

4 

8 

11 

• 


184 


An  active  surgical  clinic  is  maintained  at  tins  hospital,  the  follow- 
ing being  a  condensed  tabular  statement  of  the  surgical  operations: 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  GENEBAU 


615 


OperatUmi. 


Operations. 


Crantntn, 
Ftoe...., 
Nedc.... 
U^por( 

Abdomen  (laparotomy), 

Oenito-urinary 

Beetom  and  anus 

Oyneoological,  Internal.. 
Oyneooloiical,  external. 

Lower  exvemlty 

l^or  (not  included) . . . . 

Minor  (not  Included) 

Obstetrical 


Total. 


m 

o 


0 
4 
6 


18 
■*2 


89 


3 

1 

5 

31 

7 

106 

35 

30 


TO 


333 


o 


3 

1 

5 

31 

7 

116 

30 

38 


68 

'n 


373 


1 
1 
3 
1 


1 

4 


6 
3 


16 


15 


36 


3 


3 


1 

7 
12 

3 
86 
18 
11 
64 
61 
17 

3 
38 
20 


350 


I 


1 

0 
14 

5 
100 
33 
13 
65 
61 
18 

3 
60 
30 


3 

2 
14 
36  * 

13 
316 

61 

48 

65 

61 

80 

3 

138 

30 


890 


771 


Seven  hxindred  anci  seventy-one  operations  were  performed,  as 
against  528  last  year  (the  eye,  ear,  nose,  and  throat  cases  not  included), 
an  increase  of  243.  In  adclition  and  not  listed  in  the  above  state- 
ment, there  were  5,165  dressings  done  and  emergencv  cases  treated 
in  the  dressing  room  of  the  operating  pavillion,  and  8,240  in  the 
dressing  room  of  the  surreal  ward  for  infected  cases.  There  were 
also  made  163  gynecological  and  obstetrical  examinations.  There 
was  a  total  of  50  confinements  cared  for  during  the  year,  one  of  which, 
puerperal  eclamptic  case,  resulted  in  death. 

On  September  6,  1915,  orthopedic  work  was  begim  and  42  cases 
were  treated. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  work  done  in  the  eye,  ear,  nose, 
and  throat  clinic: 


Offloen 

Enlisted  mien. 

Families  of  offloen  and  enlisted  men. . . 

Civilian  employees 

Army  None  Corps 

civilians,  including  CivH  War  veterans 

TotaL 


Hospital 


68 
601 
184 

11 
1 

36 


800 


Oat 


134 

396 

433 

46 

66 

83 


1,037 


TotaL 


103 
797 
606 

67 

67 

118 


1,837 


There  were  1,837  cases  treated,  and  463  operations  performed 
during  the  year. 

Tbere  were  368  cases  of  all  classes  refracted. 

The  dentist  on  duty  at  the  hospital  reports  1,248  persons  treated  for 
afiFected  teeth,  with  3,363  sittings. 

A  large  department  laboratory  is  maintained  for  the  use  of  the 
hospital  and  for  the  special  work  of  the  posts  in  the  Western  Depart- 
ment. The  report  of  the  work  done  will  be  foimd  imder  the  general 
head  of  "laboratories." 


616  KBPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGBON  GENERAL. 

The  mean  strength  of  the  personnel  on  duty  at  this  hospital  for  the 
year  was: 

Officers 12.10 

Dental  surgeons 2.02 

Acting  dental  surgeons .00 

Armjr  Nurse  Corps 43.  56 

Hospital  Corps Ite.OO 

There  were  27  civilians  employed  by  the  Medical  Department,  and 
11  by  the  Quartermaster  Corps  on  mity  in  the  hospital  during  the 
year. 

WALTER   REED   GENERAL  HOSPFTAL. 

This  hospital  is  located  at  Takoma  Park,  D.  C,  near  the  northern 
border  of  tne  District.  It  serves  as  the  general  hospital  east  of  the 
Mississippi  and  as  the  post  hospital  for  Washington  barracks.  The 
patients  from  the  latter  place  are  transferred  in  automobile  ambulances 
of  which  this  hospital  nas,  at  present,  foiu*,  while  another  is  being 
constructed. 

As  heretofore,  there  are  but  two  sets  of  officers'*  quarters  at  the 
hospital,' although  nine  medical  officers  are  assigned  to  duty  there. 
The  rental  of  quarters  for  these  officers  is  an  item  of  large  expense 
and  results  in  their  being  unsatisfactory  and  inconveniently  housed 
both  for  their  comfort  and  their  work. 

The  reservation  and  buildings  are  kept  in  ^ood  condition,  though 
improvements  are  needed  on  the  roads  and  it  is  hoped  that  they  can 
be  accompUshed  during  the  comuig  spring  or  summer.  An  improve- 
ment recently  completed  is  a  new  concrete  roadway  back  of  the 
main  hospital  building,  which,  together  with  its  drainage  system, 
serves  not  only  to  make  the  service  of  wagons  easier  and  deaner,  but 
alsb  to  divert  much  surface  drainage  that  formerly  ran  directly 
toward,  and  partly  through  or  into  the  basement. 

Two  new  wards  for  enlisted  men  have  been  opened  since  the  time 
of  the  last  annual  report,  and  are  found  very  satisfactory.  Another 
small  ward  is  completed  and  available  for  use  but  it  nas  not  yet 
been  put  into  use.  Work  is  progressing  on  a  basement  ward  to  be 
used  lor  psychopathic  cases,  and  it  should  be  completed  by  March. 

The  X-ray  laboratory  has  been  remodeled  and  the  f oUowmg  improv- 
ments  made : 

(1)  Additional  apparatus  installed — Coolidge  tube,  verticle  roent- 
genoscope,  overheaa  wiring  system,  Alberene  tank,  illuminating 
viewing  box. 

(2)  Complete  renovation  of  X-ray  room;  installation  of  labyrinth 
to  dark  room. 

(3)  Two  himdred  and  twenty-four  cases  were  X-rayed  (some 
retaken  many  times  for  comparison).  Excellent  work  is  now  being 
done. 

The  laboratory  does  onlv  simple  routine  work  for  clinical  purposes, 
all  Wassermann  tests,  blood  cultures,  laboratory  examination  of 

Sathologic  specimens,  and  other  special  work  being  done  at  the  Army 
[edical  School.     It  would  not  be  possible  to  do  it  all  here  without 
an  increase  of  personnel,  and  the  scnool's  work  is  very  satisfactory. 

Req[uisition  has  been  made  for  apparatus  and  supplies  that  will 
permit  of  the  imdertaking  of  the  new  work  on  blood  chemistry, 


BSPOBT  OF  THE  8XJBQB0N   GENBRAL.  617 

esfxeciallT  in  cases  of  renal  disease,  which  is  now  coming  into  use. 
This  work  wiU  be  taken  up  as  soon  as  possible. 

The  hydrotherapiButic  department  nas  been  put  to  much  use  of 
late  and  has  proven  very  satisfactory.  At  present  the  hospital  is 
fortunate  in  having  the  services  of  an  enlistea  man  who  is  skilled  in 
that  work.  He  receives  extra  pay  from  the  hospital  fund.  It  is 
desirable  and  just  that  the  Government  should  allow  extra  pay  for 
the  position.  The  work  is  arduous  as  well  as  skilled  and  is  entirely 
for  me  benefit  of  the  Government,  not  for  the  benefit  of  the  detach- 
ment on  duty  here,  whose  fund  now  pays. 

A  similar  opinion  is  entertained  as  to  the  pay  of  maids  for  work  in 
the  rooms  of  women  patients.  Maids  are  necessary,  the  detachment 
(soldiers)  can  not  be  expected  to  work  in  women's  rooms,  yet  their 
fund  pays  for  maids. 

The  hospital  messes,  both  for  sick  officers  and  for  enlisted  men  are 
excellent.  It  is  doubted  if  they  could  be  much  better.  They  are 
now  run  at  very  much  lower  cost  than  formerly. 

The  discipline  is,  in  general,  very  good,  but  the  hospital's  near- 
ness and  convenience  to  a  metropolis  and  the  monotony  of  sickness 
make  for  dereUctions  in  the  way  of  drink  by  too  many  Hospital 
Corps  men  and  patients.  Increased  efforts  are  to  be  made  to  pro- 
vide interest  ana  amusement  at  the  hospital.  It  is  thought  that  a 
gymnasium  should  be  established  for  the  use  of  men  on  duty  here. 
Among  these  are  some  excellent  enlisted  men,  but  many  are  not  of 
as  good  type  as  could  be  desired.  It  is  doubted,  however,  if  the 
average  can  be  made  higher  while  the  pay  remains  what  it  is  now. 

In  view  of  the  certain  increase  in  the  use  of  automobile  ambulances, 
it  is  desirable  that  there  be  established  the  grade  of  chauffeur  sergeants 
in  the  Hospital  Corps. 

There  is  a  shortage  of  one  man  in  the  personnel  of  the  Quarter- 
master Corps  at  this  station.  The  allowance  of  12  men  for  this 
post  is  inaoequate,  necessitating  the  detail  of  6  Hospital  Corps  men 
for  this  duty. 

The  work  of  the  hospital  is  somewhat  interfered  with  by  details 
of  officers  to  work  outside  the  hospital,  such  as  instruction  work  at 
the  Army  Medical  School.  These  details  have  not  in  any  way  inter- 
fered with  the  adequate  and  proper  care  of  the  sick,  but  they  do 
occasion  inconvenience  in  such  internal  matters  as  officer-of-the-day 
duty,  instruction  of  the  Hospital  Corps,  disability  boards,  consulta- 
tion boards  and  committees  and  attendance  at  Journal  club  and  cUni- 
cal  meetings.  These  last  two  duties  have  been  added  within  a  few 
months  to  those  formerly  obtaining.  They  are  thought  to  be  help- 
ful to  the  medical  officers  as  well  as  benencial  to  the  patients,  and 
to  make  for  the  increased  efficiency  of  the  hospital.  The  clinics  have 
eiso  been  attended  by  the  postgraduate  students  at  the  Army 
Meiiical  School.    Medical  and  surgical  clinics  are  held  alternately. 

The  members  of  the  Army  Nurse  Corps  on  duty  here  have  in  gen- 
eral rendered  exceUent  service.  The  number  of  nurses  is  adequate 
for  ordinary  duties  but  is  a  bit  small  for  times  of  stress  and  to  pro- 
vide for  sickness  among  the  nurses  and  for  their  leaves  of  absence. 

Because  of  the  peciniar  plan  of  this  hospital,  nursing  is  arduous 
here  and  a  larger  proportionate  number  of  nurses  is  needed  than  in 
a  hospital  built  on  tne  Letterman  plan. 


618 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON  GENERAL. 


The  number  of  patients  admitted  during  the  year,  including  civil- 
ians, was  1,175.    This  was  an  increase  of  191  over  the  preceding 


year 


The  average  number  of  days  in  hospital  for  each  case  was  as  follows : 


Medical. 
Surgical. 
Venereal 
llmtal.. 


OiBoers. 


85.23 
21.82 
11.50 
24.00 


Enlisted 
men. 


22.23 
88.18 
40.54 
44.75 


Cfrillaiis. 


ICala. 


18.06 

9.19 

21.00 

18.00 


U.O0 

ISuOl 


The  following  table  shows  the  movement  of  the  sick,  together 
with  the  principal  sources  of  admission,  during  the  calendar  year 
1915,  including  civiUans.    No  general  prisoners  were  admitted. 


Officen 

enlisted 
men. 

General 
prisonen. 

Civlliani. 

TotaL 

AdmteioDB: 

Command ........< ................. . 

107 

589 

72 

78 

9 

6 

808 

15 

116 

Transfer. .........  t  ...  t 

9ft 

Otherwise 

465 

Remain  ins  Dec.  81 .  1914 

18 

Total  to  be  aoocKiDted  fof • 

846 

422 

1.268 

Disppsiticos: 

l)uty 

606 

16 

64 

2 

5 

5 

12 

7 
8 

6U 

Died 

21 

Discharced  for  disability 

64 

I>e6«rted 

2 

I>l8chaived.  expiration  of  ter™ 

6 

Trans'<*iTra  to  Oovemment  Hospital  for  bsme 

5 

TransWrwl  to  Fort  R^TWd.  N,  m«x .,.»--^.--..r-T-T-rTr.. 

12 

TransCemKl  to  othfr  hotnitals 

Otherwise  diSDOsed  of 

49 
85 

886 
21 

% 

Remaining  Deo.  31 .  1915. 

TotaL 

846 

422 

1.218 

■f  "■" 

There  were  24  deaths.  Of  this  mmiber  12  were  enlisted  men,  3 
were  retired  officers,  1  a  retired  soldier,  7  civilians,  and  1  member  of 
the  Army  Nurse  Corps. 

The  following  were  the  causes  of  death: 

Poflt  operative  shock 3 

Diabetes,  mellitus 2 

Nephritis,  parenchymatous 2 

Nephritis,  interstitial 2 

Lobar  pneumonia 1 

Sarcoma 2 

Tumorofcecum 1 

Tuberculosis,  pleural   cavitiee  and 

peritoneum 1 


Pernicious  anemia 

Aortic  r^urgitation 

Cancer  ofstomach 

Aortic  aneurism 

Ataxic  paraplegia 

Broncho  pneumonia 

Cerebral  nemorriiage 

Renal  insufficiency  and  tuberculosis 
of  lungs  and  bladder 


1 
1 
3 
1 
1 
1 
1 


There  were  64  dischai]ged  on  surgeons'  certificate  of  disability. 
Of  this  number  40  were  m  line  of  duty  and  24  were  not  in  line  of 
duty. 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON   GENERAU 


619 


The  causes  were  as  follows: 


ofdfsabilitj. 


Vflsieiilltis.  seminal 

Pgf  chot^thic  constltatlop 

Injarlm  and  diseaoes  of  ofgant  of  looomotion. 

Pain  and  tendemeas.  poat  operatiya 

Djseasea  of  organs  of  TisloQ 

ArthrltiB,  goQORheaL 

Landry's  paralysis. 

Eneureals..... 


BTphiUs. 
raesis., 


lis. 

Ankylosis 

Arthritis,  jvodactive 

Valvular  heart  disease 

Lvmj^  stasis. 

Abscesses,  Tenereal 

Uleer.  gastric 

Spoodylitls,  traumatic 

Carcinoma  of  rectum,  colloid 

Diseases  of  ear 

Drug  habit,  cocalnism 

Hyperthyroidism 

C«nes  of  spine,  tuberoular 

Adhesions,  post  operaUve. 

Fistula,  post  operative 

Epilepqr 

Oastiie  neurosis... 

RecurgitatioQ  of  food,  post  operative. 

Apnonia. 

Amputations 

Empyema «. 

Paranoid  state 

Fracture  of  vertebrae 

Neuritis 

Exophthalmic  goitre 

Dysentery,  entamcBbic 

Paralysis  and  total  deaftiess. 

Tuberculosis,  ri^t  ankle 


Total. 


Yea. 


7 
1 
1 


1 
2 
1 
3 
1 


1 
{ 
2 


2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
3 


3 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


40 


No. 


1 
1 


1 
2 


34 


Total. 


3 
10 


04 


The  following  is  a  statement  of  admissions  and  dispositions  of 
insane  patients  during  the  year: 


Returned  to  duty 

Left  hospital 

DIsoharged  on  surgeons'  oertiflcate  of  disability.. 
Transferred  to  Oovemment  Hospital  for  Insane. 
Left  hospital  on  sick  leave 


DIsdiarged. 
Remaining. 


TotaL. 


OlSoers 

and 
enlisted 

men. 


a 

6 
1 
1 
1 

li 


Civilians. 


3 


620 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON   GENEBAIi. 


An  active  surgical  clinic  is  maintained  at  the  hospitaL  the  follow- 
ing being  a  condensed  tabular  statement  of  the  surgical  operations: 


Eye 

N086 

Ear 

Throat 

Face 

Neck 

Upper  extremity 

Tnorax 

Abdomen,  laparotomy.. 
Qynecologicai,  external. 
Gynecological,  internal . 

Lower  extremity 

llaJOT,  not  included 

Minot,  not  included  — 


Total. 


i 


2 

32 
1 

8 


11 


3 

2 

10 


70 


S 


» 


2 

84 
4 

24 
5 
1 
8 
1 

39 


14 

7 

44 


233 


4 

116 

5 

32 
5 
2 
8 
1 

60 


17 

9 

54 


303 


1 


PS 


2  i, 


0 


u 


6 


12 

45 

s 

14<H 


1 

4 

2 

46 

33 

8 

4 

1 

24 


339 


e 


12 
46 

8 
1« 


1 
7 
2 

33 

8 

4 

5 

24 


U% 


3 

3 


1C8 

11 

in 

3 

IS 

% 

9» 
3S 

« 

14 


651 


Included  in  this  list  are  40  operations  for  appendicitis,  24  for 
hernia,  15  for  hemorrhoids,  and  44  gynecological*.  Four  women 
were  deUvered  at  term.  Of  operations  performed,  3  were  followed 
by  death. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  work  done  in  the  laboratory 
during  the  year: 

Examinations  of — 

Urine 3,714 

Blood 7«7 

Sputum 842 

F^es 1,029 

Stomach  contents 109 

Urethral  discharges 427 

Miscellaneous 28$ 

Total 7,171 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  apparatus  in  use  and  the  work 
done  in  the  hydrotherapy  plant  and  gymnasium  during  the  year. 
There  are  four  rooms  occupied. 

Apparatus  in  use: 

Punching  bag  and  platform 1 

Rowing  machine 1 

Wei^t-lifting  machine 1 

Medicine  balls 1 

Indian  clubs,  pairs 5 

Boxing  doves,  sets 1 

Added  during  1915 — 

Dumb-bells,  pairs S 

Plinth 1 

Baking  apparatus: 

Body  baking  apparatus 1 

Local  baking  apparatus 2 

Electric  vibrator 1 


BBPOBT  OF   THE  SUBGEON   GENEBAL.  621 


Bfttha: 

Cabinet 

Needle  and  shower 

Douche  jet 

Tub 

Sitz 

Carbonated 

Pack,  hot,  cold,  or  dry, 
Drip  sheet 


SUMMARY   OF  TREATMENTS   OIYBN. 

Baths: 

Needle  and  shower 3, 096 

Douche  jet 789 

Douche,  Scotch 2, 847 

Douche,  fan 1,923 

Douche,  perineal 144 

Tub 387 

Carbonated 32 

Sitz 63 

Pack,  cold 89 

Pack,  hot  wet 132 

Electric  cabinet 2, 044 

Vibration 731 

Massage 4,003 

Baking .' 1,643 

Gymnasium 1,164 


Number  of  patients  treated 156 

Patients  remaining  under  treatment,  Dec.  31,  1915 27 

Total 183 

Two  attendants,  members  of  the  Hospital  Corps,  gave  the  treat- 
ments the  greater  part  of  the  year.  During  the  summer  only  one 
attendant  was  available.  One  of  the  present  attendants  is  very 
proficient.     His  assistant  is  still  under  instruction. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  work  done  in  the  eye,  ear, 
nose,  and  throat  clinic: 

Officers  and  enlisted  men 408 

Families  of  officers  and  enlisted  men 154 

Civilian  employees  of  tbe  Government 14 

Army  Nurse  Corps 6 

All  others 28 


Total  patients  treated  during  1915 610 

Personnel  on  duty  at  Jiospital. — ^The  mean  daily  strength  of  the 
personnel  on  duty  during  the  year  was  as  follows: 

Medical  officers 10.96 

Post  noncommissioned  staff 1. 00 

Hospital  Corps  and  Quartermaster  Corps 123. 38 

Army  Nurse  Corps 24. 33 

Mean  aggregate 169. 67 

The  character  of  the  personnel  received  at  this  post  (28  recruits) 
was  not  satisfactory.  Facihties  for  drill  and  instruction  as  Hospital 
CorffQ  men  are  lacking,  and  the  multiform  duties  require  men  of 
service  and  above  the  average. 


622 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON   GENERAL. 


GENERAL  HOSPITAL,   FORT   BAYARD,   N.  HEX. 

The  general  hospital  at  Fort  Bayard  is  deyoted  to  the  treatment 
of  pulmonary  tuberculosis  in  soldiers  and  in  beneficiaries  of  the 
soldiers'  home. 

Fort  Bayard  is  situated  in  Grant  Coxihty,  N.  Mex.,  in  the  extreme 
southwestern  part  of  the  State.  On  accoxmt  of  the  southern  loca- 
tion of  the  hospital,  it  is  generally  assumed  by  those  unfamiliar  with 
the  local  conditions  that  the  climate  is  very  warm.  But  the  alti- 
tude, 6,165  feet,  lai^ely  coxmterbalances  the  influence  of  the  southern 
s\m  and  renders  the  climate  cool  rather  than  warm.  The  usual 
vicissitudes  of  the  seasons  are  experienced.  In  the  winter  there  is 
occasional  snow;  frosts  occur  nearly  every  night,  rarely  there  is 
severe  cold  approaching  the  temperatiu-e  of  zero  Fahrenheit,  but 
such  cold  is  of  brief  duration.  On  the  whole,  the  winters  are  rela- 
tively warm,  dry,  and  clear.  In  suminer  the  heat  is  tempered  by 
the  dryness  of  the  air,  with  the  resulting  diathermancy.  The  fact 
that  summer  is  the  time  of  the  chief  precipitation  also  exercises  an 
important  eflfect  upon  the  temperature,  clouds  and  rain  very  fre- 
quently being  present  during  what  would  otherwise  be  the  hottest 
portion  of  the  days.  These  factors  result  in  producing  sin^la^ 
cool  weather,  the  summer  being  far  more  comfortable  for  the  human 
organism,  whatever  the  thermometer  readings,  than  that  of  the 
greater  part  of  the  Northern  States  of  the  East  and  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley.  For  the  treatment  of  tuberculosis,  the  peculiar  excellence 
of  the  climate  of  Fort  Bayard  consists  in  the  fact  that  it  is  one  that 
avoids  harmful  extremes  of  temperature,  yet  in  its  diurnal  and 
annual  variations  affords  a  sufficient  stimulus  to  the  human  organism 
to  favor  activity  of  the  metabolic  processes. 

An  additional  ward  for  ambulent  patients  is  under  construction. 
This  building  consists  of  a  central  structure  containing  offices  and 
storerooms^  with  two  wings  used  as  wards.  The  material  used  is 
cement  bnck  pebble  dashed,  with  tile  roof.  The  capacity  of  the 
building  is  40  patients. 

The  number  admitted  during  the  year,  including  beneficiaries  of 
the  soldiers  home,  civilians,  and  general  prisoners  was  738,  being 
an  increase  of  7  over  the  preceding  year.  The  average  number  oi 
days  in  hospital  for  each  case  was  as  follows: 


Officers. 

Cftdets. 

Enlisted 
men. 

Beoefl- 
ciariet 
of  the 
soldiers,, 
home. 

Genenl 
pris- 
oners. 

ayfltens. 

Male. 

PemAle. 

Medkal 

125.79 

asi.tt? 

100.  M 
20.00 
23.75 
(«) 

1S4.26 

57 

103.41 
IS.  00 

57.  U 

BarsJcal... 

16.90 

VeDoreftl 

IfenUl 

>  One  tabercnloos  oese  lAter  developed  Insanity  and  Is  ooanted  among  the  medical. 

The  following  table  shows  the  movement  of  the  sick,  togetha* 
with  the  principal  sources  of  admission  durinp;  the  calendar  year 
1915,  civiluuis  and  general  prisoners  being  included: 


BBPOBT  OF  THE  81TBOEOK  OENBBAIi. 


623 


Offioen 

and 
enlisted 

Oeneral 
pris- 
oners. 

Civil- 
ians. 

Benefi- 
ciaries 
of  the 
soldien, 
home. 

TotaL 

Adminioiis: 

Commend 

118 

251 

6 

117 

33 

151 

TranafBT 

261 

Otherwiee 

58 

273 
184 

330 

3 

21 

325 

Total 

491 

3 

112 

457 

f,063 

DtopeMoos: 

Doty 

178 

25 
12 

206 

Died 

15 
103 

1 
6 
1 
8 

.......... 

26 

58 

Pifeh«rK«d  for  dteebiltty 

103 

Deeerteo. 

1 

Dieoharged  ezpiretion  term 

' 

6 

Tmukifnd  to'Oovemment  Hon>ital  lot  Insane.. 

1 

TransfMTfKl  to  Hot  Rprlnn.  Ark 

1 

8 

Transferred  to  other  nospitals 

!   !!*** 

Othervin  disposed  <rf...' 

12 
172 

3 

48 
27 

267 
104 

880 

RemainiM,  ifts , 

368 

401 

3 

112 

457 

1,068 

There  were  53  deaths.  Of  this  number  11  were  of  enlisted  men, 
1  of  a  retired  soldier,  11  of  civilians,  and  26  of  beneficiaries  of  the 
soldiers'  home.    The  causes  of  deaUi  were: 


TuberculofliB 46 

Septic  endocarditis 2 

Dilatation  of  the  heart 1 

Chronic  ulcerative  colitis 1 


Sarcoma  of  the  lun^ 

Shock  following  operation  for 

pyema 

Fracture  of  skuU 


em- 


1 
1 


There  were  103  discharged  on  certificate  of  disabiUty.  Of  this 
number,  one  was  not  in  line  of  duty,  and  102  in  line  of  duty.  The 
causes  were  as  follows: 


Notm 

line  of 
duty. 


Taberooloeis,  pulmonary. . . 

Phierisy 

Empyema,  nontuberculous 


One  enlisted  man  was  transferred  to  the  Gtovemment  Hospital 
for  the  Lisane. 

The  following  is  a  condensed  tabular  statement  of  the  surgical 
operations  performed: 


Offl- 
oert. 

Enlisted 
men. 

Total. 

Retired 

enlisted 

men. 

Army 
Nurse 
Corps. 

clv^^ 

ians. 

Total. 

Grand 
totaL 

2 

7 

3 

12 

2 

0 

3 

12 

2 

Noae 2 

"******** 

""2 

32 
2 

33 
1 

10 
2 
2 

1 

84 

8 
84 

8 

10 

2 

3 

1 

48 

Bar 

1 
1 

6 

Throat 

46 

Thorax  .. , 

2 

8 

Abdamen  (laparotomy ) 1             1 

OTneoolosical.  extemsl. ' 1 

1 

11 

2 

OTneooloelcal.  internal 

3 

T/Over  extrtmitiee. 

2 

1 
8 

2  .. 

8 

Malor  (iiot  tnchided) 

1 
3 

1 

IflDCr  (nrt  Included). /-,..-  ^  - , 

t 

.......  «'•  ••.»• 

4 
2 

1           2 

4 
2 
2 

7 

OeniW>urtnary..<.. 

1 

2 

Anna  #nd  recfiim , , 

2 

2 

1 

4 

Total 

2 

33 

35 

2 

4 

01 

07 

132 

624 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  8UBOEON   GEKEBAL. 


The  foHowing  is  a  statement  of  the  work  done  in  the  laboratory 
during  the  year: 


ETMiriiHtdona  of: 

Urine 1,025 

Blood 251 

Sputum 10,159 

Feces 67 

Stomach  contenta 3 


Examinations  of: 

Urethral  dischazges 4 

MucellaneouB 5»2S7 

Total 16,766 


The  number  of  completed  cases  of  puhnonary  tuberculosis  in  1915 
was  446.     Important  complications  were  present  as  follows: 

Tuberculous  laryngitiB 60  |  Nephritis 6 

Otitis  media 40  i  Tuoerculous  epididyrmitis 3 

Svphilis 48  j  Tuberculous  peritonitis 3 

Valvular  heart  disease 2     Pneumothorax 2 

Fistula  in  ano 9  ,  Pyopneumothorax 2 


Tuberculous  enteritis 7 

Tuberculous  spondylitis 5 


Tuberculous  hydrothorax 2 

Tuberculous  cystitis 2 


Aortic  aneurism,  tuberculous  prostatitis,  and  septic  endocarditiB,  1  of  each. 

The  result  of  treatment  in  completed  cases  ^  of  pulmcHiary  tuber- 
culosis was  as  follows: 


CiMi. 


I 


Incipient 64 

Moderately  advanced. .  ^  175 

Far  advanced |216 

Acutemlliary i    1 


Totol. 


'446 


Ap-      '  '       Ap. 

parently    Arrested,    parently 
cured.  arrested. 


I 


8 
9 


U 


I 

i 


fi.65  ;  13 
6.14     11 


i    I 


•  I 


2 


34.00     23  43.50 

S.38  ;  14  ,  8.00 

.46  '....' 


3.00     35  I  6.60  .  37  ,  8.39 


Quies- 
cent. 


2: 


3 

18 

4 


35 


2 


5.55 

10.2s 

1.85 


5.60 


Im* 
proved. 


i 

Z 


& 


9  16.60 
84  '48.00 
81   37.50 


174  39.01 


Unim- 
proved. 


II 


& 


8 
88 

87 


6.55 
18.85 
4a  35 


133  27.57 


Died. 


i 


6 

a 

1 


50 


i 


3.4 

19.90 
100.00 


U.! 


The  following  table  shows  the  residt  of  treatment  in  all  cases  of 
pulmonary  tuberculosis: 


Claii. 


Incipient 

Moderately  advanced. 

Far  advanced 

Acute  mlliaiT 


Total. 


if 

i 


Ap- 
parently 
cured. 


82 

356 

861 

1 


*800 


^    I 


17 


30 


ia97 
4.77 


8.13 


Ap. 
Arretted. '  parentlv 
arrested. 


§ 


16 

30 

3 


88 


£ 


19.51 

5.61 

.55 


36 

27 

5 


4.75 


58 


& 


31.70 
7.38 
1.38 


7.35 


Quies- 
cent. 


11 

31 
4 


46 


13.41 
8.70 
LIO 


5.76  880 


Im- 
proved. 


17 
196 
167 


I 


30.78 
55.05 
46.36 


47.50 


Unim- 
proved. 


I 

Z 


3 

59 
140 


303 


I 


165 
16.67 
^78 


36.31 


Pied. 


i 

i 

7i 


6 

O 
I 


iO 


i 


1.68 
ll.« 

uoaoo 


&ai 


I  By  "ooliqtieted  oases"  are  meant  all 
In  any  WKf, 
t  lnqliHi.96  OMSS  tmdsr  treainMa  kss  than  1  moetli. 


which  have  terminated  thalr  ^^yamHTtign  with  tha  hoiplSil 


BBPOBT  OF  THE  8X7BGSON  GENEBAIi.  625 

The  mean  daily  strength  of  the  personnel  on  duty  during  the  year 
was  as  follows: 

Bledical  officeiB 11.79 

Other  officera 1.46 

PoBt  noncommiflsioned  staff 1. 89 

Hospital  Cora  and  Quartermafiter  Corps 148. 35 

Anny  Niine  Corps 22.31 

ARBfT  AND  NAVY  GENERAL  HOSPITAL,   HOT   SPRINGS,   ARK. 

This  hospital  was  originally  intended  especially  for  patients  having 
diseases  in  which  hydrotherapeutic  treatment  is  indicated.  Para- 
graph 1441,  Army  Regulations,  1913,  states  that — 

The  Army  and  Navy  General  Hospital,  Hot  Springs,  Ark.,  is  under  the  direction 
of  the  Secretary  of  War  and  is  devoted  to  the  treatment  of  the  officers  and  enlisted 
men  of  the  military  and  naval  service  of  the  United  States,  cadets  at  the  United  States 
Military  Academy,  officers  of  the  Revenue^utter  (now  Coast  Guard)  Service,  officers 
of  the  Public  Health  Service,  and  honorably  discharged  soldiers  and  sailors  of  the 
R^;ular  and  Volunteer  Armv  and  Navy  of  the  United  States,  for  such  diseases  as  the 
waters  of  the  hot  springs  of  Arkansas  have  an  established  reputation  in  benefiting. 

This  hospital  has  served  in  part  as  a  general  hospital  for  the 
Southern  Department  and  for  the  Second  Division. 

An  addition  to  the  bathhouse  has  been  completed  to  accomodate 
officer  patients,  being  fitted  with  up-to-date  therapeutic  equipment, 
the  flooring  constructed  of  tile  and  the  wainscoting  and  partitions  oi 
marble. 

The  Hospital  CJorps  barracks,  which  was  completed  during  Novem- 
ber, 1915,  IS  designed  to  accomodate  60  men  and  contains  reading 
room,  barber  shop  and  post  exchange  in  the  basement. 

The  double  set  of  noncommissioned  officers'  quarters  has  been 
completed. 

An  addition  to  ward  building  Nos.  3  and  4  has  been  bmlt,  thus 
increasing  the  bed  capacity  of  the  hospital  by  50  beds.  It  is  purposed 
to  use  a  section  of  this  addition  for  convalescent  officer  patients, 
iherebv  increasing  the  facilities  for  caring  for  this  class  of  patients 
by  10  beds. 

A  diet  kitchen  has  been  added  to  Ward  No.  1,  so  as  to  facilitate  the 
serving  of  this  ward,  in  which  are  treated  the  most  serious  cases 
admitted  to  the  hospital.  This  addition,  20  by  20  feet,  has  a  tile 
floor  and  tile  wainscoting,  and  is  equipped  with  gas  range,  water 
heater,  dish  washer,  food  warmers,  etc. 

An  operating  suite  has  been  completed  which  is  connected  with  the 
administration  on  one  side,  and  with  ward  2  on  the  other,  so  as  to 
make  it  accessible  to  both  the  officers'  section  and  the  sumcal  ward. 
This  addition  contains  a  modern  operating  room,  tiled  throughout, 
with  skylight,  electric  overhead  light,  and  electric  wall  outlets  u)r  the 
use  of  special  electrical  instruments  during  operations.  The  steri- 
lizing room  is  equipped  with  a  new  combination  sterilizer  outfit,  three 
modem  lavatories  tor  hand  sterilization  and  new  instruments  and 
dressing  cabinets.  In  addition  there  is  an  etlierizing  room  and  a 
surgeon's  dressing  room. 

.^nong  other  improvements  made  during  the  year  mav  be  men- 
tioned the  laying  of  tile  floors  in  the  toilet  rooms  of  wards  1  and  2 . 
replacing  with  Vermont  marble  the  old  slate  partitions  to  stalls  ana 
unnals  replaced  with  floor  apphances;  wooden  floors  in  lavatories  of 

e917e'— WAB 1916— VOL  1 10 


626  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON   QENEEAI^. 

wards  2  and  3  replaced  with  tile,  tile  wainscoted,  and  old  lavatorieB 
replaced  by  modem  type,  while  each  new  building  in  connection  with 
the  hospital  has  been  connected  with  the  post  system  of  drainage^ 
fire  mains,  roads,  walks,  mineral  water,  steam  heat,  sewers,  electric 
lights,  ana  in  the  case  of  the  operating  room  and  noncommifwioned 
Peers'  quarters  with  gas  and  city  water,  to  complete  which  con- 
siderable construction  work  was  required. 

The  total  number  of  admissions  dining  the  year  was  860,  an  increase 
of  75  over  the  preceding  year.  Of  this  number  58  were  officers,  169 
enlisted  men,  9  retired  officers,  43  retired  enlisted  men,  and  581  ciTil- 
ians,  including  honorably  discharged  soldiers  and  sailors  of  the  Army, 
Navy,  and  Marine  Corps.  The  daily  average  number  of  patieats 
treated  in  hospital  was  102.25. 

The  following  tables  show  the  principal  causes  of  admission  and 
method  of  disposition  of  all  cases: 

Remalniiig  in  hospital  Dec.  31, 1914 117 

AdjUifisions: 

Alcoholism 3 

Disease  of  the  respiratory  system 4 

Disease  o£  the  b  eart 24 

Disease  of  the  urinary  system 6 

Djrsentery 6 

Eczema 9 

Mvalgia 16 

Rheumatism,  articular 93 

Rheumatism,  muscular.., 22 

Sprains  and  muscular  strains 6 

Gastritis 14 

Hernia,  inguinal 11 

Appendicitis 9 

Disease  of  the  kidneys 49 

Arthritis 57 

Syphilis  and  results 80 

Gonorrhea  and  resulta 24 

Carcinoma 8 

Disease  of  the  circulatory  system 134 

Malarial  infection 12 

Pulmonary  tuberculosis 4 

All  other  causes 271 

Total  admissions 860 

Total  to  be  accounted  for 977 

Dispositions: 

Returned  to  duty 196 

Died 18 

Dischaiged  on  surgeon's  certificate  oldisabiuty 29 

Transferred 2 

Discha^ped  from  hospital  (civilians) 626 

Otherwise  disposed  of 5 

Remaining  in  hospital  Dec.  31, 1915 101 

Total  dispositions 977 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL.  627 

DEATHS. 

E^ighteen  deaths  occurred  during  the  year,  including  one  oflBcer 
and  one  enlisted  man  on  the  active  Hst  of  the  Army  (all  others  civilian 
patients),  from  the  following  causes: 

Oarcinoma  of  upper  right  quadrant  of  abdomen,  involving  right  kidney  ^ 
Post  operative  shock  following  gastro-enterostomy  and  appendectomy  '. . 

Cancer  of  the  stomach 

Post  operative  shock  following  amputation  of  right  thigh 

Uremia 

Pneumonia,  catarrhal 

Septicemia i 

Diabetes,  mellitus 

Nephritis,  parenchymatous 

Tuoerculosis  of  the  lungs. 


Carcinoma^  gastric,  pyloric 

Atrophic  cirrhosis  and  endocarditis 

S3rphili8,  tertiary  (Gumma  of  the  lungs) 

Ix>Dar  pneumonia 

Necrosis  head  of  first  metatarsal  bone,  following  senile  gangrene  of  great  toe, 

right 

Broncho-pneumonia 

Arteriosclerosis 


Total  deaths 18 

DISCHARGES  FOR  DISABILITT. 

During  the  year  29  enlisted  men  were  discharged  on  account  of 
disability;  the  causes  were  distributed  as  follows: 

Nephritis,  interstitial,  chronic 3 

Nephritis,  parenchyinatous,  chronic,  and  adhesions  to  cecum,  following  appen- 

dect<Hny 

Nephritis,  parenchymatous,  chronic 

Arthritis,  infectious^  multiple,  chronic 

Arthritis,  chronic,  right  knee 


Arthritis,  gonorrheal,  chronic,  metatarso-phalangeal  joints,  both  feet 

Arthritis,  chronic,  anecting  lumbar  vertebrae 

ArUiritis,  chronic,  left  sacro-iliac  joint . . 

Neuritis,  subacute,  involving  right  brachial  plexus 

Neuritis,  traumatic^  right  ulnar  nerve 

Neuritis,  chronic,  right  radius 

Neuritis,  chronic,  traumatic,  left  external  popliteal  nerve,  with  motor  paral3r8iB. . 

Neuritis,  traumatic,  right  knee 

Polyarthritis,  chronic,  both  knees,  both  ankles,  and  both  wrists,  caused  by  septic 

infection  from  wound  on  web  of  right  thumb 

Flat  feet 

Sarcoma  of  right  kidney 

Syphilis,  intractable 

Eixostoeis,  planter  surfoce  of  os  calds,  bilateral 

Paral3r8is,  partial,  left  lower  limb,  following  anterior  polyomyelitis 

ParalysiB  of  circumflex  of  right  brachial  plexus,  podt  syphilitic,  with  resultant 

loss  of  motion  in  right  Joinder 

Pflychasthenia,  with  tendency  to  self-depreciation  and  introspection 

Rhexmiatism,  articular,  chronic,  general,  and  endocarditis,  rneumadc,  chronic. . 
Rheumatism,  chronic,  gonorrheal. 


Mitral  stenosis,  post  rheumatic 

Gastritis,  chronic,  catarrhal,  and  neuritis  left  brachial  plexus 

S]povitiB,  chronic,  right  knee 

Inabetes,  mellitus 


Total  discharges  for  disability 29 

>  Snlistad  man  on  the  active  Ust  o(  the  Anny.  >  Officer  on  the  active  list  o(  the  Armj. 


628 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEOK  QENEBALb 


SURGICAL  QTEBATIONS. 


Following  is  a  r6sum6  of  the  surgical  work  done  during  the  past  12 
months: 


Name  of  operation. 


Transplantations 

ExtnKtion 

Iridectomy. 

Curettment  and  draina^ 

Sabmucous  resection 

Tonsillectomy 

Appendectomy 

Excision 

Cholecystectomy 

Gastroenterostomy 

Do 

Do 

Chloecystenterostomy 

Partial  gastrectomy  (Mayo  opre- 
ation). 

Fo-guson's  modified 

Gastroenterostomy  and  appen- 
dectomy. 

EzplOTatory  laparotomy 

Andrew's  radical  core 

Excision 

Cholelithotomy  with  removal  of 
stone  from  conmion  duct. 

Excision  of  hemorrhoids 

Excision 

Prostatectomy  suprapubic 

Cystotomy 

Excision 

Cystotomy  suprapubic 

Do 

To 

Drainage  of  seminal  vesicles 

Orchldectomy 

Excislcm  of  sac 

Incision  and  iodoliorm  injection. 

Subcutaneous  excision 

Excision 

Lo 

Do 

Inddonand  removal 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 


Disease  or  injury. 


EYE. 

Pterygium 

Cataract,  senile 

Glaucoma 

NOSE. 

Occlusion  left  frontal  sinus . . . . 
Deflected  na^  septum. 

MOTTTH  AND  PHABTNZ. 

Hypertrophied  tonsils. 

ABDOMEN. 

Appendicitis 

Aonesions  between  stomach 

and  gall  bladder. 

Cholecystitis 

Ulcers,  multiple,  pyloric  end 

of  stomach. 

Pyloric  ulcers 

Carcinoma  of  stomach 

Sinus   Ibllowfaig  cholecystos- 

tomy. 
Carcinoma  of  stomach 

Inguinal  hernia 

Ulcers  of  stomach,  pyloric, 
and  hepatic  cirrhosis;  ap- 
pendicitis. 

Sarcoma  involving  rl^t  kid- 
ney. 

Ventral  liemia 

Necrotic  area  of  liver 

Biliary  fistula 

ANUS  AND  SECTUM. 

Hemorrhoids,  external 

Fistula  in  ano 

OENITO  URINART. 

Prostatic  hypertrophy 

Septic  cystitis 

Hydrocele  of  spermatic  cord.. . 

Vesical  calculus 

Prostatic  hypotrophy 

Carcinoma  oi  bladder 

Vesiculitis 

Neuralgia,  right  testicle 

Hydrocele  r^^t  tunica  vagi- 
nalis. 
Adenitis,  inguinal 

SKIN  AND  CELLITLAB  TISSUES. 

Varicose  veins 

Pigmental  mould  of  neck 

Epithelioma  of  lower  lip 

Fibroma  ov«r  sternum 

Foreign  body  in  wrist 

Bullet  fragment  in  leg 

Sebaceous  cyst  left  side  of  neck. 
Subtendo  achillcs  bursa,  left . . . 
Exostosis  OS  cak-is 


Num- 
t>e«'of 


15 
7 
1 


18 


14 

1 

3 
1 

8 
1 
1 


5 
2 


6 
5 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 


Sao- 
cessfuL 


15 
7 
1 


18 


14 
1 

2 
1 

8 
1 
1 


8 
2 


6 
5 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 

6 


Died. 


Anesthetic 


Ether. 


14 

1 

2 
1 

8 
1 
1 


5 
2 


8 
2 


5 
1 


1 
i 


15 
7 
1 


1 

2 


1 
1 
1 
1 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SURGEON  OENEBAL. 


629 


Name  of  operation. 

Disease  or  injury. 

Num- 
herot 
cases. 

Suc- 
cessful. 

Died. 

• 

Anesthetle. 

Ether. 

Local. 

Wiring  of  greater  tuberosity  to 

hmnenis. 
Thorocoplasty  and  partial  de- 

eortJcation. 
Excision . .    ,  . 

BONES. 

Fracture  upper  end  of  humerus 

8inus  opening  lateral  chest 
wan. 

Displaced  bone  fragment  from 
tibialis  anticus,  following 
gun-shot  fracture. 

Complete  ankylosis  right  knee 

Halux  valgus  metatarso-phal- 
aneeal  joint  (first),  both 
feet.  Osteoarthritis  of  meta- 
tarsophalangeal joint  of 
second,  thini,  fourth,  and 
fifth  Joint,  both  feet. 

AMPUTATIONS. 

Senile  eanKrwe  -  r  t  - 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Artbroplaffty. 

1 
1 

• 

1 
1 

Resection  of  base  of  each  pha- 
lanx any  and  enlarged  area  of 
>*mA  of  first  metatarsal  bone. 

Amputation  of  thlg^  at  middle 

third. 
Amputation  of  thiidi  at  lower 

T^iabetir^  WHIKrefW    

tlSrd               ^ 

L/BORATOBY. 

Following  is  an  abstract  of  the  laboratory  work  done  during  the 
year  1915: 

WaflBermanns 520 

Bacteriological  examinations 7 

Feces 56 

Blood  examinations 71 

Milk  examinations  (hi  and  bacteriological  determination; 31 

Sputa 34 

Pnenolsulphonephthalein  tests  for  renal  efficiency 11 

Urine 1,391 

Tissues,  sectional 1 

Luetin  tests 115 

Urethral  smears 10 

Vaccines 7 

Spinal  fluid  examinations 9 

Total 2,262 

PERSONNBL  ON   DUTY  AT  HOSPrTAL. 

The  mean  daily  strength  of  the  personnel  on  duty  during  the  year 
was  as  follows: 

Medical  officers 5.78 

O^er  officers  (dental  surgeon) 03 

Post  noncommissioned  staff 1. 00 

HospiUl  Corps  and  Quartermaster  Corps 71. 80 

Aimy  Nurse  Corps 7. 32 

Mean  aggregate 85. 93 

DEPARTMENT   HOSPITAL,  MANILA,  P.  I. 

This  hospital  is  the  general  hospital  for  the  Philippine  Department. 
It  differs  from  the  general  hospitals  in  the  United  States  m  that  it 
is  not  directly  under  the  control  of  the  Surgeon  General,  but  owing 
to  its  geographic  location  it  is  under  the  autnority  of  the  department 
commanaer. 


630 


REPORT  OF  THE   SURGEON   GENERAIi. 


The  addition  over  the  officers'  ward,  to  serve  as  an  accommoda- 
tion for  women  and  children,  has  been  completed,  and  occupancy 
took  place  July  30,  1915.  This  addition  consists  of  one  lar^e  ward 
divided  into  10  rooms,  is  screened  and  well  ventilated  on  cul  sides, 
and  has  direct  commxmication  with  the  cmerating  room  by  an  elec- 
tric elevator.  *  Bathrooms  adjoin  the  ward. 

An  item  for  painting  the  outside  of  all  buildings,  except  recent  new 
construction,  was  included  in  the  annufd  estimates  for  tne  fiscal  year 
1916,  and  the  work  is  now  bein^  done.  The  material  for  screening 
the  venereal  ward  has  been  furnished  and  the  work  commenced. 

A  cement  water  tower  with  a  10,000;^allon  tank  is  in  course  of 
erection  on  the  eastern  part  of  the  hospital  groimds  to  fiunish  arte- 
sian water  for  use  of  the  hospital  from  a  well  760  feet  deep,  which 
it  is  expected  will  furnish  25  gallons  of  water  a  minute.  Upon  the 
completion  of  this  tower  the  distilling  plant  will  be  discontinued. 

An  alteration  much  needed  at  the  nospital  is  another  room  in  the 
administration  building  for  use  as  a  library  and  reading  room  for 
medical  officers.  Such  a  room  might  be  provided  by  cutting  the 
commanding  officer's  and  the  adjutant's  offices  in  two  by  a  partition, 
or  preferably  by  putting  a  second  story  on  the  whole  administration 
bunding.     This  item  wm  be  taken  up  on  the  annual  estimate. 

During  the  year  1915  2^510  cases  were  admitted  to  hospital,  of 
which  number  82  were  officers,  1,760  American  enlisted  men,  87 
Philippine  Scouts,  and  591  civilians.  Of  the  entire  number  1,611 
were  medical,  899  surgical  cases.  The  total  daily  average  number 
of  patients  in  hospital  was  96.25.  Of  this  number  4.10  were  officer,s 
70.89  American  enlisted  men,  6.10  Philippine  Scouts,  and  15.16 
civiUans. 

The  following  table  shows  the  movement  of  the  sick,  together  with 
the  principal  causes  of  admissions,  during  the  year  1915: 


Offloen. 


Admissions: 

For  gunshot  woonds ... . 
Diarrhea  and  dysentery. 

Malarial  fevers 

Tvphoid  fever 

Rneomatio  ttffections . . . 

Venereal  diseases 

Ii^uries. 


3 


Insanitv... 
Aloohouun, 
All  other  causes. 


3 
6 
1 


83 


Enlisted 

men 
(Ameri- 


2 
10 
17 


24 

234 

134 

67 

49 

1,223 


Total. 


S3 


Diroositioos: 

JEtetomed  to  duty 

Discharged  on  oertiOcate  of  disability 

Discharged  per  expiration  of  term  of  service. 

Discharsed  per  general  court-martial 

Deaths  (all  causes) 

Transferred  to  other  hospitals 

Othcnrise  disposed  of 

Total 


76 


11 


l,7fi0 


1,203 
1 
2 
1 
3 
465 


87 


1,764 


Philippdne 
Scouts. 


8 


1 
6 
0 
6 


57 


87 


46 

S3 

1 


3 
1 


83 


CfvUians. 


11 
14 

a 

8 

13 

65 

3 

3 

484 


mi 


12 

IS 

666 


Total  admlasioas  during  the  year 8,610 

RemaJntng  on  tkik  report  Dee.  31, 1914 97 

Total  to  be  accounted  for 2,607 


BEPOBT  OF  THB  SUBQBOK  GENSBAIi. 


631 


The  following  tabulation  shows  the  deaths,  with  causes,  for  the 
year  1915: 


Caostt. 


Asphyxia  dorinif  labor,  dm  to  inspiratkm  of  amniotic  fluid , 

Broncho-pneumonia,  acuta 

Cardiac  dUatation 

Kther  anesthesia  and  operatiTe  abode 

Kzbaustion  and  hemorrhage  from  gums,  due  to  spleno-myelogenous  leu- 
kemia. 


Enlisted 
men 

(Ameri- 
can). 


FhHippftte 
Scouts. 


Gastroenteritis,  acute,  catarrhal 

Hemorrhage  from  bowel,  due  to  ^hoid  fever 

Impetigo  oontaelosnm 

Obstruction  of  auodenum  by  ooostrietifln  from  ulcer 

Oedema  of  the  brain,  aloohoUc 

Premature  birth 

Bopture  of  saccular  aneuiTsm  of  ascending  arch  of  aorta 

S^ticemia  following  acuie  suppuratiye  ethmoiditis  and  empyemia  of 

antoum  of  Hi^unore 

Shock  and  intenial  hemorrhage  (abdominal)  fidlowing  traumatic  i^|ury. . 

Toxnmia  and  exliaustion  following  pyemia 

Tomfimia  following  carcinoma  oi  liver 


Total 

Aggregate. 


1 
1 


2 


(Tivilians. 


1 

8 
1 
1 


1 
1 
1 


1 
1 


1 

i 


13 
17 


American  sol(iiers  are  not  discharged  for  disability  in  the  Philip- 
pine Islands  except  in  very  rare  cases;  there  was  one  discharge  there 
in  1915.  All  the  native  enlisted  men  physically  disabled  for  service 
are  discharged  in  the  islands.  The  following  taole  shows  the  number 
discharged,  with  causes  therefor: 


Philip- 
pine 
SooutSL 


Per  expiration  of  term  of  service. 

Ovtiflcate  of  disability 

Per  general  oourt-martial 


Total. 


Causes  of  disability. 

Aneurysm,  saccular,  transverse  portion  of  arch  of  aorta 1 

Ankylosis,  right  knee  joint,  sequel  to  gonoirheai  arthritis 1 

Bronchial  asthma  and  pulmonary  emphysema 1 

Oataract,  cortical,  immature,  right  eye 1 

Defective  mental  development 4 

Dementia  precox 4 

Keratitis,  chronic,  affecting  upper  half  of  right  cornea 1 

Lateral  curvature  of  spine,  congenital 1 

Leprosy 1 

Neuritis,  multiple,  chronic,  involving  upper  and  lower  extremities 1 

Tuherculosis,  pulmonary,  chronic 16 

Tuberculosis,  pulmonary,  chronic,  and  tuberculosis  of  pleura 2 

Total 34 

In  1914  there  were  41  discharged  for  disability  at  this  hospital. 


682  REPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON  OENERAI. 

An  ftctive  surgical  clinic  is  maintained  at  lias  hospital.  The  foU 
lowing  la  a  condensed  tabular  statement  of  surgical  operations  daring 
the  year  1915: 


OparBttom. 

Omcers 

■udoi- 
iiiwd 

H 

TotoL 

CMUuu. 

^ 

OfMlum. 

'i 

30 

\ 

18 

sa 

* 

1 

i 
1 

M 

13 

1 

xu 

• 

330 

» 

Operations  of  eye  and  ear  clinic  are  shown  above  to  complete  the 
table,  although  it  is  a  separate  service.  There  were  50  dehveries  at 
term  in  the  obstetrical  ward  with  4  stillbirths  and  1  maternal  <^di. 

The  following  is  a  report  of  the  hospital  laborator7  work  done 
during  the  year: 


ot— 

Blood 4,969 

Urine 3,871 

Bputum 2,040 

F»thoIo^cal  sections S2 

AniiuAl  injections 4S 

WaBBermann  reactions 4, 535 


Examinations  of — 

FecM 2,ttS 

Smean  and  cultures 1,885 

Wal«r  esaminationa,  bacterio- 
logical       504 

Chemical,  biological,  and  mis- 
cellaneous       Sll 

The  mean  strength  of  the  personnel  on  duty  at  this  hospital  for 
the  year  was  as  follows:  Medical  officers,  10;  dental  surgeons,  2; 
Aimy  Nurse  Corps,  23.89. 

DEPABTMENT   HOSPITAL,   HONOLULU,    HAWAH. 

This  is  the  general  hospital  for  the  Hawaiian  Department.    It 

serves  as  a  post  hospital  for  the  garrisons  in  the  vicinity  of  Honolufat 

and  receives  from  Schofield  Barracks  cases  of  a  serious  nature  and 

those  requiring  special  treatment. 

During  the  year  the  hospital  has  been  more  than  doubted  in  size  and 

ifiicers'  ward  and  operating 

3rps  detachment  have  been 

itional  buildings,  a  nurses' 

,  are  under  course  of  con- 

)  considered  as  300,  which 

re  bv  the  use  of  the  porches. 

las  oeen  converted  into  an 

nth  dehvery  and  steriUzing 

irt  one  of  the  main  warcS 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON  QENEBAL. 


633 


into  three  separate  detention  wards,  one  for  the  care  of  psychopathic 
cases,  one  for  prisoners  with  contagious  diseases,  and  one  for  prisoners 
with  diseases  that  are  not  contagious.  An  interim  telephone  system 
of  30  instruments  has  been  installed.  The  gas  supply  has  been 
extended  to  all  wards  and  departments,  and  cooking,  sterilizing  and 
water  heating  are  now  done  by  gas.  Large  store  rooms  have  been 
completed  for  the  storage  and  issue  of  all  classes  of  property.  Car- 
penter, pliunbing,  and  paint  shops  have  been  built.  An  enlargement  • 
of  the  latchen  has  been  made.  A  hydrotherapeutic  clinic  has  been 
established.  An  enlargement  of  the  dining  room  and  a  further 
enlargement  of  the  kitoien  will  become  necessair  when  the  full  bed 
capacity  of  the  hospital  is  made  use  of.  In  tne  basement  of  the 
isolation  building  a  disinfecting  chamber  and  rooms  for  infected 
clothing  are  needed.  Refrigeratmg  facilities  are  inadequate.  Plans 
for  a  refrigerating  and  cold  storage  plant  are  in  preparation.  There 
are  no  quarters  K>r  medical  officers  at  the  hospital  and  but  one  set 
of  noncommissioned  officers'  quarters.  The  acquisition  of  land  is 
necessary  for  this  purpose  and  is  dependent  upon  congressional 
action. 

The  work  in  all  departments  of  the  hospital  has  increased  during 
the  year,  especially  in  the  work  of  the  X  ray,  the  surgical  and  gyneco- 
logical service,  and  the  laboratory.  During  the  year  2,283  cases  were 
admitted  to  hospital,  of  which  nimiber  34  were  omcers;  4  Army  Nurse 
Corps;  1,965  enlisted  men;  268  civilians,  and  12  general  prisoners. 
Of  these  cases  1,126  were  medical,  732  surgical,  389  venereal,  and  36 
mental. 

The  daily  average  number  of  patients  in  hospital  for  the  year  was 
111.67. 

The  following  table  shows  the  movement  of  sick,  together  with  the 
principal  sources  of  admissions,  and  the  disposition  of  all  cases  daring 
the  year: 


AdmlflBioiis: 

From  command. . 

Tranafer 

OtberwiM 

Bamatntng,  1014.. 


TotaL 

Dfapoaitiopsi 

Ketnrned  to  daty 

Wed 

Transferred  to  other  hospitals . . 

otherwise  disposed  of 

Bemainhig,  1916 


OfOcera 

anden« 

listed 

men. 


Total. 


General 
priscDera. 


SI 

1,846 

76 

76 


2,076 


1,815 

12 

160 

4 

70 


2,076 


10 
2 


12 


1 
8 


12 


Cfyflians. 


4 

206 

6 


276 


TotaL 


8 

*  ■  •  •  • 

248 
10 


276 


81 

1,869 

343 

80 


2,363 


1,818 

20 

167 

260 

08 


2,363 


The  principal  causes  of  admission  were  as  follows: 


Gunshot  wounds 

Diarrhea,  gastroenteritis 

Malaria 

Typhoid 

Rheumatic  a£fections. . . 
Veai&esX 


8 

66 

8 

2 

47 

389 


Injuries 277 

InsaniW 36 

Alcohousm 48 

All  others 1,402 


Total 2,283 


636 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON  GENEBAL. 


Summary  of  clinical  laboratory  examinations  of  typhoid  fever  caset. 


Ezamination  of  t3rphold  cases 

Convalescents  examined: 

Podtlve 

Negative 

Suspected  carriers  or  contacts  examined: 

Positive 

Negative 

Widals: 

Positive 

Negative 

Blood  cultures: 

Positive 

Negative 

Blood  cultures  from  clots: 

Positive 

Negative 

Bzamination  of  feces  for  b.  typhosus: 

Positive 

Negative 

Bzamination  of  urine  for  b.  typhosus: 

Positive 

Nesati  ve  •  .•.••...•..••. 

Examination  of  feces  for  b.  dysenteria: 

Positive 

Negative 


Six  months'  periods 


June  30, 
1916. 


164 

0 
11 

9 
38 

12 
74 

2 
22 

0 
4 

0 
24 

0 
12 


Doc  SI, 
1916. 


137 

1 

6 

5 
32 

2 
66 


0 
6 

0 
14 


0 
6 


Jane  SO. 
1916l 


in 

1 
4 

2 

i 
27 


S 


0 
0 


No  chronic  bacillus  carriers  were  detected  during  the  fiscal  year 
ending  June  30,  1916. 

As  there  are  only  a  few  cases  of  paratyphoid  fever  reported  yearly, 
it  has  not  seemed  necessary,  at  least  in  our  service,  to  use  a  mixea 
typhoid  and  paratyphoid  vaccine,  and  none  has  been  used. 

Summary  of  dinioal  laboratory  examinatums. 


Blood  counts: 

Red 

White 

Differential  counts 

Malaria: 

Positive 

Negative 

Blood  cultures: 

Positive 

Urinalyses 

Sputa  for  tubercle  bacilli: 

Positive 

N^lve 

Feces  for  parasites,  etc 

Water,  bactertologkal 

Cultures  of  pus,  exudates,  etc 

Animal  inoculations  for  immune  sera,  etc 

Histological  examinations  of  operative  and  post-mortem  tissues. 

Miscellaneous  examinations,  gonocooous,  etc 

Wassermann  examinations 

Positive 

Negative 

Reexaminations 

Tests  made  on  survey 

Examinatfons  for  treponema  pallidum: 

Dark  field  microscope- 
Positive 

Negative 


Six  moDths*  period 


JmieSO, 

Dec.  81, 

191ft. 

191ft. 

02 

74 

94 

70 

98 

70 

1 

0 

114 

80 

0 

1 

4 

3 

88 

112 

7 

4 

72 

84 

36 

18 

45 

57 

96 

56 

•  299 

240 

210 

218 

174 

102 

5,567 

2,047 

240 

2n6 

510 

442 

9G8 

978 

3,849 

361 

6 

4 

28 

8 

liUi 


71 
1 


S 

s 


8 

80 

19 

84 

75 

8U 

297 

101 

2,519 

815 

827 

968 

719 


8 

8 


LABOEATOBIES. 

A  laboratory  is  proTided  for  each  of  the  departments,  the  one  at 
the  Army  Medical  School,  Washington,  D.  (;.,  for  the  use  of  the 
Eastern  Department;  at  Fort  LeavenworUi,  Kans.,  for  the  Central 
Department;  at  the  Letterman  General  Hospital,  Presidio  of  San 
Francisco,  Cal.,  for  the  Western  Department;  at  Fort  Sam  Houston, 
Tex.,  for  the  Southern  Department;  and  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii,  for 
the  Hawaiian  Department.  The  laboratory  of  the  tropical  board 
has  become  a  department  laboratory  for  the  FhiUppine  Department, 
and  located  at  Manila,  P.  I. 

Abmt  Medioal  Sohool. 

bactebiolooioal  dftision. 

No  changes  of  importance  have  been  made  in  the  bacteriological 
laboratories  during  the  past  year.  The  work  has  been  of  a  varied 
character,  as  shown  in  the  following  summaries : 

TYPHOID  FEV£B  PROPHYLACTIC. 

Vaccine  prepared  in  the  laboratory  was  distributed  during  the  six 
months'  periods  as  follows: 


Army 

Navy 

National  Ooard 

Various  Govemment  departments 
OlvUfans  and  dTlMan  institutions. 

Total 


June  30, 
1916. 


C.c. 

107,833 

48,528 

U,709 

1,153 

1,063 


170,394 


Dec  31, 
1915. 


C.c 
83,517 
50,374 
15,713 
3,389 
761 


151,654 


June  30, 
1916. 


840,506 

84,586 

83,466. 

1,148 

586 


460,331 


No  changes  have  been  made  in  the  preparation  of  the  typhoid  vac- 
cine, since  our  results  from  that  at  present  in  use  have  l>een  all  that 
could  be  desired. 

ifycdUmwva  vaccines  prepared  and  distrUmted  to  Army  posts  during  the  six  months* 

periods.  •  * 


Qonojpoccns: 

Prepared.... 

Dis&ibuted. 
Sta^yloooocus: 

Prepared.... 

Dlsbibuted. 
St 


June  30, 
1915. 


Ibuted 

Sta^iTtoooccus-acne: 

jPrepared..... 

Di^ibixted 

■Antoganoas,  prepaied  aiid  dteiaiboted number. 

BOe  media  was  distributed  to  Army  posts bottles. 


C.  e , 
1,700 
1,006 

280 
580 

575 
383 

883 

666 

33 


Dec  31, 
1915. 


C.c. 
3,280 
2,457 

335 
373 

800 
153 

875 

424 

80 

47 


June  30, 
1916. 


C.c. 
3,750 

i.no 

433 
316 

435 
300 

800 

376 

41 

68 


685 


638 


beport  of  the  surgeon  general. 
Letterman  General  Hospital. 


Capt.  Henry  J.  Nichols,  Medical  Corps,  has  been  in  charge  of  the 
laboratories  for  chemical  and  pathological  work  the  greater  part  of  the 

{rear,  having  assumed  charge  January  15,  1915,  when  an  independent 
aboratory  service  was  inaugurated.  Capt.  C.  G.  Snow,  a  valuable 
assistant,  was  transferred  to  the  laboratory  at  Fort  Bayard  April  14| 
1915.  Sergt.  Eancaid,  who  had  been  in  the  laboratory  for  seven 
years,  was  on  February  11,  1915,  reUeved  by  Sergt.  Higgins,  who  waa 
replaced  on  August  6  by  Sergt.  Augsburg.  The  present  force  consists 
of  one  sergeant  and  6  privates  first  class,  and  privates. 

An  addition  to  the  laboratory  has  been  authorized  at  a  cost  of  about 
S5,000  and  has  recently  been  occupied.  This  building,  with  some 
additional  equipment,  has  made  it  possible  to  devote  certain  rooms 
to  certain  kmds  of  work,  and  it  is  beUeved  that  the  increased  effi- 
ciency thus  gained  will  justify  the  expenditure.  The  old  laboratory, 
consisting  of  two  large  rooms,  was  badly  overcrowded.  With  toe 
installation  of  gas,  the  laboratory  will  be  thoroughly  equipped  for 
regular  and  special  work. 

The  laboratories  served  as  clinical  laboratories  for  the  hospital  with 
its  3,195  admissions  and  as  a  department  laboratory  for  the  western 
department.    The  work  covers   parts  of  chemistry,  bacteriology, 

f parasitology,  pathology,  and  serology  and  may  be  simunarizeoas 
oUowb: 


Wassermann  reactions 3, 148 

Skin  reactions 387 

Throat  cultures  for  diphtheria 1, 196 

Examinations  of    feces  for   para- 
sites and  ova 

Smears,  miscellaneous 

Vaccines  made 

Animal  inoculations 

Typhoid  examinations: 

Blood 

Stool 

Urine 

Agglutinations 

Stomach  contents,  routine 30 

Stomach  contents,  toxicological. . .  2 

Miscellaneous 20 


414 
75 
60 

103 

32 

10 

6 

13 


Urine  examinations 4,288 

Sputum  examinations  for  tubercle 

bacilU...., 1,554 

Blood  examinations 638 

Examination  oi  venereal  sores  and 

discharges 313 

Cultures,  miscellaneous 103 

Vaccinations  and  injections 361 

Functional  tests  (unne) 13 

Water  examinations: 

Chemical 13 

Bacteriolo^cal 85 

Milk  examinations: 

Chemical 13 

Bacteriological 13 

String  tests  and  occult  blood  tests.  26 
Chemical  examinations,  flour,  lem- 
onade, candy,  breau ,  tablet 5 

Autopsies. — ^Under  orders  of  the  commanding  officer,  poet-mortem 
examinations  were  made  on  all  officers  and  enlisted  men  dying  in  the 
hospital,  and  nermission  was  obtained  for  examination  of  most  of 
other  cases.  Of  the  73  deaths,  58,  or  about  80  per  cent,  have  been 
followed  by  autopsies. 

A  parallel  list  of  clinical  and  pathological  diagnoses  has  been  kept 
and  iJie  following  lesions  not  cunically  dia^osed  have  been  found: 
Glioma  of  brain,  hemorrhagic  pachymenmgitis,  softening  of  the 
brain  (2),  tubercular  abscess  of  apex  of  lung  (2),  one  with  extension 
into  spinal  canal  and  producing  a  transverse  myelitis  by  pressure, 
empyema,  pleural  effusion  (5),  miliary  tuberculosis,  diaphramiatic 
hernia,  pericarditis  (5),  atrophic  cirrhosis  of  liver  (2),  gumma  m  pan- 
creas, cancer  of  stomach,  general  peritonitis  (5),  appendicitiSy  cancer 
of  prostate. 


RBPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  OENEBAL. 


639 


In  general,  about  75  per  cent  of  clinical  diagnoses  were  confirmed 
at  autopsy. 

Syphilis. — On  October  6,  1915,  a  survey  of  most  of  the  wards  was 
mad.e  for  the  presence  of  syphilis,  and  of  215  patients,  47,  or  21.9  per 
cent,  were  found  to  have  syphilis;  12  per  cent  were  in  hospital  for 
recognized  syphiUtic  lesions  and  in  5.5  per  cent  syphilis  was  coinci- 
dent, while  in  3.5  per  cent  it  had  not  been  diagnosed  and  was  found  by 
Wassermami  reaction. 

Capt.  Snow  had  developed  a  delicate  technique  for  the  Wasser- 
mann  reaction,  using  different  amoimts  of  serum  and  a  carefullv  con- 
trolled hemolytic  system  of  goat  cells.  This  system  was  usedf  until 
Capt.  Snow  left  for  Fort  Bayard,  and  then  in  the  interest  of  uni- 
formity with  the  other  service  laooratories  the  method  devised  by 
Capt.  Craig  at  the  Army  Medical  School  was  adopted  and  has  been 
sati^actory.  Tlie  use  of  the  cholesterinized  antigen  has  proved  to 
be  superior  to  the  ordinary  antigen  in  known  cases,  such  as  m  pri- 
mary  cases  and  m  cases  of  aneurysm,  tabes,  and  paresis,  and  false 
positives  have  not  been  proved  to  occur.  Spinal  nuid  examination 
nas  proved  of  great  value  in  the  diagnosis  and  prognosis  of  syphilitic 
conaitions.  Routine  examinations  nave  been  made  of  all  mental 
cases  and  should  be  made  in  all  cases  of  syphilis  before  treatment  is 
suspended.  Twenty  examinations  have  been  made  in  the  primary 
ana  secondary  stages.  No  instance  of  involvement  of  the  nervous 
svstem  has  been  K)und  in  6  primary  cases,  5  early  secondary  cases 
snowed  no  abnormalities,  6  snowed  slight  changes,  and  3  aefinite 
changes. 

Eighteen  intraspinal  injections  of  salvarsanized  serum  have  been 
given  in  9  cases.  Two  cases  of  tabes  have  shown  definite  improve- 
ment, but  none  was  seen  in  cases  of  paresis.  Mercurialized  serum 
was  injected  13  times  in  4  cases.  These  injections  had  some  effect 
on  the  smnal  fluid  findings,  but  apparently  less  than  salvarsanized 
serum.  The  intraspinal  method  is  Delieved  to  be  a  rationfd  and  effec- 
tive local  treatment  of  syphilis  of  the  nervous  system.  In  the  mili- 
tary service  its  use  is  apt  to  be  limited,  because  while  many  patients 
can  be  improved  they  can  not  be  returned  to  full  duty,  and  are  there- 
fore discharged  for  ^is&bility.  In  selected  cases,  however,  its  use  is 
indicated. 

Under  War  Departm^t  orders  requiring  a  Wassermann  reaction  on 
an  accepted  recruits,  1,106  specimens  have  been  sent  to  this  labora- 
tory from  Fort  McDowell  since  July  23.  The  results  of  examination 
are  as  follows: 


XX 

X 

X- 

- 

ToUI. 

XX 

RcctdHs 

44 
6S 

1 

16 
6 

28 
19 

643 

396 

731 
375 

PereenL 
6.0 

BMnUsted  men 

14.1 

Total 

97 
8.7 

,^ 

47 
42 

941 
85.0 

1,100 

Percent 

It  will  be  seen  that  in  this  set  of  examinations  reenlisted  men  show 
more  than  twice  as  many  cases  of  infections  as  recruits. 

Capt.  De  Voe  has  checked  up  the  (XX)  cases  clinically  and  has 
f ouna  a  history  of  initial  lesion  or  other  evidence  of  probable  infection 
in  about  50  per  cent  of  the  positive  cases. 


640  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON  OENEBAU 

Typhoid  group. — ^No  case  of  typhoid  fever  has  occurred  durine 
the  year.  One  case  of  paratypnoid  A  was  diagnosed  by  blood 
culture,  in  a  soldier  who  had  antityphoid  vaccination  two  years 
before. 

The  typhoid  case  record  for  the  hospital  for  the  last  five  years  is  as 
follows:  1911,  19;  1912,  2;  1913,  1;  1914,  none;  1916,  none.  These 
results  are  undoubtedly  due  to  compulsory  antityphoid  vaccination. 
Some  writers  on  the  subject  have  claimed  that  the  freedom  of  the 
Army  from  typhoid  was  only  apparent  and  that  mild  and  atypical 
cases  occurred  which  were  not  recognized.  With  this  criticism  in 
mind,  blood  cultures  have  been  made  on  all  cases  of  continued  fever 
and  at  autopsies  the  condition  of  the  ilemn  and  gall  bladder  has  been 
carefidly  examined,  but  no  cases  have  been  detected.  The  con- 
clusion IS  that  typhoid  fever  has  not  been  present  in  the  3,195  persons 
admitted. 

The  descriptive  lists  of  all  miUtary  patients  have  been  examined 
for  record  of  antityphoid  vaccination  and  25  have  been  found  appar- 
entlv  incomplete.  On  further  examination  11  have  been  found  to  be 
really  incomplete,  and  in  5  cases  the  necessary  injections  were  g^ven; 
in  the  other  cases  the  patients  were  dischai^^ed  for  disabiUty. 

Diphtheria. — ^Diphtheria  occurs  annually  during  the  winter  months 
in  San  Francisco  and  usually  spreads  to  the  nearby  jgarrisons.  In 
December  a  few  cases  occurred  in  Companv  G.  Twenty-fourth 
Infantry,  and  scattering  cases  elsewhere  in  the  rresidio.  Company  O 
was  isolated  and  examined;  5  cases  and  25  carriers  were  found,  or 
19  per  cent  of  carriers.  This  figure  has  been  maintained  for  the  other 
contacts  examined. 

The  Schick  test  has  been  made  on  12  nurses,  and  4  were  found 
immune.  One  untested  nurse  in  charge  of  diphtheria  patients  be- 
came infected.  Thirty-seven  medical  officers  and  Hospital  CSorps 
men  were  tested  and  17  found  immune.  A  niunber  of  tests  have  been 
made  on  cases  and  contacts  and  carriers  in  children  and  adidts  and 
the  same  general  results  have  been  obtained  as  have  been  reported 
in  the  Uterature  of  this  subject.  From  the  military  point  of  view  the 
test  seems  to  be  of  value  in  detecting  those  who  are  naturally  inunune 
before  an  epidemic  appears.  A  list  of  immunes  can  be  kept  among 
doctors,  nurses,  and  corps  men,  and  details  for  care  of  patients  can 
be  made  from  this  list.  The  drawbacks  to  the  test  are,  the  difficidty  of 
securing  good  toxin  at  remote  places,  the  poor  keeping  quaUties  of 
the  toxm,  the  difficulty  of  reading  partial  reactions,  and  the  necessity 
of  observation  for  several  days  before  a  final  reading  va  made.  In  the 
presence  of  an  epidemic  these  are  disturbing  factors,  but  during 
mtervals  they  could  bo  obviated. 

AmcBbic  dysentery. — ^This  disease  presents  a  distinct  problem  in 
treatment  at  this  hospital  because  nearly  50  cases  have  been  admitted 
and  there  is  no  concensus  of  opinion  as  to  the  best  treatment.  Ekne- 
tine  is  of  great  value,  clinically,  but  practically  100  per  cent  of  cases 
relapse  under  emetine  alone.  With  the  cooperation  of  the  medical 
service,  patients  in  one  ward  have  been  treated  with  emetine  and 
ipecac  oy  mouth,  in  another  ward  a  series  has  been  started  on  emetine 
and  bismuth  with  quinine  irrigations.  None  of  the  first  set  are  free 
from  amoeba,  but  several  of  the  second  series  have  been  free  for  sev* 
eral  months. 


BEPORT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  GENERAL.  641 

Two  caaes  of  bacillary  dysentery  were  admitted  from  a  transport. 
A  dysentery  bacillus  was  isolated  from  the  stool,  but  has  not  yet  oeen 
fully  identified. 

Amount  of  work  and  needs. — ^The  work  done  exceeds  that  of  the 
previous  year  by  about  33  per  cent.  An  analysis  shows  that  over 
80  per  cent  of  tne  examinations  gave^  negative  results,  and  this  em- 
phasizes the  large  amount  of  work  that  must  be  done  in  a  laboratory 
m  order  to  arrive  at  the  small  percentage  of  positive  results.  Nearly 
all  advances  in  clinical  medicine  have  a  laboratory  element,  and  the 
demands  on  the  laboratory  are  constant  and  increasing.  This  point 
is  made  in  order  to  state  that  the  number  of  men  required  for  the 
proper  laboratory  work  of  this  hospital  will  increase,  and  that  if  any 
amount  of  special  work  is  to  be  done — and  it  should  be  done — another 
medical  officer  should  be  detailed. 

At  present,  in  equipment,  the  greatest  need  is  gas,  without  which 
makeshifts  will  continue  to  be  necessary. 

In  personnel  there  is  a  distinct  need  for  men  with  some  training  in 
'chemical  and  clinical  laboratory  work,  and  it  seems  that  Hxe  Anny 
Medical  School  mi^ht  serve  as  a  school  for  enlisted  men  as  well  as 
for  officers  along  the  line  of  the  other  service  sdiools.  At  present 
the  finding  of  trained  men,  or  of  men  capable  of  training,  is  more  or 
less  a  matter  of  chance. 

Special  work. — ^Ten  specimens  from  autopsies  have  been  sent  to  the 
Army  Medical  Museum  and  four  specimens  and  cidtures  have  been 
sent  to  the  Army  Medical  School. 

One  lecture  on  sjrphilis  was  given  at  the  Stanford  Medical  School, 
two  papers  on  antityphoid  vaccination  and  two  on  tropical  medicine 
have  been  read  at  medical  meetings.  Three  of  these  papers  have 
been  published. 

Some  work  on  gall-bladder  infections  in  the  rabbit  with  typhoid, 
paratyphoid,  and  dysentery  bacilli,  as  bearing  on  the  carrier  problem,  is 
under  way,  thanks  to  a  special  appropriation  from  the  Surgeon  Gen- 
eral's Office,  for  animals. 

Seventeen  cases  have  been  examined  for  the  presence  or  cure  of 
syphilis  by  the  Wassermann  provocative  Wassermann,  luetin  and 
spmal  fluid  tests.  All  tests  were  negative  in  7  cases  and  one  or  more 
tests  were  positive  in  10  cases. 

Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex. 

The  department  laboratory  has  served  practically  one-half  of  the 
mobile  army  during  the  whole  period  and  complied  with  requests 
for  almost  13,000  laix)ratory  examinations  and  operations  and  filled 
398  requisitions  for  supplies  of  various  kinds, 

e9176'—wAB  I9ie— VOL  1 a 


642 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL 


A  summary  of  these  activities  follows. 

Miscellaneous  vaccine  prepared  and  distributed  during  the  year  191S, 


Cobfo 
StaphylococcuB:  centimeters. 

Prepared 358 

Distributed 288 

Streptococcus: 

Prepared 319 

Distributed 276 

Staphy  lococcus-streptococcus : 

Prepared 261 

Distributed 206 

Staphylococcus  -  streptococcus  - 
pyocyaneus: 

Prepared 105 

Distributed 96 

Staphylococcus-acnc : 

Prepared 27 

Distributed 18 

Pyorrhea,  mixed: 

Prepared 66 

Distributed 54 


Cobio 

Pyocyaneus:  cenUiaetien. 

Prepared 120 

Distributed 96 

Pneumococcus: 

Prepared 64 

Distributed 42 

Paratyphoid  A: 

Irepared 125 

Distributed 36 

Paratyhpoid  B: 

Irepared 88 

Distributed 12 

Melitensis: 

Prepared 69 

Distributed 60 

Autogenous,  miscellaneous 2,  248 

Lots  of  vaccines  prepared 49 


VACCINES. 

The  great  variety  of  infections  usually  met  with  in  military  prac- 
tice have  been  extensively  treated  by  suitable  vaccines  and  the 
prompt  and  favorable  results  obtained  fully  justify  the  following 
conclusions : 

The  use  of  properly  selected  vaccines — 

1.  Markedly  reduced  the  intensity  and  period  of  suffering  on  the 
part  of  the  patient;  and 

2.  Reduces  to  a  minimum  (a)  time  lost  from  duty,  (ft)  period  of 
hospital  care  and  treatment,  (e)  the  direct  expenditure  for  medicines 
and  dressings. 

Summary  of  clinical  laboratory  examinaiions  of  typhoid  and  paratyphoid  fever 


Cases  examined  for  typhoid  fever 36 

Widals: 

Positive  (2  soldiers  and  1  civilian)  3 

Negative 0 

Blood  cultures: 

Positive M 

Negative 25 

Examination  of  feces  for  B.  typhosus: 

Positive 3 

Negative 13 

Examination  of  urine  for  B.  typhosus: 

Positive 1 

Negative 11 


Agglutinations  for  paratyphoid  B: 

Positive 

Negative 

Examination  of  feces  for  B  .dysentena: 

Positive 

Native 

Agglutinations  for  B.  dysenteria: 

Positive 

Negative 


1 
0 

1 
6 

1 
6 


TTPHOID  AND  PABATYPHOID  FEVERS. 

Typhoid  fever  appeared  for  the  first  time  since  the  concentration 
of  troops  (amounting  to  45  per  cent  of.  the  mobile  army  of  the  United 
States)  in  the  Southern  Department,  in  the  persons  of  two  soldiers 
belonging  to  organizations  attached  to  small  units.  In  one  case  no 
previous  history  was  obtained  but  in  the  other  the  soldier  passed 


>Two  coltaiis  trooi  one 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  GENEBAL. 


643 


most  of  his  time  in  the  home  of  a  civilian  living  adjacent  to  the 
camp.  A  member  of  this  family  was  ill  and  this  laboratory  found 
B.  typhosus  in  specimens  submitted  from  this  patient  prior  to  the 
receipt  of  specimens  from  the  soldier.  The  etiological  organism  was 
isolated  from  blood  cultiires  and  feces  in  the  three  cases  (one  civilian)^ 
the  urine  in  one  case,  and  positive  widals  were  obtained  in  the  three 
cases. 

A  comparison  of  the  incidence  of  typhoid  fever  in  large,  semiper- 
manent camps  similar  to  those  of  1898  as  made  below  confirms  the 
fact  that  since  the  introduction  of  typhoid  prophylaxis  in  the  Army 
the  typhoid  rate  in  such  camps  has  progressively  diminished,  a  fact 
that  is  not  affected  by  the  two  cases  nere  reported,  these  having 
occurred  in  small,  isolated  and  widely  separated  \mits. 


Cases  of  typhoid. 

Deaths. 

Certain. 

Certain 
and  prob- 
able. 

Typhoid. 

All 
canMB. 

1898 — CamD  at  Jacksonville,  Fla.  (troops,  10,759) 

1,729 

3,693 

248 

281 

1911 — Caidp  at  San  Antonio.  Tex.  (troops,  12.801) 

11 

F«b.  98. 1913.  to  Aug.  31, 1915— Camp  at  Texas  City  and  Qalves- 
tcm.  Tex.  (troops.  11.500) 

0) 

No  report 

B.  varatyphostLS  B  was  isolated  from  the  purulent  exudate  from 
the  stands  of  a  soldier  suffering  from  a  midtiple  lymph-adenitis, 
which  was  clinically  diagnosed  as  Hodgkin's  disease.  The  soldier 
gave  no  history  of  previous  illness  resembling  typhoid  fever,  and  Uie 
condition  for  which  he  appeared  on  sick  report  was  not  one  of  the 
sequelae  of  such  infection. 

Clinical  laboratory  examinations  of  Mediterranean  fever  case$. 

Number  of  cases  examined  for  Mediterranean  fever 34 

Positive 17 

Negative 17 

MEDITERRANEAN    (mALTA)    FEVER. 

The  presence  of  Mediterranean  fever  in  the  Southern  Department 
is  wortny  of  serious  attention.  Out  of  34  examinations  made  for 
this  disease  50  per  cent  were  found  positive,  16  being  cases  of  civilians 
connected  with  the  goat-raising  industry,  and  the  other  one  an  Army 
officer  who  gave  a  History  of  naving  eaten  * 'barbecued"  goat  meat 
but  denied  having  used  goat's  milk  m  any  form  or  having  served  in 
the  vicinity  of  goat  herds.    One  of  the  cases  of  civilians  proved  fatfd. 

Summary  of  clinical  laboratory  operations. 

Blood  counts 761 

Red 197 

White 564 

Differential  counts 325 

Hemoglobin  estimated 215 

Malam 395 

Positive 35 

Negative 360 


644  REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL*. 

Urine  analyses,  total 2, 178 

Positive  for  albumen,  no  casts 835 

Positive  for  casts,  no  albumen 412 

Positive  for  casts  and  albumen 167 

N^ative  for  albumen  and  casts 1, 264 

Sputa  for  tubercle  bacilli 685 

Positive 7S 

Negative 612 

Feces  for  parasites,  etc '. 337 

Water 19 

Bacteriological ; 15 

Chemical 4 

Cultures  from  pus,  exudates,  etc 80 

Animal  inoculations 255 

Histological  examinations  of  operative  and  post-mortem  tiBsuee 107 

Urethra  smears  for  gonococci 315 

Positive 140 

Negative 175 

Wassermann  reactions 6, 604 

Blood  serum — 

Positive 851 

Nq?ative 2, 785 

Reexaminations 2, 714 

Spinal  fluid — 

Positive 14 

Negative 124 

Reexaminations 16 

Examinations  for  treponema  pallidum,  dark  field  microscope 146 

Positive 32 

Negative 114 

Luetin  testa 22 

Spinal  fluid 136 

For  noguchi  butyric  acid  test fi6 

Lange's  colloid  gold  test 25 

Pleocyte  counts 56 

Rabies 3 

Positive  for  negri  bodies 2 

Negative  for  negri  bodies 1 

Milk 99 

Mother's  milk 8 

Cow's  milk 91 

Diphtheria 97 

Positive 20 

Negative 77 

Stomach  contents 23 

Malt  beverages 17 

Antigens  pfepared 14 

Autogenous  serum  treatment  for  psoriasis 5 

Miscellaneous  examinations 36 

Autopsies  periormed 12 

Slides  added  to  cabinet 330 

MILK   EXAMINATION. 

The  method  of  making  milk  examinations  that  has  been  in  use  in 
this  laboratory  for  the  past  three  months  has  been  found  satisfac- 
tory, and  monthly  submission  of  sample  from  the  dairies  supplying 
Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex.,  Fort  Bliss,  Tex.,  and  Camp  Douglas,  Ariz., 
has  been  directed  b^  the  commanding  general  of  the  department. 

This  method  furnishes  information  as  to  (a)  bacterial  contenti 
(6)  leucocyte  count,  (e)  presence  of  certain  known  disease-producing 
bacteria,  (d)  the  presence  of  some  preservatives,  (e)  the  percentage 
of  fat,  and  (f)  the  specific  gravity  and  presence  or  absence  of  added 
water. 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 


645 


Hiese  results  caa  be  detennined  from  a  sample  of  milk  small 
enough  to  be  easily  shipped  by  mail  after  preparation  h^  the  post 
surgeons  and  furmsh  them  with  accurate  aata  upon  which  report 
can  be  made  as  to  the  quality  of  the  milk  suppfy  as  required  by 
A.  R,  1387. 

8uppl%e$/urnithed  to  pa$U  in  the  Southern  Departmenif  in  additum  to  thote  fwmuhed  the 

hate  Ju>»pitalf  Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex. 


Secured  on  requiAtion : 

€k>iiococcu0  vaccine cubic  centuneteiB. . 

Typhoid  prophylactic do 

Sinallpox  vaccine units.. 

Mailing  tubes 

Si>ecimen  bottles 

Prepared  in  laboratory: 

Autogenous  vaccines cubic  centimeters. . 

Wrist's  capsules 

Loemer's  blood  serum tubes. . 

Agar  agar,  etc do 

Miscellaneous,  stains,  etc requisitions. . 

Bile  media bottles. . 

Blank  requisitions  supplied  to  avoid  delay 

Total  number  of  requisitions  filled  during  the  year 

The  W<u$ermann  reaction — Table  of  results  in  eases  of  known  syphUis. 


640 

5,040 

10,390 

1,280 

98 

578 
6,182 

236 
96 
22 
86 
30 

398 


Blood  serum. 

Oases. 

PositiTe. 

Negative. 

Percent 
positive. 

rflllKlfV  «••»....,.,...,......,....... 

100 
667 
213 
828 
2 

71 
616 
166 
107 

29 
161 

67 

221 

2 

71.00 

Sfloon<iary .  . , ^  ,  ,  r      ,  , .     , ,      ,  ,-  ,.. 

77.36 

Tertiary.'. 

73.11 

lAtent".  

32.62 

Hflredltary..... ...                                            

Total.....   , 

1,309 

849 

860 

64.86 

Spinal  fluid. 

Oases. 

Positive. 

Negative. 

Percent 
positive. 

PrimarT 

8 
11 
31 
18 

8 
10 
23 
14 

Swondary  a .       

1 
9 

4 

9.1 

''^flrtlary' 

29.03 

Latent 

22.23 

HflndJtary  .  

TotaL 

68 

14 

64 

2a6 

Spinal  fluid  reaction  positive  with  positive  serum 6 

Moal  fluid  reaction  positive  with  negative  serum. 3 

flptnal  fluid  reaction  negative  with  positive  serum. 14 

Miscellaneous  information  gained  from  Wassermann  tests. 


Oases. 

Positive. 

NegaUve. 

Percent 
positive. 

Afplltints  for  enlistment 

123 
5 

13 

110 
6 

10.& 

AniUeants  for  United  States  Military  Academy 

lidaded  from  the  above  flgnies: 

False  Inhthitioos 42 

6 


I 


646 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  SUBGBON  QENEBAL. 


Comparative  table  of  resuUs  of  the  Wassermann  reaction  with  relaUon  to  treatment  { 

of  known  syphilis). ^ 


PoslUve. 

Negative:  no 

record  of  treat- 

ment. 

Negative;  treated 

prior  to  test 

with  record  of 

previous  positive 

reaotion. 

ilegativ^:  treated 

prior  to  test 

with  no  record  of 

previous  posttive 

reaction. 

Coses. 

Percent. 

Cases. 

Per  cent. 

Cases. 

Per  ouk. 

Gtoee. 

Percent. 

Pr1m«ry     .  

71 
513 
155 
107 

7L00 
77.43 
73.11 
32.62 

17 
21 

8 

1 

a 

17.00 

3.14 

3.77 

.31 

100.00 

5 

67 

20 

144 

5.00 

laoi 

9.44 
43.90 

7 
63 
29 
76 

7.01 

Secondary 

9l41 

Tertktfy 

IS.  68 

Latent 

SLIT 

Hereditary  .  ......  . 

Total 

351 

64.91 

40 

3.74 

236 

18.00 

175 

IIJS 

1  Classifloation  made  on  dinioal  data  accompanying  requests  for  the  tests. 

Particular  attention  is  paid  to  the  Wassermann  test,  and  it  is  be- 
lieved that  the  results  are  satisfactory. 

CLINOSTOMUM   MABGINATUM. 

Specimens  of  this  fluke  were  foimd  in  fresh-water  bass  caught  at 
Medina  Dam  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Antonio,  Tex. 

This  is  mainly  interesting  because  of  its  economic  importance  and 
the  fact  that  hitnerto  it  has  not  been  reported  as  existing  so  far  south, 
the  previously  known  distribution  being  from  Kansas  City  and  St. 
Paul  on  the  west  to  Montreal  on  the  east,  and  St.  Paul  on  the  north 
to  Philadelphia  on  the  south.    This  parasite  is  not  known  to  be  in- 

J'urious  to  tne  human  system,  but  does  render  the  edible  portion  of 
ood  and  game  fishes  unfit  for  consumption. 

Honolulu,  Hawah. 

The  department  laboratory,  Hawaiian  Department,  was  established 
in  June,  1914.  It  is  a  part  of  the  department  hospital  and  takes  care 
of  all  routine  laboratory  work  of  the  hospital  and  Fort  Shafter,  as 
well  as  the  more  speciaUzed  work  for  other  posts  in  the  department. 
The  work  is  at  present  done  in  one  small  room  in  the  admmistration 
building.  Examinations  of  urine  and  feces  and  the  preparation  of 
vaccines  are  carried  on  side  by  side,  which  constitutes  a  condition 
far  from  ideal.  These  conditions  must  be  tolerated  pending  the 
completion  of  the  new  clinic  building,  which  will  contain  for  the 
laboratory  a  large  room  extending  entirely  across  one  floor,  with  a 
smaller  room  for  the  office  and  records. 

The  eouipment  added  recently  includes  a  large  electric  centrifuge, 
new  incubator,  and  dark-field  substage  with  arc  lamp.  The  last  obs 
proven  invaluable  for  the  quick,  easy  diagnosis  of  chanores  and 
mucous  patches.  Additional  equipment  will  be  added  when  there  is 
a  |^|ftce  to  put  it. 

The  personnel  in  charge  of  this  work  consisted  of  Capt.  Frederick 
H.  Foucar  and  two  privates,  which  can  not  make  for  a  further  incraaae 
in  the  volume  of  work  put  out.  It  is  contemplated,  with  additional 
Quarters,  to  add  a  nonconmiissioned  oflScer  to  the  personnel,  to  can 
for  the  records  and  lumdle  a  great  deal  of  the  routme  work. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SXTRGBON  OBITEBAIj. 


647 


Summary  of  dinical  laboratory  examinationt. 


UxineB 2,877 

Blood  counts 619 

Sputa 342 

Feces 389 

Urethral  smears 347 

Milk-fat  estimatioiia 57 

If  ilk-bacteria  estimations 40 

Throat  cultures 156 

Throat  smears 54 

Stomach  contents 163 

Bacterial  examinations 200 

Wassermanns 2,967 

Water  bacterial 67 

Chemical  examinations,  water. ...  25 

Tissue  sectioning 27 


Blood  cultures 

Animal  inoculations 

Dark-field  examinations. 
Alcohol  determinations.. 

Medico  legal  tests 

Malaria  hunts 

Autogenous  vaccines 

Autopsies 

Tuberculin  reactions 

Phenolphthalein 

ChemioEd  tests 

Spinal  fluid  (butyric  acid). 


20 
9 

85 

6 

0 

71 

96 

16 

9 

22 

18 

18 


Serum  agglutinations 115 

Total 8,815 

The  oflScer  in  charge  furnishes  the  following  as  the  most  interesting 
data  to  be  observed  on  looking  over  the  above  table: 

Two  outbreaks  of  diphtheria— June,  1914,  and  November  and  December,  1915. 

An  outbreak  of  dysentery  (bacillary)  occurred  in  September-October,  1915— about 
40  cases  among  solcuerB;  2  fatal  cases  (both  children.)  Organism  isolated  was  of  the 
Hiss-Russell  type;  a  vaccine  prepared,  and  50  children  of  Fort  Shafter  were  inocu- 
lated (3  doses);  there  were  no  additional  cases  among  the  children  isolated. 

A  Wassermann  survey  was  started  on  the  Twenty-fifth  Infantry  at  Schofield  Bar- 
racks, but  was  discontinued  after  500  specimens  had  been  turned  in;  8^  per  ccdit 
were  double  plus;  it  has  been  foimd  very  \'aluable  to  have  record  of  these  positive 
Wassermanns,  for  in  several  instances  it  has  materially  hastened  arri%dng  at  a  diagnosis 
in  these  men  vi  hen  subsequently  admitted  to  the  department  hospital  for  treatment. 
It  would  be  ideal  if  such  a  Wassermann  record— containing,  as  it  does,  history  of  all 
venereal  infection — could  be  had,  kept  up  to  date,  from  time  to  time  for  all  men  of 
the  command. 

The  technique  of  the  Wassermann  is  identical  with  that  of  the  Army  Medical 
School,  with  the  exception  that  a  liquid  amboceptor  is  employed,  for  it  is  thou^t 
that  it  keeps  better  in  this  climate,  is  quicker  and  more  accurate  in  titrating.  By 
means  of  tne  dark  field,  in  the  past  12  months  40  primary  lesions  have  been  diag- 
nosed— ^many  before  onset  of  a  positive  WasBermann. 

In  routine  examination  of  urine  the  frequency  of  a  dietetic  glycosuria  is  noted. 

Examination  of  stools  revealed  numbers  of  cases  of  amoebic  dysentery  and  hook- 
worm— all  these  cases  contracted  in  States,  though  these  conditions  do  exist  amonff 
the  natives.  The  cases  of  malaria  were  all  in  men  newly  arrived  from  the  States  and 
giving  definite  history  of  previous  attacks. 

An  outbreak  of  t\'phoid  fever  at  Schofield  Barracks  starting  in  November,  1915 — 
first  case  that  of  a  Japanese  servant — four  cases  (with  positive  blood  cultures)  among 
soldiers;  several  other  cases  occurring  among  servants  and  children. 

Two  sharp  outbreaks  of  food  poisoning,  both  involving  almost  an  entire  company. 
Fiist  at  Schofield  Barracks,  and  due  to  absorption  of  toxins  produced  in  meat  by  the 
B.  paratyphnid  B;  abrupt  onset*  short  course  and  lack  of  agglutination  on  part  of 

Satients  ruling  out  diagnosis  of  paratyphoid  fever.    Second,  a  company  at  Snafter, 
ue  to  eating  a  mess  containing  poisonous  fish. 


MEDICAL  DEPABTHE9T. 

The  following  statement  shows  the  strength  of  the  personnel  com- 
missioned, enlisted,  and  employed  by  contract  or  otnerwise,  of  the 
Medical  Department  on  June  30,  1916: 

Medical  officers 443 

Medical  reserve  officers,  active  duty 146 

Contract  suigeoDS 17 

Demtal  surgeons,  commissioned 40 

Acting  demtal  surgeons,  under  contracl 35 

Arm^  Nurse  Corps 160 

Medical  Department  enlisted  personnel   4, 670 

Civil  employees 291 

Total  medical  personnel 5, 792 

MEDICAL  CORPS. 

The  Medical  Corps  is  composed  of  the  commissioned  medical 
officers  of  the  Regular  Army: 

Authorized  strength  June  30,  1916 444 

In  service  June  30, 1915 433 

Appointed  during  the  year 14 

Total 447 

Losses  during  the  year 4 

In  service  June  30,  1916 443 

On  October  1,  1915,  20  candidates  who  had  passed  the  preliminary 
examination  for  appointment  in  the  Medical  Corps  reported  at 
Washington  to  take  the  course  of  instruction  at  the  Army  Medical 
School.  Seventeen  successfully  completed  the  course  of  instruction 
at  the  school  and  were  graduated  June  1,  1916.  Fourteen  graduates 
were  recommended  for  appointment  in  the  Medical  Corps  of  the 
Army. 

Losses  dwring  the  fiscal  year. 


mad 

lUtirwl.. 
KmigfMd. 


Colooet 


CapUtn. 


First  U«a- 
Uoaot. 


Aangato. 


ToUL 


1 
1 
1 


The  following  promotions  were  made:  2  lieutenant  colonels  to  be 
colonels;  2  majors  to  be  lieutenant  colonels;  2  captains  to  be  majore; 
22  lieutenants  to  be  captains. 

The  department  held  two  preliminary  examinations  for  appoint- 
ment in  the  corps,  Uie  first  on  July  12,  1915,  and  the  second  on 
January  10,  191o,  at  various  Army  posts  throughout  the  oouniry. 
Nineteen  applicants  passed  the  preliminary  examinations.  Of  this 
number  12  attended  the  session  of  the  Army  Medical  Sohooly  which 


C48 


BEPOBT  OF  THB  STJB6EON  GENEBAU  649 

ended  June  1^  1916,  leaving  7  who  will  attend  the  next  session  of  the 
school.  Prehminary  examinations  will  be  held  on  July  17,  1916, 
August  14,  1916,  and  September  5,  1916,  at  various  Army  posts 
throughout  the  United  States,  Panama,  and  Porto  Rico,  to  which 
over  200  candidates  have  been  invited. 

MEDIOAL  RESEBVE   CORPS. 

On  lorter  June  30, 1915 1, 426 

Appointed  during  the  year 542 

1,968 
es  during  the  year: 

Resigned 34 

Discharged 6 

Died 11 

(}ommiflaion8  vacated  by  appointment  to  regular  corps 14 

65 


On  roeter  June  30, 1916 1, 903 

Of  the  1,903  on  roster  June  30,  1916,  140  were  on  active  duty  and 
1,757  on  the  inactive  list. 

On  active  list  June  30, 1915 86 

Ordered  to  active  duty  during  the  year 136 

222 

Relieved  from  active  duty 62 

Gonunlsrions  vacated 14 

76 


On  active  duty  June  30, 191 6 146 

An  officer  of  the  Medical  Reserve  Corps  residing  in  the  vicinity  of 
each  military  post  has  been  designated  as  a  locum  tenens,  and  the 
policy  has  been  adopted  of  calling  such  officer  into  actual  service  for 
duty  at  his  post  wnen  all  the  regular  medical  officers  thereat  are 
called  upon  to  accompany  troops  into  the  field. 

CONTRACT   SURGEONS. 

In  service  June  30, 1915 14 

Contracts  made  during  the  year 11 

Total "25 

Contracts  annulled  during  the  year S 

Contracts  in  force  June  30.  1916 17 

These  contract  surgeoQs  are  on  duty  at  arsenals,  remount  depots, 
transports,  etc.,  at  &e  rate  of  pay  ranging  from  $75  to  $150  per 
montin. 

DENTAL  CORPS. 
Dental  surgeons: 

Number  of  dental  surgeons  in  service  June  30.  1915 34 

Appointed  during  the  year 7 

"41 
Resigned  during  the  year 1 

On  duty  June  30,  1916 40 

Acting  dental  surgeons: 

Number  of  acting  dental  surgeons  in  service  June  30, 1915 35 

Appointed  during  the  year 15 

"lo 


/ 


660  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON  QENBBAL. 

Acting  dental  surgeons — Continued. 

Contracts  annulled 8 

42 

Contracts  annulled  by  acceptance  of  commission  as  first  lieutenant, 
dental  suigeon 7 

On  duty  June  30,  1916 35 

Total "75 

One  examination  of  applicants  for  appointment  as  acting  dental 
surgeon,  United  States  Anny,  was  held  during  the  year,  on  October 
18,  1915.  At  this  examination  10  were  successful;  the  10,  with  5 
who  had  passed  a  previous  examination,  were  given  contracts. 

Under  the  act  01  March  3,  1911,  acting  dentol  surgeons  who  have 
served  three  years  in  a  satisfactory  manner  become  eligible  for  ap- 
pointment as  dental  surgeons  and  after  passing  the  prescribed  exam- 
mation  are  eligible  for  commission  in  the  Dental  Corps  with  the  rank 
of  first  lieutenant,  providec^  the  total  number  of  dental  surgeons  of 
that  rank  did  not  exceed  60. 

Dimng  the  year  10  acting  dental  surgeons,  having  served  3  years. 
became  e^gible  for  such  promotion;  of  these,  7  passed  the  requirea 
examination  and  have  been  promoted. 

ENLISTED  FORCE  OF  THE  MEDICAL  DEPAETMENT. 

Strength  at  date  of  last  report,  June  30, 1915: 

Sergeants  first  class 299 

Seigeants 408 

Corporals 42 

Acting  cooks 187 

Privates  first  class  and  privates 3,057 

Total j,993 

Gain,  July  1, 1915,  to  June  30,  1916: 

By  enlistment 586 

By  transfer  from  line,  including  unaasigned  recruits  from  depots 1, 419 

By  return  from  desertion 153 

General  prisoners  restored  to  duty 6 

Total 2,164 

Leas  during  same  period: 
By  discharge — 

Expiration  of  term  of  service 272 

By  order 398 

Certificate  of  disability 49 

Sentence  general  court-martial 165 

Transfer  to  reserve 201 

Transfer  to  line 102 

By  retirement 29 

By  death- 
Due  to  disease 16 

Drowned 1 

Suicide 1 

By  defi«ertioo 251 

Dropped 2 

Total 1.487 

Leaving  in  service  June  30,  1916: 

Sergeants  first  class 334 

Sergeants 524 

Corporals 40 

Cooks 199 

Privates  first  class  and  privates 3.573 

Total 4,670 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  8UBGE0K  QENEBAU  651 

The  enlisted  personnel  of  the  Medical  Department  was  also  reor- 
^mized.  The  aesignation  Hospital  Corps  was  changed  to  Medical 
department  (enlisted  force).  Two  new  grades  above  sergeant,  first 
class,  were  established:  Master  hospital  sergeant,  with  pay  of  $75 
per  month,  and  hospital  sergeant,  with  pay  of  $65  per  month.  The 
pay  of  sergeants  was  made  to  compare  to  tnat  of  tiie  similar  grade  in 
otner  stafiTcorps,  $36  per  month. 

Tlie  percentage  basis  was  adopted  for  the  Medical  Department, 
5  per  cent  of  the  enlisted  strength  of  the  Army  being  allowed:  in 
time  of  actual  or  threatened  hostihtics  the  ^cretary  of  War  is 
authorized  to  cause  to  be  enlisted  such  additional  number  of  men  as 
the  needs  of  the  service  may  require. 

Following  are  the  grades  as  now  established:  Master  hospital 
sergeant-s,  Hospital  sergeants,  sergeants  first  class,  sergeants^  cor- 
porals, cooks,  horseshoers,  saddiers,  farriers,  mecnanics,  privates 
first  cdass,  privates. 

Ratio  of  privates  first  class  to  privates  is  now  the  same  as  in  the 
Quartermaster  Corps. 

Ratings  for  adcutional  pay  tor  privates  first  class  were  estab- 
lished as  follows:  Dispensary  assistant,  $2  a  month;  nurse,  $3  a 
month;  surgical  assistant,  $5  a  month. 

ARMY  NURSE  CORPS. 

The  authorized  strength  for  the  Army  Nurse  Corps  for  the  fiscal 
year  ending  June  30,  1916,  has  been  150,  which,  however,  has  been 
far  from  sufiScient  to  supply  the  domand  for  nurses.  Two  nurses 
from  the  eligible  list  have  been  employed  imder  contract  since 
April  28,  at  the  Walter  Reed  General  Hospital,  Takoma  Park,  D.  C. 
owing  to  the  increased  work  at  this  station.  The  appointment  of 
12  aaditional  nurses  was  authorized  on  Jime  9  by  the  Secretary  of 
War,  and  in  consequence  12  nurses  were  assigned  to  duty  at  the 
base  hospital,  Fort  BUss,  Tex.  Eight  more  have  been  ordered  to 
the  base  hospital,  Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex.  Additional  nurses  will 
be  sent  to  both  these  hospitals  as  soon  as  provision  is  made  for  an 
increase  in  the  Nurse  Coips.  Four  nurses  who  have  been  on  duty 
at  Fort  Leavenworth  have  been  transferred  from  there,  on  accoimt 
of  the  transfer  of  the  troops  to  the  Mexican  border. 

New  quarters  for  nurses  have  been  furnished  and  are  occupied  at 
the  department  hospital,  Honolulu,  and  the  quarters  at  Letterman 
General  Hospital  will  be  ready  for  occupancy  in  August.  Plans  are 
being  drawn  also  for  nurses'  quarters  at  Fort  Sam  Houston,  the 
nurses  in  the  meantime  occupying  rented  quarters  at  the  post  as  a 
temporary  arrangement. 

Seven  nundrea  and  fifty  requests  for  application  blanks  have  been 
received  during  the  year.  During  the  same  period  there  have  been 
34  discharges  and  1  death;  40  appointments  and  7  reappointments; 
total,  47. 

The  appropriation  bill  for  the  coming  fiscal  year  now  before  Con- 
gress provides  for  56  additional  nurses,  out  on  accoimt  of  the  recent 
mobibzation  on  the  Texan  border  of  the  mihtia,  in  addition  to  the 
regular  troops^  a  further  increase  will  be  required. 


ABHT  MEDICAL  SCHOOL. 

Col.  WiUiam  H.  Arthur,  Medical  Corps,  relieved  Col.  Charles 
Richard,  Medical  Corps,  on  September  30,  1915,  as  commandant  of 
the  school  and  professor  of  military^  su^ery. 

Maj.  Eugene  1^.  Whitmore,  Medical  Corps,  assumed  the  duties  of 
professor  of  military  medicine  and  tropical  medicine  on  August  4, 

1915,  relieving  Lieut.  Col.  Champe  C.  Mc£!ulloch,  Jr.,  Medical  Corps. 
In  taking  up  this  duty  Maj.  Whitmore  did  not  relmquish  his  profes- 
sorship in  bacteriology,  patholo^v,  and  laboratory  diagnosis. 

Capt.  Ralph  H.  Qoldthwaite,  Medical  Corps,  refievea  Capt.  Ed^ward 
M.  Talbott,  Medical  Corps,  as  assistant  professor  of  ophthahnology 
on  November  3,  1915. 

Capt.  Paul  L.  Freeman,  Medical  Corps,  reported  on  January  26, 

1916,  for  a  special  course  of  instruction,  relieving  Capt.  Thomas  D. 
Woodson,  Medical  Corps. 

The  twentieth  session  of  the  school  began  on  October  1,  1915,  and 
ended  May  20,  1916. 

The  number  of  accepted  candidates  appointed  in  the  Medical 
Reserve  Corps  and  ordered  to  the  school  was  20.  Of  this  number, 
one  failed  to  report,  one  resimed  after  reporting  and  before  commenc- 
ing the  course,  and  one  was  later  relievea  from  attendance  by  reason 
of  physical  disability. 

Two  members  of  the  Medical  Corps  of  the  Organized  Militia,  one 
from  the  Geor^a  National  Guard  and  one  from  the  Pennsylvania 
National  Guard,  were  admitted  to  the  school.  Both  of  these  officers 
finished  the  course  for  medical  officers  of  the  Organized  Militia  and 
were  found  proficient.    Certificates  of  proficiency  were  issued  to  them. 

The  post-graduate  course  for  officers  of  the  Medical  Corps  was 
inaugurated  and  six  officers  (Capts.  Charles  L.  Foster,  Joseph  F. 
Slier,  Craig  R.  Snyder,  Lucius  L.  Hopwood,  Lee  R.  Dunbar,  ana  Wil- 
liam S.  Shields)  were  ordered  to  and  reported  at  the  schooL  This 
course  was  very  successful  and  of  great  advantage  to  the  officers  taking 
it,  though  it  was  curtailed  by  the  exigencies  of  the  service. 

Of  the  17  student  candidate  imder  instruction  at  the  school,  16 
qualified  at  the  final  examination.  Of  this  number  15  were  recom- 
mended for  commission  in  the  Medical  Cori>s,  one  failing  to  receive 
such  recommendation  because  of  deficiency  in  aptitude  hr  the  mili- 
tary service. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  course  of  instruction,  the  names  of 
the  professors  and  assistant  professorsi  the  value  given  to  each  sub- 
ject, and  the  hours  of  instruction; 

662 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 


653 


Na 


1 
t 
S 


s 


7 
8 

9 
10 


Sol^ect. 


Houn 
of  in- 
stnio- 
tioo. 


Ifflitarr  surgory 

Medku  Department  edmlnistratioo 
Mm  tary  medicine  and  tropical  med- 

Oplitbalmology 

ICilltarT  hygiene. 

Bact«riol(«y,  pathology,  and  labo- 
ratory diagnosis. 

Sanitary  chemistry 

Sanitary  tactics 

Operative  surgery 

Roentgenology 


20 
20 
364 

70) 


23 
270 


150 

70 

8 

19 


Professor. 


Col.  Wm.  A.  Arthur 

Lieut.  Col.  J.  D.  Glennan 

Lieut.  Cd.  C.  C.  MoCulloch  and  ICaJ. 

E.  R.  Whitmore. 
lla).  T.  C.  Lyster,  professor,  and 

Capt.  R.  H.  Goldtbwaite,  assistant 

in^essor. 

Mii.  W.J.  L.  Lyster 

M^.   E.   R.   whitmore,    professor; 

Oapt.  Edw.  B.  Vedder  and  IC  A. 

Reasoner,  assistants. 

MaJ.  R.  B.  Miller 

Capt.  P.  L.Jones 

Capt.  Arthur  C.  Christie 

do 


Value. 


Mazl- 

mnm. 


800 
800 
800 

400 


800 

900 


600 
500 

400 
310 


Mini- 
mnm. 


040 
640 
640 

a> 


640 
720 


400 
400 
320 
240 


In  addition  to  the  above  the  following  instruction  was  given :  Scries 
of  lectures  on  psychiatrjTi  general  paralysis  of  the  insane,  mental  defec- 
tives, psychosis  occurring  in  mental  defectives,  dementia  precox, 
hebepm'enic  type,  paranoia;  manic-depressive  psychosis;  psycho- 
analytical methods;  hysteria  and  psycno-neuroses,  by  First  Lieut. 
WiUiana  A.  White,  M.  R.  C,  superintendent  of  the  Government  Hos- 
pital for  the  Insane,  special  professor.  In  addition  to  these  lectures 
there  were  clinical  demonstrations  b v  Capts.  Thomas  D.  Woodson  and 
Paul  L.  Freeman,  Medical  Corps,  as  follows :  Dementia  precox^  general 
paralysis  of  the  insane,  manic-depressive  psychosis,  paranoid  state, 
paranoid  dementia  precox,  involutional  melancholia,  senile  dementia. 

Saresis,  progressive  muscular  atrophy,  paranoia,  maUngering  in  ola 
ementia  precox,  juvenile  paresis,  and  mental  defectives.  Twenty- 
four  hours  were  devoted  to  the  general  subject. 

Thirty  hours  instruction  in  equitation  bv  First  Jjieuts.  Sloan  Doak 
and  David  H.  Scott,  Fifth  United  States  Cavalry. 

Twelve  lectures  on  military  law  by  Maj.  Walter  A.  Bethel,  Judge 
Advocate  General's  Department. 

No  special  professors  were  designated  during  the  1915-16  session. 

Two  servants,  Hospital  Corps,  were  detaUed  at  the  school  for 
instruction  in  X-ray  work  and  pnotography ;  they  both  proved  to  be 
apt,  and  acquired  the  technical  knowledge  ana  skill  necessary  to 
<piaiify  them  as  instructors  in  these  subjects,  and  were  given  certifi- 
cates of  proficiency. 

The  closing  exercises  were  of  an  informal  character.  The  diplomas 
were  presented  to  the  graduates  by  the  Surgeon  General  of  the  Army 
with  a  few  appropriate  remarks.  The  two  medals — the  HoflF  memorial 
medal  and  tne  Sternberg  medal — ^which  were  awarded  to  First  Lieuts. 
iJdward  A.  Noyes  and  Paul  A.  Schule,  respectively,  were  not  pre- 
sented during  tne  exercises,  there  not  being  sufficient  time  between 
the  final  examinations  and  the  date  of  graduation  in  which  to  have 
them  properly  engraved. 

All  the  officers  assigned  to  duty  at  the  school  have  performed  their 
various  duties  in  a  most  satisfactory  manner. 

The  enlisted  personnel  has  also  shown  itself  to  be  satisfactory  in 
overy  respect.  There  has  been  no  infraction  of  discipline  among  the 
inen  of  tne  detachment. 


654  BEPORT  OF  THE  SUBGEON   GENEBAIj. 

The  commandant,  in  closing  his  report,  remarks  that — 

The  clerical  force  has  performed  its  duties  efficiently^  and  satisfactorOy. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  request  for  an  appropriation  for  the  building  of  an  Anny 
Medical  School  has  been  disapproved,  and  that  tne  present  building  is  too  small  for 
the  enlarged  classes  that  may  be  expected  in  the  future,  and  generally  very  poorty 
adapted  to  the  needs  of  the  school,  it  has  been  recommended  that  another  building 
be  occupied  for  the  purpose,  and  one  has  been  selected  at  No.  604  Louisiana  Avenue, 
which,  while  it  increases  the  expenses  very  little,  will*  give  more  thaA  twice  the  space 
of  the  present  building. 

It  seems  to  me  that  too  much  time  is  given  up  to  laboratory  work  in  the  school  and 
not  enough  attention  paid  to  sanitary  tactics.  I  therefore  recommend  that  in  the 
future  the  students  be  required  to  spend  at  least  two  weeks  in  camp.  A  camp  could 
be  established  on  the  ^unds  of  the  Walter  Reed  General  Hospital,  and  two,  or  piefer- 
Bb\y  three^ell  Qualified  medical  officers  selected  to  pye  the  students  some  field 
training.  While  tne  laboratory  work  is  very  important,  it  is  not  strictly  miHtary,  and 
the  students  have  no  opportunity  of  leamin£[  to  care  for  themselves  in  camp,  the 
details  of  camp  sanitation,  and  the  general  duties  of  medical  officers  in  the  field. 

If  it  is  practicable,  it  is  considered  that  the  post-graduate  course  for  medical  officen 
be  repeated  during  the  next  session  of  the  school  for  at  least  six  officers  of  the  cons 
if  they  can  be  spared  for  the  purpose.  Some  of  these  officers  might  incidentally  be 
utilized  as  instructors  in  the  students'  camp,  if  my  recommendation  for  its  institatioo 
is  carried  out  and  the  necessaiy  equipment  for  such  a  camp  can  be  supplied  from  the 
Quartermaster  Corps. 


SPECIAL  WOBK  BT  KEDICAL  OFFICEBS. 


BUIXETINS. 

In  the  sundry  civil  bill  for  1916,  under  the  appropriation  for  print- 
ing and  binding  for  the  War  Department,  it  was  provided: 

That  the  sum  of  $3,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  mav  be  necessary,  mav  be  used  for 
the  publication  from  time  to  time  of  bulletins  under  the  direction  oi  the  Surgeon 
General  of  the  Army  for  the  instruction  of  medical  officers  when  approved  by  the 
Secretary  of  War. 

Under  the  authority  mentioned  above,  two  bulletins  were  issued 
during  the  year,  viz: 

Bulletin  No.  9.  Gunshot  roentgenograms,  a  collection  of  roentgenograms  taken  in 
Constantinople  durine  the  Turko-Balkan  War,  1912-13,  illustrating  some  gunshot 
wounds  in  the  Turkish  Army,  by  Maj.  Clvde  S.  Ford,  Medical  Corps. 

BuLLSTiN  No.  10.  Officers  of  the  Meaical  Reserve  Corps,  United  States  Armv, 
inactive  list,  with  post-office  addresses  of  each,  compiled  under  the  direction  of  the 
Surgeon  General. 

Material  is  now  on  hand  for  three  bulletins,  which  will  probably 
be  issued  some  time  during  the  fiscal  year  1917. 

ABTICLES  BY  HEDIOAL  OFFICEBS. 

NoTB. — It  is  desired  to  include  in  this  list  all  articles  written  by  medical  officers 
during  the  fiscal  year.  It  is  therefore  reauested  that  the  title  and  place  of  publica- 
tbn  of  articles  wntten  by  medical  officers  be  sent  to  the  office  of  the  Surgeon  ueneral. 

Articla  by  medical  officen  of  the  Army,  July  1,  1915,  to  June  30, 1916, 


Aotbor. 


Article. 


DlqiKifitioii. 


Aitlnir,  Col.  Wflliam  H.... 
Adiford,  M^.  Bailey  K.... 

Do 

Do 

Do 

AAlbnl,  Capt.  Mahlon 

Do 

Berbir,  G4>t  John  B , 

Binptngham,  Col.  Benry  P.. 
Biipham,  Ifi^.  WiUJam  N., 

wittle,  C^yt  Arthur  C. .. . 


Postgraduate  instmctioa  at  the 

.Army  Medical  School. 
The  dietetic  treatment  of  qnne. .. . 

Sorgery  related  to  odontology 

Further  experimentation  in  animals 
with  a  moniliaeonmionly  found  in 
sprvB. 

Tropical  diseases 

A  proposed  motor-ambolanoe  com- 
pany. 

Tne  American  doctor  and  military 
preparedness. 

Sanitary  problems  of  prison  and 
concentiation  camps. 

Coordination  of  the  Medical  Depart- 
ments of  the  Army  and  Navy  in 
campaign. 

A  review  of  the  sanitary  service  in 
Uie  present  war. 

Demogn^hy  in  so  Car  as  It  relates  to 
the  vital  statistics  of  armies. 

A  motor  amhnlanee  lior  field  service. 


Military  Surgeon,  February,  101ft. 

Bead  by  title  before  American  Soci- 
ety of  Tropical  Medicine,  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal..  July  14-10, 1916. 

American  Journal  of  Tropica]  Die* 
eases  and  Preventive  Medidne, 
January.lOlO. 

Bevista  Dental,  Babana,  Caba, 
December.  1915. 

American  Journal  of  Medkal  Sel- 
enoes,  April,  1010. 

Cliapter  ibr  iburth  volume  of  Musser 
and  Kelly's  Practical  Treatment, 
1910. 

Military  Surgeon.  October,  1910 

Awaiting  publication. 

Bead  before  Southwest  Medical  and 
Surgical  Associatfon,  El  Paso,  Tex., 
Deo.  9-11,  1915;  awaiting  pubUea- 
tfon. 

Military  Surgeon.  April,  1910. 


Awaiting  publloation. 
Do. 
Do. 

655 


666 


BBPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON   OENEBAU 


ArtieUt  hy  medical  officers  of  the  Army,  July  /,  1915 ^  to  June  30,  /9/tf— Continued. 


Author. 


Goto.  Capt.  Clarence  L 

OoDDor,  Copt.  Qarenoe  H... 

Cooper,  Capt.  Alexander  T. . 

Coulter,  Capt.  John  S... . . . . 

Craig,  Capt.  Charles  F 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Culler,  Capt.  Robert  H. 

Darby,  Capt.  Taylor  E 

Davis.  First  Lieut.  Henry 
L.,  Medical  Reserve  Corps. 

De  Laney,  Ma).  ICatthew.... 

Duncan,  Capt.  Louis  C 

Do 

Bbert,  Col.  Rudolph  O 

Edger,  ICaJ.  Benjamin  J.,  Jr. 

Ferenbaugh,  Capt.  Thos.  L.. 
Fisher,  Lieut.  Col.  Henry  C. 
Foster,  Capt.  George  B.,  Jr.  • 
Fbuoar,  Capt.  Frederick  H. . 

Friok,  Lieut.  Col.  Eudld  B.. 

Oorgas,  Ma).  Gen.  W.  C, 
Surgeon  General. 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Ben.  MaJ.  I.ouIs  T 

Do 


Report  of  a  case  of  infection  of  lymph 
^ands  with  Bacillus  Paratypho- 
susB. 

The  special  physical  examination  of 
aviators  lor  the  United  States 
Arniy. 

The  Wassermann  reaction  and  its  re- 
lation to  tuberculosis.  (Collabo- 
rated with  Capt.  C.  G.  Snow.) 

Study  of  pathology  of  gall  bladder 
and  biliary  passages  in  cholera. 

Observations  upon  complement  fix- 
ation In  the  diagnosis  of  pulmonary 
tuberculosis. 

Observations  upon  the  endamoebs 
of  the  mouth:  L  Endamoebs  gil- 
glvalis  (buocalis). 

Importance  of  tropical  diseases  to 
American  practitioner,  as  illus- 
trated by  their  occurrence  in  the 
United  States. 

Some  practical  points  regarding  the 
results  and  interpretsytion  of  the 
Wassermann  test  ibr  syphilb. 

An  intermediate  method  of  blood 
transfusion. 

Hygiene  f6r  the  Boy  Scouts 


A  case  of  poisoning  by  methvl  alco- 
hol, fluid  extract  hamameUs,  and 
a  hair  tonic,  with  recovery. 

Epidemic  of  baclllary  dysentery  due 
to  Hiss-RusseU-badllus. 

Some  experiences  of  the  territorial 
armies  of  France,  1870-71  (trans- 
lation from  the  French). 

The  sanitary  service  (translation 
fh>m  the  French  Journal  L'lllus- 
tration). 

Some  Medical  Department  problems 
of  over-seas  garrisons. 

Some  cases  of  appendicitis  at  Scho- 
fleld  Barracks,  Hawaii. 

A  note  concerning  the  occurrence  of 
hydrophobia  in  the  foxes  of  A  laska. 

Preparedness  of  the  Medical  Depar^ 
ment  for  war. 

Etiology  of  common  colds 


BacHlary  dvsentery,  recent  epidemic 
at  Fort  Bhafter,  Hawaii,  from  the 
laboratory  aspect. 

Venereal  disease  in  the  Army 


Tropical  sanitation  in  its  relation  to 
general  sanitation. 


The  relation  that  modem  tropical 
sanitation  will  probably  have  on 
the  future  movements  of  popula- 
tions. 

Report  on  the  sanitation  of  Guay- 
aquil. 

Dr.  Carlos  G.  Flnlay 

The  effect  that  the  sanitary  work 
accomplished  in  Cuba  and  in 
Panama  has  had  and  will  have 
upon  the  sanitation  of  the  Tropics. 

Yellow  fever 

Paner  on  reoruitinf 

Dencienoy  of  sanitary  units  of  the 
Organlxed  MlUtla. 


Disposition. 


Journal  of  Infectious  Dlseasaa,  ApriL 
1916. 

Awaiting  publtnatton. 


Amerten  Journal  of  the  M^iitwi  Set- 
•noes,  August,  1910. 

Phil^plne  Journal  of  Sdsiioa,  liaaHa* 

November.  191&. 
Journal  of  Medioal  Sctencee,  Dmsb- 

ber,  1916. 

Journal  of  Infeetfcws  Diaeaaas,  Fsb- 
ruary,  1916. 

Amerioan  Journal  of  TroplQal  Dl^ 
eases  and  Preventive  MadWna, 
July,  1916. 

Military  Surgeon,  Maroh,  191A. 

Awaiting  publioatioo. 

Pamphlet  prepared  fer pubUealioo  •• 
a  handbook  for  the  Boy  Seoots  «f 


Awaiting  publioation. 

icnitary  Surgeon,  May,  19ie. 

Journal  of  Military  Service  loitftii- 
tkm. 

Military  Surgeon,  January,  191«. 

Military  Surgeon,  August,  1916w 

Bead  before  United  Servloe  Medioal 
Society  of  Hawaii,  Dee.  4,  lAlS; 
awaiting  publication. 

Military  ftirgeon,  June,  1916. 

Military  Surgeon,  February,  1916. 

Journal  of  American  Medioal  AsMd- 

atkm.  Apr.  16, 1916. 
Military  Surgeon,  May,  1916. 


Read  before  Nfiith  International 
Purity  Congress,  San  Francteo, 
Cal.,  July  23, 1916. 

Address  delivered  before  flftecnth 
annual  conference  oC  health  c^Bescs 
of  New  York  State,  at  RodieBtv, 
Sept.  6. 1915;  Journal  of  Amerlean 
Medicai  Association.  Dee.  26. 1916. 

Address  delivered  before  Sou^sfB 
Couunercial  Ckmgress  at  CharMoB, 
S.  C,  Deo.  16, 19U. 

The  Southeni  Medioal  Journal,  No- 
vember, 1915. 

Address  delivered  at  farty4hM 
annual  meeting  of  AmerloanPubUD 
Health  Assodatian,  Rocbvlsr. 
N.  Y.,  Sept  7, 1916. 

Address  delivered  before  VermoBt 
StaU  Medioal  Society,  BurUngtoB, 
Oct.  14,  1916;  Southflm  uSSoA 
Journal,  February,  1916^ 

Commemoratloo  volume  of  the 
Amerfcan  Medical  AasootOtatt, 
1916. 


Awaltingpublical 
MiUtaryBurgeon, 


April,10ta. 


REPORT  OF  THE  8XJBGE0N  QENEBAIi. 


657 


ArHcUi  by  medical  officers  of  the  Army,  July  1,  1916,  to  June  SO,  /9/^— Continued. 


Author. 


Hopwood ,  Capt.  Lucius  L . 
Huntington, Capt.  P.  W.. 

Do 

Johnson,  Capt.  H.  H 

Johnson,  Capt.  T.  H 

J(m68|  Capt.  E.  C 

Jones,  Capt.  Harold  W.... 

Jones,  Capt.  Percy  L 

Do 

Kean,  Col.  Jefferson  R . . .. 

Do 

Keefer,  Lieut.  Col.  F.  R.. 

King,  Capt.  Edgar 

Do 


Do. 


La  Garde,  CoL  Louis  A., 

retired. 
Leslie,  Lieut.  8.  H.,  Dental 

Corps. 


Lyster,  Maj.  W.  J.  L....... 

Do 


McKellar,  Capt.  Harry  R . . 
Maddux,  Capt.  H.  C 

Midiie,  Capt.  H.  C 


Article. 


Duties  of  ambulance  companies 

Transmissible  diseases  in  war 

Camp  sanitation 

The  trailer  ambulance 

Diseases  complicatixig  dironic  pul- 
monary tooerculosis. 

Transportation  of  ambulance  com- 
panies. 

The  oi^anization  of  an  ambulance 
company. 

Individual  equipment  for  the  Hos- 
pital Corps. 

The  hospital  train  deluxe 

Lessons  of  the  great  war 


New  r61e  of  American  Red  Cross. . . 
The  sanitary  problems  of  trench  war- 
fare. 


The  military  delinquent . 


Certain  problems  in  the  treatment 
of  criminals  who  are  mentally  ab- 
nonnal. 


The  use  of  habit-forming  drugs 
(cocaine  and  its  deriyatives)  by 
enlisted  men. 

The  new  war  surgery  requires  more 
surgeons. 

Dental  service  in  the  Army 


Diq>ositlon. 


Vaccination  against  typhoid  in  the 

United  States  Army. 
Present  status  oC  disinfection  of 

drinking  water  in  the  field. 


Do 

Miller,  Maj.  Reuben  B . 
Do 


Do 

Modd,  Capt.  Leo  C. 


Monaon.  Lieut.  Col.   Ed* 
wardL.i 


Do. 


Neboo,  Maj.  Kent. 


Malingering 

Ho^tal  treatment  of  acute  gon- 

orfbea. 
Rocky  Moontain  spotted  (tick)  fever 

(collaborated  with  Dr.  Houston 

A  tuberculosu  survey  of  an  Eskimo 
village. 

ProDosed  equipment  for  the  Hos- 
pital Corps  soldier. 

The  new  manual  for  the  Medical 
Department. 

The  new  field  belt  for  medical  officers. 

Some  experiences  with  venereal  dis- 
eases at  Schofleld  Barracks, 
Hawaii. 

Medical  preparedness  for  campaign.. 


Awaiting  publication. 
Military  Surgeon,  Aprfl,  1016. 
Military  Surgeon,  March,  1916. 

Military  Surgeon .  June,  1916. 

Read  before  United  Service  Societv 
of  Hawaii,  Honolulu,  Feb.  5, 1916; 
awaiting  publication. 

Read  before  Second  Pan  American 
Scientiflo  Congress,  Washington, 
D.  C,  Dec.  27, 1915;  awaiting  pub- 
lication. 

Read  at  Second  Pan  American  Soiex^ 
tiflo  (ingress,  Washington,  D.  C, 
Dec.  27.  1915;  Military  Surgeon, 
June.  1916. 

Read  before  twenty-fourth  annual 
meeting  of  Association  of  Mili- 
tary Surgeons,  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
September,  1915;  Military  Surgeon, 
February,  1916. 

I  Nnmeroos  editorial  contributions  to  the  Military  Surgeon,  the  official  organ  of  the  Association  of  Mili- 
tary Surgeons  of  the  United  States,  of  whkdi  he  has  been  the  editor  secretary  since  the  last  annual  meeting 
«f  the  asMdation  in  Washington,  September,  1915,  have  been  made  by  this  officer. 


The  proper  function  of  the  Medical 
Department  in  relation  to  general 
staff  work. 


An  Army  motor  ambulance. 


Mllitarv  Surroon,  September,  1915. 
New  York  Medical  Journal,  July  8, 

1916. 
Awaitingpublication. 
Military  Surgeon.  July,  1916. 
Awaiting  publication. 

Military  Surgeon,  November,  191ft. 

Awaiting  publication. 

Read  at  twenty^ourth  meeting  of 
Association  of  Military  Surgeons, 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  September,  1915. 

Military  Surgeon,  October,  1916. 

Presidential  address  delivered  before 
Association  of  Military  Surgeons, 
Washington,  Sept.  13,  1915.  Milt- 
tary  Surgeon,  October,  1915. 

Military  Surgeon,  May,  1916. 

Read  before  the  annual  meeting  of 
United  Service  Medical  Society  of 
Hawaii,  Honolulu,  Jan.  8.  1916; 
Military  Surgeon,  June,  1916. 

Read  before  twenty-fourth  annual 
meeting  of  Association  of  Militarr 
Surgeons,  September,  1915;  Mili- 
tary Surgeon,  December,  1915. 

Read  before  annual  meeting  of  Kan- 
sas conference  of  Charities  and 
Corrections,  Lawrence,  Kans.,Nov. 
19, 1915;  published  as  part  of  pro- 
ceedings of  sixteenth  annual  con- 
ference of  Kansas  Society  of  Chari- 
ties and  Cknrections  meeting  with 
Kfuisas  Society  of  (Criminal  Law 
and  Criminology. 

Military  Surgeon,  October,  1916. 


Military  Surgeon,  March,  1916. 

Read  before  Massachusetts  Dental 
Society,  May  3-5,  1916;  Journal  of 
Allied  Dental  Societies,  N.  Y., 
June.  1916. 

Journal  of  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation. Aug.  7, 1915. 

Read  at  twenty-fourth  annual  meet- 
ing of  Association  of  Military  Sur- 
geons, Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Septem- 


geon 

Der,1915;  awaitingpublication. 
Awaitingj>ublication. 
Military  Surgeon,  December,  1915. 

Medical  Record,  Feb.  12, 1916. 


e9176'— WAB 1916— VOL  1- 


-42 


658 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGBON  QENEBAL. 


ArticUs  by  medical  offieen  of  the  Army,  July  1, 1915,  to  June  30,  iPi6— Oontimied. 


Autbor. 


Nelion,  IfuJ.  Kent. 


Artlole. 


Nichols,  Gapt.  H.  J 


O'Connor,  Lieut.  CM.... 
Ow«n,  CoL  Wm.  O 


Pattaraon,  Hi^*  B*  U 

Pbalen,  MaJ.  J.  M 


Do. 
Do. 


Powell,    Ueut.    Cnthbert, 
Medical  Reserre  Oorpe. 

Raymond,  Col.  H.  I 


Do 

Reasoner,  Capt.  M.  A , 


Do. 


Do. 


Do. 


Reno,  MiO-  Wm.  W. 


Do , 

Do 

Do 

Reynolds,  MiO'C.R. 


The  use  of  mercurr  salicylate  In 
syphilis;  a  record  of  its  influence  on 
the  Wassermann  reaction  in  50 
cases  (collaborated  with  E.  A. 
Anderson,  M.  D.). 

Possible  reasons  for  lack  of  protec- 
tion after  antityphoid  vaccination. 


A  record  march  by  sanitary  troope. . 

Relation  of  the  Army  Medical  Corpe 
and  the  Medical  Reserve  Corps  to 
the  Medical  Corps  of  the  Organised 
MiUtia. 

The  American  National  Red  Cross 
in  first-aid  and  accident  preven- 
tion. 

Typhoid  preventSoo  by  bacterial 
vaccine. 


The  Medical  Reserve  Corps,  U.  8. 
Army. 

The  Camp  MoCoy  School  for  Sani- 
tary Troops. 


A  consideration  of  a  few  of  the  many 
lessons  in  medicine  and  surgery 
taught  by  the  present  European 


Duties  of  Medical  Supply  officers 
and  their  methods  (oolttborated 
with  MaJ,  Edwin  P.  Wolfe). 

Observations  upon  the  cure  of  syphi- 
lis. 

Some  general  information  concern- 
ing the  diagnosis  and  treatment  of 
syphilis. 

A  case  of  hereditary  syphilis 


Some  phases  of  experimental  syphi- 
lis, with  special  reference  to  the 
subject  of  strains. 

Earlv  death  from  cerebral  syphilis, 
with  a  successful  rabbit  inocula- 
tion: Report  of  a  case. 

A  march  and  rail  trip  by  sanitary 
troops. 

The  wheel  litter  tra vols 

Pitching  Armv  tentage 

Laying  out  a  neld  hospital 

Local  anesthesia 


Sdmiitter,  Capt.  Ferdinand.'  The  treatment  of  leprosy , 

Shaw,  Lieut.  Col.  Henry  A..'  Transmissible  diseases;  syllabus  of 

the. 

The  correspondence  course  for  Med- 
ical Reserve  officers  as  conducted 
at  the  Army  service  schoote. 

The  ductless  jdaod 

Barbados  in  British  West  Indies. .. . 


Shockley,  Ma).  M.  A.  W..... 


Siner,  Capt.  J;  L , 

Sitar ,  Capt.  Joeeph  F 


Do. 


Skinner,  MaJ.  0.  A 

Smith,  Capt.  Lloyd 


Pellagra  in  Jamaica. 


Diqxisitlon. 


Surrical  experiences  in  Jolo.  P.  I ... . 
Sypnllls  M  3  ran«e  of  mental  disease 
in  the  military  ser^'ice. 


Journal  of  American  Medical 
ciatioo,  Nov.  27, 1915. 


Read  by  tUle  at  tw«nty4oiirtt  ■»- 
nnal  meeting  of  Association  of  MO^ 
tary  Surgeons,  Clndnnatl,  Ohio, 
September,  1915;  Military  SugaoB. 
March,  1916. 

Awaiting  publication. 

Read  at  twenty-fourth 
ing  of  Assooiation  of  Military 
Surgeons,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Sep- 
tember. 1915;  Military  Smgooo. 
December.  1915. 

Maryland  Medical  Jonmal,  Xods^ 
1916. 

Read  before  Ontgamie  County  C^'is.) 
Medical  Sodetyand  officers  d  8e&* 
ood  Intentry.  wlacoosin  National 
Guard,  Apptoton.  Apr.  39,  ms; 
Wisconsin  State  Medkal  JonnaL 
Mardi,  1916. 

Read  before  Tristate  Medical  Sooisty, 
CbktfO,  ni.,  Oct.  7,  1915;  Chlc^o 
Xidical  B^eord,  March,  1916. 

BeM'bafbn  twanty^oiirth  annoal 
nWit  Ing  of  the  AsK)eiatloa  of  MB- 
itiU-y  Stugeons,  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
Sept.  15,  1915;  awaiting  poblioa- 
tion. 

Read  at  meeting  of  Denver  City  and 
County  Medical  Sodety.  Denw, 
Mar.  »,  1916;  Colorado  Medldne, 
May,  1916. 

Military  Surgeon,  July,  August,  Se^ 
tember,  aiul  October,  1916. 

New  York  State  Journal  of  MedlolBS^ 

January,  1916. 
Awaiting  pablleation. 

Read  before  District  of  Cofannhte 
Medical  Society,  Washington,  Oet. 
6,  1915;  Washfaigton  Medical  An- 
nals, November,  1915. 

Read  before  meeting  of  Amerieaa 
Medksal  AssocJatton,  Detroit, 
Mich.,  June  14, 1916;  awaiting  pab- 
lleation. 

Journal  of  American  Medical  Asnel> 
ation,  June  17, 1916. 

Military  Surgeon,  September,  1915. 

Military  Surgeon,  February,  1916. 
Infantry  Jooinal,  July-Augiut,  1916^ 
Military  Surgwm,  Augi^,  1916. 
Read  belbre  United  Servioe  Medical 

Society  of  HawaU,  Jan.  8,   1916; 

awaitmg  pubUoatlon. 
Awaiting  publication. 
Arranged  for  the  course  In  military 
),  U.  S.  Miatary  Academy, 

Military  Surgeon,  January,  1916. 


Awaiting  pubUcatlon. 

American  Journal  of  Tropical  IM^ 
eases  and  Prevantlve  MedldM^ 
July,  1915. 

American  Journal  of  Tropical  Dis- 
eases and  PrevsntivB  MediolB^ 
February,  1916. 

Awaitingpublicatioa. 

Military  Surgeon,  November  and  Da* 
camber,  1915. 


BEPOBT  OF  THB  SUBGSON  GBNSRAL 


659 


ArtkleB  by  rrudieal  offieen  of  the  Army,  July  1, 1925,  to  Jtnu  SO,  iPitf— Oontinaed. 


Snow,  C^.  CO... 
Tasktr,  Capt.  A.  N. 


Van  Poole,  MaJ.O.M 

Do 

Vodd«r,  Capt.  E.  B , 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

VoD  Schrader,  Capt.  A 

Wadbams,  MaJ.  S.  H 

Do 

Wilcox,  First  Lieut.  R.  W., 
Medical  Reserve  Corps. 

Wilde,  Capt.  A.  0 

Wolfe,  M^-  Edwin  P 


The  Wassvmann  reaction  and  its 
relation  to  tabereolosis  (collabo- 
rated with  Capt.  A.  T.  Cooper). 

The  diagnosis  and  treatment  of  the 
fianllate  diarrheas  (coUaborated 
with  Dr.  Arthur  F.  Chace). 

A  case  of  gunshot  wound  of  abdomen 
with  immediate  operation. 

An  epidemic  of  dysentery  at  Fort 
Shafter,  HawaU.  with  3  cases  of 
Hiss-Russell  or  V  bacillus  infec- 
tion. 

Beriberi  and  cottonseed  poisonlitf 
in  pigs:  A  preliminary  note  (col- 
laborated with  Dr.  Geo.  H.  Rom- 
mel). 

PrevaJenoe  of  syphilis 

The  known  and  unknown  with  re- 
gard to  the  etiology  and  prevention 
of  beriberi. 


The  relation  of  diet  to  beriberi..... . . 


Remarks  on  the  preTalenoe  and  pre- 
ventlon  of  syphilis. 

The  importance  of  the  early  recogni- 
tion of  syphilis  as  a  cauntive  no- 
tor  in  delated  union  of  fractures. 

Report  of  discussion  at  Joint  camp 
of  instruction  for  sanitary  troops, 
Tobrhanna,  Pa. 

The  civilian  physician's  part  in  the 
scheme  of  jveparedness. 

Medical  Corps  In  peace  and  war 


Army  medical  records 

Duties  of  Medical  Supply  ofUcers 
and  their  methods  (oollaborated 
with  Col.  H.  I.  Raymond). 


American  Journal  of  Medloal  8el- 
enoes,  August,  1919. 

Read  before  meeting  of  American 
Medical  AssocteOon,  Detroit, 
Mfeli.,  June,  1910;  awaiting  publi- 
cation. 

Military  Surgeon,  December,  19U. 

Military  Surgeon,  May,  1910. 


Journal  of  Agricultural  Research,  voL 
489,  Dec.  U,  1915. 


Therapeutic  Oasette,  May  15. 1910. 

Read  before  Section  Vm,  Second 
Pan  American  Sdsntlflc  uongrsM, 
Washington,  D.  C,  December, 
1915;  ifiUtary  Surgeon,  October, 
1910. 

Read  at  meetlngof  American  Medical 
Association.  Detroit,  Mich.,  June, 
1910;  awaitbig  publication. 

Social  Hygiene,  July,  1910. 

Awaiting  publication. 


Do. 


Do. 

Address  delivered  before  graduate 
class  of  Arxny  Medical  School, 
Washington,  D.  C,  June  1,  1915; 
Military  Surgeon,  July,  1915. 

Awaiting  pubucation. 

Military  Surgeon,  July,  August,  Sep- 
tember, and  October,  1910. 


SANITARY  TROOPS— NATIONAL  GUARD. 

Since  the  date  of  last  report  the  following  new  organizations  have 
been  completed  up  to  June  30,  1916:  4  ambulance  companies,  3  field 
hospitab,  and  14  detachments,  making  a  total  of  22  ambulance  com- 
panies. 31  field  hospitals,  and  174  detachments.  Since  Jime  30 
there  nave  been  completed  4  ambulance  companies  and  7  field  hos- 
pitals, making  a  total  of  8  ambulance  companies  and  10  field  hos- 
pitds  oi^anized  since  last  report.  The  following  table  shows  the 
existing  sanitary  imits  and  the  number  required  for  the  12  National 
Guard  oivisions,  also  the  States  furnishing  same,  and  those  deficient: 


Division. 


Fifth... 

Sixth... 
Seventh 
B^th. 


States  comprising  divisional  districts. 


Maine,  ncme:  New  Hampshire,  1  F.  H.;  Vermont,  none;  Massachu- 
setts, 2  F.  H.  and  2  A.  C.;  Connecticut,  1 F.  U.  and  1  A.  C;  Rhode 
Island,  I  A.  C. 

New  York,  4  F.  H.and4A.C 


Pennsylvania,  2  F.  H.  and  2  A.  C. 


New  Jersey.  1  F.  H.  and  1  A.  C;  Delaware,  none;  District  of  Colum- 
bia, 1  F.  H.:  Maryland,  1  F.  H.  and  1  A.  C;  Virgfaiia,  1  F.  H.; 
West  Virginia,  none. 


Organised. 


4F.H... 
4A.C.... 

4F.H... 
4A.C.... 
2F.H... 
2A.C.... 
4F.H... 

aA.c... 


Short- 
•g«. 


None. 


Da 
2F.H. 

aA.c 

3A.C. 


660 


BEPOBX  OF  THE  SUBGEON  QENEBAIj. 


Division. 

■ 

States  comprishig  divisional  districts. 

Organised. 

Shoft- 
age. 

Ninth 

Tenth 

Eleventh 

North  Carolina,  1 F.  H.  and  1  A.  C;  South  Carolina,  1 F.  B.;  Georgia, 
1  F.  H.;  Florida,  1  F.  H. 

Kentucky,  1 F.  H.  and  1  A.  C;  Tennessee,  1 F.  H.  and  1  A.  C;  Ala- 
bama J  F.  H.  and  1  A.  C;  Mississippi,  none. 

Ohio,  3  F.  H.  and  2  A.  C;  Michigan,  1  F.  H.  and  2  A.  C 

4  F.  a  •  •  •. 

lA.C 

3  F.  Ix. s *• 

3  A.C 

4F.H.... 

4  A.C 

3  F.  H« ••• 

2A.C 

2F.H.... 

lA.C 

3  F.  H..>. 

1  A.C 

3F.H.... 

lA.C 

2F.H.... 
lA.C 

8  A.  a 

IF.H. 
1  A.C. 
NcBie. 

Twelfth 

T|Hiioi<,2F.  H.:  Indiana,  1  F.  H.  and  2  A.C.»....... 

IF.H. 

Thirteenth. . . 
Fourteenth... 

Fifteenth 

Sixteenth 

Iowa,  1  F.  H.  and  1  A.  C;  Wisconsin,  1  F.  H.;  Minnesota,  none; 

North  Dakota,  none;  South  Dakota,  none. 
Colorado,  1 F.  H.^Nebraska,  1  F.  H.;  Missouri,  1 F.  H. and  1  A. C; 

Kansas,  none;  Wyoming,  none. 
Louisiana,  1  F.  H.:  Oklahoma,  1  F.  H.  and  1  A.  C;  T«as,  1  F.  H.; 

Arixona,  none;  New  Mexico,  none;  Arklansas,  none. 
California,  1  F.  H.  and  1  A.  C.;  Utah,  1  F.  H.;  Washhigton,  none; 

Oregon,  none;  Idaho,  none;  Nevada,  none. 

Total. : 

2  A.C. 
2F.H. 

3  A.C. 
IF.H. 
3  A.C. 
IF.H, 
3  A.C. 
2F.H, 
3  A.  a 

38F.H... 
26  A,  C«««. 

IOF.H. 

Total  units 

22A.a 

(M 

32. 

While  this  increase  in  sanitary  units  is  encouraging,  it  was  largely 
due  to  mobilization  of  the  National  Guard,  with  prospects  of  active 
service.  Newly  organized  sanitary  units,  under  most  favorable  con- 
ditions, could  not  De  made  ready  for  efficient  service  in  campai^ 
within  a  less  period  than  six  months  of  intensive  training  after  receiv- 
ing their  equipment  and  transportation.  The  formation  of  these 
organizations  should  not  await  the  necessity  for  them  by  a  threatened 
conflict.  They  should  be  organized,  equipped,  and  trained  in  time 
of  peace.  If  this  mobilization  results  in  impressing  upon  the  medical 
profession  and  the  responsible  State  authorities  the  necessity  of  ade- 
(juate  sanitary  units,  properly  trained  and  equipped  in  time  of  peace, 
it  will  have  done  much  toward  the  cause  of  preparedness. 

The  strength  of  the  sanitary  troops  on  Jirne  30  was  884  officers 
and  4,436  enlisted  men,  a  total  gain  of  884  during  the  year.  The 
strength  has  been  greatly  augmented  since  mobuization  by  new 
imits  and  detachments,  also  by  increasing  the  personnel  of  organiza- 
tions to  war  strength. 

Out  of  a  total  of  884  commissioned  officers,  125  were  not  inspected. 
Of  4,436  enlisted  men,  639  were  absent  from  the  inspection.  While 
this  is  an  improvement  over  last  year,  yet  it  is  a  large  number  for 
which  there  is  no  accurate  information  as  to  their  suitability  and 
qualifications  for  military  service. 

In  the  majority  of  the  States  the  efficiency  of  the  sanitary  troops 
relative  to  organization,  training,  and  equipment  shows  improve- 
ment over  last  year,  although  it  is  far  from  having  reached  the 
desired  standard  which  is  necessary  if  immediate  use  of  these  oi]gan- 
izations  for  campaign  is  considerea.  The  degree  of  efficiency  dmers 
widely.  In  many  States  but  a  short  period  of  preparation  would  be 
needed  to  make  tne  sanitary  troops  ready  for  field  service.  In  others, 
however,  much  time  and  labor  would  be  required. 

INSTBUCnON  AND  TRAINING. 

In  addition  to  the  number  of  inspector-instructors  reported  last 
year,  one  other  was  authorized  and  assigned  to  the  States  comprising 
the  fifth  division,  making  a  total  of  6  medical  officers  of  the  R^ular 
Army  on  this  duty.    AUnave  shown  commendable  zeal  in  their  enorte 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  STJBQEON  OENEBAU  661 

to  increase  interest  among  the  sanitary  troops,  and  to  improve  their 
efficiency,  but  the  nimiber  is  entirely  inadequate  to  accomplish  the 
results  aesired.  However,  the  results  have  oeen  so  gratifying  and 
the  numerous  requests  from  States  for  additional  officers,  warrants 
the  detailing  of  at  least  five  or  six  medical  officers  to  each  of  the  12 
divisional  districts.  This  would  make  it  possible  for  frequent  virits 
of  instruction  to  sanitary  organizations,  wnile  with  the  present  num- 
ber only  two  visits  of  instruction  can  be  made  to  the  organizations 
in  the  district  to  which  the  inspector-instructor  is  assigned,  and  this 
pertains  only  to  the  fifth,  sixth,  seventh,  eighth,  ninth,  tenth,  eleventh, 
twelfth,  ana  part  of  the  thirteenth  divisions.  The  sanitary  organ- 
izations of  the  remaining  divisions  can  not  be  accorded  this  oppor- 
tunity for  personal  instruction  because  of  lack  of  sufficient  inspector- 
instructors.  The  number  of  sergeant-instructors  for  sanitary  troops 
was  increased  during  the  year  by  three  at  the  earnest  request  of  the 
Militia  Bureau,  mafing  a  total  of  15  on  this  important  duty.  The 
result  of  their  work  warrants  the  detailing  of  a  sergeant  of  the  Afedical 
Department  for  each  National  Guard  sanitary  unit,  and  sufficient 
adoitional  ones  to  provide  adequate  instruction  to  the  sanitary 
detachments.  The  value  accruing  to  the  Federal  Government  of 
detailing  of  officers  and  noncommissioned  officers  with  the  National 
Guard  n-om  the  viewpoint  of  increasing  their  efficiency  can  not  be 
overestimated.  The  money  spent  in  this  way  will  produce  results 
that  can  not  be  secured  by  any  other  method. 

COBRESPONDENCE    COURSE. 

In  addition  to  the  personal  instruction,  a  correspondence  course 
for  medical  officers  ol  the  National  Guard  was  conducted  by  the 
inspector-instructors.  Upon  request,  the  War  Department  detailed 
sufficient  medical  officers  from  near-by  posts,  who,  in  addition  to 
their  post  duties,  conducted  the  correspondence  course  in  these  States 
for  wnich  no  sanitary  inspector-instructors  were  provided.  While 
these  officers  performed  the  duty  assigned  to  them  in  a  satisfactory 
manner  and  tne  medical  officers  of  the  National  Guard  were  able  to 
get  some  theoretical  instruction,  yet  the  numerous  changes  of  sta- 
tion of  these  officers  seriously  interfered  with  the  work  and  made 
it  impossible  to  secure  the  good  results  obtained  by  the  inspector- 
instructors.  The  policv  adopted  last  year  of  having  all  the  questions 
prepared  and  sent  out  from  tne  Militia  Bureau  establishing  a  uniform, 
systematized,  and  correlated  course,  has  proved  much  more  satis- 
factory than  the  previous  method  of  having  each  inspector-instructor 
prepare  the  questions  for  his  district.  It  is  deemed  advisable  to 
continue  this  method.  More  than  60  per  cent  of  the  medical  officers 
successfully  completed  the  prescribed  course.  No  reports  were 
received  from  some  States,  partly  due  to  the  mobilization  order, 
and  partly  to  the  necessity  of  sendmgthe  medical  officers  conducting 
the  course  to  the  border  lor  duty.  The  best  showing  was  in  States 
having  medical  officers  detailed  as  inspector-instructors. 

PHYSICAL   EXAMINATION   AND  TRAINING. 

Recent  reports  received  show  that  all  States,  except  two,  have 
adopted  the  physical  standards  prescribed  for  the  Regular  Army, 
andi  the  majority  of  the  States  claim  a  rigid  enforcement  of  same. 


662  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON  OENEBAL. 

Reports  of  inspectors  indicate  that  great  laxity  exists  in  the  majority 
ol  the  States  in  this  matter,  which  has  been  confirmed  by  the  recent 
ijDobiJjzatiQn.  In  view  of  th^  fact  tbat^  the  requir«n^nt^^  the  regular 
service  make  it  necessary  that  the  physical  findings  at  each  and  every 
enlistment  and  reenlistment  must  oe  passed  upon  oy  a  medical  officer, 
it  would  appear  that  the  Mcsdical  Corps  of  tne  National  Guard  was 
responsible  for  any  of  the  personnel  found  physically  disqualified. 
This  is  no  doubt  true  to  a  certain  extent.  BCowever,  in  order  to 
determine  to  what  extent  they  are  responsible,  those  who  were 
enlisted  without  a  physical  examination,  those  who  were  enUsted  in 
spite  of  rejection  by  medical  officers,  and  those  who  were  examined 
by  civilian  doctors  whose  reputation  was  not  at  stake,  should  be 
euminated.  It  is  not  deenxed  advisable  to  expend  money  on  the 
training  and  instruction  of  men  who,  when  needed  for  active  service, 
are  found  to  be  physically  disqualified.  Every  man  in  the  National 
Guard  should  be  physically  qualified  for  any  duty  devolved  upon  him, 
This  can  best  be  accomplisned  by  instituting  a  thorough  physical 
reexamination  of  each  person  as  soon  as  practicable  after  enlisting 
and  reenlisting  in  the  National  Guard  by  a  medical  officer  of  the 
re^ar  service,  also  that  the  same  be  done  annually  for  the  com- 
missioned personnel.  In  this  way  the  physically  disqualified  could 
be  weeded  out,  and  those  having  defects  that  are  not  disqualifying 
could  have  them  waived,  resulting  in  not  more  (barring  venere^ 
diseases  and  acute  maladies)  than  1  per  cent  of  the  personnel  being 
found  disqualified  when  called  into  the  Federal  service. 

There  are  a  large  number  of  persons  rejected  for  physical  defects, 
such  as  poor  physique,  deficient  chest  expansion,  and  similar  defects, 
who  do  not  conform  to  the  prescribed  standard  physical  requirements, 
but  who  imder  proper  physical  training  would  in  a  short  time  meet 
these  reouirements  and  be  able  to  endure  the  physical  strain  of  cam- 
paign, if  more  time  and  attention  were  paid  to  the  physical  devel- 
opment and  training  of  a  soldier,  a  large  number  of  the  above  type 
of  men  could  in  time  of  peace  be  enlisted  in  the  National  Guard  and 
Army  without  decreasing  its  efficiency. 

TYPHOID  FBOPHTLAXIS. 

There  is  very  little  change  in  the  status  of  typhoid  prophylaxis  as 
reported  last  year.  Some  States  have  ^en  considerable  attention  to 
the  matter,  while  others  have  not.  The  annual  inspection  report 
shows  that  2,481  officers  and  24,866  enlisted  men  had  received  com- 
plete antitvphoid  prophylaxis  out  of  a  reported  strength  of  8,864 
officers  ana  129.333  enlisted  men,  making  a  total  of  27,347  protected 
against  typhoid  fever  out  of  a  total  strength  of  138,197.  As  com- 
pared with  the  report  of  last  year,  showing  22,551  receiving  complete 
antityphoid  propnylaxis  out  of  a  total  strength  of  129,398,  making 
19.78  per  cent  during  the  past  year,  as  against  17.4  per  cent  during 
the  year  previous.  This  increase  is  encouraging.  However,  too 
large  a  percentage  are  unprotected.  It  is  believed  the  recent  mobili- 
zation, which  brouglit  the  National  Guard  under  regulations  pre- 
scribed for  the  Regular  Army,  requiring  vaccination  of  all  persons  in 
the  Federal  service,  will  do  much  toward  further  populaming  these 
preventive  measures,  and  it  is  further  beUeved  that  the  time  has  ar- 
rived to  make  it  compulsory  in  the  National  Guards  thereby  making 
it  prepared  for  a  hasty  call  mto  the  Federal  service. 


EEPOBT  OF  THE  8UBOEON  OSKBBAL.  663 

AOT  OF  JX7NE  3,  1916. 

The  ac£  of  June  3, 1916;  coiiJbainslii}i,c^4)cp^^ 
^--i#hen*^nfoi45ed/'wm  great^  improve  thfe  efficiency  of  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  National  Gufuxl.  It  provides  for  uniform  courses 
of  armory  and  field  instruction,  along  lines  prescribed  for  the  Regular 
Army.  It  provides  for  an  increased  number  of  inspectors  and  sergeant 
instructors.  It  provides  for  horses  for  the  samtary  troops,  and  it 
provides  for  examination  of  medical  officers  and  noncommissioned 
officers  under  Federal  supervision.  It  will  mean  greater  devotion  to 
duty,  and  acquisition  of  military  knowledge  on  the  part  of  the 
personnel. 

CONSTRUCTION  AND  REPAIR  OF  HOSPITALS. 

During  the  past  year  plans  and  specifications  were  prepared  and 
contracts  were  entered  into  for  the  construction  of  additions  to  hos- 
pital buildings  -at  the  following  general  hospitals  and  military  posts: 

Letterman  General  Hospital,  San  Franctsco,  Cal. — ^New  concrete 
ward,  medical  and  surgical  dispensarv,  addition  to  nurses'  dormitory, 
and  an  addition  to  the  department  laboratory. 

^  Fori  Bliss,  Tex. — ^Rear  annex  addition  to  hospital  containing 
kitchen,  mess  room,  and  dormitories  for  the  Hospital  Corps  detach- 
ment. 

Fort  Sam  Houston,  Texa^. — ^Building  for  central  heating  plant,  a  de- 
partment laboratory,  dormitories  for  the  Hospital  Corps  detachment, 
and  a  surgical  pavihon. 

Temporatoiy  buildings  for  hospital  purposes  in  connection  with 
the  Mexican  border  were  also  provided  from  the  appropriation  for 
construction  and  repair  of  hospitals  at  Fort  Bliss,  Camp  Douglas,  and 
Fort  Sam  Houston. 

In  addition  to  the  regular  annual  appropriation  for  construction  and 
repair  of  hospitals,  Congress  appropnatea  $100,000  to  construct  tem- 
porary builoings  lor  hospital  purposes  on  the  Mexican  border,  or 
where  necessary.  Fifty-eight  tnousand  dollars  of  these  fimds  went  to 
Brownsville,  Eade  Pass,  and  Laredo,  Tex.,  and  Nogales,  Ariz.,  and 
$25,000  to  Fort  Sam  Houston,  Tex.  The  $17,000  remaining  will  be 
needed  for  additional  construction  at  the  first  four  places,  ana  request 
was  made  for  $1,000,000  additional  to  provide  for  general  hospitals 
and  temporary  hospital  accommodations  for  the  large  nimiber  of 
troops  on  duty  at  tne  Mexican  border. 

The  following  hospital  buildings  which  were  contracted  for  during 
the  fiscal  year  which  ended  June  30, 1915,  have  been  completed:  Builf 
ing  for  central  heating  plant.  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kans.  Rear  annex 
aodition  to  hospital,  Fort  Odethrope,  Ga.,  containinff  kitchen,  mess 
room,  and  dormitories  for  tne  Hospital  Corps  detawmient.  Clinic 
laboratory  and  nurses'  dormitory,  department  hospital,  Honolulu, 
Hawaii.  Rear  annex  addition  to  hospital  Fort  Terry,  N.  Y.,  con- 
taining kitchen,  mess  room,  and  domutories  for  the  Hospital  Corps 
detacmnent.  Hospital  Corps  barrack  building,  storehouse,  and  one 
double  set  of  noncommissioned  officers  quarters  for  the  Army  and 
Navy  General  Hospital,  Hot  Springs,  Ark.,  also  addition  to  ward 
building  No.  6,  operating  pavillion  and  diet  kitchen.    A  ward  for 


664  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SX7BQE0N   OENEBAI/. 

special  surgicfil  cases,  a  new  concrete  ward,  and  an  addition  to  the 
mirse  Corps  dormitory  were  completed  for  the  Letterman  General 
Hospital,  oan  Francisco,  Cal.,  ana  a  ward  for  ambulant  patients  at 
the  General  Hospital,  Fort  Bayard,  N.  Mex. 

An  allotment  of  $40,000  was  made  from  the  appropriation  for  con- 
struction and  repair  of  hospitals  for  use  in  the  Pnilippine  Department 
during  the  fiscal  year,  and  $1,000  was  allotted  from  tne  appropriation 
for  quarters  for  hospital  stewards,  for  quarters  for  sei^eants,  fiiBt 
class,  Hospital  Corps,  to  cover  the  cost  ol  construction  and  repair  of 
quarters  for  these  noncommissioned  officers  in  the  Philippine  Islands. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  all  general  hospitals  m  connection 
with  the  Army,  and  the  hospitals  at  miUtary  posts  were  unproved  or 
kept  in  proper  repair  so  far  as  funds  would  permit.  Temporary  hos- 
pitals for  standing  camps  and  cantonments  were  also  provided  in  a 
number  of  cases. 

The  Army  and  Navy  General  Hospital,  Hot  Springs,  Ark.,  has  been 
improved  in  a  manner  to  meet  several  of  the  most  unportant  neces- 
sities, and  it  is  beUeved  that  sufficient  additional  accommodations  for 
patients  can  be  provided  when  required  by  inclosing  the  porches  wiUi 
glazed  sash,  thus  avoiding  the  necessity  for  further  ward  buildings, 
and  no  new  construction  is  estimated  for  this  general  hospital  for  we 
fiscal  year  1918. 

General  Hospital,  Fort  Bayard,  N.  Mex, — ^A  few  years  ago  authority 
was  given  to  erect  three  additional  ward  buildings  for  this  general 
hospital,  but  it  was  possible  to  enter  into  contact  for  the  erection  of 
only  two  of  these  wards,  and  the  following  buildings  are  now  neces- 
sary: One  infirmary  for  enUsted  men,  estimated  to  cost  $50^000;  one 
inmmary  for  officers,  estimated  to  cost  $60,000,  and  an  addition  to  the 
officers'  dormitory,  estimated  to  cost  $40^000,  or  a  total  of  $150,000, 
and  fimds  for  these  buildings  have  been  mduded  in  tibe  annual  esti- 
mate for  the  fiscal  year  1918. 

Lettenmn  &eW  HospUal,  San  Francisco,  Cal.-The  wards  of  this 
hospital  are  constructed  of  wood,  and  have  been  in  use  for  quite  a 
number  of  years,  and  are  dangerous  in  case  of  fire.  It  is  proposed  to 
safeguard  the  lives  of  patients  bv  replacing  these  wooden  building 
from  time  to  time  with  reinforced  concrete  structures,  and  $75,000  is 
included  in  the  annual  estimate  for  the  fiscal  year  1918,  to  be  used  for 
thispurpose. 

Walter  Reed  General  Hospitaly  Takoma  Park^  D.  C. — ^This  is  one  of 
four  general  hospitals.  It  is  one  of  the  most  important,  and  is  used 
for  the  treatment  of  officers,  retired  officers,  patients  from  Washing- 
ton Barracks,  enlisted  men,  special  cases,  observation  of  patients 
imder  consideration  for  discharge  on  account  of  disability,  ana  for  the 
education  of  students  attending  the  Army  Medical  School.  New 
buildings  and  additions  have  been  erected  from  time  to  time.  Two 
new  one-story  wards  have  lately  been  added  to  the  east  and  west  ends 
of  the  administration  building,  and  these  two  ward  wings  require  ad- 
ditional stories  to  complete  tnem  The  additional  room  is  necessary 
and  these  improvements  are  estimated  to  cost  $90^000,  and  funds  for 
this  purpose  nave  been  included  in  the  annual  estimate  for  the  fiscal 
year  1918. 

As  stated  in  previous  reports,  new  modem  hospitals  are  required 
at  various  military  posts  to  replace  old  and  dilapidated  structures 
which  have  been  in  use  for  many  years,  and  which  require  large  sums 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SURGEON   OENEBAIi.  665 

of  money  annually  for  repairs  and  improvements.  New  buildings  of 
modem  type  would  be  econoniical,  but  it  is  impossible  to  erect  a 
suitable  modem  military  hospital  for  the  maximum  sum  allowed  by 
law  from  the  general  appropnation  for  such  purposes.  Section  1136, 
Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States,  limits  the  cost  of  permanent 
structures  to  $20,000,  unless  special  authority  is  first  obtained  from 
Confess.  This  law  was  enacted  in  or  before  1859  when  material 
and  labor  were  much  lower  in  price  than  they  are  at  present,  and 
before  many  modem  plumbing  and  other  necessary  fetures  were 
available  which  are  now  indispensable.  Tao  statute  Umiting  cost 
should  be  modified  to  suitpresent  conditions. 

Fort  Michie,  N.  Y. — ^The  hospital  at  this  post  is  a  temporary 
wooden  structure,  and  the  inspecting  officer  stated  September  14, 
1915,  that  the  hospital  building  is  unsuitable,  and  if  it  is  intended  to 
maintain  a  permanent  garrison  at  Fort  Michie,  a  new  hospital  will  be 
needed.  In  1905,  the  Secretary  of  War  authorized  the  use  of  fimds 
to  erect  a  new  hospital  at  this  post,  but  owing  to  location,  cost  of  trans- 
portation, etc.,  it  was  not  possible  to  erect  a  suitable  hospital  within 
the  limit  of  cost  fixed  by  section  1136,  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United 
States.    A  modem  hospital  for  this  post  is  estimated  to  cost  $30,000. 

Fort  McPherson,  Ga. — ^The  hospital  at  this  post  is  in  size  entirely 
inadequate.  It  is  located  in  close  proximity  to  a  railroad  and  has 
no  ceuar  except  a  small  excavation  for  a  heating  apparatus,  which 
was  made  some  years  after  the  building  was  erected.  The  neating 
and  ventilation  are  not  suitable  for  a  modem  hospital.  The  plumb- 
ing is  crude,  and  efforts  have  been  made  from  time  to  time  to  improve 
it,  but  it  falls  far  short  of  meeting  the  modem  sanitary  requirements. 
The  operating  room  is  located  in  a  small  annex,  with  a  small  labora- 
tory adjoining.  There  is  no  instrument  room,  etherizing  room,  prepa- 
ration room,  nor  surgical  ward.  There  is  no  suitable  ward  for  the 
isolation  of  contagious  diseases,  nor  prison  ward;  and  the  Hospital 
Corps  detachment  is  quartered  in  an  old  temporary  wooden  building 
which  was  erected  for  use  as  a  ward  during  the  Spanish-American 
War.  The  mess  room  and  kitchen  are  too  small  and  are  imsuited  for 
their  purpose,  it  being  necessary  to  set  tables  two  or  three  times  to 
accommodate  the  patients.  The  entire  hospital  is  such  that  it  would 
be  in  the  interest  of  economy  to  replace  it  with  a  modem  structure. 
A  hospital  should  be  erected  with  a  capacity  of  87  beds  for  patients, 
necessary  attendants,  noncommissioned  officers,  etc.  The  estimated 
cost  of  such  a  building  is  $90,000. 

Fort  Dade,  Fla. — In  1910  the  surgeon  at  this  post  recommended 
that  a  new  hospital  be  erected,  and  stated: 

The  kitchen  and  dining  room  are  near  the  center  of  the  building,  and  it  ia  necessary 
to  pass  through  them  in  going  from  the  operating  room  to  the  ward.  The  ward  is  too 
small,  and  tne  quarters  for  hospital  corps  men  are  inadequate.  It  is  not  believed 
that  the  present  structure  can  be  remodeled  to  meet  the  requirements  of  a  modem 
hospital. 

The  present  hospital  is  entirely  inadequate  and  imsuitable.  It  is 
a  temporary  structure  with  crude  pliunbing,  lacks  modem  appUances, 
and  the  conditions  are  such  that  they  can  only  be  remedied  by  the 
erection  of  a  new  hospital.  A  suitable  building  is  estimated  to  cost 
»35,000. 


666  REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON   OENERAU 

Schofidi  Barracks^  Hawaii. — The  department  authorities  prepared 
sketch  plans  for  a  250-b^iiospital,  whickis  considered  necessarjior 
th^  iposti. '  An^  appre^dmste'  e^tin^te.  of  -tlie-t^ntempI&Ced '  strength 
of  tte  garri^^n  orSchofidd  Bafracks  is  6,000  *men,  and' this  >)n]l' 
require  the  number  of  beds  estimated  for.  In  addition  to  the  bed 
capacity,  other  buildings  will  be  needed  in  the  future  to  complete  the 
group,  but  six  wards  and  an  administration  building  will  be  sufficient 
for  tne  present.    The  estimated  cost  of  these  buildings  is  $150,000. 

Army  Medical  School. — ^This  school  occupies  a  rented  building  in 
the  city  of  Washington,  at  a  rental  of  $8,680  per  annimi.  As  it  is 
one  of  the  permanent  service  schools  it  would  be  much  more  economi- 
cal, as  well  as  more  fitting  and  convenient,  for  it  to  be  hoiised  in 
buildings  erected  by  the  Government.  It  is  proposed  to  locate 
these  on  the  tract  of  land  occupied  by  the  Walter  Reed  General 
Hospital,  so  that  the  students  may  have  the  clinical  advantages  and 
the  instruction  in  administration  afforded  by  the  hospital,  and  that 
the  hospital  may  enjoy  the  laboratory  conveniences  of  tne  schooL 
These  buildings  are  estimated  to  cost  $350,000. 

Quarters  for  ser^earUs,  first  clasSy  Hospital  Corps. — Owing  to  the 
limited  appropriation  for  these  buildings,  it  was  not  possible  to  erect 
additional  quarters,  and  various  necessary  additions  and  improve- 
ments had  to  be  disallowed.  A  number  of  large  military  posts  are 
in  need  of  such  quarters  for  these  noncommissioned  officers,  and  the 
appropriation  should  be  Uberal  imtil  such  time  as  the  Hospital  Corps 
sei^eants  are  supplied  with  suitable  habitations.  EUeven  single  sets 
ana  seven  double  sets  of  these  quarters  are  needed,  but  only  the  most 
necessary  are  included  in  the  annual  estimate  for  the  fiscal  year  1918. 

Estimates  for  new  construction  which  is  essential  to  the  proper  care 
of  the  sick  have  been  for  some  years  lopped  o£F  the  estimates  in 
accordance  with  the  instructions  of  the  Secretary  of  War  in  order  to 
reduce  the  War  Department  estimates  until  the  necessities  of  the 
department,  in  this  respect,  have  become  very  urgent  and  have  accu- 
mulated to  a  large  total.  The  following  are  the  items  which  are  con- 
sidered to  be  most  necessary,  and  are  accordingly  included  in  the 
estimates  laid  before  the  Secretary  of  War  for  the  nscal  year  1918: 

New  construction: 

Anny  general  hospital,  Fort  Bayard,  N.  Mex $150,000 

Letterman  General  Hospital,  San  Francisco,  Cal 76, 000 

Walter  Reed  General  Hospital,  Takoma  Park,  D.  C 90,000 

FortMichie,  N.  Y 30,000 

Fort  McPherson,  Ga 90,000 

Fort  Dade,  Fla 35,000 

Schofield  Barracks,  Hawaii 150,000 

To  enlarge  and  improve  hospitals  at  Artillery  poets 50, 000 

Additions  and  repairs,  general  hospitals 65, 000 

Repairs,  hospitals,  all  posts  in  the  United  States 200, 000 

Repairs,  Hawaiian  Department 30, 000 

Repairs,  Philippine  Department 50,000 

Army  Medical  School 350,000 

Total  for  construction  and  repair  of  hospitals 1, 365, 000 

Hospital  Gofps  sergeants*  quarters: 

6  single  sets,  new  quarters 21, 000 

4  double  sets,  new  quarters 26,000 

Philippine  Islands,  repairs,  etc 1,000 

Repairs,  all  posts  in  the  United  States 15, 000 

Total  for  Hospital  Corps  sergeants'  quarters 63,000 


BSPOBT  OF  THE  8UBOBOK  GENERAL.  667 

MEDICAL  AND  HOSPITAL  SUPPLIES. 

-  The.  apim)piiation  made,  b J  Con^'e^  for  the.  fisc^^r  year  1^16  fot 
die  siipporl  oT  'the  Medical  t)epartinent  was»  4787,500,  thi»-bemg 
$87,500  more  than  the  amomit  appropriated  for  the  fiscal  year  1915. 

The  new  Manual  for  the  Medical  Department  was  completed  and 
ready  for  promulgation  about  June  15.  It  is  being  issued  by  The 
Adjutant  General  of  the  Army.  This  manual  prescribes  a  medical 
officer's  belt  and  a  belt  for  the  Hospital  Corps  medical  equipment, 
both  recommended  by  the  equipment  board.  The  latter  is  intendea 
to  take  the  place  of  the  poucn.  Hospital  Corps,  M.  M.  D.,  1911. 
Since  this  new  personal  equipment  has  been  approyed  various  diffi- 
culties have  arisen  with  reference  to  l^e  manufacture  of  the  other 
ordnance  equipment  which  should  be  issued  with  it.  The  issue  of 
this  equipment  is  therefore  being  held  in  abeyance,  and  the  old  equip- 
ment win  be  continued  in  use  for  the  present. 

The  medical  supply  depot  at  Galveston,  Tex.,  belnjg  no  loiter 
needed,  was  discontinued  about  January  7,  1916.  Field  medical 
supply  depots  have  been  established  at  San  Antonio  and  El  Paso, 
Tex.,  for  the  purpose  of  promptly  furnishing  supplies  to  the  border 
camps.  A  reserve  medical  supply  depot  was  also  temporarUy  estab- 
lished at  the  advance  base,  Columbus,  N.  Mex.  Later  this  was  dis- 
continued, it  being  decided  that  aU  necessarv  suppUes  for  this  vicinity 
could  be  satisfactorily  obtained  from  the  El  Faso  depot.  In  addi- 
tion a  divisional  reserve  supply  was  furnished  to  the  punitive  expe- 
dition and  located  at  Colonia  Dublan,  Mexico.  A  new  medical  sup- 
ply depot  for  the  storage  and  issue  of  both  post  and  field  supplies 
was  established  in  Honolulu,  Hawaii,  in  March.  1916. 

Motor  ambulances  have  been  furnished  to  tne  ambulance  compa- 
panies  in  Mexico,  and  field  hospital  No.  7  has  been  equipped  with 
motor  trucks.  Ambulances  of  the  following  type  have  oeen  pur- 
chased: G.  M.  C,  Buicks,  White,  Service,  and  Fords.  Trailers  were 
also  furnished  with  these  ambulances  for  trial.  The  light  cars  and 
trailers  were  found  to  be  unsatisfactory  for  use  in  Mexico. 

At  the  beginnii^  of  the  militia  mobilization  period  the  officers  in 
charge  of  the  medical  supply  depots  at  New  York  and  St.  Louis  were 
directed  to  purchase  full  ward  eauipment  for  one  hundred  50-bed 
wards  as  promptly  as  possible,  witn  a  view  to  having  these  complete 
equipments  ready  for  emergency  use  on  the  border. 

Sufficient  typhoid  and  smallpox  vaccines  were  furnished  to  each 
mobilization  camp  for  the  immunization  of  the  Organized  Militia, 
and  a  camp  hospital  was  furnished  to  each  mobilization  camp  not 
located  at  a  post  for  the  care  and  treatment  of  members  of  the  Orga- 
nized Militia  who  required  such  attention  at  the  camp.  The  post 
hospital  and  medical  supplies  were  available  for  the  use  of  all  mooili- 
zation  camps  located  at  Army  posts. 

ABTIFIOIAL  LIMBS  AND  APPABATUS. 

Under  the  laws  relating  to  artificial  limbs  and  apparatus  or  com- 
mutation therefor,  orders  on  manufacturers  were  given  during  the 
fiscal  year  for  22  artificial  legs  and  1  foot.  Commutation  certifi- 
cates were  issued  for  129  cases  of  amputated  leg,  77  of  amputated 
arm,  9  of  amputated  foot,  and  1,320  cases  of  loss  of  use  of  limb. 


668 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  STJBQEON   QENEBAIi. 


Under  the  act  of  June  17,  1870,  and  subsequent  amendmentB 
thereto,  23,703  disabled  soldiers  and  sailors  have  been  furnished 
artificial  limbs  and  apparatus  or  have  received  commutation  in  money 
since  the  passage  of  the  act,  as  follows: 

Total  number  benefited  to  June  80, 1916 23, 70S 

Died 16,063 

Dropped  irom  roUs 592 

Rejected  after  one  or  more  payments 572 

B^naining  on  rolls  at  end  of  fiscal  year 6,485 

Lorn  of  beneficiaries  during  the  year 367 

It  is  estimated  that  the  simi  of  $210,000  will  be  required  to  pay 

the  claims  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1918. 

# 

APPLIANCES   AND  TRUSSES. 

One  hundred  and  sixteen  appliances  were  issued  during  the  fiscal 

?rear  ending  June  30,  1916,  and  204  trusses  for  disabled  soldiers  were 
umished  and  fitted. 

LIBRARY  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL^S  OFFICE. 

During  the  year  430  books  and  3,407  pamphlets  and  journals  were 
presented  to  the  Ubrary,  and  256  portraits  were  added  to  ttie  collec- 
tion. The  Ubrary  now  contains  226,128  volumes,  bound  and  um- 
bound  (of  which  191,802  are  bound),  and  337,110  pamphlets,  a  total 
of  563,238  volumes  and  pamphlets.  It  is  now  receiving  1,895  peri- 
odicals exclusive  of  transactions  of  societies.  Eight  hundred  and  two 
volumes  were  bound  during  the  year.  The  following  table  shows  in 
detail  the  additions  made  to  the  library  during  the  year: 


H«dical  Journals 

Medical  transactions. . 

Bound  thesM 

Othar  bound  vtdumw 

Total 

Unbound  vohimas . . . 
Pamphlets 

Total 


On  hand 

Juno  30, 

1915. 


60,480 

8.090 

3,099 

U3,068 


186,637 


83,888 
341,653 


275,641 


Added 

during 

fiscal 

year. 


1,895 

47 

492 

3,731 


6,165 


438 

95,457 


Total 

JuneJOL 

1916. 


62,175 
0,097 
3,6n 

116, 7Bt 


191, 


S4.J 
337,110 


95,895  I      371,430 


Volume  XXI  of  the  second  series  of  the  Index  Catalogue  is  in  course 
of  preparation  and  will  appear  in  due  time.  A  complete  list,  arranged 
alphaoetically,  of  the  medical  neriodicals  and  transactions  of  socie- 
ties in  the  Ubrary  will  be  publisned  with  this,  the  concluding  volume 
of  the  second  series  of  the  catalogue. 

To  meet  the  needs  of  the  Ubrary  in  its  scientific  and  technicid 
branches,  the  following  changes  have  been  submitted  in  the  estimates: 

Prindpol  aasiotant  librarian,  from  $2,250  to  $2,500  per  annum,  an  inereaae  of..  $250 

Aaootant  Ubrarian,  from  $1,800  to  $2,000  per  annum,  an  increaoe  of 200 

Superintendent  of  reading  room,  $1,800  (mm  clerk  at  $1,600^,  an  increase  of.  200 

Superintendent  of  library  haU,  $1,800  (from  clerk  at  $1,400),  an  increase  of.  400 


Total  increase 1,060 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  GENEBAL.  669 

Of  this  increase;  $500  was  made  up  last  year  by  the  abolition  of  one 
clerk^iip  at  $900  with  this  end  in  view.  The  net  increase  asked  for 
over  former  appropriations  is,  therefore,  $550. 

These  increases  are  necessary  to  give  salaries  equivalent  to  those 
paid  in  other  departments  of  the  Govenmient  (Librarv  of  Congress, 
etc.).  The  salaries  in  this  library  have  been  at  a  standstill  for  many 
years,  while  other  departments  nave  had  increases.  This  was  due, 
perhaps,  principally  to  the  fact  that  the  employees  here  have  been 
mostly  designated  as  clerks,  although  doing  the  same  class  of  work 
as  men  with  professional  titles  elsewhere.  The  change  is  especially 
necessary  in  view  of  the  very  large  Army  expansion  now  taking  place. 
It  is  hoped  that  the  continued  efficiency  of  the  Ubrary  may  be  pro- 
vided for  in  this  wav  by  Congress  at  its  next  session. 

It  is  also  urgenthr  recommended  that  the  following  provision  be 
inserted  in  the  legislative,  executive,  and  judicial  bill: 

Sunday  openino:  To  enable  the  Ubrary  of  the  Suieeon  General's  Office  to  be 
kept  open  for  reference  use  from  four-thirty  until  ten  o  dock,  post  meridian,  daily, 
and  from  two  imtil  ten  o'clock  post  meridian  on  Sundays  and  legal  hoUdays,  within 
the  discretion  of  the  Ubrarian,  including  the  extra  services  of  employees  and  the 
services  of  additional  employees  under  the  Ubrarian,  $5,000,  or  so  mudi  thereof  as  may 
be  necessary." 

This  would  put  the  Siirgeon  General's  library  on  the  same  basis  as 
to  opening  as  the  Library  of  Congress,  and  it  is  asked  for  in  response 
to  urgent  demands  from  the  m^cal  profession  of  the  countnr  for 
improved  service  by  the  Ubrary. 


* 


ABMT  MEDICAL  HTTSEXTK. 

The  total  number  of  specimens  in  the  museimi  at  the  close  of  the 
fiscal  year  June  30,  1916,  is  47,313. 

The  following  statement  shows  in  detail  the  additions  and  changes 
in  the  different  sections: 

Ftithological  secdoii: 

In  muBeum  June  30, 1915 13,088 

Discarded 5 

Donated 123 

128 

12,910 
Received  during  the  year 179 

In  museum  June  30,  1916 13,089 

Anatomical  section: 

In  museum  June  30, 1915 1,205 

Received  during  the  year 46 

In  museum  June  30, 1916 1,251 

Comparative  anatomy  section: 

In  museum  June  30, 1915 624 

Donated 23 

In  museum  June  30, 1916 601 

Microscopical  section:  In  museum  June  30,  1915  and  1916 12, 916 

Miscellaneous  section: 

In  museum  June  30, 1915 3,975 

Discarded 1 

3,974 
Received  during  the  year 40 

In  museum  June  30,  1916 4, 014 

Ftoviflional  anatomy  section:  In  museum  June  30,  1915  and  1916 293 

Photographic  section  including  negatives: 

In  museum  June  30,  1915 14,944 

Received  during  the  year 205 

In  museum  June  30, 1916 15,149 

RBCAPrrULATIOH. 

In  museum  June  30, 1915 «.  46,995 

Discarded  and  donated 152 

46,843 
Added  during  the  year 470 

In  museum  June  30, 1916 47»S13 

670 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  8UBGE0N  OENEBAL.  671 

The  following  are  some  of  the  more  mteresting  specunens  received 
during  tlie  year  ending  June  30,  1916: 

Miuformatiana. — Specimen    14491,    a   pig   showing   syncephalus; 

Snrchased.  Specimen  14621,  male  infant  showing  decephalus 
ibrachius;  purchased.  Specimen  14479,  skull  of  idiot  showing 
microcephaly;  capacity  765  cubic  centimeters;  purchased.  Specimen 
14455,  skull  of  adult  showing  deformity  caused  by  premature  closure  of 
sutures;  purchased.  Specunen  14621,  dicephalus  dibrachius,  human; 
purchasea. 

Ectopic  pregnancy. — Specimen  14406,  tubal  pregnancy  at  two 
months  removed  by  operation;  recovery:  woman,  aced  42.  Con- 
tributed by  Capt.  J.  W.  Humer,  Medical  Corps,  Unitea  States  Army. 

Animal  parcm^.— Specimen  14587,  hookworm  exhibit  of  the 
International  Health  Commission;  consists  of  models,  transpar- 
encies^ photographs,  and  stereomotograph.  Specimen  14511,  filaria 
sanjgumis  hominis  Bancrofti.  Contributor,  Dr.  Leonel  Plasencia, 
Habana,  Cuba.  Specimens  14624-14626,  Echinococcus  cysts  in 
liver  and  spleen;  soldier,  aged  22.  Died  suddenly.  Contributed  by 
Capt.  C.  T.  Eang,  Medical  Corps,  United  States  Army. 

Fibrchsarcoma  o/ Zejr.— Specunen  14494,  soldier,  aged  35;  amputa- 
tion of  1^;  recovery.  Contributed  by  Maj.  G.  A.  Skinner,  Medical 
Corps,  Umted  States  Army. 

Hernia  through  diaphragm. — Specimen  14457,  colon  through  dia- 

Shragm;  man,  aged  40:  had  lifted  heavy  weight:  died  the  thirteenth 
ay.  Contributed  by  Col.  G.  L.  Edie,  Medical  Corps,  United  States 
Aimy. 

Quintuplets. — Specimen  14503,  bom  at  seven  and  a  half  months; 
all  males ;  one  placenta ;  five  cords ;  livedfrom  5  to  15  days ;  purchased. 
Eixceedingly  rare;  about  once  in  more  than  a  million  births. 

Amebic  dysentery.-^pecimen  14461,  large  ulcers  of  colon,  edges 
partly  healed;  soldier,  aged  57;  died  of  bowel  obstruction  from  peri- 
toneal adhesions.  Contnbuted  by  Col.  H.  C.  Fisher,  Medical  Corps, 
United  States  Army. 

Brain.— Specimen  14471,  acute  meningitis  from  streptococcus; 
man,  aged  35.  Had  protrusion  of  eyes  ana  thrombus  in  ophthalmic 
veins.  Original  cause  beUeved  to  have  been  a  boil  on  the  nose. 
Contributor  Dr.  J.  H.  Bryan.  Washington,  D.  C.  Specimen  14451, 
acute  purulent  meningitis,  from  staphylococcus  pyogenes  aureus. 
Soldier,  had  acute  endocarditis  (see  14452).  Contributed  by  Capt. 
J.  W.  Griesinger,  Medical  Corps,  United  States  Army.  Specimen 
14405,  abscess  in  left  frontal  looe,  streptococcus  and  pneumococcus. 
From  an  old  soldier  who  had  a  small  abscess  also  m  mediastinal 
lymphatic  nodes.  Contributor,  Capt.  A.  D.  Tuttle,  Medical  Corps, 
United  States  Army. 

^Tearf.— Specimen  14493,  adhesive  pericarditis;  calcareous  plates. 
Same  case  as  14492,  cancer  of  Uver.  Contributor,  Capt.  C.  L.  Cole, 
Medical  Corps,  United  States  Army.  Specimen  14452,  acute  endo- 
carditis vegetations  on  mitral  valve;  soldier.  Same  case  as  14451, 
meningitis.  Contributor,  Capt.  J.  W.  Griesinger,  Medical  Corps, 
United  States  Army.  Specimen  14510,  acute  gonorrheal  endocarditis; 
culture  showed  gonococci;  soldier,  aged  26.  Contributor,  Col.  G.  L. 
Edie,  Medical  Corps,  United  States  £noDj. 

Ooiier. — Specimen  14472,  adenoma,  from  a  man.  Contributor, 
Capt.  D.  P.  Card,  Medical  Corps,  United  States  Army. 


672  BEPOBT  OP  THE  SUKGEON  QENEBAIi. 

Mydogenous  leukemia. — Specimen  14622,  spleen  weighing  8^  pounds. 
Soldier,  aged  41 .  Had  been  lU  about  a  year.  Contributor,  Capt.  A.  D. 
Tuttle,  Jfedical  Corps,  United  States  Army. 

Tee^A^.— Specimens  14463  to  14465,  anomalies  and  diseases.  Con- 
tributor, First  Lieut.  H.  G.  Voorhies,  Dental  Corps,  United  States 
Army. 

Duodenum  'perforating  ulcer. — ^Two  cases,  specimen  14458,  soldier, 
aged  28,  was  ill  three  days,  had  had  *' indigestion."  Also  snecimen 
14459,  a  soldier.  Both  specimens  contributed  by  Capt.  H.  J.  Kichols, 
Medical  Corps,  United  States  Army. 

Appendicxiis. — Specimen  14623,  large  concretion  in  *  appendix; 
from  a  soldier;  appendectomy;  recovery.  Contributor,  Capt.  C.  E. 
Doerr,  Medical  Corps,  United  States  Army. 

Ileum. — Diverticulum,  specimen  14627,  causing  fatal  bowel  ob- 
struction. Contributor,  Fu^t  Lieut.  S.  T.  Millard,  Medical  Corps, 
United  States  Army. 

Lwer. — Specimen  14508,  shot  laceration;  soldier;  died  four  hours 
after  injury.  Contributor,  Capt.  H.  J.  Nichols,  Medical  Corps, 
United  States  Army.  Specimen  14568,  abscess;  ameb®  not  foimd; 
man,  aged  37,  had  been  fireman  15  years  on  transport.  Contributor, 
Capt.  W.  H.  Alien,  Medical  Corps,  United  States  Army.  Specimen 
14492  primary  carcinoma,  weight  11  pounds  2  oimces;  soldier;  had 
also  adhesive  pericarditis  (14493),  Contributor,  Capt.  C.  L.  Cole, 
Medical  Corps,  United  States  Army.  Specimen  14509,  common  bile 
duct  obstructed  by  gallstone ;  woman ;  aged  45 ;  had  had  epigastric 

{>ain  for  16  years;  obstructive  jaundice  lor  2  months;  hemorrhage 
rom  bowel.     Contributor,  Col.  G.  L.  Edie,  Medical  Corps,  United 
States  Army. 

Urinary  organs. — Specimen  14456,  kidney;  weight,  46  oimces; 
multiple  cvsts  and  niihary  abscesses;  other  kidney  in  same  condition; 
man,  aged  47;  specimen  removed  after  death.  Contributor,  Lieut. 
T.  S.  Proxmire,  Medical  Reserve  Corps,  United  States  Army.  Renal 
calculi,  three  cases;  specimensl4467, 14468,  and  14469;  from  soldiers; 
removed  by  operation ;  recovery.  Uontributed  by  Capt.  J.  W.  Ban- 
ner, Medical  Corps.  United  States  Army.  Specimen  14462,  calculus 
from  lu'eter;  discna^ed  through  lu^ethra;  man^  aged  18.  Ccm- 
tributor,  Capt.  J.  L.  Kobinson,  Medical  Corps,  Umtea  States  Army. 
Specimen  14470,  calculus  from  lu^inary  bladder;  removed  by  opera- 
tion, recovery;  soldier.  Contributor,  Capt.  J.  W.  Banner,  Medical 
Corps,  United  States  Army.  Specimen  14629.  laceration  of  kidney 
from  kick  of  mule;  nephrectomy;  recovery.  Contributor,  Maj.  R.  F. 
Metcalfe,  Medical  Corps,  United  States  Army.  Specimen  14628, 
uterine  fibroid;  woman,  age  41;  hysterectomy.  Contributor,  Capt. 
W.  B.  Moncrief,  Medical  CJorps,  United  States  Army. 

Bone. — Specimens  14497  to  14499,  multiple  injuries;  specimen 
14497,  healed  fracture  right  radius;  s]>ecimen  14498,  dislocation  ri^t 
hip  joint;  head  of  femur  atrophied;  acetabulum  perforated;  speci- 
men 14499,  healed  fracture  left  femur.  From  woman  about  38  years 
of  age;  purchased.  Specimens  14577,  14578.  osteomalacia;  skull 
and  pelvis;  from  an  ioiot,  aged  26,  who  haa  al^o  spondylitis  de- 
formans; purchased.  Specimens  14569  to  14586,  series  of  bones 
from  Indian  burial  places,  showing  anomalies,  fractures,  and  inflamma- 
tion.    Contributor,  Clarence  Moore,  Philadelphia,  Pa.    Also  series  of 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  OEKEBAL.  673 

bones  showing  anomalies,  inflammation;  fractures,  and  dislocations. 
Purchased. 

Anatomical  dwedtorw.— Specimens  4177  to  4184  and  4189  to  4192, 
series  of  normal  preparation  of  joints  and  muscles;  purchased. 
Specimen  4162,  dissection  of  arm,  forearm,  and  hand.  Contributor, 
Dr,  Eldmond  Souchon,  New  Orleans,  La. 

MisceUaneotLS. — Specimen  4179,  a  prosthetic  appliance  made  by 
Dr.  J.  P.  Michaels,  dentist,  Paris,  France,  to  replace  excised  portion 
of  h\imerus.  Contributed  by  Dr.  E.  A.  Bogue,  New  York  City. 
Specimen  4178,  Sims's  duckbill  speculum,  nresented  by  Dr.  Sims  to 
Prof.  Alonzo  B.  Palmer,  of  University  of  Michigan,  by  him  to  the 
father  of  Maj.  W.  J.  L.  Lyster,  Medical  Corps,  United  States  Army, 
who  gave  it  to  the  museum.    Specimens  4154  to  4177,  series  of  first-am 

Jackages,  missiles,  etc.,  from  the  European  war.     Contributor,  Maj. 
.  H.  Ford,  Medical  Corps,  United  States  Army, 

69176'— WAB 1916— VOL  1 43 


DEITTAI  AKD  OBAL  DISEASES. 


Tablb  No.  47. — Dental  and  oral  diaeases,  year  1915,  offieen  and  enlUted  men. 


United  States  (oontinoDtal)  exclusive  of  Alaska 

PhillppiDe  Department 

Hawaiian  DeiMurtment 

Canal  Zone,  Panama 

China 

Alaska 

Total 


Cases  admitted  to 
treatment. 


Number. 


72,747 

17,777 

14,442 

6.516 

1,244 

798 


113,524 


Ratio. 


1,089.21 
987.34 

1,627.08 

1,103.85 
902.76 

1,013.08 


1,115.85 


Opomttons 
fMmed. 


Number. 


88,663 

18,530 

15,108 

7,603 

1,010 

833 


131,854 


Ratio. 


1,127.51 
1.029.6t 

1,712.  ao 

1,2S7.9» 

730.48 

1,057.18 


1,996.02 


DENTAL  CARIES— NUMBER  OF  TEETH  TREATED. 


White  troops. 

Colored  troops. 

Philippine  Soouts. 

Total. 

Number. 

Ratio. 

Number. 

Ratio. 

Kumber. 

Ratio. 

Number. 

RllllD. 

United  States  (oontinental) 
excluding  Alaska. 

41,043 

7,919 

7,610 

3,669 

764 

592 

637.81 
709.65 
1,070.87 
621.65 
554.43 
752.22 

740 

667 

1,841 

303.40 
497.39 
988.19 

41.783 

10,708 

0,351 

8,000 

704 

508 

62Sw00 

Philippine"Department — 

Hawaiian  Departmoit 

Canal  Zone.  Panama 

2.117 

384.66 

5M.4S 

i.os3.a 

631.  5S 

China 

654.41 

Alaska 

752.33 

Total 

61,497 

678.86 

3,248 

576.68 

2,117 

384.56 

66.862 

657.90 

While  the  tabulation  above  given  does  not  portray  the  character 
of  the  work  performed,  which  has  been  varied,  yet  it  indicates  either 
that  the  dental  work  of  the  past  years  has  placed  the  teeth  of  those 
treated  in  such  condition  as  not  to  warrant  treatment  this  year,  or 
that  the  condition  of  the  teeth  of  new  recruits  are  closely  watcned 
with  a  view  to  eliminating  those  not  meeting  the  requirement  in  this 
respect.  It  is  to  be  notea  that  the  troops  serving  in  the  Canal  Zone 
have  next  to  the  highest  admission  rate  for  dental  treatment,  the 
Hawaiian  Department  leading. 

674 


BECBXnTDrO. 

AMERICAN  TROOPS. 

The  movement  of  recruits  is  shown  in  Table  No.  48.  There  were 
37y993  examined  by  medical  officers,  as  compared  with  57.244  for  l^e 
year  1914.  Of  eadi  1,000  examined,  125.84  were  rejectea  and  21.08 
declined  enlistment,  as  compared  with  106.60  and  24.46,  respectively, 
for  1914.  Of  each  1,000  examined  by  medical  officers,  853.08  were 
accepted,  as  compared  with  868.94  for  1914.  Of  the  number  ex- 
amined and  enUsted,  494.91  per  1,000  were  original  enlistments  and 
358.17  reenlistments,  as  compared  with  502.62  and  366.32  for  1914. 

Table  No.  48. — Movement  ofrteruiu,  white  andcolored^  1915, 


White. 

Colored. 

ToUl. 

Number. 

Ratio. 

Number. 

Ratio. 

Number. 

Ratio. 

Examined  by  medical  ofQcers 

35,533 
30,271 

1,000.00 
8S1.91 

2,460 
2,140 
1,047 
1,093 
285 
35 

1,000.00 
869.02 
425.61 
444.31 
116.85 
14.23 

87,093 
82,411 
18,808 
13,608 
4,781 
801 

1,000.00 
853.08 

Accepted  by  medical  officers 

By  first  enlistment 

17,756         499.70 

494.01 

By  all  other  enlistments 

12,515 

4,496 

766 

352.21 

126.53 

21.56 

358.17 

Relecied  by  medical  officers 

125.84 

Declined 

21.08 

Table  No.  49. — Nativities  of  accepted  recruiter  white  and  colored,  year  1915. 


Accepted  recruits,  1015. 

Total  accepted. 

Accepted  first  eo- 
Ustment 

Number. 

Ratio 

per  1,000 

of  total 

accepted. 

Number. 

Ratio 

per  1,000 

of  total 

accepted. 

United  States: 

White 

26,000 
2,140 

802.47 
66.02 

15,408 
1,047 

810.44 

Colored 

65.68 

Total  native  born 

28,140 

868.50 

16,456 

875.18 

Russia 

863 

686 

642 

483 

229 

216 

193 

175 

170 

157 

62 

48 

47 

44 

43 

41 

28 

25 

21 

14 

14 

10 

51 

26.63 

21.17 

10.81 

14.00 

7.07 

6.66 

5.05 

5.40 

5.25 

4.84 

1.91 

1.48 

1.45 

1.36 

1.33 

1.26 

.86 

.77 

.65 

.43 

.43 

.31 

1.57 

582 

272 

426 

170 

170 

86 

00 

102 

67 

107 

27 

21 

26 

20 

31 

32 

10 

14 

17 

0 

13 

6 

84 

80.05 

Qermany 

14.46 

Austria .' 

22.65 

Ireland 

0.52 

Italy 

0.04 

England 

4.52 

Nornniv  ftnd  Swed^Ti .,.,..,..  , , ,        .,,,,,,.,. 

4.79 

Hnnearj 

6.42 

C«^nodft,... ■  . 

3.56 

Denmark 

5.09 

SwiUerland 

1.44 

Scotland 

1.12 

Holland 

1.38 

Rftximan^a 

1.54 

Turkey 

1.65 

Greece 

1.70 

France 

.53 

West  Indies 

.74 

Belgium 

.00 

Aus^lia 

.48 

South  America 

.64 

Spain 

.82 

Others 

1.81 

Total  foreicn  bom 

4,262 

131.50 

2,848 

124.87 

Grand  total 

32,411 

1,000.00 

18,803 

1,000.00 

676 


676  REPOBT  OF  THE   SUBGEON   QENEBAI^ 

Tablb  No.  SO.—Age»  of. 


U,  U'Aife  and  colored,  and  the  pnporlion  at  rack  age,  ymr 
191S,  per  1,000  accepted. 


The  proportion  of  accepted  recruits,  24  years  of  age  and  under, 
was  565.39  per  1,000  as  compared  with  544.78  in  1914.  The  greatest 
number  was  enlisted  at  21  years  of  age,  5,275,  and  3,440  at  22  years; 
the  two  ages  comijined  giving  284.38  per  1,000  of  all  enlistments  in 
the  year. 

Tablb  No.  Sl.—JtthHon  of  height  to  age. 


ABSOLUTE  NCMDERS-WHITE 

^ECRL' 

T3.  leii. 

API. 

Ilelehl. 

H 

ytaa. 

3D 

re»n. 

y»ra. 

y«Mi, 

j*m. 

y»ort. 

r»Mi. 

o\-or. 

TflUl. 

i  reoi    1  Inch  and 

I.HO 

"i 

147 
B9 

21 

ZTi 

1 

331 
303 

K 

1 

& 

! 

KIJS::::::: 

(tetn  ni-hw 

leoi-  mhea 

IhIK    IK'lWS 

IMte  TK'hes 

SKES::::.: 

s 

IS7 
231 

8 

IS 

3K 

133 

M 

43 
MS 

S 
43 

30 

189 
37 

1 

J! 
IS 

S,1TI 

fMt  a  Inchea  ond 

TotiJ 

l,BMi      i.3TS 

»' 

S,J7S 

■■" 

»,03S 

i,lM 

■•- 

REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON   GENERAL. 
Table  No.  51. — Relation  of  height  to  age — Continued. 

PROPORTIONAL  NUMBERS— WHITE  RECRUITS,  1915. 


677 


Age 

. 

Height. 

18 

years 

and 

under. 

19 
years. 

20 
years. 

21 
years. 

23 

years. 

23 
years. 

24 

years. 

25 
years. 

26 
years 
and 
over. 

Total. 

5  feet  1  inch  and 
upfler , .     , 

a  49 

a27 

.73 

5.95 

54.99 

102.93 

147.39 

169.45 

164.50 

137.42 

96.71 

54(16 

43.64 

13.45 

8.42 

_ 

0  18 

5  feet  2  inches 

a  19 

4.93 

51.18 

93.27 

136.68 

170.24 

182.18 

138.20 

104.45 

62.74 

38.48 

ia8i 

6.63 

a29 

4.94 

56.98 

101.45 

136.63 

158.43 

177.33 

141.28 

107.85 

56.98 

37.79 

13.95 

6.10 

.33 

5feet3inches 

5  feet  4  inches 

5  feet  5  inches 

5  feet  6  inches 

5  feet  7  inches 

5  feet  8  inches 

6feet9inches 

5  feet  10  inches 

5  feet  11  inches 

6  feet 

7.63 

62.64 

145.97 

165.58 

191. 18 

156.32 

129.63 

71.35 

34.31 

25.60 

7.63 

2.18 

8.00 

71.27 

130.91 

176.00 

177.46 

163.64 

119.27 

87.27 

42.18 

14.55 

5.09 

4.36 

7.28 

54.61 

121.36 

156.55 

199.03 

168.70 

111.65 

87.38 

38.84 

3L56 

12.14 

ia92 

4.41 

64.74 

101.52 

138.30 

149.09 

192.74 

123.59 

104.95 

62.78 

36.29 

14.71 

6.38 

6.49 

53.98 

101.87 

141.64 

151.38 

176.14 

144.07 

104.71 

59.66 

34.90 

17.05 

8.12 

7.18 

52.20 

93.87 

14a  33 

161.40 

157.07 

148.47 

106.80 

62.26 

45.98 

16.76 

7.66 

5.91 

56.13 

104.65 

145.39 

167.42 

170.96 

136.37 

99.00 

55.40 

38.29 

6  feet  1  inch 

12.88 

6  feet  2  inches  and 
over 

7.14 

Total 

1,000.00 

i,ooaoo'i,ooaoo 

i,ooaoo 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

i,ooaooi,ooaoo 

Table  No.  52. — Relation  of  height  to  age. 

ABSOLUTE  NUMBERS— COLORED  RECRUITS,  1916. 


Age. 

Height. 

I*' 
years 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

34 

25 

26 
years 

Total. 

and 
under. 

years. 

years. 

years. 

years. 

years. 

years. 

years. 

and 
over. 

5  feet  2  inches 

1 

1 

3 

63 

101 

145 

164 

\n 

83 

55 

80 

6 

1 

a 

5  feet  3  inches 

1 

13 
17 
83 
85 
89 
19 
17 
10 

6 

1 

1 

12 

22 

86 

27 

45 

34 

18 

9 

8 

7 

3 

12 

23 
28 
29 

28 

18 

18 

7 

7 

8 

5 

5  feet  4  inches 

5feet5inches 

5feet6inches 

5feet  7inches 

5feet8inches 

5feet9inches 

5  feet  10  inches 

5  feet  11  inches 

6feet 

4 
8 
15 
12 
7 
9 
5 
1 
1 

6 

9 

11 

14 

9 

10 

5 

1 

1 

1 
6 
14 
9 
7 
3 
1 
1 

9 
33 
41 
45 
47 
29 
22 
15 
5 
1 

1 

14 
80 
43 
44 

46 
27 
27 
10 
10 
1 

1 

123 
248 
365 
379 
374 
252 
191 
109 
67 

6feetl  inch 

18 

6  feet  2  inches  and 
over. .............. 

7 

Total 

62 

66 

42 

248 

354 

188 

213 

162 

906 

2,140 

PROPORTIONAL  NUMBERS-COLORED  RECRUITS,  1915. 


5  feet  2  inches 

3.94 

LIO 

8.31 

58.50 

0.03 

5  feet  3  inches 

5.32 
63.83 

4.72 
56.60 

74.07 

2.34 

6feet  4inches 

64.52 

90.91 

23.81 

36.29 

55.12 

57.48 

5  feet  5  indies 

129.03 

136.36 

142.86 

133.06 

118.11 

90.42 

103.77 

135.80 

in.  48 

115.88 

5  feet  6  indies 

341.94 

166.67 

333.33 

165.33 

169.29 

170.21 

109.81 

172.84 

160.04 

170.56 

Sfeet  7 inches 

193. 5S 

212.12 

214.29 

181.46 

173.24 

186.17 

127.35 

179.01 

181.02 

177.10 

5feet8inches 

112.91 

136.36 

166.67 

189.52 

181. 10 

207.45 

212.36 

173.84 

161.15 

174.77 

5  fieet  9  inclMS 

145. 16 

151.52 

71.43 

116.94 

106.30 

101.05 

113.20 

80.34 

130.24 

117.76 

6  fieet  10  indies 

80.65 

75.76 

23.81 

88.71 

106.30 

90.42 

84.91 

80.34 

91.61 

89.25 

5  feet  U  Inches 

16.13 

15.15 

23.81 

60.49 

39.37 

53.19 

42.45 

48.31 

60.70 

50.94 

Oteet 

16.13 

15.15 

20.16 
4.03 

39.37 
3.94 

36.60 

87.74 
83.02 

48.21 
18.52 

33.11 
6.62 

31.81 

6feetlfaich 

8.41 

6  feet  2  inches  and 

over 

4.03 

3.94 

5.83 

14.16 

1.10 

8.37 

Total 

1, 000.00!  1-000. 00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1  000  00 

-» -  —  -- 

678 


REPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON  GENBBAIi. 


From  a  comparison  of  the  above  tables  it  will  be  noted  that  52.00 
per  cent  of  the  white  recruits  were  6  feet  8  inches  or  over,  and  0.64  per 
cent  were  imder  the  minimum  height^  as  compared  with  49.44  and  1.25i 
respectively,  for  the  jear  1914. 

For  colored  recrmts  47.57  were  5  feet  8  inches  or  over  and  6.07 
per  cent  were  imder  the  minimum  height  as  compared  with  45.85  and 
0.98  per  cent  last  year. 

The  average  height  for  recruits  was  5  feet  7.62  inches,  as  compared 
with  5  feet  7.56  inches  for  last  year. 


Tablb  No.  5S.—Relat!um  of  weight  to  age. 

ABSOLUTE  NUMBERS— WHITE  RECRUITS,  1915. 


Age. 

• 

Wdgbt. 

18 

years 

and 

under. 

19 
years. 

20 
years. 

21 
years. 

22 
years. 

23 
years. 

24 
years. 

25 
years. 

26 
years 
and 
over. 

ToUL 

119     pounds     and 

12 

238 

354 

339 

272 

227 

174 

99 

56 

31 

22 

7 

7 

171 

231 

263 

252 

156 

107 

80 

41 

25 

18 

8 

7 

8 

8 

73 

128 

130 

144 

107 

05 

61 

49 

24 

15 

9 

7 

4 

18 

298 

607 

706 

844 

815 

648 

494 

325 

229 

127 

84 

33 

47 

15 

178 

328 

443 

477 

529 

469 

347 

252 

166 

93 

55 

41 

47 

13 
102 
171 

310 

293 

269 

217 

152 

95 

70 

35 

17 

85 

16 
107 
216 
264 
323 
349 
345 

Z 

143 
93 
54 
49 
53 

14 

79 

160 

203 

268 

297 

278 

249 

177 

101 

96 

63 

38 

56 

96 

878 

736 

1,021 

1,3U 

1,234 

1,287 

1,145 

894 

763 

529 

415 

29^ 

828 

198 

130  to  134  potmds 

125  to  129  pounds — 
180  to  134  pounds. .. . 

135  to  139  pounds 

140  to  144  pounds 

145  to  149  pounds 

150  to  154  pounds... . 
156  to  159  pounds.... 
lOOto  164  pounds.... 
105  to  109  pounds.... 

170  to  174  pounds 

175  to  179  pounds. . . . 

1,094 
2,M0 

4,«l 
4,007 
8,«4S 
2,998 
2,168 
1,578 
1,068 
710 
486 

180  pounds  and  over. 

5 

1.088 

Total 

1,836 

1,375 

824 

5,275 

3,440 

2,039 

2,464 

2,068 

10,930 

80,871 

PROPORTIONAL  NUMBERS— WHITE  RECRUITS,  1915. 


119  and  under 

120  to  124  pounds. . . . 
125  to  129  poimds. . . . 
130  to  134  pounds. .. . 
135  to  139  pounds... . 
140  to  144  pounds. .. . 
145  to  149  pounds.... 
150to  154  pounds.... 
155  to  159  pounds.... 
lOOto  164  pounds..., 
165  to  169  pounds... . 
170 to  174  pounds..., 
175  to  179  pounds.... 
180  pounds  and  over. 


Total. 


6.54 

129.63 

192.80 

184.64 

148.15 

123.64 

94.77 

53.92 

30.50 

16.88 

11.98 

3.81 


2.72 


5.O9I 

124.36 

168.00 

191,27 

183.28 

113.46 

77.82 

58.181 

29.82 

18.911 

13.09' 

5.^ 

5.09' 

5.1 


^: 


9.71 

88.59 

155.84 

157.  n 

174.75 

129.85 

78.88 

74.03 

59.47 

29.13 

18.20 

10.92 

8.50 

4.85 


8.41 

56.49 

115.07 

133.84 

160.00 

154.50 

122.84 

03.651 

61.61 

43.41 

24.06 

15.92 

6.26 

8.91 


1,000. 0011,000.001,000. 00.1,000. 00 


4.361 

51.74 

95.35 

128.78 

138.66 

153.78 

136.34 

10a87 

73.26 

48.26 

27.04 

15.99 

11.92 

13.66 


6.38 

50.02 

83.86 

127.51 

152.02 

143.70 

131.93 

106.43 

74.55 

46.59 

34.33 

17.17 

8.34 

17.17 


6.49 

43.43 

87.66 

107.14 

131.09 

141.64 

14a  02 

99.84 

83.60 

58.04 

87.74 

21.  «a 

19.89 

21.51 


1, 000. 00|1, 000.  OOJl,  000. 00|l,  000. 00 1, 000. 00 


6.70 

37.83 

80.94 

97.22 

128.35 

142.24 

133.14 

U9.251 

84.76 

48.37 

45.97 

80.17 

1&» 

26.82 


8. 

84.58 

67.34 

BS.42 

119.95 

112.90 

117.75 

104.76 

81.80 

69.81 

48.40 

87.97 

26.90 

75w76 


6l54 

53.05 

97.11 

119.88 

138.78 

132.87 

120.31 

97.06 

71.10 

51U 

8Swtl 

24.11 

16l05 

85.78 


l,000i60 


BEPOBT  OF  THB  SUBGEON  QENEBAIj. 
Tablb  No.  M.^IUlatUm  of  weight  to  age. 

ABSOLUTS  NUMBER— COLORED  RECRXnTS,  1015. 


679 


Aga, 

W«4^t. 

18 

years 

and 

undar. 

19 

20 

21 
yaaft. 

22 
years. 

23 
years. 

24 
years. 

25 
yaaft. 

36 

years 

and 

over. 

TotaL 

U9    pounds    and 
undflT 

. 

3 

17 

43 

71 

10(^ 

185 

108 

136 

68 

^ 

31 
29 

57 

3 

120  to  124  pounds.... 
ISS  to  129  pounds.... 
180  to  134  pounds.... 

136  to  130  pounds . 

140  to  144  pounds 

145  to  140  pounds.... 
150  to  154  pounds.... 
155  to  150  pounds.... 
160  to  104  pounds.... 
165  to  160  Dounds.... 

6 

7 

13 

11 

1 
1 

7 

1 

5 

it 

5 

1 

4 
4 
8 
7 
7 
4 
4 
2 
2 

5 

i 

36 

38 

37 

20 

17 

13 

5 

0 

3 

4 

^ 

25 

2 

81 

26 
21 

il 

0 
1 

i 

2 

13 
14 
28 
35 

i 

17 
1 

9 

6 

21 

23 

87 

31 

36 

30 

9 

8 

6 

6 

10 

6 

7 

16 

14 

23 

25 

23 

19 

9 

13 

3 

3 

3 

64 
138 
314 
366 

827 
273 
368 
171 
143 
90 

170  to  174  DOunds.... 

66 

175  to  179  DOunds.... 

1 

46 

180  pounds  and  over. 

78 

Total 

62 

66 

42 

1 

248 

254 

188 

212 

163 

906 

3,140 

PROPORTIONAL  NUMBERS-COLORED  RECRUITS,  1915. 


119     pounds     and 

under 

2.21 
18.76 

0.08 

120  to  134  pounds.... 

96.77 

106.06 

95.24 

20.16 

31.50 

10.64 

42.45 

37.04 

29.91 

125  to  129  pounds.... 

113.91 

196.97 

05.24 

92.74 

86.61 

60.15 

28.30 

43.21 

47.46 

64.49 

130  to  134  pounds.... 

193.55 

136.36 

190.48 

153.23 

98.42 

74.47 

99.06 

98.76 

78.36 

100.00 

135  to  139  pounds.... 

177.42 

136.36 

166.67 

145.16 

126.98 

122.34 

106.49 

86.42 

110.37 

119.16 

140  to  144  pounds 

103.55 

75.76 

166.67 

153.23 

177.17 

186.17 

174.53 

141.97 

137.97 

152.80 

145  to  140  pounds... . 

80.65 

90.91 

95.24 

149.20 

122.06 

138.30 

146.28 

154.32 

119.20 

127.67 

150  to  154  pounds.... 

80.65 

151.52 

95.24 

80.65 

102.36 

148.94 

122.64 

141.97 

139.07 

125.28 

155  to  150  pounds.... 

32.26 

75.76 

47.62 

68.55 

82.68 

90.42 

04.34 

117. 2» 

75.05 

79.91 

160  to  164  pounds.... 

32.26 

15.15 

47.62 

52.42 

70.87 

63.83 

42.45 

55.5^ 
80.24 
12.35 
18.52 
12.35 

04.  W 

66.82 

165  to  169  pounds.... 

2a  16 
86.29 
12.10 
16.13 

47.24 

35.43 

3.94 

15.75 

31.91 

42.55 

15.96 

5.32 

37.74 
28.30 
28.30 
47.17 

57.30 
34.22 
32.01 
62.91 

44.86 

170  to  174  DOunds.... 

80.37 

175  to  179  DOunds... . 

15.15 

21.50 

180  pounds  and  over. 

36.46 

Total 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

The  average  weight  of  aU  recruits  was  138.56;  of  the  white  troops 
72.28  per  cent  were  135  pounds  or  over,  and  0.65  per  cent  weighed 
less  than  the  minimum,  120  pounds,  as  compared  with  57.74  and 
1.60  for  1914. 

Of  the  colored  troops  70.46  per  cent  weighed  135  pounds  or  over, 
while  but  .09  j^er  cent  weighed  less  than  the  minimum,  120  pounds, 
as  compared  with  66.55  and  1.09  for  1914. 


680 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENEBAIi. 
Tablb  No.  55. — Relation  of  chest  measurement  to  age. 

ABSOLUTE  NUMBERS— WHITE  RECRUITS,  1915. 


Age. 

Chest  measurement. 

18 

years 

and 

imder. 

19 
years. 

20 
years. 

21 
years. 

22 
years. 

23 

24 

years. 

25 
years. 

20 

years 

and 

over. 

TotaL 

30  inches  and  under. 

31  inches 

162 

407 

572 

414 

199 

59 

18 

4 

1 

82 

259 

461 

332 

156 

59 

22 

4 

89 

144 

216 

224 

109 

58 

27 

5 

2 

200 

621 

1,339 

1,430 

949 

475 

197 

61 

11 

2 

100 

350 

776 

932 

608 

367 

143 

50 

20 

5 

40 
186 
437 
533 
465 
229 
106 

30 
8 
5 

48 

205 

427 

663 

498 

330 

186 

60 

36 

21 

81 

135 

875 

626 

448 

290 

175 

63 

31 

14 

160 

606 

1,630 

2,190 

2,225 

1,606 

1,101 

685 

979 

460 

SSI 

2,913 
6,233 
7,358 
6.747 
3,462 
1.975 

32  inches 

33  inches 

84  inches 

85  inches 

86  inches 

87  inches.... 

861 

38  Inches 

478 

39  inches  and  over... 

607 

Total 

1,836 

1,375 

824 

5,275 

3,440 

2,039 

2,464 

2,08a 

10.930 

»,m 

PROPORTIONAL  NUMBERS— WHITE  RECRUITS,  1 

1916. 

80  inches  and  under. 

81  inches 

88.23      59.64^      47.33'      87.91 
221.68     188.36     174. 76«    117.72 
311.55     335. 27i    262. 14|    253.84 
225.49     241.46:     271.84'     271.00 

29.07 
101.74 
S25.58 

19.62 

91.22 

214.32 

19.48 

83.20 

173.30 

269.07 

202.11 

133.93 

75.49 

24.35 

10.65 

8.62 

14^85 

64.65 

179.60 

261.92 

214.56 

138.89 

83.81 

30.17 

14.85 

6.70 

13.72 
55.44 

3&14 

32  inches 

148.22,    30&68 

301.19      230.  flO 

83  inches 

270. 93i 

2A1.4Q 

84  inches , 

106.39 

32.14 

9.80 

2.18 

.54 

113.45 

42.91 

16.00 

2.91 

132.28     179.90 
70.39       90. 0& 

202.91     22a65 

103.78,    112.31 

41.57      51.99 

17.15      14.71 

5.81        3.92 

1.45|       2.45 

303.57 

146.84 

100.73 

53.63 

84.68 

42.09 

180185 

85  inches 

114.87 

36  inches 

82.77 
6.07 
2.43 

37.34 

9.67 

2.09 

.38 

66.34 

87  inches 

38.44 

38  inches 

16.79 

89  inches  iM^d  ovetr . . 

lfi.76 

Total 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00) 

1,000.00 

1,000.001.000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.001-000.01 

r 

Tablb  No.  56. — Relation  of  chest  measurement  to  age, 

ABSOLUTE  NUMBERS-COLORED  RECRUITS,  1916. 


Age. 

Chest  measurement. 

18 

years 

and 

under. 

19 
years. 

years. 

21 
years. 

22 
years. 

23 
years. 

24 
years. 

36 
years. 

36 
years 
and 
ovar. 

TotaL 

80  inches  and  under. 

81  inches 

6 

13 

18 

14 

6 

4 

6 

12 

26 

16 

6 

1 

1 

1 
4 

16 

11 

6 

8 

7 
84 
72 
63 
66 
16 
8 
8 

10 
33 
57 
65 
67 
23 
8 
1 

6 
11 
42 
63 
12 
22 
11 

2 

• 

16 

47 

64 

41 

26 

18 

6 

2 

3 

6 

7 

86 

86 

46 

19 

8 

4 

1 

36 

63 

168 

169 

199 

116 

93 

85 

33 

17 

71 
lit 

22  inches 

483 

33  inches 

471 

34  inches 

46t 

85  Inches 

388 

86  inches 

141 

37  inches 

1 

n 

88  inches 

1 

18 

89  inches  and  over. . . 

• 

If 

Total 

62 

66 

42 

348 

254 

188 

213 

163 

906 

%l^ 

PROPORTIONAL  NUMBERS-COLORED  RECRUITS,  1916. 


80 Inches  and  under. 
31  inches 

96.77 

209.68 

290.32 

225.81 

96.77 

64.52 

75.76 

181.82 

393.94 

242.42 

76.76 

16.15 

15.16 

23.81 

95.24 

380.95 

261.90 

142L86 

71.43 

28^23 

187. 10 

200.33 

213.71 

225.81 

6a  49 

32.26 

12.10 

39.37 

129.92 

224.40 

365.91 

234.40 

90.65 

31.60 

3.94 

36.60 

68.51 

223.40 

281.90 

223.40 

117.02 

68.61 

ia64 

38.80 

76.47 

231.70 

364.73 

193.40 

122.64 

61.33 

23.68 

9.43 

9.43 

80.80 
43.21 

38.70      83.18 
MLM      on  ia 

32  inches 

332.3al    ifls^ol    nan 

33  inches 

333.22 

38L06 

117.38 

49.88 

3160 

6l17 

18168    23101 

84  inches 

219.66     21101 

36  indies 

12198     10164 

86  inches 

10L66      6189 

87  inches 

16.13 

8168      28wa 

88  inches 

28.81 

3l.3il      12.16 

89  inches  and  o^v. .  ^ 

117U       188 

Total 

l,000i00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

L  000. 001  000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

BEPOBT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 


681 


The  chest  measurements  of  43.04  per  cent  of  the  white  recruits  was 
34  inches  and  over,  and  2.81  per  cent  were  30  inches  and  imder,  as 
compared  with  40.94  and  8.82  for  1914. 

The  chest  measurements  for  colored  recruits  show  21.73  per  cent 
were  34  inches  and  over,  and  3.32  per  cent  were  30  inches  and  imder, 
as  compared  with  39.30  and  8.02,  respectively,  for  1914. 

Tablb  No.  57. — Causes  of  rejection,  by  medical  officers  of  the  Army,  of  candidates  exam' 

inedfor  enlistment,  1915, 


Total. 

White. 

Colored. 

Causes  of  rejection. 

Num- 
ber. 

Ratio. 

Native  bom. 

Foreign  bom. 

Total. 

Num- 
ber. 

* 

Num- 
ber. 

Ratio. 

Num- 
ber. 

1 
Ratio. 

Num- 
ber. 

Ratio. 

Ratio. 

Venereal  diseases 

623 
375 

349 

280 
230 
197 

184 
139 
116 
115 

104 
99 
97 
88 

83 
60 

fiO 

55 
51 
32 
30 

29 
26 
24 
21 
15 
14 

5 
138 

130.31 
78.44 

73.00 

58.57 
48.11 
41.20 

38.49 
29.07 
24.26 
24.05 

21.75 
20.71 
20.29 
1&41 

17.36 
12.55 

12.34 

11.50 

10.67 

6.09 

6.27 

6.07 
6.40 
5.02 
4.39 
3.14 
2.93 

1.05 
28.86 

461 
310 

297 

239 

187 
179 

150 

118 

92 

88 

79 
83 
64 
79 

74 
45 

57 

50 
45 
28 
25 

28 
24 
20 
17 
15 
12 

5 
117 

123.06 
82.75 

79.28 

63.80 
49.92 
47.78 

40.04 
31.50 
24.56 
23.49 

21.00 
22.16 
17.08 
21.09 

19.75 
12.01 

15.22 

13.35 

12.01 

7.47 

6.67 

7.47 
6.41 
5.34 
4.54 
4.00 
3.20 

1.33 
31.23 

44 

46 

38 

36 
33 
17 

24 
14 
18 
21 

23 

12 

28 

6 

7 
12 

2 

5 
3 
2 
6 

1 

1 
4 
1 

58.67 
61.33 

50.67 

48l00 
44.00 
22.67 

32.00 
ia67 
24.00 
28.00 

3a  67 

16.00 

37.33 

8.00 

9.33 
16.00 

2.67 

6.67 
4.00 
2.67 
6.67 

1.33 
1.33 
5.33 
1.33 

505 
356 

335 

275 
220 
196 

174 
132 
110 
109 

102 
95 
92 
85 

81 
57 

50 

55 
48 
30 
30 

29 
25 

24| 
18 
15 
13 

5 
128 

112.32 
79.18 

74.51 

61.17 
48.93 
43.50 

38.70 
29.36 
24.47 
24.24 

22.69 
21.13 
20.46 
1&91 

18.02 
12.68 

13.12 

12.23 

ia68| 

6.67 

6.67 

6.45 
5.56 
5.34 
4.00 
3.34 
2.89 

1.11 
2&47 

118 
19 

14 

1 

i          5 

10 

1 

10 
7 
6 
6 

2 

4 
5 
3 

2 
3 

414.04 

Heart  disease 

66.67 

Diseases  of  the  ear,  including 
defects  of  hearine .*. 

49.13 

Diseases  of  the  eye,  including 
defects  of  vision 

17.54 

Flat  feet 

35.00 

Alcoholism 

3.51 

Diseases  of  the  orgaas  of  loco- 
motion, except  spinal  curva- 
ture  

35.09 

TfT^rnJa.  , 

24.56 

Diseases  of  the  skin 

21.05 

Ui;der  weight 

21.05 

Diseases   of  tht.    respiratory 
system. 

7.02 

Ddfective  teeth 

14.04 

Weakness  of  mind 

17.54 

Defects  of  development 

Diseases  of  the  genito-urinary 

system,  nonvenereal 

Varioose  veins 

ia53 

7.02 
ia53 

Diseases  of  the  nervous  system, 
exoept  as  shown  in  detail. . . . 

Oeneral  diseases,  except  as 
iihown  In  detail  r 

Tuberculosis 

3 
2 

10.53 

Varicocele 

7.02 

Qiest  development  insufficient 
Diseases  of  the  digestive  sys- 
tem, exoept  as  shown  in  ae- 
taU....... 

Physical  debility 

1 

3.51 

Curvature  of  the  spine 

Over  weight  and  obesity 

3 

ia53 

Under  height 

1 

1.83 

1 

3.51 

Diseases  of  the  circulatory 
BVBtem,  except  as  shown  in 

Ii^juries 

11 

14.67 

10 

35.09 

Rejected  for  causes  phys- 

Iceland  mental 

Rejected  for  causes  not  physical 

3,638 
1,143 

76a  93 
239.07 

2,988 
758 

797.65 
202.35 

415 
335 

553.33 
446.67 

3,403 
l,093j 

756.90 
243.10 

235 

50 

824.56 
176.44 

Total  rejected 

4.781 

1,000.00 

8,746 

1,000.00 

750 

i,ooaoo 

4,496j 

1,000.00 

285 

1,000.00 

Venereal  diseases  caused  the  greatest  number  of  rejections  this 
year,  as  in  1914,  1912,  and  1911.  It  occupied  only  third  place  in 
1913.  This  cause  of  rejection  for  whites  gave  a  rate  of  136.31  per 
1,000,  and  for  colored,  414.04,  as  compared  with  107.92  and  353,25, 
respectively,  in  1914. 


I 


682 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON  QENEBAU 


Tablb  No.  5S.^Prineipal  oeeupaHans  of  recruUi,  Jlnt  enUrtnuntj  191S. 


Oocupfttloou 


Laborers 

Fanners 

Clerks 

Drivers 

Ifachlnists 

Carpenters 

MfakBrs 

Chauffeurs 

Cooks 

Electricians.... 

Painters 

Firemen.. 

Plumbers 

Mechanics 

Musicians 

oalesmen  ....«• 

Printers 

Barbers 

Tailors 

Waiters 

Bakers 

Metalworkers.. 

Engineers 

Telegraphers... 
Railroaa  hands. 
Blacksmiths... 

flaUors 

Shoemakers.... 

Butchers 

Porters 

Btudents 

Wearers 

Millworkers  . . . 
Linemen....... 

Masons 

Tinners 

Molders 

Drumists 

inbermt 


Number  in  each  case. 


Total. 


en. 


Luml 

Nurses 

Boilermakers 

Jewelers 

Civil  engineers  and  sur- 
veyors  

Stenographers 

Motormen 

Teachers 

Draftsmen 

Leather  workers , 

Paper  workers 


5,865 
2,548 

913 

575 

431 

380 

383 

309 

360 

352 

349 

253 

242 

236 

234 

233 

213 

209 

207 

188 

177 

170 

146 

145 

144 

136 

132 

117 

96 

92 

86 

77 

74 

71 

68 

64 

64 

63 

56 

50 

42 

42 
37 
37 
36 
34 
31 
28 


White. 


5,294 

2,471 

1,280 

871 

567 

417 

372 

353 

817 

356 

849 

389 

251 

240 

224 

234 

231 

202 

193 

166 

185 

177 

168 

146 

138 

138 

124 

126 

117 

35 

91 

86 

77 

74 

67 

67 

61 

63 

59 

56 

49 

42 

42 
37 
37 
35 
34 
31 
28 


Col- 
ored. 


571 

77 

5 

42 

8 

14 

17 

80 

52 

4 

8 

10 

2 

2 

12 


Occupation. 


2 
11 

16 

41 

3 


7 

6 

12 

6 


61 
1 


Plasterers 

Agents 

ofass  workers... 
Cement  workers. 


Inspectors. 
Packers... 


Photographers 

Coopers 

Dairvmen 

Conductors 

Florists 

Moving-picture  operators 

Tobacco  workers 

Merchants 

Laundrymen 

Foremen 

Oilers 

Gardeners 

,  Upholsterers 

Broom  makers 

I  Hatters 

1  Roofiers 

'  Bridge  workers 

'  Confectioners 

\  Actors 

Box  makers 

I  Designers 

1  Watchmen 

Core  makers 

I  Rubber  workers 

*  Fishermen 

TTndertakers 

I  Knitters 

Dentists 

Lawyers 

Cranemen 

Wheelwrights 

Chemists 

Bartenders 

Locksmiths 

Furriers 

Aviators ; 

Lithographers 

Button  makers 

Dyers 

Kmbn^derers 

Miscellaneous 


Number  In  etdi 


TotaL 


Total. 


37 

26 

25 

32 

31 

19 

18 

18 

18 

17 

17 

17 

16 

16 

15 

15 

15 

14 

13 

13 

12 

12 

12 

11 

11 

11 

10 

10 

9 

8 

8 

8 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

1 

115 


White. 


Ooi- 


18,803 


33 
96 
35 
21 
30 
19 
17 
18 
18 
17 
17 
17 
16 
16 
15 
15 
15 
14 
IS 
U 
13 
13 
12 
11 
10 
U 
10 
10 

9 

8 

7 

7 

6 

6 

6' 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

1 
110 


1 
1 


t 
1 


17,756 


1,047 


PHILIPPINE  SCOUTS. 

The  proportion  of  Filipinos  accepted  to  all  of  those  examined  by 
medical  officers  in  the  year  1916  was  80.46  per  cent,  as  compared 
with  90.88  in  1914.  The  total  nimiber  examined  was  1,090  in  1915, 
and  3,521  in  1914. 

Tabls  No.  bd.^ExandnatUm  ofPkiKpffine  appliearUifar  enKttmmUf  fftar  191S. 


Bianilpid  by  nudlcal  ofllogi 
Aooeptad  hy  medleal  ofllevt. 

By  flrn  enlistmnt 

Other  enlktiiMuti. 

SaleeCad  bT  nwd*fal  offlosn*. 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 


683 


Tablb  No.  eo.— Philippine  reeruUi  (accepted). 


18  years  and  onder. 

19  years 

90  years 

71  years 

Syears 

13  years 

94  years 

95  years 

96  years 

97  years 

98  years 

90  years 

80  years 


Nomber. 

Ratio. 

31 

33.06 

5 

5.70 

11 

13.54 

140 

150.84 

00 

78.88 

48 

54.73 

03 

104.00 

68 

80.44 

38 

31.08 

57 

85.00 

87 

78.40 

47 

53.50 

43 

40.08 

Ratio. 


81  years 

82  years 

33  years 

84  years 

85  years 

88  years 

87  years 

38  years 

80  years 

40  years  and  over 

Total 


Tablb  No.  61. — Philippine  recruiti—Rdaiion  of  height  to  age, 

ABSOLUTE  NXJMBBR8,  1015. 


Age. 

Height. 

18 

years 

and 

under. 

10 

years. 

years. 

31 
years. 

32 
years. 

33 
years. 

24 

years. 

35 
years. 

38 

years 

and 

over. 

Total. 

4  feet  11  inchee  and 
under 

3 

10 

18 

30 

33 

18 

33 

7 

5 

3 

3 

i 

11 

13 
5 

^ 
7 
3 

1 
1 

3 

1 
3 
4 
8 
7 
0 
3 
7 
4 
1 
1 
1 

15 

10 

17 

11 

8 

5 

3 

3 

1 

1 
1 
1 
8 

10 
0 
7 

13 
4 
3 
1 
1 

3 

17 
38 
51 
84 
03 
50 
48 
35 
31 
7 
3 

4 

f 

3(^et 

3 
1 
3 
5 

4 
3 
1 
1 

88 

Sfeetlhich 

i 

3 

1 
i 

4 

3 

1 
3 
1 

1 

70 

SfeetSinchee 

8  feet  3  inches 

5feet4inches 

SfeetSinches 

5feet81nches 

8  feet  7  inches 

SfeetSinches 

138 

183 

183 

113 

00 

53 

82 

8  feet  0  inches 

14 

8  feet  10  inches 

1 

7 

h  feet  11  inches  and 
over... ........... . 

1 

8 

Total.... 

31 

5 

11 

140 

80 

48 

03 

53 

438 

877 

PROPORTIONAL  NUMBERS.  1015. 


4  feet  11  inches  and 
onder 

8feet 

8feetlinch 

8  feet  3  inchee 

8feet3incliee 

8feet4inches 

8feet5inches 

8feet8inohos 

8f8et7inches 

8ltet8inches 

8feetOinches 

8ltet  10  inches 

8  feet  11  inchee  and 
over... 


Total. 


142L88 

47.831 

142L86 

33&10 

10a48 

0&34 

47.82 

47.63 


47.83 


1,000.00 


3oaoo 
4oaoo 
3oaoo 


3oaoo 


383.84 


181.821 

oaoi 

18L83I 

oaoi 
oaoi 


i,ooaooi,ooo.oo 


3L43 

7t43 

138L57 

314.30 

157.14 

114.301 

184.30 

6a  00 

35.71 

31.43 

14.39 


7.14 


14.40 

11&04 

173.01 

150.43 

173.01 

73^47 

88.08 

10L45 

43.48 

14.40 

14.40 

38L00 


i,ooo.ooi,ooaoo 


30183 

4L87 

83.33 

188187 

145.83 

187.60 

82.50 

14&88 

83.33 

3a  83 

3a  83 

3a  83 


i.ooaoo 


3L74 

3L74 

88.08 

183.04 

308.53 

184.78 

119.57 

8a08 

54.35 

3L74 

3L74 


ia87 


1&87 

1&87 

1&87 

68180 

188L88 

180.81 

133.08 

94&38 

7&47 

87.74 

1&87I 

1&87 


1,00a  O0|l,00a  00 


4.87 
88  81 

6a  38; 

lia44 

19L80 

313.33 

134.701 

106.03 

57.08 

47.05 

15.08 

a85 

ai3 


ia38 

4L05 

7a  83 

14a  35 

184.  n 
i84.n 

127.71 

108.83 

6a  30 

38140 

15.08 

7.96 

ai9 


1,00a  00 1,00a  00 


Of  all  recruits  accepted.  45.61  per  cent  were  below  the  minimmn 
standard  for  American  soldiers,  5  feet  4  inches,  while  only  6.95  per 
cent  were  above  the  average  height  of  American  recruits,  5  feet 
7  inches. 


684 


BEPOKT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENEBAU 


Table  No.  62. — PhiHppine  rearuUt — Rtlation  of  weight  to  age, 

ABSOLUTE  NUMBERS,  1915. 


Weight. 


Wpoaedsand  ODder 
100  to  lOi  pounds — 

lOStolOOpoonds 

110  to  114  pounds ... . 
115  to  110  pounds.... 
130to  124  pounds ... . 
12S  to  129  pounds .. . 
130  to  134  pounds .. . 
136  to  139  pounds... 
140  to  144  pounds... 
145  to  1 49  pounds... 
160  to  154  pounds... 
16d  to  159  pounds .. . 
160 pounds  and  over 


Ag». 


18 

years 

and 

nndw. 


19 
years. 


1 
3 
ft 
4 
3 
1: 


30      '      31 
years,    years. 


li 

2. 


2 

1 
4 
2 


2 
1 


4 

34 
32 
16 

i 

z 

i: 

i! 


I 

22  23 

years.  '  years. 


34 

years. 


7i 

T 

21 

10 

7 

10 

4 

1 

2 


1 
3 

9 
12 
10 

3 

5' 

II 
1 


^ 


9 
12 
21 

1^ 
13 

11 

6 

1 

1 


35 
years. 


36 

years 

and 

over. 


ToteL 


Total. 


21 


11 


140 


69 


4& 


92^ 


29 

4S 

<VS 

83 

63 

54 

36 

24 

13 

4 

3 

3 

4 


!• 

8t 

115 

150 

15S 

110 

98 

» 

34 

23 

6 

e 

3 
4 


63 


43S 


877 


PROPORTIONAL  NUMBERS.  1915. 


99pounds and  under 

lOOto  104  pounds 

106  to  109  pounds 

UOto  114  pounds ... . 
1 16  to  UOpounds . .%  J 
130  to  134  pounds ....  I 

125  to  139  pounds 

ISOto  134  pounds I 

135  to  139  pounds.... I 
140  to  144  pounds.... 
145  to  149  pounds....' 
UOto  154  pounds.... 

155  to  159  pounds 

lOOpounds  and  over .  I 


47.62. 
142. 86i. 
285.721. 
190.48, 
142. » 

47.62 


I 

isi.'o 

90.91 
400.00  363.64 
300.00     181.82 

'96.'9i 


400.00 


95.24 
47.62. 


90.91 


28.57 

193.86 

300.00 

171.43 

157.14, 

114.29 

71.43 

35.71 

14.29 

7.14 

7.14 


101.45 

101.45 

304.35 

144.93 

101.45 

144.93 

67.97, 

14.49 

38.99 


30.831. 

63.50; 

187. 60l 

350.001 

208.33; 

63.601 

104.17 

30.83^ 

30.83 

4L67^ 


39.83 


97.83 

130.44 

328.26^ 

306.62 

130.44 

119.67 

65.22 

10.87 

10.87 


18.87 

113.21 

76.47 

113.21 

160.94 

113.21 

132.08 

113.21 

56.60 

56.60 

18.87 

37.74 


I 

20.55 

66.21: 

109.59, 

14S.40 

189.51; 

143.84 

133.29 

82.19 

54.80 

29. 6S 

9.13 

6.85 

6.85; 

9.13 


18.34 

98.  OB 

131.  U 

181.30 

180.16 

125.43 

111.74 

68.43 

38.77 

.25.09 

6.84 

6.84 

3.43 

4.56 


Total 1,0001 00  l.OOOi  00 1,000. 001,0001 00 1, 000. 00 1,000. 001,000. 00,1,000. 00 1,000. 00 1,0001 00 

! \ \ I ! I ! ! 

The  weight  of  60.89  oer  cent  of  all  recruits  is  less  than  120  pounds, 
the  minimum  standard  for  American  recruits.  Only  4.67  per  cent 
were  of  the  avarage  weight  or  over  for  American  recruits. 

Tablb  No.  63. — Philippine  recruite — Relalion  ofdkeet  mmamement  to  age, 

ABSOLUTE  NUMBERS.  1915. 


Age. 

Chast  measurement. 

18 

and 
under. 

19 

years. 

30 
years. 

31 
yean. 

33 
years. 

33 

years. 

34 
yeoff. 

35 
years. 

36 

years 

and 

orec. 

TotoL 

37  Infhea 

1 

3 

11 

38 

41 

35 

17 

1 

3 

i 

3 

1 
*3 

S 

38indl« 

15 
28 

8 

,5 
J 

3 

3 

1ft 
SS 
06 
U7 
87 
34 
12 
U 

0 

SOinchet.... 

5 

5 

1 
1 

m 

aOlnchea 

8^            5 
19           18 

IM 

fUnfliM.,  

5.            4             5 

4             l!            3 

39i 

S3  inohee . .  .  x  >  ^ . . . . . 

24,             6.           37 

233 

33  Inches 

3 

3 

10 
3 
1 

9 

5 

1 
1 

12 

4 
I 

la 

14  InftHW . , 

» 

35lnftHW r 

30 

36  inotuM  and  orer... 

n 

1 

Total 

21 

6 

U 

140 

60 

48 

tl 

1 

4SI 

MH 

BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON  QBNEBAL. 


685 


Table  No.  63. — Philippine  recruits — Relation  of  cheet  measurement  to  age — GontinuecL 

PROPORTIONAL  NUMBERS,  1915. 


Age. 

Ch63t  measaromcxit. 

18 

yeors 

and 

under. 

19 
years. 

20 
years. 

21 
years. 

22 
years. 

23 

years. 

24 
years. 

26 
years. 

26 
years 
and 
over. 

Total. 

27  inchos 

7.14 

21.43 

78.57 

200.00 

* '1*4.49 

43.48 

115.94 

275.36 

347.83 

144.93 

43.48 

14.49 

20.83 

*4i.*67 
104.17 
375.00 
125.00 
187.50 
104.17 
20.83 
20.83 

2.28 

28  inches 

........J........ 

10.87 

43.48 

163.04 

304.35 

283.48 

130.44 

43.48 

10.87 

i8.8T 

94.34 
150.94 
132.08 
320.75 

76.47 
100.81 

37.74 

6.85 

41.10 

132.42 

223.74 

267.13 

198.63 

77.63 

27.40 

25.11 

10.26 

29inch6S 

238.10 
238.10 
238.10 
113.48 
95.24 

"  866. 00 
200.00 

66.91 
90.91 

55.87 

30  inches 

145.96 

31  inches 

32  inches 

454.55;    292.86 
181.82    250.00 

256.56 
265.68 

33  inches 

181.82 

121.43 

7.14 

21.43 

163.06 

34  inches 

63.86 

35  Inches 

22.81 

34  Inches  and  o'ver . . . 

13.68 

********i'""*'^"'' 

Total 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.00 

1,000.001,000.001,000.001.000.001,000.08 

1,600.00 

The  TninJTnum  standard  chest  measurement  for  American  recruits 
is  32  inches  at  expiration.  Forty-seven  and  nine  himdredths  of  1 
per  cent  of  all  Phuippine  recruits  have  a  chest  measurement  below 
the  standard. 

Table  No.  64  gives  the  cause  of  rejection  among  1,090  Filipino 
applicants  for  emistment,  examined  by  medical  of^rs  during  the 
year. 

Tablb  No.  64. — Causes  0/ rejection  of  Philippine  applicants  for  enlistment,  1915, 


Total. 

Causes  of  njectkm. 

Total. 

Causes  of  rejection. 

Number. 

Ratio 

per  1,000 

rejected 

fbraU 

causes. 

Number. 

Ratio 

per  1.000 

reacted 

IbraU 

causes. 

Heert  diiwwWr.T 

41 
22 

19 
17 

15 

11 
9 

8 

7 

4 
4 

4 

200.18 
112.25 

96.94 
86.74 

76L54 

66ulO 
45.92 

4a  82 

35.72 
20.41 
2a  41 

2a  41 

Hernia 

3 
8 

S 

S 

s 
1 

1 

2 

1&31 

Underwel^t 

Underfaeigfat 

1&31 

Diseases  <Mtbe  eye,  including 
defects  of  vision 

Diseases  of  the  digestive  sys- 
te'Qi 

laso 

Tab«x!ulosis 

Chert    development    lnaa^ 
flciont 

Oenito-urinary  system,  non- 
■•wiereal ... u  ^^ 

laso 

Flat  feet 

ia2o 

Qcneral  diseases  except  as 
mentioned  in  detail 

Varicose  veins. ............... 

&10 

Defects  of  development  ex- 
cept as  shown  in  detail ..... . 

Injuries 

Defective  teeth 

&10 

Diseases  of  the  ear  including 

ia2o 

Rejected  for  causes  physical 
and  mental 

Diseases  of  the  respiratory 
system 

177 
19 

903.06 

Venerea]  diseases 

Rejected  for  causes  not  phys- 
ical   

Diseases  of  the  skin. . . .  .n 

96i94 

Diseases  of  the  organs  of  loco- 
motion   

Total  rejected 

196 

1,00a  00 

Heart  disease  caused  20.92  per  cent  of  aU  rejections  by  medical 
oflBcers;  diseases  of  the  eye,  including  defects  of  vision,  9.69  per  cent; 
tuberculosis,  8.67  per  cent,  genito-urinary  system,  nonvenerea), 
7.65  per  cent,  and  general  aiseases,  dxcept  as  mentioned  in  detail, 
5.61  per  cent.  Venereal  disease,  which  last  year  caused  6.67  per  cent 
of  all  rejections,  in  1915  caused  2.04.  Twenty-two  applicants  were 
Injected  because  of  underweight,  a  total  of  11.22  per  cent  of  aU 


686 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON  GENEBAU 


rejections,  while  but  2,  or  1.02  per  cent,  were  found  to  have  insof* 
ficient  chest  development. 

POETO  BIOAN  TROOPS. 

Ninety  and  three  one-hundredths  per  cent  of  the  recruits  examined 
by  medical  officers,  for  the  Porto  Rican  Regiment,  were  accepted, 
as  compared  with  91.44  per  cent  in  1914.  Two  himdred  and  seventy- 
one  appUcants  were  examined,  and  244  accepted,  of  which  number 
only  47  were  first  enlistments.  Of  the  causes  of  rejection,  37.03 
per  cent  were  for  imderweight;  14.81  for  venereal  diseases,  7.47  for 
underheight,  and  3.70  for  insufficient  chest  development. 

In  hei^t  51.64  per  cent  were  66  inches  or  under  and  only  6.56  per 
cent  attained  the  neight  of  69  inches.  Sixty-eight  and  eighty-nve 
one  hundredths  were  under  the  average  height  oi  American  recruits; 
38.52  per  cent  weighed  less  than  130  poimds,  and  31,  or  13.92  per  cent, 
weighed  over  150  pounds.  Seventy-one  and  thirty-one  one  him- 
dredths  per  cent  had  a  chest  measurement  of  33  inches  or  under,  and 
10.06  had  a  chest  measurement  of  35  inches  and  over,  as  compared 
with  13.45  per  cent  last  year. 


Applicants. 


Bzamined  by  medical  offlcen. 
Accepted  by  medical  officers.. 

Bv  first  «^nlistraent... 

Other  enlistments 

Rejected  by  medical  offlcen.. 
Declined 


Ratio 
per  1,000 


ined. 


i,ooaoi 

0O0L37 

173.  a 

TaOLM 

oa« 


Table  No.  65. — Causes  of  rejection  of  applicants  for  enlistmeni^  Porto  Rican  regiment^ 

1915. 


Causes  of  rejection. 


Underweight 

Venereal  diseases . 
Diseases  of  the  eye 
Defective  teeth... 

UnderheigLt 

Varicose  veins.... 

Beart  disease 

Tuberculosis 


TotaL 

Ratio 

Number. 

per  1,000 

rejected 

fbraU 

causes. 

10 

87a  37 

4 

14a  15 

3 

74.07 

3 

74.07 

3 

74.07 

1 

37.04 

1 

37.04 

1 

87.04 

TotaL 


Causes  of  reJeotioD. 

Number. 

Ratio 
per  1,000 
rejected 

foraU 
causes. 

Hernia 

1 

1 

1 
1 

87.01 

Chest    development    tnsof- 
fldent 

37.01 

Defects  of  development^other. 
Flat  feet 

37.04 
37.01 

Total  rejected  for  phys- 
ical disability 

37 

i,ooao 

FnrAVCIAL  STATEKEITT,  1916.> 

Medical  and  Hogpitdl  Department,  1916. 

Appropriated  by  act  approved  Mar.  4, 1915 $750,00a00 

Appropriated  by  act  approved  Mar.  31, 1916 37,500.00 

Refundments  during  the  year 280.33 

Total  to  be  accounted  for 787,780.33 


DiabinnBed  during  the  year: 

Expenses  of  medical  supply  depots $836.87 

Medical  and  hospital  supplies 429,836.17 

Medical  attendance  ana  medidjies  (except  at  recruit- 
ing stations) 10,880.57 

Medical  expenses  of  recruiting  (including  medical  at- 
tendance and  medicines  at  recruiting  stations) 4, 719. 81 

Pay  of  employees 148,850.73 

Hospital  laundry 45,038.53 

Expressage 476.36 

Cmb  and  electricity  for  laboratory  apparatus 3, 101. 51 

Customs  duties  and  internal  revenue  taxes  on  medical 

supplies 5,042.26 

Miscellaneous 86.64 

648, 869. 45 

Balances  on  hand  June  30, 1916: 

In  United  States  Treasury 68,779.47 

In  transit  from  disbursing  oflScers  to  the  Treasury 1, 748. 09 

In  handa  of  disbursing  officers 68, 383. 32 

138, 910. 88 

Total  accounted  for 787,780.33 

Medical  and  Hospital  Department ,  1916, 

Balances  on  hand  July  1, 1915,  act  Apr.  27, 1914 -- 131,500.02 

Refundments  during  the  year 5. 03 

Total  to  be  accounted  for 131,505.05 

DlBbursed  during  the  year: 

Expenses  of  medical  supply  depots $246.74 

Medical  and  hospital  supplies Ill,  965. 29 

Medical  attendance  ana  medicines  (except  at  recruit- 
ing stations) 2,564.72 

Medical  expenses  of  recruiting  (including  medical  at- 
tendance and  medicines  at  recruiting  stations) 508. 30 

Pay  of  employees 2,572.82 

Hospital  laundry '. 6,189.43 

Expressage 9 .  33 

Gas  and  electricity  for  laboratory  apparatus 400. 32 

Miscellaneous 17.27 

124, 474. 22 

Treasury  transfers  to  "Medical  and  Hospital  Department,  1916,''  to 

correct  erroneous  payments  therefrom 265. 43 

BiOance  on  hand  June  30,  1916,  in  United  States  Treasury 6,765.40 

Total  accounted  for 131,505.05 

>  TA  dJsboraemeats  in  this  8tatem«nt  indade  settlements  with  pablio  erediton  made  by  the  aocoont* 
Incoffloen  of  the  Treesmy  and  oharged  to  these  appropriations. 

687 


688  REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL^ 

Medical  arid  Hospital  Department,  1914> 

Balance  on  hand  July  1,  1915,  acts  Mar.  2,  1913,  and  May  25, 1914 |6, 276. 86 

Disbursed  during  the  year: 

Medical  and  hospital  supplies $23. 78 

Medical  attendance  ana  medicines  (except  at  recruiting 

stations) 21.00 

Medical  expenses  of  recruiting 8.00 

52.78 

Carried  to  surplus  fund 6,224.06 

Medical  and  Hospital  Department,  certified  claims. 

Appropriated  by  act  approved  Feb.  28,  1916 13.60 

Disbursed  during  the  year 13. 60 

Medical  and  Hospital  Department,  expired  appropriations. 

Refundment  during  the  year 47. 90 

Carried  to  surplus  fund 47.90 

Replacing  medical  supplies,  1916-17, 
[Act  June  12, 1906, 34  Stats.,  256.] 

Amounts  accruing  to  this  fund  during  the  year: 

On  account  of  supplies  transferred  to  other  branches  of  the  Gov- 
ernment         71,309.89 

On  account  of  supplies  sold 32, 296. 88 

On  account  of  collections  for  medical  supplies  lost  or  destroyed 526. 50 

Treasury  transfer  from  "Replacing  medical  supplies,  1915-16,"  to 
correct  erroneous  deposit 18. 62 

Total  to  be  accounted  for 104,15L98 

Disbursed  during  the  year  for  medical  and  hospital  supplies 6, 732. 93 

Treasury  settlement  to  reimburse  officer  for  erroneous  (duplicate) 

deposit 12.75 

Balances  on  hand  June  30, 1916: 

In  United  States  Treasury $79,139.23 

In  hands  of  disbursing  officer 18»267.07 

97,406,30 

Total  accounted  for 104,15L96 

Replacing  medical  supplies,  1915-16, 

Balance  on  hand  July  Ij  1915 121,618.67 

Amounts  accruing  to  this  fund  during  the  year: 

On  account  m  supplies  transferred  to  other  branches  of 

the  Government $14,324.49 

On  account  of  supplies  sold 2,662.93 

On  account  of  collections  for  medical  supplies  lost  or 

destroyed 336^13 

"       17.823.56 

Total  to  be  accounted  for 138,942.22 

Disbursed  during  the  year  for  medical  and  hospital  supplies 39, 499. 62 

Treasury  transfer  to  "Replacing  medical  supplies,  1916-17/'  to  correct 

erroneous  deposit 18^  62 

Treasury  settlement  to  reimburse  officer  for  erroneous  (duplicate) 

deposit 10.25 

Balances  on  hand  June  30, 1916: 

In  United  Stotes  Tr^suiy $48,913.35 

In  hands  of  di^ursing  omcer 50,500.38 

99.413.71 

Total  accounted  for 138.942  22 


EEPORT  OF  THE  SUBGEON    GENEBAU  689 

Replacing  medical  supplies^  1914-15, 

Balance  on  hand  July  1, 1915.... $11,947.31 

Amount  accruing  to  this  fund  during  the  year  on  account  of  collections 

for  medical  supplies  lost  or  destroyed 15. 70 

Total  to  be  accounted  for 11, 963. 01 

Disbursed  during  the  year  for  medical  and  hospital  supplies 3,  S20. 00 

Balances  on  hand  June  30,  1916: 

In  United  States  Treasury $30.93 

In  hands  of  dbburaing  o£Scer 8, 112.08 

8, 143. 01 

Total  accounted  for 11, 963. 01 

Replacing  tned'cal  supplies^  I9hi-U. 

Balance  on  hand  July  1,1915 |219. 52 

Carried  to  surplus  fund 219.52 

Hospital  care,  Canal  Zone  garrisova.  1916. 

Appropriated  by  act  approved  Mar.  4,  1915 45, 000. 00 

Disb ursed  during  the  year 27, 709. 18 

Balances  on  hand  Jime  30,  1916: 

In  United  States  Treasury ^6,13:1. 65 

In  hands  of  disbursing  officer 1, 157. 17 

17, 290. 82 

Hospital  care,  Canal  Zone  garrisons,  1915. 

Balance  on  hand  July  1,  1915,  act  Mar.  4,  1915 45, 000. 00 

Disbursed  during  the  year 31, 162. 32 

Balance  on  hand  June  30,  1916,  in  United  States  Treasury 13, 837. 68 

Library,  Surgeon  GeneraVs  Office,  1916. 

Appropriated  by  act  approved  Mar.  4,  1915 10, 000. 00 

Disbursed  during  the  year 2, 226. 35 

Balances  on  hand  June  30,  1916: 

In  United  States  Treasury $-1,992.24 

In  hands  of  disbursing  officer 2,  781.41 

7, 773. 65 

Library,  Surgeon  GeneraVs  Office,  1915. 

Balance  on  hand  July  1,  1915,  act  Apr.  27,  1914 6,270.08 

Disbursed  during  the  year 3,  S54. 55 

Balances  on  hand  Jime  30,  1916: 

In  United  States  Treasury $948.75 

In  hands  of  disbursing  oflScer 1, 4C6.  78 

2, 415. 53 

Library,  Surgeon  GeneraVs  Office,  191 4  * 

Balance  on  hand  July  1,  1915,  act  Mar.  2,  1913 108.35 

Disbursed  during  the  year 52. 29 

Carried  to  siurplusfund 66.06 

69176°— WAB 1916— VOL  1 H 


690  BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON  GENEBAU 

Army  Medical  Museum^  1916. 

Appropriated  by  act  approved  Mar.  4, 1915 |5,OOOl00 

DisDUTBed  during  the  year 2,776.10 

Balances  on  hand  June  30, 1916: 

In  United  States  Treamiry $1,500.00 

In  hands  of  disbursing  officer -      723.90 

2,223.90 

Army  Medical  Museum^  1916, 

Balanceon  hand  July  1,  1915,  act  Apr.  27,  1914 3,224.50 

Disbursed  during  the  year 763L  82 

Balances  on  hand  June  30, 1916: 

In  United  States  Treasury $1,918.56 

In  hands  of  disbursing  officer 542. 21 

2,46a77 

Army  Medical  Museum^  1914* 

Balance  on  hand  July  1, 1915,  act  Mar.  2, 1913 1,565.81 

Oarried  to  surplus  fund 1,565.81 

Artificial  limbs ^  1916. 

Appropriated  by  act  approved  Mar.  3,  1915 95,000.00 

Disbursed  during  the  year 79, 674. 74 

Balances  on  hand  June  30, 1916: 

In  United  States  Treasury $11,817.26 

In  hands  of  disbursing  officer 3,508.00 

16,326.26 

Artificial  limbs,  1915, 

Balance  on  hand  July  1,  1915,  act  Aug.  1,  1914 47,363.66 

Disbursed  during  the  year 1, 677. 23 

Balance  on  hand  June  30,  1916,  in  United  States  Treasury 45,686.42 

Artificial  limbs,  1914* 

Balance  on  hand  July  1,  1915,  act  June  23,  1913 11,046.70 

Oarried  to  surplus  fund 11,046.70 

Trusses  for  disabled  soldiers,  1916, 

Appropriated  by  act  approved  Mar.  3,  1915 8,000.00 

Disbursed  during  the  year 1,440.96 

Balances  on  hand  June  30, 1916: 

In  United  States  Treasury $1,400.00 

In  hands  of  disbursing  omcer ^       159. 04 

1, 559. 04 

Trusses  for  disabled  soldiers,  1915. 

Balanceon  hand  July  1, 1915,  act  Aug.  1,  1914 1,886.42 

Disbursed  during  the  year 177. 75 

Balance  on  hand  June  30,  1916,  in  United  States  Treasury 1,708.67 

Trusses  for  disabled  soldiers,  1914, 

Balance  on  hand  July  1,  1915,  act  June  23,  1913 1,997.58 

Oarried  to  surplus  fund 1,997.58 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON  QENEBAL.  691 

Applianee$for  disabled  soldier$t  1916, 

Appropriated  by  act  approved  Mar.  3,  1915 $1,500.00 

DisDuned  during  the  year 802. 24 

Balances  on  hand  June  30,  1916: 

In  United  States  Treasury $500.00 

In  hands  of  disbursing  officer 197. 76 

697.76 

Appliances  for  disabled  soldiers,  1915, 

Balanceon  hand  July  1, 1915,  act  Aug.  1, 1914 797.11 

Disbursed  during  the  year 106. 26 

Balance  on  hand  June  30,  1916,  in  United  States  Treasury 690. 85 

Appliances  for  disabled  soldiers,  1914* 

Balance  on  hand  July  1, 1915,  act  June  23, 1913 1,090.01 

Garried  to  surplus  fund 1, 090. 01 

General  summary  of  all  appropriations. 

Balances  on  hand  July  1, 1915 391,912.68 

Appropriated 947, 013. 60 

Accrued  to  replacing  funds,  act  June  12,  1906  (34  State.,  256) 121, 472. 61 

Refundments  during  the  year 67. 83 

Transfers  between  appropriations  debits 284.05 

Total  to  be  accounted  for 1, 460, 750. 77 

Disbursed  during  the  year 975, 886. 39 

Transfers  between  appropriations,  credits 284. 05 

Treasury  settlement  on  account  of  duplicate  deposit 23. 00 

Carried  to  surplus  fund 22,247.66 

Balances  on  hand  June  30,  1916 462,309.67 

Total  accounted  for 1,460,750.77 

VITAL   STATISTICS. 

The  following  tables  show  in  detail  most  of  the  statistical  data 
upon  which  the  statements  in  this  report  are  based: 

66.  Surgical  operations  periormed  on  American  troo^. 

67.  Numerical  view  of  the  effect  of  disease  and  injury  on  United  States  troope 
flerving  at  home  and  abroad  in  the  year  1915,  compared  with  the  corresponding  data 
for  the  year  1914,  by  races. 

68.  Admissions  to  sick  report,  dischar^  and  deaths  in  the  Axmy,  with  ratios  per 
1,000  of  mean  strength,  in  which  all  available  data  for  the  decade  ending  December 
81,  1914,  are  placed  in  comparison  with  the  year  1915. 

68^.  Admissions  to  sick  report,  discharges,  deaths,  and  noneffectiveness,  with 
ratios  per  1,000  of  mean  strength,  for  the  Army;  separately  for  officers,  total  enlisted 
(incluoing  American,  Porto  Kican,  and  Philippine  troops),  and  grand  total,  year 
1915. 

69.  Admissions  to  sick  report,  dischargee,  deaths,  and  noneffectiveness,  with 
ratios  per  1,000  of  mean  strength,  for  the  Army;  officers,  total  enlisted  American 
troope,  and  grand  total^  vear  1915. 

70.  Admissions  to  sick  report,  dischargee,  deaths,  and  nonefPectivenees,  with 
ratios  per  1,000  of  mean  strength,  for  the  Army,  American  troops,  total  enlisted,  and 
separately  for  white  and  colored. 

70^.  Admissions  to  sick  report,  dischargee,  deaths,  and  nonefPectivenees,  with 
ratios  per  1,000  of  mean  strength,  for  the  United  States,  continental  (excluding  Alaska), 
separately  for  officers  and  enlisted  men,  and  the  grand  total. 


692 


REPOBT  OP  THE  SURGEON  GENEBAL. 


71.  AdmissioDa  to  sick  report,  discharges,  deaths,  and  noneffectivenesB,  with 
ratios  per  1,000  of  mean  strenc;th,  for  the  year  1915,  United  States,  continental  (ex- 
cluding Alaska),  total  enlisted,  white  and  colored;  and  separately  for  the  white  and 
colored  troops  (enlisted)  serving  therein. 

71).  Admissions  to  sick  report,  discharges,  deaths,  and  noneffectivenesB,  with 
ratios  per  1,000  of  mean  strength,  for  the  officers  separately;  total  enlisted^  including 
Philippine  ScouU;  and  total  officers  and  enlisted  men,  including  Philippine  Scouta, 
serving  in  the  Philippine  Islands,  for  the  year  1915. 

72.  Admissions  to  sick  report,  discharges,  deaths,  and  noneffectiveneas,  with 
ratios  per  1,000  of  mean  strength,  for  totm  American  troops,  enlisted  men,  white 
and  colored;  and  separately  for  white  and  colored  American  enlisted  men  serving 
in  the  Philippine  Islands,  year  1915. 

73.  Admissions  to  sick  report,  dischaiges,  deaths,  and  noneffectivenesB,  with 
ratios  per  1,000  of  mean  strength,  for  American  troops  serving  in  Alaska,  Panama 
Canal  2ione,  and  China,  officers  and  enlisted  men,  for  the  year  1915. 

74.  Admissions  to  sick  report,  discharges,  deaths,  and  noneffectiveness,  with 
ratios  per  1,000  of  mean  strength,  for  American  troops  serving  in  Hawaii,  1915,  aepar* 
ately  for  officers,  enlisted  men,  white,  colored,  and  total. 

75.  Admissions  to  sick  report,  dischaiges,  deaths,  ai\d  noneffectiveness,  with  ration 
per  1,000  of  mean  strength,  for  American  troops  serving  on  Arinv  transports,  officers, 
and  native  troops  serving  in  Porto  Rico,  and  for  the  Philippine  Scouts,  for  year  1915. 

76.  Admisdonsto  sick  report,  discharges,  deaths,  and  noneffectiveness  exprcaocd 
in  ratios  per  1,000  of  mean  strength,  for  American  troops  (enlisted  men)  serving  on 
duty  at  home  stations  placed  in  comparison  with  the  same  data  for  those  serving  at 
distant  stations,  year  1915. 

77.  f Foreign  table  not  used  this  year. J 

78.  (Foreign  table  not  used  this  year.) 

79.  showing  the  most  important  diseases,  by  departments,  in  the  United  States 
(continental,  excluding  Alaska),  officers  and  enlisted  men,  year  1915. 

80.  Comparative  figures.  Army,  enlisted  American  troops,  1911-1915. 

81.  Admissions  and  cases  compared,  1904-1911,  inclusive. 

Table  No.  66. — Surpical  operations  performed  btf  officere  of  the  Medical  Corpe  on 
officeri  anaenlieUd  men  of  tne  Army  during  the  calendar  year  1916, 


Disease  or  injury. 

• 

en 

CO 

2 

1 
2 

1 
3 

2 

3 

1 
1 

Result. 

Anesthetic. 

Operation. 

. 

a 
S 

2 

1 
2 

1 
1 
1 
1 

Partially  suc- 
cessful. 

• 

£ 

1 

i 

• 

s 

1 

o 

• 

2 

1 
2 
1 

1 
1 
1 

Chloroform 
and  ether. 

-c  ei 
O 

1 

•J 

2; 

EYE. 

fdifinoAfna.  

Phthisis  bulbl 

— 

... 

Uvoilb 

Rupture  of  sclera 

Eoudeat  Ion. ......  ...... 

l.acerated  wound  of  eve. . . 

Penetrating  wound  of  eye. 

Foreign  body  In  eye  (bul- 
let). 

Gimshot  wound  of  head, 
Involving  eye. 

Laceration  of  jrlobe 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  • 

.... 

•  «  «  • 

1 

1 
1 

•  •  •  ■ 

•  •  • 

•  «  • 

•  •  «  • 

*••  • 

1 

1 

Suturlne  of  elobe 

1 
1 

1 

2 
1 

1 
3 

2 

3 
..... 

1 
1 

S 

s 

Suturine 

■   '1 

Wound  of  sclera 

Extraction 

1  )|cataract,  traumatic 

.   _  1  Cataract 

•  •  ■  • 

1 

Combined  extraction.. . 
Extraction 

Iridectomy 

Cataract    with   adherent 

iris. 
A  nterior  synedila 

.... 

1 

1 

2 

Keratotomy --- 

Totl's  cperatlon 

1 
2 

I 

1 

Dacryocystitis 

1 

I>acryocystotomy 

Resection  external  rec- 
tus  

StrabiamtM 

1 
1 

Tenotomy  Internal  rec- 
tus  

ExDresskm 

Trachoma 

*  •  «  • 

•  •  •  • 

Paracentesis 

Ulcer  of  cornea 

1 

«  •  •  • 

1 

•  •• 

ReraovU  of  granulativeareal 

Granulating  area,  cornea . . 

•  •  • 

•  •• 

•  ••• 

**"(       i' 

•  ••  •             m 

•  •• 

BEPOBT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 


693 


Tablb  No.  6Q,— Surgical  operatiom  performed  by  officert  of  the  Medical  Corp$  on 
officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  Army  during  the  calendar  year  79/5— Continued. 


Operation. 


Disease  or  injury. 


If cFarland's  ofieratlon .    1 
McReynoIds  operation .  26 

Knapp's  operal  Ion 1 

Transplantation 5 

Excision r» 

Excision  and  suture 12 

Adhesions  incised 1 

Resection 1 

Strangulation 1 

Cauterization 1 

Incision  and  drainage. . .    4 
Incision  and  curetmen  t .    B 

Excision 2 

External  excision 1 

Scar  tissue  remmed,  wound 

sutured. 
Caothotomy 

Incision   and   removal   of 

hair. 
Excision  of  sac 

Extraction 

Extraction  piece  of  lead 

Mastoidotumy 8 

Partial  Schwartz  opera- 
tion     1 

Radical  operation 2 

Radical  operation 

Curctment 

Incision  of  tympanum . .    8 
Stacke-Schwartz  opera- 
tion     1 

Paracentesis 39 

Incision  and  drainage 

Removal  with  snare 

Kilian's  operation 4 

Turbinectomy 10 

Trephining  and  curct- 
ment     1 

Puncture  and  drainage, 

Canfield-Lee 2 

Puncture  and  drainage, 

Canfleld-Ballioger....  3 
Exploratory  puncture..  1 
Aspiration  and  drainage  I 
Puncture  and  drainage.  1 
Drainage  through 
socket ,  first  upper  mo- 
lar     1 

Turbinectomy 5 

Radical  antrum  opera- 
tion     1 

Exploratory  puncture..    2 
Turbinectomy,  perforation 

antrum  Highmore. 
Turbinectomy  with  exen- 
teration ethmoid  cells 

Exenteration  sphenoid 

sinus. 
Septum  straightened ...    5 
Submucous  resection..  221 

Turbinectomy 1 

Resection  of  ^ur 2 

Resection  of  septum 0 

Uelhicture  ana  resetting 


Pterygium . 


Chalazion 


Ptosis. 


Contraction  external  can- 
thus. 

Dermoid  cyst  external 
canthus. 

Sebaceous  cvst  of  lid . . . 

(Foreign  body  in  iris 
Foreign  body  In  sclera.. 
Fweign  body  in  cornea. 
Gunshot  wound  cornea. 


KAR. 


Mti.Htniditis 


Mustoid  abscess 

Sinus  following   mastoid 
operation. 


-till*.  me«JiH. 


<Ultis  externa. 
Polyp 


NOSE. 


> Frontal  sinusitis. 


Maxillary  sinusitis. 


Maxillnry  empyema. 


Sinusitis,  chronic,  ethmoid 
Ethmoid  itis,  suppurative. 
Empyema  sphenoid  sinus. 


[Deviation  and  deflection 
of  septum. 

Nasal  devlatkm  due  to 
fracture. 


&5 


13 


5 
1 
1 

16 
1 


11 

1 
2 


48 

2 
1 


15 


8 


9 

1 
2 
1 

235 


Result. 


a 

en 


a 

CO 


6 

s 

•as 


C9 


54 


13 


16 
1 


11 


48 

2 
1 


15 


8 


9 

1 
2 
1 

235 


Anesthetic. 


I 

o 
2 


9 


9 

1 
1 


6 


6 


o  & 


2 


u  er. 


54 


11 


5 
1 
1 

1.5 
1 


35 


9 


1 
I 

22J 


1 

•  *- 

I 

7 
2 


694 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON  GENEBAK 


Tablb  No.  QQ,— Surgical  operations  performed  by  officers  of  ike  Medical  Cotm  em 
officere  and  enlisted  men  of  the  Army  during  the  calendar  year  iPi5— -Oontinuea. 


Operation. 


Torbijiectomy. 


Resection  and  redaction . 

Submuoooa  excision 

Submacoas  reseoticm 

Do 


Resection 1 

Turblneotomy 8 

Do 13 

Partial  resection 1 

R  emoval  with  snare 1 

Removal  with  scissors. .    1 
Removal  tips  of  turbin- 
ates     4 

£  lectric  cauterizaticm . .    1 
Linear  cauterization....    3 

Kxdsion 11 

Submucous  resection. . .    1 

Curetment 9 

Adenectomy 20 

Removal  with  snare. ...    9 
Excision 15 


Disease  or  injury. 


Noa— continned. 

Nasal  obstmctlon.  with 
external  deformity. 

Dislocation  of  septum 

Ridge  of  septum 

Thickening  of  septum 

Chronic  turgesoent  tur- 
binates. 

iRhlnltis  hypertrqphio. . . . . 


Hypertrophy    of    turbi- 
nates. 


Nasal  and  septal  spur. 

lAdenoids 

JPoIypus 


Excision  triangle  of  lip . 


MOUTH  AND  PHABTKX. 

Chronic  ulceration  lip, 
probably  epithelloma- 
tous. 


Epithelioma  Up. 


Varicosities  lower  Up. 
Cleft  palate 


Epithelioma,  tongue. 
Carcinoma. 


inner   side    of 


Do 1 

Excision,  plastic  repair, 
and   exoslon  lymph 

nodes 1 

Excision  and  suture 

Edges  freshened  and  su- 
tured. 
Excision  and  cauterization 
of  base. 

Excision 

Do '  1  ibroma 

cheek. 

Incision  and  drainage 

Do 

Do 

Do 3 

Tracheotomy 1 

Incision  and  drainage 

Do 97 

Tonsillectomy 10 

Curetment Abs'-ess  of  pharynx 

?S^&;.:::::::;2l!:}">-i*rtrophyo(t«.su 
^SsrmV.::::;:::^*}^'"-"""' 

Excision 


Ranula 

Cyst  Wharton's  duct. 

Submaxillary  absoesi 

I  Ludwig's  angina 

A  bsoess  retropharyngeal... 
ITonsitlar  ana  peritodsUlar 


o 


24 


12 
29 

24 


'Sress. 


Amputation.. 
Excision 


Do 88 

Curetment 4 

ExtirpatioQ 


Eplglottidectomy\ . . . 
Electric  cauterisation. 

Tonsillectomy 

Excision 


Hypertrophy   of  Ungual 
tonsil. 

E  ion^-ation  of  uvula , 

Tumor  of  pharynx,  tuber- 
culous. 

V  Adenoids,  pharyngeal. 

Thyroglossal     duct, 
mains  of. 


re- 


NECK  AMD  TBOBAZ. 

Tuberrulosis  of  eplclottls., 
Laryngjt  is,  tuberculous . . , 

Lar>iigitis , 

P^Uloma  vocal  cords. . . . , 


} 


1 
1 

1 
1 
2 

4 

1 

107 
1 
237 

164 
1 

4 

1 

42 
1 


Result. 


2 


OQ 


24 


12 
29 
24 


1 
1 

1 
1 
2 

3 

1 

107 
1 

237 

154 
1 

4 

1 

42 
1 


1 
1 
1 
2 


i. 


VI 


*3 


Anesthetic. 


a 

o 


9 

x: 


24 


2 
8 


2 

1 

M 

29 


80 
1 


u 


1  !.,. 
1 


1 
48    0 


165 

125 
1 

4 

1 

10 


iL 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  6TJBQB0N   OENERAIh 


Excision  right  tain. . . 


Exclsfco  rl^t  lobe  md 

£iclska  ridit,  md  i«- 
■ntlon  leftloba 

UgaUon  mparlor  (by- 
nld  irtarT 

Ttafratdcctomj 

Excision  I«fl  loba,  ud 
tlntlon  of  left  ninerior 
and  Inferior  tbynld 


Tboncotomr  —  E*it- 

CostaUetotn; 4 

Rewptton  ol  rib   tiA 

dnJnigB IS 

remrtlcathHi,    partial, 

rlghtluDg 1 

Tborarotomr  and  drainagt. 
R*9*ctt0D  tigtatb  rib,  post 

axillary  Una,  with  aptn- 


Asplratlon t 

Baocctlon  Dl  lib * 

?iwuindbfa  —  Fndnicb'a 
tabtmhottni  (resMllon 
nccod  to  Imth  ribs,  tai- 

Oaatrotom]'— Scon's 

TboiacaplartT  and  partial 
•  decortfcalioD. 
laclslim  and  dralnaaB  ■  -    1 
LviarotoDiy     aiplorv- 

OaGtrDenterostom J- ,  - , .    3 
LapBrot<jmy,  flutun  and 
cIraJnagB 1 


Laparolomy      aiplon- 

.  lory I 

Lunrotomy J 

Bib    Tcsectlon,    trans- 

Wldonlng  iluiu  to  ab^ 
■COS  cavity,  plaural 


aaltn(3errtk!) 

Empymna 

Abscega,  acuta,  right  lung. . 
Absnas,  tubcicnloas,  Mt 
upper  lobe. 

'Pleniisr 

EmpyDma  chrankt  tuber- 

UodlaaUnal  tniDor 

Staus  tbroagh  lateral  cbast 

waa. 

lannahot  wound,  thorax. . . 

Clcet  of  stomach,  pytorlc, 
hapatio  drrbosa,  and 
appendlcltlB. 

Oaslralgia  severe,  follow- 
ing operation  far  gaatro- 
enteroatomy  (old). 

ITlcar  oldoodaiuiil. 

AbKaMofllTer 

Cholangitis. 


» 

1 

3 

' 

■ 

■ 

.6 

1 

3 
13 

„ 

' 

S 

1 

' 

• 

■ 

696 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  QENEBAI.. 


Table  No.  Q6,—Surgxcai  operationB  performed  by  officen  of  the  Medical  Corpa 
officen  and  enlieUd  men  of  the  Army  during  the  calendar  year  7915— Ctntinued. 


Operation. 


Cbolecystectomy,  with 

appendectomy 2 

Cholecystotomy 2 

Cholecystostomy 2 

Do , 

Cholecystectomy , 

Cholellthotomy  and  cho- 
lacystostomy 1 

Cbolecystotomy 1 

Cholellthotomy,  chole- 
cvstostomy,  and  ex- 
ctsion  mucous  mem- 
brane of  gall  bladder. .    1 

Laparotomy 

Bemoval  of  stone  and  gpall 
bladder. 

Cholellthotomy    and     re- 
'  moval  of  stone  from  com- 
mon duct. 

Laparotomy 1 

Aspiration  peritoneal 
cavity 1 

Li^paroiomy  exploratory . . . 
Po 

Spleenectomy , 

Laparotomy  exploratory . . . 

Paracentesu 

Talma-Morrison  operation . 
Resection  ascendmg  colon 

and  ileum 1 

Evacuation 1 

Laparotomy 3 

Division  of  bands , 

Laparotomy  exploratory.. . 

Vo ^ 

Division  of  bands  and 

glication  of  m^en- 
sry 1 

Plastic 1 

Adhesions  freed 8 

Release  of  kink,  and  re- 
pair of  bowel 1 

End  to  end  anastomosis 
andsuture 1 

Resection  6  inclus  of 
ileum 1 

Enterostomy 

Evacuation  of  abscess 
and  drainage 5 

Appendectomy 600 

Appendectomy,  flush- 
ing abdominal  cavity 
and  drainage 6 

Appendectomy 

Excision  of  flstnloos  tract 

and  closure. 
Incision  and  drainage 

Laparotomy  expltra- 
tory 2 

Laparotomy  and  freeing 
of  adhesions U 

Laparotomy  exploratory . . 


Disease  or  injury. 


ABDOMEN— continued. 


h 


holecystltis. 


Cholecystitis  and  i)erl- 
cholecystltls,  with  ad- 
hesions. 

Choleiyletitis.  with  adhe- 
sions after  cholecystos- 
tomy. 


CholeUthiasls. 


HepatoUthlasis 

Choledochollthiasls. 


Biliary  fistula. 


h 


irrhosis  of  liver. 


Aneurism  abdomina^  aorta 

Polycjrthemia 

Pernicious  anemia 

Peritonitis  tubetx  iilous 

Suspected  abdominal  tu- 
berculosis. 
Ascites  tuberculous 


Peritonitis. 


Membranous  pericolitis. 
Constipation,  chronic . . 
Scleros is  of  ileum 


LaneUnk,  fleum. 


Fecal  fistula,  doe  to  tuber- 
culous ulceration. 

Ulcer  of  cecum,  perforated. 


Appendicitis  (16  cases  gan- 
grenous). 


Routine  procedure  In  ab- 
dominal operations. 

Fecal  fistula  caput  ceci 
after  old  appenaectomv. 

Sinus  following  appenal- 
citis. 

Adhesions  Intra-abdo- 
minal (8  ca<ies  followed 
the  opmition  of  appen- 
dectomy). 

Sarcoma  abdominal,  in- 
volving kidney. 


o 


6 
1 


8 


1 
1 
1 
2 
1 


2 
1 
1 


Oil 


18 


Result. 


to 


£ 


8 


2 

1 
1 
1 
2 
1 


2 

i' 

6 


602 

1 

1 

1 

11 


£?3 


8 


«9 


1 


Anesthetic. 


g 

& 

o 

o 


6 


.a 


6 


3 


1 
1 


1 
1 
1 
2 


2 
1 
1 


6 


590 

1 

1 

1 

18 


♦*  eS 

O 


2 


«.S 


19    .... 


I 


g 
5z 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON   GENERAL. 


OptrMlon. 

Dl««»orlnlui7- 

i 

IS 

3 

I 
1 

1 

3 

t. 

i 

. 

! 

Anuthetlc. 

i  BOOMIN— amllnoftj. 
twiKe.  .melocMClnonia 

to  side. 
Andrawa' operattoil i 

2 

DOtstat^ 13 

lUmOTOloISBCKldlU- 

tnr*    of    perilODouni 

moBclMuidfUda....    1 

Ha; o|a  opoatlon « 

Btato'i'^ti™;;::::  i 

louoil  the  operation  of 
oppendfi-tDinv,    and    1 
followe'l  supra  -  piit>lc 
pro«lal»cioaiy). 

Repali  of  hernia,  melh- 
odnolslslad 6 

EicLHon  of  jrar  Hwue, 
uii   bringing  tisiuBs 
tnto    corrwt    apposl- 

Bissliirs'opmtloii!;;;!    J 

Palnfi.l-Bir  after  Basslni's 
GunsiiJt  wound  .nbdomen. 

do 

sulure  of  colon  »nd  draih- 
iS^^n  of^wuids  oi 

■ 

1 

do 

1 

»ndrTs»ct[onoli;i"nchos 
oltleuni. 

. 

1 

Oiiii-Vwoim'joiuilao 
Rji';;'.''i"foll;irP3K'»s 

. 

. 

lApaiMomr,  and  toilet  of 

hemonhaii,  bd'1  repnb 
ollaceratlono(iii««n'tTv. 

wteryBnddnlniwe..     1 
laparolomT      eijplora- 

■ 
1 

LacOTsilonol  spleen 

perli'ineiim,   and  I1\-(t, 
and   rupt>ire  of   blw>j 
v»s.-,sl!  In  poflorlor  me- 
(llflsilnnm  and  pleural 

Ltab  wound  or  abdomen.. 

with  hemJaol  omentum. 

1 
3 

I 

BBPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEOK  OEKEBAL.. 


LaparMomr      ex{i]on- 

toty  and  npali ' 

liBpaiotomy 3 

Do 

Do 

LapHotomy,    Umponads, 

aod  postM-lor  dralnai*. 
Indalon,  •ncuaUcn,  and 

LanratamT  and  dnloica . 
ludsloD  taa  antoMgt 


WhllabHd's  opmUDQ . . . 
iDdalonuidcuntnwnt,  1 
EidiloD     of    OBCuloua 

tncX 

Inslilan  uid  dnbugt . .  3 

Dlr^lon  ud  tanimi- 

I«tlOQ 

DlUUiion 

DfliUtlon    and    cunt- 

iDclalon  sod  cuntmant . 
iDdsIon,  cunlman  I,  and 

OiuUriuil^ . .'."  II. ! ! ! 

ExclsloD I 

Excision,      cuntmant, 
■nd  dnUnan 1 

Exclslco  and  lUtun. . 
Alllngham's  oparatloc 


>and  cautary 3 

mndllgatlonlllll  1 
andaxclilod.... 

,    caulary.    and 

rial"  p.  caulary,  and  »i- 


Cbini)  I 


icbliu.   daiDp,   aad 


Dlaaasa  or  Injury. 


locisad  wound  Involving 


Funoturvd  TOnnd. . . , 
Contusion  aa  wa 

Hamatoma  abdominal 
wall,  aaqual  to  (agtro- 
•DlerMlomy. 

Abuen  pcrlceal 

Abscesi  umbUlnl 

Prolapat  of  nctum , .  _  ^ . . . . 
lachlo-iadal  abuass 

Fbamxtanu*..... 

Ftitula  In  ano 

FislulalnanD.tnbaccuIouj. 
Parlnflo-raclAi  absoass . . . 

>  Perl-nclal  abnan 

InFecitil  sinus  saqual  t< 

Loss  ol  Bphinclsr  conlrt. 
niter  oparaUcn  [or  flslula 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON  GENERAL. 


699 


Table  No.  66. — Surgical  openUUms  performed  by  officen  of  the  Medical  Corve  on 
officere  and  erUiiUd  men  of  the  Army  during  the  caUndar  year  1915 — Continuea. 


Operfttion. 


iDdsIon  and  eTacnatlon 

of  clot 32 

Ldgation 4 

Ligation  and  ineisioii...  15 
Ligation,    damp,    and 

caatary 4 

Liffation  and  excision..  87 

Pifcher'8  operation 14 

Thewell  -  Thomas  oper- 
ation.     7 

Dilatation  of  sphincter  and 
oaaterization. 


Disease  or  tnjnry. 


▲NUB  AMD  BBCTVM— con. 


Ezcbion. 


NephrectomT 

Do 1 

PjeloUthotomy 1 

Nephrolithotomy      with 

resection  of  upper  pole 

ol  kidney. 
PyeloUthotomy  (18  stones 

removed). 
Nephrotomy,  exploratory . . 

Do 

Nephropexy 


Ureterolithotomy . 
Do 


Lithotomy  suprapubic 

Cystotomy,  exploratory. . . 
Orchidectomy 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 2 

Indsion,  exploratory ...    1 
Operation  to  plaoe  testi- 

de  in  scrotum I 

Excision  portion  of  cord 

Vesiculotomy  with  drainage 
Drainage  of  seminal  vesides 

Incision  and  drainage 

Paracentesis 7 

Indsion  and  multiple 

punctures 3 

Haener's  operation.....  10 

Epulldymotomy 70 

Epidldymectomy 


Excision 

Bevan's  operation 4 

Lewis's  operation 3 

High  excision  of  veins . .  148 
Low  excision  of  veins . .  6 
Excision,  site  not  stated  3 
Ligation  and  removal...  4 
Highradicaloperation..  1 
High  excision  and  cur- 
tailment of  scrotum . .  2 
Jaboulay's  operation ...  3 
Volkmann's operation..    2 

Aspiraticm 6 

Tapping 2 

Excision  of  sac 6 

Andrews's  bottle  opera- 
tUm :....  20 


Hemorrhoids. 


Neuralgia  drenmanal,  after 
clamp  and  cautery  for 
hemorrhoids. 

Papillomata  circumanal... 

OEinTO-XTRINAXT  STSTKM. 


Pyonephrosis... 
iNephrdlthiasls.. 


NephroUthiasls  with  hy- 
dronephrosis upper  pole 
of  kidney. 

Pyelitis,  chronic 


Suspected  nephrolithiasis. 

Nephralgia. 

Torsion  of  ureter  (DietPs 

crises). 

Calculus,  ureteral 

Urinary  fistula,  stone  in 

ureter. 

Calculi  in  bladder 

Hematuria 

Neuralfiaoftestlde 

Orchitis  nodular 

FibrcHMlenoma  of  testes. . . 
Epididymitis,  tuberculous 


Undescended  testide. . 


Tumor  of  spermatic  cord. . 
Cysts  of  seminal  veside. . . 

Vesiculitis 

Orchitis 


Epididymitis. 


Epididymitis  chronic  tu- 

D«t!UlOUS. 

Tumor  of  epididymis 


Variooode. 


Hydrocele.. 


358 


1 
2 
1 


96 

1 
1 


170 


51 


Result. 


r8  ^ 


OQ 


63 


858 


1 
2 

1 
2 
1 

1 

"i 


06 

1 
1 


170 


51 


cs 


Anesthetic. 


o 

5  g 


25 


233 


67 


1^ 
II 


o  S 


8 


115 


33 


s 


92 


23 


47 


U 


700 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON  GENEBAU^ 


Tablb  No.  66. — Surgical  operatiom  performed  by  officers  of  the  Medical  Corps  en 
officeri  and  enlisted  vnen  of  the  Army  curing  the  calendar  year  J91S — Conticuea. 


Operation. 


Aspiration   and    In'eo- 

tion  of  phenol 2 

£  version  of  sac 8 

Resection  of  tunloa  vagi- 
nalis   4 

Buttonhole  operation. . .  1 

Radical  operation 1 

Incisionand  drainage...  1 

Excisionofsao 2 

Evacuation  and  li^eo- 

tlon  of  phenol 1 

Aipiraticm 


Disease  or  injury. 


QENITO-XmiNAIlT  SYSTEM- 

continued. 


Prostatectomy 

Perineal  section,  and  super- 

pubic  cystotomy . 
C^totomy  suprapubic  and 

retrooatheteHzation  and 

drainage. 
Cystotomy,  perineal 


Perineal  urethrotomy  and 

suprapubic  cystotomy. 
Asp&ation  suprapubic 


Prostatotomy. 
Dilatation 


Incision     and     drainage 

through  perineum . 
Incision  and  drainage...  10 
External    urethrotomy 

andouretment 1 

Incision  and  evacuation. . . 


1 


Incision  and  cauteriza- 
tion. 
Incision  and  drainage. . . 
Incision  and  curetm  ent . 
U  rethrotomy,  internal . . 
Meatotomy  and  sounds. 

Meatotomy 

Plastic  operation 1 

Excision 1 

Plastic  operation 


14 
2 

10 
1 


Hydrocele. 


Hydrocele  of  cord. 


Hematocele  following  her- 
notorav. 

Prostatitis  chronic 

Rupture  of  deep  urethra 
and  urinary  infiltration. 

Q  unshot  wound  with  rup- 
ture of  deep  urethra. 

Stricture,  multiple  mem- 
branous urethra  with  re- 
tention of  urine. 

Stricture  of  urethra,  deep . . 

Hypertrophy  of  prostate 
and  chronic  cystitis. 

Abscess  of  prostate 

Stricture  of  prostatic 
urethra. 

Cowperitis 


1 


Perineal  abscess. 


Perineal  abscess,  chronic 
tuterculous. 


' Periurethral  abscess. 


Clreumdston. 


Ezotslon. 


Trout's  operation 3 

Resection 2 

Incision  and  drainage 


} 


Stricture  of  urethra. 
Stricture  of  meatus. 
Fistula  of  urethra.. 


Trephining  and  drainage  1 
Decompression  and  ex- 
ploration of  parietal 

region.... 1 

Ligation 


Hypospadias 

Elonj^ted  and  redundant 

prepuce. 

Pnimosis 

Pa^phiraosis 

Venereal  sore 

Ualaultis 

Herpes  pro^nitalis 

Enuresis 

Scar  tissue  resulting  from 

circumcision. 

juedundant  scrotum 

Abscess  of  scrotum 


Ligation  of  blood  vessels. .. , 


VASCVLAB  STSnif . 

Cerebral  hemorrhage  (1 
traumatic). 

Laceration  suptffldal  fe- 
moral art«y. 

Incised  wound  of  face  and 
neck. 


51 


3 

1 

2 
2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 
4 

1 

20 
1 

17 

11 
4 

9 

1 

151 

2Q0 
13 
10 
5 
2 
1 
1 

5 
2 


Result. 


2 

CO 
v. 

8 

o 

D 
QQ 


51 


8 

1 

2 
2 


1 
2 

2 

4 


20 
1 

17 

11 

4 

2 

1 
151 

260 
13 
19 
6 
2 
1 
1 

5 
2 


6 

a 

en    . 


08 


«9 

(14 


•2 
ft 


Anesthetic. 


I 

o 


s  . 
o  <i 

'ja  3 
o 


83 


y 

js  a 

o 


2 
2 


1 
2 


3 
1 


18 

20 
8 
9 
2 


4      1 
1 


1 
1 


11 


17 


13 

2 

3 

1 

1 
131 

299 

5 

10 

3 

2 


t 


9 

1 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON   GENBBAIj. 


BicWan    at   luil   Bnd 


Eielalcm  and  KvuUtim.. 
XicWmaiidoucebiMnt 

Ancor'i  operallon '..','..'. 

■a^bi  uid   r^\ini- 

H»niDval  or  n»U,  cniiUi- 
bat  Ion  uid  cuTolmeat 

.dgranul 
catnda] 


I 

i 

1 

• 

» 

BEPOBT  OF  THE   BUBGEON  QENBBAI.. 


Incbtonuldciiretmiinl.  I 
InchlonBDdilrBio^e...    t 

RtmovelaiiM'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.    1 

ExrlaloD 

Do 

AdeDtdtom; 

Do IH 

iDdfaloDUideurMmMit.  18 

likolglOD  snd  dralnigt.  ■  -HO 
CwMrlulkm 1 

Ineblon  uid  cuntmant  ■    8 
Indsloo  tad  draliun..lC6 
IndiloD  and  Inltcuou  of 
iodofmn. 

Adenootomr 4 

IndsloiianddniDsgc...  16 
iDciiloD  and  ciualm«ot  S 
loctsloDuid  dialiuga 

Svitim  of  muidra,  fncb, 

TmofThapby 

Fraring    o(    idhaloTu, 
ind  ttndoD  iM^tica- 

Tviotomy  and  loigUi- 

tgodoD ^    1 

Twatomr,  dmIUI 

Bidilon  acd  fiMing  of  t«n- 

ETscuBllon 

Frw  end  of  vMluaaittirTna 
anchmd  to  quadrhspa 

But  lira  ol  muacto  and  ibeatb 

Exclabm  of  buraa  and  tu- 
barde,  vltb  attachtneut 
ol  lltaincntuin  patclte  to 
tnalitDod  tlhla. 
Tanutomy  ol  flaxor  Iodeiu 
hftllucb  laodoD  oppa.ll« 
lDt«rnal  nullaoliu. 
Tanolnmy,  tleior  tandoD.. . 

Eiclikin  of  bursa T 

AiplralUm 1 

IncltlonanddlilDBge...  8 
InrlsIgDaudcuntmsit.  1 
Eitlslon 

Bamoval  of  fka(iiiaiita  and 
draliuga. 

TTcptUnlof  and  nmoval  oI 
dnmaad  fncmant  oDtar 


— oontlnmd. 

pnydiia 

Defonnad  loanall, 

AdaiJtb,  I 

lAdaoitli,  Ingobial,  vaoa- 
[  real. 

lAdsnltEs.  Infulnal,    noa- 

notata^.  ' 

I A  danitb,  Tarloiu  locsttooa , 
[    Datura  not  italad. 

Lymphanritii 

Crst,  carvlcal  ijniptiBtlc 

■DSCLU,    nNI>OI>9,    fAS- 

Indaed  vound  ol  guplno- 

Incised  wound  ofbSDd 

SaTSvd  tandona 

Icontractad  teadon,  Ungir . . 

Old  Knra  invdVli^'ianl' 

TenmvnovllEj 

Rupture  of  quadrlcapa  ax- 

Rupiiira  ol  nctoa  Camorlg 
2lncb«  below  patella. 

BunUb.du-oDlc  llraman- 
turn  patella;  with  da- 
taclinient  of  tubercle. 

Flaied  onntractui*  ol  tbe 
Stoea. 

IlanuMTto* 

iBuriltis 

flanglloo 

PraoluT*,  oompound  oom- 
minulad,  fronlo-parlatal 
juDctlon. 

Practun.  compoond,  d*- 
pnaad  parktal  bcoa. 


Result. 

1^ 

ii 

1 

=1 

h 

3 

1 

1 

■  I 

3 

t 

no 

c 

11 

3 

1 

33 



...IT 

n 

-n 

' 

■ 

^ 

1 

1 
1 

., 

1 

, 

1 

1 

1 

' 

'■ 

I 
1 

■' 

.... 

I 

1 

' 

1 

BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  QENERAL* 


703 


Tabls  No.  66. — Surgical  operations  performed  by  officers  of  the  Medical  Corps  on 
officers  and  erdisted  men  of  ike  Army  awring  the  calendar  year  191 S — Contmuea. 


OperatkiD. 


Etovfttion  and  rtmoval  of 
bone  fragments. 
Do 

Inter-moscalo-Umporal  <!»• 
compression. 

Coshlne's  decompreeskn 
operation. 

Tr^hining.  removal  of  de- 
pressed Done,  and  epi- 
dural and  subdural  clots. 

Decompression 2 

Trephining 2 

Elevation  of  depressed  frag- 
ments. 

Laminectomy 

Exploratory  operation 

Coretment  and  wiring  of 
fragmwits 1 

Wiring  of  fragments 10 

Exploratory  operation, 
with  a  view  to  wiring 
fragments,  found  im- 
practicable, teeth 
^dred 1 

Circniar  wire  to  fracture    1 

Application  (rf  Lane 
Done  plate 5 

Bemovalofwira 1 

Removal  of  Lane  bcme 
plate 2 

Frahening  of  ends,  and 
resetting. 

Osteotomy,  r  es  e  1 1  i  n  g 
and  wiring 1 

Excision,  fibrous  tissue, 
resection  and  plating.    1 

Bemoval  of  spicula  of  bone. 

Bemoval  of  small  fragments 
Wfring  to  humerus   of 

grealtf  tubtfosity 1 

Beposition  of  fragments, 

and  insertion  of  two 

bone  grafts  from  crest 

oftlbfai 1 

Application  of  Lane  bone 

plate. 
Removal  of  loose  fragments 

and  partial  repair  of  joint 

capsule. 

Redaction  and  application 
of  Sherman  plates  to  both 
bones. 

Bmpcal  firacture,  removal 
01  redundant  callus,  re- 
setting and  appUcation  of 
cast. 

Fractured  ends  freshened 
obliquely,  brought  into 
apposition,  two  holes 
inade  with  bone  drill  and 
parts  held  firmly  with 
kan^roo  tendon. 

Wiring  of  fragments 1 

Application    of    Lane 

Doneplate 1 

Do 


Disease  or  injury. 


BONB8--oontinoed. 

Fracture,  ccmipoand  com- 
minuted, fhmtal  bone. 

Fractura,  oenressed  frontal 
bone,  gunshot. 

Fracture  of  stnill  with  sub- 
dural hemorrhage. 

Fractura,  compound  com- 
minuted, base  of  skull. 

Fractura  oi  skull,  com- 
minuted, with  epidural 
and  sobdural  dots. 

JFractura  of  skull 

Gunshot  wound  of  cranium 

Fracture,complete  .seventh 

OMTlcal  vertebra. 
Congenital  mair(»ination 
iter    comua    hyoid 


one. 


Fractura,  inferior  maxilla. 


Fractura  of  clavicle. 


Fractura  of  clavicle  with 
vicious  union. 

Fractiu^  of  clavicle  with 
nonunion. 

Fractura,        incomplete, 

clavicle. 
Fractura  of  scapula 


[Fracture,  greater  tuber- 
osity of  humerus. 


Old   fractura,   ununited, 

humerus. 
Fracture  compound  ocnn- 

minuted  lower  end  of 

himierus  and  upper  end 

of  ulna. 
Fracture  simple  transverse 

radius  and  ulna. 

Slight  angulation  and  re- 
dundant callus  follow- 
ing fracture  of  radius 
and  ulna. 

Fracture  simple  radius, 
junction  of  upper  and 
middle  thirds  with  non- 
union. 


^Fracture  simple  of  radius.. 

Deformitv  of  wrist  from 
old  Colles's  fracture. 


u 


12 


2 
1 


Result. 


Anesthetic. 


:3 


a 

00 


8 
1 


2 
1 


^2 


2     1 


I 


1 
1 
1 

8 
1 

1 

1 


0 


8 


2 
1 


B 


ss 

— •  o 

X3  CS 


9^ 


1 


i 


1 
1 


BBPOET  OF  THE  SUBQEON  OBNEBAIa 


CoccrgMtoniT 

Presiienlnf  oifractorfl,  aail- 

lUK  uid  spNntin;z. 
C»J!ua  lemoYnd,  t«luotlon, 

Lane  plat»  applied. 

Appllcadon  Ot  Luu  bous 

mrlneoflreginanu 

Indslon  tod  lutnrine  ol 
trmsmcDt). 

Runoval  olwlrs 

RcductloQ  rewotloD    md 


■Pplu:BU(ia  of  Lane  boa 

IncialoD  and  wlrbig  of 
(rapnenls 

EicIsIqd  of  piotrudbiz 
spJcuU  of  honfl  In  mu- 

Fraclure  eipoud  HUd 
melal  plaUlnurted.. 
Frcfilieniiv  ot  enda  and 


Wiring  c^traEmeD 


Incision,  frasbrnlng  ot  trac- 
tion with  ctlgut. 
Removal  of  LAna  bona  platfl 
Do. 


Removal  of  wlra 

lndiioB  through  old  Kai 

and  removal  of  wlr*. 
ChfMllnE  of  reduadeai  cal- 

Id9,   itralEbtenlng   (Ibla 

end  splinting. 
Removal  of  eaqneotra 


Satnre  of  fntimanM . . 
Lembotte'g  opecalioo 
Indilga  ukT  remoi 


..    1 


CoccyEodfnla 

suicical  neck  often 
duced,  middlB  thli 

Fraciure  of  femor. . . 

Fr»l  ute  simple  tranirene 

of  palellL 
Fracture  almple  ot  patella. 


Fracture  ilmple  tibia  and 

fibula. 
Frecture  compoand  cotn- 

mlnulad  Ubieuid  flbole. 

Fracture  almpla  of  tlbl* 
andflbula. 

Fnoture  ununtled  Ubie 


Fracture  ot  tibia  and  fibula 
Fracture  cwn  pound  of  tibia 
l-'raclure  simple  of  tibia. 


FiBcliiTsofiniia,ald 

FiBclure  of  fibula 

Fracture  ot  ifhla 

Painful  leg  fiom  old  Irao- 


BuiuriDC  of  wound  and  let- 

Kicisioo  oltrapnants 

Removal  of  looee  Iracmants . 

Remoral  of  painful  trac- 

Bidilca  of  fngments 

lodslon  and  removal  of  wire 
Curetmanl    of  Ilnul 


Fracture  compoimd  cc 


NactoEli,  lila  <d  old  traotore 


i 

3  .^  . 

II 

1 

1 

1 

a 

I   1  s 



...■-::: 



i 

1 

1 

:"i:n  I 

1 

...J 



i 

BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON  OENEBAL. 


705 


Table  No.  66. — Surgical  operations  performed  by  officers  of  the  Medical  Corps  on 
officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  Army  during  the  calendar  year  1915 — Contmued. 


Operation. 


lUmoTft]  of  seqaestram. . . , 


R«moval  of  dead  bone 

Do 7 

Incision  and  coretment.    5 

Trephining  of  femur 

Removal  of  bone  plate  and 
excision  of  excessive  cal- 
lus. 

Cnretment  of  bone  and 
medulla. 

Excision  of  anterior  surface. 

Excision  6L  terminal  pha- 
.  lanx. 

Curetment 

Excision    of    perioeteum. 

curetment  of  bone  ana 

drainage. 
Excision  of  periosteum. . . . . 


Disease  or  injury. 


Incision,   curetment,  and 
drainage. 
Do 


Do 1 

Incision  and  drabiage. .    8 

Cnretment  of  periosteum 

and  bone  with  drainage. 

Do rrrrr  6 

Incision  and  curetment.    1 
Excision 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 


Arthrotomy,  removal  of  re- 
dundant capsule. 

Capsular  ligament   short- 
ened by  plication  ante- 
rior route. 
Do 

Incision  and  dndnage 

Reduction  and  suture 


Excision  head  of  radius. 


Removal.. 
Resection, 


Removal  <rf  callus , 

Freeing  of  adhesions... 
Incision  and  removal 
tached  fragments. 


de- 


Exploratioo  of  Joint 1 

Indsion and  drainage..    I 

Do 

Excision  of  villi , 


Aspiration 

Do 

Excision 

Resection  interphalangeal 


BONsa— continued. 

Necrosis  of  tibia,  site  of 
fracture. 
Necrosis  of  metacarpal. . . . 

>Necro8i8,  site  not  stated. . . 

Osteomyelitis  of  femur 

Osteom  velitis  chronic  sup- 

Eurative  at  site  (tf  screw 
1  bone  plate. 
Osteomyelitis  tibia,  site  of 

fracture. 
Osteomyelitis,    middle 

third  of  tibia. 
Osteomyelitis  thumb 


Rarefying  osteitis  tibia.. 
Osteopofostitis  tibia . . . , 


Osteoperiostitis     plastic, 

tubercle  of  tibia. 
Osteoperiostitis    tibia 

S3rpbilitic 
Osteoperiostitis,  site  not 

stated. 

Periostitis  of  tibia 

Periostitis  suppurative 
fibula. 

PeriosUtis,  site  not  stated. 

Exostosis,  tibia 

Exostosis,  osoalcis 

Exostosis,  scaphoid,  foot. . 
Exostosis,  first  metatarsal. 
Exostosis,  site  not  stated.. 

JOINTS. 

Dislocation  chronic  sub- 

coracoid. 
Recurrent   dislocation 

shoulder. 

Subluxation  shoulder 

Arthritis  elbow,  gon(»Theal 

Dislocation,  acromio-dav- 
icular. 

Limitation  of  extensi<m 
and  rotation  of  elbow 
joint. 

Foreign  body  elbow  Joint.. 

Recurrent  dislocation  fin- 
ger. 

Ankylosis,  thumb 

Ankylosis  phalangeal  Joint 

Partially  detached  seg- 
ments inner  condyle  of 
femur. 

jsynovltis  knee  Joint 

Arthritis,  site  not  stated . . 

Synovitis  chronic  due  to 

hvpertrophied  synovial 

Hydrarthrosis  knee  Joint. . 

Hydrops  articuli 

Contusion  knee  Joint ..... 

Post-patellar  fringe , 

Hammertoe , 


1 
12 


2 
I 


Result. 


s 


1 

10 


2 
1 


1 
1 


8 
I 

1 
1 
1 


2 
2 


I. 

es 


3 
fe 


Anesthetic. 


U3 


o    o 


1 

1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

2 
8 


8 

1 
4 

1 


1 
1 
1 

1 
3 


I 


1 
1 


1   ... 


1 
1 


69176°— WAR  1916— VOL  1- 


-45 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON   GBNEBAIi, 


Arthrotomj,  eiciskm  of 
MmllunBT  CBr(IJai.-u  and 
pliestion  of  jolnl  capaule. 

EldSlDD 

Biclaloiiof  vxoatOGia--,    2 

EieEslon  bind  first  met- 

Partiul  exVbion'  ailjou- 

Hajo'a  operation J2 

KaJler'a  operation ^.    t 

Ksllo-'B  modlflHl  opera- 
tion     I 

looisioD  and  drainaj^o  .^.^-. 

Inci^on  and  removal.. .._ . 

Amputallon: 

taterscapulo  ■  thoracic, 

Arm,  upper  third 

Arm,  site  aot9tatad.... 
Forearm,  middle  third. 

Thigh,  middle  third'.  1! '. 
Thifh,  upper  third 

teitl  middle  third.'!!!!! 

Leg,  lower  third 

Do 

Amputation  ol  Dnger 


AmputatloD  el  toe . . . 


Incision  and  fliplarathm. . 


Dislocation  wmllunar  ca^ 
lllaf»s   and    relaxation 

joftit. 
Loose,  Iraotnred,  and  dis- 
located cartUag*   knee 
Joint.            ^ 

Infected    wound,    meta- 

O^sifled  foreisn  body  In 
johit  cavity. 

Sarcoma,  left  upper  w- 
tremlty. 

Cuns^«ound,(oraarm.. 
Ounsholwound'orwrlit.. 
Flbrosureoma,  thigh 

^SufflSe^'"""^' 

Gangreue  of  root  jiid  lower 

Gunshot  woimd 15 

i^aceraled  wound S 

Jtlierinjiiry!!!!!!!!!!    3 

8upemumerar7    little 

.n'oTwoiid!!!!!!!  J 
^TuSi^iiiii^uilVn   1 

2St£rf°?!  I 

aitemitlr^^.!!!!!!!!  2 

BuiielambMldedlnbom. 

j 

3 

IS 

' 

■ 

1 

1 

,..L. 

'  r 

45 

37 

' 

18 
19 

s 

a 

u 

ZX 

1    ... 

> 

BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  OENEBAU 


707 


Tablb  No.  66. — Surgual  operations  performed  by  officers  of  the   Medical   Corps  on 
officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  Army  during  the  calendar  year  1915 — Gondnuea. 


Disease  or  injury. 

• 

i 

Result. 

Anesthetic. 

Operation. 

i 

2 
1 

17 

6 
63 

1 

1 

3 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

:              Partially  suo- 
:                   cessful. 

• 

• 

1 

• 

1 
1 

Chloroform 
and  ether. 

1  - 

• 

1 

^ 

RMUOval 

roEBaw  BODOS-contd. 

Nail  in,  situplastic  opera- 
tion anlde  joint. 

Piece  of  drill  in  external 
malleolus. 

Foreign  body  in  wrist 

Piece  of  steel 

2 
1 

2 

17 

6 
53 

1 

1 

3 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Removal  piece  of  drill  and 

necrosed  bone. 
Incision  and  extraction 

1 

Do 

I 

Excision 

TimOBfl. 

Carcinoma,  metastatic 

Sarcoma . . 

1 

I)n 

1 

2 
1 

Do 

Fibro-endothelioma,  paro- 
tid  and   submaxillary 
glands. 

Osteosarcoma  of  fibula 

Epithelioma  Inferior  max- 
illa. 
Epithelioma  of  thigh 

JEpithelioma^site  not  stated 

Ephithelioma,  benign 

Chondroma 

1 

1 

Section  of  bonv  tumor  for 
microscopical    examina- 
tion. 

Kx^ion    with   r^'^^K^ion* 

1 

lower  Jaw. 
Excisi<m  with  electric  knife. 

1 

1 

Excision  of  rodent  ulcer.  1 

1 

Excision 1 

Do 

t 

Do 

2 

4 

6 

1 
4 

Do 

Cyst 

Incision  and  drainaf;e .. .  1 

-1  ' 

>DMinoid  cyst 

2 

Excision 6 

Do 

Enchondroma 

Do 

Fibroma 

2 

Inci'^'on  and  c1raiTuir<* ...... 

Hematoma 

2 

Exc{^ion 

Lipoma 

5 
2 

12    ... 


Do 

Myoma 

Do 

Neuroma 

1 

Do 

Osteoma, base  fifth  meta- 
tarsal. 
Papilloma 

1 
2 

3 

Excision  and  suture 

4 

44 

1 

1 

Do 4 

Incision  and  drainage . .  12 
Excision 28 

Sebaceous  cyst 

ft 

Excision  and  cauteriza- 
tion     2 

Excision  and  curetment    7 
Incision 

Serous  cyst 

Incision  and  removal 

Subcutaneous    tumor, 

wrist,  type  not  stated. 
ITumor  ofbreast,  type  un- 
/   determined. 
Timior  of  plantar  fascia, 

type  not  stated. 
Tumor,  type  and  site  not 
stated. 

PLASTIC  OrSBATIONS. 

Scar  upper  lip 

Amputation  of  breast ...  1 

Exdslon 2 

Do 

2 

1 
1 

1 

Do 

Plastic  operation  forming 

1 
1 

new  lip. 
Plastic  operation  to  close  in 

Granulating  area  from  op- 
eration for  cleft  in  nose. 
(Lacerated  wounds 

granulating  area. 

1 

Cicatricial  contracture  of 

finger . 
Cicatricial  adhesions,hand, 

from  gunshot  wouiid. 
Cicatrix  inner  angle  of  eye. 
Chronic    dislocation     of 

shoulder. 

Arthritis,  knee 

Gunshot  wound  of  hand... 

1 

1 

Plastic  operation,  method 
not  stated* 

1 

1 

1 
1 

708 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  OEKEBAL. 


Table  No.  66. — Surgical  operaHong  performed  by  offieen  of  the  Medical  Corpi  on 
officers  and  enlieUd  men  of  the  Army  during  the  calendar  year  1915 — Gontiiniea. 


OpentkxL. 


ExpIoratoTT  op6ratioii 

Injectlan  of  peroxide  of  hy- 

drocen. 

Sotunng 

Do 39 

Bmnoval   of  porcelain 

fragments,  repair  and 

sature 1 

Incision  and  suture 1 

Incision  and  drainage . .  7 
Indslon.curetment,  and 

pbenoi 3 

CMXterlzatlon 1 

Eroloratory  operation .  1 
Snturing  and  cleansing.  2 
Incision  and  drainage. .    8 

Do 

Excision 


Total  number  of  cases. 


Disease  or  Iqlnry. 


MISCELLANEOUS  OPEKA- 
TIONS. 

Suspected  psoas  abscess. 
Contusion 


Incised  wound. 


Lacerated  wound . 


Punctured  wound. 


Gunshot  wound. 


Infected  wound .. . 
Calcareous  nodule. 


1 
1 

57 
40 


12 


6 

24 

1 


Besolt. 


s 


1 
1 

67 
40 


12 


3 

24 
1 


6,32316,244 


6 

g  . 

3 


36 


=3 


15,  28 

I      I 


1352, 


fe 
5 

u 


©•o 


3 
5 


S.l 


O  0 


I 


13'36 


15120 


15 
1 


,450j    63       7A 


I 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  STJItOEON  OENEBAIi. 


709 


•s 


o 

m 


12 

IS 

9  to 
g 


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a 

If 


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jgj^co         coco 


CO  Q  2  00  •-4  A  lO  O 

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BEPOBT  OF  THK  SUBOEON   OENEBAU 


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O 


I 


s 


■2 

y 


3 

8 

K 

O 

8 


I 


•23 

Pliifl 

iilPl 


a? 


2  si 


r 


3 


o$o 


713 


BS8     SS    I    ;S'>nMSci         «>     So     3 


sa=  8=ais8S!iSs=s^| 


^'  liKPiipiP- 


•  «-*-  E-l| %,-«-  ** 


'?T'^   °*1  i^*?^^"  .'^  I  ;  . 


^i' 


2  ■       gs8  Rsa-iiajsiis-  = 


III  |feM-|pP-"5  ll  I 


P 


714 


REPORT  OP  THE  SURGEON  GEKEBAIj. 


Table  No.  68^. — Admisnons  to  sick  report,  discharges ,  deaths,  and  nonefeetiveneBS^  wiA 

ing  American,  Porto  /Ham,  and  PMHppim 


Tnter- 

ratkinal 

classi- 

fica- 

tkm. 

Officers,  Army. 

M«ftf1   Strfmtrth  , ,  ,  ,  ,  t  r  -  r  -  r  -  - 

8.  0.  0.,  4,394— A.  G.  O.,  4.873. 

Serial 
Not. 

Causes  of  admission  to  sick  report. 

Admis- 
sions. 

Disdiarges. 

Deaths. 

Ncm«aec- 

UV«L 

m 

1 

'A 

1 

1 

1 

0.23 
.23 

1 

6 

• 

• 

f 

(4 

S 

9 

55 

.9 

m 

1 

1 

la 

2 

4 

5' 

? 

7 
9 
10 
12 
13 
14 

is* 

19b 

19d 

19e 

19k 

30 

25 

38-34 
28 
29 

30-34 
36 

37-38 
37 
38a 
38b 

39-45 
46 

47-48 
47 
48 
1         50 
51 
56 

67  58 
59 

61 
61a 
62 
63 
64 
66 
07-68 
09 

TvDboId  fever ..-. 

1 
0.301    0.9 

.id    .«! 

2 

I'aratTDboid  fever .- 

5 

Tvohus  fever 

7-11 

IkffiliMift 

53   12.06 
12]    i73 

4"      .91 

2.1>S       .501 

7 

.63^       .14] 

g 

Malarial  cachexia 

.40       .09 

0 

Qnartan  malarial  fever 

:          1 

10 

29     6.60 
R     1.S2 

".vTl'Val 

11 

Undetermined  malarial  fever. . 
Smallpox  and  varioloid 

.ISj       .04, 

12 

13 

Vaccinia 

.••••• 

::::::l :( 

14 

Measles 

2 

2 

5 

266 

.4^ 

.46 

1.14 

60.54 

.l(fe      .08 

15 

Scarlet  fever 

.11     .<a 

17 

Diphtheria 

.18.       .041 
aL50i      .80 

IS 

Inuoenza 

19 

Asiatic  cholera 

20 

Cholora  nostras 

21-23 

Dysentery 

26 
1 

22 
3 
1 

92 
1 

5.92 
.23 

5.01 

.68 

.23 

20.94 

.23 

3:06       .47 

21 

Baddary 

.OX       .Vk 

22 

Kntamwblc. .,.. 

L9^       .441 
.10       .02 

23 

TTiTclMKffi^ ,    . 

37 

Krysipelas 

.06       .01) 

29 

Dengue 

L6«      .3i 

31 

Oerman mwwles. , ...  .  . 

.03i      .01 

32 

Hemoglobinuric  fever 

34 

Mumps 

7 
1 

1.59 
.23 

.04       .05 

.03:     .Off 

37 

PunifentinliBction  and  septieemk. . 
Mycoses 

1 

a  21 

42-46 

L...    ' 

49-67 

Tuberculosb.  all 

7 

i.82 
1.60 

ft.  81     i.js! 

49-51 

Tuberculosis  of  lungs 

6.65 

U6t 

52 

Miliary  tuberculoeLs^  acute 

63-57 

Tuberculosis  of  other  organs. . . 
Scoliosis  (fit  kets) 

1 

.23 

.17 

■  "."oi' 

58 

69-74 

Venereal  diseases,  all 

30 

4.55 
1.8« 

2.43:      .&5, 

1. 7S      .40 

69-64 

Svphilis '. 

66-67 

Soft  chancre 

2       .46 

.17       .OC 

68-74 

Qonoooocus  infection 

10 
1 
1 

16 

11 

5 

2.28 
.23 
.23 
3.64 
2.50 
1.14 

.51'      .1* 

75-79 

Cancer  and  other  malignant  tumors 
Benign  tumors 

1 

.21 

.04       ,01' 

80 

.39       .0» 

81-85 

Rheumatism,  articular,  all 

Acute  articular  rheumatism  . . . 

Chronic  articular  rheumatism.. 
Diabetes 

L21       .Jft 

81-82 

.47       -11' 

83-85 



.73       .IT 

87-88 

2       .46 

1       .23 

20     4.55 

. .  A . . . 

.11      .at 

89 

Exophthalmic  goitre 

"""•"■ 

.15       .fO 

97-100 

Alcoholism  ancTresults 



.68       .16< 

101-102 

Chronic  occupational  poisonine 

.....  '...... 

103-104 

Other  chronic  poisoning,  inclualng 
drug  habit 

107 

Simple  meningitis 

...... 

......  ...*.• 

108 

Epidemic  cerebrospinal  meningitis. 
Locomotor  ataxia 

::::::'::::::i:::::: 

100 

1  .23 

2  .4. 
1       .2:i 

3  .OS 
8      1-S2 

1 

.20     .6i 

110-115 

Other  d iseases  of  spinal  cord 

C«rebral  hemorrhage,  apoplexy 

Paralysis  without  speclflea  cause... 
Mental  alienation 

..... .i. 

65,      .15i 

ur> 

1       .21 

1 

,27       .Ofll 

117-119 

.43      . 1» 

120-126 

.84       .191 

127 

Epilepsv 

3 
51 

.r,s 

.^      .  Itt 

129-1,33 

73 

75« 

75b 

Neuralgia  and  neuritis 

11.  (il 

3. 37|    .rr 

138-141 

Conjuncthltb 

20     4.55 
V      .23 

.3A      .<M 

142 

Trachoma 

.Uj      .» 

\m 

77 
78 
79 
80 
81 

82 

Pericarditis 

1 

167 

Acute  endocarditis 

::::::i:::::' 

........  ....^ 

16^174 

Organic  heart  disease 

lOf     2.2S 

r   ii' 

64       .Iti 

175 

A  nglna  pectoris 

1 
4 

.23 



.ot       .08 

176-177i 

Diseases  of  the  arteries,  atheroma, 
aneurism,  etc 

.91 

i      -If 

178-179 

£mb<^ism  and  thrombosis 

...   .  .-  ---J 

181 

83b 

Hemorrhofds 

W 

'eJeo 

LOO 

.ni 

BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON   OBHERAIj. 


a™,. 

(mUated  man  <lQClndtne  Forto  Ricau 
and  nimi.pin«  (iooiiW). 

.™„! 

tSfSS&SZ^-^'SS^&S 

B.aO„»»,«8-A.  G.  0., 

X.BtS. 

fil 

Si.3 

SB,* 
U.S 

His: 

S.3: 

ix' 

.00 

:os 

.« 

ioo 

:» 

8.0.0 

10344J-A.  0.  O. 

10S,7S8. 

„:g 

1 

3o:i: 

I 

1! 

1 

7 
I,  "IB 

1 

J,  107 

J 

'i 

Off 

a.  30 

.v. 

l.W 

.a 
«.<: 

nil: 

.« 

.z 

m; 
si 
'  'i 

4 

.ss 

.00 

» 

0.08     11 

'.y 

'tS 

B 

0,08      M 

;* 

.98 
.01 

.00 
.10 

.Oi,      3 

.OS 

i.e9 

i 

.OS      3  .01 

£ 

.09      3 

!CH 

l.W 

s 

.OS      3 

.01 

' 

.6i,    1 

IT*« 

» 

.01       I 

;i 

i 

J 

i7i:i 
a;* 

.M 
OD 
.00 

!os 

44. 71 

* 

.OS 

'.'ii 

3.10 

191 

""i;94"ji 

iw'    l.«    3 

!» 

'1 

.15 

10       .10      * 

.16 

10 

.10      4 

sin 

M 

»■ 

ar, 
so 

.2 

i 

1 

.so     a     .08 
.47      <      .o\ 

1 

1 

.at 

:i 

1 

!oo' 

o.sii  w.ij 

1,049  10.  n 

81 

i 

.w)     e  .OS 

.471      4    .04 

ii 

ao.,ii 

1 

17.  a 

J:S 

.04.      1 

.m 

SMR. 

.31 

.0? 

.00 

^S 

; 

400      4.4B' 

S  :S' 

'lO      * 

'li  * 

.04 

■  ra 

'^io 

24 

.W|    e 

.Ob 

'     ' 

"ffl 

.14      1 

.OS 

-» 

1 

J 

) 

0»' 

01 

.ai.       7 

:^f  .; 

■"■ 

Ml    .aa 

:«  w 

!oi 

.09 
.08 

.a 

'.-"i  , 

1 

19 

sso 

■M 

.OS, 

!0! 
io! 

5 
319 

^.os|     1 

1 

.05 

!g3 

(.57          i 
-JO,           1 

S4«     S-M 
47      4.W 

-.■6i!    a' 

;«!  7 

ii; 

loi 

'.V 

.09 

Br 

.09 
1.13, 

4: 

:s  ^, 

.01 

716 


REPOBT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 


Table  No.  68). — Admissions  to  sidt  report,  diichargesj  deaths,  and  nonefeetiveness,  vitik 

ing  American,  Porto  Riean,  and  Ph^ppine 


Inter- 
natiofial 
classi- 
fica- 
tion. 

Ofllcers,  Army. 

iff^wi  5trwgth 

8.  O.  0.,  4,394— A.  O.  O.,  4,873. 

Berial 
Nos. 

Causes  of  adiuKsioii  to  sick  report. 

Admis- 
sions. 

Discharges. 

Death.*!. 

Nooifleo- 
Uve. 

• 

1 

1 

• 

1 

i 

• 
o 

i 

• 

1 

• 

o 

1 

• 

S 

s 

aw 

.03 

.11 

L7l 

.361 

1 

* 

.9 

s 

183 

83d 
83e 
84 
86 
87 
88 
89-90 
91 
92 
93 
94 

96 

97 

98a 

98b 

99a 

99b 

100 
102 
103 

105 

106 

107 

108 

109 

110a 

UOb 

113' 

114 

115 

117 
119 
130 
123 

134 

134b 

125 

126 
137 

143 
144 
146 
147 
U7g 
ISO 
154 
189Aa 

180Ba 
189Db 

Varicose  veins 

3 

! 

130 
20 

0.68 

0.04 

184 

Variooele 

.23 

.91 

29.59 

4.55 

.01 

186-187 

Diseases  of  the  lymohatic  system. . 
Diseases  of  the  ni^9^  fo^^s^ .  .   ..... 

1 

.Oft 

193-199 

1 

.31^ 

300-202 

Diseases  of  tlie  larynx 

•0^ 

303-304 

Diseases  of  the  thvroid  bodr 

305-206 

Bronchitis 

186 
6 
5 
9 

42.33 
1.37 
1.14 
2.05 

2.H 
.63 
.34 
.49 

.or 

207 

Broncho>inMuinonia 

.14 

206 

Pneumonia 

3 

a  41 

!ob! 

300-315 

Pleurisy 

.11 

316-217 

Pulmonary  congestion  and  pul- 

1 

219 

Asthma x  x  x 

5 

1 

1.14 
.23 

1 

.11 

.16. 

.03 

220 

Pulmonary  emphysema ........... 

1 

04 

221 

Hemoptysis , 

1 

222 

Hay  feyer 

1            1 

■ 

234-327 

Diseases  of  the  teeth  and  gums 

Other  diseases  of  the  mouth  and 
annexa 

28 

5 
139 

8 

57 
172 

6.37 

1.14 

31.63 

1.82 

12.97 
39.14 

.6» 

.07 
3.01 
L43 

.88 
8.68 

.tt 

228-231 

03 

332-336 

DiiMAMM  nf  the  phiinmx 

.4A 

238 

I7lr«r  nf  !itn»na«n , ,   . .  ^ . 

i    .« 

.33 

239-344 

Other  diseases  of  stomach  (cancer 
excepted) 

.2^ 

245-253 

Diarrhea  and  enteritis 

.84 

254 

Ankylostomiasis 

255-250 

Intet^tvii^i  parasites x  x  x  x  x 

2 
60 
13 

9 
88 

1 

.46 

13.65 

2.96 

2.05 

20.03 

.23 

■ 

.01 
4.26 
1.53 

.60 
1.9»i 

.20 

.00 

260 

Appendiciiis 

.97 

261-263 

Hernia. 

.3S 

264-267 

Diseases  of  the  anus  and  feeal  fistula 

Other  diseases  of  the  intestines 

Cirrhosis  of  liyer 

.14 

36S-272 

* •• **1 

.4& 

275 

.0& 

276 

Biliary  calculi '. 

...,;: 

277-281 

Other  diseases  of  liver  and  gall 
bladder 

17 

3.87 

L31 

28a-284 

Simple  peritcoitis 

288 

A  cute  nephritis 

5 
17 

7 
6 

1.14 
3.87 

1.59 

.24 
3.73 

.62 
.2& 

•OS 

289-291 

Briefs  disease 

•^ 

283-299 

OtHer  diseases  of  the  Iddney  and 
annexa 

.14 

.0. 

803-306 

Diseases  of  the  bladder 

1.37 

304 

Enuresis 

307-309 

Diseases  of  the  urethra,  urinary 
abscess,  etc 

4 
2 

10 
39 
2S 
12 
18 
3 
4 

.91 
.46 

2.28 

.17 
.54 

.33 

.Tt 

.78 

1.35 

1.5ft 

.17 

6.71 

.04 

310-312 

Diseases  of  the  prostate 

.i3 

313-^19 

Di^teases  of  the  male  genital  organs 
(non  venereal) 

.OS 
.16 
.18 
.31 
.34 
.01 
.01 

322-323 

Furuncle  and  carbuncle 

8.  ST 
6. 38 
2.73 
4.10 
.68 

324-325 

Acute  abscess  and  cellulitis 

Diseases  of  the  bones 

353-357 

358-360 

Diseases  of  the  Joints 

367 

Flat  foot 

••••"• 

372 

Congenital  malf(Minations 

.91 

373-374 

flMifllty , 

375 

Febricula,  simple  continued,  and 
othw-   fevers   of  undetermined 
causation 

8 
15 

1.82 
3.41 

.13 
2.77 

.08 
.61 

a*.*.* 

379 

Under  observation,  undiagnosed 
and  unknown 

1 

.31 

880 

Malingering..  .••••••••••••.....•.. 

BEPOET  OF  THE  SURGEON  QBNEBAL. 


pi)an(j 


troopi)  and  grand  total,  yeM  l£ll5-^Coiitinued. 


I 


718 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  STJBGEON   GENEBAL. 


Tabus  No.  68). — Admissions  to  sick  report,  (tischarges^  deaths ,  and  notufec^ivenus^  triA 

ing  American,  Porto  Rioan,  andPhOipfim 


Int«r- 
Serial  ^^^ 

tion. 


425-434 
435 
436 
437 

438 
439 
440 
441 
442 
443 

444 

445 

446 
448 
449 
450 
452 
453 
455 

456-458 
459 
460 

462-466 
462 


155-163 
164 
165a 
165b 

166 

167 

168 

168a 

169 

170 

170a| 
171 

172 
174 

175 
176 
178 
179 
181 
182-184 
185 
186 


1-19 
20-59 


60-74 

75 

76 

77-85 

86-98 

99-118 

119-127 

142-145 

146-149 

150 
154 
180 

155-186 


Mean  strength. 


Ofltoen,  Amy. 


S.  G.  O.,  4,394— A.  G.  0.,  4,873. 


Causes  of  admission  to  sick  report. 


Admis- 
sions. 


Arnccnoxs  produced  bt  kxteb- 

NAL  CAUSES. 


Suicides,  oil 

Pois<mingby  food 

Venomous  bites  and  stings 

Other  poisoning  (deleterious  gases 

excepted) 

Conflagration 

Bums  (oonfla^ations  excepted) . . . 

Absorption  of  deleterious  gases 

Suffocation,  strangul  iticm 

Drowning,  accidental 

Traumatism  by  firearms  (other 

than  specified ) 

Shot  by  sentry  or  guard 

Traumatism  by  cutting  or  piercing 

instruments 

Traumatism  by  fUl 

Traumatism  by  ra-iclnes 

Traumatism  by  ot  er  c.nistvl:ig 

Injuries  by  aniniil  • 

Effects  of  excessive  cold 

Effects  of  heat 

Effects  of  electricity 

Homicides,  all 

Fractures,  causes  not  specified 

Other  external  violence 

Killed  or  wounded  in  action 

BybuUet 


% 

'A 


12 

21 


8 


& 


2.73 
.46 


1.82 


l.U 


12     2.73 

121   28.22 

i;      .23 

20     4.55 

3H     8.65 


Disdiarges. 


I 


5,    1. 14 


DISEASES  AND  INJUBIE8  GROUPED. 


General  diseases 

Epidemic  diseases 

Other  general  diseases 

Diseases  of  the  nervous  system  and 
organs  of  special  sense 

Of  the  nervous  system. 

Of  the  eye  and  its  annexa. 

Of  the  ear  and  its  annexa 

Diseases  of  the  circulatory  system. . 
Diseases  of  the  respiratory  system. . 
Diseases  of  the  digestive  system. . . 
Diseases  of  the  genito-urlnary  sys- 
tem  

Diseases  of  the  skin  and  cellular 

tissue 

Diseases  of  the  organs  of  locomo- 
tion   

Malformations,  etc 

Diseases,  results  of  old  age 

lU-deflned  diseases 


115  20.17. 
2  .40. 
2      .46. 


540122.89 

469106.74 

71    16.161 


197 

123, 

56' 

18 

55 

363 


44.83 
27.99 
12.74 
4.10 
12.52 
S2.61 


60»il37.4<) 

681  15.47 

113!  25.72 


107   24.35 

4'      .91 

t 


28     6.37 


e 


Total  for  disease. 
External  causes 


2,07y473.15' 
351    79.88 


Total  for  dl-^ease  and  ext«iial 
causes 


2,430553.03 


Deaths. 


• 


& 


a«2 


21 


.62 


a    .41 


1 
1 


2 

2 


11 

71 


18 


.41 

.21 
.21 


Nonaffte- 
tlve. 


I 
% 


.9 
& 


.41; 


.21 


2.26) 
1.44 


S3. 11 
11.05 
12L06 

14.73 
1L46 

L9l! 

1.36, 

3.49! 

6.64 
1&79 


5.V 
X$l| 

2.75) 

3.3H 
2.611 

:^ 
.:^ 

4. 38 


5.45^    1.M 


aL73 

6.71 
.091 


2.01 


•1 

1.53' 


a 


84.66^  l«.Sr 
18.831    4.31 


8.09|1Q9L58| 


^ 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  STTBGEOK  OENEBAIj. 


719 


ratios  per  1.000  of  mean  strength  Jot  the  Army;  separatdyfor  officers,  total  enlist^  (indud- 
troops)  ana  grand  total,  year  1915 — Continued. 


Army,  enlisted  men  (uicluding  Porto  Rican 
and  Philippine  bcouts). 

troops 

Armv  (entire^,  officers  and  enlisted  n-.cn  (inrlud> 
ing  t'orto  Bican  troops  and  Philippine  Scouts). 

8.  Q.  0.,  99,44a-A.  0.  0.,  100,915. 

8.Q. 

0.,  103342-A.  0.  0., 

105,788. 

Admissions. 

Discharges. 

Deaths. 

Noneffective. 

Admis- 
sions. 

Discharges. 

Deaths. 

Noneffective. 

• 

s 

S 

• 

• 

1 

• 

o 

? 

a 

• 

a 

• 

e 

I 

i 

1 
55 

1 

• 

1 

a 

i 

1 

3 

• 

0 
P3 

• 

S 

s 

• 

1 

on 

• 

1 
0 

1 

13 
323 
100 

64 

2 

399 

2 

4 

0.13 
3.25 
1.01 

.54 
.02 
4.01 
.02 
.04 

61 
1 

a5i 

.01 



13 
335 
102 

54 

2 

407 

2 

4 

0.13 

3.23 

.98 

.52 
.02 
3.92 
.02 
.04 

64 

0  !i\ 

1   .01 

6 

.OS 

6 

.05 

3 

0.03 

1 

.01 

3 

0.03 

1 

.01 

3 
34 

13 
2 

2 

8 

.03 
.34 

.13 
.02 

.02 
.08 

«•«•■• 

m       •  •  • 



"'3   .03 
34,  .32 

13l  .12 
2    .02 

2   .02 
9   .09 



283 
5 

1,054 

3.515 

78 

640 

1,154 

10 

142 

1 

9 

3 

5,094 

19 

19 

i33.14(^ 
;10,363 
12.778 

3,023 
1.326 
1,047 
650 
1,789 
6.847 
16,080 

963 

6,851 

3,434 

372 

3 

416 

2.85 
.05 

10.60 

35.35 

.78 

6.44 

11.00 

.10 

1.43 

.01 

.09 

.m 

51.22 
.19 
.19 

232.68 
1(H.20 
128.49 

30.40 
13.33 
10.53 
6.54 
17.99 
58.80 
161.69 

9.68 

68.83 

24.48 

3.74 

.03 

4.18 

28 

.28 

288 
5 

1,006 

2.77 
.05 

10.26 

35.04 

.76 

6.35 

11.48 
.10 
1.42 
.01 
.09 
.03 

50.16 
.20 
.20 

228.04 
104.30 
123.73 

31.00 
13.95 
10.62 
6.43 
17.76 
59.86 
160.66 

9.93 

57.43 

24.47 
'    a.  62 

28 



.28 

2^ 
2 

.06 
.28 
.02 
.24 
.09 

2I 
2 

24 
9 

.00 
.28 
.02 
.24 
.09 

3,6.31' 

79 

660 

1,192 

10 

147 

1 

9 

3 

5,209 

21 

21 

23.680 
10.831 
13,819 

3,220 
1.449 
1.103 

26 
4 

.26 
.04 

2S 
4 

.27 
.04 

1 

1 

23 

.01 
.01 
.23 

•••••••• 

■  1 

1 

23 

.01 
.01 
.22 



* 



; 

14 
3 
3 

368 

16 

352 

515 
469 
26 
20 
65 
41 
55 

63 

8 

168 
2 

.14 
.03 
.03 

3.65 

.16 

3.49 

5.11 
4.65 
.26 
.20 
.61 
.41 
.55 

.53 

.08 

1.66 
.02 

10 
11 
11 

101 
35 
66 

25 
25 

.10 
.11 
.11 

1.00 
.35 
.65 

.24 
.24 

. 

14 

I 

368 

16 

352 

515 
469 
26 
20 
65 
41 
55 

53 

8 

168 

2 

.14 
.03 
.03 

3.65 

.16 

3.49 

5.11 
4.65 
.26 
.20 
.64 
.41 
.55 

.53 

.« 

1.66 
.02 

10'  .09 
11    .10 

11 

103 
35 
68 

26 
26 

.10 

.97 
.33 
.61 

.25 
.25 

968.41 
254.52 
713.88 

208.34 

151.17 

34.32 

22.86 

93.  S4 

141.68 

331.21 

60.78 

144.10 

120.27 

11.16 

.03 

10.74 

9.74 
2.56 
7.18 

3.10 

1.52 

.35 

991.52 
265.58 
725.95 

333.07 

162.62 

,      36.23 

24.22 

97.03 

148.32 

349.99 

66.23 

146.84 

126.98 
11.25 

9.55 
2.56 
6.99 

3.15 

1.57 

.35 

.23       668 

' 

.33 

37 
41 
32 

17 

2 

1 

.37 
.41 
.32 

.17 

.02 

.01 

.9i 
1.42 
3.33 

.61 

1.45 

1.21 
.11 
.00 
.11 

1.844 

6.210 

16,681 

1,031 

5,961 

2,541 
376 

3d 
43 
35 

17 

3 

1 

.37 
.41 
.33 

.16 

.02 

.01 

.93 
1.43 
3.37 

.64 

1.41 

1.33 
.11 

21      .02 
444;    4.28 

'          .03       .00 

1 

.01 

2 

.02 

13.66       .IS 

...  .. 

60.917 
13,063 

602.50 
131.35 

1.275 

12.63 
1.43 

257 
196 

2.55 
1.94 

2,080.26 
434.79 

20. 9261, 990. 597.02 
4.3713,413|l29.16 

1,275 
144 

12.63 
1.43 

2682.53  2,164.91  20.85 
203|1.92j    463.72     4.37 

72,979 

733.84 

1,419 

1 

14.06 

453 

4.49 

2,516.04 

35.29175,409  726.19 

1           1 

1,419 

14.06 

,47X 

1 
4.452,618.63  25.22 

I 


720 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEOK  QENERAK 


Tablb  No.  69. — Admiaions  to  sick  report,  discharges ,  deaths ,  and  noneffecHcenetM^  ivtift 


Berial 

N08. 


Inter- 

tiODAl 

daasifl- 
catioa 


1 

2 

7-11 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

17 

18 

20 

21-23 

21 

22 

23 

27 

29 

31 

34 

37 

42-46 

49-57 

49-61 

52 

63-57 

69-74 

69-64 

65-67 

68-74 

75-79 

80 

81-85 

81-82 

83-85 

87-88 

89 

97-100 

101-102 

103-104 

107 
108 
109 

110-115 
116 

117-119 

120-126 
127 

129-133 

138-141 
142 
166 
167 

100  174 
175 

176-1771 

178-179 

181 

183 

184 

185-187 

193-199 

200-202 


Mean  strength. 


1 

la 

4 


6 

5b 

6 

7 

9 
10 
13 
14 


18 

19b 

19d 

SF 
20 

25 

28-^ 

28 

29 

37-38 
87 
38a 
38b 

39-45 
46 

47-48 
47 
48 
60 
51 
56  , 

67-68 
69 

I 
61 
6la 
62 
63 
64 
66  ' 

67-68 
69 
73 

75D' 

77 

78 

79 

80 

81 

82 

83b 

83d 

83e| 
84 
86 
87 


Caosee  of  admissiQa  to  sick  report. 


Typhoid  fever 

ParatTphoid  fever 

Malaria. 

Esti  voHUitomnal  fever , 

Malarial  cachexia 

Quartan  malarial  fever 

Tertian  malarial  fever 

Undetermined  malarial  fever. 

Smallpox  and  varioloid 

Vaccinia 

Measles 

Scarlet  fever 

Diphtheria 

Intluenza 

Cholera  nostras 

Dysentery 

BacUlary 

Entamoebio 

Unclassified 

Erysipelas. 

Dengue 

German  measles 


Mumps 

Purulent  infection  and  septicemia 

Mycoses 

Tuberculosis,  all 

Tuberculosis  of  lungs 

Miliary  tuberculosis,  acute 

Tuberculosis  of  other  organs . . . 
Venereal  diseases,  all 

Syphilis 

Soft  Chan  ere 

Gonococcus  infection 

Cancer  and  other  malignant  tumors 

Benign  tumors 

Rheumatism,  articular,  all 

Acute  articular  rheiunatism . . . 

Chronic  articular  rheumatism.. 

Diabetes 

Exophthalmic  goitre 

Alconcrfism  andresults 

Chronic  occupational  poisonins. . . . 
Other  chronic  poisoning,  including 

drug  habit 

Simple  meningitis 

Epidemic  cereoroifpinal  meningitis. 

I^roraotor  ataxia 

Other  diseases  of  spinal  cord 

Cerebral  hemorrhage,  apoplexy.... 
Paralysis  without  specined  cause... 

Mental  alienation 

E  pilepsy 

Neuralgia  and  neuritis 

Conjimctlvltia 

Trachoma 

Pericarditis 

Acute  endocarditis 

Organic  heart  disease 

Angina  pectoris 

Diseases  of  the  arteries,  atheroma, 

aneurism,  etc < 

Embolism  and  thrombosis 

Hemorrhoids 

Varicoee  veins 

Varicocele 

Diseases  of  the  lymphatic  system. 

Diseases  of  the  nasal  fossae. 

Diseases  of  the  larynx 


Oflloeriy  Army. 


8.  O.  C,  4,394— A.  G.  C,  4,873. 


Admissions. 


I 


o 

1 


Discharges. 


I 


1     0.23 

1,      .23 

53   12.06 

12     2.73 

4       .91' 


29,    6.60 
8.    L82 


2  .46 

2  .46 

5  1. 14' 

266  G0.54 


I 


Deaths. 


I 


26  5.92 

1  .23 

22  5.01 

3  .68 

1  .23 

92  20.91 

1  .23 

7  1.59 

1  .23. 


8     1.82. 
7     l.CO. 


1  .23. 
20  4.55, 

81  1.82. 

2  .46. 

10  2.28. 
1  .23,. 
1  .2^ 

16  3. 64  . 

11  2.50. 


5 
2 
1 


1.14. 
.46!. 
.23;. 


20     4.55 


1 

?i 

3 


.2? 
.46 

.2V 


8  1.S2 

3  .  *\S 

Ul  II.  ul 

20  A.  ho 

1  .23 


03 


tky. 


% 

Z. 


97 
.18 


.10 
.11 
i     .ift 

I    3.50 


1     0.21 


.1  Z06 
.03 

LO 
.10 
.06 

1.06 
.03 
.24 
.01 


.21 


21 


.201 

I    .6s; 

.84! 

I  3.8r 

.36 


10     2.28 
1       .23 

4      .91 


29  6.60 

3  .68 
i;  .23 

4  .91 
130,  29.59 

20)  4.f6l 


.41 


.64 
.01! 


.9 

& 


.10  .oa 

2.18  .5i 

.6}  .li 

.40  .9 


.01 


.01 
.04 


.47 
.00 
.44 
.OS 
.01 
.3S 
.01 
.0& 


1    6.81 

LS5i 

'    0.6&. 
1 

l,H 

.17 

.04 

2.43 

:S 

1.75 

.17 

.04. 

.51 

.13 

.04 

.01 

.39 

.00 

L2I 

.a« 

.47 

.u 

.73 

.17 

.11 

.03 

.15 

.03 

.68 

.15 

-! 


LSI 

.00 
.10 
.19 
.10 

.n 

.OS 


.u 
.11 


.01 

.01 


SEFOBT   07   THB  BITBOEON   GENEBAL.  721 

of  nuan  itrtngSi,  for  A*  Arvty,  offieen  and  Amtrican  Inopi  for  A* 


Amarion  IrooM  Am^. 


X 

.% 

-us 

2 

.m 

6 

.06 

; 

.03 

.01 

.01 

7 

.U7 

IS 

!:S 

5 

I 
... 

.33 

loi 

71 

.1 

.31 

1 
3 

.U 

!o: 

.« 

: 

-<* 

xl 

7 

:S 

i 

: 

.3 

» 

.w 

1 

"i 

'".03 

:oi 

■> 

0.08 

1 

1 

31.45 

.01 

2.1' 

%.» 
.09 
.0! 

03.0; 
will 

.US 

2 

.02 

s 

2 

.02 

.01 

1 

.01 

8 

,08 

1.19 
1.80 

» 

,31 
.23; 

s 

^ 

% 

io':!o 

wS        10 

< 

o.< 

1 

:i4 

• 

.!» 

i 

1 

.0 

ij 

iio 

1 

■SI 

.:!S 

I'aoi     ^85 

.0. 
.01 

i:? 

! 

"■,*6^""3 

.«      1 

.00 
!02 

.oa 

.02 
.02 
.02 

.02 

17.4? 

t.os 

IXTTi 


722 


BEPOBT  OF  THB'SUBGEON  QBNEBAI^ 


Tablb  No.  69.— ^dmiMioru  to  siek  report,  discharges,  deaths,  and  noneffecHveneas,  wiA 

1915— 


Inter- 
na- 
tional 
clansifl- 
catiou. 

OfDoen,  Army. 

Mewi fftmiffth  ^........^.^......^x 

8.  G.  O.,  4»S04-A«  O.  O.,  4,873. 

Beria) 
Nob. 

Causes  of  admisslou  to  dck  report. 

AdrnJasiona. 

Discharges. 

Deftths. 

NoiMflecv 
ttrsu 

1 

^ 

i 

• 

1 

is 

• 

o 

1 

1 

55 

i 

• 

1 

• 

o 

s 

303-304 

88 
80-00 
01 
03 
03 
04 

06 

07 

08ft 

08b 

09ft 

00b 

100 
103 
103 

106 
106 
107 
106 
100 
110ft 

110b 
113 
114 
115 

117 
110 
130 
133 

134 

134b 

135 

136 
137 

143 
144 

146 
147 
140g 
150 
154 
180  Aft 

180Bft 
180Bb 

I 

1 

15S-16S 

164 

165ft 

165b 

M7 
168 

Diseases  of  the  thyroid  body 

305-306 

Bronchitis 

186 
6 
5 
0 

4i'33 
1.37 
1.14 
3.05 

2.M 

a«r 

307 

Broncho-pnmiinonia 

308 

Pneumonia 

2 

a  41 

300-315 

Pleurisy 

.49f        ««l 

316-317 

Pulmonary  congestion  and  pulmo- 
nary apoplexy 

310 

Aathmii... , 

5 
1 

1.14 
.33 

Ai 

.16 

M 

330 

Pulmonary  emphysema 

:m 

331 

Haemoptysis..'...' 



333 

H  ay  fever 

334-227 

Diseases  of  the  teeth  and  gums 

Other  diseases  of  the  mouth  and 
anpexft  ,  - ,  T 

38 

5 

130 

8 

57 
173 

6.37 

1.14 

31.63 

1.83 

13.07 
30.14 

.60 

.07 
2L01 
L43 

.88 
1.68 

....J. 

238-331 

d 

333-336 

Diseases  of  the  pharynx 

*j3 

338 

UliMff  of  stomach. . . .'. 

1 

.21 

'3 

380-244 

Other  diseases  of  stomach  (canoo- 
excepted ) 

■j 

245-353 

Diarrhea  and  enteritis 

M 

354 

Ankylostomiasis 

356-350 

Intestinal  parasites 

2 

60 
13 

0 
88 

1 
3 

17 

.46 
13.65 

.01 
4.25 
LSS 

.60 

1.06 

.80 

.34 

L31 

flfl 

360 

Appmdicitis 

:S 

.86 

.14 

.4S 
.06 
.06 

.29 

361-263 

HemSkT. : :....:.:::::: 

3.06 

364-367 

Diseases  of  the  anus  and  fecal 
fistula 

3.05 
30.03 

368-373 

Other  diseases  of  the  intestines 

Cirrhosis  of  liver 

•****• 

375 

.33 

...... 

376 

Biliary  calculi 

.68 
3.87 

377-381 

Other  diseases  of  liver  and  gall 
bladder 

383-384 

Simple  peritonitis 

388 

Acute  nephritis 

5 
17 

7 
6 

iAi 

•34 
3L73 

.63 

.36 

OB 

380-391 

Brl0it'8  disease 

3.87 
1.50 

a 

303-390 

OttTer  diseases  of  the  kidney  tJoA 
anneT^a 

:ii 

809-306 

Diseases  oi  the  bladder 

L37 

ao4 

EDQFVil  .••••.•.•...■..•...■....... 

107-aoo 

Diseases  of  the  urethra,  urinary  ab- 
cess,  etc 

4 
3 

10 
38 
38 
13 
18 
3 
4 

.01 

.17 
.54 

.33 
.72 
.78 
LSS 
LSO 
.17 
.00 

.04 
.U 

.06 
.16 
.18 
.31 

810-313 

Diseases  of  the  prostate 

.46 

a  87 
6.38 
3.73 
4.10 
.68 
.§1 

813-310 

(nan  venereal) 

333-333 

Furuncle  and  carbuncle 

834-335 

Acute  abscess  and  cellulitis 

Diseases  of  the  bones 

353-357 

856-360 

Diseases  of  the  Joints. 

367 

Flat  foot 

373 

r^mgenital  malformations     ...    . 

.« 

373-374 

Senility 

375 

Febrinila,  simple  continued,  and 
other  fevers  of  undetermined 
causation .  . .  . 

8 

15 

L83 
3.41 

.12 
2.77 

: 

370 

Under  observation,  undiagnosed, 
and  unknown 

1 

.21 

380 

Mikltpgfrffig 

426>434 

AyncnoNS  pRonvrrn  bt  ex- 

TBENAL  CAVSK«.> 

lfoloides,il1 

S 

.68 

435 

Poianninf  by  I^khI     , 

13 
3 

2.73 
.46 

436 

Venomous  Isttes  and  stincs. 

Other  potsoning  (delcterloiis  gases 

487 

480 

Bums  (conflanfttioDs  excepted). . . 
AbeorpUon  of  oetoterloos  tases 

6 

1.83 

440 

441 

16Bft 



i 

1  NooellMUYttMn  Ite  iDdtrtdoftl 

ftxten 

■ICftO 

MS  not 

tftbah 

itftd. 

BEPOBT  OF  THE  BUBOEOK  OENXRAL..  723 

mean  ttrengA,  for  At  Army,  ojfietrt  tmd  American  troop*  for  the  ytoT 


724 


BEPOBT  OF  THS  SXTBGBOH  fflfflTtRAT*. 


Tabls  No.  69. — Admistioni  to  tick  report,  ditthargti,  deaA$,  and  notufectivenen,  wiA 


iDtor- 

na- 
tional 
daHifl- 
oattoo. 

Oflleat%  Anny. 

V mm  fftrwigth .  ^ .  ^ . , . .  ^ .  x .  ^ .  ^ . . . . .  - 

a  0. 0,  4,3M-A.  O. 

C.  4.873. 

.s  rial 
Noa. 

Caoaes  of  adminSon  to  dck  raport. 

! 

'Admiaaions.  Pischafgea. 

Daatha. 

tfT«. 

Number. 
Ratio. 

• 

1 

s 

• 

o 

1 

• 

1 

• 

o 

5. 

Number. 

1 

'  1  1 

442 

160 
170 

170a 
171 

172 
174 
175 
176 
178 
179 
181 
182-4 
186 

"i-ii* 

30-59 

60-74 

75 

76 

77-« 

86-96 

99-118 

119-127 

142-145 

146-149 
150 
154 
180 

155-186 

AfTBCnONS    PEODUCKD    BT    KX- 

TERNAL  CAUSES— coDtinoed. 
Drowning,  ao'idental 



443 

Tiaamat&m  by  firearms  (other  than 
SDecified)        

5    L14 

V" 

...... —    - -, 

I 

444 

Shot  bv  flflntrv  of  mftrd 

i T 

445 

Traamatism  by  catting  or  piercing 
instruments 

12     2.73 
124   2S.22 

■ ; 1 

446 

Traumatism  bv  fall 

1 

aii 

^ 

448 

Tra^imatism  by  ma^^iiinw r , 

1 
20 
38 

.23 
4.55 

. 

449 

Traumatism  bv  other  <  rushing 

Tniuries  bv  ftnimals 

3 

.62 

t 

450 

8.65 

i ; 

45^ 
453 
455 

Efiscts  of  excessive  cold 

:.:...j::::..! 

Effects  of  heat 

5 

1.14 

j ! 

Effects  of  electricity 

456-458 
460 

Homicides,  all '    

Other  external  violence 

115  26.17 

t 

462-466 

Killed  or  wounded  in  action 

By  bullet 

2,      .40 

2f       -46 

462 

DISEASES  AND  INJVEtES  GROUPED. 

General  diseases 

540 

i22.m 

« 

2 

.41 

25.11 

.V^ft 

Enidemic  diseases 

469106.74 
71    16.16 

11.06     2.51 

Other  eeneral  diseases 



2 

1 
1 

.41 

.21 
.21 

12.06     2.:3j 
14.73.    S.S& 

Diseases  of  the  nervous  system  and 
orsans  of  snecial  sense 

1971  44.83 

Of  the  nervous  system 

123 

56 

18 

55 

363 

604 

68 

113 
107 

4 

27.99 
12.74 
4.10 
12.52 
82.61 
137.46 

15.47 

25.72 

11.46^    2.6IJ 

Of  the  eye  and  its  annexa 

Of  the  ear  and  its  annexa 

Diseases  of  the  circulatory  system  . 
Diseases  of  the  respiratory  system. . 

Diseases  of  ttie  digestive  svstem 

Diseases  of  the  gmito-urmary  sys- 
tem   

1.91<      .43} 
1.36;      .3L 
S.49      .7« 
6.64^    1.5U 

2 
8 

.41 
.41 
.62 

18.79     4.381 

5.45'   i.a«| 

1 
2.73      .09 

Diseases  of  the  skin  and  cellular 
tissue 

Diseases  of  the  organs  of  locomotion 
Mftltormations.  etc 

24.35 
.91 



6.71.    l.a 

.09;      .w 

Diseases,  results  of  old  age 

ni-deflned  diseases. 

28 

6.37 

1 

.21 

2.9II      .M 

Total  for  disease 

2,079 
351 

473.15 

79.88 

11 

4 

2.36 
1.44 

84.65  19.17 

External  causes 

1&03     4.SI- 

Total  fbr  disease  and  external 
causes 

1 

2S.57 

2,430 

553.03 

18 

3.60 

1 
103.58. 

BEPOBT  OF  THE  8UBGEOK  OENEBAIj. 


725 


ratios  pet  1,000  of  mean  strength ^  for  the  Army,  officers  and  American  troops  for  the  year 
Continued. 


AmarJ 

[can  troops.  Army. 

Officers  and  American  troops,  Armj 

• 

8.G 

f.  0.,  93,262-A.  O.  0.,  94,720. 

8.O. 

0.,  97,666-A.  0.  0., 

99,602. 

Admitfions. 

discharges. 

Deaths. 

Noneffective. 

Admissions 

Discharges. 

Deaths. 

Ncneffectiye. 

• 

1 

d 

1 

1 

7^ 

• 

S 

1 

a 

34 

12 
2 

1 
8 

1 

1 

5z: 

i 

1 

• 

o 

s 

i 

B 

• 

o 

1 

a  a 

1  s 

1 

^ 

• 

0.36 

.13 
.02 

.01 
.08 

34  0.34 

275 
5 

986 

3,372 

76 

621 

1,150 

10 

127 

1 

7 

4,845 

18 

18 

22,101 

9,626 

12,475 

2,854 

1,290 

940 

624 

1,739 

6,600 

lj^316 

927 

5,283 
2,367 

367 
2 

374 

2.95 
.05 

ia57 

36.16 

.81 

6.66 

12.33 

.11 

1.36 

.01 

.07 

51.92 
.19 
.19 

236.98 
103.21 
133.76 

30.60 
13.83 
10.08 
6.60 
18.65 
60.04 
161.22 

9.94 

56.65 
25.27 

3.94 
.02 

4.01 

27 

0.29 

280 
5 

998 

3,496 

77 

641 

1,188 

10 

132 

1 

7 

4,960 

30 

20 

22,641 
10,095 
12,546 

3,051 

1,413 

996 

642 

1,794 

5,963 

15,920 

096 

5,396 
2,464 

371 
2 

402 

2.87 
.06 

10.22 

35.80 

.79 

6.56 

12.16 

.10 

1.35 

.01 

.07 

5a  79 
.20 
.20 

231.84 
103.37 
128.47 

31.24 
14.47 
ia20 
6.57 
18.37 
61.06 
163.03 

iai9 

55.25 
25.23 

3.80 
.02 

4.12 

27 

0.29 

12  .12 
2  .02 

1    .01 

6 
26 

2 
24 

9 

.06 
.27 
.02 
.25 
.10 

6 
26 

2 
24 

9 

.06 

.27       9   .09 

.02 

26 
4 

.27 
.04 

.25 
.10 

■*29  .29 
4   .04 



....J.... 

1 
21 
10 
11 
11 

98 
33 
65 

24 
24 

.6i 

.22 
.11 
.12 
.12 

1.03 
.35 
.69 

.25 
.25 

1'  .01 
2i:  .21 

10    .10 

14 
1 

1 

337 

14 

323 

493 
449 
24 
20 
64 
38 
54 

53 

7 

165 

1 

.15 
.01 
.01 

3.56 

.15 

3.41 

5.20 
4.74 
.25 
.21 
.68 
.40 
.57 

.56 

.07 

1.74 

.01 

14 

1 
1 

337 

14 

323 

493 
449 
24 
20 
64 
38 
64 

53 

7 

165 

1 

.15 



.01'    11.  .11 

.01 

8.56 

.15 

3.41 

6.20 
4.74 
.25 
.21 
.68 
.40 
.57 

.56 

.07 

1.74 

.01 

11 

100 
33 
67 

25 
25 

.11 

1.00 
.33 
.67 

.26 
.25 

929.50 
234.47 
695.03 

202.50 

148.20 

32.02 

22.28 

91.13 

135.48 

319.93 

49.57 

126.49 

117.46 

10.99 

.03 

9.67 

9.97 
2.51 
7.45 

2.17 

1.50 

.34 

.24 

.98 

1.45 

8.43 

.63 

1.36 

1.26 

.12 

.00 

.10 

952.61 
245.52 
707.10 

217.23 

150.66 

33.93 

23.64 

94.61 

142.12 

338.72 

55.02 

129.21 
124. 17 

11.06 
.03 

12.58 

9.75 
2.51 
7.24 

2.22 

1.63 

.35 

.24 

34 
40 
30 

16 

2 
1 

.36 
.42 
.32 

.17 

.02 
.01 

36 
42 
33 

16 

2 

1 

.36 
.42 
.33 

.16 

.02 
.01 

.97 
1.46 
3.47 

.56 

1.32 

1.27 

.11 

.00 

1 

.01 

2 

.02 

.13 

66,920 
12,522 

6ia32 
134.27 

1,212 
136 

12.79 
1.47 

246 
190 

2.60 
2.01 

1,992.74 
420.47 

21.37 
4.51 

58,999 
12,873 

604.15 
131.82 

1,212 
139 

12.79 
1.47 

257 
197 

2.58 
1.98 

2,077.39 
439.41 

21.27 
4.50 

09,442 

744.59 

1,351 

14.26 

436 

4.60 

2,413.21 

25.88 

71,872 

735.97 

1,351 

14.26 

454 

4.56 

2,516.80 

25.77 

726 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON   6ENEBAI4. 


Table  No.  lO.—AdmisnonM  to  tidt  report^  diicharges,  deathi,  and  noneffeetivene99,  wiA 

eeioni, 


B«ria< 
No. 


Inter- 
na- 
tional 
classi- 
flcation. 


1 

1 

2 

la 

7-11 

4 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

5 

13 

6b 

14 

6 

15 

7 

17 

0 

18 

10 

20 

13 

21-23 

14 

21 

22 

23 

27 

is 

29 

19b 

31 

19d 

34 

19g 

37 

20 

42-46 

25 

49-67 

28-34 

49-61 

^ 

52 

23 

63-67 

30  34 

59-74 

37-38 

Or*   fH 

37 

65-07 

38a 

68-74 

38b 

75-79 

89-45 

80 

46 

81-86 

47-48 

81-82 

47 

83-85 

48 

87-88 

50 

89 

61 

97-100 

56 

101-102 

57-58 

•  IOa-104 

50 

107 

61 

108 

61a, 

109 

62 

110-115 

63 

110 

64 

117-119 

66 

120-126 

07-68 

127 

69 

129-133 

73 

138-141 

75a 

142 

75b 

166 

77 

167 

78 

109-174 

79 

175 

80 

176-177i 

SI 

17^179 

82 

181 

83b 

183 

83d 

184 

83« 

185-187 

84^ 

Mean  strength. 


Causes  of  admission  to  sick  report. 


Typhoid  fever 

Paratyphoid  fever 

Malaria. 

Estivo-antonmal  fever 

Malarial  cadiexia 

Quartan  malarial  fever 

Titian  malarial  fev«- 

Undetermined  malarial  fever. . 

Smallpox  and  varioloid 

Vaccinia. 

Measles 

Scarlet  fever 

Diphtheria.. « 

Innuenza .* 

Cholera  nostras 

Dysenterv 

Badllary 

Entamoebic 

Undassifled .'. 

Erysipelas. 

Denjnie 

German  measles 

Mumps 

Purulent  infection  and  septicemia. 

Mycoses 

Tuberculosis,  all 

Tuberculosis  of  luno 

Miliary  tuberculosis,  acute 

Tubernilosls  of  other  organs . . . 
Venereal  dfcieasfs.all 

SvphUi^ 

Soft  chancre 

Oonoooccus  infection 

Cancer  and  other  malignant  tu- 
mors. 

Benign  tumors 

Rheumatism,  articular,  all 

Acute  articular  rheumatism . . . 

Chronic  articular  rheumatism.. 

Diabetes 

Exophthalmic  goitre 

A  Iconolism  and  results 

Chronic  oocapational  poisoning — 
Other  chronic  poisoning,  hiclnd- 
Ing  drug  habit 

Simple  meningitis 

Epidemic  cerebrospinal  meningitis. 

Locomotor  ataxia 

Other  diseases  of  spinal  cord 

Cerebral  hemorrhage,  apoplexy — 
Paralysis  without  specioea  cause. . 

Mental  alienation 

Epilepsy 

Neuralgia  and  neuritis 

Conjunctivitis 

Trachoma 

Pericarditis 

Acute  endocarditis 

Organic  heart  disease 

Angina  pectoris 

Diseases  of  the  arteries,  atheroma, 
aneurism,  etc. 

Embolism  and  thrombosis 

Hemorrhoids 

Varicose  veins....  ^ 

Varicocele 

Diseases  of  the  lymphatic  system.. 


Army,  Amerku  troopt,  white  and  oolond. 


8.  O.  O.,  9S,2B2-A.  O.  O.,  94,729. 


Admissions. 


6 

2,113 

535 

8 

16 

1,421 

134 

4 

371 

6331 

50 

61 

3,196 

1 

183 

17 

138 

28 

23 

1,629 

75 

958 

7 

2 

82^ 

299 

4 

251 

10,045 

1,V»2 

2,186 

^^ 
23 


o 


Dlsdiarges. 


a08 

.06 

22.66 

5.74 

.09 

.16 

15.24 

1.44 

.04 

3.98 

6.79 

.54 

.65 

34.27 

.01 

1.96 

.18 

1.48 

.30 

.25 

17.47 

.80 

10.27 

.06 

.02 

3.52 

3.20 

.04 

.2i 

107.71 

21.?^ 

23.44 

62.91 

.24 


119     1.28 
642     6.82! 


451 

911 

14 

21 

1,294 

44 


4.84 
.98 
.15 
.26 
13.87 
.04 
.47 

.02 


2 

26 

12  .13 

9  .10 

8  .09 

26  .27 

358:  3.82 

114j  1.22 

482  6.17 

385  4.13 

15i  .16 

5|  .05 

ft  .10 

10^'  1. 13 


lOi 
14 

3 

547 

63 

245 

627 


.11 
.15 

.OCJ, 

5.8u'. 
.68i 

6.72> 


i 

B 
52; 


8 


170 
160 


10 

7S 

2D 

6 


19 
5 

14 
2 

10 

24 


3 

7 
8 
6 


4 

313 

65 

23 

2 

1 


2 

47 
1 

4 


2 
2 


o 
P3 


ao6 


6      .05 


.06 


.01 


1.79 
1.60 


Deaths. 


a 

s 


o 

I 


Noneffective. 


20.02 
2.  .021 


22  .23, 
II  .01^ 
1;  .01 


31  .OS 


1 


02 


.01 


r  .07 


.10 

'.9» 
.03 
.31 
.06 


311  .33 
33,  .34 

4I  .04 
4)  .04 
6| 
4 


.30 
.06 
.15 
.02 
.11 
.25 


3 
9 


.10 

.03 
.07 
.03 
.06 


.041 
3.30 
.69 
.24 
.03 
.01 


'.W 


.03 
.01 


.04 


.06 


^    Oil 
101  .11 


II  .01 
.07 


-^ 


61  .06 


.02 
.50 
.01 
.04 

.03 


S  .08 

33  .33 

3  .03 

6;  .06 

1  .01 


.02) 

.oy 

.03 


I 


I 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON   QENEBAlj.  727 

>0  of  fiuan  itretuflh,/or  the  Amg,  Amtrican  troop*,' mlitted  men,  viMte  and 


728 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  STJBGEON   QEKEBAL. 


Table  No.  70. — Adrntssiona  to  iiek  report,  discharges,  deaths,  and  noneffectiveness.  with 

colored,  year 


Serial 
No. 


103-199 
900-202 
303-204 
a0&-206 
207 
206 
309-216 
216-217 

219 
230 
221 
222 
324^227 
328-231 

233-236 

238 

23^344 

24&-2S3 

254 

2S5-259 


261-: 
264-267 

268-272 

275 

2276 

77-281 

283-284 
288 

28^201 
293-209 

303-306 

304 

•307-309 

310-312 
313-319 

322-923 

324-325 

352-367 

358-360 

867 

372 

873-374 

375 


879 
380 


436-434 
435 
436 

487 

480 


Into-- 
na- 
tional 
classi- 
fication. 


Mean  strengtii. 


86 
87 
88 
89-90 
91 
93 
03 
04 

06 

07 

06a| 

98b 

99a 

99b 

100 
102 
103 

105 
106 
107 
108 
109 
110a 

110b 
113 
114 
U5 

117 
119 
120 
122 

124 

124b 

125 

126 
127 

143 
144 
146 
147 
149g 
150 
154 
180Aa 


189Ba 
189Bb 


166-163 
164 

165a 

165b1 

167 


Causes  of  admission  to  sick  report. 


Army,  Amflrimn  troops,  white  and  colored. 


8.  G.  O.,  93,26»-A.  G.  O.,  94,729. 


Admissions. 


Diseases  of  the  nasaJ  fosste 

Diseases  of  the  larynx 

Diseases  of  the  thyroid  body. 

Bronchitis 

Brondio-pneomonia 

Pnenmonia. 

Pleurisy 

Pulmonary  congestion  and  pulmo- 
nary apoplexy 

Asthma 

Pulmonary  emphysema 

HsBmoptysis 

Hay  fever 

Diseases  of  the  teeth  and  gums. . . 

Other  diseases  of  the  mouth  and 
annesca 

Diseases  of  the 

Ulcer  of 

Other  diseases  of  stomach  (cancer 
excepted) 

Diarrhea  and  enteritis , 

Ankylostomiasis 

Intestinal  parasites 

Appendicitis 

Hernia 

Diseases  of  the  anus  and  fecal  fia- 
tula 

Other  diseases  of  the  intestines 

Cirrhosis  of  liver 

Biliary  calculi 

Other  diseases  of  liver  and  gall 
bladder 

Simple  peritonitis 

Acute  nephritis 

Bright '8  disease 

Other  diseases  of  the  kidney  and 
annexa 

Diseases  of  the  bladder 

Enuresis 

Diseases  of  the  urethra,  urinary  ab- 
scess, etc 

Diseases  of  the  prostate 

Diseases  of  the  male  genital  organs 
(ncm  venereal) , 

Furuncle  and  carbuncle 

Acute  abscess  and  cellulitis 

Diseases  of  the  bones 

Diseases  of  the  Joints 

Flat  foot 

Congenital  malformations 

Senfllty 

Febricula,  simple  continued,  and 
other  fevers  of  undetermined 
causation 

Under  observation,  undiagnosed 
and  unknown 

Malingering 

▲ITlCnONS  PBODUCED  BT  IXTSB* 
NAL  CAUSB8.> 


Suicides,  all , 

Poisoning  by  food , 

Venomous  bites  and  stings.. 

leterious 


gases 


Other  poisoning  (del* 

excepted) 

Bums  (oooflagratioos  exoepted) 


I 


i 


1,416  15.18 

S5     * 

34 

3,280| 

53 

225 

259 


1 

78 

2 

8 

4 

4941 

84 
6,071 

1,122 
2,939, 

4ll 

96 

815 

353 

76 

2,772 

5 

9 

380 
1 

321 
54 

27 
196 
109 

143 
16 

403 

1,625 

1,253 

236 

382 

263 

367 

3 


186 

79 
85 


13 

S21 

96 

53 

884 


Disdiarges. 


2.52 

.26 

35.17 

.57 

2.41 

2.78 

.01 
.84 
.02 
.09 
UM 
6.30 

.90 

05.10 

.2^ 

12.03 

31.51 

.44 

1.03 

8.74 

3.701 

.81 

29.721 

.05 

.10 

4.17 
.01 
.34 
.68 

.29 
2.10 
1.17 

1.53 
.16 

4.32 

17.42 

13.44 

2.53 

4.10 

2.71 

3.94 

.02 


1.99 


.14 
3.44 
1.03 

.57 

4.131 


I 


I 


1 
5 

7 
1 


4 

19 


6 
1 


121 

1 
33 
33 

1 
1 


1 

6 

23 

118 

1 


.0^ 
.01 
.07 
.05 
.01 


Deaths. 


.07 


141      .15 


.01 


.01 
.05 

.07 
.01 
.01 


.04 
.20 


.06 
.01 
.01 

.021 


.13 

.01 
.35 
.35 

.01 
.01 

.01 


.01 
.06 
.24 
1.25 
.01 


1 

6l 


I 


.01 
.06 


29:  .31 
8  .031 


.01 
.01 


1 

2^.03 
4  .04 


IX 
8 


1 

6 
0 


.13 
.03 


.01 


.01 
.02 
.06 
.10 


3  .03] 

1>  .01 


1  .01 


50,  .53 
.01 


^NoneffectlveneM  for  individual  external 


81     . 
not  tabnlatsd. 


youaffeili^Sb 


I 


22.00 
4.57 
3.40 

50.34 
4.05 

16.40 

18.86 

.01 
6.61 
.08 
.48 
.06 
0.13 

2.15 

86.56 

4.10 

30145 
SSL  11 
X64 
LOO 
68.64 
86.00 

4.45 

85.06 

.66 

LOS 

17.83 

,07 

ZOO 

0.36 

1.86 

18.18 

0.03 

4.15 
L45 

1L80 
37.60 
31.74 
14.  S3 
31.07 
S3. 44 
ILOO 
.01 


S.68 

8.07 
LOS 


.M 
.06 
.M 
.64 

.01 
.18 


.n 


:sa 


.01 

M 
.01 


EEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON   GENERAL 


n 

0.01 

21. <» 

t.z 

li 

is!  31 

.01 

J 

2.01 

86.  i; 

*.K 

19.01 

1:g 

l.K 

33:  SI 

4.  SI 
32.11 

s 

B.li 

I.X 

2».'7l 

•Ik 

.03 

3.0 
3.44 

.K 

;« 

'.« 

: 
■■^ 

'.a. 

:* 
'.3: 

'.a 

.0; 

n 

13. -^1         1'    0  17        1 

1.00 
.34 

2;  24 

i 

in 

.CO 

214 

J6.g; 

2t: 

^ii 

' 

1 

■' 

* 

2,      .34 

.2S 

■ 

.01 

1 
4: 

m 

1 

.ns 

* 

.«. 

1 

, 

7!  a 

2.24 

i 

.(X 

" 

:S 

';''* 

S.WI 

' 

.17 

.le 

.17 

■0[ 

I 

.01 

.02 

! 

!o2 

1« 

3.27 

...1    ' 

I.K 

i 
i 

.34 

1|.17 

'.01 

4!» 
l.M 

12 
S3 

I....l.... 

.37 
.37 

'.0] 

.J  j .. 

„ 

:zrc. 

,r 

TO  12.0. 

3 
10 

,01 

3.W 

.01 

lia 

> 

i:»i 

43 

7.41 

1    i 

,. 

1 

.01 

.3 

s 

» 

.M 

a.oa 

K 

8.»l 
.S2 

■a 

730 


REPOBT  OP  THE  SUBGEON  QENEBAL. 


Tablb  No.  70. — Admisnoru  to  iiek'report,  discharges,  deaths,  and  noneffeetiveness,  %oitk 

colored^  fear 


Serial 
No. 


440 
441 
443 
443 

444 
446 

446 
448 
449 
450 
453 
453 
455 

456-458 
460 

462-466 
463 


Inter- 
na- 
tional 
classi- 
fication. 


168 
168a 
169 
170 

170a 

in 

173 
174 
175 
176 
178 
179 
181 
183-184 
186 


1-19 
30-50 


60-74 

75 

76 

77-85 

86-98 

99-118 

119-137 

143-145 

146-149 
150 
154 
180 


15»-186 


Mean  strength. 


Causes  of  admission  to  sick  report. 


ArrBcnoNS  producxd  bt  exter- 
nal CAUSES— continued. 


Absorption  of  deleterious  gases..... 

Suffocation,  strangulaticm 

Drowning,  accidental 

Traumatisni   bv  firearms  (other 

than  specifiea) , 

Shot  by  sentry  or  guard , 

Traumatism  by  cutting  or  piercing 

instruments , 

Traumatism  by  fall , 

Traumatism  by  machines , 

Traumatism  br  other  crushing.. . . . 

Injuries  by  animals , 

£n<>cts  of  excessive  cotid , 

Effects  of  heat , 

Effects  of  electric!^ , 

Homicides,  all , 

Other  external  violence , 

Killed  or  wounded  in  action , 

By  bullet 


DISEASES  AND  IN/XTRIES  OBOUTED. 


Army,  American  troops,  whits  and  colored. 


8.  O.  O.,  g3,36»-A.  O.  O.,  04,739. 


Admissions. 


"A 


3 


0.02 
.03 


Discharges. 


I 


375 
5 


3.95 
.05 


986  10.57 
3,373|  36.16 


761 

621 

1,150< 

10 

137 

1 

7 

4,815 

18 

18 


General  dfs^as-^ 33. 

Epidemic  diseas'^ \  9. 

Other  general  diseas'^s ;  3, 

Dis?as^s  of  the  nervous  system  and 
orsuns  of  special  sense 

Of  the  n  rvoos  system 

Of  the  eye  and  its  annexa 

Of  the  ear  and  its  annexa 

Diseases  of  the  circulatory  system. . 
Dis  >ases  of  the  respiratory  system . . 

Diseas(>s  of  the  dig^tivr  system 

Diseases  of  the  genito-urinary  sys- 
tem  

Diseases  of  the  skin  and  cellular 

tissue 5, 

Diseases  of  the  organs  of  locomotion    3, 

Malformations,  etc 

Diseases,  results  of  old  age 

lU-deflned  diseases 


.81 
6.66 
13.331 

.11 
1.36 
.Oil 
.07 
51.93] 
.19 
.19 


1, 

5, 
15, 


101236.98 
626,103.31 
475)133. 76 


854 
390 
910 

624 
739 
600 
316 


30.60. 
13  83] 

iao8' 

6.69, 
18.65^ 
60.04 
164.331 


937     9.94 


56.65 
35.37 

3.94 
.02 

4.01J 

Total  for  disease '56,92081033 

External  causes 12.532134.37 


3S3 
357. 
33r 

8741 


27 


6 
26 

2 
24 

9 


14 
1 
1 


337 

14 

323 

493 

449 

34 

301 

64 

38 


7 

165 

1 


Total  for  disease  and  external 


69.442744. 50l  1,351 


1,313 
139 


o 


0.29 


Deaths. 


I 


Noosffectlv*. 


.06{ 

.271 

.02, 

.25 

.10 


3  0.03 
34   .36 

12   .13 
2  .02 

.01 
8  .061 


26i  .271 
4   .041 


.151 
.01 
.01 


3.56 

.15 

3.41 

5.301 

4.74 
.351 
.31 
.68 
.40 
.57 


1  .011 
31<  .22 
10  .11 
11 
11 


.12 
.12, 


.071 

1.74 

.01 


981.03  939.50! 
331  .35  334.47 
65,  .69     695.03 


34 
34 


84 
401 

aoi 


53      .66        16  .17      49.57 


3 

1 


.25 


.36 
.43! 

.82f 


203.50! 

148  30 
33.03 
23.38 
01.13 

185.48 

319.03 


.02, 
.01 


.01 


136.49 
117.46 

laos 

.08 
9.67 


13.79^      346  3. 6ai,  998. 74 
1.4r      190i3.01     430.471 


14.36      4364.663,413.31 


4.S1 


35w88 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  8UBQB0K  OENSBAIj. 


731 


ratioi  per  1,000  of  mean  etrength^for  the  Army,  American  troopt,  enUiUd  men,  wkUe  and 
1915— Continued. 


Annj,  AnMricaa  troops,  wliito. 

Army,  AnMrfcan  troops,  colored. 

8.  G 

L  0.,  87,458-A.  O.  0.,  88,925. 

8. 

G.  0., 

5,804-A.  G.  0. 

.MOl. 

Admisskms. 

Disdiargfs. 

Deaths. 

Noneffoctivo. 

Adni(ffi<Vm«, 

Discharges. 

Deaths. 

N<HieffecthFau 

i 

a 

s 

6 

• 

1 

>5 

• 

1 

1 

• 

0 

• 

1 

• 

a 

s 

• 

1 

9 

1 

• 

52; 

• 

1 

• 

a 

9 

• 

0 

1 

2 
3 

a  02 

.03 

3 
33 

11 
2 

1 

8 

a  03 
.37 

.12 
.02 

.01 

.09 

........ 

io.  i? 

257 

4 

921 

3,167 

71 

600 

1,071 

10 

124 

1 

4 

4,585 

17 

17 

20,531 

8,949 

U,5S2 

2,601 

1,211 

872 

608 

1,618 

5,252 

14,489 

864 

5,063 
2,225 

334 
2 

338 

3.94 
.06 

10.53 

36.21 

.81 

6.86 

12.25 

.11 

L43 

.01 

.05 

5X43 
.19 
.19 

234.75 
102.32 
132.43 

3a  77 

13.85 

!        9.97 

[       6.95 

18.50 

,      6a06 

I66168 

9.88 

57.78 
35.44 

3.70 
.02 

3.86 

25 

a23 

18 
1 

65 

3.10 
.17 

11.20 

2 

a  34 

1 

.17 

5 
34 

2 
33 

8 

.06 
.27 
.02 
.26 
.09 

1 

2 

.17 
.   .34 

205|  35.32 

5       .86 

21,   3.62 

79^^  13. 61 

24 

4 

.27 
.04 

{ 

.17 
.17 

2 

'.■34 

3 

.52 

. 

..... 

1 

19 
10 
11 
11 

88 
83 
65 

23 
23 

.01 
.21 
.11 
.12 
.12 

.99 
.37 
.62 

.26 
.26 

( 

3 

360 

1 

1 

1,570 
677 
893 

163 
79 
68 
16 

.52 

44.80 

.17 

.17 

27a  51 
116.64 
153.86 

28.09 

13.61 

11.72 

2.76 

2 

.34 



1 

313 

14 

298 

458 
418 
20 
20 
60 
35 
62 

53 

7 

151 

■1 

.16 
.01 
.01 

3.51 

.16 

3.35 

5.14 
4.70 
.22 
.22 
.67 
.39 
.58 

.60 

.06 

1.70 

.01 



1 

1 

861.34 
221.11 
64a  24 

188.12 

137.73 

28.37 

22.01 

85.25 

137.3^ 

302.68 

47.00 

119.36 
107.62 

9.33 
.03 

8.44 

0.85 
3.53 
7.32 

3.14 

1.57 

.32 

.25 

.97 

1.46 

3.46 

.54 

1.36 

1.23 

.11 

.00 

.10 

35 

4.31 

10 

1.72 

68.16 
13.36 
54.80 

14.38 

ia47 

3.65 

.26 

5.87 

8.12 

17.24 

3.48 

7.18 

11.74 
2.30 

25 

35 

31 

\    A 

4.31 

6.03 

5.34 

.60 

10 

1 

1 

L72 

.17 
.17 

9.44 

X48 

1.80 

.63 

.06 

27 
36 
27 

15 

2 
1 

.30 
.46 
.30 

.17 

.02 
.01 

121   2a  85 
348  59.96 
827142.50 

63  ia86 

230  39  fa 

2 

.60 
.53 
.34 

7 
4 

3 
1 

1.21 
.60 
.53 

.17 

1.01 
1.40 
2.97 

.4S 

• 

1.23 

132 
43 

22.74 
7.41 

14 

3.41 

9.84     1.70 

1.66      .39 

1 

1 

.01 

36 

6.30 

. 

1.23      .31 

•    •••••        «W»*|.««. 

53.383 
U,784 

6ia43 
134.74 

1,129 
130 

13.70 
1.46 

220 

'  184 

2.47 
3.07 

1,856.64 
391.42 

21.23 
4.48 

3,533 
73& 

608.73 
127.15 

83 
9 

14.30 
L55 

264.48 
61.03 

136.10  33.45 
39.06     &01 

1 

86,171 

745.17 

1,250 

14.16 

404 

4.54 

2,348.05 

25.70 

4,3n 

735.87 

93 

15.85 

326w51 

1 

165.17  38.46 

732 


BEPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 


Table  No.  70i,—Admis9ion9  to  sick  report,  discharges,  deaths,  and  noneffeetiveness,  wM 

officers  and  total  American  troops. 


i 
1 

1 

Officers,  United  States. 

Mfian  strenirth .,,...,.», ^.-■, 

8.  O.  0.,  3/)64-A.  O.  0.,  8,402. 

m 

Causes  of  admission  to  sick  report. 

Admis- 
sions. 

Discharges. 

Deaths. 

Noneftectire. 

1 

1 

1 

Num- 
ber. 

• 
0 

I 

Num- 
ber. 

i 

• 

1 

• 

0 

1 

0.10 
.08 
.40 
.07 
.06 

1 

C) 

(«) 

0) 

(«) 

1 

1 
la 

4 

6* 

6b 

6 

7 

9 

10 

13 

14 

is* 

19b 
19d 

20 
25 

28-34 
28 
29 

8C^4 

87-38 
37 
88a 
38b 

89-45 

46 
47-48 
47 
48 
60 
61 
66 
67-68 
60 

61 
6U 

63 
68 
64 
66 
67-68 
69 
73 
76a 
75b 
77 
78 
79 
80 
81 

TvDhoid  fever 

1 

1 

22 
1 
2 

0.33 
.33 

7.18 
.33 
.66 

0.30 
.10 

1.23 
.23 
.25 

2 

ParatvDhoid  fever 

7-11 

MalariA 

7 

Ettiv(Hiutuniiial  fever 

8 

9 

QiiArtATi  niAlAii^l  fever. ..... 

10 

Tertian  malarial  fever 

Undetermined  malaria]  fever. 
Smallpox  and  varioloid 

16 
3 

5.22 
.98 

.60 
.06 

.22 
.02 

11 

12 

13 

Vl^M*-Jxilf».  .      r  , . . ,  - 

14 

Meafflffl  , . , , 

1 

2 

4 

239 

.33 

.65 

1.31 

78.00 

.02 

.11 

.13 

3.00 

.01 

.04 

.04 

1.01 

16 

Scarlet  fever 

17 

Diphtheria 

18 

Innuenw  r  ...» 

20 

Cholera  nostras 

21-23 

Dvsenterv 

■■•l7 

5.55 

1.68 

.65 

21 

nsrJllAiy, ,-,,.. 

22 

Kntamoebic^  ^ . . . .  ^  x  ^ .  .^ 

15 
2 

4.90 
.65 

1.59 
.00 

.52 
.03 

...... 

23 

TTnnlojwlflfMl 

27 

Wryiiipeliui. 

29 

Pttirne^  X X . .  X .  X .  X  X  X  t 

4 

1 
3 
1 

1.31 
.33 
.98 
.33 

.06 
.03 
.10 
.02 

.02 
.01 
.03 
.01 

31 

Gfrmnn  mefMlfifl.x... 



34 

Mampa 

37 

Purulent  Infection  and  aeptloemia 
Hjoosea 

.29 

42-46 

49-67 

Tubeiculosis.  all 

8 
7 

2.61 
2.29 

6.81 
6.65 

2.22 
3.17 

49-61 

Tuberouloais  of  limga 

Miliarv  tuberculosis,  acute.. . 

62 

63-67 

Tuberculosk  of  other  organs, 
v^nerenl  disefUMs.  All 

1 

12 
5 
2 
5 

1 

1 

14 

11 

3 

2 

.33 
3.92 
1.63 

.65 
1.03 

.33 

.33 

4.57 

3.60 

.08 

.17 

XOl 

1.46 

.17 

.38 

.04 
.39 
.96 
.47 
.48 
.11 
.14 

.06 
.66 
.48 
.06 
.12 

.01 
.13 
.31 
.15 
.16 
.03 
.05 
.23 

69-74 

69-64 

Ajmhllln...                             ,    ., 

65-67 

68-74 

Oonocoocus  infection 

Cancer    and    other  mall|^iant 
tumors *xx.  • 

76-79 

1 

1 

.29 

80 

81-66 

Rheumatism,  articular,  all 

Acute  articular  rheumatism. 

Chronicartioularrheiimatism . 
Diabetes 

81-«2 

83-85 

> 

87-88 

.66 

89 

Exophthalmic  Koitre 

97-100 

Alcoholism  ana  results 

Chronic  occupational  poiscndng. . 

18 

6.87 

101-102 

. 

103-104 

Other  chnmfc  poisoning,  includ- 
ing dnig  habit 



107 

Rumple  meningitis . 

108 

Epidemic  oerebrospfaial  menin- 
gitis  

109 

LoccMnotor  atasda 

1 
2 

".'33 
.65 

* 

.20 
.65 

.07 
.21 

110-115 

Other  diseases  of  spinal  cord 

Cerebral  hemorrhage,  apoplexy.. 

116 

117-119 

Paralysis  without  specified  cause 
Mental  alienation 

1 
6 
3 

40 

11 

1 

.33 

.30 
.75 
.69 

^S 

.12 

!04 

120-126 

1.96 

.9R 

127 

Epilepsy 



129-133 

Neural^  and  neuritis T 

13.06 

.33 

188-141 

CaE^imctivitis 

142 

Trachoma 

■  ■  1 

166 

Pericarditis 

167 

Acute  endocarditis 

1*'" 

169-174 

Organic  heart  disease 

4 

1.31 

:::::i: : 

.39 

.30 

»10 

176 

Angina  pectoris 

176-177J 

Diseases  of  the  arteries,  arthe- 
roma,  aneurism,  etc 

3 

.98 

•  •  ■  • 

.50 

.10 

'Induding  those  ooomrlng  in  the  United  States  proper  from  commands  on  duty  In  Alaska  or  Jnaolir 


EBPOBI  OF  THE  HUBQEON  OBKEBAU 


igTrfirftni  thoM  ooDonliic  In  th*  United  Steta  propir  from  ouaanuidi  oo  dnl;  In  Aluk>  at 


734 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEON  QENEBAU 


Table  No.  70}. — Admi$9ion»  to  tick  report,  discharges^  deaths,  and  tymeffeetiveness^  wHk 

officers  and  total  American  troops^ 


International  classiflcation. 

Officers,  United  States. 

Mean  strength 

8.  O.  0.,  3,064— A.  O.  O.,  3,492. 

Causes  of  admission  to  sick  report. 

Admis- 
sions. 

.  Discharges. 

Deaths. 

KoDeffeciiva. 

• 

8 

• 

1 

1 

5z: 

• 

o 

1 

Num- 
ber. 

• 

o 

1 

Nun»- 
ber. 

• 

• 

1 

1 

1 

C) 

(«) 

0) 

C) 

1 

§ 

178-179 

82 
83b 
83d 
83e 
84 
86 
87 
88 
89-90 
91 
92 
93 
94 

96 

97 

98a 

98b 

99a 

99b 

100 
103 
108 

105 
106 
107 
108 
109 
110a 

110b 
113 
114 
115 

117 
119 
130 
133 

124 

124b 

125 

126 
127 

148 
144 

146 

147 

UH 
160 
154 
189  Aa 

180Ba 
189Bb 

EmboUsm  and  thrombosis 

181 

Hemorrhoids 

1^ 

3 

1 

3 

103 

15 

5.87 
.98 
.38 

L37 
.18 
.03 
.U 

1.4i 
.19 

•.45 

183 

Varicose  veins 

- 

.001 

184 

Varicocele 

•^ 

185-187 

Diseases  of  the  lymphatic  system. 

Diseases  of  the  nasalloess 

Diseases  of  the  larynx 

.98 

19^199 

33.29 
4.90 

.47 
.06 

300-303 

303-3O4 

Diseases  of  the  thyroid  body 

305-306 

Bronchitb 

134 

4 
4 
6 

43.73 
1.31 
1.31 
1.96 

2l10 
.45 
.30 
.38 

.69 
.IS 

307 

Broncho-pneomonia 

306 

Pneumoi^ 

1 

i'ft'oo 

.lOl 

309-315 

Plwrisy 

.12 

316-317 

Pulmonary  oonxestion  and  pul- 
monary apoplexy. 
Asthma... , 

319 

4 

1.31 

"1 

.a 

330 

PulnMMiary  emphysema 

321 

H»mopty8is....r 

... 

333 

Hay  fever 

***** 

234-337 

Diseases  of  the  teeth  and  gums... 
Other  diseases  of  the  mouth  and 

ftnnexa. 
Diseases  of  the  pharynx 

20 
2 

103 

5 

38 

110 

0.53 

.46 

.  Oi 

1.G2 

1.18 

.53 

176 

.15 

.<n 

.58 

338  231 

.65 

33.61 

1.63 

12.40 

35.90 

... 

333-336 

"i 

"i 

•  •  •  • 

.29 

338 

TTkfir  of  stomacn 

1 

*....'- 

.3K 

339-244 

Other  diseases  of  stomach  (cancer 

excepted). 
Diarrhea  and  enteritis 

.17) 

24^383 

.98 

254 

i--- 

255-250 

intestinal  parasites 

1 
30 
11 

4 

51 
1 
1 

U 

.33 
9.7^ 
3.69 
1.31 

.61 

2L10 
.25 

1.10 

•J? 
.21 

.93 

■| 

260 

Appendiciis 

..... 

361-263 

Hernia. 

264-267 

Diseases  of  the  anus  and  fecal 

fistula. 
Other  diseases  of  the  intestines. . 
Cirrhosis  of  liver 

268-272 

16.-64 
.38 

J 

275 

•OTt 

376 

BUiary  calculi 

.33 

*07! 

377-281 

Other' diseases  of  liver  and  gall 

bladder. 
Simple  peritonitis 

3.59 

:» 

288-284 

288 

Acule  nephritis 

3 

13 

5 

4 

.98 
4.24 

.801 
2l53 

.56 

.18 

■"■;S 

289-291 

Bright's  disease 

29a-299 

Other  diseases  of  the  kidney  and 

annexa. 
Diseases  of  the  bladder 

1.63 

.181 

808^306 

1.31 

.0. 

304 

Enuresb 

*•»• 

807-300 

Diseases  of  the  urethra,  urinary 
abscess,  etc 

310-312 

Diseases  of  the  prostate 

2 

8 
18 
14 

8 
11 

3 

3 

.65 
2.61 

*  *  * 

.54 

.15 
.30 
.42 
1.14 
.97 
.17 
.07 

.18 
.06 

313-319 

Diseases  of  th«>  male  genital  organs 
(nonvvnereai) 

822-?7!l 

Furuncle  and  carbuncle 

5.88 
4.57 

824-325 

Acute  abscess  and  c  ^lluiitis 

Di»  as^s  of  the  bon  s 

*  mI 

352-357 

2.61 
3.5t^ 

*37l 

358-360 

Diseas-^s  of  the  Joints 

.  33I 

367 

Fiat  foot 

.qS 

872 

rone^nHal  raa:fonnttion« 

Senility 

.96 

' 

<o3 

873-374 

875 

Febricuia,  simple  continued.and 
other  fevers  of  undetermined 
causation 

1 
9 

.33 

.01 
2L44 

.00 

879 

Under  obeervationp  undiegnosed 

194 

1 

•  •  • 

1 

.29 

•3 

880 

Halingenng.... 

..." 

tlndnding  tboee  occurring  in  the  United  Statee  proper  from  oommaivis  on  duty  in  Alaska  or 


SEPOAT  or  THE  BUBOBON  OBNEBAI.. 


N  occorrlni  In  llu  DiUt«d  Bfitt  pnptr  Iram  <»mmuiili  on  Aatj  In  Alukt « 


736 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON.  QENERAL. 


Table  No.  yO^.—AdmUtiom  to  skk  reporty  du(harge$y  death»,  and  noneffedwenem,  wiA 

officen  and  total  Ameriean  froopt, 


1 
§ 

-a 

1 

Oflkwt,  United  SUtet. 

MfNui  straosth 

8.  0.  0.,  3/)64-A.  O.  0.,  S,«2. 

• 

Causes  oCftdicissioo  to  sick  report. 

1 

Admis- 
sions. 

Discharges. 

Deaths. 

Neneffecti  ?  il 

1 

• 

1 

• 

o 

1 

Num- 
ber. 

• 

o 

1 

Num- 
ber. 

d 

1 

• 

1 

0) 

(«) 

(>) 

(«) 

426-434 

155-163 
164 
165a 
165b 

167 

168 

168b 

169 

170 

170b 
171 

172 
174 
175 
176 
178 
179 
181 
182-184 
186 

**i-i9' 

20-59 

60-74 

75 

76 

77-86 

86-08 

99-118 

119-127 

142-145 

146-149 

150 
154 
180 

155-186 

AFWECttOm   PRODUCED    BT    £X« 
TBXNAL  CAUSES.* 

Suicides,  all 

1 

1 

435 

PoisonlDE  by  food 

5 

1.63 

...:... 

486 

Venomous  lutes  and  stings 

437 

Other  poisoningrdeleterious  gases 
excepted),  accidental 

439 

Bums  (conHagrations  excepted).. 
Abs<Hption  of  deleterious  gases... 

5 

1.63 

440 

441 

'Suffocation,  strangulatioo 

442 

Drownme,  accidental 

443 

Tianmatisan  by  fliearms  (other 
than  specified) 

3 

.98 

444 

Shot  by  sentry  or  guard 

445 

Traumatism  by  cutting  or  piero- 
tne  instruments 

9 
77 

1 

10 
34 

2.M 

25.13 

.33 

3.26 
11.10 

446 

Traumatism  by  fall 

448 

Traumatism  by  machines 

Traumatism  by  other  crushing... 

TDhlT*f>*  by  i^nim^l" 



449 

3 

3 

.86 

450 

452 

Ei^ects  of  excessive  cold ......... 

:::::::t:::::i 

453 

Effects  of  heat 

5 

1.63 

455 

Effects  of  dectricity 

456-458 

Homicides,  all 

...... 

t 

:::::;::::::  ::::::i 

460 

Other  external  violence 

75 

24.48 

462-466 

KUled  or  wounded  in  action 

By  bullet 

2:      .65 

2|      .65 

364118.80 
306  99.87 

58  18.03 

1 

143  46.67 
96  31.33 
36   11.75 
11'    3.59 
34   11.10 
270  88.12 
890127.28 

1 
50|  16.32 

58  18.03 

68  22.19 

a;    .« 

..... 

1 * 

462 

DISEASES  AND  INJURIES  QKOUPED. 

General  diseases 

2 

2 

.67 

18.76 

«ul« 

Epidemic  diseases 

..... 

7.89*2.41 

U.ST    3.n 
12.78    4.1i 

Other  general  diseases 

Diseases  of  the  nervous  system 
and  organs  of  special  sense 

Of  the  nervous  system 

Of  the  eye  and  iis  annexa... . 

Of  the  ear  and  its  annexa.... 
Diseases  of  the  circulatory  system 
Diseases  of  the  respiratorysystem 
Diseases  of  the  digestive  system. 
Diseaset  of  tha  genito-urfaiary 
system 

2 

2 

.57 

..... 

!.. 

10.00  zM 

1.55      .501 

..... 

1.24       .4Q| 
2.76      ,m 

1 
1 
8 

i 
1 

8 

'^29 
.29 

.86 

4.05     l.tt] 
12.66     4.U| 

4.78     1.5« 

L«,      .J 

5.4^    LTfl 

Diseases  of  the  skin  and  oeUular 
tissue 

Diseases  of  the  organs  of  looomo- 
tkm 

IfBifnrmatfonf .  etc 

.07     .oi 

Diseaset.  resulis  of  old  an ....... 



ni-deflned  diseases 

12     3.92 

*••••('"" 

'  i 

"i 

'.'w 

'rih"  'm 

Total  tor  disease 

rsrs 

1,392  454.31 
233   76.04 

8i    82.29 

06.14 

Rxtenial  causes 

f 

41.15 

14.80|   4.a| 

Total  for  disease  and  ex- 
ternal oautes 

1 
1.625530.35 

12 

12S.44 

80.04 

»-A 

1 

1 

n 

I  Including  those  occurring  in  the  United  States  proper  from  commands  on  daty  in 
oiseisions. 
t  Excluding  those  ocoarrlng  in  the  United  States  proper  from  oommands  on  dotj  in 


or 
or 


BBPOBT  OF  THE  8X7BOEON  OENBBAIj. 


737 


ratioi  per  1,000  of  mean  itrength,  for  the  United  States  (eontinerUal),  exduding  Alofka 
for  the  year  19i5--Continued. 


Enlisted  men,  United  States. 

Total,  United  States. 

B. 

0.  0.,  63,725— A.  G.  0.,  64,636. 

B.  O.  0.,  66,789— A.  0.  0.,  68,138. 

Admis- 
sions. 

Disebsfges. 

Deaths. 

Kon- 
effoctive. 

Admis- 
sions. 

Discharges.      Deattis. 

Non- 
effective. 

• 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Num- 
ber. 

• 

o 

Nam- 
ber. 

1 

0  60 
.02 

• 

1 

• 

1 

Nnm- 
ber. 

• 

o 

i 

PS 

Num- 
ber. 

• 

0 

• 

1 

V 

0) 

0) 

0) 

38 

1 

38 

1 

0) 

o 

0) 

39 
1 

0) 
39 

1 

11 
83 
63 

83 

268 

2 

3 

0.17 

1.30 

.83 

.60 

4.05 

.08 

.05 

* 

11 

0.1ft 

88,    i.32 



1    .01 

53'      .79 

5 

5 

.06 

32 
263 

3 

.48 

3.94 

.03 

.04 

6 

5':  .07 

3 

3 

0.05 

8 

3 

0.05 

•**l**'* 

2 
26 

12 
2 

2 
25 

12 
2 

1 
7 

.oi 

.39 

.19 
.03 

.02 
.11 

**2!"2,'.03 
25  25:  .37 

1 
12  12!  .IR 

217 
4 

683 

S.554 

3.40 
.06 

9.15 
40.07 

27 

24 

.37 

330 
4 

602 
3,631 

8.29 
.06 

8.86 
39.39 

r 

24 

.87 

2 

1 
7 

2;  .03 

1 
1>  .01 

6 
26 

2 
24 

9 

8 
32 

2 
15 

9 

.05 
.34 
.03 
.23 
.14 

6 
36 

3 
24 

9 

8 

32 
2 

15 
9 

.05 
.34 
.03 
.23 
.14 

•■«h**  • 

7 

.10 

63       .991 

364     6.71 

1,018|  15.971 

64       .96 

374     5.60 

1052^  16.75 

.6i      .Oft 

*22|  22 

.34 
.06 

25 
4 

26 
4 

.37 

.06 

4 

'     6 

56 

1 

6 

8,466 

il 

13,464 
5,616 
6,948 

1,727 

828 

574 

825 

1,114 

4,034 

10,617 

602 

8,428 

1,641 

226 

2 

217 

.09 
.8S 

.02 

.Og 

54.38. 

195.59 

86.66 

109.03 

27.10 

12.99 

9.01 

6.10 

17.48 

68.30 

165.03 

9.46 

63.79 

26.76 

8.65 

.03 

3.40 

61 

1 

5 

3,541 

30 

30 

7,006 

1,870 

994 

610 

836 

1,148 

4,304 

10,907 

652 

3,486 

.91 
.01 
.07 
53.02 
.30 
.80 

19106 

87.17 

104.90 

27.99 

18.88 

9.18 

6.01 

17.19 

64.44 

163.88 

9.76 

6130 

35.69 
3.48 

17 

9 

11 

11 

84 
28 
56 

20 
20 

«  •  • 

17 

9 

11 

11 

72 
28 
44 

18 
18 

•  •  • 

.27 
.14 
.17 
.17 

1.11 
.43 

.68 

.28 
.28 

•  • 

17 

9 

11 

11 

86 

20 
20 

17|  .25 
9  .1.1 

14 

1 
1 

336 

14 

322 

482 
439 
34 
19 
63 
38 
64 

63 

7 

166 

1 

228 

13 

215 

286 

263 
20 
13 
37 
20 
38 

44 

6 

111 

1 

.17 
.02 
.03 

3.63 

.20 

3.33 

4.42 
8.91 
.81 
.20 
.57 
.31 
.69 

.68 

.09 

14 

1 
1 

836 

14 
833 

^ 

34 
19 

64 
68 

7 

166 
1 

11 

315 

386 
368 
30 
18 
37 
30 
86 

44 

• 

111 
1 

.17 
.02 
.02 

3.53 

.20 

3.33 

4.42 
3.91 
.81 
.20 
.57 
.81 
.56 

.68 

.09 

L72 
.02 

11 
11 

74 
28 
46 

.16 
.16 

LOO 
.41 
.68 

.26 
.96 

60L78 
136.77 
465.93 

148.69 
107.18 
33.66 
13.76 
89.44 
97.46 
316.74 

84.36 

• 

8147 

81.96 

6.64 

.03 

6.39 

9.44 

113 
7.81 

126 

8.39 

.64 

1.39 

1.39 
.10 
.00 
.10 

620.46 
143.16 
477.30 

156.37 

117.18 

34.20 

14.98 

6121 

10141 

228.41 

39.14 

83.88 

87.44 

6.70 

.03 

a86 

9  29 
2.14 
7.15 

183 

1.75 
36 

.32 

27 
36 
26 

12 

2 

1 

27 
36 
24 

12 

2 

1 

.42 

.56 
.37 

.19 

.08 

.03 

'i 

28 

12 

2 

1 

28 
37 
27 

12 

3 

1 

.41 
.64 
.40 

.18 

.01 

.01 

.93 
1.53 
3.42 

.59 

1.96 

1.81 
.10 

2    :» 

.00 

1 

1 

.02 

229 

3.43 

2 

3 

.03 

.18 



85,972 
8,891 

664.49 
189.52 

'-IS 

771 
108 

11.93 
1.67 

208 
156 

103 
156 

Z99 
3.41 

1,829.77 
810.44 

30.87 
4.87 

37,364 
9,124 

559.43 
136.61 

1,199 
139 

771 
106 

11.93 
1.67 

216 
160 

201 
160 

2.96 
2.36 

1,395.91 
325.24 

20.90 
4.87 

44,863 

704.01 

1,338 

879 

13.60 

864 

349 

6.40 

1,64a  31 

35.74 

46,488 

696.04 

1,338 

879 

13.60 

376 

361 

5.30 

1,72L15 

25.77 

*  Noneffeotiyeness  16r  indiyidual  external  causes  not  tabulated. 
e9176*— WAB 1916— VOL  1 47 


BBPOBT  OF  THE  5URQE0N  OENEBAL. 


Porulmt  InlKtkm  aiid  MpUcamii. 

KrCOBM 

TatMrcolotli,  dl 

TiibcrmiliHbDfliiiiKa 

imiu;  tubcmilosla.  acul*. 
Tubereuhnbr'  —- — 

Dtabrtii 

Eiophthalmlo  nltn. . . 
ALcDDoLisiil  anl  rOflulti. 
Cbraolc  oocuMlknul  polionliic. . . 
Otber  chnniK  poiioiimc,  includ- 
ing drug  babft 

Slmpl*  iiiailDCltIa 

EptaMnle  otnbnisptiu]  nunlnci- 

Lnoomotar  *t4Zia 

OttMrdiMUMolipliuliiord 

Csnbnl  tMnuRtugs,  *poplur... 
Pinlyib  irltlnut  (pacibai  oinM. . 

N«iml«aiMl  DeortUi. 

CanJimellTKla 

Pwicwditi;  ;;■."!!  "1" ! ";;"" 

AniU  OMloovdttls. 

On«Dlo  hnn  disHH 

ADgtn*  pwMcla. 

DImm  oI  Um  utaiB,  ■UHnim, 

Uuimtnib. 

til*  Onlud  8uu> 


* 

i 

IM 

J< 

81 
3 

I 
I 

; 

t 
i: 

to. 

s. 

j^- 

7  n  u  .n    itt.si    i.n 


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I 

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ilk'  .IK 

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BBPOBT  OF  THE  BUBQEOB  GENBBAL. 


BEPOBX  OF  THE  SUBOEOIf   GENERU^ 


tTnltod  SiBtn,  tnUl  ailktid  mai,  wtalto  Hid  CO 


i 

1 

1 ;« 

3 

9.0: 

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J 

J  .11 

1. 

(      .0) 

1 

1      .01 

7i 

■ 

1 1 

4 

1 

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i« 

1     .03 

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a    .03 

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I 

1    .01 

1.0 

i 

1      .03 
4      .0 

7    l!l' 
1     .01 

!az 

.33 



BEPOBT  OF  THE  8UBQE0N   GENERAL. 


741 


ratioi  per  1,000  of  mean  strengthjfor  enlisted  American  troops  serving  in  the  United  States 
Alaskan/or  the  year  1915 — Continued. 


United  SUtM,  white,  enlisted 

men. 

United  States,  colored,  enlisted  men. 

B. 

0.  0.,  61,28&-A.  O.  O.,  62,197. 

8. 

0.  0.,  2,439-A.  0.  0.,  2,439. 

Admissions. 

Discharges. 

Deaths. 

Noneffective. 

Admissions. 

Discharges. 

Deaths. 

Noneffeotive. 

1 

1 

Nom- 
ber. 

• 

o 

1 

Num- 
ber. 

• 

o 

1 

• 

1 

a  16 

.08 
.14 
.81 
.36 
.05 
.08 
.63 
.05 
.19 
.23 
.00 

.07 
.00 
.01 
.00 
.10 
.02 

1.02 
.05 
.24 

.41 
.03 
.02 
.54 
.41 
.06 

.80 
.01 
.01 
.17 

.00 
.02 
.12 
.03 

.13 
.10 

.04 
.02 

.13 
.31 
.34 
.15 
.35 
.30 
.10 
.00 

.03 

.05 
.01 

• 

1 

• 

s 

Num- 
ber. 

d 

1 

Nam- 
ber. 

1 

^ 

0) 

(«) 

0) 

0) 

0) 

(«) 

(»)  («) 

P 

340 
38 

5.56 
.62 

9.74 

2.12 

8.66 

18.96 

16.01 

8.25 

1.85 

88.14 

3.29 

11.48 

14.29 

.01 

3.99 

.06 

.44 

.01 

5.98 

1.42 

6.25 

3.15 

14.40 

26.23 

1.70 

.95 

33.32 

25.18 

3.43 

18.40 
.66 
.48 

10.15 

.07 
1.19 
7.18 
1.90 

&22 
.62 

2.36 
L08 

&22 
19.05 
30.35 

9.04 
21.51 

1.86 

6.23 
.06 

1.85 

2.89 
.73 

36 

14.76 

0.92 

(LM 

i'  2 

0.03 
.02 

160*    2.61 
356,    5.81 
965;  16.07 
183     2.99 

ft      .13 

2,272  37.07 

43       .70 

164,    2.68 

161     2.63 

l|      .02 

50|      .82 
2!      .03 

2 
2 

;  } 

7 
5 
1 

1 

2 

5 

30 

10 

.82 

2.05 

12.30 

4.10 

.04     .02 

.35     .14 

1 

0.41 

.38     .15 

.29     .12 

3 
2 

1 

.06 
.03 
.02 

1 

4 

25 

3 

1 

4 

25 

3 

0.ti2 
.06 
.40 
.05 

81 
1 

11 
12 

33.21 

.41 

4.51 

4.92 

1.57     .64 

1 
2 

io.4i 

2  .82 

.08     .08 

1.35     .55 

7 

7 

.11 

.32     .13 

12 

6 

.10 

1 

.41 

2 

1 
.18     .07 

6 
1 

.08 
.02 

1 

317^    6.17 

59       .96 

4,534   73.96 

13       .21 

789   12.87 

1,968'  32.12 

19       .31 

63     1.03 

47r    7.69 

247     4.03 

53f      .86 

1,410  23.01 
5       .06 
4       .07 

1 

1 

.02 

19 
2 

79 

^  1 

41 

86 
1 
1 
5 
1 
5 

56 

7.79 
.82 

32.39 

.41 

16.81 

35.26 
.41 
.41 

2.05 
.41 

2.06 

22.96 

.28     .11 

.08     .08 

1 
5 

7 

1 

1 

1 

I 

.02 
.03 
.10 

1 
1 

1 

1 

.02 
.02 

•  •  "  • 

1.62     .62 

.02     .01 

1 

1 

.41 

.58     .24 

4 

3 

.05 

1 
.99     .41 

1 

.02 

.01     .00 

.01     .00 

4 

18 

1 
16 

.02 
.26 

10 
2 

10 
2 

.16 
.03 

1.10     .45 

1 

.41 

,,     1 

.36     .15 

.25     .10 

5 
1 
1 
2 

2 
1 
1 
2 

.08 
.02 
.02 
.03 

1 

1.18     .48 

1 

1 

.02 

234 

1 

16 
33 
17 

125 
73 

72 
9 

276 
1,111 
799 
131 
256 
141 
208 
2 

94 

m 

21 

3.82 

.03 
.26 
.54 
.28 

2.04 
L19 

L17 
.15 

4.50 

18.13 

13.04 

2.14 

4.18 

2.30 

3.39 

.03 

1.53 

1.01 

.34' 

1 
] 

1 

1 
3 
8 

.02 

.02 
.05 
.13 

12 

4.92I 

.78     .82 

i 

li 

1 
2 
1 

1 
1 

3 

**."41 
.82 
.41 

.41 
.41 

1.23 

.09     .04 

12 
1 

83 
33 

1 
1 

1 

10 

1 

27 
27 

1 

.i6 
.02 

.43 
.43 

.02 

.30     .12 

.04     .02 

■ 

.01     .00 

.00 
.13 

.00 

.06 

1 

.03 

8 
15 
12 

3.28 
6.15 
4.92 

.35 

.22 
.37 
.26 
.73 
2.56 
.41 

.14 

.00 

1 

5 

21 

107 

1 

1 

4 
20 
71 

1 

.02 

2 

2 
1 

.03 
.02 

.15 

.06     ll 

..... 

.11 

.32 

1.14 

.02 

4 

2 

18 

"l.64 

.82 

7.38 

:::::':::i 

.30 

.... 



11     6 

2.46 

1.06 

.17 

15 

&15 

1 

• 

.28 
.35 

.11 

1 

1 

.02 

•  «  •  • 

.14 

:::!!!  ::::::i:::::i 

•  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

s  Bxdoding  those  ooourring  in  the  United  States  proper  from  commands  on  duty  pi  Alaska  or  insular 


742 


REPORT  OF  THE  SUBQEON  GENEBAU 


Tablb  No.  71.— Admisiions  to  tick  report^  diicharges,  deaths,  and  noneffeetivenest,  wWk 

cantinental,  exdudm§ 


42^434 
435 
438 
437 

439 
440 
441 

4421 
443 


444 
445 

44« 
448 
449 
450 
452 
453 
455 

4fi<M58 
460 

I02-4M 
462 


8 


155-103 
104 
165a 
165b 

167 

168 

168a| 

169 

170 

170al 
171 

173 
174 
176 
176 
178 
179 
181 
182-4 
186 


1-19 
30-50 


60-74 

75 

76 

77-86 

86-98 

99-118 

11»-137 

143-ltf 

146-149 

160 
154 
189 

156-186 


Mean  strength. 


CaoMS  of  admission  to  sick  report. 


▲FTECnONS    FBODUCSD    BY 
TKENAL  CAU8X8.* 


Suicides,  all 

Poisoning  by  food 

Venomous  bites  and  stings 

Other  poisoning  (deleterious  gases 
excepted) 

Bums  (conflagrations  excepted).. 

A  bsorption  of  deleterious  gases. . . . 

Suffocation,  strangulation 

Prownlng,  accidental 

Traumatism  bv  firearms  (other 
than  speciflea) 

Shot  by  sentry  or  guard 

Traumatism  Sy  cutting  or  pierc- 
ing instruments 

Traumatism  by  Hall 

Traumatism  by  machines 

Traumatism  by  other  crushing. . . 

Injuries  by  animals 

Emcts  of  excessive  cold 

ElTtetsofheat 

Effects  of  electricity 

Homicides,  all 

Other  external  violence 

Killed  or  wounded  in  action 

By  bullet 


DtSEASU  AND  INJtnUES  GROUTED. 


General  diseases 

Epidemic  diseases 

Other  general  diseases 

Diseases  of  the  nervous  system 
and  organs  of  special  sense 

Of  the  nervous  srstem 

Of  the  eye  and  Its  annexa. . . . 

Of  the  ear  and  its  annexa 

Diseases  of  the  oirculatorr  system . 
Diseases  of  the  respiratory  system . 
Diseases  of  the  digestive  system . . 
Diseases   of  the   geoito-^irinary 

system 

Diseases  of  the  skin  and  cellular 

tissua 

Diseases  of  the  organs  of  looomo- 

tioo 

Halformations.  etc 

Diseases,  results  of  old  age 

lU-deflned  diseases 


United  States,  total  enlisted  men,  white  and  colored. 


8.  0.  0.,  63,726— A.  O.  0.,  64,630. 


Admissions. 


i 


11 

83 
63 

82 

258 

2 

3 


217 
4 


583 

2,654 

63 

364 

I.OIS 

6 

56 


I 


Discharges. 


Num- 
ber. 


0) 


0.17' 
1.30 

.83! 

.SO^ 

4.05i 

.03 

.05 


3 


3.40 
.06 


9.15 

40.07 

.  w 

5.71 

15.97 

.09 

.88; 

l!      .021 

5!      .08 

3,466;  54.38!      14 


27 


A 


24 


6     3 
26,  22 


2 
24 

91 


2 

15 

9 


18 
18 


.28 
.28 


12,464  195.59 
5.516  86.56 
6.948100.03 


11 
1 
1 


1,727 
828 
674 
325 

1,114 


336228  3.53 

14   13     .20 

322  215|  3.33 


o 
3 


0.05 


.37 


.05 
.34 
.03 
.23 
.14 


.17 
.02 
.02 


27.10 

12.99' 

9.01' 

5.10, 

17.48 


4,034;  63.30 
10,517165.03; 


602 

3,428 

1,641 

226 

2 

217 


482  286'  4. 
439  253  3. 

24   20!    . 

19   131    . 

63  37 

38  20 

64!  38 


42 
91 
31 
20 


Deaths. 


Num- 
ber. 


0)  («) 


38  38,0.59 
1,    1   .02^ 


NoneffecUra. 


I 


6     6 


2 
26 

12 
2 

1 

7 


23 
4 


.06 


2|  .03 
25  .39 


12 
2 

1 

71 


221 
4 


17   17 


.191 
.03 

.02 
.11 


.34 
.06 


.27 


6 

1 


9  9  .14 
11  111 .17 
11   111  .17 


84  72 
28  28 
66  44 


30 
20 


18 
18 


9. 
53.79 


*i 


25.75 

3.55 

.03 

3.40 


63  44 
7.    6 


165ill 
1     1 


Total  fbr  disease 36,972564.491,199 

Externa] causes I  8,8911139.52,    139 


Total  fbr  disease  and  ex- 
ternal eaiAes 


27 


1. 


57,  27 
31   36  36 
60  26  34 

68  13 

09     3 

1 


72 
02 


13 
3 
1 


1 


1.11 

.43 
.68 

.38 

.38! 


601.70. 

135.  n 

465.03 


.43 

.66 
.87 

.19 

.03 

.02 


143.50. 

107. 
22.061 
13.75, 


.08 


M8^ 
L06^ 
1.75, 

69.441 
97.40^ 

li.74 

S4.16| 

82.47. 

81. 9M 
0.04) 

oiaSj 


9.44 

2.13 
7,31 

2.36i 
l.< 

:3 

.93 
l.SS 
3.39 

.64 

L3B 

1.19 
.10 
.00 
.10 


771 11. 93i30e,193l3. 90 1,839.77,  30.87 
1081  l.e7tl60tl66,X41     310.44     4.87 


S38|879|ia.00|304  340|fi.  40|i,«I0l  & 


m,n 


Inrhidlnc  tliota  ceoorring  In  the  United  States  proper  tnm  ooMmanda  on  duty  In  Atekm  gr 
t  Exduding  thoae  ooourrlng  In  the  United  Statet  proper  from  ootnmandt  on  doty  la  AlMka  or 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  OEKEBAL. 


743 


wutios  per  1^000  of  mean  ttrengih,for  erUieted  Ameiican  troops  serving  in  the  United  States, 
Alaska,  far  the  year  1915— Contintted. 


United  Statog,  wfaHe,  cnUiUd  nMO. 

United  States,  ooloiad,  enlisted  dmo. 

8.  O.  0.,  61,286-A.  0.  O..  62,197. 

8. 

O.  0.,  2,43^-A.  O.  O.,  2,439. 

AdmissioQS. 

Ditdutfces. 

Deaths. 

Noneflectiva. 

Admissions. 

Discharges. 

Deaths. 

NoneflectlYe. 

• 

Xi 

Num- 
bff. 

• 

O 

Nom- 
ber. 

d 

• 

1 

d 

* 

1 

• 

o 

1 

Num- 
ber. 

• 

1 

p; 

Num- 
ber. 

5 

• 

i 

55 

g! 

Num 
Ratk 

0) 

(«) 

0) 

(«) 

0) 

(«) 

0) 

(*) 

1 

11 

.19 

38 
1 

38 

1 

.61 
.02 

80;    L31 

53       .») 

3 

L23 



30 

253 

2 

3 

.40 

413 

.03 

.05 

5 

5 

.08 

2 
5 

.82 
2.05 

3 

3 

.06 

2 
25 

11 
2 

1 

2 
25 

11 

2 

1 

.03 
.40 

.18 
.03 

.02 

207 
3 

559 

3.38 
.05 

9. 12 

25 

22 

.35 

10 
1 

24 

119 

3 

7 

77 

410 
.41 

9.84 

48.79 

1-23 

2.87 

31.57 

2 

2 

.82 

1 

1 

.41 

5 
24 

i 

8 

2 
20 

2 
14 

8 

.03 
.32 
.03 
.23 
.13 

1 
2 

1 
2 

.41 
.82 

2.435  99-73 

GO 

357 

941 

6 

54 

1 

3 

3,368, 

17 

17 

12,104 
5,360 
6,744 

1,656 

788 

545 

323 

1,067 

3,888 

10,208 

566 

s,ao6 

1,600 

308 

2 

202 

.98 

5.83 

15.35 

.10| 

.881 

.02! 

.05 

54.96i 

.281 
.28, 

197.50 
87.46 

iiao4 

27.02 

12.86 

8.80 

5.27 

17.41 

63.44 

166.57 

9.56 

54.93 

36.11 

3.39 

.08 

3.30 

22 

4 

22 

4 

^3^ 
.06 

1 
1 

"  1 

1 

.41 
.41 

"ii    .«2 

16 

9 

11 

11 

75 
28 
47 

19 
19 

16 

9 

11 

11 

69 
28 
41 

18 
18 

.26 
.14 
.18] 
.18 

1.11 
.45 
.66 

.29 
.29 



2 

08 
1 
1 

360 
156 
204 

71 

40 

29 

2 

47 

146 

309 

16 

62 

41 
18 

.82 

40.18 

.41 

.41 

147.60 
63.96 
83.64 

29.11 
16.40 
11.89 
.82 
19.27 
59.86 
126.60 

6.56 

25.42 

16.81 
7.38 

1 

1 

.41 

14 

1 
1 

311 

14 

207 

447 

11 

1 
1 

213 

13 

200 

.02 

3.42 

.21 

3.22 

4.28 
3.81 
.26 
.21 
.53 
.31 
.50 

.71 

.10 

1.09 

........ 

... 

1 

574.24 
132.55 
441.70 

133.78 
99.97 
20.08 
13.72 
56.84 
93.31 

208.58 

33.43 

79.68 

77.56 

6.23 

.08 

6.77 

9.37 
2.16 
7.21 

2.18 

1.63 

.33 

.22 

.93 

1.52 

3.40 

.55 

L30 

1.27 
.10 
.00 
.09 

•  •  «  •  • 

35 

15 

6.15 

9 

3 

1.23 

37.46 

3.22 

34.23 

9.81 
7.21 
2.58 

11.36 
1.33 

35 

35 
31 

4 

15 
20 

6.15 
8.20 

9 

1 
1 

3 

1.23 

9.94 
4.03 

408237 
20>  1ft 

16  6.56 
4'  1.64 

2.96 

1  06 

19 
59 
35 
52 

53 

7 

151 
1 

13 
33 
19 
37 

44 

6 

105 

1 

.02<    .01 

24 
33 
24 

12 

2 

1 

24 
33 
23 

12 

2 

1 

.39 
.53 
.37 

.19 

.Ob 

.02 

4 

3 
3 

4 

1 
1 

1.64 
.41 
.41 

3 
3 
1 

I 

1 

1.23 

1.23 

.41 

2.60 
4.15 
7.16 

.9^ 

2.79 

4.40 
.41 

1.07 
1.70 
2.94 

.38 

1.14 

14 

6 

2.46 

1.80 

.02 

.17 

1 

1 

.02 

15 

6.15 

.62 

.36 

•••(  — 

34,887 
8,535 

509.25 
139.37 

1,116 
130 

724 
99 

11.64 
1.50 

191 
154 

183 
154 

194 
2.48 

1,200.43 
294.54 

30.  n 
481 

1,085 
356 

444.85 
145.95 

83 

9 

47 
9 

19.27 
3.69 

17 
2 

If 
2 

4.10 

60.34 
15.90 

34.74 
6.53 

68,422 

706.51 

1,3M 

m 

13.33 

345 

337 

5.43 

1,663.99 

25.52 

1,441 

soasi 

93 

56 

22. 9f 

19 

12 

4.92 

1 

76.34 

31.36 

•  Noneflectiveness  Idt  individual  external  causes  not  tabulated. 


744 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  8XTBOEON  GBKERAL. 


Table  No.  71). — Admimona  to  iiek  report,  diicharge$,  deaUu,  and  nonefectiveneu,  wiA 

grand  total. 


• 

1 

•** 

o 

1 

1 
Si 

a 

Philippine  Islands,  ofBcen. 

8.  G.  O.,  66&-A.  G.  O^  674. 

Cauaes  of  admission  to  slA  report. 

Admis- 
aiaos. 

Dis- 
ehaifea. 

DeaOv. 

Noo- 
eifectlvo. 

i 

• 

i 

1 

1 

Num- 
ber. 

■ 

i 
§ 

2 

e 

1 

1 

0) 

(«) 

2 

la 
2 

4 

5* 

5b 

6 

9 

10 

12 

14 

IB 

19b 

19d 

l? 
20 

28^ 
28 

80-^ 

87-38 
37 
38a 
38b 

39^5 
46 

47-48 
47 
48 
51 
56 
59 

62 
63 
64 
66 
67-68 
69 
73 
75a 
75b 
77 
78 
79 
80 
81 

83b 
83d 
83a 
84 
86 
87 
88 
89-90 

Parat3rphoId  fevar. .  •• 

5 

Typhus  fever 

1 

7-11 

Ifolaria '.'.'. 

24;  36.04 
10  15.03 

0.71 
.33 
.15 

l.Ofl 

7 

EstlTo-antomiial  fever 

'Malarial  cachexia 

.47i 

8 

3    3.0O 
....  1 

2f) 

9 

10 

7i  10.51 

.13 
.13 

.19 

11 

Undetermizied  malarial  fever.. 
Smallpoz  and  varioloid 

5 

7.51 

.18 

13 

.... 

n 

13 

VfMM-liila 

1 

14 

Measles 

.OSj 
.05 
.02 

1 

17 

Diphtheria. 

1 
3 

1.50 
4.50 

18 

Infiiieiua 

19 

Asiatic  cholera 

il-38 

Dysenterv 

5 

7.51 

.39 

.44 

21 

Bacilury 

22 

Rntamopbic 

5 

7.51 

.29 

.44 

38 

TTnclassnftwl.               .  .  ..,.. 

37 

Erysipelas . . .  ^ . .    ^ .  x  ..  *..*....  x 

39 

Pencne....x  .^x...  ......^...... 

85127.63 

1.54 

3.83 

81 

Ofrman  measles . .  • « 

84 

Mumps ...             a .      X 

*  2 

3.66 

.06i 

.09 

87 

PuroTeBt  infection  and  sepUoemia. 
Tobercnlosis,  all 

49-67 

49-61 

Tuberculosis  of  lunin 

53-57 

Tuberculosis  of  other  onnns. . . 

59-74 

Venereal  diseases,  all      ^  ^  ^  ^ . . 

6'    0.01 

"■.■40 

"*.*66 

.89 

59-64 

Syphilis.  ...^.......i.. ....... 

2 

3.00 

66-67 

Soft  chancre 

68-74 

Oonocoocus  infection 

4 

6.01 

.14 

.n 

T5-79 

Cancer  and  other  malignant  tumors 
Benign  tumors 

80 

1 1 

81-85 

Rhamnatism,  articular,  aU 

1 

1.50 

.32 

.84 

81-83 

83-85 

Chronic  articular  rheumatism.. 
Exophthalmic  cxtitre 

1 

1.50 

.23 

.84 

89 

97-100 

Aloohalism  and  results 

Other  chronic  poisoning,  indud- 
injf  druF  habit 

1 

1.50 

.01 

.01 

103-104 

109 

TiOComotor  ataxia 

::::::  ::::::! 

110-115 

Other  diseases  of  spinal  cord 

::::::::::::! 

116 

Cerebral  hemorrhage,  apoplexy.... 
Paral  vsis  without  specined  cause . . 

1 

1.50 

1 

**ii.'48 
1 

.09 

.u 

117-119 

130-136 

Mental  alienation 

1     1.50 

.m 

.OS 

137 

Epilepsy 

... 

139-133 

"NftiirftlHa.  gjvl  DeuritUl 

*  3    4.50 
6    9.01 

.02 

.04 



.01 

.05 

138-141 

Cenluiictivitis 

143 

Trachoma 

166 

Pericarditis 

****!                  'I 

167 

Acute  endocarditis 

1 

...I 1 

169-174 

Organic  heart  disease 

2    3.00 
1    1.50 

1    1.50 
6    9.01< 

1 

***ii.4«'".'id 

•H 

175 

.01 
.01, 

.1» 

.01 

176-ini 

Diseases  of  the  arteries,  atheroma, 
aneurism,  etc 

, 

.01 

181 

Hemorrhoid 

1 

■  AV 

183 

Varicose  veins 

1 

184 

Varicocele 

1 

186-197 

Diseases  of  the  lymphatic  system  . 

Diseases  of  the  nasal  fosste 

Diseases  of  the  larvnx 

1 

198-199 

12  18.03 
4    6.01 

1 

.oa 

.05 
1 

Ai 

30(V-303 

1 

.... 

.67 

303-304 

Diseases  of  the  thyroid  body 

( 

305-306 

Bronchitis 

—  J7 

40.54' 

1 *. 

•  •  •  • 

• . . « 

.o 

.71 

Number  of  discharges  and  deaths  which  actually  occurred. 


BEFOST  OF  THE  STTBOBON  OINBBAL. 


*  Number  of  dlichartM  Mid  dMtbt,  tneliidliii  tboa*  ol  cum  liiTkUdcd  bom*  and  dtdoetod  (raa  the 


746 

Table  No.  71}.- 


OF  THE  SUBOEON  OENEBAL. 
!o  Mci  report,  ditdiarytt,  deatht,  and  ru 


1 

PMUpi>tDebludi.offl<»r«. 

MewnlreiKth 

C»u«a  ol  KlmlMion  to  rick  rapwt. 

'e- 

eSeMl^.  1 

t 

1 

1 

1 

1 

•ST 

1 

j 

1 

i 

m 

., 

% 

aa 

M 

E. 

ICO 

103 

IDS 
lOS 
lOT 

loe 
log 

llOb 

IS 

1X2 

i» 

Its 
ite 

147 

a? 

IMBi 

insb 

IM 
I«M 

. 

.M 

.og 

11B-Z17 

1 

I     l.SO 

DImuu  of  tlia  tiath  iiid  gums. . . 
OUht  diHBau  of  the  moutb  (md 

li 

i 

IM 

i&  ■ 

SI.  01 

-OS,      .(■ 

.01       .09 
.33      .» 
.»      .U 

.IS      .M 

.Bl       ,77 

M»-a31 

339-M* 

i 

Li. 

i.a 
La 

.01 

IH-MT 

Dls«s^~ot'tbe  uii]>  knd  Itcal  Ds. 

gtr.'sssrL'"'*"'"'""""- 

an-%1 

K3-2M 

W7-3W 

DljHtuHH  Of  the  untlira,  uriDuy 

1 

8.01 

.> 

»13-3» 

i 

.31 

.a 

'.X 

:| 

S^MSiii^ 

7 

.10 

.11 

m 

10.81 

a.  00 

m 

"S£™"°°'  '°™i^^*^~* 

imCITONS  raODVCSD  BY  u- 

; 

id 

SSHssi&i;;:; 

! 

xoo 

BEPOBT  OF  THE  SXTBOEOK  QENERAIi. 


747 


ratios  per  IfiOO  of  meai^  strengthy  for  the  PkUippine  Islandt,  officers,  total  enliited  and 
year  191& — Oontmued. 


PhiUpptne  Islands,  total  enUsted  (Induding 
PtiUippfm  Rooats). 

(innniding  tooats). 

8.< 

[}.  0.,  17,339-A.  O.  0.,  17,394. 

8.  a.  0.,  18»005-A.  O.  O.,  18»068. 

Admis- 

Dis. 
charges. 

Deaths. 

Non- 
effective. 

Admis- 
sions. 

Dis- 
oliarges. 

DeatlM. 

Non- 
efieotiTB. 

• 

1 

Num- 
ber. 

• 

o 

I 

Num- 
ber. 

1 

• 

1 

1 
"A 

• 

o 

1 

• 

55 

1 

Num- 
ber. 

• 

Num- 
ber. 

d 

I 

J 

• 

0) 

0) 

0) 

(«) 

0) 

(*) 

i}) 

(•) 

1 

11 
37 
56 

1 
18 

.63 
2.13 
3.24 

.06 
L04 

.72 
2.89 
2.76 

.031 
.90 

.04 
.17 
.16 

.00 
.05 

12 

.67 

.76 
2.89 
2.76 

.03 
.90 
.16 
.03 
1.60 

.49 

10.38 

.52 

3.04 
9.00 
L68 
.98 
12.94 
8.87 

.84 

13.36 

.80 

• 

4.62 
.33 
.83 

.59 

L94 

.89 

.62 
.25 

L58 
6.11 
12L40 
2.74 
5i29 
3.02 
166 

L72 

.83 

16 

.04 

1 

1 

.06 

37;    2.05 
56|    3.11 

1  .06 
18     1.00 

Ij      .06 

2  .11 

1 

1 

.06 

.16 

.1-.... 

.15 

1 
...| 

1 
1 
1 

.00 

1 

5     .291 

1 

5 

".29 

.01 

" 

.01 

2 
77 

20 

711 

2 

155 

656 

69 

46 

144 

34 

12 
1,084 

3 

80 

9 

12 

4 
32 
14 

29 
5 

60 

.12 
4.44 

L15 

41.01 

.12 

8.93 
37.83 
3.96 
2.65 
8.30 
L96 

.69 

62.52) 

.17 

4.61 
.52 
.09 

.23 

1.S5 
.81 

1.67 
.29 

3.46 

.03 
L55 

.48 

10.16] 

.28 

2.89 
&49 
1.68 
.98 
1L43 
3.61 

.48 

12.81 

.28 

4.35 

.30 
.82 

.53 
L85 

.89 

.45 
.25 

L58 
6.85 
I2L11 
2L50 
4.93 
8.92 
X64 

L62 

.78 
.16 

.00 
.09 

.03 
.59 
.02 

.17 
.49 
.10 
.06 
.6^ 
.21 

.03 
.74 
.02, 

.25 
.02 
.06 

.03 
.11 
.05 

.03 
.01 

.09 
.34 
.70 
.15 
.28 
.23 
.15 

.00 

.04 
.01 

1... 

.00 

82 
21 

4.55 
1.17 

i 

.08 

.08 

; 

730   40.54 

.58 

*     .11 

1|    .06 

4 

eoo* 

.22 

9.22 
38.32 

2 

1 

.11 
.06 

.08 

1 

1 

.06 

1 

1 

.06 

.17 
.10 

1 

1 

.06 

1 

x.o^ 

69     3.83] 
47     2.61 

1 

1 

.06     1 

1 

.06 

.09 
.06 

1 
2 

.06 
.11 

1 

1 

.06 

162 
35 

17 

1,107 

5 

86 
11 
13 

6 
34 
14 

S3 
5 

60 
318 
467 
84 
66 
64 
71 

90 

13 
7 

1 

144 

17 

13 

2 

58 

1 

9.00 
L94 

.94 

6L48 

.28 

4.78 
.61 
.72 

.83 

L80 
.78 

L83 
.28 

1.38 

17.66 
25.93 
4.67 
8.67 
3.56 
3.94 

5.00 

.72 
.89 

.06 

&00 

.94 

.72 
.11 

1 
2 

.06 
.11 

1 

1 

.06 

.72 
.21 

.06 

2 

.11 

•  •  ••  • 

2 

.11 

.74 

.03 

.26 

1 
2 

1 

2 

.06 
.11 

1 
2 

1 
2 

.06 
.U 

.03 

1 

.06 

1 

.06 

.01 
.03 

4 
4 

.23 
.23 

4 

4 

".'23 

... 

.11 

.23 

.05 

... 

.08 

• 

1 

.06 

1 

.06 

.01 

.09 

303   17.47 
455  2Su24 

.84 

,69 

81 
61 
64 
70 

83 

U 

7 

1 

138 

15 

13 
2 

56 
1 

4.67 
3.52 
3.69 
4.04 

4.79 

.63 
.40 

.06 

7.96 

.87 

.75 

.12 

3.23 

.06 

1 

1 
..... 

2 

3 

27 

1 

".11 
.17 

1.55 
.06 

1 

1 

..... 

. . . .  ■ 

2 

3 
27 

1 

.11 

.17 

1.55 

.06 

.15 

.20 

.22 

.U 

.10 

.06 

.01 

• 

7 

7 

.40 

7 

7 

.39 

. 

1 

1 

•  •  * 

.06 

m  9  •  m 

1 

•  •  • 

1 

•  •  • 

.06 

•  •  * 

•  •  • 

•  MoDSffeettTMMM  for  lUrwtX  Indirldaal  oaoaas  not  tatmlattd. 


748 


BEPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAIj. 


Table  No.  71} . — Admissions  to  sick  report,  discharges,  deaths,  and  noneffecHveness,  wiA 

grand  totA^ 


* 

I 


442 
443 

446 

446 
448 
449 
460 
463 

450-466 
450 
400 

463-400 
402 


8 


100 
170 

m 

172 
174 

in 

170 
170 
102-4 
186 
180 


1-19 
20^ 


00-74 

76 

70 

77-85 

80-98 

09-118 

119-127 

142-146 

140-140 

160 
189 

1166-180 


Mean  strength. 


CMiset  of  admission  to  sick  report. 


AfFBCnONO  FBODUCKD  BT  BZTKB- 

KAL  CAU8X0— continued. 


(other 


Drowning,  aocidantal 

TraomatSm  bv  flreanns 
than  spedflM) 

Traomaibm  by  catting  or  pierc- 
ing instnuntnts 

Traumatism  by  tall 

Traumatism  bj  machlneg 

Traumatism  by  other  crushing 

Injuries  by  anftnah 

Effects  of  neat. 

Homicides,  all 

Fractures,  causes  not  spedfled 

Other  external  violence 

Killed  or  wounded  in  action 

By  bullet 


DISBASBS  AND  INnTKlXS  OBOUPBD. 


General  diseases 

Epidemicdiseases 

Other  general  diseases 

Diseases  of  the  nervous  system  and 

orrans  of  special  sense 

Of  the  ntfvous  system 

Of  the  eye  and  its  annexa 

Of  the  ear  and  its  annexa 

Diseases  of  the  circulatory  system. 
Diseases  of  the  respiratory  system. 
Diseases  of  the  dii^ive  system. . . 
Diseases  of  the  genito-uriiiary  sys- 
tem  

Diseases  of  the  skhi  and  cellular 

tissue 

Diseases  of  the  organs  of  locomo- 
tion  

Malformations,  etc 

Hi-defined  diseases 


Total  for  disease. 
External  causes 


Total  for  disease  and  external 
causes 


Philippine  Islands,  officers. 


B.  G.  O.,  060— A.  G.  O.,  074. 


Admis- 
sions. 


i 

2 


1 


o 

I 


1.60 


Die- 
charges. 


I 


V     1.50 
25  37.54; 


9.01 


26  39.04 


129 193. 70 
121181.68, 

8  12.01' 

28 
12 
11 

10 
45 
128 192. 19 

12'  18.02 

39.  68.56 

20,  3a03 
ll    1.50 

9  13.51 


42.05! 
18. 02; 
10.521 
7.51 
15.02 
07.57 


421  632. 13 
00103.601 


490  736. 74 


Deaths. 


Num- 
ber. 


0) 


(«) 


Noo- 


S 


•• 

2 


1  Number  of  discharges  and  deaths  which  actually  occurred. 


BEPOBT  OF  THB  8XTBOEON  GBNBBAIi. 


749 


roHoi  per  1^000  of  rruan  itrength,  for  the  PMUppme  Mmd$,  offioen^  total  enUtted  and 
year  1915 — Oontmued. 


Phflipplne  Islands,  total  enlisted  (Includlnf 
PhlUpplne  Scouts). 

Philippine  Islands,  total  offloan  and  enlisted  mni 
(including  scouts). 

S.< 

3.  0.,  17,339— A.  O.  O.,  17,394. 

8.  G.  0.,  18,005— A.  0.  0.,  18,068. 

Admis- 
skuu. 

Dis- 
charges. 

Deaths. 

Non- 
effective. 

Admls- 

SiODS. 

Dis- 
charges. 

Deaths. 

Non- 
effectira. 

• 

Xi 
1 

• 

o 

1 

Num- 
ber. 

• 

0 

1 

Num- 
ber. 

1 

.17 

.06 

.06 
.06 

• 

1 

• 

• 

0 

Num- 
ber. 

1 

Num. 
berT 

1 

.17 

.06 

.06 
.06 

• 

1 

1 

• 

0) 

(«) 

0) 

3 

1 

1 
1 

(«) 

3 

1 

1 

1 

0) 

(«) 

(») 

3 
1 

1 

1 

(«) 

8 

1 

1 
1 

1 

22 
184 

L27 
10l61 

1 
..... 

2 

1 
5 

.11 

.06 
.29 

23 

1*5 

1.28 
10.27 

1 

2 

1 

.11 

.06 
.29 

463   26.70 

3       .17 

119     6.86 

63     3.63 

55     3.17 

8      .17 

3       .17 

746  43.03 

1       .06 

488   27.10 
3       .17 

125     6.94 

63     S.5I) 

55     3.05 

3       .17 

3       .17 

772  42.88 
li      .06 
1      .06 

2;     5 

2 

.11 

3 

3 

17 

2 

.111    a 

3 

.17 

1 

••"! — 

4 

4   .23 

4 

**4l  .23 

........ 

•"2 
2 

28 

2 

26 

21 

19 

2 

? 

1 

2 

1 

1 
2 
2 

95 

3 

92 

151 

144 

3 

4 

12 
9 
9 

6 

1 

36 
1 

.06 
.11 

"2 
2 

28 

2 

26 

21 

19 

2 

8 

1 

1 

1 
2 
2 

95 

3 

92 

151 
144 
3 
4 
12 
9 
9 

« 
1 

.06 
.11 
.11 

.., 

1 

6,058 
3,261 
2,797 

712 
238 
284 

.06 

349.39 
188.07 
16L32 

41.06 
13.72 
16.38 

.11 

5.46 

.17 

5.29 

8.68 
8.27 
.17 
.23 
.69 
.52 
.52 

.34 

.06 

10 
5 
5 

2 
2 

16 

5 

11 

2 
2 

.92 
.29 
.63 

.11 
.11 

193.56 

09.23 

124.34 

25.03 
14.65 
5.79 
4.59 
13.15 
21.82 
59.46 

5.91 

33.99 

1L16 
3.99 
7.17 

1.44 

.81 
.33 
.26 
.76 
1.26 
3.43 

.34 

1.QA 

6,187 
3,382 
2,805 

740 
250 
295 

343.63 
187.84 
155.79 

4L00 
13.88 
16u38 

5.46 

.17 

5.29 

a68 
8.28 
.17 
.23 
.60 
.52 
.52 

.34 

1 

5 

3 
3 

10 

5 

11 

3 

a 

.80 
.28 
.61 

.17 
.17 

196.92 

71.96 

124.97 

25.93 
15.33 
5.91 
4.68 
13.46 
22.67 
63.62 

6.27 

34.79 

16.50 
2.66 
2.75 

10.94 
4.00 
6.94 

1.44 

.8f 
.38 

190  10.96 

297  17.13 

837  48.27 

3,094178.44 

1 
155     &04 

1,248;  7L08 

388  22.38 

70     4.04 

106     6.11 

... 

195  10.83 

.26 

2 

1 
3 

3 

2 

1 
3 

3 

.11 
.06 
.17 

.17 

307 

882 

3,222 

167 

1.287 

17.05 

48.99 

178.94 

0.28 
71.48 

8 

1 
3 

3 

8 

1 

3 

8 

.17 
.06 
.17 

.17 

.75 
L26 
3.68 

.86 

1.08 

2.07 
.06 

15. 94     .02 

408  22.66 

71;    3.94 

115|    6.39 

1 
36*  2.07 

.02 

2.64 
2.59 

.15 
.15 

1 

.06 

.15 

.15 

* 

21.57 

3.30 

1 

... 



... 

12,965  747.74 
1,915110.44 

59 
5 

:{20 
19 

18.40  21 
1.09  21 

271.55 
211.21 

374.10 
57.18 

13,386743.46 
1,984110.19 

59 
5 

320 
19 

18.40 
LOO 

li 

291.61 
211.16 

385.67 
59.33 

21.42 
8.80 

14,880 

858.18 

64 

339 

19.49  42 

1 
482.77 

431. 28  24. 87 15, 370  gfHI.  65 

1          1           1 

64 

339 

10.49 

44 

501L77 

444.99 

3179 

s  Number  of  disohaiges  and  deaths,  including  thoee  of 
Cnited  States. 


invalided  home  and  deducted  from  tho 


750 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL 


Table  No.  72. — Admisiions  to  tick  report^  discharges^  deaths^  and  nonefeelivenas,  mtt 

wkUe  and  eoiond^ 


• 

s 

Philipphie  Islands,  total  Ainerieui,  enlisted  am, 
white  and  colored. 

Mfiftii  stmurth x  t  , ,  r 

S.  O.  0.,  U,834— A.  G.  O..  U,889. 

Causes  of  admlsskm  to  sick  report. 

Admis- 
sions. 

Discharges 

Deaths. 

NoDeflKU\^ 

i 

• 

1 

1 
% 

1 

747 

131 

3 

4 

592 

17 

1 

Num- 
ber. 

• 

o 

Num- 
ber. 

d 

• 

S 

2 

d 

I 

0) 

(•) 

0) 

1 

3 

la 

4 

6* 

6 

9 

10 

14 

is* 

19b 

S^ 
20 

36-84 
28 

30-34 

37-38 
37 
38A 
38b 

S»-45 

46 
47-48 
47 
48 
51 
56 
59 

63 
63 
66 

67-66 
69 
78 

ParatYDboid  fever 

ao8 

63.12 

11.07 

.25 

.34 

5a  01 

1.44 

aQ» 

13.47 
3.801 

.16 
.06 

laio 

.35 

.74 
3.63 

.13 
3.41 

.10 

.m 

23.99 

9.85 

.05 

5.93 

5.61 

.33 

95.881 

22.40 

13.84 

59.64 

.39 
.50 
3.95 
L78 
1.16 
.33 
2.50 

.35 

.31 

.U 

.06 

6.65 

1.38 

LSI 

LIS 

.08 

.02 

.02 

L34 

.00 

.19 
L93 

.56 
3.10 
A-lOf 
L36 

.36 

.21 

.30 

L96 
SLU 

7-11 

mSJSt 

7 

Estivo-aatumiial  fever 

Malarial  cachexia 

8 

9 

Qnartan  malarial  fever 

Tertian  malarial  fever 

Undetermined  malarial  fever. 
Smallpox  and  varioloid 

10 

.  ^3 

11 

411 

12 

.OU 

14 

Mea"MM , . ,  ^  X  ^ .  X ................ . 

23 
1 

38 

1.94 

•  ut 

17 

Diphtheria 

.08 
3.21 

1 

1 

ao8 

»o8 

18 

TnnnenrA 

•  OV 

tl-lZ 

Dysentery 

63!    5.32 

2j      .  17 
5S     4.90 

..... 

a  08  "2 

2 

.17 

.311 

21 

Badl&ry 

Qu 

23 

- 

.08r     2 

2 

•  •  * 

.17 

•  »  •  • 

IM 

33 

TTnrlamified  .  x 

3       .25. 

!5| 

27 

Erysipelas 

1       .OS 

1,554  131.31 

154i  13.01 

39 

Pengne. .  ^ 

•  • .. . 

LW 

34 

Mnrnps . . 

w 

37 

Purufent  infection  and  septicemia 
Tuberculosis,  all 

3 
76 

74 
2 

.25 
6.42 
6.25 

.16 

3 

8 
6 
6 

.35 
.50 
.50 

:SI 

49^7 

39 
38 

1 
11 

6 

8.28 

3.20 

.08 

.93 

49-51 
53-57 

Tuberculosis  of  Imigs 

Tuberculosis  of  other  organs. 
v«ner«al difffiase!^. alL     ......  . 

:^ 

59-74 

2,205186.32 
482  4a  73 

1   .08 

KW 

59-64 

Syphilis 

.mJ 

1 

1 

.06 

L89( 

65-67 

450  38.02 
1,273107.57 

1 
2       .17 

11       .93 

39     3.29 

1.111 

66-74 

Oonocoocus  infection 

5 

.43 

iM 

76-79 

Cancer  and  other  malignant  tu- 
mors  

J 

80 

Benign  tufnors . ...    

.08 

81-85 

Rheumatism,  artknlar,  alL 

Acute  articular  riieumatism.. 

Chronic  articular  rheumatism 
Exophthalmic  goitre 

1 
1 

.08 
.06 

.a 

81-83 

30'    2.53 

.u 

83-85 

9       .76 

. ..!--- 

.M 

80 

4 
214 

5 

3 
3 
1 

.34 

•  1 
6 

6 
1 

1 

.08 
.50 

.60 
.08 
.08 

1 

97-100 

Aloci^Usm  and'resuhs 

Other  chronic  poisoning,  includ- 
*»ig  drug  habit 

18.08 

1 

.42' 

.25 

103-104 

.or 

109 

Locomotor  ataxia 

Other  diseases  of  spixttl  cord 

Paralysis  without  specified  cause. 
Mental  aUenatioo.rrr 

.01 

110-115 
117-119 

.25 
.OS 

1 

1   .08 

:» 

120-136 

85     7.27 

95 
16 

4 

7.99 

1.35 

.34 

1 

137 

Sfrflepty 

18     1.52 

45     3. 80 

139-138 

Neuralgia  uid  neuritis. 

... 

138-141 

TSbi 

CcDjuikbtivitis 

69     5.83 
2,      .17 

:» 

143 

Trarhoma .     ........  ^ ...... .  . 

wyv. 

..", 

166 

71 
78 
79 
80 
81 

88b 

Pericarditis 



1 

,9k 

167 

Acute  endocarditis 

2,      AT  ..'.V. 
16     1.35 

1 
8 

.08 
.67 

.m 

169-174 

OriDsnic  heart  disiiMse 

•  •  «  • 

.ift 

175 

Angina  pectoris 

Diseases  of  the  arteries,  atheroma, 
aneurism,  etc 

1  .08 

2  .17 
65    5.49 

7       .59 

46,    3.S'» 

119    10.05 

<!3     7.H6 

.m 

176-177J 

1 

1 

.06     1 

1 

.06 

.fd 

181 

Hemorrhoids 

.It 

18S 

83d 

83«i 

Varicose  veins. 

184 

Varioooele 

.15 

185-187 

84 
86 
87 
88 
89-W 
91 
93 

n 

96 

Diseasesof  the  lymphatic  system. 

Diseases  of  the  nasal  fossfB 

Diseases  of  the  larynx 

q| 

196-199 

■ul 

900-303 

IT 

2 

417 

1.44 
.17 

t 

Sj 

308-304 

Diseases  of  the  thyroid  body 

Bronehitis 

4 

306-306 

.08... 

..- 

•  •  •  • 

i 

307 

2       .17' 
20]    2.30 
44     3.72 
111      .93 

306 

309-315 

Plaortoy 

1 

M 

319 

Afthm^. 

".*84 

•  •  • 

*  ••% 

i  Number  of  discharges  and  deaths  which  actoally  oooarrad. 


KEFOBI  OF  THE  SUBOEOK  QENEBAI,. 


Phlllppla. 

Phil 

nttlHl 

, 

oolordd 

Amvlcu,  <nlM«d 

a.  O.  O.,  10,483— A.  0.  0.,  lO,Sig. 

B.O.O.,l,Jll-A.a.0..1,341. 

Admlnlau. 

DlKOuna. 

».«.. 

- 

1 

i 

•ST 

1 

b«f. 

1 

1 

1 

o 

(.i 

a 

a 

i 

S2 

X76    .80 
.1         02 

»"»■  "SI 

21.63 

-.« 

.03 

.3« 

-» 

"id'BS 

j 1— '■- 

:^ 

X 

% 

SI 

•1 
■•s 

K 

SI 

it 

LSa     .17 
.W     .TO 

'  ■"» 

; 

7.49 
L40 

1    O.W     I     2   .ID 

s!4      .32 
.13     .01 

S.3- 

I3.3> 

.21 

!^ 

m.os 

37.  K 

1 

3,  .11 

1.40 

17  « 

lis 

82117 

DO 
LSI 

.'oi 

1:1 

1.16 

4.e; 

301 

»«.S( 

S.i! 

3: 

3.x 

2 
1 

.10 
.19 

i: 

J 

1 

.75 

3   2.24... 

"'2*i.«"i 

li    .TS|    I 

1 

'.71 

,J 

i 

:« 

62.  S4 

?-s 

* 

-M 

'i  '"r 

31 

H 

1); 
- 
i 

I 

in 

.Js]      10 

i.os 

1 

.09 

.09 

.JS 

.33   '.a 
a.  31    .» 

li 

..     ..,.. 

'm 

I 

'.a 

":i 

IT 

1 

11.  «8 

I 

„l 

.J.    .01 

.a 

1 

V 

g.'i5 
'is; 

] 

"■"jjl 

1 

.SI 

1 

I.» 

.00 

■1 

if 

::::: 

i 

.OB 

!oo   !oc 
.181  .a 

11 

.34   .a 

1 

l.» 

.1» 

. 

1 

,7S 
7.« 

' 

1 

.73 

■"^ 

i 

3.73 

lis 

L49 

Id 

1 

.OB 

St 

*9.23 

L!ll 

; 

1.41 

S'S 

■s-s 

■  innlldtd  boin*  tod  daductad  li 


752 


REPORT  OF  THE  SXXRGEON  QENERAL. 


Table  No.  72. — Admissions  to  sick  report,  discharges,  deaths,  and  wmejfeetivenes9fWi0i 

tmte  and  eoiond. 


221 
224-227 
22^231 

232-236 

238 

239-244 

245-253 
254 

255-259 
260 

261-263 

264-267 

268-272 

276 

277-281 

288 
28D-291 
293-299 

303-306 

304 

307-309 

310-312 
313-319 

822-323 

324-325 

852-^7 

358-360 

367 

372 

375 


379 
880 


426-434 
435 
436 
437 

430 
442 
448 

446 

446 

448 
449 
450 


Mean  strength. 


Causes  of  admission  to  sick  report. 


98a 
99a 
99b 

100 
102 
103 

105 
106 
107 
108 
109 
UOa 

110b 

114 

115 

119 
120 
122 

124 

124b 

125 

126 
127 

143 
144 
146 
147 
147g 
150 
189Aa 


189B»| 
189Bb 


155-163 
164 
165a 
165b 

167 
109 
170 

171 

172 
174 
175 
176 


Hemoptysis 

Diseases  of  the  teeth  and  gums. . . 
Other  diseases  of  the  mouth  and 


annexa 

Diseases  of  the  pharynx 

Ulcer  of  stomach , 

Other  diseases  of  stomach  (cancer 

excepted) 

Diarrhea  and  enteritis 

Ankylostomiasis 

Intestinal  parasites 

Appendicitis 

Hernia. 

Diseases  of  the  anus  and  fecal 

fistula 

Other  diseases  of  the  intestines... 

Biliary  calculi 

Other  diseases  of  liver  and  ^1 

bladder 

Acute  nephritis , 

Bright's  disease , 

Other  diseases  of  the  kidney  and 

annexa 

Diseases  of  the  bladder 

Enuresis , 

Diseases  of  the  urethra,  urimuy 

abscess,  etc 

Diseases  of  the  prostate 

Diseases  of  the  male  genital  or- 
gans (nonvenereal) 

Furuncle  and  carbuncle 

Acute  abscess  and  cellulitis 

Diseases  of  the  bones 

Diseases  of  the  joints 

Flat  foot 

Congenital  malformations 

FebricuJa,  simple  continued,  and 

other  fevers  of  undetermined 

causation 

Under  observation,  undiagnosed 

and  unknown , 

Malingering 


Pbilippfaie  Islands,  total  An  erican,  eollrttd 
white  and  colored. 


8.  0.  O.,  11,834— A.  O.  O.,  11,889. 


ATTECnONS  PBODUCED  BT  EX- 
TERNAL CAUSES.* 


Suicides,  all 

Poisoning  by  food 

Venomous  bitos  and  stings 

Other  poisoning  (delettfioos 
gases  excepted) 

Bums  (conflagrations  excepted). 

Drowning,  accMentaL 

Tranmatinn  by  firearms  (other 
than  speclflea) 

Traumatism  by  coUtng  or  pierc- 
ing instruments 

Traumatism  by  fail 

Traumatism  by  machines 

Traumatism  bv  other  crushing... 

Injuries  by  anhnals 


Admis- 
sions. 


I 


2 
56 

15 

672 

2 

134 

41? 

17 

13 

140 

30 

7 

752 

2 

77 
8 
9 

4 
32 
14 

29 
5 


I 


.17 
4.73 

1.27 
56.78 

.17!. 


Disoharges. 


40 
187 


11.32 

37.94! 

1.44 

I.IO' 

11.83 

2.53' 

.  ow. 

63.54' 

.17 

6.51 

.68 
.76 

.34 
2.70, 
1.18 

2.45' 
.42 


3.38 
I5.8I; 
2541  21.46 
66,  .5.58 
49  4. 14 
64;  5.41 
65!    5.49 


51 

8 
7 


1 

136 

12' 


.68 


.08 

11.49 

1.01 


12     1.01 


43 


15 


I 


3.63 


Num- 
ber. 


0) 


1.27 


122  10.31 

330   27.88 

3       .25 

1011    8.53 

601    5.07 


(«) 


o 

I 


.17 
.08 


OS 
.17 


.1: 


.08 


.34 
.34 


.08 


1,    .(« 

21    .17 

27   2.27 


Deaths. 


Num- 
ber. 


Q) 


(•) 


Nonefreettv«. 


o 

1 


.06 


i 


I 


.08 
.08 


6     6 


06 

08 
25 


2     .17 


.51 


.08 
.26 


.08 


.25 


.03 
1.21 

.36 

9.58 

.28 

2.09 

6.02 

.63 

.29 

11.28 

S.15 

.34 

9.38 

.26 

3.36 
.26 
.64 

.53 

L85 

.89 

.45 

.25 

1.17 
3.23 
6.18 

Las' 

3.9V 
2.471 


.94 

.50 
.16 


.001 

.lA 

I 

.Oil 

.811 

.OH 

I 

;S 

.Qt 
.9& 

.»! 

.08 

.01 

», 

.01 
Ofr 

\ 

.04* 


.M 
.0* 

.lOl 
.27 
.55| 

,W 
.til 


.01 
.01 


I  Number  of  discharges  and  deaths  which  actoally  occurred. 

<  Number  of  disoharKes  and  deaths,  inohidhig  taoae  of  cases  inTalided  home  and  dednotsd  fkom  fbi 
UnHwi  States. 


BEFOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  GENEBAL. 


753 


ratio8  per  1,000  of  mean  strengthyfor  Philippine  lelands,  American  troopt,  enlittedmsn^ 
year  1915 — Continued. 


Philippine  Islands,  white  American,  enlisted  nien. 

Philippine    Islands,  colored    American,  enlisted 

m<si. 

8.  0.  O.,  10^9J-A.  G.  0.,  10,648. 

S.G 

.  0.,  1,341— A.  G.  0.,  1341 

i. 

Admissions. 

Discharges. 

Deaths. 

Noneffective. 

Admissions. 

Disdiarses. 

Deaths. 

Non- 
effective. 

• 

1 

1 

i 

Num- 
ber. 

d 

1 

Num- 
ber. 

1 

• 

1 

d 
.00 

.11 

.03 
.82 
.03 

.21 
.64 
.06 
.03 
.86 
.24 

.03 
.74 
.02 

.29 
.02 
.06 

.05 
.17 
.09 

.04 
.02 

.10 
.26 
.50 
.14 
.37 
.26 
.14 

.08 

.04 
.01 

• 

1 

Num- 
ber. 

• 

Num- 
ber. 

• 

0 

• 

1 

• 

0) 

(«) 

0) 

(«) 

0) 

(«) 

0 

1 

(») 

(«) 

.S 

2 
52 

12 

604 

2 

.19 
4.96 

1.14 
57.56 

.10 

.03 
1.16 

.30 

&62 

.28 

2.22 
5.68 

•s 

.27 
9.06 
2.48 

.27 

i.n 

.26 

3.04 
.25 
.64 

.47 
1.82 

.89 

.38 
.25 

1.02 
2.78 
5.18 
1.44 
3.85 
2.74 
1.49 

.85 

.41 

.09 

•  •  • 

4 

3 
68 

2.98 

2.24 
6a  71 

.05     .04 

.07 
.95 

.05 

.71 

'*2  ''ia 

118,  11.25 

411   39.17 

17l    1.62 

12     1.14 

113   ia77 

25:    2.38 

1 
6;      .57 
589'  56ul3 

2  .19 

73     6.96 

7i      .  67 
91      .86 

3  .29 
30    2.86 
14     1.33 

25i    2.38 

4  .38 

35    3.34 
162  15.44 
222  21.15 
50     4.77 
46     4.38 
48     A  ^7 

1 

.09 

1 

.00 

1« 
38 

11.93 
2&34 

*•  • 

.47 
.34 

.36 

1 

.25 

•  •  *  •  • 

.j.. 

• 

1 

27 
5 

1 
163 

.75 

2a  13 

3.73 

.75 
121.55 

.02 

2.22 

.67 

.07 
1.61 

.02 

2'     .19 

1 

^ 

1.66 

1 

.50 

.06 

"i  ".'6» 

1     .75 

1.20 

1 

4 

1 

( 

2.98 
.75 

•■«    ■••*- 

.32     .24 

..... 

1 

1 

1 

.75 

.01     .01 

**i".d9    i 

1 

.09 

1 
2 

.75 
1.49 

1 

.05'    .04 

4     .38 
4     .38 

1 

.04     .03 

1... 

4 
1 

5 
25 
32 
16 

3 
16 
18 

2 

2 

4 

2.98 
.75 

3.73 
18.64 
23.86 
11.93 

2.24 
11.93 
13.42 

1.49 

1.49 
2.98 

.07     .05 

1     .09 

.00     .00 

*  •  • 

.... 

.16     .12 

• 'I"""" 

1 

.44     .33 

I     ' 

1 



.99     .74 

'.'.'.'.j'i'.OQ 

i 

-..| 

' 

.45     .34 

1 

..... 


2    1.49 
5  3.73 

.52     .39 

22  2.09 

1 

1 

1. 18     .88 

47 
49 

4.48 

4   ft? 

.97     .73 

.09     .07 

6        R? 

I 

. .••.)...  ... 

.08     .06 

3 
1 

.29 

1 

1 

1 

.07     .05 

in 

c 

A 

M 

— 

1 

135'  12  87 

1      I 

' 

1 

1 

'  *'  .75 
.75 

... 

...1 

11     1  05 

1 '"'\ 

;    1.  ;/ 

12      1   14 

• 
1 

1 

...J 

41     ^  oi 

...      ... 

1     1   .09 
3     3   .28 

2 

1.49 

1 

••*i                 1 

I"'i  "'" 

\             ' 

^__i ....!..... 

14 

100 

277 

3 

1.33 

9.53 

26.40 

.29 

9.53 

5.58 

1 
1 

.09 
no 

1 

22 
53 

.75 

16.40 
39.52 

'    1    ! 

t 

1 

1 

3!        OA 

11    1     no 

( 

1            1 

'         •  •             • 

1 

•  •  •  I-  -  - 

100 
68 

2 

•  •  • 

10     9     a     10 

1 
2 

.75 
L49 

...1 

1 

il  .75 

'... 

'..- 

L... 

I 

J 

■  •  • 

1.... 

s  Noneffectiveness  for  individual  external  cases  not  tabulated. 
69176'— WAB 1916— VOL  1 18 


754 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON   OENEBAIi. 


Table  No.  72. — Admissions  to  sick  report^  disdtarges,  deaths,  and  noneffeeUveness,  wUh 

white  and  ooiored^ 


8 


463 

456-458 
460 


170 

18^4 

186 


1-19 
20-50 


60-74 
76 
76 

77-«5 

86^08 

00-118 
1119-137 

142-145 

^46-140 

150 
180 

155-186 


Mean  strength. 


Causes  of  admtealon  to  sick  report. 


AJTECnONB   PRODUCED  BT   KX- 
TXKNAL  CAU8K8— COntiOOed. 


E  fleets  of  heat 

Homicides,  ail 

Other  external  violenoe. 


DI8XA8X8  AND  Uf JUBII8  QEOUPKD. 


General  d  iaeases 

£  pidemic  diseases 

OUier  general  diseases 

Diseases  of  the  nervoos  system 

and  organs  of  special  sense 

Of  the  nervmis  system 

Of  the  eye  and  its  annexa 

Oftheearanditsannexa 

Diseases  of  the  circulatory  sys- 
tem  

Diseases  of  the  re^iratory  sys- 
tem  

Diseases  of  the  digestive  system . . 
Diseases  of  the  genito-urinary 

system 

Diseases  of  the  skin  and  cellular 

tissue 

Diseases  of  the  organs  of  locomo- 
tion  

Malformations,  etc 

Ill-defined  diseases 


Total  for  disease. 
External  causes 


Total  for  disease  and  ex- 
ternal causes 


Philippine  Islands,  total  Amvioui,  enlisted 
white  uid  colored. 


S.  O.  O.,  11334— A.  O  O.,U,880. 


Admia- 
-ifins. 


5? 


401 
I 
511 


5,1671436 

2,604 

2,563 


557 
210 
180 
167 

271 

615 
2,367 

131 

744 


o 

I 


3.38 

.08 

43.18 


631 
220.04 
216.581 


47.061 
17.74 
15.21 
14.11 

22.00 

51.07 
^00.02 

11.07 

62.87 


320  27.04 
65  5.49 
71'    6.00 


10,306871.05 
1,413119.40 


Il,72r00a45        1 


Discharges. 


Num- 
ber 


(*) 


C) 


Pi 


1     .08 


67  5.64 

1     .08 

66  5.55 

I 
130,10.03 
125ia51 


1 
4 

11 

6 


34 


.061 
.34 

.03 

.50 


8i    .67 
.50 


Deaths. 


Num- 
ber. 


(») 


1 
1 


2.85' 


(«) 


13 

8 

10 

1 
1 


3    3 


I 


.17 


1.00 
.35 
.84 

.08 
.06 


.06 


.08 
.17 


Noneflectlvo 


I 
X 


161 34 

53.05 

100.30 


e 

I 


13.73 
4.48 

0.31 


30.18*  L70 

12.55  LOi 

8.55  .30 

4.07  .34 

11.80  .07 


16l17 


5.30 

i&ao 


LS7 


48L87t    4.13 


.45 

1.56 


14.08,    1.10 

3.47]      .81 
1.63'      .14 


1126222.04   12  181.51 
14   1.18  16  161.35' 


800.82  35.43 
44.13'    3.73 


376i23.22 


28.  343.86 


344.06  30.  Ul 


■  Number  of  dlMharses  and  dieaths  which  actually  occurred. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  BUBGEON  GENEBAIj. 


755 


ratios  per  1,000  of  mean  strength,  for  Philippine  Islands,  American  troops,  enlisted  m^n^, 
year  19/5— Continued. 


Philippine  IslandB,  white  American, enlisted  men. 

Philippine   Islands,  colored    American,  enlisted 

men* 

8.  0.  6.,  10^03-A.  G.  0.,  10,548. 

8.  G.  0., 

1,341— A. 

0.  0.,  1,34] 

I. 

Admissions. 

Discharges. 

Deaths. 

Noneffective. 

Admissions. 

Disdiarges. 

Deaths. 

Non- 
effective. 

• 

1 

5? 

• 

s 

1 

Nnm- 
ber. 

• 

o 

1 

Nam* 
ber. 

• 

o 

i 

• 

• 

0 

1 

• 

1 

6 

s 

Nam- 
ber. 

• 

0 

1 

Num- 
ber. 

d 

1 

• 

6 

I 

0) 

(•) 

0) 

(«) 

(») 

(•) 

(») 

(«) 

80 

1 
445 

4,318 
2,136 

8.72 

.10 

42.41 

411.51 
203.56 

1 

.75 

2    9 

.18 

i 

..... 

1 

61 
1 

.00 

5.78 
.00 

66| 

840 
468 
881 

44 

15 
16 
13 

41 

06 
330 

14 

03 

61 
18 

8 

40.22 

6 
8 
3 

1 
1 

8 
3 
5 

1 
1 

.78 
.28 

.47 

.00 

138.86 
44.80 

13.24 
4.27 

633.11 
348.00 

6 

4.47 

1 

53.73 

1 

23.4817.51 
8.25  6.1s 

2,182207.06 

513   48.80 
105   18.58 
164   15.63 
154|  14.68 

230|  21.02 

510'  40.46 
2,087104.12 

t 

117   11.15 

1 

651   62.04 

250  24.68 
47     4.48 
63     6.00 

60  5.60 
12011.37 

04.06  8.06 

18,74!  1.70 

11.70  1.11 

8.2I1    .31 

284.11 
82.80 

6'  4.47 

10  7.46 
10   7.46 

53.73 

15.22 11. 3S 
1.44,  1.0» 

11510.00 

11.18  

1    ■ 

.85     .64 

1 

1 

1     .00 

4  .38 

11   1.04 

5  .47 
7     .66 

6  .57 

11.03 
0.60 

.35*     .26 

8.83 

0.85 

13.03 

.37 

.04 

1  M 

.24 
1.64 
2.21 

.la 

30.57 
71.50 

1 

.75 

1.2s 

1 
1 

.75 
-75 

1.67 

i 

1 

1   .00 

1 
1    .00 

42.06!  4.01 

4.07     .47 

15.06  1.52 

11.01   1.05 
1.40     .14 

i.eoj    .13 

246.00! 

... — 

6.80  5.07 

10.44 
60.35 
45.40 

1'    1 

.75 

.32     .24 

2.34   1.75 

27  2.56 

1 

7;  5.22 

..J 

1 
3.07'  2.» 

13.42 
5.07 

..... 

... 

.071    .7a 

1  *        "      "   " 

1 

•  •  • 

i      ••j---j--- 

.24      .U 

1 

237 
14 

i 

,, 

1 

I 

31.73 
4.8& 

1 

,36.57 

8.75* 
1,260 

'834.27 
120.08 

054.35 

1 

22.47 
1.33 

O'  11 1.01 
15   ^1.42 

258.2824.62 
37.641  3.50 

1,554 
153 

i 

1.158.84 
114.00 

2518.64 

3 
1 

5.22 
.75 

42.54 
6.50 

1 
1251 

1 

( 

4 

10,014 

23.70 

24 

26 

2.46 

205.02 

28.20 

1,707 

1.272.03 



25 

18.64 

8 

5.07 

40.04 

s  Namber  of  disohanes  and  deaths,  including  thoae  of  cases  invalided  home  and  deducted  from  th» 
United  States. 


756 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON   GENEBAI.. 


Tablb  No.  73. — Admissions  to  sick  report,  discharges,  deaths,  and  noneffectweness, 

"Canal  Zone^ 


i 

1 
1 

o 

1 

1 

Alaska,  officers  and  enlisted  men. 

Ififan  fltnineth 

787 

CauMs  of  admiaBioD  to  nick 
report. 

Admissions. 

Discharges. 

Deaths. 

NonelTectiTs. 

i 

• 

• 

a 

Num- 
ber. 

• 

o 

1 

Num- 
ber. 

• 

o 

1 

• 

1 

• 

o 

1 

i 

0) 

(«) 

(") 

(«) 

7-11 

4 

6b 

6 
10 
14 

is' 

10b 
lOd 
lOR 

38-34 
28 
20 

80-34 

87-38 
37 
38a 
38b 

30-45 

46 
47-48 
47 
48 
50 
51 
56 
50 

61 
61a 

63 
66 
67-68 
60 
73 
75a 
75b 
77 
78 
81 

82 

83b 

83d 

83« 

84 

86 
87 
88 
89-00 
01 
02 
93 
96 

Malaria 

1 

I 

1.27 

0.01 
.01 

0.011 

7 

£stivo-autumiial  fever 

Quartan  malarial  fever 

1.27 

.01. 

9 

10 

Tertian  malarial  fever 

11 

Undetermined  malarial  fever. 
Vaccinia 

13 

14 

Measles 

1 

18 

Tnfluenzii 

7 

1 

8.89 
1.27 

.la 

.01 

A 

21-23 

rWsenterv 

21 

Baciliary 

22 

EntamoDbic 

1 

1.27 
...... 

.01 

.01 

27 

Fryslpelas. 

29 

Dengue 

--\'-- 

1 

31 

fierman  measlM 

' i;:. 

•"f" 

34 

Mumps 

1  .- 

'  1  *  * 

49-57 

Tuberculosis,  all 

i 

1 

1.27 
1.27 

1 

:S 

.15 

19-51 

Tuberculosis  of  lunffi 

Miliary  tuberculosis,  acute.. . 

l5 

53 

1 

\ 

53-57 

Tuberculoses  of  other  (Hisans. . 

::::::::::: 

1 

::::::::  ""f 

69-74 

Venereal  diseases,  all ^  x 

27 
3 
6 

18 

1 
1 
4 
3 
1 

34.31 
3.81 
7.62 

22.87 

.41 

.1* 

.03 
.37 

.01 
.02 

!04 
.01 

. 

50-64 

Syphilis 

1«( 

65-67 

So/t  chancre 

.68 

68-74 

Oonoooocus  tnfecti<Hi 

Cancer    and    other    malignant 
tumors 

.34^ 

76-79 

1.27 
1.27 
5.08 
3.  SI 
1.27 

.01 

80 

Rfiniirn  tiimonp --rr 

.OB! 

81-85 

Rheumatism,  articular,  all 

Acute  articular  rheumatism . 

Chronic  articular  rheumatism 
Diabetes 

.001 

81-82 

.05 

83-85 

.01 

87-88 

80 

Kxonhthiilrai«  goitre .......  t  ... . 

1 
8 

1 

1.27 
10.17 

1.27 

07-100 

Alcoholism  amfresults 

Chronic    poisoning,     including 
druK  habit 

1 

1.31 

.05 
.01 

.08! 

103-104 

.n 

107 

fll^npie  mfninpitifl ...-.,,, 

106 

Epidemic  cerebrospinal  menin- 
idtis 

110-115 

^{her  dimwwe  of  spinal  cord  ... 

117-110 

Paralysis  without  spedfled  cause. 
Mental  alienatioin 

* 

120-126 

8 

10.17 

3 

3.93 

11.27 

...1.... 

.23 

.ir 

127 

Epilepsy 

120-133 

Neurahda  fmd  neurit 

5 

6.35 

1.31 

1 

.16 

.21 

138-141 

Coniuxictivitia 

142 

Trachoma 

166 

Pericarditis 

167 

Acute  endocarditis 

176-177i 

Diseases  of  the  arteries,  atheroma, 
iineiiriam.  etc 

178-170 

Embolism  and  thrombosis 

*•*( 

181 

Hemorrhoids 

*  ! 

183 

VftriOOlW    V«IPS.   -   ,   r   r   .   ,  -   t  ,  .    r    -        . 

*! 

184 

Varioceie., .......... ............ 

'        1      

iavi87 

Diseases  of  the  lymphatic  sys- 
tem  

1 
. .  .1 . . . . 

103-100 

Diseases  of  the  nasal  fosse 

Diseases  of  the  larynx 

5 
6 

6.35 

7.62 

1 

1 

.6» 

ii 

300-302 

> 

.06 
........ 

.Oft 

303-304 

Diseases  of  the  thyroid  body 

••'(•**• 

1 

305-306 

Bronchitis 

24 

1 
1 
4 
2 

do.ij  \..-'' y."- 

.2» 
.06 
.11 

:§i 

307 

1.27 
1.27 
5.U6 
2.54 

---^^.r--.-- 

306 

Pneumonia 

1 

.1* 

300-315 

Pleurisy 

::.i:.. 

:S 

aii 

Asthma 

i"" 

I  • 

■  Number  of  discharges  and  deaths  which  aotaally  ooconed 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON  OENEBAI«  757 

I  Altuta,  Panama 


•  Nuinbw  of  illKlur|M*Dd  dtath),  IncJiidIng  Umm  oImm*  innlldtd  borna  *iid  dadnclfd  b 


758 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON  GENERAL. 


Tablb  No.  73. — Admission  to  sick  report,  discharges,  deaths,  and  noneffeetiveness.  trith 

Canal  Zone,  and  China, 


5 

Alaska,  officers  and  enlisted  men. 

Mean  strength 

787 

International  dassiflcaiic 

Canaaa  of  admission  to  aick 
report. 

Admissions. 

Dim 

Nui 
bei 

charges. 

Deaths. 

Noneffective. 

• 

1 

4 

n- 

■ 
• 

• 

Num- 
ber. 

• 

.01 

o 
1 

1 

0) 

.(«) 

5 

« 

J 

221 

96a 

HsenioptTsis 

1.27 

.01 

222 

96? 
99a 

Hay  fever 

^24-227 

Diseases  of  the  teeth  and  inims. . 
Other  dlseaaee  of  the  mouth  and 
annexa 

4 

5.08 

.04 

.06 

228-231 

99b 

100 
102 
103 

106 
106 
107 
106 
109 
110a 

110b 

U4 

115 

119 
120 
122 

124 

124b 

125 

120 
127 

143 
144 
140 
147 
149k 
150 
189Aa 

189Ba 
l89Bb 

155-163 

232-230 

Diseases  of  the  pharynx 

35 
1 

4 
6 

44.47 
1.27 

5.08 
7.62 

1                 ( 

, 

.33 
.02 

.06 
.03 

.41 
.03 

.11 
.04 

238 

Uloer  of  stomadi. 

Other  diseases  of  stomach  (can- 
c«r  excepted) 

1    1.31 

1 

, 

239-244 

245-2S8 

Diarrhea  and  enteritis 

'                           i 

254 

Ankyln«ftAtnift«{«  , .  ^  ^ 

.      1             1 

255-259 

Intestinal  parasites 

1 

..  .....  ... 

i 

! 1 

260 

Appendicitis. 

5 

4 

6.35 
5.08 

...  .....  ...j...  .... 

1         1 

•38 

.22 

;S 

261-263 

Hernia. 

I             '                 ' 

204-267 

Diseases  of  the  anus  and  fecal  fls- 
tola 

'     1 

268-272 

Other  diseases  of  the  intestines. . . 
BUiary  calculi 

4 

5.06 

i 

.05 

"",m 

276 

t             1         ■ 

277-281 

Other  diseases  of  Urer  and  gall 
bladder 

4 

5.06 

1 

.09 

.11 

288 

Acute  nephritis. 

*'*' !"*l 

289-291 

Brlght's  disease. 

1 

29^-299 

Other  diseases  of  the  kidney  and 
annexa 

t 

■■■| 

1 

308-300 

Diseases  of  the  bladder 

1 

1.27 

1.  .. 

.01 

.« 

304 

1           1 

' 

307-309 

Diseases  of  the  nrethim,  urinary 
abeoen.eto 

1 

310-312 

Diseases  of  the  prostattf 

f 

^^^1,^^^^ *_ 

813-319 

Diseases  of  the  male  genital  or- 
gaot  (nonvenerMil) 

2 
3 
3 

2.54 

.05 
.04 
.07 

.07 

822-323 

Furuncle  and  carbuncle 

3  81 
3  81 

1           1 

....... 

.091 

324  325 

Acute  abscess  and  cellulitis 

Diseases  of  the  bon<>s 

1                     -.  " 

352-357 

'     *      'i 

1 

358-360 

Diseases  of  the  JoinU 

3 
2 
4 

1 

3.81 
2.54 
5.06 

i.r 

]   .' J.  _  ^1 

*  .61 
.36 
.15| 

.01 

.46! 

367 

Flat  foot 

2  2.62 

1-  — 

372 

Febrkmla,  simple  continued .  and 
other  feven  of  undetcnnln?d 
causation 

".'"' 

.Ift 

375 

1 
.01 

379 

UndfT  observation,  undiagnose, 
and  unknown 

1 

380 

Malingering I 

...........  .J 

420-434 

ATRCnONS    PRODUCED    BT    EX- 
TERNAL CXVSES.* 

Sulcidos,  all 

1 

1 

1  97 

435 

164 

165a 

165b 

167 
169 
170 

170a 

Poisoning  by  food 

. 

436 

Venomous  bites  and  stings 

Other     poisoning     (deleterious 
1     gases  excepted) 

2 

2.54 

r" 

*           ^ 

437 

( 

1 

439 

Bums  (confTagratloM  excepted). 
Drownine,  accidental 

2 

2.51 

1    -    1.... 

. 

442 

.1    '  .  .  .. 

1 

443 

Traumatbm  bv  flreanns  (otbrr 
than  specified) 

1 

1    : 

1 
........'. ..... 

444 

Shot  by  sentry  or  guard 

*     1     "  ■ 

1 

f 

446 

171 
172 

Traomatism  by  cutting  or  plerc- 
in^  iii«tpiiiv«ntt 

5 
16 

1 

6.35 

»  33 

1.27 

...... 

440 

Traumatism  by  fall 

448 

174 
175 
176 

Traumatism  by  machines 

Traumatism  by  other  crushing. . 

I...I 

449 



1             ! 

450 

loJurirs  by  animals 

1 

•  •  « 

1 1        I " 

*  Number  of  discharges  and  deaths  which  actually  occurred. 

•  Number  of  ditcharfes  and  deaths,  inchiding  tnose  of  oases  taiTmUded  home  and  deducted  fhun  the 
vmtad  State*. 


BEFOBT  OF  TOE  BtTSOEOK   OENEBAIi. 


rof  iDdJvIdutkl  uMioal  CE 


760 


BEPOBT  OF  THE   SURGEON  GENERAL 


Tablb  No.  73. — Admisnons  to  sick  report,  discharges,  deaths,  and  noneffeetiveness,  wii 

Canal  zone,  and  Ckina^ 


• 

s 

1 
1 

1 

1 

a 

Alaska,  officers  and  enlisted 

men. 

IfffAn  Rtron^th ,.tt 

787 

Causes  of  admission  to  sick 
report. 

Admissions. 

Discharges. 

Deaths. 

Noneffective. 

i 

• 

• 

o 
«s 

Num- 
ber. 

• 

0 

s 

Num- 
ber. 

d 

1 

• 

1 

:2: 

6 

1 

(') 

(«) 

(») 

(«) 

452 

178 
179 
181 
182-4 
186 

1-19 
20-59 

60-74 
75 
76 

77-85 

86-98 

99-118 
119-127 

142-145 

146-149 

150 
189 

155-186 

AFFECTIONS  PRODUCED  BY  EX- 
TERNAL CAUSES— continued. 

Effects  of  excessive  cold 

3 

3.81 

453 

Effects  of  heat 

1 



455 

E  ffects  of  electricity 

j 

**"*"l*** 

6-458 

Homicides,  all 

1 

. 

' 

460 

Other  external  violence 

36  45.75 

DISEASES  AND  INrUBIES  OBOUPED 

GmAn) ;  diseases 

53 

R7.%* 



1 

1.31 

aso 

.13 
.67 

.69 
.54 
.03 
.02 

.01 

88 

L16 

.07 

.18 

.88 
.15 
.02 

1.01 
.16 
.85 

.7© 

.04 

Epidemic  diseases 

91  11.44 

44  55.91 

1 

22  27.95 

18;  22. 87 

2     2.54 

Oiher  general  diseases 

Diseases  of  the  nervous  system 

and  organs  of  special  seDse 

Of  the  nervous  system 

Of  the  eye  and  its  annexa 

Oftheearanditsannexa 

Diseases     of    the     circulatory 
system 

***** 

1 

1 

1 

6 
6 

1.31 

7.86 
7.86 

1 
1 

1.27 
1.27 

2 

1 

44 

2.54 

1.27 

5.<».01 

.03 

.02 

Diseases     of     the     respiratory  i 
system , 

1.12 

Diseases  of  the  digestive  system. . 
Diseases  of  the  genito-urinary 
system 

67  85.13 

1 

1.31 

1.48 
.09 

3 
11 

23 

4 
2 

3.81 

13.98 

29.23 
5.08 
2.54 

Diseases  of  the  skin  and  cellular 
tissue .' 

.23 

Diseases  of  the  organs  of  locomo- 
tion  

2 

2.62 

L09 

Malfcmnatkms,  etc 

.19 

TlMAflnAd  dL4i<«Mm ^ 

1 

.02 

Total  for  disease 

' 

230  292.24 
68,  86.40 

1 

91L80 

1 

1 

1.27 
L27 

4.73 
2.12 

6.02 

External  causes 

1 

1 

2.79i 

Total  for  disease  and  ex- 
ternal causes * 

*l 

a9837R.A.^ 

1 

911  fln     1 

2 

2.54 

6b  86 

fikTli 

1 

>  Number  of  discharges  and  deaths  which  actually  oocorred* 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  BTJBQEOlf   QENEBAIi. 


Puun*  CuuU  Zon*,  oOcta  and  «allaWd  m 

■■ 

China.  0(5 

■»" 

■nd 

■nUiMtiH 

B.O.O.,S,«03-A.a.O.,«,l08. 

1,378 

1          1            ! 
1          1            1 

=.«. 

Ndnellec- 

1 

j 

bar. 

|.u.. 

1 

1 

1 

b^ 

1 

..j 

b<r. 

1 

1 

1 

(') 

m 

1 

01  ('■ 

s 

1 

18,     3.K 

1 

■i--.. 

.73 

» 

IS 
VJ 

■ 

«7B 

Ml  50 
63.13 
M1.3- 

1,817  307.  SI 

1;  IS  a.M 

, 

•1 

S3.76 

1 

I.4S 

».  49  17.  OS 

9Misi.ai 

1  laiH.. 

' 

S  3.7S 

4  3.01 

1|    .7S 

1 

1.45 

iL17l&.3» 

?n^JJ 

lis   .3: 

4a  64 

laiz? 

13.08 

,1      ,. 

3«l  SL»'     .         ;    -m     . 

■'l  ■  ^;" 

1 

i 

4^    &13 

Ti     1 

.1* 

1.BS     .M 

•■.g,':S 

-III    .w 

1 

„|  ., 

l'      7S 
i' 

'Xl 

14  Z37 

'i'tS. 

'w  8.9 

Ij    .75 

4,1907MS1       11 

ft!!|  ss-i!; 

'fs 

'109.5 

! 

*.i.»(l  43.7931.78 
21.45,    3.88  l«7 

»,OT^S».K      1 

:,;,.« 

« 

1g'2.M     m.381E.IQ 

i.wa 

i-l" 

. 

.. 

47  47  34.45 

•  Number  of  dbobarni  and  deslba,  Inoludlni  tboae  ol  cuei  InTallded  borne  and  dedacled  It 
United  auiM. 


i 
1 
1 

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JBPOBT  OF 

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[JBOEON  QENERAL. 
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£ 

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—  2 

,  --.a«-s::--"«sg--  n  -  «|g 

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1 

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s  --ra«^na«s'"'S5-a  it  - 

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15 

illl 

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Hi^-^T'ir 

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s  ai2::;sa 

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BEPOBT  OP  THE 
OS    0    S    86=       S    S    S    8 


i'SS   =    -8 


J  S8  s  a  sas    3  a  s  s  assasasss      sas  e  ss  asiisa: 


|s       i  =       =    \= 


t- 


ttnr- 


«    = 


=ai    »   I 


i   ii   !  i   M        M        iil        III        i     i!      !   1 
s  «  5  =  s=|    B  =  =  =  sa=s8=  =2      saj  =  a,  jsasjs    | 


s  s'  a  s  — s 


r  58  a  a  S8=  3  8  s  8  ssssssssa   sss  5  as  SSSBSS  I 


5S  Ks  s  5  saa  a  a  a  a  sassaasss   aas  a  as  asasss 


:   ^ 

1    n^ 

3     :   a     ;a     : 

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:  - 

-   1  -  ;- 

-    -     :     :S«- 

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.... 

-    -« 

- 

I 


iriini  ^rifipf^Tiiiff 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  StJBQEON  QENEBAIi. 

S3  32s»is!;  s  itK  sun  ess  s 


Ur^ 


"II 


■  as    SS^SSS    8    SS   &»!;    !;SS   8 


8      :g"    Rg^-Sa    -    §-    S"'    -SE    R 


S    8S!S   ::ISSSf:K    8    SS   SS8   S^SS    ; 


8S«    !3IS!3£:^3    S    Z!(    SiS3    SS5    Z 


!3  =ss  si^E;ssE;  ;3  gs  s;;i?  $!;8  s 


8    -g-    8§"'"X8   "    S-    8"'-    -as    « 


;i;5 


;!' 


TsSig   S8£S8§    I    3S    3§a    X^g 


g  a  Ms  UnU%  S  SS  %n  SIS 


766 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SURGEON   GENEBAI.. 


8. 


J*  3 


00 

O 

d 

I 

00 

O 

6 


o 

o 
a 

o 

5? 


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52 


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iCe4     u5         r4       •       •       •       •     .4 


S3    S 


assays 

r4     «f     e4     el     mS     id 


SS3    S      S    ;S 


eoM     <o 


CO       00 


loeo     CO 


M      M 


CO 

c4 


M 


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£    S 


9   {| 


S    g   S 


^     go 


t:^  n     ^  ^  to  is  n  z 

i^^  t     }^  d  ^  ^  :t  4 


"9  SjI    8 


S  §  s  5  g  g 


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Ok 

o 
d 

: 

So 

•0 

O 

d 

IB 


1 

s 

O 

5? 


o 

Pi 


1^ 


o 


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o 

« 
PS 


II 


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p; 


3S:S      S3SSSS8S 

r^e4     mS        ^       •       •       •       •     a 


Sod     o»        ^     S     t-«    S    o    00 

to  »-•     ^         1^ 


^^  iS     n  ta 


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CO       CO 


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M       CO 


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8 

9 

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■■ "  IP 


H  8 

EST 


hii 
ill? 


S3S 

si 


r^n 


93§ 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEOII   GENEBAU 


767 


6    ^    S    3SS 

ei       '     ^       •   •   • 


9    Z    Z    SS$ 

gj     «5     g5     1^   •   • 


f6^ 


i  xaS 


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M       ^ 


ss  ^ 


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a   t:    8    SsSSo 

t     t^      ^     rC^d 


S     •-«      8     Seoci 


P!    ^     o    Soo 

-_t  •  •  •      •      • 


S  S   1^  $^s 

af     «5     oS     tC  *   ' 


S)    ::: 


M       f-i 


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eo 


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c4   • 


8*- 


»Ot^ 


9^ 


So2 


t      • 


S3 


g| 


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88 


00  00 


82 


•CO 


^2 


«oog: 


«      r<»      P      coer 

fd     n     t^     ode^ci 

o     ^     •*     ^ 


I    §    ;    3^8 


&2 


^8 

5S 


C:8 


ro' 


2 


9 
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c4 


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A    p    p    Q    S3 


S   {;   :$   9    33      S 


^   di   ^   $ 


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bCI 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBOEON   QENEBAL. 


1 

1 

i 
I 
1 

i 

6 

i 

6 
6 

1 

3 

n 

:   is  i :  is  : 

:  1  ;  ;2?  it  a 

SSI 

|i 

:3  ;  :  :2  : 
:=  :     :  ■  : 

:  :  i  :!:SS  is    3 

328 

1 

1 

1  :&  5  s 

U 

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;  ; 

i  i  :     1  >  -  - 

: ; 

£ 

:  : 

■ 

1 

i 

:  i  1     ;  :"   " 

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is 

E 

!:::■;»  « 



E 

; : ; :  i  i :  i 

i  1  i 

1 

1 

;S        ;3  : 

:  :S3  :JS    D 

1^ 

i"     ■-  ■ 

:    ;n«    ;•     • 

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1 
1 

1 
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I 

6 

t 

1 

d -  ■  ■     ■     ■     i^J 

ii 

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e -J  ■  dpi    -  ■  ■-■■^    -    -J     ■     :grf 

1 

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£ 

1 

a 

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— £  =  -"a"'a£-'=""as-ij  a  -    is 

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1 

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3 

It 

1 

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mn\m 

■s  : 

1 

1 

1 

— 

■  e.—ar 

:  :  issSSssR   "   ?   ;B 

ll 

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n 

1 

s  58  a  !  =  ;s     s  a  =!!SS=3SS5      ;s=  ;  J  S8    ;a  ;=a 


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hi     ;  ■ 


~!-^T 


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i  -  M  ;- ; 


FT 


4=::^ 


m- 


1:^ 


ti-rt 


fH-H — h-f 


tl-i-rt 


!■;■;■;■     M   ■   ;   r'Mir     ' 


!    : ;    ;    !    , ;' — hH-r-HrrT+fi-h — rti rhrrtf  |f 


Si   S,   =   »   =S!      s  ! 


jscllc 


ggiSs  s  tcS  I 


11 'in II  ^i^riPir^mri 


1 

f 

1 

! 

P3 

i 

6 

o 

d 

B 

EPOBl 

1 

OF 

THE  SnSQEON  GENERAI. 
8    8S9    SS  :gR8    S    K  :    S3S     ;SS   fl 

B 

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;   8::8     :3S    S      S 

1 

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&    S8Z    S5  : 
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■  ■  ■      :-  ■    rf       rf 

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<.  .g-  aa  ; 

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1 

1 
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111 

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1  33  SS9  ! 

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;S  |I85  %      r~S  |8S  S    8  5  S!  ^S "  sFTlSi 


772 


BBPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON   GENBBAL. 

9ke:  ssasessess 


P  ^ 


P 


niL 


sss     sRest:ne»a& 


|«j;     «nit''8«gsKfi 


86!!     Qssasssi 


s     sgsaasasea 


!9  :    !9       as 


SS?    sKaaaigesg 


:i  sis 


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ss        Rsesasg99 


REPOBT  OF  THE  SUBQEOl)   QENSBAL. 


773 


a*' 


»s 


s 


eo 


1-^ 


eo 


eo 


^eo 


s 


1= 


2SS 


r«o» 


ss 


s 


SS8 
32 


8S 


E8 


i 


3& 
32J 


S 


s; 


^ 
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9 


9 


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^ 
H 


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OQ 

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& 

o 


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9 


774 

Table  No.  75.- 


REPORT  OP  THE  SURGEON   GENERAIi. 


-Admissions  to  sick  report^  discharges,  deaths,  and  noneffecHveness,  toiA 
ports,  for  officers  ana  native  troops  serving  in  Porto  Rieo^ 


Serial 

N09. 


3 

6 

7-11 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

18 

19 

21-23 

21 

22 

23 

29 

31 

34 

49-57 

49-61 

63-67 

69-74 

69-64 

65-67 

68-74 

80 

81-86 

81-82 

83-85 

87-88 

89 

97-100 

103-104 

108 

109 

110-115 

116 

U7-119 

120-126 

127 

129-133 

138-141 

142 

166 

167 

169-174 

176-177J 

181 

183 

185-187 

193-199 

300-202 

908-204 

906-206 

207 

208 

909-2U 

316-217 

219 


i 


Inter- 
na- 
tional 
clisei- 
fica- 
tion. 


la 

3 

4 


6 

6b 

6 

7 
10 
12 
14 


Me«m  strength. 


Causes  of  admiaslon  to  alck  report. 


19b 
19d 

l»g 

28-34 

28 

30-34 

87-38 

87 

38a 

38b 

46 

47-48 

47 

48 

60 

61 

66 

60 

61a 
62 
63 
64 
66 
67-68 
69 
73 
75a 
75b 
77 
78 
79 
81 

83b 
83d 
84 
86 
87 
88 
8^«> 
91 
92 
98 
94 

96 


Paratyphclld  fever 

Typhus  fever 

Malaria. 

Estivo-autumnal  fever 

Malarial  oaohexia 

Quartan  malarial  fever 

Tertian  malarial  fever 

Undetermined  malarial  fever 

Smallpox  and  varioloid. 

Vaccinia. 

Measles 

Scarlet  fever 

Influenza 

Asiatic  cholera. 

Dysentery 

Badliary 

Entamoeblo 

Unclasslfled 

Dengue 

German  measles 

Mumps 

Tuberculeels.  alli 

Tuberculosis  of  lungs 

Tuberculosis  of  other  organs . 
Venereal  diseases,  all 

Syphilis 

Soft  chancre 

Oonoooccus  infection 

Benign  tumors 

Rheumatism,  articular,  all 

Acutearticularrheuniatlsm. . . . 

Chronic  articular  rheumat  ism . 

Diabetes 

Exophthalmic  goitre 

Alcoholism  and  results 

Other  chronic  poisoning,  including 

drug  habit 

Epidemic  cerebrospinal  meningitis. 

Locomotor  ataxia 

Other  diseases  oi  spinal  cord 

Cerebral  hemorrhage,  apoplexy ... 
Paralysis  without  specified  cause. 

Mental  alienatioB 

Epilepsy 

Neuralgia  and  neuritis 

Conjunctivitis 

Trachoma.., 

Pericarditis 

Acute  endocarditis 

Organic  heart  disease 

Diseases  of  the  arteries,  atheroma, 

aneurism,  etc 

Hemorrhoids 

Varicose  veins 

Diseases  of  the  lynrobatic  system. 

Diseases  of  the  nasal  fosflB 

Diseases  of  the  larynx 

Diseases  of  the  thyroid  body 

Bronchitis 

Broncho-pneumonia 

Pneomonk 

Pleurisy 

Pulmonary  congestion  and  pul* 

monary  iq^oplexy 

Asthma 


Army  transports,  oflQoers  and  enlisted  men. 


8.  O.  O.,  1,385— A.  O.  O.,  1,385. 


Admis- 
sions. 


16 


16 


1 
1 

281 
1 
81 


106 
7 
7 


182131.41 


13 
41 

1281 


6 
6 


8 


6 

33 


Dtseaaea  of  the  teeth  and  gams. 


a 

ea 
0e: 


Discharges. 


I 

55 


11.66 


11.65; 


.72 

.72 

20.22 

.72 
6.78 


2.89 


2.17 

.72: 

2.17 


76.63 
6.05 
6.05 


9.39 
29.60 
92.42 


3.61 
3.61 


.72 


3.61 


.72 


3.61 


6.05 
2,17 


.72 


2     1.44 


1.44 


3.61 
16.61 


35 
1 
6 
6 


25.27 

3.61 
8.61 


Deaths. 


I 


6 


Non- 
effective. 


B 


.81 


.00, 


0.72 


.72 


.08 
.11: 


». 


,78, 

.181 


.10) 
.06 
.02, 
.OBf 
1.13 

.14 


i 


.72. 


:9 


a46  asv 

.08     .c 

.06|      .041 


X16  L66I 

7.88  6.C 

7.70  6.56 

.18      . « 

3.83  2.7S 

1.94,  L40 

.081      .OS 

1.81(  1.31 


.64 
.31 
.33 

.01^      ' 

.  SB 

.691      . 

.44 

.04]      .08 

.08; .  .01 
.13*  .Oi 
.Otf      .06 

8.311    6.O0 

1.S6;    I.  II 

.74-      .54 

.07 

.06 

.01 


81 


.16      .U! 

.31j 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUBGEON  OENEBAL. 


775 


ratios  fer  1,000  of  mean  strength,  for  officers  and  enlisted  men  serving  on  Army 
for  native  troops  tn  Philippine  Iskmds,  year  1915. 


trans- 


Porto  Rioo,  offlc«n  and  enlisted  natire  troops. 

PhiUpptne  Islands,  nattre  troops. 

a  0.  0.,  TW^-A.  G.  0.,  71«. 

8. 

O.  0.,  5,506— A.  0.  0.,  5,505. 

Admi»- 
ikma. 

Diaefaarges. 

Deaths. 

Non- 
effeotive. 

Admis- 
sions. 

Discfaarses. 

Deaths. 

1 

Non- 
effective. 

1 

Z 

i 

el 

• 

d 

• 

2 

6 

1 

6 

1 

• 

1 

1 

• 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 
§ 

6 

3 

8 

441 

82 

3 

4 

392 

61 

a36 

.64 
80l11 
14.90 
.36 
.73 
53.04 
1L08 

ai9 

.13 
&50 
3.17 
.05 
.07 
5.19 
L02 

0.04 

.03 

6 

&34 

a24 

a34 

L54 

.39 

.01 

.01 

6 

8.34 

.24 

.34 

.94 

.19 

1 

L39 

.16 

.22 

6 
8 

L09 
L45 

.18 
.37 

.03 

.07 

2 

2.78 

.07 

.10 

9 

3 
55 
31 
38 

6 
92 

3 
17 
35 
35 

1.63 

.36 

9.99 

3.81 

5.09 

1.09 

16.71 

.36 

3.09 

4.64 

4.54 

*"."22 

.08 

3.09 

L16 

1.62 

.30 

1.56 

.06 

.92 

3.17 

3.07 

.10 

ia79 

2.79 

.85 

7.14 

.55 

.16 

.16 

.04 

I 
1 

a  18 

.18 

.01 

16 

22.25 

.41 

.56 

.56 

.21 

9 

7 

&5 

12.52 

9.74 

76.50 

.18 

.23 

2.83 

.24 

.32 

3.94 

.30 

1 

.18 

.05 

.28 

.01 

.17 

1 

1 

L39 
1.39 

1 
1 

1.47 
1.47 

.13 
.13 

:}| 

25 
25 

4.54 
4.54 

.58 

.56 

.02 

61 

18 

19 

34 

1 

4 

1 

3 

84.84 

25.04 

26.43 

33.38 

1.39 

6.56 

1.39 

4.17 

2 

2.94 

i29 
.95 
1.21 
1.12 
.06 
.30 
.13 
.17 

4.57 

L33 

1.68 

1.66 

.09 

.43 

.18 

.24 

189 

31 

17 

141 

15 

3 

8 

34.33 

5.63 

3.09 

25.61 

2.72 

.54 

.54 

1 

.18 

1.96 

.61 

.15 

2 

2.94 

1 

.18 

1.30 

.10 

.03 

.03 

•"""*• 

2 

2.78 

.01       .02 

1 

.18 

.00 

.00 

1 

• 

1.39 

.46!      .64 



1 

1 

1 

1.47 

'  ".08     .*ii 

.19       .26 

1 

13 
3 
8 
67 
5 
2 

.18 
2.36 

.54 

1.45 

12.17 

.91 

.3i\ 

1     0.18 

.15 
.90 
.10 
.84 
.  w 
.29 
.30 

.03 

1 

i.39 

10 
1 
2 

2.9i 
.18 
.30 

( 

.16 

1 

.03 

6 

2 

6.95 
2.78 

.12 

.16 

1 

.15 

u03       .A4 

"*1 

.18 

::;:::  :::::i:::::: 

.06 

I 

1.39 

1 

1.39 

.00 

.00 

1 

.18 

.05 



2 

.36 

• 

.32 

.06 

1 

1.39 

1 

2 

16 

10 

12 

.18 

.36 

2.91 

1.82 

2.18 

.02 
.16 
.79 
.10 
.30 

.00 

1 

.18 

.03 

23   3i.99 

.76 
.29 
.11 

.15 

.14 

20  27.81 

1 

.18 

.02 

2     2.78 

•     .  . 

.05 

167 

9 

11 

12 

1 

7 

31 

28.52 
1.63 
2.00 
2.18 

.18 
1.27 
3.81 

2.62 
.42 
.91 
.65 

.03 
.41 

.33I 

.48 

.08 

1 

.18 

.17 

1      1.3» 

.09 

.13 

.12 

.01 

4 
6l 

6.56 

8.341 

.09 
.06 

.12 

.091 

1 

.18 

.07 

.60 

776 

Tablb  No.  75.- 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUKGEON   GBNEBAIj. 


'Admissions  to  sick  report,  discharges,  deaths,  and  noneffectiveness,  wiUk 
ports,/or  officers  arid  native  troops  serving  in  Porto  Bico, 


Serial 
Nos. 


228-231 

282-236 

238 

280-244 

245-2S3 
254 

2S&-2S0 
200 

281-263 

264-267 

268-272 

276 

277-281 

288 

280-291 
203-290 

80^406 

804 

807-809 

810-312 
813-319 

822-323 

82i-325 

85»-357 

868-360 

367 

372 

376 


370 


iDter- 
na- 
tional 
danl- 
flca- 
tion. 


Mean  strength. 


CauMS  of  admission  to  sick  report. 


426-134 
435 
436 
437 


480 
441 
442 
443 

446 

446 
448 
440 
450 
453 
456-458 
450 
460 


OObI 

100 
102 
103 

105 
106 
107 
106 
100 
UOa 

110b 

114 

116 

110 
120 
122 

124 

124b| 

125 

126 
127 

143 
144 
146 
147 
149g 
150 
180Aa 


189Ba 


Other  diseases  of  the  mouth  and 


155-163 
164 
165a 
165b 

166 

167 

168a| 

169 

170 

171 

172 
174 
175 
176 
170 
183-4 
185 
186 


annexa 

Diseases  of  the  pharynx 

Uloer  of  stomach 

Other  diseases  of  stomach  (cancer 

excepted) 

Diarrhea  and  enteritis 

Ankylostomiasis 

Intesttaial  parasites 

Appendicitis 

Hernia 

Diseases  of  the  anus  and  fecal 

fistula 

Other  diseases  of  the  Intestines 

Biliary  calculi 

Other  diseases  of  liver  and  gall 

bladder 

Acute  nephritis 

Bright's  disease 

Other  diseases  of  the  kidney  and 

annexa , 

Diseases  of  the  bladder 

Enuresis , 

Diseases  of  the  urethra,  urinary 

abscess,  etc , 

Diseases  of  the  prostate 

Diseases  of  the  male  genital  organs 

(non-venereal) 

Furuncle  and  carbuncle 

Acute  abscess  and  cellulitis 

Diseases  of  the  bones 

Diseases  of  the  Joints 

Flat  foot 

Congenital  malformations 

Febricula.  simple  continued,  and 

other   levers   of   undetermined 

causation 

Under  observation,  undiagnosed 

and  unknown 


Army  transports,  offloers  and  enlisted  men. 


&  O.  O.,  1,385— A.  O.  O.,  1,386. 


Admia- 
sions. 


73 


6 


52.71 


20^  14.44 
571  41.16| 


Discharges. 


.72 
2.80 

.72 


14 


10.11 
.72 

3     2.17 


d 

I 


1       .72 


4  2.89 

3  2.17 

9  6.d0> 

3,  2.17 


ArrEcnom  pbodvckd  bt 

XXTCBKAL  CAV8BS.1 


Suicides,  all 

Poisoning  by  food 

Venomous  bites  and  stings 

Othtf  poisoning  (deleterious  gases 

excepted) 

Ck>nflagration 

Bums  (OQDflagrations  excepted) 

Suffocation,  strangulation 

Drowning,  accidental 

Traumatism  by  firearms  (other 

than  specified ) 

Traumatism  by  cutting  or  piercing 

instruments 

Traumatism  by  fall 

Traumatism  by  machines 

Traumatism  bv  other  crushing 

Injuries  by  animals 

Fleets  of  boat 

Horol  idee,aU 

Fractures,  causes  not  specified 

Other  external  violeote 

Killed  or  woowlad  fax  aeiion: 

By  ballet 

By  Shan 


.72! 


Deaths. 


i 

55 


Non- 
effective. 


I 


o 


0.79,    0.57 
.16'      .12 


.471 
.76 


0.72i 


.01 

.271 
.33 


.70 
.06 

.27 
.11 
.41 

.08 
.50 
.50 

.00 
.06 

.07 
.03 
.34 

.11 

.65 

4.13 

.0% 


.34 
.65 


.00 
.30 
.21 


.67 


.15 


.72 


3.611. 
14   10.11. 
2j     1.44 
1.44 


.72;. 


0     6.50 


1  i      .72 


.11 


1  Noiieflec4tT( 


for  individual  external  causes  not  tabulated. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  StTBOEON  OEITBBAIi. 


777 


ratios  j>er  IflOO  of  mean  strength,  for  officers  and  enlisted  men  serving  on  Army  trans- 
fer native  troops  xn  Philippine  Isltrnds,  year  1915 — Continued. 


Porto  Rioo,  ofBoen  and  cnUstod  natlTe  troops. 

Phflippine  lalaada,  natlTe  troops. 

a  0.  O.,  719-A.  G.  O.,  719. 

a  0.  0.,  6,506— A.  0.  0.,  6^. 

Admis. 
sKnu. 

DiachargM. 

Deaths. 

Non- 
effective. 

Admis. 
aioiia. 

Discharges. 

Deaths. 

Non- 
effective. 

• 

1 

2 

o* 

1 

• 

1 

1 

• 

i 

1 

6 

1 

i 

6 

• 

1 

o' 

1 

• 

§ 

5? 

• 

1 

• 

1 

2 

1 

• 

M 
1 

z, 

d 

6 
39 

a  91 

7.06 

ai2 

.58 

0.02 

6 

8.34 

0.10 

ai3 

.11 

2 
14 

4 

2.78 

.06 
.27 
.18 

.09 
.37 
.26 

21 

207 

62 

33 

4 
4 

6 

332 
1 

3 
1 
3 

3.81 

37.60 

9.45 

6.99 

.73 

.73 

.91 

60.31 

.18 

.54 
.1* 
.54 

a2o 

2.47 

1.05 

.60 

.15 

.46 

.14 

3.43 

.02 

.96 
.04 
.18 

0l04 

19.47 

.46 

6.56 

1 

a  18 

1 

0.18 

.19 

.12 

1 

.18 

.Oft 

.0& 

1 
5 

1.39 
6.95 

.04 
.07 

.06 
.09 

03 

62 

00 

2 

1 

2.78 
1.39 

.02 
.06 

.03 
.09 

17 

.  If 
.01 

1 

.18 

.03 

1 

i 
•   •••••1.    •.    ..    . 

« 

10 

13  Q1 

• 

.53 

-74 

20 

116 

201 

15 

12 

3.63 

.41 

2.62 

5.67 

.70 

.55 

.07 

18!  ^.03 

32  44.51 

1,    l.^ 

2     2.78 

.37       .51 
.84     1.  lA 

21.07 

36.51 

2.72 

.48 

1.03 

.11 
.69 

.15 
.96 

ii'"-i« 

.13 

i 

1.47 

1 

2. 181          i|      .  18 

.10 

t 

1 

5 

32 
3 

.9i          i      .18 

.17 

.68 
.28 

.08 

5 
3 

6.95 
4.17 

.OS 
.22 

.12 
.30 

5.81 

.12 

.54 

.06 

1 

.18 

o 
3 

1 

2 

13 

1 

.3o 
.54 

.18 

.36 

2.36 

.18 

1 

1.39 

1 

1 

1 

■  *  ■      ■  • 

*••••*■ 

1 

2 

2.78 

. 





f 

1 

6 

12 
2 
1 

1 

1.39 

8.34 
16.69 

1 

1 

.••••• 

1 

1.27 

1 

.18 

1 
1 

.18 
.18 

1 

6?    n.26 



1 

133   24.16 

2"  .3fi 

2.78 
1.39 
1.39 



•  •••••!•••••• 

1 

1 

I 

18     3.27 
3       .54 

15|    2.72 
2       .36 
3'      .64 

( 

1     1.39 

••..•* 

2 

.36 

1 

...... 

14 

19.47 

1 

335i  42.69 

1 

.18 

2 

.SA 

::::;j;::::: 

r      .18 

2'      .36 

•••••• 

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Tablb  No.  81. — Ratios  per  1,000  of  mean  etrmgthfor  '*  total  admissions"  and  for  **case 
admissions"  for  enlisted  American  troops  in  the  ArmAf  {as  a  whole),  in  the  United 
States  (continental),  excluding  Alaska,  and  in  the  Philippine  Islanas,  for  the  years 
1904  to  1911,  for  disease,  external  causes,  and  all  causes. 


Tear. 

Enlistad  American  troops. 

Army. 

United  States  (con- 
tinental), exclud- 
ing Alaska. 

Philippine  latands. 

Total 

admia- 

sioos. 

Case 
admis- 
sions. 

Total 
admis- 
sions. ~ 

Case 
admis- 
sions. 

Total 

admis- 

sions. 

Case 
admis- 
sions. 

1904 

Diseases 

1.114 
241 

1.002 
22« 

1,019 
257 

951 
242 

1,473 
215 

1.293 

External  causes 

204 

AU  causes 

1.355 

1.230 

1,306 

1,193 

1,688 

1,497 

Diseases .. * * . 

1906 

1,068 
.238 

975 
226 

908 
252 

921 
239 

1,387 
213 

1.260 

KrterTMri  cwiJWfl.... 

207 

All  causes 

1,296 

1,201 

1,250 

1,160 

1,000 

1,467 

Diseases. 

1906 

1,053 
224 

987 
216 

944 
236 

879 
226 

1.4W 
206 

1,409 

Krt«7»aJ  c*Miw*s. ......  ^ 

202 

All  causes 

1.277 

1.203 

1,180 

1,105 

1,700 

1.611 

Diseases 

1907 

1,005 
213 

926 
206 

956 
216 

885 
203 

1.260 
223 

1,153 

EyterTMri  CW1SW 

216 

All  causes 

1,218 

1,132 

1,172 

1,093 

1.483 

1,360 

Diseases.. k 

1908 

963 
225 

891 
217 

922 
227 

860 
219 

1.208 
232 

1.097 

Fxtemal  causes  ..x........... ... 

222 

All  causes 

1.188 

1,108 

1,149 

1.079 

1.440 

1,319 

Diseases 

1900 

866 
197 

791 
190 

822 
202 

750 
195 

1.156 
192 

1,062 

External  causes .' 

185 

All  causes 

1,063 

981 

1.024 

946 

1,348 

1.247 

Diseases 

1910 

766 
184 

707 
178 

715 
1»1 

662 
178 

1.048 
195 

956 

External  causes 

188 

AU  causes 

950 

885 

899 

840 

1.243 

1,144 

Diseases 

1911 

770 
166 

718 
161 

726 
162 

680 
157 

1,028 
190 

947 

External  causes. 

185 

All  causes 

036 

879 

888 

837 

1,218 

1,132 

DTTERlf ATIOlf AL  HILITAET  MEDICAL  STATISTICS  FOR  THE 

YEAR  1916. 

These  tables  are  those  agreed  upon  at  the  International  Commission 
for  the  Unification  of  the  Medical  Statistics  of  Armies,  held  at  Buda- 
pest in  1894,  at  Madrid  in  1903,  and  modified  by  the  last  meeting  held 
at  Berlin  in  1907.  They  are  calculated  for  the  United  States  Army 
proper  (white  and  colored)  and  include  enlisted  men  only.  Disposi- 
tions include  cases  remaining  from  last  year.  Deaths  include  suicides 
and  accidents.  Days  lost  inmde  those  lost  this  year  by  cases  remaining 
from  last  year. 

Table  I  shows  in  absolute  numbers,  by  divisions,  the  mean  strength 
of  the  command,  the  admissions  to  quarters,  to  hospital,  and  total 
admissions;  the  disposition  of  the  sick,  total,  and  the  number  returned 
to  duty,  died,  and  otherwise  disposed  of,  and  the  total  number  of  days' 
sickness. 


792 


REPOBT  OP  THE  STJBGEON   GENEBAI* 


Table  U  gives  the  same  data  in  ratios  per  1,000,  and  also  shows  the 

davs  lost  per  soldier  and  per  admission. 
Table  III  shows,  by  arms  of  service,  the  mean  strength,  the  total 

admissions,  and  those  admitted  to  hospital  only,  the  total  dispositions, 

and  the  number  of  those  returned  to  duty,  and  the  number  that  died. 
Table  IV  rives  the  same  data  as  Table  III  by  months. 
Table  V  shows  for  each  of  the  larger  garrisons  the  mean  strength, 

admissions  to  hospital,  total  admissions,  and  the  deaths. 
Table  VI  shows  for  each  of  the  38  diseases  or  disease  groups  agreed 

upon  by  the  international  commission,  the  nimaber  remaimng  imder 

treatment  at  the  commencement  and  close  of  the  current  year,  the 

admissions  and  dispositions  for  the  year,  the  total  sick  days^  and  the 

average  number  of  days  per  case. 
Table  ^^[I  shows  the  admissions,  bv  arms  of  service,  for  the  diseases 

and  disease  groups  referred  to  in  Table  VI. 
Table  VIII  shows  the  same  data  as*  Table  VII  by  months. 
Table  IX  shows  deaths  by  rank,  by  length  of  service,  and  by  age- 
Table  X  shows  the  same  data  as  Table  IX  for  discharges  for  physical 

disability. 


International  Table  I. — Movement  of  tick  by  Army  corps  (departmerUi). 

ABSOLUTE  NUMBERS  (ENLISTED  MEN). 


United    States    (excluding 
Alaska): 

Eastern  Departm«it 

Central  Department 

Southern  Department 
(excluding  Cavalry  di- 
vision)  

Weston  Department . . . 
Second  tactical  division. 
Mexican  border  (field) . . 
Independent  stations . . . 

Recruit  depots 

General  hospitals 

Total 

Alaskai 

Canal  Zone.  Panama  1 

Hawaiian  Department 

Chlna> 

Philippine  Department 

Army  transports 

Army 


Mean 
strength. 


10,145 
2,748 


6,073 
7,898 
6,895 
14,239 
3  016 
6,203 
509 


63,725 

763 

5,721 

8,572 

1,335 

11,834 
1,312 


93,362 


Admitted  sick. 


Total. 


12,627 
2,334 


3,631 
4,395 
4,815 
10,278 
1,025 
6,567 
506 


44,8(» 

295 

4,983 

4,877 

1,953 

11,721 

751 


69,443 


To  hos- 
pital. 


11,086 
1,846 


3,246 
3,577 
2,902 
3,349 

555 
6,389 

484 


32,534 

254 

3,755 

4,497 

1,403 

10,910 

615 


63,968 


To 
quar- 
lers. 


1,441 

878 


185 

818 

1,913 

6,934 

470 

178 

32 


13,829 

41 

2,228 


649 
811 
136 


16,474 


Sick  disposed  ol 


Re- 
turned 
to  duty 
recov- 
ered. 


11,405 
3,118 


4,830 
3,119 
4,341 
8,103 
053 
6,160 
1,898 


43,135 

259 

4,503 

4,698 

1,711 

10,980 

466 


64,831 


Died. 


74 
6 


48 
30 
46 
63 
10 
40 
46 


349 

8 

14 

37 

6 

34 

4 


436 


other- 
wise 

dis- 
posed 

ot 


304 
68 


307 
68 
90 
66 
18 
301 
454 


1,456 

10 

116 

145 

81 

634 

7 


TotaL 


11,773 
3,181 


6,104 
3,197 
4,476 

080 
6,410 
3,496 


43,030 

371 

4,721 

4,870 

1,748 

11,638 

467 


3,388  I  67,546 


Total 


116,008 
31,061 


01,586 
23,385 
60.818 
67,001 
7,0W 
00,410 
168,000 


606,677 

8,488 

64,890 

68,080 

17,0M 

185,010 
18, 4n 


880.8a 


1  Separated  from  tlie  deparUnaot  to  whldi  they  belong  for  parpotes  of  oomp«riaoik 


BEPORT  OF  THE  SUBOEOK  OENEBAIi. 


793 


Intbrnational  Tablb  II. — Movement  ofeick,  by  Army  corps  (departmentM). 

PROPORTIONATE  NUMBERS  (ENLISTED  MEN). 


In  1,000  of  mean  strength. 

In  1,000  disposed  of. 

Days  lost. 

Total  ad- 
missions. 

Admifl- 
sions  to 
hospital. 

Deaths. 

Returned 
to  duty 
(recov- 
ered). 

Died. 

Other- 
wise 
dis- 
posed 
of. 

Per 
sol- 
dier. 

Per 
admis- 

SiOQ. 

United  States  (excluding  Alaska): 
Eastern  DeDartment 

654.32 
809.32 

606.04 
556.47 
698.33 
721. 47 
508.43 
1,070. 17 
994.11 

679.05 
671.76 

639.86 
452.90 
420.88 
235.20 
275.30 
1,035.95 

3.87 
1.82 

9.46 
2.53 
6.53 
3.65 
4.96 
9.42 

976.39 
971.11 

6.28 
2.29 

17.33 
26.59 

• 

59.11 
18.14 
20.11 
8.03 
18.37 
37.15 
181.76 

6.00 
7.99 

18.04 
4.10 
7.30 
4.71 
3.94 

11.61 

9.18 

Central  Department 

9.87 

Southern   Department   (ex- 
cluding troops  on  Mexican 
border) 

931.65     9.24 

26.92 

Western  Department 

Second  tactical  division 

Mexican  border 

975.60 
969.84 
985.65 

6.26 

10.05 

6.33 

7.36 

10.46 
6.63 

Independent  stations 

Recruit  depots 

971.43    10.20 
953.79     9.06 
799.84    18.41 

7.74 
10.86 

General  hospitals 

Total 

704.01 

510.54 

5.40 

958.91 

7.94 

33.14 

9.39 

13.34 

Alaska 

386.63 
871.00 
5«8.94 
1,402.17 
990.45 
672.41 

332.90 
481.56 
524.61 
1,050.94 
921.93 
468.75 

2.62 
2.37 
3.04 
4.49 
2.86 
3.05 

955.72 
972.68 
964.68 
978.83 
951.64 
976.45 

7.38 
2.97 
5.54 
3.43 
2.95 
8.67 

36.90 
24.36 
29.77 
17.73 
45.42 
14.99 

3.25 

9.49 

7.46 

12.77 

10.64 

14.08 

8.41 

Canal  Zone,  Panama 

10.89 

Hawaiian  I^epcutment 

13.11 

China .' 

8.74 

Philippine  Department 

10.74 

Army  iransports 

34.60 

Army 

744.59 

667.96 

4.60 

969.67 

6.46 

33.87 

6.44 

13.66 

International  Table  III. — Movement  of  «db,  by  arms  of  service — Army — Enlisted 

men,  American  troops. 


Mean 
strength. 

Absolute  numbers. 

Proportionate  nambers. 

Arms  of 

Sick  ad- 
missions. 

Sick  disposed  of. 

Per  1.000  of  mean 
strength. 

Per  1,000  of  siok 
disposed  of. 

service: 

TotaL 

To 
hos- 
pital. 

Total. 

Fit 

for 
duty 
(recov- 
ered). 

Deaths. 

Total 
sick 
admis- 
sions. 

Ad- 
ml«»- 
sioas  to 
hospi- 
tals. 

Deaths. 

Fit 

for 
duty 
(recov- 
ered). 

Deaths. 

Infantry 

Cavalry 

Coast  Artillery.. 
Field  ArtiUery.. 

Engineers 

Ordnance 

Signal  Corps 

Hospital  Corps. 
Others V.. 

34,090 

14,408 

18,963 

6,609 

1,877 

725 

1,364 

3,891 

12,435 

26,620 

11,435 

12,494 

6,313 

1,532 

380 

745 

2,418 

8,505 

17,603 

8,864 

11,090 

4,041 

1,118 

346 

653 

2,129 

7,324 

25,444 

11,305 

12,230 

6,184 

1,518 

372 

727 

2,376 

8,389 

24,387 

10,911 

11,736 

6,007 

1,447 

369 

701 

2,267 

8,007 

147 
73 
79 
81 
11 
8 
0 
13 
76 

780.87 
793.66 
668.86 
964.42 
816.30 
634.14 
646.19 
621.43 
683.96 

513.44 
615.21 
584.82 
733.53 
595.63 
477.24 
406.43 
647.16 
588.96 

4.24 
4.99 
4.10 
3.76 
6.77 
10.85 
6.49 
3.29 
6.94 

968.46 
966.16 
960.63 
966.86 
953.22 
965.00 
964.23 
964.23 
964.46 

6.78 
6.46 
6.46 
4.06 
7.26 
21.61 
12.38 
6.47 
8.94 

Total 

93,263 

69,442 

62,968.67,646 

64,821 

436 

744.69 

667.96 

4.60 

969.68 

6.46 

794 


REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON   GENERAL. 


Intbrnational  Tablb  IV. — Movement  of  nek,  by  months  (enlisted  men). 

AMERICAN  TROOPS  AT  HOME. 


Absolute  numbers. 

Proportionate  numbers. 

Month. 

Mean, 
strength. 

Sick  admis- 
sions. 

Sick  disposed  of. 

Per  LOGO  of  mean 
strength. 

Per  1,000  sk^ 
disposed  of. 

Total. 

• 

To  hos- 
pital. 

Total. 

Fit  for 
duty 
(recov- 
ered). 

Deaths. 

Total 
sick 
admis- 
sions. 

Admls- 

to  hos- 
pital. 

Deaths. 

Fit  for 

duty 

(reooT- 

ered). 

Deaths. 

January... 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October... 
November. 
December. 

65,805 
66.8G8 
65,989 
64,948 
63,583 
63,216 
62,574 
60,875 
62,411 
61.750 
02,726 
63,951 

4,064 
4,346 
4,760 
4,038 
3,406 
3,144 
3,448 
3,231 
3,356 
8,289 
3,620 
4,161 

3,009 
3,308 
8,540 
2,878 
2,425 
2;  188 
2,379 
2,338 
2,444 
2,320 
2,650 
2,995 

3,780 
4,165 
4,545 
4,120 
3,572 
3,165 
3,362 
3,179 
3,224 
3,266 
3,353 
4,199 

3,614 
4,002 
4,368 
3,930 
3,427 
3,025 
3,240 
3,047 
3,080 
3,118 
3.196 
4,078 

24 
35 
34 
28 
18 
23 
23 
44 
25 
84 
27 
34 

61.76 
64.99 
72.13 
62.17 
53.57 
49.73 
55.10 
53.08 
53.77 
53.26 
57.71 
65.07 

46.64 
49.47 
53.65 
44.31 
38.14 
3461 
38.02 
38.41 
39.16 
37.57 
42.25 
46.83 

a36 
.52 
.52 
.43 
.28 
.36 
.36 
.69 
.39 
.54 
.42 
.53 

956.08 
960.86 
961.06 
953.88 
959.41 
955.77 
963.71 
958.48 
955.34 
954.68 
963.18 
97L18 

8.88 

8.40 
7.48 
6.80 
6.04 
7.27 
6.84 

13L84 
7.78 

10.41 
8.08 
8.10 

Total. 

63,725 

44,863 

32,534 

43,930 

42,125 

349 

704.01 

510.54 

6.40 

958.91 

7.04 

AMERICAN  TROOPS  IN  THE  PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS. 


January... 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August.... 

September. 

October... 

November 

December. 

Total. 


11,619 
12,097 
12,626 
13,310 
12,8G4 
12,566 
12.464 
11,990 
11,153 
10,769 
10,747 
9,896 


1,082 

829 

909 

1,133 

1,084 

1,058 

1,454 

1,348 

991 

757 

610 

546 


11,834     11,721 


964 

786 

862 

1,011 

1,055 

1,003 

1,306 

1,178 

950 

721 

567 

507 


10,910 


019 
856 

872 

1,072 

1,018 

1,059 

1,438 

1,338 

1,016 

867 

553 

530 


11,538 


883 

825 

836 

1,011 

967 

1,005 

1,349 

1,263 

960 

833 

534 

514 


10,980 


2 
8 
2 
6 
2 
3 
2 
6 
2 
2 
2 
3 


86.98 
68.52 
71.99 
85.12 
84.26 
84.19 
116.65 
112.43 
88.85 
70.29 
56.76 
55.17 


83.68 
64.97 
68.27 
75.96 
82.01 
79.82 
104.78 
98.25 
85.18 
66.95 
52.76 
5L23 


34     990.45  I  921.93 


a  17 
.24 
.16 
.39 
.16 
.23 
.16 
.40 
.18 
.19 
.20 
.30 


960.83 
963.79 
958.72 
943.10 
940.90 
949.01 
938.11 
943.95 
944.88 
960.78 
965.64 
969.81 


X18 
8.00 


LOO 

XI 
L{ 


L07 
2.81 

8.62 
5.66 


2.86     05L64 


2.88 


REPORT  OF  THE  SITROEON  GENERAL. 


795 


International  Table  V. — Movement  of  tick  in  the  larger  garrisom,  officers  and  en- 

lUted  men,  year  1915, 


Garrison. 


Jefferson  Barracks,  Ho 

Fort  Monroe,  V» 

Fort  Sam  Houston.  Tex 

Fort  Slocum.  N.  Y. 

Fort8IU,Okla 

C<4umbus  Barracks,  Ohio 

Fort  Oglethorpe,  Ga 

Fort  Winlield  Soott,  Cal 

Presidio  of  San  Francisco,  Cal . . 

Vancouver  Barracks,  Wash 

Fort  Huachuca,  Arii 

Fort  McDowell,  Cal 

Fort  Ethan  Alien,  Vt 

West  Point,  N.  Y 

Fort  Bliss,  Tex 

Fort  Leavenworth,  Kans 

Plattsburg  Barracks,  N.  Y 

Fort  Hancock,  N.  J 

Fort  Myer,  Va 

Fort  H.  G.  WriAt,  N.  Y 

Fort  Terrv,  N.  Y. 

Madison  Barraclo.  N.  Y 

Fort  Barrancas,  Fia 

Fort  Worden,  Wash 

Fort  Hamilton,  N.  Y 

Fort  Gibbon,  AlaflJca 

Fort  Wro.  H.  Seward,  Alaska. . 

Fort  Da\is,  .Vlaska 

Schofield  Barracks,  Hawaii 

Fort  Shaiter,  Hawaii 

Fort  Kamehameha,  Hawaii 

Fort  Ruger,  Hawaii 

Fort  De  Russjr,  Hawaii 

Fort  Mills,  P.  I. 

Fort  WOlbm  McKinley,  P.  I... 

C-amp  Stotsenburg,  P.  I 

Ludfow  Barracks,  P.  I 

Coartel de  Espana.  P.I 

Augor  Barracks,  r.  I 

Camp  McGrath,  P.  I 

Camp  Keithley, P.I 

Camp  Jotm  Hay,  P.  I 

Camp  Eldridee,P.I 

Pettit  Barracks,  P.  I 

Warwick  Barracks,  P.  I 

Camp  Overton,  P.l 

Fort  San  Pedro,  P.  I 

Camp  Gregg,  P.  I 


Mean 
strength. 


1,413 
1,352 
1,293 
1,287 
1,182 
1,166 
1,096 
1,098 

'■^ 

875 
871 
860 
838 

823 
811 
766 
750 
694 
683 
681 
641 
637 
633 
629 
234 
214 
107 
5,349 
1,944 
444 
287 
204 
4,679 
8,008 
2,030 
909 
899 
836 
726 
646 
533 
524 
477 
462 
436 
337 
314 


Total  admissions. 


Absolute 
numbers. 


1,153 
994 

1,027 

1,726 
953 

1,312 
896 
363 
770 
501 
285 
754 
726 


665 

755 

527 

442 

611 

577 

456 

859 

293 

319 

345 

96 

96 

34 

3,146 

1,033 

297 

134 

93 

3,911 

3,849 

3,628 

540 

1,346 

610 

675 

317 

462 

517 

198 

235 

210 

304 

280 


Per  1,000 
of  mean 
strength. 


815.90 
735.21 
794.28 

1,34L10 
806.36 

1,125.21 
816.03 
33a  60 
706.13 
616.91 
325.71 
866.60 
835.44 
343.68 
795.87 
930.95 
687.99 
589.33 
880.40 
844.80 
660.60 
500.06 
450.07 
508.96 
389.51 
410.26 
448.60 
317.76 
588.15 
531.38 
668.92 
466.90 
455.88 
622.14 
947.14 

1,294.58 
603.96 

1,497.22 
729.67 
929.76 
490.71 
866w79 
986.64 
415.09 
508.66 
481.66 
902.08 
891.72 


Admissions  to 
hospital. 


Absolute 
numbers. 


1,U6 
899 
9S7 

1,678 
838 

1,295 
753 
250 
547 
566 
245 
663 
673 
349 
630 
443 
443 
411 
545 
532 
350 
352 
267 
280 
218 
76 
85 
34 

3,899 

963 

160 

109 

90 

2,754 

2,708 

2,487 
537 
958 
565 
639 
801 
447 

4n 

188 
216 
189 
282 
259 


Per  1,000 
of  mean 
strength. 


Deaths. 


803.96 
664.94 
768.34 

1,303.81 
708.97 

1,110.63 
685.80 
227.69 
50a92 
579.33 
28a  00 
761.20 
773.80 
297.14 
765.49 
546.24 
577.02 
548.00 
785.30 
778.91 
513.95 
549.14 
419.15 
442.34 
34a  58 
324.79 
397.30 
317.76 
541.07 
505.66 
36a  36 
379.79 
294.11 
588.50 
900.37 

1,225.13 
59a  76 

1,065.63 
675.84 
88a  17 
465.94 
838.66 
898.86 
394.18 
467.64 
433.40 
83a  80 
824.84 


Absolute 
numbers. 


31 

4 
15 
7 
8 
16 
8 
4 


3 

10 
1 
5 
3 

14 
1 
8 
8 
1 


Perl.OOO 
of  mean 
strength. 


3 
1 


13 
1 
8 


6 
10 

4 


3 

a 
1 
1 

4 
8 
8 
1 
8 
3 
1 


14.86 
2.96 

11.60 
5.44 

an 

13.73 
3.73 

3.64 


2.09 
11.43 
1.15 
5.75 
3.39 
17.01 
1.23 
3.92 
4.00 
1.44 


2.94 
3.13 
3.14 


4.77 
4.27 


2.43 

.51 

a  76 


1,28 
3.32 
1.97 


2.23 
2.39 
1.88 
1.55 
7.50 
6.78 
a39 
3.16 
a88 
5.93 
3.18 


BEPOBI  OF  THE  SXmaEOK  QENEBAL. 


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BEPOBI  OF  THE  SUBOBON   GEHEBAL. 


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BEPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON   GENERAIi. 


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REPORT  OF  THE  SURGEON   GENERAL. 


801 


Intsrnational  Tablb  IX.—Deaths  by  rank,  by  length  of  service  and  by  age,  1915. 


Cmims  of  death. 


Deaths  from  sickness 

SoldJws  present  with  troops 
Soldiers  absent  from  troops. 

Accidental  deaths 

Soldiers  present  with  troops 
Soldiers  absent  from  troops. 

Suicides 

Soldiers  present  with  troops 
Soldiers  absent  from  troops . 

Total 


Total 
number 
of  deaths 
(enlisted 

men). 


a 

9 

a 
S 

I 


246 
147 
09 
140 
95 
45 
50 
38 
12 


436 


oft 


2.60 

1.55 

1.05 

1.48 

1.00 

.48 

.53 

.40 

.13 


Deaths  by  rank 

and  lenith  of 

serrioc. 


50 
28 
31 
19 
14 

5 
13 
12 

1 


4.60 


01 


CO 


73 

53 

20 

26 

20 

6 

8 

5 

3 


CojC 


i-oi 


36 

22 

14 

25 

21 

4 

6 

5 

1 


107 


67 


78 
44 
34 
70 
40 
30 
23 
16 
7 


I 


10 

14 

5 

10 

8 

2 


171  I  29 


Deaths  by  age. 


. 

• 

• 

• 

^ 

% 

» 

§ 

o 

o 

o 

o 

*« 

** 

*» 

4>* 

^ 

s 

CO 

27 

81 

42 

36 

57 

25 

18 

13 

24 

17 

18 

14 

62 

29 

20 

11 

43 

19 

14 

19 

10 

6 

15 

12 

9 

10 

9 

6 

5 

3 

3 

•  •  •  • 

158 

83 

65 

45 

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41 
20 
21 
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56 


International  Tablb  X. — Diechargesfrom  the  Army  for  physical  disability,  temporary 
or  permanent,  by  rank,  length  of  service,  and  by  age,  1915, 


Causes  of  discharge. 


Physical  disability  existent 
prior  to  enlistment 

Phjrsical  disability  incident 
to  service 

Physical  disability  not  inei- 
dent  to  service 

Total 


Total  dis- 
diarges  (en- 
listed men.) 


a 
I 


761 
471 
119 


1,351 


§i 


8.03 
4.97 
1.26 


14.26 


Rank  and  length 
of  service. 


9 
54 
11 


74 


•^8     5  8   -S^j, 


•a 
a    ' 


Eo 


S 


i2o 

1^ 


«  o  > 
C     o 

'c  Sg 

OQ 


522 

102 

28 


652 


153 
80 
26 


77 

235 

54 


250      366 


•a 

s 


98 

33 

4 


135 


Age. 


2 


452 

192 

42 


686 


8 

o 


149 

119 

26 


294 


o 


52 
62 
23 


137 


^ 


8 
28 
14 


50 


> 
o 

9 


2 
37 
10 


49 


Very  respectfully, 


The  Secretary  op  War. 

e9176'— WAB  191G~voL  1 51 


H.  p.  Birmingham, 
Coland,  Medical  Corps, 
Acting  Surgeon  Oeneral. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE. 


803 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE. 


War  Department, 
OmcB  OF  THE  Chief  of  Ordnance, 

October  i,  1916. 

Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  on  the  prin- 
cipal operations  of  the  Ordnance  Department  during  the  past  nscal 
year,  together  with  certain  remarks  as  to  its  interests  and  necessities : 

PERSONNEL. 

The  department  has  not  suffered  from  abnormal  losses  of  officers 
since  the  date  of  my  last  annual  report,  but  it  is  still  embarrassed  by 
the  losses  which  occurred  previously  and  which  were  mentioned  in 
that  report.  Congress  has,  in  the  national  defense  act  of  June  3, 
taken  action  for  the  relief  of  the  department  in  the  matter  of  officers 
by  providing  for  an  increase  of  67,  in  the  previously  established  force 
of  85.  The  increase  is  to  take  place  in  installments  over  five  years, 
which  is  probably  at  as  rapid  a  rate  as  the  officers  can  be  instructed 
for  duty  as  Ordnance  officers  and  assimilated.  The  act  has  in  addi- 
tion provided  for  the  detail  of  30  line  officers  for  a  preliminarv  course 
of  instruction  looking  to  their  eventual  regular  detail  in  the  Ord- 
nance Department,  with  the  object  of  affording  personnel  for  the 
authorized  increment  of  the  department  and  for  making  good  normal 
casualties.  The  provisions  made  by  Congress  ought  to  be  satisfactory 
and  doubtless  will  ultimately  be  so.  In  the  meantime,  while  new  offi- 
cers are  receiving  the  special  training  necessary  to  make  them  useful 
Ordnance  officers,  the  department  will  have  to  do  its  best  with  its 
existing  trained  personnel  and  with  such  assistance  as  it  can  com- 
mand from  sources  outside  of  it.  Assistance  of  this  latter  class  has 
been  made  available  in  the  matter  of  production  by  experience  of 
many  American  establishments  in  the  manufacture  of  war  materiel 
for  European  nations,  but  in  the  matter  of  design  there  is  less 
trained  ability  to  draw  upon,  and  until  training  in  design  shall  have 
produced  additions  to  the  present  available  number  of  competent 
designers  the  department  will  have  to  get  along  as  best  it  can,  with 
the  assistance  of  such  designs  as  have  been  evolved  in  Europe  and 
can  be  secured,  probably  at  considerable  expense.  The  best  possible 
is  being  done  to  meet  the  situation  which  there  is  no  quick  way  of 
covering  satisfactorily. 

Of  the  30  officers  allowed  for  instruction,  contemplating  their  later 
detail  in  the  department,  effort  has  been  made  to  secure  15  this  year, 
but  because  of  other  demands  for  the  services  of  officers  of  proper  age 
and  condition  it  has  been  possible  to  get  only  8.  These  8  have  been 
ordered  to  the  Sandy  Hook  Proving  Ground  ror  a  year's  course  in  the 

805 


806  BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE. 

theoretical  engineering  work  of  ordnance  construction.  The  second 
year'a  course  will  be  entirely  practical. 

^  The  conditions  along  the  Mexican  border  have  called  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  some  half  dozen  depots  for  the  supply  of  troops  with 
ordnance  materiel.    These  depots  have  called  for  supply  officers  from  ] 

the  Ordnance  Department,  who  have  been  fumishedf  from  the  depart- 
ment's existing  personnel.  This  requirement  has  made  a  draft  upon 
the  officers  available  for  designing,  manufacturing,  and  inspecting 
work;  but  it  is  a  necessity  which  must  at  any  time  be  expected  and 
which  the  organization  should  provide  for.  nfhus  far  it  has  been  met 
without  the  mcrease  of  the  Ordnance  Department  by  any  members 
outside  of  its  organization,  but  it  is  obvious  that  it  can  not  be  carried 
much  further  without  such  increase. 

New  systems  of  supply  and  accountability  of  regiments  and  of  the 
collection  of  tfoops  at  posts  have  devolved  upon  regimental  and  post 
ordnance  officers  an  incTTased  amount  of  work,  and  to  meet  this  the 
enlisted  force  of  the  Ordnance  Department  has  been  increased  so  as  to 
provide  theproper  assistance  to  these  o3irv*rs.  and  avoid  the  depletion 
of  line  organizations  by  the  detail  of  Jucn  for  this  kind  of  work. 
These  enlisted  men  will  form  part  of  the  force  of  post  ordnance  offi- 
cers when  in  garrison,  btit  will  be  attached  to  and  go  with  the  regi- 
ments to  which  they  belong  when  these  regiments  take  the  field. 

FISCAL   AFFAIRS. 

The  statement  giving  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  the  Ord- 
nance Department  under  general  headings  for  the  fiscal  year  of  1916 
is  herewith  submitted  in  tabular  form  so  as  to  show  the  data  under 
the  various  appropriations  made  for  the  service  of  this  department, 
including  those  for  experiments  conducted  under  the  direction  of  the 
Board  or  Ordnance  and  Fortification  and  for  the  purchase  of  sub- 
marine mines,  the  control  of  which  rests  with  the  Chief  of  Coast 
Artillery. 

The  tables  constituting  the  statement  show  that  on  July  1,  1915, 
there  was  in  the  Treasury  and  in  the  possession  of  disbursing  officers 
the  sum  of  $18^00,774.13. 


BBFOBT  OT  THB  OHIKT  OV  OBDNANOB. 


807 


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KEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  OBDNAHOB. 

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11^ 


814  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE. 

The  total  amount  of  the  appropriations  and  allotments  for  the 
fiscal  year  1916  was  $25,508.a48.03.  The  total  amounts  with  which 
the  appropriations  were  creoited  in  accordance  with  law  from  sales, 
transiers,  etc.,  was  $638,172.69.  The  total  payments  made  by  dis- 
bursing officers  and  by  Treasury  settlements  during  the  year 
amounted  to  $12,766,698.57.  The  total  sales  of  condemned  stores 
during  the  year  amounted  to  $112,355.85,  all  of  which  was  credited 
on  the  books  of  the  Treasury  Department  to  "Ordnance  material 
(proceeds  of  sales)."  The  total  sales  to  other  parties  covered  into 
the  Treasury  Department  to  the  credit  of  the  fund  "Miscellaneous 
receipts"  amounted  to  $14,648.38.  The  total  amount  to  the  credit 
of  disbursing  officers  on  June  30,  1916,  was  $2,092,353.53,  and  tho 
total  amount  in  the  Treasury  on  the  same  date  was  $10,345,012.04. 
(See  note,  p.  11.) 

FUNDS  ON   HAND  AT  THE  BEGINNING  AND  CLOSE  OF  THE  FISCAL   TEAR. 

The  principal  amounts  on  hand  at  the  beginning  of  the  year  per- 
tained to  the  following  appropriations : 

Field  arUUery  for  Organized  MUltla,  1914-1916 $1. 399. 718. 08 

Field  artillery  for  Organized  Militia,  1915-1917 2. 089. 707. 03 

Ammunition  for  field  artillery  for  Organized  Militia.  1915-1917..    2, 859.  505. 77 

FortiflcatioDS  in  insular  possessions 976. 657, 06 

Armament  of  fortifications 5.323.906.35 

The  status  of  these  appropriations  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year 
will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  tabular  statement. 

The  principal  amounts  on  hand  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  per- 
tained to  the  following  appropriations: 

Ordnance  stores  and  supplies,  1916  and  1917 $871, 564. 07 

Field  artiUery  for  Organized  Militia,  1915-1917 1. 840. 379.  IS 

AmmunlUon  for  field  artiUery  for  Organized  Militia,  1915-1017..  1, 534, 826. 84 

Arming  and  equipping  the  Miiitia 438, 896. 11 

Armament  of  fortifications 8.166,512.41 

The  balances  under  the  appropriations  "  Field  artillery  for  Or- 
ganized Militia,  1915-1917 ''  and  "Ammunition  for  field  artillery  for 
Organized  Militia,  1915-1917  "  are  available  for  the  fiscal  year  1917. 

Of  the  above  amounts  reported  on  hand  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal 
year  the  greater  portion  in  nearly  every  case  had  been  allotted  to 
meet  outstanding  obligations.  The  available  balances  under  the 
above-named  appropriations  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  are  as 
follows: 

Orduance  stores  and  supplies.  1916  and  1917 $44, 218. 30 

Field  artUlery  for  Organized  Militia.  1915-1917 60. 93a  95 

Ammunition  for  field  artiUery  for  Orgauixed  Militia.  1915-1917-.  185. 733. 71 

Arming  and  equipping  the  Militia 24,521.01 

Armament  of  fortifications ., 371, 783. 46 

TRANSFERS  AND  SALES  OF  SERVICEABLE  ORDNANCE  STORES. 

The  value  of  ordnance  stores  transferred  to  the  execative  depart- 
ments  and  the  Organized  Militia  daring  the  last  fiscal  year,  for 
which  settlement  was  made  directly  or  by  Treasury  settlement, 
amounted  to  $414^72.84.  Of  this  amount  $229,393.43  was  on  account 
of  transfers  to  the  Navy  Department;  $111,177.36  on  account  of 
transfers  to  the  Marine  Corps;  $66J581.45  on  account  of  transfers 
to  other  executive  departments ;  and  $7,220.60  on  account  of  transitera 
to  the  Organized  Militia. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  OBDNANOB.  815 

The  practice  of  advancing  militia  funds  to  this  department  di- 
rectly at  the  beginning  of  the  year,  so  that  the  procurement  of  the 
stores  required  may  be  inau^rated,  mentioned  in  previous  reports, 
has  worked  satisfactorily  and  is  being  continued.  A  similar  practice 
is  also  followed  in  connection  with  Navy  funds. 

In  other  cases  settlement  is  made  directly  or  by  Treasury  settle- 
ment, the  money  received  being  taken  up  in  the  fund  ^^  Replacmg  ord- 
nance and  ordnance  stores,''  and  remaining  available  dunng  the  year 
in  which  the  corresponding  stores  were  transferred  and  the  follow- 
ing year. 

The  total  transfers  and  sales  amounted  to  $765,176.92. 

PAYMENTS. 

The  total  payments  made  by  disbursing  officers  amounted  to 
$12,505,066.60,  and  by  Treasury  settlements  to  $261,631.97;  a  total  of 
$12,766,698.57. 

The  amounts  of  disbursements  made  at  the  principal  arsenals  and 
in  the  Ordnance  Office  during  the  fiscal  year  are  as  follows : 

Frankford  Arsenal $3. 799, 135. 09 

Rock  Island  Arsenal 8, 416, 428. 60 

Springfield  Armory 683, 03G.  78 

Picatinny  Arsenal 775, 291. 22 

Watervllet  Arsenal 741, 675. 23 

Ordnance  Office. 1, 101, 184. 68 

AMOUNTS  COVERED   INTO  THE  SURPLUS   FUND. 

The  principal  amounts  covered  into  the  surplus  fund  of  the  Treas- 
ury were: 

Small-arms  target  practice,  1913  and  1914 $1, 758. 68 

Manufacture  of  arms,  1913  and  1914 844. 16 

Field  artiUery  for  Organized  Militia,  1913  and  1914 896. 41 

Replacing  and  repairing  ordnance  property  at  Gulf  forts 10, 690. 41 

Armament   of  fortifications 13, 531. 61 

COMPARISON  OF  THE  FISCAL  STATEMENT  WITH  THAT  OF  THE  PRECEDING 

YEAR. 

Comparing  the  fiscal  statement  with  that  of  the  preceding  year 
it  will  DC  found  that  the  amount  of  appropriations  during  the  year 
was  increased  from  $19,125,343.53  to  ^5,508,348.03,  an  increase  of 
$6,383,004.50.  The  amount  of  disbursements  decreased  from  $14,- 
961,527.47  to  $12,766,698.57.  The  amount  received  from  transfers  to 
the  executive  departments  and  the  Organized  Militia  decreased  from 
$1,328,292.44  to  $414,372.84.  This  reduction  was  caused  by  the  ad- 
vancing of  militia  funds  to  this  department  and  by  the  placing  of 
Navy  funds  to  the  credit  of  this  department  on  the  books  of  the 
Treasury,  subject  to  requisition  by  disbursing  officers  of  this  depart- 
ment. The  amount  available  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  decreased 
from  $18,500,774.13  to  $12,437,547.57,  a  decrease  of  $6,063,226.56. 
Had  the  fortifications  act,  referred  to  on  page  11,  been  approved 
prior  to  June  30, 1916,  the  amount  available  for  disbursement  at  the 
close  of  the  fiscal  year  would  have  been  $31,855,147.57,  an  increase 
of  $13,354,373.44.     (See  note,  p.  11.) 

CASH  REWARDS  FOR  EMPLOFEES. 

In  previous  annual  reports  reference  has  been  made  to  the  passage 
of  an  act  authorizing  the  payment  of  cash  rewards  for  the  most 


816 


BEPOBT  OF  THE   CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE. 


valuable  suggestions  submitted  by  employees,  and  in  my  last  report 
a  table  was  submitted  showing  the  payments  made  since  the  passage 
of  that  act.  That  table  is  repeated  below,  including  the  data  for  the 
fiscal  year  1916  : 


Oct.  1, 1912,  to  June  30,  1913 
July  1, 1913,  to  June  30,  1914 
July  1,  1914,  to  June  30,  1915 
July  1, 1915,  to  June  30, 1916 


Number  of 
meritorious 
suggestions. 


12 
7 
8 

24 


Total 

amount 

paid. 


S148.46 
169.36 
337.46 

1,545.44 


Average 

for 

saggestion. 


$12.37 
24.19 
42.  IS 
64.19 


It  will  be  noted  that  the  total  paid  and  the  average  amount  for  each 
suggestion  have  increased  each  year  since  the  law  went  into  effect 


OPERATION  OF  LIABILITY  ACT. 


A  table  of  data  showing  the  operation  of  this  act  was  given  in  my 
last  annual  report.  That  table  is  repeated  below  with  data  for  the 
fiscal  year  1916  added : 


Year. 


1909 

1910 

1911 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

Total 


Total 
in- 
jured. 


286 

372 

518 

612 

800 

1,518 

1,956 

1,765 


7,827 


Absent  on  account  of  Injury. 


TotaL 


236 
284 
326 
358 
441 
566 
630 
496 


3,337 


0to5 
days. 


87 
78 
115 
131 
178 
229 
281 
228 


1,327 


5  to  10 
days. 


33 
37 
29 
29 
44 
75 
58 
46 


351 


10  to  15 
days. 


13 
19 
12 
11 
17 
37 
26 
24 


150 


15  to  20 
days. 


44 

47 
47 
65 
64 
101 
88 
77 


20to25  »;SP 
over. 


days. 


13 
39 
43 
43 
48 
34 
63 
32 


46 
64 
80 
79 
90 
90 
114 
80 


533 


315 


652 


Total 
Amount  ncuii> 
paid  on    <  beroT 

account  of 

disability,     ploy- 


83,714.70 
11,54L15 
15,218.85 
15,865.90 
18,376.30 
18,631.02 
25,152.99 
27,066.36 


136,468.36 


6,028 
6,087 
6,444 
6,317 
6,306 
6,127 
7,ltt 
6,212 


Considering  only  those  absent  over  15  days,  and  therefore  enti- 
tled to  payment  on  account  of  the  injury  sustained,  it  will  be  noted 
that  the  average  payment  for  each  injury  has  varied  from  year  to 
year,  but  the  tendency  is  upward,  being  $36.06  in  1909.  $84.84  in 
1912,  $94.92  in  1915,  and  $142.68  in  1916. 

A  new  law  embodied  in  the  act  approved  September  7,  1916,  has 
taken  the  place  of  the  former  law  for  the  compensation  of  injured 
employees.  It  has  been  too  recently  enacted  for  any  experience  to 
have  been  had  with  its  operation,  but  its  provisions  give  promise  of 
being  much  fairer  both  to  the  employees  and  to  the  Government 
than  the  previouslv  existing  law,  imder  which  there  was  an  incentive 
to  extend  to  at  least  15  days  the  period  of  disability,  since  no 
compensation  was  allowed  for  any  less  period ;  and  there  was  an  in- 
centive not  to  shorten  a  period  after  it  had  reached  15  days,  since 
full  compensation  was  allowed  beyond  that  time,  up  to  a  year.  The 
new  act  shortens  the  i>eriod  of  disability  necessary  for  securing  pecu- 
niary compensation  to  3  days,  and  makes  the  compensation  such 
a  percentage  of  the  employee's  full  pay,  instead  of  the  full  pay  itself, 


BEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE.  817 

as  to  furnish  an  incentive  for  returning  to  the  full-pay  status.  In 
other  words,  the  loss  arising  from  disability  is  not  imposed  upon 
either  the  Government  or  the  employee  entirely,  but  is  divided  be- 
tween them.    There  are  other  advantageous  features  of  the  new  act. 

SCIENTIFIC    MANAGEMENT. 

The  Army  appropriation  act  of  March  4,  1915,  prohibited  the 
making  of  time  studies  and  the  payment  of  premiums,  as  far  as 
work  done  under  that  act  was  concerned.  This  operated  to  stop 
time  studies,  since  these  were  made  under  the  direction  of  officers 
who  were  paid  out  of  the  Army  act  appropriations;  but  as  most  of 
the  premiums  which  had  been  paid  in  the  department  had  been  paid 
from  funds  appropriated  in  the  fortifications  act,  it  had  little  effect 
upon  these.  At  its  last  session,  however,  Congress  placed  the  restric- 
tive legislation  not  only  upon  the  Army  appropriation  bill,  but  also 
upon  the  other  supply  bills  affecting  this  department,  so  that  time 
studies  and  premium  payments  are  now  effectively  forbidden.  A 
time  stud^  is  a  scientific  method  for  determining  the  best  order  and 
sequence  m  which  a  ^iven  piece  of  work  should  be  performed,  and 
for  ascertaining  the  time  which  it  ought  reasonably  to  be  expected 
to  take;  so  as  to  permit  the  setting  of  a  fair  rate  of  compensation 
for  the  job.  The  reliability  of  the  method  depends  upon  the  degree 
to  which  the  scientific  character  which  it  ought  to  have  is  attained. 
The  restrictive  legislation  interferes  with  the  scientific  character  of 
the  method,  by  prohibiting  the  division  of  a  job  into  component 
parts  for  separate  timing,  out  it  does  not  abolish  the  method  alto- 
gether, and  a  less  perfect  method  of  rate  setting  than  the  time  study 
IS  therefore  still  possible. 

A  premium  is  a  means  of  payment  of  a  workman  for  output,  with 
an  assured  minimum  of  his  regular  wage.  The  employment  of  this 
means  has  been  prohibited,  but  the  Comptroller  of  the  Treasury  has 
decided  that  the  piecework  method  of  payment  for  output,  which 
makes  the  compensation  correspond  with  the  production,  but  with- 
out an  assured  minimum,  is  not  prohibited,  and  is  therefore  still 
available.  Piecework  has  prevailed  to  a  large  extent  in  the  Ord- 
nance Department  for  many  years,  and  is  Sill  pursued.  At  the 
Watertown  Arsenal,  where  there  is  not  much  repetition  work,  there 
has  heretofore  been  little  piecework,  and  the  compensation  for  output 
has  been  in  the  form  of  premiums,  which  are  now  forbidden.  With 
the  assistance  of  such  time  studies  as  have  been  made  in  the  past  it 
will  be  possible  to  carry  on  a  good  deal  of  this  work  under  the  piece- 
work system,  and  this  possibflity  is  under  study.  In  the  meantime 
premiums  have  ceased,  to  the  expressed  dissatisfaction  of  a  number 
of  the  employees.  If  ajgood  method  of  rate  setting  is  available  it 
does  not  make  much  dinerence  whether  the  stimulus  to  extra  earn- 
ings is  afforded  by  the  piecework,  the  premium,  the  bonus,  or  any 
otKer  system  of  payment;  and  if  such  stimulus  is  to  be  avoided,  and 
payment  made  altogether  irrespective  of  the  output,  it  must  be  by 
the  prohibition  altogether  of  payment  for  output. 

LEAVES  OF  ABSENCE. 

The  naval  appropriation  act  approved  August  29  last  extends  the 
leave  period  of  15  days  with  pay,  theretofore  granted,  to  30  days  for 

69176'— WAB 1916— VOL  1 52 


818  BEPORT  OF  THE   CHIEF  OF  OBDNANOB. 

the  employees  of  this  department.  In  addition  to  the  statutory  leave 
thus  granted,  the  employees  receive  pay  each  year,  without  work,  for 
7  legal  holidays  and  for  about  11  Saturday  afternoons  during  the 
simmier  season.  Therefore,  under  the  new  act  they  will  receive 
pay  for  some  42^  days  per  year  without  work.  Under  the  rule  of 
paying  the  same  daily  wage  as  that  of  the  vicinity  for  work  of  like 
character  a  Government  employee  will,  therefore,  receive  about  16 
per  cent  more  pay  for  the  time  actually  worked  than  a  private  em- 
ployee doing  work  of  like  character  in  8-hour  days,  since  the  pri- 
vate employee  is  paid  only  for  the  time  actually  worked.  If  the 
hours  of  work  of  the  private  employee  are  9  hours  per  day,  the 
Government  employee  will  receive  in  compensation  30  per  cent 
more  pay  for  the  time  worked.  The  difference  makes  a  very  con- 
siderable handicap  in  the  labor  cost  of  the  Government  work,  and 
afforda  some  measure  of  what  must  be  overcome  in  order  to  meet 
the  contention  that  a  better  output,  resulting  from  diminished  hours 
of  labor  and  increased  holidays,  is  sufficient  to  offset  the  handicap. 

EXAMINATION  AND  SETTLEMENT  OF  ORDNANCE  PROPBBTY  RETURNS. 

The  auditing  of  property  returns  has  progressed  satisfactorily 
during  the  year.  Any  lessening  of  the  work  due  to  the  imit  accounta- 
bility system  of  accounting  has  been  partially  offset  by  a  large  in- 
crease in  the  number  of  schools  and  rifle  clubs  accounting  for  prop- 
erty and  to  the  work  of  acquainting  them  with  existing  methods  of 
accounting.  In  spite  of  this  increase  this  work  is  found  in  a  slightly 
more  advanced  state  than  one  year  ago. 

The  amounts  which  the  audit  of  property  returns  showed  as  due 
the  Government,  and  the  collection  of  which  was  assured  and  ob- 
tained by  that  agency  during  the  fiscal  year,  are  tabulated  below : 

Collected  from  officers  of  the  Army |789. 02 

Collected  from  enlisted  men 25,692.99 

Paid  by  States ; 568.84 

Paid  by  e<lucational  institutions 12,695.88 

Paid  by  rifle  clubs 167. 76 

Paid  by  transportation  companies 2,410.90 

Paid  by  executive  departments,  etc .., S24.0T 

Total  collected 42,649.46 

The  total  cost  of  the  clerical  force  engaged  in  auditing  the  returns 
was  $24,500. 

ORDNANCE  EQUIPMENT  FOR  MOBILE  ARMY. 

During  the  past  year  this  department  has  been  called  upon  to  issue 
reserve  e(iuipnient  to  the  various  branches  of  the  mobile  army.  The 
first  demand  came  as  a  result  of  the  Executive  order  raising  all  or- 
ganizations of  the  Regular  Army  in  the  United  States  to  maximum 
strength.  The  plans  of  this  department  contemplated  that  the  arms 
and  ecjuipments  set  aside  for  this  purpose  at  the  various  recruit  depots 
should  be  issued  to  recruits  when  forwarded  to  their  organizations, 
but  as  a  result  of  recommendations  made  by  the  commanding  officers 
of  recruit  depots  the  arms  and  equipments  tor  the  recruits  were 
packed  and  shipped  with  the  recruits  as  baggage.  So  far  as  this  de- 
partment is  concerned  this  method  of  issuing  reserve  equipment  was 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  OBDNANOE.  &19 

satisfactory,  although  some  expense  was  involved  in  repacking  the 
equipment.  The  second  demand  came  when  the  Organized  Militia  of 
the  States  of  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas  was  mobilized  imder 
the  call  of  the  President  dated  May  9, 1916.  The  third  demand  came 
when  the  National  Guard  of  all  other  States  and  Territories  and  the 
District  of  Columbia  was  called  into  the  service  of  the  United  States 
under  the  call  of  the  President  dated  June  18, 1916.  . 

Information  received  to  date  indicates  that  where  the  reserve 
ordnance  stores  were  under  the  direct  control  of  the  department 
they  were  promptly  supplied  and  in  some  cases  reached  mobilization 
camps  before  the  organizations.  It  is  reported  that  there  was  some 
delay  and  confusion  m  the  receipt  by  the  States  of  the  stores  set  aside 
in  Army  field  supply  depot  No.  1.  The  concentration  of  such  large 
quantities  of  stores  as  was  the  case  in  this  depot  is  unwise,  as  delay 
in  shipment,  in  case  of  emergency,  is  unavoidable.  This  subject  is 
now  being  considered  by  a  board  of  officers  appointed  by  the  Sec- 
retary of  War. 

SMALL  ARMS. 

A  utomatic  pistol, — The  automatic  pistol,  caliber  .45,  model  of  1911, 
has  now  been  issued  to  all  branches  of  the  Regular  Army  and  to  most 
of  the  National  Guard  of  the  various  States  and  Territories.  Re- 
ports received  indicate  that  this  arm  is  proving  satisfactory  in 
service. 

Issue  of  rifles^  model  of  1898^  to  schools  and  rifle  clubs, — Since 
the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  April  27,  1914,  have 
been  put  into  effect,  6,342  rifles  and  6,279,736  rounds  of  ammunition 
have  been  issued  to  859  rifle  clubs,  of  which  624  drew  both  rifles  and 
ammunition;  234  ammunition  only,  and  1  rifles  only;  71  schools  have 
taken  advantage  of  this  act  and  have  drawn  6,671  rifles,  2,508  carbines, 
and  843,610  rounds  of  ammunition  therefor.  The  rifles  are  of  the 
model  of  1898:  the  carbines  of  the  model  of  1899  (both  Krag-Jor- 
gensens.)  The  work  in  connection  with  these  issues  has  been  increas- 
ing throughout  the  vear,  and  in  view  of  recent  legislation  it  is  be- 
lieved that  this  work  will  approximately  double  during  the  coming 
fiscal  year.  The  supply  of  carbines,  model  of  1899,  available  for  issue 
is  exhausted.  While  there  are  repairable  carbines  on  hand,  there  are 
no  funds  available  for  their  repair,  except  as  they  may  be  provided 
by  schools  desiring  the  issue  of  this  arm. 

Infantry  equipment^  model  of  1910, — No  further  change  has  been 
made  in  the  matter  of  the  issue  of  Infantry  equipment,  model  of 
1910,  although  it  is  expected  that  during  the  ensuing  fiscal  year 
issue  of  a  limited  amount  of  this  model  of  equipment  will  be  made  to 
the  National  Guard. 

Cavalry  equipment^  model  of  1912, — In  view  of  the  criticisms  con- 
cerning tifiis  equipment  received  after  issue  had  been  made  to  certain 
regiments,  a  board  was  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  to  con-, 
vencat  the  Rock  Island  Arsenal,  for  the  purpose  of  deciding  what 
changes  should  be  made  therein.  No  full  report  has  as  yet  been  re- 
ceived from  this  board,  and  no  statement  can  be  made  at  this  time  as 
to  what  changes  will  ultimately  be  made  in  the  model  of  1912  equip- 
ment, although  it  is  believed  that  radical  changes  will  be  made  m 
the  saddle,  and  probably  in  the  manner  in  which  troopers  carry  the 
rifle.    The  board  has  developed  and  recommended  a  model  of  ofiBcer's 


SiO  BEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE. 

saddle,  and  experimental  saddles  have  been  manufactured.  The 
design  is  awaiting  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  War.  Upon 
recommendation  of  the  board  the  design  of  the  pistol  holster  has 
been  changed  by  omitting  the  hanger  and  swivel,  shortening  the 
holster,  thus  eliminating  its  tendency  to  swing.  Pending  action  of 
the  present  Cavalry  Equipment  Board  manufacture  of  model  of  1912 
Cavalry  equipment  has  been  suspended. 

Polo  saddle. — The  48  polo  saddles  referred  to  in  my  last  annual 
report  as  being  issued  for  further  test  proved  satisfactory,  and  this 
model  has  been  adopted  for  general  use  in  service ;  to  be  desi^ated 
as  "  training  saddle."  These  saddles  are  to  be  manufactured  m  two 
sizes,  17-inch  and  18-inch,  in  the  ratio  of  two  17-inch  to  three  18-inch. 
In  view  of  the  limited  funds  available  for  the  manufacture  of  these 
saddles  the  new  model  is  to  be  issued  to  the  service  only  for  replace- 
ment of  such  polo  saddles  as  have  become  unserviceable. 

Range  finders^  SO-centimeter  hose. — Issue  of  these  range  finders 
to  all  Infantry  and  Cavalry  organizations  of  the  Regular  Army  has 
now  been  completed.  The  original  recommendation  of  the  School 
of  Musketry  contemplated  providing  each  company  or  troop  and 
each  machine-gun  company  or  troop  with  one  of  these  range  fmders. 
Thus  far  some  regiments  have  been  supplied  with  the  full  number,  13, 
and  other  regiments  with  but  4, 1  for  each  battalion  or  squadron  ana 
1  for  the  machine-gun  company  or  troop.  As  a  result  of  experi- 
ence had  in  the  Southern  Department,  the  Secretary  of  War  Las  di- 
rected that  the  number  of  80-centimeter  base  range  finders  be  limited 
to  4  per  regiment.  One  hundred  and  twenty  ox  these  range  finders 
have  also  been  issued  to  the  National  Guard  of  the  various  States 
and  Territories. 

Arrmmnition  for  the  national  matches. — During  the  past  year 
existing  law  prevented  the  procurement  of  small-arms  ammunition 
for  this  purpose  from  commercial  manufacturers,  as  was  formerly 
done,  and  such  ammunition  as  will  be  used  this  year  will  be  furnished 
by  the  Frankford  Arsenal. 

SmaU-arms  ammunition  pack. — ^A  satisfactory  design  of  small- 
arms  ammunition  pack  has  been  decided  upon,  and  the  manufacture 
thereof  in  limited  quantity  has  been  undertaken  in  order  to  provide 
a  sufficient  number  for  service  test. 

Electrically  operated  targets. — Considerable  difficulty  has  been  ex- 
perienced with  the  targets  installed  at  Fort  William  McKinley,  P.  I., 
because  of  faulty  installation;  otherwise  the  targets  are  promising. 
Steps  have  been  taken  to  correct  the  trouble  above  mentioned,  and 
to  submit  the  targets  to  further  test. 

Fencing  equipment^  Cavalry. — As  a  result  of  tests  conducted  in  the 
service,  a  new  design  of  Cavalry  fencing  equipment  has  been  adopted. 
The  funds  available  for  the  manufacture  of  this  class  of  materiel 
have  not  been  sufficient  to  permit  the  replacement  of  the  materiel  now 
in  service  except  that  which  has  become  unserviceable. 

Fencing  equipment^  Infantry. — ^A  fencing  outfit  for  Infantry, 
which  has  given  satisfaction  in  extensive  tests  in  the  Philippine 
Idands  and  in  the  Southern  Department,  has  been  adopted.  The 
fencing  musket  is  made  of  wood,  after  a  design  developed  in  the 
Philippine  Department;  the  plastron  and  gloves  are  practically  the 
flame  as  those  now  issued,  but  the  mask  has  been  somewhat  modified. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  0RDNANC5E.  821 

Manufacture  of  this  equipment  will  be  undertaken  with  funds  which 
have  become  available. 

SmaU-arms  ammunition^  caliber  .SO, — ^It  has  heretofore  been  the 
practice  to  reload  small-arms  cartridge  cases  turned  in  from  the 
service.  Extended  investigation  has  shown,  however,  that  such  re- 
loaded/cases are  unreliable  in  machine  guns.  Owing  to  the  greatly 
increased  importance  attached  to  the  machine  gun  as  a  result  of  the 
present  European  war,  it  has  been  considered  necessary  to  discontinue 
the  use  of  fired  cases  in  manufacturing  small-arms  ammunition. 

Battle  sight. — Tests  are  still  being  made  to  determine  the  proper 
setting  for  the  battle  sight.  As  yet  no  final  decision  has  been  arrived 
at  in  this  matter.  Due  to  unavoidable  interruptions  which  have  taken 
place  at  the  School  of  Musketry,  it  has  been  impossible  for  that  insti- 
tution to  submit  a  final  report. 

Steel  kehnet^  plastron^  and  shield. — In  view  of  the  fact  that  general 
use  is  being  made  of  eteel  helmets,  plastrons,  and  shields  in  the  Euro- 
pean war,  the  department  is  now  conducting  experiments  to  deter- 
mine the  most  suitable  type  of  these  articles  for  use  in  the  service. 

Aiming  device. — ^An  aiming  device  similar  to  that  in  use  in  the 
French  Army  has  been  adopted  and  general  issue  thereof  is  to  be 
made  to  service  in  lieu  of  the  present  design. 

Wire  eidter. — ^The  insulated  handles  of  service  wire  cutters  show  a 
great  falling  off  in  resistance  after  a  few  months'  storage.  The  de- 
partment is  endeavoring  to  get  reliable  information  on  this  subject 
from  abroad  to  assist  in  devising  a  new  type  of  wire  cutter. 

Pouch  for  sergeants. — ^As  a  result  of  recommendations  from  the 
service,  a  limited  number  of  pouches  have  been  manufactured  and 
issued  for  test.  The  object  oi  this  pouch  is  to  provide  a  safe  and 
convenient  receptacle  for  sergeants  to  carry  adhesive  tape,  foot  pow- 
der, the  "  housewife,"  etc. 

telescopic  musket  sight. — Following  tests  conducted  at  the  School 
of  Musketry,  the  Goerz  telescopic  mui£et  sight  was  recommended  for 
adoption.  On  account  of  the  European  war  none  of  these  sights 
could  be  procured  up  to  this  date.  The  manufacture  of  one,  working 
from  the  sample  on  hand,  which  has  been  tested  at  the  School  of  Mus- 
ketry, has  been  imdertaken. 

Armor-piercing  steel  bullets, — Reports  received  from  the  theater 
of  war  in  Europe  indicate  that  the  belligerents  are  using  armor- 
piercing  bullets  tor  penetration  of  various  types  of  steel  armor  found 
in  trenches,  etc.,  and  against  Field  Artillery  materiel.  A  satisfac- 
tory bullet  of  this  type  has  been  developed  at  the  Frankford  Arsenal. 

Gallery  practice  pistol^  caliber  £2. — A  gallery  practice  pistol^  cali- 
ber  .22,  having  the  same  weight  and  balance  as  the  service  pistol, 
has  been  developed  at  the  Springfield  Armory  and  recommended  for 
adoption.  A  limited  number  are  being  manufactured  for  service  test 
before  undertaking  manufacture  in  quantity. 

RifiCy  hand^  and  Ulu/ndnating  grenades. — Although  satisfactory  de- 
signs have  been  perfected  for  some  time  and  a  limited  number  of  such 
grenades  have  been  manufactured,  no  provision  had  been  made  for 
training  men  in  the  use  of  grenades,  and  for  a  reserve  supply.  The 
appropriations  for  the  present  fiscal  year  carry  funds  which  provide 
grenades  for  instruction  purposes  and  will  permit  the  inauguration 
of  a  reserve  supply. 


822  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE. 

CAPACITY  FOR  THE  PRODUCTION  OF  WAR  MATERIEL. 

The  European  war  has  brought  into  sharp  prominence  the  neces- 
sity, in  a  war  of  magnitude,  for  employing  all  the  manufacturing  re- 
sources of  the  Nation,  both  public  and  private,  in  the  production  of 
fighting  materiel  for  the  use  of  the  armies  in  the  field ;  and  it  h^s  also 
demonstrated  that  the  failure  to  make  preparation  in  advance  for 
the  use  of  private  industry  in  the  aid  of  Government  factories  gives 
rise  to  dangerous  delay  in  the  commencement  of  production  on  the 
large  scale  which  has  now,  for  the  first  time,  characterized  war  be- 
tween civilized  countries.  In  the  military  legislation  of  the  session 
of  Congress  just  past  the  necessity  for  this  advance  preparation  has 
been  realized  and  partially  provided  for.  The  national-defense  act 
makes  in  order  the  appropriation  in  supply  bills  of  funds  for  pro- 
curing special  jigs,  dies^  fixtures,  etc.^  for  fitting  private  establish- 
ments for  the  manufacture  of  the  particular  models  of  arms  and  am- 
munition which  are  employed  in  tne  military  service,  and  grants  the 
War  Department  relief  from  the  statutory  competitive  methods  in 
providing  for  the  fitting  out  of  particular  establishments  with  these 
special  appliances,  and  in  placing  what  might  be  called  educational 
orders,  in  pursuance  of  the  policy  of  insuring  the  readiness  of  these 
establishments  to  turn  out  war  materiel  of  satisfactory  quality.  The 
supply  bills  make  appropriations,  under  various  headings,  for  carry- 
ing out  the  policy  of  the  legislation  in  the  national-defense  act,  both 
in  the  procurement  of  fixtures,  etc.,  and  in  the  placing  of  orders  to 
insure  practice  and  understanding  in  the  use  of  these  appliances  for 
their  intended  purpose. 

These  special  provisions  are  all  in  the  right  direction,  and  will 
materially  aid  this  department  in  its  plans  for  utilizing  private 
industry  for  supplying  such  einergencv  needs  as  may  arise.  Unfor- 
timately,  they  do  not  constitute  the  only  kind  of  legislation  found  in 
the  supply  bills  upon  the  special  utilization  of  private  industry^  and 
are  to  a  certain  extent  offset  in  their  intentions  by  restrictions  upon 
the  employment  of  appropriations  in  general  for  such  patronage 
of  private  manufacturers  as  would  of  itself  operate  to  prepare 
them  for  the  Government's  use,  or  to  keep  in  existence  plants  which 
have  already  fitted  themselves  for  the  manufacture  of  war  materiel 
in  order  to  meet  the  orders  of  European  Governments.  Some  of  the 
appropriations  are  accompanied  by  the  provision  that  they  shall 
not  be  used  for  placing  orders  with  private  manufacturers  at  prices 
exceeding  bj  more  than  25  per  cent  the  cost  of  manufacturing  the 
same  materiel  in  the  Government  arsenals,  or  the  estimated  C(^  of 
such  materiel  when  it  has  not  been  previously  manufactured  in  the 
arsenals.  As  the  Government  has  been  able,  in  some  cases,  to  manu- 
facture quite  cheaply,  this  may  operate  to  prevent  the  placing 
of  orders  with  private  manufacturers.  Other  appropriations  ai-e 
accompanied  by  the  provision  that  they  shall  not  be  expended  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  prevent  the  operation  of  the  arsenals  at  their 
most  economical  capacity.  As  this  capacity  is  probably  that  of  a 
two-shift  rate,  the  effect  of  the  legislation  is  to  prevent  any  of  the 
funds  appropriated  from  being  applied  to  private  orders  until  after 
the  arsenals  shall  be  running  at  full  capacity  upon  a  two-shift  basis^ 
and  then  only  to  the  extent  of  the  excess  of  the  appropriations  over 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  CHIEF  OF  OBDNANCE.  823 

the  amounts  necessary  to  keep  the  arsenals  going  upon  this  basis. 
Many  of  the  appropriations  are  of  such  size  as  to  afford  some  excess 
for  private  orders,  but  the  number  of  private  establishments  which 
can  be  utilized  and  trained  in  time  of  peace  will  be  less  than  it  would 
be  if  there  could  be  employed  for  the  purpose  the  funds  in  excess 
of  the  amounts  which  will  be  necessary  to  operate  the  arsenals  upon 
a  one-shift  basis  only,  at  which  rate  they  would  themselves  also  have 
a  larger  reserve  of  expansibility  for  the  needs  of  war  time.  There 
are  thus  opposing  tendencies  in  the  legislation  which  has  been  enacted 
with  reference  to  what  has  sometimes  been  spoken  of  as  the  mobiliza- 
tion of  industry. 

NITRIC-ACro  SUPPLY. 

In  mv  last  annual  report  I  called  attention  to  the  important  part 
played  by  nitric  acid  in  the  manufacture  of  smokeless  powder  and 
nigh  explosives;  to  the  fact  that  nitrogen  in  nitric  acid  is  obtained 
from  sodium  nitrate  which  comes  from  Chile ;  and  that  this  country 
is  therefore  dependent  for  its  powder  and  high-explosive  manufac- 
ture upon  Chile.  Congress  has  met  this  situation  by  appropriating  a 
considerable  sum  for  increasing  the  reserve  suppl}^  of  sodium  nitrate, 
and  also  by  appropriating  $20,000,000  for  a  nitric-acid  plant.  The 
first  step  in  the  work  of  developing  a  supply  of  nitric  acid,  which 
shall  be  independent  of  any  foreign  source  of  raw  material,  is  an 
investigation  to  determine  the  best,  cheapest,  and  most  available 
means  for  the  production  of  nitrates.  The  War  Depai-tment  has 
called  upon  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences  for  a  report  which 
will  assist  it  in  reaching  a  conclusion  as  to  the  best  method  among 
those  known  for  manufacturing  nitric  acid  by  a  process  which  does 
not  involve  dependence  upon  a  foreign  source  of  supply,  taking  into 
consideration  all  the  legislation,  with  reference  to  the  use  of  the  plant 
for  the  manufacture  of  fertilizer  and  other  substances,  contained  in 
the  section  of  the  act  making  the  appropriation  above  mentioned. 
The  National  Academy  has  associated  with  it  the  American  Chemical 
Society,  and  a  committee  has  been  appointed  from  the  membership 
of  both  bodies  for  the  consideration  oi  the  subject.  A  report  is  ex- 
pected in  a  short  time.  In  addition,  this  department  is  making 
certain  investigations  relating  to  individual  steps  in  the  process  of 
manufacture  of  nitric  acid  and  to  the  practice  in  various  Europeaii 
countries,  in  which  it  is  receiving  the  active  and  efficient  assistance  of 
the  Bureau  of  Mines  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior. 

SEACOAST  GUNS  AND  MORTARS. 

Installed  armament. — Reports  received  from  armament  officei-s  and 
from  the  Coast  Artillery  indicate  that  the  gjuns  and  mortars  mounted 
in  the  seacoast  fortifications  have  been  maintained  in  a  satisfactory 
State  of  efficiency  during  the  year.  No  serious  defects  were  developed 
during  the  annual  target  practice  of  the  troops  of  the  regular  serv- 
ice and  of  the  National  Guard.  The  difficulties  reported  in  connec- 
tion with  the  12-inch  mortar,  model  of  1912,  mounted  in  the  fortifi- 
cations of  the  Canal  Zone,  have  been  successfully  overcome  hj  making 
the  indicated  modifications,  but  reports  covering  the  continued  use 
of  these  mortars  as  originally  issued  indicated  that  the  difficulties 


824  BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  OBDNANOB. 

were  being  overcome  without  modification,  at  least  in  part,  by  the 
use  of  special  lubricating  methods  adopted  as  a  result  ox  careful  ob- 
servation of  the  behavior  of  this  materiel  under  the  peculiar  climatic 
conditions  of  the  Canal  Zone. 

Gun  construction. — ^The  designs  of  the  new  types  of  cannon  in- 
cluded in  the  approved  project  of  the  Board  of  Review  are  well  under 
way  and  their  manufacture  is  about  to  be  undertaken.  In  addition 
to  larger  and  more  powerful  guns  and  mortars  for  fixed  seacoast 
emplacements,  there  are  included  types  for  the  attack  of  aircraft 
and  for  mounting  upon  specially  designed  railroad  cars. 

FACILITIES  FOR  THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  SMOKELESS  POWDER. 

For  the  past  three  or  four  years  the  department  has  manufactured 
its  entire  supply  of  both  caliber  .30  powder  and  cannon  powder;  but 
of  the  amounts  called  for  by  the  greatly  increased  appropriations 
made  at  the  last  session  of  Congress,  Picatinny  Arsenal  will  be  able 
to  manufacture  only  40  per  cent  of  that  to  be  procured  during  the 
fiscal  year  1917.  Congress  has  appropriated  funds  for  rounding  out 
the  capacity  of  the  Picatinny  Arsenal  for'the  manufacture  of  smoke- 
less powder  to  11,000  pounds  per  day,  on  a  three-shift  basis,  of  which 
6,000  pounds  may  be  reworked  powder. 

There  has  also  been  a  recent  appropriation  by  Congress  of  $500,000 
for  a  new  Army  powder  factory.  While  the  act  appropriating  this 
money  is  so  worded  that  it  may  be  expended  for  the  enlargement  of 
any  existing  plants  owned  by  the  Government,  a  new  factory,  on  a 
new  site,  will  probably  be  decided  upon.  In  another  part  of  my  re- 
port I  refer  to  the  congressional  appropriation  for  a  Grovernment 
nitric  acid  plant,  and  there  are  many  considerations  pointing  to  the 
desirability  of  locating  the  new  powder  plant  at  the  same  place. 
The  requirement  that  the  plant  be  reasonably  inaccessible  to  a  pos- 
sible enemy  calls  for  a  site  between  the  Allegheny  Mountains  and  the 
Sierra  Nevadas,  well  withdrawn  from  the  northern  and  southern 
borders. 

MACHINE  GUNS. 

The  greatly  increased  prominence  which  the  European  war  has 
given  to  machine  guns  renders  appropriate  an  examinaticHi  of  the 
subject,  especially  with  reference  to  our  own  service.  This  class  of 
weapon  had  been  developed  to  a  serviceable  stage  at  the  time  of  the 
Spanish- American  War;  but  neither  in  that  war,  nor  the  Boer  war, 
nor  the  Philippine  insurrection,  nor  the  Pekin  relief  expedition,  nor 
the  Eusso-Japanese  War,  nor  the  Balkan  War  had  it  attracted  any- 
thing like  the  attention  which  has  resulted  from  its  use  in  the  Euro- 
pean war.  The  fire  effect  attainable  by  the  use  of  machine  guns  had 
received  ample  proving  ground  demonstration,  but  the  use  in  the 
European  war  of  large  numbers  of  troops,  in  comparatively  dense 
formations,  together  with  the  diminished  weight  and  correspondingly 
increased  portability  of  machine  guns,  have  shown  for  it  an  effecti\*e- 
ness  which  was  not  realized  in  the  earlier  contests  when  more  dis- 
persed orders  of  battle  were  the  rule.  The  Germans  had  apparently 
realized  better  than  anyone  else  the  value  of  machine  guns  in  the 
kind  of  wars  which  they  expected  to  be  engaged  in,  and  therefore 


BEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE.  825 

supplied  their  troops  in  greater  numbers  than  did  other  powers.  We. 
in  common  with  most  other  civilized  nations,  had  an  appreciation  of 
the  need  for  machine  guns  which  was  expressed  in  our  established 
allowance  of  about  4  per  regiment,  the  supply  of  which  for  the  Regu- 
lar service  was  complete,  and  for  the  National  Guard  and  for  war- 
time reserve  was  in  process  of  accumulation  at  the  very  moderate 
rate  corresponding  to  annual  appropriations  of  about  $150,000. 

An  appropriation  of  this  size  was  made  in  the  Army  act  of  1912, 
but  before  the  consideration  of  the  bill  for  the  next  year  expressions 
of  dissatisfaction  with  the  rifle  with  which  the  service  was  then,  and 
still  iSj  principally  armed,  the  Benet-Mercie,  otherwise  known  as  the 
light  Hotchkiss,  had  reached  the  ears  of  Congress.  This  dissatisfac- 
tion was,  I  believe,  largely  due  to  lack  of  proper  instruction  in  the 
use  of  this  class  of  weapon,  and  the  belief  on  the  part  of  numbers 
of  officers  in  the  service  that  there  was  some  other  machine  gun  of 
such  simpler  construction  that  no  great  amount  of  special  instruc- 
tion would  be  necessary  for  its  use ;  which  was  a  radical  error.  The 
Army  appropriation  act  of  1913,  therefore,  instead  of  making  an 
appropriation  for  machine  guns  authorized  the  Secretary  of  War  to 
contract  for  their  construction  to  the  extent  of  $150,000,  "if  in  his 
opinion  it  be  for  the  best  interests  of  the  service."  This  legislation 
reflected  doubt  in  the  mind  of  Congress  as  to  the  suitability  of  the 
service  machine  rifle,  and  threw  upon  the  Secretary  of  War  a  more 
impressive  burden  than  usual  of  responsibility  for  the  type  of 
machine  rifle  for  which  contract  should  be  made.  Before  urging 
upon  the  Secretary,  therefore,  the  exercise  of  the  authority  which 
had,  with  some  warning,  been  conferred  upon  him,  the  Ordnance 
Department  joined  in  the  dispositions  for  a  competitive  test  of  auto- 
matic machine  rifles,  which  was  held  in  the  autumn  of  1913  and 
continued  in  the  spring  of  1914;  the  guns  now  most  prominent  among 
those  which  were  tested  being  the  Ben^t-Mercie,  the  Vickers,  and  the 
Lewis.  At  the  searching  test  held  in  the  autiunn  of  1913  all  the 
competing  guns  were  eliminated  except  the  Benet-Mercie  and  the 
VicKers,  and  of  these  a  field  test  was  made  in  the  spring  of  1914 
which  resulted  in  the  selection  of  the  Vickers.  During  tne  course 
of  the  tests  the  Army  bill  of  1914  was  passed,  but  as  no  conclusion 
had  yet  been  reached  the  bill  made  no  appropriation  for  this  class 
of  weapon.  At  the  time  of  the  passage  of  the  bill  of  the  following 
year,  1915,  the  Vickers  gun  had  been  adopted  as  the  approved  type, 
and  that  bill  therefore  made  an  appropriation  of  $150,000  tor 
machine  rifles,  and  in  addition  reappropriated  an  unexpended 
balance  of  $44,421,  which  had  been  left  over  from  preceding  appro- 
priations, at  the  time  when  the  question  of  substituting  a  new  rifle 
for  the  Benet-Merci6  was  actively  taken  up.  The  funds  thus  made 
definitely  available,  without  conditions,  were  made  the  basis  of  a 
contract  for  Vickers  guns.  No  delivery  of  these  guns  has  yet  been 
had,  owing  to  the  interference  of  the  European  war,  both  with 
deliveries  from  abroad  and  with  preparation  for  the  manufacture 
of  this  British  gun  in  this  country. 

It  is  thus  seen  that  the  suspension  of  procurement  of  machine 
rifles  commenced  in  1913  owing  to  doubt  as  to  the  service  type  in 
the  mind  of  Congress;  that  is,  of  the  Military  Committee  of  the 
House  of  Representatives;  that  tests  to  resolve  this  doubt  were 


826  BEPORT  OF  THE  CHEEP  OP  OBDNANOB. 

undertaken ;  that  the  tests  showed  the  Benet-Merci6  and  the  Vickera 
guns  to  be  the  best  in  existence,  and  the  Vickers  to  be  the  better 
of  these  two;  that  up  to  the  present  time  it  has  not  been  possible 
to  procure  a  supply  of  Vickers  guns.  It  can  be  stated,  however, 
that  an  abundant  capacity  for  the  manufacture  of  Vickers  guns 
will  be  available  in  this  country  within  a  few  months. 

Under  these  conditions,  if  such  a  necessity  had  been  considered 
to  exist  as  to  call  for  the  earlier  procurement  of  machine  guns  than 
was  possible  of  the  Vickers  type,  the  manufacture  of  the  Ben6t- 
Mercie  gun  would  have  had  to  be  continued  at  the  arsenal  and  the 
private  factorv  which  were  then  turning  it  out.  There  would  have 
been  no  justification  for  getting  any  other  gun.  It  may  be  that 
the  Ordnance  Department  should  have  urged  upon  the  Secretary 
of  War,  and  upon  Congress,  with  insistence,  the  expenditure  of 
larffe  sums  for  the  further  procurement  of  Ben6t-Merci6  guns,  not- 
withstanding the  fact  that  a  better  gun  had  become  known.  It  did 
not  do  so;  and  if  a  mistake  was  made  it  will  be  shown  by  the  rise 
of  an  emergency  really  calling  for  the  use  of  a  larger  number  of 
machine  guns  than  we  'may  have  when  it  comes.  So  far  this  has  not 
taken  place. 

Since  the  conclusion  of  the  tests  above  described,  one  of  the  promi- 
nent guns  tested,  the  Lewis  gim,  has  received  an  additional  trial, 
in  April  last.  This  test,  like  the  preceding  one,  was  made  by  a 
board  consisting  of  officers  of  different  branches  of  the  service, 
including  one  Ordnance  officer.  As  a  result  of  the  test  the  board 
reported  that  the  Lewis  gim  was  not  equal  to  either  the  Vickers 
or  the  Ben6t-Mercie  ^m  employed  in  the  preceding  test.  If,  there- 
fore, it  had,  at  any  time  up  to  the  present,  been  decided  to  under- 
take the  manufacture  of  additional  guns,  without  waiting  for 
the  Vickers,  they  would  have  had  to  be  Ben^t-Merci6  and  not  Lewis 
guns,  unless  the  most  careful  conclusions  it  had  been  practicable 
to  obtain  had  been  disregarded ;  since  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that 
the  considerable  use  of  the  Lewis  gun  by  the  British  Army  has 
given  no  comparative  information  as  between  it  and  the  Benft- 
Mercie,  which  is  used  by  the  French,  Russian,  and  Japanese  armies. 

When  the  militia  was  called  into  the  Federal  service  last  June, 
44  regiments  had  been  equipped  with  4  machine  guns  each,  of  the 
Benet-Merci6  type,  which  is  that  still  used  in  the  regular  service, 
although  the  Vickers  has  been  approved  for  future  supply.  The 
number  of  guns  required  for  special  purposes  alonff  the  Mexican 
border  was  such  that  the  very  small  number  available  did  not  per- 
mit equipping  the  additional  militia  regiments  with  this  type,  and 
as  there  were  available  but  few  Maxim  machine  guns,  which  had 
been  superseded  by  the  Ben^t-Mercie  when  it  became  the  adopted 
type,  it  oecame  essential  to  procure  machine  guns  for  the  remaining 
militia  regiments  as  promptly  as  practicable.  As  a  result,  353  guns  oi 
the  Lewis  type,  upon  the  recommendation  of  this  department,  were 
procured  under  terms  of  practicallv  immediate  delivery.  The 
majority  were  shipped  to  the  commanding  officer  of  the  San  Antonio 
Arsenal  for  distribution,  as  the  militia  regiments  were  beinff  sent 
forward  to  the  Southern  Department  as  rapidly  as  practicable  and 
hence  no  certainty  existed  of  being  able  to  make  deliveries  to  organi- 
zations before  their  departure  for  that  department    As  the  design 


BEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  OBDNANOE.  827 

and  manufacture  of  pack  outfits  for  these  guns  would  have  required 
a  considerable  period,  light  automobile  truoks,  five  to  an  organi- 
zation, were  procured  in  place  of  packs. 

So  little  time  has  elapsed  since  the  delivery  of  these  guns  that  no 
comment  in  regard  to  their  service  performance  is  now  practicable. 

Advantage  has  been  taken  of  the  mobilization  of  troops  in  the 
Southern  Department  to  do  everjrthing  possible  to  further  instruc- 
tion of  the  machine  gun  organizations  in  the  operation  and  care  of 
their  arm,  which  has  heretofore  been  in  a  very  oackward  condition, 
due  largely  to  the  fact  that  such  organizations  were  not  until 
recently  recognized  by  law,  ^pd  were  of  a  temporary  character, 
made  up  of  details  from  other  organizations.  In  addition,  there 
was  no  honor  or  reward  attached  to  proficiencv  in  the  use  of 
the  gun,  but  the  members  received  medals  and  additional  pay 
for  proficiency  with  the  small-arms  riflcj  which  is  not  used  at 
all  in  a  machine  gun  imit.  The  necessity  for  thorough  train- 
ing in  the  use  of  this  arm  has  also  not  heretofore  been  appre- 
ciated in  the  Army,  nor  is  it  now  as  well  understood  as  it  sliould 
be.  As  a  result  of  experience  gained  in  the  war  England  and  France 
now  have  machine  gun  schools,  some  of  them  with  many  thousand 
pupils,  and  they  do  not  permit  the  assignment  of  either  officers  or 
enlisted  men  to  this  branch  of  the  service  until  after  the  most  thor- 
ough training.  Mechanics  specially  trained  for  the  work  have  been 
sent  to  the  Southern  Department  from  the  Springfield  Armory  to 
assist  in  the  instruction  of  troops  in  the  mechanical  manipulation  of 
the  Benet  Mercie  and  the  Maxim  guns,  and  as  to  the  Lewis  guns  the 
policy  was  adopted  of  not  issuing  them  to  organizations  until  the 
personnel  had  oeen  given  training  in  their  use.  Schools  were  imme- 
diately started  at  San  Antonio  Arsenal,  at  Harlingen,  at  El  Paso,  and 
at  such  other  places  as  were  practicable,  and  employees  of  the  Savage 
Arms  Co.,  from  which  the  Lewis  guns  had  been  purchased,  were 
employed  by  the  Ordnance  Department  in  connection  with  the  work. 
The  resultsobtained,  even  in  the  limited  time  which  has  elapsed,  are 
an  encouragement  to  further  effort,  and  the  Lewis  guns  are  entering 
the  service  with  the  advantage  which  their  predecessors  ought  to 
have  had  but  did  not  g^t. 

The  Army  appropriation  act  approved  August  29,  1916,  carries 
appropriations  amounting  to  $12,000,000  for  the  procurement  of 
machine  guns,  which  is  sufficient  to  considerably  relieve  the  existing 
stringency  in  the  supply  of  this  class  of  weapon  when  the  guns  shall 
have  been  procured.  Heretofore  appropriations  for  this  purpose 
have  averaged  about  $150,000  per  annum,  sufficient  for  the  procure- 
ment of  less  than  100  guns.  As  yet  the  War  Department  has  not 
reached  a  decision  as  to  the  manner  of  expenditure  of  these  funds  and 
the  procurement  of  guns  must  await  sudi  action.  A  board  has  been 
appointed  to  consider  the  subject. 

FIELD-ABTniLEBY  MATERIEIj. 

The  tests  of  the  3-inch  gun  and  split-trai'  carriage,  with  approxi- 
mately 45  de^ees  traverse  of  the  gun  on  the  carriage,  50  degrees 
elevation,  variable  recoil,  etc.,  have  been  carried  to  a  point  where 
manufacture  in  quantity  has  been  undertaken.  The  limber  and 
caisson  of  this  gun  have  now  been  tested  over  all  classes  of  roads, 


828  REPORT  OF  THE   CHIEF  OF   ORDNANCE. 

including  cobblestone,  at  speeds  up  to  12  miles  per  hour,  for  a  dis- 
tance of  3,000  miles,  with  practically  no  damage.  Orders  have  been 
^ven  to  subject  them  to  such  violent  treatment  as  to  cause  breakages, 
m  order  that  the  weakest  points  may  be  determined.  The  caisson  is 
provided  with  springs  between  the  chest  and  the  axle  to  relieve  the 
road  shocks. 

The  3.8-inch  howitzer  and  carriage  to  which  I  referred  in  my  last 
annual  report,  and  which  is  generally  of  the  same  type  as  the  3-inch 
gun  and  carriage  mentioned  above,  have  been  modified  for  increased 
ranges  and  are  now  undergoing  test. 

Drawings  have  been  completed  und^r  a  contract  for  a  4.7-inch  gun 
and  split-trail  carriage,  and  a  6-inch  howitzer  and  split-trail  car- 
riage* both  with  wide  traverse,  angles  of  elevation  up  to  50  degrees, 
variable  recoil,  driven  spades,  etc.,  and  the  pilots  are  under  manu- 
facture. It  is  expected  that  as  soon  as  these  pilots  have  been  sub- 
jected to  test,  and  have  been  found  satisfactory,  a  considerable 
quantity  of  this  materiel  will  be  procured. 

A  7.6-inch  howitzer  and  carriage,  with  transport  wagons,  have  been 
completed  and  are  undergoing  test.  This  piece  fires  a  240-pound 
projectile  from  a  wheeled  carriage.  The  type  is  100  per  cent  more 
powerful  than  the  6-inch  howitzer,  the  heaviest  field  artillery  con- 
templated by  approved  projects  heretofore  in  force,  and  was  de- 
signed for  the  purpose  or  anticipating  probable  demand  for  a  larger 
caliber  and  in  accordance  with  the  general  scheme  for  the  ratio  of 
increase  in  calibers  heretofore  followed.  Within  the  last  few 
months,  however,  the  War  Department  has  decided  to  omit  this 
caliber  from  the  field-artillery  scheme  and  make  the  9.5-inch  howit- 
zer, firing  a  480-pound  projectile,  the  next  in  size  after  the  6-inch. 
As  the  7.6-inch  howitzer  is  of  a  power  e^ual  to  the  usual  foreim 
equipment  of  from  8  to  8.5  inches  caliber,  it  will  in  case  of  need  be 
very  useful,  and  the  pilot  is  being  tested  with  a  view  to  removing 
any  difficulties  that  may  be  encountered,  and  being  prepared  to 
manufacture  this  tjrpe  in  quantity  at  any  time  pending  the  develop- 
ment of  other  heavy  types. 

SUPPLY  OF  MOBILE  ARTILLERY. 

Progress  in  manufacture  under  appropriations  made  for  the  last 
fiscal  year  has  been  at  the  usual  rate.  The  appropriations  available 
were  about  the  same  as  for  the  preceding  year,  and  were  sufficient 
for  an  appreciable  progress.  The  appropriations  and  authorizations 
made  in  the  fortincations  and  Army  acts,  approved,  respectively, 
July  6  and  August  29,  1916,  totaled  very  much  more  than  for  any 
previous  year  and  there  will  be  correspondingly  more  satisfactory 
progress.  It  has  not  yet  been  developed  whether  full  advantage  of 
the  appropriations  made  can  be  taken,  due  to  restrictive  legislation. 
The  Army  act  requires  manufacture  at  arsenals  equal  to  their  ca- 
pacity for  approximately  two  years^  and  the  fortifications  att  places 
a  limitation  upon  the  price  at  which  contracts  may  be  let,  which 
may  cause  difficulty,  although  it  should  not  do  so. 

CHANGE  IN  THE  APPROVED  FIELD  ARTILLERY  PROJECT. 

The  project  for  the  procurement  of  field  artillery  under  which  the 
War  Department  has  Seen  operating  since  1911  was  that  prescribed 


REPORT   OF  THE  CHIEF  OF   ORDNANCE.  829 

in  the  proceedings  of  the  so-called  "Greble  Board".  With  the  infor- 
mation available  at  the  time  this  board  reported  it  was  considered 
that  the  quantities  of  field  artillery  and  ammunition  therefor  which 
were  recommended  were  perhaps  excessive,  judged  from  the  stand- 
point of  the  probable  appropriation  of  funds.  Although  that  project 
called  for  an  increased  number  of  guns  per  thousand  of  infantry 
and  cavalry,  and  an  increased  allowance  of  ammunition  per  gun,  as 
compared  with  any  previous  estimate,  it  was,  even  in  1911,  when 
compared  with  the  supplies  accumulated  abroad,  very  conservative. 
Something  over  a  year  ago  another  War  Department  board  was 
convened  for  the  purpose  of  recommending  quantities  and  types  of 
field  artillery  and  ammunition  to  be  procured  in  time  of  peace. 
Report  of  this  board  was  submitted  to  the  War  College  Division  of 
the  General  Staff  and  to  the  Chief  of  Ordnance,  and  after  very 
thorough  consideration,  was,  in  a  modified  form,  approved  by  the 
Secretary  of  War.  This  report  is  generally  referred  to  as  that  of 
the  "  Treat  Board,"  from  the  name  of  the  senior  officer  of  the  board, 
Col.  Charles  G.  Treat,  Field  Artillery.  The  approved  project  in- 
volves an  increase  in  the  number  of  gjjns  per  thousand  of  Infantry 
and  Cavalry  of  about  60  per  cent.  The  increase  in  the  allowance 
of  ammunition  per  gun  is  approximately  40  per  cent,  and  the  increase 
in  the  force  for  which  ecjuipment  is  to  be  procured  is  about  100  per 
cent,  all  as  compared  with  the  Greble  Board  report.  The  quanti- 
ties of  field  artillery,  and  ammunition  therefor,  used  in  the  present 
European  war  are  so  enormous  as  to  have  been  undreamed  of  before 
the  war.  It  is  consequently  thought  that  if  there  be  any  criticism 
of  the  approved  project  referred  to  it  will  be  against  its  conservatism. 

HEAVY  MOBH.E  AND  MOVABLE  ARTILLERY. 

A  railway  mount  for  4.7-inch  howitzer  and  machine  guns  has 
been  designed  and  manufactured  and  is  almost  ready  to  be  tested. 
It  is  anticipated  that  from  the  firings  with  this  equipment  a  great 
deal  of  information  with  regard  to  heavier  pieces  will  be  secured. 
Such  heavier  pieces,  with  their  railway  equipment,  are  being  designed 
and  two  should  shortly  be  ready  for  manufacture,  fimds  for  the 
purpose  having  been  appropriated  at  the  last  session  of  the  Con- 
gress. In  addition,  negotiations  are  in  progress  to  ascertain  whether 
such  equipment  may  be  obtained  from  commercial  firms.  A  repre- 
sentative of  this  department  is  now  in  Europe  with  a  view  to  deter- 
mining what  desirable  designs,  if  any,  for  this  and  other  classes 
of  equipment  may  be  procurable.  A  12-inch  howitzer,  to  be  fired 
from  a  wheeled  mount  and  to  be  handled  by  motor  traction,  has 
been  designed,  and  a  pilot  is  being  manufactured.  This  also  is 
among  the  class  of  heavy  artillery  of  which  a  pilot  may  possibly 
be  procured  by  purchase. 

The  great  value  of  movable  and  mobile  artillery  of  power  sufficient 
for  combat  with  ships  of  war  lies  in  the  prevention  of  landing  troops 
or  using  as  a  base  those  portions  of  our  coast  which  are  not  pro- 
tected by  seacoast  fortifications,  or  rendering  such  use  difficult.  As 
the  number  of  places  which  can  advantageously  be  fortified  is  lim- 
ited and  our  coast  line  is  extensive,  this  equipment  assumes  perhaps 
a  greater  importance  with  us  than  for  any  otner  country.  It  should 
not,  however,  be  overlooked  that  it  necessarily  has  certain  disad- 


830  BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  OBDKANOE. 

vantages  as  compared  with  fixed  fortifications,  due  to  its  method 
of  momiting  and  employment  and  its  lack  of  protection.  Substitu- 
tion of  this  class  of  armament  for  fixed  defenses  is,  however,  not 
intended.  As  the  attack  of  the  Dardanelles  forts,  which  are  of  com- 
paratively small  defensive  power  and  not  modem  in  either  construc- 
tion or  equipment,  by  the  most  powerful  ships  in  the  English  and 
French  fleets  during  1915  has  served  but  to  confirm  previous  experi- 
ence to  the  effect  that  modem  land  defenses  of  reasonable  power  are 
practically  impregnable  against  the  attack  of  ships,  it  follows  that 
substitution  of  heavy  movable  artillery  for  fixed  fortifications  would 
be  merely  giving  up  a  considerable  part  of  the  advantages  which  the 
latter  possess;  in  other  words,  if  heavy  movable  artillery  of  the  type 
and  calibers  now  used  in  a  given  fortification  were  available  for  that 
neighborhood  it  would  be  concentrated  in  places  where  the  fixed 
emplacements  now  are  and  would  be  without  the  advantages  of  pro- 
tection, fixed  fire-control  systems,  etc.,  which  the  permanent  emplace- 
ments possess. 

DESIGNING    WORK. 

Due  to  the  developments  of  the  European  war  and  to  the  increased 
activity  in  the  line  of  preparedness  for  war  in  this  coimtry  that  has 
been  evident  during  the  past  eighteen  months,  particularly  the  desire 
for  the  attainment  of  ranges  wnich  have  heretofore  been  considered 
impracticable,  it  has  become  necessary  to  make  new  designs  for  all 
types  of  field  and  seacoast  gun  carriages  intended  to  be  employed. 
This  requirement  refers  not  only  to  those  existing  types  which  it  was 
previously  intended  to  duplicate  in  future  manufacture,  many  of 
which  are  of  comparatively  recent  date,  but  also  to  the  production 
of  designs  for  new  types  and  new  calibers.  There  has  also  developed 
the  need  of  heavy  movable  artillery  on  railway  mounts,  anti-aircraft 
artillery  both  field  and  seacoast,  and  other  classes.  As  this  country 
has  practically  no  ordnance-designing  experts  excei)t  those  in  the 
Army  and  Navy  and  a  very  small  number  at  one  private  manufac- 
turing plant,  and  as  the  number  of  officers  in  this  department  is  in- 
sufficient to  carry  on  its  routine  work,  this  increase  m  demand  for 
designs  can  not  be  met  as  promptly  as  the  department  would  wish. 
The  designing  work  must  be  done  mainljr  unaer  the  supervision  of 
the  head  of  the  department  and  therefore  in  this  city,  and  restrictive 
legislation  prevented  a  prompt  effort  to  expand  the  drafting  force, 
as  the  law  did  not  permit  increasing  the  number,  or  securing  space 
in  which  any  increased  number  could  work  in  Washington.  Both 
of  these  difficulties  have  been  met  by  le^slation  enacted  at  the  last 
session  of  the  Congress,  and  the  mechanical  facilities  for  designing 
work  have  been  greatly  increased.  The  procurement  and  training  of 
additional  men  are  being  pushed  as  rapidly  as  practicable,  but  it  is 
at  best  a  slow  process. 

Such  assistance  in  this  line  of  work  as  could  be  procured  from  out- 
side the  department  has  been  obtained,  but  the  available  help  is  not 
large.  In  this  connection  it  should  be  remembered  that  all  of  the 
munition  work  that  has  been  done  in  this  country  for  the  European 
nations  at  war  has  been  in  accordance  with  designs  fumishea  by 
those  nations. 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  CHIEP  OP  ORDNANOB,  831 

6EAGOAST  CARRIAGES. 

The  issue  of  seacoast  guns  and  carriages  to  the  Panama  fortifica- 
tions has  been  completed  so  far  as  provided  by  appropriations  avail- 
able previous  to  the  last  session  of  Congress,  except  that  the  16-inch 
disappearing  carriage  is  undergoing  test  at  the  Sandy  Hook  Proving 
Ground.  This  test  has  been  nearly  completed  for  the  carriage  as 
built,  without  developing  anj  difficulty  of  consequence.  The  carriage 
as  originally  designed  permitted  a  maximum  elevation  of  15  degrees. 
The  nexiessaiT  parts  for  increasing  this  elevation  to  20  degrees  are 
under  manuiacture  and  will  be  ready  for  assembly  to  the  carriage 
in  the  near  future.  It  is  contemplated  that  the  changes  will  be  made 
at  Sandy  Hook  and  that  a  few  rounds  for  test  of  the  new  mechanism 
will  then  be  fired. 

The  design  and  production  of  the  16-inch  disappearing  carriage, 
which  is  the  first  of  its  kind  ever  made,  and  which  successfully  con- 
trols the  forces  resulting  from  a  muzzle  ener^  of  188,894,720  foot- 
pounds, constituted  a  very  considerable  engineering  success.  The 
production  of  this  carriage  was  not  undertaken  at  the  time  the  gun 
was  manufactured  and  tested,  because  for  a  long  time  there  was 
question  as  to  whether  the  gun  would  be  emplaced  in  the  seacoast 
lortifications,  and  if  so,  at  what  point.  It  would  have  been  difficult 
to  defend  the  design  and  manuiacture  of  so  expensive  a  carriage 
when  there  was  no  project  for  its  utilization,  and  when  it  might  con- 
sequently be  devoid  of  the  improvements  which  would  surely  result 
from  experience,  and  become  one  of  the  older  types  before  it  had 
been  used. 

Practically  all  of  the  manufacture  of  the  armament  for  the  San 
Pedro  and  insular  fortifications  provided  by  appropriations  made 
prior  to  the  last  session  of  the  Congress  has  been  completed. 

Appropriations  made  in  the  fortifications  act  approved  July  6, 
1916,  for  the  procurement  of  armament  were  considerably  increased 
over  those  of  previous  years.  The  capacity  of  the  arsenals  manufac- 
turing this  class  of  equipment  is  comparatively  small,  and  it  will 
consequently  be  necessary  to  procure  a  very  considerable  part  by 
contract.  It  is  hoped  that  the  limitation  placed  by  the  law  which 
forbids,  except  in  an  emergency,  the  letting  of  contracts  at  prices 
greater  than  25  per  cent  more  than  the  arsenal  cost,  or  in  the  absence 
of  an  arsenal  cost  the  arsenal  estimate,  for  the  same  article,  wiU  not 
delay  procurement. 

COST  OP   MATERIAL   AND  LABOR. 

The  cost  of  material  and  labor  has  increased  so  extensively,  even  in 
the  last  year,  and  a  continuation  of  the  increase  seems  so  litely,  that 
it  is  anticipated  the  procurement  of  field  and  seacoast  artillery  ma- 
teriel and  many  other  classes  of  ordnance  supplies  in  the  quantities 
covered  by  the  estimates  submitted  at  the  last  session  of  the  Con- 
gress will  not  be  possible  unless  additional  funds  be  appropriated  at 
the  coming  session  to  complete  the  work.  While  the  increase  varies 
for  different  classes,  and  not  in  accordance  with  any  fixed  rule,  it 
is  conservatively  estimated  that  the  average  increase  in  cost  of  ord- 
nance materiel  during  the  past  12  months  is  from  25  to  40  per  cent. 


832  REPORT   OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE. 

The  legislation  contained  in  the  naval  appropriation  act  which 
adds  15  working  days'  leave  of  absence  with  pay  for  all  employees 
of  the  Ordnance  Department,  the  provisions  of  the  Army  appropria- 
tion act  which  forbid  time  studies  and  the  pajrment  of  premiums,  and 
the  tax  on  munitions  imposed  by  the  revenue  act  will  further  increase 
the  cost  of  production  over  that  anticipated  at  the  time  the  estimates 
were  submitted. 

MAINTENANCE  OF  ARMAMENT  OF  FORTIFICATIONS, 

This  work  has  proceeded  satisfactorily  during  the  year,  and  service 
guns,  mortars,  and  carriages  have  been  maintained  in  a  good  state  of 
efficiency.  There  has  been  encountered  a  rather  serious  difficulty 
with  the  14-inch  disappearing  carriage  in  that  several  elevating 
screws  have  been  broken.  The  pilot  carriage  at  the  Sandy  Hook 
Proving  Ground  was  fired  189  rounds  before  this  defect  appeared, 
but  several  carriages  emplaced  in  the  fortifications  of  the  Canal 
Zone  had  the  screws  broken  on  the  first  proof  firing.  This  matter 
is  under  investigation  and  it  is  known  that  the  difficulty  can  be  cured, 
although  the  best  method  of  accomplishment  of  this  result  requires 
some  experimentation  and  consequent  time.  A  design  for  increasing 
the  maximum  elevation  permitted  by  these  carriages  from  15  to  20 
degrees  is  under  way,  which  will  correct  the  difficulty  referred  to,  but 
a  considerable  time  for  manufacture  and  assembly  of  these  new  parts 
will  be  recjuired.  In  the  meantime  steps  are  being  taken  for  modifi- 
cation which  can  be  made  promptly  and  will  make  the  carriages 
serviceable  for  use  at  any  elevation  now  permitted  until  the  gearing 
for  the  20-degree  elevation  can  be  installed. 

IMPROVEMENTS   IN    INSTALLED   SEACOAST   GUNS   AND   CARRIAGES. 

Modification  of  the  seacoast  materiel  of  the  older  types  has  pro- 
ceeded as  far  as  funds  have  permitted.  The  modification  of  the  15- 
pounder  balanced  pillar  carriages,  model  of  1898,  is  nearing  comple- 
tion. The  firing  magnetos  referred  to  in  my  last  annual  report  have 
been  procured  and  are  being  attached  to  all  carriages  for  gims  of 
6-inch  caliber  and  over,  and  are  being  supplied  to  all  mortar  batteries. 
The  tests  of  the  12-inch  disappearing  carriage  in  which  the  maximum 
elevation  permitted  has  been  mcreased  to  15  degrees  have  been  satis- 
factorily completed,  and  the  necessary  parts  for  making  this  altera- 
tion to  carriages  in  service  stre  in  process  of  manufacture. 

MOTOR    EQUIPMENT    AS    APPLIED   TO    ORDNANCE    MATERIEL. 

The  Army  appropriation  act  approved  March  4,  1915,  contains  an 
appropriation  of  $50,000  for  the  procurement  of  armored  motor  cars, 
including  shielded  motor-cycle  outfits.  This  class  of  equipment  is  a 
development  of  the  European  war  and  has  had,  in  effect,  no  practical 
trial  in  this  country ;  nor  is  it  easy  to  determine  what  are  the  best 
types  in  use  abroad  and  what  constitutes  the  best  use  of  such  types. 
The  department  purchased  four  automobile  chassis  trucks,  equipped 
them  with  armor  and  made  such  modifications  as  were  necessary  for 
the  mounting  of  machine  ^ns,  and  shipped  them  to  the  troops  on  the 
Mexican  border  for  experimental  use.    Two  of  these  cars  were  each 


BEPORT  OF  THB  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE.  833 

provided  with  two  revolving  turrets,  and  were  capable  of  carryiiig 
considerable  ammunition  with  a  rather  large  crew,  and  were  very 
completely  equipped,  with  the  result  that  they  weighed  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  11,500  pounds,  which  is  likely  to  prove  too  heavy  for  this 
class  of  materiel.  It  was  nevertheless  deemed  expedient  to  determine 
what  could  be  done  with  so  much  weight,  as  an  equal  or  greater  load 
on  the  wheels  will  be  necessary  for  the  mounting  of  ^ns  of  caliber 
greater  than  the  machine  guns,  with  which  class  of  equipment  experi- 
ments are  to  be  made. 

Two  of  the  armored  automobiles  each  had  one  revolving  turret 
mounting  one  machine  gun,  and  weighed  about  8,500  pounds  each. 
This  latter  type  will,  it  is  believed  from  reports  thus  far  received, 

Erove  to  be  more  satisfactory  for  general  use  than  the  heavier  type. 
Ixperiments  are  now  imder  way  with  a  still  lighter  type  which  should 
weigh  not  more  than  6,500  pounds,  which,  of  course,  will  require  that 
the  crew  shall  be  reduced,  tne  size  of  the  armored  space  reduced,  and 
the  amoimt  of  ammunition  carried  lessened.  This  type,  however, 
gives  great  mobility  and  will,  it  is  believed,  in  spite  of  the  cramped 
quarters,  prove  to  serve  a  very  useful  purpose. 

The  armored  motor  cars  which  were  sent  to  the  Southern  Depart- 
ment had  not  been  thoroughly  tested  hj  this  department  and  would 
not  under  normal  conditions  nave  been  issued  to  the  service  without 
exhaustive  trial  to  remove  any  practical  difficulties  that  could  be 
located.  The  mobilization  of  the  militia  and  apparent  probability 
of  hostilities  resulted,  however,  in  the  cars  being  forwarded  as  they 
were  at  the  time  the  emergency  arose,  with  the  expectation  that  they 
would  be  at  least  of  some  use. 

The  design  and  procurement  of  a  number  of  motor-cycle  machine- 
gun  outfits  was  also  undertaken,  resulting  in  a  unit  consisting  of  a 
machine  gun  mounted  on  the  side  car  of  a  motor  cycle,  two  ammuni- 
tion and  supply  caisson  side  cars,  and  one  motor  cycle  without  side 
car  for  the  commanding  officer  of  the  detachment,  for  each  two  guns 
and  pertaining  equipment.  There  has  since  been  added  to  the  unit  an 
additional  caisson  for  each  gun.  A  number  of  these  units,  including 
two  different  types  of  motor  cycles,  were  manufactured  and  furnished 
to  the  troops  on  the  border,  and  they  are  now  undergoing  test.  The 
machine-gun  mounts  were  permanently  attached  to  the  side  cars  and 
arrangements  were  made  for  the  removal  of  the  guns  from  the  mounts 
and  their  use  independently  thereof  by  tripods,  which  were  furnished. 
In  addition,  spare  guns  were  supplied.  As  in  the  case  of  the  armored 
motor  cars,  this  equipment  was  entirely  experimental  and  was  sent  to 
the  border  before  any  opportunity  had  been  had  for  test.  Some  diffi- 
culties have  therefore  been  encountered  which  are  being  corrected, 
and  it  is  expected  that  the  use  now  being  had  will  develop  other 
troubles  and  will  eventually  result  m  the  procurement  of  a  satisfac- 
tory type.  A  change  in  the  design  is  now  being  made  so  that  the 
gun  will  be  mounted  on  the  side  car  chassis  by  means  of  a  tripod 
which  is  readily  detachable,  thus  enabling  use  either  on  the  side  car 
or  removed  therefrom. 

The  appropriation  for  this  class  of  equipment  made  by  the  Army 
appropriation  act  of  August  28, 1916,  is  $500,000,  so  that  it  is  expected 
to  mate  considerable  progress  during  the  year  toward  procurement 
of  a  supply  of  armored  automobiles  and  shielded  motor-cycle  outfits 
for  the  service. 

69176'— WAB 1916— VOL  1 53 


834  BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  OBDNANOB. 

•  There  have  been  conducted  at  Fort  Sill  and  at  the  Bock  Island 
Arsenal  tests  of  tractors  and  trucks  for  use  in  connection  with  heavy 
field  artillery,  in  replacement  of  horses.  The  promise  of  success  with 
the  caterpillar  type  of  45-horsepower  tractor,  nauling  approximately 
16,000  pounds,  made  up  of  a  4.T-inch  gun  or  6-inch  howitzer,  with  a 
loaded  ammunition  limber  and  caisson,  has  been  such  that  one  battery 
of  heavy  artillery  has  already  been  equipped  for  experimental  triid 
of  this  class  of  traction.  The  battery  is^  also  being  furnished  tructe 
for  transporting  one-half  of  the  ammunition  and  for  replacement  of 
the  battery  and  store  wagons.  In  addition,  the  men  who  have  here- 
tofore been  mounted  on  horses  are  to  be  transported  on  motor  vehi- 
cles or  motor  cycles.  The  experiment  was  not  &tended  to  a  greater 
number  of  organizations  because  of  lack  of  funds  at  the  time.  There 
is  now  being  procured  motor  equipment  of  the  class  referred  to  above 
for  the  entire  Ninth  Regiment  of  Field  Artillery,  which  is  stationed 
in  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  where  motor  traction  has  even  greater  ad- 
vantages than  is  ordinarily  the  case.  It  is  considered  that  the  de- 
velopment of  motor  traction  as  applied  to  ordnance  equipment  is 
one  of  the  most  important  subjects  before  the  department  at  mis  time, 
and  every  effort  is  being  made  to  test  and  procure  satisfactory 
materiel. 

COAST   ABTILLERY    PRACTnlCE. 

Reports  received  during  the  year  of  Coast  Artillery  target  practice 
indicate  generally  satisfactory  behavior  of  the  ordnance  mat^d 
used  in  this  work. 

Owing  to  the  high  pressures  encountered  in  target  practice  during 
the  past  few  years  a  number  of  lots  of  powder  have  been  withdrawn 
from  the  service  and  a  suspension  placed  on  the  use  of  certain  other 
lots  pending  further  investigation  or  ultimate  replacement.  Tlie 
results  obtamed  in  target  practice  with  each  lot  of  powder  are  being 
carefully  recorded  and  analyzed.  The  data  thus  obtained  form  a 
valuable  record  of  the  performance  of  different  powders  in  the 
service  and  will  have  considerable  bearing  upon  the  question  of 
withdrawal  of  powders  for  reworking. 

The  satisfactory  results  obtained  at  the  Sandy  Hook  Proving 
Ground  with  the  use  of  single-section  core-igniter  charges  in  major 
caliber  guns  have  led  to  the  use  of  this  form  of  charge  in  lieu  of  the 
standard  multiple-section  charge  for  this  year's  target  practice  with 
major  caliber  guns.  All  rei)o^  so  far  received  indicate  a  marked 
improvement  in  the  uniformity  of  pressures  and  velocities  wherever 
single-section  charges  were  used. 

High  magazine  temperatures  in  certain  outlying  possessions,  par- 
ticularly in  the  Canal  Zone,  have  led  to  a  study  bemff  made  of  these 
conditions  with  a  view  to  possible  correction  of  established  charges 
for  the  prevailing  temperatures. 

FIELD  ABTILLERY  PRACTICE. 

Behavior  of  materiel. — Reports  from  the  service  covering  recent 
target  practice  indicate  that  the  Field  Artillery  cannon,  carriag^es, 
and  ammunition  are  giving  general  satisfaction.  The  target  practioe 
reports  received  are  consolidated  and  classified  to  form  a  permanent 
and  valuable  record  of  the  behavior  of  the  mat&del,  supplementing 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  CHIEP  OF  OEDNANCE;  835 

the  proving  ground  and  acceptance  tests  records.  The  enlarged  ex- 
penditure of  ammunition  authorized  for  next  year  will  afford  an  in- 
creased opportunity  to  observe  the  behavior  of  the  materiel,  correct 
defects,  and  effect  improvements. 

Allowance  of  ammunition, — Recent  legislation  has  provided  a  much 
needed  increase  in  the  amounts  available  for  expenditure  for  target 
practice  purposes  for  the  Field  Artillery,  so  that  it  will  be  possible 
next  year  to  provide  a  more  adequate  allowance  for  the  proper  in- 
struction of  the  personnel  of  the  Field  Artillery  batteries  and  of  the 
student  officers  at  the  School  of  Fire.  This  increased  allowance  is 
particularly  required  for  calibers  larger  than  3-inch  to  determine 
the  best  method  of  handling  these  cannon  to  develop  their  full  effi- 
ciency. With  such  cannon  the  Field  Artillery  has  had  little  and  in 
the  majority  of  cases  no  experience. 

Suhcaliber  guns. — ^A  subcaliber  gun,  using  a  projectile  weighing 
1.7  pounds,  has  been  adopted  for  guns  and  howitzers  of  3.8-inch 
caliber  and  larger.  The  caliber  .30  subcaliber  gun  has  been  retained 
for  the  2.95-inch  mountain  and  3-inch  field  guns.  The  velocity  of 
the  1.7-pounder  subcaliber  gun  has  been  established,  so  that  in  its 
use  the  service  range  scale  may  be  used.  Adequate  allowance  of 
ammunition  for  these  guns  has  been  provided. 

INSPECTOR  OF^ORDNANCE,  RICHMOND,  VA. 

The  duties  of  inspector  of  ordnance  at  Richmond,  Va.,  and  at  the 
Washington  Steel  &  Ordnance  Co.,  Giesboro  Manor,  D.  C,  were 

Performed  by  Maj.  M.  L.  Brett,  in  addition  to  his  duties  in  the 
office  of  the  Chief  of  Ordnance. 

The  inspection  of  magnetos  at  the  works  of  the  National  Electrical 
Supply  Co.,  in  Washington,  D.  C,  was  included  in  the  work  of  the 
district,  and  was  in  charge  of  Capt.  J.  B.  Bose,  in  addition  to  his 
duties  in  the  Office  of  the  Chief  of  Ordnance.  ^ 

The  principal  articles  under  inspection  at  Richmond  were  common 
.steel  shell  and  cast-iron  shell,  under  manufacture  at  the  works  of 
The  Tredegar  Co.  This  company  and  the  Wadiington  Steel  &  Ord- 
nance Co.  have  greatly  increased  their  capacity  for  the  manufacture 
of  projectiles  during  the  past  year. 

A  number  of  6-inch  cast-iron  projectiles  were  manufactured  by 
the  Covington  Machine  Co.,  Covington,  Va.,  during  the  year.  The 
National  Electrical  Supply  Co.,  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  has  prac- 
tically completed  deliveries  under  its  order  for  firing  magnetos, 
and  has  received  a  supplementarv  order. 

The  total  value  of  the  materiel  under  contract  at  all  places  imder 
the  supervision  of  this  office  during  the  year  was  $561,956.21.  The 
value  of  the  materiel  completed  during  the  year  was  $383,647.22, 

INSPECTOR  OF  ORDNANCE,  NEWPORT  NEWS,  VA. 

Maj.  J.  B.  Dillard  performed  the  duties  of  inspector  of  ordnance 
at  Newport  News,  until  January  5,  1916,  on  which  date  he  was  re- 
lieved by  Lieut.  R.  S.  Oberly,  who  continued  on  this  duty  until 
March  4,  1916,  when  the  office  was  closed,  work  having  been  com- 
plete 


836  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEP  OF  ORDNANCE. 

The  Newport  News  Shipbuilding  &  Dry  Dock  Co.  had  a  contract, 
dated  November  21,  1910,  for  two  ll-inch  gun  turrets,  model  of 
1910.  During  the  year  progress  of  work  on  the  second  turret  was 
somewhat  delayed,  due  to  unexpected  difficulties  with  the  electrical 
apparatus,  referred  to  in  my  previous  annual  report.  These  diffi- 
culties, however,  were  corrected  by  the  contractor  and  the  second 
turret  was  finally  completed  on  December  30, 1915,  and  delivery  was 
made  on  February  28, 1916. 

BETHLEHEM  STEEL  CO. 

The  duties  of  inspector  of  ordnance  at  the  Bethlehem  Steel  Works 
were  performed  during  the  year  b^  Maj.  E.  D.  Bricker,  in  addition 
to  his  duties  as  inspector  at  the  Imdvale  Steel  Works  and  those  de- 
volved upon  him  at  the  Frankf  ord  Arsenal,  where  he  is  stationed. 

Work  nas  been  in  ^ro^ress  on  85  different  contracts  and  orders, 
which  consisted  principslly  of  the  following  material:  3-inch  gun 
carriages;  design  and  manufacture  of  4.7-inch  field  guns  and  6-inch 
howitzers,  includinj^  carriages  and  Umbers  therefor;  forgings  for 
4.7-inchj  6-inch,  10-mch,  and  14-inch  guns;  3-inch  shrapnel  case  forg- 
ings; 3-mch,  3.8-inch,  4.7-inch,  6-inch,  and  16-inch  projectiles;  armor 
shield  plates;  axle  forgings  for  field  artillery  vehicles,  and  miscella- 
neous forgings  and  bars.  Work  of  infection  on  14  contracts  and 
orders  consisting^  of  3-inch  shrapnel  case  forginfi;s  at  the  works  of 
the  Harrisburg  Fipe  &  Pipe  Bending  Co.,  Harrisbure,  Pa, ;  8.8-inch 
shrapnel  case  forgings  at  the  wcH'ks  of  the  Milton  Manufacturing 
Co.,  Milton,  Pa. ;  miscellaneous  bar  steel  at  the  works  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Steel  Co.,  Steelton,  Pa. ;  and  3-inch  and  4.7-inch  projectiles 
at  the  Standard  Steel  Works  (Baldwin  Locomotive  Works),  Bum- 
bam,  Pa.,  was  also  performed  by  this  office. 

The  value  of  the  material  imder  manufacture  during  the  year  was 
$1,034^54.  The  value  of  the  material  completed  during  the  year 
was  $72,055.27.  The  total  weight  of  shipments  made  daring  the 
year  was  2,773,169  pounds. 

« 

INSPECTOR  OF  ORDNANCE,  PriTSBUROH,  PA. 

The  inspection  work  covered  by  this  office  was  in  charse  of  Capt. 
J.  B.  Rose  during  the  entire  year.  It  has  included  all  ordnance  ma- 
terial manufactured  in  western  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio,  consisting  of 
107  different  orders  or  contracts,  under  which  manufacture  was  in 
progress  at  26  different  plants.  The  principal  articles  under  inspec- 
tion were  as  follows :  Azimuth  instruments,  at  the  works  of  the  War- 
ner &  Swasey  Co.;  3-inch  shrapnel  cases;  forgings  for  8.8-indi  and 
4.7-inch  shrapnel  cases;  forgings  for  3-inch  common  steel  dieU;  21- 
second  combination  fiizes,  and  orders  for  miscellaneous  forgings,  bar 
stock,  and  finish  madiining. 

INSPECTOR  OF  ORDNANCE,   MIDVALE  STEEL  WORKS. 

The  duties  of  inspector  of  ordnance  at  the  Midvale  Steel  Works 
were  performed  during  the  year  by  Maj.  E.  D.  Bricker,  in  additioa 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE.  837 

to  his  duties  as  inspector  at  fhe  Bethlehem  Steel  Works  and  those 
devolved  upon  him  at  the  Frankford  Arsenal,  where  he  is  stationed. 

The  work  consisted  principally  in  the  inspection  of  material  for 
guns  and  gun  carriages;  14-inch  armor-piercing  shell ;  steel  for  shrap- 
nel cases,  manufactured  at  the  works  of  the  Midvale  Steel  Co.,  and 
at  the  works  of  the  Carpenter  Steel  Co.,  Beading,  Pa. ;  f orgings  for 
3-inch  and  4.7-inch  common  steel  shell,  manufactured  at  the  works 
of  the  J.  G.  Brill  Co.,  and  the  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.;  and  of  miscellaneous  ordnance  material  manufactured 
at  13  other  establishments  in  Philadelphia  and  vicinity.  The  total 
number  of  different  contracts  and  orders  was  157. 

The  total  value  of  the  material  under  manufacture  was  $774,641.22, 
of  which  that  to  the  value  of  $577,325.77  was  completed.  The  total 
weight  of  material  shipped  during  the  year  was  4,461,362  pounds. 

SANOr  HOOK  PROVING  GROUND. 

Sandy  Hook  Proving  Ground  was  commanded  by  Lieut.  CoL 
T.  C.  Dickson,  from  July  1  to  August  16, 1915;  by  Maj.  J.  W.  Haw- 
kins, from  August  17  to  October  15, 1915;  by  Ma],  W.  I.  Westervelt, 
from  October  16  to  December  10, 1915 ;  and  by  the  present  command- 
ing officer,  Lieut.  Col.  C.  L'H.  Eug^les,  since  December  11,  1915. 
Lieut.  Col.  Buggies  is  also  president  of  the  Ordnance  Board,  member 
of  the  Board  for  Testing  Kifled  Cannon,  and  armament  officer  of  the 
Sandy  Hook  armament  district. 

The  amount  of  proof  work  completed  during  the  year  was  greater 
than  that  of  preceding  years.  This  work  included,  among  others,  33 
tests  against  armor  plate;  154  tests  of  fuzes;  testing  and  retesting 
of  133  lots  of  powder;  proof  firing  of  39  guns  of  various  calibers. 
This  entailed  the  preparation  and  completion  of  113  programs  of 
tests  and  the  firing  of  6,955  rounds  fi-om  cannon. 

The  U.  S.  S.  Ordnance  carried  30,358  passengers  and  2,658,133 
pounds  of  freight  during  the  year.  The  distance  traveled  was  12,287 
nautical  miles ;  the  amount  of  coal  consumed  was  1,006  long  tons. 

The  sundry  civil  appropriation  act  approved  March  3,  1915,  car- 
ried an  appropriation  of  $25,000  for  permanently  filling  a  portion  of 
the  railroad  trestle  connecting  the  Government  reservation  with 
Highland  Beach.  This  work  is  now  being  done  by  contract,  under 
the  supervision  of  the  Engineer  Department.  During  the  year 
165,083  passengers  and  26,744,755  pounds  of  freight  were  transported 
over  this  railroad,  requiring  a  total  movement  of  1,343  cars  of  freight; 
the  amount  of  coal  consumed  was  450  longtons. 

Ordnance  School  of  Application. — ^Maj.  W.  J.  Hawkins  had  charge 
of  the  school  until  August  30,  1915,  since  which  time  Mai.  W.  L 
Westervelt  has  been  in  charge.  The  student  officers  visited  IT  plants 
during  the  year  and  saw  much  of  interest  in  the  manufacture  of 
smokdess  powder,  electrical  material,  gas  engines,  steel  and  steel 
products,  ammunition  for  all  calibers  oi  guns  up  to  16-inch,  and  in 
the  generation  of  power.  These  trips,  especially  those  to  plants  mak- 
ing projectiles  and  fuzes  in  vast  quantities  for  use  abroad,  were  of 
much  value  to  the  student  officers. 


838  BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  OBDNANOS. 

BOCK  ISLAND  ABSENAL. 

This  arsenal  was  commanded  by  Col.  Geo.  W.  Burr,  who  is  also 
Ordnance  officer  of  the  Central  Department. 

Volume  of  business. — ^The  volume  of  business  was  approximately 
the  same  as  during  the  preceding  year.  In  the  property  department 
the  number  of  shipments  of  stores  received  and  issued  during  the  year 
was  13,467,  comprising  149,172  packages,  weighing  20,072,516  pounds. 
In  addition  there  was  received  for  manufacturing  purposes  raw  ma- 
terial aggregating  32,330,812  pounds.  The  number  of  invoices  of 
stores  received  and  issued  was  9,069,  and  the  total  number  of  quarter- 
master's bills  of  lading  received  and  issued  was  3,150.  In  the  dis- 
bursing division  the  total  number  of  cash  vouchers  paid  was  4,245. 
The  disbursements  for  material  amounted  to  $1,868,308.69;  those  for 
labor  to  $1,548,202.52.  The  average  number  of  employees  was  1,884, 
varying  from  a  minimum  of  1,786  to  a  maximum  of  1,921  on  June 
30,  1916. 

Issues  to  the  service. — Issues  to  the  service  and  to  depots  for  reissue 
have  been  promptly  made,  except  in  a  few  instances  when  the  neces- 
sary stores  were  not  on  hand  and  had  to  be  purchased  oi*  fabricated 
before  issue.  On  June  20,  1916,  telegraphic  notification  was  received 
of  the  mobilization  of  the  National  Guard,  and  by  June  27  the  arsenal 
had  shipped  the  ordnance  equipment  necessary  to  raise  the  mobilized 
guard  from  peace  to  war  stren^h  to  the  mobilization  points  in  the 
States  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota, 
Iowa,  Missouri,  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Kansas,  Nebraska, 
Colorado,  and  Wyoming.  Many  other  extraordinary  issues  were 
made  during  the  same  period. 

Needs  of  the  arsenal. — ^The  principal  needs  of  the  arsenal  are 
additional  storage  facilities,  which  should  be  provided  by  a  ware- 
house building  of  large  capacity,  equipped  with  adequate  handling 
and  shipping  facilities;  a  central  steam  heating  plant  of  a  capacity 
to  provide  iSr  present  needs  and  prospective  expansion,  fitted  with 
modem  labor  and  fuel  saving  appliances;  a  connecting  curtain 
between  shops  6  and  I  to  put  the  field  artillery  shops  under  one 
roof,  instead  of  in  two  disconnected  buildings  as  at  present; 
rearrangement  of  the  equipment  and  carpenter  shops,  the  former 
in  shop  H  and  the  latter  in  shop  C  buildings,  with  necessary  replace- 
ment of  old  and  addition  of  new  machine  facilities ;  additional  quar- 
ters for  officers  not  now  provided  with  quarters;  and  additional 
facilities  for  the  manufacture  of  field  artillery  materiel. 

General  repairs  and  additions  to  plant. — During  the  year  approxi- 
mately 1,200  feet  of  8-inch  water  main  have  been  laid  and  one-half 
mile  of  taroid  macadam  roads  built.  The  entire  roadway  of  the 
wagon  bridge  and  viaduct  connecting  the  island  with  the  city  of 
Rock  Island  has  been  renewed  with  creosoted  timber  sul^tructure 
and  brick  paving,  and  the  entire  structure  has  been  repainted.  A  cast- 
iron  casing,  filled  with  concrete,  has  been  applied  to  the  imderside  of 
the  viaduct  span  to  protect  it  from  the  blasts  of  locomotives.  A 
modern  ^stem  of  semaphore  signals  for  the  protection  of  the  draw 


BBPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  OBDNANOB.  839 

gpan  of  the  Bock  Island  Bridge,  provided  by  the  appropriation  of 
^,600,  contained  in  the  sundry  civil  act  approved  August  1,  1914, 
has  been  installed  and  is  working  satisfactorily.  The  repairs  to  the 
foundations  and  walls  of  shop  H  building,  provided  by  an  appro- 
priation of  $65,000^  contained  in  the  same  act,  have  been  completed, 
and  this  building  is  now  in  condition  for  use.  The  repairs  to  the 
arsenal  building,  provided  by  an  appropriation  of  $2,400,  contained 
in  the  act  approved  March  3, 1915,  have  been  completed,  and  the  base-, 
ment  of  this  building  is  again  in  condition  for  use.  The  appropria- 
tion of  $15,000,  also  contained  in  the  last-mentioned  act,  has  oeen 
expended  in  the  construction  and  equipment  of  a  flat-roofed,  con- 
crete storehouse  for  the  storage  of  oils  and  other  inflammable  mate- 
rials. This  building  adjoins  storehouse  A,  to  which  it  is  connected 
by  a  tunnel,  and  is  known  as  "  Storehouse  A  Annex." 

Welfare  of  employees. — Continued  attention  has  been  given  to  the 
subject  of  adequate  safety  devices  to  reduce  the  number  of  preventable 
accidents.  Sanitary  drinking  fountains  have  been  installed  in  shops 
G  and  L.  The  employees'  sdiool,  inaugurated  last  year  for  the  pur- 
pose of  giving  to  employees  who  desire  it  instruction  in  simple  math- 
ematics and  in  the  reading  of  drawings,  has  been  continued  with 
beneficial  results.  At  the  end  of  the  jrear  approximately  WO 
employees  were  availing  themselves  of  this  instruction,  and  the  effect 
of  the  schooling  is  noticeable  in  the  reduced  loss  to  the  Government 
in  spoiled  work  attributable  to  mistakes  which  the  schooling  is 
designed  to  correct. 

Apprentices, — Effort  is  being  made  to  interest  the  proper  class 
of  boys  in  the  apprentice  courses  at  the  arsenal.  Continued  atten- 
tion IS  being  given  to  these  apprentices  throughout  their  course. 
All  apprentices  are  required  to  attend  school  four  hours  each  week, 
two  sessions  of  two  hours  each.  The  draftsman  in  charge  of  the 
employees'  school  mentioned  in  preceding  paragraph  is  also  in 
charge  of  the  apprentices'  school.  The  subjects  pursued,  .theoretical 
and  practical,  are  suited  to  the  needs  of  the  inaividual  apprentice. 
At  the  end  of  the  year  the  arsenal  had  on  its  rolls  47  machinist  and 
2  patternmaker  apprentices. 

Principal  output, — ^The  shops  in  operation  at  the  close  of  the 
year  included  a  mobile  artilleiy  vehicle  shop,  harness  shop,  leather 
and  cloth  departments,  smith  shop,  foundry,  equipment  shop,  tin 
shop,  polishing  and  plating  shop,  woodworking  and  painting  shops, 
and  small-arms  repair  shop.  The  output  of  these  shops  necessarily 
embraces  a  great  variety  of  articles,  including  the  manufacture  and 
alteration  of  carriages,  limbers,  caissons,  battery  wagons,  store 
wagons,  reels  and  carts  for  mobile  artillery,  the  manufacture  of 
artillery  harness,  pack  outfits  for  mountain  artillery  and  machine 
guns,  horse  equipments  for  cavalry,  personal  and  mess  equipments 
for  all  arms  of  the  service,  targets  and  target  supplies,  miscellaneous 
insignia,  cartridge  storage  cases  and  other  material  for  Coast  Artil- 
lery, in  addition  to  the  repair  for  reissue  of  unserviceable  but  repair- 
able material  of  these  different  classes  turned  in  by  the  service  for 
that  purpose.  It  has  included  a  large  amount  of  work  on  the 
infantry  equipment,  model  of  1910,  and  targets  and  target  material. 
In  the  mobile  artillery  carriage  shops  it  has  included  the  comple- 


840 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE. 


tion  of  512  artillery  vehicles  of  32  different  kinds ;  the  armoring  of 
four  motor  cars;  the  manufacture  of  sets  of  test  tools  for  six  differ- 
ent vehicles,  in  addition  to  miscellaneous  test  tools  and  gauges;  the 
inspection,  correction  of  defects,  and  modifications  of  149  vehicles 
of  4  different  kinds  received  from  contractors;  the  preparation 
for  issue  of  16  complete  batteries  of  various  calibers  and  of  211 
vehicles  of  different  kinds ;  the  conduct  of  20  road  tests  of  various 
vehicles  and  appliances,  in  addition  to  the  test  of  nine  motor  trucks 
and  tractors  of  different  makes ;  the  performance  of  a  large  amoimt 
of  work  on  95  carriages  and  1,269  other  vehicles  in  process  of  manu- 
facture, as  well  as  the  manufacture  of  a  multitude  of  miscellaneous 
{)arts  for  issue  to  the  service  and  the  overhauling  and  repairing  of  a 
arge  number  of  mobile  artillery  parts  turned  in  from  the  service 
for  that  purpose.  In  addition,  these  shops  have  carried  on  a  large 
amount  of  experimental  work  of  various  kinds,  have  tested  and 
submitted  reports  on  various  devices,  and  have  originated  many 
improvements  in  existing  material. 

improvements  in  manufacturing  methods, — ^Improvements  in  the 
rapidity  and  economy  of  manufacturing  operations  have  been  c<m- 
tinued  during  the  year.  These  improvements  are  due  to  the  instal- 
lation and  use  of  multiple  spindle  drills  wherever  practicable;  to 
the  use  of  jigs  with  cam-action  fastenings  and  quick-release  lie  vices; 
to  the  use  of  autogenous  welding  in  saving  otherwise  defective  or 
spoiled  material;  to  the  use  of  light  portable  motors  with  flexible 
shafts  for  countersinking,  reaming,  and  burring;  to  the  use  of 
double  and  multiple  jigs  instead  of  single  jigs;  to  the  use  of 
spot  welding  instead  of  riveting,  and  of  punching  instead  of  drill- 
ing for  rivet  holes  in  sheet  metal,  thus  saving  time  and,  in  many 
cases,  expensive  drill  jigs;  to  the  use  of  continuous-milling  fixtures; 
and  to  the  speeding  up  of  drill  presses  to  take  full  advantage  of  the 
possibilities  of  high-speed  drills. 

Increased-  output. — These  improvements  in  the  methods  of  manu- 
facture largely  increase  the  output  of  the  machine,  as  is  indicated  by 
the  following  examples: 


Brake  crank  shaft  bearingai,  milling  nnd  drilling 

Apron  latch  bodies,  millmg  and  drilling 

Lock  bars,  hollow  milling 

60-inch  wheel  fastenings,  milling 

Brake  shaft  bearings,  drilling 

6S>tnch  hub  bends,  milling  wrench  clots 

Brake  lever  catches,  milling 

Doubletree  rods,  milling 

Clasps,  millixig 

Door  hinges,  female,  milling 

Door  hinges,  male,  milling 


Former 

Prmnt 

output, 

output. 

Shours. 

Sboun. 

32 

aoo 

S2 

200 

16 

IfiO 

75 

200 

S3 

64 

20 

100 

eo 

120 

sa 

280 

200 

800 

fiO 

4M 

fiO 

450 

Reduction  in  labor  costs, — Improvements  in  shop  administration 
and  in  methods  are  frequently  better  indicated  by  the  reduction  in 
labor  cost  of  an  article  than  in  its  total  cost,  as  it  may  happen  that 
the  cost  of  the  material  entering  into  the  manufacture  of  the  article, 
which  cost  is  beyond  the  control  of  shop  management,  will  offset  any 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE. 


841 


reduction  in  manufacturing  costs.  The  following  figures  are,  there- 
fore, ffiven  as  indicating  some  reductions  which  have  been  made  in 
the  hiDor  costs  of  articles  manufactured  at  this  arsenal  during  the 
past  year  as  compared  with  former  costs.  These  reductions  are  en- 
tirely due  to  better  methods  of  doing  the  work,  or  to  slight  changes 
in  design  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  manufacture.  The  actual 
wages  paid  the  employees  of  the  arsenal  have  been  increased  during 
the  year,  so  that  the  showing  in  reduction  is  not  as  great  as  the  im- 
provements in  methods  would  justify. 


D  targets  for  Hollifl^M  outfits 

Y  uu-gcts  for  UolUfleld  outfits 

Carpeuter's  chests,  woodwork 

66-iDch  artillery  wheels,  woodwork 

Canteens,  model  of  1910 

Cups,  model  o(  1910 

Currycombs,  model  of  1913 

Bervlce  saddles,  model  of  1012,  metal  work 

Thimbles  for  sewing  palms 

Expert  rifleman's  badces,  bronze 

Pistol  e]q>ert  badges,  silver 

Bridoon  reins  for  Cavalry  bridles 

Ctxrb  reins  for  Cavalry  bridles 

Side  bars  for  service  nddles 

Canvas  bai^  for  snudl  stores 

CUivas  l>a^s  for  nails 

Bridles,  complete,  model  of  1910 

Cavessons,  complete,  model  of  1912 

Case,  complete,  for  battery  commanders'  telesc  ope 

Harness,  complete,  for  Signal  Cvrps 

Saddles,  service,  complete,  model  of  1912 

Pommel  pockets,  model  or  1912 

Ixxm  for  stlmin  tread,  model  of  1912 

CuTD  bit  branches,  model  of  1909 

Spnni,  model  of  1911 

nckei  pins,  model  of  1912 

Mouthpieces  for  bolo  and  bavonft  $>•  aM  arls 

Picket  pins.  Cavalry 

Spanners,  double  end 

Bpaanara,  single  end 

Brake  beams,  first  openuion ^ 

Canteen  collars 

l>lnrh  snap  hooks 

Bub  liners: 

66-tnch  wheel 

6l>>inch  wheel 

Oilman  noules 

Axles,  forging  of  ends 

Doubletree  hooks 

Doorhandles 

BtDf^tree  hooks  for  3-lnch  mat<-riol 

PlvoC  stakes 

Tirsi  (srarflng),  56>lnch  wheels 

Seat  supports  (trimming) 

Neck  yoke  stops  (trimming) 

Wheelhooks  (trimming) 

Stay  rods  (complete)  for  sliding  (arcet 


Koritier  ( 08t 

1  recent  o)sl 

por  UK). 

per  KK). 

to.  03067 

10.02047 

.075 

.067 

1,015.00 

1.193.00 

240.00 

165.00 

12.00 

11.00 

3.00 

2.00 

3.04 

3.25 

100.00 

111.00 

9.50 

3.00 

24.00 

9.50 

24.50 

11.00 

7.80 

4.79 

6l80 

4.46 

10.90 

A.  00 

30.00 

13.00 

29.00 

n.oo 

75.00 

50.00 

90.00 

70.00 

850.00 

45a  00 

900.00 

750.00 

eoo.oo 

450.00 

80.00 

55.00 

1.687 

1.607 

ZOl 

1.91 

2.121 

1.742 

13.00 

6.90 

4.5716 

3.40 

37.00 

12.00 

105.50 

16.50 

6.40 

4.30 

114.00 

8100 

.80 

.20 

.45 

.40 

17.50 

4.00 

35.00 

&00 

2.00 

.65 

129.00 

82.00 

28.35 

17.3^4 

A9.70 

26.70 

52.70 

40.00 

2.40 

1.41 

31.64 

19.00 

17.00 

2.00 

7.00 

1.00 

46.53 

37.00 

61.87 

3.84 

842 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  OBDNANOB. 


Reduction  in  total  cost — ^The  following  table  gives  a  few  of  the 
reductions  in  total  costs  of  articles  made  at  the  arsenal  during  tlie 
year  : 


Cunyoombs,  model  of  1913 

Thimbles  (or  sewing  palms 

Expert  rifleman's  badges 

PIflxol  expert's  badges 

Bags,  for  oacan,  complete 

Ba^,  feed,  model  of  1912.  complete 

Bags,  ration,  model  of  1912,  complete 

Boot^riflecarrier,  model  of  1912,  complete 

Bridle,  halter,  model  of  1910,  complete 

Covers,  pack,  complete 

Covers,  canteen,  dismounted,  model  of  1910,  complete 

Ca  vessons,  mode  I  of  1912,  complete 

Case,  battery  coomiander's  telescope,  complete 

Harness,  artillery,  lead,  complete 

Harness,  artillery,  wheel,  complete f... 

Harness,  Signal  Corps,  wire  cart,  complete 

Pocket,  pommel,  service,  model  of  1912,  complete 

Bcabbara,  bolo,  model  of  1910,  complete 

Saddle,  service,  model  of  1912,  complete 

0  lands,  3-inch  gmi  carriages 

Hub  liners,  60-fiich  wheel. 

Stufnng  boxes.  4.7-inch  ran  carriage 

Stuffing  box  glands,  4.7-moh  gun  carriage 

Spade  pins,  4.7-inch  gun  carruLge 

finbade  keys,  4.7-inch  gun  carriu^ 

Elevating  bevel  piniffli,  4.7-inch  gun  carriage 

Elevating  bevelgear,  4.7-inch  gun  carriage 

Cylinder  nead,  4  J-inch  gtm  carriage 

Brake  rod  ends,  4.7-inch  gun  carriage 

Brake  spring  cover  ends,  4.7-tnch  gun  carriage 

Brake  rod  ends,  6-inch  howitzer  carriage 

Cylinder  heads.  6-inch  howitzer  carriage 

Lunettes,  6-incn  howitzer  carriage 

Piston-rod  glands,  6-inch  howitzer  carriaM 

QuiclE -return  pinion.  6-incb  howitzer  carriage 

Hub  liner,  56-incb  wneel 


fl^OO 

17.00 

4&.00 

67.00 

ILOO 

ll&OO 

830.00 

513.00 

808.00 

25L00 

40i00 

479.00 

2,015.80 

12,557.00 

14,408.00 

10,005.00 

078.00 

96.00 

3,212.00 

65a  00 

653.00 

1,445.00 

80&00 

643.00 

siaoo 

1,013.00 
1,900.00 
1,234.00 
854.00 
1,225.00 

6iaoo 

960.00 
1,854.00 

8oaoo 

715.00 
4a  50 


814.00 

8L0O 

2100 

4a  00 

8L0O 

108.00 

83a  00 

440.00 

4Baoo 

ML  00 

3&00 

34&00 

1,60100 
11,80.00 
13,57100 

0,S7aOO 

55100 

8100 

lOSlOO 
18100 
47100 
84100 
447.00 
36100 
837.00 
60100 

LJ17.00 
60LQ0 
30100 
71100 
47100 

ssaoo 

95L00 

51100 

008.00 

180 


The  following  table  indicates  some  reductions  in  costs  of  artillery 
vehicles  as  compared  with  former  costs: 


Vehiclee. 


3-inch  gun  carriages*  model  of  1903,  complete , 

Do 

4.7-inch  howitzer  carriage  limber,  model  of  1009,  complete 

Do 

Do 

4.7-inch  howitzer  forge  limber,  model  of  1902 

Do 

4.7inch  howitzer  s^ore  limbers,  model  of  1903 

Do 


No. 


30 

20 

16 

13 

16 

3 

6 

3 

6 


Data 
completed. 


Dmu,  1913 
July,  1915 
Feb.,  1915 

...do 

July.  1015 
Feb.,  1915 
Dec..  1915 
Feb..  1915 
Dec,  19U 


Oort 


83,18L9t 
3,13147 
7S8.a 
83118 
60138 
81177 
73111 
78187 
81 


Savings  due  to  improved  methods. — Since  the  amounts  of  funds 
allotted  this  arsenal  for  manufacturing  purposes  are  based  on  the 
former  cost  of  the  articles  ordered,  the  oalance  of  these  funds  unex- 
pended on  completion  of  the  articles  ordered  is  a  just  measure  of  the 
economies  in  production  due  to  improved  arsenal  methods,  provided 
the  cost  of  material  remains  constant  During  the  past  year  the 
cost  of  material  has  increased,  yet,  in  spite  of  this  fact,  on  orders 
completed  during  the  past  year  the  net  savings  measured  as  above 
indicated  aggregate  $417,896.14,  or  13.1  per  cent  of  the  total  allot* 
ments  involved. 


BBPOBT  OF  tHB  CHIE^  OS*  OftDNANOB.  848 

Testing  department  and  drafting  room. — ^In  the  physical  laboratory 
8,540  separate  tests  were  made.  In  the  diemical  laboratory  2,720 
analyses  were  made.  In  this  laboratory  much  time  has  been  devoted 
to  the  study  of  leather  analysis,  and  the  requirements  of  the  depart- 
ment's leather  specifications  nave,  as  a  result,  been  made  more  dennite. 
A  total  of  588  rounds  were  fired  in  proof  and  experimental  tests  at 
the  proving  ground.  The  work  of  the  drafting  room  has  been  of  the 
same  character  as  in  former  years. 

Saddlers^  and  Battery  Mechanics'  School. — About  August  1,  1915, 
34  enlisted  men  reported  for  instruction  in  the  training  school  for 
saddlers  and  9  for  instruction  in  the  training  school  for  battery 
mechanics.  Of  this  number,  32  completed  the  saddler's  course  and 
7  the  mechanic's  course.  All  of  the  men  who  completed  the  course 
have  been  thoroughly  instructed  in  the  care  and  repair  of  the  ma- 
teriel used  in  their  organizations. 

SPRINGFIELD  ARMORY. 

The  armory  was  commanded  during  the  year  by  Col.  W.  S.  Peirce. 

Grounds  and  buildings. — ^The  exterior  repairs  and  painting  of 
buildings  have  been  completed  during  the  year,  with  the  exception 
of  the  main  arsenal  building;  this  last-mentioned  work  is  now  in 
progress.  An  appropriation  of  $7,200  for  the  repair  of  Federal 
Street  became  available  on  July  1, 1915.  This  was  performed,  under 
contract,  during  July  and  August.  As  examination  has  shown  that 
the  base  was  extremely  uneven  and  entirely  too  thin  in  many  places, 
the  whole  roadbed  was  torn  up,  graded,  and  an  even,  thoroughly 
rolled  base  of  crushed  stone  applied.  Upon  this  a  hard  surface  of 
<5rushed  stone  with  asphaltic  bond,  known  as  "  Topeka  "  surface,  was 
placed.  This  surface  differs  from  the  "  Warrenite  "  process  applied 
m  the  previous  year  to  Pearl  Street,  chiefly  in  the  grading  of  the 
stone  used.  Both  Pearl  Street  and  Federal  Street  are  now  in  very 
satisfactory  condition,  and  no  evidences  of  wear  are  yet  perceptible. 
The  sundry  civil  appropriation  act  approved  July  1, 1915,  carries  an 
appropriation  of  $7,200  for  repairs  of  streets,  under  which  appro- 
priation the  repair  of  Lincoln  and  Magazine  Streets,  which  are  in 
very  bad  condition,  will  be  undertaken.  Byers  Street  will  then  be 
the  only  remaining  street  in  urgent  need  of  repairs. 

An  appropriation  of  $14,500  for  the  construction  of  new  coal  bins 
and  installation  of  coal-handling  machinery  at  the  Hill  Shops  be- 
came available  on  July  1,  1915.  The  work  was  performed  by  con- 
tract during  the  past  year.  The  bins  are  constructed  entirely  of 
reinforced  concrete  and,  besides  giving  the  storage  and  handling 
facilities  needed,  form  a  very  sightly  structure.  Coal  is  now  dumped 
from  the  cars  into  the  pit,  run  through  the  crusher,  from  which  it  is 
taken  by  an  inclined  conveyor  to  a  central  hopper  above  the  bins. 
Chutes  from  this  hopper  permit  the  distribution  of  coal  to  any  bin. 
A  small  bin  is  reserved  for  ashes,  which  are  dumped  into  an  ash 
hopper  and  conveyed  to  the  bin  by  the  coal  conveyor. 

Maniifactures. — The  volume  of  manufacturing  and  repair  work 
performed  at  the  armory  during  the  past  year  was  less  even  than 
during  the  year  preceding.  It  was  accompli^ed  also  imder  the  ad- 
ditional handicap  of  a  continual  loss  of  experienced  employees 


844  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE. 

throughout  the  year  and  a  reduction  of  one  in  the  number  of  officers 
assigned  to  this  establishment. 

Tne  principal  articles  manufactured  or  repaired,  and  the  respec- 
tive quantities  of  each,  are  as  follows:  United  States  rifles,  cabber 
.30,  model  of  1903,  11,299  manufactured,  6,662  repaired;  1,811  star- 
gauged  manufactured,  304  repaired ;  518  specially  selected  and  star- 
gauged  for  the  national  matches  manufactured,  6  repaired;  gallery 
practice  rifles,  caliber  .22,  model  of  1903,  272  manufactured,  356  re- 
paired; knife  bayonets,  model  of  1905,  15,649  manufactured;  auto- 
matic pistols,  caliber,  .45,  model  of  1911,  4,966  manufactured,  996  re- 
paired ;  bolos,  model  of  1910,  2,500  manufactured,  124  repairs ;  bolo- 
bayonets,  model  of  1915,  3,200  manufactured;  noncommissioned 
staff  officers'  sabers,  1,000  manufactured;  scabbards  for  noncommis- 
sioned staff  officers'  sabers,  1,000-  manufactured;  fencing  muskets^ 
1,450  manufactured;  fencing-sword  blades,  metal,  126  manufactured; 
fencing-saber  blades,  metal,  153  manufactured;  pistol-cleaning  kits, 
model  of  1912,  233  manufactured;  armorer's  tool  chests,  complete,  9 
manufactured;  sets  of  tools  for  securing  front  sight,  200  manufac- 
tured; 3-inch  shrapnel  heads,  7,511  manufactured;  3.8-inch  gun 
shrapnel  heads,  5,924  manufactured;  4.7-inch  gun  shrapnel  heads, 
8,748  manufactured,  3-inch  shrapnel  diaphragm,  151,369  manufac- 
tured; 3.8-inch  shrapnel  diaphragm,  3,605  manufactured;  4.7- inch 
shrapnel  diaphragm,  1,500  manu^ctured;  diaphragm  forgings  for 
4.7-inch  shrapnel,  1,800  manufactured;  automatic  machine  rifles, 
caliber  .30,  model  of  1909,  153  manufactured;  Colt's  automatic  ma- 
chine guns,  caliber  .30,  39  repaired ;  Maxim  automatic  machine  gun, 
caliber  .30,  model  of  1§04,  7  repaired;  United  States  magazine  car- 
bines, caliber  .30,  model  of  1899, 144  repaired. 

Issues^  receipts^  and  sales. — The  total  weight  of  stores  issued  was 
943,414  pounas,  and  of  those  received,  475,567  pounds;  5,517  net 
tons  of  coal  and  1,180  net  tons  of  other  manufacturing  supplies  and 
materials  were  received.  The  transportation  of  this  property  was 
covered  by  825  bills  of  lading  for  issues  and  331  for  receipts.  The 
values  of  the  issue  of  spare  parts  and  accessories  for  the  nfle  to  the 
service,  the  National  Guard,  and  the  Nayv  and  Marine  Corps,  were  as 
follows:  Army,  $16,975.91;  National  Guard,  $9,121.42;  Navy  and 
Marine  Corps,  $20,647.31 ;  a  total  of  $46,744.64.  Issues  of  parts  for 
the  automatic  pistol,  calioer  .45,  model  of  1911,  were  made  as  fol- 
lows: Army,  $2,488.45:  National  Guard,  $602.15;  Navy  and  Marine 
Corps,  $724.36;  a  total  of  $3,814.96.  Issues  of  parts  for  the  auto- 
matic machine  rifle,  caliber  .30,  model  oi  1909,  were  made  as  follows: 
Army,  $24,006.60;  National  Guard,  $17,751.18;  Navy  and  Marine 
Corps,  $4,424.30;  a  total  of  $46,182.08. 

Sales  of  arms,  etc.,  have  been  far  in  excess  of  previous  years.  The 
material  increase  in  this  work  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  the  value 
of  the  sales  for  this  year  is  $59,907.12,  as  compared  with  $26,845.78 
for  last  year. 

Inspection  of  outside  manufactures. — ^During  the  past  year  the  in- 
spection of  articles  manufactured  at  Hartford,  Lowell,  and-  Utiea 
has  been  made  from  this  armoir,  and  up  to  the  month  of  October 
last,  in  addition  to  the  above,  those  under  manufacture  at  Bridge- 
port and  Worcester.  The  total  value  of  all  material  inspected  was 
$334,886.77. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE,  845 

Experimental  work. — Two  types  of  motor  cycle  with  side  car  and 
machine-gun  mount  have  been  developed,  and  a  limited  number  of 
^each  type  have  been  manufactured  and  issued  for  test.  A  imit 
of  each  type  consists  of  one  motor  cycle  with  side  car  and  machine- 
gun  mount,  three  motor  cycles  with  side  car  and  ammunition  carrier, 
and  one  motor  cycle  with  side  car  for  the  conmiander  of  the  unit. 

The  necessary  dies,  tools,  fixtures,  jigs,  and  gauges  for  the  manu- 
facture of  the  bolo  bayonet,  model  of  1915,  have  been  completed,  and 
3,200  of  these  bayonets  have  been  finished  and  turned  into  store. 

An  automatic  pistol,  caliber  .22,  firing  the  caliber  .22  short  car- 
tridge, has  been  designed,  and  six  have  been  manufactured  and  tested. 
The  results  of  the  tests  were  satisfactory,  and  the  manufacture  of 
an  additional  number  of  these  pistols  is  contemplated. 

Course  of  practical  instruction. — In  the  spring  of  the  present  year 
^  course  oi  instruction  was  inaugurated  with  a  view  of  providing  a 
total  of  14  employees  who  should  have  the  training  and  experience 
to  qualify  them  for  detail  as  instructors  or  demonstrators  of  machine 
guns.  It  is  believed  that  the  policy  of  instruction  of  machine-gun 
personnel  foreshadowed  by  the  direction  to  form  a  body  of  practical 
instructors  is  a  most  important  one,  but  that  the  desired  success  in  the 
use  of  machine  guns  will  not  be  fully  realized  until  the  machine-gun 
service  shall  have  been  made  and  organized  as  a  distinct  branch  of 
the  line  and  its  oflScers  and  noncommissioned  officers  thoroughly  in- 
structed at  permanent  schools  corresponding  to  those  pertaining  to 
the  Field  Artillery  and  Cavalry. 

FRANKFORD   ARSENAI*. 

During  the  fiscal  year  this  arsenal  was  commanded  by  Lieut.  Col. 
George  Montgomery. 

Fiscal  and  property  transactions. — The  estimated  value  of  ord- 
nance property,  the  manufacturing  orders  for  which  were  completed 
during  the  year,  amounted  to  $4,120,611.34.  The  value  of  the  ord- 
nance property  covered  by  manufacturing  orders  which  had  not  been 
•completed  at  the  expiration  of  the  fiscal  year  1916  amounted  to 
$3,720,000.  The  amount  disbursed  during  the  year  was  $3,799,- 
151.77,  and  the  corresponding  number  of  money  vouchers  was 
'9,380.  The  weight  of  the  property  shipped  during  the  year  was 
19,284,534  pounds  and  the  weight  of  the  property  received  during 
the  year  was  40,827,627  pounds;  the  corresponding  number  of  prop- 
erty vouchers  was  7,800.  The  minimum  authorized  stock  at  the  end 
of  the  fiscal  year  1916  was  $957,335.19,  and  the  amount  of  the  stock 
fund  returned  to  credit  of  appropriations  pertaining  to  the  Ordnance 
Department  by  means  of  the  utilization  of  surplus  property  and 
scrap  amounted  to  $288,006.53.  The  amount  similarly  returned  dur- 
ing the  preceding  year  was  $198,868.23.  The  average  number  of  em- 
ployees during  the  year  was  2,001,  and  the  average  amount  of  each 
monthly  pay  roll  was  $118,502.78.  The  value  of  the  ordnance  prop- 
erty completed  during  the  year  increased  about  1.9  per  cent  over  the 
fiscal  year  1915  and  about  50  per  cent  over  the  fiscal  year  1914.  The 
disbursements,  however,  were  about  20  per  cent  less  than  those  for  the 
fiscal  year  1915  and  0.8  per  cent  less  than  those  for  the  fiscal  year 
1914. 


846  BEPOBT  OP  THE  CHIEF  OP  ORDNANCE. 

Administrative  methods. — ^During  the  year  the  number  of  civilian 
guards  or  watchmen  was  consideraoly  increai^,  and  manuals  were 
prepared  prescribing  the  duties  of  guards  and  watchmen  for  the 
safety  of  the  public  Duildings  and  for  more  efficient  fire  protection. 
During  the  year  it  was  found  advisable  to  place  all  the  inspectors  in 
each  ox  the  manufacturing  shops  under  the  direct  supervision  of  the 
officer  in  charge  of  each  department,  and  as  a  result  of  this  arrange- 
ment it  is  thought  that  a  better  quality  of  product  will  be  produced. 

The  various  overhead  expenses  have  been  scientifically  distributed 
throughout  the  year,  such  oistribution  being  on  a  rate  per  hour  given 
to  each  machine  or  appliance  used  in  connection  with  the  productive 
work;  but  while  such  distribution  of  overhead  expenses  without 
doubt  is  excellent  and  thoroughly  equitable  to  every  cost,  the  use  of 
the  system  has  developed  the  necessity  of  frequent  revisions  to  meet 
changing  conditions. 

Shop  management. — ^The  system  of  shop  management  inaugurated 
about  five  years  ago  in  connection  with  the  manufacture  of  smidl-arms 
ammunition,  and  which  system  was  subsequently  extended  to  the 
manufacture  of  artillery  ammunition,  etc.,  has  l)een  entirely  satis- 
factory, and.  excluding  the  increase  in  the  cost  of  materials  during 
the  fiscal  year  1916,  the  savings  which  may  be  attributed  almost  en- 
tirely to  such  improved  shop  management,  have  been  considerable. 
Uriefiy,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  ag^gate  saving  in  the  manu- 
facture of  small-arms  ammunition,  artillery  ammunition,  and  sights, 
instruments,  etc.,  since  the  introduction  of  scientific  shop  manage- 
ment, have  amoimted  to  approximatelv  $1,865,966.89.  Furthermore, 
the  savings  made  by  the  utilization  oi  surplus  stock  and  scrap  have 
aggregated  during  the  past  four  years,  and  since  the  establi^iment 
of  the  stock  fund,  the  sum  of  $1,447,388.07. 

The  premium  and  bonus  systems  of  compensation  at  the  arsenal 
were  abolished  by  act  of  Congress,  and  notwithstanding  reports  to 
the  contrary,  every  employee  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  small- 
arms  ammunition  or  in  the  assembling  of  artillery  ammunition  who 
was  paid  under  this  system,  was  perfectly  satisfied  therewith.  The 
real  objectors  to  the  premium  system  of  compensation  on  the  part  of 
the  employees  of  this  arsenal  were  almost  entirely  those  wno  did 
not  enjoy  the  benefits  thereof. 

Much  work  was  done  during  the  year  in  providing  for  storing  and 
issue  of  tools,  fixtures,  etc,  in  the  various  shops  at  the  arsenal,  and 
in  providing  adequate  supplies  thereof,  and  the  appropriate  records 
to  show  whether  or  not  tne  situation  in  each  shop  in  respect  to  tools 
and  fixtures  was  satisfactory.  There  is  no  doubt  that  a  great  saving 
can  be  effected  in  costs  of  manufacture  when  tooling  is  properly  and 
appropriately  provided  for  in  advance  of  manufacturing  orders. 

The  only  oraers  of  any  magnitude  given  to  outside  manufacturers 
during  the  year  were  for  the  machining  of  8-inch  high-explosive  ^ell, 
and,  owing  to  the  fact  that  no  orders  were  completed  at  the  arsenal 
for  similar  machining,  a  comparison  of  costs  can  not  be  made. 

Manufacture  of  smaU-arms  amm/unition. — ^The  principal  articles 
of  small-arms  ammimition  manufactured  during  the  year  were 
48,416,540  ball  cartridges,  caliber  .80,  model  of  1906 ;  9,695,260  pistol 
ball  cartridges,  caliber  .45,  model  of  1911 ;  2.030,260  blank  carindffes, 
caliber  .80,  model  of  1905;  7,800  special  ball  cartridges,  caliber  lUi; 


BBPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE.  847 

800,000  guard  cartridges,  caliber  .30,  model  of  1906;  and  101.180 
dummy  cartridges,  caliber  .30,  model  of  1906.  The  accuracy  of  rifle 
ammunition  has  been  maintained  throughout  the  year,  although,  due 
to  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  cartridge  metals  of  the  desired  standard, 
the  accuracy  was  impaired  at  certam  intervals.  Considerable  work 
was  done  during  the  year  in  preparing  the  small-arms  ammunition 
department  for  manufacturing  during  the  coming  year  on  a  much 
larger  scale  than  has  hereto^re  been  done.  The  appropriate  in- 
creases of  tools  and  fixtures  to  meet  this  condition  have  been  made, 
while  numerous  installations  of  lighting  have  been  made  in  the  shops 
to  provide  for  night  work.  Experiments  have  been  conducted  dur- 
ing the  year  which  indicate  that  steel  may  be  substituted  for  cupro- 
nickel  in  the  manufacture  of  bullet  jackets.  The  experiments,  how- 
ever, have  been  limited  and  do  not  demonstrate  that,  when  manu- 
factured in  quantity,  such  bullet  jackets  would  be  satisfactory. 

The  savings  made  in  the  manufacture  of  small-arms  ammunition 
during  the  year,  as  comi>ared  with  the  cost  of  the  same  ammunition 
prior  to  the  introduction  of  improved  shop  management,  was 
$205,611.34.  There  was,  however,  due  to  a  great  increase  in  the  cost 
of  materials,  an  actual  loss  in  the  manufacture  of  small-arms  am- 
munition, as  compared  with  the  preceding  year,  of  $132,522.75.  The 
average  appropriation  cost  of  rine  ammunition  during  the  year  was 
$24.32  per  thousand,  as  compared  with  $22.15  per  thousand  for  the 
preceding  yean  There  was,  however,  an  increase  in  the  cost  of  ma- 
terial per  thousand  cartridges  of  $3.37,  as  compared  with  the  cost  of 
the  same  material  for  the  preceding  year.  The  cost  of  pistol  ball 
cartridges,  caliber  .45,  was  $14.52  per  thousand,  as  compared  with 
$11.58  per  thousand  for  the  preceding  year;  much  of  this  increase  is 
due  to  the  increase  in  cost  of  material,  jvhich  amounted  to  $2.39  per 
thousand. 

Manufacture  of  instruments. — The  principal  output  of  sights,  in- 
struments, etc.,  during  the  year  consisted  of  elevation  quadrants  for 
12-inch  mortar  carriage;  8-inch  telescopic  sights;  observation  tele- 
scopes, Pratt  range  boards;  Warner  &  Swasey  azimuth  instruments; 
Whistler-Heam  plotting  boards;  deflection  boards;  sights  for  2.95- 
inch  mountain  gim  carriage;  sights  for  4.7-inch  howitzer  carriage; 
balloon  sights;  front  sights  for  3-inch  gun;  rear  sights  for  3-inch 
gim;  sights  for  6-inch  nowitzer  carriage;  rear  sights  for  4.7-inch 
gim  carriage;  range  quadrants;  panoramic  sights,  hand  fuze  setters; 
testing  levels;  battery  commander's  rulers,  etc.  There  has  been  a 
very  rigid  inspection  of  finished  sights,  instruments,  etc.,  and  a  high 
standard  of  quality  has  been  maintained  in  the  output  of  these  ar- 
ticles. A  consistent  effort  has  been  made  to  improve  the  quality  of 
the  various  instruments  by  recommending  changes  in  drawings  when- 
ever it  became  evident  by  reason  of  frequency  of  repair  or  failure 
to  function  properly  that  an  improvement  could  be  made. 

The  cost  of  sighte,  instruments,  etc.,  manufactured  at  the  arsenal 
shows  a  saving  of  $9,008.21,  as  compared  with  the  costs  prior  to  the 
introduction  of  improved  shop  management,  but  there  was,  however, 
an  increase  in  their  cost  during  the  fiscal  year  1916,  as  compared 
with  the  preceding  year,  of  $2,385.31,  which  was  due  to  the  great  in- 
crease in  wages  of  machinists  and  instrument  makers  engaged  on 
this  class  of  work. 


848  BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OP  ORDNANCE. 

Manufacture  of  artillery  ammunition. — The  principal  output  of 
artillery  ammunition  during  the  year  consisted  of  145,498  fixed  com- 
mon shrapnel  for  3-inch  field-gun;  9,606  common  steel  shell  for  3- 
inch  field  gun;  8,004  unfixed  common  shrapnel  for  3.8-inch  howitzer; 
3,914  fixed  common  steel  shell  for  4.7-inch  gun;  988  semifixed  com- 
mon steel  shell  for  4.7-inch  howitzer,  model  of  1913;  6,699  unfixed 
common  shrapnel  for  4.7-inch  howitzer;  3,893  fixed  common  shrapnel 
for  4.7-inch  gun;  2,176  semifixed  common  shrapnel  for  4.7-inch 
howitzer;  1,504  unfixed  common  shrapnel  for  6-inch  howitzer;  1,933 
unfixed  common  steel  shell  for  6-inch  howitzer;  and  11,047  smoke 
shell  for  1.457-inch  subcaliber  gun.  There  were  also  completed  7,279 
45-second  combination  fuzes;  300  sensitive  point  fuzes;  3,248  hand 
ffrenades;  and  approximately  450  each  of  dummy  hand  grenades  and 
dummy  rifle  grenades. 

The  manuiacture  of  artillery  ammunition  during  the  year  showed 
a  saving  over  the  costs  prior  to  the  introduction  of  improved  shop 
management  of  $398,955.64,  and,  notwithstanding  the  increase  in 
wages  and  in  the  cost  of  material,  there  was  an  ad;ual  saving  in  its 
cost  over  that  of  the  preceding  year  of  $64,698.80,  although  much  of 
this  saving  was  due  to  the  purchase  of  materials  prior  to  the  great 
advance  in  their  cost.  There  has  been  marked  improvement  in  the 
quality  of  the  combination  fuzes  manufactured  during  the  latter  part 
of  the  vear.  These  fuzes  have  a  powder  time  train  and  therefore 
do  not  lend  themselves  to  high  angle  firing  and  high  fnuzzle  velocity 
conditions.  A  clockwork  mechanical  time  fuze  offers  a  solution 
of  this  problem,  and  contracts  have  been  made  with  two  leading 
watchmakers  for  the  development  of  a  suitable  clockwork  system 
with  a  running  time  of  about  45  seconds. 

The  manufacture  of  shell  ammunition  has  been  undertaken  in 
large  quantities;  but  it  has  been  difficult  to  obtain  satisfactorv  forg- 
ings  from  the  various  contractors,  which  is  in  part  responsible  for 
the  limited  output  of  this  class  of  ammunition.  The  machinery  of 
the  arsenal  formerly  adapted  for  the  manufacture  of  shrapnel  was 
altered  to  manufacture  shell,  but  it  is  probably  not  as  satisfactory 
as  machinery  built  expressly  for  shell  making.  Hi^h-explosive 
shrapnel  have  not  yet  been  manufactured  satisfactorilv  m  c]uantity, 
although  the  design  when  followed  appears  to  meet  all  reouirements 
except  in  respect  to  premature  bursts  of  the  shrapnel  head  in  flight 
on  tne  time  action  of  the  shrapnel  proper.  Contracts  have  been 
made  for  high-capacity  shelly  and  detonating  fuzes  are  being  de- 
veloped therefor.  Fuze  seat  liners  have  been  adopted  for  detonating 
fuzes  for  seacoast  projectiles.  A  2- wire  electric  primer  has  been 
developed.  Considerable  development  work  has  been  done  in  con- 
nection with  rifle  and  hand  grenades,  illuminating  and  incendiary 
projectiles,  night  tracers,  and  drop  bombs  of  various  weights. 

Manufacturing  plant. — ^There  was  constructed  during  the  year  a 
tin  shop,  at  a  cost  of  $72,000;  an  extension  was  made  of  the  lumber 
^d  so  as  to  provide  for  additional  manufacture  of  shrapnel,  at  a 
cost  $22,500;  an  extension  was  made  of  the  double-action  press  diop 
building,  to  provide  additional  storage  room,  at  a  cost  of  $6,000; 
and  mechanical  stokers  were  installed  in  the  power  plant,  at  a  cast 
of  $15,000.  All  expenditures  authorized  at  Uie  preceding  sessioii 
of  the  Congress  were  made  except  those  for  additional  fire  protection. 


BEPOBT  OF   THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE.  849 

for  which  the  amount  appropriated  was  inadequate  and  which  led. 
to  an  additional  appropriation  of  $24,000  at  the  session  just  closed. 
Considerable  machinery  was  purchased  for  the  new  tin  shop,  and  a 
limited  amount  for  the  manufacture  of  artillery  ammunition. 

General  iTn/provemenU. — ^The  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Co.  has  recon- 
structed, for  a  distance  of  about  600  feet,  the  sea  wall  alon^  the 
Frankford  Creek,  which  sustains  the  embankment  upon  whicn  its 
tracks  reach  the  arsenal.  Vacuum  heating  mains  and  return  lines 
were  installed  to  the  extent  of  about  $5,500,  so  that  the  vacuum  sys- 
tem of  heating  has  been  practically  completed  in  so  far  as  the  manu- 
facturing plant  is  concerned.  A  new  automatic  telephone  system 
has  been  installed  at  a  cost  of  about  $3,000. 

Advance  in  labor  and  material, — The  year  was  marked  by  great 
advances  in  the  wages  of  employees  at  the  arsenal,  and  a  further 
increase  of  wages  is  contemplated  at  the  date  of  writing  this  report. 
The  most  noted  increases  have  been  of  machinists  and  toolmakers  to 
the  extent  of  20  per  cent;  of  instrument  makers  to  the  extent  of  47 
per  cent ;  of  automatic  screw  makers  to  the  extent  of  16  per  cent ;  of 
machine  operators  to  the  extent  of  20  per  cent ;  and  of  assistant  fore- 
men to  the  extent  of  35  per  cent.  The  cost  of  materials  has  been 
even  more  marked.  Pig  antimony  advanced  621  per  cent ;  high-speed 
steel,  573  per  cent;  optical  glass,  416  per  cent;  trinitrotoluol,  266  per 
cent;  Tobm  bronze,  200  per  cent;  cartridge  brass,  145  per  cent,  etc. 
Marked  economies  and  dispatch  in  manufacture  can  not  be  obtained 
under  such  conditions. 

WATERVLIET    ARSENAL. 

This  arsenal  was  commanded  during  the  year  by  Col.  W.  W.  Gib- 
son, who  is  also  a  member  of  the  Board  for  Testing  Rifled  Cannon. 

Operating  department. — ^The  gim  manufacturing  plant  was  oper- 
ated during  the  year  with  an  average  of  about  87  per  cent  of  the  shop 
employees  on  tHe  first  shift,  about  10  per  cent  on  the  second,  and 
about  3  per  cent  on  the  third.  Due  to  a  decrease  in  the  amount  of 
available  work,  the  average  force  of  employees  during  the  year  was 
approximately  25  per  cent  less  than  the  average  during  the  preced- 
ing year.  The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  most  imi)ortant  items 
completed :  Army  cannon — four  14-inch  ^uns,  twelve  12-inch  mortars, 
four  3-inch  (15-pounder)  guns,  nine  4.7-mch  howitzers  with  pedestal 
mounts,  four  3.8-inch  field  howitzers,  six  4.7-inch  field  howitzers, 
and  ten  6-inch  field  howitzers.  Navy  guns,  five  14-inch  cuns  and 
five  6-inch  guns.  Other  important  items  of  work  completed  include 
the  relining  of  five  large  caliber  Armv  seacoast  guns  and  two  12-inch 
Navy  guns,  and  the  manufacture  of  breech  mechanisms  of  an  im- 
proved type  for  seventy-three  3-inch  (15-poimder)  seacoast  guns. 
There  remain  under  manufacture  the  following  numbers  and  types 
of  cannon :  Four  14-inch  seacoast  guns,  150  mobile  artillery  cannon, 
from  3-inch  to  4.7-inch  in  calibers,  and  53  Navy  guns,  from  4-inch  to 
6-inch  calibers. 

Number  of  employees. — On  June  30,  1915,  the  arsenal  had  424 
employees.  Due  to  extraordinary  demands  for  munition  workmen 
elsewhere,  many  skilled  workmen  resigned,  but  these  have  been  re- 
placed by  new  men  so  that  the  number  now  employed  is  practically 
tho  same,  namely,  422.    Unless  there  is  a  general  change  in  labor  con- 

6dl76'— WAB  191d— VOL  1 54 


850  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE. 

ditions,  difficulty  is  anticipated  in  promptly  expanding  the  force  to 
meet  the  needs  under  the  large  orders  resulting  from  largely  in- 
creased appropriations. 

New  machine  tools. — ^There  has  been  procured  and  is  being  installed 
a  large  boring  and  turning  lathe  of  sufficient  capacity  for  the  manu- 
facture of  the  largest  guns  now  proposed — the  16-inch,  50-caliber 
guns.  Congress  has  not  only  provided  fimds  for  modifying  the  laree 
^un  shop  to  make  it  otherwise  suitable  for  this  work,  but  also  for  ad- 
ditional machine  tool  equipment  sufficient  to  double  the  present  capac- 
ity for  the  manufacture  of  the  largest  caliber  ^ns. 

Wage  readjustment. — In  December,  1915,  the  wages  of  all  shop 
employees  were  readjusted  to  conform  to  those  paid  by  commercial 
firms  in  the  vicinity.  This  readjustment  was  made  on  the  basis  of 
data  collected  by  a  committee  composed  of  one  of  the  assistant  officers 
at  the  arsenal  and  one  of  the  machinists,  elected  by  the  shop  em- 
ployees. This  readjustment  involved  a  general  increase  in  the  wages 
of  the  various  classes  of  employees  to  meet  similar  increases  found  to 
have  occurred  in  the  more  important  plants  in  the  vicinity. 

Planning  room. — ^There  have  been  compiled  in  the  planning  room 
card  records  indicating  the  times  taken  to  perform  all  important 
steps  in  the  work  of  gun  manufacture  under  various  orders  covering 
a  period  of  about  five  years.  Similar  records  of  current  work  as  com- 
pleted are  being  entered  for  ready  comparison,  to  serve  as  an  indica- 
tion of  relative  efficiency.  There  has  been  installed  in  this  connec- 
tion a  merit  record  system  which  provides  for  recognition  of  work 
done  in  an  especially  expeditious  or  economical  manner.  This  serves 
as  the  basis  for  raising  a  workman's  efficiency  rating,  thus  placing 
him  in  a  position  to  secure  higher  pay. 

Instruction  sheets. — There  has  been  adopted  a  system  of  instruction 
sheets  to  be  furnished  workmen  with  every  important  job.  These 
give  a  list  of  the  tools  and  fixtures  reauired,  and  specify  in  detail  the 
steps  to  be  taken  in  executing  the  work.  Tnese  instruction  sheets  are 
prepared  by  highly  skilled  mechanics,  thus  insuring  the  most  expe- 
ditious and  economical  methods  of  doing  the  work.  As  their  use  be- 
comes more  extended  there  is  expected  to  result  a  material  lowering 
of  costs. 

Costs  of  manufacture. — Costs  of  manufacture  under  orders  com- 
pleted for  the  year  show,  with  few  exceptions,  a  gratifying  down- 
ward tendency.  This  is  ascribed  to  the  improvements  in  the  details 
of  the  system  of  shop  management,  and  to  more  normal  working  con- 
ditions in  that  the  fluctuation  in  the  size  of  the  force  has  been  less 
marked  than  during  the  previous  years. 

Power  plant. — To  meet  the  increasfed  demands  for  power,  a  new 
250-kilowatt  motor-generator  set,  together  with  the  necessary  switch- 
board panels,  have  been  procured  and  are  being  installed  in  the  cen- 
tral power  plant.  This  will  serve  to  meet  present  needs  and  provide 
a  reserve  for  future  expansion  in  the  machine  tool  equipment  taking 

{)Ower  from  this  plant.  The  old  switchboard  is  being  moved  to  a  new 
ocation,  and  other  changes  are  being  made  which  will  greatlv  im- 
f)rove  the  general  arrangement  of  the  power  plant.  Three  of  tne  six 
arge  boilers  for  steam  production  have  been  extensively  repaired  dur- 
ing the  year,  thus  putting  this  part  of  the  plant  in  excellent  condition* 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE.  851 

Disbursements. — ^The  total  disbursements  for  this  establishment 
amounted  to  approximately  $741,675,  this  amount  being  about  equally 
divided  between  expenditures  for  material  and  those  for  labor. 

WATEBTOWN  ARSENAL. 

This  arsenal  was  commanded  during  the  year  by  Col.  C.  B.  Wheeler, 
who  is  also  the  armament  officer  of  the  Northern  Armament  District, 
and  a  member  of  the  Board  for  Testing  Rifled  Cannon. 

The  principal  operations  have  comprised  the  manufacture  of  sea- 
coast  gim  carriages,  armor-piercing  and  deck-piercing  shell,  and 
parts  rejiuired  for  the  alteration  and  repair  of  carriages  already  in 
the  service.  The  amoimt  of  work  done  during  the  year,  as  measured 
by  total  expenditures,  has  been  somewhat  less  than  that  of  the  pre- 
vious year.  The  total  number  of  employees  at  the  end  of  the  year 
was  615. 

Field  artiUery  am/mtmition. — During  the  past  year  the  arsenal  has 
continued  the  manufacture  of  the  larger  calibers  of  field  artillery 

f)ro]ectiles.  The  equipment  of  the  arsenal  is  more  suited  to  these 
arger  calibers  than  it  is  to  the  3-inch  projectiles  previously  manu- 
factured. Manufactures  during  the  year  included  4.7-inch  common 
steel  shell,  4.7-inch  common  steel  shrapnel,  and  6-inch  common  steel 
shell.  For  the  manufacture  of  this  class  of  ammunition  some  addi- 
tional machines  were  installed  during  the  year,  but  under  the  best 
conditions  the  shop  is  not  suited  to  the  manufacture  of  field  artillery 
projectiles  in  any  large  quantity  without  very  considerable  rearrange- 
ment. 

Projectile  shop. — ^This  shop  is  used  for  the  machine  operations  on 
all  seacoast  projectiles.  Its  capacity,  working  two  shifts,  is  approxi- 
mately 2,500  12-inch  projectiles  per  year.  During  the  past  year  there 
has  been  installed  a  motor-driven  hydraulic  press  for  testing  pro- 
jectiles. Appropriations  having  been  made  by  Congress  for  increas- 
mg  the  capacity  of  this  shop,  it  is  proposed  to  hereafter  do  all  the 
work  required  in  the  manufacture  of  projectiles  therein. 

Power  plant. — ^In  connection  with  the  construction  of  the  new  press 
shop  for  seacoast  projectiles,  the  boiler  capacity  of  the  power  plant 
has  been  increased  by  the  installation  of  four  185  horsepower  Keeler 
water-tube  boilers  and  accessories.  This  boiler  capacity  will  be  ample 
for  the  2,000-ton  forging  press  now  installed  and  such  smaller  presses 
as  may  be  necessary. 

Improvements. — Improvements  in  manufacturing  plant  have  been 
made  as  funds  permitted.  During  the  past  year  new  tool  rooms  have 
been  built,  tools  classified,  and  the  double-check  system  installed  in 
the  foundry,  smith  shop,  and  erecting  shop.  In  the  establishment  of 
these  tool  rooms  it  was  foimd  practicable  to  make  a  considerable  re- 
duction in  the  kinds  and  quantities  of  various  tools  kept  on  hand.  A 
new  20-inch  motor-driven  engine  lathe,  and  a  21-inch  turret  lathe 
have  been  installed  in  the  machine  shop  during  the  year. 

Principal  output. — The  following  gun  carriages,  projectiles,  etc., 
were  completed:  Ten-inch  dummy  disappearing  carriages,  model  of 
1912;  14-inch  disappearing  carriages,  model  of  1907  Mi;  16-inch  dis- 
appearing carriage,  model  of  1912;  1-pounder  balloon  gun  mount, 
model  E;  15-pounder  balloon  gun  mounts,  model  of  1916;  4.7-inch 


852  BEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF   ORDNANCE. 

howitzer  carriages,  model  of  1910;  6-inch  barbette  carriages,  model 
of  1910;  amnuinition  trucks  for  12-inch  mortar  carriage,  model  of 
189(5  Mm;  sets  of  parts  for  modification  of  15-pounder  barbette  car- 
riages, model  of  1898;  3-inch  shrapnel  cases;  4.7-inch  conmion  steel 
shell,  model  of  1905:  6-inch  armor-piercing  shell;  12-inch  mortar, 
1,046-pound,  deck-piercing  shell;  12-inch,  700-pound,  deck-piercing 
shell;  12-inch,  700-pound,  armor-piercing  projectiles;  6-inch  armor- 
piercing  projectiles;  and  10-inch,  12-inch,  and  16-inch  cast-iron  shell. 

Testing  lahovatory, — ^The  number  of  routine  and  commercial  tests 
undertaken  during  the  year  was  somewhat  greater  than  that  for  the 
previous  year.  Among  the  investigative  tests,  the  following  gave 
particularly  valuable  results:  Examination  to  determine  the  cause 
of  the  breaking  of  14-inch  elevating  screw;  examination  of  defec- 
tive 14-inch  gun  bushing;  investigation  of  the  heat  treatment  of 
hot  chisels  and  high-speed  steel  twist  drills. 

8hoy  management, — This  arsenal  has  operated  under  the  system 
of  scientific  shop  management  in  practice  at  that  establishment  for 
a  number  of  years,  except  that  in  accordance  with  the  provisions 
contained  in  the  Army  appropriation  act  approved  Marcn  4,  1915, 
all  time  study  was  discontinued  on  that  date  and  no  premiums  have 
been  paid  from  appropriations  carried  in  that  act.  Owing  to  the 
large  amount  *of  standardized  data  that  have  been  secured  in  con- 
nection with  the  system  of  management,  it  has  been  possible  to  con- 
tinue rate-^tting,  without  any  considerable  difficulty,  without  the 
use  of  time  study. 

NEW    YORK    ARSENAL. 

This  arsenal  was  conunanded  during  the  year  by  Col.  O.  B. 
Mitcham,  who  also  performed  the  duties  of  inspector  of  ordnance, 
Ordnance  officer  of  the  Eastern  Department,  and  armament  officer 
of  the  Central  Armament  District. 

The  ai^senal  has  no  special  facilities  for  the  manufacture  or  repair 
of  Ordnance  material ;  its  principal  use  is  as  a  purchasing,  receiv- 
ing, and  shipping  point.  Y  rom  its  proximity  to  New  York  City  its 
advantages  as  a  purchasing  and  storage  depot  are  manifest.  As  a 
depot  for  equipping  troops,  especially  for  military  expeditions  in 
time  of  war,  its  location  renders  it  particularly  valuable.  During 
the  year  the  Ordnance  dock  was  rebuilt  and  a  steel  oil  storage  house 
was  erected  thereon,  at  a  cost  of  $20,000,  for  which  purpose  funds 
were  appropriated  by  Congress. 

During  the  year  29.152  packages  of  stores  were  received,  weighing 
1,635,046  pounds.  The  number  of  packages  issued  was  15,721, 
weighing  2,542,638  pounds.  The  amount  of  funds  disbursed  during 
the  year  was  $388,443.41. 

AUGUSTA   ARSENAL. 

This  arsenal  was  commanded  during  the  year  by  Col.  J.  W. 
Benet,  who  is  also  armament  officer  of  the  Southern  Armament 
District. 

The  shops  have  been  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  cast-iron 
projectiles  for  target  practice  cast  in  the  arsenal  foundry,  the  manu- 
facture of  targets  for  seacoast  target  practice^  and  in  repair  and 
alteration  work  for  the  Southern  Armament  District 


REPOBT  OP  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE.  853 

The  disbursements  for  the  year,  exclusive  of  sales  and  deposits, 
amounted  to  $83,567.37.  The  number  of  receipts  and  issues  of  ord- 
nance stores  during  the  year  was  1,353.  The  stores  received  on 
quartermaster's  bilJs-of-lading  amounted  to  883,192  pounds;  the 
stores  issued  amounted  to  3,7(M,828  pounds. 

BENICIA    ARSENAIi. 

This  arsenal  was  commanded  by  Lieut. -Col.  J.  W.  Joyes  from 
July  1  to  October  20,  1915,  and  by  Maj.  H.  W.  Schull  during  the 
remainder  of  the  fiscal  year.  The  commanding  officer  of  this  arsenal 
is  also  ordnance  officer  of  the  Western  Department  and  armament 
officer  of  the  Western  Armament  District.  This  arsenal  is  the 
depot  of  supply  for  the  Regular  troops  and  the  National  Guard 
in  the  Western,  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  Hawaiian  Departments, 
and  it  is  the  depot  of  reserve  for  Ordnance  Supply  District  No. 
5.  It  has  shops  equipped  for  all  the  usual  repairs  and  for  cer- 
tain manufacturing  work.  During  the  year  the  shops  have  been 
engaged  principally  in  the  manufacture  of  propelling  charges  for 
seacoast  artillery;  in  overhauling  ammunition  for  field  and  siege 
guns;  in  the  manufacture  of  cast-iron  projectiles  of  6-inch  and  12- 
inch  caliber,  of  target  material  for  seacoast  artillery,  mobile  artillery, 
and  small  arms;  and  upon  the  usual  repairs  and  alterations  of  mis- 
cellaneous armament.  In  addition  the  small-arms  repair  shop  has 
overhauled  and  repaired  about  2,854  United  States  rifles,  caliber  .30, 
model  of  1903;  the  cleaning  and  repairing  section  has  overhauled, 
cleaned,  and  repaired  a  large  amount  of  personal  and  horse  equip- 
ment turned  in  by  organizations.  During  the  year  a  number  of 
minor  additions  to  the  equipment  of  several  of  the  shops  were  made, 
and  some  additional  safety  and  welfare  work  was  completed. 

The  installation  of  a  new  system  of  high-pressure  water  mains  for 
increasing  the  facilities  for  fire  protection  was  completed  during  the 
year.  Available  funds,  however,  were  not  sufficient  to  permit  the 
purchase  and  installation  of  a  centrifugal  motor-driven  pump  to  sup- 
plement this  installation. 

The  disbursements  for  the  year  amounted  to  $138,638.77,  of  which 
about  $26,900  was  for  manufactures,  including  the  overhauling  of 
ammunition;  about  $13,800  for  cleaning  and  repairing  arms  and 
equipments;  and  about  $30,860  for  the  upkeep  of  armanent.  During 
the  year  482  requisitions  were  received,  and  1,451  invoices  and  614 
bills  of  lading  were  drawn  to  cover  issues.  The  stores  received 
amounted  to  4,892,376  pounds ;  those  shipped  to  4,616,465  pounds. 

SAN   ANTONIO   ARSENAL. 

This  arsenal  was  commanded  during  the  year  by  Maj.  Harry  B. 
Jordan.  The  commanding  officer  of  this  arsenal  is  also  ordnance 
officer  of  the  Southern  Department,  and  in  charge  of  the  mainte- 
nance, repair,  and  alteration  of  Field  Artillery  materiel  in  that  de- 
partment. 

The  arsenal  has  supplied  ordnance  stores  and  equipments  through- 
out the  year  to  17§  regiments  of  Cavalry,  124  regiments  of  Infantry, 
and  19  regiments  of  Artillery.    This  arsenal  constitutes  the  central 


854  EEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDNANCE. 

distributing  point  for  the  Southern  Department,  to  which  materiel 
in  large  lots  is  shipped  for  subsequent  distribution.  Its  functions 
are  threefold,  namely :  the  supply  of  troops,  the  repair  and  mainte- 
nance of  field  artillery  materiel,  and  the  storage  of  war  reserve  sup- 
plies and  equipment. 

The  sundry  civil  appropriation  act  approved  July  1, 1916,  contains 
appropriations  for  a  storehouse^  for  increasing  the  water  supply,  and 
for  repairing  roadways  at  this  arsenal,  all  of  which  were  much 
needed.  Work  on  these  projects  is  now  progressing.  A  temporary 
storehouse,  constructed  under  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  War  to 
incur  a  denciency  obligation  for  the  purpose,  was  appropriated  for  in 
the  general  deficiency  act  approved  September  8, 1916. 
•  The  total  weight  of  stores  shipped  from  this  arsenal  during  the 
year  was  4,533,669  pounds ;  that  of  stores  received,  4,759,557  pounds. 
The  total  expenditures  amounted  to  $50,600.70. 

PICATINNT  ARSENAIi. 

This  arsenal  was  commanded  by  Lieut.  Col.  O.  C.  Horney  until 
July  15,  1915 ;  by  Maj.  J.  C.  Nicholls  from  July  16  to  November  9, 
1915:  and  from  that  date  by  Lieut.  Col.  J.  W.  Joyes.  The  Arm^ 
powder  factory  and  high-explosive  factory  are  located  at  this 
arsenal,  which  is  also 'a  depot  for  the  storage  and  preparation  of 
powder,  ammunition,  and  high  explosives.  Approximately  1,212,000 
pounds  of  cannon  powder,  313,000  pounds  or  caliber  .30  powder, 
and  92,000  pounds  of  high  explosives  were  manufactured  during 
the  year,  an  increase  of  about  12  per  cent  over  the  production  of 
the  preceding  year.  During  the  year  over  50,000  propelling  charges 
for  crnnon  were  assembled  or  modified,  and  about  15,000  projectiles 
modified.  An  increased  amount  of  experimental  work  has  been  car- 
ried on  in  connection  with  the  manufacture  of  high  explosives  and 
powder  and  in  the  investigation  of  extraneous  questions. 

Due  principally  to  the  increased  cost  of  raw  materials  and  of 
labor,  and  partly  to  changes  in  methods  of  manufacture  to  improve 
the  quality  of  powder,  the  cost  of  cannon  powder  was  approximately 
39  cents  per  pound,  and  that  of  caliber  .30  powder  approximately 
46  cents  per  pound,  an  increase  as  compared  with  the  cost  of  the 
preceding  year  of  approximately  6J  cents  per  poimd  and  4^  cents 
per  pound,  respectively.  These  are  factory  costs  and  include  certain 
overhead  charges  only.  The  year  began  with  the  cost  of  all  raw 
materials  markedly  higher  and  the  market  rising,  so  that  all  new 
contracts  made  were  at  still  higher  prices.  Examples  are:  mixed 
acid,  from  $3.10  to  $6.64;  fuming  sulphuric,  from  $0,725  to  $1,225 
(present  market,  any  price  from  $5  up) ;  cotton,  from  $0.06  to 
$0,078;  alcohol,  from  $0,046  to  $0,079;  diphenylamine,  from  $0.22 
to  $1.0015,  etc.  Prices  are  still  rising,  and  in  all  probability  the 
cost  of  powder  ^will  be  still  higher  next  year. 

Nearly  4,300,000  pounds  of  cannon  powder,  and  approximately 
875,000  pounds  of  caliber  .30  powder  have  been  manufactured  since 
the  factory  has  been  in  operation.  The  operation  of  the  plant  for 
manufacturing  high  explosives  for  projectiles  has  been  satisfactory, 
and  its  capacity  is  being  increased  to  approximately  500,000  pounos 
per  year. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  ORDKANOE.  855 

Several  fires  incident  to  manufacturing  and  other  operations  have 
occurred.  There  was  no  loss  of  property  and  no  loss  of  life,  although 
four  employees  were  severely  burned.  Precautions  against  fires  and 
injury,  especially  to  personnel,  have  received  special  attention,  some 
improvements  in  this  respect  having  been  made  and  others  planned. 

The  total  disbursements  during  the  year  amounted  to  $775,291.22 ; 
the  number  of  cash  vouchers  was  1,618 ;  the  number  of  receipts  and 
issues  of  stores  was  1,070;  the  weight  of  stores  received  and 
issued,  exclusive  of  materials  for  manufacturing  and  building,  was 
14,233,877  pounds;  the  number  of  employees  on  June  30,  1916,  was 
408,  as  compared  with  373  at  the  commencement  of  the  year. 

MANHJi   ORDNANCE   DEPOT. 

The  depot  was  commanded  by  Lieut.  Col.  C.  L'H.  Ruggles  from 
the  beginning  of  the  fiscal  year  to  October  4,  1915,  by  Maj.  G.  F. 
Jenks  from  October  5  to  November  5,  1915,  and  since  the  latter  date 
by  Lieut.  Col.  Samuel  Hof.  The  commanding  officer  of  the  depot  is 
also  ordnance  officer  of  the  Philippine  Department  and  armament 
officer  of  the  Philippine  Armament  District. 

VoluTJie  of  business. — Eight  hundred  and  twenty-two  property  re- 
turns were  received  and  given  preliminary  examination,  all  irregu- 
larities being  investigated  by  correspondence.  The  number  of  vouch- 
ers for  stores  issued  was  1,162;  for  stores  received,  1,388.  The  weight 
of  stores  issued  was  3,303,343  pounds;  that  of  stores  received,  4,076,596 
pounds. 

Disbursements. — The  total  amount  of  funds  disbursed  at  the  depot 
during  the  year  was  $130,771.78.  The  sales  of  ordnance  and  ordnance 
stores  during  the  year  to  officers,  the  insular  government,  and  other 
departments  amounted  to  $23,653.56. 

Work  at  the  depot. — The  work  of  the  past  year  has  inchided  the 
repairing  of  a  large  quantity  of  materiel  turned  in  for  that  purpose, 
the  preparation  of  propelling  charges  for  seacoast  guns,  the  manu- 
facture of  targets  and  target  material  for  small  arms,  mobile  and 
seacoast  artillery  target  practice,  and  of  miscellaneous  stores  for 
sale  and  issue.  The  installation  and  care  of  the  seacoast  armament 
have  added  largely  to  the  labor  and  responsibility  of  the  depot.  In- 
creased storage  facilities  and  more  efficient  fire  protection  are  the 
most  important  needs  of  the  depot. 

ORDNANCE   BOARD. 

The  membership  of  the  board  on  June  30,  1916,  was  as  follows: 
Lieut.  Col.  C.  L'H.  Ruggles,  Ordnance  Department;  Maj.  Alston 
Hamilton,  Coast  Artillery  Corps;  and  Maj.  G.  G.  Gatley,  Third  Field 
Artillery.  Lieut.  Col.  Samuel  Reber,  Signal  Corps,  is  a  member  on 
matters  connected  with  aeronautics,  and  Capt.  Thomas  M.  Robins, 
Corps  of  Engineers,  is  a  member  on  matters  involving  engineering 
work.  Lieut.  Col.  T.  C.  Dickson,  Ordnance  Department,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  board  until  August  16, 1915,  on  which  date  he  was  retired 
under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  March  4,  1915. 
Lieut.  Col.  C.  C.  Williams,  Ordnance  Department,  was  a  member  of 


860  BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  SIOKAL  OFFICES. 

archaic  and  should  be  changed*  Officers  so  detailed  are,  as  a  role, 
neither  trained  in  themselves,  nor  can  they  train  others,  and  I  believe 
that  neither  the  Signal  Corps  nor  the  line  of  the  Army,  as  a  whole, 
desires  this  exchange  or  are  benefited  thereby.  I  am,  therefore,  led 
to  recommend,  as  urgently  as  may  be  possible,  the  return  to  the  sys- 
tem of  permanent  appointments  of  field  officers  and  captains  in  Uie 
Signal  Corps.  Selection  may  very  properly  be  made  to  these  per- 
manent grades  by  examination  of  officers  of  the  line  who  have  served 
in  the  corps  as  lieutenants,  who  have  proved  their  value  to  the  corps, 
and  who  have  made  their  own  decision  as  to  the  branch  of  the  service 
in  which  to  make  their  careers. 

During  times  of  peace  the  duties  of  the  Signal  Corps  are  extensive 
and  important,  but  events  abroad  and  in  our  own  Army  oo  the 
border  emphasize  the  constantly  increasing  importance  of  supply- 
ing and  operating  the  highly  technical  apparatus  re<][uired  for  main- 
taining aaequate  means  tor  collecting  and  transmitting  military  in- 
formation necessary  to  an  army,  in  order  that  the  most  modem 
methods  of  performing  this  duty  may  be  utilized  to  the  fullest  extent, 
every  effort  must  be  made  to  Keep  informed  of  advances  in  science 
and  use  made  of  the  discoveries  and  developments  of  new  means  for 
applying  electricity,  mechanics,  and  aircraft  to  warfare.        • 

The  Signal  Corps  has  long  been  handicapped  in  the  proper  per- 
formance of  its  duties  by  the  lack  of  an  aaequate  personnel.  This 
situation  has,  however,  been  partially  relieved  by  increases  in  men 
and  officers  of  the  corps  under  the  national-defense  act  of  June  8, 1916. 
Under  this  act,  the  Signal  Corps  will  ultimately  have,  when  aU  five 
increments  have  been  authorize,  a  commissioned  strength  of  1  chief 
signal  officer,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier  general,  3  colonels,  8  lieuten- 
ant colonels,  10  majors,  30  captains,  and  75  first  lieutenants,  while  the 
aviation  section  oi  the  corps  will  have  a  commissioned  strength  of 
1  colonel,  1  lieutenant  colonel,  8  majors,  24  captains,  and  114  first 
lieutenants.  The  enlisted  strength  of  the  corps  will  be  fixed  by  the 
President.  The  number  of  master  signal  electricians  will  be  2  per 
cent  of  the  total  authorized  enlisted  strength  of  the  entire  corps;  the 
number  of  sergeants,  first  class,  will  be  7  per  cent ;  the  number  of 
sergeants,  10  per  cent,  and  the  number  of  corporals,  20  per  cent. 
The  grade  of  horseshoer  has  been  added  to  the  Signal  Corps,  and 
under  the  Army  appropriation  bill,  approved  August  29,  1916,  the 
number  of  privates,  first  class,  will  be  45  per  cent  and  the  number  of 
privates  9  per  cent. 

The  first  increment  added  1  colonel,  1  lieutenant  colonel,  1  major, 
8  captains,  and  11  first  lieutenants  to  the  Signal  Corps  proper,  and 
1  major  and  16  other  aviation  officers  to  the  aviation  section,  so  that 
on  July  1  of  this  year  the  authorized  commissioned  strengtn  of  the 
Signal  Corps  was  as  follows : 

siaivAL  coaps  pbopkb. 

Brigadier  general  and  chief  signal  officer 1 

Colonelg 2 

Lieutenant  colonels 3 

Majors 7 

Oaptalns...         ^ 21 

First  lleotenants 29 


BEPORT  OF   THE   CHIEF   SIGNAL  OFFICER.  861 

AVIATION  SECTION. 

Major 1 

Captains 11 

First  lieutenants 65 

The  President  has  fixed  the  enlisted  strength  of  the  Signal  Corps 
to  become  effective  July  1,  1920,  when  all  five  increments  will  be 
available,  at  4,000  men,  the  number  in  each  grade  being  as  follows : 

Master  signal  electricians 80 

Sergeants,  first-class 280 

Sergeants 400 

Corporals 800 

Cooks 88 

Horseshoers 30 

Privates,  first-class 1,853 

Privates 463 

The  increases  authorized  for  the  first  increment,  which  became  ef- 
fective July  1,  1916,  were  6  master  signal  electricians;  27  sergeants, 
first  class;  46  sergeants;  113  corporals;  16  cooks;  16  horseshoers;  225 
privates,  first  class;  and  57  privates,  so  that  the  Signal  Ck)rps,  includ- 
ing the  aviation  section,  now  has  with  the  increases  authorized  under 
the  first  increment  added  to  its  previously  authorized  strength,  an 
authorized  enlisted  strength  of — 

Master  signal  electricians 54 

Sergeants,  first  class 171 

Sergeants   214 

Corporals 347 

Cooks 48 

Horseshoers 16 

Privates,  first  class 859 

Privates 269 

ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  SIGNAL  CORPS. 

It  is  proposed  to  organize  this  force  into  two  field  battalions  (less 
outpost  companies) :  2  telegraph  battalions;  1  depot  battalion;  1  wire 
company;  2  radio  companies;  4  depot  compames;  3  platoons  of  a 
telegraph  company;  2  aero  squadrons;  2  aero  companies;  and  a 
school  detachment  for  duty  at  the  Signal  Corps  Aviation  School  at 
San  Diego,  Cal.  There  were  organize  at  the  end  of  this  fiscal  year 
4  field  companies,  1  radio  company,  2  telegraph  companies  (less  2 
platoons) ;  1  aero  squadron ;  1  aero  company,  and  6  depot  companies. 
These  organizations  will  be  expanded  into  the  units  proposed. 

The  field  and  telegraph  battalions  will  be  stationed  in  the  United 
States  and  will  be  organized  from  signal  troops  now  serving  in  the 
Southern  Department.  A  wire  companv  and  a  platoon  of  a  tele- 
graph company  will  be  stationed  in  the  Philippine  Department,  while 
a  radio  companv  and  a  platoon  of  a  telegraph  company  will  be  sta- 
tioned in  the  Hawaiian  Department  and  in  the  Canal  Zone. 

The  depot  battalion  will  be  assigned  to  diity  in  connection  with 
the  operation  and  maintenance  of  the  Washington- Alaska  Military 
Cable  &  Telegraph  System,  and  will  be  organized  from  the  two 
depot  companies  now  on  that  duty.  The  four  depot  companies  will 
be  stationed  in  the  United  States,  one  company  in  each  territorial 
department.    The  personnel  of  these  companies  will  be  used  for  sup- 


862 


REPORT  OP  THE  CHIEF  SIGNAL  OFFIGBB. 


plying  the  men  needed  for  detached  service  at  posts  and  depots,  such 
as  raaio  and  telegraph  operators,  telephone  men,  clerks,  etc.,  for  fur- 
nishing radio  operators  for  service  on  transports,  and  for  duty  in 
connection  with  the  instruction  and  training  of  recruits  at  Signal 
Corps  schools  for  enlisted  men. 

Two  of  the  aero  squadrons  will  be  organized  and  stationed  in  the 
Southern  Department;  one  aero  company  will  be  assigned  to  the 
Philippine  Islands  and  one  to  the  Canal  Zone. 

Field  battalions  have  been  authorized,  with  a  few  minor  changes 
as  to  the  number  of  men  allowed  in  the  various  grades,  practically 
the  same  as  recommended  in  my  last  report.  The  battalion  is  or- 
ganized for  duty  with  a  division  and  is  intended  to  furnish  the  com- 
munication that  knits  the  division  into  a  whole.  It  is  commanded  by 
a  major,  with  a  first  lieutenant  as  battalion  adjutant  and  supply 
officer;  a  sergeant  major  and  battalion  supply  sergeant,  both  having 
the  rank  of  sergeant,  first  class;  a  color  sergeant  and  clerk,  each  of 
the  ^ade  of  sergeant;  9  privates  for  duty  as  drivers  and  orderlies; 
1  wire  company;  1  radio  company;  and  1  outpost  company;  each 
company  having  a  strength  of  1  captain,  2  first  lieutenants,  and  75 
enlisted  men.  The  enlisted  personnel,  by  grades,  of  each  company 
is  as  follows : 


Master  signal  electricians 

Sergeants,  first  class 

Sergeants 

Corporals 

CooVs 

Horseshoers 

Privates,  first  class 

Privates 


wire 

Radio 

company. 

company. 

1 

1 

5 

6 

7 

9 

13 

15 

2 

3 

1 

1 

39 

35 

8 

6 

Outpoet 
o<Mnpany. 


1 

S 

5 

U 

2 

I 

37 

IS 


The  wire  company  is  organized  into  two  platoons  of  two  wire 
sections  each  and  is  equipped  for  establishing  buzzer  communications 
for  the  four  combat  lines  to  the  brigades.  Its  transportation  and 
equipment  consists  of  6  wire  carts  and  1  instrument  wagon,  and  it 
has  65  riding  horses,  12  draft  horses,  and  4  draft  mules. 

The  radio  company  is  organized  into  four  radio  pack  sections 
and  one  wagon  raaio  section.  The  pack  sections  are  intended  to  pro- 
vide constant  communication  with  divisional  cavalry  or  supply  trains 
and  for  any  other  necessary  communication  where  the  laying  of  wire 
is  impracticable.  The  wagon  set  is  to  be  used  for  communication 
with  other  divisions,  field  Army  headquarters,  and  the  base.  The 
company  has  assigned  to  it  5  pack  sets,  1  wagon  set,  1  instrument 
wagon,  70  riding  horses,  4  draft  horses,  4  draft  mules,  and  12  pack 
mules. 

The  outpost  company  has  not  yet  been  organized,  but  the  Tables 
of  Organization  contemplate  that  it  shall  be  organized  into  four 
platoons,  one  to  each  brigade  for  the  necessary  interior  communica- 
tion witnin  the  brigade.  It  will  be  supplied  with  1  instrument 
wagon,  18  riding  horses,  4  draft  mules,  and  4  pack  mules. 

The  tele^aph  battalion  is  intended  for  service  with  a  field  army 
corps,  and  is  organized  to  maintain  communication  between  the  inte- 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  OHIBF  SIGNAL  OFFIOBB.  868 

rior  and  the  field  army  corps  or  to  connect  the  headquarters  of  the 
field  Army  with  its  component  parts.  It  is  commanded  by  a  major, 
with  a  first  lieutenant  as  battalion  adjutant,  and  a  first  lieutenant  as 
supply  officer;  a  sergeant,  first  class,  as  battalion  sergeant  major;  a 
sergeant  as  battalion  supply  sergeant;  three  privates  as  drivers  and 
orderlies,  and  two  teleCTaph  companies  of  100  enlisted  men  each. 

The  organization  of  a  telegraph  company  has  been  materially 
changed  and  its  personnel  greatly  reduced  since  my  last  report.  The 
number  of  sections  has  been  reduced  from  six  to  four,  so  that  its 
present  organization  consists  of  four  sections,  two  telegraph  and  two 
telephone.  The  personnel  of  a  telegraph  company  is  1  captain;  2 
first  lieutenants;  2  master  signal  electricians;  8  sergeants,  fii^  class; 
11  sergeants;  17  corporals;  2  cooks;  1  horseshoer;  48  privates;,  first 
class;  and  12  privates.  Its  transportation  and  equipment  consists  of 
4  lance  truc^,  2  telegraph  wagons,  4  telephone  wagons,  2  repair 
wagons,  and  3  field  wagons.  It  has  39  ridmg  horses  and  60  draft 
mules. 

An  aero  squadron  is  required  for  service  with  each  division,  or  when 
divisions  are  operating  as  parts  of  a  field  army  corps  the  squadrons 
may  be  detached  from  divisions  and  grouped  under  the  immediate 
control  of  the  field  Army  commander.  The  recommendation  in  my 
last  report  that  aero  squadrons  of  12  machines  be  the  basis  of  our 
organization  has  been  approved,  and  existing  Tables  of  Organization 
provide  for  three  companies  of  four  machines  each  for  a  squadron. 
A  major  will  be  in  command  of  the  squadron,  with  a  first  lieutenant 
as  squadron  adjutant  and  quartermaster;  2  master  signal  electricians; 
2  sergeants,  first  class;  6  corporals;  and  2  privates,  first  class,  for  duty 
with  the  headquarters  and  supply  detachments.  Each  aero  company 
has  an  authorized  strength  of  1  captain ;  5  first  lieutenants ;  1  master 
signal  electrician;  2  sergeants,  first  class;  6  sergeants;  9  corporals; 
2  cooks ;  14  privates,  first  class ;  and  6  privates. 

The  restrictions  as  to  the  age,  rank^  and  marital  condition  of 
officers  detailed  in  the  aviation  section,  imposed  by  the  act  creating 
the  aviation  section,  approved  July  18,  1914,  were  removed  under 
section  13  of  the  national  defense  act  of  June  3, 1916,  as  recommended 
in  my  last  annual  report,  and,  contrary  to  earlier  expectations,  it  is 
now  believed  that  with  these  restrictions  removed  little  trouble  will 
be  experienced  in  obtaining  sufficient  officers  from  the  line  to  fill  the 
vacancies  existing  in  the  aviation  section.  Under  the  law  as  now 
constituted,  it  will  also  be  possible  to  obtain  sufficient  officers  of  the 
proper  age  and  experience  to  command  the  squadrons  to  be  organized 
and  for  the  necessary  administrative  work  incident  to  the  develop- 
ment of  this  service. 

The  act  of  June  3,  1916,  also  wisely  made  provision  for  the  ap- 
pointment of  civilian  aviators  in  case  sufficient  officers  should  not  be 
available  to  fill  existing  vacancies.  These  aviators  will  have  the  base 
pay  of  $150  per  month  and  the  allowance  of  a  master  signal  elec- 
trician. So  tar  as  can  be  seen  at  this  time,  it  will  not  be  necessary  to 
appoint  any  aviators  from  civil  life,  unless  additional  increments  are 
authorized  for  the  aviation  service,  as  sufficient  officers  of  the  line 
have  already  applied  for  aviation  duty  to  fill  all  vacancies.  At  the 
present  time  there  are  39  officers  detailed  in  and  46  students  attached 
to  the  aviation  section,  while  the  first  increment  authorizes  a  strength 
of  77  officers. 


864  BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  SIGNAL  OFFICER. 

OFFICEKS'  RESERVE  CORPS  AND  ENLISTED  RESERVE  CORPS. 

Among  the  most  important  sections  of  the  national  defense  act  are 
those  authorizing  the  organization  of  the  Officers'  Reserve  Corps  and 
the  Enlisted  Reserve  Corps.  It  is  considered  most  desirable  that  the 
Officers'  Reserve  Corps  and  the  Enlisted  Reserve  Corps  be  developed 
to  the  fullest  possible  extent.  By  doin^  so,  it  is  believed  a  body  of 
experienced  technical  men  can  be  organized  and  trained  in  times  of 
peace  and  be  available  for  service  in  times  of  need.  Evenr  encour- 
agement will  be  afforded  to  applicants  for  appointment  in  the  Signal 
Officers'  Reserve  Corps,  and  real  efforts  will  be  made  to  enlist  as  large 
a  number  of  men  as  possible  for  the  Enlisted  Reserve  Corps. 

During  the  present  period  when  aviation  is  used  so  extensively  in 
modem  warfare,  the  desirability  of  having  a  reserve  of  experienced 
aeronautical  men  for  service  with  the  aviation  section  of  the  Army 
in  case  of  war  needs  no  argument.  As  there  are  comparatively  few 
men  in  this  country  skilled  in  this  art,  it  is  all  the  more  important 
that  a  large  i*eserve  be  trained  and  that  every  facility  and  encourage- 
ment be  afforded  men  desiring  to  perfect  themselves  in  this  work. 
This  office  has  therefore  obtained  authority  for  an  Officers'  Reserve 
Corps  and  an  Enlisted  Reserve  Corps  for  the  aviation  section  in 
numbers  and  grades  as  follows: 

OFl-'ICEBS*  RESERVE  CORPS. 

Majors 10 

Captains  48 

First    lieutenants 232 

ENLISTED  RESERVE  CORPS. 

Master  signal  electricians 40 

Sergeants,  first  class 140 

Sergeants   200 

Corporals    400 

Privates,   first   class 805 

Privates 915 

In  view  of  the  time  required  for  becoming  a  skilled  flier  and  the 
comparatively  few  opportunities  and  facilities  afforded  throughout 
the  country  for  obtaining  this  training,  this  office  purposes  to  call 
members  of  these  reserve  corps,  with  their  consent,  into  active 
service  a  considerable  pjeriod  during  the  coming  year.  It  is  also  pur- 
posed to  utilize  the  civilian  aviation  schools  of  the  country  in  train- 
ing desirable  applicants  for  service  in  the  Officers'  Reserve  Corps,  and 
thnt  these  schools  will  be  compensated  for  each  reservist  undergoing 
instruction. 

If  this  plan  is  successful,  it  is  believed  the  reserve  of  officers  and 
men  for  aviation. duty  will  be  put  on  a  practicable  basis  which,  in 
due  course,  could  supply  the  coimtry  with  an  efficient  reserve  of  flying 
men  in  case  of  need. 


OPERATIONS  OP  THE  SIGNAL  CORPS  IN  ALASKA,  THE 
PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS,  HAWAII,  CANAL  ZONE,  AND 
THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  Washington- Alaska  Military  Cable  &  Telegraph  System  is 
now  composed  of  2,626.8  statute  miles  of  submarine  cable,  848  miles 
of  land  Imes,  and  52  offices,  including  10  radio  stations. 

There  were  24  interruptions  on  the  submarine  cables  during  the 
year,  the  most  serious  one  being  that  of  the  Sitka- Valdez  cable  from 
January  30  to  March  8,  1916.  The  delay  in  effecting  repairs  to  this 
cable  was  due  to  the  fact  that  the  cable  ship  was  imdergoing  repairs 
which  were  not  completed  until  the  latter  part  of  February.  Business 
was  routed  during  interruptions  via  naval  radio  stations  and  Fort 
Egbert  and  the  Dominion  lines.  Some  delay  was  experienced  in  the 
handling  of  this  business.  This  has  been  corrected  by  an  arrange- 
ment with  the  naval  radio  service  under  which  a  sufficient  force  of 
trained  operators  of  the  Signal  Corps  were  transferred  to  the  Sitka 
and  Cordova  naval  radio  stations  to  assist  in  the  handling  of  the 
|;raffic  through  these  stations  during  interruptions  to  the  trunK  cables. 

The  total  "  this  line  "  receipts  during  the  year  were  $159^819.74,  a 
decrease  of  $17,415.01.  The  "  other  line  receipts,  which  were 
credited  and  paid  to  connecting  lines,  amounted  to  $29,162.94.  an 
increase  of  $8,660.98,  as  compared  with  last  year.  The  value  oi  all 
official  messages,  computed  at  regular  commercial  rates,  aggregated 
$194,571.01,  an  increase  of  $78,031.18.  Telegraphic  money  transfers 
to  the  value  of  $59,669.02  were  effected,  giving  a  revenue  of  $741. 
There  were  no  losses  to  the  Government  in  the  handling  of  these 
funds. 

An  all-night  service  at  Seattle,  Sitka,  Juneau,  Valdez,  and  Fair- 
banks was  ^ablished  on  February  18,  1916,  and  in  July,  1916,  the 
Nome  radio  station  was  made  a  continuous  (24-hour)  service  station. 

It  has  been  recognized  for  some  time  that  the  rates  on  the  Alaskan 
system  should  be  revised,  and  in  view  of  the  numerous  requests  from 
commercial  bodies,  firms,  and  others  in  Seattle  and  Alaska,  the  Sec- 
retary of  War  on  July  1, 1916,  upon  the  recommendation  of  the  Chief 
Signal  Officer,  directed  a  general  revision  and  reduction,  effective  as 
soon  as  practicable.  The  new  rates  will  become  effective  on  October 
1,  1916.  and  the  reductions  will  range  from  15  to  50  per  cent.  The 
plan  01  having  several  offices  in  one  zone,  or  square,  similar  to  the 
method  adopt^  by  commercial  telegraph  companies  and  the  parcel 
post,  was  followed  in  this  revision  as  far  as  practicable. 

FIBST  SECTION. 

The  condition  of  the  telegraph  lines  from  Valdez  to  Fairbanks, 
comprising  the  first  section,  have  been  satisfactory  during  the  past 

69176*— WAB 1916— VOL  1 66  866 


866 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  OHIEF  SIGNAL  OFFICEB. 


^ear.  The  interruptions  for  the  entire  year  totaled  9  days  and  10 
ours.  The  longest  was  4  days,  due  to  one  of  the  severest  storms  in 
the  history  of  that  section.  The  other  interruptions  were  caused  by 
forest  fires. 

A  motor  generator  equipment,  eliminating  all  local  and  main  line 
batteries,  was  installed  on  this  section  last  September  and  has  given 
excellent  service.  A  cable  recorder  has  been  installed  in  the  naval 
radio  station  near  Cordova,  thereby  permitting  business  being  han- 
dled direct  between  the  radio  station  and  Valdez,  Seward,  or  Cor- 
dova proper,  eliminating  extra  handling  of  messages  and  the  neces- 
sity for  an  additional  operating  force  at  Cordova  during  cable  inter- 
ruptions. During  such  interruptions,  three  men  are  sent  from 
Valdez  to  the  naval  radio  station  at  Cordova  to  assist  the  personnel 
of  that  station. 

The  usual  necessary  work  of  replacing  old  and  worn  out  poles  and 
such  other  repairs  necessary  in  the  proper  maintenance  of  the  lines 
have  continued  during  the  year. 

The  storehouse  at  "Valdez  and  the  station  buildings  at  Hogan  were 
destroyed  by  fire  during  July  and  December,  respectively.  Funds 
have  been  allotted  and  new  building[s  are  now  in  the  course  of  con- 
struction. Modifications  and  additions  were  made  to  the  station 
buildings  at  Richardson  and  Salcha. 

The  following  table  shows  the  stations  and  distances  of  the  land, 
cable,  and  radio  portions  of  the  Alaskan  telegraph  system : 


SUtlons. 


LAND  LINES. 


Vftklez-NcUAto: 

VaW« 

Wortmans 

SalHui  (relief  cabin) 

Beaver  Dam 

Stewart  Creek  (relief  cabin) 

TelkheU 

Kimball  Pass  (relief  cabin) 

Tonsina. 

Copper  Onter 

Omkana 

Hogan 

Paioon 

Fazson  (relief  cabin) 

McCaUum 

HcOalhxm  (relief  cabin) 

Doanelj 

Dome  (relief  cabin) 

Beal'tt  Cache  (no  station) 

McCarj^ 

Shaw  (^k  (relief  cabin) 

Richardson 

Ovotend  (relief  cabin) 

Salcha 

Salcha  (relief  cabin) 

Fairbanks,  radio  station 

Fairbanks,  otty  o(Doe  (end  of  first  section). 

Ohftna, , 

Monument  (relief  oal^) 

Nenana 

NenanaMisskm(nUef  cabin) 

Minto  (no  station) 

Tolovana 

HotSnrinn. 

American  Crsek  (no  station) 

FortOibboo 

Birohes 

Kokrtnes. 

Melosi. 


Louden 

EoTukuk 

Nalato  Tend  of  second  seotioa). 


Interm^ 
diate. 

AHlts. 

TotaL 

MOes. 

0 

0 

18 

18 

14 

82 

10 

42 

6 

48 

1          4 

58 

'        14 

m 

14 

80 

33 

103 

I        25.5 

128.5 

'       27 

155.6 

35 

190.5 

11 

201.6 

0 

107.5 

1        18 

225.6 

10.5 

242 

8 

2S0 

10 

2ao 

18 

278 

!        12 

2B0 

1         0 

290 

10 

818 

18 

386 

16 

851 

18.5 

869.6 

.5 

370 

10 

880 

20 

400 

17 

417 

11 

428 

17 

446 

82 

477 

32 

600 

21 

500 

27 

667 

51 

008 

» 

oa 

87 

683 

m 

712 

48 

760 

20 

780 

BEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  SIGNAL  OFPICEB. 


867 


Stations. 


Hot  Springs-Rampart:         »»^''^  "^  ^°  ">^™- 

Hot  Springi*  •••• 

Eoriika 

Rampart. 

Fort  Egbcrt-Botrndary: 

Fort  Egbwt  (radio) 

Botmdary  (no  station) 

Fort  Gibbon  loop  (Fort  Olbbon  radio  to  dty  office) 

Nolato  loop  (Nuiato  radio  to  city  office) 

Nome-Fori  Davis: 

Nome  (radio) 

Nome  (dty  office) 

Fort  Davis. 


Seattle-Seward: 

SeaUle 

Sitka 

Valdei 

FortLiscum 

Valdee-Montague  Island . . . 

Montagoe  Island-Seward. . . 

Montague  Island-O)rdova.. 

CordovarC^De  Whiteshed. . 
Sltka-Skagway: 

Sitka!:.... 

Cape  Fanshaw  (no  station). 

Jnneau 

Haines. 


CABLES. 


Bkagway. . . . 
Jnneau-Douglas. 


SitkaJapendd  Island: 

Sitka. 

Japonskllsland 

Cape  Fanshaw-Ketchlkan: 

Cape  Fanshaw  (no  station). 

WrangelL 

Hadley 

Eietohikan 

Fort  Lawton-Fort  Worden: 

FortLawton 

Fort  Worden 

Fort  Lawton-Fort  Ward: 

Fort  Lawton 

Fort  Ward 

Seattle-Fort  Lawton: 

Seattle .- 

Fort  Lawton 


RADIO. 


Bgbert-(^ircle 

(^le-Fairbanks 

Egbert-Fairbanks 

Fairbanks- Gibbon 

Oibbon-8t.  Michael 

Nom»-8t.  Michael 

St.  Mkdiael-KotMk 

KoUik-Nome 

Petersburg- Wrangell . . . 

Fairbank»-Nu]ato 

Gibbon-Nome 

Gibbon-Nolato 

Gibbondrde 

Gibboo-Egbert 

St.  Mldwd-Nulato 

Noma^Nulato 

Nom»-St.  Paul  (naval). 
Nulato-KotUk. 


Interme- 
diate. 


MiUi. 

0 

22 

28 

0 
13 
.25 
.25 

0 
.75 
3.75 


1. 


0 

066.08 

595.42 

4.10 

68.87 

127.79 

58.99 

9.72 

0 
210.6 
91.1 
106.72 
17.88 
2.82 


.35 

0 

74.27 
80.06 
31.83 

0 
39.59 

0 
11.85 

0 

8.67 


110 
126 
197 
130 
330 
127 

52 
139 

30 
305 
400 
181 
232 
320 
150 
220 
558 
214 


RECAPrrULATION. 


Land  lines. 
CablM 


TotaL 


MiUs. 
780 
802 

830 

830 
843 

843.25 
843.5 

843.5 
844.25 

848 


0 
1,086.08 
1,681.5 
1.685.09 
1,754.5« 
1,882.35 
1,941.34 
1,951.06 

1,951.06 
2,161.06 
2,252.76 
2,350.48 
2,377.  {6 
2.380.18 

2,380.18 
2,380.53 

2,380.53 
2,454.80 
2,534.86 
2,566.60 

2,566.09 
2,606.28 

2.606.28 
2,618.13 

2,618.13 
2.626.80 


848 
2,626.8 


Total i    3,474.8 


Ten  radio  statkms. 

Note.— For  administratirt  parposis  the  Washington-Alaska  Military  (Sable  &  Telegraph  Svstem  is 
divided  into  three  sections,  vis,  cable  section  from  Seattle  to  Sitka,  indusive,  with  headquarters  at  Seattle; 
first  section  from  Vildes  to  and  induding  Fairbanks  city  office  and  radio  station,  and  the  cable  stations 
at  Seward  and  Cordova,  with  headquarters  at  Valdtf ;  second  section  indudes  the  remainder  of  the  land 
IhMs  and  all  other  radio  stations  in  the  interior  of  Alaska,  with  headquarters  at  Fort  Gibbon. 


868  BEPORT   OF   THE   CHIEF   SIGNAL  OFFICES. 

While  there  were  24  interruptions  of  the  cables  on  this  section 
reported  during  the  year,  most  of  them  were  of  comparatively  short 
duration  and  caused  by  the  operations  of  the  cable  boat  in  insert- 
ing new  special  type  deep-sea  cable  where  the  action  of  ocean  cur- 
rents and  unfavorable  location  had  caused  the  cables  to  become  weak, 
physically  and  electrically.  The  improvement  has  been  so  marked 
that  it  is  hoped  that  serious  consideration  can  soon  be  given  to  du- 
plexing of  the  main  cable.  This  work  of  improvement  will  be  con- 
tinued. 

SECOND  SECTION. 

The  lines  and  stations  of  this  section,  extending  from  Chena  to 
Nulato  and  inclusive  of  all  radio  stations  except  I^  airbanks,  are  re- 
ported in  excellent  condition.  The  line  from  Fort  Gibbon  to  Nulato 
was  completely  traversed  and  thorough  repairs  made,  also  from  Ram- 
paii;  to  Eureka  and  from  Fort  Gibbon  to  Hot  Springs.  Interruptions 
to  the  land  lines  totaled  12  days.  The  longest  was  of  seven  days 
duration  due  to  the  great  storm  of  January  4,  1916.  Interruptions 
to  the  radio  only  totaled  16  hours,  of  which  8  hours  was  due  to  the 
breaking  of  a  mast  at  the  St.  Michael  station  during  that  storm. 

The  former  stations  at  Minto  and  Nenana  have  been  abandoned 
and  consolidated  into  a  station  at  the  new  town  site  of  Nenana,  13 
miles  below  the  old  Nenana  station  and  20  miles  above  the  old  Minto 
station.  This  change  was  made  on  account  of  the  construction  of 
the  new  railroad,  which  will  cross  the  Tanana  River  at  this  point. 

RADIO. 

The  radio  stations  continued  in  efficient  operation  during  the  entire 
year,  the  total  of  interruptions  being  less  than  one  day.  They  con- 
tinue to  demonstrate  their  value  as  a  link  in  the  telegraph  system, 
being  especially  adapted  for  use  in  Alaska,  where  the  topographical 
and  climatic  conditions  are  almost  wholly  unfavorable  to  the  con- 
tinuous maintenance  and  operation  of  land  line  construction.  All 
traffic  for  St.  Michael,  Nome,  and  other  points  west  of  Nulato  is 
now  bein^  handled  satisfactorily  by  radio  and  new  stations,  which 
will  furnish  communication  to  a  district  heretofore  without  tele- 

?:raphic  facilities,  are  now  in  the  course  of  construction  at  Holy 
)ross  and  Fort  Yukon. 

Detailed  statement  of  expenditures  under  Army  appropriation  act,  appraised 

March  4,  1915. 

Appropriation  for  fiscal  year  1916 $50,000.00 

1.  For  all  radiotelegraph  installations $5,  202. 28 

2.  Rebuilding   and    betterments    to    the   military 

telegraph  lines,  second  section 3,  530. 21 

3.  Rebuilding   and    betterments   to    the   military 

telegraph  lines,  first  section 13,950.53 

4.  Extensions    and    betterments   to   the   Alaskan 

cable  system 27,316.98 

60, 000. 00 

CONDrriON  OF  ENLISTED  MEN  IN  ALASKA. 

There  were  207  enlisted  men  of  the  Signal  Corps  on  duty  in  oon- 
nection  with  the  operation  and  maintenance  of  the  system  at  the  end 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  SIGNAL  OFFICEB,  869 

of  the  fiscal  year  1915  and  187  on  June  30,  1916,  making  a  loss  of 
20  men  during  the  year.  The  average  number  of  infantrymen  on 
duty  with  the  Signal  Corps  in  Alaska  was  26.  There  were  two  de- 
sertions during  the  year  and  no  deaths. 

PHUiIFPINB  ISLANDS. 

Construction,  maintenance,  and  operation  of  post  telephone  sys- 
tems, military  telegraph  lines,  radiotelegraph  stations,  the  installa- 
tion of  fire-control  systems,  the  issue  and  maintenance  of  unit 
accountability  equipment  for  the  organized  strength  in  the  Philip- 
pines have  been  satisfactorily  conducted  during  the  year. 

There  are  17  post  telephone  systems  in  operation,  having  a  total 
of  1,091  telephones.  Bepairs  and  improvements  have  been  made  to 
the  systems  at  Be^an  Barracks,  Camp  John  Hay,  Camp  McGrath, 
Camp  Eldridge,  Camp  Overton,  and  Forts  William  McKinley  and 
San  JPedro.  The  telephone  systems  at  Augur  Barracks  (Jolo),  and 
subpost  Asturias  were  reconstructed.  Changes  and  betterments  were 
made  at  other  posts.  The  systems  at  Warwick  Barracks  and  Camp 
Grege  were  discontinued ;  the  telephone  service  at  the  former  post  is 
now  being  supplied  by  a  commercial  company. 

Military  telegraph  offices  at  Camp  Jonn  Hay  (Mountain  Prov- 
ince) and  Camp  McGrath  (Batangas)  were  maintained  with  equip- 
ment supplied  by  the  Bureau  of  P(^,  but  enlisted  men  of  the  Signal 
Corps  were  detailed  for  duty  as  operators. 

The  Manila-Fort  Mills  submarine  cable  gave  excellent  service 
throughout  the  year.  During  the  year  there  was  a  total  of  19,278 
messages  handled  over  this  cable. 

Bamotelegraph  stations  were  maintained  at  Fort  Mills,  Fort 
William  McKifiley,  and  Manila.  The  station  at  Fort  Mills  (Cor- 
regidor)  gave  excellent  satisfaction  throughout  the  year,  establii^- 
ing  communication  with  trans-Pacific  transports  in  the  vicinity  of 
Guam  and  to  some  distance  east  of  Nagasaki,  after  their  departure 
from  Manila.  This  station  also  communicated  with  the  interisland 
transports,  and  commercial  radiograms  8  re  exchanged  between  Fort 
Mills  and  merchant  vessels.  The  receipts  during  the  year  were  $751.58 
for  "  this  line  "  and  $293.09  for  the  "  other  line."  The  total  number 
of  messages  handled  was  21,135. 

A  radio  set  was  installed  on  the  mine  planter  San  Pedro.  Oper- 
ators are  detailed  for  duty  on  the  interisland  transports  Liscwn^ 
Merritt^  and  Warren.  The  latter  vessel  was  equipped  with  a  storage 
battery  auxiliary  for  emergency  use. 

Extensions  and  repairs  to  tne  fire-control  system  were  continued 
throughout  the  year,  rather  than  new  work.  All  material  for  the 
fire-control  installation  at  Fort  Drum  has  been  transferred  to  the 
district  engineer  for  installation  by  the  Corps  of  Engineers. 

During  the  year  48,338  feet  of  cable  were  laid  at  Fort  Mills  for  the 
fire-control  and  post  telephone  systems,  122  new  telephones  were 
added  to  the  system,  and  a  signal  mast  and  Ardois  lights  were 
installed.  The  target  range  at  Fort  Mills  was  equipp^  with  a  buzzer 
annunciator  system. 

The  Signal  Corps  general  supply  depot  at  Manila  carries  a  large 
stock  of  both  fire-control  and  signal-service  material,  and  during  the 
year  1,380  shipments  were  made.    The  shop  at  this  depot  makes  all 


870  BEPORT  OF   THE  CHIEF  SIGNAL  OFFICER. 

necessary  repairs  to  equipment  sent  in  for  that  purpose,  and  during 
the  year  manufactured  and  repaired  2,665  articles,  having  a  total 
value  of  $47,978.84. 

Two  companies  of  the  Signal  Corps  are  on  duty  in  the  Philippine 
Department — Field  Company  L,  stationed  at  Fort  William  Mc- 
Kinley,  Rizal,  and  Depot  Cfompany  F,  stationed  at  Manila.  The 
majority  of  the  members  of  the  latter  company  are  on  detached 
service  throughout  the  islands  performing  autv  as  telegraph  and 
radio  operators,  telephone  repairmen,  fire-control  construction  work, 
machinists,  clerks,  storekeepers,  etc. 

HAWAII. 

The  original  authorized  fire-control  system  in  the  coast  defenses 
of  Oahu  was  completed,  but  a  number  of  changes  and  extensions  have 
been  found  necessary.  A  small  amount  of  original  work  and  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  repair  work  required  the  services  of  several 
Signal  Corps  men  during  the  year. 

An  electrical  range-transmitting  device  was  installed  at  Battery 
Harlow,  Fort  Ruger.  Detailed  estimates  have  been  prepared  for 
the  Signal  Corps  material  for  the  land  defense  scheme  on  the  north- 
east fronts  at  Pearl  Harbor  and  for  antiaircraft  gims.  Conduits 
for  the  permanent  underground  telephone  system  at  Fort  Kame- 
hameha  have  been  completed  and  are  ready  for  the  installation  of 
the  cables. 

A  switchboard  and  30  telephones  were  installed  in  the  department 
hospital  at  Fort  Shafter,  the  material  being  supplied  by  the  Quarter- 
master Corps. 

The  Signal  Corps  has  but  one  permanent  radio  station  in  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  this  being  located  at  Port  De  Russy.  While  tiiis 
station  is  of  comparatively  small  power  (2-kilowatt) ,  it  operates  very 
successfully  with  the  transports  to  and  from  Honolulu  up  to  a  dis- 
tance of  about  1,000  miles. 

Military  telegraph  lines  were  maintained  connecting  departmental 
headquarters  at  Honolulu  with  all  stations  of  troops  on  Oahu.  They 
were: 

Honolulu  via  Fort  Shafter  to  Schofield  Barracks,  27f  milea 

Honolulu  via  Fort  Armstrong  to  Forts  Kamehameha,  De  Russy, 
and  Ruger,  19  miles.    Six  offices  handled  a  total  of  24,245  messages. 

THE  PANAMA  CANAL  ZONE. 

The  Signal  Corps  engineer  sent  to  the  Panama  Canal  Zone  in  con- 
nection with  the  installation  of  the  fire-control  systems  is  still  on 
duty  there.  The  work  has  been  under  the  direction  of  the  canal 
authorities  and  is  practicallv  complete. 

Radio  Company  A,  Signal  Corps,  was  transferred  from  the  United 
States  to  the  Canal  Zone  during  the  year,  and  arrived  at  Corozal 
December  16,  1916.  This  company  consisted  of  2  officers  and  74 
enlisted  men.  To  meet  the  need  for  additional  signal  troops  in  the 
Southern  Department  it  was  necessary  to  return  this  organization 
t»  the  TTnited  States  for  duty  in  that  department.  Twenty-eight 
enlisted  men  with  the  1-kilowatt  skid  set  and  2-kilowatt  wagon  set 
assigned  to  this  company  left  the  Canal  Zone  for  New  Orleans  on 


BEPOBT  OF  THB  OHIBF  SIGNAL  OFFIOBB.  871 

April  23,  1916,  and  the  remainder  of  the  company  sailed  June  25, 
1916.  A  platoon  of  Telegraph  Company  H,  Signal  Corps,  remained 
in  the  Canal  Zone  during  the  year  and  was  engaged  in  the  installa- 
tion and  maintenance  of  telephone  systems. 

UNITED  STATES. 

The  operations  of  the  corps  have,  in  addition  to  the  work  of  the 
aviation  section,  included  the  management  of  military  telegraph 
lines;  the  construction  of  military  telephone  lines  and  camp  tele- 
phone systems;  the  establishment  of  post  telephone  and  annunciator 
buzzer  target-range  systems ;  the  supply  of  signal  unit  accountability 
equipment  to  the  Army  and  the  National  Guard ;  the  supply  of  ma- 
terial for  the  maintenance  of  fire-control  systems  for  the  coast  de- 
fenses and  equipment  for  fort  signal  stations  for  communicating 
with  vessels  of  the  Navy ;  the  enlistment  and  training  of  recruits  in 
visual  signaling,  electricity,  radiotelegraphy,  and  telephone  matters; 
electrical  and  other  experimental  work;  and  the  preparation  of  the 
corps  for  war  and  .other  emergencies. 

Kadio  Company  A :  A  detachment  of  28  enlisted  men  of  this  com- 
pany arrived  at  Fort  Sam  Houston  from  the  Canal  2k)ne  April  29, 
1916.  Fourteen  men  of  this  detachment  with  radio  skid  set  No.  2  were 
stationed  at  Mission,  replacing  the  detachment  with  radio  tractor 
No.  2,  which  was  orderea  to  Columbus.  The  remaining  men  of  this 
detachment  with  wagon  radio  set  No.  6  were  stationed  at  Del  Rio. 
The  headquarters  of  Radio  Company  A,  consisting  of  2  officers  and 
47  enlisted  men,  with  all  equipment,  animals,  and  transportation, 
arrived  at  New  Orleans  from  the  Canal  2k)ne  June  30,  1916,  and 


transferred  from  Texas 
took  over  all  the  lines  of 
communication  established  and  operated  by  Telegraph  Company  H 
in  that  section  and  installed  additional  camp  telephone  systems  and 
telegraph  and  telephone  lines.  A  detachment,  stationed  at  Ojo  de 
Agua,  was  attacked  by  bandits  on  the  night  of  October  21,  1916; 
two  men  were  killed  and  three  seriously  wounded,  and  the  radio 
pack  set  destroyed.  On  March  11,  1916,  a  detachment  of  20  men  of 
this  company  with  radio  pack  sets  was  ordered  to  Columbus  for 
duty  with  the  punitive  expedition.  On  June  22,  1916,  the  company 
left  Mission  en  route  to  Brownsville  for  station,  arriving  at  that 
point  June  26, 1916. 
Field  Company  E :  A  detachment  of  18  enlisted  men  of  this  com- 

Eany  with  wagon  radio  set  No.  1  arrived  at  Fort  Sam  Houston  from 
[awaii  May  13,  1916,  and  was  sent  to  Eagle  Pass  for  station.  The 
headquarters  of  this  company,  consisting  of  1  officer  and  76  enlisted 
men,  was  ordered  from  Hawaii  on  June  18, 1916. 

Telegraph  Company  H:  This  company,  less  one  platoon  which  is 
stationed  m  the  Canal  Zone,  has  been  on  duty  in  the  Southern  De- 
partment during  the  year.  Detachments  have  been  engaged  in  the 
construction  and  repair  of  border  telephone  and  buzzer  lines;  the 
construction  of  a  telephone  line  from  Fort  Sam  Houston  to  Leon 
Springs;  the  installation  of  camp  telephone  systems;  and  the  main- 
tenance and  operation  of  the  buzzer  system  in  the  "  Big  Bead  "  dis- 
trict.   During  the  month  of  March  one  telegraph  section  of  this  com- 


872  REPORT  OP  THE  OHIEF  SIGNAL  OFFICER. 

• 

pany,  consisting  of  23  enlisted  men  with  section  equipment,  trans- 
portation, etc.,  was  ordered  to  Columbus  for  duty  with  the  punitive 
expedition,  and  10  additional  men  joined  the  detachment  at  that 
pomt  March  18, 1916. 

Field  Company  E  and  a  platoon  of  Depot  Company  M  were  ou 
duty  in  this  department  during  the  year.  Field  Company  E,  in 
addition  to  its  routine  duties,  carried  on  a  great  deal  of  experimental 
work  in  visual  signaling.  A  detachment  of  18  enlisted  men  with  a 
radio  wagon  set  were  returned  from  Honolulu  in  April,  1916,  for 
duty  in  the  Southern  Department.  The  balance  of  the  company  sub- 
sequently proceeded  to  the  Southern  Department,  sailing  from  Hono- 
lulu July  5,  1916.  The  personnel  of  the  platoon  of  Depot  Company 
M  was  engaged  on  fire-control  maintenance  and  telephone  work  in 
the  Hawaiian  Department  during  the  year. 

Field  Company  I :  This  company  has  been  on  duty  in  the  Southern 
Department  durmg  the  entire  year  with  headquarters  at  Camp  Fort 
Bliss  until  March  23,  1916,  when  it  was  transferred  to  Columbus  for 
duty  with  the  punitive  expedition.  This  company  operated  and 
maintained  the  ouzzer  system  in  the  " Big  Bend"  aistrict  until  re- 
lieved by  a  detachment  of  Telegraph  Company  H  during  January. 
The  company  also  operated  the  wagon  and  pack  radio  stations  m 
the  Hachita  and  Douglas  districts. 

GENERAL  DEPOTS  OF  SUPPLY, 

The  administration  of  the  Signal  Corps  general  supply  depots  at 
Fort  Wood,  Fort  Mason,  and  Omaha  has  continued  satisfiictory  dur- 
ing the  year.  To  meet  conditions  on  the  Mexican  border  and  to  fa- 
cilitate the  issue  of  unit-accountability  equipment  to  troops  assigned 
to  border  duty,  additional  supply  depots  were  established  at  San 
Antonio  and  El  Paso. 

The  total  weight  of  material  received  and  shipped  by  the  depots, 
not  including  the  San  Antonio  and  El  Paso,  aggregated  3,593  tons, 
comprising  56,830  packages,  boxes,  and  crates;  and  8,736  requisi- 
tions were  received  and  disposed  of. 

The  depot  repair  shops  nave  been  economically  utilized  in  the 
quick  repair  of  unserviceable  equipment  received  at  depots.  The 
total  value  of  material  repaired  was  $107,992.22;  the  cost  of  repairs 
exclusive  of  labor  was  $1,264.76. 

BORDER  TELEPHONE  LINES. 

During  the  months  of  September  and  October  last  the  military 
telephone  line  from  Laredo  to  Zapata  was  extended  from  the  latter 
point  to  San  Pedro  ranch  and  from  that  point  to  Roma,  connecting 
at  the  latter  place  with  the  commercial  telephone  system.  This  work 
was  completed  on  October  22  and  provides  continuous  telephonic 
communication  from  Laredo  to  Brownsville.  A  Government  tele- 
phone line  is  also  in  operation  from  Laredo  northward  to  Palafox. 

A  Signal  Corps  telephone  line  is  in  operation  from  Eagle  Pass  to 
Blockers  ranch  and  from  Eagle  Pass  to  Lehman's  ranch. 

Following  the  raid  on  the  patrol  station  at  Glen  Springs  in  May, 
a  detachment  of  Telegraph  Company  H  was  ordered  to  Marathon 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  CHIEF   SIGNAL  OPPICBB.  873 

for  the  purpose  of  constructing  a  buzzer  or  telephone  line  from  that 
point  to  Boquillas,  on  the  river.  A  buzzer  line  was  first  constructed 
and  later  converted  into  a  telephone  line. 

A  telephone  line  between  Hachita  and  Las  Cienegas  was  completed 
on  June  28  and  is  being  extended  to  Culberson^s  ranch  and  Alamo 
Hueco.  Buzzer  stations  were  installed  at  Marfa,  RawPs  ranch  (Ma- 
hon  ranch),  Terlingua,  Presidio,  Shafter,  Candelaria,  Quinn's  ranch, 
and  Alpine. 

There  are  at  present  approximately  677  miles  of  buzzer  and  tele- 
graph lines,  642  miles  of  telephone  lines,  and  19  radio  stations  in 
operation,  giving  what  is  believed  to  be  a  complete  system  along 
the  entire  border  and  enabling  the  officer  in  command  to  keep  in 
constant  touch  with  all  organizations  and  outposts. 

CABLE  SHIP. 

The  United  States  Army  transport  Bumside^  with  headquarters 
at  Seattle,  Wash.,  has  continued  on  duty  as  cable  ship  in  connection 
with  the  repair  and  maintenance  of  the  Alaskan  cable  system. 

MILrrAHY  TELEGRAPH   LINES. 

The  following  military  telegraph  lines  are  operated  and  main- 
tained in  the  United  States : 

(a)  Holbrook  to  Fort  Apache,  Ariz.  This  line  handles  official  and 
commercial  business.  A  relay  station  is  located  at  Snowflake,  30 
miles  from  Holbrook. 

(b)  Spofford  to  Fort  Clark,  Tex. — 10  miles — handles  official  and 
commercial  business. 

"  This  line  "  receipts,  amounting  to  $683.68,  were  collected  and  de- 
posited with  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States.  "  Other  line  "  tolls, 
amounting  to  $293.31,  were  collected  and  turned  over  to  connecting 
commercial  companies. 

Twenty-eight  offices  were  in  operation  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal 
year^  25  being  operated  by  enlisted  men  of  the  Signal  Corps  and  3 
by  civilian  operators. 

ARMr   SIGNAL  SCHOOL. 

Eleven  student  officers  composed  this  year's  class,  which  was  given 
instruction  in  the  same  subjects  as  the  previous  year,  but,  owing  to 
circumstances,  it  was  found  necessary  to  shorten  the  course  and 
graduate  the  class  on  May  10, 1916. 

POST  TELEPHONE   SYSTEMS. 

On  account  of  the  absence  of  the  garrisons  from  a  large  number 
of  posts  but  little  work  was  undertaken  during  this  year,  and  at 
several  of  the  posts  it  was  necessary  to  place  the  telephone  systems 
practically  out  of  commission,  leaving  only  such  telephones  as  were 
necessary  for  general  administrative  purposes.  Extensive  repairs 
were  made  at  Fort  Ontario  and  Fort  Oglethorpe.  Material  was 
supplied  and  telephone  systems  constructed  at  the  camps  of  instruc- 


874  BBPORT  OF  THE  OHIEF  SIGNAL  OFFICEB, 

tion  at  Plattsburg,  Tobyhanna,  and  Oglethorpe.  They  were  more  or 
less  of  a  temporarjr  nature  and  were  partially  dismantled  when  the 
camps  were  discontinued. 

In  the  Panama  Canal  2k)ne  common  battery  systems  were  installed 
at  head(][aarters,  United  States  troops,  Ancon,  consisting  of  a  50- 
drop  switchboard  and  48  telephones;  camp  at  Empire,  100-drop 
switchboard  and  81  telephones;  Camp  GaiUard.  100-drop  switch- 
board and  69  telephones;  Corozal,  100-drop  switchboard  and  72  tele- 
phones ;  Gatun,  local  battery  system  with  a  60-drop  switchboard  and 
24  telephones.  The  telephone  system  at  Camp  E.  S.  Otis  was  recon- 
structed and  new  motor  generator  set  and  switchboard  were  installed. 

At  Fort  Huachuca  a  complete  new  underground  system  with  a  200- 
line  common  battery  switchboard  and  approximately  100  telephones 
and  all  the  necessary  underground  distribution  was  installed,  giving 
this  post  a  telephone  system  of  the  most  modem  type. 

New  switchboards  were  installed  at  Forts  George  Wright,  Mc- 
Dowell, and  Clark.  These  switchboards  are  of  greater  capacity,  to 
care  for  extensions. 

TAROBT-RANGB  BUZZER  ANNUNCIATOR  SYSTEMS. 

No  new  installations  were  undertaken.  More  or  less  work  was 
necessary  at  all  ranges  to  place  them  in  proper  condition  for  the 
target  seasons.  Extensive  repairs  were  made  to  the  ranges  at  Foils 
Ethan  Allen  and  Leavenworth  and  I^eon  Springs.  These  systems 
were  thoroughly  overhauled  and  placed  in  first-class  condition.  Plans 
and  estimates  for  a  new  system  to  be  installed  on  the  range  at  Fort 
Huachuca  were  prepared  and  submitted. 

FIBE-CONTBOL  SYSTEMS  AT  COAST-DEFENSE  COMMANDS. 

While  the  Signal  Corps  is  now  only  charged  with  the  supply  of 
material  for  the  installation  and  maintenance  of  the  fire-control 
systems  at  coast-defense  commands,  advice  and  recommendations  are 
usually  requested  in  connection  with  all  estimates.  The  usual  amount 
of  mamtenance  work  has  been  performed.  It  consisted  of  more  or 
less  reconstruction  work  in  connection  with  both  the  fire-control  and 
post-telephone  systems  at  practically  all  the  Coast  Artillery  posts. 

COMMERCIAL    TELEPHONE    SERVICE    FOR    COAST-DEFENSB    COM- 
MANDS. 

Commercial  telephone  service  at  posts  in  the  coast-defense  com- 
mands is  provided  for  from  funds  specially  appropriated  for  this 
purpose  and  expended  by  the  Signal  Corps.  iTiis  service  is  ob- 
tained in  most  cases  through  trunk  lines  to  the  Government  switch- 
board. At  the  remaining  posts  the  local  authorities  desire  to  con- 
tinue the  present  system  of  renting  lines  and  the  necessary  instru- 
ments. Provisions  nave  been  made  for  commercial  telephone  service 
at  all  the  coast-defense  posts,  with  the  exception  of  the  defenses  at 
Mobile,  where  the  local  conditions  do  not  warrant  the  expenditure. 
Eight  thousand  five  himdred  dollars  was  expended  for  this  purpose 
during  the  past  fiscal  year,  and  a  like  amount  has  been  appropriated 
for  the  fiscal  year  1917.    The  policy  of  arranging  for  the  direct  con- 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  SIGNAL.  OFFICER. 


875 


nection  of  the  commercial  trunk  lines  to  the  post  telephone  switch- 
boards has  resulted  in  a  decided  improvement  to  the  service. 

PEBSONNEL  OF  THE  SIGNAL  COBPa 

The  enlisted  strength  of  the  Signal  Corps  aggregates  1,638  men, 
including  339  men  in  the  aviation  section.  During  the  fiscal  year 
the  following  changes  took  place:  Enlisted  and  reenlisted,  315,  of 
whom  258  were  recruits;  deserted.  26,  being  1.76  per  cent  of  the  total 
force;  died,  6,  0.4  per  cent;  discharged  for  disability,  14,  0.95  per 
oent;  discharged  by  purchase,  98,  6.65  per  cent.  There  were  77  en- 
listed men  transferred  to  the  reserve  during  the  year. 

ENGINEEBING  DIVISION— SIGNAL   OFFICE. 

The  work  handled  during  the  fiscal  year  was:  Orders  placed,  1,950; 
vouchers  audited  and  paid,  2,629;  transportation  requests  prepared, 
900;  advertisements  for  proposals  issued,  about  7,000  copies  dis- 
tributed, 850;  shipping  manifests  on  supply  depots,  3,021. 

Letters,  memoranda,  post-card  notices,  and  a  large  number  of 
other  miscellaneous  papers  pertaining  to  these  items  are  not  in- 
cluded in  the  statement,  it  bemg  impracticable  to  maintain  a  record 
of  the  number. 

Eighty-one  illustrations  were  prepared  and  35  revised  for  use 
with  the  revised  edition  of  Signal  Corps  Manual  No.  3.  Approid- 
mately  8,500  copies  of  blue  prints  and  lithographs  were  issued  in  con- 
nection with  the  purchase  of  supplies  and  lor  the  information  of  the 
technical  force  in  the  field. 

The  following  shows  the  disbursements  from  Signal  Corps  ap- 
propriations during  the  fiscal  year : 


Appropriation. 


fiigDAl  Service  of  the  Army  1916 

Signal  Service  of  the  Army  1916-17 

Maintenance,  etc.,  fire  control  installations  at  seacoast  defenses . . . , 
Maintenance,  etc.,  fire  control  installations  at  seacoast  defenses,  insa 

lar  possessions 

Washington-Alaska  Military  Cable  and  Telecraph  System.  1916.... 

Commercial  telephone  service  at  Coast  Artillery  posts,  1915-16 

Commercial  telephone  service  at  Coast  Artillery  posts,  1916 

Repairs  of  deep  sea  military  cables 

Expenses,  commission  on  selection  of  site  for  aviation  school,  1916.. 


Amount. 


1600,000.00 
600,000.00 
135,327.23 

11,244.13 
60,000.00 
1,222.00 
6,500.00 
5,901.97 
1,000.00 


Disburse- 
ments. 


1600,000.00 
600,000.00 
128.534.67 

10,500.31 

50,000.00 

1,220.10 

5,673.31 

5,991.07 

074.10 


Balance 
unex- 
pended. 


•6,792.56 
653.92 


1.90 
826.69 


25.90 


The  following  shows  the  disbursements   i'or  allotments  to  the 
Signal  Corps  during  the  fiscal  year : 


Appropriation. 


Fire  control  installations 

Board  of  Ordnance  and  FortiAcatfons. 

Equipment  of  Coast  Artillery  armories,  Organized  Militia. 

Panama  fcortifications 

Arms,  uuirorms,  equipments,  etc.,  Orguiized  Militia,  1916 
Field  ArtiUery  for  Organized  Militia,  1915-1917 


Amount. 


186,865.47 

18,000.00 

960.62 

2,170.26 

17,068.00 

16,000.00 


Disburse- 
ments. 


158,688.24 

8,606.31 

080.62 

2,170.26 

17,068.00 

4,895.02 


Balance 
unex- 
pended. 


128.177.23 
14,351.69 


n,6ai.96 


876  RBPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  SIGNAL  OFFICEB. 

SIGNAL  CORPS  LABORAlt)RY. 

The  laboratory,  maintained  in  connection  with  the  Engineering 
Division,  is  proving  more  and  more  valuable  each  year  in  connection 
with  the  development  of  equipment  and  the  construction  of  models, 
as  well  as  the  construction  of  certain  radio  equipment  which  it  is 
impracticable  to  procure  from  manufacturing  companies. 

A  larse  portion  of  the  work  during  the  past  year  was  in  connection 
with  radio  equipment  and  numerous  improvements  have  been  made 
in  both  the  portable  and  station  sets,  especially  the  receiver  used 
with  these.  In  order  to  obtain  satisfactory  field  equipment  that 
will  withstand  the  hard  use  to  which  it  is  subjected,  it  is  necessary 
that  some  portions  of  the  pack  radio  sets  be  constructed  by  the 
Signal  Corps  as  well  as  a  complete  set  assembled  under  the  direct 
supervision  of  those  having  expert  knowledge  in  this  line.  While 
this  work  has  taxed  the  laboratory  to  its  utmost  capacity,  practically 
no  delay  has  been  experienced  in  getting  these  sets  out,  and  during 
the  year  36  were  assembled. 

It  has  still  been  found  impracticable  to  have  the  portable  radio 
masts  used  for  field  sets  made  up  elsewhere  and  it  has  therefore 
been  necessary  that  this  work  be  done  in  the  laboratory.  During 
the  year  there  has  been  made  up  fifty-six  40-foot  masts  and  twenty- 
four  80- foot  masts. 

Another  field  telephone  switchboard  for  brigade  purposes,  similar 
to  the  one  made  up  last  yearj  but  embodying  many  improvements, 
was  constructed  and  is  now  m  the  field  for  test.  Several  models 
of  a  new  and  improved  breast  reel,  also  for  use  in  connection  with 
the  brigade  telephone  equipment,  were  constructed  and  are  now 
undergomff  tests  m  the  field  with  the  other  equipment.  A  model  of 
a  new  field  induction  telegraph  set  embodying  improvements  over 
the  present  set  was  constructeKl  and  is  now  being  tested. 


PUBLICATIONS. 

RADIOTELEORAPHT. 

l%e  revised  edition  of  this  manual,  which  is  issued  as  Signal 
Corps  Circular  No.  1,  1914  (revised  May,  1915),  has  been  distributed 
to  the  service.  This  manual,  in  its  new  form,  treats  in  an  elementary 
way  of  the  general  principles  of  radiotelegraphy  and  has  been  an 
important  aid  in  lamiliarizing  the  service  with  the  operation, 
care,  and  maintenance  of  the  radiotelegraph  sets  issued  by  the 
Signal  Corps. 

RADIO  LOG  BOOK. 

The  new  edition  of  the  Radio  Log  Book  has  been  received  from 
the  printer  and  issued  to  the  personnel  at  radio  stations  of  the  Army. 
The  revised  edition  of  this  book  contains  instructions  and  infor- 
mation for  the  station  personnel. 

PRICE  LIST. 

The  price*  list  of  equipment  and  material,  issued  annually  to  the 
Army  and  the  National  Guard,  was  revised  to  June  30,  1916,  and 
issues  have  been  made.  This  pamphlet,  in  its  new  form,  shows  the 
unit  price,  weight,  and  revised  nomenclature  of  standard  equipment, 
maintenance  parts,  and  material  issued  bv  the  Signal  Corps  in  con- 
nection with  visual  signaling,  fire  control  installations  of  the  Coast 
and  Field  Artillery,  and  post  telephone  and  small-arms  target-range 
systems. 

SIGNAI]  CX)RPS  MANUAL  NO.  2. 

The  revised  edition  of  this  manual,  "  Regulations  for  United  States 
Military  Telegraph  Lines,  Alaskan  Cables,  and  Telegraph  Stations, 
U.  S.  Signal  Corps,"  with  all  technical  matter  eliminated,  has  been 
received  from  the  printer  and  issued  to  the  service. 

SIGNAL  CORPS  MANUAL  NO.  3. 

Signal  Corps  Manual  No.  3,  "Electrical  Instruments  and  Tele- 
phones of  the  U.  S.  Signal  Corps,"  has  been  rewritten.  The  new 
manual  is  entitled  "  Technical  Equipment  of  the  Signal  Corps."  Re- 
vised text  of  portions  of  Signal  Corps  Manuals  3,  4,  and  7  are  em- 
bodied in  the  new  manual,  together  with  a  great  amount  of  original 
text  fully  illustrated.  This  manual  contains  technical  information 
on  various  subjects  relative  to  telephony,  telegraphy,  cable  systems, 
aerial-line  construction,  post-telepnone  systems,  submarine  cables, 
and  submarine  telegraphy,  as  well  as  an  enumeration  of  all  standard 
Signal  Corps  equipment,  with  detailed  description  of  various  ap- 

877 


878  BBPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  SIOKAL  OFFIOEB. 

paratus  and  their  uses.    The  new  edition  is  now  being  printed  and 
will  be  ready  for  issue  in  the  near  future. 

SIGNAL  CORPS  MANUAL  NO.  8. 

The  revised  edition  of  Signal  Corps  Manual  No.  8,  "Apparatus  for 
Fire  Control  and  Direction,"  fully  described  in  my  last  annual  re- 
port, has  been  received  from  the  printer  and  issued  to  the  service. 

SIGNAL  BOCK,  UNITED  STATES  ARMY. 

The  Army  Signal  Book  (1916)  has  been  received  from  the  printer 
and  distribution  made.  This  publication  has  b^n  completely  re- 
written and  all  existing  inconsistencies  in  signaling  methods  elimi- 
nated. 


RADIOTELEGRAPHT. 

Continual  improvements  are  being  made  in  the  radio  equipment 
furnished  by  the  Signal  Corps,  in  order  that  the  equipment  supplied 
may  keef  pace  with  the  rapid  advancement  of  the  art. 

There  are  now  being  constructed  under  the  direct  supervision  of 
the  Engineering;  Division  of  this  office  eight  wa^on  sets,  which  will 
embody  many  miprovements  over  those  previously  constructed. 

Much  work  is  also  being  done  toward  the  development  of  equip- 
ment for  the  construction  of  a  number  of  additional  2-kilowatt  trac- 
tor sets,  which  will  be  along  the  lines  of  those  now  operating  so  suc- 
cessfully along  the  Mexican  border. 

More  or  less  work  has  been  done  with  a  view  of  equipping  the 
radio  hand  generators  with  an  engine  drive,  and  while  this,  to  a 
certain  extent,  has  been  successful,  a  satisfactory  engine  has  not  yet 
been  found.  The  sets  so  equipped,  however,  aVe  ^^ving  very  g6<xl 
service,  and  by  their  use  make  available  several  men  in  each  case 
for  other  purposes  who  would  be  required  to  operate  the  hand  gen- 
erators. 

Material  is  being  assembled  for  the  construction  of  a  large  radio 
station  at  Fort  Bliss,  which  will  be  similar  to  the  one  now  erected  at 
Fort  Sam  Houston.  Estimates  have  also  been  prepared  for  stations 
at  Forts  Mcintosh  and  Huachuca,  and  it  is  expected  that  these  sta- 
tions will  be  erected  during  the  coming  year. 

While  no  large  installations  were  made  during  this  year,  several 
of  the  Coast  Artillery  posts  and  harbor  boats  were  equipped  with 
250- watt  sets.  Th^  were  the  Randal^  Morrison^  Anderaar^  Arnold^ 
Oetty^  Bramvofu  JVeeks^  Pickering^  and  Reno.  These  installations 
were  made  partlv  under  the  supervision  of  the  Signal  Corps.  Sets 
installed  on  the  harbor  boats  Mifflin  and  Howard  were  installed  by 
the  personnel  of  the  Coast  Artillery.  Two  hundred  and  fifty-watt 
table  sets  were  also  installed  at  Fort  Constitution,  Fort  Caswell,  Fort 
Moultrie,  Fort  Date,  Fort  Terry,  and  Fort  San  Jacinto.  Fort 
Adams,  K.  I.,  was  equipped  with  a  1-kilowatt  coast  defense  radio 
station. 

An  additional  motor  generator  set  was  installect  in  the  radio  sta- 
tion at  Fort  Winfield  Scott,  this  set  to  operate  from  the  direct-current 
post  power  system.  With  the  installation  of  this  set  three  sources 
of  power  are  now  available  for  the  operation  of  the  station  and  its 
continuous  operation  is  practically  assured. 

The  five  mine  planters  in  the  United  States,  namely,  Armistead^ 
Rinpgoldy  Schofield^  Ord^  and  Franks  were  equipped  with  1-kilowatt 
radio  sets,  including  the  antenna  and  other  necessary  equipment.  On 
several  occasions,  wnen  the  transports  stationed  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
were  placed  in  or  out  of  commission,  the  Signal  Corps  has  overhauled 
or  dismantled  the  radio  sets.  The  radio  equipment  on  the  trans- 
Pacific  transports  has  been  properly  maintained,  and  such  repairs 

879 


880 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  OHIEF  SIONAI.  OFFIGEB. 


as  were  necessary  were  made  during  the  st^  of  these  transports  at 
San  Francisco.  At  Fort  Wood,  New  York  Harbor,  a  new  steel  tower 
was  erected  to  replace  a  wooden  mast  partially  destroyed  by  storm. 

The  Signal  Corps  radio  laboratory  at  the  Bureau  of  Standards 
has  continued  to  render  valuable  service  in  the  improvement  of  the 
present  radio  equipment  and  in  designing  and  testing  such  new  ap- 
paratus as  conditions  have  shown  to  be  necessary.  Improvements 
iiave  been  made  in  the  pack  and  larger  sizes  of  receiving  sets,  so  that 
it  is  possible  with  the  present  sets  to  handle  messages  that  would 
have  been  inaudible  with  the  former  types.  The  work  of  standardi- 
zation of  the  radio  equipment  has  been  continued  so  as  to  secure  as 
far  as  possible  complete  interchangeability  of  parts. 

Mutual  benefits  have  been  derived  by  the  cooperation  of  the  labora- 
tory of  the  Signal  Corps  with  those  maintained  by  the  Department 
of  Commerce  and  by  the  Navy  Department,  particularly  in  the  con- 
stant interchange  of  data  that  has  prevented  a  needless  duplication 
of  work. 

Radio  stations  installed  by  the  Signal  Corps, 


Name  of  station. 


VNITED  STATES. 


Fort  Adams,  R.I 

Fort  Andrew,  Mass 

Fort  Barrancas,  Fla 

Brownsville.  Tex 

Fort  Caswell.  N .  Y 

Fort  Constitution,  N.  H 

Fort  Crockett.  Tex 

Fort  Dade,  Fla 

FortH.  G.Wriiht.N.Y 

Fort  Hancock,  N.  J 

Fort  Howard.  Iffd 

Fort  Leavenworth,  Kans 

Fort  Leavenworth,  Kans.,  Army  Signal  School. 

FortLevett,  Iffe 

Fort  Iffonroe,  Va 

Fort  Monroe,  Va.,  Coast  Artillerv  Bchool 

Fort  Morsan,  Ala. 

Fort  Motutrie.  8.  C 

FortRIlej,  Kans 

Fort  Rosecrans,  C^l 

Fort  Sam   Houston,  Tex 

Fort  San  Jacinto.  Tex 

Fort  Screven,  Oa 

Fort  Stevens,  Oreg .-. 

Fort  Terry,  N.Y 

FortTotten,  N.  Y 

Washington,  D.  C,  Signal  Corps  Laboratory 

Fort  Whitman,  Wash 

Fort  Wbifield  Scott,  Cal 

FortWood.  N.  Y 

Fort  Worden.  Wash 


WUU 

WUA 

WZD 

WUZ 

WUT 

WZE 

WUX 

WZK 

WUC 

WUB 

WZB 

WUD 

WUV 

WUE 

WUF 

WUO 

WUR 

WZF 

WUI 

WUS 

WUJ 

WUY 

WZA 

WUK 

WUW 

WUL 

WUF 

WZC 

WUO 

WUM 

WUN 


ALA8K\. 

Circle  City !  WVA 

Fairbanks i  WVB 

Fort  Egbert I  WVC 

FortOlbbon WVD 

Fort  St.  Michael WVE 

KoUIk WVF 

Nome I  WVO 


Nulato 

Petersburg. 
WrangeU.. 


FBUrpDIK  tSLAKDS. 


Fort  Fnnk  (Carabfto  Iitand).. 
Fort  Hughes  (CabaUo  IilaiKi). 
Fort  MUbTComgidor  lalaM). 
Fort  MUlt  (Oomgldor  laland) 


WVH 
WVI 
WVJ 


WVL 
WVM 
WVN 
WVZ 


Power, 
kilowatts. 


1 
1 
1 
2 


1 
1 
1 
8 
1 
1 
1 
1 


1 


10 


] 


1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 


3 
6 
5 
10 
3 
1 

10 

10 

1 

1 


10 


I 


Whether  open  to  public 
MCYiee. 


Not  open  to  public 

Do. 

Do. 

Da 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Experimental. 
Not  open  to  public 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Da 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Da 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Experimental. 
Not  open  to  public 

Do. 

Do. 
Open  to  public  service 


Open  to  pabUc 
Da 
Do. 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 


Not  opeo  to  pablir  eervica. 
Da 


ot  open  ti 
(aujoUary 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  SIGNAL  OFFICER. 


881 


Radio  stations  installed  by  the  Signal  Corps — Continued. 


Name  of  station. 


pHiLipnNX  ISLANDS— continued. 

Fort  Drum  (El  Frafle  Island) 

Fort  William  McKjnley  (Kizal) 

Fort  Wint  (Grande  Island) 

Manila 

HAWAD. 

Fort  De  Roflsy  (Honolulu) 

FortShafter 

UMITBD  STATES  ASMT  TRANSPOET  8EBVICB. 

Buford 

Bumside  (used  as  cable  ship) 

Crook 

Dix 

Kflpatrick 

Liscum 

Logan 

Meade 1 

McClellan 

Merritt 

Sheridan 

Sherman 

Sumner 

Thomas 

Warren 

CABLE  SHIPS. 

Bumside.    (See  Transports.) 

Cyrus  W.  Field 

Joseph  Henry , 


ATBILLEBT  HABBOB  TU08. 


Captain  A.  M.  WetherOl. . 
Captain  Chas.  W.  RowelL . 
Captain  Gregory  Barrett . . 
Captain  James  Fomance. . 
Captain  T.  M.  Morrison. . . 
(leneral  A.  M.  Randol 


General  G.  W.  Getty. , 

General  George  H.  Weeks. . . , 

General  Harvey  Brown 

General  J.  M.  Brannan , 

General  MifRin 

General  Nathaniel  Greene 

(}eneral  R.  B.  Ayers 

General  R.  H.  Jackson 

General  R.  N.  Batchelder. . . . 

General  Richard  Arnold , 

(leneral  Robert  Anderson. . . . 
(General  Robert  Swartwout . . . 

Generals.  B.  Holabird 

General  Timothy  Pickering. . 

Henry  Wilson , 

Lieutenant  George  M.  Harris. 

Major  Albert  G.  Forse 

Ma,  or  Evan  Thomas 

Major  Guy  Howard , 

Reno. 


Spricx  (Carroll. 
San  Pedro 


Colonel  (3eorge  Armistead. . 
(General  Royal  T.  Frank. . . 
(General  Samuel  M.  Mills. . . 
Qen«al  Henry  J.  Himt. . . . 

Qen«al  Henry  Knox 

General  Edward  O.  C.  Ord. 
General  John  M.  Sohofleld.. 
Migor  Samuel  Ringgold 


UNRXD  STATES  ABMT  MINB  PLANTBB8. 


laUTIA  ABMOBHa. 


Fvirtland,  Me. 


CaU 

Power, 

letter. 

kilowatts. 

WVP 

1 

WVQ 

WVR 

1 

WVU 

1 

WZO 

2 

WZH 

1 

WXA 

3 

WXR 

3 

WXB 

2 

WXC 

3 

WXD 

2 

WXE 

2 

WXP 

6 

wxo 

2 

WXH 

2 

WXI 

2 

WXJ 

6 

WXK 

6 

WXL 

3 

WXM 

6 

WXN 

2 

WX8 

3 

WXT 

1 

WYT 

1 

WYI 

WYP 

■ 

WYM 

' 

WYZ 

WYJ 

. 

WYS 

. 

WZT 

WYK 

■ 

WZV 

WZX 

WZR 

WYL 

WYW 

, 

WZW 

WYY 

WYH 

1 

WYU 

, 

WYV 

, . 

WZQ 

WZ8 

WYR 

WYQ 

WYO 

■  i 

WZY 

, 

WYN 

WZU 

WZZ 

Y 

WYG 

WYA 

WYB 

2 

WYD 

WYB 

WYF 

wxw 

WYC 

WXV 

i 

Whether  open  to  public 
service. 


Not  open  to  public  service. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Not  open  to  public  aervksu 
Do. 


Open  to  public  lervloe. 
Not  open  to  public  servloew 
Open  to  public  aervioti 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


Not  open  to  pabllo 
Do. 


NotopsntopabUo 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Not  open  to  pahlle 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Do. 


e8176'— WAB 1916— VOL  1- 


56 


MILITARY  AVIATION. 

The  concentration  of  the  forces  composing  the  punitive  expedition 
to  Mexico  marked  a  distinct  step  in  military  aviation  in  the  United 
States.  It  was  the  first  time  tnis  branch  of  the  service  had  been 
called  upon  to  put  a  tactical  unit  into  the  field.  There  was  only  one 
such  in  the  service,  namely,  a  small  squadron,  the  First,  at  San  An- 
tonio, Tex.  This^  while  equipped  with  as  good  material  as  could  be 
obtained  at  the  time,  had  only  eight  low-powered  machines,  Th^ 
machines  at  the  time  of  their  transportation  to  Columbus  had  been  in 
service  for  many  months.  The  altitudes  encountered  in  Mexico,  up 
to  12,000  feet,  the  vast  distances  to  be  covered,  and  the  lack  of  culti- 
vated areas  and  resources  in  general  made  this  theater  one  of  the 
hardest  to  operate  in  which  any  army  had  ever  entered.  The  few 
machines  were  rapidly  used  up,  although  they  did  a  great  amount  of 
flying  and  rendered  extremely  valuable  service  to  the  punitive 
expedition. 

The  urgent  deficiency  act  of  March  31,  1916,  gave  the  aviation 
section  of  the  Signal  Corps  $500,000,  the  greatest  sum  up  to  that 
time  that  had  been  appropriated  at  any  one  time  for  aviation  in  the 
Army.  A  board  of  officers  of  the  aviation  section,  who  were  experts 
in  the  construction  and  purchase  of  material,  was  assembled  at  Wadi- 
ington  and  consulting  engineers  of  the  highest  caliber  obtained.  This 
board  recommended  certain  types  of  material  to  be  bought,  and,  as  a 
result,  a  squadron  equipment  of  twelve  160-200  horsepower  military 
tractor  biplanes  was  purchased  and  delivered  to  the  aero  squadron 
with  the  punitive  expedition  in  Mexico.  Other  material  was  pur- 
chased for  the  squadron,  so  that  it  gradually  became  a  spendidly 
equipped  organization  complete  in  all  details,  that  is,  aeroplanes, 
motor  trucks,  portable  machme  shops,  automatic  photographic  came- 
ras, machine  gims,  shoulder  rifles,  bombs,  and  other  accessories. 

In  spite  of  the  success  obtained  in  organizmg  and  equipping  this 
first  squadron,  although,  indeed,  much  time  and  effort  has  been  re- 
quired to  do  so,  it  appears  that  even  up  to  the  present  time  the  state 
of  the  art  of  aeroplane  construction  in  this  country  is  not  satisfac- 
tory and  it  is  still  impossible  to  obtain  suitable  material  in  large 
amounts  on  short  notice.  Due  also  to  the  entire  difference  of  the 
theater  of  operations  of  the  American  Army  in  Mexico  from  the 
European  theater  of  war,  the  aeroplanes  required  in  the  United 
States  must  be  of  quite  a  different  type.  Many  things  relating  to 
them  remain  to  be  learned  and  worked  out  before  an  entirely  satis- 
factory machine  is  obtained. 

One  deficiency  which  made  itself  very  apparent  was  the  propeller 
difficulty  that  was  experienced  in  the  hiffh  altitudes  and  dry  atmos- 
phere of  northern  Mexico.  For  a  while  the  difficulty  of  keeping 
propellers  in  condition  and  obtaining  suitable  onc^  nullified  the  oper- 
ations of  the  squadron.    This,  however,  proved  in  the  end  to  be  an 

882 


BEPORT  OF   THE   CHIEF   SIGNAL  OFFICER.  883 

advantage,  because  experience  was  gained  in  the  construction  of  pro- 
pellers that  could  have  been  obtained  in  no  other  way.  All  sorts  of 
propeUers  were  ordered,  a  propeller-making  plant  established  at  Co- 
lumbus, and  engineering  talent  all  over  the  country  enlisted  in  the 
solution  of  the  problem.  The  results  have  been  good,  and  the  squad- 
ion  is  now  in  service  condition.  Indeed,  it  is  reported  that  aero- 
planes are  habitually  carrying  the  mails  from  Columbus  to  the  com- 
manding general's  neadquarters  at  Colonia  Dublan  some  hundred 
miles  away,  the  distance  being  covered  in  about  65  minutes. 

As  to  the  general  development  of  material,  the  technical  aero  ad- 
visory and  inspection  board  of  the  Si^al  Corps,  assisted  by  consult- 
ing engineers,  has  sent  out  specifications  for  various  types  of  aero- 
planes, has  assisted  manufacturers  in  the  .design  of  equipment  of  all 
sorts,  and  has  availed  itself  of  all  sources  of  information — ^the  Bu- 
reau of  Standards  for  the  test  of  material,  the  opinions  of  distin- 
guished engineers,  and  the  actual  trial  of  various  devices  in  the  air. 
In  addition,  aeroplanes  of  the  latest  type  have  been  ordered  from 
abroad. 

An  inspection  department,  composed  of  civilian  engineers,  has 
been  organized  and  distributed  among  the  various  factories  that  are 
manufacturing  aeroplane  equipment  for  the  Army. 

The  field  oi  inspection  not  only  embraces  the  manufacture  of  all 
sorts  of  heavier-than-air  equipment  for  the  aviation  section,  but 
extends  also  to  the  units  in  the  field  and  to  the  determination  of  what 
materials  must  be  obtained  in  advance  for  possible  emergencies. 

An  aerostatic  division  has  been  established  in  the  aviation  section. 
Its  organization  is  now  going  forward  and  recommendations  have 
been  made  that  the  first  balloon  school  be  established  at  Fort  Omaha, 
Nebr.  A  large  balloon  shed,  a  hydrogen  gas  plant,  and  other  equip- 
ment is  already  there.  Captive  balloon  organizations  will  be  equip- 
ped as  soon  as  practicable  and  instruction  with  training  dirigibles 
will  be  inaugurated. 

The  aero  company  in  the  Philippine  Islands  has  been  maintained 
as  originally  planned,  and  is  gradually  building  its  quarters,  hangars, 
and  equipment.  It  still  has  the  old  equipment  of  aeroplanes  which 
will  be  replaced  as  soon  as  possible. 

The  Signal  Corps  Aviation  School  at  San  Diego,  Cal.,  has  con- 
tinued to  turn  out  expert  military  aviators,  and,  it  is  believed,  that 
the  principles  of  flying,  as  taught  at  this  school  and  evidenced  by 
its  graduates,  are  second  to  none.  A  field  officers'  course  in  aviation 
has  been  established  here  in  accordance  with  Paragraph  V,  Bulletin 
No.  35,  War  Department,  September  13,  1916.  There  are  at  present 
45  officers  of  the  Army  undergoing  instruction  at  this  institution, 
which  is  the  greatest  number  that  has  ever  been  on  duty  at  that 
place  at  one  time.  In  addition,  two  officers  of  the  Marine  Corps  are 
being  trained  and  some  enlisted  men. 

The  matter  of  the  location  of  the  aviation  school,  to  be  permanently 
established  in  California,  is  receiving  consideration,  ana  a  site  will 
be  purchased  in  the  near  future. 

The  site  for  an  experimental  and  proving  ground  is  now  being  se- 
lected and  will  be  purchased  as  soon  as  a  decision  is  reached.  A 
f  roper  site  which  fulfills  all  the  conditions  is  quite  difficult  to  obtain. 
t  must  be  located  near  manufacturing  centers,  have  water  enough  so 


884  BBPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  SIGNAL  OFFICSB. 

that  the  firing  of  all  sorts  of  ordnance  and  the  dropping  of  explosive 
missiles  may  oe  carried  on.    It  must  be  near  railways,  comparatively 
flat,  and  well  drained. 
The  project  for  the  development  of  the  aviation  section  contem- 

Shites  7  aero  squadrons  for  the  Regular  Army,  12  squadrons  for  the 
lational  Guard  Divisions,  and  5  for  the  defenses  on  both  coasts 
besides  aerostatic  units  for  the  mobile  Army  and  Coast  Artillery. 
The  personnel  for  these  will  be  made  up  from  the  Regular  Army, 
both  officers  and  enlisted  men,  of  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the 
Reserve  Corps,  and  of  National  Guard  units.  To  train  this  personnel, 
the  facilities  of  the  civilian  aviation  schools  will  be  utilizeKi  to  their 
maximum,  and  finishing  schools  for  such  personnel  have  already 
been  established  and  are  being  maintained  at  Chicago  in  the  Central 
Department.^  and  Mineola,  Long  Island,  in  the  Eastern  Department, 
by  the  aviation  section.  The  tentative  system  to  be  followed  in  the 
general  organization  of  the  aviation  section  is  as  prescribed  in  Gen- 
eral Orders  No.  55,  War  Department,  1916,  which  is  as  follows: 

TENTATIVE    SYSTEM    FOB    THE    GENERAL   OBOANIZATION    OF    THE    AVIATION    SECTION, 

SIGNAL  CORPS. 

Aside  from  the  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  Regular  Army,  the  aviation 
personnel  will  consist  of  civilians  employed  by  the  aviation  section  of  the  Signal 
Corps,  reserve  officers,  enlisted  men  of  the  Enlisted  Reserve  Corps,  and  Na- 
tional Guard  organizations  mustered  into  the  service  of  the  United  States. 

As  far  as  flying  is  concerned,  nearly  all  the  personnel  must  be  trained  from 
uninstructed  materiaL  This  also  applies,  to  a  great  esctent.  to  mechanicians 
and  chauffeurs. 

In  general,  the  central  office  will  provide  for  three  divisions  of  duty. 

First. — ^The  provision  of  adequate  material,  such  as  aeroplanes  and  their  ac- 
cessories. This  involves  the  preparation  of  specification  for  the  material  and  Its 
Inspection  under  the  Inspection  department  of  the  central  office.  The  inspection 
department  in  future  is  Intended  not  only  to  reach  all  manufacturing  plants  and 
producers  of  material,  but  also  all  materials  in  the  hands  of  tactical  units. 

Second, — ^A  system  by  which  the  personnel  will  be  trained.  This  Involves  a 
school  system  for  the  officers  and  a  training  system  for  the  men  in  both  civilian 
and  military  institutions. 

Third, — ^The  establishment  of  tactical  units,  their  administration  and  supply. 

The  first  will  be  handled  by  the  central  office  through  Its  technical  depart- 
ments, and  issues  of  supplies  ordered  when  and  where  necessary. 

The  second  will  be  decentralized,  as  fat  as  possible,  but  will  be  under  the 
general  Jurisdiction  of  the  central  office  in  the  same  manner  as  other  military 
educational  institutions  and  service  schools  are  under  the  War  Department. 
There  will  be  two  general  categories  of  schools:  (a)  The  United  States  Army 
aviation  schools  (such  as  the  one  now  at  San  Diego,  Cal.).  whose  number,  for 
the  time  being  at  least,  is  intended  to  be  8;  that  is,  1  for  the  Pacific  coast  1 
for  the  Central  States,  and  1  for  the  East;  (b)  civilian  schools  maintained 
by  manufacturers  or  others,  which  may  be  utilized  for  preliminary  trainiug 
purposes. 

The  country  will  be  divided  into  three  school  districts.  The  conunanding 
officer  of  the  school  at  San  Diego  will  have  general  Jurisdiction  over  all  the 
schools  in  the  Western  Department,  the  commanding  officer  of  the  school  In 
the  central  part  of  the  country  will  have  Jurisdiction  over  all  the  schools  In 
t)  •  Central  and  Southern  Departments,  and  the  commanding  officer  of  the  school 
in  the  E^t  will  have  Jurisdiction  over  all  the  schools  in  the  Eastern  Department. 

It  is  intended  to  send  aviation  personnel  for  all  formations,  except  those  of 
the  Regular  Army,  to  civilian  aviation  schools  to  obtain  their  preliminary  In- 
Btructlon,  after  which  they  may  finish  their  course  at  the  Army  aviation  schools 
and  obtain  their  military  aviators*  ratings. 

Th'>  civilian  schools  will  be  handled  along  the  following  lines : 

(o)  A  type  of  training  machine  will  be  prescribed  by  the  Government  for  the 
TS'i  ci  the  schools;  (5)  the  schools  will  be  given  a  certain  compensation  tor  thm 


REPOBT  OF  THE   CHIEF   SIGNAL  OFFICER.  885 

Instruction  of  such  personnel  as  may  be  assigned  to  them — this  reimbursement 
will  include  the  average  breakage  and  will  be  paid  when  the  student  satis- 
factorily completes  the  course;  students  before  assignment  to  a  civilian  school 
will  be  subjected  to  an  examination  by  a  board  to  determine  their  physical, 
mental,  and  moral  qualifications  to  take  the  course. 

Having  completed  their  instruction  the  students  will  be  available  for  com- 
missions as  reserve  officers  and  assignment  to  units  or  other  duty. 

mhjtabt  depabtments. 

Each  department  will  have  an  aviation  officer,  to  be  designated  as  such,  on  the 
staff  of  the  department  commander.  The  aviation  officer,  under  the  department 
commander,  will  have  general  supervision  over  all  aviation  personnel  and  stores 
(with  the  exception  of  aviation  schools,  testing  grounds,  and  general  supply 
depots  of  aviation  material)  within  such  departments;  the  general  control  of  all 
officers,  men,  and  civilian  employees  of  the  aviation  section  within  the  depart- 
ment; the  instruction  and  equipment  of  all  tactical  units  of  heavier-than-alr 
and  lighter-than-air  craft ;  the  preparation  of  requisitions  for  the  proper  supply 
of  aero  units  in  his  department;  the  plans  for  the  creation  of  new  aero  units 
within  the  department,  both  In  the  Regular  Army  and  the  reserve  of  the  Regu- 
lar Army ;  and  all  other  matters  affecting  the  aviation  section,  including  lists  of 
the  personnel  of  the  aviation  section,  Signal  Officers*  Reserve  Corps,  and  the 
Enlisted  Reserve  Corps,  aviation  section.  Signal  Corps. 

When  this  system  is  fully  put  into  effect,  the  aviation  officers  of  the  various 
departments  will  remain  the  same  in  peace  and  war,  and  the  organization 
will  be^capable  of  rapid  expansion  to  take  car  of  war  conditions.  The  tactical 
units  (an  aero  squadron  hereafter  will  have  a  depot  unit  of  3  officers  and  20 
men)  would  move  off  into  the  field.  Jeaving  behind  them  their  respective  depots^ 
which  depots  could  be  moved  wherever  necessary,  and  personnel  supplied 
directly  to  them  from  the  school  and  depot  systems. 

The  above  indicates  merely  a  general  plan  to  be  followed,  as  it  Is  not  deemed 
expedient  to  specify  minute  details  to  too  great  an  extent  at  present.  To  begin 
with,  this  system  will  be  put  into  effect  by  the  issuance  of  orders  and  directive 
letters  to  the  various  officers  concerned.  Later,  when  all  the  points  have  bieen 
tried  out,  these  matters  may  be  incorporated  into  Army  regulations. 

Personnel  will  be  obtained  for  the  aviation  section.  Signal  Corps,  United 
States  Army,  as  now  prescribed  by  law  and  Army  regulations. 

Personnel  for  the  aviation  section.  Signal  Officers'  Reserve  Corps,  under  sec- 
tion 37,  national-defense  act,  will  be  obtained  as  prescribed  in  General  Orders, 
No.  32,  War  Department,  July  28,  1916,  and  as  per  Appendix  A,  herewith. 

Personnel  for  the  Enlisted  Reserve  Corps,  aviation  section.  Signal  Corps, 
under  section  55,  national-defense  act,  will  be  obtained  as  prescribed  In  Appen- 
dix B,  herewith. 

Requirements  for  civilian  aviation  schools  are  contained  In  Appendix  C,  here- 
with. 

The  method  by  which  ofllcers  and  men  of  the  National  Guard  may  be  detailed 
for  duty  at  aviation  schools  under  section  99,  national-defense  act,  is  mentioned 
in  Appendix  D,  herewith. 

Appendix  A. 

BEQUIREMENTS  FOB  SERVICE  IN   THE  AVIATION   SECTION,   SIGNAL  OFFICERS*   BESEBYS 

CORPS. 

1.  Authority  has  been  issued  by  the  Secretary  of  War  for  the  organization 
of  the  aviation  section.  Signal  Officers'  Reserve  Corps.  The  section  may  con- 
sist of  296  officers.  The  grades  in  said  section  will  be  in  the  same  propor- 
tion as  those  obtaining  in  the  aviation  section  of  the  Signal  Corps,  United 
States  Army,  up  to  and  Including  that  of  major.  Unless  especially  authorized 
by  the  officer  In  charge  of  the  aviation  section,  all  successful  applicants  for 
commissions  In  the  aviation  section.  Signal  Officers'  Reserve  Corps,  will  be 
commissioned  in  the  grade  of  first  lieutenant. 

2.  Any  male  citizen  of  the  United  States,  not  under  21  nor  over  30  years  of 
age,  desiring  a  commission  In  the  aviation  section.  Signal  Officers'  Reserve 
Corps,  will  submit  a  letter  in  the  following  form  to  The  Adjutant  General, 
United  States  Army,  to  the  adjutant  of  the  department  in  which  the  applicant 


886  KEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  SIGNAL  OFFICER. 

lives,  or  to  the  officer  in  charge  of  the  aviation  section,  Signal  Corps  of  the 
Army: 

Letter  of  application  for  examination  for  commission  in  Officers*  Reserve  Corps. 

(Under  section  37,  act  of  June  3,  1916.) 

, ,  19_-. 

The 

Str:  I  have  the  honor  to  apply  for  examination  for  a  corauUssion  as  * 

of  * " In  the  Officers'  Reserve  Corps,  organized  under 

the  authority  of  Congress. 

I  have  served years  in* 

I  have  pursued  a  regular  course  of  instruction  for 

years  In  • 

I  graduated  In  the  year from  • ,  after  having 

creditably  pursued  the  course  of  military  instruction  therein  provide^l. 

I  was  born , ,  and  am  ' a  citizen  of  the 

United  States.    My  business  is My  experience  is 

I  inclose  letters  of  recommendation  and  addresses  of  citizens  wlio  know  me  as 

follows: — 

Respectfully, 


The  correctness  of  the  statements  above  made  was  sworn  to  and  subscribed 
before  me, ,  19 — . 


The  communication  authorizing  the  examination  of  the  npplicayt  will  be 
sufficient  authority  when  submitted  to  the  president  of  tlie  examining  board 
before  which  the  applicant  will  be  ordered  to  appear.  This  board  will  consist 
of  from  two  to  five  commissioned  officers  of  the  Regular  Army  of  the  United 
States,  or  of  regular  and  reserve  officers  of  the  Signal  Corps,  including  at  least 
one  and  not  more  than  tw^o  medical  officers ;  at  least  one  officer  of  the  Regidnr 
Army  will  serve  on  each  board.  This  board  will  be  appointed  on  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  officer  In  charge  of  the  aviation  section  of  tlie  Signal  Corps 
of  the  Army. 

Each  applicant  will  be  subjected  to  the  same  physical  examination  as  Is  re- 
quired of  officers  of  the  Regular  Army  applying  for  aviation  duty.  Applicants 
will  not  be  examined  mentally,  but  the  equivalent  of  a  college  education  will 
be  required.  The  examining  board  will  consider  documentary  evidence  sub- 
mitted by  the  applicant.  It  may  seek  additional  Information  by  practical 
tests,  personal  questions,  or  by  procuring  additional  documentary  evidence. 
Flying  ability  will  be  given  first  consideration,  noted  and  reported  In  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  board.  No  applicant  for  a  commission  as  an  officer  of  the 
aviation  section.  Signal  Officers*  Reserve  Corps,  will  be  considerecl  proficient 
until  he  Is  able  to  pass  the  flying  test  for  reserve  military  aviator,  unless  spe- 
cially excepted  for  reasons  stated  by  the  officer  In  charge  of  the  aviation  section. 
Signal  Corps  of  the  Army. 

After  the  required  examination,  the  proceedings  of  the  board  will  be  for- 
warded to  the  headquarters  of  the  convening  authority,  with  the  recommenda- 
tions of  the  board  as  to  the  qualifications  of  the  applicant.  The  offi<*er  In 
charge  of  the  aviation  section.  Signal  Corps  of  the  Army,  will  recommend  to 
The  Adjutant  General  the  grade  in  which  each  candidate  should  be  commla- 

^  Insert  gimde. 

>  Insert  branch  of  service,  staff  corps,  or  deimrtment,  as  CaTalry,  Field  ArtUlery,  Coast 
Artillery,  Infantry.  Quartermaster  Corps,  etc. 

*  Name  staff  position,  and  in  this  case  rule  out  1  and  2. 

*  Insert  service  In  R^ralar  Army  of  the  United  States,  or  Volonteer  forces  of  the  Tntted 
States,  or  Organised  Militia  of  any  State,  Territory,  or  District  of  Columbia ;  also  state 
In  what  capacity. 

*  Insert  name  and  location  of  school  or  collese. 

*  Insert  the  name  and  location  of  the  educational  Institution  In  which  an  officer  of  tlM 
Army  or  Navy  has  been  detailed  as  superintendent  or  professor  pursuant  to  law. 

*  Insert  '*  not  '*  If  In  accordance  with  fact 

*  Oath  to  be  taken  before*  and  signature  to  be  made  by,  officer  authorised  by  law  to  ad- 
minister oaths. 

NoTB. — The  foregoing  Is  the  form  to  be  followed  in  applying  for  examination  and  la  to 
be  addressed  to  the  adjutant  of  the  department  In  which  the  applicant  lives.  The  A4|Q- 
tant  General  of  the  Army,  or  the  head  of  the  staff  corps  or  department  concerned. 


EBPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  SIGNAL  OFFIOEB.  887 

sioned.  After  appointment  by  the  President,  The  Adjutant  General  will  issue 
the  commission.  The  commissions  of  the  officers  of  the  Officers'  Reserve  CJorps 
will  be  in  force  for  a  period  of  five  years,  unless  sooner  terminated  at  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  President  Such  officers  may  be  recommissioned  either  in  the 
same  or  higher  grades  for  successive  periods  of  five  years,  subject  to  such  ex- 
amination as  may  be  prescribed. 

In  time  of  actual  or  threatened  hostilities,  officers  of  the  Officers'  Reserve 
Corps  are  subject  to  such  duty  as  the  President  may  prescribe.  The  officer 
in  charge  of  the  aviation  section,  when  authorized  by  the  Secretary  of  War. 
may  order  reserve  officers  to  duty  for  periods  not  to  exceed  15  days  a  year, 
and  while  so  serving  such  officers  will  receive  the  pay  and  allowances  of  their 
respective  grades  in  the  Regular  Army. 

With  the  consent  of  the  reserve  officers  concerned,  and  within  the  limit  of 
funds  available  for  the  purpose,  officers  of  the  Officers'  Reserve  Corps  will  be 
retained  on  active  duty  for  such  periods  as  the  Secretary  of  War  may  pre- 
scribe. 

In  order  to  qualify  for  examination  as  officers  of  the  aviation  section.  Signal 
Officers'  Reserve  Corps,  especially  qualified  citizens  of  the  United  States  not 
under  21  nor  over  27  years  of  age  will  be  assisted  by  the  United  States  as 
follows:  To  become  eligible  for  obtaining  such  instruction,  the  person  desiring 
it  shall  make  application  to  the  officer  in  charge  of  the  aviation  section,  Signal 
Corps,  who,  if  the  applicant  is  considered  desirable,  will  cause  such  applicant 
to  be  examined  by  the  same  board  convened  for  the  examination  of  officers  of 
the  aviation  section.  Signal  Officers'  Reserve  Corps,  which  board  will  pass  on 
the  applicants'  physical,  mental,  and  moral  qualifications.  The  physical  test 
shall  be  the  same  as  that  required  for  officers  of  the  aviation  section  of  the 
Signal  Corps.  In  the  mental  test  the  applicant  will  be  required  to  establish 
the  fact  that  he  has  the  equivalent  of  a  college  education.  The  moral  test  will 
require  the  applicant  to  establish  his  reliability  and  good  habits.  The  candidate 
will  be  required  to  state  in  writing  that  if  he  successfully  passes  his  aviation 
tests  he  will  become  an  officer  in  the  aviation  section.  Signal  Officers'  Reserve 
Corps.  If  the  candidate  successfully  passes,  the  board  will  so  recommend  to 
the  officer  in  charge  of  the  aviation  section,  Signal  Corps.  The  officer  in 
charge  of  the  aviation  section,  Signal  Corps,  will  then  designate  the  applicant 
as  an  aviation  student  If  the  student  desires  to  enlist  in  the  aviation  section 
of  the  Enlisted  Reserve  Corps  he  will  be  made  a  noncommissioned  officer  and 
placed  on  active  duty  up  to  the  time  his  course  is  finished  and  he  is  discharged 
to  accept  a  commission  in  the  aviation  section,  Signal  Officers'  Reserve  Corps. 
If  he  fails  in  his  course,  he  may  apply  for  his  discharge  from  the  aviation 
section  of  the  Enlisted  Reserve  Corps.  If  the  student  does  not  desire  to  enlist 
he  may  attend  the  course  as  a  civilian  at  his  own  expense.  The  aviation  student 
will  then  be  assigned  by  the  officer  in  charge  of  the  aviation  section  to  a  school 
for  his  instruction.  Such  school  may  be  either  a  United  States  aviation  school 
or  a  civilian  aviation  school.  The  civilian  aviation  school  will  be  one  approved 
by  the  officer  in  charge  of  the  aviation  section.  Signal  Corps,  as  to  instructors, 
machines  used,  and  character  of  instruction  given.  The  manufacturers'  schools 
shall  receive  $500  for  each  aviation  student  who  qualifies  for  the  preliminary 
flying  test  the  test  to  be  conducted  by  an  officer  or  agent  of  the  aviation  section 
of  the  Signal  Corps.  For  any  aviation  student  who  qualifies  as  a  reserve 
military  aviator  upon  graduation  from  a  civilian  aviation  school  an  additional 
$300  will  be  paid  to  such  school.  Upon  the  candidate  satisfactorily  passing 
the  reserve  military  aviator's  test  he  will  receive  a  commission  as  an  officer 
In  the  aviation  section.  Signal  Officers'  Reserve  Corps,  without  further  exam- 
ination. 

It  is  the  intention  gradually  to  organize  reserve  aero  squadrons  in  various 
parts  of  the  country  from  the  commissioned  and  enlisted  reserve  personnel. 

Appendix  B. 

bbquisementb  fob  8ebvicb  in  the  enlisted  besebvb  coups,  aviation  section, 

signal  cobps. 

Qualiflcatiana. 

1.  (General  requirementa. — Service  in  the  Enlisted  Reserve  Corps,  aviation 
section.  Signal  Corps,  is  by  enlistment.  Applicants  must  not  be  under  18  nor 
over  45  years  of  age.    Tbey  must  be  of  good  antecedents  and  habits  and  free 


888 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  SIGNAL  OFFICER. 


from  bodily  defects  and  diseases.  They  must  be  citizens  of  the  United  States 
or  have  made  legal  declaration  of  their  intention  to  become  citizens  of  the 
United  States  and  be  able  to  speak,  read,  and  write  the  English  language. 
Before  enlisting,  they  are  required  to  pass  physical  examination  to  determine 
their  fitness  for  service  in  the  United  States  Army.  Before  authority  for 
enlistment  is  granted  the  applicants  will  furnish  two  or  more  certificates  of 
good  moral  character.  As  the  service  is  technical,  men  qualified  as  aviators, 
balloonists,  or  mechanicians,  who  have  had  experience  in  the  construction  and 
repair  of  aeroplanes  or  internal-combustion  engines,  are  particularly  desirable. 
2.  Following  are  the  numbers  authorized  in  each  grade: 

(1)  54  master  signal  electricians. 

(2)  100  sergeants,  first  class. 

(3)  271  sergeants. 

(4)  543  corporals. 

(5)  1, 381  privates,  first  class. 

(6)  276  privates. 


2, 715  total. 

8.  Qualifications  for  enlistment  direct  into  each  of  these  grades  are  as  follows : 

(1)  Candidate  must  have  a  working  knowledge  of  gasoline  motors,  magnetos, 
carbureters,  telegraphy,  and  a  fair  knowledge  of  the  principles  of  electricity 
and  photography. 

(2)  Working  knowledge  of  motors,  magnetos,  and  carbureters. 

(3)  and  (4)  A  general  knowledge  of  subjects  given  under  (1)  and  (2)  and 
have  sufficient  training  and  interest  to  show  that  he  is  adaptable  to  work  of 
this  kind. 

(5)  Applicants  must  show  an  interest  in  the  subjects  mentioned,  be  compe- 
tent, and  keen,  to  insure  that  he  will  develop  along  the  proper  lines  In  training. 

When  nien  enlist  in  any  of  the  above  grades,  certificates  of  enlistment  in  the 
Enlisted  Aviation  Reserve  Ck)rps  will  be  issued  by  The  Adjutant  General  of  the 
Army.  The  certificates  will  confer  upon  the  holders  when  called  Into  active 
service  or  when  called  for  purposes  of  instruction  and  training,  and  during  the 
period  of  such  active  service  instruction  or  training,  all  the  authority,  rights, 
and  privileges  of  like  grades  of  the  Regular  Army.  Members  of  the  Enlisted 
Reserve  Corps,  aviation  section,  Signal  Corps,  shall  take  precedence  In  said 
corps  according  to  dates  of  their  certificates  of  enlistment  therein,  and  when 
called  Into  active  service,  or  when  called  out  for  purposes  of  instruction  and 
training,  shall  take  precedence  next  below  all  other  enlisted  men  of  like 
grades  In  the  Regular  Army.  The  President  is  authorized  by  law  to  assign 
members  of  the  Enlisted  Reserve  Corps,  aviation  section,  Signal  Corps,  as 
reserves  to  particular  organizations  of  the  Regular  Army.  The  Secretary  of 
War  Is  authorized  by  law  to  order  enlisted  men  of  the  Enlisted  Reserve  Corps, 
aviation  section.  Signal  Corps,  to  active  service  for  purposes  of  instruction  or 
training  for  periods  not  to  exceed  15  days  per  year,  provided  that,  with  the  con- 
sent of  such  enlisted  men  and  within  the  limits  of  funds  available  for  such 
purposes,  such  periods  of  active  service  may  be  extended  for  such  number  of 
enlisted  men  as  may  be  deemed  necessary.  Enlisted  men  will  receive  the 
pay  and  allowances  of  their  respective  grades  in  the  Regular  Army,  but  only 
when  ordered  into  actual  service,  including  the  time  required  for  actual  travel 
from  their  homes  to  the  places  to  which  ordered  and  return  to  their  homes. 

4.  Rates  of  pay, — ^The  grades  and  pay  of  the  enlisted  force  of  the  avIatioD 
section.  Signal  Corps,  United  States  Army,  are  as  follows: 


ICasttf  slfnial  electilcfans 

SwKeants,  fint^K^lass 

Scrstaots 

Cooks 

Corporab 

PrlvstaB,  flnt-olMs 

?rtT»tti 


While  senrinr 
in  tbe  United 
States,  Hawaii, 
Porto  Rloo,or 
the  Canal  Zone. 


Per  month. 

rs.oo 

45.00 
36.00 
30.00 
24.00 
liLOO 
16.00 


While  I 

in  Alaska. 

China,  or  the 

Philippines. 


Per  momtk. 

100.00 
M.OO 
4S.30 

8e.oo 

21.flD 
18.09 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF   SIGNAL  OFFICER.  889 

In  addition  to  the  above  there  will  be  a  slight  Increase  per  month  after  each 
enlistment  period  of  four  years.  All  enlisted  men,  in  addition  to  their  regular 
pay,  receive  rations,  quarters,  clothing,  fuel,  bedding,  medicine,  and  medical 
attendance  when  required. 

When  called  into  active  service  of  the  United  States  members  of  the  Enlisted 
Aviation  Reserve  Corps  will  receive  the  rate  of  pay  corresponding  to  their  grade. 

5.  Retirement. — Enlisted  men  of  the  Aviation  Reserve  Corps  will  not  be 
entitled  to  retirement  or  to  retired  pay,  nor  will  they  be  entitled  to  pension 
except  In  case  of  physical  disability  Incurred  while  on  active  service  or  while 
traveling  under  orders  of  com];)etent  authority  to  or  from  designated  places  of 
duty. 

6.  Uniform. — ^The  uniform  tc  be  worn  by  the  enlisted  men  of  the  Enlisted 
Reserve  Corps,  aviation  section,  Signal  Corps,  except  corps  insignia,  shall  be 
the  same  as  prescribed  for  enlisted  men  of  the  aviation  section.  Signal  Corps  of 
the  Regular  Army  Reserve.  In  time  of  peace  there  shall  be  Issued  to  each 
enlisted  man  of  the  Enlisted  Reserve  Corps,  aviation  section.  Signal  Corps,  such 
articles  of  clothing  and  equipment  as  may  be  prescribed.  All  clothing  and 
equipment  shall  remain  the  property  of  the  United  States. 

7.  Term  of  erUi$tment. — ^The  term  of  enlistment  is  four  years. 

Appendix  C. 

bequibements  for  civilian  aviation   schools. 

(An  inspectloD  will  be  made  by  an  officer  of  the  aviation  section  of  the  Signal  Corps  to 

determine  whether  the  requirements  are  fulfilled.) 

1.  Field. — ^The  field  should  be  of  sufficient  size  and  shape  to  permit  of  landing 
and  getting  away  In  at  least  two  different  directions  under  normal  conditions. 
The  ground  must  be  fairly  level  and  free  from  obstructions  of  all  kinds.  These 
requisites  will  be  determined  on  Inspection  by  an  officer  or  agent  of  the  aviation 
section  of  the  Signal  Corps. 

2.  Training  machines. — ^The  training  machines  will  comply  with  the  specifica- 
tions prescribed  by  the  aviation  section  for  the  preliminary  and  advanced  trains 
Ing  types.  These  specifications  will  be  furnished  all  civilian  schools  who 
instruct  students  for  the  Government,  or  desire  to  do  so. 

3.  Inatructora. — ^Instructors  must  be  men  of  experience  In  fiylng  and  thor- 
oughly competent  to  teach  through  the  reserve  military  aviator  stage.  They 
should  be  level-headed,  have  good  Judgment,  and  sufficient  mental  balance  to 
Impart  what  they  know. 

4.  Cfiaracter  of  instruction. — ^The  course  of  Instruction  will  be  divided  Into 
two  stages.  The  first  stage  will  include  instruction  and  qualification  through 
and  to  Include  the  preliminary  fiylng  test.  This  test  will  be  held  under  the 
supervision  of  an  officer  or  agent  of  the  aviation  section  of  the  Signal  Corps. 
The  second  stage,  which  Is  optional  with  the  school  authorities,  will  consist  of 
advanced  training  necessary  to  qualify  an  aviation  student  as  a  reserve  military 
aviator.  An  advanced  training  type  of  machine  will  be  used  at  least  during 
the  last  stages  of  this  Instruction.  Detailed  information  as  to  the  course  to  be 
followed  in  this  stage  will  be  furnished  the  school  authorities.  The  reserve 
military  aviator  test  will  be  held  under  the  supervision  of  an  officer  or  agent 
of  the  aviation  section  of  the  Signal  Corps. 

5.  Preliminary  flying  test. — (a)  Three  sets  of  figure  eights  around  pylons 
1,600  feet  apart  In  making  turns  around  pylons  all  parts  of  machine  will 
be  kept  within  a  circle  whose  radius  is  800  feet. 

(6)  Stop  motor  at  a  minimum  height  of  300  feet  and  land,  causing  machine 
to  come  to  rest  within  150  feet  of  a  previously  designated  point. 

(c)  An  altitude  test  consisting  of  rising  to  a  minimum  height  of  1,000  feet 

(d)  Glides  with  motor  throttled,  changing  direction  90  degrees  to  right  and 

left 

Non. — (a)  and  (5)  may  be  executed  In  one  flight;  (c)  and  (d)  In  one  flight  The 
same  rules  apply  In  starting  from  and  landing  on  water.  Special  attention  will  be  paid 
to  the  character  of  landings  made. 

Should  any  aviation  student  desire  to  take  the  pilot  license  test  prescribed 
by  the  Aero  Club  of  American,  every  facility  will  be  offered  for  him  to  do  00. 


890  BEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  SIGNAL  OFFICER. 

Report  of  these  tests  will  be  submitted  to  the  officer  in  charge  of  the  aviation 
section,  with  the  information  as  to  whether  or  not  the  school  will  complete 
training  of  the  aviator  through  the  reserve  military  aviator  stage. 

6.  Reserve  military  aviator  teat  will  be  as  follows : 

(a)  Climb  out  of  a  field  2,000  feet  square,  and  attain  500  feet  altitude,  keep- 
ing all  parts  of  machine  inside  of  square  during  climb. 

(b)  Glides  at  normal  angle,  with  motor  throttled.  Spirals  to  right  and  left. 
Change  of  direction  in  gliding. 

(c)  At  1,000  feet,  cut  off  motor  and  land  within  200  feet  of  a  previously 
designated  point. 

{d)  Land  over  an  assumed  obstacle  10  feet  high  and  come  to  rest  within 
1,500  feet  from  same. 

(c)  Cross-country  triangular  flight  of  30  miles,  passing  over  two  previously 
designated  points.    Minimum  altitude  2,500  feet. 

(/)  Stralght-away  cross-country  flight  of  30  miles.  Landing  to  be  made  at 
designated  destination.  Both  outward  and  return  flight  at  minimum  altitude  of 
2,500  feet. 

ig)  Fly  for  45  minutes  at  an  altitude  of  4,000  feet 

7.  Pay  for  tuition, — Upon  the  student  passing  the  preliminary  flying  test  sat- 
isfactorily the  school  will  be  paid  $500.  If  the  student  is  continued  under 
instruction  until  he  satisfactorily  passes  the  reserve  military  aviator  test,  an 
additional  $300  will  be  paid  the  school. 

8.  All  candidates  for  the  aviation  section,  Signal  Officers'  Reserve  Corps, 
will  be  required  to  pass  the  prescribed  physical  examination,  must  weigh  not 
more  than  190  pounds,  stripped,  must  furnish  evidence  of  having  a  college 
education,  and  be  of  good  moral  character. 

9.  Applicants  for  commissions  as  reserve  officers  who  hold  the  pilot  certificate 
of  the  Aero  Club  of  America,  will,  after  successfully  undergoing  the  prescribed 
physical  examination,  be  given  a  flying  examination  embodying  at  least  the 
requirements  of  the  preliminary  flying  test.  If  competent,  they  may  also  take 
tlie  reserve  military  avlator*s  test. 

If  the  preliminary  flying  test  Is  passed  satisfactorily  and  a  candidate  qualifies 
in  other  respects,  he  will  be  eligible  for  further  Instruction  to  qualify  as  a 
reserve  military  aviator. 

If,  In  addition  to  the  preliminary  flying  test  the  candidate  also  passes  the 
reserve  military  aviator's  test  satisfactorily,  he  will  be  given  a  commission 
In  the  aviation  section,  Signal  Reserve  Corps,  provided  all  other  qualifications 
are  fulfilled. 

Appendix  D. 

detail  or  officers  and  enusted  men  of  the  national  guaad  at  signal  00sp8 

avlation  schools. 

Officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  National  Guard  may  be  detailed  at  Signal 
Corps  aviation  schools  under  section  99  of  the  national  defense  act.  National 
Guard  officers  and  men  desiring  such  course  will  apply  to  the  adjutant  general 
of  their  State,  who  will  forward  the  applications  direct  to  the  Chief,  BilUtla 
Bureau,  War  Department,  Washington,  D.  C.  Such  officers  and  enlisted  men 
will  be  required  to  pass  the  prescribed  physical  and  mental  examinations  which 
will  be  similar  to  those  required  of  reserve  officers,  aviation  section,  Signal 
Officers*  Reserve  Corps.  On  approval  by  the  Militia  Bureau,  orders  will  be  re- 
quested from  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army,  assigning  such  officers  or  en- 
listed men  to  duty  at  aviation  schools. 

The  plans  for  the  equipment  of  our  ioreij^  possessions  with  proper 
aero  units  are  being  carried  out  The  equipment  for  these  units  con- 
sists of  hydroaeroplanes.  Suitable  ones  are  very  difficult  to  obtain, 
but  specincations  covering  high-powered  machines  of  this  character 
are  now  being  sent  out,  and  it  is  hoped  within  the  near  future  to  have 
adequate  equipment  along  this  line. 

It  is  believed  that  the  arrangements  made  will  result  in  a  growth 
of  Uiis  branch  of  the  service,  which  will  not  only  be  rapid,  but  which 
will  be  based  on  such  sound  prindplee  as  will  be  able  to  stand  the 


RBPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  SIGNAL  OFFICER.  891 

test  of  any  emergency.  The  field  is  an  entirely  new  one  for  the 
United  States  Army,  and  there  is  no  precedent  to  follow.  As  a 
result,  therefore,  it  can  not  be  foretold  with  certainty  what  time  will 
be  required  to  train  personnel  or  develop  material.  Every  known 
agency,  however,  for  the  development  of  both  of  these  elements  is 
being  made  use  of  in  this  country. 

However,  the  experience  gained  in  this  country  and  the  reports 
received  from  abroad  indicate  that  a  number  of  changes  and  addi- 
tions will  be  necessary  in  any  contemplated  organic  law  for  a  sep- 
arate air  service,  but  the  Chief  Signal  Officer  stands  ready  to  submit 
recommendations  for  such  changes  whenever  the  question  is  taken  up. 

The  plan  of  the  General  Staff,  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  War, 
contemplates,  and  as  I  think  very  properly,  the  eventual  separation 
of  the  aviation  service  from  the  oignal  Corps.  The  separation  of 
this  service  from  any  technical  corps  should  take  place  when  the  air 
service  is  capable  of  standing  alone.    This  time  has  not  yet  come. 

In  conclusion,  I  desire  to  report  that  all  of  the  recommendations 
contained  in  my  last  annual  report  have  been  carried  out  with  the 
exception  of  those  relating  to  a  detail  system  of  officers  for  the  Signal 
Corps,  additional  pay  for  enlisted  telegraph  operators,  and  increased 
salary  for  the  position  of  chief  clert  These  I  renew  and  urgently 
recommend  favorable  action. 

Oeorgb  p.  Scrivbn, 
Brigadier  Oeneral^  Chief  Signal  Oificer  of  the  Army. 

The  Secbetary  of  War. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 


893 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 


War  Depabtment,  Militia  Bubeau, 

WdshingtoTif  D.  C,  October  1,  1916. 
Sm:  The  foDowing  annual  report  concerning  the  Organized  Militia 
and  National  Guard  affairs  is  submitted.  The  report  is  brought  up  to 
date  as  far  as  practicable;  however,  the  mobilization  of  theNational 
Guard  is  touched  on  only  incidentally  and  in  fiscal  matters  the  report 
is  made  to  include  Jime  30,  1916,  only. 

OEKEBAL  BEMABKS. 

Accoraing  to  the  latest  returns  prior  to  Jime  18  the  total  reported 
strength  of  the  Organized  Militia  and  the  National  Guard  is  8,589 
commissioned  officers  and  123,605  enlisted  men,  a  decrease  over  last 
year  of  116  officers  and  an  increase  of  2,932  enlisted  men.  Of  this 
lorce  1,451  officers  and  6,131  enlisted  men  belong  to  the  staff  and 
noncombatant  branches,  456  officers  and  8,084  emisted  men  belong 
to  the  Coast  Artillery,  and  6,682  officers  and  109,390  enlisted  men 
belong  to  the  mobile  oranches  (Engineers,  Field  Artillery,  Cavalry, 
and  Infantry).  The  plan  of  organizing  the  mobile  troops  with  aux- 
iliary forces  of  the  National  Guard  into  12  tactical  divisions  has  made 
some  progress  since  last  year.  However,  no  division  is  complete. 
The  division  in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  the  one  in  Pennsylvania 
are  the  most  advanced  in  divisional  organization,  though  on  June  30 
both  were  deficient  in  auxiliary  units.  The  most  strikingdeficiency  in 
the  divisions  called  out  from  tne  States  of  New  York  and  rennsylvania 
was  in  machine  guns,  there  being  at  the  date  of  call  only  8  machine  guns 
with  the  New  York  division  when  there  should  have  been  40.  In 
Pennsylvania  there  was  a  complete  deficiency  of  40  machine  guns. 
In  tramed  personnel,  there  was  a  greaterlack  than  in  machine  guns  and 
equipment.  On  a  divisional  basis  there  is  an  excess  of  Infantry  units 
eauivalent  to  17  regiments  and  a  deficiency  in  other  elements  as 
follows:  Fifty-two  troops  of  Cavalry,  58  batteries  of  Field  Artillery. 
49  companies  of  machine  guns,  8i  oattalions  of  Engineers,  26  fiela 
hospitals,  17  ambulance  companies,  12  medical-supply  detachments, 
and  17  sanitary  detachments.  There  is  a  deficiency  m  Coast  Artillery 
of  261  officers  and  9,239  enlisted  men  based  on  Table  3,  O.  C.  S.. 
C.  A.  p..  September  17,  1915.  There  is  a  deficiency  in  the  total 
numerical  strength  of  the  National  Guard  of  18,196  enlisted  men 
below  the  minimum  authorized  peace  strength. 

895 


896  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF   OF   THE   MILITIA  BUREAU. 

The  mobilization  of  the  major  portion  of  the  National  Guard  under 
call  of  Jmie  18  was  not  comjoletely  accomplished  imtil  after  the  ter- 
mination of  the  fiscal  year.  Data  have  been  collected  with  r^ard  to  it 
and  these  data,  with  a  study  of  measures  to  be  taken  with  a  view  to 
facilitating  and  expediting  mobilization;  will  be  made  the  subject  of  a 
separate  report  at  a  later  date. 

Organizations  called  into  the  service  of  the  United  States  on  May  9, 
1916,  and  June  18,  1916,  were  as  follows: 

Infantry,  108  regiments  and  7  separate  battalions. 

Cavalry,  3  regiments^  13  separate  squadrons,  and  22  separate 
troops. 

Field  Artillery,  6  regiments,  12  separate  battalions,  and  17  separate 
batteries. 

Engineers,  3  battalions  and  11  separate  companies. 

Signal,  4  battalions,  16  separate  companies,  and  1  aero  companv. 

Sanitary  troops,  23  ambulance  companies  and  37  field  hospitals. 

Of  the  organizations  shown  there  were  already  oi^anized  on  June 
18,  2  Infantry  divisions,  19  Infantry  brigades,  and  1  Artillery  brigade. 
On  July  31,  1916,  reports  show  that  110,957  were  on  the  border  and 
40,139  in  State  mobilization  camps,  an  a^ejgate  of  151,096.  The 
aggregate  strength  was  short  the  authorizeammimujn  peace  strength 
4,083,  and  shorty  war  strength,  97.350. 

Forty-four  officers  of  the  Regular  Army  were  commissioned  in  the 
National  Guard  in  the  service  of  the  United  States,  3  as  brigadier 

fenerab,  10  as  coloneb,  27  as  lieutenant  colonels,  and  4  as  majors, 
roncommissioned  officers  of  the  Regular  Army  were  commissioned 
in  the  National  Guard  in  the  service  of  the  Umted  States  as  follows: 
Tliirty-four  in  Infantry,  9  in  Cavalry,  8  in  Field  Artillery  and  1  in 
Signal  Corps.  Two  major  generals  and  24  brigadier  generals  of  the 
National  Guard,  in  addition  to  the  3  brigadier  generals  commissioned 
in  the  National  Guard  from  the  Regular  Army,  were  mustered  into  the 
service  of  the  United  States. 

Reports  show  that  85  per  cent  of  the  numerical  strength  of  the 
National  Guard  were  present  at  the  annual  armory  inspection,  and 
that  56,563  officers  and  enlisted  men,  or  about  43  per  cent,  of  the 
reported  strength,  attended  at  least  24  drills  of  one  nour  and  a  half 
each  during  the  year.  Six  special  camps  of  instruction  were  held  for 
officers  and  noncommissioned  officers  at  which  there  were  present 
283  commissioned  officers  and  441  noncommissioned  officers.  Other 
camps  of  instruction  which  were  planned  had  to  be  abandoned  on 
account  of  the  call  into  the  service  of  the  United  States. 

Reports  on  small-arms  target  practice  for  the  calendar  year  1915 
are  incomplete.  Four  States  have  submitted  no  reports.  In  the 
remaining  States  of  a  strength  of  108,561  men  armea  with  the  ritie 
only  63,841,  or  58  per  cent,  fired  range  practice.  This  is  a  slight 
improvement  over  1914.  In  general,  instruction  in  small-arms  firing 
is  still  unsatisfactory.  In  the  present  calendar  year  128  comptmiea 
of  Coast  Artillery  attended  camps  of  instruction  at  or  near  coast- 
defense  batteries.  The  reports  on  46  of  these  companies  have  been 
received  at  this  date  and  snow  that  72  per  cent  of  these  organizations 
had  service  practice,  the  remainder  being  prevented  from  firing  by 
reason  of  fog.  Six  batteries  of  Field  .A^dlery  attended  camps  of 
instruction  and  one  battery  had  service  practice  prior  to  the  call  of 
June  IS,  1916. 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUKEAU.  897 

During  the  past  fiscal  year  the  system  of  property  accoiintability 
has  been  unsatisfactory  in  the  survey  and  disposal  of  imserviceable 
property  and  the  enforcement  of  strict  rules  ofaccoimtability;  how- 
ever, it  is  believed  that  the  act  of  Jime  3,  1916,  will  remedy  these 
defects  partially  if  not  wholly.  There  was  a  deficiency  of  87  wagons 
with  harness  to  equip  the  neld  and  combat  trains  for  the  existing 
xmits  called  into  the  service  of  the  United  States.  Available  fundS 
were  used  during  the  year  to  decrease  the  deficiency  shown  last  year. 
Three  hundred  and  mnety-nine  horses  were  purchased  and  issued  to 
the  Field  Artillery  and  are  available  at  all  times  for  the  use  of  102 
batteries. 

The  force  of  the  act  of  Jime  3,  1916,  can  not  be  measured  in  full 
at  this  time.  The  effect  of  this  act  as  a  whole  can  not  be  other  than 
beneficial  in  renderiuj?  the  National  Guard  a  more  effective  force  for 
the  United  States.    Briefly,  it  enables  the  Militia  Bureau — 

1.  To  enforce  a  strict  responsibility  for  property. 

2.  To  more  effectually  control  the  expenditure  of  fimds. 

3.  To  specify  the  requirements  for  pay  for  armory  service  as  well  as 
for  service  in  camps  oi  instruction. 

4.  To  pre^ribe  the  training  and  attendance  for  organizations. 

5.  To  insist  upon  the  keeping  of  the  necessary  records. 

6.  To  make  uniform  and  effective  the  physical  examinations. 

7.  To  inquire  into  and  specify  the  qualmcations  for  officers. 

8.  To  prescribe  thorough  oi^anization  of  all  units. 

9.  To  control  the  oi^anization,  and  the  proportion,  of  units  in  the 
different  arms  of  the  service. 

10.  To  increase  the  number  of  horses  for  instruction  of  Field 
Artillery. 

11.  To  provide  horses  for  the  instruction  of  Cavalry. 

12.  To  increase  the  number  of  cominissioned  and  noncommis- 
sioned officers  of  the  Regular  Army  as  instructors  for  the  National 
Guard. 

13.  To  provide  for  additional  instruction  visits  by  inspector-, 
instructors  and  sei^eant-instructors  on  all  units. 

Owine  to  the  brie!  interval  between  the  approval  of  this  act  on  Jime 
3  and  the  date,  June  18.  when  the  greater  portion  of  theX>rganized 
Militia  and  the  National  Guard  were  callea  into  the  service  of  the 
United  States,  no  time  was  afforded  for  the  adequate  study  of  the  new 
law  and  the  determination  of  its  exact  application.  The  essential  dif- 
ference between  the  old  Organized  Militia  law  and  the  new  National 
Guard  law  lies  in  the  new  oath  of  idlegiance  to  the  United  States.  The 
conversion  of  the  Oi^anized  Militia  into  National  Guard  had  not  been 
completely  accomplShed  on  June  18.  The  effect  of  pay  for  armory 
service  in  view  of  the  increased  requirements  is  yet  to  be  determined 
and  its  full  effect  can  not  be  judged  until  the  National  Guard  in  the 
service  of  the  United  States  has  been  mustered  out  and  has  resumed 
its  normal  peace  training.  The  plan  of  oi^anizing  the  mobile  and 
auxiUary  troops  of  the  National  Guard  into  12  tactical  divisions  will 
be  modified  both  as  to  organizations  specified  and  as  to  geographical 
distribution  in  order  to  adapt  it  to  this  act.  A  few  men  nave  passed 
from  three  years'  service  into  the  National  Guard  Reserve.  The  CTOwth 
and  control  of  the  reserve  are  to  be  studied  with  interest.  Regulations 
are  now  being  prepared  to  put  into  full  effect  the  prov'sions  of  this 

69176**— WAB 1916— VOL  1 57 


898  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 

new  law.  An  increase  in  the  number  of  officers  and  noncommissioned 
officers  of  the  Re^ar  Army  as  instructors  for  the  National  Guard  and 
a  closer  association  of  the  National  Guard  with  units  of  the  Regular 
Aimy  at  summer  camps  of  instruction  should  greatly  improye  the 
discipline  and  training  of  the  National  Guard.  These  aayantages 
have  been  provided  for  by  the  new  law  in  a  greater  degree  than  ever 
before  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  Re^ar  Army  mav  be  found  to 
be  available  to  meet  every  demand  maae  upon  it  in  these  respects. 
If,  after  all  that  has  been  provided  by  law  in  the  way  of  facilities  and 
inducements,  there  is  inability  to  attain  a  reasonable  degree  of  effi- 
ciency, the  failure  must  be  attributed  to  defects  inherent  in  the  militia 
system  which  are  beyond  correction  by  l^slative  action. 

The  subjects  included  in  this  summary,  except  the  mobilization  ci 
the  National  Guard,  are  treated  more  fully  under  appropriate  heads 
in  the  body  of  the  report. 

ORGANIZATION. 

The  act  of  Jime  3,  1916,  has  made  important  and  far-reaching 
changes  in  the  organization  of  the  National  Guard,  i^d  the  Fedenu 
Government  now  has  the  requisite  authority  to  prescribe  the  particu- 
lar units  as  to  branch  or  arm  of  service  to  be  maintained  in  order  to 
secure  a  force  which,  when  combined,  shall  form  complete  higher 
tactical  units.  The  necessity  for  the  proper  quota  of  auxiliary  troops, 
which  are  and  have  always  oeen  deficient  in  the  National  Guard,  oue 
to  the  desire  of  the  several  States  to  maintain  Infantry  imits,  has  been 
brought  forcibly  to  the  attention  of  military  authorities  by  the  events 
of  the  war  in  Europe,  and  the  new  organization  for  tne^  National 
Guard  requires  additional  Field  Artillery  for  Infantry  divisions. 

It  must  be  accepted  as  a  principle  that  the  quota  of  auxiliary  troops 
required  for  the  higher  tactical  organization  of  the  National  Guard 
should  be  provided  before  additional  Infantry  organizations  diould 
be  formed,  although  existing  Infantry  organizations  in  StatcMi  where 
the  eventual  requirements  of  the  act  of  June  3, 1916,  will  require  their 
continued  existence  should  not  be  disbanded  except  where  the  ecm- 
ditions  in  a  particular  State  require  a  transfer  to  some  other  organiza- 
tion. Although  there  is  authorization  in  the  law  for  the  completion 
of  the  complete  five  yeai^'  quota  for  each  State,  this  provision  must 
be  considered  in  connection  with  the  efficiency  of  existing  organiza- 
tions, and  estimates  made  for  their  supply  and  payment.  ^ 

The  past  year  has  shown  a  slight  increase  in  the  auxiliary  troops 
required  for  the  higher  tactical  oi^anizations  of  the  National  Guurd, 
which  was  accentuated  to  some  extent  by  the  mobilization  of  the 
National  Guard  in  response  to  the  President's  call  of  June  18,  but 
nevertheless  the  program  of  12  tactical  divisions  first  published  to  the 
militia  in  1914  is  yet  far  from  completion,  and,  except  in  the  States 
of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  is  unfinished,  through  the  general 
reluctance  or  inability  ot  the  States  to  organize  and  maintwi  the 
necessary  auxiliary  troops. .... 

Tliere  has  been  no  great  increase  in  auxiliary  troops  except  in  the 
States  mentioned  above,  and  the  deficiency  not  only  in  Artillery, 
Cavalry,  and  Engineers,  but  in  the  supply  train  personnel  is  marked, 
and  is  tnegreatest  obstacle  to  the  proper  tactical  organization  of  the 
National  Uuard  of  the  country. 


REPORT  OP  THE  CHIEP  OF  THE  MIUTIA  BUREAU.  899 

There  is  still  a  surplus  of  Infantry^  for  the  12-division  plan,  and 
nearly  enough  to  complete  the  orcanization  of  the  National  Guard 
which  may  reasonably  oe  expecteoDy  the  end  of  five  years. 

With  a  few  exceptions  tne  average  enlisted  strength  at  which 
organizations  have  been  maintained  during  the  past  year  is  too  low 
for  effective  military  training,  and  as  a  result  the  ntunber  of  com- 
missioned officers  is  entireli^  too  large  for  the  strength  of  enlisted  men. 
This  represents  small  organizations,  weaJs  in  enlisted  men  and  calls  for 
a  large  number  of  recruits  upon  mobilization,  whereas  a  proper  basis 
would  be  to  have  fewer  organizations,  at  a  higher  effective  strength. 

The  present  minimum  strength  fixed  by  the  War  Department  is  too 
low  for  effective  organizations  and  will  eventually  be  raised  to  the 
peace  strength  of  similar  organizations  in  the  Regualar  Army,  repre- 
senting an  mcrease  of  approximately  35  per  cent  in  Infantry  and 
Coast  Artillery  organizations,  but  only  about  5  per  cent  in  the  Cavalry 
and  Field  Artillery.  The  advantages  of  large  organizations  as  effec- 
tive mihtary  units  are  manifest  and  beyond  ai^ument.  Not  only 
will  the  National  Guard  units  be  in  a  better  position  to  respond  for 
Federal  service,  and  have  sufficient  men  to  xmdergo  proper  training, 
but  they  will  also  turn  a  large  number  of  men  into  tne  reserves,  ana 
the  cost  of  maintenance,  including  pay  and  equipment,  will  be  put 
to  a  better  purpose.  The  overhead  charges  in  a  small  regiment  are 
practically  tne  same  as  a  large  regiment,  since  the  number  of  officers 
IS  the  same  and  the  number  oi  noncommissioned  officers  is  only 
slightly  smaller,  while  the  privates  are  the  men  required  to  fight 
battles,  and  they  should  be  trained  in  time  of  peace.  The  fewer 
enlisted  men  that  are  required  to  recruit  oi^anizations  after  the  call 
for  service  has  gone  forth  the  better. 

The  new  organization  set  forth  in  the  act  of  June  3,  1916,  i)articu- 
larly  in  respect  to  regiments,  represents  a  distinct  advance  in  that 
the  several  provisional  units,  such  as  machine-gun^  headquarters,  and 
supplv  companies,  are  now  permanent  organizations  in  a  raiment, 
ana  tne  obvious  disadvantages  of  the  detaned  system  has  been  done 
away  with.  Full  conformity  to  the  new  organization  will  be  required 
of  au  National  Guard  regiments  prior  to  July  1,  1917. 

New  organization  tables  for  the  Regular  Army  conforming  to  the 
provisions  of  the  act  of  June  3,  1916,  are  now  being  preparea  by  the 
War  Department.  With  the  exception  of  the  authorized  minimum 
strength,  they  will  govern  the  organizations  of  the  National  Guard 
and  will  obviate  the  necessdtjr  for  the  preparation  of  separate  tables. 
As  a  war  measure  the  organizations  of  the  National  Guard  should 
conform  as  near  as  practicable  to  that  prescribed  for  the  Regular 
Army. 

INFANTRY. 
ORGANIZATION. 

The  organization  has  been  changed  but  UtUe  in  the  past  year. 
The  policy  of  encouraging  the  transforming  of  excess  Infantrv  into 
auxihary  arms  so  as  to  produce  a  balanced  force  has  been  adhered 
to,  as  well  as  that  of  inducing  Infantry  raiments  to  adopt  the  pro- 
visional organization  of  a  headquarters,  a  supply,  and  a  machine-gun 
company.  The  progress  along  these  two  lines  is  encouraging,  though 
not  great,  and  will  be  increased  materially  through  me  required 
comj^ance  with  the  act  of  June  3,  1916. 


900  BEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF   OF   THE   MILITIA  BUREAU, 


STRENGTH. 


The  prescribed  minimum  enlisted  strength  for  the  Infantry  cotn- 

Eany  is  to  be  65  until  June  30,  1917,  after  which  the  minimum  should 
e  raised  as  rapidly  as  is  possible  until  a  strength  of  100  is  reached. 
Many  companies  were  below  65  at  the  last  annual  inspection,  and 
these  were  again  warned  that  such  deficiency  would  not  be  further 
tolerated,  for  the  reason  that  an  oi^anization  without  a  propter 
strength  is  of  UtUe  Federal  value  and  does  not  afford  the  necessary 
instrumentality  for  the  proper  training  of  the  commissioned  officers. 
As  a  result  of  the  annual  armory  insi)ection  held  in  January,  February, 
and  March,  1916,  Federal  recognition  was  withdrawn  from  a  large 
nimiber  of  companies  which  were  deficient  and  in  which  there  was 
BO  reasonable  promise  of  improvement,  and  a  larger  number  were 
placed  on  probation,  as  they  were  not  efficient  for  Federal  purposes. 

The  deficiencies  in  almost  all  cases  were  due  to  the  lack  of  trained 
officers,  which  meant  the  corresponding  lack  of  training  and  a  conse- 
quent lack  of  interest  on  the  part  of  enlisted  men. 

To  afford  reasonable  means  of  complying  with  the  new  law  as  to 
the  increased  quota  in  congressional  districts  and  the  requirements 
as  to  the  strength  of  companies,  it  is  advisable  that  towns  where 
conditions  are  favorable  be  allowed  to  raise  parts  of  companies 
when  it  is  found  difficult  to  raise  an  entire  company  in  any  one  place. 

No  detachment  should  consist  of  less  than  four  squads  ana  one 
officer  (35  men,  a  war  strength  platoon).  An  examination  of  the 
inspection  reports  of  previous  years  shows  that  th'is  is  just  about  the 
strength  that  many  towns  turn  out  for  an  ordinary  company  drill 
assembly.  These  detachments  should  have  permanent  armories,  so 
that  property  can  be  cared  for  properly,  and  tnere  should  always  be  a 
Commissioned  officer  to  insure  proper  supervision. 

THBORBnCAL  AND  AHMORT  UVaTRUCTION  OP  INFANTRT. 

There  has  been  much  commendable  effort  made  to  advance  the 
theoretical  instruction  of  Infantry,  but  an  examination  of  the  annual 
reports  indicates  that  in  manv  cases  such  instruction  suffers  materially 
through  the  lack  of  trained  officers  and  noncommissioned  officers, 
and  a  larger  effort  must  be  made  in  their  instruction,  for  without 
competent  officers  and  noncommissioned  officers,  and  intelligent 
supervision  on  the  part  of  field  officers,  military  efficiency  can  not  be 
attained. 

The  theoretical  and  armory  instruction  should  be  based  more  upon 
the  idea  of  teaching  in  and  about  the  armory,  the  fundamentals 
upon  which  the  field  instruction  can  be  built  up,  looking  outward  to 
field  work,  rather  than  Umiting  the  drill  and  thought  to  those  things 
which  heretofore  have  been  practiced  in  armory  instruction  and 
which  have  not  proved  sufficiently  interesting  to  hold  the  attention 
and  interest  of  tne  enlisted  men.  The  latter  will  more  readily  and 
frequently  attend  drills  and  give  then*  attention  if  they  feel  they  are 
actually  oeing  taught  those  things  that  prepare  them  to  be  soldiers 
in  the  field  than  ii  they  are  put  through  oiuy  disciplinary  exercisea, 
which  an  ill-prepared  officer  may  continue  and  repeat  without 
exposing  his  ignorance. 


REPORT  OP  THE  CHIEP  OF   THE   MIUTIA  BUREAU,  901 

More  attention  should  be  given  to  actual  physical  training  in  armory 
instruction;  a  lively  period  of  10  or  15  minutes  as  a  regular  part  of 
the  instruction  will  be  of  great  physical  value  to  the  individual. 

The  theoretical  instruction  of  officers  has  made  some  progress,  but 
the  authorization  of  the  use  of  textbooks  while  preparing  answers  in 
the  correspondence  school  course  has  not  had  a  good  effect,  and  it  is 
evident  that  this  method  will  have  to  be  abandoned. 

PRACTICAL  INSTRUCTION. 

During  the  period  covered  by  this  report,  outside  of  the  instruction 
in  armories,  the  practical  instruction  oi  Infantry  has  been  confined  to 
camps  of  instruction  for  officers  and  noncommissioned  officers  and 
State  camps  of  instruction.  A  camp  of  instruction  for  officers  and 
nonconmiissioned  officers  that  seemed  to  be  quite  successful  was  one 
in  which  the  officers  and  noncommissioned  officers  were  organized  as 
a  provisional  company  and  given  as  such  all  the  detailed  instruction 

fertaining  to  it  and  were  required  to  imdergo  the  drill  of  subordinates, 
t  is  thought  that  such  camps  of  instruction  would  prove  of  large 
value  if  more  generally  held. 

In  order  to  mdicate  to  oi^anizations  what  they  would  be  required 
to  imdergo  in  their  field  camps  of  instruction,  advance  sheets  covering 
that  part  of  the  field  inspection  report  which  pertains  to  instructions 
were  sent  out  by  the  Militia  Bureau,  so  that  commanders  might  not 
be  taken  by  surprise  nor  waste  their  efforts  in  other  undertakings 
than  those  which  the  Militia  Bureau  thought  profitable  in  field  train- 
ing. A  bulletm  was  also  prepared  calling  attention  to  the  need  of 
enlisted  cooks  in  the  companies,  so  that  they  might  be  free  from  the 
former  system  of  hiring  cooks  and  become  efficient  in  this  important 
part  of  military  instruction. 

The  calls  to  Federal  service  on  May  9  and  June  18. 1916,  disorgan- 
ized the  plans  of  many  organizations,  so  that  it  woula  be  unprofitable 
to  attempt  to  make  a  detailed  comparison  of  the  kind  and  degree  of 
instruction  in  the  different  States.  The  act  of  June  3, 1916,  with  the 
added  requirements  of  48  drills  and  16  days'  field  instruction,  should 
mean  a  considerable  future  process. 

The  statement  that  ''the  mam  body  and  basis  of  an  army  is  the 
Infantry"  is  as  true  as  ever,  and  will  continue  to  be  so  as  far  as  one 
can  see,  but  it  is  the  more  and  more  necessary  that  they  should  be 
well  trained  in  all  those  things  which  would  make  efficient  infantry, 
some  of  which  are  good  marching  ability;  marksmanship;  abiUt^y  to 
take  care  of  oneself  in  the  field,  both  in  a  tactical  and  in  an  adminis- 
trative way;  to  scout;  to  find  one's  way;  to  dig  a  trench;  to  observe 
the  enemy;  to  communicate  information;  to  prepare  food;  to  protect 
oneself  against  the  elements;  and  to  conserve  one's  energy  against 
disease.  The  officer  must,  in  addition,  understand  how  to  airect, 
control,  and  protect  the  organization,  so  that  the  combined  indi- 
vidual effort  will  be  used  to  advantage. 

The  nearer  we  can  approach  the  imparting  of  all  instruction  by  the 
officers  responsible  for  tne  organization  the  oetter  will  be  the  results. 
Too  much  dependence  should  not  be  placed  upon  the  inspector-in- 
structors, for  Dy  so  doing  the  personnel  instructed  deprive  tnemselves 
of  the  legitimate  growth  that  they  are  entitled  to  in  the  exercise  of 
their  normal  functions. 


902  BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEP  OP  THE  MILITIA  BUBEAXJ. 

If  officers  and  noncommissioned  officers  are  new  to  their  office,  they 
should  be  given  a  short  and  comprehensive  course  of  intensive  train- 
ing to  prepare  them  for  their  positions  before  entering  upon  their 
new  duties.  If  they  are  interested  and  capable,  it  will  be  of  great 
benefit,  and  if  they  are  not  their  deficiencies  will  appear  and  steps 
should  be  taken  for  their  elimination. 

OAVALBY. 

The  plan  of  organization  set  forth  in  Circular  No.  19.  Division  of 
Militia  Aflfairs,  series  of  1914,  calling  for  27  regiments  or  Cavalry  for 
the  National  Guard,  has  been  followed  during  me  past  year,  and  there 
has  been  an  addition  of  21  troops  and  2  madiine-gun  troops,  and  the 
disbanding  of  5  troops,  making  the  equivalent  of  9^  r^:iment8  of 
Cavalrv  in  existence  on  Jime  30,  while  the  organization  of  3  regi- 
ments  nas  been  completed  by  headquarters,  macnine-gun,  and  supply 
troops.  There  has  been  a  tendency  toward  the  completion  of 
battle  units,  such  as  squadrons,  and  a  consequent  reduction  in  the 
number  of  separate  troops.  This  line  of  progress  should  be  encouraged 
and,  as  far  as  practicable,  there  should  be  no  Cavalry  organizations  in 
a  State  less  than  a  squadron,  imless  it  be  a  machine-gun  troop,  which 
imder  existing  law  is  one  of  the  4  regimental  combatant  units. 

There  has  been  authorized  for  each  separate  sauadron  a  detach- 
ment from  the  headquarters,  and  supply  troops,  wnich  wiU  serve  for 
administrative  and  supply  purposes,  and  yet  when  the  provisional 
raiments  are  combinea  the  entire  regimental  personnel,  excepting 
the  colonel  and  Ueutenant  colonel,  wiQ  be  complete.  There  is  no 
provision  in  the  act  of  Jime  3,  1916,  by  which  such  regiments  can  be 
combined,  except  when  drafted  into  the  United  States  service,  and 
this  handicap  can  only  be  overcome  by  the  expansion  of  existing 
Cavalry  organizations  into  complete  regiments  entirely  within  the 
boimdaries  of  a  single  State. 

It  may  be  accepted  as  a  correct  principle  that  the  complete  Cavalry 
raiment  is  the  proper  basis  for  oi^anization  and  will  attain  a  higher 

frade  of  efficiency  tiban  detachments  divided  among  two  or  more 
tates. 

Under  section  90  of  the  Act  of  June  3,  1916.  there  is  a  provision 
for  Uie  purchase  or  issue  of  not  to  exceed  32  norses  for  the  use  of 
each  troop,  and  provisions  are  also  made  for  the  issue  of  forage  and 
bedding  and  for  shoeing  and  veterinary  supplies  and  the  employment 
and  pay  of  not  to  exceed  5  enlisted  men  or  caretakers  and  stable- 
men. It  is  anticipated  that  the  measures,  provided  ade<)uate  funds 
are  available,  will  result  in  increased  efficiency  of  existing  Cavalry 
organizations  and  as  a  stimulus  for  the  organization  of  new  imits. 

The  new  CavaLry  regulations  are  expected  to  be  published  before 
the  commencement  oi  the  next  outdoor  instructional  season,  and 
in  as  much  as  they  embrace  not  only  drill  regulations  but  form  a 
complete  manual  ot  cavaliy,  they  should  prove  of  great  value  to  the 
National  Guard. 

There  has  been  no  marked  improvement  in  armory  instruction 
throughout  the  past  year,  and  the  standard  in  this  form  of  training 
is  not  imiform,  and  in  many  instances  there  is  a  great  lack  of  thorough- 
ness and  a  lack  of  concentration  on  strictly  essential  training  subjects. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  OHIEF  OF  THE  Mn.TTIA  BUBEAU.  903 


•VI    uuo   xiai/xvudK    VIUIUV&   ouu   oxxxjuxxm.   acoujlu   xu   ^x«3a 

most  marked  progress  in  real  traininff  of  officers  and 
.each  instance  Cav^alry  units  ordered  to  the  border  i 


The  field  instmction  during  the  summer  of  1916  has  been  incident 
to  the  muster  into  Federal  service  of  practically  every  Cavaliy  unit 
of  the  National  Guard  and  should  r^ult  in  great  benefit  and  the 

"  enlisted  men.  In 
service  have  been 
promptly  equipped  ^th  their  full  allowance  of  animals  and  transpor- 
tation, oave  been  provided  with  competent  instructors  from  tJie 
He^ar  Army,  and  in  many  instances  have  entered  upon  actual 
fiela  duties  by  forming  part  of  the  border  patrol.  At  tne  date  of 
publication  full  reports  of  the  benefits  derived  from  Federal  service 
liave  not  been  received. 

The  following  new  Cavalry  units  have  been  organized  during  the 
pastvear: 

Colorado,  1  troop. 

District  of  Columbia,  1  troop. 

Hawaii,  1  troop. 

lUinois,  1  macnine-gun  troop. 

Iowa,  1  squadron. 

Kansas,  1  troop. 

Montana,  1  troop. 

Pennsylvania,  1  machine-gun  troop. 

Shode  Island,  1  troop. 

South  Carolina,  1  troop. 

Tennessee,  1  troop. 

Texas,  1  troop. 

Utah,  2  squadrons. 

Virginia,  1  squadron. 

There  has  been  some  improvement  in  equitation,  but  no  satis- 
factory proCTess  can  be  made  in  this  essential  form  of  training  imtil 
«ach  troop  has  a  sufficient  nimiber  of  mounts  to  enable  it  to  carry  out 
a  systematic  course  as  a  part  of  the  armory  training.  The  short 
penod  available  at  camps  of  instruction  can  properly  be  devoted  to 
more  advanced  training. 

The  following  statement  shows  the  mounts  used  by  National  Guard 
Cavalry  at  the  time  of  mobilization,  June  18,  1916: 

Hones  owned  by  State 153 

Hones  owned  by  private  parties 579 

Hones  owned  by  organizations 1, 092 

Total 1,824 

These  animals  were  distributed  among  88  troops  in  20  States. 
Several  States  failed  to  provide  mounts  for  their  Cavalry  organiza- 
tions except  those  hired  tor  purposes  of  instruction. 

Comments  on  target  practice  appear  under  the  general  subject. 

FIELD  ABTILLEBY. 

Due  to  the  influence  of  the  European  war  and  to  the  mobilization  of 
the  National  Guard,  there  has  been  an  unprecedented  activity  during 
the  past  year  in  both  the  organization  and  the  training  of  the  Fiela 
Artillery  of  the  National  Guard. 

Since  the  date  of  the  last  report,  October  l,  1915|  the  following  new 
units  have  been  completed: 


904 


REPORT  OP  THE  CHIEF   OF   THE   MIUTIA  BUREAU. 


Massachusetts,  one  battalion  and  one  regimental  headquarters. 

Connecticut,  five  batteries,  one  headquarters  company,  and  one 
supply  company. 

New  York,  one  regiment. 

Pennsylvania,  two  regiments,  two  batteries,  and  one  regimental 
and  two  battalion  headquarters. 

New  Jersey,  one  battery. 

Maryland,  one  battery. 

Virginia,  one  battery. 

District  of  Columbia,  one  battery. 

Illinois,  one  battalion  and  one  regimental  headquarters. 

Colorado,  one  battery  and  one  battalion  headquarters. 

Wisconsin,  two  batteries. 

The  result  shows  a  gain  of  36  batteries. 

The  following  table  shows  the  existing  units  of  Field  Artillery  and 
the  number  reauired  for  the  12  National  Guard  divisions.  The  short- 
age is  increasea  over  that  shown  in  the  last  report  by  the  requirement 
of  the  Act  of  June  3, 1916,  that  an  Infantry  division  shall  have  three 
regiments  of  Field  Artillery  instead  of  two,  as  prescribed  by  the 
Tables  of  Organization,  1914: 


Fifth. 


sixth... 
Seventh 
Eighth. 


Maln«.K«w  Hampshlra  (1  batt«nr),  V«rmoDt,  MtnachiiMtti(lr«gl- 
ment),  l.hode  Island  (1  batt«ry),CoDDectJcut  (6 batteries). 

Kew  York  Orerimenta) 

PannsTlyanla  (3  regimants) 

Naw  3%n*j  (8  batteries),  DeUwara,  Maryland  (1  battery),  Virginia 
(4  batteries),  District  of  Columbia  (S  batteries) 

North  Carolina,  South  CaroUca,  Georgia  (1  battalion),  Florida 

Kentucky,  Tennessee.  Mississippi,  A  labama  (2  batteries) 

Michican  (2  batteries):  Ohio  (1  battalion) 

Illlnou  (1  regiment),  Indiana  (1  battalion) 

North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Minnesota  (1  regiment),  Wisconsin 
(3  batteries).  Iowa  (1  battalion). 

Wyoming.  Colorado  (1  battalion),  Nebraska,  Kansas  (1  battery),  Mis- 
souri (1  battalion). 

New  Mexico  (I  battery),  Oklahoma,  Texas  (1  t>attery),  Arkansas, 
Louisiana  (1  battalion). 
Sixteenth Montana,  Washington,  Oregon  (1  battery),  Idaho,  Calilbmla  (1  bat- 
talion), Nevada,  Utsji  (1  battery),  Arisona. 


Ninth 

Tenth 

Eleventh.. 
Twelfth... 
Thirteenth 


Fourteenth. 


Fifteenth. 


Total. 


In  several  cases  States  have  expressed  a  desire  to  organize  bat- 
teries, but  upon  inspection  it  was  found  that  the  armorv  facilities 
were  inadequate  for  the  safeguarding  of  the  materiel  and  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  personnel,  and  the  State  authorities  were  unable  to  pro- 
vide or  to  guarantee  the  permanency  of  such  facilities.  The  cost  of 
armories  appears  to  be  the  principal  reason  for  the  failure  of  most  of 
the  States  concerned  to  supply  the  Field  Artillery  oi^anizations 
allotted  to  them  by  Circular  iSo.  19.  Division  of  Militia  Affairs,  1914. 
The  excess  cost  of  armories  for  Field  Artillery  over  the  cost  of  armo- 
ries for  other  arms  has  been  largely  balanced  by  the  extra  allotments 
from  Federal  funds  for  this  arm.  The  distribution  of  the  appropria- 
tion under  the  act  of  May  27.  1908,  for  the  fiscal  year  1916  was  three 
times  as  ^eat  per  man  for  Field  Artillery  as  for  Infantry,  and  amounted 
to  a  total  of  $206,099.50  for  the  former  arm.  A  special  appropriation 
of  $200,000  was  also  made  for  the  fiscal  year  1916  to  pay  medianica 


REPORT  OF   THE   CHIEF   OF   THE   MILITIA  BUREAU.  905 

and  helpers  and  to  purchase  forage  and  other  supplies  for  horses  for 
Field  Artillery  of  the  Organized  Militia,  The  law  also  authorized 
the  purchase  of  horses  for  Field  Artillery  from  the  allotments  to  the 
States  under  section  1661,  Revised  Statutes,  and  the  act  of  May  27. 
1908.  As  a  result  of  these  provisions,  all  batteries  were  furnished 
with  mechanics  to  care  for  tne  materiel,  and  those  that  maintained 
horses  employed  a  liberal  allowance  of  men  to  care  for  the  animals. 
At  the  time  of  the  mobilization  of  the  National  Guard  on  June  18, 1916, 
horses  were  being  maintained  for  batteries  and  headquarters  detach- 
ments as  follows: 

Condemned  Regular  Army  hordes 159 

Horses  purchased  from  Federal  funds 399 

Privately  owned  horses 354 

Total 912 

These  animals  were  distributed  amon^  74  batteries  in  24  States. 
The  States  of  Alabama,  California,  Georgia,  and  Texas  failed  to  take 
advantage  of  the  opportunity  to  maintain  horses  for  their  Field 
Artillery  from  Federal  funds. 

Table  16  gives  information  as  to  conditions  existing  at  the  inspection 
in  1916  unaer  section  14  of  the  militia  law. 

The  most  serious  deficiency  revealed  by  the  reports  was  the  lack  of 
organized  and  instructed  regimental  and  battahon  headquarters  de- 
tachments. Field  Artillery  can  not  perform  its  functions  m  war  with- 
out the  specialists  who  compose  tnese  detachments.  In  order  to 
secure  them,  it  became  necessary  to  make  the  continued  recognition 
of  the  deUnquent  units  conditional  upon  the  procurement  of  a  suitable 
personnel  prior  to  thj9  next  inspection. 

As  a  result  of  the  deficiencies  revealed  by  the  inspection  in  attend- 
ance at  drills,  instruction,  and  armory  facilities,  it  oecame  necessary 
to  withdraw  Federal  recognition  from  four  batteries  and  to  make  the 
continued  recognition  of  six  others  conditional  upon  adequate  im- 
provement prior  to  a  subsequent  inspection.  The  batteries  from 
which  recognition  was  withdrawn  were  reorganized  with  an  improved 
personnel  and  those  that  were  conditioned  were  mustered  into  the 
service  of  the  United  States  before  the  expiration  of  the  probationary 
period. 

In  some  cases  it  appeared  that  the  horses  issued  to  organizations 
were  not  being  used  for  the  training  of  the  members  in  mounted  duties 
and  exercises  but  that  they  were  largely  devoted  to  riding  on  the  road 
for  pleasure  or  to  exercises  of  Uttle  military  value.  Such  units  were 
informed  that  a  failure  to  comply  with  the  purposes  for  which  the 
horses  were  issued  would  result  m  the  withdrawal  of  the  animals  and 
of  the  suppUes  and  allowances  authorized  for  their  maintenance. 

There  is  a  general  deficiency  in  revolver  and  subcaliber  practice. 
In  many  cases  improvement  could  be  made  by  the  construction  of 
ranges  at  or  near  tne  armories. 

While  the  total  enUsted  strength  in  many  units  still  remains  far 
below  the  peace  strength,  there  was  a  marked  improvement  in  the 
attendance  at  drills,  due  probably  to  the  system  of  credits  for  such 
attendance  on  the  ratings  of  organizations,  as  published  in  Circular 
Letter  52181.4,  Division  of  Militia  Affairs,  1916. 

The  allotment  of  Federal  funds  for  the  payment  of  mechanics  has 
resulted  in  a  great  improvement  in  the  care  of  the  material.  No 
deficiency  of  this  nature  was  reported  during  the  year. 


906  BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MHJTIA  BUBEAU. 


▲BMOBT  DrSTRUOTION. 


On  account  of  the  limited  allotments  to  the  Division  of  Militia 
Ajffaira  for  the  travel  of  inspector-instructors  during  the  fiscal  jear 
1916,  it  was  necessary  to  restrict  their  presence  with  each  umt  to 
only  three  visits.  In  order  to  utilize  the  time  to  the  best  advantage, 
the  following  course  for  armory  instruction  was  prescribed: 

(a)  Instruction  and  examination  of  officers  and  enlisted  men  for 
qualifications  as  gunners. 

(ft)  Instruction  and  examination  of  batteries  in  the  proficiency  of 
the  gun.  squads,  and,  where  horses  were  available,  in  the  proficiency  of 
the  drivers  ana  the  horsemanship  of  the  personnel. 

(c)  Correspondence  courses  for  officers  and  noncommissioned  offi- 
cers in  the  basic  course,  prescribed  by  Circular  No.  3,  Division  of 
MiUtia  Affairs,  1914.  with  the  addition  of  chapter  5,  Part  III,  Drill 
Regulations  for  Field  Artillery,  the  employment  of  special  details  and 
special  methods  for  determining  firing  aata.  Officers  who  were  known 
to  be  proficient  in  the  subjects  named  were  authorized  to  take  a  corre- 
spondence course  in  the  subjects  prescribed  for  year  A.  Each  course 
included  instruction  and  examination  in  the  solution  of  map  problems 
involving  the  employment  of  Field  Artillery. 

The  effect  of  this  order  was  to  arouse  extraordinary  enthusiasm 
on  the  part  of  a  portion  of  the  Field  Artillery.  In  some  cases  the 
demand  for  the  services  of  the  inspector-instructors  to  conduct 
examinations  soon  became  so  great  that  the^  foimd  it  impossible  to 
<;onduct  correspondence  courses  or  to  give  instruction  in  gunnery. 
Some  States  generously  made  up  the  deficiencies  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment in  the  allowances  for  travel  and  cheerfully  paid  the  expense  of 
the  instructors  for  extra  visits.  Notwithstanding  every  effort,  many 
of  the  candidates  for  gunners  could  not  be  examined  and  the  exam- 
ination of  a  part  of  the  officers  who  studied  the  basic  course  could 
not  be  completed. 

The  reports  of  examinations  during  the  instruction  year  1915-16 
showed  a  qualification  of  510  expert  first-class  gunners,  681  first- 
-class gunners,  and  369  second-class  gunners,  making  a  total  of  1,560 
in  the  entire  Field  Artillery. 

The  ffunnery  quaUfications  have  been  published  in  Circular  No.  8, 
Mihtia  Bureau,  1916,  and  the  men  whose  names  appear  in  the  circular 
are  entitled  to  the  pay  of  their  qualifications  when  in  the  service  of  the 
United  States  or  wnen  attending  camps  of  instruction  until  the  period 
for  the  next  examination. 

Unfortunately,  the  instruction  of  National  Guard  officers  has  not 
progressed  as  satisfactorily  as  that  of  the  enlisted  men,  and  the 
number  who  qualified  for  certificates  of  proficiency  has  been  dis- 
appointing. While  this  has  been  due  in  a  measure  to  the  lack  of 
sufficient  inspector-instructors  to  conduct  the  correspondence  courses 
and  the  examinations,  the  neglect  of  a  large  majonty  to  cjualify  as 
.gunners  and  the  fact  that  a  small  per  cent  of  the  officers  did  qualify 
for  certificates  indicate  that  there  was  a  general  failure  to  make 
timely  preparation  for  the  examinations. 

Hie  names  of  officers  who  qualified  under  the  course  of  instruction 
are  published  in  Circular  No.  17,  Militia  Bureau,  1916.  All  of  those 
whose  names  appear  in  this  circular  have  received  certificates  from 
.the  War  Department,  and  they  will  be  exempt  from  examinataona 


SEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUBEAXT.  907 

for  promotion  in  the  subjects  included  in  the  course  for  a  period  of 
five  years. 

In  order  to  afford  some  basis  for  comparison  of  efi&ciency  of  the 
batteries  and  the  different  headquarters  details,  a  scale  of  ratings 
was  published  at  the  beginning  of  the  instruction  year.  Values  were 
fixed  for  (a)  strength  and  length  of  service  of  enlisted  men  at  the 
annual  inspection  xmder  section  14  of  the  Militia  law,  (b)  attendance 
at  drills,  (c)  attendance  at  joint  camps,  (d)  certificates  of  proficiency 
of  officers  and  noncommissioned  officers,  (e)  (qualifications  in  the 
different  classes  of  gunners,  (f)  proficiency  in  armory  training, 
(g)  rate  of  fire  at  service  practice.  On  account  of  the  mobilization 
of  the  National  Guard  and  the  conditions  that  prevented  joint  camps, 
it  was  not  practicable  to  award  ratings  in  subjects  (c),  (/),  and  (^). 
I^atiujgs  were  given  for  the  remainder  of  the  su  meets  and  the  figures 
for  alTbatteries  and  headquarters  were  pubUshea  in  CSrcular  No.  16, 
Militia  Bureau,  1916.  It  will  be  seen  from  this  circular  that  great 
differences  exist  in  the  rating  of  different  organizations  which  appa- 
rently had  equal  opportumties.  Newly  oi^anized  batteries  could 
not  compete  with  those  previously  in  existence  and  are  not  classified. 
The  result  of  these  comparisons  should  stimulate  those  that  are 
backward  to  greater  endeavor  and  impel  those  that  have  excelled 
to  greater  exertion  in  order  to  retain  their  leadership.  While  it  is 
recognized  that  the  system  followed  may  not  be  entirely  satisfactory, 
it  has  already  produced  valuable  results. 

FIELD  TRAININQ. 

The  schedule  for  armory  instruction  was  conducted  with  a  view  to 
making  all  National  Guard  batteries  efficient  firing  units  at  the  joint 
camps  in  1916.  Experience  has  shown  that  a  h^h  degree  of  profi- 
ciencv  may  be  obtained  at  the  armories  in  the  mechanism  of  fire,  in 
the  ming  battery,  and  in  the  employment  of  special  details.  All 
organizations  should  therefore  enter  upon  their  field  training  with 
such  thorough  preliminary  instruction  tnat  the  time  may  be  devoted 
to  mountea  duties,  tactical  exercises,  and  target  practice.  To 
emphasize  this  requirement,  the  instruction  program  for  the  year 
prescribed  that,  in  order  to  receive  ammunition  for  service  practice, 
at  least  3  officers  in  the  battery  must  have  received  certificates  for  the 
basic  course  and  at  least  20  enlisted  men  must  be  qualified  gunners 
in  the  battery,  including  not  less  than  3  who  had  qualified  in  the 
subjects  for  headquarters,  staffs,  etc. 

Early  in  the  year  1916  a  complete  schedule  for  field  training  was 
announced,  embracing  camps  of  instruction  for  officers  and  non- 
commissioned officers,  joint  camps  for  all  batteries,  and  a  large  class 
of  officers  and  noncommissionea  officers  to  attend  the  school  of  fire 
for  Field  Artillery. 

When  the  time  approached  for  establishing  the  camps,  it  was  found 
that  no  regular  troops  were  available  to  conduct  them.  An  effort 
was  made  to  hold  the  camps  without  regular  troops,  but  the  necessary 
appropriations  could  not  be  obtained.  The  States  were  then  informed 
that  tne  encampments  could  not  take  place.  Unless  regular  troops 
can  be  spared  to  conduct  camps,  with  horses  and  instructors,  and 
unless  adequate  appropriations  are  made  available  in  time  to  arrant 
for  attendance  of  me  National  Guard  batteries  at  the  camps,  it  wDl 
be  useless  to  attempt  field  training  for  Field  Artillery. 


908  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITU  BUREAU. 

INSPECTOR-INSTRUCTORS  AND  SERGEANT-INSTRUCTORS. 

The  success  of  National  Guard  training  depends  so  largely  upon  an 
adequate  and  eflBcient  corps  of  instructors  that  without  them  little 
can  DC  accomplished.  The  oflBcers  and  nonconmiissioned  officers  of 
the  regular  Field  Artillery  who  have  been  detailed  for  this  duty  have 
maintained  the  high  reputation  already  established  for  efficiency  and 
leadership.  They  have  been  zealous  in  the  performance  of  their 
arduous  duties,  and  by  their  friendly  sympathy  with  the  militia  and 
their  mastery  of  the  details  of  their  profession  they  have  held  the 
confidence  and  the  respect  of  the  State  officers  and  troops.  As  proof 
that  their  services  have  been  appreciated  by  the  Stat^,  more  than 
half  of  the  officers  and  eight  of  the  noncommissioned  officers  were 
given  State  conmiissions  when  the  National  Guard  was  mobilized. 
Their  number,  however,  has  been  so  inadeauate  for  the  task  that  has 
been  required  of  them  that  they  not  only  nave  been  imable  to  meet 
the  demands,  but  in  some  cases  the  health  of  officers  has  bec^ 
endangered  by  overexertion.  The  act  of  Jime  3, 1916,  has  provided 
extra  officers  and  noncommissioned  officers  sufficient  to  furnish  at 
least  one  inspector-instructor  for  each  battalion  and  one  serereant* 
instructor  for  each  battery.  The  work  can  not  be  accomplished  with 
a  less  number  of  officers  or  noncommissioned  officers. 

The  foUowing  extract  from  the  report  of  the  Inspector  Greneral  of 
the  Eastern  Department,  with  reference  to  the  Tenth  Militia  Field 
Artillery,  is  deemed  worthy  of  special  consideration  in  connection 
with  the  training  of  the  Field  Artillery  of  the  National  Guard: 

In  my  opinion,  which  is  based  upon  my  observations  in  camps  of  seven  different 
State  troopNB,  the  citizen  soldier,  at  the  present  state  of  training,  will  be  of  little  rcml 
value  on  a  hasty  call  into  the  Federal  service  unless  there  is  a  sufficient  number  of 
instructors  from  the  Regular  Arm^  on  duty  with  these  troops,  not  only  in  times  of 
peace  at  their  armories,  but  also  in  their  camps  of  mobilization.  In  most  camps  I 
nave  found  that  the  Regular  Army  instructors  nad  been  taken  off  their  regular  duty« 
and  had  been  made  mustering  officers.  The  instruction  and  training  of  the  troops  in 
such  camps  were  practically  at  a  standstill.  The  officers  were  attempting  drills  to 
some  extent,  but  they  were  groping  in  the  dark.  Here  it  is  different.  The  coloneU 
lieutenant  colonel,  majors,  regimental  and  battalion  staff  officers,  and  one  battery 
commander  are  officers  or  noncommissioned  officers  of  the  R^oihur  Army,  and  the 
work  accomplished  here  b  iu  marked  contrast  to  that  accomplished  in  other  camps. 
Instruction  is  progressive  and  methodical,  and.  above  fdl,  thorough.  The  accumcv 
of  aiming  and  Layins  the  pieces  at  artillery  drill  and  the  snappiness  of  the  drills  rival 
the  work  accompliuied  by  Regular  Armv  on^anizations.  Tne  days  are  so  full  from 
early  morning  until  late  at  night  for  both  officers  and  enlisted  men  that  it  seems  tm 
though  they  could  not  possibly  accomplish  more  with  increased  effort,  if  such  increaae 
were  possible.  They  are  worked  to  the  limit,  but,  I  think,  for  a  limited  time  at  least, 
not  to  excess.  After  the  days  work  is  over,  a  final  assembly  of  all  commissioned 
officers  is  held  and  all  mistakes,  defects,  and  irregularities  are  taken  up  and  discussed 
with  a  view  to  their  prevention  in  the  future.  Some  of  these  remarks  do  not  appear,  at 
first  thought,  to  come  under  the  caption  '*  Remarks  which  may  serve  in  appraisinft 
the  real  value  of  the  citizen  soldier,  etc.,"  but  I  have  made  them  here  to  snow  that 
the  citizen  soldier  is  of  little  value  on  a  hasty  call,  unless  they  aro  provided  with  com* 
potent  instructors,  and  I  am  becoming  more  and  more  convinced  that  the  number 
of  instructors  which  we  must  use  from  the  R^^iIat  Army  must  be  bu  greater  than 
that  which  we  have  used  in  the  past.  The  instruction  of  a  re^:iment  is  not  a  one-man 
job.  It  is  too  great  a  task  for  efficiency,  and  if  we  expect  efficiency  from  the  Nat  tonal 
Guard  omnizations,  I  believe  that  one  Regular  Army  officer  detailed  as  instructor 
with  each  company^  or  battery  is  not  an  extravagence.  In  the  Regular  service,  we 
do  not  think  of  bringing  and  keeping  a  company  up  to  the  proper  standard  of  efi* 
ciency  with  one  officer,  even  when  he  has  the  advantage  of  trained  noncommissioiied 
officers  as  assistants.  Much  less  can  we  expect  to  take  untrained  troops  and  Irinp 
them  up  to,  and  keep  them  at,  a  proper  state  of  efficiency,  so  that  they  will  be  reader 
for  service  on  a  hasty  call,  with  leas  than  one  commiauoned  officer  axid  possibly  aam 
sergeant-instructor  to  a  company  or  battery. 


KEPORT  OP  THE  CHIEF   OF   THE   MILITIA  BUREAU.  909 


STUDENT  OEQANIZATIONS. 


In  order  to  meet  the  wishes  of  certain  colleges  for  the  training  of 
the  students  in  field  artillery  and  to  assist  the  States  in  the  develop- 
ment of  this  arm  of  the  National  Guard,  the  War  Department,  during 
the  past  few  years,  extended  recognition  to  batteries  in  the  f oDowing 
institutions:  i  ale  University,  University  of  Illinois,  University  of 
Minnesota,  Purdue  University,  and  the  Stale  Agricultural  College  of 
Oolorado. 

The  student  members  of .  these  organizations  showed  marked 
aptitude  and  manifested  a  lively  interest  in  both  the  college  and  the 
field  training. 

While  this  method  was  the  best  that  could  be  adopted  imder  the 
then  existing  laws,  it  was  fully  recognized  that  the  educational 
qualifications  of  college  men  fit  them  especially  to  become  officers, 
and  it  has  been  evident  that  military  instruction  in  colleges  should 
be  specialized,  with  the  object  of  fitting  graduates  for  commissions 
in  the  Re^ar  Army,  the  National  Guard,  and  the  Volunteer  forces 
of  the  Umted  States.  Many  institutions  that  desired  military  train- 
ing in  the  technical  arms  were  unwilling  to  have  the  students  organ- 
ized as  a  part  of  the  National  Guard.  State  qualifications  as  to 
citizenship  also  operated  to  restrict  the  college  membership  of  State 
forces.  Furthermore,  the  routine  of  coDege  life  is  incompatible  with 
the  general  purposes  of  the  National  Guard,  the  most  freauent  func- 
tion of  whicn  has  been  the  performance  of  police  duty  in  tne  enforce- 
ment of  the  laws.  Business  and  professional  men  may  undergo 
brief  interruptions  in  their  occupations  incident  to  National  Guard 
service^  without  serious  results,  but  students  who  are  called  for  any 
appreciable  time  from  their  classes  must  suffer  the  loss  of  a  years' 

Erogress  in  their  education.  Moreover,  in  order  that  a  National 
fuard  organization  may  be  continually  available,  its  membership 
must  be  permanently  residents  of  some  locality.  During  the  vaca- 
tion periods  students  become  widely  dispersed,  and  the  National 
Guara  organizations  ^  of  which  they  constitute  the  membership 
virtually  cease  to  exist.  This  condition  prevailed  at  the  time  of 
the  recent  mobilization,  and  the  assembly  of  student  imits  \7as  not 
only  greatly  delayed,  but  the  expense  involved  for  many  men  to 
return  to  tneir  commands  was  prohibitive.  Thus,  student  organ- 
izations are  not  equally  available  with  other  portions  of  the  National 
Guard,  and  they  do  not  form  a  homogeneous  part  of  the  State  forces. 
In  recognition  of  the  peculiar  status  of  students,  and  with  a  view 
to  having  the  country  avail  itself  of  the  resources  offered  by  the  col- 
leges. Congress  embodied  in  the  act  of  June  3.  1916,  the  wise  provi- 
sions for  establishing  sections  of  the  Reserve  Officers'  Training  Corps 
in  colleges  and  schools.  The  effect  of  this  law  is  to  provide  a  means 
for  preparing  young  men  to  become  commissioned  officers  with  the 
least  practicable  mterference  with  their  educational  endeavors. 
During  their  course  of  training  in  this  corps  they  are  not  liable  to 
the  performance  of  any  kind  ot  military  duty;  at  the  same  time  they 
are  oeing  trained  theoretically  and  practically  for  the  performance  of 
duties  01  officers,  without  any  of  the  complications  that  arise  in  the 
organization  of  the  National  Guard  units. 

In  order  to  comply  with  the  intent  of  the  law,  as  well  as  to  give  all 
colleges  an  ec^ual  opportunity  to  enjoy  its  benefits,  the  War  College 
and  uie  Militia  Bureau  concurred  in  a  proposal  prior  to  the  mobiliza- 


910  BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 

tion  of  the  National  Guard,  to  replace  National  Guard  units  in  col- 
leges and  schools  by  sections  of  the  Reserve  Officers'  Training  Corps, 
and  t^us  transform  them  from  an  anomalous  to  a  normal  status. 
It  was  also  proposed  to  \^ithhold  recognition  in  the  future  from 
National  Guwi  units  in  schools.  This  principle  was  embodied  in 
the  regulations  that  have  been  approved  for  the  government  of  the 
Reserve  Officers'  Training  Corps.  It  would  manifestly  be  unfair  to 
institutions  that  have  voluntsjily  assumed  the  bmxlen  of  National 
Guard  units  to  deny  them  the  same  privilege  that  is  extended  to  those 
where  no  such  endeavor  has  been  made.  Besides,  as  has  been  stated. 
National  Guard  organizations  were  recognized  in  colleges  as  a  measure 
of  expediency  at  a  time  when  the  laws  provided  no  other  means  for 
techmcal  military  training.  It  is  only  logical,  therefore,  that  this 
method  should  be  discontinued  when  a  chanj^e  in  the  laws  provides 
a  method  that  will  be  to  the  interest  of  the  Government,  of  the  col- 
leges,  and  of  the  students  themselves.     In  having  such  oreanizationa 

Bass  from  the  National  Guard  to  the  Reserve  Officers^  Training 
orps,  the  country  will  not  lose  their  services,  but  will  avail  itself  ot 
their  usefulness  in  a  much  neater  degree. 

In  accordance  with  the  foregoing  considerations,  and  in  response 
to  an  unmistakable  public  sentiment,  expressed  by  the  natural 
demands  of  the  coU^  officials,  the  parents,  and  prominent  citizens 
of  the  country,  the  War  Department  published  on  July  21,  1916,  a 
policy  which  stated  that  student  oigaoizations  should  be  mustered 
out  of  the  service  of  the  United  States  as  soon  as  practicable  after 
September  1,  1916,  and  that  immediately  after  being  mustered  out. 
Federal  recognition  would  be  withdrawn  from  such  organizations. 
Orders  for  student  units  to  be  mustered  out  were  issued  on  Septem- 
ber 6,  1916.  It  now  remains  to  complete  the  policy  by  withdrawing 
Federal  recomition  from  these  oreaxiizations.  and  thus  eaabling  the 
States  to  replace  the  student  members  by  a  aifferent  personneL 

COAST  ARTIIXEBT. 

Since  the  date  of  the  last  report  (Oct.  1,  1915)  the  following  new 
companies  of  Coast  Artillery  have  been  organized: 

District  of  Columbia,  one  company. 

South  Carolina,  five  companies. 

Virgmia,  two  companies. 

Maryland,  one  company. 

Wasnington,  four  companies. 

New  York,  two  companies. 

New  Hampshire,  one  company. 

Oregon,  four  companies. 

Hawaii,  two  comnanies. 

One  company  in  New  Hampshire  was  mustered  out. 

The  stren^  of  the  National  Guard  Coast  Artillery  since  1909. 
based  upon  tne  annual  Federal  inspections  made  under  section  14  oi 
the  militia  law,  is  shown  in  the  following  table: 


BBPO&T  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MIUTIA  BUBEAU. 


911 


Ttar. 


1808 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 
1916 
1918 


OiBocn. 


457 
448 
472 
479 
450 
440 
450 


Enllstwl 


8,288 
8,864 
8,664 
7,228 
7,171 
7,150 
7,438 
8,000 


pftfiif 


119 
122 
120 
126 
126 
123 
123 
127 


tnllstod 
oomptiiy. 


68 
66 
68 

67 
68 
80 
84 


There  are  now  147  companies  and  the  total  strength  of  the  Coast 
Artillery,  including  those  companies  organized  since  the  Federal 
inspection  for  1916,  is  545  officers  and  11,010  enlisted  men. 

The  National  Guard  Coast  Artillery  is  being  developed  on  the 
theorjr  that  in  the  eyent  of  war  the  various  units  will  serve  in  for- 
tifications not  far  removed  from  their  home  stations.  Tlie  particu- 
lar task  set  for  the  State  forces  is  to  man  one-half  of  the  gun  ana  mortar 
batteries  in  the  continental  limits  of  the  United  States.  This  plan 
will  require  aU  of  the  seaboard  States  to  maintain  Coast  Artiuerj^ 
but  up  to  the  present  time  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Florida,  Alabama, 
Louisiana,  and  Texas  have  failed  to  provide  any  companies  whatever, 
and  several  other  States  do  not  mam  tain  enough  Coast  Artillery  to 
contribute  effective  service  in  the  fortifications  located  along  their 
coast  lines. 

The  record  of  enlisted  men  who  have  qualified  under  War  Depart- 
ment orders  for  various  grades  and  ratings  shows  improvement 
from  year  to  year,  as  is  inmcated  below: 


1914 

19U 

1918 

IffiittrtlMtiiriini.................. , 

2 

40 
27 
36 

48 
828 
679 

83 

37 

02 

88 

848 

1,218 

8 

EOflnMn 

11 

FlMtrfctlui  ttrfMoU,  flnrt-rlam 

IS 

Ei^trfctan  itrjf  MiVftj  woond-clMi ', 

14 

If  wrtw  gumiin ......' 

U 

8 

Oxifn  ooammidift. 

187 

Ofinpointtfl                         *..     ^..xx.x^a.  *.*x*  .*w**.*^^*  .*....  *..  ... 

73 

Plotun 

121 

Obnrrtn  *  ^ . . . .  a  ................................  ^ 

167 

■rrt^*ifffff  smuMn.  .••■..«■•........•.....■.•..................*•.•.......■....• 

908 

ffffiffHt^htffgoniMn. 

i.w> 

The  following  table  shows  the  results  of  service  target  practice 
held  during  the  last  two  years: 


IMMhrtll*. 
UMhteh  rtll« 
^taoh  flfl# . . 
8-lDehrlfl«.. 


1914 


If  MO 


Yarit. 

8,836 
8,685 
4,878 
6,301 
4,720 


HIto. 


Pcremi. 
22.8 
84.6 
46.6 
28.8 
18.8 


1918 


rmnft. 


Yvii, 

8,942 
7,186 
6*977 
4,968 
4,701 


BlU. 


48w8 
48.8 
88.8 

18.1 
10.8 


912 


BEPOET  OF  THE  CHIEF   OF  THE   MILITIA  BUBEAIT. 


The  progress  in  target  practice  is  more  satisfactory  than  the  tab- 
ulated results  indicate,  as  the  work  during  1915  was  perfonned 
with  less  assistance  from  the  regular  troops  than  in  the  preceding 
year.  The  service  practice  during  the  joint  coast-defense  exercises 
of  1916  was  held  at  longer  ranges  than  heretofore,  but  reports  of 
the  results  are  not  available  at  tnis  time. 

The  following  table  shows  the  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the 
National  Guard  Coast  Artillery  in  attendance  at  joint  coast-defense 
exercises  during  the  past  summer.  Fourteen  per  cent  of  the  officers 
and  47  per  cent  of  the  enUsted  men  had  not  attended  a  prior  encamp- 
ment. The  number  reported  as  not  having  attended  previous  coast- 
defense  exercises  includes  16  newly  organized  compames. 


state. 


Maine 

New  Hampshire.... 
Rhode  Island. 


Connecticut. 
Kew  York.. 


Massachusetts. 


Maryland 

District  of  Colombia 

Virginia 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Georgia 

Califomia 


uregon. 
Washin 


gUm. 


Fort. 


Williams 

Constitution. 

Oreble 

do 

H.O.Wright. 

do....!:.. 

do........ 

Strong 


*  •  •  •  •  Uwa  ••••••••• 

Andrews 

Warren 

Howard 

Monroe 

Caswell 

Moultrie 

Screven 

WhiAeld  Scott. 

Rosecrans 

Stevens 

Worden 


Date. 


Sept.  14-23.... 
Sept.  13-20.... 

July  16-23 

Juy  23-30 

June22-JulyL 

July  2-16 

July  16-30 

Aug.  13-29 


Aug.  13-22. 
Aug.  17-28. 
Aug.  20-29. 
Aug.  17-31. 
July  12-31. 
Aug.  4-15.. 
Aug.  7-19.. 
Aug.  20-28. 
May  20-28. 
July  9-23.. 
July  7-23.. 
July  16-29. 
Aug.  20-31. 


Organizations. 


Band  and  13  companies 

4  companies 

Band  and  9  companies. 
Band  and  8  companies. 
Band  and  13  companies 
Band  and  12  companies 
Band  and  10  companies 
Band  and  headquar* 
ters. 

4  companies 

I • • • •  Uw«  •••••••«••••••• 

»  •  «  •  •  %Jv* ••••«•••••••••• 

1  company 

.....do 

0  companies 

5  companies 

4  companies 

Band  and  10  companies 

2  companies 

Band  and  8  companies . 
9  companies 


Total 
strength.! 


Ofld- 
oers. 


51 
16 
38 
38 
53 
44 
33 
15 

12 

12 

12 

3 

3 

3 

22 

19 

10 

33 

9 

82 

36 


En- 
listed 
men. 


843 
267 
628 
586 
844 
1,105 
930 
44 

281 

290 

293 

05 

56 

OJ 

414 

373 

224 

628 

140 

606 

639 


Present  in 

camp.* 


Offl. 
oers. 


46 
16 
38 
38 
49 
44 
33 
10 

10 

9 

10 

3 

3 

3 

21 

14 

16 

31 

9 

31 

35 


Ust«d 


756 


583 
538 

778 
1,010 


271 

240 

287 

50 

64 

61 


184 
473 
103 
451 
530 


>  The  columns  showing  ''Total  strength"  and  "Present  in  camp"  include  such  officers  and  noncom- 
missioned staff  officers  as  are  properly  attached  to  coast-defense  commands  of  the  sises  indicated  in  each 
State.  Most  of  the  officers  and  a  considerable  number  of  enlisted  men  shown  as  absent  during  camp  had 
been  mustered  into  the  United  States  service  and  were  on  recruiting  duty  in  the  States  during  the  period 
of  coast-defense  exercises. 

A  uniform  system  of  instruction,  prescribed  by  War  Department 
orders,  has  been  in  effect  since  191 1.  The  courses  of  study  originally 
prescribed  for  officers  were  revised  and  made  somewhat  more  exten* 
give  by  General  Orders,  No.  2,  War  Department,  1916,  and  new  sched- 
ules 01  instruction  have  been  published  for  enlisted  apecialists,  rated 
men,  and  gunners.  It  is  the  purpose  of  the  Militia  Bureau  to  make 
the  examinations  for  the  enlisted  men  of  the  Coast  Artillery  as  thor- 
ough as  those  applied  in  like  cases  in  the  Regular  service. 

There  has  been  a  general  improvement  in  efficiencv  in  the  Coast 
Artillery  of  most  of  tne  States,  but  the  progress  has  oeen  too  slow. 
The  small  and  irr^ular  attendance  at  armory  driUs,  the  limited  time 
allowed  for  summer  exercises  in  the  fortifications,  and  the  constantly 
changing  personnel  in  both  officers  and  men  continue  to  be  serious 
obstacles  to  development.  With  a  view  to  stimulating  officers  to 
make  a  better  effort  to  quaUfy  in  the  courses  prescribed  for  their 
gcades,  attendance  at  the  annual  coast-defense  exercises  has  beea 


BEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF   OF  THE   MILITIA  BUREAU. 


918 


made  conditional  upon  their  passing  certain  examinations.  In  a 
similar  manner  companies  were  not  allowed  to  fire  at  service  target 
practice  this  year  unless  they  had  qualified  according  to  certain 
standards  of  organization  and  efficiency.  The  effect  of  these  restric- 
tions has  been  very  beneficial. 

A  cpnsiderable  number  of  the  older  officers  were  separated  from  the 
active  service  during  the  past  year.  The  average  commissioned  serv- 
ice of  National  Guard  Coast  Artillery  officers  reported  at  the  last 
inspection  is  as  follows: 

Yeaxs.  Years. 


Colonels 21.3 

Lieutenant  colonels 19. 5 

Majors 11. 7 


Captains • 7. 3 

First  lieutenants 3. 7 

Second  lieutenants 1. 4 


ENGINEERS. 


The  strength  of  the  Engineer  troops  of  Organized  Militia,  as  shown 
by  the  armory  inspections,  January  to  March,  1916,  was  70  officers 
and  1,165  enlisted  men.  Since  that  time  two  companies  have  been 
recognized,  viz,  one  company  at  Honolulu,  Hawaii,  May  4,  1916 
(strength,  4  officers  and  65  enlisted  men),  and  one  company  at  Boulder, 
Colo.,  June  3,  1916  (strength,  3  officers  and  54  enlisted  men).  The 
total  strength  at  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year,  as  shown  by  reports  of 
Regular  Army  inspectors,  was  77  officers  and  1,284  enUsted  men. 
This  is  a  gain  since  last  report  of  8  officers  and  16  enUsted  men. 

Since  July  1,  1916,  and  due  probably  in  a  measure  to  the  impetus 
given  by  the  border  situation,  six  companies  have  been  organizea  and 
recognized  up  to  September  12,  1916,  viz,  one  company  each  at  Nor- 
folk, Vaj  Wibnington,  N.  C;  Charlotte,  N.  C;  Port  Arthur,  Tex.; 
Dallas,  Tex.;  and  Sacramento,  Cal.;  and  one  company,  F,  Fourth 
Pennsylvania  Infantry,  at  Pottsville,  Pa.,  was  transferred  to  Engi- 
neers. The  total  number  of  companies  has  increased  from  19  in  1915 
to  29  in  September,  1916. 

The  effectiveness  of  the  paper  strength  was  shown  by  the  mobiliza- 
tion, where  an  average  strength  of  those  companies  actually  accepted 
in  the  United  States  service  (in  cases  of  those  troops  on  the  border, 
all  but  three  companies,  the  strength  is  that  actually  present  in  camp 
July  31,  1916),  was  approximately  100.  Ohio,  Pennsylvania  and 
Michigan  had  approximately  the  peace  strength  of  109  enUsted;  New 
York,  slightly  less;  Illinois,  Iowa,  and  Company  B  Colorado,  an 
average  of  about  80.  The  greatest  difficulty  was  experienced  in 
Company  A,  Engineers,  of  Colorado,  composed  almost  exclusively  of 
students  from  the  Colorado  School  of  Mines,  which  was  not  mustered  in 
until  August  5,  1916.  This  fact  is  a  striking  argument  against  main- 
taining as  part  of  the  first  line  (National  Guard)  oi^anizations  com- 
posed of  students.  Company  B,  Engineers,  National  Guard  of  Penn- 
sylvania, did  not  lose  a  single  man  upon  physical  examination. 

The  act  of  June  3,  1916,  changed  tne  organization  of  the  comple- 
ment of  Engineers  for  a  division  of  the  Reguiai  Army  fiom  the  bat- 
talion of  four  companies  to  a  regiment  of  two  battaHons  of  three  com- 
panies each.  The  change  was  effective  on  July  1,  1916,  but  to  date 
of  this  report  the  National  Guard  Endneers  haa  not  effected  the  reor- 
ganization except  in  Ohio,  where  the  tour  companies  were  constituted 
one  battalion  and  one  separate  company. 


69176'--WAB  1916— VOL  1- 


68 


914  REPORT  OF   THE   CHIEF   OF   THE   MILITIA  BUREAU. 

ITio  equipping  of  the  troops  ia  accordance  with  provisions  of  Cir- 
cular 16,  I).  M.  A.,  1915,  has  been  accomplished  except  in  c-ertain 
items  not  procurable  on  account  of  the  cutting  off  of  foreign  supply 
and  inability  of  domestic  manufacturers  to  produce  the  ai  tides  on 
short  notice. 

An  additional  sergeant  of  Engineers  was  detailed  as  sergeant- 
instructor  of  the  Engineer  troops  in  the  States  of  Iowa,  Illinois,  and 
Michigan  on  December  15,  1915. 

Th(*  asual  drills  and  schooLs  for  officers,  noncommissioned  oflBcers, 
and  selected  privates  were  held  during  the  year.  The  correspondence 
course  for  the  organizations  outside  of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Ohio  was  unsatisfactory  in  resxilts,  due  to  ihe  fact  that  participation 
was  made  voluntary.  In  Illinois  only  a  fair  adherence  to  the  pie- 
scribrd  schedule  of  instruction  was  maintained. 

State  camps  were  held  as  mentioned  in  the  last  annual  report  for 
the  Engineer  Company  in  Oklahoma  at  Chandlei,  Okla.,  August  12  to 
26,  1915,  and  for  the  Iowa  Engineer  Company  at  Iowa  City,  Iowa, 
August  16  to  25,  1915,  and  a  provisional  company  in  New  York,  July 
18  to  August  1,  1915. 

Joint  camps,  mentioned  in  last  annual  report,  were  held  at  Belvoir 
Tract,  Va.,  Juljr  6  to  Aiigust  28,  1915,  all  Engineer  organizations  east 
of  the  Mississippi  participating.  Plans  were  perfected  for  holding 
camp  at  the  same  place  this  year  but  the  mobiuzation  prevented. 

The  armory  situation  shows  no  change  except  in  Philadelphia, 
where  indications  are  that  Company  B  Engineers  will  find  accommo- 
dations by  the  fall  of  1916  in  the  new  armory  constructed  for  the  use 
of  the  Cavalry  and  Engineers. 

SIGNAL  CX)RPS. 

During  the  past  year  the  following  changes  have  taken  place  in  the 
Signal  Corps  troops.  The  Oklahoma  company  was  refused  recogni- 
tion on  account  of  inefficiency  and  was  mustered  out  of  the  State 
sei  vice  by  the  governor;  two  new  type  B  (wire)  companies  have  been 
organized,  one  in  Kentucky  and  one  in  Hawaii. 

The  companies  at  Boston,  Mass.,  and  the  one  at  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 
have  been  increased  to  battaUons.  Company  A,  Ohio  I^ational 
Guard,  from  which  recognition  was  withdrawn  last  year,  was  rein- 
spected  March  22,  1916,  and  recognition  again  extended  to  this  organ- 
ization and  the  State  of  Ohio  credited  with  a  battalion  of  Signal 
Troops. 

Following  the  "plan  laid  down  last  year  to  transfer  A  type  companies 
to  types  B  and  E,  the  following  changes  ha\e  been  maae  during  the 
yeai : 

California,  from  type  A  to  type  B. 

Colorado,  from  typ^  A  to  typSe  B. 

Connecticut,  from  type  B  to  tjipe  E. 

Missouri,  from  type  A  to  type  E. 

Kebiaska,  from  type  A  to  type  B. 

New  Jersey,  from  tyoe  A  to  type  B. 

Virginia,  from  type  D  to  type  E. 

In  order  that  the  oi^anization  may  be  able  to  collect  and  transmit 
military  information  tais  branch  of  the  service  requires  Uiat  its  per- 
sonnel m  addition  to  being  trained  as  soldiers  shall  have  a  large  amount 
of  technical  education  ana  training. 


REPOET  OF   THE  CHIEF   OF   THE   MILITIA  BUREAU.  915 

Familiarity  with  the  technical  equipment  and  special  apparatus  can 
only  be  acquired  by  long  application  on  the  part  of  those  who  are 
required  to  use  them. 

As  a  result  of  conditions  found  to  exist  at  the  time  of  the  annual 
armory  inspections  the  following  companies  could  not  at  that  time  be 
considered  oy  the  War  Department  as  efficient  for  Federal  purposes. 
They  were  therefoie  placed  on  probation  until  the  next  annual  armory 
inspection,  at  which  time  they  will  be  si>ecially  insj)ected  with  a  view 
to  determining  their  fitness  to  participate  further  in  Federal  appro- 
priations: 

Company  A,  Colorado. 

Company  A,  Nebraska. 

Fiela  Company,  Virginia. 

The  present  organization  of  the  various  State  Signal  Troops  is  as 
follows: 

4  VIELD  BATTALIONB. 

Massachusetts.  I  Ohio. 

New  York.  |  Pennsylvania. 

17  FIELD  COMPANIES. 


Type. 

Alabama E 

California B 

Colorado B 

Connecticut E 

District  of  Columbia B 

Hawaii B 

Illinois A 

Indiana E 

Kansas B 


Type. 

Kentucky B 

Michigan A 

Missouri  * E 

Nebraska B 

New  Hampshire B 

New  Jersey  * B 

Virginia ' E 

Washington A 


AVIATION. 

Realizing  the  importance  of  military  aviation  in  war  and  to  provide 
at  least  a  nucleus  of  instructed  aviators  in  the  National  Guard,  this 
bureau  recommended  that  the  sum  of  876,000  be  appropriatt»d  to  bo 
made  available  for  the  purchase  and  maintenance  of  material  and 
equipment  necessary  for  the  proper  instruction  in  militaiy  aviation  of 
such  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  National  Guard  as  may  be 
authorized  by  the  War  Department  to  attend  the  United  States  Si^al 
Corps  Aviation  School.  The  simi  requested  was  appropriated  by 
Congiess  August  29,  1916. 

Applicants  who  successfully  pass  the  required  physical  exammation 
and  who  are  detailed  by  the  War  Department  for  instruction,  will 
receive  the  same  pay  and  allowances,  including  those  of  travel  to  and 
from  the  school  of  instruction,  as  are  received  by  officers  and  enlisted 
men  of  the  Regular  Army  of  the  same  grade  who  are  detailed  on  hke 
duty. 

In  the  estimates  asked  for  under  the  appropriation  made  by  section 
13  of  the  act  of  May  27,  1908  (now  sec.  83,  act  of  June  3,  1916), 
$1,000,000  was  included  in  the  total  amount  asked  for  ($4,576,000) 
in  order  to  provide  the  equipment  for  eight  aero  companies. 

In  view  of  the  call  of  June  18,  1916,  all  appropriations  for  the 
National  Guard  were  materially  reduced,  as  only  those  organizations 
not  called  into  the  service  of  the  United  States  were  to  be  provided 

>  Equipped  as  a  type  B  company;  change  in  equipment  to  be  made  as  soon  as  practicable 
'Equipped  as  a  type  A  company;  change  in  equipment  to  be  made  as  soon  as  practicable. 
*  Equipped  as  a  t3rpe  D  company-  change  in  equipment  to  be  made  as  soon  as  practicable. 


916  REPOET  OF  THE  CHIEF   OF  THE   MILITU  BUREAU. 

for.  The  appropriation  of  $4,576,000  asked  for  was  therefore  reduced 
to  $2,000,000,  of  which  $400,000  is  available  for  the  purchase  of  equip- 
ment for  issue  to  such  aero  units  of  the  Nationd  Guard  as  may  be 
recognized  by  the  War  Department. 

During  the  past  year  two  aero  companies,  the  First  and  Second, 
have  been  organizea  in  the  State  of  New  York.  The  First  Company 
was  mustered  into  the  United  States  service  July  13,  1916,  under  the 
call  of  the  President  of  June  18, 1916.  The  report  of  the  commanding 
officer  of  this  organization,  Capt.  R.  C.  Bolunjg,  based  on  opinions 
formed  from  experience  since  organization,  giving  special  considera- 
tion to  experience  since  mobilization,  is  as  follows: 

There  is  no  difficulty  in  obtaining  an^  desired  number  of  men  of  education,  char- 
acter, and  inteUigence  to  take  up  military  aviation.  Men  qualified  by  character, 
intelligence,  and  education  to  become  officers  and  not  merely  aviators  can  be  readily 
obtained .    If  men  of  this  sort  are  desired,  there  is  no  need  to  take  men  of  a  different  sort. 

It  is  extremely  difficult — and,  in  my  opinion,  will  not  generally  prove  possible — to 
obtain  the  right  sort  of  mechanics  as  enlisted  men  in  National  Guard  aviation  units. 

The  expert  mechanical  work  required  in  an  aviation  unit  is  very  preat  in  amount 
and  most  exacting  in  character.  The  utmost  skill  and  care  ar^  required  at  all  times 
and  in  every  detail.  This  work  must  be  done  by  mechanics  regularly  and  constantly 
employed  on  the  aeroplanes  and  motors.  Mechamcs  who  report  at  the  aviation  field  only 
once  or  twice  a  week  tor  a  few  hours  according  to  the  established  rule  of  National  Guard 
duty  can  not  keep  the  aeroplanes  in  condition  to  be  used,  nor  can  such  mechanics 
themselves  be  trained  successfully.  Furthermore,  except  in  war  times  men  do  not 
enlist  in  the  National  Guard  merely  to  work  nights  and  Saturday  afternoons  and  Sun* 
days  at  their  regular  trade.  For  these  reasons  and  from  our  experience  I  am  con- 
vinced it  will  always  be  necessary  to  employ  an  adequate  force  of  expert  professional 
mechanics  to  maintain  and  repair  the  aeroplanes  of  any  National  Guard  organixations. 

It  is  very  doubtful  whether  men  will  join  National  Uuard  aviation  units  unless  they 
can  be  reasonably  sure  that  sooner  or  later  they  will  be  given  a  chance  to  fly. 

If  they  do  join  and  find  that  they  can  not  expect  any  chance  to  fly  they  will  soon 
become  so  dissatisOed  as  to  be  a  detriment  to  the  oivanization.  Nine  months  of  expe- 
rience with  all  sorts  of  applicants,  several  hundred  in  number,  has  convinced  me  of 
this.  All  these  applicants,  even  the  uneducat^  and  unintelligent,  ex|)ected  sooner 
or  later  to  get  a  chance  to  fly.  It  was  the  same  with  all  classes.  If  any  said  they 
wished  to  come  in  even  though  they  could  not  expect  any  chance  to  fly,  a  very  slight 
cross-examination  disclosed  mo  fact  that  they  really  reli^  on  getting  a  chance  to  fly, 
notwith^'tAnding  what  they  said. 

Analydij  of  the  situation  will  readily  disclose  the  reasons  for  this  attitude  on  the  part 
of  applirant^  for  National  Guard  aviation  units.    They  are: 

(a)  The  work  of  those  men  in  an  aviation  unit  who  do  not  fly  has  little  militanr 
character.  It  does  not  offer  the  attraction  of  Cavalry,  Artillery,  or  even  Infantry  drill 
and  military  exercises.     It  is  larj^ly  mechanical  work  and  fatigue. 

(6)  Most  National  Guard  organizations  are  socially  homogeneous,  and  no  man  will* 
ingly  asBumes  a  position  of  permanent  infr ricrity  to  any  others.  While  different  men 
do  somewhat  different  duties,  all  work  together  and  their  duties  are  similar.  No  men 
are  assigned  permanently  to  a  lower  cUss  of  work,  but  ail  who  make  good  get  thetr 
chances.  In  aviation  units  this  is  neither  practicable  nor  desirable,  because  profes- 
sional mechanics,  chauffeurs,  etc.,  do  not  make  i^ood  material  for  aviators,  who  are 
expected  also  to  have  the  education  and  intelligence  of  officers,  and  men  of  the  educm- 
tion  and  intelligence  expected  of  officers  do  not  make  good  mechanics.  In  ^ort,  an 
aviation  unit  is  a  collection  of  specialists  who  ought  to  be  kept  continuously  and  per- 
manentlv  at  their  own  classes  of  work.  If  all  the  men  expect,  or  even  hope  sooner  or 
later  to  Ay,  there  is  sure  to  be  constant  discontent. 

(c)  Men  in  civil  life  who  are  suflEUriently  interested  in  aviation  to  join  a  National 
Guard  aviation  unit  are  interested  primarily  in  the  flying  and  only  secondarily  in  the 
mechanical  and  miscellaneous  work  attendant  upon  flying. 

The  officer  of  the  aviation  section,  National  Guard  Si^al  Corps, 
Liieut.  J.  E.  Carberry,  in  charge  of  the  Signal  Corps  aviation  station 
at  Mineola,  N.  Y.,  reports  »^°  mi^^^- 

The  First  Aero  C' -i^ar  he  Federal  service  July  13.  1916;  it 

has  been  in  activ<^  period  of  nine  months*  it  pomoaam 

Mir  aeroplanes  serv* '  *"ijjhly  paid  aviatba 

Btructore  anc  k  o'                       oaa  been  wholly 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE   MILITIA  BUREAU.  917 

admirable,  but  as  an  aero  company,  in  the  military  sense,  it  is  nonexistent.  The  inten- 
tion at  the  time  of  its  creation  was  the  training  of  a  corps  or  officer  aviators.  I n  that  it  has 
succeeded,  but  it  lacks,  and  under  present  conditions  will  continue  to  lack,  the  trained 
personnel  that  makes  an  aero  company  not  only  efficient,  but  even  possible .  No  one  will 
more  candidly  admit  the  trutli  of  this  statement  than  its  own  commanding  officer. 

The  Second  Aero  Company  was  organized  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y..  in  the  spring  of  the 
present  year.  It  has  had  no  opportunity  to  train  its  aviators,  <iue  to  the  fact  (which 
must  be  emphasized  most  strongly)  that  it  was  rais^  in  a  city,  which  the  largest 
aeroplane  concern  in  this  country,  perhaps  in  the  world,  claims  as  its  home,  it  does 
possess  a  certain  number  of  trained  aviation  mechanics.  Obviously,  this  aavantage 
IS  most  unusual,  and.  perhaps,  would  not  obtain  in  any  similar  oiiganization  tlmt 
might  be  mentioned,  out,  whatever  his  vocation,  it  is  the  desire  of  every  man  in  the 
company  that  he  be  given  an  opi>ortunity  to  demonstrate  his  qualifications  as  an 
a'V'iator.  The  company  was  organized  on  this  basis.  Whether  it  was  possible  to 
organize  it  on  any  other  is  problematical.  It  mav  be  argued  that  a  new  banning  on 
the  basis  of  engaging  a  man  for  a  certain  clearly  aefined  sphere  of  duty  may  be  made, 
and  at  present  an  actual  effort  is  being  made  in  that  direction. 

The  First  Aero  ComjMuiy  has  established  in  New  York  Citv  a  recruiting  office  with 
the  sole  object  of  enlisting  mechanics  for  the  company.  Although  it  has  nad  the  aid 
of  the  Aero  Club  of  America,  the  Automobile  Club  of  America,  and  the  American 
Legion,  and  has  sent  out  personal  letters  to  many  likely  candidates,  it  so  far  has  failed 
to  secure  even  one  enlistment. 

Is  it  to  be  expected  that  other  States  will  have  greater  success?  Quite  the  reverse, 
considering  the  field  of  selection  that  is  here  open.  It  is  not  too  much  to  predict  that 
if  in  each  state  an  aviation  unit,  or  group  of  units,  is  raised,  that  the  training  of  these 
units  will  be  inadequate,  except  at  a  pronibitive  cost,  ununiform,  due  to  the  impossi- 
bility of  Federal  superviaicm,  and  inefficient,  so  far  as  preparation  for  war  is  concerned. 

The  efforts  above  described  to  establish  and  make  efficient  aero 
units  of  the  National  Guard  were  made  mider  the  most  favorable 
circumstances. 

The  accoimts  of  the  two  officers  whose  reports  have  been  quoted — 
one  of  them  an  officer  of  the  aviation  section  of  the  Regular  Army 
and  the  other  an  officer  of  the  National  Guard,  whose  ability  and 
professional  attainments  are  well  recognized  in  civil  hfe — indicate 
plainly  that  no  effort  was  spared  by  tnose  who  were  charged  with 
the  task,  and  that  the  apparent  failure  was  due  to  causes  which  could 
not  be  controlled. 

These  two  officers  practically  agree  in  their  conclusions,  and  these 
are  based  upon  reasons  which  seem  so  convincing  that  the  opinions  ex- 

f)ressed  must  be  given  ^eat  weight  in  deciding  upon  a  policy  to  be  fol- 
owed  in  respect  of  instituting  an  aero  service  for  the  National  Guard. 
Undoubtedly  the  spectacular  part  of  the  aviation  service  is  that  which 
attracts  members  of  the  National  Guard.  The  drudgery  con- 
nected with  the  aviation  service,  of  which  there  is  a  great  deal,  and 
which  is  very  essential  to  efficient  maintenance,  does  not  appeal  to 
them.  Relative  values  as  between  the  work  of  flying  and  tne  other 
activities  connected  with  the  aviation  service  may  be  judged  in  some 
measure  by  the  fact  that  of  a  personnel  of  45  men  in  an  aero  company, 
only  6  are  flyers.  The  rest  never  go  up  in  the  air  at  all,  but  are 
employed  as  mechanicians,  artificers,  or  otherwise,  all  bein^  neces- 
sary, and  each  man  being  a  high-class  speciaUst  in  his  own  line. 

It  is  conceded  that  the  aero  service  is  the  most  highly  technical 
branch  of  an  anny.  While  a  tolerable  efficiency  may  be  attained 
in  the  Infantry,  Cavalry,  Artillery,  and  other  imits  of  the  National 
Guard,  it  is  impossible  to  conceive  of  an  efficient  service  in  the  main- 
tenance and  repair  of  the  intricate  mechanisms  and  elaborate  appli- 
ances and  materiel  of  aero  units,  through  the  intermittent  or  occasional 
service  of  voluntary  workers. 

While  Congress  has  appropriated  $400,000  for  the  purchase  of 
equipment  to  be  issued  to  such  aero  units  as  the  War  Department 


918 


REPORT  OF   THE  CHIEF   OF   THE   MILITIA  BUREAU. 


may  recognizoi  the  great  cost  of  the  equipment  will  make  it  necessary 
to  mipose  conditions  in  respect  of  care  and  maintenance  of  materiel, 
which  the  State  will  find  it  difficult  to  meet.  A  final  determination 
of  the  question  must  rest  upon  actual  trial;  but,  so  far,  reason  and 
experience  both  indicate  an  incompatibiUty  between  the  aviation 
service  of  the  Army  and  the  National  Guard  service,  which  is  beyond 
reconciUation,  and  which  is  entirely  inconsistent  with  the  idea  that 
efficient  National  Guard  aero  units  may  be  organized  and  maintained 
in  time  of  peace. 

It  is  still  desirable  to  take  advantage  of  the  interest  and  enthusiasm 
which  individual  members  of  the  National  Guard  have  shown  in 
mihtary  aviation,  and  this  interest  may  well  be  utilized  through 
provision  for  the  attendance  at  the  aviation  schools  of  as  many 
quaUfied  students  as  may  apply  to  attend. 

In  those  States  which  are  unable  to  maintain  aero  units,  the  grad- 
uated students  of  the  aviation  schools  may  find  a  useful  activity  by 
becoming  incorporated  in  the  Signal  Corps  Officers'  Reserve  Corps. 

The  pay  and  expenses  incident  to  instruction  at  the  schools,  and  the 
expansion  of  the  aviation  schools  of  the  Army  to  meet  an  increase 
in  the  number  of  students,  should  be  amply  provided  for,  and,  when 
this  has  been  done,  it  is  probably  all  that  Congress  should  be  asked  to 
do  toward  the  promotion  of  military  aviation  in  the  National  Guard. 

SANITARY  TROOPS. 

Smce  the  date  of  last  report  the  following  new  organizations  have 
been  completed  up  to  Jime  30,  1916:  Four  ambulance  companies,  3 
field  hospital,  ana  14  detachments,  making  a  total  of  22  ambulance 
companies,  31  field  hospitals,  and  174  detadiments.  (See  Table  13). 
Since  Jime  30,  1916,  tnere  have  been  completed  4  ambulance  com- 
paines  and  7  field  hospitals,  making  a  total  of  8  ambulance  companies 
and  10  field  hospitals  organized  since  last  report.  The  following 
table  shows  the  existing  sanitary  units  and  the  number  required  for 
the  12  National  Guard  mvisions: 


Diybioo. 


Fifth. 


Sixth. 

Seventh... 
Eighth 


Ninth 

Tenth 

Eleventh.. 

Twelfth 

Thhteenth . 
Fourteenth, 
Fifteenth... 
Sixteenth.., 


States  comprising  divisional  districts. 


Maine,  none.  New  Hampshire  (1  F.  H.),  Vermont,  none,  Mas- 
sachusetts (2  F.  n.  ana  2  A.  C), Connecticut  (1  F.  H.  and  1  A. 
C),  Rhode  Island  (1  A.  C). 

New  Yorlc  (4  F.  H.  and  4  A.  C.) 


Pennsylvania  (2  F.  H.  and  2  A.  C). 


New  Jersev  (1  F.  H.  and  1  A.  C),  Delaware,  none,  District  of  Co> 

lumbla  (IF.  H.),  Maryland  (1  F.  H.  and  1  A.  C),  Virginia  (1 

F.  H.),  west  Virginia,  none. 
North  Carolina  (1  F.  U.  and  1  A.  C),  South  Carolina  (1  F.  H.), 

Qeor^  (1  F.  H.),  Florida  (1  F.  H.). 
Kentucky  (1  F.  H.  and  1  A.  C.),  Tennessiee  (1  F.  H.  and  1  A.  C), 

Alabama  (1  F.  H.  and  1  A.  C),  Mississippi,  none. 
Ohio  (3  F.  U.  and  2  A.  C),  Michigan  (1  F.  H.  and  2  A.  C) 


Dlfaiois  (2  F.  H.)»  Indiana  (1  F.  H.  and  2  A.  C). 


Iowa  (1  F.  H.  and  I  A.  C),  Wisconsin  (1  F.  H.),  Minnesota,  none, 

North  Daicota,  none.  South  Dakota,  none. 
Colorado  (1  F.  H.),  Nebraska  (1  F.  H.),  MisBourl  (1  F.  H.  and  1 

A.  C),  Kansas^one,  Wyoming,  none. 
Louisiana  (1  F.  H.),  Oklahoma  (1  F.  H.  and  1  A.  C),  Texas  (I 

F.  U.},  Arixona,  none,  New  Mexico,  none,  Arkansas,  none. 
California  (I  F.  U.  and  1  A.  r.)  Utah  (1  F.  H),  Washington,  Done, 

Oregon,  none,  Idaho,  none,  Nevada,  ntme. 

Total 


Total  units.. 


Organized. '  Shortaga. 


4  F.H. 

4  A.  a 


4 
4 
2 
2 
4 
2 


F.H. 
A.C. 
F.H. 
A.  a 
F.H. 
A.  a 


F.H. 

A.C. 

F.H. 

A.C. 

F.H. 

A.C. 

F.H. 

A.C. 

F.H. 

A.C. 

F.H. 
1  A.C. 
S  F.H. 

A.  a 

F.H. 


1 

2 


1  A.C. 


S8  F.H. 
28  A.C. 

M 


Nona. 


Nona. 

2  F.H. 
2  A.C, 
2  A.C. 


t  A.a 

1  F.H. 
1  A.a 

N< 


1 
2 
2 
S 
t 
t 
1 
t 

s 
s 


F.H. 

A.a 

F.H. 

A.a 

F.H. 

A.C 

F.H. 

A.C 

F.H. 

A.C 


10  F.  B. 
89  A.C 


BEPOET  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE   MILITIA  BUREAU.  919 

While  this  increase  in  sanitary  units  is  ^iconraging,  it  was  largely 
due  to  mobilization  of  the  National  Guard,  with  prospects  of  active 
service.  Newly  organized  sanitary  units,  under  most  favorable  con- 
ditions, could  not  be  made  ready  for  efficient  service  in  campaign 
within  a  less  period  than  six  months  of  intensive  training  after 
receiving  their  equipment  and  transportation.  The  formation  of 
these  orgainzations  should  not  await  the  necessity  created  by  a 
threatened  conffict.  They  should  be  organized,  equipped,  and  trained 
in  time  of  peace.  If  this  mobilization  results  m  impressing  upon 
the  medical  profession  and  the  responsible  State  authorities  the  ne- 
cessity of  aaequate  sanitary  units,  properly  trained  and  equipped 
in  time  of  peace  it  will  have  done  much  toward  the  cause  of  pre- 
paredness. 

The  strength  of  the  sanitary  troops  on  June  30  was  884  officers 
and  4,436  enlisted  men,  a  total  gain  of  884  during  the  year.  (See 
Table  13.)  The  strength  has  been  greatly  augmented  since  mobiliza- 
tion by  new  units  and  detachments,  also  by  increasing  the  personnel 
of  organizations  to  war  strength. 

At  the  armory  inspection  in  1915,  out  of  a  total  of  884  commis- 
sioned officers,  125  were  not  inspected.  Of  4,436  enlisted  men,  539 
were  absent  from  the  inspection.  (See  Table  13.)  While  this  is  an 
improvement  over  last  year,  yet  it  is  a  large  number  concerning 
which  there  is  no  accurate  information  as  to  suitabihty  and  quali- 
fications for  military  service. 

In  the  majority  of  the  States  the  condition  of  the  sanitary  troops 
in  respect  to  organization,  training,  and  equipment  shows  improve- 
ment over  last  year,  although  it  is  far  from  having  reached  the 
desired  standard  if  immediate  use  of  these  organizations  for  cam- 
paign is  considered.  The  degree  of  efficiency  differs  widely.  In 
many  States  but  a  short  period  of  preparation  would  be  needed  to 
make  the  sanitary  troops  ready  for  field  service.  In  others,  how- 
ever, much  time  and  labor  would  be  required. 

INSTRUCTION  AND  TRAfNINO. 

In  addition  to  the  number  of  inspector-instructors  reported  last 
year,  one  other  was  authorized  and  assigned  to  the  States  comprising 
the  Fifth  Division,  making  a  total  of  six  medical  officers  of  the 
Re^lar  Army  on  this  duty.  All  have  shown  commendable  zeal  in 
their  efforts  to  increase  interest  among  the  sanitary  troops  and  to 
improve  their  efficiency,  but  the  number  is  entirely  inadequate  to 
accomplish  the  results  desired.  However,  the  results  have  been 
gratifying,  and  the  numerous  requests  from  States  for  additional 
officers,  warrants  the  detailing  of  a  sufficient  number  of  medical  officers 
of  the  Regular  Army  to  provide  for  frequent  visits  of  instruction 
to  all  sanitary  detachments  and  units.  The  number  of  sergeant- 
instructors  for  sanitary  troops  was  increased  during  the  year  bj 
three  at  the  request  of  this  bureau,  making  a  total  of  15  on  this 
important  duty.  The  result  of  their  work  warrants  the  detailing  of 
a  sergeant  of  the  medical  department  for  each  National  Guard 
sanitary  unit  and  sufficient  additional  ones  to  provide  adequate 
instruction  to  the  sanitary  detachments.  The  value  accruing  to 
the  Federal  Government  of  detailing  officers  and  noncommissioned 
officers  with  the  National  Guard  from  the  viewpoint  of  increasing 
their  efficiency,  can  not  be  overestimated.     The  money  spent  in 


920  BEPOET  OF  THE  CHIBF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUBSAU. 

this  way  will  produce  results  that  can  not  be  secured  by  any  other 
method. 

00BBB8PONDBN0B  COUR8B. 

In  addition  to  the  personal  instruction,  a  correspondence  course 
for  medical  officers  oi  the  National  Guard  was  conducted  by  Uie 
inspector-instructors.  Upon  request,  the  War  Department  detailed 
sufficient  medical  officers  irom  near-by  posts,  who,  in  addition  to  their 

{>ost  duties,  conducted  the  correspondence  course  in  those  States 
or  which  no  sanitary  inspector-instructors  were  provided.  While 
these  officers  performed  the  duty  assi^ed  to  them  in  a  satisfactory 
manner  and  the  medical  officers  of  tne  National  Guard  were  able 
to  ^et  some  theoretical  instruction,  yet  the  numerous  chimges  of 
station  of  these  officers  seriously  interfered  with  the  work  and  made 
it  impossible  to  secure  the  good  results  obtained  by  the  inspector- 
instructors.  The  policy  adopted  last  year  of  having  all  the  ques- 
tions prepared  and  sent  out  from  this  bureau  has  proved  much 
more  satisfactory  than  the  previous  method  of  having  each  inspector- 
instructor  prepare  the  questions  for  lus  district. '  It  is  deemea  advis- 
able to  continue  this  method. 

More  than  60  per  cent  of  the  medical  officers  successfully  completed 
the  prescribed  courses.  (See  Table  12.)  No  reports  were  received 
from  some  States,  partly  due  to  the  mobilization  order  and  partly 
to  the  necessity  of  sendiog  the  medical  officers  conducting  the  course 
to  the  border  for  duty.  Tue  best  showing  was  in  States  having  medi- 
cal officers  detailed  as  inspector-instructors.  Maj.  Carl  Philips,  Medi- 
cal Corps,  National  Guard  of  E^ansas,  was  awarded  a  certificate  of 
proficiency  imder  the  provisions  of  General  Orders,  No.  43,  War 
Department,  1914.  Having  had  more  than  10  years'  service  in  the 
Organized  Mihtia,  he  was,  upon  request,  permitted  to  take  Uie  final 
examination  in  the  course,  which  he  passed  successfully. 

FIELD  INBTBUCnON. 

It  was  planned  to  have  a  10-day  camp  of  instruction  for  medical 
officers  and  noncommissioned  officers  of  the  Medicai  Department  at 
five  conveniently  located  camps  in  the  United  States  in  June,  to  be 
followed  by  a  lO-day  joint  camp  for  the  sanitary  units  of  the  several 
States.  A  program  bad  been  arranged  for  a  thorough  practical  course 
of  instruction.  All  States  exceot  one  had  signified  their  intention  of 
participating  to  the  extent  of  tne  availabiUtv  of  funds  for  this  pur- 
pose. Owing  to  the  nonavailability  of  regular  medical  officers  and 
sanitary  unite  for  instruction  purposes,  and  the  imcertainty  of  funds 
being  made  available  by  Congress,  the  proposed  camps  to  be  held  at 
Tobyhanna,  Pa.,  Anniston.  Ala.,  and  Fort  Riley,  Kans.,  had  to  be 
abandoned.  The  proposed  camps  scheduled  for  Sparta,  Wis.,  and 
Monterev,  Cal.,  were  given  up  on  accoimt  of  the  mobilization  of  the 
National  Guard.  These  camps  of  instruction  are  of  inestimable  value 
for  the  training  of  sanitary  troops,  and  unless  the  funds  for  this  pur- 
pose are  assured  by  March  1  of  each  year  they  can  not  be  satisfactorily 
planned  and  consummated.  In  addition,  adequate  sanitary  person- 
nel and  units  of  the  regular  Medical  Corps  must  be  availaole  for 
instruction  purposes,  otherwise  the  funds  for  this  purpose  can  not  be 
economically  and  beneficially  spent. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUBEAIT.  921 


A&MOBIBS. 


With  few  exceptions,  adequate  armory  facilities  are  afforded  for 
the  proper  traini^  and  instruction  of  the  sanitary  troops  during  the 
indoor  period.  However,  this  can  not  be  said  in  so  far  as  it  pertains 
to  the  proper  storage  of  Federal  property  issued  to  the  States  for  use 
of  the  sanitary  troops.  There  appears  to  be  a  reluctance  on  the  part 
of  some  Stat^  to  provide  these  laciUties.  Many  sanitary  organiza- 
tions are  not  provided  with  their  proportional  share  of  armory  facili- 
ties nor  with  funds  allotted  bv  States  for  use  of  organizations.  In 
some  cases  expensive  locker  lacihties  are  provided  for  hne  troops 
and  none  for  tne  sanitary  troops  occupying  the  same  armory,  and  m 
several  instances  ample  funds  to  the  extent  of  providing  luxuries  are 
furnished  line  troops  when  the  sanitary  troops  are  not  so  provided. 
In  nearly  all  States,  caretakers  and  other  persons  are  employed  by  the 
States  to  take  care  of  the  Federal  property  issued  to  line  troops,  when 
no  such  provision  is  provided  for  tne  sanitary  troops.  Such  discrimi- 
nation causes  dissatisfaction,  tends  to  discredit  the  necessity  of  sani- 
tary troops,  and  does  not  promote  their  efficiency. 

MATiRIBL. 

The  sanitary  organizations  are,  with  few  exceptions,  equipped  for 
the  field.  Much  oi  the  equipment  is  of  obsolete  model.  Some  of  it 
is  imserviceable  by  fair  wear  and  tear,  and  there  is  some  which  is  not 
in  a  serviceable  condition  due  to  the  failure  of  the  States  to  provide 
proper  storage  facilities  to  protect  it  from  the  elements.  Unless 
States  will  take  steps  to  provide  adequate  and  proper  storage  facilities 
for  the  valuable  medical  property  issued  to  it,  the  withdrawal  of  this 
property  and  Federal  recognition  is  deemed  advisable. 

A  large  shortage  of  expendable  articles  is  reported  from  several 
States,  which  in  most  cases  have  been  expended  auring  camp  service. 
If  the  responsible  medical  officer  woula,  upon  return  from  camp, 
submit  requisition  to  cover  all  articles  expended  in  camp  and  neces- 
sary to  complete  the  equipment  of  their  organizations,  this  would 
not  occur.  In  several  instances  the  responsibihty  lies  with  the 
State  supply  officers  because  of  their  failure  to  forward  duly  rendered 
requisitions.  In  order  that  sanitary  organizations  may  oe  always 
prepared  for  campaign,  it  is 'advisable  that  they  be  equipped  with 
the  latest  pattern  of  materiel,  which  should  be  properly  marked  and 
stored  for  use  when  called  into  the  Federal  service.  The  obsolete 
equipment  could  be  used  for  camp  service  in  time  of  peace. 

FDT8ICAL   EXAMINATION  AND  TRAINING. 

It  is  a  matter  of  record  that  all  States  except  two  have  adopted  the 
physical  standards  prescribed  for  the  Regular  Army,  and  the  majority 
of  the  States  claim  a  rigid  enforcement;  but  reports  of  inspectors 
indicate  that  great  laxity  has  existed  in  the  majonty  of  the  States  in 
this  respect.  This  has  been  confirmed  by  the  recent  mobilization. 
As  the  requirements  of  the  regular  service  make  it  necessary  that  the 
physical  condition  of  each  and  every  man  enlisted  or  reenlisted  be 

gassed  upon  by  a  medical  officer,  it  would  appear  that  the  Medical 
orps  of  the  I^tional  Guard  was  responsible  for  the  personnel  found 


922  KEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF   OF   THE  MILITIA  BUBEAIT. 

ph^ically  disqualified.  This  is  no  doubt  true  to  a  certain  extent. 
It  is  not  deemed  advisable  to  expend  money  on  the  training  and 
instruction  of  men  who  when  needed  for  active  service  are  found  to 
be  physically  disqualified.  Every  man  in  the  Nationtd  Guard  should 
be  physically  qualified  for  any  duty  devolving  upon  him.  This  can 
best  be  accomplished  by  instituting  a  thorough  phjsical  reexamina- 
tion of  each  person  as  soon  as  practicable  after  enhstment  and  reen- 
listment  in  tne  National  Guard  by  a  medical  officer  of  the  regular 
service;  abo  this  should  be  done  annually  for  the  commissioned  per- 
sonnel. In  this  way  the  physically  disquaUfied  could  be  weeded  out. 
Those  having  defects  that  are  not  disqualifying  could  have  them 
waived.  This  would  result  in  not  more  than  1  per  cent  of  the  per- 
sonnel being  foimd  disqualified  when  called  into  the  Federal  service. 
There  are  a  large  number  of  persons  rejected  for  physical  defects, 
such  as  poor  physique,  deficient  chest  expansion,  ana  similar  defects, 
who  do  not  conform  to  the  prescribed  standard  physical  requirements, 
but  who  imder  proper  physical  training  would  in  a  short  time  meet 
these  requirements  and  oe  able  to  endure  the  physical  strain  of 
campaign.  If  more  time  and  attention  were  paid  to  the  physical 
development  and  training  of  a  soldier,  a  large  number  of  the  above 
type  oi  men  could  in  time  of  peace  be  enUsted  in  the  National  Guard 
and  Army  without  decreasing  its  efficiency.  Only  a  casual  inspection 
is  needed  to  impress  upon  anyone  with  military  training  that  the 
National  Guard  personnel  as  a  body  is  lacking  in  physicd  training; 
even  those  long  m  the  service  lack  the  physique  wnicn  should  r^mt 
from  proper  mflitary  training. 

TTPHOH)  PROPHYLAXIS. 

There  is  very  little  change  in  the  status  of  typhoid  prophylaxis  as 
reported  last  year.  Some  States,  have  given  considerable  attention 
to  the  matter,  while  others  have  not.  Tlie  annual  inspection  reports 
show  that  2,481  officers  and  24,866  enUsted  men  had  recBived  com- 
plete antityphoid  prophylaxis  out  of  a  reported  strength  of  8,589  offi- 
cers and  123,605  enhsted  men,  making  a  total  of  27,347  protected 
against  typhoid  fever  out  of  a  total  strength  of  132,294.  As  com- 
pared with  the  report  of  last  year  showing  22.551  receiving  complete 
antityphoid  propnylaxis  out  of  a  total  s'rengtn  of  129,398,  making  20 
per  cent  durmg  the  past  year,  as  against  17.4  per  cent  during  the  year 
previous,  this  mcrease  is  encouraging.  However,  too  large  a  percent- 
age are  unprotected.  It  is  believed  the  recent  mobilization,  which 
brought  the  National  Guard  imder  regulations  prescribed  for  tne  Reg- 
ular Army,  requiring  vaccination  of  all  persons  in  the  Federal  serv- 
ice, will  do  much  toward  further  popularizing  these  preventive  meas- 
ures. It  is  believed  that  the  time  has  arrived  to  make  them  compul- 
sory in  the  National  Guard,  thereby  making  it  ready  for  a  hasty  caQ 
into  the  Federal  service. 

NONCOMMI88IONBD  0FFICBR8. 

The  inoiportance  of  intellijgent.  well-trained,  competent  noncommis- 
sioned officers  for  the  medical  aepartment  can  not  be  overestimated. 
Without  them  the  sanitary  service  of  any  organization  will  break  down 
in  campaign,  and  important  records  necessary  to  safeguard  the  Gov- 
ernment and  the  interest  of  the  soldier  can  not  be  seci^ed.     If  to  this 


EEPOBT  OP  THE  CHIEF   OF   THE   MILITIA  BUBEAU.  923 

is  added  a  commissioned  persoimel  with  little  or  no  knowledge  of 
paper  work  required  in  the  Federal  service,  we  have  a  combination 
which  will  f  aU  far  short  of  eflBciency. 

With  the  exception  of  a  few  States,  little  or  no  efforts  have  been 
made  to  secure  capable  men  for  noncommissioned  oflScers  for  the 
medical  department,  and  little  eflFort  on  the  part  of  the  commissioned 
personnel  of  the  medical  department  to  establish  schools  of  instruc- 
tion for  noncommissioned  oflBcers  to  make  them  proficient  in  their 
duties.  Examinations  for  appointments  to  the  grades  of  sergeant 
first  class,  sergeant,  and  corporal  have  been  of  a  perfimctory  nature, 
and  very  often  the  noncommissioned  officer  is  no  more  famihar  with 
his  duti(>s  than  the  privat<3.  Due  to  the  lack  of  sufficient  medical  offi- 
cers and  noncommissioned  oflTicers  of  the  Regular  service  detailed  with 
the  National  Guard  for  instruction  purposes  this  serious  defect  could 
not  be  corrected,  and  it  is  beUeved  that  one  of  the  most  serious  defects 
foimd  existing  in  the  medical  department  of  the  National  Guard 
called  into  the  Federal  service  wiU  bo  as  above  indicated.  If  it  is  of 
such  import  as  to  impress  upon  those  concerned  the  necessity  of  de- 
voting more  attention  in  this  direction,  the  mobilization  will  have 
accomplished  something.  Under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  June  3, 
1916,  tne  War  Department  has  been  given  broader  and  greater  power, 
as  well  as  more  adequate  facifities,  to  correct  this  defect,  ana  close 
supervision  will  be  exercised  along  this  fine  in  the  future. 

ACT  OF  JUNB  3,    l»lfl. 

The  act  of  June  3,  1916,  contains  much  beneficial  legislation  which, 
when  enforced,  will  greatlv  improve  the  efficiency  of  the  medical 
department  of  the  National  Guard.  It  provides  for  uniform  courses 
of  armory  and  field  instruction  along  lines  prescribed  for  the  Regular 
Army.  It  provides  for  an  increased  number  of  inspector  and  sergeant 
instructors.  It  provides  for  examination  of  medical  officers  and  non- 
commissioned officers  imder  Federal  supervision.  It  will  mean  greater 
devotion  to  duty  and  acquisition  of  military  knowledge  on  the  part 
of  the  personnel.  In  adcntion,  the  act  of  August  29,  1916,  provides 
for  horses  for  the  sanitary  troops. 

The  progress  made  by  the  sanitary  troops  since  the  last  report  has 
been  most  satisfactory,  and  indicates  a  commendable  spirit  of  the 
proper  appreciation  oi  the  necessity  for  sanitary  troops  on  the  part 
of  those  concerned.  The  European  war  has  been  an  important  factor 
in  demonstrating  to  the  medical  profession  and  others  concerned  that 
an  adequate,  well-organized,  properly  equipped,  and  trained  sanitary 
personnel  is  a  national  asset  in  time  of  war;  that  sanitary  organiza- 
tions to  be  useful  and  fulfill  their  miUtary  functions  must  be  organ- 
ized, equipped,  and  trained  in  time  of  peace.  The  public  not  only 
expects,  but  demands,  that  the  health  and  fives  of  its  soldiersvbe  prop- 
erly saieguarded.  MiUtary  efficiency  demands  that  all  preventable 
diseases  be  eliminated  from  the  Armjr;  that  at  least  65  to  85  per  cent 
of  its  wounded  be  returned  to  the  firing  line. 

MACHINE-OUN  UNITS. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Jime  3,  1916,  the  status  of  the 
machine-^un  units  has  been  changed  from  provisional  to  permanent 
organizations. 


924  BEPOET  OP  THE  CHIEF  OP  THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 

During  the  year  the  number  of  National  Guard  machine-gun  units 
has  been  increased  from  35  to  55.  The  armament  of  these  oi^aniza- 
tions  is  as  foUows: 

Equipped  with  4  Benet-Merder 42 

Equipped  with  4  Maxim 10 

Equipped  with  4  Lewis 3 

Total 55 

The  issue  of  other  types  of  gims  was  made  necessary  by  the  shortage 
of  jguns  and  equipment  of  the  standard  type. 

The  allowance  of  ammunition  for  these  xmits  when  they  participate 
in  firing  exercises  at  joint  camps  or  camps  of  instruction  which  are 
under  the  supervision  and  direction  of  an  officer  of  the  Regular  Army 
has  been  increased  to  an  amount  not  less  than  one-half  the  annual 
E^^ar  Army  allowance  of  ammunition  for  each  machine  gun. 

On  January  8,  1916,  the  War  Department  issued  directions  to 
department  commanders  to  establish  joint  camps  of  instruction  for 
machine-gxm  companies  of  the  Organized  Mihtia  within  their  respec- 
tive departments. 

Machine-gun  companies  of  the  Organized  Militia  were  to  be  ordered 
to  these  camps  upon  the  recommendation  of  the  adjutants  general  of 
the  States  and  of  the  District  of  Columbia  for  a  period  of  15  days. 
A  program  of  instruction  was  prepared  based  on  an  available  instruc- 
tion period  of  96  hours. 

The  delays  incident  to  the  passage  of  the  Army  appropriation  bill, 
and  later  the  calling  into  the  United  States  service  of  tlie  National 
Guard,  necessitated  the  abandonment  of  this  proposed  plan  of  in- 
struction. 

Actual  firing  practice  at  summer  camps  of  instruction,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  troops  of  the  Regular  Army  when  practicable,  will  be  made 
the  chief  feature  in  the  scheme  of  instruction  of  machine-gun  units 
of  the  National  Guard,  and  proficiency  in  such  practice  wilTbe  made 
a  condition  of  continued  recognition.  As  packmg  and  the  manage- 
ment of  pack  animals  is  an  important  part  of  machine-gun  service, 
each  maciiine-gun  unit  should  have  a  smaU  nucleus  of  pacK  mules,  not 
exceeding  four,  for  instruction  purposes  when  stabling  faciUties  can 
be  provided  at  or  near  the  armories. 

SMALL-ARMS  TARGET   PRACTICE   AND  COMPETITIONS. 

Complete  data  of  the  results  of  target  practice  for  the  taiget  (cal- 
endar) year  1915  are  set  forth  in  Table  14  of  this  report.  Owing  to 
the  fact  that  this  report  goes  to  press  before  the  close  of  the  target 
year  1916,  it  is  possible  to  submit  tables  showing  the  practice  con- 
ducted during  the  target  vear  1915  only. 

Attention  nas  been  called  in  previous  annual  reports  to  lack  of 
progress  in  rifle  firing.  Although  results  of  firing  for  the  year  1915 
show  a  slight  improvement  over  the  preceding  year,  the  percentage 
of  men  quaUfying  with  the  rifle  is  still  very  unsatisfactoiy  and  is  far 
from  justifying  the  amount  of  the  expenditures  made  U)r  the  pro- 
motion of  rifle  practice. 

The  following  table  shows  the  percentage  of  the  Organized  Militia 
which  has  qualified  in  rifie  practice  during  the  past  nine  years: 


BEFOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MIUTIA  BUBEAU. 


925 


Statement  ahoroing  rifle  practice  ofiueeemve  yean. 


Year. 


1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 
1915 


Total 

Strength  of 

namber 

organizap 
tkms  armed 

qualifying 
as  second 

with  rifle. 

classmen 

or  better. 

97,643 

46,523 

101,929 

53,379 

108,851 

56,896 

109,658 

54,202 

111,829 

48,150 

110,737 

49,150 

111,140 

42,599 

90,835 

31,631 

108,  £61 

41,701 

Peroentage 
qualifying. 


47.6 
52.4 
52.3 
49.4 
48.1 
44.4 
38.1 
34.8 
38.4 


The  cost  of  targ^et  practice  of  the  Organized  Militia  for  the  calen- 
dar year  1915  includes  the  following  items,  viz: 

Acquiring  and  developing  rifle  ranges $261.  98 

Shooting  galleries 2, 155. 51 

Civilian  markers  and  scorers 45,183.69 

Entrance  fees 2, 635. 50 

Prizes 5,603.22 

Purchase  rifle  ranges 9, 684. 20 

Caretakers,  rifle  ranges 29, 179. 36 

Rent,  rifle  ranges 23.  359. 35 

Construction  and  improvements  (labor  and  material) 93, 524. 34 

AmmunI  tion 98, 969. 62 

Miscellaneous 2,424.64 

Total 312,981.41 

From  a  comparison  of  this  total  with  the  number  of  men  quali- 
fying: as  second-class  men  or  better  during  the  calendar  year  1915  it 
results  that  the  cost  to  the  United  States,  exclusive  of  the  items  of 
pay,  transportation,  and  subsistence  at  rifle  camps  of  instruction, 
IS  $7.50  per  man.  The  items  of  pay,  transportation,  and  subsistence 
at  rifle  camps  of  instruction  are  not  separable  from  expenditures  for 
other  camps  of  instruction  and  can  not,  therefore,  be  included  in  the 
computation  of  the  cost  of  rifle  practice.  If  ascertainable,  they 
would  greatly  increase  the  computed  cost  of  qualification. 

These  figures  make  plain  the  necessity  for  an  earnest  endeavor  to 
increase  the  returns  on  expenditures  made  for  the  promotion  of  rifle 
practice. 

As  stated  in  the  last  annual  report,  the  degree  of  training  expressed 
by  the  qualification  of  second-class  men  is  a  very  low  minunum,  and 
any  lower  degree  of  skill  has  such  a  small  value  that  it  may  be  regarded 
as  negligible.  Indeed,  failure  to  attain  this  qualification  is  evidence 
of  such  a  hurried  firing  of  the  course  or  ot  firing  without  proper 
instruction  that  the  actual  result  is  more  probably  the  engendermg 
of  individual  faults  which  may  represent  a  positive  loss  rather  than 
an  increase  of  skill.  In  this  connection  it  may  be  remarked  that  the 
practice  which  exists  in  one  State  of  firing  the  entire  course  of  rifle 
practice  in  one  day  can  not  fail  to  be  detrimental  to  any  real  prog- 
ress in  rifle  practice. 

The  failure  of  the  adjutants  general  of  four  States  to  comply  with 
the  provisions  of  section  12  of  the  militia  law  requiring  them  '*to 


926  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEP  OF   THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 

make  returns  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  at  such  tunes  and  in  such  form 
as  he  shall  from  time  to  time  prescribe,  of  the  strength  of  the  Organ- 
ized Mihtia,  and  also  make  such  reports  as  maj  from  time  to  time 
be  required  by  the  Secretary  of  War"  made  it  unpossible  to  include 
the  troops  of  those  States  in  the  tables  showing  the  results  of  small- 
arms  practice. 

•      ARMOBT  INSTRUCTION. 

The  reports  show  a  considerable  improvement  over  those  for  the 
calendar  year  1914  in  respect  to  gallery  practice,  the  niunber  of  men 
qualifying  in  gallery  practice  being  nearly  twice  as  great. 

The  remarks  made  in  the  last  annual  report  as  to  the  necessity  of 
pursuing  a  progressive  scheme  of  indoor  instruction  involving 
sighting,  position,  and  aiming  driUs  preliminary  to  gallery  practice 
are  here  again  emphasized. 

RIFLE  CAMPS  OF  INSTRUCTION. 

These  camps  are  sometimes  held  exclusively  for  the  piirpose  of 
instruction  in  rifle  practice  and  sometimes  in  conjimction  witn  other 
camps  for  field  instruction  and  maneuvers.  The  former  are  most 
beneficial  in  results.  As  a  rule  it  may  be  said  that  rifle  camps  of 
instruction  in  conjunction  with  camps  for  field  instruction  and  maneu- 
vers are  to  be  discouraged,  as  the  two  forms  of  instruction  mutually 
interfere  with  each  other.  However,  in  States  where  but  few  ranges 
are  available  and  the  troops  are  distributed  in  many  different  sta- 
tions, it  has  been  necessary  to  take  advantage  of  the  occasions  when 
the  troops  are  assembled  at  the  annual  encampment  for  firing  the 
prescribed  course.  The  remedy  for  this  condition  lies  in  the  pro- 
vision of  ranges  for  each  company  station. 

In  many  States  the  limitea  time  allotted  to  range  practice  (in 
one  State  but  one  day  was  allowed  for  the  firing  of  all  its  troops 
through  the  entire  Organized  Militia  course)  made  adequate  in- 
struction out  of  the  question.  A  hurried  firing  of  a  large  amount 
of  ammunition  in  so  short  a  period  is  worse  than  useless,  for  it  is 
sure  to  engender  in  the  untrained  shot  vices  which,  once  formed, 
are  very  difficult  to  eradicate  and  which  therefore  decrease  his 
value  as  a  potential  marksman  below  that  of  the  man  who  has  never 
^ed  a  shot. 

It  may  be  laid  down  as  a  general  rule  that  xmder  efficient  instruction 
the  average  recruit  can  not  properly  fire  more  than  40  rounds  a  day, 
and  that  therefore  a  minimum  of  three  days  should  be  allowed  for 
the  firing  of  the  97  roimds  included  in  the  Organized  Militia  course. 
Under  a  |)roper  system  of  instruction,  which  will  include  a  repetition 
of  preliniinary  instruction  and  gallery  practice  for  men  found  not 

Sroperly  prepared  to  fire  service  ammunition,  the  entire  period  of  three 
ays  will  be  fully  occupied  in  firing  the  prescribed  numoer  of  rounds. 


RANOB  PRACTICE  OF  INDIVIDCALS. 


Much  of  the  outdoor  instruction  in  smaU-arms  firing  consists  in 
the  ranj^e  practice  of  individuals  attending  the  nearest  av^able  range. 
Cost,  time,  and  other  factors  considered,  this  method  of  conducting 
rifle  practice  is  the  most  efficient  means  of  securing  results.  It  has 
therefore  been  the  policy  of  the  Militia  Bureau  to  encourage  the  ac- 
quisition or  lease  of  target  ranges  with  a  view  to  the  ultimate  pro* 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF   THE  MILITIA  BUREAU.  927 

vision  of  a  target  range  for  each  Infantry,  Cavalry,  and  Engineer 
station. 

PISTOL  PRACnCB. 

In  24  States  no  pistol  practice  is  reported  to  have  been  held 
Paragraph   356f,  Small-Arms   Firing  Manual.    1913,  requires   that 
"all  oflScers  and  enlisted  men  armed  with  tne  pistol,  except  field 
oflScers,  for  whom  the  course  is  authorized  but  not  prescribed,"  shall 
fire  the  prescribed  course. 

COMPBTinONS. 

In  the  opinion  of  this  bureau  the  true  purposes  which  the  national 
match  should  serve  as  a  part  of  the  scheme  of  national  defense  are 
as  follows: 

1.  A  school  of  musketry  by  means  of  which  competitors  could  be- 
come qualified  to  act  as  instructors  in  target  practice  and  thus 
dissemmate  the  knowledge  of  that  subject  tm-ou^out  the  National 
Guard. 

2.  As  a  stimulus  to  members  of  National  Guard  organizations  to 
perfect  themselves  in  marksmanship  in  order  that  they  may  be  able 
to  win  a  place  on  the  team. 

The  concrete  evidence  which  should  be  demanded  of  the  national 
matches  that  they  are  fulfilling  these  purposes  is  to  be  sought  in  the 
number  of  men  qutJified  with  the  rine,  and  as  yet  this  evidence  is 
lacking. 

In  order  that  the  national  match  shall  serve  effectively  the  purpose 
of  a  school  of  musketry,  it  is  first  necessary  that  adequate  range 
facilities  be  provided  at  the  home  stations  of  their  organizations. 
For  there  is  manifestly  no  purpose  in  training  a  corps  of  skilled 
instructors  unless  the  ranges  on  which  instruction  can  oe  given  are 
suppUed.  Nevertheless,  many  States  in  which  range  f acuities  are 
alniost  totally  lacking  annually  send  teams  to  the  place  of  the  national 
match  at  considerable  expense. 

As  a  further  condition  to  sending  a  team  to  the  national  match, 
a  prescribed  percentage — not  less  than  60  per  cent — of  the  enlisted 
strength  of  the  National  Guard  of  a  State  shall  have  fired  the  standard 
course  of  target  practice.  Unless  this  principle  is  foDowed,  the 
matches  are  not  serving  the  purpose  of  stimulating  the  spirit  of 
competition  in  the  organizations,  and  fur:hermore  they  are  ab- 
sorbmg  funds  which  had  better  be  devoted  to  the  practice  of  or- 
ganizations. A  team  was  sent  to  the  national  match  held  during 
the  calendar  year  1915  by  one  State  in  which  the  total  number  oi 
men  firing  the  rifle  during  the  target  (calendar)  ^ear  was  61,  by 
another  State  in  which  the  same  total  was  179,  and  in  another  189. 
Numerous  other  cases  might  be  cited  in  which  conditions  were 
nearly  as  unsatisfactory. 

In  general,  the  failure  of  the  national  matches  to  serve  their  legiti- 
mate fimction  is  due  to  the  fact  that  they  have  been  considered 
as  an  institution  existing  for  its  own  sake,  and  imcoordinated  with 
the  general  scheme  of  tne  target  practice  of  the  National  Guard. 
Until  the  national  matches  are  brought  into  relation  with  the  general 
sjrstem  of  target  practice,  thev  will  serve  no  purpose  commensurate 
with  the  expenditure  involved. 

A  statement  of  the  organizations  winning  the  national  trophy  for 
exceUency  in  target  practice  is  contained  in  Table  15  of  this  report. 


928  SEPOBT  07  THB  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILmA  BUBSAU. 

TABGET  BANOES. 

The  policy  of  tlie  Division  of  Militia  Affairs  has  been  to  encourage 
the  acouisition  or  lease  in  each  State  of — 

(a)  One  well-equipped  range  of  large  target  capacity  at  the  points 
selected  for  the  mobilization  for  war  service  of  troops  of  the  State. 
A  range  of  this  character  will  be  necessaiy  for  the  training  of  the 
large  number  of  uninstructed  men  who  wul  be  incorporated  in  the 
ranks  of  the  National  Guard  when  mobilized  for  Federal  service. 

(b)  A  range  of  more  limited  extent  and  target  capacity  at  the  home 
station  of  each  organization  of  Infantry,  Cavalry,  and  Engineers,  the 
size  and  equipment  of  these  ranges  depending  upon  the  number  of 
organizations  which  they  serve.  Ranges  of  this  character  are 
necessary  in  order  that  peace  training  m  target  practice  may  be 
conducted  without  the  excessive  expense  incurred  in  transporting  the 
trooj)s  to  the  site  of  ranges  of  the  first  class  and  in  order  that  pro- 
gressive instruction  may  be  given  throughout  the  target  season 
without  the  haste  which  is  necessary  when  troops  are  assembled  for 
a  few  days'  instruction  at  the  larger  ranges. 

Satisfactory  progress  has  been  made  in  the  provision  of  ranges  of 
the  first  class.  All  but  a  few  States  are  now  supplied  with  ranges  of 
this  character. 

In  regard  to  ranges  of  the  second  class,  conditions  are  less  satis- 
factory, but  steady  progress  toward  the  desired  end  is  being  made  in 
many  States.  ^  Some  States,  however,  rely  entirely  on  practice  con- 
ducted when  the  troops  are  assembled  at  camps  of  instruction.  As 
elsewhere  remarked  m  this  report,  this  procedure  does  not  give 
satisfactory  results. 

The  Army  appropriation  act  for  the  fiscal  year  1917  makes  pro- 
vision for  carrymg  into  effect  the  provisions  of  section  113,  act  of 
Jxme  3,  1916,  by  appropriating  the  sum  of  $300,000  and  authorizing 
the  appointment  of  a  director  of  civilian  marksmanship.  Section  1 13 
of  the  act  of  June  3,  1916,  contemplates  the  development  imder  the 
direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War  of  **such  a  comprehensive  plan 
as  will  ultimately  result  in  providing  adeauate  facilities  for  rifle 
practice  in  all  sections  of  the  coimtry."  Under  the  provisions  of 
this  section,  this  plan  should  include  all  target  ranges  hereafter  con- 
structed from  funds  appropriated  by  Congress,  and  comprise  rifle 
ranges  provided  for  the  use  of  the  Nationaj  Guard,  as  well  as  those 
constructed  for  the  encouragement  of  civilian  rifle  practice.  The 
section  further  provides  that  **all  ranges  so  established  and  all 
ranges  which  may  have  already  been  constructed,  in  whole  or  in  part, 
with  funds  provided  by  Congress  shall  be  open  for  use  by  those  in 
any  branch  of  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  United  States  and 
by  all  able-bodied  males  capable  of  bearing  arms." 

These  provisions  contemplate  a  system  of  target  ranges  that  will 
be  available  for  all  classes  who  are  to  receive  training  in  rifle  practice* 
This  implies  a  high  degree  of  coordination  in  the  pfans  under  wliich 
the  ranges  are  located  and  the  expenditure  of  the  different  appropria- 
tions  are  made.  The  two  principal  appropriations  imder  which 
expenditures  for  the  constructiOXLjpl  rifle  ranges  will  be  made  are 
'*Kifle  ranges  Q|A^***Wt  pradfllHttonal  Guard"  and  '* Encourage- 
ment of  rifle  p^  \gjad^^^^^^7  and  113,  respectively,  act 
'>f  June  3,  19 


BEPOET  OP  THE  CHIEF  OP  THE  MILITIA  BUBEAU.  929 

It  is  believed  that  the  ]>roper  coordination  of  these  expenditures 
can  only  be  insured  by  placing  the  expenditure  of  both  appropriations 
under  tne  control  of  one  agency. 

ABMOBIES. 

The  armories  in  the  various  States  differ  widely  in  their  cost,  in 
their  adaptabOity  to  instruction,  and  in  the  protection  afforded 
against  the  elements,  asainst  fire,  and  against  theft.  Attention  has 
been  called  where  conditions  are  not  satisfactory,  and  it  is  hoped 
that  some  States  which  have  not  been  liberal  in  tneir  appropriations 
will  be  more  so  in  the  future,  as  the  enlisted  man  who  subscribes  to 
the  National  Guard  oath  is  entitled  not  only  to  the  services  of  properly 
trained  officers,  but  to  a  reasonable  degree  of  consideration  on  the 
part  of  the  State,  manifested  by  affording  him  a  commodious  and 
comfortable  armory.  Facilities  for  proper  heating  and  for  bathing — 
principally  shower — ^will  add  largely  to  contentment. 

FEDEEAL  FXTNDS. 
DI8BUR8BMBNT8. 

During  the  year  the  following  amounts  were  disbursed  from 
Federal  appropriations  for  the  support  of  the  Organized  Militia  and 
the  National  Guard : 

Under  section  1661,  Reviaed  Statutes $1,518,091.54 

Under  section  1661,  Revised  Statutes,  for  purchases. 595, 128. 13 

Under  act  of  May  27,  1908 : 1,991,448.56 

Under  the  appropriation  "Care  of  horses  and  materiel.  Field  Artillery, 

Organized  Mihtia,  1916" 108,853.15 

Under  special  appropriation  for  procurement  of  Field  Artillery  equip- 
ment   1,875,870.72 

Under  special  appropriation  for  equipment  of  Coast  Artillery  armories.  29, 828. 92 
Under  the  appropriation  '*  Encampment  and  maneuvers.  Organized 

Militia, "  for  joint  encampments,  mobile  army 113, 424. 46 

Under  the  appropriation  ^'Encampment  and  maneuvers.  Organized 

Militia,"  for  joint  coast-defense  exercises 148, 762. 04 

Under  appropriation  for  mileage  for  the  Regular  Army 35, 718. 16 

For  transportation  of  supplies 50, 396. 40 

Total 6,467,522.08 

Note. — ^The  above  amount  does  not  include  the  expenses  of  noncommissioned 
officers  on  duty  with  the  Organized  Militia,  nor  the  expenses  connected  with  the 
sending  of  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  the  Organized  Militia  to  the  service  schools. 

Of  this  amount,  $1,518)091.54  was  disbursed  under  section  1661, 
Revised  Statutes,  and  was  used  in  nayment  of  subsistence,  transpor- 
tation, and  other  expenses  of  the  Organized  Militia  engaged  in  neld 
instruction  under  regulations  establi^ed  by  the  Secretary  of  War. 
A  certain  percentage  of  this  amount  was  used  for  the  promotion  of 
rifle  practice,  purchase  of  stores,  etc.  All  disbursements  from  this 
allotment  were  made  by  the  United  States  disbursing  officers  of  the 
several  States,  the  Terntory  of  Hawaii,  and  the  Distnct  of  Columbia. 

Under  the  same  appropriation  the  sum  of  $695,128.13  was  spent 
for  supplies,  etc.,  but  this  amount  was  not  disbursed  by  the  United 
States  disbursing  officers  of  the  several  States,  the  Territory  of 
Hawaii,  and  the  District  of  Columbia.  Under  section  13  of  the 
militia  law   (act  of  May  27,  1908),  the  sum  of  $1,991,448.56  was 

69176'*— WAB 1916— VOL  1 59 


930  KEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 

applied  to  supplies  and  equipment  issued  to  the  Organized  Militia 
on  requisitions  submitted  bj  the  governors  of  the  several  States,  the 
Territoij  of  Hawaii,  and  the  commanding  general  of  the  District  of 
Columbia  Militia,  and  approved  by  the  S^retary  of  War. 

Under  the  appropriation  "Encampment  ana  maneuvers/'  there 
was  spent  $113,424.46  for  the  payment  of  transportation,  pay,  and 
subsistence  for  the  members  of  the  Oi^anized  Militia  participating  in 
joint  encampments  with  the  Eegular  Army.  Unde^  the  same  ap- 
propriation there  was  allotted  for  joint  Coast  ArtiUerv  defense 
exercises  the  sum  of  $148,762.04.  These  funds  were  disbursed  by 
oflScers  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  of  the  Army. 

Under  the  appropriation  '*Care  of  horses,  materiel.  Field  Artillery, 
Oi]ganized  Mihtia,  1916,''  the  sum  of  $108,853.15  was  expended.  Of 
this  amount,  $61,791.97  was  disbursed  by  the  United  States  dis- 
bursing officers  of  the  several  States  and  the  District  of  Columbia 
for  the  payment  of  mechanics  and  helpers  authorized  in  the  various 
batteries,  and  $47,061.18  for  the  procurement  of  forage  and  author- 
ized veterinarian  supplies  for  the  animals  used  for  Field  ArtiUery 
purposes  as  authorizea  under  the  act  of  March  4,  1915. 

During  the  past  year  accounts  received  from  disbursing  officers 
have,  as  a  general  rule,  shown,  as  was  reported  for  the  fiscal  year 
1915,  careful  preparation.  The  suspensions  by  the  Auditor  for  the 
War  Department  were  in  most  cases  for  errors  and  technicalities. 
The   accounts    received  were   in  the   majority  of  cases   rendered 

{promptly  after  the  end  of  the  months  for  which  due,  and  in  very 
ew  cases  can  it  be  stated  that  the  accounts  were  submitted  after 
the  period  designated  for  their  transmission  had  elapsed. 

Regulations  governing  the  appointment  of  property  and  disburs- 
ing officers  of  the  United  States  required  in  eacn  State  under  Uie 
provisions  of  the  act  of  June  3,  1916,  and  the  apportionment  and 
disbursement  of  Federal  funds  appropriated  for  the  National  Guard 
under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  were  published  imder  date  of  July 
14,  1916,  and  were  in  the  hands  of  tne  authorities  of  the  several 
States,  the  Territory  of  Hawaii,  and  the  District  of  Columbia  when 
funds  appropriated  under  the  provisions  of  the  Army  appropriation 
act  for  the  nscal  year  1917  became  available. 

REGULATIONS    GOVERNINO   FIELD   OB    CAMP   SERVICE   FOR 

INSTRUCTION. 

The  provisions  of  Circular  17,  Division  of  Militia  Affairs,  1914, 
publishmg  the  regulations  governing  camps  of  instruction  for  1915 
were  found  to  require  revision  in  certain  minor  particulars.  These 
relations  were  revised  and  republished  in  Circiilar  15,  Division  of 
Mflitia  Affairs,  December  8,  1915,  in  time  to  be  used  by  the  Organized 
Militia  during  the  summer  encampments  of  1916,  but  in  view  of  the 
call  of  June  18,  1916,  whereby  practically  aU  of  the  Organized  Militia 
were  called  into  the  service  of  the  United  States,  few  organizations 
had  prior  to  that  date  imdergone  any  field  or  camp  service  for  in- 
struction during  the  summer  of  1916. 

The  regulations  published  in  Circular  15,  Division  of  Militia  Affairs^ 

1915,  were  continued  in  effect  after  the  passage  of  the  act  of  June  3^ 

1916,  until  such  rej^ations  carrying  into  effect  the  nrovisions  of  the 
new  law  could  be  lormulated  ana  submitted  to  tiie  oecretary  of  War 
for  his  approvaL 


eeJpobt  op  the  chief  of  the  militia  bureau.         931 

Of  the  two  principal  changes  in  the  j)rior  re'^ulations  on  this  sub- 
ject, found  necessary  as  a  result  of  previous  experience,  the  first  was 
the  requirement  that  the  60  days'  continuous  service  required  of  the 
enlisted  men  immediately  preceding  the  encampments  should  be 
in  the  arm  of  the  service  of  the  Organized  MiUtia  m  which  they  were 
paid  at  the  encampment,  including  not  less  than  14  periods  of  prac- 
tical proCTCSsive  mihtary  instruction  of  at  least  one  and  one-half 
hours  each  in  that  arm,  or  like  service  and  instruction  in  the  Regular 
Armv,  Navy,  or  Marine  Corps  of  the  United  States,  or  one  term  of  a 
year  s  service  at  a  school  where  military  instruction  in  that  arm  was 

Sven  xmder  the  supervision  of  an  oflScer  of  the  Regular  Armv  or 
rganized  Militia.  Previously  the  reauirements  had  been  such  as 
to  permit  of  pay  to  enlisted  men  who  nad  had  60  days'  service  and 
14  periods  of  practical  progressive  military  instruction  in  the  Organ- 
ized MiUtia  irrespective  of  the  arm  of  the  service  in  which  they  nad 
served  during  the  period.  The  other  change  was  to  require  the  same 
conditions  as  to  service  and  instruction  for  rifle  camps  of  instruction 
as  for  joint  State  camps  of  instruction,  practice  marches,  and  joint 
and  State  maneuvers. 

FEDERAL  PROPERTY. 
ACCOUNTABILITY. 

Regxdations  governing  the  issue,  survey,  accountability,  and  care 
of  United  States  propertv  issued  to  the  several  States  for  the  use 
of  the  National  Guard  thereof,  rendered  necessary  in  view  of  the 

Provisions  of  the  act  of  June  3,  1916,  were  published  under  date  of 
uly  12,  1916,  for  the  information  and  guidance  of  those  concerned. 
The  appointment  of  the  property  and  disbursing  officer  required 
under  the  act  of  Jime  3,  1916,  and  the  subsequent  transfer  of  the 
accountabihty  for  the  United  States  property  from  the  governors 
of  the  several  States  and  the  commanding  general  of  the  National 
Guard  of  the  District  of  Columbia  to  these  officers  has  been  delayed 
on  account  of  the  mobilization  of  the  National  Guard,  but  it  is 
expected  that  this  transfer  will  have  been  completed  and  the  prop- 
erty and  disbursing  officers  in  the  several  States  entered  upon  their 
new  duties  by  the  end  of  September,  1916.  At  the  date  of  the  sub- 
mission of  this  report  41  States  have  taken  the  necessary  steps 
toward  the  appointment  of  these  officers,  and  their  bonds  have 
either  been  approved  or  are  in  course  of  accomplishment. 

ISSUES. 

The  value  of  Government  property  issued  to  the  Organized  Militia 
during  the  fiscal  year  1916  is  shown  by  appropriations  in  the  follow- 
ing table: 

Under  the  act  of  May  27,  1908 $1,991,448.56 

Under  section  1661,  Revised  Statutes 595, 1 28. 13 

Total  concurrent  appropriation 2, 58(>,  576. 69 

Under  the  special  appropriation  for  the  procurement  of  Field  Artillery 

materiel 1,875,870.72 

Ekjuipment  of  Coast  Artillery  armories 29, 828. 92 

Care  of  horses  and  materiel,  Field  Aitillery 108, 853. 15 

Grand  total 4,601,129.48 


932  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 

The  policy  inaugurated  by  this  office  in  1914  of  prescribing^  prior 
to  the  annual  inspections,  the  various  articles  that  must  be  on  hand 
for  inspection  in  serviceable  condition  in  order  to  require  the  equip- 
ment of  die  Organized  Militia  for  field  service  in  accordance  wiUi 
law  has  been  carried  out  with  very  successful  results.  The  only 
difficulty  experienced  has  been  that  in  the  majority  of  cases  the 
States  preferred  to  wait  until  informed  by  the  War  Department  of  the 
results  of  the  inspection  before  submittmg  reqnisitions  to  cover  the 
deficiencies,  the  result  bein^  that,  instead  of  bemjg  properly  equipped 
at  the  time  of  the  inspection,  the  articles  required  were  not  requi- 
sitioned for  and  received  until  some  months  later.  This  was  forcioly 
brought  to  light  as  the  r^ult  of  the  call  of  June  18,  1916,  many 
reauisitions  being  unfilled  at  that  time  which  had  to  be  canceled  in 
oraer  to  prevent  dupUcation  of  issues  after  muster  in  of  the  organiza- 
tions. A  statement  CTable  17)  is  attadied  showing  the  condition 
of  the  several  States  in  this  respect,  and  the  quantities  of  the  several 
articles  that  were  ^ort  of  reouirements  on  June  18^  1916. 

Circular  10,  Division  of  IitnUtia  Affairs,  1915,  giving  the  require- 
ments for  the  Federal  inspections  of  1916,  was  published  May  27, 
1915,  in  ample  time  for  the  States  to  obtain  the  eauipment  necessary 
before  the  inspections  b^an  on  January  1, 1916,  out  as  will  be  seen 
from  the  statement  herewith  (Table  17)  out  five  States  were  equipped 
as  required  for  the  minimuni  authorized  strength. 

Circular  10,  referred  to  in  the  preceding  paragraph,  stated  that  its 
pubUcation  was  made  on  May  27,  1915,  in  order  that  those  concerned 
may  have  timely  notice  of  uie  War  Department's  intentions  in  the 
premises,  and  may  have  opportunity  to  obtain  the  equipment  pre- 
scribed before  the  next  inspection  under  section  14  of  the  militia 
law.  The  inspections  referred  to  began  January  1,  1916,  uid  ended 
March  31,  1916. 

The  requirements  set  forth  in  this  circular  were  such  as  to  have  th« 
States  provide  for  the  necessary  uniform  clothing  (except  shoes, 
underwear,  and  cotton  clothing)  and  individual  equipment  for  the 

?rescribed  minimum  strength  of  all  organizations  recognized  by  the 
iTar  Department  on  January  1^  1916.  and  such  oiganizational  equip- 
ment as  was  necessary  for  active  field  service. 

SHORTAGES. 

A  very  energetic  effort  has  been  made  during  the  year  by  a  few 
States  to  clear  upthe  existing  shortages  which  were  authorized  by 
the  Secretary  of  War  December  27,  1912  (see  pp.  59  to  66,  report 
for  1915),  to  be  carried  on  a  separate  list,  the  result  being  that  the 
total  amount  of  this  shortage  has  been  materiallv  reduced.  The 
Judge  Advocate  General  of  the  Army  having  rendered  an  opinioQ 
that,  in  view  of  the  provisions  of  section  87  of  flie  act  of  Jime  3,  1916, 
and  the  fact  that  these  shortages  had  been  surveyed  imder  the  pro* 
visions  of  the  act  of  June  22,  1906,  the  value  thereof  could  not  be 
charged  against  any  Federal  appropriations  other  than  those  made 
prior  to  the  passage  of  the  act  of  June  3,  1916,  i.  e.,  against  the 
allotment  to  the  States  concerned  under  section  1661,  Revised  Stat- 
utes, there  are  no  funds  against  which  these  shortages  can  now  be 
charged.  Accordingly,  recommendation  was  made  bv  this  office 
to  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  approved  by  him,  that  tegislatioQ  be 


REPOBT  OF   THE  CHIEF   OF   THE   MILITIA  BUEEAU. 


933 


had  looking  toward  the  relief  of  the  States  concerned  from  this 
shortage.  Provision  to  this  eflFect  is  included  in  the  Army  appro- 
priation act  for  the  fiscal  year  1917  (act  of  Aug.  29,  1916),  and  the 
question  finally  and  definitely  settled. 

The  provision  of  section  87  of  the  act  of  June  3,  1916,  carries  out 
the  recommendation  made  in  the  report  for  1915,  as  to  the  survey, 
disposition,  and  method  of  charging  for  United  States  property  lost, 
damaged,  destroyed,  or  worn  out  by  fair  wear  and  tear  in  service, 
and  it  is  confidently  expected  that  in  the  future,  as  a  result  of  the 
application  of  the  new  law,  the  losses  for  propertv  will  decrease 
through  the  better  care  that  will  be  exercised  by  the  States  in  its 
care  and  disposition. 

There  is  shown  below  a  statement  as  to  the  condition  of  the  separate 
list  accountability  as  it  existed  on  June  30,  1916,  from  which  it  will 
be  seen  that  the  amoimt  of  this  shortage  has  been  reduced  from 
8510,640.02  in  1916  to  $383,852.57  in  1916. 


Shortages  dropped  from  returns  and  separately  ao- 
oountea  for  pending  final  settlement. 


1913 


Alabama t  $84,229.66 

Arlxona 

Arkansas 

Colorado 

District  of  Columbia 

Florida 

Geortda 

Illinois 

Louisiana 


MissL<^ippi. 
Missouri... 


Montana 

New  Jersey.... 
New  Mexico... 
North  Carolina. 

Oklahoma 

South  Carolina. 
South  Dakota.. 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Virginia 

Washington.... 


Total. 


17,278.47 
12,907.34 
10.303.44 
5,851.09 
18,186.03 


2,130.85 
8,267.53 
2,833.02 


204.21 


131.23 
40,834.49 


203,157.15 


1914 


1124, 
5, 
115, 

4, 

17, 
12, 
10. 
6. 
18, 

1; 

2, 
44, 


087.03 
310.82 
459.26 
020.08 
278.47 
907.34 
303.44 
851.09 
18n,03 
977.28 
130.65 
31  A.  01 
833.02 
257.88 
093.04 
645.65 


6, 

40, 

4, 

6, 
28, 


107.04 
834.49 
600.12 
236.34 
373.47 
699.35 


$120,8n.48 

4,896.08 

115,459.26 

4,020.06 

11,789.82 

10,182.32 

660.42 


531,507.90 


1915 


1916 


Issuable. 


16,056.61 

72,977.28 

2,130.65 

8,308.72 

2,833.02 

257.88 

16,845.96 
606.18 

32,271.05 
6,107.04 

40,834.49 
9,44.5.00 
6,236.34 

27,044.97 
699.35 


610,540.02 


$115,-330.54 
4,575.92 
3.86 
4,020.08 
11,497.31 
10, 132. 48 


Obsolete. 


$4,919.67 
I      320. 16 


15,960.05 

61,393.17 

877.83 

6,886.83 

2,551.27 

70.12 

8,751.78 

531.68 

18,228.20 

5,824.35 

18,841.05 

7,543.64 

4,055.74 

22,619.83 

163.20 


319,858.93 


292. 
46. 


51 
70 


4,132. 
1,215. 
1,421. 

281. 

187. 
7,392, 


40 
16 
89 
75 
76 
11 


12,633. 

282. 

21,993. 

1,901. 

2,180. 

4,355. 

536. 


53 
69 
44 
36 
60 
76 
15 


63,993.64 


Value  of 

property 

found  and 

taken  upon 

returns  and 

separate  lists 

credited 

therewith 

between  July 

1. 1913,  and 

July  1, 1916. 


$3,836.82 

414. 74 

115,455.40 


5,488.65 

2,728.16 

10,303.44 

5,851.09 

2,225.98 

7,451.71 

37.66 

7.20 


27,949.15 

113.97 

1,509.32 


1,397.88 


184,771.26 


SUKVEYS. 


The  following  table  shows  the  value  of  property  surveyed  during 
the  fiscal  years  1915  and  1916: 


Charged  to  the  sereral  States  under  sectkm  1661  of  the  Revised 

statutes 

Dropped  from  returns  without  charge 

Total 


1915 


$70,450.19 
680,107.09 


650,557.29 


1916 


$126,056.80 
623,667.77 


749.714.67 


Increase. 


$55,606.61 
43,550.68 


99,157.29 


934  REPORT  OP   THE  CHIEF   OF  THE   MILITIA  BUREAU. 

From  the  above  it  will  be  seen  that  there  was  an  increase  in  the 
value  of  property  surveyed  during  the  fiscal  year  1916  of  $99,157.29 
over  last  year;  of  this  amount  $55,606.61  was  charged  to  the  allot- 
ments of  the  several  States  and  represents  the  vfdue  of  property 
lost,  damaged,  or  destroyed  through  lack  of  reaQonah^e  care. 

CLOTHING   ALLOWANCE. 

The  following  table  shows  the  States  and  the  amount  of  clothing 
allowance  granted  to  each  during  the  fiscal  year  1916,  under  the 
provisions  of  section  13  of  the  amended  militia  law.  This  allowance 
was  not  granted  until  it  was  shown  as  a  result  of  the  Federal  inspection 
of  1915  that  the  States  were  uniformed,  armed,  and  equipped  as 
required  by  Circular  No.  15,  D.  M.  A.,  1914  (published  in  my  report 
for  1915).  The  clothing  allowance  heretofore  provided  for  bj  law 
has  been  abolished  by  the  act  of  June  3,  1916,  and  all  clothmg  in 
the  future  must  be  disposed  of  by  survey  proceedings. 

Clothing  allowance  granted  the  several  States  for  the  fiscal  year  1916. 


Alabama $21,791.67 

Arizona 6, 183. 33 

Arkanaafl »  12,891.67 

California 28,666.67 

Connection  t »  23, 100. 00 

Delaware 3.  750. 00 

District  of  Columhia 15, 391. 07 

Florida '  11.000.00 

Georgia 22.  616. 67 

Hawaii 7.  541. 67 


New  Hampshire $11,025.00 

New  Jersey 34.800.00 

New  Mexico 7.091.67 

New  York 130.058.33 

North  Carolina 23  408.33 

North  Dakota 5.  633.33 

Ohio 44.241.67 

Oklahoma S.  541.67 

Oregon 13.516.67 

Pennsvlvatiia 8.V  550.00 


Idaho 7.883.33  Rhode  Island »  10.966.67 

Illinois 46.250.00  South  Carolina 13.241.67 

Indiana 17,308.33  South  DakoU S.  liVOO 

Iowa 25.766.67  Tennessee 13.658.33 

Kansas 15,100.00  Texas 17.425.00 

Kentucky 19.408.33  Utah »  4.716.67 

Louisiana 8.  700. 00  Vermont 6. 083 .  33 

Maine 10.733.33  ,  Virginia 22.52o.00 

Maryland »  15,975.00  Washington 10.283.33 

Massachusetts 47.108.33  West  Virginia 13  391.67 


Michigan 23. 108.33 

Minnesota 27,  333. 33 

Mississippi 9,391.67 

Missouri 32.266.67 

Nebraska 12,283.33 


Wisconsin 25.791.67 

Wyoming 4.9S3.33 

Total 986,608.34 


As  stated  in  the  annual  report  for  the  year  1915  (p.  69),  steps  were 
taken  during  the  year  to  sell  the  material  of  unserviceable  woolen 
clothing  forming  a  part  of  the  soldiers'  uniform  after  these  articles 
had  been  dropped  under  the  clothine  allowance  allotted  the  States. 
This  measure  was  to  replace  the  usual  total  destruction  of  condemned 
and  imserviceable  articles  of  clothing.  In  keeping  with  this  plan, 
all  such  woolen  articles  of  clothing  were  ordered  turned  into  a  depot 
of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  designated  by  the  Quartermaster  Gteneral. 
where  they  were  macerated  and  sold.  The  sum  realized  from  this 
sale  amounted  to  $7,324.29.  This  practice  can  not  be  continued,  as 
under  the  provisions  of  section  87  oi  the  act  of  June  3,  1916,  the  pro- 
ceeds of  such  sale  must  be  deposited  in  the  Treasury  of  the  United 

>  Not  ■eon>t«d  b7  8tot«. 


BEPOKT  OP  THE  CHIEF  OF   THE  MILITIA  BUREAU.  935 

States  as  a  credit  to  the  State,  Territory,  or  the  District  of  Columbia 
concerned,  and  become  a  part  of  and  an  addition  to  that  portion  of 
the  State's  allotment  of  federal  funds  set  aside  for  the  purchase  of 
similar  supplies.  In  the  future,  therefore,  all  such  articles  will  after 
survey  be  ordered  sold  imder  the  supervision  of  the  State  authorities 
and  the  proceeds  thereof  credited  to  the  allotment  of  the  State. 

TEANSPOETATION. 

The  table  hereto  attached  (marked  Table  11)  shows  the  condition 
of  transportation  as  it  existed  in  the  several  States  at  the  time  of  the 
call  of  June  18,  1916.  The  data  in  the  table  refer,  however,  only  to 
those  organizations  that  were  recognized  by  the  War  Department 
and  included  in  the  call  and  not  those  organizations  that  were  organ- 
ized after  the  call  and  included  therein. 

THE   NATIONAL   MIUTIA  BOARD  AND  THE   SUBSTITUTE   THEREFOR. 

The  National  Militia  Board  provided  by  section  20  of  the  militia 
law  was  assembled  bv  the  Secretary  of  War  on  October  29,  1915,  for 
the  purpose  of  consultation  with  reference  to  the  status  and  needs  of 
the  Organized  MiUtia  with  a  view  to  formulating  a  plan  of  legislation 
to  be  submitted  to  Congress.  The  following  members  of  the  board 
were  present:  Maj.  Gen.  John  P.  O'Ryan,  Brig.  Gen.  Walter  A.  Harris, 
Col.  Wilder  S.  Metcalf,  and  Maj.  Fred  LleweUyn.  Gen.  E.  A.  Wedg- 
wood, of  Utah,  was  unable  to  attend.  Gen.  W.  A.  Harris,  of  Georgia, 
had  been  appointed  a  member  of  the  board  to  succeed  Maj.  Harry  S. 
Berry,  of  Tennessee,  whose  term  had  expired  since  the  last  meeting 
of  the  board. 

The  Secretary  of  War  personally  explained  to  the  board  the  essential 
principle  and  the  purposes  of  the  legislation  which  he  proposed  to 
recommend  for  consideration  by  Congress  and  concluded  by  requesting 
the  board  to  aid  him  by  their  practical  knowledge  and  suggestions  to 
make  the  principle  operative. 

The  subsequent  trend  of  legislation  rendered  any  further  meeting 
of  the  board  unnecessary. 

The  National  Militia  Board  was  abolished  by  section  81  of  the  act 
of  June  3,  1916,  and  the  President  was  authorized  to  assign  a  colonel 
and  a  lieutenant  colonel  of  the  National  Guard  to  duty  in  the  Militia 
Bureau  with  the  pay  and  allowances  of  their  grades. 

INSPECTOR-mSTRUOTORS. 

Due  to  the  border  situation  the  number  ef  inspector-instructors 
has  been  materially  decreased,  and  because  of  the  lack  of  officers  it  has 
been  impracticable  to  replace  those  who  have  been  relieved,  so  that 
at  the  present  time  there  are  a  number  of  Stat^  without  them.  Their 
work  during  the  past  year  has  been  very  satisfactory.  Generally, 
progress  has  been  made,  but  in  varying  degrees  in  the  different  States. 
Some  States  have  been  quite  hberal  in  furnishing  and  securing  trans- 

f^ortation  for  the  inspector-instructors,  so  that  they  were  able  to  visit 
requently  and  give  instruction  to  the  organizations  with  which  they 
were  on  duty.  Other  States  have  failed  to  furnish  any  facilities  fur 
such  visits,  and  as  a  consequence  many  companies  have  been  deprived 
of  the  actual  services  of  the  inspector-instructors.    This  condition  will 


936  REPORT  OP  THE  CHIEF   OF  THE   MILITIA  BUREAU. 

be  remedied  in  large  part  in  the  future  by  the  appropriations  made 
under  the  terms  of  the  act  of  Jime  3,  1916. 

There  has  been  cordial  understanding  between  the  State  authorities 
and  the  inspector-instructors  with  but  few  exceptions.  A  tendency 
which  should  be  corrected  in  the  future  has  mamfested  itself  in  some 
instances  of  assuming  that  the  inspector-instructor  was  responsible 
for  the  training  of  the  regiment  or  other  organization  with  which  he 
was  on  duty.  Kesponsibflity  and  authoritjr  must  always  go  together, 
and  as  the  inspector-instructor  can  not  be  given  the  necessary  author- 
ity unless  commissioned  in  the  regiment  or  other  organization,  it  is 
plain  that  he  can  not  be  held  responsible  for  the  instruction  and  train- 
ing, and  his  attitude  heretofore  has  been  and  must  continue  to  be  that 
of  an  enthusiastic,  wilUng,  and  encouraging  helper,  with  the  added  duty 
of  a  friendly  critic.  The  act  of  June  3,  1916,  authorizes  officers  on 
duty  with  tne  National  Guard  to  accept  commissions  in  the  same,  and 
some  States  have  already  taken  advantage  of  this  privilege,  but  it  is 
a  matter  that  must  originate  with  the  State  authorities  and  not  with 
the  Federal  Government,  though  the  latter  should  be  liberal  in  allow- 
ing such  commissions  to  be  accepted,  provided  they  are  in  offices 
where  a  Regular  Army  officer's  exnerience  and  training  can  be  put  to 
the  best  use.  They  should  not  be  allowed  to  accept  subordinate 
positions,  the  command  of  smaU  units,  nor  commissions  in  arms 
other  than  their  own. 

SERGEANT-INSTRUCTORS. 

At  the  request  of  various  State  authorities  51  of  the  203  sergeants 
on  duty  with  the  National  Guard  at  the  date  of  mobilization  have  been 
discharged  from  the  Regular  Army  to  enable  them  to  accept  commis- 
sions in  the  National  Guard  organizations  called  into  the  service  of 
the  United  States  by  the  President  June  18,  1916. 

Table  10  shows  the  number  of  sergeants  of  the  different  arms  of  the 
Regular  Army  who  were  on  duty  with  the  several  States  on  June  30, 
1916. 

SCUOOL  FOR  THE  SPECIAL  TRAINING  OF  NONCOAfMISSIONED  OFFICERS 

OF  THE   REGULAR   ARBfT. 

1.  Under  section  36  of  the  act  of  June  3,  1916,  the  Secretary  of  War 
is  authorized  to  detail  from  the  Infantry.  Cavalry,  Field  Artillery,  CJorpa 
of  Engineers,  Coast  Artillery  Corps,  Meaical  Corps,  and  Signal  Corps  of 
the  Regular  Army  not  to  exceed  1 ,000  sergeants  of  the  Regular  Army 
for  duty  with  corresponding  organizations  of  the  National  Guard  for 
the  purpose  of  assisting  in  the  instruction  of  the  personnel  and  care  of 
property  in  the  hands  of  the  National  Guard.  Another  section  of  the 
same  law  authorizes  the  President  to  detail  for  duty  at  institutions 
where  one  or  more  units  of  the  Reserve  Officers'  Training  Corps 
are  maintained  not  exceeding  500  noncommissioned  officers  of  the 
active  list  of  the  Army,  who  are  to  be  additional  in  their  respective 
grades  to  those  otherwise  authorized  for  the  Army. 

2.  At  the  present  time  the  demand  tor  sei^eants  for  duty  with  the 
National  Guard  is  in  excess  of  the  number  which  the  Secretary  of 
War  has  authorized.  With  the  passage  of  the  law  authorizing  an 
increase  in  the  number  of  sergeant-instructors  the  demand  will  have 
to  be  met  to  the  extent  that  sergeants  can  be  foimd  who  are  considered 
capable  for  performing  the  duties.    At  the  same  time  an  additional 


BEPOET  OF  THE  CHIEF   OF  THE   MILITIA  BUBEAU.  937 

demand  will  be  made  for  noncommissioned  officers  to  be  authorized  for 
institutions  maintaining  one  or  more  units  of  the  Reserve  Officers' 
Training  Corps.  These  also  should  be  speciaUv  qualified  as  to  per- 
sonal character  and  fitness  as  instructors.  Coincident  with  these 
demands  the  probable  expansion  of  the  Regular  Army  will  create  a 
demand  for  experienced  and  well-instructed  nonconunissioned  officers 
which  the  Army  itself  can  not  at  once  meet. 

3.  While  it  is  not  expected  that  tbe  demand  for  extra  nonconunis- 
sioned  officers  for  duty  with  the  National  Guard  and  with  institutions 
for  learning  will  come  up  at  once  to  the  maximum  niunber  to  be 
authorized  under  the  law,  it  seems  quite  certain  that  the  sources  ot 
supply  and  the  methods  of  selection  heretofore  used  will  be  inade- 
quate to  meet  the  demand  for  well-qualified  noncommissioned  officers 
hkely  to  arise  within  the  next  12  months.  It  would  be  manifestly 
unwise  to  detail  for  duty  with  the  National  Guard  or  at  a  school  or 
college  a  noncommissioned  officer  who  is  unfit  in  any  respect  or  whose 
fitness  is  doubtful.  It  may  be  stated  that  fitness  is  not  only  a  ques- 
tion of  moral  character  and  professional  knowledge,  but  of  ability  to 
impart  mstruction. 

4.  These  considerations  seem  to  justify  the  establishment  of  a 
school  for  the  special  training  of  a  simicient  number  ot  enlisted  men 
of  the  Regular  Army  whose  character  and  intelUgence  rive  promise  of 
measuring  up  to  the  requirements  imposed  by  service  (n  the  character 
named,  it  is  obvious  that  only  disciplined  soldiers  should  be  sent  to 
such  a  school,  and  this  consideration  suggests  a  minimum  service  of 
two  years  as  a  basic  condition  for  detail. 

5.  The  influence  of  such  a  school  should  be  very  great  in  the  tend- 
ency it  would  have  to  standardize  ideas  and  methods  of  instruction 
for  the  citizen  soldiery  throughout  the  country.  This  consideration 
is  of  such  importance  that  eventually  the  pohcy  should  be  to  detail 
for  service  of  this  sort  only  those  who  have  certificates  of  graduation 
from  such  a  school  and  who  otherwise  have  been  pronounced  to  be 
well  ouahfied  for  the  duty. 

6.  It  is  recommended,  therefore,  that  measures  be  taken  to  estab- 
lish a  permanent  service  school  for  the  training  of  noncommissioned 
officers  of  Infantry,  Cavalry,  and  Field  Artillery  in  accordance  with 
the  purposes  which  have  been  stated  herewith.  Matters  relating  to 
location  of  the  school,  duration  ot  the  course,  condition  of  admission, 
etc.,  are  details  which  may  Well  be  determined  later. 

LEGISLATION. 

The  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  of  June  3,  1916,  relating  to 
the  National  Guard  are  the  culmination  of  a  series  of  legislative 
enactments  commencing  with  the  mihtia  law  of  1903.  whose  object 
has  been  to  constitute  from  the  State  militia  a  national  force  efficient 
for  Federal  purposes.  The  means  sought  to  attain  this  object  are,  on 
the  one  hand,  such  an  increased  degree  of  Federal  control  as  will 
permit  of  uniform  and  efficient  organization,  instruction,  and  dis- 
cipline, and,  on  the  other,  adeauate  appropriations  to  enable  the 
States  to  meet  the  standaras  established  dv  tne  Federal  Government. 

In  the  hearing  of  the  Chief,  Division  of  Militia  Affairs,  before  the 
Committees  on  MiUtary  Aflfairs  of  the  Sixty-fourth  Congress,  the  prin- 
cipal defects  of  the  Organized  Militia  as  constituted  under  the 
mihtia  law  of  1903  were  outlined  us  foDows: 


938  BEPORT  OF   THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 


1.   ORGANIZATION. 


(a)  The  Federal  Goyemmeat  was  empowered  to  establish  the 
type  of  organization  to  which  the  militia  was  required  to  conform 
but  could  not  require  the  organization  of  any  unit.  A  State  might 
maintain  no  mihtia  whatever,  or  it  could  muster  its  entire  force 
out  of  service  after  the  expenditure  upon  it  of  a  lai^e  amount  of 
Federal  fimds.  As  each  State  raised  its  own  troops  mdependently 
of  the' others,  the  composition  of  the  Organized  Muitia,  as  a  whole, 
was  not  based  upon  the  requirements  of  Army  organization,  but 
chiefly  upon  the  necessities  of  State  service,  for  which  the  troops 
were  primarily  raised. 

(jb)  Lack  01  reserves. 

(c)  Deficiency  in  auxiliary  arms. 

3.   APPOINTMENT  OF  OFFICERS. 

No  uniform  Qualifications  for  commission  or  promotion  could  be 
established  by  tne  Federal  Government.  Tn  most  States  the  system 
of  election  of  officers  by  the  men  was  the  rule. 

3.  Tiack  of  uniform  and  efficient  standard  of  physical  examination. 
This  defect  has  been  brought  out  in  a  striking  manner  by  the  recent 
mobilization  of  the  National  Guard. 

4.  The  existence  of  a  large  fluctuating  element  in  the  enlisted 
personnel  due  to  excessive  number  of  discharges  prior  to  expiration 
of  term  of  service.  During  the  calendarvear  1915  the  nuinber  of 
men  reported  so  discharged  was  28,126.  Tnis  figure  does  not  include 
organizations  in  which  no  record  of  such  discharges  was  available. 

5.  Lack  of  care  of  Federal  property. 

6.  Inadequate  Federal  appropriations,  particularly  for  the  support 
of  auxiliary  arms. 

7.  Lack  of  uniformity  in  the  military  codes  of  the  several  States, 
particularly  in  respect  to  terms  of  enlistment. 

8.  Lack  of  authority  of  the  President  to  order  the  National  Guard 
as  such  beyond  the  boundaries  of  the  country. 

9.  Dependence  upon  State  appropriations,  which  may  be  with- 
drawn or  refused  by  a  State  legislature. 

10.  Low  attendance  at  assembUes  for  drill  and  instruction. 

11.  Insufficiency  of  the  periods  of  training  provided  by  law  for 
the  development  of  an  efficient  force. 

12.  In  general,  dual  control  resulting  from  the  fact  that  tiie 
government  of  the  militia  is  a  power  reserved  to  the  States. 

INCREA8BD  POWER8  GRANTED  BY  THE  ACT  OF  JUNE  S,   1916. 

The  act  of  June  3,  1916,  conveys  to  the  Federal  Government 
greatly  increased  powers  which  can  be  applied  to  the  correction  of 
many  of  the  deficiencies  above  enumerated.  Considered  hi  the 
order  in  which  the  deficiencies  under  previous  law  are  above  set 
forth,  these  powers  relate  to — 

1.  Organization. — In  addition  to  the  requirement  of  the  militia 
law  of  1903,  that  **the  organization  ♦  *  *  shaD  be  the  same  as 
that  which  is  or  may  hereafter  be  prescribed  for  the  Regular  Array 
of  the  United  States,  subject  in  time  of  peace  to  such  general  excep- 
tions as  may  be  authorized  by  the  Secretary  of  War,'  section  60  of 
the  act  of  June  3,  1916,  empowers  the  President  to  ''prescribe  the 
particular  unit  or  units,  as  to  branch  or  arm  of  service,  to  be  main* 


REPORT  OF   THE  CHIEF   OF   THE   MILITIA  BUREAU.  939 

taioed  in  each  State,  Territory,  or  the  District  of  Columbia  in  order 
to  secure  a  force  which,  when  combined,  shall  form  complete  higher 
tactical  units."  Section  62  further  provides  that  new  organizations 
and  existing  units  ^'shaJl  conform  to  such  rules  and  regulations 
regarding  organization,  strength,  and  armament  as  the  rresident 
may  prescribe,"  and  section  64  that  **for  the  purpose  of  maintaining 
appropriate  organization  and  to  assist  in  instruction  the  President  may 
assign  the  National  Guard  of  the  several  States  and  Territories  and  the 
District  of  Columbia  to  divisions,  brigades,  and  other  tactical  units." 

These  powers  as  to  organization  appear  to  be  absolutely  complete. 
Under  them  there  seems  to  be  no  possible  legal  obstacle  to  action  by 
the  War  Department  looking  to  tne  completion  of  the  organization 
of  tactical  divisions  and  the  completion  of  the  Coast  Artulerv  con-y 
tingent  of  the  National  Guard,  eitner  by  raising  new  units  or  by  the 
conversion  of  existing  Infantry  units.  Several  States  have,  since 
the  passage  of  the  act,  taken  action  to  complete  the  quota  assigned 
to  tnem  m  circulars  of  the  War  Department.  This  is  notably  the 
case  in  Pennsylvaiiia,  which  has  practically  completed  the  organi- 
zation of  its  division. 

Section  68  prohibits  the  muster  out  without  the  consent  of  the 
President  of  organizations  upon  which  Federal  funds  have  been 
expended. 

The  existing  deficiency  in  respect  to  reserves  is  remedied  by  the 
new  contract  of  enlistment  prescribed  in  section  70  and  the  authority 
to  determine  the  organization  of  the  reserve  granted  by  section  78. 
The  authority  contained  in  section  79  to  organize  reserve  battaUons 
for  recruit  training  when  the  **  members  of  the  National  Guard  and 
the  enlisted  reserve  thereof  *  *  *  shall  have  been  brought  into 
the  service  of  the  United  States  in  time  of  war,"  completes  the 
needed  legislation  on  the  subject  of  the  organization  of  reserves.  In 
regard  to  their  training,  however,  the  legislation  may  be  considered 
defective  in  that  while  it  provides  that  *' members  of  said  reserve, 
when  engaged  in  field  or  coast-defense  training  with  the  active 
National  Guard,  shall  receive  the  same  Federal  pay  and  allowances 
as  enlisted  men  of  like  grade  on  the  active  list  of  said  guard  when 
likewise  engaged,"  no  provision  is  made  for  the  appropriation  of 
funds  for  that  purpose  or  authorizing  the  expenditure  of  funds  for 
the  training  of  reserves  from  general  National  Guard  appropriations. 
It  is  believed  that  this  defect  should  be  remedied  m  subsequent 
appropriation  acts  for  the  support  of  the  National  Guard. 

2.  Ap^ointmerit  of  officers, — A  practically  complete  remedy  for  the 
deficiencies  of  prior  legislation  in  this  respect  is  contained  in  section 
75,  which  provides  that,  '*  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  not  apply 
to  any  person  hereafter  appointed  an  oflBcer  of  the  National  Guard 
unless  he  first  shall  have  successfully  passed  such  tests  as  to  his  physi- 
cal, moral,  and  professional  fitness  as  the  President  shall  prescribe." 
While  the  system  of  election  of  officers  by  their  men  existing  in  the 
majority  of  States  may  continue,  the  power  granted  by  this  section 
eUminates  most  of  the  more  objectionable  features  of  that  system  by 
providing  a  remedy  against  the  election  of  unqualified  officers. 

Under  the  provisions  of  sections  74,  75,  and  76,  it  is  in  the  power  of 
the  President  to  approve  or  annul  any  commission  issued  by  the  gov- 
ernors of  the  several  States  in  accordance  with  a  prescribed  procedure. 


940  BEPORT  ACTING  CHIEF  MnJTIA  BUBEAU. 

3.  Ixick  of  uniform  and  efficient  standard  of  physical  examinaticn. — 
The  militia  law  of  1903  was  silent  in  respect  to  pnysical  examination, 
except  that  it  provided  (sec.  7)  that  ''every  officer  and  enlisted  man 
of  the  militia  who  shall  be  called  forth  in  the  manner  hereinbefore 

{prescribed  (by  the  President)  shall  be  mustered  for  service  without 
urther  enlistment  and  without  further  medical  examination  previ- 
ous to  such  muster,  except  for  those  States  and  Territories  which 
have  not  adopted  the  standard  of  medical  examination  prescribed 
for  the  Regular  Army."  The  large  number  of  men  rejected  for 
physical  deficiency  upon  examination  after  muster-in  on  the  occa- 
sion of  the  recent  mobilization  of  the  National  Guard  and  the  Of^^an- 
ized  MiUtia  in  States  which  had  adopted  the  standard  of  physical 
examination  prescribed  for  the  Regular  Army,  shows  that  the  adop- 
tion of  this  standard  by  such  States  was  for  the  most  part  purely 
nominal. 

The  act  of  June  3,  1916,  remedies  the  deficiencies  of  prior  l^isla- 
tion  in  regard  to  physical  examination  by  providing  (sec.  69)  that 
"the  Quaufications  for  enlistment  shall  be  the  same  as  Uiose  pre- 
scribea  for  admission  to  the  Regular  Army"  and  that  (sec.  110) 
"No  monejr  appropriated  under  the  provisions  of  this  or  the  last  pre- 
ceding section  shall  be  paid  "*"  *  *  to  any  person  who  shall  fail 
to  qualify  as  to  fitness  for  miUtary  service  under  such  r^ulations  as 
Uie  Secretary  of  War  shall  prescribe"  and  (sec.  115)  "^ery  officer 
and  enlisted  man  of  the  National  Guard  who  shall  be  called  into  the 
service  of  the  United  States  as  such  shall  be  examined  as  to  his 
physical  fitness  under  such  regulations  as  the  President  may  pre- 
scribe without  further  commission  or  enlistment." 

4.  Fluctuating  element  due  to  discharges  prior  to  expvraHon  of  term 
of  service. — Section  72  conveys  power  to  remedy  this  deficiency  in 
tne  provision  that  **  discharges  may  be  ^ven  pnor  to  expiration  of 
terms  of  enlistment  under  such  regulations  as  the  President  may 
prescribe."  Inasmuch  as  under  section  70  enlisted  men  enter  into 
an  enlistment  contract  both  with  the  United  States  and  the  State, 
any  discharges  issued  by  the  State  authorities  not  in  conformity 
with  the  reflations  established  by  the  President  are  invalid. 

5.  iMck  cf  care  of  Federal  property. — Under  the  militia  law  of  1903 
the  Federal  Government  could  not  require  a  State  to  reimburse  it 
for  Federal  property  lost  or  misappropriated  by  officers  and  enlisted 
men  of  the  Oi'ganized  MiUtia.  Tnis  deficiency  is  remedied  by  the 
provision  of  section  87  that  **if  any  State,  Territory,  or  the  District 
of  Columbia  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  pay,  or  to  cause  to  be  paid, 
the  money  ecjuivalent  of  any  loss,  damage,  or  destruction  of  oroporty 
charged  against  such  State,  Territory,  or  the  District  of  (Columbia 
by  the  Secretary  of  War  after  survey  by  a  disinterested  officer  ap- 
pointed as  herembefore  provided,  the  Secretary  of  War  is  hereby 
authorized  to  debar  such  State,  Territory,  or  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia from  further  participation  in  any  and  all  appropriations  for  the 
National  Guard  until  such  payinent  shall  have  oeen  made."  Officers 
of  the  National  Guard  responsible  for  Federal  property  are  protected 
against  losses  by  officers  or  enlisted  men  to  whom  such  property  b 
issued  by  Uie  proviso  of  section  110,  which  provides  that  '* stoppages 
may  be  made  against  the  compensation  payable  to  any  officer  or 
enlisted  man  hereimder  to  cover  the  cost  of  pubUc  property  lost  or 
destroyed  by  and  chargeable  to  such  officer  or  enlisted  man." 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF   THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 


941 


6.  Inadequate  Federal  appropriaiions, — Appropriations  under  prior 
enactments  of  Congress  were  inadequate  for  the  organization  of  the 
more  expensive  auxiUary  arms  necessary  to  complete  the  tactical 
organization  of  the  National  Guard.  In  addition  to  increased  general 
appropriations  which  may  be  applied  to  this  purpose,  certain  special 
appropriations  are  made  under  the  act  of  June  3,  1916,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  the  support  of  mounted  troops.  Under  section  89,  appro- 
priations are  made  for  the  purchase  of  horses  for  the  use  of  rield 
Artillery,  Cavalry,  Signal  companies,  and  other  mounted  units  of 
the  National  Guard,  and  under  section  90,  for  the  purchase  and 
issue  of  forage,  bedding,  shoeing,  and  veterinary  services  and  sup- 

ghes  for  Government  horses  issued  to  organizations  of  the  National 
luard,  and  for  the  compensation  of  competent  help  for  the  care  of 
the  material,  animals,  and  equipment  issued  to  moimted  organiza- 
tions of  the  National  Guard. 

The  provision  made  in  section  67  for  the  payment  of  the  actual 
and  necessary  expenses  incurred  by  oflBcers  and  enlisted  men  of  the 
Regular  Army  wnen  traveling  on  duty  in  connection  with  the  Na- 
tional Guard  will  permit  of  a  more  eflBcient  and  general  use  of 
inspector  instructors  and  sorgeant  mstructors  as  supervisors  of  in- 
struction of  the  troops  of  the  several  States. 

The  provisions  made  for  the  payment  of  enlisted  men  for  attend- 
ance at  drill  and  instruction  should  afford  an  incentive  for  such 
attendance  and  a  discouragement  of  absenteeism,  which  has  been 
one  of  the  most  serious  deficiencies  of  the  Organized  Mihtia. 

Memorandum  oj  Aational  Guard  ilems^  army  appropriation  act,  1917, 


Object. 


ray  National  Guard ofTlcers 

Pay  pniisted  men,  allnttdes 

Automatic  machine  rifles 

Field  ArtUlery  for  National  Guard 

Ammunition  for  Field  Artillery,  National  Guard  (reserve  supply) 

Piu-chase  of  horses 

Forage,  etc.,  National  Guard  horses 

nolpers  fOT  animals,  etc 

National  Guard  encampment,  maneuvers,  etc 

N ational  Gum-d  officers  attending  service  schools 

Pay  National  Guard  officers  in  Militia  Bureau 

Pay  property  and  disbursing  officers,  National  Guard 

Arms,  equipments,  etc.,  National  Guard 

Salaries,  employees  MUttla  Bureau 

Miscellaneous  office  expenses,  printing  and  binding 

Travel  expenses,  officers 

Travel  expenses,  inspector-instructors 

Travel  expenses,  armory  instruction 

Travel  expenses,  officers  t o  camps  of  instruction 

Inspection  target  ranges 

Inspecti<m  Fieid  Artulery  and  Signal  material 

Transportation  of  supplies - 

Expenses  of  sergeant-instructors 

Olnce  rent,  inspector-faistructors 

Arms,  uniforms,  equipments,  etc.,  National  Guard 

Ranges,  Field  Artillery 

Exchanging  Infantry  equipment 

Total 

Under  appropriation  "  Subsistence  of  the  A  rmy ,"  for  meals  <x  commutat  ion  of  rations  to  enlisted 

men  oi  Regular  Army  or  National  Guard  competing  in  national  matches  included  in  genera) 

sum  of  112,000. 
Appropriation,  Regular  supplies  Quartermaster  Corps  for  National  Guard  officers  attending 

service  schools;  also  numerous  other  items  included  in  general  appropriaticm  of  111,000,000. 
Appropriation,  Transporiation  of  the  Army  and  its  supplies. 
Travel  allowances  of  National  Guard  mustered  into  service  and  discharged  for  adequate 

reasoa<t.    Supplies  furnished  Militia,  all  included  in  general  appropriation  of  $23,000,000. 
Trophies  and  medals  tor  rifle  jntK^tice,  National  Guard,  included  in  general  appropriation  of 

1 10,000. 


Amount. 


$9,000,000 

18,000,000 

6,000,000 

10,000,000 

10,000,000 

50,000 

25,000 

25,000 

500.000 

50,000 

12,000 

44,150 

1,000,000 

49,800 

4,000 

17,500 

7,500 

30,000 

30,000 

1,000 

2,000 

75,000 

50,000 

12,500 

2,000,000 

300,000 

400,000 


57,685,450 

Regular 
Armyap- 
propria- 
tions  in 
which 
National 
0  u  ard 
partici- 
pates not 
Included 
fai  total. 


942  REPORT  OF   THE  CHIEF  OF   THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 

7.  Lack  oj  uniformity  in  the  military  codes  of  several  States. — A 
uniform  system  of  courts-martial,  constitutea  like  and  having 
cognizance  of  the  same  subjects  and  possessing  like  powers  except 
as  to  punishments  as  courts-martial  of  the  Kegular  Anny,  and 
uniform  limits  of  punishment  are  prescribed  in  sections  102-108. 
The  President  may  convene  courts-martial  for  the  trial  of  members 
of  the  National  Guard. 

A  uniform  term  of  enlistment  is  prescribed  in  section  70. 
These  provisions  will  make  umform  the  broad  features  of  the 
military  codes  of  the  several  States. 

8.  LacTc  of  authority  oj  the  President  to  order  the  National  Gvnrd  as 
such  beyond  the  boundaries  oj  the  country, — The  draft  provisions  of 
section  111  appear  to  settle  definitely  a  point  of  long-standing  con- 
troversy with  reference  to  the  general  availability  of  National  Guard 
for  Federal  service  and  must  be  regarded  as  one  oi  the  most  important 
features  of  recent  legislation.  It  appears  to  be  beyond  question  that 
under  the  draft  provisions  of  section  111  the  National  Guard  may  bo 
made  available  for  service  whenever  it  may  be  required.  It  is  to  be 
noted,  however,  that  this  power  is  exercised,  not  under  the  militia 
clause  of  the  Constitution,  but  under  the  power  **  to  raise  and  support 
armies"  and  that  the  members  of  drafted  ore;anizations  cease  to  be 
members  of  the  National  Guard  upon  the  application  of  the  draft. 

9.  Dependence  uj)cn  State  apfropriaiicns, — The  increased  appro- 
priations made  pursuant  to  the  act  of  June  3,  1916,  appears  to  relieve 
the  States  of  every  expenditure  which  should  not  be  properly  borne 
by  them.  There  remain  to  be  borne  by  the  States  only  the  proper 
expenses  incident  to  administration  and  to  the  upkeep  of  armories 
and  storehouses.  Up  to  the  present  time,  in  many  States,  adequate 
appropriations  have  not  been  made  for  these  purposes,  and  armory 
and  storehouse  facilities  fall  in  general  much  short  of  what  are  neces- 
sary for  proper  instruction  and  care  of  property.  It  would  thei-efore 
have  been  desirable  that  the  legislation  should  have  made  apportion- 
ments to  the  several  States  contingent  upon  their  appropriating  the 
necessary  fimds  for  this  purpose.  However,  when  deficiency  in 
instruction  or  in  the  care  of  property  results  from  insufficient  armory 
or  storehouse  faciUties,  apportionments  may  be  withheld  for  **  non- 
compliance with  Federal  acf  under  section  116  and  proper  action 
to  correct  deficiencies  in  this  respect  induced. 

10.  Loir  aii(7ulGnce  at  assemblies  jor  drill  crul  instruction. — The  pro- 
visions of  section  1 10,  which  make  payment  to  enlisted  men  contingent 
upon  attendance  at  the  prescribed  number  of  drills,  constitute  the  most 
effective  means  of  enforcing  such  attendance  provided  by  the  new  legis- 
lation.    How  successful  it  will  prove,  expenence  alone  can  tell. 

11.  Insufficiency  if  training  periods. — The  maximum  periods  of 
instruction  provided  by  the  act  of  June  3,  1916,  comprise,  (1)  48 
assemblies  for  drill  and  instruction  of  one  and  one-hali  hours  each, 
(2)  15  days  encampment  and  maneuvers.  Reckonhig  each  da^  of 
encampment  or  maneuvers  as  comprishig  six  hours  of  instruction, 
the  total  annual  instruction  of  an  enlisted  man  of  the  National 
Guard  will  be  equivalent  to  162  hours  and  for  an  enlistment  of  three 
years  in  active  service,  486  hours.  It  is  a  fact  proven  by  long  military 
experience  that  a  period  of  not  less  than  six  months  continuous 
training  (comprishig  practically  1,000  hours  of  instruction)  is  neces- 
sary to  train  a  recruit  to  take  his  place  as  an  efficient  soldier  in  the 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF   THE   MILITIA  BUREAU.  943 

ranks  of  a  trained  organization.  The  period  of  training  reckoned  in 
hours  of  those  members  of  a  National  Guard  organization  who  have 
had  the  maximum  amount  of  training  during  an  enlistment  period  of 
three  years  will  therefore  be  only  about  one-half  of  that  required  for 
the  making  of  an  efficient  soldier.  Moreover,  the  sum  of  the  inter- 
mittent periods  of  armory  instruction  can  not  be  reckoned  as  of  eciual 
value  with  periods  of  continuous  instruction  imder  a  mihtary  regime, 
and  the  above  numerical  comparison  does  not  therefore  express  a 
true  ratio.  However  great  may  be  the  value  to  be  attached  to  the 
training  to  be  given  to  the  National  Guard  under  the  provisions  of 
the  act  of  Jime  3,  1916,  anv  expectations  that  it  can  be  constituted 
as  a  force  available  for  employment  immediately  or  at  any  early  date 
after  the  outbreak  of  a  war  with  any  first-class  power  are  sure 
to  Drove  illusory. 

However,  it  must  be  recognized  that  the  periods  of  training  pre- 
scribed are  the  maximum  which  can  be  expected  from  men  who  can 
only  devote  occasional  periods  to  mihtary  training,  due  to  the  neces- 
sity for  earning  a  Uvehhood.  Efficiency  in  training  of  an  adequate 
force  for  national  defense  can  only  be  secured  through  a  system  of 
universal  service  under  which  the  number  of  able-bodied  men  re- 
quired for  national  defense  undergo  an  adequate  period  of  intensive 
training  during  the  otherwise  less  occupied  portion  of  their  hves  and 
are  then  released  to  their  civilian  pursuits.  Under  such  a  system,  the 
energies  of  the  men  Undergoing  training  are  not  divided  between  two 
caUings  with  resulting  detriment  to  both,  and  a  real  division  of  labor 
is  efifected  with  consequent  economic  gain.  Moreover,  the  pur- 
suance of  a  settled  military  poUcy  is  an  impossibiUty  under  our 
present  voluntary  system.  The  adoption  of  a  mihtary  policy  is  pred- 
icated on  the  condition  that  the  necessary  mihtary  force  will  be 
available  for  its  execution.  So  long  as  we  are  dependent  upon  the 
voluntary  system,  we  can  never  be  assured  that  the  force  required 
for  the  execution  of  any  policy  will  be  available.  A  system  oi  uni- 
versal hability  to  niiUtary  training  and  service  which  distributes  the 
burden  equally  on  all  qualified  citizens  is,  moreover,  the  only  one 
compatible  wiih  our  democratic  institutions. 

12.  Dual  control. — Disciphne,  which,  under  the  Constitution, 
Congress  has  power  to  prescribe,  is  inseparably  connected  with  gov- 
ernment, a  power  reserved  to  the  States.  Congress  has  prescribed 
the  rules  of  discipline,  and  the  States  are  obhgated  to  enforce  these 
rules  in  exercising  their  power  of  government.  The  act  confers  ex- 
tensive powers  on  the  Federal  Government  to  prescribe  the  standard 
of  training  and  disciphne  and  to  make  the  necessary  regulations  to 
carry  it  into  effect.  The  government  of  the  National  Guard  by  the 
State  authorities  must  follow  the  Unes  prescribed  by  the  Federal 
Government.  The  means  sought  to  enforce  the  regulations  estab- 
lished by  the  Federal  Government  consist  in  debarring  any  State 
which  fails  or  refuses  to  comply  with  or  enforce  any  requirement  of  the 
act  or  any  regulations  promulgated  thereunder  from  receiving  any 
pecuniary  or  other  aid,  benefit,  or  privilege  from  the  United  States. 

In  this  connection,  the  language  of  section  118  is  deserving  of 
attention:  **The  President  shall  make  aU  necessary  rules  and  regu- 
lations and  issue  such  orders  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  thorough 
organization,  discipline,  and  government  of  the  mihtia  provided  for 
in  this  act." 


944      REPORT  OP  THE  CHIEP  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 

THE  EFFECT  OF  THE  DUAL  OATH. 

Sections  70  and  73  prescribe  a  dual  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  United 
States  and  the  State  by  enlisted  men  and  officers  of  the  National 
Guardi  respectively. 

In  general,  the  effect  of  this  oath  may  be  said  to  be: 

1.  To  establish  a  uniform  period  of  enlistment. 

2.  To  make  invahd  discharges  granted  by  State  authorities  not  in 
conformity  with  the  regidations  of  the  Federal  Government,  since 
State  authorities  can  not  release  a  man  from  a  contract  entered  into 
with  the  Federal  Government  without  the  approval  of  the  latter. 

3.  To  make  unnecessary  a  new  oath  of  allegiance  upon  muster  into 
the  Federal  service. 

THE  MILFTIA    BUREAU. 

Under  the  provisions  of  section  81  of  the  amended  miUtia  law,  the 
*' Division  of  Mihtia  Affairs  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  War"  for- 
merly constituted  by  War  Department  orders  as  a  subdivision  of  the 
office  of  the  Chief  of  Staff,  becomes  the  Mihtia  Buieau  of  the  War 
Department  '*  under  the  inmiediate  supervisoin  of  the  Secretary  of 
War,  and  shall  not  form  a  part  of  any  other  bureau,  office,  or  organi- 
zation." 

The  National  Mihtia  Board  created  by  the  act  of  May  27,  1908,  is 
abolished  and  the  President  is  authorized  to  assi^  one  colonel  and 
one  heutenant  colonel  of  the  National  Guard  to  duty  in  the  Militia 
Bureau  as  assistants  to  the  chief  thereof. 

The  officers  of  the  National  Guard  who  can  be  of  most  service  as 
assistants  in  the  MiUtia  Bureau  are  those  who  have  had  experience  in 
an  administrative  capacity,  particularly  as  quartermasters  and  dis- 
bursing officers.  As  a  general  rule  experience  of  this  sort  should  be 
a  necessary  qualification  for  assignment. 

In  drafting  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Jime  3,  1916,  it  was  the 
evident  intention  of  Congjress  to  exercise  to  its  full  extent  its  consti- 
tutional powers  to  **  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  disciplining 
the  militia"  within  tne  limit,  ** reserving  to  States,  respectively,  the 
appointment  of  the  officers  and  the  authority  of  training  the  militia 
according  to  the  discipUne  prescribed  by  Congress."  Ine  National 
Guard  is  federahzed  as  far  as  it  can  be  lederalized  imder  the  consti- 
tutional restrictions. 

This  was  the  desire  of  the  representatives  of  the  National  Guard 
Association  as  expressed  in  their  hearings  before  the  Committee  on 
Military  Affairs  of  Congress.  There  is,  however,  considerable  evi- 
dence that  the  construction  placed  upon  the  term  "federalization" 
by  these  representatives  dia  not  involve  vesting  in  the  Federal 
Gfovemment  the  greatest  amoimt  of  control  over  the  National  Guard 
consistent  with  the  terms  of  the  Constitution.  On  the  contrary,  a 
report  of  a  ** legislative  committee"  of  the  National  Guard  Associa- 
tion proposed  in  November,  1915,  to  reduce  the  already  inadequate 
powers  conferred  on  the  Federal  Government  in  the  militia  law  of  1903 
Dv  securing  the  adoption  of  a  constitutional  amendment  which  would 
place  the  very  important  power  of  determining  the  organization 
of  the  National  Guard,  now  a  prerogative  of  the  Federal  Government, 
in  the  hands  of  the  States.  The  adoption  of  such  an  amendment 
would  have  resulted  in  complete  heterogeneity  in  the  composition 


SEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUBEAU.  945 

of  the  inilitia  of  the  several  States  and  would  have  destroyed  all 
possibility  of  developing  the  National  Guard  into  a  force  organized 
to  meet  the  necessities  of  national  defense.  Further  evidences  of 
the  opposition  to  any  real  federalization  is  found  in  draft  of  a  bill 
^^to  provide  for  the  organization,  armament,  discipline,  and  govern- 
ment of  Militia  of  the  United  States  and  to  further  provide  for  the 
national  defense"  (committee  print,  J.  26698-1)  which  was  o£Fered 
with  the  sanction  of  the  executive  committee  of  the  National  Guard 
Association.  The  outstanding  feature  of  this  draft  was  the  creation 
of  a  militia  section  of  the  General  Staff,  composed  entirely  of  National 
Guard  officers,  with  powers  so  extensive  as  practically  to  insure  the 
control  of  the  National  Guard  by  its  own  members  and  to  destroy 
such  power  as  was  possessed  by  the  War  Department  to  control  the 
training  of  the  militia  as  an  enective  Federal  force.  The  tendency 
of  the  proposed  le^lation  may  be  gathered  from  certain  provisions 
here  mentioned.  The  scope  of  the  examinations  to  det^mine  the 
fitness  of  candidates  for  commission  in  the  National  Guard  was  to 
be  determined  by  the  militia  section  of  the  General  Staff,  the  exami- 
nations themselves  to  be  conducted  by  boards  appointed  by  the 
governors  of  States  or  Territories.  Relations  fixms  the  standard 
of  military  fitness  which  should  entitle  members  of  the  National 
Guard  to  Federal  pay  were  to  be  prescribed  by  the  inilitia  section. 
Although  projects  evolved  by  the  inilitia  section  could  not  be  carried 
into  ef^t  imtil  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  he  couJd  not 
reverse  their  decision  and  put  into  effect  plans  which  appeared  to 
him  more  effective,  but  could  only  interpose  his  objection,  and  if  the 
militia  section  persisted,  a  deadlock  would  result.  These  provisions 
are  of  importance  when  considered  in  connection  with  the  subse- 
quent amendment  to  the  Army  reorganization  act  which  was  urged, 
for  the  addition  of  five  militia  officers  to  the  General  Staff.  It  is 
difficult  to  escape  the  conclusion  that  the  purpose  of  this  amendment 
was  to  create  in  the  city  of  Washington  a  bodv  of  militia  officers  in 
whose  hands  the  control  of  militia  affairs  would  be  vested  and  through 
whom  a  practically  complete  independence  from  Federal  control 
would  be  attained. 

Such  a  result  would  be  deplorable.  It  would  involve  the  pre- 
dominance of  local  interest  over  the  interests  of  general  national 
defense.  Two  systems  would  have  been  built  up,  the  existence  of 
which,  side  by  side,  would  have  destroyed  all  idea  of  the  coordinated 
action  imder  a  common  control  which  is  the  real  significance  of 
federalization.  It  would  be  almost  inevitable  that  militia  officers 
serving  in  such  a  capacity  would  become  the  representatives  of  local 
interests  and  the  wielders  of  local  influence  for  the  benefit  of  local 
interests  in  national  military  affairs  in  much  the  same  way  that  this 
fimction  was  exercised  by  a  group  of  National  Guard  representatives 
in  bringing  local  influence  to  boar  on  the  legislation  enacted  at  the 
recent  session  of  Congress.  Their  official  position  would  give  sanc- 
tion to  their  statements,  and  their  nonamen ability  to  military  juris- 
diction would  relieve  Uiem  from  a  sense  of  responsibility  for  tlieir 
actions. 

It  is  but  just  to  say  that  there  was  not  full  concurrence  on  the  part 
of  the  National  Guard  in  the  vioww  of  tl\oir  rci>rosw\tatives  and  hi  the 
measures  advocattui  by  thoni.     Probably  tl\e  provisions  of  tlie  new 

eone*   wahoio  voti     -eo 


946  EEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF   THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 

defense  act  as  they  apply  to  the  National  Guard  much  more  nearly 
coirfonn  to  the  ideals  ana  sentiments  of  the  National  Guard  as  a  body 
than  the  original  measure  proposed  by  the  committee  of  National 
Guard  representatives. 

It  is  believed  that  imder  the  act  of  Jime  3,  1916,  the  powers  of 
Congress  to  vest  control  over  the  National  Guard  in  the  Federal 
Government  have  been  practically  exhausted.  Every  power  that 
can  be  granted  to  the  War  Department  has  been  conferred,  and  the 
needs  of  the  National  Guard  in  respect  to  compensation  have  been 
met.  This  leaves  no  further  material  legislative  changes  to  be 
sought  to  increase  the  efficiency  of  the  system.  A  failure  to  attain 
a  reasonable  degree  of  efficiency  with  the  facilities  provided  will  be 
attributable  only  to  defects  too  inherent  in  the  militia  system  to  be 
subject  to  correction  by  legislative  action. 

PERSONNEL  OF  BUREAU  AND  OFFICE  FORCE. 

The  Division  of  Militia  Aflfairs,  created  by  War  Department  orders 
of  February  12,  1908,  as  a  division  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of 
War,  and  subsequently  made  a  division  of  the  General  Sta£P,  was  by 
section  81  of  the  act  of  Jime  3,  1916,  created  a  bureau  of  the  War 
Department,  known  as  the  Militia  Bureau  and  placed  under  the  imme- 
diate supervision  of  the  Secretary  of  War. 

At  present  the  following  officers  are  on  duty  in  the  Militia  Bureau: 
Col.  George  W.  Mclver,  Infantry;  Col.  William  C.  Brown,  Cavalry 
(temporary  duty);  Lieut.  Col.  Charles  Gerhardt,  Infantry;  Lieut. 
Col.  Charles  P.  Summerall,  Field  Artillery;  Maj.  Louis  T.  Hess,  Med- 
ical Corps;  Maj.  Curtis  W.  Otwell,  Corps  of  Engineers;  Maj.  Henry  B. 
Clark,  Coast  ArtilleryCorps;  Capt.  Dana  T.  Merrill,  Third  Infantir; 
Capt.  John  L.  De  Witt,  Quartermaster  Corps;  Capt.  William  N. 
Hughes,  jr..  Infantry;  Capt.  Frank  R.  Curtis,  Signal  Corps:  Capt. 
Thomas  M.  Spaulding,  Coast  Artillery  Corps;  Capt.  George  A.  Lynch, 
Infantry. 

Since  the  last  annual  report  the  fqllowing  officers  were,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  provisions  of  the  enactment  by  Congress  relative  to 
detached  service  of  officers,  relieved  from  duty  as  assistants  to  the 
Chief  of  the  Militia  Biu*eau:  Maj.  Charles  A.  Uedekin,  Cavalry,  and 
Maj.  John  W.  Heavey,  Infantry. 

Capt.  Russel  C.  Langdon,  Infantry,  was  on  temporary  duty  in  the 
Militia  Biu*eau  from  (fctober  29,  1915,  to  March  16,  1916,  pending 
the  interval  between  the  departiu'e  of  Maj.  Heavey  and  the  arrival 
of  Maj.  Gerhardt. 

Capt.  Samuel  R.  Gleaves,  Cavalry,  was  relieved  from  duty  in  the 
Militia  Bureau  July  6,  1916,  to  accept  a  commission  as  lieutenant 
colonel  of  the  First  Cavalry,  Pennsylvania  National  Guard. 

Capt.  Robert  1.  Rees,  Third  Infantry,  and  Capt.  Lewis  D.  Greene, 
United  States  Army,  retired,  were  temporarily  on  duty  in  the  Militia 
Bureau  from  Jime  23  to  July  28,  1916,  and  from  Jime  29  to  August  10, 
1916.  respectively. 

All  the  officers  who  have  been  on  duty  in  the  division  and  bureau 
have  been  faithful  and  efficient  in  the  performance  ol  their  duties. 

Maj.  Gen.  A.  L.  Mills,  United  States  Army,  the  distinguished  Chief 
of  the  Militia  Bureau,  died  September  18,  1916,  alter  a  brief  illness. 


EEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUBEAU.  947 

He  served  as  Chief  of  the  Division  of  Militia  Affairs  and  as  Chief  of 
the  Militia  Bureau  from  September  1,  1912,  to  the  date  of  his  death. 
His  administration  was  marked  by  important  process  in  the  organi- 
zation, equipment,  and  instruction  of  the  National  Guard. 

The  clerical  force  of  the  bureau  has  labored  faithfully  and  efficientljr 
n  performing  the  great  amoimt  of  paner  work  required,  and  par- 
ticularly that  necessitated  by  the  moDilization  oi  the  Organized 
Militia  and  National  Guard,  and  by  the  new  legislation  affecting  the 
National  Guard.  As  a  consequence,  the  customary  vacations  au- 
thorized by  law  have  had  to  be  greatly  curtailed  and  in  a  number 
of  instances  the  privilege  denied  altogether.  This  condition  will  be 
relieved  somewhat  by  uie  increase  of  eight  additional  clerks  author- 
ized by  the  Army  appropriation  act.  Kecommendation  is  made  for 
the  authorization  of  five  additional  clerks  at  salaries  commensurate 
with  the  duties  performed  and  which  will  be  reauired  imder  the 
changed  status  oi  the  National  Guard  and  of  tnis  office.  It  is 
remarked  in  this  connection  that  the  clerical  salaries  of  the  bureau 
are  the  low^t  in  the  War  Department — a  condition  which  should 
he  remedied  in  justice  to  a  hard-working,  loyal  personnel. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

G.  W.  MoIvBE, 
Colondf  Infantry, 
AcHng  Chief  of  ihe  Mibiia  Bureau 

The  Seobetaby  of  Wab, 


948 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF   OF  THE  MILITU  BUREAU. 


Table  1. — Strength  of  the  National  Guard  in  19 J 5  ana  1916  as  leported  by  impeeting 
officers  (less  the  strength  of  oraanizations  not  recognized  by  the  Wat  Department),  arid 
detailed  statement  oj  gains  and  losses. 


State,  Territory,  or  District. 


Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Coonecticut 

Delaware 

Di!<trict  of  Columbia. 

Florida 

Georgia 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Ean^s 

Kentucky 

Lmiisiana , 

Maine 

Maryland , 

Massachusetts , 

MichiKan 

Minnesota , 

Mississippi 

Missouri. , 

Montana , 

Nebraska 

Nevada! 

New  Hampshire...., 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

North  DakoU 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina 

South  I>akota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Itah 

\'er  m  ont 

Virginia 

Washington 

Westvrrglnla 

Wisctmsln 

Wyomhig 


Total. 


1915 


Officers. 


164 

63 
106 
249 
119 
195 

40 
129 

96 
229 

61 

58 
522 
132 
211 
123 
168 

68 
101 
166 
426 
188 
227 

78 
227 

45 
119 


Enlisted 
men. 


91 
296 

60 

1,002 

211 

66 
487 

69 
104 
762 

90 
136 

67 
107 
145 

32 

73 
200 

82 
117 
196 

34 


2,615 
742 
1,547 
3,440 
1,637 
2,772 
460 
1,847 
1,320 
2,714 
906 
946 
5,550 
2,077 
3,092 
1,812 
2,329 
1,044 
1,288 
1,917 
6,663 
2,773 
3,280 
1,127 
3,872 
663 
1,474 


1916 


Officers. 


1,323 
4,176 

851 

15,607 

2,809 

676 
6,309 
1,036 
1,622 
10,266 
1,316 
1,689 

976 
1,639 
2,091 

666 

730 
2,703 
1,234 
1,607 
3,006 

508 


166 
64 

81 
246 

68 
227 

36 

94 

86 
225 

93 

63 
500 
160 
218 
127 
170 

63 
111 
168 
418 
220 
210 

71 
207 

60 
110 


83 
301 

67 

1,014 

208 

66 
492 

70 

96 
701 

90 
102 

66 
113 
185 

32 

76 
197 

90 
106 
192 

35 


8,706  I    120,603  8,689 


Enlisted 
men. 


3,891 
866 
834 

3,218 

770 
8,476 

426 
1,741 
1,181 
2,860 
2,548 

901 
6,099 
2,411 
3,182 
1,925 
2,252 
1,119 
1,428 
2,024 
6,600 
3,430 
2,889 
1,085 
3,746 

734 
1,607 


aaln(+);  loss  (-). 


Offiotcs. 


1,175 
4,021 

867 

15,309 

2,846 

735 
6,916 

966 
1,506 
9,460 
1,627 
1,424 

857 
1,634 
2,720 

546 

878 
2,808 
1,358 
1,606 
3,247 

679 


123,606 


+  2 
+    1 

-  24 

-  4 

-  61 
+  82 

-  6 
-86 

-  10 

-  4 
+  82 
+    6 

-  22 
+  18 


+ 
+ 
+ 


7 
4 
2 

-  6 
+  10 
+  12 

-  8 
+  32 

-  17 

-  7 

-  20 
+    6 

-  9 


Enlisted 
men. 


-  8 
+  5 
+  7 
+  12 

-  3 

-  1 
+  6 
+    1 

-  8 
-61 


-  84 

-    2 

+    6 

+  40 

+  8 

-  8 
+  8 

-  U 

-  4 
+  1 


-116 


-  221 

+     124 

-  713 


-  867 
+    704 

-  24 

-  106 

-  139 
+  146 
+1.643 

-  45 
649 
334 

90 

113 

77 

7i 

140 

107 


+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 


+ 
+ 

+ 


+  947 

+  657 

-  391 

-  42 

-  13S 

+  n 

+  33 


-  148 

-  166 
+      16 


+  37 

+  59 

+  607 

-  59 

-  27 

-  816 
+  211 

-  165 

-  118 

-  6 
•I-  629 

-  20 
+  148 
+  106 
+  194 

-  102 
+  153 

-  19 


+2,983 


t  Mo  Orcaolud  MOItla  (mastered  out  May  2(^  1906>. 


{  CHIEF  OF   THE  MILITIA  BUBBAtJ, 


II 

s 

41 

I 

i 

i 


1 

B ri=a i n"! j ;^  Mi" nil  Mir"'ili"l 

i 

ia   i  i5=i ;  iiS  ;S|BS  ;SS|l|=Sis  H  :S|S  inSS 

950 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BTXRBA.Uf 


<^-2  cT 


i 


1 


8 


to 
S3 


S3 


§ 


s 


i 


J9 


I" 


c« 


i§ 


nim^u 


^      i^       ■»  M      •%  _*       ^       ^       ^ 


•«a»M  «»«^  ukakaka^ 


a 

lO 


s 

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n 


i 


^ 

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i 


•k«k^  •%•%  «kah«»«k 


•kMM  ih«k  m  m     m^ 


l§g§§§Sg§§§§i 

^     «k     •%  mm  m  ^m 


i§§S^§§g§§i§; 


m     m 

*-ie« 


C«       vHC* 


•k«%>^  lh««  •«  M«k 


3 


s 


s 


s 


it 

gill  ill  still*. 


3 


BEPOKT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITDW  BUREAU. 


951 


r§i 


«9  5^*i 


n 


*99v8ai88y 


s§  8§  33  si  Si  §§  §§  S§  §S 


COM 


eoeo 


•oeo 


a 


*aMap9)ma3 


l§  S§  SS  §§  lg  §s  ss  ss  §s 


COM 


<-<         eoeo 


•oeo 


tJMIDO 


iwwina 


g§    £2    SS    g|    {3S    S§    SS    8S    S8 


;§   i§   g§   §1   §§   g§   l9   i§   S§ 


MM 


»^  Mi^ 


tJMigo 


^'. 


imapomiiiS 


'uaogo 


9^    :;;:    SS    9S    Ss;    38   83   88   Sf3 


3| 


*iiBio  poisnua 


Ss 


'UWDO      S 


! 


HBmpotsnna 


"UMOO 


00( 


imn  po)8|iaa 


«Ol« 


*8JBO0O 


eoeo 


ill 


P^siina 


•  * 

*  • 


*snogO 


*ii»m  po^snna 


*8JM0O 


'mm 


*8JBO0O 


IS 


SS 


g§ 


22 


nn  H  §§ 


1^      o 


SS 


SS  SS  SS 


•  a     MX 


8f3   9^   S? 


c%m    •»«     Meo 


SS 


§S 


•OiO 


f3 


•oeo 


•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 


v4^       MM       ^4v4       9^r^ 


;39 


eoeo 


imnpomina 


SS  3s  s^s  22  sss  g§  s^  818  aa 


*8JBO0O 


S9 


«»o 


aa  S9S  •*  s^a  ••«  aa 


M       MM       fl04 


^^8 


^•8  g  S-S 


tl 


CO 


'&a 


iBiopomiQa 


*tJ9ogo 


*ii»io  po)snna 


Meo 


SS 


MM 


*SIBO0O 


MM     w*^     eoeo     flO< 


H»o  »tTOOApv  wpnf  'SMOPO 

*)ii9inirBd9a 
g,pu9nao    loywdsai     *8i93po 


•)ii9niv«d9a 
g^iwanap     ^imnfpv     *si90go 


C«c«      w*^      MM      ^«       MM      MM      «i4«i4      MM      MM 


*9iqi  9m  JO  819000  1919090 


I 

SB 


3 


«7 

1 


s        o 


4    §    §    s 


952 


KEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF   THE  HILTIIA  BUBEAtT. 


2  ^  •** 
:§3 


••5  -Sr 

55? 


7 


n 


li  IS  si  II  §s  §§  §§  f§  SS 

•k<^      ^A  «te^      «»«»      «k«k      ^^      ^  «      ^  ^ 

<oo     e«c«     eo«Q     Mn     mm     *^^* 


Mco     n  cv 


3 

O 


''wnip'WTna 


e«9     goo     «g 
SSS     S2     SS 


i  i§  S§  9§  IS 


etc*       «0«      ^»H       MM       *«•* 


'uao0O  !    S§    2^    ^® 


sg  M  as5  pg 

^4<>4         C«e«        *i4<^         W4w4 


iDin  p9)sn^3 


oo     ttio     S3     Sm     ^S     coco     S3     fo*^     ooS 


•*«     e»c^ 


^^       e«f>4       MM       ^*^       MM 


•e^omrk  I     SS     ^S     S^o     ^§     S^     9^     SS     S$     99 


ill 

elf 


imnpoisnna 


Si 


*U03gO 


«o 


*a9inp99snna 


"UMVO      SS 


5 


-i»inp9)snn3 


g§   8 


*U03gO 


t:2   -- 


OQI 


imn  potsini3 


'uoogo 


imnpdisnna 


mSs    m( 


^g     ODM 


«DS       «OM       Q0«O       ^aO 
MM       w^^<       w*w* 


S9 


18 


23 


S 


eoeo     ^M 


*SJ90U0 


MM  'vH       •>i«M       COCO 


5S 

o 


*oeiD  p9)S|ina 


*snogo 


'ia»ui 


*snogO 


8 


&8 


iOaO 


•     t 


So3    S 


MCO       M 


§3 


S3 


?S 


TwmjMwnia    §*  ^^  *^  i§  BS  23  «^  s*  ** 


*uw>gO  I    8S    S'* 


oo 


$9    S2    Sg^ 


22 


00« 


aS 


*n9ni  po^sinia 


'sjaofpo 


5       ^  o 


imnpo^lUH  i 


^      MM 


'SJK>0O 


iO<0       «*       «« 


22 


^«       MCO       lOiO       MCO      MCO 


»3p 


■n»0  91B00APV  93pnf_[sjw®0_ 

'^damyvdaa 
8j«jeTOO_  J<no9<Istii     'SJ93tP0 

•joamuBdaci 
s<puaaoo     iireinfpv     'smgo 


*H^4         ^4  r^         P^^4         eoeo         v«vH         «^^4         ^4^4 


coco 


COeO       MM       -^^       «0       -^w^       MM       MM       MM       »«•« 


tail  aqi  |o  smoido  iW9a»o 


I 


h 

n 

so 


i 


1 


MM 


I  I 


I 


KSgllSSS^Ms 


§5  B  '^  i  S  =^  K 


SIIMSaSS^'M 


:  as  68  II  H  M  g 


8»  II  e«  II  as  »a  i 


Sa  SS  53  S8  81  »=  BS  =«  S3 


^^!l»IIKm-g 


iB|JgS|JgiS|B 


;     i 


■iiiiitiii 


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 


i 


954 


EEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUEEAU. 


8 


■:sC9;5- 


-n«8MS8y 


§§  §S  §S  §g  g§  §§  §g  gi  u 


v4v4       v4v4        OO       ^vH        fHfH 


«H<-I        C«C« 


I 


ooo 


n 


p«wina 


g|  l§  11  S§  §i  §§  §3  §g  3! 

fH  ^fH        OOk        t^»H        *H*^  f4f4       mcT 


*8jaogo 


S^    SS    gg    8S    SI    8S    S9    S§    8S3 


i»»snna 


*8J»QJ0 


P*Wina 


*U9O0O 


p»»«n''a 


i§  §§  iS 


00  (^ 


33    5«   §§ 


S^S    oSSo    3$    eSS    8«S 


Fi4»^       C«C« 


iSS    S3    99    SS 


tjoovo 


*aMnp*)sniia 


SS 


II    8S 


SS 


8s  ii  SS 


•OiO 


89 


•o<o 


S3  88  S3  S§ 


*sj0ocgo 


<Ott     coco 


SS 


900 


ii»cap»)8iiaa 


SS 


'UtoorO 


eo« 


'QOOI  P9|8|llia 


33 


COCQ 


*ueoajo 


ti4Fi4        fHfH       r»00        F^rH        ri«F4 


'orai  p»|8|ina 


ies 


'8MO0O 


CqM 


'U9ogo 


^  8.8 

55  a 


inca  po^s^iia 


*  t 


SS 


«oo 


§s  S2 


eeee     le^ 


SS    gg    {SS 


COfo       99       «QI 


SS    ^?i    SS    $S    SS    SS    SS    SS;    SS 


'uwgro 


OO     r«« 


SS 


99     9iO     laio     r«>r»     oo^     eo< 


3J2S5.I 

CO  (0 


85 


OS&S 


•n»ui  p«)snaa 


'usocgo 


*i»in  p«)8iina 


CO 


00     «oco 


c« 


MM 


■ueo0o 


ffOCO       CO  CO 


SS  -^ 


«-•       ^^       MM       «0«       •0«0       •<-* 


')aaai)JBdd<i 

jjU9a90     lUBjurpY     'siWOK)^ 
'91X11  eq)  jo  sjeoQio  [8miz»o 


_|v4        ^tw^        aO^O        •-l*H        t-l«M 


t>lr4        t-l«i4        t-l«i4        v4«i4        C«M        9««4 


i 


s 

m 


I 

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o 


g 

o 


S 


I 

0: 


(J 

I 


5 

o 
I 


1  i 


BEPOBT  OF   THE  CHIEF  OF   THE  MILITIA  BU^U.U. 


956 


EEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE   MILITIA  BUREAU. 


'8onre<}nioo  XJOQiy  Y  ^sboo 


^4     'fi 


eo^« 


7^' 


'B9|iredmoo 
•  ong|nqm  V 


C«lH»-l 


•-iiMet 


«o»^ 


M 


H 


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pqpQ 


pq 


pq 


'sefirednioo 
JO  Jequroa  i«)ox 


'SOO) 

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pQn 


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n 


:< 


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e^iM 


1 


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jo  Jeqmna  \v\ojj 


'sefirad 
-moo     »)9J«de6 


'8aonB))«a 


*seMe))«q 
JO  loqmna  ivjox 


MMO 


M 


CO 


'sej 


•  CO 


e>« 


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'6;n9izi|a9H 


tocoeo^ 


eo 


»^«M<0 


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JO  Jequroa  [giox 


^■♦w 


to  1-1 


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M 


'SUOJ 

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*sia9ixii99H 


'sepivdaic^ 


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eo^ 


^vHioeoco 


CO 


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JO  joqiana  i«)OX 


8SS8«a*S25Jo2S?SSSS22S3SS525S2a 


;:SS9^SS8 


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-moo     e^BJvdes 


•SUOJ 

-IB»4«q  o^uwdes 


M^ 


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covHCteo 


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r4e«coeot-«r«eocoe«cor4»4coiococo 


vi4     trH     •     •C«*HiM     •»i4     •     'wm-liMt-* 


•M  lO  ^  CI  CO  »i4  00 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF   THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 


sa 


a  3 


a   .a 


,-nBiniwi, 

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1 

1 

■n»H 

SSS== 

SS  g 

«-2- 

—  s 

:  i- 

:-  « 

:  :- 

—  « 

1 
1 

■""R 

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i'  a 

-moiiSMia 

npiBdiiiio 

i-— 

i-  " 

1 

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1 

;5S 

g§  s 

■n»ic,g.a 

:  i  : 

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1 

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;-  ■ 

—  «= 

1 

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"— - 

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i-    " 

ll 

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im 

■«Hi«Imo3 

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as  s 

^ 

i- 

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it 


958 


REPORT  OP  THE   CHIEF  OP  THE   MILITIA  BUEEAU. 


*mniiB)ox 


»e«^eo^ 


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CQrH^m 


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9       '^ 


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CQ«>4C«M 


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WjdsoH    PI9Li. 


'soprodmoo 
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s 


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CO 


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mm 


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««         »  Mik  Vk 


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9 


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11 

2 


EEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 


959 


coo 


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C«  r4  ti4  ti4  ^4  »i4 


t^  C«  eO  IH  aM  f-) 


CO 


lO     I  CO 

t-*    1  r-» 

-lis 


Met 


r:a 


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5aot^<r 


9 


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C4 


•-••-4         C« 


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CO 


ss 


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■  t 

t  • 

•  • 

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CO 


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CO 


o 


SS 


s 


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;s 


CO 


s 


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c* 


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S2* 


CO 


8 


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CO 


M     • 


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CO«»4 


CO 


t^eo 

eTia 


00 

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^N 


8 


siSii 


2-QC0«-«C«< 


e«c« 


C9 


OO^tH 


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M       M 


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3     I 

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:  o  o 


C«C4 


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COt^V<4      •      •9^4 


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^       QO_ 


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3 


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960 


KBPOBT  OP  THE  CHIEF  OP  THE  MILITIA  BUBEAU. 


Tablx  6. — Statement  ahomng  increaee  and  decrease  of  organizations  in  ihe  National 

Guard  for  the  past  year. 


of 


Inliuitiy 

Cavalry 

FWdArtlltory 

Corps  of  EoginMra .. . 

Signal  Corps 

Sanitary  units 

Coast  Artillery  Corps. 
Ifachine-etm  units: 

loluitry 

Cavatfy 


Nombarof 
ragimants. 


134 
3 
3 


123 

3 

10 

1 


7 
1 


Numbarof 

separata 

battalions  or 

squadrons. 


10 

10 

11 

3 
2 


15 

12 

0 

1 

4 


2 
2 


Number  of 
separate  compa- 
nies, troops,  and 

batteries; 
ambulance  com- 
panies and 
field  hospitals. 


S 


26 
21 
21 
7 
17 
46 
126 

27 
1 


20 
29 
10 
16 
25 
62 
144 

50 
3 


8 

»  •  *  • 

0 

8 

10 

18 

32 
2 


6 

•  •  • 

2 


Inoraaaa  or  decrease 

by  largeat  tactical 

miit. 


Deoreaaa. 


Increase.. 
Increase.. 
Increase., 
Increase.. 
Increase.. 

Increase.. 
Increase.. 


PereL 

1.61 

20.00 

233.34 

100.00 

200.00 

34.78 

14.39 

118.53 
200.00 


Table  7. — Statement  showing ^  by  States^  the  number  of  males  of  military  age  (18  to  44 
years f  inclusive) j  according  to  the  census  of  1910 ^  the  jproportion  that  the  strength  of  the 
Organized  Militui  bears  to  this  number^  and  the  relative  order  ofeachState^  based  on  the 
per  cent  of  the  number  of  males  of  military  age  in  the  Organized  Militia. 


State,  Territory,  or  District. 


Alabama 

Arizima 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

District  of  Columbia . 

Florida 

Georgia 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kan.^as 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Haine 

Maryland 

Hassachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada! , 

New  Hampshire .... 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

North  DakoU 

Ohio 

Oklahoma , 

Oregon 


Strength 
ofOrnin- 

Ized 
Militia. 


3,231 

031 
1,857 
3,681 

921 
3,821 

430 
1,891 
1,505 
3,045 
3,059 

931 
6,846 
2,810 
3,507 
2,032 
2,640 
1,164 
1,533 
3,380 
6,633 
3,638 
3,324 
1,471 
4,313 

907 
1,673 


1,371 
4,438 

941 

17,013 

3,308 

719 
7,606 
1,330 
1,550 


Numbarof 
males  of 
military 
age  per 
Federal 

census  of 
1910. 


401,145 

58,963 

311,793 

665,533 

203,982 

257,996 

44,634 

78,349 

171,688 

497,005 

64,663 

86,384 

1,330,556 

580,557 

475,829 

370,227 

457,403 

338,343 

151,325 

371,373 

760,334 

616,739 

491,113 

345,745 

731,166 

123,232 

267,497 


90,357 

507,513 

73,097 

2,156,361 

392,192 

145,628 

1,076,928 

357,983 

190.553 


Percent 

in 
Organ* 

iied 
MlUtis. 


0.80 

1.57 
.50 
.55 
.45 

1.48 
.96 

2.41 
.87 
.64 

4.73 

1.07 
.51 
.48 
.73 
.54 
.57 
.34 

1.00 
.88 
.87 
.50 
.65 
.42 
.60 
.78 
.66 


1.51 
.74 

1.28 
.78 
.81 
.49 
.71 
.87 
.81 


Relativt 
order. 


19 

3 

36 

38 

44 

5 

13 

3 

15 

39 

1 

10 
40 
43 
33 
39 
37 
49 
11 
13 
14 
35 
27 
45 
34 
33 
26 


4 

31 
6 
30 
17 
41 
24 
47 
U 


I  No  Oiganlsad  Militia  (mnstered  oat  May  20, 1906). 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  CHIEP  OP  THE  MIUTIA  BUBKA.U. 


961 


Tablb  7. — Statement  showing,  hy  StaiUy  the  number  of  males  of  mUUary  age  (18  to  44 
years,  inehuive)^  according  to  the  census  of  1910,  the  proportion  that  the  strength  of  the 
Organized  Militia  hears  to  this  number,  and  the  relative  order  of  each  State,  based  on  the 
per  cent  of  the  number  of  males  of  military  age  in  the  Organized  MUiHa — Continued. 


State,  Territory,  or  District 


PemisylTania. 
Rhode  Island. 
South  Carolfaia 
South  Dakota. 

X  WUXiwPIWO  •  •  •  *  • 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

VirginJa 

Washington... 
WestVfiginia. 
Wlsoonsin.... 
Wyoming 

Total... 


Strength 
of  Organ- 
ized 
MUitia. 


10,855 
1,519 
1,767 

925 
1,926 
2,878 

544 

863 
3,279 
1,308 
1,756 
3,290 

664 


138,894 


Number  of 
males  of 
miUtary 
age  per 
Federal 

census  of 
1910. 


1,788,619 

125,213 

276,788 

140,635 

423,068 

804,980 

84,449 

73,685 

398,728 

340,872 

275,048 

497,922 

54,654 


20,506,964 


Percent 

in 
Organ- 
ised 
Militia. 


0.00 

1.21 
.63 
.65 
.45 
.35 
.64 

1.16 
.82 
.38 
.64 
.66 

1.21 


.68 


Relative 
order. 


33 

7 

32 

28 

43 

48 

31 

9 

16 

46 

30 

26 

8 


69176'— WAB 1916— VOL  1 61 


962 


REPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUBEAU. 


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-i^nv  •^•idmoo  dq)  poM9o 
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JO  Bioqnwm  ;a9sMd  |o  legnm^ 


^^fi^n 


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*tt8«  JO  £im^ 
81  J9imii  ^n^QAddv  919  oqii 


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23- 


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ii0|t«i|dx9  •J0]9q  JBOA  jvpaereo 
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BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  XHE  MILITIA  BXTBEAt?.  963 


;g«ggSBg|Sgt:'H§§iSS 


»i4  cQ  cQ  «  00  c«  00  e^  o  M  eg  o  •^  M  <e  «D '<•■  c*  i^ 


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Qg5->8«^gC5{0  5;gga 


!5-»a 


S-*82S 


s 


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CO 


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ef        -•       eT 


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gSSgS!Sg88**8S*SSSSgS 


§§S«§SSi5§§s§§§§§§§ 


^  9l 


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9 


§ 


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^ 


IP 


sllillillliiillii- 


I 

I 


a 


o 

o 


I 

ca 


o 

i 


I 


I 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF   OF  THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 


II  I 


it  ii 


I 


TujEai  JO]  soiAiM  dm«r 


luatajd  j||Mnw  n 


-IS  icniM  aMjOAV 


-)■  ITO  jD«  aauOA  V 


-IVITOtSBaaUMV 


11 


ill 

Ipll 


p  THE  CHIEF  Off  THE  MIUTIA.  BUBEAU.  965 


f-i 


i  Si  i    i  i  s 


11- 


mmi  I  m 


I' 


ii  "  ill 


l.iJ« 


OF   TBS  CHIEF  OF   THE   MIUTIA  BTJBEA.U. 

Mi 


inasaJd  Jn*")"  1°°  Jigmi 


III 


-1>  imps  aSsja  AV 


■n  [VDjav  •SuaA  V 


lasssaaas^xan 


:8E!«a8598l:S8a 


:38S«S989««89 


:8K  :  :  :  |3  |8  ;  :S 


M  % 


■'  ! 


'3$3x3&a«&x:;8 


'SSS¥SXS$88BS 


ilsiililiill 


.UIUII 

lllllll 


II 


SEPOBT  OF  THB  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUBEAU. 


967 


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<Z 

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•  t» 

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o 

•  • 

sow 

si  I 

..Eg. 

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IP 

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I 

a 


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JO  pitg  JO  0A|8apx*)  nof) 
•ooj^sin  pov  in^  JOj  mnf)  fc 


ri 


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I  §5. 

1^' 


H 


toovptn) 


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•WOi 


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inMSjj 


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I 

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00 


1 


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5353 


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9535353535353 


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^M« 


s^'S^sisiSoSS!;; 


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e«e«McoMeocQcoe4M 


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e>«^C4eo^cQe>9eoc4eo 


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8„ 


•o  ••a 


I 


I 


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968 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MIUTIA  BUBEAU. 


•S'S 


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« 


5 


'•o-j 


^     ^    ^ 


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gfl'-d 


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p. 

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2 

§ 

I 


I 

I 


CO 


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JO  piog  |o  OAfsnpxo)  nop 
-aan^in  pov  i[pp  jojstmi^  »s 


III 


*9oirepiio) 


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'jKiaraH 


9S§$;S 


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If 


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to 


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SSPIS 


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n«iox 


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% 


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s 

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43 

asaa 


, 


:  OF  THE  0HIE7  OF  THE  lUUTIA  BUREAU.  969 


I 


ii 


S 


PI 


111 


H 


W_ 


i-l  .1 


1 
1 


I 


970 


€fr  THB  CHIEr  €&  ISB  MITJTTA  BUKBAH. 


ail 


ilSi 


J  1 1 

S  ^8 


11  a  aaj 


IIH 


i 


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^8, 


3    S 


••o--* 


T' 


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I 


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3  s^ssssas  isri\^ 


li    9»&839S    82 


1«»ox 


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9!  -* 


r«  I      r>-« 


i 

I? 


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S  -S-^oga-s  Si? 


I 

a 

a. 


ciOHh.09M 


i4    ^3 


e«90s« 


So 


ii 

if 

Ok 


ill 


llllllll  11 

faaaBaaa  v 

56335555  i 


e 

528 


3 


BEFOST  07   THE  Cnifi7   OF   THE  UlUTIA  BUASA.U. 


972 

EEPOHT  OF 

■&> 

1 

1 

11 

1 

i 

II 

■   s" 

i 
J 

i 

ji 

ii 

THE  CHIEF   OF  THE   MIUTIA  BUEEAU. 


I' 

1.1 


y 


ii 

III 
lis 

ill 
5^S 


If 

Ik 
Mil 


III 


■< 

-(ociDaciiinii  loj  ni  abg  dam 
"  vm  l"  "irsnpm)  DOR 
-onAEO)  Vm  [||jp  10]  wmii  K 


iiii 


-1*  imtM  >3<MAV 


■  [Tnim  (SutAY 


i: 


IIII 


Ii  Hi 


It 


iili^^ 


lilt 


III' 


il 


BEPOBT  or  THE  CHIEF  OF  IHE  MIUTIA  BUBEAU. 


973 


i 
I 


^m^i 


•OQvirtCO 


SSSoS 


leoo     o 


s 


8 


S 


9 


S 


s  s 


^S  vH  S  iH  rt  m  M 


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9S58 98 


oi<o  n  00  M  r*  o»  <o 


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g 


•oor«C! 


9^9 


9^9S 


00  e«^^ 


eooo 


S9 


8 


£3 


00 
CO 


a*a8*as'^s*^8ga 


ssic;s9^sa§3iS2sa 


9$;SSS989S999 


:3SS23S9SS8SS9 


tOiOtO»OkO>0*0*0*0*0*OW» 


s 


s 


1 


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e*«c5»» 


SS32 


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!;   8   s  s 


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ss^ 


'»s;SS!;S3S:S3S998 


*i4«H«Of-t 


Si 


e« 


•HMiQCO 


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r»     «9     00 


8"2 


^ 


•^9995 


82 


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o«oa»«t:«OtHco<eQO«o^ 


"SSSSSSSS^SSSSISS 


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I 
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^C«C«'«C« 


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iQ    «0       00       M       CO 


coioio^ 


lO    «0       CO 


C0>OWd'«< 


eoMco«^«co»Me«e«»M«»M 


eoc«eotHeoco^e«C4^C4iH 


ss 


^ 


Da  or; 

ills 


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Ok     o. 


g   s'l  §■  §■  i"  i* 
I  „23  f  e  e  e 


£ 


6^  So* 


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55 


974 


BBPOBT  OF  TSB  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BTTB£A.xr. 


ll 


00 


e-5 


M 


f 
111 

all 

m 
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JO    ppg  )0    9AfSni9X9)    aof) 


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ca  en  hi'*' 


•9«  (vnpQ  93«JB Ay 


1 1 


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*«oa«piio) 
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ITOsqy 


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$a  a&s;gs^{^siss  s 


S$    8^S9S$$S9    SS 


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wo      o o  ai  r^ r^ 


=^  =^   -  5 


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<o  <o     ootooooooo         coco     <o 


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SS    8(o«S^«oS9*o    S 


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«HO»0»iOaot«      1^ 


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^  ^  W  CO       CO  W  CO  W  CO  ©•  M  CO  CO       CO 


^»Heoec     CO  CO  CO  e«  CO  M  c«  CO  M     o* 


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p.S.Sip.SiSi   S. 


SBPOBT  OF  THB  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUfiEAU. 


975 


p 


6666 

PQQQ 


^66     6666     666 

|PQ     QQPP     PPQ 


ssass^ssj^  ;3S$ 


% 


r«ie 


\n 


c^s^sss^sss;  s^s 


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s:3SS9  S9S  ;?2S 


s;s 


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2S93S    2855    SJsa 


2$ 


IS$ 


10<0<0<0<0       lOlO<D       <OQ04 


0001 


00      000000000040  0000 


s 


s 


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M 


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ssss^s^sss  sss 


r«oooo 


89 


;;*^ss^^8S!s::o89 


2 


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COCO 


if-4<0 


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asas^a-'s 


§§ 


o 


jQfcl 


iSx 

>  o  c 
;  o  c8 

5300QSS5SSS 


ass 


I 


976 


3:3 


BEPOET  OP  THB  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BtTBEATT. 

II 


j;. 


1 


^g 

y? 

111 

N 

Ml 

1 

f^l 

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ill 

m 

III 

■BJ9- 

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■(nopsTuiiiii  JO]  aoiAsa  dnm 
JO  pi«s  JO  SAisnpn)  aen 
-onHEnj  pm  HJJP  -"OJ  «»™i1  K 
)o»wja  J[|BmaB  ion  Jtqmntj 


-1>  [(nv»  >3uai  V 


1^  «^     4 

i 


ii  if  Hi 
Hi  1^5 


.Ii 

111 


SEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BXTBEAU. 


977 


^ 


IE   J? 

a    S"       S 
-    I-       i. 

3 


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ao 


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R2     I; 


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c« 


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s  a  3 


^9 


s:^ 


•^  CO  "^  OO  01  CO 


^9 


O       U3 


s$  s 


00  K^ 


CO. 


M 


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8 


S    S3* 


i^     *o» 


3    S3S 


!3    SS 


00 


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tH« 


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eo     CO     CO     MC4 


» 


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CO       CO       0< 


d 


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00 


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CO       C4       M       C4C4 


C« 


C«        M        iH 


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S3 

OH 


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a 

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s 

a 


ill 


1 


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3«a  6<  a  D<  Oi 

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3 


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i 


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3  t^ 

9 


o 
55 


fit  -  |Mn  II  III  ^  III 


3 


•OAPQ 

3 


£ 

^ 


n  oq  o  So  SSS        gn 


o 

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m 


69176'--WAB  191ft— VOL  1 


62 


978 


SEFOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MIUHA  BUBEA17. 


IN 


I 

6 


I 


I 


'(nof^iueisai  joj  o;^  j»s  dniTO 
JO  piog  )o  tAfsnpxe)  ao() 
•oiu^sni  puv  iQjp  jo|  99va\i  ^ 


'OompTO) 


I 


o 


§ 


P4  PS 


S 


*Joqiira^ 


•4«  pm^av  eSvAAY 


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*j»qiini^ 


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a 


Tuoj, 


8 


ITOsqv 


^ 


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e« 


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sss 


s;afs 


s 


2*8 


SS9a 


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^«eo 


1 


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REPORT  ACTINQ  CHIEF  MILITIA  BUREAU. 


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BEPOET  OP   THE  CHIEF   OF   THE  MILITIA  BUBEATT. 


a*^  o 

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REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF   THE   MILITIA  BUREAU. 


5»3 


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KEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MIUTIA  BUBEAV. 


1029 


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BEPOET  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUBEAU. 


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BEPOBT  OF   THE  CHIEF  OF   THE  MILITIA  BUREAU.  1031 


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BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIKT  Of  THE   MItJTU  BUBXAU. 


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SEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MIUTIA  BUKEAV. 


1033 


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:  OP  THE  CHIEF  OP  THE  MILITIA  BUEEAU.  1037 


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BEPOBT  OF  THE  OHIEF  OF  THE  MHJTIA  BUBEAU. 


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00  r* 


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CO  coco       C404 


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gg 


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lia  aa 
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EBPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE   MILITIA  BUBEAH. 


II 


15 


li 


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■-  -[•B  1"  •iT>ni3M)   D 
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lif 


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r  THE  OHIBF  OF  THE  MIuriA  BUBEAU.  1103 


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j1 
II 

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11 

111 

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ill 

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ill 


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BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF   OF  THE  MILITIA  BUBEiD. 


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1' 

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&EPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUREAU, 


1107 


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sg 


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s 

coco 

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1-« 

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coco  COCOCi  CO  coco  CO  CO 

coco 

s 

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ssssagssaa 

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BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF   OF  THE   MILITIA  BUEEA1T. 


as 

^1 


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m 
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111 
Pi 

It 


5 


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111 
III 
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till 


III 
nil 


-( miianjiBui  joi  ast'iJM  dam 
10  p[«y  JO  iAisniMB)  mi|i 
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'si 


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nil 


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KEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MIUTIA  BUBEAU. 


1109 


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Do. 

Do. 

Da 
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2; 


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REPOHT  OF   THE  CHIEF   OF  THE   MILITIA  BUBEA.U* 


IJ 

ii 

I' 

ll 

It 


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II 
ii 


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3 

I 

lis  ' 

mi 


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muism  puB  |T[jp  JOi  6»P3!1  K 


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KEPOBT  OF  TOE  CHI£f  OF  THE  MIUTIA  BUREAU. 


1109 


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I 


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BBFOBT  OF  THB  OHEBF  OF  THB  mtt.itta  BXIBBiU, 


I 


'  (mnMiqnii  jqi  taiS 


-!■  ini]M  •luuT 


-II  1*11)01  aluaAV 


llll 


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;88sais^-s_a 


-!■  isnpi  oawu  V 


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^1  idlll  i  *  ■■|S 


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KEPOBT  07  THE  GHIKF  OF  THB  MIUTU  BUBE&U.  1113 


lib 


11 
I 


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10  pr>S  |o  •Aisnpit)  Don 
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in»wja  igmiai  ion  wmnnn 

S      . 

ill 

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1114  SBFOET  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUSEAXT. 


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A. 


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I 


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pi 


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io  pieg  JO  oAisnpxo)  uo{) 
-otuism  pm  niJP  JOJ  sam;)  ^z 
ta99Mu  jCipmioB  ^on  joqpmj^ 


I 


s 


15 


I 


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-9QI«n^B93Bi9AY 


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Ok 
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CO 


9 


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3 


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KEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF   THE   MILiriA  BUOEATT. 


Pi»B  10   •i[enp»)   noil 
n2ita|pnB|[|ipjq)»iii]iK 


-11  [Bain  (diuaAV 


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III  i   .. 


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if 


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BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OS  THE  MIUTIA  BUBEAU. 


1117 


g    5  g 

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2  8 

a     g  a 
§  -  2gg 


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2 


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EEPOKT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  IHE   MIUTIA  BUEEAU. 


i 


J  ^[[W^jjB  JOB  wqninM 


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r  OF   THE   MILITIA  BUBEAU.  1119 


i  1 

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BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MHJTIA.  BUBEAX7. 


1121 


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O  —ftTl   P   P 


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BEFOET  07  TSS  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITU  BUBEAU. 


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BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITU  BTJKBAU. 


1121 


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1. 


1124 

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Si 


aBPOBP  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE   MIUTIA  BUEEATT, 


■550 


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coco     wcooococ* 


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1128 


KEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MIUTIA  BUBEAU. 


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BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEV  OF   THE  MUJTU.  BUBEAU.  1129 


ll 


6    *i 

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N 

1130  BEPOBT  OF  THB  CHIEF  OF  THE  MIUIIA  BXTBEAXT, 


•fc."^ 


^•^ 


lO 


eo 


2 

"Si 


u 

2 

I 


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BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MIUTIA  BTJBEAU. 


1131 


Tablb  10. — Number  of  sergeants  of  different  arms  of  the  Regular  Army  on  duty  with  the 
several  States,  the  Territory  of  Hawaii^  arid  the  District  of  Columbia, 


State,  Territory,  or  District. 

Infantry. 

Cavalry. 

Field 
ArtlUery. 

Coast 
Artillery. 

Engi- 
neers. 

Signal 
Corps. 

Sani- 
tary 
troops. 

Total. 

Alabama 

3 
1 
1 

1 

I 

6 

Arizona ................. 

1 

A  rlrAn<uu 

1 

California 

1 

3 

1 
2 

2 

6 

Colorado 

1 

Connecticut 

2 

1 
2 
1 

1 
1 
1 
4 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 

2 

3 

1 

10 

Delaware  ................... 

1 

D  iBtrict  of  Columbia 

1 

3 

Florida 

1 

Georgia - 

1 

1 

1 

4 

Hawaii 

1 

Idaho 

1 

Illinois 

2 

i' 

........ 

1 

8 

Indiana .....r.r.r 

I 
3 

1 

3 

Iowa  ........................ 

1 

6 

Kansas 

I 

4 

Kentucky 

2 

Louisiana. 

1 

1 

3 

Maine 

3 

3 

Maryland 

3 
6 

4 
2 

1 
I 

4 

Massachusetts 

1 

4 
1 

4 

1 

17 

Michigan 

5 

Minnesota 

1 

5 

Missouri 

I 

4 

New  Hampshire 

i 

4 

I 
13 
I 
1 
9 
1 
1 
7 

1 

New  Jersey 

1 

1 
1 
2 

6 

New  Mexico 

1 

2 

New  York 

2 
1 

9 

1 

1 

1                2 

30 

NOTth  Carolina 

1 

4 

North  Pakotar ..r. ........... 

1 

Ohio 

1 
1 

2 

1 

1 

14 

Oklahoma 

2 

Oregon 

I 
4 
1 

1 

3 

Pennsylvania 

1 
1 

1 

1 
1 

14 

Rhode  Island 

2 

5 

South  Carolina 

1 
1 
2 

1 

Tennessee 

1 

1 

3 

Texas 

1 

3 

1 
1 

1 

Vermont 

i 

3 
1 
1 

3 

I 

2 

VirKinia 

1 

4 

Washineton 

I 

2 

1 

Wisconsin 

1 

4 

>Vyo">>nft 

1 



Total 

05 

20 

38 

27 

4 

4 

15 

203 

1132 


KBPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MIUSXU.  BtTBBAU. 


S§iS§SSiili§§§l§§a§§§H3§ 

<D  co<o  m  lOiHeo^o  •^'«<D  t«^  •oc« '^v  a»<D  to*^»«*« 


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c3 


EEPOET  OF  THE   CHIEF   OF   THE  MIUTU  BUBEATT.  1133 


ISBES!iSSgilS§;i§3IS3 


li 


liij 


H;ilt53Sll«a|3il|s|l 


II 


1134 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF   THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 


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t 


OQ 


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C4 


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3 


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2 


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04       C<       f-l       ^       ^.-^N       ^  MOO 


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»)tn8    'pneq   no 


S$* 


po^ina  'pnwi  no 


as* 


wS      rj  n C- 0>  9 us  CO  CO n Oa «& o  "V  ac '^ 
el     M     •-•      -^     •*»-ic«     r^  «-<eo 


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co'to     Ok^^^owy^o-^-i^eocioOM* 


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t:;;S9s;:$?S^asS£&:oSSS4S8S 


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I  :  I     :  :"  :     :  :  :  :  :S  : 

s%ssssi:|^g¥g?Sgs 

KS'S'SSsps^ssjis 

s  i  iss  i  i :  is  i"    Ifr 

sa82S2K|SgSgSSgS 

1  i  I    ;"  I  I  i    i-  i 

sgggssHgsgsassgs 


BS's's^mSS'S^^S' 


!Ji| 


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1136 


KEPOET  OF  THE  OHIEP  OF  THE  MILITIA  BT7BEAT7, 


Tablb  12. — Showing  results  of  correspondence  course  for  medtcal  officers  of  the  Nation^ 

Guard,  session  ended  June  30,  1916. 


state,  Territory,  or  District. 

Total  number  of 
•  »        medical  officer^. 

Com- 
pleted 
course. 

Taking 
examina- 
tion. 

Receiving 

75  per  cent 

or  over. 

• 

i 

0 

i 

• 

i 

1 

1 

• 

• 

H 

• 

1 

P3 

• 

o 

3 

• 

-< 

1 

1 

• 

i 

• 

1 

n 

»7 

• 

< 

i 

• 

1 

Alabama 

»7 

19 

»7 

19 

i8 

1 

4 

1 

6 

Arizona' 

Arkansas 

11 

«1 

(») 

(») 

6 

4 

California' 

Colorado  • 

Connecticut 

20 
4 

13 
9 

28 

4 

10 

4 

10 

2 

10 

6 
1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

I^elaware 

1 

District  of  Columbia 

•■*2' 
9 

11 

5 

12 

""2 

9 

11 

5 

12 

"'2' 
9 

11 

5 

12 

1 

Florida 

2 
8 

Georcia 

1 

10 

s 

Hawaii' 

Idaho 

11 
45 
10 
27 
«9 
15 

6 
10 
19 
39 
29 
15 

7 
37 

4 
13 

..... 

15 
6 

"is* 

•1 
4 
6 
6 

19 
3 

•1 
3 

3 

28 

1 

6 

•6 

"i'2 

3 

10 

26 

2 

4 

•5 

13 

4 

•7 

..... 

15 
5 

"is" 

..... 

6 

6 

18 

6 

8 
28 
1 
6 
5 
..... 

3 

10 

26 

2 

6 

..... 

15 
5 

"is* 

..... 

5 

6 

18 

3 

3 
2S 

5 
5 
1 

10 
3 

2 
8 

1 
2 
..... 

Illinois 

2 
1 
2 

1 

1 

Indiana 

1 

Iowa 

1 

1 
2 
8 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana ......x.^.^^^ 

8 

10 

26 

2 

3 

'"2 

..... 

8 

4 

Maine 

1 

2 

2 

»2 

Maryland 

1 
8 
8 
8 

1 

Massachusetts 

2 
1 
2 
2 

7 

Michigan 

Minnesota , 

4 

1 

MIssissijppi 

Missouri 

7 

13 

4 
6 

3 

13 
4 
6 

4 

10 

Montana 

N  ehraska .....  x . . 

3 

3 

Nevada" 

New  Hampshire 

7 
31 

3 
5 

"'is' 

8 

5 

"ib 

8 
5 

'is' 

1 
8 

2 
6 

1 

New  Jersey '. 

3 

New  Mexico' 

New  York 

137 
32 

4 
60 

9 
13 
69 

9 
27 

4 

23 
18 

28 
U9 

2 

32 

5 

"io" 

3 
•7 

iVio' 
•8 

70 

"13 

2 

10 

***2* 

29 

4 

•6 

2 

>«11 

"28 

"9 

2 

"11 

5 

..... 

3 
•7 

"io' 

70 

"13 

2 

29 

'**2' 
21 

4 

5 

2 

"11 

26 

U0 

2 

"11 

5 

'■*6' 

8 

7 

•  •  •  •  • 

"10 

(•) 

"to" 

"13 

2 

30 

'2 

21 

3 

5 

2 

"11 

2 
2 

7 
7 

24 

7 
6 

4 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota 

Ohk) 

2 
4 
2 
20 
1 
5 
2 
2 
8 

9 

1 

8 

Oklahoma  x . . . .  ^ 

Oregon , 

8 
10 

1 
8 
1 
3 

Pennsylvania 

1 

Rhode' Island 

1 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee ,,  ^ 

8 

7 

2 

5 

Texas 

•  •  «  •  • 

Utah' 

Vermont 

5 
15 
12 
10 
19 

3 

1 
2 

1 

1 
8 

1 

8 
6 
5 
6 
14 
1 

1 
2 
1 

""4* 

1 

3 
6 
6 
8 
14 
1 

1 
2 

1 

3 
6 
S 
3 
14 
1 

*8" 
"4" 

1 
2 
6 
2 

Virginia 

1 

1 

Washington 

West  Virgin  la 

1 

Wisconsin 

1 

1 
1 

Wyoming ...^ 

Total 

919 

232 

365 

204 

866 

IM 

363 

106 

137 

11 

3 

«7 

06 

t 

1  six  took  basic  and  year  A. 
«  No  report. 

*  Did  not  take  final. 

*  Ut4.  Carl  Philips.  Kansas,  was  awarded  a  certificate  of  proficJeDoy  uadar  the  provisJoDt  of  Oeoiral 
Orders,  No.  43,  War  Department,  1914. 

*  One  failed  to  take  final  examination. 

*  Called  Into  Federal  senrioe. 

'  One  died;  1  commissioned  too  lata. 

*  One  took  basic  and  year  A. 

*  One  failed  to  take  final  examlnatkm. 
"  No  organised  maitia. 

»  Five  took  basic  and  year  A  In  IQIOL 

IS  Took  basic  and  year  A. 

u  Eight  took  baaio  and  year  A. 


BEPOET  OF  THE  CHIEF   OF  THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 


1137 


Table  13. — Strength  of  sanitary  troops,  gain  or  loss  during  the  fiscal  year  1916,  and 
number  ofsaniVuy  organizations  in  the  National  Guard  on  Juru  SO,  1916. 


Coinini<«5la 

ned 
Knted 
jgen- 
,  1915. 

Enlisted  men. 

Aggregate. 

Gahi  or 
loss. 

Units. 

State,  Territory,  or 
District. 

oflBoers  as  rep 
by  adiutantt 
eral,  Dec.  31, 

• 

1 

H-l 

O  g. 

• 

a 

3 

0 

H 

•52 

d  • 

**  9 
0  p. 

• 

s 

0 
H 

• 

1-4 
2 

• 
10 

1-4 

2 

• 

• 

It 

11 

1 

0  "B 

03  p 

•  a 

Alab&ma... ......... 

10 
4 
9 

21 
6 

18 
2 

'I 

14 

3 

5 
42 
17 
23 

5 
14 

5 
10 
19 
38 
26 
14 

5 
20 

3 
10 

4 

'•"2 

4 

2 

3 

1 

""2 

9 
11 
1 
6 
1 
3 
4 
1 
3 

...... 

2 
3 
3 

1 

? 

14 

4 
11 
25 

8 
21 

3 
12 

8 
23 
14 

6 
48 
18 
26 

9 
15 

8 
10 
19 
40 
29 
17 

6 
29 

4 
10 

47 
16 
18 

128 
46 

125 
3 
46 
21 
55 
18 
16 

227 
86 

131 
40 
69 
30 
20 
88 

225 

128 
65 
21 

106 
13 
69 

12 
...... 

23 

20 

11 

1 

19 
1 

21 
3 
1 

25 

33 
7 
1 

21 
5 

16 
4 

16 

57 
3 

"'25' 
2 
13 

59 

16 

24 

151 

66 

136 

4 

66 

22 

76 

21 

17 

252 

119 

138 

41 

90 

35 

36 

92 

241 

185 

68 

21 

131 

15 

82 

73 

20 

35 

176 

74 

157 

7 

77 

30 

99 

35 

23 

300 

137 

164 

50 

105 

43 

46 

111 

2S1 

214 

85 

27 

160 

19 

92 

65 
21 
37 

150 
34 

139 

8 

88 

42 

121 
21 
21 

232 

123 

110 
42 

101 
47 
45 
89 

204 

124 
60 
45 

154 
16 
90 

8 

"26* 
40 
18 

"i4* 

2 

68 

14 

54 

8 

4 

...... 

22 

77 
90 
25 

■"ft" 
3 
2 

3 

Ariton  a..... 

1 
2 

1 

Arkan5afl 

2 

California 

1 

1 
1 
1 

7 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

...... 

11 
12 
22 

1 

5 

Delaware 

1 

District  of  Columbia. 
Florida 

1 

2 
2 

Qeorfia 

1 

5 

Hawaii 

1 

Idaho 

1 

Illinois 

2 
1 

1 

10 

Indiana 

Iowa 

1 

1 

2 
4 

Kansas 

1 

Kentucky 

**4' 

1 

1 

3 

T^lli^iana  ^  ^  r  r  r 

1 

Ma^D^ 

2 

Maryland 

1 
1 
2 

1 
2 
1 

3 

Massachusetts 

Mfchlgan 

9 
3 

MtnnwM>ta .....    ... 

4 

Mississippi 

18 

1 

Missouri 

1 

1 

3 

Montana 

1 

Nebraska 

1 

2 

Nevada ' 

New  Hampshire 

6 

2S 

6 

109 

24 
4 

67 
9 
6 

54 
8 
7 
5 

12 

12 
2 
4 

13 

? 

18 
2 

...  . 

2 

''2" 
4 

""l 

2 

14 

1 

2 

'"'5 
6 
1 

"2 
2 
2 
1 

1 

7 

30 

6 

111 

28 

4 

57 

10 

7 

68 
9 
9 
5 
17 
18 
3 
4 

15 

8 

9 

19 

3 

21 

128 

4 

653 

106 

23 

335 

49 

33 

188 

65 

37 

18 

92 

26 

20 

17 

53 

20 

31 

107 

14 

6 
14 

5 
40 
23 

1 
10 

5 

"28' 
3 
4 

" '13* 
11 

" 'io' 
1 

11 
7 
2 

26 

142 
9 

603 

129 
24 

345 
54 
33 

216 
68 
41 
18 

105 
37 
20 
17 
63 
21 
42 

114 
16 

33 

172 
15 

?04 

167 
28 

402 
64 
40 

284 
77 
50 
23 

122 
55 
23 
21 
78 
29 
51 

133 
19 

33 

196 
20 

800 

162 
22 

368 
68 
54 

288 
42 
24 
25 

138 
41 
22 
20 
67 
38 
46 

120 
26 

1 

New  Jersey 

*  *4* 

'*6" 
34 

*"35* 
26 

...... 

11 
13 

24 
5 
...... 

1 

1 

8 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

4 

1 

3 

1 

30 

North  Carolina 

North  Takota 

4 
1 

Ohio 

...... 

14 



2 

3 
1 

13 

<)tcl<%hnrT)a ^.. 

1 

Oregon 

2 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina 

2 
1 

2 

13 
1 
1 

South  Takota 

2 
16 

1 

Tennessee 

1 

1 
1 

2 

Texas 

3 

UUh 

1 

Vermont 

1 

Virginia 

1 

2 

Washington 

9 

4 

West  Virginia 

2 

Wisconsin 

1 

8 

W  yoming 

7 

1 

Total 

759 

125 

884 

3,897 

539 

4,436 

5,320 

4,849 

632 

161 

22 

81 

174 

1  No  organised  militia  (musttred  oat  May  20, 1906). 
69176'— WAR  191d— VOL  1 72 


1138 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MIUTIA  BUREAU. 


Tablb  14. — RuulU  of  tmall-arms  practice ^  organized  militia^  seoion  1915. 


State,  Territory,  or 
District. 


Rifle  firing.    Organised  Militia  course. 


Classiflcation. 


Alabama. 
Arizona 
Arkansas 
California 

Colorado^ 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

District  of  Columbia! 

Florida 

Georgia 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine* 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota. 

Mississippi 


112 

12 

92 

101 

353 

14 

82 

587 

120 

342 

160 

99 

4 


65 
15 
14 
10 

129 

21 

6 

240 
12 


I 

•9 


CO 


70 

28 

66 

238 


153 

49 

106 

362 


198 


31 

17 

3 


97 
111 
260 

13 
141 
527 
124 
320 
119 

72 
7 


555 
6 
169 
164 
537 

51 
280 
721 
216 
653 
243 
152 

25 


s 

I 

1 


95 

45 

101 

91 


445 
4 
253 
147 
204 
29 
58 
1,484 
160 
227 
55 
52 
50 


85 
29 

101 
78 


70 

3 

34 

48 

145 

36 

44 

181 

161 

59 

38 

53 

12 


10 

3 

14 

4 

72 
81 

104 
82 

173 
15 
43 
61 
22 


971 

33 

119 

149 

96 

24 

9 

885 

224 

38 

101 

64 

56 


1,672 

306 

1,174 

1,650 


2,426 

61' 

792 

728 

1,796 

269 

724 

4,707 

1,199 

1,654 

760 

570 

179 


709 

404 

356 

1,978 


329 
327 
826 
502 

1,112 
606 
127 

2,282 

1,247 
175 

1,110 
710 
761 


176 

648 

25 

172 


92 
214 

38 
646 
1,116 

33 
176 
472 

84 
569 

40 

41 

25 


2,557 

970 

1,5SS 

3,  WO 


2,»47 
617 
1,666 
1,299 
4,024 
1,000 
1.027 
7,461 
2,590 
2,600 
I,»40 
1,321 
905 


MiSSlSSlpi 

Missouri. 

Montana 

Nebraska  1 

Nevada' 

New  Hampshire. 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

N<Mth  Carolina. . 
North  Dakota... 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania  >. . 
Rhode  Island . . . 
South  Carolina. . 
South  Dakota... 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia. 

Washington..... 
WestvCfinia... 

Wiscoosln. 

Wyoming 


88 

979 

292 

271 

25 

45 

54 


21 
537 
59 
47 
10 
28 
8 


203 
1,084 
238 
218 
46 
50 
80 


452 

1,634 

408 

505 

72 
129 

97 


542 
356 
490 
111 

44 
135 

68 


68 
238 
188 
171 

87 
144 

34 


55 
147 
626 
283 
221 
9 


382 
194 
298 
118 

10 
795 

33 


1,756 
5,077 
2,061 
2,067 

575 
1,637 

392 


301 
676 
755 
911 
716 
1,521 
276 


31 
837 
187 

68 

40 
454 

10 


58 
206 

39 
735 

81 

62 
149 

52 
236 


13 
7 


176 
5 


128 
29 
19 
44 
26 
47 
33 
32 

166 
68 

423 
40 


ToUL. 


7,019 


1 
63 


40 
330 

35 
852 
103 

72 
106 

72 
141 


118 
643 
38 
1,432 
287 
109 
198 
136 
105 


95 

672 

6 

1,190 

107 

44 

81 

50 

129 


76 
137 
26 
037 
58 
24 
V 
42 
79 


123 

19 

17 

4,747 

1,383 

85 

137 

110 

91 


316 

750 

55 


839 

2,657 

216 


593  10,635 
90  {  2,114 
70    466 

170  ;  918 
18    481 

160  1,094 


345 
930 
516 
2,987 
168 
162 
566 
173 
572 


313 


2 
8 

110 
96 


3 
4 

3 

13 

9 

7 

8 

50 

21 


11 


204 
42 
44 
53 
37 
28 
27 
72 

160 
77 

385 
S3 


287 
41 
94 
85 
67 
48 
73 

180 

219 
84 

539 
83 


181 
12 
49 
96 
46 
32 
15 

100 

193 
79 

426 
78 


1,695 


7,241 


12,695  8,844 


14 
20 
88 

20 
20 
26 
8 
75 
38 
17 
246 
72 


4,207 


1 

37 

158 


44 
50 
26 

267 
43 
17 

172 
60 


643 
33 

733 

44 

9 


779 
133 
764 
200 
55 


884 

724 
480 

1,034 
283 
249 
189 

1,517 
961 

1,127 

2,391 
432 


665 

716 
265 
481 
330 
78 
16 
494 
483 
460 
716 
217 


181 
582 

302 


15 


641 
179 
182 


8.088 
6,500 
2,896 
8,046 
1,333 
8,512 
678 


1.108 

3,587 

738 

13,069 

8,388 

680 

1,^ 


1,7M 


1,780 

1,443 

1,061 

1,616 

618 

848 

110 

3,068 

1,678 

1,710 

8,107 


10,748 


11,612  '63,841 


30,147  8,700 


101,188 


iNorfportreoehr«L 


•  No  OfgaolMd  Militia  (mosttfwl  out  May  80, 190^ 


EEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE   MIUTIA   BUREAU. 


TABLxU.—RenUUo/$maU-<Bnn»jiraetiaorgtttaxtdmaitum,  i 


n  191S — Continued. 


1 

is 

S 

1 

i 

t 

1 

r 

i 
1 

3 
1 

'1 
11 

3 

i 

i 

PbW  Bring. 

CU-I.U,.. 

Stata,  Ttnltay,  oc 
'Dlilrict. 

1 

I 
1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

K 

1,7M 
1,191 

1,M3 
1,0U 

3,070 

11 

•7 

05 

M 

834 
'91S 

3.MJ 

1 

a,8M 

i^te? 

I,S7( 
3,0OS 

i 

M.JS 

If 

18. « 

2 

" 

38 

» 

16 

Georgto 

!? 

30 

35 

207 

530 

15 

21 

38 

29 

809 

33 

iii 

E:??r 

6^545 

81.97 

9 

1«0 

i 

MtrhlKan 

XT 

.!:!*" 

'■S 

'zis 

NewHaioparilre 

Hi 

"■s: 

'IM 

as 

688 

7S.0! 

II 

li 

is 

IB 

M 

265 

'■S 

'■m 

(orth  Dakota 

IS 

!! 

? 

19 

63 

4 

lis 

3«0 

fi 

10 

IS 

s 

217 

s 

1,»« 

1,«U 

i;734 

1.799 

IS 

41. 7S 

64.58 

io!eo 

92. 7J 
22.  gH 
S7.03 
80.42 

S!S 

68.77 

3 

35 

.OS 

1 

IS 

8 

M 

^ 

il 

13 

ei 

■•s 

i 

'1 

43 

' 

Ml 

38,  WO 

13,157 

1(»,5«1 

t«.8l 

toe 

B77 

l,16i 

■  Ne  Oifuiliad  IliliUa  (musUtwl  out  May  U,  l»Otl>. 


1140 


EEPOBT  OF   THE   CHIEF   OF   THE   MILITIA  BUREAU. 


Table  15. — National  trophy  award,  1916, 
(Circular  No.  b,  Division  of  MiUtia  Affairs,  1914.) 


State,  Territory,  or 
District. 


Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado , 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

District  of  Columbia. 

Florida , 

Georgia 

Hawaii , 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine , 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska. 

Nevada^ 


New  Hampshire. 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina.. 
North  Dakota... 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania.... 
Rhode  Island.... 
South  Carolina.. 
South  Dakota. . . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

WestVfri^a... 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 


Organization. 


Company  D,  Second  Inftmtry 

None  qualified 

None  reported  qualified 

Company  D,  Seventh  Infantry 

None  qualified 

Company  F.  Second  Infantry 

None  qualified 

Company  K,  Third  Infantry 

Company  E,  First  Infantry 

Company  £.  Third  SeparateBattalion  of  Infantry. 

None  reported  qualified 

Company  F,  Second  Infantry 

Troop  C,  First  Cavalry 

Company  B,  Third  Infantry 

Company  A,  Engineers 

Company  E,  Se<^nd  Infantry 

Nonequalifled 

do 

Company  F,  Second  Infantry 

Company  F,  First  Infantry 

Company  K,  Sixth  Infantry 

None  reported  qualified 

Company  G,  First  Infantry 

None  qualified 

do 

Company  F.  Second  Infantry 

None  qualined 


Station. 


Flgor* 
of  merit. 


Montgomery. 


Pomona 

New  Hav«n. 


Washington,  D.  C. 

Jacksonville 

Lindale 


Lewiston.... 

Chicago 

Angola 

Iowa  City... 
Hutchinson. 


Dover 

Hyattsvilie. 
Lowell 


Conc(»tl 

Newark 

Carlsbad 

Amsterdam. 

Asheville 

WillistOD.... 
Cleveland... 


Portland. 


Company  E,  First  Infantry 

Troop  C,  First  Squadron  Cavalry 

Company  B,  First  Infantry 

Company  H,  Second  Infantry 

Company  K,  First  Infantry 

Company  E,  First  Infantry 

Troop  A,  First  Cavahy 

None  reported  qualified 

Company  B,  Third  Infantry 

State  desires  no  award  be  made 

Fourth  Company,  Coast  Artillery  Corps 

None  fired  course 

Company  F.  Fourth  Infantry 

None  qualified 

do I 

Company  O,  First  Infantry Ephraim. , 

Troop  D,  First  Cavahy '  Northfield 

State  desires  no  award  be  mode 

F  irst  Companv,  Coast  Artillery  Corps 

None  qualified 

Company  C.  Second  Infantry 

None  qualined 


St.  Paul.. 
Kaii^! 


Providence. 


MitcheU. 


Seattle. 


Sheboygan. 


50.4 


64.4 
45.4 


69.0 

eo.8 

54.8 
77.8 
53.0 


67.0 
65^« 

73.4 


83.« 

65.6 


47.3 
62.8 
34.3 
K5.0 
75.8 
52.4 
67.0 


^2 


67.4 


51.6 


4A.4 

25.6 


0S.O 


87-0 


1  No  Organiiad  Militia  (mustered  out  May  20, 1906). 


L 


1142 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 


Table  16. — Extracts  from  impections  of  Field  ArtiUay 


State  or  Dlstriet. 


Alabama: 
Battery  A. 
Battery  C. 


CaUfomia: 

Headquarters    First    Bat- 
taUon. 


Battery  A. 

Battery  B. 

Battery  C. 

Coknado: 
Battery  A. 

Battery  B. 


Connecticut: 

Headquarters    First    Bat- 
talion. 
Battery  A , 


Battery  B. 
Battery  C. 
Battery  D. 
Battery  E. 
Battery  F. 


District  of  Columbia: 
Battery  A 


Armory. 


Ownership. 


Private. 
....do.. 


>  • • •  vUVa  •••••••••••• 


SUte. 


Private . 
.....do.. 


.do. 


.do. 


Yes. 
Yes. 


Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 


11 


No. 
No. 


No.. 

No.. 

No.. 
No.. 

No.. 

Yes. 


No.. 
No.. 


Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 


ll 

is 
a 


li 
e 


ill 


I- 


•a 


I 


it 

III 


No..  None. 
No.. 'None. 


Yes. 


None. 


Yes.  None. 

Yes.  Good. 

No.. 'None. 


No. 


No. 


Yes. 
Yes. 


Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes. 


None.  None. 


32  None, 


SUte ;  Yes. I  Yes. 

do !  Yes.   No.. 


Private |  No..   No.. 


Battery  B. 


.....do 

Private.... 


No. 


Qeonia: 

Headquarters    First    Bat- 
talion. 
Battery  A ' do '  No., 


Battery  B. 
Battery  C. 


Cit 


uiiy 
Priv 


vate. 


Yes. 
Yes. 


No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 
No. 


Yes.'  No.. 
Yes.  No.. 


nilnois: 

Headquarters    First    Bat-   do No..   No. 

talion. 

Battery  A ' do No..  No. 

Battery  B do !  No..   No. 


BatteryC Qovemment ,  Yes.  No 


Headquarters  Second  Bat-     Private, 
talkm. 

Battery  D do.. 

Battery  E do.. 

Battery  P State... 


Yes.  No. 

Yes.  No. 
Yes.  No. 
Yes.   No. 


No. 


No.. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes. 


No.. 


13 
32 


Rent. 


Yes. 


Yes. 


No..  Rent.  None. 


No.. 
No.. 


None. 
None. 


No..  None. 
No..  None. 


Yes.  No..  Rent. 

Yes.  No.. 'None. 
Yes. I  Yes.      15 


Yes. 


Yes. 

No.. 
Yes. 
Yes. 


I 
Yes.  Good. 


Yes. 

Yes. 
Yea. 

Yes. 


ao 

flO 
50 
13 


Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes. 


Care  or 

Federal 

property. 


h 

.9 


Yes. 
Yes. 


Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 


Yes 
Yes  • 


Yes. 

Yea. 

Yea. 
Yea, 

Yea. 


Yes.i  Yea. 


Yes. 


No. 


Yes.   No.. 

Yes.  No.. 
Yes.  No.. 
Yes.  No.. 


Yes. 
Yes. 


Yes. 


Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 
Yee. 


Y« 
Y< 


Yea. 


Yes 

No.. 

Yes, 

Yee. 
Yee. 


Yes.  Yes..  Yee. 


Yes. 
Yes. 


None. 


None. 

None. 
None. 
(None. 


No..   Yee.. 
Yes.  Yee. 


Yes.  Yea. 


Yea.:  YeaJ 

Yes.!  Yes 
No..  Yea. 
No..'  Yea« 


REPORT  OF   THE  CHIEF  OF   THE   MILITIA  BUREAU, 


1143 


organuatiom  under  $ection  14,  fnUiHa  law. 


Drill  and  instnicUan. 


0) 


25 


49 

43 
36 
35 


128 

117 

127 

104 

62 

85 


64 


HowmanrmMi 

quaUfled  durfaif 

the  calendar 


None..  None.. 
None..'  None.. 


None..  None 


None..'  None. 


None..  None. 

None..  None. 

None..  None. 

None..  None. 


1  1 

None..  None. 


29 

None.. 

4 

None.. 

66 

None.. 

46 
65 

None.. 
None.. 

10 

None.. 

54 

51 

None.. 
None.. 

68 

None.. 

None.. 

70 
81 
76 

3 


Ncnie.. 

None. 
None. 
None. 


None. 
N(»ie. 


None. 


None. 


None.. 
None.. 
None.. 


Poor.. 
None.. 


Ver 
t 

Excel- 
lent. 


.do... 


Ver 


8 


Fair. 
..do. 


Very  good. 
...do....... 


Good 

Very  good, 


Good..  Good.... 
...do...  ...do...., 


Poor.. 


Poor. 

...do.. 

Good. 
...do.. 


Fair.. 
Good. 


Good. 


...do. 
...do. 
...do. 
Fair. 
Poor. 


Fair. 


'  •  aUO*****  •  • 


Good 


None."?  Fair... 


Poor. 
Good.. 


Verv 
good. 

...do... 


...do.. 
Good. 
Fair.. 


.do. 
.do. 


Fair. 


Fair. 


Very  good. 
Good 


Very  good. 

Good 

Fair 


Horses. 


JZ;« 


None. 
None. 


How  and  to  what  extent 
are  they  provided  for 
mounted  instruction 
other  than  at  annual 
encampments? 


5 

10 

5 
None.. 

None.. 

None.. 


Equitation  drill  in  ar- 
mory instruction  un- 
der sergeanUnstructor, 

Riding  ring  provided  at 
armory;  used  on  drill 
nights. 

Drifll  night  per  week 
by  sergeant-instructor. 

None 


5 

6 

5 

10 

10 


15 


15 


From  10  to  20  horses  (tir- 
nished  by  State  for  oc- 
casional mounted  drill. 

About  10  to  15  horses, 
owned  by  State, 
brought  to  Denver  oc- 
casionally for  drill  pur- 


Class  in  equitation  daily, 
except  fiunday. 

do 

do 

do 

None 

do 


None. 

None. 

None. 
None. 


Mounted  instruction 
held  with  animals 
from  Fort  Mver:  also 
afier  a  parade  and  a 
review. 

School  of  soldier  mount- 
ed every  Sunday. 


1  annually,  owned  by 
city. 


None.. 
10 


Drilled  once  a  week. 


None.. 


None 

Riding  instruction  drill 
niehts;  10  horses  avail- 
able for  limber  drill 
Saturdays. 

United  States  Cavahy 
horses  used  every  Mon- 
day night 

None 


None do. 

None do. 

None do. 

>  No  record. 


To  what  extent  are 
mounted  driUs  heldT 


Quarterly, 
None. 

Quarterly. 

None. 

OnoesiDoeJaa.l,19lfli 
6  during  year. 


None. 


Da 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Generally  oo  Sondaj. 


Each  Sunday. 


1  annually. 


None. 

Do. 
Ltanber  drills  on  Satur- 
days,   weather 
mittmg. 

Riding   instruotioB 
only. 

None. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


1144  BEPOET  OF   THE  CHIEF   OF   THE   MILITIA  BUP^AU. 

Tablb  16. — ExtracU  from  iruptctioru  of  Field  ArtiUery 


State  or  District. 


Indiana: 

Headquarters     First    Bat- 

talion. 
Battery  A 


Battery  B. 
Battery  C. 


Iowa: 

Beadquarters     First    Bat- 
talion. 
Battery  A 


Battery  B. 


Battery  C. 


Kansas: 

Battery  A. 


Louisiana: 

Headquarters    First    Bat- 
talion. 


Battery  A.. 
Battery  B,. 
Battery  C. 


Maryland: 
Battery  A. 


Massachusetts: 

Headquarters    First    Bat- 
talion. 


Battery  A. 


Battery  B. 
Battery  C. 


Armory* 


Is 


Ownership. 


is 


Private. 
....do- 


Private. 

do.. 

City.... 


Private. 


.do. 


Private, 


.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


State. 


.do. 


.do. 


.do. 


.do. 


Headquarters  Second  Bat- 
talion. 


.do. 


•sll 


SI 

^1 


w 


s 


No. 


■fc*  S  8 


u 

a 


No. 


t 

8.. 

ii 


Yes.  No. 


No..!  No..    No.. 


Yes.'  No.. 

I 

No..   No.. 


ill 


'.& 


«  «  fl  "iS'^ 
^  ■*  c  •-  >k 


Tare  Of 
Federal 

property 


(»)    None.   Y«. 


(») 


Yes.   Yes. 


30  j  Yes.   No.. 
30  ,  Yes.   No.. 


Y«s. 

I 
Yes. 

I 
Yes. 

Yes. 


No. 


No. 


Yes 


Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 


No.. 


Yes 


Yes. 


Yes 
No. 


Yes. 


No.. 


No. 


I  ■  I 

Yes     No..  None.  None  Yes.   Yes, 

Yes.   Yes.   Yes 

Yes.   Yes.   Yes, 


Yes.   No. 

No.. I  No., 

Yes.  No. 


Yes.  No 


Yes. 

No.. 

Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 

No.. 
No.. 
No.. 

No.. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 
No.. 

Yes. 
Yes. 

No.. 

Yes. 

No.. 


No. 
No. 
No. 


No. 


Yes. 


Yes. 


No. 
No. 


No.. 


15 
15 


Ex- 
cel- 
lent. 


40 


None 


Yes.  No.. 


Yes, 


Yes.'  Yes.'  Yes 


None  Yes. 

None! 

None  ' 


Yes.'  No.. 


None 


120 


lao 


None 
16 


Yes.  Yes 
Yes.'  Yes, 
Yes.    Yes 


None  No.. 


Yes. 


Yes 


Yes 
Yes 


32    None 


Yes. 


Yes. 


Yes 
Yei 


No. 


Y« 


Yes 


Yes 
Yes 


Yes.    Yes. 


I  State  fair  grounii. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF   OF  THE   MILITIA  BUREAU. 


1145 


organizatioru  under  section  14,  mUUia  law — Continued. 


Drill  and  iDstmctioiL 


Horses. 


a 


•^5 

a 
< 


How  many  med 

qualified  during 

the  calendar 

year  as— 


9 

39 

102 


I.     I 


V2 


M 


9- 

•5 


& 


CO 


None..  None.. 

None..,  None.. 

I 

None..  None.. 


60    None..  None. 


None. 


None. 


None. 


Ncme. 


None..  None. 


13 


107 


102 
77 


None.. 


None 
None. 


None..   None. 


None..  None. 


None..  None 


«27 


None..   None. 
None..   None. 


None. 


s 


J3 

=3 


Good. 
Poor. 

Fair- 


Good. 


Verv 

good. 

...do... 


Good. 


. .  .do. 


Fair... 


Good. 

...do.. 

Fair.. 


Excel- 
lent. 


.do. 


...do.. 

Very 

good. 


I 

11 


n 

la 


-a 

OS 

si 


Good. 
Fair.. 


Good. 


Very  good. 
...do 


Fair. 


12 
12 

10 
19 

None.. 
11 
10 


10 


Good. 


Fair. 


24 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Good. 


None. 


Excellent. 


•  •  •  Uw*  «  •  •  ■ 


Very  good. 
...do 


25 
25 


None., 
15 


Fair. 


30 


How  and  to  what  extent 
are  they  provided  for 
mounted  instruction 
other  than  at  annual 
encampments? 


Use  12  horses  of  Battery 

Individual  instructioo 
with  new  horses  re- 
cently  commenced. 

Use  of  horses  now  as- 
signed to  battery. 

Use  of  new  h(xses 


None. 


11  horses  available  for 
section  drill. 

Drill  Sundays  with  10 
horses  of  battery  and 
12  hired  horses;  har- 
nessing, etc.,  every 
drill  nieht. 

Sundays  by  hirini;  extra 
horses;  never  in  win- 
ter; 3  such  instructions 
since  September,  1915. 


Riding  classes  by  Insnec- 
tor-instnictOT;  individ- 
uals riding  afternoon: 
IHtK>tice  marches  ap- 
proximately once  a 
month. 


To  what  extent  are 
mounted  drills  held? 


Weekly. 
Twice  a  week. 

Daily. 
Do. 

None. 

Section  drill  weekly* 

None. 


3  instructions  since 
September;  never  io 
winter. 


Twice  a  week,  Satur- 
day afternoons  and 
Sunday  mornings. 

About  1  a  month. 


Mounted  drill   five 
times  a  week. 


None. 
Weekly. 


118  of  these  expert  first^;lass  gunners. 


Horses  are  continuously  '  OccasionaL 
available  for  instruc- 
tion. 

Rough  riding  Monday; 

Solo  Tuesday,  Thurs- 
ay,  and  Friday;  sec- 
tion drill  Wednesday 
and  Thursday. 

None 

Weekly  drills  mounted 
witli  4  limbers  with  2- 
horse  iiit*  h;  also  sec- 
tion drills,  mounted 
instruction  in  individ- 
ual riding. 

Arrangements    will    bo 
one  e-hoiu"  period  week- 
ly and  continuous  vol- 
untary individual 
work. 

*  Organized  Dec.  24, 1915. 


1  drill  per  week. 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  CHIEF  OP  THE  MILITU  BUBBAU. 

Tablb  m.—BxtraeUfion  intptetwiu  of  Fitld  ArtHbrt 


Ym. 

Ym. 
Y«. 

Ym. 

Y«. 

Ym. 

No.. 

Kb.. 
No.. 

Ym. 
Ym. 

SSS  ?::::::::::::::::::: 

.::;;SS:::::::::::: 

?:: 

Ym 
Ym 

sT' 

Ym. 
Ym. 

YM. 

Ym. 

Ym. 

5S:: 

No.. 
No- 

No.. 
No.. 

No.. 

No.. 

No.. 
No.. 

No- 

S-. "T"..".':. 

nnwryF 

nivaU 

.do.. 

BWWrrB 

do. 

.do.. 

Nnt  Hampshln: 

Jtmlmtj: 

KnrMeiko: 

a 

rtdMml 

!i 

IK 

k 

i 

s 

a 

111 

|3 

n 

»» 

Ym. 

Ym. 

31 
31 

No» 

Ym. 

?S: 

Noo* 

Ym 

Ym 

Ym. 

NODt 

Ym. 

Ym 

Ym. 

NODi 

Ym. 

No.. 

Tm. 

NOtM 

Nou 

Ym. 

Ym. 

Van 

NODt 

Ym. 

Tm. 

30 

?5i 

?:: 

?:: 

NOK 

Ni 

Y«. 

Ym. 
Ym. 

M 

Noot 

Ym 

Ym. 

Norn 

Vm. 

?: 

?:: 

W 

"■1 

V.,,.. 

u 

YM 

~i  '-■ 

It 

Ym 

Ym.   No.. 

u 

Y- 

Ym.|  Ym. 

N«, 

Yh 

Ym.   Ym. 

40 

Ym 

Ym 

r..| 

BEPOBT  OP  THE  CHIEF  OF   THE  MIUTIA  BUREAU. 


1147 


crganizatiofu  under  sectum  14,  milHia  law — Continued. 


Drill  and  instmctloo. 


I 


§•3 

a 


0) 


3 


43 


33 

17 

11 

10 
48 


22 
10 

51 


ft5 
125 


8 

75 

45 
50 

87 

115 

56 

61 


HowmanTineii 

qualifled  durliig 

thecatondar 


'I 

a  n 


None. 


None.. 
None.. 


None.. 


Nome.. 


Nooe.. 


None. 
None. 


Nooe. 


Nona..  None.. 

Nooe..  None.. 

None..  None.. 

None..  None.. 


None., 
None.. 

None.. 


None.. 
N<me.. 


None.. 


11    None do. 

None..'  None..    Poor. 


^ 


h 


Fair. 


.do 
.do 


Poor. 


Fair., 


Poor. 


Good. 


Good. 


None..   None. 


None.. 


None..!  None.. 


None. 


None.. 


17 


None.. 


N<me. 


Good. 


good. 

Good. 

Very 
good. 


Good. 


.do. . 


.do. 


Very 
good. 


S5« 


Fair. 


80 


Fair. 


Poor. 
Good. 


80 
80 


Nooe. 


Fair. 


None.. 


Very  good. 
Good 


None. 
None. 


Poor. 
Good. 


Poor. 
Good. 


80 
30 


80 
None., 


Fair. 


Good. 
..do. 


.do. 


Very  good. 


Good. 
.  .do.. 


.do. 


. .  .do. 


. .  .do. 


Very  good. 


24 


24 
N(Mie.. 


9 

10 

10 
9 


How  and  to  what  ezt«nt 
are  Uiey  provided  for 
mounted  instnirtion 
other  than  at  annual 
encampments? 


Arrangements  wHl  be 
two  0-hour  peripds  tri- 
weekly ond  one  2-hour 
period  weekly;  also 
voluntary  individual 
work. 

do. 


Horse  allowanoe  of  81,000 

Kr  year  allowed  entire 
ttalion. 
Annual  horse  hire  8500. . . 


None. 


.do. 
.do. 


A  riding  hall  at  last  driU. 

A  riding  haU  for  cold 
weather;  Fort  Snelling 
Reservation  fior  warm 
weather. 

do 

None 


To  what  extent  are 
mounted  drills  held? 


4  driib  every  8  weeks. 


Weekly  mounted  instruc- 
tion in  suitable  riding 
haU. 

Same  as  for  battery  B 


None '  None 


Da 
Da 


About  12  drills  a  year. 


Outdoors  when  weatli> 
er  permits;  25  drills, 
average  of  2  horses  a 
drill;  mounted  in- 
struction. 

None. 


Da 

Da 

Da 
4  times  each 


None. 
Da 

Every  week. 


Do. 


29 
21 


Practkally  none. 


Mounted  instruction 
platoon  drill  8  times  a 
a  week. 


1  Organised  Dto.  24, 1915. 


80 
'No  record* 


State  allows  8500  per 
year  for  hiring  horses. 


Instruction  in  riding 
under  sergeant-in- 
structor of  Battery  C. 

Average  about  U  drills 
a  week  throughout 
year. 

Mounted  Instruction 
given  twice  a  week. 

Some  mounted  instruo* 
tion  nearly  every  day. 

Nooe  except  at  sum- 
mer camp. 

3  times  a  week. 


Weekly. 

9  sinoe  last  Inspectloii. 
•  None  organised. 


1148 


EEPOBT  OF   THE  CHIEF   OF   THE   MILITIA  BUREAU. 


Table  16. — Extracts  from  inspections  of  Field  ArtilUry 


State  or  District. 


Armory. 


41  i^ 


Ownership. 


New  York: 

Headquarters    First    Field 
ArtUlery. 

Headquarters    First    Bat- 
talion. 

Battery  A 

Battery  B 

BatteryC 

Headquarters  Second 
talion. 

Battery  D 

Battery  E 

Battery  F 


Bat- 


Headquarters  Second  Field 
Artillery. 


Headquarters  First  Bat- 
talion. 

Battery  A 

Battery  B 

BatteryC 

Headquarters  Second  Bat- 
talion. 

Battery  D 


do 


7  • 


5     So, 


■s. 


3 


ss 


Private. 
City.... 
Stite... 
City.  ,. 


.do. 


.do. 
.do. 


, . .  .do. 


.do. 


Battery  E. 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


.do. 

.do 

.do. 


Battery  F 

Ohio: 

Headquarters  First  Battal- 
i«i. 


Battery  A County. 


(«). 


Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes. 
No.. 
Yes. 

Ye'i. 
Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 


Yes 

Yes 

Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

(') 


8.. 
o  § 


43 


n 


tn 


CO 


Is 


o 

3 


•S3 


s 

h 

is 


Yes. 

Yes. 

No.. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 


Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes- 

Yes. 

0) 


Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes. 
Y'os. 

Yes. 


Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 


!•! 

S  **  2 

«  2  o 

«8  3  Q 


o  3 


^ 


eS  >  S 
S  tt  ® 


Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes.; 
Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 


Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 


Yes. I  Yes. I 


Yes. 


Yes.    N"o..    Yes. 


I 


Battery  B ;  Private ;  Yes 

BatteryC («) |    («) 


Oregon: 
Bat 


attery  A, 


Pennsylvania: 

Battery  A Organization 


County. 


Yes 


No. 


No.. 


Yes.,  No. 


Battery  B State ;  Yes.    No.. 

BatteryC do Yes.    No.. 


Battery  D.. 
Battery  E . . 
Battery  F... 


No., 


Yes. 


90 

90 

28 
90 
None.. 
90 

90 
90 
90 

GO 


60 

60 
60 
60 
GO 

&5 

GO 

GO 


Yes. 

None 

Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes. 


Care  of 

Federal 

property. 


ID 


Yes. 

Y'es. 

Yes. 
No.. 
Yes. 
Yes. 

No.. 
No.. 


Yes. I  No. 


None 


None 


Yes. 


Yes 


None   Yes. 
None  Yes 


None 
None 

Yes. 

Yes. 

NcMie 


44     Yes. 


No..  None.. 


Yes. 


Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 


d 


8 


Yes. 

Y'es. 

Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 

Y'«j. 


Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 

Yea. 


No..  None..;  None  No..  Yes. 
(«)  44    None  Yes.    Yes. 


Yes 
Yes.    No 


No..    Excel- 
lent. 


Yes 

Yes 


No. 
No. 


39 


None. 
Rent. 


I 


Rhode  Island: 

Battery  A do. 


•do "  No..  No.-! 

.do No.. I  No.. 

•do i  No..  No.. 

I 

Yes.  Yes. 


Yes.  No.. I  Rent.. 
Yes.  No..  None.. 
Yes.    No..  None.. 


Yes.   Yes 


90 


Yes 
Yes 


Yes. 
Yes 


Y«. 
Yes. 

No.. 


Yes 
Yes 

Yes 


Yes.   Yes. 


Yos.  Yes.  Yes. 
None  Yos. I  Yes.j 
None  Yes.    No.. 


Yes-   Yes 


Yes. 


1  No  examination . 


s  No  armory;  drill  held  on  U-acre  field  the  year  around. 


REPORT  OP  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE   MILITIA  BUREAU. 


1149 


organizatums  under  uction  14t  militia  law — Continued. 


Drill  and  instruction. 


H 

I 

> 


19 

19 

01 
73 
77 
19 

85 

112 

90 

13 


6 

«1 
74 
91 
13 

88 

103 

6S 

10 

20 


89 
30 


72 


103 


40 
41 

(♦) 
None.. 
34 


109 


How  manv  men 

qualified  durins; 

the  calendar 

yearaa— 


I  ^ 


V2 


M 


0) 


1 
1 

9 
2 

1 


None.. 
2 
2 


2 
7 
1 


None.. 

(») 

(») 

None.. 


None. 
None. 


I 

!1 


.a 

=3 


Fair. 
..do. 


None. 


None. 


None. 
(>) 


Fair do. 

Poor..  Oood. 
..do.. I  Poor. 
..do.. I  Fair.. 


do. .  ...do.. 


Good. 
Fair,. 


None.. 
Nona.. 


Nona.. 


0) 


None.. 
None.. 


37 


None..   Very 
good. 


None.. 
None.. 


None. 


(>) 


None.. 
None.. 


9 


Good. 


Good. 


.do... 


Very 
good, 


Fair... 
...do... 


...do... 


...do., 

...do.. 

Good. 

...do.. 


Fair.. 
Good. 


.do. 


Very  good. 


Fair 

•  •  *  >Av«  «  •  •  •  • 

...do 

...do 

...do 


Horses. 


IS 

-J 
feS 

§^ 

s  > 

J5« 


'  Howand  to  what  extent 
are  they  provided  for 
mounted  instruction 
other  than  at  annual 
encampments? 


76 
76 

41 

76 
33 
76 

76 
70 
76 

56 


56 

57 
57 
56 
40 

49 

49 

40 

20 


To  what  extent  are 
mounted  drills  held? 


Drills  in  armory Weekly. 

Do. 


.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


•  •   •  •  ■  vj  V*  •  •  •  •  •  I 

, do 

do , 


Drills  in  armory  an<l. 
weather  permitting, 
outdoors  Sundays  and 
holidays. 

do 


.do. 
.do. 


Da 
Da 
Da 
Da 

Da 
Da 
Da 

Da 


Da 

Da 
Da 
Do. 


do Biweekly. 

Daily  during  drill  season 

I  Weekly. 
Continuous      m  ninted 

drill  during  year. 
Drill  hi  armory  and  road 

marches. 
Weekly  drills 


State  allows  $18  per  year 
per  man  present  at 
Federal  in.spection. 

do 


Do. 
Da 
Da 


None do 

20  I  Weekly  in  cold  weather; 
semiweekly  hi  warm. 


26     Every  Sunday. 


32 


None., 
10 

10 
None.. 
None.. 


Every  Saturdav  and 
Sunday;  equitation 
rides  of  2  days'  dura- 
tion at  irregular  hi- 
tervals. 

None 

Equitation  throui^hout 
week  as  men  desire  it. 

No  regular  instruction... 

None 


Excel-    Excellent . 
lent. 


36 


*Non«  organised. 


Large  riding  ring  con- 
stantly available;  fre- 
quent  outdoor 
mounted  drill. 

*No  record. 


4  mounted  drills  and 
5  tactical  rides. 

None. 

Practice  marches  once 
a  month,  and  2  hours 
once  a  week  in  warm 
weather. 

Weekly,  weather  par 
mitthig. 

Twice  weekly,  weather 
permitting. 


None. 
Do 

Do. 


Twice  per  week. 


1150 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE   MILITIA  BUREAU. 


Table  16. — Extracts  from  inspectioiu  of  Field  AriUUfy 


8Ute  or  district. 


Texas: 

Battery  A. 


Utah: 

First  Battery. 


Vindnia: 

Headqaarters    First    Bat* 
tallcoi. 

Battery  A 

Battery  B 


BatteryC 

Battery  D 


Wisconsin: 
Battery  A. 


Armory. 


Ownership. 


Organization. 
Private 


City. 


.do. 


.do. 


>    •   •  •         UW  •  •   •   •    •   •   •   4 

Private 


State 


1^  i-gl 


iS  :a 


Yes.;  No. 

I 
Yes.'  No. 

Yes.'  No. 

Yes.,  No. 
Yes.   No. 


No.. 
Yes. 

Yes. 


o 

si 


Yes. 


Yes. 


Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes. 


& 
11 

11 


m 


I  Iff 


mi 

Hi 


Yes.   No. 
No..   No- 


Nc. 


No 


Yes 


No. 


No.. 

No.. 
No.. 


No. 
Yes 

Yes 


NcHie 


150 


None 

10 

Rent 


None 
18 

80 


Care  of 

Federal 

property. 


£h 


Yes 
Yes. 

None 

None 
Yes. 

None 
None 


oS 


ts 


§1 ; 

8.2  ' 


No.. 
Yes. 

Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes. 

Yes. 
Yee. 


Yes.  Yes. 


No.. 
Yes 

Yes 

Yes 
Yes. 

Yes. 
Yes 

Y«. 


^Ls  17.— Statement  thowing  t 


t 

Cupt. 

• 

JB 

1 

1 

1 

•a 

Forks. 



! 

220 

5 

9 

1 

1 

1S6 

16 

M 



3S4 

*.. J 

1      *               1 

. 

;::!:::::: 

4 

1 

...... 

1 

1"" 

::::::::!:::::: 

*"! , 

»..              ,.t     ........... 



I 

' 

...1 

"  '6  :::::: 

*  *2i9   '.'.]'.,. 

,.J 

1 

.... 

15S   

k.. !..•... 

*     1 

4 

1 

1 

72 

19.. 


"in*  ■ 

*"83"'.! 

r 

•  •  •  *! 

•  •  • 

106 

........ 

8 

Wi.. 

f 
*  *  *   *  I 

I 

, 

f 

16  I    130  I    207  i      94  I    1,2»  |       « 


I 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MILITIA  BUBEAU. 


1151 


organizations  under  section  14,  militia  2auH-Oontinued. 


jkmmgt 


u 
I     0 


jo       5 


. .  -t- 


1|- 


■A',. 


Drill  and  instruction. 


M 
•a 

I 
U 

Sh 


5 


(») 


78 


14 

71 
51 


51 
120 

56 


Howmanvmen 
qualified  during 
the  calendar 
year 


3 


29 


None.. 


•3% 


None. 

None. 
U    None. 


None. 


None.. 


None. 


None. 


"8 

1^ 


Very 
good. 

...do... 


Fair.. . 
Very 
good 

Poor.. 
None.. 


Good. 


Fair 

Very  good. 


Good. 


Very  good 
Good 


Fair.. 
Good. 


.do. 


Horws. 


None.. 
None.. 

None.. 

16 
11 

None.. 
10 

28 


How  and  to  what  extent 
are  they  provided  for 
mounted  instruction 
other  than  at  annual 
encampmentsT 


Horses  hired  five  times 
for  harness  drill. 

4  or  5  dars'  mounted 
work  (10  horses  pro- 
vided). 

None 


Practice  marches 

Weekly  to  extent  of  ani- 
mals (aUotted  S500 
per  year  for  horse 
hire). 

8500  per  year  allotted  for 
horse  hire. 

Little  of  school  of  soldier 
mounted  held  on  Ixv- 
rowed  horses. 

Saturdays  and  Sundays. 


To  what  extent  are 
mounted  drills  held? 


None. 


4  or  5  days  annually. 


None. 

Do. 
2  practice  marches  and 
1  parade. 


3  practice  marches  and 

3  mounted  drlls. 
None. 


7   hours     per    week, 
weather  permitting. 


*No  record. 


) 


1152 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MnJTIA  BUREAU. 


Table  18. — Statement  of  gross  expenditures  under  section  1661,  Revised  Statutes,  made 

accounts 


Stat?,  Territory,  or 
District. 


Pay. 


Traiwporta- 
tion. 


Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas. 

California 

Colorado 

Coonectlctit 

Dataware 

District  of  Columbia. 

Florida 

Gaorgia 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

lodiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Ml«ouri. 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada » 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode'  lalan  d 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Iteh, 

Vermont 

Virghiia 

Washington 

Wast  Vfrgfaiia 

Wisooosin 

Wyomtog 


921,303.30 

9,004.77 

15,21&21 

11,144.25 

1,331.98 

13,506^07 

5,fi07.53 

19,67L72 

14,142.91 

4,780.98 

3,14&55 

6,414.76 

36,507.05 

20,856.79 

32,639.17 

20,083.95 

27,851.64 

14,797.28 

10,054.78 

14,9ia63 

37,626u32 

14,006i41 

23,267.92 

16,12L46 

34, 68a  46 

3,025.17 

9,983.48 


|7,6l6u70 


7,908.55 
4,157.60 


Horse  hire 
uid  forage. 


$1,81&00 


582.10  I. 

398.75 

197.64 


2,167.92 
3,216.06 
6,400.71 


8,383.82 
4,363.72 
6,26&46 

10,816.53 
6,862:72 
2,723.04 
1,801.99 

22,015.22 
8,834.44 
6,331.02 

11.259.87 

8, 86a  05 

43.35 

1,276.46 


305.88 


3,383.00 
3, 13a  00 
1,449.00 
1,343.62 
95v.  29 


984.00 

10,011.41 

7,071.37 

2,014.00 

321.49 
4, 42a  00 

laoo 

1,376.00 


2,778.69 

6,729.08 

6, 195. 45 

60,364.80 

20,964.17 

1,572.68 

60,849.03 

13,928.76 

7,612.17 

2, 133. 72 

4,453.70 

lo,  «>07. 90 

10,464.81 

19,744.81 

1,526.00 

6,732.78 

7,662.06 

30,636.80 

16,632.17 

16,084.68 

12,126.68 

6,76L78 


2, 159. 62 

2,083.10 

1,620.57 

18,349.00 

11,000.70 

312.:^ 

3,236.88 

6,006.36 


4,662L08 


438.00 
42,016.37 


6,636.00 
1,803.86 


Subsist- 
ence. 


Incident- 
als. 


$680.75 
3,173.77 


105.00 
160.26 
838.75 
244.06 
1,631.86 
412L06 
462.00 
464.00 


f2,6iaiO 
483.46 


63.33 

2&00 

46.00 

297.00 


3,6^.49 
4,697.69 
4,061.19 
6,097.96 
3,353.76 
1,871.25 


11,781.00 
6,37SL66 


3,80&36 

6, 139. 16 

411.80 

2,229.25 


ia6o 

674.00 

621.64 

11,865.86 

6, 137. 16 

39.40 

112.16 

713.71 


850.36 
91&40 
73a  26 
967.69 
1,164.42 


23a  22 

2,006.60 

117.26 

LOO 

87a  80 

841.77 

34.76 


6L00 


41&90 

3,66a&> 

107.97 


Excess 
expenses 


Aoqoir- 
ingand 


of  inspect-  devplop- 
ing         rr.g  rif& 
oflScers.  |  rangea. 


$79.25 


146.39 
5.41 
6.51 

64.92 


19.06 
6a  94 


44.18 
93,07 
27.86 
68.92 


64.43 
80.67 


3.06 
41.00 


326.13 


44,866.80 

703.83 

7,246.06 

4,262.04 

4,»t6.(il 

12,067.60 
1,689.46 
216.30 
7.168.60 
6,606.66 
7,800.40 

16,322.60 
1,379.86 


22,173.20 

4,80a06 

031.14 

03&80 


16,887.44 

607.76 

4,684.76 

1,681.04 

2,767.67 


646.10 


70a76 
4,433.60 

410.67 
3,38&«3 


Total $738,717.11  1*280,387.36  $134,474.30 


81.00 
1,114.08 
3,»=''A01 
3,1115.16 
6, 47a  00 
346l04 


$110,084. 10 


.1      412.33 


376.40 


I 


12,667.24 

71.63 

306.42 

12a  65 

311.83 


102.25 


L3Z27 
3.73 


111.00 


1,136.48 

106.00 

60a&2 

267.32 

34.00 


$32,064.33 


14.86 
46^13 
37.12 


imsoi 


oa93 


26&83 


1 


362.76 


67.fla 


20.  SO 


14.18  I 
LOO 


82.00 


r2,062.8S|tl,UafiO 


r- 


1  No  Organized  Militia  (mustered  out  May  20, 1006). 


BEPORT  OF   THE  CHIEF  OF   THE  MILITIA  BUREAU. 


1153 


by  dishuinng  officers  Jor  the  Organized  Militia  during  the  fiscal  year  1916^  as  shovm  by  the 
current. 


Bhoodxig 
galleries. 

aviUan 
markws 

and 
scorers. 

Entrance 
.    fees. 

Prises. 

\ 

Purchase 

rifle 
ranges. 

Rent  rifle 
ranges. 

Care- 
taker. 

Coostnio- 
tionand 
improve- 
ments 
(labor  and 
material). 



Miacella- 

neons 

rifle 

practice. 

Total. 

1 

1 

$29,oiaoa 



::::::::::::::::::::':::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::!:::::::::: 

$319.00 

10,14>C77 

1 

_  _  ;; 1 

2,782.75 

31,590.38 

$1,319.00 

1 

$1,020.00 

$356.68 

8.00 

20,306.99 



1,436.96 



"'.*!!!  !i--'-  ----- --- 

70.00 
178.33 
100.00 

14,473.82 

, 

191.75 
4,207.14 

( 

.  ....••••• 

1,571.25 
504.73 

25.88 

9,014.15 

$727.00 

$330.00        178.50 

I$2,625.66 

28,184.09 

16,291.51 

1,484.49 

204.80 

750.00 

3,038.00 

4,048.71 
499.50 
431.13 

'1,*369.*66* 

438.25 
187.00 

1*629*35' 

****5.*66* 
320.38 
298.82 
163.21 
104.00 

**4l6.'66* 
300.59 

17,302.20 

7,558.11 

1 

100.00 

*2*576.*56* 

13,422.48 

.......... 

12,646.40 

1,616.74 
281.00 

44,380.10 

$60.28 

75.00 

2,730.67 

'I'Iss.'m' 

1,248.28 
466.66 
140.00 

41,815.27 



$16,640.00' 

500.00 

56,884.48 

230.00 
654.00 
221.50 
400.00 

874.06 
4,225.28 
240.65 
615.00 
212.00 

34,206.97 

.......... 

**"**•**** 

363.56 

53,166.11 

588.05 

"'724*66* 
326.66 

28,835.39 

194.00 

*'***•"•** 

16,884.99 

2,604.00 

21,069.50 

462.00 

570.00 

85,782.55 

678.75 
663.00 
321.25 

200.00 

270.00 

1,448.00 
180.00 
668.00 
890.00 

8,435.37 
260.00 
640.60 

2,658.83 
62.50 

46,640.86 

*i,*434.'66' 

395.00 

33,545.94 

'"ii.'oi" 

228.50 

33,066.25 

135. 15 
156.00 

175.00 

47,934.03 

260.00 

4,232.07 

19,718.00 

34,583.19 

1 1 ! 

1,550.00 
4,516.50 

i 

60.00 

205.33 

54.90 

650.05 
662.00 

11,936.80 

177.00 

..::::: 

13,988.70 

i 

0,602.22 

4,961.87 

2.000.00 

.1.549.50 

156,973.38 

^m^mmm»m*»      '•••••*•••      ••••^mmm^m 

213.50        705.85 

220.00         120.00  I  2.304.87 

40,773.31 

1 

35.00 
1,315.00 

69.36 

957.69 

84.50 

2,028.60 

76.00 



63,662.81 

'  26.66 

22,839.57 

485.56 

12,833.17 

l,7(i6.88 

400.00 
3,235.00 

*527.*56* 
4,243.20 

9,025.17 

! 

4,292.66 

123,423.74 

1. .'!!!!*!. 

310. 00 

12,793.75 

* _    ... 

•••••••••• 

898.16 
35.00 

100.00 

1,714.94 
277.59 
496.18 

226.00 
1.50 

34,589.60 

1           1      

17,786.86 

35.42  1      640.66        465.25  |      m66 

25.00 
944.00 
260.00 

29,701.67 



15,549.59 

784.00 

1 

195.00 

9,307.33 

433.45 

8,311.81 

155.06        505.00 
350.00        420.00 
552.00         273.  .^^ 

2,512.66 

2.70 

2,255.15 

3,853.W 

237.00 

52.88 

33,894.49 
31,153.70 

831.66 
112.00 

240.00 

32,106.02 

7,662.66 

350.00 
50.00 

338.00 

48,795.39 

14.66 

278.50 

8,073.17 

•••••••••• 

$2,117.75  |l48,821.48 

{4,271.49 

$3,399.75 

$38,925.85  $23,447.20  $20,502.81 

$51,121.08 

$79,83.65 

$1,618,091.54 

69176"— WAB 1916— VOL  1- 


73 


1154 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE   MILITIA  BXTBEAXT. 


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lllll ils||llii i  fill &ll||| ell I ( S  tf f ll 


BEPOBT  OF  THB  OHIBV  OV  THE  UIUTIA  BUBSA.X7. 


1155 


SSI 


8 


8 


8SSSS 


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S£ss:;9isss:8s«S 

c«  CO  CO  <<•  e«  e«  t«  i«  CO  ^  ^ 


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1156  BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE   MILITIA  BUBEATJ. 


5 


nvab 


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m^  C%  t^        mm 


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BEPOET  OF   THE  CHIEF   OF   THE  MIUTIA  BUKEAT7. 


1167 


9cis 


«5< 


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S9S 


•    •    • 


■^     0^      «k  ««     a^      ^  » 


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n 


1158 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE  MHJTIA  BUEEAU. 


Table  20. — Statement  of  Usues  to  the  States^  the  Territory  of  Hawaii,  and  the  Distrrd  of 
Columbia  of  armament  and  equipment  under  $ection  13  oj  the  militia  law  {act  of  Mojf 
rr,  1908),  fiscal  year  1916, 


State,  Territory,  or  District 


Alabama 

AriMMM 

Arkansas 

Califomia 

Colorado 

Cooneotioat 

Delaware 

District  of  Colombia. . 

Florida 

Georgia 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa.... ......  ........ 

Kansas 

Ken  tacky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Manacbnsetts 

Michigan 

Minneiota 

Mississippi 

Missouri. 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada  1 

New  Hampshirt 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Ws^fnston 

We.UVirghiia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Stop  devices,  Lewis 

flnd«rs 

Field  class,  type  EK.. 


P.   D. 


Total. 


Value  of  issnee,  fiscal  year  1910. 


Quarter- 
master. 


$20,838.23 

5,926.15 

9,907.58 

28,^24.52 

14,344.33 

57,766.05 

1,622.20 

23,986.44 

9,860.60 

32,oiaoo 

26,543.78 
8,046.52 
79, 27a  07 
25,846.66 
24,984.50 
21,172.76 
19,764.08 
7,418.40 
10,524.81 
10,540.73 
69,964.07 
21,320.49 
19,217.28 
10,075.70 
15,534.98 
4,637.58 
14,678.19 


12,146.47 
53,662.27 

7,796.91 

145,095.62 

15,273.22 

7,175.45 
05, 181. 78 
10.561.33 
12,032.54 
11^425.00 
K,  740. 03 
24.819.70 

4,IM4.71 

713.83 

16,638.77 

6,388.30 

0.569.03 
22.15Xn 
22. 718.  n 
12.'»1.16 
19.305.87 

1.815.65 


Ordnance. 


$13,464.04 


3,128.00 
18,470.28 

4,756.77 
16.188.66 

1,477.68 
15,137.83 

2.651.75 
17,264.16 
42,826.56 

1,671.18 
32,612.24 

3,783.35 
14, 66a  46 
14,870.18 

1,584.04 

8,841.29 

3,608.94 
15,267.52 
10,417.00 
29,391.81 
17,173.45 


17,838.98 
002.33 
858.66 


3,132.55 

14,102.08 

2,136.87 

123,981.65 

0,111.73 

201.80 

41,607.84 

3,783.32 

10,555.03 

52,023.80 

10,654.18 

0,312.09 

3,213.55 

1,164.30 

5,579.61 

3,628.65 

1,963.06 

14,0e9.34 

10,503.01 

6, 167. 12 

21,394.65 

2,231.02 

125.00 


$1,347,087.42 


Signal. 


$1,762.12 


01.06 

636.20 

238.00 

8,115.86 

34.06 

1,060.63 


622.74 

102.76 

7.06 

1,875.33 

8,688.55 
065.73 

7,245.20 
20L60 
134.50 
218.20 
662.07 

1,428.00 
281.26 

1,768.00 


1,887.86 
83.84 


30ai5 
768.36 
313.72 

3,873.32 

314.37 

68.00 

1,061.18 


314.02 
2,180  31 

152.80 
103.71 
68.00 
585.62 
200.31 


1,044.14 

846.  OS 

186.00 

414.68 

38.06 


84.00 


Rngineers. 


$83a85 


370.00 


03.50 

74.40 

158.10 


0.30 
13a  90 


22.65 

387.50 

4a  G2 

laso 

862.70 

0.30 

130.20 

0.30 

4a  62 

81.77 


555.22 
65.10 


27.00 


2,227.67 
86M5 


1,873.05 


2,418.75 

27.00 

46.50 

158.10 


Medicat 


$617.35 

laoo 

502.84 
440.53 


3,077.03 
10a45 
318.70 


14.  «7 

367.78 

36.57 

4,502.78 

572.85 

1,231.54 

407.13 

247.14 

120.88 

418.44 

S4.I4 

2,787.20 

8,801.18 

10a40 


474.60 
13X00 


254.54 

3,022.94 

105.00 

5,538.04 

1,328.06 


Oii.60 


353.40 


474.30  I 
114.70  1 
213.00* 


86.10 


71.20 

3,65Z84 

000.36 

1,113.07 

237.35 

1,533.52 

14L80 

57.80 

865.74 

17.23 

354.18 

118.06 

344.38 

50L36 


$653,062.73  <$30, 743.33  i$ll,155.04  >$38,60a04 


TotlL 


$46;0(B.48 
5,«36.U 
13, 73a  10 
48,34aa 
10,880.10 
70,34L18 
8,280.6i 
41,47a6i 

I2,a2.a8 

40, 02a  9$ 
00,A6I.7S 

9,75LaS 
118,283.67 
34,178.91 
41,8S2.M 
43,705.77 
22,150.56 
11,534.55 
14,09a  at 
35,564.60 
84.69^80 
54.966w5l 
88.  .MO.  18 
10,075.70 
85,701.04 

5, 86a  85 
15,53^85 


15,051.  M 

71,455.115 

10,2S2L50 

280,61<va0 

26,388.51 

7.535.25 

130.0ia45 

14,844.01 

22,974.68 

177,70a70 

2S,42&31 

^445.96 

8.677.43 

8.470.6$ 

10,384.06 
12,198.75 
87,777.72 
84,136.66 
10,236.26 
41.350.66 
4,602.U 

135.00 
84.00 


$i.fiei,44A.ao 


>No  Organized  MlUtIa  (mustered  out  May  20»  1006). 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE   MIUTIA  BUBBAU.  1169 

t  o/expendUurtt  made  raider  the  approprialwn  "  Care  ofhanu  and 
■iel,  Field  ArtUUry,  Organittd  MUMia,  1916. " 


SWaotDWrM. 

ToUL 

00 

i 

w 

00 

i 

M 
00 

i 

00 

a 

in 

"■rss 

a,i«.« 

fSSS 

!:S:S 

li 
ii 

3,003.  U 
i;ms.12 

an 

t)m43 

8,(80. n 

^ffli 

"^^iS^^-SMSr"  "  "*""  tor  torag.  ^  ««.  to. 

M7,0tl.  IB 

I61,7tti.»7 

1108,953.  IS 

Table  22.— 5iatetn«7i(  o/(Ae  mjktmm  of&e  Naiiimat  MUitia  Board/or  Ihefieoal  year  191S. 

By  allotment »2,000.00 

To  ex  pensea  of  members  of  the  board (684.  S5 

To  transfer  to  allotment  for  Militia  Bureau  for  expetuea  of  tele- 
grams sent  to  Statee  during  June,  191S,  in  connection  witii 

mobilization  of  troope  into  tne  Federal  service 365.91 

1,060.76 

Balance  on  hand  June  30,  1916 949.24 


1160  REPORT  OP  THE  CHIEF  OP  THE  MILITIA  BUREAU, 

Table  23. — Statement  of  the  expentee  of  the  Militia  Bureau  for  thefitoal  year  1916. 

By  allotment  for  salaries  of  employees |37, 2801 00 

To  salaries  paid 137,068.33 

37,068.33 

Balance  on  hand  June  30,  1916 211. 67 

By  allotment  for  miscellaneous  expenses 3, 200. 00 

By  transfer  from  allotment  for  National  Militia  Board  for  erpenses  of  tele- 
grams sent  to  States  during  June,  1916,  in  connection  with  mobilization 
of  troops  into  the  Federal  service 365,  91 

3, 565. 91 

To  furniture  and  fixtures $437. 14 

To  office  supplies 471. 01 

To  stationery  and  supplies 561. 33 

To  printing 855.48 

To  tel^raph  service 822. 42 

To  telephone  service 102. 95 

To  publications 62. 75 

To  labor  and  repairs 74. 42 

To  ice 7. 65 

3, 395. 15 

Balance  on  hand  June  30,  1916 $170.76 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  COAST  ARTILLERY. 


1161 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  COAST  ARTILLERY. 


Sir: 


War  Department, 
Office  of  the  Chief  of  Coast  Artillery, 

Washington^  September  20^  1916. 


I  submit  herewith  my  aimual  report  as  Chief  of  Coast  Artillery. 

The  most  salient  feature  bearing  on  the  efficiency  of  the  Coast 
Artillery  Corps,  which  stands  out  in  relief  in  the  past  year,  is  the 
fact  that,  at  its  last  session,  Congress  enacted  practically  all  the  rec- 
ommendations made  by  the  War  Department  in  legislation  proposed, 
with  respect  to  the  requirements  oi  Uie  arm  as  to  increases  of  per- 
sonnel and  increases  of  materiel.  It  may  be  said  that  with  these 
increases,  and  the  approving  policy  indicated  by  Congress  with 
respect  to  some  additional  new  batteries  needed  for  certain  localities, 
to  meet  the  increased  power  of  attack  of  the  most  recent  types  of 
guns  mounted  on  battleships,  the  coast  fortifications  will  be  able  to 
meet  successfully  any  attack  that  can  reasonably  be  expected  to  be 
made  upon  them,  or  upon  the  cities^  harbors,  or  mterests  which  they 
guard,  oy  the  most  powerful  warships  afloat  or  at  present  projected. 
It  should  be  pointed  out.  however,  that  this  increase  in  armament 
entails  a  small  additional  increase  in  the  personnel  to  provide  the 
manning  bodies  therefor.  This  additional  personnel  is  indicated  in 
the  following  table : 


United  States: 

Twenty-two  15«Inch  guns 

Twenty-four  13-inch  guQS 

Forty-eight  16-inch  mortars 

Twenty-three  6-inch  guns 

Four  3-inch  guns 

Six  16-inch  howitzers 

One  14-inch  gun,  movable 

Two  4.7-Inch  guns,  movable 

One  hundred  and  thirty-four  a-inch  anti-aircraft  guns 

MiliUa 

Regulars 

Insular  Possessions: 

Four  16-inch  guns 

Twelve  l»-incn  guns 

Twelve  16-inch  mortars 

Twenty-five  3-inch  anti-aircraft  guns 

Total  Regulars 


Officers. 


62 

50 

54 

39 

2 

16 

3 

1 

71 


206 


Enlisted, 
men. 


1,607 

1,356 

1,404 

727 

68 

444 

67 

40 

1,853 


288 

7,566 

144 

3.783 

144 

3,783 

12 

296 

25 

678 

13 

351 

13 

327 

62 

1,652 

5,435 


1163 


1164 


BEPORT  CHIEF  OF  COAST  ARTILLERY. 


ITie  effect  of  the  recent  legislation  as  to  personnel  is  to  provide  a 
complete  manning  body  for  the  gun  and  mine  defenses  of  the  over- 
sea lortifications  and  for  one-half  of  the  gun  defense  and  all  of  the 
mine  defense  of  the  home  fortifications.  The  proposed  distribution 
of  this  personnel,  after  the  last  increment  of  the  increase  carried  in 
the  Act  approved  June  3,  1916,  goes  into  effect  on  July  1,  1920,  is 
indicated  in  the  following  table : 

Proposed  distribution  of  the  Coast  Artillery  Corps  {exclusive  of  18  bands). 


Coast  Defenses. 


United  States: 

Portland 

Portsmouth 

Boston 

New  Bedford 

Narracansett  Bay 

Loog  Island  Sound 

Eastern  New  York 

Southern  New  York 

Sandy  Hook 

Delaware 

Baltimore 

Potomac 

Chesapeake  Bay 

Cape  Fear 

Charleston 

Savannah 

Key  West 

Tampa 

Pensacola 

MobUe 

New  Orleans 

Galveston ,. 

San  Diego 

Los  Angeles 

San  Francisoo 

Columbia 

Puget  Sound 

Office  Chief  of  Coast  ArtUlery 

District  stafT 

Total  United  States 

Insular  Pooaeesions: 

Oahu 

Manila  Bay 

Cristobal 

Balboa 

District  staff 

Total  Insular  Possessions 

Total  United  States  and  Insular  Possessions 


The  officers  by  grades  will  be  as  follows : 

1, 201  total. 

24  colonels. 

24  lieutenant  colonels, 

72  majors. 
360  captains. 
360  first  lieutenants. 
360  second  lieutenants. 


1,201  total. 


Officers. 


Enlisted 


83 

1,618 

17 

392 

68 

1,787 

13 

239 

SO 

1,341 

«7 

1,539 

34 

810 

48 

1,403 

33 

927 

33 

763 

28 

600 

23 

512 

38 

906 

15 

341 

23 

686 

19 

436 

26 

587 

23 

461 

23 

55S 

17 

403 

17 

379 

23 

575 

22 

413 

23 

403 

67 

1,999 

33 

828 

76 

2,131 

7 

6 

034 

23.117 

63 

1,SS3 

93 

2,470 

56 

1,154 

52 

1,195 

4 

267 

6,351 

1,201 

29,460 

DEFICIENCY  IN   NATION Ali  GUARD  COAST  ARTILLERr. 


Attention  is  invited  to  the  fact,  however,  that  the  policy  of  the 
War  Department  contemplates  that  one-half  of  the  ^n  defense  of 
the  United  States  proper  shall  be  provided  from  the  National  Guard 


REPORT  CHIEF   OF   COAST  ARTILLERY. 


1165 


of  the  seaboard  States.  The  experience  had  up  to  the  present  time 
has  not  been  encouraging  in  the  extent  to  which  the  coast  States 
have  met  their  obligations  in  supplying  coast  artillerymen  for  that 
half  of  the  coast  guns  set  apart  to  them.  The  accompanying  table 
will  show  the  number  of  officers  and  men  of  the  National  Guard 
Coast  Artillery  of  the  seaboard  States  now  provided  and  the  defi- 
ciency which  exists  in  this  regard: 

National  Ouard  Coast  Artillery. 


state. 


Maine 

New  Hampshire. 
MassachusettSw. . 
Rliode  Island... 

Connecticut 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Delaware. 


Maryland 

District  of  Columbia. 
Vlrplnia. 


Nrarth  Carolina. 
South  Carolina. 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama 

Louisiana 

T«xa8. 


Officers. 


3 
3 
3 

22 
19 
16 


Enlisted 
men. 


843 
287 
908 

1,210 
844 

3,207 


85 
75 
136 
414 
373 
224 


OiUfamJa... 

OngQB 

Washington.. 


Total 

Required  for  one-half  the  gun  defense  in  the  United  States  authorized  prior  to 
July  1,1916 


DeScienoy. 


42 

40 
36 


545 
711 


166 


76S 
887 
639 


10,860 
17,329 


6,469 


Unless  this  deficiency  is  made  up  by  the  States,  it  will  be  neces- 
sary to  consider  whether  the  policy  which  has  heretofore  been  taken 
as  the  guide  will  not  have  to  be  modified  with  respect  to  decreasing 
the  quota  assigned  to  each  State,  and  increasing  the  Regular  Coast 
Artillery  by  the  amount  of  that  decrease. 


DETACHMENT   OF   COAST   ARTILLERY   OFFICERS    AND    MEN    FROM    THE 

FORTIFICATION  8. 

The  instruction  of  the  personnel  of  the  Coast  Artillery  Corps 
during  the  past  year  has  been  seriously  interfered  with  by  ttie  de- 
tachment of  considerable  numbers  of  officers  and  men  for  service 
on  the  Mexican  border,  and  also  by  the  necessity  for  the  detachment 
of  officers  and  men  from  the  coast  fortifications  for  the  purpose  of 
assisting  in  giving  instruction  to  civilians  in  military  duties  at  the 
training  camps  atTPlattsburg,  N.  Y.,  Tobyhanna,  Pa.,  and  Fort  Ogle- 
thorpe, Ga..  in  the  Eastern  Department :  and  Monterey.  Cal.,  Ameri- 
can Lake,  Wash.,  and  Fort  Douglas,  Utah,  in  the  Western  Depart- 
ment; also  for  service  as  caretaKer  detachments  at  vacated  mobile' 
army  posts. 

Twenty  per  cent  of  the  officers  and  22  per  cent  of  the  men  on  duty 
at  the  coast  fortifications  (amounting  to  80  officers  and  2,912  men) 


1166  EEPORT  CHIEF   OF   COAST  ARTILLEBY. 

in  continental  United  States  were  detached  for  service  on  the  Mexi- 
can border.  In  addition,  there  were  detached  30  officers  and  1,144 
men  for  service  with  the  civilian  encampments  and  as  caretaker  de- 
tachments at  mobile  army  posts  in  the  Eastern  Department,  and 
35  officers  and  1,040  men  for  similar  service  in  the  Western  Depart- 
ment. These  detachments  left  so  few  officers  and  men  on  duty  at  the 
coast  fortifications  as  to  make  it  impracticable  to  carry  out  satisfac- 
torily the  annual  scheme  of  instruction  in  any  general  way,  and 
necessitated  the  abandonment  of  a  carefully  planned  scheme  of  com- 
bined coast  defense  exercises  with  the  Navy  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 

Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  details  to  the  border  and  to  the 
training  camps  interfered  with  the  regular  Coast  Artillery  work 
for  the  year,  it  was  understood  perfectly  that  emergency  conditions 
existed,  and  it  was  realized  that  the  interests  which  were  served, 
under  the  circumstances,  were  paramount  to  our  normal  duties.  The 
personnel  was  therefore  animated  by  a  spirit  to  assist  most  cheerfully 
m  every  way  possible.  It  is  gratifying  to  know  that  it  has  acquitted 
itself  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  department  commanders. 

COAST  ARTILLERY  DISTRICT  COMMANDERS. 

I  desire  to  renew  my  recommendation  of  previous  years  that  the 
commanding  generals  of  Coast  Artillery  districts  be  made  a  part  of 
the  Coast  Artillery  Corps.  For  purposes  of  better  administration  of 
the  technical  requirements  of  the  coast  fortifications,  and  in  order 
that  more  frequent  technical  inspections  could  be  made  by  senior 
Coast  Artillery  officers  of  the  traming  and  instruction  of  the  Coast 
Artillery  personnel,  a  new  administrative  unit  was  established  on 
February  15, 1913,  called  the  Coast  Artillery  District.  These  districts 
consist  of  a  grouping  of  the  coast  fortifications  in  such  a  way  as  to 
establish  a  unit  lor  inspection  and  general  supervision  adequate  to 
the  capacities  as  to  time  and  attention  of  one  senior  officer.  Experi- 
ence has  shown  that  the  effect  of  the  establishment  of  these  higher 
units  has  been  to  produce  a  better  coordination  and  standardization 
as  to  the  condition  of  the  materiel  and  the  character  of  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  personnel  of  the  several  forts  which  constitute  the  Coast 
Artillery  district.  Up  to  the  present  time,  two  of  these  Coast  Artil- 
lery districts  have  been  created  on  the  Atlantic  coast  line;  one,  the 
North  Atlantic  Coast  Artillery  District,  and  the  other  the  South 
Atlantic  Coast  Artillery  District;  and  one  on  the  Pacific  coast  called 
the  Pacific  Coast  Artillery  District.  The  North  Atlantic  Coast 
Artillery  District  includes  all  coast  forts  from  Maine  down  to  the 
defenses  of  the  southern  approaches  to  New  York  Citv,  inclusive. 
The  South  Atlantic  Coast  Artillery  District  includes  all  coast  forts 
from  the  Coast  Defenses  of  the  Delaware  to  those  of  Galveston, 
inclusive.  The  Pacific  Coast  Artillery  District  includes  all  the  coast 
forts  on  the  Pacific  coast.  The  coast  forts  of  Panama  constitute  a 
separate  Coast  Artillery  district 

Coast  Artillery  districts  are  subdivisions  of  territorial  department 
commands.  The  commanders  of  the  Coast  Artillery  districts  bear 
the  same  relation  to  department  commanders  that  brigade  com- 
manders of  the  mobile  army  troops  in  departments  bear  to  depart- 
"^ent  commanders. 


REPOBT  CHIEF   OP  COAST  ARTILLERY.  1167 

The  duties  of  Coast  Artillery  district  commanders  are  wholly  and 
essentially  of  a  Coast  Artillery  nature,  involving  an  intimate  faiowl- 
edge  of  technical  matters  connected  with  the  installation  and  use  of 
the  guns,  mortars,  mines,  searchlights,  and  range-finding  equipment 
of  coast  forts.  Only  officers  can  best  discharge  the  functions  of  Coast 
Artillery  district  commanders  who  have  risen  to  the  higher  grades 
of  Coast  Artillenr  through  service  in  the  lower  grades. 

The  number  oi  officers  and  troops  included  in  Coast  Artillery  dis- 
tricts, the  magnitude  and  importance  of  the  interests  of  the  Ignited 
States  involved  in  maintaining  the  fighting  efficiency  of  the  personnel 
and  materiel  located  therein  has  been  recognized  by  the  War  De- 
partment as  warranting  the  assignment  of  officers  of  the  grade  of 
brigadier  general  to  the  command  thereof.  Accordingly,  it  has  been 
the  custom  recently,  when  officers  of  the  Coast  Artillery  Corps  have 
been  appointed  to  the  grade  of  brigadier  general  of  the  line  of  the 
Army,  to  assign  them  to  command  of  Coast  Artillery  districts. 

It  snould  be  had  in  mind  that  in  fixing  the  number  of  general  of- 
ficers of  the  line  of  the  Army  it  was  not  contemplated  that  such  as- 
signments would  be  made.  This  statement  will  be  made  clear  by  ap- 
preciation of  the  fact  that  the  legislation  passed  by  the  last  Congress 
provides  for  36  brigadier  generals  of  the  line  of  the  Army  who  are 
required  to  command  the  21  brigades  of  Infantry,  8  brigades  of 
Cavalry,  and  7  brigades  of  Field  Artillery.  It  therefore  follows  that 
when  general  officers  of  the  line  are  assigned  to  command  of  Coast 
Artillery  districts,  the  needs  of  the  mobile  army  are  invaded.  It 
would  seem  to  be  good  policy  and  in  the  interests  of  good  organiza- 
tion that  the  mobile  army  should  not  be  deprived  of  any  portion  of 
its  general  officers  by  such  assignments,  but  that  separate  provisions 
should  be  made  therefor  by  law.  It  is  recommended  that  legislation 
be  recommended  bjr  the  Secretary  of  War  that  will  add  to  the  Coast 
Artillery  Corps  brigadier  generals  of  Coast  Artillery,  to  command 
the  Coast  Artillery  districts. 

This  matter  was  carefully  considered  by  the  General  Staff  in  its 
report  on  the  Organization  of  the  Land  Forces  of  the  United  States, 
August  10,  1912.  Attention  is  invited  to  the  following  quotation 
from  that  report : 

RELATIONS  BETWEEN  THE  COAST  ABTH^LEBT  AND  THE  If OBILE  ABMT. 

The  land  forces  of  the  United  States  are  divided  into  two  distinct  parts — the 
Ck)a8t  Artillery  and  the  mobile  army.  The  coast  fortifications  are  local  in  char- 
acter and  are  designed  to  protect  important  seaports  from  direct  naval  attacks 
and  naval  raids,  to  prohibit  hostile  landings  at  particular  places,  to  secure  our 
naval  bases  in  the  absence  of  the  fleet,  to  prohibit  the  use  of  certain  harbors  and 
waters  as  bases  for  naval  operations  against  us,  to  secure  safe  havens  for  our 
vessels,  and  to  release  our  fleet  for  offensive  operations.  The  influence  of  coast 
fortifications  is  limited  to  the  areas  within  the  range  of  their  guns,  and  while 
they  must  be  recognized  as  of  supreme  importance,  within  the  scope  of  their 
proper  functions,  it  must  not  be  supposed  that  they  have  any  power  to  prevent 
invasion  If  we  should  lose  command  of  the  sea.  The  total  length  of  our  coast 
line  Is  enormous,  and  the  stretches  covered  by  harbor  defenses  are  and  must 
remain  very  small  compared  with  the  unprotected  Intervals  that  lie  between 
them.  If  we  should  lose  the  command  of  the  sea,  an  invader  would  simply  land 
In  one  of  these  Intervals.  It  therefore  follows  that  our  ultimate  defense  depends 
upon  defeating  a  mobile  army  of  Invasion,  and  this  can  be  done  only  by  having 
a  mobile  army  prepared  to  operate  In  any  possible  theater  of  war.  The  com- 
plete defense  of  our  coasts  Is  therefore  a  problem  of  cooperation  between  Coast 
Artillery  and  mobile  forces. 


1168  BEPORT  CHIEF   OP  COAST  ARTILLEBY. 

ESSENTIAL  DIFFERENCES  AFFECTING  THE  ADMINISTRATION  OF  COAST  ABTILUBBT   Arn> 

THE  MOBILE  ARMY  IN  PEACE  AND  WAR. 

The  general  relations  between  the  coast  fortresses  and  the  mobile  troops  have 
already  been  indicated.  Their  essential  difference  lies  in  the  fact  that  the 
Coast  Artillery  Is  local  and  will  remain  local  both  In  peace  and  in  war.  The 
mobile  forces,  however,  will  not  be  confined  to  a  definite  territory.  They  occupy 
peace  stations  for  purposes  of  training,  but  it  can  never  be  predicted  In  what 
theater  of  war  they  may  be  employed.  The  coast  batteries  that  cover  the 
entrance  to  New  York  Harbor  will  remain  in  their  present  positions  in  any  con- 
tingencies, but  the  mobile  forces  that  may  be  statione<l  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
York  may  be  employed  at  any  place  within  the  sphere  of  national  interest. 

A  correct  organization  of  the  two  forces  should,  therefore,  be  based  upon  a 
recognition  of  these  essential  differences.  The  Coast  Artillery  is  territorialized 
and  may  properly  have  a  territorial  organization  In  war  and  peace. 

The  mobile  army,  however,  must  be  free  to  move  and  should  not  be  tied  by  Its 
peace  administration  to  any  particular  locality.  The  present  organization  of 
our  Army  violates  this  principle.  The  same  brigadier  general  commands  mobile 
troops  and  immobile  troops  under  a  system  of  administration  which  must  neces- 
sarily break  down  in  war. 

The  organization  of  the  Department  of  the  Gulf  Is  a  typical  example  of  this 
illogical  arrangement.  This  department  comprises  1  regiment  of  Infantry. 
1  regiment  of  Cavalry,  and  27  companies  of  Coast  Artillery.  The  organisation 
seems  to  be  based  on  some  idea  of  convenience  for  peace  administration,  but  Is 
not  designed  to  meet  any  military  contingency.  It  Is  unsound,  because  the  com- 
mand itself  is  an  illogical  command,  It  being  impossible  to  conceive  any  military 
situation  which  would  properly  place  those  units  under  a  single  commander  in 
war.  It  is  also  unsound,  because  it  must  be  immediately  disrupted  in  war  and 
the  whole  machinery  of  administration  broken  up  at  the  very  time  when  definite 
organization  is  of  supreme  importance.  It  would  therefore  seem  that  a  correct 
organization  of  our  land  forces  should  provide  homogeneous  commands  for  our 
brigadier  generals  in  time  of  peace.  This  can  be  accomplished  by  grouping  the 
present  Coast  Artillery  districts  into  three  Coast  Artillery  Inspections  and  bv 
giving  a  definite  brigade  and  division  organization  to  the  mobile  troops.  Under 
this  arrangement  the  eastern  territorial  region  will  comprise  two  Coast  Ar- 
tillery Inspections  and  the  nucleus  of  the  first  division  of  the  mobile  army,  with 
certain  extradl visional  auxiliaries.  The  central  territorial  region  will  comprise 
the  nucleus  of  the  second  division  of  the  mobile  army,  with  two  or  more  Cavalry 
brigades  and  other  extradivlsional  troops.  The  western  territorial  region  will 
comprise  one  Coast  Artillery  Inspection  and  the  nucleus  of  the  third  division  of 
the  mobile  army. 

It  Is  recommended  that  brigadier  generals  be  assigned  to  the  command  of 
brigades  of  mobile  troops  or  of  Coast  Artillery  Inspections. 

The  creation  of  the  Coast  Artillery  districts  by  War  Department 
order  followed  this  recommendation  of  the  General  Staff,  in  so  far 
as  practicable  without  legislation,  and  Anny  Be^ulations  have  been 
drawn  up  prescribing  the  duties  of  Coast  Artillery  district  com- 
manders, making  them  analogous  in  all  respects  to  those  of  brigade 
commanders  in  regard  to  matters  of  inspection  and  the  standardiza- 
tion of  instruction. 

If  legislation  be  enacted  to  provide  general  officers  to  commaud 
Coa.st  Artillerv  districts,  the  number  of  brigadier  generals  authorized 
by  such  law  should  not  exceed  the  proportion  of  brigadier  generals 
due  to  the  Coast  Artillery  Corps  as  a  part  of  the  line  of  the  Army, 
based  on  the  total  legally  authorized  commissioned  strength.  If  a 
law  were  to  be  passed  providing  for  such  number  of  brigadier  gen- 
erals of  Coast  Artillery,  it  should  also  provide  that  thereafter  colonels 
of  Coast  Artillery  should  not  be  eligible  for  appointment  as  briga- 
dier generals  of  the  line  of  the  Army  at  large.  The  effect  of  this 
would  be  to  give  to  the  Coast  Artillery  Corps  its  due  proportion  of 

>  Called  **  district  "  in  existing  orders. 


BEPORT  CHIEF   OF  COAST  ARTILLERY. 


1169 


brigadier  generals  and  to  reserve  to  the  mobile  army  the  vacancies 
of  all  brigadier  generals  to  command  Infantry,  Cavalry,  and  Field 
Artillery  brigades.  Inasmuch  as  the  present  number  of  general  offi- 
cers of  the  line  of  the  Army  was  fixed  apart  from  any  considerntion 
of  the  needs  of  Coast  Artillery  districts,  the  appointment  of  these 
officers  should  not  work  any  reduction  in  the  present  number  of 
general  officers  of  the  line  of  the  Arjny. 

PERSONNEL. 

On  July  1,  1916,  the  authorized  strength  of  the  Coast  Artillery 
Corps  was  801  officers,  exclusive  of  chaplains,  and  20,970  enlisted  men, 
exclusive  of  15  Coast  Artillery  bands. 

The  distribution  of  the  authorized  enlisted  personnel,  exclusive  of 
enlisted  specialists  and  bands,  is  as  follows : 

Distribution  of  Coast  Artillery   personnel   exclusive  of   bands   and   enlisted 

specialists. 


Coast  Defenses. 

First 
ser- 
geants. 

Sup- 
ply 
ser- 
gi>ants. 

13 

1 

Mess 
ser- 
geants. 

Ser- 
geants. 

Cor- 
porals. 

Cooks. 

Me- 
chan- 
ics. 

Bu- 
glers. 

Prf- 
yates, 

first 
class. 

Prf- 
vates. 

Total. 

Rated 
men. 

Portland 

13 
1 

13 
1 

104 
8 

156 
12 

26 
2 

26 
2 

26 
2 

247 
19 

780 

77 

1,404 
125 

100 

Portsmouth. 

8 

Boston 

13 

13 

13 

103 

154 

26 

26 

26 

241 

774 

1,389 

100 

New  Bedford 

1 

1 

1 

8 

12 

2 

2 

2 

19 

77 

125 

8 

NarragansettBay 
Long    Island 

8 

8 

8 

64 

96 

16 

16 

16 

152 

480 

864 

61 

Sound 

13 

13 

13 

102 

152 

26 

26 

26 

235 

768 

1,374 

100 

Eastern   New 

York 

6 

0 

6 

47 

70 

12 

12 

12 

108 

354 

• 

633 

46 

Southern    New 

York 

0 
6 

9 
0 

9 

6 

72 

48 

108 
72 

18 
12 

18 
12 

18 
12 

171 
114 

540 
360 

972 
648 

60 

Sandy  Hook 

The  Delaware 

46 

4 

4 

4 

32 

48 

8 

8 

8 

76 

240 

432 

30 

Baltimore 

4 

4 

4 

32 

48 

8 

8 

8 

76 

240 

432 

31 

The  Potomac 

3 

3 

3 

24 

36 

6 

6 

6 

57 

180 

324 

23 

Chesapeake  Bay. 
The  Cape  Fear... 
Charleston 

9 

9 

9 

71 

106 

18 

18 

18 

165 

5M 

957 

69 

2 

2 

2 

16 

24 

4 

4 

4 

38 

120 

216 

16 

4 

4 

4 

32 

48 

8 

8 

8 

76 

240 

432 

31 

Savannah 

4 

4 

4 

32 

48 

8 

8 

8 

76 

240 

432 

31 

Key  West 

1 

1 

1 

8 

12 

2 

2 

2 

19 

77 

125 

8 

Tampa 

2 

2 

2 

16 

24 

4 

4 

4 

38 

120 

216 

16 

Pensacola 

4 

4 

4 

32 

48 

8 

8 

8 

76 

240 

4*^2 

31 

Mobile 

2 
2 

2 
2 

2 
2 

16 
16 

24 
24 

4 

4 

4 
4 

4 

4 

38 
38 

120 
120 

216 
216 

16 

Newprleana 

16 

Galveston 

2 

2 

2 

16 

24 

4 

4 

4 

38 

120 

216 

16 

San  Diego 

2 

2 

2 

16 

24 

4 

4 

4 

38 

120 

216 

16 

San  Francisco 

17 

17 

17 

136 

202 

34 

34 

34 

317 

1,014 

1,821 

130 

The  Columbia 

3 

3 

3 

24 

36 

6 

6 

6 

57 

180 

324 

23 

Pueet  Sound 

Oanu 

13 

13 

13 

103 

154 

26 

26 

26 

241 

774 

1,389 

100 

11 

11 

11 

88 

132 

22 

22 

22 

200 

660 

1,188 

85 

Manila  and  Subic 

Bays 

16 
6 
8 

16 
6 
8 

16 
6 
8 

126 

48 
64 

188 
72 
96 

32 
12 
16 

32 
12 
16 

32 
12 
16 

292 
114 
152 

948 
360 
480 

1,608 
648 
864 

123 

Cristobal 

4« 

Balboa 

61 

8  mine  planters 
2nd  1  cable  ship. 

9 

18 

54 

54 

135 

US 

Total 

189 

189 

189 

1,512 

2,268 

378 

378 

378 

3,501 

11,391 

20,463 

1,474 

1  Chief  planters. 

The  above  allowances  include  those  who  are  temporarily  absent 
from  their  commands. 

3IINE    PLANTER    CREWS. 

In  view  of  the  confidential  nature  of  the  mine  planting  work  and 
of  the  difficulty  which  has  been  experienced  from  time  to  time  in 


e0176'— WAB 1916— VOL  1 


-74 


1170  REPOKT   CHIEF   OF   COAST  ARIILLERY. 

getting  suitable  men  to  make  up  the  civilian  crews  of  mine  planters, 
and  the  fact  that  mine  planters  constitute  a  part  of  the  fighting 
elements  of  the  coast  fortifications,  it  is  recommended  that  legislation 
be  enacted  which  will  provide  that  the  crews  of  mine  planters  shall 
constitute  a  pail;  of  the  enlisted  force  of  the  Coast  Artillery  Corps. 

INSTRUCTION. 

During  the  year,  the  instruction  of  Coast  Artillery  troops  has  in- 
cluded the  service  of  coast  guns,  mortars,  mines,  and  accessories ;  the 
service  of  such  field  and  siege  gims  as  have  been  assigned  to  the 
coast  defense  commands;  infantry  instruction,  including  marches, 
field  exercises,  intrenching,  camping,  and  small-arms  practice  at  200 
and  300  j^ards  range;  signaling;  first  aid  to  the  injured;  and  voca- 
tional training.  Considering  the  unavoidable  detachment  of  officers 
and  mr;i  from  the  coast  fortifications,  referred  to  in  a  preceding 
paragraph,  satisfactory  progress  has  been  made  in  all  branches  of 
instruction. 

VOCATIONAL  TRAINING. 

Vocational  training  had  its  origin  in  a  Coast  Artillery  Instruction 
Order  issued  January  27,  1915.  The  following  quotation  is  taken 
from  that  order : 

During  the  indoor  season  the  artillery  instruction  periotl  wiU  be  one  nml  one- 
half  hours.  The  remnininj:  two  hours  of  the  daUy  Instruction  period  ^Yill  be 
devote<l  to  courses  in  vocational  instruction  under  the  initiative,  direction,  nml 
control  of  coast  defense  commanders.  As  many  separate  vocational  courses 
will  be  inaugurated  and  conducted  as  may  be  possible,  utilizing  coramlssione<I 
officers  as  sui>ervisors  of  such  courses,  and  the  artillery  nonconimissione<l  staff 
oflicers,  enlisted  si)ecialists,  and  rated  men  as  Instructors.  Attendance  upon 
these  courses  will  be  optional  with  the  enlisted  men.  Among  the  courses  that 
may  be  given  are  those  in  telephony,  care  and  operation  of  combustion  and 
steam  engines,  surveying,  wire  and  radio  telegraphy,  firing  and  care  of  boilers^ 
electric  wiring,  typewriting,  bookkeeping,  and  stenography.  These  subjects 
are  to  be  considere<l  as  merely  suggestive,  and  it  is  not  intende^l  to  exclude 
other  vocational  subjects  which  may  suggest  themselves  to  coast  defense  com- 
manders. In  so  far  as  practicable  tlie  Installed  Coast  Artillery  materiel  may 
be  utilized  in  connection  with  this  instruction. 

Under  this  order  the  vocational  training  was  established  in  all 
coast  defense  commands,  and,  in  the  continental  United  States,  there 
were  last  year  1,919  men  of  the  Coast  Artillery  Corps  who  took  ad- 
vantage of  the  opportunities  to  take  these  vocational  coHrses.  The 
numbers  taking  the  various  courses  were  as  follows: 

Course  for  electricians 2G6 

Course  for  telephone  operators  and  repair  of  telephones 128 

Course  for  telegraph  and  radiotelegraph  operators 257 

Course  for  engineers  (gas,  oU,  and  steam) 393 

Coarse  for  firemen 171 

Course  in  machine-shop  work 27 

Course  in  clerical  work*  including  bookkeeping  and  stenography 170 

Course  in  drawing,  map  making,  and  blue  printing 11 

Course  in  baking  and  cooking 1<I 

Course  In  blacksmlthlng 87 

Course  In  painting,  plumbing,  and  bricklaying 21 

Course  for  chauffeurs  (automobUes  and  motor  boats) fSk 

Course  for  searchlight  operators 02 

Course  for  carpenters ft 

Oourse  for  volunteer  commissions 2ft 


REPORT  CHIEF   OP  COAST  ARTILLERY. 


1171 


Course  In  plastering 1 

Ck>ur8e  in  model  making , 22 

Course  in  printing 4 

Course  in  music 20 

Course  in  map  reading  and  sketching 144 

Course  in  mathematics 37 

Total 1,919 

This  was  about  17%  of  the  total  enlisted  strength  of  Coast  Artil- 
lery organizations  in  the  United  States. 

New  courses  are  being  added,  and  it  is  believed  that  the  reports 
for  the  present  year  win  indicate  a  larger  number  of  enlisted  men 
who  are  taking  advantage  of  vocational  training. 

TARGET  PRACTICE. 

During  1915,  the  percentages  of  hits  in  Coast  Artillery  target 
practice  were  as  follows: 


Yards. 


1,000-2,000.,. 
2.000-3,000... 
3,00(M,000... 
4,000^,000... 
6,000-6,000... 
6,000-7,000... 
7,000-8,000... 
8,000-9,000... 
9,000-10,000. . 
10,000-11,000. 
11,000-12,000. 
12,000-13,000. 

Totals. 


Yards, 


1,000-2,000... 
2,000-3,000... 
3,000-4,000... 
4,000^,000.., 
5,000-6.000... 
6,000-7,000. .. 
7,000-8,000... 
8,000-9.000... 
9,000-10,000. . 
10,000-11,000. 
11,000-12,000. 
12.000-13,000. 

Totals. 


14<inch  rifle. 


o 

•s 

o 

I 

a 


B 

a 


4.* 

s 


43 


12-inch  rifle. 


4 

0) 

hi 
o 
Xi 

B 

a 


0       0 


5 
14 
78 
60 
42 
28 

42 


11 


3  I  21 


412 


3 


B 

a 


0 

11 

43 
34 
16 
3 
41 


2 

s 


0 
79 
58 
67 
38 
11 
30 


10  t  24 

0  I    0 


158  ;  38 


10-inch  rifle. 


7 

49 
44 
61 

56 

63 

119 

42 


5 

I 


s 

o 


71 
27  55 
24  55 
15  I  25 
15  I  27 
14  I  22 
20  '  17 
6     14 


8-lndi  rifle. 


8 

o 

Xi 

to 

I 

a 

a 


7 
14 
21 


14 


2 

.a 

a 

s 


7 

10 

9 


3 

2 


P4 


100 
71 
43 


6-inch  rifle. 


a 

a 


80 
190 
46 
86 
32 
36 


441 


126     29     56 


20     46 


470 


2 


30 
47 
21 
20 
1 
1 


44 

25 

46 

23 

3 

2 


120  :    26 


5-inch  rifle,    i  4.72-inch  rifle. 


I 

Xi 

n 


20 

9 

83 

28 


140 


I 

a 

a 


1 
1 
2 
1 


2 


c 
c 


5 

11 

2 

4 


2 

o 

tn 

a 


rr> 


40 
40 
80 


160 


1  iS 


a 


7 
8 
4 


19 


18 

20 

5 


12 


4-lnch  rifle. 


en 

o 

.c 


s 
:5 


tfs    I    «n 


80 


80 


6 

a 


8 


8 


10 


10 


3-inch  rifle. 


12-inch  mortars. 


2 

o 

c 
3 


160 

921 

1.065 

80 


2.226 


to 
"jB 


78 

377 

312 

2 


769 


00 


49 

41 

29 

3 


35 


o 

X3 
en 

a 

a 


12 

144 

231 

135 

174 

173 

77 

17 

18 

99 

12 


1,092 


2 

Xi 


0 
16 
40 
29 
33 
24 
10 

2 

2 
10 

0 


166 


0 
U 
17 
21 
19 
14 
13 
12 
11 
10 

0 


1& 


Note.— Mean  corrected  range  of  practice  talcen  as  the  range. 


1172  REPORT  CHIEF  OP  COAST  ARTILLERY. 

The  target  for  the  8, 10, 12,  and  14  inch  guns  was  a  battleship  sil- 
houette ;  for  the  5  and  6  inch  guns  a  destroyer  silhouette ;  and  for  the 
8, 4,  and  4.72  inch  guns  a  rectangle  10  feet  by  24  feet.  The  target  for 
mortars  was  the  deck  of  a  battl^ip. 

Under  the  1916  Coast  Artillery  Instruction  Order  the  ammuniti<Hi 
allowance  is  divided  into  two  parts.  The  first  part  is  to  be  fired 
under  the  regulations  prescribea  in  the  order.  The  second  part  is  to 
be  fired  under  programs  submitted  by  coast  defense  commanders 
when  approved  by  district  commanders.  This  plan  has  resulted  in 
trying  out  many  interesting  problems,  such  as  firing  at  land  targets 
with  mortars. 

From  the  records  received  thus  far,  it  appears  that  the  1916  per- 
centages of  hits  will  be  greater  than  the  1915  percentages  with  all 
calibers. 

THE  FORT  MORGAN  TEST. 

In  March,  1916,  the  battleships  New  York  and  Arkansca  fired 
upon  a  modem  emplacement  built  at  Fort  Morgan,  Ala.,  using  14- 
inch  and  12-inch  guns.    The  objects  of  the  test  were  as  follows: 

1.  When  projectiles  chargea  with  high  explosive  fired  from  a 
modem  battleship  strike  a  modem  emplacement  and  detonate  in 
its  immediate  vicmity  to  determine  the  effect  upon : 

(a)  The  emplacement  Itself. 

(&)  A  modern  rifle  and  its  disappearing  carriage. 

(c)  The  anmiunition  stored  in  the  magazine. 

(d)  The  personnel  manning  the  emplacement. 

(e)  The  accessories,  including  telephones,  sights,  range  finders,  and  other 

apparatus. 

2.  To  determine  the  probability  that  a  modern  battleship  will  make 
destructive  hits  at  long  ranges. 

A  board  of  officers,  consisting  of  Commander  J.  V.  Chase,  United 
States  Navy;  Lieut.  Col.  E.  E.  Winslow,  Corps  of  Engineers;  Maj, 
J.  H.  Eice,  Ordnance  Department;  Lieut.  Commander  C.  C.  Bloch, 
United  States  Navy ;  and  Capt.  W.  K.  Wilson,  Cojist  Artillery  Corps, 
was  appointed  to  conduct  the  test.  Valuable  information  bearing  on 
the  construction  of  coast  fortifications  and  the  effect  of  naval  guns 
in  attacking  coast  forts  was  obtained. 

AIRCRAFT. 

The  signs  of  the  times  point  clearly  to  the  necessity  of  considering 
aeroplanes  as  part  of  the  normal  eauipment  of  coast  fortifications. 
Air  i*econnoisance  work  as  conducted  by  aviators  is  as  important  in 
the  way  of  the  value  of  the  information  given  to  a  coast  defense  com- 
mander, both  with  respect  to  a  seaward  attack  or  a  landward  at- 
tack, as  it  is  to  the  commander  of  a  mobile  field  force  in  interior 
land  operations. 

Apart  from  this,  further  experimentation  with  the  Hammond  radio 
torpedo  indicates  that  the  torpedo  mav  be  controlled  in  its  move- 
ments from  an  aeroplane.  This  new  feature  of  this  torpedo  enor- 
mously increases  its  value,  and,  in  doing  so,  introduces  the  absolute 
necessity  of  supplying  aeroplanes  to  the  coast  defences. 


BEPOBT  CHIEF  OF  COAST  ABTILLEKY.  1173 

It  is  believed  that  aeroplanes  should  be  issued  to  the  Coast  Artil- 
lery Corps  for  use  in  connection  with  the  defense  of  the  fortifications 
by  the  Signal  Corps  in  the  same  way  as  observing  instruments  are 
furnished  by  the  Ordnance  Department  for  range  finding  use.  It 
will  then  be  necessary  to  instruct  a  personnel  in  the  special  use  of 
aeroplanes  involved  in  Coast  Artillery  work. 

It  is  therefore  recommended  that  in  the  estimates  which  are  sub- 
mitted to  Congress  for  the  supply  of  aeroplanes,  the  needs  of  the 
Coast  Artillery  Corps  be  given  consideration. 

BOARD  OF  REVIEW  PROJECTS. 

The  recommendations  made  heretofore  with  reference  to  the  de- 
sirability of  having  large-caliber  mobile  guns  available  for  use  along 
the  seacoast  so  mounted  as  to  fire  from  railroad  cars,  with  a  view  to 
meeting  the  fire  of  an  enemy's  warships  at  points  not  defended  by 
fixed  fortifications,  or  of  such  ships  covering  a  landing  of  an  ex- 
peditionary force;  the  subject  of  providing  for  the  landward  defense 
of  our  coast  fortifications;  the  utilization  of  our  coast  ^ns  in  co- 
operating with  the  heavy  artillery  of  the  mobile  army  m  military 
operations  over  land  areas  within  the  range  of  the  guns;  and  the 
importance  of  mounting  large-caliber  coast  guns  for  all-around  fire, 
so  that,  apart  from  their  primary  use  seaward,  they  may  be  used 
incidentally  landward  in  destroymg  trenches,  have  been  taken  up 
definitely  by  the  War  Department  and  are  now  receiving  consider- 
ation by  the  War  Department  Board  of  Review. 


MATERIEL. 


SearchKghts. — ^As  searchlights  suitable  for  Coast  Artillery  work 
can  not  be  purchased  in  the  open  market,  it  is  recommended  that  the 
estimates  to  be  submitted  to  Congress  next  fall  include  an  item  for 
50  searchlights,  but  that  their  installation  in  permanent  positions  be 
deferred. 

Fire  control  communication  systems. — ^The  provisional  fire  control 
installations  in  the  South  Atlantic  coast  defenses  are  deterio- 
rating rapidly,  due  to  disintegration  of  the  overhead  twisted  pairs. 
It  is  oelieved  that,  if  subterranean  and  submarine  cable  were  avail- 
able, this  could  be  installed  by  troop  labor,  and  a  satisfactory  system 
installed.  It  has  been  recommended  that  an  item  of  $250,000  be  in- 
cluded in  the  estimates  for  the  purchase  of  such  cable. 

The  installation  of  the  12-inch  guns  for  long  range  firing  will 
require  additional  fire  control  materiel.  It  has  been  recommended 
that  the  estimates  contain  an  item  of  $425,000  to  cover  this  installa- 
tion at  the  17  emplacements  to  be  constructed  during  the  ensuing  year. 

During  the  year,  exhaustive  studies  were  made  in  each  coast 
defense  command  with  a  view  to  providing  a  system  of  commimica- 
tion  whereby  the  armament  now  installed  could  be  used  on  all  areas 
within  the  field  of  fire.  The  supply  of  the  necessary  materiel  may  be 
considered  a  war  condition.  The  needs  of  each  coast  defense  com- 
mand will  be  listed  and  supplied  when  funds  become  available,  or 
from  the  supply  in  the  hands  of  the  Coast  Artillery  Militia. 


1174  REPORT  CHIEF   OF  COAST  ARTILLERY. 

REVISION  OF  COAST  DEFENSE  rROJECTS. 

The  War  Department  Board  of  Review,  appointed  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  War  in  February,  1915,  to  revise  the  projects  of  the  Taft 
Board,  submitted  a  report  on  November  26,  1915,  covering  what  it 
considered  to  be  the  most  pressing  requirements  of  the  seacoast  forti- 
fications of  continental  United  States  and  its  over-sea  possessions. 
The  carrying  out  of  the  program  recommended  by  the  Board  of 
Review  will  involve  an  ultimate  expenditure  for  continental  United 
States  of  $70,962,407;  for  the  Insular  Possessions,  $11,102^50;  and 
for  the  Panama  Canal,  $13,995,000 ;  or  a  grand  total  of  $96,059,557. 

The  projects  of  the  Boara  of  Review  will  involve : 

(a)  The  emplacement  of  twenty-six  50-caliber  16-inch  guns  and 
sixtv  16-inch  mortars. 

(5)  The  utilization  as  howitzers  of  36  of  the  surplus  12-inch  gons 
now  on  hand  bv  mounting  them  on  barbette  carnages  of  a  special 
desim  that  will  permit  of  the  attainment  of  a  range  of  30,000 
yards. 

{c)  The  initiation  of  the  construction  of  16-inch  movable  howit- 
zers and  experimental  14-inch  guns  on  railroad  car  mounts,  for  de- 
fense against  hostile  landings  in  unfortified  harbors. 

(d)  The  provision  of  3-inch  anti-aircraft  guns  for  seacoast  forti- 
fications. 

{e)  The  abandonment  of  certain  existing  seacoast  armament  that 
is  deemed  to  be  of  insufficient  military  value  to  warrant  incurring 
the  cost  of  providing  a  manning  personnel  or  ammunition  therefor. 

(f)  The  retention  of  the  disappearing  carriage  as  the  type  mount 
for  oirect-fire  seacoast  guns,  except  in  those  instances  where  special 
conditions  may  render  advisable  the  installation  of  the  turret  or 
barbette  mount;  any  type  of  mount  for  direct-fire  guns  to  be  con- 
structed in  future  to  admit  of  an  elevation  of  approximately  30 
degrees  and  a  motion  in  azimuth  as  great  as  the  necessities  of  the 
site  demand  to  meet  an  attack  over  water  or  land  areas. 

(^)  Increases  in  the  allowance  of  seacoast  ammunition  to  the  fol- 
lowing amounts: 

1.  For  guns  in  continental  United  States,  except  guns  of  8-inch 
caliber  and  upward  on  inner  lines  of  defense,  allowances  equal  to 
one-half  the  accuracy  life  of  the  respective  calibers;  for  mortars, 
except  on  inner  lines  of  defense,  an  allowance  equal  to  one- fourth  the 
accuracy  life. 

2.  For  armament  of  8-inch  caliber  and  upward  on  inner  lines  of 
defense  in  continental  United  States,  allowances  equal  to  one-half 
those  for  outer  lines. 

3.  For  guns  in  the  Insular  Possessions  and  on  the  Canal  Zone, 
allowances  enual  to  the  accuracy  life  of  the  respective  calibers;  for 
mortars,  an  allowance  equal  to  two-thirds  of  the  accuracy  life. 

APPROPRIATIONS  FOR  1917. 

It  is  ^atifyin^  to^  be  able  to  state  that  the  aggregate  of  the  ap- 
propriations earned  in  the  recent  Fortification  Act  is  more  than  four 
times  the  mean  of  the  annual  appropriations  carried  in  the  Fortifi- 
cation Acts  of  the  preceding  10  years.    The  more  important  appro* 


BEPOBT  CHIEF  OP  COAST  ABTILLEBY.  1177 

improvements  of  arillery  materiel  and  methods,  of  investigating 
and  reporting  on  such  aaditional  matters  as  do  not  require  experi- 
ment or  test  as  may  have  been  referred  to  it,  and  of  making  ballistic 
and  other  computations  demanded  by  our  system  of  firing  guns  and 
mortars. 

The  following  subjects  are  some  of  the  more  important  of  those 
considered  by  the  board  during  the  year  ended  June  30,  1916 : 

1.  Ballistics,  including  the  calculation  of  elevation  and  range 
tables  for  various  guns  and  mortars;  a  study  of  the  drift  discrepancies 
in  mortar  range  tables ;  a  study  of  the  efltect  of  temperature  on  droop ; 
a  study  of  the  jump  for  turret  mounts ;  and  a  study  of  the  zone  ar- 
rangement for  mortar  ammunition. 

2.  Correction  devices,  involving  the  calculation  of  data  for  con- 
structing curves  for  guns. 

3.  The  test  of  various  devices  for  transmitting  data. 

4.  A  study  of  the  type  emplacements  for  mortars  and  guns. 

5.  The  test  of  various  appliances  designed  for  use  in  fire  control 
and  fire  direction. 

6.  The  test  of  cable  and  other  material  used  in  submarine  mining. 

7.  A  study  of  the  movable  Coast  Artillery  armament. 

8.  Test  of  the  Diesel  engine. 

9.  Test  of  various  coincidence  range  finders. 

10.  Test  of  the  Beck  searchlight. 

11.  Study  of  the  subject  of  sights  and  observation  instruments 
for  anti-aircraft  ^uns. 

12.  Test  of  devices  for  signaling  by  use  of  searchlights. 

TORPEDO  DEPOT. 

The  Torpedo  Depot  is,  under  the  supervision  of  the  Chief  of  Coast 
Artillery,  charged  with  the  design,  purchase,  and  supply  of  aU 
materiel  for  the  submarine  mine  service  of  the  Coast  Artillery  Corps. 

During  the  past  jear  this  depot  has  continued  its  work  of  improv- 
ing existing  mat^nel  and  of  designing  new  materiel  to  meet  special 
requirements.  In  this  connection  a  comprehensive  and  important 
program  of  experimental  work  was  carried  out  by  this  depot  in 
August  and  September  with  the  U.  S.  Mine  Planter  General  Samuel 
M.  MtUs  in  the  Coast  Defenses  of  Long  Island  Sound. 

E.  M.  Weaver, 
Major  General^  Chief  of  Coast  Artillery. 

The  Chief  op  Staff  UNrrBD  States  Armt. 


1176  EEPORT  CHIEF   OF  COAST  ARTILLERY. 

COAST  ARTILLERY  SCHOOL. 

The  instruction  conducted  at  this  school  enlarges  the  field  of  in- 
struction of  Coast  Artillery  officers  and  educates  and  trains  especially 
selected  enlisted  men  for  the  higher  grades  in  the  Coast  Artillery 
noncommissioned  staff.  The  curriculum  continues  to  be  one  of  the 
important  features  for  increasing  the  efficiency  of  the  Coast  Artillery 
personnel. 

Oificera^  division. — ^There  were  graduated  last  year  39  officers. 
None  failed  to  qualify.  The  work  in  this  division  was  up  to  the 
standard  and  was  conducted  satisfactorily.  Two  officers  of  the 
Brazilian  Navy  and  one  officer  of  the  Brazilian  Artillery  reported 
to  take  the  course  of  instruction  at  this  school.  They  pursued  only 
a  part  of  the  course  and  left  in  March,  1915,  in  conapliance  with 
instructions  from  their  Government.  One  officer  of  the  Chilean  Navy 
is  now  pursuing  the  course  of  instruction.  Ten  officers  of  the  Coast 
Artillery  Militia  pursued  the  regular  course  in  gunnery  during  the 
last  year.  The  following  States  were  represented :  California,  Con- 
necticut, Maine,  Massachusetts,  New  YorK,  North  Carolina,  Oregoii, 
Rhode  Island,  and  Washington. 

Enlisted  mer^s  division. — ^There  are  now  under  instruction  67  en- 
listed men.  Their  work  has  been  satisfactory,  and  this  division  of 
the  school  is  especiallv  useful  in  educating  and  training  specially 
selected  enlisted  men  for  various  grades  in  the  Coast  Artillery  non- 
commissioned staff.  Commencing  in  January,  1916,  a  clerical  course 
was  added  to  this  division;  the  graduates  of  this  course  to  be  eligible 
for  appointment  as  sergeants  major,  junior  grade.  Coast  Artillery 
Corps.  The  subjects  pursued  in  the  clerical  course  are  stenography 
and  typewriting ;  correspondence,  to  include  preparation  of  official 
papers,  orders,  briefing,  indexing,  and  filing;  general  office  training; 
and  office  work. 

The  usefulness  of  this  division  is  not  confined  to  increasing  mili- 
tary efficiency,  but  it  is  a  seat  of  vocational  training  for  enlisted  men 
who  pursue  several  courses  fitting  them  for  civilian  pursuits.  A  fur- 
ther continuation  of  vocational  training  was  conducted  last  year  by 
e^rmitting  41  of  the  enlisted  men  of  the  Coast  Defenses  of  Chesapeake 
ay  to  pursue  vocational  training  in  various  departments  of  both 
divisions  of  the  school. 

On  account  of  the  increased  number  of  enlisted  specialists  au- 
thorized bv  the  National  Defense  Act,  approved  June  3, 1916,  this  di- 
vision of  the  school  will  be  required  to  train  more  selected  men  for  the 
various  grades  in  the  Coast  Artillery  noncommissioned'^taff.  Tenta- 
tive steps  have  been  taken  to  increase  the  number  of  enlisted  students 
for  the  various  courses,  as  indicated  below : 

ArtUlery  course 15 

Electrical  course _- 70 

Clerical  course 15 

Radio  course 80 

IdO 
COAST  ARTILX2BT  BOARD. 

During  the  past  year  the  Coast  Artillery  Board  has  continued  its 
work  of  conducting  practical  experiments  and  tests  looking  to  the 


BEPOBT  CHIEF  OP  COAST  ABTILLEEY.  1177 

improvements  of  arillery  materiel  and  methods,  of  investigating 
and  reporting  on  such  additional  matters  as  do  not  require  experi- 
ment or  test  as  may  have  been  referred  to  it,  and  of  making  ballistic 
and  other  computations  demanded  by  our  system  of  firing  guns  and 
mortars. 

The  following  subjects  are  some  of  the  more  important  of  those 
considered  by  the  board  during  the  year  ended  June  30,  1916 : 

1.  Ballistics,  including  the  calculation  of  elevation  and  range 
tables  for  various  guns  and  mortars;  a  study  of  the  drift  discrepancies 
in  mortar  range  tables ;  a  study  of  the  effect  of  temperature  on  droop ; 
a  study  of  the  jump  for  turret  mounts ;  and  a  study  of  the  zone  ar- 
rangement for  mortar  ammunition. 

2.  Correction  devices,  involving  the  calculation  of  data  for  con- 
structing curves  for  guns. 

3.  The  test  of  various  devices  for  transmitting  data. 

4.  A  study  of  the  type  emplacements  for  mortars  and  guns. 

5.  The  test  of  various  appliances  designed  for  use  in  fire  control 
and  fire  direction. 

6.  The  test  of  cable  and  other  material  used  in  submarine  mining. 

7.  A  studv  of  the  movable  Coast  Artillery  armament. 

8.  Test  of  the  Diesel  en^ne. 

9.  Test  of  various  coincidence  range  finders. 

10.  Test  of  the  Beck  searchlight. 

11.  Study  of  the  subject  of  sights  and  observation  instruments 
for  anti-aircraft  ^uns. 

12.  Test  of  devices  for  signaling  by  use  of  searchlights. 

TOBFBDO  DEPOT. 

The  Torpedo  Depot  is,  under  the  supervision  of  the  Chief  of  Coast 
Artillery,  charged  with  the  design,  purchase,  and  supply  of  all 
materiel  for  the  submarine  mine  service  of  the  Coast  Artillery  Corps. 

During  the  past  jear  this  depot  has  continued  its  work  of  improv- 
ing existing  materiel  and  of  designing  new  materiel  to  meet  special 
requirements.  In  this  connection  a  comprehensive  and  important 
program  of  experimental  work  was  carried  out  by  this  depot  in 
August  and  September  with  the  U.  S.  Mine  Planter  Geixeral  Samuel 
ii.  Mills  in  the  Coast  Defenses  of  Long  Island  Sound. 

E.  M.  Weaver, 
Major  General^  Chief  of  Coast  Artillery. 

The  Chief  of  Staff  United  States  Abmt. 


REPORT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY. 


U79 


REPORT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES  MILITARY  ACADEMY. 


Headquarters  United  States  Military  Aoademt, 

West  Point,  N.  Y.,  June  SO,  1916. 

From :  The  Superintendent;  United  Sta^tes  Military  Academy. 
To :  The  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army. 
Subject:  Annual  report. 

1.  Following  is  the  annual  report  of  the  superintendent  of  the 
United  States  Military  Academy  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 
1916: 

personnel. 

The  number  of  officers  and  others  in  prominent  positions  on  duty 
at  the  academy  is  shown  in  the  following  list: 

Superintendent  and  staff 6 

ProfeaBors,  permanent 7 

ProfesBora,  by  detail  from  the  Army 4 

ProfesBors,  associate,  detailed 2 

Professors,  assistant,  detailed 12 

Commandant  of  cadets  and  tactical  officers 15 

Master  of  the  sword,  instructor  of  militaiy  gymnastics  and  physical  culture. ...  1 

Instructors  and  other  officers 68 

Medical  corps 4 

Dental  surgeons 2 

Medical  corps,  instructors  in  military  hygiene  (Aug.  28-Oct.  10) 4 

Chaplain 1 

Librarian 1 

Civilian  instructors  of  languages 3 

Civilian  instructors  of  fencing  and  military  gymnastics 3 

Teacher  of  music 1 

Organist  and  choirmaster 1 

Pay  clerk 1 

Total 135 

THE  CORPS   OP  CADETS. 

Since  my  last  report,  July  1,  1915,  the  status  of  the  corps  of  cadets 
has  been  as  shown  below: 

July  1,  1915:  Members. 

First  class 126 

Second  class 1 46 

Third  class 174 

Fourth  class 203 

Total 649 

Graduated 124 

Discharged  for  deficiency  in  studies 58 

Discharged  for  deficiency  in  conduct 1 

Discharged  for  deficiency  in  studies  and  conduct 2 

Discharged  by  reason  of  physical  disability 3 

Resigned 14 

Absent  on  sick  leave 5 

Suspended 2 

1181 


1182    REPORT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MIUTARY  ACADEMY. 

The  following  shows  the  number  of  cadets  admitted  to  the  fourth 
class  by  certificate  or  by  mental  examination  as  a  result  of  the  March 
and  June  examinations  in  1916: 


March  examination , 
June  examination.. 


Total  admitted. 


Examined 
mentally. 


76 
36 


Submitted 
certiflcate8.< 


82 
49 


24S 


«  Satisfactory  mider  G.  O.  No.  19,  W.  D.,  1915. 


For  information  regarding  examination  of  June  27,  see  note  bottom 
page  1186. 

In  the  last  decade  the  number  of  cadets  at  the  academy  and  unfilled 
vacancies  existing  are  as  shown  below: 


Year  Sept.  1— 


1906. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 
1910. 
1911  > 
1912. 
1913. 
1914. 
1915. 
1916. 


Author- 

Vaoant 

C^et- 
ships 
filled 
each 

ized 

cadet- 

number 
of  cadets. 

ships  to 
beiTlled. 

year. 

522 

172 

121 

522 

216 

140 

533 

244 

127 

533 

272 

144 

533 

267 

145 

629 

319 

262 

631 

221 

147 

640 

278 

196 

748 

302 

215 

706 

265 

186 

1,332 

425 

322 

Cadet- 
ships 
un'^Oed 
Sept.  1. 


51 

70 

117 

139 

122 

57 

74 

80 

87 

70 

M08 


I  Law  of  1910  becomes  effeilive.    Now  effective  to  1916. 


« Aug.  1. 


From  the  foregoing  it  will  be  seen  that  for  the  last  10  years  there 
have  always  been  a  considerable  number  of  vacant  cadetships 
remaining  after  entrance  examinations  are  completed  for  the  year, 
amounting  to  an  average  of  32  per  cent  of  the  available  vacant 
cadetships. 

The  law  recently  passed,  May  4,  1916,  increased  the  niunber  of 
cadetships  to  1,332  and  provides  that  the  mcreaso  in  cadets  shall 
be  spread  over  a  period  of  four  years,  thus  admitting  one-fourth 
of  the  increase  eacn  year.  In  order  to  accomplish  this  it  will  be 
necessary  to  open  up  each  year  many  more  cadetships  than  the 
number  of  cadets  to  be  admitted,  and  I  believe  it  safe  that  the 
number  of  cadetships  opened  yearly  should  be  based  upon  the 
experience  of  the  last  10  years  as  shown  in  the  above  percentage. 

For  the  March  and  June  entrance  examinations  this  year  1,058 
candidates  were  examined.  Three  Filipino  candidates  were  exam- 
ined in  Januarv,  one  qualifying  for  admission.  The  following  table 
shows  the  results: 


BEPORT  OF  THE  SUPEBINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY.     1183 


QtuUified  mentally  and  physically 

guaUfied  mentallv  and  probation  phTsicaUv 
x-cadets  to  be  admitted  Au£.  28.  I9ift,  subject  to  physical  examination. 

Reported  late— not  permittea  to  titke  examination 

Qualified  mentally  and  physically,  not  admitted  because  of  cribbing 

Qualified  mentally,  rejected  physically. 


Disqualified  menuuly,  did  not  rei>ort  Tor  physical  examination . 


Disqualified  mentally,  qualified  physically. 

Disqualified  mentally,  probati<m  pnysicaUy 

Failed  to  report  for  examination , 

Failed  to  complete  examination , 

Disqualified  mentally  and  physically 

Appointment  canceled,  over  aes 

Qualified  mentally  and  physically,  no  vacancy 

Declined  to  take  mental  examination,  failed  to  report  for  physical  examination.. 

Qualified  mentally,  on  probation  physically,  no  vacancy 

Declined  to  take  mental  examiuatlon,  quaufled  physically 

Declined  appointment .* 

Qualified  mentally,  failed  to  report  for  physical  examination 

Withdrew  from  mental  examination,  rejected  physically 

Withdrew 

Appointment  canceled,  under  age 

T  Tnable  to  report  on  account  of  mclmesB 

Failed  to  report,  authorixed  to  submit  certificate 


Total  nominations. 


Examinations. 


March. 


IM 

36 

2 


n 

5 
124 

34 
134 

20 

31 
1 

40 
1 

12 
1 
4 

14 
2 
6 
1 
6 
1 


615 


June. 


«7 
18 


1 

1 
12 

6 
151 
33 
64 
35 
34 

1 
11 

1 


7 

is 


461 


There  is  still  a  lar^e  number  of  candidates  rejected  physically, 
although  the  showing  is  better  than  last  year.  The  principal  causes 
of  rejection  are  the  same  as  they  have  been  for  years,  and  are  for 
the  March  examinations  this  year: 

Viflion 28 

Heart : 11 

Underweight 20 

Flat  feet 8 

The  physical  reauirements  are  none  too  rigid  for  those  who  are 
expected  to  meet  ttie  strenuous  life  in  field  service.  If  those  select- 
ing candidates  would  iixsist  upon  their  selections  being  first  exam- 
ined by  an  Army  surgeon  or  some  surgeon  who  knows  and  appre- 
ciates the  necessity  in  the  service  of  sound,  robust  bodies,  and  good 
eves,  there  would  be  fewer  reiections  for  these  reasons.  Many  of 
those  rejected  physically  are  absolutely  hopeless  cases  for  the  mili- 
tary service  and  should  never  have  been  permitted  to  try  to  enter 
West  Point. 

Attention  is  also  invited  to  the  large  number,  134,  who  after 
being  nominated  as  candidates  failed  to  even  report  for  examina- 
tion. Many  of  these  were  alternates  whose  prmcipals  had  sub- 
mitted approved  certificates,  but  there  still  remains  a  large  number 
who  fail  to  report  for  no  apparent  reason  except  perhaps  indifference 
or  fear  of  failure,  thus  preventing  their  distncts  from  being  repre- 
sented at  all.  This  is  a  condition  that  Senators  and  Congressmen 
can  largely  obviate  by  a  careful  selection  of  their  candidates,  either 
selecting  by  competitive  examinations  or  securing  a  youth  who  can 
present  an  acceptable  certificate. 

In  order  to  secure  cadets  of  perhaps  a  broader  preparation  in 
studies  than  required  by  the  West  roint  entrance  examinations, 
and  to  permit  youths,  hoping  to  secure  appointments,  to  pursue  a 
course  of  study  that  would  not  only  prepare  them  to  enter  West 


1184     REPORT  OF   THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEBCY. 

Point,  but  to  enter  a  first-class  college  as  well,  the  following  ordw 
was  issued  by  the  War  Department,  and  is  now  in  force: 

General  Orders,  \  War  Department, 

No.  19.  j  WashmgUm,  April  7, 191S. 

1.  General  Orders,  No.  38,  War  Department,  1914,  is  rescinded  and  the  following 
amended  paragraphs  64  and  65  of  the  Regulations  for  the  United  States  Military 
Academy  are  substituted  therefor: 

64.  Admission  by  examination. — On  the  third  Tuesday  in  March  of  each  year  candi- 
dates selected  for  appointment  shall  appear  for  mental  and  physical  examination 
before  boards  of  Army  officers  to  be  convened  at  such  places  as  the  War  Department 
may  designate.  No  candidate  shall  be  examined  at  any  other  time  unless  prevented 
by  sickness  or  other  unavoidable  cause  from  attending  the  above  examination.  If 
thus  prevented,  he  shall  report  at  West  Point  for  examination  before  12  o'clock  noon 
on  the  12th  day  of  June  of  Uie  same  year.  The  Filipino  candidates  selected  for 
appointment,  unless  otherwise  notified  by  the  War  Department,  shall  appear  for 
mental  and  physical,  examination  on  the  second  Tuesday  in  January  of  each  year 
before  a  board  of  Army  officers  to  be  convened  at  such  place  in  the  Philippine  Islands 
as  the  commanding  general  of  the  Philippine  Department  may  designate. 

Each  candidate  must  show  by  examination  tnat  he  is  well  versed  in  algebra,  to 
include  quadratic  ec^uations  and  progressions,  and  in  plane  geometry,  English  grammar, 
composition,  and  literature,  descriptive  and  physical  geography,  and  general  and 
United  States  history,  as  explained  in  the  circular  of  notification. 

65.  Admission  by  certificate. — ^The  academic  board  will  consider  and  may  accept  in 
lieu  of  the  regular  mental  examination: 

(1)  A  properly  attested  certificate  (Form  I)  that  the  candidate  is  a  regularly  enrolled 
student  in  gooa  standing  without  condition  in  a  university,  college,  or  technical 
school  accredited  by  the  United  States  Military  Academ^r,  provided  that  the  entrance 
requirements  of  the  course  he  is  pursuing  require  proficiency  in  subjects  amounting 
to  not  less  than  14  units  of  the  list  given  below. 

If  attendance  at  college  extends  over  a  semester,  a  fuU  record  of  academic  work  at 
the  college,  giving  subjects  taken  and  grades  attained  in  each,  must  accompany  the 
certificate;  u  attendance  at  college  extends  over  less  than  a  semester  and  the  candi- 
date was  admitted  to  college  by  certificate,  a  certificate  (Form  II)  from  the  preparatory 
school  giving  a  full  record  of  studies  taken  and  grades  attained  must  accompany  tlie 
college  certificate.  If  a  scrutiny  of  the  certificate  submitted  shows  low  grades,  the 
certificate  will  be  rejected. 

A  certificate  indicating  enrollment  in  or  admission  to  an  institution  at  any  other 
time  than  that  specified  in  the  college  register  for  regular  admission  or  enrollment  will 
not  be  accepted. 

(2)  A  properly  att3ited  certificate  (Form  II)  that  the  candidate  has  graduated  from 
a  preparatory  school  or  public  high  school  accredited  by  the  United  States  Military 
Academy,  provided  that  he  has  in  his  school  work  shown  proficiency  in  subjects 
amounting  to  not  less  than  14  units  of  the  Ust  given  below. 

If  a  scrutiny  of  the  certificate  submitted  shows  evidence  of  low  grades  or  of  gradua- 
tion at  an  irregular  date,  the  certificate  will  be  rejected. 

(3)  A  properly  attested  certificate  (Form  III)  from  the  college  entrance  examination 
board  that  the  candidate  has  shown  proficiency  in  the  examinations  set  by  the  bottrd 
in  subjects  amounting  to  14  units  from  the  list  given  below.  If  a  scrutiny  of  the 
certificate  submitted  shows  low  grades,  the  certificate  will  be  rejected. 

The  list  of  subjects  and  the  corresponding  weights  in  units  is  as  follows: 

(a)   REQUIRED. 

Every  certificate  must  show  evidence  of  proficiency  in  the  following  subjects: 

Unili. 

Mathematics,  Al 1 

Mathematics,  A2 ) 

Mathematics,  0 1 

English,  A 2 

English,  B I 

History.  A 

Any  two. 


History,  B 
History,  C 
History,  D 


7i 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUPEKIN  TEN  DENT  MILITABY  ACADEMY.     1185 


(6)  OPTIONAL. 


The  remaining  6}  unite  may  be  supplied  from  among  the  following  subjects: 


Mathematics,  B 
Mathematics,  D 
Mathematics,  £ 
Mathematics,  F 
History,  A 
History,  B 
History,  C 
History,  D 
Latin,  1... 
Latin,  2... 
Latin,  3... 
Latin,  4... 
Latin,  5... 
Greek,  Al. 
Greek,  A2. 
Greek,  B . . 


Any  not  submitted  among  required  subjects. 


Units. 

i 

i 

i 

i 
1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

i 
i 


Greek,  C 

Greek  F 

French,  A 

French  Bc}^^**^^'  ®^®  ^"*  "^^  *^^* 
German,  A 

Geman'  Bc}^^**^^'  ^^^  ^^^  "^^  ^^^ 
Spanish 


{ 


I 


Pnysics. 

Chemistry 

Biology 

Botany. 

Physiology 

Physical  geography. 
Drawing 


1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
2 
2 
1 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

The  definition  of  unit  and  of  the  ground  covered  by  the  designated  subjects  is  that  of 
the  college  entrance  examination  board.  Credits  must  correspond  to  the  unit  values 
of  the  respective  subjects.  Greater  credit  than  indicated  will  not  be  allowed ;  lees 
credit  will  be  understood  as  evidence  that  the  entire  subject  has  not  been  complied. 
Certificates  should  be  submitted  not  later  than  F^niary  15.  A  certificate  received 
between  February  15  and  the  examination  will  receive  consideration,  but  in  view  of 
the  short  time  left  to  the  academic  board  to  investigate  its  value,  no  assurance  will  be 
given  that  such  cj^tificate  can  be  acted  on  in  time  to  exempt  the  candidate  frmn  the 
mental  examination. 

Candidates  who  are  informed  that  their  certificates  have  been  accepted  must  present 
themselves  at  the  regular  time  and  place,  as  prescribed  in  paragrapn  64,  for  pnysical 
examination.    (22627560— A.  G.  O.) 
By  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War: 

H.  L.  Scott, 
Brigadier  OenaxU,  Chief  of  Staff. 
Ofiicial: 

H.  P.  McCain, 

The  Adjutant  General. 

As  was  to  be  expected  some  diflSculty  has  been  found  in  selecting 
the  schools  and  colleges  whose  certificates  could  be  accepted  for  ao- 
nussion  mentally,  and  the  assistance  of  the  Nationfd  Board  of  Educa- 
tion was  asked  by  the  War  Department.  To  that  board  are  due  many 
thanks  for  their  conscientious  and  intelligent  cooperation. 

Many  diflSculiies  of  a  perplexing  nature  arise,  especially  with  certifi- 
cates that  give  incomplete  and  sometimes  incorrect  information. 
In  many  cases  the  showing  is  so  poor  or  defective  that  those  certifying 

e9176'— WAB 191^— VOL  1 75 


1186    BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITAEY  ACADEMY. 

to  them  should  have  refiised  to  forward  them  becaiise  of  this  insuffi- 
cient showing  for  entrance. 

Blank  certificates  have  been  prepared  in  accordance  with  this  order 
and  with  such  detailed  instructions  therewith  that  schools  andcoU^es, 
as  well  as  candidates,  can  readily  see  just  what  is  required. 

The  admission  of  candidates  by  certificates  made  no  appreciable 
chaujge  this  year  in  the  percentage  of  vacancies  filled  under  entrance 
requirements.  Eighty-nve  candidates  are  to  enter  July  10  as  a  result 
of  the 'examination  held  June  6  leaving  approximately  182  unfilled 
cadetships.^  I  beheve  that  the  most  certain  and  satisfactory  way  of 
filling  vacant  cadetships  is  by  competitive  examination  for  each,  and 
I  also  beheve  that  this  method  will  give  a  much  better  mental  average 
of  material  for  cadets  and^for  officers  in  the  Army.  In  this  connec- 
tion I  quote  the  following  from  my  reports  of  1913,  1914,  and  1915: 

These  cadetships  belong  to  the  people  of  the  district,  State,  Territory,  etc.,  and 
should  be  open  competitively  to  all  the  youths  eligible  to  compete,  and  it  is  my 
recommendation  that  a  law  be  enacted  requiring  competitive  examinations  to  be  held 
for  each  vacancy,  that  ^routh  to  be  appointed  who  passes  successfuUy  the  best  mental 
examination,  and  who  is  phvsicallv  and  moraUy  qualified.  The  examination  ques- 
tions should  be  prepared  by  the  acaaemic  board  and  a  successful  passing  of  the  competi- 
tive examination  snould  aualify  a  youth  to  enter,  so  that  no  other  mental  examination 
need  be  required.  The  details  of  conducting  such  examinations  should,  I  think,  be 
left  to  the  Secretary  of  War.  By  announcing  in  the  local  papers  some  10  months  or  a 
year  in  advance  that  such  a  competitive  examination  will  oe  neld,  stating  its  scope,  it 
IS  believed  that  there  will  be  a  large  number  of  eligible  youths  who  will  present  tnem- 
selves  for  examination  in  each  district  from  which  a  vacancy  is  to  be  filled. 

The  law  of  May  4,  1916,  with  respect  to  increasing  the  Corps  of 
Cadets  is  as  follows: 

BulletinI  War  Department, 

No.  14.  i  WoMkingUm,  May  15,  1916. 

I.  The  following  act  of  Congress  is  published  to  the  Army  for  the  information  and 
g^dance  of  all  concerned: 

"AN  ACT  To  provide  for  an  Increase  in  the  number  of  Cadets  at  the  United  States  Military  Aoademj. 

**Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America 
in  Congress  assembled,  That  the  Corps  of  Cadets  at  the  United  States  Military  Academy 
shall  hereafter  consist  of  two  for  each  congressional  district,  two  from  each  Territory, 
four  from  the  District  of  (■olumhia,  two  from  natives  of  Porto  Rico,  four  from  each 
State  at  large,  and  eighty  from  the  United  States  at  large,  twenty  oi  whom  shall  be 
selected  from  among  the  honor  gra^luates  of  educational  institutions  having  oflRcew 
of  the  Regular  Army  detaile<l  as  professors  of  military  science  and  tactics  under  existing 
law  or  any  law  hereafter  enacted  for  the  detail  of  officers  of  the  Regular  Army  to  such 
institutions,  and  which  institutions  are  designated  as  ** honor  schools"  upon  the  deter- 
mination of  their  relative  standing  at  the  last  preceding  annual  inspection  re^ularlv 
made  by  the  War  Department.  They  shall  be  appointed  by  the  President  and  shall, 
with  the  exception  ot  the  eighty  appointed  from  tne  United  Sftos  at  large,  be  actual 
residents  of  the  congressional  or  Territorial  district,  or  of  the  District  of  Columhbi.  or 
of  the  Island  of  Porto  Rico,  or  of  the  States,  respectively,  from  which  they  purport  to  bo 
appointed:  Prmnded,  That  so  much  of  the  Act  of  Oongross  approved  Marcn  fourth, 
nineteen  hundred  and  fifteen  (Thirty-eighth  Statutes  at  Large,  page  eleven  hundred 
and  twentv-eight),  as  pro\nde8  for  the  admission  of  a  successor  to  any  cadet  who  shall 
have  finisnod  thr^  years  of  his  course  at  the  Academy  be.  and  the  same  is  hor-^by, 
repealed:  Provided,  further.  That  the  appointment  of'ea<*h  member  of  the  prectent 
Corps  of  Cadets  is  validated  and  confirmed. 

Sec  2.  That  the  President  is  hereby  authorized  to  appoint  cadets  ti  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  from  among  enlisted  men  in  number  as  nearly  eaual  as 
practicable  of  the  Regular  Army  and  the  National  Guard  between  the  ages  of  nine- 
teen and  twenty-two  years  who  have  served  as  enlisted  men  not  less  than  one  year, 

•  .\n  additional  pbvsical  examination  (or  admi^on  on  certificate  onlv  was  held  June  37. 101ft.    BevwitT- 
nine  mndidati^H  were  admitted  as  a  result  of  this  examination,  leaving  the  total  number  oi  unfiUad 
lor  the  year  103. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY.     1187 

to  be  selected  under  such  reeulationfl  as  the  President  may  prescribe:  Provided,  That 
the  total  number  so  selected  shall  not  exceed  one  hundrea  and  eighty  at  any  one 
time. 

Sec.  3.  That,  under  such  r^ulations  as  the  President  shall  prescribe,  the  increase 
in  the  number  of  cadets  provided  for  by  this  act  shall  be  divided  into  four  annual 
increments,  which  shall  be  as  nearly  equal  as  practicable  and  be  equitably  distributed 
among  the  sources  from  which  appointments  are  authorized. 

Approved,  May  4,  1916. 

By  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War: 

Official:  ifojor  General,  Chief  of  Staff. 

H.  P.  McCain, 

The  AdjtUanl  General. 

INSPECTION, 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  report  of  Lieut.  Col.  A.  W, 
Brewster,  Inspector  General: 

COMMENDATIONS. 

•  ••*••• 

BATTAUON  OF  CADETS. 

The  battalion  of  cadets  was  reviewed  and  inspected  in  full  dress.  The  review  was 
executed  with  accuracy  and  smartness.  The  inspection  which  followed  immediately 
developed  nothing  to  criticize.  The  appearance>of  the  battalion  was  extremely  smart 
and  soldierly. 

The  1  attalion  drills  in  close  order  were  fine  performances  1  oth  as  to  accuracy  and 
alertness.  Considering  the  fact  that  there  were  so  many  new  cadets,  fourth  classmen, 
in  ranks  it  was  remarkable. 

Two  days  spent  with  the  1  attalion  in  camp  in  post  and  three  days  in  the  field  pre- 
sented an  opportunity  to  judge  of  the  performance  of  duty  as  well  as  the  I  earing 
and  general  conduct  of  the  cadets.  I  was  at  all  times  impressed  with  the  serious 
and  thorough  manner  in  which  the  cadets  went  alout  their  work  and  their  manly 
and  soldierly  conduct. 

DETAIL   OF   OFFICERS    AS   INSTRUCTORS. 

I  have  for  three  years  urged  that  the  Military  Academy  be  made 
an  exception  in  the  operation  of  the  detached  service  law  and  that 
officers  DC  detailed  as  instructors  for  four  years  regardless  of  any 
other  detached  service  they  may  have  had. 

This  is  a  matter  of  most  senous  importance  to  the  best  interests 
of  the  academy,  and  I  feel  it  my  duty  to  again  urge  that  Congress 
be  asked  to  pass  a  bill  in  accord  with  the  above. 

Pertinent  to  this  subject  I  quote  the  following  from  my  reports  of 
1914  and  1915: 

It  requires  from  one  to  two  years*  experience  for  even  the  best  of  the  officers  selected 
to  become  really  proficient  and  eflicient  instructors.  In  all  departments  much  of  the 
first  year  of  a  detail  as  instructor  is  used  in  instructing  the  new  officers,  both  in  the 
subjects  taught  and  in  the  methods  of  presenting  and  teaching  the  subjects.  In  the 
department  of  mathematics  where  officers  are  advanced  as  ins&uctors  m>m  the  fourth 
to  the  third  class,  a  second  vear  has  to  be  lai]^ely  devoted  to  such  instruction,  so 
unless  an  officer  can  remain  nere  for  a  full  period  of  four  years  the  cadets  lose  that 
instruction  to  which  they  are  entitled. 

The  effect  of  the  detached  service  law  passed  in  August,  1912.  has  been  to  deprive 
this  academy  of  a  four-year  period  of  instruction  from  officers  detailed  here  for  that 
purpose.  Except  those  from  the  Engineer  Corps  not  an  instructor  at  the  academy 
can  complete  a  four-year  detail.  As  a  rule  officers  with  nine  or  less  months  beyond 
complete  years  of  availability  when  they  report  must  be  relieved  at  the  end  of  a 
complete  year's  service  because  it  is  impracticable  to  change  instructors  during  the 


1188    REPORT  OF   THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY. 

progress  of  a  course.  For  instance,  an  officer  available  for  three  years  and  nine 
months  under  the  detached  service  law  can  stay  but  three  years;  if  two  years  and  nine 
months  available  he  can  stay  but  two  years,  and  so  on. 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  academy  is  very  much  limited  in  its  eelection 
of  officers  as  instructors: 

First.  They  must  be  Rraduates  of  the  academy,  as  no  othen  are  sufficiently  known 
here  to  warrant  their  eelection. 

Second.  They  should  be  Graduates  who  were  not  cadets  with  any  class  at  the  acad- 
emy.   This  cuts  out  all  graduates  of  less  than  three  years'  service  as  officezB. 

Third.  They  shoxild  be  officers  whose  standing  in  the  subject  they  are  to  teach 
and  whose  character  and  abilities  are  such  as  to  commend  them  for  sudi  a  detail. 

Foiuth.  Thejr  should  not  have  been  too  long  away  from  the  academy  and  out  <A 
touch  with  subjects  of  education.  Officers  over  eight  years  away  from  the  academy 
should  not  be  detailed  as  instructors  unless  thev  have  recently  served  as  instructon 
or  are  known  to  have  done  work  that  specially  fits  them  for  the  position. 

These  requirements,  when  further  curtailed  bv  the  detached  service  law,  place 
nearly  all  the  officers  of  the  Army  beyond  oiur  reach  for  a  four-year  detail.  The  very 
officers  who  would  make  desirable  or  even  satis&M^tory  instructois  are,  because  oif 
their  attainments,  selected  for  other  details  and  so  rendered  unavailable  as  instructors. 

The  result  of  the  detached  service  law  is  that  we  are  compeUed  to  ask  for  officers  as 
instructors  who,  without  this  detached  service  law,  would  not  have  been  considered 
for  such  duty.  These  officers  when  detailed  have  done  their  very  best,  and  yet  the 
results  have  not  been  up  to  the  standard  heretofore  attained,  and  an  exhaustive 
amount  of  work  in  instructing  these  instructors  that  is  beyond  all  reason  has  been  put 
upon  the  heads  of  the  academic  departments.  The  ill  effect  upon  discipline  of  hav- 
ing instructors  not  naturally  well  eauipped  can  not  even  be  estimated,  and  in  this  Hes 
a  most  serious  and  bad  enect  of  tne  detached  service  law  upon  the  cadets  at  the 
academy.  Instructors  who  graduated  low  in  their  classes,  and  who  are  not  tempera- 
mentally constituted  to  be  g^ood  instructors,  are  now  necessarily  reauired  to  instruct 
the  keen  cadets  standing  mgh  in  their  studies,  and  who  are  reaay  to  take  every 
advantage  of  an  instructor's  errors  or  peculiarities.  The  result  is  unsatisfactory  not 
only  as  r^^ards  instruction  but  in  its  effect  upon  discipline. 

In  this  same  connection,  too,  I  would  reconunend  that  officers  serving  at  West  Point 
with  the  cavalry  and  artillery  detachments  be  not  considered  as  *'detadied  service** 
under  present  laws.  I  quote  the  following  from  my  reports  of  1914  and  1915  on  this 
subject: 

The  officers  with  these  two  detachments  are  in  the  same  relation  to  the  troops 
(except  in  name)  as  if  they  were  serving  in  their  own  company  and  arm.  They 
not  only  perform  exactly  the  same  and  all  kinds  of  dutv  of  their  rank  and  arm  of 
the  service  but  are  instructors  of  cadets  in  these  very  duties  on  the  drill  ground, 
in  marches,  in  camp,  and  in  field  maneuvers.  I  can  see  no  justice  in  these  officers 
being  regarded,  as  they  are,  as  on  detached  duty  while  at  tne  academy.  Emch  of 
these  two  detachments  has  an  enlisted  strength  and  equipment  to  care  for,  has  sepa- 
rate stables,  barracks,  and  a  company  organization  the  same  and  administered  the 
same  as  companies  of  a  regiment. 

In  every  sense  they  are  performing  duty  with  their  own  arm  of  the  service. 

BUILDINGS   AND   GROUNDS. 

In  my  report  for  1915,  page  21,  I  considered  the  possibility  of 
the  Corps  of  Cadets  being  increased  to  1,200  or  1^300  cadets  and 
made  certain  recommendations  regarding  the  location  of  the  most 
important  buildings  to  meet  such  an  increase.  Attention  is  invited 
to  that  part  of  my  report  of  1915. 

Since  that  time  a  law  has  been  enacted  by  Congress,  approved 
May  4,  1916,  see  page  1186,  increasing  the  number  of  cadetsnips  to 
1,332.  When  that  law  is  in  full  effect,  four  years  from  now,  I 
anticipate  that  it  will  nlace  about  1,200  cadets  at  the  academy, 
assunung,  of  course,  tnat  the  present  methods  and  standaros 
for  entrance  are  maintained,  and  I  see  no  good  reason  to  change 
these  except  as  I  have  recommended  on  page  1186  of  this  report, 
i.  c.,  to  have  competitive  entrance  exammations  in  each  dist/ici 
and  State.    This  increase,  although  spread  over  a  period  of  four 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  8UPEBINTENDENT  MILITABY  ACADEMY.     1189 

vears^  makes  it  imperative  that  the  erection  of  the  necessary 
buildmgs  to  meet  the  increase  should  be  started  at  the  earliest 
possible  date.  It  will  require  two  years,  and  perhaps  more  in  some 
cases,  to  complete  the  large  buildings  alter  they  are  started.  This 
coming  year's  increase  can  be  handled  with  the  present  plant,  but 
further  material  increase  in  the  Corps  of  Cadets  calls  for  more  ac- 
commodations and  it  will  be  difficult  to  have  the  buildings  ready 
in  time  even  if  there  was  authority  to  start  them  at  once.  The 
question  of  the  location  of  the  important  necessary  buildings  has 
been  a  matter  of  much  study  and  thought  by  myself,  the  professors, 
and  other  officers  at  the  academy.  In  Novemller,  1915,  a  board  of 
officers  consisting  of  Maj.  Gen.  Hu^h  L.  Scott,  Chief  of  Staff;  Mai. 
Gen.  Tasker  H.  Sliss,  Assistant  Chief  of  Staff;  Brig.  Gen.  Enoch  H. 
Crowder,  Judge  Advocate  General,  U.  S.  Army;  Brig.  Gren.  Henry  P. 
McCain,  The  Adjutant  General,  U.  S.  Army,  and  myself,  was  con- 
vened by  the  Secretar3r  of  War  to  consider  this  question  of  the  en- 
largement of  West  Point  to  accommodate  1,200  cadets.  For  the 
consideration  of  this  board  I  submitted  the  plans  resulting  from 
our  studies  at  West  Point.  Those  plans  were  approved  by  the 
board  and  by  the  Secretary  of  War.  and  when  the  law  increasing 
the  corps  to  1,200  became  enective,  May  4,  1916,  it  became  necessary 
to  revise  the  estimates  for  the  Military  Academy  appropriation  bill 
in  many  particulars,  and  to  add  an  estimate  for  the  new  construc- 
tion necessary  to  meet  this  new  law.  The  approved  plan  just  men- 
tioned was  taken  as  the  basis  for  the  new  construction  asked,  being 
changed  only  as  to  cost  to  meet  present-day  prices  and  a  few  items 
that  were  overlooked  in  the  board's  report.  As  thus  changed  I  re- 
ceived the  verbal  approval  of  the  Secretarv  of  War  the  day  before 
the  MiUtary  Academy  bill.  May  22,  was  taken  up  in  the  hearings  of 
the  House  MiUtary  Committee,  and  was  used  by  me  in  those  hearings. 
The  new  construction,  etc.,  asked  for  is  shown  in  the  following: 

Cadet  mess  hall $770,843 

Cadet  barrac.a 859,236 

Cadet  hospital 270,000 

Cadet  laundry 118,000 

Camp  ^UQOB  enlarged,  additional  toilets,  baths,  drainage,  etc 41, 000 

Alterations  academic  buildings 42, 000 

Officers*  quarters 288, 000 

New  roads,  paving,  grading,  etc 150, 000 

Quarry  work  for  walls,  foundations,  etc 140, 000 

Heating,  lighting,  water,  and  sewers 80.000 

Stables  for  cavalry  and  artillen- 85, 000 

Enlisted  men's  barracks *. 80, 000 

Fees  of  architect  and  consulting  engineers 100,  000 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  advertising,  printing,  specifications,  office  ex- 
penses, clerks,  etc    50, 000 

Total 3,074,079 

This  enlargement  plan  should  not  he  confused  with  the  improve- 
ment plans  approved  1904  and  1916.  There  still  remains  much  to  be 
constructed  under  those  plans  that  is  necessary  and  important  and 
that  is  not  included  in  the  enlargement  plan  now  proi>osed«     The  im- 

frovement  plans  are  not  now  urged  because  the  enlargement  of  West 
^oint  at  once  is  so  imperative  and  calls  for  all  the  construction  that 
can  be  handled  at  one  time. 


1190    REPORT  OF   THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY. 

PHYSICAL   TRAINING   AND    ATHLETICS. 

I  quote  below  the  report  of  Capt.  H.  J.  Koehler^  U.  S.  Armyj  master 
of  the  sword  and  instructor  of  military  gymnastics  and  physical  cul- 
ture. Attention  is  particularly  invited  to  paragraph  3  of  tnis  report. 
It  is  believed  that  tnis  physical  trainmg  given  cadets  should  be  more 
extensively  utilized  at  Army  posts.  The  results  have  been  most  sat- 
isfactory in  this  department  of  instruction: 

1.  This  instruction  was  carried  out  according  to  the  provisions  laid  down  in  the  usual 
program  diuin?  the  past  year,  and  the  results  obtained  were,  considering  everything, 
quite  up  to  the  satisractory  standard  obtained  in  preceding  years. 

2.  I  feel  it  incumbent  upon  myself  to  again  call  attention  to  the  change  made  in  the 
schedule  of  the  fourth  class  course  four  years  ago,  with  the  urgent  request  that  some 
means  may  be  devised  which  wiU  obviate  the  deleterious  e£fect  this  change  has  had 
upon  this  course  in  particular  and  upon  the  training  of  the  other  three  classes  in  gen- 
end.  Attention  is  respectfully  called  to  my  report  for  last  year  in  which  this  matter 
is  discussed  in  detail.  Under  the  arrangement  now  in  force  three-fifths  of  the  time 
devoted  to  the  fourth  class  course  is  now  lost  to  that  class  during  the  month  of  May;  a 
period  during  which  the  benefits  and  progress  iBi  exceed  those  obtained  during  any 
other  period  of  this  instruction.  It  is  siiggested  that  this  matter  be  brought  to  tlie 
notice  of  the  fourth  class  committee. 

3.  Particular  stress  has  been  laid  upon  the  prei>aration  of  the  members  of  the  first 
class  so  that  they  mav  be  qualified  to  conduct  this  work  in  the  service  intelligently 
when  called  upon  to  ao  so.  Up  to  the  present  time  this  has  not  been  done  except  in 
isolated  instances;  however,  where  it  has  it  is  very  gratifying  to  report  that  the  young 
graduates  have  given  a  very  good  account  of  themselves.  What  those  who  have  been 
given  this  opportunity  have  accomplished  others,  if  given  the  chance,  would  have 
accomplished  equally  well.  It  is  therefore  urged  that  the  attention  of  the  War  De- 
partment be  again  called  to  the  fact  that  a  powerful  means  to  the  development  of  the 
eflidenc^  of  the  Army  in  general  is  bein^  allowed  to  go  to  waste  for  want  of  control  and 
recognition  from. the  War  Department  directly. 

4.  The  instruction  in  the  various  forms  of  physical  training,  gymnastics,  fencing, 
wrestling,  boxing,  and  swimming,  coming  under  my  direction,  hAve  been  decidedly 
satisfactory  and  reflects  great  credit  ui>on  the  instructors,  all  of  whom  have  been 
painstaking  in  the  disohaiq^  of  their  various  duties. 

5.  Competitive  athletics  have  leen  decidedly  successful  during  the  past  year, 
both  as  regards  the  number  of  cadets  engaged  in  them  and  the  successful  outcome 
of  games.  More  should,  however,  be  accompUsherl  by  encouraging  even  greater 
numbers  to  participate  in  the  various  sports,  not  for  the  sake  of  representing  the 
Academy  on  any  particular  team,  but  for  the  good  the  individual  gets  out  of  them. 
If  indulgence  in  athletics  is  to  be  confin^  to  a  limited  few,  who  are  already  the 
superiors  of  their  fellows  physically,  to  the  exclusion  of  those  who  indulge  in  them 
for  the  sake  of  physical  betterment  only,  and  if  winning  is  to  be  made  the  sole  and 
only  desideratum,  then  athletics  fail  of  their  object,  especially  here  at  the  Military 
Academy  where  eveiv  student  is  and  must  contmue  to  1  e  upon  precisely  the  aame 
plane  of  equality  with  every  other. 

6.  Every  encouragement  is  therefore  given  to  cadets  to  indulge  in  some  form  oi 
physical  activity  during  their  hours  of  recreation.  They  are  especially  encouraged 
to  take  up  sucn  forms  of  exercise  that  they  can  continue  throughout  their  active 
careers  in  the  service,  such  as  gymnastics,  fencing,  tennis,  riding,  golf,  swimming, 
etc. 

7.  It  is  {p^tifying  to  report  that  splendid  results  have  already  been  obtained  in 
this  direction,  as  is  e\'idenced  ^y  the  increasing  number  who  engage  in  these  exer- 
cises and  the  decreasing  '* gallery"  a  out  the  fields  where  the  academy  teams  are 
being  developed. 

ACADEMIC   DEPARTMENTS. 

The  work  in  all  academic  departments  has  been  most  satis- 
factory and  successful.  The  method  of  spending  much  of  each 
recitation  period  in  explaining  and  imparting  instruction  has  been 
continued  with  gratifying  results.  An  instructor  is  available  daily 
as  heretofore  in  each  department  to  help  cadets  who  desire  assistance 
out  of  recitation  hours,  and  those  wno  avail   themselves  of  this 


REPORT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY.     1191 

help  undoubtedly  improve  their  class  standing,  so  there  is  no  excuse 
for  a  cadet  to  be  found  deficient  in  studies,  except  by  sickness,  a 
ack  of  ability,  or  a  failure  to  utilize  his  time  properly. 

DEPARTMENT   OF  TACTICS. 

This  department,  besides  having  charge  of  the  theoretical  and 
practical  instruction  of  cadets  in  drills  oi  all  arms  of  the  service, 
nas,  under  the  superintendent,  supervision  of  all  matters  relative 
to  their  conduct  and  discipline,  ana  because  of  this  class  relation  to 
the  cadet  it  is,  more  than  any  department  at  the  academy,  responsible 
for  the  formation  of  their  habits,  character,  and  military  bearing, 
and  I  am  pleased  to  report  that  the  attitude  and  work  of  the  officers 
in  this  department  have  been  most  gratifying. 

Lieut.  Col.  M.  F.  Smith,  the  commandant  of  cadets  and  head  of  the 
tactical  department,  died  June  16,  19 16.  In  his  death  the  tactical 
department,  the  ftcademy,  and  the  service  have  suflFered  a  great  loss. 
In  spite  of  ids  sufferings  Col.  Smith  was  always  the  courteous,  con- 
siderate, and  able  officer;  as  head  of  this  department  he  maintained 
and  promoted  the  high  standard  of  honor  and  discipUne  in  the  Corps 
of  Cadets,  and  did  so  by  such  just  and  fair  methods  that  he  had  tne 
confidence  and  love  of  tne  corps  as  well  as  the  respect  and  admiration 
of  the  officers  associated  with  nim.  He  was  faithful  in  all  duties  and 
loyal  in  a  pronounced  degree  to  those  imder  whom  he  served.  His 
report  submitted  below  was  written  shortly  before  his  death,  and  is 
here  printed  in  full: 

One  hundred  and  forty-one  cadets  reported  on  June  15,  1915.  and  42  reported  on 
later  dates.  Recommendation  is  again  made  that  the  first  examination  be  held  suf- 
ficiently early  that  those  taking  the  second  may  be  enabled  to  report  at  the  usual  time 
just  after  graduation.  This  will  permit  a  practical  system  of  instruction  for  all  to  be 
carried  out  at  the  same  time.  Attention  has  been  called  to  this  for  a  niunber  of  years 
and  it  is  requested  that  every  effort  be  made  to  have,  hereafter,  all  report  at  the  same 
time. 

The  detail  of  five  cadets  of  the  graduating  class  over  the  new  cadets  gave  excellent 
results.    This  detail  should  be  continued  regularly. 

The  training  during  the  summer  encampment  was  very  satisfactory,  but  it  is  be- 
lieved that  much  better  results  would  be  obtained  if  the  corps  were  not  encamped  in 
the  poHt.  It  is  necessary  to  be  somewhere  in  the  vicinity  m  order  to  have  the  pre- 
scribed course  in  target  practice  on  the  target  range  and  the  coast  artillery  instruction 
at  the  mortars  and  G-inch  guns.  Both  of  those  are  very  important  and  should  not 
be  materially  cut  down.  All  other  instruction  could  be  given  to  better  advantage 
at  some  distance  from  the  post  where  numerous  social  and  other  attractions  tend  to 
interfere  with  the  work.  With  the  large  increase  in  the  ccps  it  will  be  necessary  to 
enlarge  the  present  ramp  site  prior  to  the  end  of  the  next  fiscal  year.  Before  doing 
this  it  is  recommended  that  the  question  be  taken  up  of  selecting  a  site  some  distance 
out  on  the  reservation  for  the  encampment  and  that  the  encampment  be  made  under 
service  conditions.  The  details  for  target  practice  and  coast  artillery  could  be  brought 
in  on  motor  trucks.  If  some  of  the  timber  was  thinned  out  and  cut  down,  the  reserva- 
tion would  be  ideal  for  field  training.  By  leaving  a  fringe  of  trees  along  the  roads 
here  and  there  in  places,  the  picturesqueness  woula  not  be  destroyed.  However,  the 
primary  consideration  should  be  utility  and  not  beauty  of  lansdcape. 

Field  training  took  place  on  Saturdays  during  the  summer,  and  a  practice  march 
was  made  from  August  16  to  21.  Cadets  of  the  first  class  were  assigned  daily  as  otficers 
with  the  field  artillery,  cavalry,  or  practical  military  engineering  details,  and  field 
problems  were  worked  out  eacli  day  in  marching  from  one  camp  to  the  next.  The 
route  of  march  was  the  same  as  the  year  Iwfore:  Peekskill,  Lake  Mohanaic,  Amawalk 
Reservoir,  Lake  Mahopac,  Oscawana  Lake,  and  Garrison.  It  is  believed  that  this 
march  is  the  most  valuable  week  in  the  training  of  a  cadet  and  it  is  recommended  that 
it  be  extended  this  year  to  at  least  two  weeks.  There  were  no  serious  breaches  of  dis- 
cipline diuring  the  march. 


1192    BEPOET  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITABY  ACADEMY. 

The  first  class  went  to  Fort  Wri^t  from  August  22  to  29  to  receive  coast  artilleffy 
practice  with  service  charges.    The  results  were  very  satisfactory. 

The  record  of  the  first  class  in  target  practice  last  summer  was  better  than  ever  before, 
lliir^-two  cadets  qualifiedF4Ls  expert  riflemen;  26  as  sharpshooters;  57  as  markonen; 
5  as  mst  classmen;  1  as  second  classman:  and  none  unqualified. 

It  is  believed  that  the  instruction  in  the  various  arms  would  be  better  if  more  con- 
centrated, and  the  attempt  will  be  made  during  the  coming  yoar  to  arrange  the  sched- 
ule of  drills  to  accomplisn  this. 

In  view  of  the  large  amount  of  instruction  given  to  eauitation,  especially  to  the  first 
class,  and  the  c(»nparatively  small  amount  of  time  to  field  artillery,  it  is  recommended 
that  six  weeks  of  the  time  assigned  to  the  former  during  the  indoor  winter  work  be 
transferred  to  the  latter. 

The  hazing  investigation,  which  took  place  last  summer,  showed  a  number  of  infrac- 
tions of  the  regulations  during  the  preceding  year.  As  a  result  of  the  investigation  it 
is  believed  the  conditions  are  much  better.  While  it  is  seldom  if  ever  that  any  un<!er 
classmen  are  hurt  by  being  hazed,  yet  the  harm  done  is  to  the  cadet  actually  doing 
the  hazing,  as  it  develops  in  him  qualities  of  a  bully  and  gives  him  entirely  erroneous 
ideas  in  r^ard  to  the  proper  method  of  handling  those  under  him. 

It  is  strongly  recommended  that  steps  be  taken  to  have  the  academic  course  chaviged 
80  that  the  entire  subject  of  minor  tactics  shall  be  taught  theoretically  and  practically 
in  the  department  of  tactics.  It  is  believed  that  the  present  method  of  having  ir  struc- 
tion  in  field  service  regulations  in  the  first  class  year  in  the  department  of  engineering 
is  wrong  and  that  the  course  should  be  so  arranged  that  a  cadet  should  have  piaoticsa 
and  theoretical  instruction  commencing  with  we  essentials  when  he  enters  and  the 
training  should  continue  progressively,  so  that  upon  graduation  he  has  a  thorough 
groundwork  in  minor  tactics. 

The  large  increase  in  the  number  of  cadets  that  will  take  place  in  the  next  five 
years  will  necessitate  the  greatest  attention  and  endeavor  on  the  part  of  all  officers, 
and  especially  those  of  the  department  of  tactics,  to  maintain  the  standard  of  honor 
and  discipline  in  the  Corps  of  Cadets. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   CIVIL    AND   MILITARY   ENGINEERING. 

The  course  in  this  department  includes  the  "Art  of  War,"  besides 
the  subjects  indicated  oy  its  title.  Naturally  much  stress  is  put 
upon  this  part  of  the  course,  supplementing  textbook  instruction 
by  lectures  and  a  visit  if  the  entire  class  to  the  Gettysburg  battle- 
field, where  this  great  battle  is  studied  on  the  field  itself. 

The  course  was  carried  out  satisfactorily,  all  cadets  being  proficient 
at  the  annual  and  semiannual  examinations. 

The  following  report  is  submitted  by  the  head  of  this  department. 
Col.  G.  J.  Fiebeger,  professor  of  civil  and  military  engineermg: 

The  course  in  civil  and  military  engineering  began  Wednesday,  September  1,  1915> 
with  a  class  membership  of  125. 

The  class  was  divided  into  halves,  A  and  B,  formed  of  the  odd  and  even  numbeTs, 
according  to  standing  in  natural  and  experimental  philosophy,  and  each  half  was 
divided  into  six  sections,  according  to  standing.  Although  all  sections  used  the  same 
textbooks,  by  means  of  omissions  the  subject  matter  was  divided  into  five  courses, 
graduated  to  the  ability  of  the  students  forming  the  sections.  Transfers  between 
sections  were  made  every  two  weeks. 

The  course  was  conducted  by  oral  and  written  recitations  and  a  written  general 
review  and  was  completed  on  December  22.  Only  two  cadets  received  a  mark  of 
less  than  73  per  cent  on  the  written  general  review  and  were  required  to  take  a  written 
examination.    All  passed  this  examination. 

The  course  in  military  engineering  and  the  art  of  war  was  begun  on  Monday,  Jano* 
ary  3,  1916,  with  a  class  membership  of  125,  and  was  completed  on  Juno  3. 

After  a  thorough  preliminary  study,  May  I  and  2  were  spent  at  Gettysburg  visitin<^ 
that  battlefield. 

There  were  61  cadets  examined  in  parts  of  the  course  in  June;  all  passed  these 
examinations. 

During  the  course  lectures,  illustrated  by  lantern  slides,  were  delivered  on  recent 
wars  and  sieges. 

Capt.  Frederick  B.  Downing,  Corps  of  Engineers,  was  the  assistuit  professor. 


BEPORT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY.     1193 

The  following  officers  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers  were  the  instructors:  Capt.  James 
G.  Steese,  Capt.  Daniel  I.  Sultan,  Capt.  George  R.  (joethals,  First  Lieut.  Frederick 
S.  Strong,  and  First  Lieut.  Oscar  N.  Sohlberg. 

All  of  these  officers  rendered  very  satisfactory  service. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   NATURAL   AND   EXPERIMENTAL   PHILOSOPHY. 

The  course  in  this  department  embraces  the  subjects  of  mechanics, 
soimd,  light,  and  astronomy.  There  is  no  course  at  the  academy 
that  better  develops  the  reasoning  powers  of  the  pupils  than  this 
course  in  natural  and  experimental  |)hilosophy. 

Col.  W.  B.  Gordon,  professor  of  philosophy,  will  retire  for  age  dur- 
ing the  coming  year.  By  long  ana  faithful  service  and  his  great  de- 
votion to  his  department  ana  the  Military  Academy,  he  has  held  a 
{>osition  that  will  be  difficult  to  fill,  and  the  academic  board  will  lose 
rom  its  councils  one  of  its  wisest  and  most  influential  members. 

The  following  report  is  submitted  by  the  head  of  this  department: 

The  class  of  1917  began  the  course  in  philosophy  September  1,  1915,  with  142 
members. 

At  the  semiannual  examination  Cadets  Sinkler,  Keiser,  Monsarrat,  Chapman, 
H.  H.,  Helm,  Brown,  P.  H.,  and  Nygaard  failed  to  make  the  mark  necessary  to 
excuse  them  from  the  examination  in  mechanics.  All  of  these  cadets  successfully 
passed  the  examination. 

Cadet  Monsarrat  was  found  deficient  in  chemistry  and  discharged.  Byrne,  A.  B., 
had  previously  been  granted  sick  leave,  reducing  the  class  to  140  members. 

During  the  second  term  Cadet  Moore,  K.  M.,  was  granted  sick  leave,  to  join  the 
second  class  August  28,  1916,  reducing  the  class  to  139  members.  With  this  number 
the  course  was  completed. 

The  entire  class  made  the  necessary  average  to  be  excused  from  the  final  exami- 
nations in  sound  and  light  and  astronomy. 

Ten  men  reached  the  necessary  mark  for  distinction.  This  was  a  percentage  of 
7.2  per  cent  of  the  entire  class. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   MATHEMATICS. 

Instruction  in  mathematics  is  given  cadets  for  the  first  two  years 
of  their  course.  It  embraces  solid  geometry,  advanced  algebra,  ana- 
lytical and  descriptive  geometry,  conic  sections,  trigonometry,  sur- 
veying, differential  and  integral  calculus,  and  for  upper  sections  least 
squares. 

In  the  two  classes  358  cadets  were  under  instruction,  and  of  these 
40  were  found  to  be  deficient  at  examinations  during  .the  year;  4  of 
those  deficient  were  turned  back  one  year  and  36  discharged. 

Below  is  the  report  of  the  professor  of  mathematics.  Col.  C.  P. 
Echols : 

InBtniclion. — ^The  fourth  class  course  was  in  all  respects  the  same  as  that  of  the 
previous  year,  alternating  with  surveying  during  the  last  66  days  of  the  academic 
year. 

Examinations  were  held  in  December  and  June,  with  the  following  results: 


December. 
June 


Number 
in  class. 


180 
159 


Del- 
cient. 


10 
14 


Turned 
basic. 


Dis- 
charged. 


16 
13 


1194     BEPOBT  OF  THE   SUPERINTENDENT  MILITABY  ACADEMY. 

The  third  class  course  was  in  all  respects  the  same  as  that  of  the  previous  year,  the 
prescribed  course  requiring  recitations  daily  from  Soptember,  1915,  to  June,  1916. 
Examinations  were  held  in  December,  Ikuu^,  and  June,  with  the  foUowing  results: 


Nnmber 
In  class. 

Dofl. 
dent. 

Tumad 
back. 

Dia- 
otmcad. 

D6C6mb6r 

Ifl7 
162 
158 

0 
2 
4 

• 

March 

1 

June 

2 

1 

Cadet  Wang,  of  China,  who  was  deficient  in  March,  resigned. 

Maj.  Bell,  who  has  ably  served  as  associate  professor  for  the  last  four  years,  finishes 
his  tour  of  duty  at  the  academy.    It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  this  occurs  just  at 
the  time  when  the  duties  of  supervision  are  to  be  greatly  increased  by  the  enlargement 
of  the  Corps  of  Cadets. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   CHEMISTRY,  MINERALOGY,  AND   GEOLOGY. 

The  course  in  chemistry,  mineralogy,  and  geology  includes,  besides 
the  subjects  indicated  by  its  title,  an  elementary  course  in  heat  and 
electricity,  with  some  practical  work  in  the  operation  of  electrical 
instruments  and  machines.  It  is  regretted  that  time  does  not  afford 
an  opportunity  to  have  a  more  extended  course  in  the  subject  of 
electricity,  the  importance  of  which  for  all  Army  officers  is  increasing 
so  rapidly. 

The  work  in  this  department  has  been  conducted  very  satisfac- 
torily. The  followingreport  is  submitted  by  the  head  of  this  de- 
partment, Lieut.  Col.  Wirt  Robinson,  professor  of  chemistry: 

Chcmges  in  ^personnel. — Capt.  P.  H.  Worcester,  Coast  Artillery  Corps,  was  assigned 
to  duty  as  assistant  professor  of  the  department  on  August  24,  1915. 

First  Lieut.  J.  L.  Dunsworth,  Coast  Artillery  Corps,  will  be  relieved  from  duty 
with  the  department  on  May  31,  1916;  First  Lieut.  O.  A.  Dickinson,  Infantrjr.  will 
be  relieved  on  June  14,  1916;  Second  Lieut.  H.  M.  Hobbs,  Fourth  Field  Artillery, 
will  be  relieved  on  June  24.  1916;  and  Second  Lieut.  C.  A.  Selleck,  First  Field  Ar- 
tillery, will  be  relieved  on  June  8,  1916. 

The  equipment  of  the  new  chemical  laboratory  has  been  completed  and  it  is  now 
in  r^Adinees  to  handle  the  anticipated  laiger  classes. 

Unsatisfactory  ventilation  of  the  gas  closet  has  been  remedied  by  installing  a  motor- 
driven  multivane  exhauster  of  ample  capacity. 

The  progress  of  the  routine  work  of  the  department  has  been  satiBfactory. 

DEPARTMENT   OF  ORAWINO. 

This  department  instructs  the  second  and  third  classes  in  drawing. 
Its  work  with  both  classes  has  been  satisfactorily  conducted.  The 
following  report  is  submitted  by  the  head  of  the  department,  lieut. 
Col.  E.  K.  Stuart,  professor  of  drawing: 

Personnel. — Lieut.  Ck>l.  E.  R.  Stuart,  U.  8.  Army,  proleoBor  of  drawing,  in  charge 
of  the  department;  First  Lieut.  T.  M.  Chase,  Coast  Artillery  Corps,  assistant  pro- 
fessor; Fint  Lieut.  G.  F.  Patten,  Cavalry,  instructor;  First  Lieut.  M.  Wildrick,  Coast 
Artill^  Corps,  instructor;  Second  Lieut.  J.  P.  Aloshire,  Cavalr>%  instructor,  relieved 
Aitfil  29^  1916;  Second  Lieut.  G.  Hoisington,  infantry,  instructor;  and  Second  Lieut. 
C.  P.  Dick,  Cavalry,  instructor,  detailed  in  department  August  24,  1915. 

But  little  change  nas  been  made  in  the  schedule  of  work  for  the  third  class  from 
the  preceding  year.  A  new  problem  wa^  introduced  for  the  subject  of  building  cmi- 
struction  drawing.  The  work  of  this  class  has  been  satisfactory,  and  it  is  beueved 
that  the  course  as  now  laid  out  is  well  adapted  to  its  purpose  as  a  course  in  general 
drawing.    No  cadets  were  deticient  in  drawing  in  the  tnird-clase  course. 


REPORT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY.     1195 

In  second-class  drawing  tlie  schedule  of  work  was  changed  considerably  to  give  a 
more  logical  and  better  graded  development  of  the  work.  The  second-class  course  in 
mechanical  drawing  was  shortened  so  as  to  be  concluded  by  February  10.  The  time 
thus  saved  was  utilized  in  extending  the  course  in  topographical  drawing  and 
sketching. 

With  the  course  as  now  arranged  and  instruction  as  now  given  it  is  believed  that  the 
courses  in  mechanical  drawing  and  lettering  are  sufficient  to  answer  the  requirements 
of  all  officers.  With  the  exception  of  perhaps  10  per  cent  of  the  class  it  is  believed 
that  no  cadet  who  has  completed  the  present  course  in  drawing  will  ever  have  any 
serious  difficulty  in  making  or  reading  any  mechanical  drawing  that  he  will  encounter 
in  his  professional  studies  or  work. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   MODERN   LANGUAGES. 

The  courses  in  this  department  were  successfully  carried  on  during, 
the  year.  Three  classes,  first,  second,  and  thirdf,  or  a  total  of  437 
cadets  were  instructed  for  the  academic  year  just  ended,  and  for  the 
coming  year  448  cadets  will  he  under  instruction  hy  this  department. 
No  other  department  at  the  academy  has  so  large  a  number,  and  yet 
the  appropriation  for  the  conduct  of  its  routine  business  in  the  way 
of  office  help  is  less  than  for  other  large  departments  at  the  academy. 

The  following  is  submitted  from  the  report  by  the  head  of  this 
department,  Col.  C.  DeW.  Willcox,  professor  of  modern  languages: 

The  department  has  under  instruction  durin?  the  year.  Tirst  class.  Spanish,  125; 
second  class,  Spanish,  145,  reduced  to  139;  third  class,  Spanish,  1G7,  reduced  to  159 — 
total  at  end  of  vear,  423. 

One  cadet  of  the  first  class  was  conditioned  at  the  semiannual  examination,  but 

passed  a  satisfactory  reexamination  March  18,  1916. 

«  «  ♦  ♦  »  ♦  • 

Upon  the  su^estion  of  First  Lieut.  Geo.  M.  Russell,  cavalry,  as^-Tistant  professor  of 
French,  the  third  class  began  its  study  of  French  under  the  so-called  natural  method. 
The  results  attained  were  satisfactory;  this  plan  will  be  continued  in  the  future. 

On  account  of  the  war  abroad,  no  request  was  made  to  send  officers  to  Europe  to 
study  French  and  Spanish. 

The  request  to  send  instructors  of  Spanish  to  Costa  Rica  was  disapproved  because 
of  Mexican  conditions  and  of  the  pending  Aimy  legislation.  As  soon  as  conditions 
become  normal  again,  the  department  will  renew  its  application  to  send  officers  to 
France  and  to  Spain,  and  makes  bold  to  express  the  hope  that  the  War  Departmeot 
will  continue  its  wise  policy  in  this  regard. 

It  is  the  opinion  of  the  department  that  German  should  form  an  element  of  the 
course  of  languages.  It  will  sliortly  submit  a  report  on  this  subject,  looking  to  the 
introduction  of  German  on  September  1,  1917. 

Mr.  Louis  Vauthier  was  transferred  from  the  department  of  tactics  as  civilian 
instructor  of  French. 

The  salary  of  the  clerk  should  be  ndsed  to  $1,200.  The  department  of  modem 
languages  has  more  cadets  under  instruction  by  far  than  any  otner  of  the  academy. 
It  is  the  only  department  that  keeps  both  morning  and  afternoon  hours.  The  clerk 
has  charge  oi  the  library,  is  required  to  have  some  Knowledge  of  French  and  Spanish, 
make  out  all  papers,  besides  stenographic  and  typewriting  work.  ITis  pay  is  not 
commensturate  with  his  duties. 

The  messenger  of  this  department  should  receive  extra  duty  pay  at  the  rate  of  50 
cents  per  diem.     I  renew  my  recommendation  to  this  effect. 

I  also  urgently  renew  my  ret^ommendation,  made  at  various  times,  that  foreign 
instructors  of  the  department  should  receive  heat  and  light  allowance  of  a  second 
lieutenant. 

It  is  believed  that  a  very  fair  proportion  of  the  cadets  under  instniction  have 
acGuired,  to  a  certain  degree,  the  ability  to  converse  in  French  and  Spanish.  No 
caaet  would  be  helpless  if  required  to  make  his  wants  known,  professional  or  personal, 
in  either  of  these  languages,  and  to  imderstand  average  conversation.  All  have  a 
working  knowledge  of  the  printed  language,  and  most  can  express  themselves  after  a 
fa^ion  in  writing. 

It  is  a  pleasure  to  report  that  all  the  officers  of  the  department  have  given  faithful 
and  efficient  service  during  the  year. 


1196    REPORT  OP  THE  SUPERINTENBENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY. 

DEPARTMENT   OF   LAW. 

Instruction  is  given  in  this  department  on  alternate  days  to  mem- 
bers of  the  first  <3ass.  The  course  includes  elements  of  common  law, 
constitutional  law.  international  law,  and  military  law.  With  the 
brief  time  available  for  this  course  only  a  foimdation  in  legal  edu- 
cation can  be  acquired,  but  it  is  thought  that  with  diligence  on  the 
part  of  the  graduates  they  will  be  able  to  handle  inteUigently  the 
ordinary  leg^  questions  they  are  apt  to  meet  in  actual  service. 

The  following  is  the  report  of  the  professor  of  law,  Lieut.  Col.  E.  A. 
Kreger: 

The  1915-16  course  in  law,  like  that  of  the  preceding  academic  year,  included 
elementary,  constitutional,  international,  and  military  law.  The  prescribed  text- 
books were  supplemented  by  the  use  of  a  pamphlet  on  the  law  of  contracts,  the  Manual 
for  Courts-martial,  and  General  Orders,  No^  70,  War  Department,  1914. 

The  effort  made  last  year  to  increase  throughout  the  course  the  element  of  practical 
application  of  legal  principles  to  facts  and  conditions  with  which  the  stuoent  will 
find  it  necessary  to  deal  after  he  shall  have  become  a  commissioned  officer  was  con- 
tinued. Near  uie  end  of  the  year  a  limited  amount  of  time  was  devoted  to  acquaint- 
ing the  members  of  the  class  with  the  proper  method  of  consulting,  in  the  solution  of 
practical  questions,  such  law  books  as  are  likely  to  be  available  for  consultation  by 
officers  of  the  line. 

For  the  more  advanced  sections  of  the  class  the  periods  ordinarily  devoted  to  reviews 
were  materially  reduced.  During  the  time  thus  saved,  amounting  to  approximately 
four  weeks,  these  advanced  sections  made  a  study  of  a  series  of  leading  cases  selected 
with  a  view  to  emphasizing  the  more  important  legal  principles  discu^ed  in  the  pre- 
scribed textbooks,  and  also  made  a  rather  thorough  study  of  the  rules  of  land  warure 
as  published  by  the  War  Department  in  1914.  The  results  were  such  as  to  suggest  the 
advisability  of  pursuing  a  similar  course  next  year. 

The  lecture  course  for  the  year  consisted  of  one  lecture  on  the  law  of  contracts  by 
Prof.  John  Wurts,  of  Yale  University;  two  lectures  on  criminal  law  and  procedure  by 
Prof.  John  W.  Edgerton,  of  Yale  University;  two  lectures  on  the  law  of  evidence  by 
Prof.  Balph  W.  Gifford,  of  Columbia  Umversitv;  one  lecture  on  the  development 
of  international  law  by  Prof.  George  G.  Wilson,  of  Harvard  Univeisity;  and  a  number 
of  lectures  b^r  the  head  of  the  department. 

In  conclusion,  it  is  a  pleasure  to  express  my  appreciation  of  the  loyalty  and  zeal 
with  which  the  assistant  professor  and  instructors,  Lieuts.  Dawson,  Slaughter,  Cutrer, 
Torrey,  and  Lock  wood  devoted  themselves  to  the  work  of  the  department. 

DEPARTMENT      OF      PRACTICAL      MELITART      ENGINEERING,       MILITARY 

SIGNALING   AND   TELEGRAPHY. 

Three  classes  at  the  academy  receive  instruction  in  this  depart- 
ment of  one  kind  or  another  at  various  periods  during  the  year. 
Its  work  is  largely  practical  and  is  of  great  value  in  fixing  in 
cadets*  minds  the  meaning  and  purpose  of  their  study  in  related 
subjects. 

Below  is  the  report  of  the  head  of  this  department,  Lieut.  Col. 
M.  L.  Walker,  Corps  of  EIngineers,  professor  of  practical  military 
engineering. 

During  the  year  the  general  character  of  instmction  given  the  cadets  has  been  the 
same  as  during  the  preying  year. 

First  Class. — Dunng  the  summer  drill  period — from  July  5  to  August  1^— one-third 
of  the  claas  attended  daily  for  instruction  in  reconnoiseance  and  sketching.  The  fol- 
lowing program  was  carried  out  on  the  dates  noted: 

July  5,  6,  7,  position  sketch. 

July  8,  9,  12,  position  sketch. 

July  13,  14,  15,  position  sketch. 

July  16,  19,  20,  preliminary  combined  position  sketch. 

July  21,  22,  23,  road  sketch,  dismounted. 

July  26,  27,  28,  road  sketch,  mounted. 


BEPOBT  OP  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY.     1197 

July  29,  30,  August  2,  road  sketch,  mounted. 

August  3,  4,  5,  combined  road  sketch,  mounted. 

August  6,  9, 10,  combined  pofiition  sketch. 

The  immediate  vicinity  of  the  reservation  was  used  for  all  the  above  exercises 
except  the  ninth.  For  this  last  it  was  necessary  to  take  the  cadets  to  Congers,  N.  Y., 
there  being  no  suitable  area  for  such  work  more  conveniently  located. 

The  idea  in  the  work  in  sketching  Lb  to  take  it  up  with  the  first  class  immediately 
succeeding  their  work  along  this  line  as  second  class  men  in  the  department  of  drawing, 
so  tiiat  the  work  progresses  continuously.  This  proves  quite  a  satisfactory  arrange- 
ment and  will  be  adhered  to. 

During  the  practice  march  of  the  Corps  of  Cadets,  Aucust  16-21,  cadets  daily  consti- 
tuted the  reconnoissance  and  sketching  detail;  road  c&etches  were  made  and  repro- 
duced dailv,  the  work  being  creditable  to  the  cadets  and  giving  them  a  fair  idea  of 
what  would  be  possible  in  field  operations. 

During  September  and  October  one-third  of  she  first  class  attended  instruction  on 
all  dr'dl  days,  work  bein^  devoted  in  September  to  military  signaling  and  during 
October  to  improvised  bridges,  rigeing,  and  use  of  tackle,  and  to  becoming  familiar 
with  the  ^nend  characteristics  and  methods  of  handling  the  various  high  explosives 
used  in  military  demolitions. 

From  April  3  to  May  24. 1916,  the  first  class  attended  practical  military  engineering 
instruction  as  in  the  fall,  tne  work  covering  the  laying  out  and  construction  of  a  section 
of  an  infemtry  field  work  involving  the  fabrication  and  use  of  all  varieties  of  revetting 
materials,  including  reinforced  concrete.  Various  obstacles  were  employed  and  also 
the  principal  types  of  loop  holes  installed. 

The  interest  of  the  cadets  was  much  stimulated  this  year  by  the  field  work  being  a 
reproduction  in  part  of  a  work  in  the  line  on  the  western  front  in  Europe,  which  had 
actually  been  attacked. 

A  gallery  was  driven  under  the  parapet  and  a  mine  placed  and  a  portion  of  the  work 
blown  up. 

Demonstrations  were  also  given  of  trench  mortar  firing,  mines  as  obstacles,  fougass, 
and  military  demolitions. 

Third  class. — This  class  attended  practical  military  engineering  instruction  during 
the  period  of  the  summer  encampment,  one-third  each  day,  from  8  a.  m.  to  noon. 

Tne  work  includes  visual  signaling,  knots  and  lashings,  the  use  of  tackle,  rowing, 
construction  of  bridees  with  the  United  States  bridge  equipage,  and  the  operation  of 
ferries  with  the  regular  bridge  material  and  with  improvised  floats. 

As  a  supplement  to  their  course  in  surveying  while  fourth  class  men,  the  third  class 
executed  a  hydrcgraphic  survey  of  the  river  front  of  the  reservation. 

Fourth  class. — During  the  last  66  days  of  the  academic  year  this  department  alter- 
nates with  mathematics. 

The  first  20  d&ys  were  devoted  to  theoretical  instruction,  including  written  general 
review  and  the  written  examination  of  such  cadets  as  did  not  make  proficient  on  the 
general  review.  During  the  period  of  theoretical  instruction  a  complete  instrumental 
equipment  was  kept  in  each  section  room,  and  all  cadets  were  encouraged  to  familiarize 
themselves  with  all  instruments  by  actually  handling  them.  In  addition,  during 
release  from  c[uarters,  instruments  were  at  all  times  at  the  disposal  of  the  cadets  imder 
the  supervision  of  (qualified  noncommissioned  officers. 

During  the  remaining  13  days  cadets  attended  instruction  in  surveying  from  8 
a.  m.  to  noon,  bein^  required  to  do  no  study  outside  of  these  hours. 

These  4-hour  periods  are  devoted  to  a  series  of  exercises  carried  out  in  the  field  by 
the  cadets,  under  the  supervision  of  the  instructors,  the  cadets  rotating  in  the  various 
duties  but  each  cadet  being  required  to  keep  the  full  notes  which  are  each  day  turned 
in  for  inspection  by  the  professor  and  instructors.  The  exercises  are  designed  to  cover 
the  field  of  probable  duties  of  army  officers  and  are  as  follows: 

1.  Measurement  of  base  line  and  determination  of  declination  of  the  needle. 

2.  Tracing  out  contours  and  plotting  same. 

3.  Survey  of  a  polygon  by  azimuth  method. 

4.  Differential  leveling  and  establishing  a  bench  mark. 

5.  Simple  triangulation. 

6.  Laying  out  a  simple  curve. 

7.  Plane  table  survey. 

8.  Profile  leveling. 

9.  Transit  and  stadia  traverse. 

10.  Staking  out  a  building. 

11.  Plane  table  and  stadia  traverse. 

12.  Cross^section  leveling. 

13.  Adjustment  and  care  of  instrumenta. 


1198    REPORT  OP  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY. 

The  above  does  not  indicate  the  order  in  which  exercises  are  given,  this  beinff 
decided  by  the  limitation  of  the  instrumental  equipment,  but  the  work  is  so  ammged 
that  for  each  party,  usually  consisting  of  five  cadets,  a  map  of  a  small  portion  of  the 
reservation  is  completed. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army,  a  large  number 
of  surveyine  instruments  were  loaned  from  the  Washington  Barracks  Depot  for  the 
period  April  1  to  June  10,  1916.  and  the  instruction  was  much  facilitated  tnereby. 

General. — During  the  year  tne  equipment  of  this  department  along  all  lines  has 
been  maintained  by  expenditure  of  the  annual  appropriation  of  12,000. 

With  the  appropriation  of  $3,300  referred  to  in  last  annual  report,  a  corrugated-iron 
ponton  shed  nas  oeen  erected,  the  assembling  of  the  building  having  been  done  by 
men  of  the  United  States  Military  Academy  detachment  of  engineers.  Thisjnvei 
storage  room  for  a  division  of  reserve  ponton  equipage  with  tranq>ortation.  'HiGre 
is  still  needed  a  suitable  building  to  house  a  division  of  advance-gtiard  equipage  and 
it  is  proposed  to  ask  for  an  appropriation  for  this  purpose  in  the  next  annual  estimates. 

The  Signal  Corps  has  promptly  supplied  all  material  and  apparatus  needed  for 
signal  instruction. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  ORDNANCE  AND  GUNNERY. 

The  course  in  this  department  has  been  conducted  yery  satis- 
factorily. There  have  been  no  material  changes  in  the  work  covered. 
Following  is  the  report  of  the  head  of  the  department,  Lieut.  CoL 
Tschappat,  professor  of  ordnance  and  gimnery: 

Afdde  from  minor  changes  in  the  subject  matter  made  to  bring  it  up  to  date  the 
course  in  ordnance  and  gunnery  was  the  same  as  for  the  preceding  year.  In  addition 
to  the  theoretical  work  for  each  cadet,  the  course  included  24  hoiuv'  shop  work  in 
the  machine  and  blacksmith  shops  during  February  and  March,  and  2  hours'  practical 
instruction  in  handling  machine  guns. 

Visits  were  made  in  connection  with  the  course  to  Sandy  Hook  Proving  Ground 
on  May  3  and  to  Watervliet  Arsenal  on  May  9. 

Ordnance  maUrial. — ^The  armament  of  the  post  has  been  kept  in  good  repair  during 
the  year.  Changes  and  alterations  ordered  by  the  War  Department  have  oeen  incor- 
porated in  the  field  and  seacoast  artillery  at  the  post. 

In  addition  to  the  regular  allowance  of  ammunition  for  small-arms  target  practice 
for  officers  and  enlisted  men  and  $5,000  for  such  practice  for  cadets,  the  regular  allow- 
ance of  field-gun  ammunition  was  furnished  for  taiget  practice  for  the  field  artiUery 
officers  stationed  at  the  post  and  a  liberal  allowance  of  neld  and  aeacoast  ammunlrion 
was  furnished  for  taiget  practice  for  cadets. 

Ordnance  laboratory, — This  group  of  buildings,  comprising  the  ordnance  barracks, 
machine,  carpenter,  and  blacksmith  shops,  storehouses,  etc.,  was  kept  in  good  repair 
during  the  year.  Some  rearrangement  of  machines  for  greAier  convenience  of  instruc- 
tion of  cadets  was  made. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  MILfTART  HTOIENE. 

The  third  class  has  one  month's  instruction  in  this  department. 
The  work  is  valuable  and  practical,  and  has  been  very  satisfactorily 
conducted  by  Lieut.  Col.  Henry  A.  Shaw,  Medical  Corps,  and  his 
assistants. 

Ttie  following  is  the  report  of  the  head  of  this  department: 

The  course  in  military  hygiene  commenced  on  September  1  and  was  completed 
October  6, 1915.  Four  officers  of  the  Medical  Corps  were  detailed  for  teinporary  duty 
as  instructors  during  the  course,  Capts.  Philip  W.  Huntington,  Joseph  F.  I&er,  Arthur 
N .  Tasker,  and  Chiu'les  W.  Haverkampf . 

The  only  important  change  in  the  course  was  the  ominion  of  the  six  lecture  periods 
and  the  substitution  of  practical  demonstrations  of  field  sanitarv  appliances,  and  of 
first-aid  work.  Each  section  was  taken  into  the  field  and  shown  tlie  different  methods 
of  water  sterilization  in  camp.  Latrines  of  various  patterns  were  dug  and  the  csethoda 
of  disposal  of  excreta  demonstrated.  Kitchen  incinerators  of  various  kinds  wei« 
built  to  show  the  methods  of  the  disposal  of  garbage  in  camp.  The  first-aid  work 
was  made  practical  bv  giving  instruction  to  small  groups  of  cadets  in  the  emei)geocy 
treatment  of  wounds,  nemorrnagef,  (nctures,  and  accidents. 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITABY  ACADEMY.     1199 

The  recitations  followed  the  prescribed  textbook,   Reefer's  Military  Hygiene, 
aphaaizing  particularly  personal  hygiene,  transmisBible  diseases,  and  camp  sanita- 


emp 
tion. 


DEPARTMENT   OF   ENGLISH   AND   HISTORY. 


The  course  in  this  department  has  been  carried  out  successfully 
and  satisfactorily. 

The  following  report  is  submitted  by  the  head  of  this  department, 
Lieut.  Col.  L.  H.  Holt,  professor  of  EngHsh  and  history: 

The  quota  of  instructors  has  been  maintained  at  10,  5  in  each  subject,  thus  allow- 
ing a  continuance  of  small  sections  and  carefiil  attention  to  the  individual  needs  of 
each  cadet. 

English. — ^As  in  previous  years,  the  emphasis  during  the  fall  term  has  been  laid 
upon  the  principles  of  composition  and  the  application  of  those  principles  in  writing, 
and  the  emphasis  during  the  spring  term  upon  several  forms  of  literature.  A  new 
anthology  of  English  poetry,  prepared  especially  for  this  course,  was  used  this  spring 
for  the  first  time.  ^ 

Diuing  the  written  general  review  period  at  the  end  of  the  work  of  the  fall  term, 
the  men  at  the  top  of  class  in  English  and  history  W^re  excused  from  the  reviews  and 
given  a  e^ort  course  in  argumentation,  followed  hy  four  debates.  Marked  improve- 
ment in  expression  and  delivery  was  noticed  diuing  the  brief  time  the  department 
was  able  to  devote  to  the  course. 

The  special  course,  introduced  in  1914  for  the  first  time,  was  continued  this  spring. 
Thirty-mree  cadets  having  an  average  grade  above  2.75  were  included  in  the  course. 
The  scope  of  the  dramatic  reading  was  the  same  as  in  previous  years.  The  readings 
in  class  were  selected  from  contemporary  and  recent  poets. 

Lieut.  R.  0.  Richardson,  jr.,  who  nas  continued  during  the  ^ear  as  assistant  professor 
in  English,  de8er\'e8  special  mention  for  the  loyalty  ana  eflSciency  with  whicn  he  has 
cooperated  with  me  in  the  work  of  the  department. 

History. — ^The  change  in  entrance  requirements  for  history  went  into  effect  this  year. 
The  resiuts  of  the  examinations  upon  the  period  assijB^ned  were  much  Che  same  in  the 
percentage  of  failures  and  successes  as  the  results  ofprevious  examinations. 

The  special  course  in  history  was  continued  this  spring  along  the  same  general  lines 
of  last  year,  but  more  time  was  given  to  the  instructors  for  preparation  of  the  talks, 
and  written  recitations  and  quizzes  were  inserted  at  intervals.  It  is  expected  that 
this  special  work  will  be  further  developed  for  the  men  standing  at  the  top  of  the  class. 

By  lectures,  map  study,  and  quizzes  the  department  has  attempted  to  keep  the 
cadets  in  the  class  fauniliar  with  tne  chief  problems,  political  and  military,  whicn  are 
now  being  fought  out  in  Europe.  Special  emphasis  has  been  laid  upon  those  parts 
of  the  textbook  which  describe  conditions  leading  up  to  the  present  situation. 

Lieut.  J.  P.  Bubb,  who  succeeded  Lieut.  Lyon  as  assistant  professor  of  history  upon 
the  latter*s  relief  from  duty  at  the  Military  Academy,  deserves  special  mention  for 
his  loyalty  and  efficiency  in  the  history  course. 

Lectures. — ^As  in  previous  years,  the  teaching  in  the  department  has  been  supple- 
mented by  lectures.  Among  those  who  have  lectured  during  the  year  are  Presiaent 
Arthur  T.  Hadley  of  Yale  iJniversity,  Prof.  H.  A.  Beers,  fiof.  A.  G.  Keller,  Prof. 

E.  B.  Reed,  Prof.  J.  C.  Adams,  Prof.  G.  H.  Nettleton,  Prof.  H   S.  Canby,  and  Dr. 

F.  H.  Green. 

In  conclusion,  I  wish  to  acknowledge  the  loyal  zeal  and  efficiency  with  which  the 
instructors  have  cooperated  in  the  work  of  the  department. 

children's   8CHOOL. 

This  school  has  been  m  charge  of  Capt.  R.  G.  Alexander,  Corps  of 
Engineers,  also  performing  duty  with  the  detachment  of  engineers, 
and  has  been  satisfactory  in  spite  of  difficulties.  As  will  be  seen  from 
the  following  report,  two  grades  of  37  pupils  were  forced  to  use  the 
basement  of  the  cadet  chapel  for  a  schoolroom  due  to  a  lack  of  space 
in  the  present  school  building.  This  is  most  unsatisfactory  in  re- 
sults. The  room  is  poorly  lighted  by  small  windows  on  one  side  only, 
has  no  suitable  toilet  conveniences,  and  is  on  a  hill  150  or  more  feet 
above  the  homes  of  the  children  attending,  and  in  the  wintertime  is 
frequently  accessible  only  to  the  larger  and  stronger  ones  able  to 


1200    BBPORT  OF   THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITAEY  ACADEMY. 


wade  through  the  snow.  It  is  also  distant  from  the  school  building, 
and  the  teacher  is  unable  to  have  the  help  of  the  principal  and  other 
teachers.  A  new  school  building  shoula  be  built  in  Keeping  with 
school  buildings  now  built  for  our  State  pubUc  schools. 

Following  is  the  report  of  the  officer  in  charge  of  the  school: 

There  was  no  change  from  the  precedingyear  in  the  teaching  force  nor  oiganizatioii 
of  the  school.  The  utter  was  as  follows  (Grade:  Eighth  and  part  seventh;  part  sev- 
enth and  sixth;  fifth;  fourth  and  third;  second  and  mst): 


Number  of  pupils  in  grade: 

Eighth 8 

Seventh 14 

Sixth 19 

Fifth 26 

Fourth 20 


NumbOT  of  pupils  in  grade — Contd. 

Third 17 

Second 21 

First 25 


Total. 


150 


Number  of  boys  reg^tered,  76. 

Number  of  girls  re^tered,  74. 

R^ents'  examinations  were  held  in  January  and  successfuUy  passed  by  five  pupik 
who  at  once  entered  high  school  in  Highland  Falls,  N.  Y. 

It  is  believed  that  it  will  not  hereafter  be  necessary  to  hold  regents'  examinations  in 
midyear,  thus  eliminating  a  source  of  inconvenience  to  pupils  deeiiing  to  enter  hig^ 
school.  In  the  past  special  efforts  have  had  to  be  made  to  advance  pupils  who  were 
older  than  the  usual  age  for  completing  grammar  school.  All  such  pupils  have  now 
been  graduated  and  the  average  a^  of  pupils  in  each  ^;nde  is  what  it  snould  be. 

The  progress  of  the  pupils  during  the  year  was  satisfiactoiy  in  all  subjects.  The 
Palmer  system  of  penmanship  was  used  with  ^;ood  results,  ifuch  practical  work  in 
sewing  was  accomplished  by  the  girls  of  the  higher  mdes,  including  the  making  of 
models  and  also  full-size  dresses  and  other  garments  for  themselves.    The  very  small 

S'rls  made  considerable  progress  in  the  use  and  handling  of  the  needle  and  in  learning 
le  simple  stitches  employed  in  ordinary  needle  work. 

A  patriotic 'entertainment,  originally  scheduled  for  Washington's  birthday,  but 
postponed  on  account  of  bad  weather  and  an  epidemic  of  sickness,  was  given  in  Memo- 
rial Hall  during  the  latter  part  of  March.  Considerable  time  out  of  school  hours  was 
devoted  by  pupils  and  teachers  and  the  results  were  very  praiseworthy. 

For  lack  of  room  in  the  main  school  building,  the  thira  and  fourth  grades,  as  in  the 
preceding  year^  attended  in  the  basement  of  the  cadet  chapel,  and  their  work  waa 
seriously  handicapped  thereby.  The  room  was  not  designed  for  a  schoolroom  and 
is  only  fairly  satis&ctory  for  the  purpose.  More  than  ever  before  the  isolated  and 
exposed  location  of  the  chapel  materially  cut  down  attendance  in  these  two  grades 
since  the  winter  was  an  imusually  severe  one.  The  children  attending  there  are  small 
and  can  not  attend  during  the  days  of  storm  or  thereafter  until  paths  and  roads  througji 
the  snow  can  be  dug  out.  The  teacher  there,  in  addition  to  the  regular  third  and 
fourth  grade  work,  had  to  instruct  in  sewing  and  writing  without  the  assistance  of  the 
teachers  specially  qualified  and  designated  to  supervise  that  work  in  the  other  grades, 
and  was  at  the  same  time  deprivea  of  the  immediate  support  and  assistance  of  the 
principal  of  the  school. 

It  is  earnestly  hoped  that  the  present  school  building,  unsatisfactory  in  both  sue 
and  arrangement,  may  be  replaced  in  the  near  future  by  an  adequate  one,  and  it  is 
believed  Uiat  a  building  of  the  social  center  type  now  being  built  in  many  cities, 
would  best  fit  the  peculiar  needs  of  the  poet.  At  present,  for  Iwck  of  any  room,  neither 
school  entertainments  nor  joint  exercises  of  the  several  grades  can  lb!e  held,  nor  is 
there  any  common  place  om  the  post  for  enlisted  men  and  their  families  to  meet  for 
recreation  and  social  pleasure. 

With  regard  to  salaries  it  is  recommended  that  when  possible  the  salary  of  the 
principal  be  increased  to  an  amount  equal  to  that  received  for  simUar  work  m  neig^ 
Doring  towns.  Otherwise  it  will  be  impossible  to  secure  and  retain  a  man  of  aatia- 
iictory  qualifications  and  experience. 

The  appropriation  of  $4,120  for  the  maintenance  of  the  school  was  expended  at 
follows: 

Pay  of  principal $1,090 

Pay  of  four  grade  teachers 2, 400 

Pay  of  janitor  at  chapel 100 

Purchase  of  books,  stationery,  and  other  supplies 540 

Balance  on  hand  at  end  of  year 


Total, 


,^  4,jm 


BEPORT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MIUTARY  ACADEMY.     1201 

HEADQUARTERS   OFFICE. 

The  work  of  this  office  has  been  satisfactorily  and  efficiently 
handled  by  Capt.  C.  C.  Carter,  Coast  Artillery  Corps.  His  recom- 
mendations in  the  following  report  are  concurred  in: 

The  undersigned  has  continued  since  July  1,  1915,  as  adjutant  of  the  United  States 
Military  Academy,  secretary  of  the  academic  board ,  and  in  command  of  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  band  and  detachment  of  field  musicians  and  the  noncom- 
missioned staff. 

Headquarters  force. — ^The  organization  of  the  headquarters  force  has  not  changed 
during  the  past  fiscal  year  except  that  one  enlisted  clerk  has  been  attached  to  the 
disciplinary  division  for  the  purpose  of  accurately  recording  on  index  cards,  cadet 
records  from  which  information  is  often  requested  and  which  information  in  the  past 
has  been  obtained  through  reference  to  at  least  three  and  often  many  more  documents 
on  file  in  the  headquarters  ofiSce,  usually  in  different  divisions.  This  work  has  pro- 
gressed in  a  satts^tctor}*  manner  and  will  probably  be  completed  in  the  ensuing  fiscal 
year.  About  2,444  of  these  cards  have  been  completed  and  filed  and  rough  copies  of 
819  additional  cards  have  been  completed.  This  list  when  once  finished  can  be  easily 
kept  up  to  date  and  will  result  in  a  material  saving  of  time  in  the  office  in  answering 
requests  for  information. 

An  additional  man  on  extra  duty  hsa  been  placed  in  the  binding  division,  with  a 
view  to  reducing,  if  possible,  the  cost  of  bindmg  to  the  library  appropriation.  The 
average  cost  of  oinding  books  for  the  library  when  done  bv  contract  with  outside 
binderies  is  something  over  60  cents  per  volume,  whereas  if  tnis  work  can  be  done  at 
the  Military  Academy  bindery  the  cost  thereof  for  material  and  additional  labor  will 
be  approximately  20  cents  per  volume.  This  experiment  has  been  tried  for  something 
over  two  months  and  is  working  out  satisfactorily.  It  is  believed  that  before  the  end 
of  the  next  year  the  bindery  will  be  able  to  take  care  of  all  of  the  Military  Academy 
binding,  including  the  library,  except  a  few  volumes  to  be  specially  and  elaborately 
bound.  This  will  result  in  a  saving  of  hundreds  of  dollars,  wnich  can  be  used  for  the 
purchase  of  additional  books  for  the  academy  library. 

An  increase  in  the  cost  of  paper  has  necessitated  the  strictest  economy  in  the  print- 
ing division,  and  in  some  cases  it  has  been  necessary  to  authorize  lighter  paper  in 
order  to  keep  within  the  appropriation. 

Formal  recommendations  with  regard  to  increased  pay  for  members  of  the  office 
force  were  made  and  have  been  incorporated  in  the  Book  of  Estimates  and  the  Military 
Academy  appropriation  bill  for  the  fiscal  year  1917.  Since  the  submission  of  these 
estimates  the  appropriation  bill  for  the  support  of  the  Army  has  had  tentatively 
inserted  therein  a  clause  as  follows: 

*' Hereafter  headquarters  clerks  shall  be  known  as  Army  field  clerks  and  shall 
receive  the  same  pay  and  allowances  as  now  allowed  by  law  to  pay  clerks,  Quarter- 
master Corps,  witn  the  exception  that  Army  field  clerks  at  entrance  into  the  service 
shall  receive  but  $1,000  per  annum  for  the  first  year  of  service:  Provided  further,  Thai 
Army  field  clerks  duly  assigned  to  and  performing  the  duties  of  chief  clerks  shall 
receive  $250  per  annum  in  addition  to  the  regular  pav  of  their  respective  grades  while 
performing  tne  duties  of  chief  clerks:  And  provided  further.  That  Army  field  clerks 
shall  be  subject  to  the  Rules  and  Articles  of  War:  Provided,  That  the  clerks  and  mes- 
sengers hereby  provided  for  shall  be  employed  and  assigned  by  the  Secretary  of  War 
to  the  offices  and  positions  in  which  they  are  to  serve  and  in  the  grades  and  salaries 
hereinbefore  provided  for  the  regular  force  of  such  clerks  and  messengers." 

It  is  urgently  recommended  that  every  reasonable  effort  be  made  to  have  included 
under  the  provisions  of  this  act  the  clerks  on  duty  at  headquarters,  United  States 
Military  Academy.  Until  1910  these  clerks  were  carried  as  headquarters  clerks,  but 
under  instructions  from  the  War  Department  dated  Junf-  14,  1910,  this  office  was 
directed  to  have  the  estimates  for  the  pay  of  these  clerks  prepared  and  submitted 
with  the  Militar>'  Academy  appropriation  bill,  which  has  been  done  since  that  date; 
but  it  is  understood  from  an  indorsement  dated  War  Department,  May  15,  1911,  that 
the  transfer  of  these  clerks  to  the  Military  Academy  bin  on  July  1,  1911,  would  not 
change  their  civil-service  status  nor  affect  their  rights  or  privileges  in  any  way,  so  far 
as  known  to  the  department.  If  the  provision  referred  to  above  becomes  a  law  and 
does  not  include  the  United  States  Military  Academy  headquarters  clerks  and  the 
printing-office  force,  it  can  not  be  reasonably  expected  that  they  can  be  held  in  their 

{)re8ent  positions  at  their  present  pay .    Many  of  tne  positions  in  this  office  are  such  that 
ong  tenure  of  office  is  absolutely  essential  to  effiaency,  and  it  is  entirely  impracti- 

69176'— WAB 1916— VOL  1 76 


1202    REPORT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MIUTARY  ACADEMY. 

cable  to  put  new  employees  in  most  of  these  poritiona.  For  a  number  of  years  ner- 
sistent  enort  has  been  made  to  have  the  pay  of  certain  of  these  clerks  increased,  but 
these  efforts  have  been  unsuccessful.  In  event  the  provision  referred  to  above  does 
not  become  a  law  the  increases  asked  for  in  the  regular  estimates  for  1917  should  be 
authorized.  With  the  increase  in  the  Corps  of  Cadets  contemplated  under  recent 
legislation,  which  will  ultimately  operate  to  more  than  double  the  corps,  an  increased 
amount  of  work  will  be  thrown  where  possible  on  all  members  of  the  office  force  and 
the  increases  in  the  personnel  of  the  force  will  l)e  kept  at  a  minimum.  During  the 
ensuing  year  it  is  beheved  that  no  actual  increasawill  be  necessary,  but  if  it  is  found 
that  the  present  office  force  can  not  keep  all  work  up  to  date  the  detail  of  enlisted 
men  to  assist  for  the  remainder  of  the  year  will  be  asked  for  and  provision  for  additional 
clerks  will  l)e  requested  for  the  fisral  year  1918. 

The  office  force  both  individually  and  as  a  body  has  rendered  most  efficient  and 
loyal  service.  Little  time  has  been  lost  through  illness,  and  leaves  of  absence  author- 
ized by  law  have  been  arranged  in  such  ways  as  would  create  a  minimum  interfer- 
ence with  office  work.  The  work  of  all  departments  of  the  office  has  been  satisfac- 
torily perfonned  during  the  past  year,  and  current  work  has  been  kept  up  to  date. 

United  States  Military  Academy  band. — Recommendation  is  a^ain  made  that  the 
band  be  increased  by  10  enlisted  musicians  graded  as  follows:  Three  at  $45  each  per 
month,  three  at  $36  each  per  month,  and  four  at  $30  each  per  month. 

The  band  now  consists  of  1  leader,  who  is  also  the  teacher  of  music,  1  band  sergeant, 
who  is  assistant  leader,  12  enlisted  musicians  at  $45  each  per  month,  12  at  $36  each  per 
month,  and  16  at  $30  each  per  month.  There  has  been  no  increase  in  the  personnel 
of  the  band  for  16  years,  at  which  time  the  strength  of  the  Corps  of  Cadets  was  about 
440  cadets;  the  strength  of  the  corps  within  another  year  will  be  nearly  double  this 
number.  At  reviews,  parades,  ana  other  formations  where  the  entire  corps  is  present, 
and  which  the  band  attends,  the  volume  of  music  is  not  even  now  sufficient  to  give 
satisfactory  march  music.  The  number  of  brass  instruments  in  the  band  has  been 
increased  as  far  as  is  commensurate  with  proper  musical  balance  for  a  military  band. 
The  only  practical  way  now  of  increasing  the  volume  of  this  music  is  by  adding  addi- 
tional numbers  to  the  band~4)rass  instruments  to  predominate  in  these  additions. 

The  United  States  Military  Academy  detachment  of  field  musicians, — The  field  music 
consists  of  1  sergeant,  1  corporal  and 22  privates.  The  proportion  of  noncommissioned 
officers  to  privates  is  entirely  too  small  for  proper  administration  and  does  not  admit 
of  advancement  in  the  field  music.  No  hope  can  be  held  out  to  any  private  that 
he  may  within  a  reasonable  length  of  time  become  a  noncommissioned  officer  therein. 
Normally  1  additional  sergeant  and  2  corporals  would  be  required  for  this  organiza- 
tion, but  in  view  of  its  peculiar  duties  it  is  believed  better  to  add  1  noncommis- 
sioned officer,  a  corporal,  and  authorize  10  privates,  first  class,  with  pay  of  a  pri- 
vate, first  class,  engineers,  and  12  privates  instead  of  22  privates.  With  this  addi- 
tional noncommissioned  officer  proper  administration  can  be  carried  out  and  with  the 
first-class  privates  something  in  the  way  of  advancement  can  be  held  out  for  de- 
serving members  of  this  detachment.  Under  the  present  oiganization  it  is  im- 
possible to  got  desirable  men  with  prior  service  to  enlist  for  the  field  music  and  moeC 
of  the  men  serve  only  one  enlistment  therein. 

lUvinning  with  the  fiscal  year  1918  it  will  be  necessary  on  account  of  the  increased 
Corps  of  Carets  to  have  the  field  music  increased  beyond  that  requested  herein  by 
6  privates  and  1  noncommissioned  officer,  prefenibly  a  sergeant.  The  organizatioa 
should  then  be  2  sergeants,  2  corporals,  12  privates,  first  class,  16  privates  and  a 
further  increase  will  probably  be  necessary  when  the  corps  has  reached  its  ultimate 
maximum  under  recently  enact e<l  l^islation. 

The  United  States  Militar>-  Academy  band  and  field  muMc  are  now  and  have  been 
for  many  years  under  the  direct  command  of  the  adjutant  of  the  Military'  Acad^ny. 
Practically  all  of  their  military  fimctions  are  performed  with  the  Corps  of  Cadets, 
which  is  commanded  by  the  commandant  of  cadets  or  an  officer  of  the  tactical  de- 
partment. The  band  and  field  music  may,  of  course,  turn  out  with  other  units  of 
the  command  serving  as  escorts,  but  in  no  case  is  such  escort  under  the  immediate 


command  of  the  sunerinlendent  or  the  adjutant  of  the  academy.  The  only 
where  the  band  and  field  music  are  actually  under  direction  of  the  adjutant  of  the 
Militarj*  Academy  are  when  detachments  thereof  are  used  for  nonmilitsuy  functions, 
such  as  dances,  receptions,  etc.  The  weekly  inspection  of  the  band  and  field  music 
is  always  performed  by  the  commandant  of  cadets  or  by  one  of  his  assistants  at  the 
tiriM'  of  the  inspection  of  the  Coips  of  Cadets.  All  the  duties  of  the  field  music  are 
imnK*<iiately  under  an  officer  of  tne  tactical  department. 

U\  view  of  the  foregoing  and  for  the  specific  reason  that  it  is  believed  that  it  will 
make  for  better  administration,  it  is  urgently  recommended  that  the  command  of  the 
band  aud  field  music  be  turned  over  to  the  commandant  of  cadets  to  be  ex^rioed  by 


BEPORT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY.     1203 

an  officer  of  the  tactical  department,  preferably  the  assistant  to  the  commandant,  who 
has  charge  of  all  details  with  respect  to  the  use  of  the  band  and  field  music  and  who 
performs  for  the  Corps  of  Cadets  so  far  as  such  arrangemnts  are  concerned  the  duties 
ordinarily  performed  by  the  adjutant  of  a  command. 

quartermaster's  departb«cent. 

The  work  of  tliis  department  has  been  efficiently  and  satisfactorily 

Serformed  under  the  charge  of  Maj.  E.  J.  Timberlake,  Quartermaster 
orps.     The  report  of  the  quartermaster  quoted  below  is  so  complete 
as  to  require  no  comment: 

Report  of  the  operations  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps,  quartermaster  and  disbursing 
officer,  United  States  Military  Aotdemy,  in  charge  of  construction,  and  treasurer 
special  contingent  fund,  for  the  period  from  July  1,  1915,  to  June  30,  1916. 

Quartermaster  Corps. — The  general  duties  of  the  Quartermaster  Corps  continued  the 
same  as  reported  for  1915.  The  addition  of  one  sergeant,  forage  master,  is  lugently 
recommended. 

Army  Serince  Detachment. — This  detachment  has  performed  its  multifarious  duties 
in  a  generally  satisfactory  manner.  The  amount  of  work  is  considerably  beyond  the 
capacity  of  the  detachment.  The  estimates  for  the  fiscal  year  1917  carry  an  item 
increasing  the  detachment  by  27  men,  and  also  laigely  increasing  the  number  of  non- 
commissioned officers  in  the  detachment.  This  is  necessary  to  better  organize  the 
detachment  for  the  character  of  the  work  required  and  the  efficiency  of  the  service 
rendered. 

Civilian  employees. — The  civil-service  rules  made  applicable  to  the  United  States 
Military  Academy  do  not  work  to  advantage  for  temporary  employees.  An  effort  was 
made  to  have  them  modified,  but  without  success. 

Transportation. — ^The  great  demand  in  the  work  of  hauling  fuel,  forage,  freight,  grad- 
ing, road  repair,  police,  etc.,  has  been  satisfactorily  performed  by  the  Iransiwrtation 
at  this  post  during  this  year.  It  is  almost  needlea^  to  Siiy  that  this  could  not  have  been 
done  without  the  five  trucks  on  hand.  With  work  of  this  kind  increaning,  two  addi- 
tional freight  trucks  will  soon  be  required.  Upon  the  deliver\'  of  a  new  auto  ambu- 
lance to  the  medical  department  in  the  near  future  the  auto  ambulance  now  used  by 
the  medical  department  will  be  available  for  passenger  transportation,  and  will  fill  a 
long-felt  need.  The  Quartermaster  General  has  furnished  a  tord  runabout  for  the  use 
of  uie  attending  surgeon. 

The  past  winter  was  such  as  to  put  out  of  commission  for  some  time  all  our  motor 
transportation.  On  December  13,  1915,  there  was  a  fall  of  snow  amounting  to  30 
inches.  It  was  two  or  three  weeks  after  before  the  motor  transportation  could  bo 
operated.  Several  times  during  the  winter  the  snow  was  such  as  to  necessitate  other 
than  motor  transportation,  showing  the  need  of  retaining  enough  horse-drawn  trans- 
portation to  meet  such  emergencies. 

Post  cemetery. — The  number  of  interments  in  the  cemetery  during  the  fiscal  year  was 
28,  making  a  total  to  date  of  1G05. 

The  care  and  maintenance  is  provided  for  in  the  Military  Academy  appropria- 
tions. The  present  appropriation,  $1,500,  is  not  sufficient  to  maintain  it  m  a  suit- 
able manner.  The  increase  in  the  number  of  interments  and  the  increase  in  space 
occupied  req\iires  increase  in  the  work.  It  is  recommended  that  an  appropriation 
of  $2,000  be  asked  in  the  1917  estimates.  In  some  previous  years  this  amoun  t  has  been 
appropriated,  and  it  is  again  very  necessary. 

Fire  department. — The  Military  Academy  appropriation  act,  1916,  carried  an  item 
for  the  purchase  of  an  automobile  fire  engine.  This  engine  has  been  delivered  and 
submitted  to  tests, which  it  passed  with  great  efficiency.  It  was  sent  to  a  fire  in  High- 
land Falls  on  the  night  of  March  5,  1916,  and  did  valuable  work.  There  has  been  no 
fire  on  the  post  during  the  past  year. 

A  U  buildings  are  now  equipped  with  hand  chemical  fire  extinguishers.  A  fire  appa- 
ratus  house  centrally  located  is  badly  needed.  The  present  one  is  not  adequate,  and 
its  situation  is  the  worst  possible.  It  is  recommended  that  the  next  estimates  carry 
an  item  for  a  new  building  built  on  modem  plans  with  hose-drying  tower,  etc. 

Power  plant. — During  the  fiscal  year  8,195  tons  of  buckwheat  coal  have  been  pur- 
chased at  a  cost  of  $22,946.  Contract  has  been  let  to  install  two  additional  440  horse- 
power boilers  in  accordance  with  present  appropriation  act.  These  two  boilers  will  be 
equipped  with  automatic  stokers,  which  will  permit  the  use  of  a  cheaper  grade  of  coal, 
at  the  same  time  pving  greater  efficiency.  The  estimates  for  1917  carry  an  item  for 
installing  automatic  stokers  under  the  present  boilers.  Other  improvements  are  being 
made,  all  to  result  in  greater  economy  and  efficiency. 


1204    BEPORT  OF   THE   SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY. 

Heating  and  ventilating  syitem. — ^This  syst^n  has  been  Improved  as  funds  would  i>er- 
mit^  and  throiigbout  the  past  winter  gave  satisfaction.  There  was  not  a  complaint 
against  it  received  at  this  office. 

According  to  records  of  purchase  and  condition  of  coal  bunkers  at  this  time  as  com- 
pared with  the  amount  on  hand  a  year  a^o,  there  was  a  reduction  in  consumption  thiB 
year  over  last  of  350  tons,  which  is  a  saving  of  $980  or  4  per  cent.  Other  things  being 
equal,  the  difference  in  weather  conditions  this  year  over  last,  should  have  caused 
about  a  15  per  cent  increase  in  consumption,  so  that  it  is  estimated  that  the  total  saving 
is  about  19  per  cent,  or  $4,796. 

Modem  uo-to-date  heating  plants  have  been  installed  in  quarters  33  and  35  at  a  cost 
of  $1,197.    Quarters  37  ana  39  will  have  similar  installati(ms  made  in  fiscal  year  1917. 

The  old  steel  boilers  in  engineer  barracks  were  replaced  with  new  cast-iron  sectional 
boilers.    Cost,  $503. 

GoM  plant.—Two  of  the  benches  were  renewed  in  August,  1915.  at  a  cost  of  $848. 
Repairs  to  roof  and  concrete  floor  in  coal  bin  were  made  during  the  year  at  a  cost  id 
$370.50. 

The  revenue  derived  from  gas,  coke,  and  tar  is  covered  into  the  special  contingent 
fund  and  applied  to  the  payment  of  employees  at  gas  works,  purchase  of  gas  cool,  if 
the  appropriation  is  not  sumcient,  and  for  miscellaneous  expenses  not  otherwise  pro- 
vided for. 

Gas  has  been  charged  at  the  rate  of  80  cents  per  1,000  cubic  feet;  coke  at  $3  per  ton, 
and  tar,  if  available,  is  sold  to  the  highest  bidder. 

During  the  past  twelve  months  13,594,000  cubic  feet  of  gas,  123,461  bushels  of  coke, 
and  19,296  gallons  of  tar  were  manufactured;  1.608  tons  of  coal  were  used  for  this 

purpose. 

Special  contingent  fund. — This  fund  is  derived  from  rentals,  and  the  sale  of  gas, 
electricity,  coke,  tar,  wood,  and  miscellaneous  sources.  Expenditures  from  this  fund 
are  made  under  tho  direction  of  the  superintendent,  under  provisions  of  chapter  212, 
Ite vised  Statutes,  act  of  Conerees  approved  May  1,  1888. 

Hotel. — ^The  need  of  a  new  notel  is  pressing.  An  appropriation  for  this  is  asked  each 
year,  but  Congress  does  not  appropriate  the  funds.  The  notel  has  been  operated  in  a 
generally  satisfactory  manner  by  the  lessee.  Expenditures  on  hotel  for  fiscal  year 
1916  were  $105.35. 

Forestry  department, — A  woods  foreman  and  four  woodsmen  have  been  employed 
during  the  year  and  other  laborers  hired  from  time  to  time  as  required,  all  pjiid  from 
the  special  contingent  fund.  The  sawmill  was  run  for  about  two  months  by  a  sawyer 
and  laborers  p%id  from  the  appropriation,  '* Repairs  and  improvements."  Since 
July,  1915, 1.592  cords  of  wood,  125,000  feet  b.  m.  of  logs.  450  chestnut  fence  rails,  and 
5, 1 30  railroad  ties  have  been  cut.  Some  of  this  material  has  been  already  sold  and  the 
biailance  will  be  sold  during  the  fiscal  year  1917,  the  proceeds  going  to  the  special 
contingent  fund.    The  output  of  the  sawmill  amounted  to  93,000  feet  b.  m. 

'She  following  number  of  trees  have  been  planted  in  the  forest:  15,000  three-year  old 
Norway  spruce,  15,000  two-year  old  Norway  spruce,  15,000  three-year  old  red  pine, 
and  7,500  three-vear  old  white  cedar.  In  addition  to  these,  the  shade  trees  in  the  main 
part  of  the  post  have  been  pnmed  and  sprayed,  some  10  or  12  dead  ones  removed,  and 
about  300  new  ones  planted  of  different  varieties. 

Some  15  of  the  large  shade  trees  around  the  plain  and  in  front  of  cadet  mess  have 
been  given  surgical  treatment,  which  will  insure  their  preservation  for  years  to  come. 

iMundry. — The  old  laundry  building  is  dangerous.  There  is  a  great  liability  of  a 
catastrophe  there  at  any  time.  Only  recentl}r  all  laundry  work  had  to  be  stopped  and 
workmen  had  to  be  sent  in  who  worked  all  nieht  shoring  up  and  strengthemuj^  floors 
that  had  suddenly  settled  about  3  inches.  A  new  building  should  be  pronded  at 
once. 

Public  M  orib«.— Estimates  have  been  prepared  and  submitted  to  carry  out  the  en- 
largement of  the  academy  made  necessary  by  the  great  increase  authorized  for  the 
Corps  of  Cadets.  These  estimates  were  based  upon  plans  submitted  by  the  superin- 
tendent to  the  board  of  officers  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  War  November  4, 1915. 

In  the  estimates  for  the  fiscal  year  1918  it  is  recommended  that  they  include  the 
quartermaster  storehouses  and  shops.  The  need  of  these  buildings  is  urgent,  the  shops 
will  be  especially  so,  for  if  the  plan  for  enlargement  is  approved,  the  present  building 
used  as  pipe  shop  will  have  to  be  torn  down  among  the  firat,  and  tnere  is  no  place 
available  for  this  material  and  workshop. 

General  repairs  and  upkeep. — The  necessary  repairs  and  improvements  to  public 
buildings  and  quarters  nave  been  made  as  funds  would  permit. 

The  porches  to  south  barracks  were  rebuilt  with  concrete  floors.  Thirty  rooms  and 
eight  halls  in  south  barracks  were  refloored  with  composition  flooring.  Rcpain  to 
plaster,  woodwork,  and  painting  were  done  throughout  both  barracks. 


REPORT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY.     1205 


The  cadet  meee  was  altered  so  as  to  seat  770  cadets  at  one  sitting.  This  is  the  maxi- 
mum capacity  of  the  present  mess  hall. 

Two  (ufferent  materials  were  applied  to  the  walls  of  headquarters  and  the  bachelor 
buildings  in  an  effort  to  waterproof  them.    So  far  both  materials  have  proven  efficient. 

Roads. — With  the  limited  funds  available,  the  roads  have  been  kept  in  fairly  good 
condition.  The  main  road  from  academic  building  to  the  hotel  will  have  to  be 
resurfaced.  This  work  should  bc^n  September  1.  Other  roads,  as  the  one  to  cadet 
chapel  and  the  road  out  to  Washington  V alley  needs  rebuilding  and  will  be  done  as 
funds  permit. 

Receipts  and  disbursemenU. — Receipts  and  disbursements  are  shown  in  statements 
attached  marked  1,  2,  and  3. 

No.  1. — Statement  o/ receipts  and  expenditures  pertaining  to  the  special  contingent  fund^ 

United  States  Military  Academy^  for  the  fiscal  year  1916. 

July  1,  1915,  balance  on  hand $868. 16 

June  30,  1916,  by  amounts  received: 

Rents — 

Hotel $100.00 

Post  Office  Department 200. 00 

Stables , 300. 00 

Electric-light  plant 700. 00 

Store  and  restaurant 250. 00 

Western  Union  Telegraph  Co 60. 00 

1,610.00 

Sale  of— 

Wood ,  forestry 5,  932 .  01 

Electric  current  and  gas 11,  449. 11 

Coke 280.38 

Tar 517. 70 

Railroad  ties 697. 50 

Miscellaneous  receipts 1,  204. 40 

Wharfage  dues 2,447.90 

22,  529. 00 

Total  to  be  accounted  for 25. 007. 16 

June  30,  1916,  total  expended 19.  846. 54 

Balance  June  30,  1916 5,160.62 

Amount  expended  for  the  repair  of  south  dock  from  sum  collected  for 
wharfage  aues 1,  665. 49 

No.  2. — Statement  of  funds  pertaining  to  the  Quartermaster  Corps  at  West  Pointy  N.  Y., 
received,  disbursed^  and  deposited  during  the  fiscal  year  191 6,  from  July  7, 1915  j  to  June 
SOy  1916. 


On  hand 

Julv  1, 

19i5. 


Pay  ofthe  Armv $11,049  S5 

Payof  t^eMnitarv  Academy.   39.918  nS 

Pay  of  Army  deposit  fund....     l.S9i.i8 

Solcliers'  deposits I 

Pay  coUectfons 

Supplies,  ser\  ices,  and  trans- 
portation, Quartermaster 
iorps 

Subsistence  of  the  Army 

Rexular  supplies 

Military  post  exchange 

Horses  for  Cavalry,  Artillery, 
and  Engineers 

Barracks  and  quarters 

Transportation  of  Army 

Roads,  walks,  whar\es,  and 
drainage 

Shooting  galleries  and  ranges. 

Disposition  of  remains 

Headstones,  etc 

Ineometax 

Miscellaneous  receipts 


Received 
since. 


397.51 
6.236.16 

1.53 
160.76 


$370,367.60 

755,995.23 

13.305.62 

6.309.75 

8,246.09 


346,770.45 

596.22 

2,507.27 

237.20 

150.00 

•  4,067.20 

1,131.07 

2,062.00 

332.00 

20.00 

11.50 

121.22 

2,599.68 


Total 59.662.03  ,1,616,730.00 


Total  to  be 

accounted 

for. 


$381,417.35 

795,914.08 

15,200.00 

6,309.75 

8,246.09 


346,770.45 

506.22 

2,607.27 

237.20 

150.00 
4,464.71 
7,367.23 

2,966.63 

482.76 

20.00 

11.50 

121.22 

2,609.68 


Disbursed 
and  de- 
posited. 


$344,883.99 

730,145.62 

15,200.00 

6,309.75 

8,246.09 


346,770.46 

596.22 

2.507.27 

237.20 

150.00 
4,4(M.71 
7,367.23 

2,066.53 

482.75 

20.00 

11.60 

121.22 

2,600.68 


On  hand 

Julv  1, 

1916. 


$36,533.36 
65, 768. 46 


1,676,382.03  1,473,080.21   102,301.82 


Total  dis- 
bursed, de- 
posited, and 

on  band. 


$381,417.35 

795.914.08 

15,200.00 

6.309.75 

8,246.09 


346,770.45 

596.22 

2,507.27 

237.20 

150.00 
4,464.71 
7,367.23 

2.966.53 

482.75 

20.00 

11.50 

121.33 

2,600.68 


1,575,382.03 


1206    REPOBT  OF   THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MIUTABY  ACADEMY. 

No.  3. — Statement  of  funds  received  and  disbursed  from  appropriationB  for  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  at  West  Pointy  N.  y.,  during  thefisccd  year  ending  June  SO 
1916. 


DB. 

Balance  on  hand  July  1, 1915: 

Fiscal  year  1914-16. 

Fiscal  year  1915. 

Fiscal  year  1915-16 

No  year,  buildings  and  grounds. 
Reoeiv^  since  July  1, 1915: 

Fiscal  year  1916 

Miscellaneous  receipts 

Cash  collections 


Total. 


CB. 

Deposited  since  July  1. 1915: 

Fiscal  year  1914-16. 

Fiscal  year  1915 

Fiscal  year  1915-16 

Fiscal  year  1916 

Disbursements  since  July  1, 1916: 

Fiscal  year  1914-15 

Fiscal  year  1915 

Fiscal  year  1915-16 

Fiscal  year  1916 

No  year,  buildings  and  grounds. 
Balance' on  hand  July  1, 1916. 


Total. 


Current 
and  ordi- 
nary ex- 
penses. 


$366.45 

8,405.94 

788.52 


Miscella- 
neous 
items  and 
incidental 
expenses. 


138,470.00 

105.60 

13.31 


147,777.37 


1,962.23 

.02 

26.45 


6,429.17 

783.60 

126,695.54 


11,860.46 


147,777.37 


$2,657.63 
8,201.49 


50,872.00 

ii'oi 


67,129.57 


126.70 
43.47 


80.24 

230.75 

2,614.16 

2,897.10 

47,893.93 


Buildings 

and 
grounds. 


$2,154.06 


No  year, 
buildings 

and 
grounds. 


90,211.00 


92,365.06 


1,111.91 


3,234.22 


57,129.57 


1,042.15 
'65*655.05" 


24,555.95 


92,365.06 


$7,338.25 


7,338.25 


633.39 
6,704.86 


7,338.25 


TotaL 


$366.45 

13.217.63 
3,985.01 
7.338.35 

279,553.00 

105.60 

44.31 


304.610. 2S 


126.70 

3,137.61 

.03 

106.60 

230.75 

10.065.48 

3,G!«.tO 

240,244.52 

633.39 

46,355.49 


304,610.25 


TREASURER  UNITED  STATES  MILITARY  ACADEMY  AND  QUARTERMASTER 
AND   COMMISSARY   FOR  THE   BATTALION   OF   CADETS. 

The  duties  of  the  treasurer  have  been  ably  conducted  by  Capt. 
George  H.  EJstes,  TVentieth  Infantry.  His  report  given  below  shows 
clearly  the  essential  features  of  the  business  conducted  by  this 
department. 

I  fully  concur  with  his  recommendations  with  respect  to  a  new 
cadet  laundry. 

The  following  report  is  submitted  by  the  treasurer: 

Statement  of  business  Apr.  SO,  1916, 


ASSETS. 

Accounts  receivable $4,341.34 

Cadet  store  stock 66, 835. 66 

Cadet  mess  stock 15, 504. 32 

Cadet  laundry  stock 1, 428. 61 

Cadet  store 610.90 

Treasurer's  cash 189, 573. 95 

Pay  due 29, 300. 00 

First  class  club 184.95 

Howitzer,  1916 1,336.87 

Tennis  account 48.  79 


Total 309,165.39 


LIABILITIB8. 

Accounts  payable 

Equipment  fund 

Interest  on  equipment  fund. 

Dialectic  society 

Glee  club 

I^IiscellaneouB  fund 

X  •    JUL  •    ^/»   aV*  •••*«•••  •  •  ••«  ••  « 

Reserve  fund,  store 

Reserve  fund,  mess 

Reserve  fimd,  laundry 


$38, 157. 82 

224,  793.  48 

2,221.81 

125.67 

.80 

7.62 

333.37 

37. 144. 80 

823.30 

5, 556.  72 


Total 309,165.39 


BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUPEBINTENDENT  MIUTABY  ACADEMY.     1207 

TOTAL  BUSINESS  FOB  THE  PBBIOD  FBOM  JULY  1,  1915,  TO  APB.  30,  1910. 

Kcceipte $416,702.23 

Disbursements 351, 675.  75 

Under  authority  of  the  War  Department,  the  treasurer  on  July  7,  1915,  deposited 
with  the  Commercial  National  Bank,  Washington,  D.  C,  the  sum  of  $100,000  of  the 
equipment  fund  of  the  cadets  at  an  annual  interest  of  3  per  cent  payable  quarterly,  the 
principal  being  secured  by  contract  with  the  Commercial  National  Bank  and  bonds 
to  the  amount  of  $111,800  which  received  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  War  and 
which  are  deposited  with  the  treasurer.  United  States  Military  Academy.  On  April 
30  the  income  derived  from  this  fund,  namelv,  $2,221.81,  was  apportioned  to  each 
cadet  in  proportion  to  his  equipmentfund  balance  as  shown  by  the  records  of  the 
treasurer's  ollice,  United  States  Mulitary  Academy.  The  average  amounts  received 
by  cadets  were  as  follows: 

First  class $6.73 

Second  class 4.  70 

Third  class 3. 02 

Fourth  class 1.32 

The  following  was  the  condition  of  cadets'  personal  financial  standing  on  April  30, 
1916: 

First  class,  out  of  debt  average  $605.06  per  man. 
Second  class,  out  of  debt  average  $50.29  per  man. 
Third  class,  out  of  debt  average  $64.02  per  man. 
Fourth  claaB,  out  of  debt  average  $17.23  per  man. 

In  the  case  of  the  first  class  the  credit  shown  includes  the  equipment  fund. 

Attention  is  again  invited  to  the  desirability  of  strict  enforcement  of  the  regulations 
requiring  the  sum  of  $160  to  be  deposited  with  the  treasurer  of  the  academy  l^fore  the 
candidate  is  admitted  as  a  cadet.  This  deposit  has  not  been  made  in  many  cases, 
and  unless  it  is  done  it  simply  means  that  those  cadets  who  are  in  debt  are  carried 
alone  by  loans  from  other  more  fortunate  ones  out  of  debt.  In  order  that  the  cadets 
^ould  be  on  the  same  financial  basis  and  that  no  cadet,  due  to  his  larger  deposit, 
should  have  the  advantage  of  being  able  to  purchase  athletic  supplies  and  other  lux- 
uries debarred  to  the  cadets  in  debt,  it  is  recommended  that  tnis  requirement  be 
strictly  enforced  as  a  prerequisite  for  admission. 

Cadet  store. — ^The  effect  of  the  European  war  has  been  sorely  felt  in  the  increase  in 
cost  of  practically  every  item  of  uniform  and  equipment  used  by  the  cadets.  By 
taking  advantage  of  opportunities  to  place  contracts  tor  future  deliveries  and  by  buy- 
ing in  odd  lots  lor  casn,  every  effort  has  been  made  to  keen  down  the  increased  cost 
to  a  minimum. 

During  the  year  improvements  were  made  in  the  gymnasium  belt,  dress  hat,  and 
raincoat  without  changing  the  uniform  pattern.  A  new  article  of  uniform,  drill 
breeches,  was  made  up  in  the  cadet  store  shop  and  issued  to  members  of  the  corps. 
The  cadet  store  building  has  recently  been  provided  with  exterior  fire  escapes  tor 
the  safety  of  the  men  and  women  employed  in  the  shops  on  the  fourth  floor. 

Cadet  laundry. — ^The  demand  for  a  new  building  is  most  pressing.  It  has  been  nec- 
essary to  close  down  on  two  occasions  to  shore  up  floors  with  beams  and  posts  to  pre- 
vent serious  accident.  The  building  was  inspected  on  May  22, 1916,  by  Mr.  Harry  C. 
Sweeney,  engineer  inspector,  bureau  of  buildings,  New  Vork  City,  with  a  view  to 
determining  whether  it  was  in  a  condition  to  continue  its  use  without  endangering 
the  lives  of  employes.    He  says: 

"In  conclusion  will  state  that  this  building  as  constructed  and  equipped  could  not 
be  erected  in  the  city  of  New  York  under  existing  building  laws,  as  it  would  be  con- 
sidered weak  and  oi  insufficient  strength,  besides  not  possessing  proper  protection 
in  case  of  fire." 

It  is  doubtful  if  this  building  will  last  another  year. 

Cadet  mess. — ^The  increase  in  cost  of  every  item  of  food  has  increased  the  cost  of 
board.  The  average  cost  per  day  for  the  period  from  July  1,  1915,  to  April  30,  1916, 
was  65  cents  per  day.  For  the  previous  fiscal  year  the  cost  was  64  cents  per  day. 
Every  indication  points  to  a  still  further  increase  in  the  cost  of  food  supplies. 

In  anticipation  of  the  enlargement  of  the  Corps  of  Cadets  the  seating  accommoda- 
tions of  the  mess  building  have  been  increased  to  care  for  770  cadets.  This  is  the 
maximum  that  can  be  handled  at  one  sitting  with  the  present  building  and  equipment. 

The  interior  of  the  building  has  been  repainted  during  the  year  and  all  Uie  frames 
of  the  portraits  of  distinguished  officers  hanging  in  the  main  dining  room  have  been 
regilded. 


1208    REPORT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MIUTARY  ACADEMY. 

Following  out  the  recommendation  of  the  surgeon,  all  mess  employees  who  handle 
food  supplies  in  any  capacity  are,  prior  to  employment,  subjectea  to  examination 
and  test  oy  the  surgeon  for  typhoid  and  venereal  infection,  and  thereafter  monthly 
physical  inspections  are  made  by  the  same  official.  Sanitary  drinking  foimtains  and 
inaividual  towel  racks  have  been  installed  in  the  various  wash  rooms  of  employees. 

HEALTH  AND   SANITATION. 

The  health  of  officers,  cadets,  and  enlisted  men  has  been  excellent. 
While  the  percentages  of  daily  sick,  admissions  to  hospital,  and  days 
lost  are  shgntly  more  than  last  year,  there  has  been  notning  connected 
with  the  ailments  to  indicate  any  lack  of  the  most  excellent  sanitary 
conditions. 

The  report  of  the  surgeon,  Lieut.  Col.  H.  A.  Shaw,  Medical  Corps, 
follows: 

Corps  of  cadets. — ^The  health  of  the  corps  has  been  excellent  throughout  the  year. 
There  were  579  hospital  admissions  during  the  year,  equivalent  to  an  annual  admission 
rate  of  1,000  per  thousand,  a  decrease  of  127  pier  thousand  as  compared  with  the  pre- 
ceding year;  this  is  the  smallest  admission  recorded  during  the  past  10  years.  The  non- 
effective rate,  or  the  number  of  cadets  constantly  in  hospital,  was  13.82  pcf  thousand, 
as  compared  with  19.83  per  thousand  in  1915;  this  is  the  smallest  rate  during  the  past 
10  years  except  in  1914  when  it  was  11.92. 

The  average  number  of  days'  treatment  of  each  case  was  5  as  compared  with  6.4  for 
the  preceding  year,  4  days  for  1914,  and  4.8  for  the  preceding  four  years.  The  follow- 
ing table  shows  the  hospital  admission  rates  and  the  noneffective  rates  per  thousand 
for  hospital  cases  for  the  past  10  years: 

Table  I. 


Year. 


Mean 
af'tual 
strength 
of  com- 
mand. 


19(»-7. 
1907-8. 
1908-9. 
1909-10 
1910-11 
1911-12 
1912-13 
1913-14 
1914-15 
1915-16 


440 
404 
422 
417 
407 
531 
515 
562 
612 
579 


Crises. 

Rate  per 
1.000. 

682 

1,550 

641 

1,586 

992 

2,350 

987 

2.366 

780 

1,916 

764 

1,438 

587 

1,139 

612 

1,088 

600 

1,127 

579 

972 

Non- 

effetire, 
rates  per 

1.000, 
hospital. 


35.23 
32.17 
32.n 
35.73 
28.25 
17.70 
16.80 
11.93 
19. 8S 
13.33 


There  were  no  cases  of  critical  illness  nor  of  dangerous  injury  under  treatment  dur- 
ing the  year.  A  mild  but  extremely  contagious  epidemic  of  influenza  occurred  during 
December  and  January,  lasting  about  one  month  and  affecting  about  16  per  cent  of  the 
corps;  108  cases  were  admitted  to  the  hospital  for  treatment,  the  average  duration  c^ 
each  case  being  about  four  days ;  there  were  no  serious  complications.  Forty-one  cases 
of  contagious  catarrhal  conjunctivitis  were  treated  in  hospital  during  Blarch  and  April. 
None  of  the  cases  were  at  all  serious.  One  case  of  larvngeal  tuberculosis,  occurring  in 
a  cadet  on  furlough,  was  transferred  to  Fort  Bayard,  N.  Mex.  Three  cases  of  malaria 
appeiuped  during  the  year— one  a  new  case,  the  other  two  being  recurrences  from  pre- 
vious infections.  Tliree  cadets  were  discharged  for  ph^od  disabiUty,  for  valvular 
disease  of  the  heart;  one  case  followed  an  attack  of  articular  rheumatism,  in  lino  of 
duty;  the  other  two  occurred  previous  to  entrance  into  the  Military  Academy. 

Of  the  579  hospital  admisBtons,  general  diseases,  including  108  influensa,  fumiiihed 
the  greatest  proportion,  135,  or  23.01  per  cent;  injuries  and  other  affections  duo  to 
external  causes  furnished  132,  or  22.79  per  cent;  diseases  of  the  digestive  system,  90, 
or  16.58  per  cent;  diseases  of  the  respiratory  system,  79^  or  13.64  per  cent;  and  diseases 
of  the  eye  and  ear,  including  41  cases  of  conjunctivitis,  56,  or  9.65  per  cent 


REPORT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY,     1209 

Of  the  132  affections  due  to  external  causes,  the  greatest  proportion  were  as  usual 
due  to  accidents  durine  riding,  the  next  most  frequent  were  due  to  football,  to  gym- 
nastic exercieeB,  to  badly  fiUing  shoes,  to  basketball,  and  to  baseball,  as  follows: 

Table  II. 


^  cridents  during  riding 

Injuries  due  to  football 

Accidents  during  gymnastics 

Injuries  from  badly  fitting  shoes.... 

Injuries  due  to  basketball. 

Injuries  due  to  baseball 

Mttoellaneous  accidents  and  injuries 

Total 


1914 


49 
36 
13 
11 
7 
3 
87 


156 


The  football  season  was  marked  by  an  unusually  small  number  of  accidents,  most 
of  them  of  a  trivial  nature,  no  injury  being  permanent.  Twenty-five  cases  required 
hospital  treatment,  entailing  an  absence  of  159  days  from  duty,  as  comparea  with 
36  cases  and  221  days  lost  in  hospital  during  the  preceding  season.  The  freedom  of 
football  players  from  serious  accidents  is  gratifying  and  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  fine 
physical  condition  of  members  of  the  squad  when  active  fall  practice  is  begun,  and 
also  to  file  careful  oversight  on  the  part  of  the  medical  ofiicer  on  duty  with  the  squad 
and  of  the  coaching  staff.  Accidents  are  far  more  likely  to  occur  when  a  player 
begins  to  tire  and  when  the  fine  edge  of  mental  and  physical  fitness  has  begun  to 
turn.  If  at  that  point  the  player  is  taken  out  of  the  game  most  of  the  serious  acci- 
dents of  football  may  be  avoided.  This  is  the  policy  which  is  followed  at  the  academy 
and  which  has  given  excellent  results. 

In  the  last  annual  report  from  this  office,  mention  was  made  of  the  fact  that  badly 
fitting  shoes  were  the  catise  of  much  foot  trouble,  particularly  in  the  fourth  class, 
during  summer  camp.  An  effort  was  made  to  prevent  these  troubles  in  the  incoming 
cla«s  by  requiring  that  all  new  cadets  be  measured  and  that  shoes  of  proper  size  be 
issued  in  accordance  with  the  detailed  instructions  prescribed  by  the  Wax  Depart- 
ment for  fitting  enlisted  men.  The  practical  results  of  this  scheme  have  been  ex- 
ceedingly satisfactory.  Oapt.  H.  C.  Cobxuii,  jr.,  Medical  Corps,  on  duty  with  the 
corps  during  their  week's  practice  march  in  August,  reported  as  follows: 

In  closing  this  report  I  desire  to  call  especial  attention  to  the  exceedingly  small 
number  of  foot  injuries  treated  on  this  marcn.  Only  eight  cadets  reported  to  the  hos- 
pital during  the  entire  week  on  account  of  blisters  or  corns  due  to  marching  and  these 
were  all  of  such  trifling  nature  that  no  duties  were  missed.  I  consider  this  excellent 
showing  due  to  the  good  work  done  this  year  in  accurately  fitting  the  fourth  class  with 
shoes  0?  proper  size  immediately  upon  admission  to  the  academy.  Last  vear  many 
cadets  reported  daily  with  foot  trouble,  the  bulk  being  made  up  of  fourth  classmen 
with  all  forms  of  injuries  due  to  short  shoes.  The  improvement  tiiis  year  was  very 
noticeable  and  it  Is  hoped  that  the  good  results  may  be  perpetuated  by  the  same  careful 
supervision  of  footwear  as  was  practiced  this  summer. 

A  minimum  standard  of  vision  has  been  fixed  by  the  War  Department  for  graduation 
at  the  Military  Academy.  The  vision  "shall  not  be  less  than  20/100  in  one  eye  and 
20/70  in  the  other,  these  defects  to  be  entirely  correctible  by  proper  glasses.''  This  is 
in  accordance  with  the  recommendation  of  Maj.  S.  H.  Wadmuns,  M^ical  Corps,  who 
was  detailed  by  the  War  Department  to  make  a  special  study  of  visual  defects  among 
cadets  at  the  academy. 

Enlisted  m^n.— During  the  past  year  there  were  231  admissions  to  sick  report,  equiv- 
alent to  an  admission  rate  per  thousand  of  326,  the  lowest  on  record  in  recent  years. 
The  noneffective  rate  was  also  lower  than  in  1915,  being  7.9  per  thousand,  as  compared 
with  9.35  for  1915.  Both  the  admission  and  the  noneffective  rates  are  very  con- 
siderably lower  than  for  the  Army  at  large.  The  foUowing  table  shows  the  number 
of  admissions,  the  admission  rate,  and  tne  noneffective  rate  per  thousand  among 
enlisted  men  for  the  past  six  years: 


Tablb  III. 


Admissions  to  sk-k  report 

Ratespcr  thousind ^ 

Noneflec'  i .  c  rates 

Mean  annual  btrt^ngth  of  command 


1911 


622 

825 

1&87 

640 


1912 


401 

626 

14.81 

648 


1913 


415 

603 

15.26 


1914 


302 

468 

11.25 

702 


1915 


359 

501 

9.35 

716 


1916 


231 

326 

7.90 

706 


1210    REPORT  OF   THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY. 

The  number  of  admissions  for  transmissible  diseases  was  small — including  venereal 
28,  influenza  25,  malaria  3,  tuberculosis  3.  The  3  cases  of  malaria  reported  were  recur- 
rent attacks;  the  3  cases  of  tuberculosis  were  transferred  to  Fort  Bayard,  N.  Mex.,  for 
treatment.    No  case  of  pneumonia  was  reported  during  the  year. 

Civilian  population.— HesAth  conditions  among  civilians  attached  to  this  command 
have  been  very  satisfactory.  A  mild  epidemic  of  mumps  occurr^  during  December 
and  January  among  the  cnildren  of  officers  and  enlisted  men,  numbering  42  cases. 
Nine  cases  of  measles  were  reported  during  the  year,  3  of  chicken  pox,  and  1  of  whoop- 
ing cough. 

Sanitation. — The  sanitary  condition  of  the  post  has  been  excellent  throughout 
the  year.  The  stringent  measures  against  mosquito  and  fly  breeding  heretofore 
adopted  have  been  successfully  carried  out.  Only  eight  cases  of  malaria  occurred 
during  the  year,  of  which  seven  were  recurrences  of  previous  infection.  Five  cases 
were  among  the  cadets,  equivalent  to  an  annual  admission  rate  of  8.6  per  thousand, 
the  lowest  on  record  except  in  1914;  three  cases  were  among  enlisted  men,  an  equiva- 
lent of  4.2  per  thousand. 

THE   LIBRARY. 

The  following  report  submitted  by  Maj.  James  E.  Runcie,  librarian 
at  the  Military  Academy,  is  complete  in  itself  and  calls  for  no  com- 
ment: 

The  library  of  the  Military  Academy  consists  practically  of  a  few  collections  of  books 
difierine  in  their  nature  and  purposes. 

The  first  of  these  may  be  considered  a  general  library  of  literature,  history,  and 
art  such  as  would  be  suitable  for  any  educational  institution.  Our  collection  of  this 
kind  is  excellent,  but  not  adequate.  It  does  not  furnish  facilities  for  study  and 
research  in  the  various  fields  of  general  literature  and  general  history,  but  with  judi- 
cious additions,  including  the  best  current  works  of  this  character,  it  is  believed 
that  it  can  be  made  fairly  adequate  for  the  purposes  of  the  Military  Academy  as  a 
special  school. 

Second,  a  collection  of  military  works,  including  works  in  military  history  and 
the  development  of  the  art  and  science  of  war.  This  should  be  always  a  special 
feature  of  tne  library  of  the  academy  and  should  contain  substantially  every  militarv 
work  produced  in  our  country,  every  such  work  of  material  importance  producea 
elsewhere,  all  manuscripts  of  military  memoirs  which  can  be  procured,  especially 
those  which  bear  on  the  history  of  our  own  army  and  more  especially  during  periodb 
of  war.  These  should  be  supplemented  by  a  collection  of  military  maps  and  prints. 
Our  collection  of  this  character,  while  considerable  in  quantity  ana  excellent  in 
quality,  is  far  from  being  so  complete  as  it  should  be  to  enable  officers  and  military 
students  to  utilize  it  satisfactorily  in  their  professional  or  literary  work.  Efforts 
have  been  made  and  will  continue  to  be  made  to  supply  the  deficiencies  existing 
in  the  collection  and  to  maintain  it  up  to  date  by  the  acquisition  of  all  current  publi- 
cations on  the  subjects  stated. 

The  third  collection  is  that  of  public  documents,  legislative  and  executive,  from 
the  General  Government  and  from  the  governments  of  the  States.  The  oresent  col- 
lection of  such  material  is  extenaive  and  adequate,  and  it  is  kept  up  to  date  by  the 
addition  of  all  such  publications  which  promise  to  nave  any  permanent  value. 

The  fourth  part  of  our  library  consists  of  special  collectionfl  on  engineering,  law, 
chemistry,  mathematics,  and  other  sciences  taught  in  the  course  prescribed  for 
cadets.  Inasmuch  as  each  of  the  academic  departments  now  possesses  a  library  of 
its  own  relating  to  its  special  subjects,  it  is  therefore  deemed  not  necessary  to  add 
extensively  to  the  accumulations  under  those  heads  in  the  academy  library. 

In  addition  to  the  above  there  is  a  large  collection  of  fiction,  in  quantity  believed 
to  be  adequate  for  the  needs  of  the  academy  for  some  years  to  come. 

The  number  of  volumes  in  the  library  on  July  1,  1915.  was  95,550.  On  June  30, 
1916,  the  catalogues  show  98,323  volumes,  an  increase  oi  2,773  volumes  dming  the 
year.  This  is  beUeved  to  be  a  satisfactory  measure  of  growth  for  a  library  of  thif 
character. 

Special  efforts  have  been  made  to  increase  our  collection  relating  to  the  history 
of  tne  armies  of  the  United  States.  Regular  and  Volunteer,  and  also  to  add  to  tfa^ 
material  covering  the  history  of  the  Confederate  armies  ot  the  Civil  War.  These 
efforts  will  be  continued,  as  it  ia  believed  that  this  is  an  especially  desirable  feature 
for  a  library  of  this  character. 

Gifts. ~ln  the  course  of  the  year  the  library  has  received  many  valuable  and  inter- 
eating  gifte,  among  the  donors  of  which  (to  whom  the  thanks  of  all  graduatee  of  the 
academy  are  due)  are  the  following:  Col.  W.  C.  Church,  library  of  the  United  Stataa 


KBPOBT  OP  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITABY  ACADEMY.     1211 

Soldiers'  Home,  Dr.  J.  C.  Rodriprues,  Mr.  Charles  Allen  Munn,  Mr.  Albert  A.  Hopkins, 
Mr.  Randall  Webb,  Sir  Gilbert  Parker,  Mrs.  John  Van  Rensselaer  Hoff,  Miss  Choline 
H.  Garland,  Mrs.  Rutherfurd  Stuyvesant;  Sergt.  William  Schneider,  Mrs.  J.  Marsden 
Lawton,  Col.  Charles  Hernandez.  Gen.  Enoch  A.  Crowder,  Mr.  T.  R.  M.  Talcott, 
Col.  H.  D.  Borup,  Maj.  Gen.  Wilham  H.  Carter,  Brig.  Gen.  H.  G.  Gibson,  Mrs.  C.  E. 
Fox. 

Library  building. — ^The  building  in  which  the  library  is  sheltered,  the  oldest  of  the 
academic  buildings  at  West  Point,  is  in  need  of  repairs  which  have  not  been  effected 
because  the  request  made  in  the  annual  estimates  for  funds  for  that  purpose  have 
not  been  approved.  The  appropriation  for  maintenance  and  increase  of  tne  libraiy 
is  believed  not  to  be  available  under  a  proper  construction  of  the  law  for  the  repair 
of  the  library  building.  A  librarv  is  not  a  building  but  is  a  collection  of  books  and 
other  printed  or  written  material.  The  library  building  is  a  public  building,  its 
status  m  that  respect  being  the  same  as  any  other  public  building  at  the  academy. 
It  would  seem,  therefore,  that  the  repairs  to  the  library  building  should  be  provided 
for  out  of  the  general  appropriation  for  the  repair  of  all  public  buildings  at  the  post. 
Until  this  construction  of  the  law  is  accepted  no  repairs  can  be  made  to  the  library 
building  except  at  the  cost  of  curtailing  tne  duty  of  increasing  and  maintaining  the 
library  itself  out  of  the  appropriation  for  that  purpose,  which  it  is  believed  to  be  an 
illegal  application  of  the  money  available. 

Statistics  of  circulation. — No  means  are  available  for  keeping  a  record  of  the  amount 
or  character  of  the  reading  done  in  the  reading  rooms  by  cadets  and  others  who  use 
the  library.  It  would  not  oe  possible  to  keep  such  a  record  without  denying  to  readers 
free  access  to  all  the  books  on  the  shelves,  and  this,  it  is  believed,  would  be  highly 
undesirable.  A  record  of  books  drawn  from  the  library  for  outside  reading  is  con- 
tained in  the  following  table. 

An  examination  of  the  following  table  discloses  the  interesting  fact  that  the  first 
five  months  of  the  year  1916  show,  when  compared  with  the  corresponding  months 
of  the  preceding  year,  a  decrease  of  20  per  cent  in  the  number  of  works  of  fiction 
drawn  and  read  by  cadets  and  an  increase  of  25  per  cent  in  works  other  than  those 
of  fiction  drawn  and  read  by  others  than  cadets. 

Statistics  of  library  circulation. 


Month. 


January . . 
Fel  riiary. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 


1915. 


August 

Beptember. 
October... 
November. 
December. 


January.. 
February. 

March 

April 

Mav 


1916. 


Cadets. 


Fiction. 


Number 
of  vol- 
umes. 


Per 
cent. 


666 
547  ' 
591  ( 
451  , 

400 
179 
162 
122  1 
218 
376  I 
357  I 
489  ' 


610  I 
419  I 
553 
401 
329 


68 
68 
66 
67 
60 
72 
73 
72 
62 
62 
68 
70 


65 
62 
61 
64 
67 


Nonflction. 


Other  than  cadets. 


Fiction. 


Nonflction. 


Number  I  p..     Number     p..     Number  I  p., 

SL'SI:  -'■,  °^^':  I-'-  It:  -" 

I      I 


3^*2 

279  I 

248  I 

38o 

i68 

'/J7 

232 

236 

378 

369 

390 

440 


508 
424 
649 
391 

286 


•48 
42 
35 
52 
52 
45 
43 
46 
54 
60 
51 
60 


56 
50 
54 
55 
49 


Totel 

for 
month. 


1,786 

1.470 

1,617 

1,402 

1,369 

760 

755 

700 

1,054 

1,345 

1,279 

1,440 


1,683 
1,517 
1,919 
1,405 
1,158 


MUSEUM. 


The  ordnance  museum  occupies  several  large  rooms  in  the  new 
headquarter  building,  and  is  open  for  visitors  and  cadets  daily. 
It  contains  a  most  valuable  collection  of  models  of  guns,  seacoast 


1212    REPORT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY. 

and  field,  and  of  small  arms  of  all  ages  and  kinds;  also  numerous 
military  relics  of  value  and  historical  interest,  particularly  valuable 
is  the  collection  of  flags,  many  of  which  are  now  displayed.  The 
old  flags  of  historical  value  are  being  repaired  as  fast  as  funds  allo^w. 
Lieut.  Col.  W.  H.  Tschappat,  in  charge  of  the  museimi  submits  the 
following  report: 

During  the  year  the  following  flags  have  been  repaired: 

(1)  British  King's  colors;  captured  during  the  Revolution.    The  funds  for 

the  preservation  of  this  flag  were  supplied  by  the  PriscUla  Chapter, 
Daughters  of  the  Revolution. 

(2)  Anspach-Baireuth  (German)  color;  surrendered  at  Yorktown  during  the 

Revolution.    The  funds  for  the  preservation  of  this  flag  were  supplied 
by  the  Colonial  Chapter j  New  York  City,  Daughters  of  the  Revolution. 
^3)  National  color,  Third  Ke^ment  of  Riflemen,  1814-15. 

(4)  National  color,  First  Regiment  of  Light  Artillery,  180&-1815. 

(5)  National  color,  Ninth  Raiment  of  Infantry,  1812-1815. 

(6)  National  color,  Fifteenth  Kegiment  of  Infantry,  1812-1815. 

(7)  National  color,  Twentv-second  Regiment  of  In^trv,  1812-1815. 

(8)  National  color,  Second  Regiment,  United  States  Infantry,  1841-1847. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  work  was  begun  on  May  16  on  an  Anspach-Baireuth 
(^German)  color. 
The  following  is  a  complete  list  of  flags  repaired  to  date: 

(1)  British   King's  colors.   Seventh   Royal  Fusiliers,   captured  during  the 

Revolution. 

(2)  British  King's  color,  approximately  about  one  quarter  of  the  flag,  captured 

durine  the  Revolution. 

(3)  Anspach-Baireuth  (German)  color;   surrendered  at  Yorktown  dining  the 

Revolution. 

(4)  Anspach-Baireuth  (German)  color;  surrendered  at  Yorktown  during  the 

Revolution. 
r5)  National  color.  First  United  States  Infantry,  1791-92. 
6)  Regimental  color.  Fourth  United  States  Infantry,  179^1811. 
[7)  Regimental  color.  Eleventh  United  States  Infantry,  1812-1814. 

8)  National  color,  First  United  States  Light  Artillery,  1808-1815. 

9)  National  color,  Ninth  United  States  Infantry,  1812-1815. 

10)  National  color.  Fifteenth  United  States  Infantry,  1812-1815. 
[11)  National  color.  Twenty-second  United  States  Infantry,  1812-1815. 
12)  National  color,  Third  United  States  Infantry,  1814-15. 
;13)  National  color,  Second  United  States  Infantiy,  1841-1847. 
>14)  Blue  silk  guidon ;  Mexican  War  period. 
15)  Guidon,  First  R^g;iment  of  Moimted  Riflemen,  Mexican  War. 
[16)  Blue  silk  guidon.  Civil  War  period. 

7)  Headquarters  flag,  Cavaliy  Reserve  Brigade,  First  Division,  (Cavalry  Corps, 
Army  of  the  Potomac;  Civil  War. 
ri8^  Five  United  States  Artillery  or  Cavalry  national  guidons;  Civil  War. 
The  following  articles  were  received  at  the  museum  during  the  year: 
July  8,  1915 — Photograph  of  Indians,  Big  Foot's  Band  of  Warriors;   photograph  of 

Indians,  Big  Foot's  Band  at  Grass  Dance  on  Cheyenne  River,  August  9,  1890; 

Chinese  hat,  painted  Moro  cloth;  gift  of  Gen.  and  Mrs.   Samuel  8.  Sumner, 

United  States  Army,  retired. 
July  16, 1915 — Bamboo-wound  wooden  cannon  from  Manila,  P.  I.;  gift  of  Lieut.  Rob- 
ert C.  Cotton,  S.  C,  United  States  Army. 
August  18,  1915 — Colt's  revolver  from  China  diuing  the  Boxer  uprising;  gift  of  FiiBt 

Lieut.  S.  Davis  Boak,  D.  C,  United  States  Army. 
August  25,  1915 — Slocum  revolver;  gift  of  Messrs.  Wm.  H.  Eetler  and  James  R. 

Voorhees,  Morristown,  N.  J. 
Augtist  30,  1915 — Collection  of  14  Moro  weapons,  shield  and  provision  basket  which 

were  collected  by  Capt.  R.  Foster  Walton,  United  States  Army,  retired;  gift  of 

Mrs.  R.  Foster  Walton. 
September  9,  1915 — Walking  stick  made  of  one  piece  of  smokeless  powder;  gift  o( 

Lieut.  H.  M.  Hobbs,  A.  C,  United  States  Army. 
September  22,  1915— Indian  stone  war  club;  gift  of  Mr.  H.  S.  Parker,  Gohasset,  Mms. 
September  23,  1915— Collection  of  Ave  Moro  weapons;  gift  of  Mrs.  E.  H.  Moms,  New 

York  City. 


REPORT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY.     1213 

October  12,  1915 — Fragment  of  flag  with  one  star,  of  the  Civil  War  flag  of  the  Fifty- 
fifth  Regiment,  New  York  State  Militia,  and  volunteers,  transferred  from  tlie 
library. 

October  28,  1915 — Staff  Corps  sword  with  scabbard,  worn  by  Col.  Symington,  United 
States  Military  Academy,  1815,  and  model  of  6-pounder,  United  States  field 
gun,  pattern  of  1841,  on  a  wooden  carriage,  made  by  Col.  Symington,  gift  of  Mrs. 
John  Symington. 

December  17, 1915 — Collection  of  25  Indian  curios;  gift  of  Gen.  B.  J.  D.  Irwin,  United 
States  Army,  retired. 

December  18,  1915 — Collection  of  7  Moro  curios;  gift  of  Lieut.  Wm.  W.  Edwards, 
cavaJry,  United  States  Army. 

January  6,  1916 — Four  pieces  of  brown  prismatic  powder  taken  firom  a  sealed  case  in 
the  6-inch  magazine  of  the  battleship  Maine,  having  been  submerged  for  over  14 
years;  gift  of  Maj.  James  E.  Runcie,  United  States  Army,  retired. 

January  18,  1916 — Dress  coat  with  epaulets  on  shoulders,  two  epaulets,  sword  belt, 
sword-belt  frong,  two  shoulder  bars,  two  sword-scabbard  rings,  two  spurs,  service 
sword  with  scabbard,  and  dress  sword  with  scabbard.  These  were  formerly  the 
property  of  and  worn  by  Col.  Sylvan  us  Thayer;  gift  of  Mr.  Julius  Moulton,  St. 
Louis,  Mo. 

March  20,  1916 — Model  of  outrigger  fishing  boat  from  Colombo,  Ceylon,  and  a  Porto 
Rican  musical  instrument,  made  from  a  gourd;  gift  of  Col.  John  M.  Carson,  jr., 
Q.  M.  C,  United  States  Army. 
During  the  year  one  double-door,  Library  Bureau,  wall  case,  size  80  by  80  by  16 

inches  was  installed  for  the  display  of  Indian  curios,  and  one  Library  Bureau  case 

with  fittings,  size  126  by  80  by  20  inches  was  designee  for  the  display  of  four  German 

Mercenaries  flags  that  were  captured  during  the  Kevolutionary  War.    This  case  ban 

been  ordered. 

WATER     SUPPLY. 

The  following  report  of  Lieut.  Col.  M.  L.  Walker,  Coqjs  of  En- 
gineers, in  charge  of  the  water  supply,  is  so  complete  that  no  com- 
ments are  necessary: 

The  water-supply  system  has  given  practically  no  trouble  during  the  past  12  months, 
and  is  in  excellent  condition. 

Water  has  been  secured  from  Queensboro  Brook,  except  the  period  Julv  24,  1915, 
to  September  8,  1915,  when  it  was  necessary,  due  to  the  failure  of  the  Queensboro 
supply,  to  draw  on  Popolopen  Creek. 

Tne  sanitary  conditions  on  both  Queensboro  Brook  and  Popolopen  Creek  have  in 
the  main  been  satisfactory,  but  constant  inspection  is  necessary  to  see  that  these 
conditions  are  maintained. 

The  water  throughout  the  year  has  been  clear  and  soft  and  the  filtered  water  satis- 
factory from  a  bacteriological  standpoint.  Examination  of  both  raw  and  filtered  water 
is  made  monthly  by  the  surgeon,  and  a  Quarterly  laboratory  test  is  made  through 
the  courtesy  of  the  New  York  State  Health  Department. 

Referring  to  the  remarks  contained  in  my  last  annual  report  concerning  the  neces- 
sity for  a  separate  water  system  for  fire  and  power  purposes,  use  in  stables,  etc.,  some 
steps  looking  to  a  rearrangement  of  our  water  supply  will  be  urgently  needed  in  the 
immediate  future  to  care  for  the  large  increase  in  the  number  of  cadets  authorized 
by  recent  legi^jlation. 

The  Palisades  Interstate  Park  Commission  has  been  authorized  by  the  Secretary  of 
War  to  construct  three  artificial  lakes  in  Queensboro  Brook  for  the  impounding  of  its 
waters.  The  rights  of  West  Point  water  supply  are  amply  protected  while  the  filling 
of  these  basins  is  in  progress  and  when  they  are  full  it  is  believed  great  benefit  wiU 
result  to  West  Point  by  enabling  the  supply  to  be  drawn  from  Queensboro  Brook  the 
entire  year.  As  previously  remarked,  water  drawn  from  our  other  sources,  Popol- 
open Creek,  is  not  nearly  so  good  as  that  from  Queensboro. 

The  consumption  of  water  continues  very  large,  but  rarely  exceeds  1,000,000  gallons 
per  day,  an  improvement  over  preceding  years.  Effort  is  continuous  to  prevent 
waste,  and  the  condition  now  appears  satisfactory. 

Lusk  Reservoir  was  full  to  overflowing  except  135  days  durine  the  year. 

The  maximum  recorded  daily  consumption  was  1,285,000  gallons  January  9,  1916, 
and  the  minimum  on  Septemoer  21,  1915,  919,000  gallons.  The  average  has  been 
1,054,770  gallons  per  day.    Total  for  the  year  385,991,050  gallons. 

Personnel. — No  change  has  taken  place  in  personnel  during  the  past  year.  My 
thanks  are  due  to  the  officers,  enlistea  men,  and  civilians  connected  with  the  affairs 
for  which  I  am  responsible,  who  have  one  and  all  rendered  satisfactory  service. 


1214    BEPOBT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITABY  ACADEMY. 

CHAPLAIN. 

I  regard  the  duties  and  influence  of  a  chaplain  at  West  Point  as 
about  the  most  important  of  any  in  the  miUtary  service.  There  are 
now  about  600  cadets  and  a  population  of  about  1,000  people  on  the 
post  to  whom  he  administers.  He  not  only  conducts  the  church 
services,  Simday  schools,  young  men's  clubs,  girls'  friendship  society, 
and  other  social  improvement  organizations,  but  assists  the  cadets' 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  which  has  an  attendance  of  from 
100  to  200  at  its  meetings  and  a  membership  including  nearly  the 
entire  Corps  of  Cadets.  His  good  influence  in  these  and  all  the  other 
pastoral  duties  common  in  all  parishes  can  not  be  overestimated. 

The  pay  of  the  chaplain  is  not  at  all  adequate  for  this  important 

Eosition  at  West  Point,  nor  commensurate  with  the  work  done  or 
enefit  derived,  and  should  be  increased  from  that  of  a  captain,  $2,400, 
to  that  of  a  major,  $3,000. 

CHAPEL   ORGANIST   AND   CHOIRMASTEB. 

The  organist  and  choirmaster  is  another  person  who  is  inadequately 
paid.  For  five  years  mv  predecessor  and  myself  have  urged  without 
success  an  mcrease  in  nis  pay  from  $1,200  a  year  to  the  pay  and 
aUowances  (without  the  rank)  of  a  second  Ueutenant.  The  present 
incumbent,  Mr.  Frederick  C.  Mayer,  is  a  musician  and  an  organist 
of  rare  ability,  and  besides  has  a  temperament  and  individuality  that 
appeal  most  strongly  and  favorably  to  cadets.  It  is  because  of  these 
attainments  and  qualities  that  he  is  able  to  maintain  a  voluntary 
choir  of  90  cadets  for  chapel  services  and  train  them  in  music  to  a 
degree  that  has  made  this  feature  a  pride  and  a  deUght  to  all  who 
attend  the  cadet  chapel  services  at  West  Point.  Like  the  services  of 
our  present  chaplam,  the  good  and  inspiring  influences  of  the  present 
choirmaster  ana  organist  can  not  be  overestimated,  and  the  modest 
increase  asked  in  his  pay  is  by  no  means  a  full  measure  for  the  benefits 
received  by  the  cadets  and  others  at  West  Point. 

DETACHMENTS. 

The  following  detachments  are  maintained  at  West  Point  as 
necessary  in  connection  with  the  instruction  of  cadets,  maintenance 
of  buildmgs  and  grounds,  and  as  clerical  and  other  help  about  the 
offices  of  various  departments  at  the  academy: 

The  detachment  of  Engineere. 
The  detachment  of  Field  Artillery. 
The  detachment  of  Cavalry. 
The  Army  service  detachment. 
The  Quartermaster  Corpa. 

The  detachment  of  Engineers  is  under  charge  of  the  professor  of 
practical  military  engineering,  and  the  Engineer  officers  detailed  to 
assist  him.  It  lumishes  the  personnel  for  the  assistance  of  these 
officers  in  instructing  cadets,  as  well  as  the  labor  connected  there- 
with in  pontoon  bridges,  surveying,  signahng,  telegraphy,  etc.,  all 
as  indicated  in  the  report  of  tJie  professor  of  practical  military  engi- 
neering on  pages  1196-1198.  It  also  does  guard  and  other  military 
duty. 


BEPOET  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY.     1215 

The  following  report  is  submitted  by  Lieut.  Col.  M.  L.  Walker, 
Corps  of  Engineers: 

This  organization  is  under  the  command  of  the  professor  of  practical  military  engi- 
neering. It  performs  guard  duty  and  some  garrison  police,  assists  in  all  cadet  instruc- 
tion, and  itself  receives  practically  the  same  instruction  as  is  given  to  other  Engineer 
troops  of  the  Army. 

The  authorized  strongth  of  the  detachment  is  100  men,  and  the  average  strength 
during  the  year  has  been  95.75.  Recruits  were  asked  for  and  received  in  October, 
1915,  and  March,  191G,  to  fill  all  vacancies.  This  has  proved  more  satisfactory  than 
having  men  dribble  in  throughout  the  year.  The  recruits  supplied  have  been 
excellent  material,  and  experience  during  the  year  indicates  that  better  results  are 
obtained  from  green  recruits  of  good  quality  than  from  assignment  of  reenlisted  men. 
4:  ♦  ♦  ♦  ♦  ♦  ♦ 

As  reported  last  year,  the  barracks  are  inadequate  to  house  the  detachment  prop- 
erly, there  bein^  space  for  but  70  men.  At  this  time  some  33  men  are  married,  and 
are  either  supplied  with  married  quarters  or  rent  quarters  for  themselves  in  the  neigh- 
borhood. 

The  barracks  should  be  enlarged  and  modernized. 

The  gymnasium  of  the  detacmnent  has  been  ceiled  with  compo  board,  the  expen:<e 
being  borne  by  tlie  amusement  association  of  the  organization.  It  has  further  been 
repainted  throughout  and  the  woodwork  finish  much  improved.  The  men  now  have 
an  attractive  gymnasium  and  assembly  room. 

The  club  for  enlisted  men  mentioned  in  last  annual  report  has  been  successfully 
maintained  by  the  efforts  of  the  chaplain,  assisted  by  Sergt.  Williams  of  this  detach- 
ment, the  detachment  commander  cooperating.  An  attractive  meeting  place  is 
provided  for  the  enlisted  men  at  the  north  end  of  the  garrison,  and  it  is  believed  much 
good  is  accomplished  thereby. 

There  has  been  an  unusually  large  number  of  desertions  (12)  from  the  detachment 
during  the  past  year.  Seven  of  those  men  are  known  to  have  joined  the  Canadian 
troops  for  service  in  Europe, 

It  is  believed  the  discipline  and  instruction  of  the  detachment  for  the  past  year 
have  been  satisfactory. 

ARMY   SERVICE   DETACHMENT. 

This  detachment  is  under  the  quartermaster  and  furnishes  labor- 
ers, skilled  and  unskilled,  for  the  upkeep  of  buildings  and  grounds, 
police,  and  the  usual  work  about  a  military  post.  A  material 
change  in  its  organization  with  an  increase  of  27  in  its  personnel 
has  been  asked  of  Congress  in  the  Military  Academy  bill  for  1917. 
The  present  organization  is  not  adapted  or  properly  balanced  as  to 
noncommissioned  officers  and  privates  for  the  work  required  of  it, 
and  its  members  are  not  sufficient  for  the  work  that  should  be  done 
by  the  detachment,  thus  necessitating  the  hire  of  many  civilians 
for  double  and  treble  this  pay  of  men  in  this  detachment  doing  the 
same  kind  of  work.  It  is  oelieved  a  saving  will  be  made  because  of 
this  if  the  detachment  is  reorganized  and  increased  as  asked. 

QUARTERMASTER    CORPS. 

The  Quartermaster  Corps,  in  addition  to  the  usual  duties  per- 
formed at  other  posts,  also  assists  in  the  instruction  of  cadets  in 
packing,  etc. 

The  Cavalry  and  Artillery  detachments  are  each  under  the  com- 
mand of  a  line  officer  detailed  for  that  purpose  and  who  are  each 
assisted  by  a  lieutenant  of  the  line.  These  detachments  have  charge 
of  stables  and  animals  and  the  horse  and  battery  equipments  used 
in  cadet  as  well  as  in  their  own  instruction;  they  also  furnish  men 
to  assist  in  such  instruction  and  they  perform  both  stable  and  post 
guard  duty. 


1216    REPORT  OF   THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY. 

The  Artillery  detachment  should  be  materially  increased.  It  has 
now  about  the  same  number  of  men  as  a  field  battery,  but  has  three 
times  the  equipment  in  ^uns  and  some  20  more  animals  to  care  for. 
It  not  only  performs  all  the  duties  connected  with  cadet  drills,  firings, 
etc.,  but  is  itself  drilled  and  instructed  the  same  as  any  field  battel, 
and  furnishes  the  personnel  for  service  practice  by  the  Field  ArtiUery 
officers  stationed  at  West  Point. 

ORDNANCE   DETACHMENT. 

The  following  report  is  submitted  by  the  commanding  officer  of 
this  detachment,  Lieut.  Col.  W.  H.  Tschappat: 

The  work  of  thia  detachment  consists  principally  in  receiving  and  issuing  ammu- 
nition for  target  practice;  caring  for  seacoast  armament  at  the  post;  repairing,  alter- 
ing, and  handling  target  material  for  cadet  tai^get  practice;  furnishing  the  enlisted 
personnel  required  in  the  museum;  furnishing  assistance  in  instruction  of  cadets  in 
shopwork,  and  keeping  in  good  order  the  grounds  and  buildings  pertaining  to  the 
ordnance  laboratory.    This  work  has  been  satisfactorily  perform^  during  the  year. 

IMPROVEMENTS   TO   ROADS    AND    GROUNDS. 

These  improvements  refer  to  the  bridle  paths  and  roads  connecting 
the  wooded  and  hilly  section  of  the  reservation  with  the  main  roads. 
Following  is  the  report  submitted  by  Col.  M.  L.  Walker,  Corps  of 
Engineers,  on  this  subject: 

This  work  was  prosecuted  during  the  year  in  accordance  with  the  original  plana 
designed  by  Olmstead  Jkos. 

The  trail  from  Fort  Putnam  to  Redoubt  No.  4  was  completed  and  surfaced  through- 
out and  is  a  valuable  addition  to  the  communications  about  the  reservation. 

In  the  southwest  corner  of  the  reservation,  vicinity  of  th^  Cornwall  croflsroads, 
several  short  connecting  trails  were  completed. 

During  the  coming  season  it  is  proposed  to  work  upon  the  trail  circling  the  crest  of 
Crow  Nest,  and  it  is  hoped  to  complete  this  in  the  one  season. 

With  the  prevalence  of  automobile  traflSc  on  all  roads  these  trails  are  a  real  necessity 
for  proper  horseback  exercise  of  officers  stationed  here  and  a  great  and  increasing 
use  IS  made  of  them  for  this  purpose. 

THE   BOARD   OF   VISITORS. 

For  the  first  time  in  two  years  a  Board  of  Visitors  from  the  House 
Military  Committee  visited  West  Point  this  year  on  May  31,  con- 
sisting of  the  following  Members:  Hon.  Ashton  C.  Shallenberger, 
Nebraska;  Hon.  Michael  F.  Farley,  New  York;  Hon.  Richard  Olney, 
2d,  Massachusetts;  Hon.  Frank  L.  Greene,  Vermont;  Hon.  Thomas  S. 
Crago,  Pennsylvania. 

Ever  since  the  law  of  March  4,  1909,  became  effective  these  visits 
have  been  made  by  committees  selected  from  the  military  commit- 
tees of  Congress,  and  because  of  their  other  pressing  duties  their 
visits  invariably  have  been  too  brief  to  obtain  a  tnorougn  understand- 
ing of  the  conditions  and  necessities  of  the  academy. 

I  believe  better  results  would  obtain  if  these  committees  were 
composed  in  part  of  men  prominent  in  educational  work,  and  that 
these  committees  should  visit  the  academy  in  October  or  November 
while  the  academic  duties  are  in  progress,  and  remain  here  several 
days.  Another  matter  in  this  connection  appeals  to  me  as  impor- 
tant: Some  years  ago  it  was  the  custom  for  the  Board  of  Visitors  to 


BEPORT  OF  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY  ACADEMY.     1217 

make  a  written  report  setting  forth  their  views  and  recommenda- 
tions as  the  result  of  their  inspection.  If  these  boards — composed, 
as  I  recommend,  part  from  the  military  committees  of  Congress  and 
part  from  men  prominent  in  education — could  remain  here  suffi- 
ciently long  to  become  acquainted  with  the  workings  and  needs  of 
the  academy,  and  would  make  an  independent  written  report  thereon, 
I  am  sure  it  would  be  of  assistance  to  Congress  in  making  many  of  the 
appropriations  for  the  academy,  and  would  also  be  of  value  to  the 
academy  in  its  educational  worK. 

ALUMNI. 

There  were  218  of  the  alumni  who  visited  the  academy  this  year 
during  graduation  week,  as  compared  with  300  last  year.  Special 
efforts  were  made  to  induce  them  to  come,  and  it  was  Ratifying  to 
see  so  many  of  them  with  us  and  to  feel  the  splendid  influence  of 
their  abiding  faith  and  pride  in  our  alma  mater.  There  were  reunion 
dmners  at  West  Pomt  by  the  classes  of  1865,  1866,  1867,  1875,  1876, 
1881, 1886, 1890, 1891,  1901, 1904,  1906,  1909,  1911,  and  1916.  Two 
hundred  attended  the  alumni  limcheon  in  the  West  Point  army 
mess.  The  class  of  1867  is  among  the  most  enthusiastic  of  those  who 
return  to  their  alma  mater,  and  its  members  have,  I  believe,  agreed 
to  return  for  a  reunion  dinner  at  West  Point  at  every  graduation 
period.  In  this  connection  I  am  gratified  to  see  the  increasing  inter- 
est and  attendance  at  alumni  dinners  held  in  New  York,  San  Fran- 
cisco, Fort  Bliss,  and  Honolulu — ^this  year  about  March  16,  the  anni- 
versary of  the  creation  of  the  Mihtary  Academy. 

It  is  my  hope  that  the  alumni  will  return  to  West  Point  in  increas- 
ing numbers  from  year  to  year  and  give  cheer  and  support  to  those 
here  on  duty,  mingle  their  pride  with  ours  and  each  others'  as  loyal 
sons  of  the  Military  Academy,  and  if  not  at  West  Point  then  at  the 
March  alumni  dinners.  There  is  much  that  the  alumni  can  do  for 
the  academy  in  the  support  of  its  high  ideals  and  best  traditions, 
and  they  can  do  this  better,  whether  in  the  service  or  out  of  it,  if 
they  will  return  often  to  their  alma  mater,  imbibe  anew  the  spirit  of 
West  Point,  see  what  has  been  changed  and  what  retained  of  the 
West  Point  they  knew,  not  only  in  the  buildings  and  groimds,  but 
in  the  instruction,  drilling,  and  handling  of  cadets. 

GIFTS. 

The  beautiful  bronze  equestrian  statue  of  Gen.  Washington  referred 
to  in  my  last  report  as  having  been  tendered  as  a  gift  to  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  by  a  patriotic  citizen,  a  veteran  of  the  Civil 
War,  was  formally  dedicated  with  appropriate  ceremonies  on  Friday, 
May  19,  1916. 

Maj.  Gen.  Thomas  H.  Barry,  United  States  Army,  presented  to  the 
Military  Academy  for  installation  in  the  belfry  of  the  Catholic  chapel 
one  of  the  bells  tnat  Aguinaldo  had  sent  to  Sablan  during  the  insur- 
rection against  the  authority  of  the  United  States.  This  particular 
bell  is  known  as  ^*San  Pedro." 

69176'— WAZ 1916--VOL 1 77 


1218    KEPORT  OP  THE  SUPERINTENDENT  MILITARY   ACADEMY. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

The  superintendent's  advisers  and  assistants  in  the  conduct  of  the 
affairs  of  the  academy  are  the  academic  hoard,  the  staff,  and  its 
assistants.  Their  advice  and  help  have  heen  efficient  and  loyal  and 
always  given  in  the  spirit  of  harmony  and  cooperation  for  the  best 
interests  of  the  academy. 

To  them  and  all  others  concerned  in  the  administration  of  the 
academy  all  thanks  are  due  for  such  success  as  has  been  attained. 

Owing  to  the  expiration  of  my  tour  of  duty  as  superintendent  of 
the  Military  Academy  on  June  30,  this  will  be  the  last  annual  report 
submitted  by  me,  and  I  desire  here  to  record  my,  grateful  thanl^  to 
all  those  who  have  served  under  me  for  their  splendid  assistance  and 
loyal  service. 

One  thing  I  feel  it  my  duty  to  recommend  for  early  and  favorable 
consideration.  The  dignity  of  the  position  of  the  superintendent  of 
this  academy  makes  it  very  important  that  he  shoula  have  the  rank 
of  a  general  officer,  whatever  his  rank  may  be  when  detailed  to  this 
position.  I  recommend  that  the  law  which  now  gives  him  the  rank 
of  colonel,  section  1310,  Revised  Statutes,  be  changed  to  give  him 
the  rank  of  brigadier  general. 

C.  P.  TOWNSLEY, 

Coumd,  Coast  Artillery  Corps,  SuperintendeiU, 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTAKOOGA 
KATIOiNAL  MILITARY  PARK  COMMISSION. 


1219 


REPORT   OF   CHICKAMAUGA   AND   CHATTANOOGA 
NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK  COMMISSION. 


War  Department, 
Chickamauoa  and  Chattanooga 
National  Military  Park  Commission, 

Chattanooga^  Tenn,^  September  6^  1916. 

Sir:  Tlie  commissioners  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following 
report  of  the  progress  of  the  work  under  their  charge  for  the  fiscal 
year  ended  June  30,  1916 : 

PARK  AREA. 

No  additional  land  has  been  acquired  since  the  date  of  our  last 
report. 

ROADS. 

Of  the  102.14  miles  of  roads  in  the  park  system,  95.34  miles  of 
roadway  were  improved  during  the  fiscal  year  at  a  cost  of  $23,254.87* 
This  amount  includes  the  cost  of  material,  the  hire  of  labor  and  all 
expenses  incident  to  hauling  and  spreading  15,761  cubic  yards  of 
gravel  and  crushed  stone;  4,509  loads  of  rock  and  5,318  loads  of 
dirt,  dumped;  481  culverts  and  408,999  linear  feet  of  ditches, 
cleaned.  It  also  includes  $600.17  for  the  general  repair,  reflooring 
and  painting  of  bridges.  The  average  cost  of  maintenance  was 
$243.91  per  mile.  Owing  to  the  increased  travel  over  the  park 
roads  by  automobiles*  and  heavily  laden  trucks  and  wagons  oper- 
ating, not  only  from  adjacent  towns  in  the  State  of  Georgia,  but 
from  Fort  Oglethorpe  and  the  military  training  camp  established 
on  Chickamauga  Park  during  the  past  summer,  the  cost  of  mainte- 
nance shows  an  increase  of  $1,011.23  over  that  of  last  year.  The 
Government  roads  in  the  park  and  what  are  known  as  the  ap- 
proaches are  many  of  them  public  highways.  With  the  increase 
of  population,  the  establishment  of  factories,  cotton  mills,  etc.,  the 
park  roads  are  subjected  to  an  ever  increasing  travel  for  pleasure 
and  business  purposes.  Some  of  the  park  roads  are  included  as 
a  part  of  the  route  followed  by  the  Dixie  Highway. 

FIELD  WORK. 

The  total  amount  expended  for  field  work  during  the  year  was 
$5,628.  The  following  table  shows  the  expenditures  upon  the  several 
reservations : 

Georgia  division: 

Chickamaupa  Park $4, 474. 33 

Tennessee  division: 

Bragg   Reservation 24.57 

De  Long  Reservation 96.  2.5 

Ohio  Reservatlan 12. 97 

Sherman  Reservation 137.64 

Cravens  Reservation 343. 05 

Seventy-third  Pennsylvania  monument  site 1.  50 

Point  Park,  Lookout  Mountain 315.00 

Orchard  Knob 1 222.  69^ 

1221 


1222    CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NAT.  MIL.  PABK  COMMISSION. 

There  are  6,543.49  acres  of  land  embraced  in  the  several  reserva- 
tions of  the  Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Park.  Chicka- 
mauga  Park  contains  5,562.78  acres,  about  two-thirds  of  which  is  in 
forest.  The  work  of  clearing  out  the  underbrush  and  opening  up 
the  woodlands  has  been  continued  with  good  results  during  the 
year,  making  it  possible  to  readily  locate  the  numerous  monuments, 
markers,  ana  tablets  in  the  districts  covered  by  these  operations,  and 
at  the  same  time  aflFording  a  protection  to  the  young  timber  from 
forest  fire. 

MONUMENTS,  TABLETS,  TOWERS,  ETC. 

The  foundation  for  the  Ohio  monument  to  be  erected  in  the 
Cravens  Reservation,  on  the  eastern  slope  of  Lookout  Mountain,  was 
completed  at  a  cost  of  $404.73.  It  is  understood  that  the  Ohio  com- 
mission is  making  arrangements  for  the  dedication  of  this  monu- 
ment in  October  next. 

The  expenditure  for  the  maintenance  of  the  monuments,  tablets, 
towers,  etc.,  was  $360.68,  as  shown  in  the  following  statement : 

Monuments  and  markers,  repairs $56. 05 

Tablets,  painting  and  repairs 161.89 

Gun  carriages,  painting 76.20 

Towers,  liglitnlng  rod  and  repairs 61. 25 

Signboards,  etc. 5. 29 

BUILDINGS. 

The  buildings  in  the  park  have  for  a  long  time  been  badly  in  need 
of  repair.  Most  of  them  are  mere  shacks,  taken  over  when  the  park 
was  purchased  and  retained  because  of  some  historical  interest,  or 
found  to  be  necessary  as  homes  for  regular  employees.  These  houses 
are  located  in  the  various  sections  of  the  park,  in  both  the  Tennessee 
and  Georgia  divisions,  where  the  employees  occupying  them  act  as 
a  guardian  or  police  force  in  protecting  valuable  Government  prop- 
erty, suppressing  disorderly  conduct,  and  stamping  out  forest  fires. 
The  occupation  of  these  houses  by  employees  has  also  proved  to  be 
of  ffreat  benefit  in  retaining  and  controlling  competent  labor. 

The  total  expenditure  for  the  repair  and  maintenance  of  buildings 
during  the  year  was  $1,072.59.  This  amount  includes  the  cost  of 
painting,  whitewashing,  flooring,  roofing,  and  repairs  to  chimneys. 

In  addition  to  the  above  expenditure  for  repair  of  buildings, 
$521.01  was  expended  for  the  construction  of  a  crusher  shelter, 
garage,  and  road-roller  house,  which  were  very  much  needed  as  a 
protection  for  park  equipment. 

REVOCABLE  LICENSES   AND  LEASES. 

During  the  year  the  following  revocable  licenses  and  leases  were 
granted  by  the  Secretary  of  War: 

Clinttaiioogft  Railway  &  Light  Co.:  Permission  to  erect  poles  and  string 
wires  across  the  Cravens  Reservation  for  purpose  of  furnishing  electricity  to 
property  owners.    Dated  September  11,  1915. 

ChattanooKn  Railway  &  Ll^ht  Co.:  Pennlsslon  to  erect  poles,  wires,  and 
cables  on  Government  Dry  Valley  Road,  for  purpose  of  distributing  elec- 
tricity for  light  and  power.    Dated  January  5,  1916. 


CHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NAT.  MIL.  PARK  COMMISSION.    1223 

Central  of  Georgia  Railway  Co.:  Permission  tx)  cross  Government  Hoolter 
Road  with  spur  track.    Dated  March  4,  1916. 

Chattanooga  Gas  &  Coal  Products  Co. :  Permission  to  cross  Government 
Hooker  Road  with  18-inch  sewer  pipe.    Dated  March  31,  1916. 

City  Water  Co.  of  Chattanooga:  Permission  to  lay  800  feet  of  8-inch  water 
pipe  on  Government  Hooker  Road.    Dated  April  21,  1916. 

City  Water  Co.  of  Chattanooga:  Permission  to  extend  4-inch  water 
pipe  through  Cravens  Reservation,  for  benefit  of  property  owners.  Dated 
April  26,  1916. 

City  of  RossvUle:  Permission  to  lay  water  mains  on  Government  roads 
leading  through  town  of  Rossville,  Ga.    Dated  May  17,  1916. 

Nashville,  Chattanooga  &  St.  Louis  Railway  Co. :  Permission  to  extend  three 
spur  tracks  across  Government  Hooker  Road.    Dated  June  26,  1916. 

LEASES. 

S.  W.  Divine  and  Capt.  Charles  A.  Lyerly:  Rent  of  land  for  agricultural 
purposes.    Dated  September  11,  1915 ;  surren<lered  March  16,  1916 

Lewis  M.  Coleman:  Rent  of  land  for  agricultural  purposes.  Dated  April 
12,  1916. 

SOUTHERN  MILITARY  TRAINING  CAMP. 

During  the  months  of  May  and  June,  1916,  the  southern  military 
training  camp  was  held  in  Chickamauga  Park.  The  territory  from 
which  students  were  drawn  for  this  camp  embraced  20  States,  and 
local  committees  were  maintained  and  funds  subscribed  by  citizens 
of  Chattanooga  for  the  purpose  of  offering  the  military  authorities 
every  assistance.  The  oamp  was  under  the  command  of  Lieut.  Col. 
Daniel  W.  Ketcham,  Coast  Artillery  Corps,  and  465  students  re- 
ceived instructions.  The  following  regular  troops  participated  in 
the  camp :  Forty-first,  Forty-ninth,  One  hundred  and  sixty-sixth,  and 
One  hundred  and  sixty-eighth  Companies,  Coast  Artillery  Corps, 
Troop  A,  Second  Cavalry,  one  company  of  Engineers,  and  a  detach- 
ment of  the  Medical  and  Signal  Corps. 

Under  the  act  of  Congress  approved  March  3,  1915,  making  ap- 
propriations for  the  sundry  civil  expenses  of  the  Government  for 
the  fiscal  year  ended  Jime  30,  1916„  and  for  other  purposes,  the  sum 
of  $55,260  was  appropriated  for  continuing  the  establishment  of  the 
Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National  Military  Park. 

The  receipts  and  expenditures  were  as  follows : 

Receipts  and  Expenditures  fob  the  Fiscal  Year  Ending  June  30,  1916. 

receipts. 

Balance  July  1.  191.5,  no-year  appropriathm $9,000.32 

Rent  of  land  in  Point  Paric 200.00 

Rent  of  land  in  Chickamauga  Parii 11.").  00 

Rent  of  land  in  Cravens  Reservation 6.00 


$9, 321.  32 


expenditures. 
[From  balance  of  July  1,  1915,  no-year  appropriation.  1 

Construction,  inclosures  and  fences $58.  56 

Maintenance: 

Buildings 71.  83 

Roads  and  wallas 1.  SO 

Equipment,  statiouery 4.*] 4.  40 

.V>G6. 50 


1224    OHICKAMAUGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NAT.  MIL.  PARK  COMMISSION. 

OUTSTANDING   OBLIGATIONS. 

Unexpended  stores  on  hand : 

Stationery $7.36 

Miscellaneous  stores 4. 51 

$11. 87 

Balance  available  July  1,  1916,  no-year  appropria- 
tion   8, 742. 86 


$9. 321. 32 


RECEIPTS. 

Balance  July  1,  1915,  1914  appropriaticm 201. 38 

EXPENDITURES. 

[From  balance  of  July  1,  1915,  1914  appropriation.] 


Maintenance ;  tools $0. 98 

Surplus  fund  warrant  No.  36 200.  40 


201.38 


BECEIPTS. 


Balance  July  1.  1915,  1915  appropriation 127.  49 

Canceled  obligation  (city  water  company  revocable  license) 31.88 


159.37 


EXPENOrrUBES. 

[From  balance  of  July  1,  1915,  1915  appropriation.] 

Maintenance;  office  expense $0.22 

Unexpended  stores  on  liand ;  stationery .  86 


1.08 
Unexpended  balance,  appropriation  fiscal  year  1915 158. 29 


159.37 

RECEIPTS. 

Appropriation  for  fiscal  year  1916 55,260.00 

EXPENDITURES. 

Salaries  of  commissioners $9,900.00 

Salary  of  assistant  secretary 1,833.33                ^ 

Salaries  of  superintendent  and  assistants 7,056.17 

CJonstruction : 

Buildinps 521.01 

Field  work 472. 09 

Inclosures  and  fences 85.36 

Monuments,  tablets,  towers,  etc 408.48 

Roads  and  walks—, 21.10 

Maintenance : 

Buildings 951.69 

Holidays  (Labor  Day  and  Thaiiksj;ivinj;  Day) 129.50 

Office  expense 63.00 

Telegrams 13. 51 

Transportation  of  persons 11.50 

Transportation  of  things .64 

Water  supply 29. 66 

Field  work 4,345.97 

Inclosures  and  fences 187. 13 

Machinery 117.  55 

Means  of  transiM)rtntl(m 1,321.41 

Monuments,  tablets,  timers,  etc 290.07 

Roads  and  walks 21, 141. 48 

Tools 262. 03 


CHICKAMAXJGA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NAT.  MIL.  PARK  COMMISSION.   1225 

Equipment : 

Furniture $0.60 

Means  of  transportation 2. 75 

Tools 185. 90 

Machinery 50. 00 

Unexpended  stores  on  hand: 

Stationery 225.48 

Miscellaneous  stores 253. 86 

$49, 881. 27 

OUTSTANDING   OBLIGATIONS. 

Salaries  of  commissioners 900.00 

Salary  of  assistant  secretary 166. 67 

Salaries  of  superintendent  and  assistants 660.  00 

Construction :  Field  work 286. 60 

Maintenance : 

Building 49.  07 

Office  expense 1.10 

Telegrams .  90 

Field  work 523. 34 

Inclosures  and  fences 1.35 

Machinery 14.  53 

Means  of  transportation 38.99 

Monuments,  tablets,  towers,  etc 11.  86 

Roads  and  walks 2,091.21 

Tools 27. 40 

Equipment : 

Tools 2.  50 

Machinery 24. 50 

Unexpended  stores  on  hand: 

Stationery 11. 04 

Miscellaneous  stores 567.67 

5. 378. 73 


Recapitulation. 

beceipts. 

Balance,  July  1, 1915  (no-year  appropriation) $9,000.32 

Rent  of  land  in  Point  Park 200. 00 

Rent  of  land  in  Chickamaugua  Park 115. 00 

Rent  of  land  in  Cravens  reservation 6. 00 

Balance,  July  1, 1915  (1914  appropriation) 201. 38 

Balance,  July  1, 1915  (1915  appropriation) 127. 49 

Canceled  obligation  (city  water  company) 31.88 

Appropriation  for  fiscal  year  1916 55, 260. 00 


55. 260. 00 


64. 942. 07 


EXPENDITURES. 

From  no-pear  appropriation $578.  46 

From  appropriation,  fiscal  year  1914 201. 38 

From  appropriation,  fiscal  year  1915 1. 08 

From  appropriation,  fiscal  year  1916 55, 260.  00 

Available  balance,  July  1, 1916,  no-year  appropriation 8,  742. 86 

Unexpended  balance,  July  1, 1916.  1915  appropriation 158. 29 


$56, 040. 92 

8, 901. 15 
64,  942.  07 


1226    CHICKAMAUQA  AND  CHATTANOOGA  NAT.  MIL.  PARK  COMMISSION. 

Statement  of  Condition  of  the  Pakk,  June  30,  1916. 
Area: 

Chickamauga    Park acres—      5,  562.  78 

Fort  Oglethrope  Reservation.-. . do 810.  38 

Lookout  Mountain — 

Cravens   Reservation acres..  85. 35 

Point  Park do 16. 50 

101. 85 

Missionary  Ridge — 

Siierman   Reservatloft ^ do 50.00 

De  Long  Reservation do 5.25 

Oliio  Reservation , do 1. 50 

Bragg  R^ervation do 2.50 

59.25 

Orcliard  Knob  Reservation ..acres..  7.36 

Total  land  purchased do 6.541.62 

Land  donated  for  monument  sites do 1. 87 

Total  area,  exclusive  of  rights  of  way  for  road  purposes — do —      6, 543. 49 

Average  cost  per  acre  for  land  purchased $48. 15 

Miles  of  finished  and  improved  roadways 102 

Bridges : 

Number 20 

Cost $39,  47a  73 

Number  of  guns  mounted:  Union,  129;  Confederate,  116;  total 245 

Number  of  cast-iron  historical  tablets 638 

Number  of  cast-iron  distance  and  locality  tablets 360 

Number  of  bronze  historical  tablets 61 

Number  of  Army  and  corps  headquarters  shell  monuments 14 

Number  of  memorial  shell  monuments,  brigade  commanders  killed: 

Union,  5;  Confederate,  4;  total *  9 

Number  of  State  monuments 232 

Number  of  State  markers 431 

Number  of  observation  towers :  Iron,  70  feet  high,  5 ;  stone,  85  feet 

high,  1 ;  total 6 

Appropriations  made  by  Congress,  $2,031,718.75. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

C.  H.  Grosvenor, 
Chairman  of  Commissio/i. 
The  Secretary  of  War, 


REPORT  OF  THE  GETTYSBURG  NATIONAL  MILITARY 

PARK  COMMISSION. 


1227 


1230       GETTYSBUEG  NATIONAL  MILITABY  PARK  COMMISSION. 

York  commission  had  plans  and  specifications  made  for  the  founda- 
tion. All  other  arrangements  had  been  made.  In  August,  1915, 
Col.  Beckwith,  engineer  of  the  New  York  commission,  came  to 
Gettysburg  to  superintend  the  erection  of  the  statue;  on  August 
11  the  engmeer  of  this  commission  staked  out  the  foundation  lines, 
the  excavation  was  made,  the  foundation  built,  the  pedestal  erected, 
and  the  statue  mounted.  The  dedication  exercises  were  held  Octo- 
ber 12,  attended  by  a  very  large  assemblage.  New  York  State  and 
City  were  well  represented. 

Col.  Stegman,  chairman,  conducted  the  proceedings ;  many  speakers 
took  part.  A  granddaughter  of  Gen.  Webb  unveiled  the  statue, 
and  Battery  E,  Third  United  States  Field  Artillery,  present  for  the 
occasion,  fired  the  salute.  The  oration  was  delivered  by  Ma].  Gen. 
James  W.  Latta,  of  Philadelphia.  Gov.  Whitman ;  Gen.  H.  C.  King, 
of  New  York;  Col.  Andrew  Cowan,  of  Kentuckv*  president  of  the 
Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  Dr.  Miller,  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Brigade,  were  among  the  speakers. 

While  the  New  York  commission  was  at  Gettysburg  on  June  24 
they  agreed  with  the  National  Park  Commission  iipon  sites  for  four 
markers  to  mark  the  positions  of  the  Seventieth,  oeventy-first.  Sev- 
enty-second, and  Seventy-fourth  New  York  Regiments  of  Infantry  of 
the  Excelsior  Brigade.^  These  had  been  delivered  25  years  before  to 
the  Gettysburg  Memorial  Association,  but  were  never  located.  They 
are  now  along  the  west  boundary  line  of  the  Excelsior  Field  and  were 
erected  under  contract  with  C.  W.  Ziegler  &  Co.  in  July,  1915. 

THE  PENNSYLVANIA  MEMORIAL. 

As  reported  in  1915,  additional  work  was  needed  on  this  monu- 
ment. Much  has  been  done  this  year  for  its  preservation  by  guard- 
ing against  the  action  of  water  and  freezing  weather.  This  has  been 
done  at  the  expense  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  Gen.  Henry  S, 
Huidekoper,  chairman  of  the  commission,  and  under  the  supervision 
of  the  Gettysburg  National  Park  Commission. 

THE  VIBOINIA  MEMORIAL. 

The  pedestal  was  erected  in  1912  for  the  statute  and  other  bronze 
work.  We  have  no  information  in  regard  to  the  completion  of  this 
Memorial. 

THE  GEN.   J.  L.   CHAMBERLAIN   STATUS. 

A  commission  was  appointed  by  the  governor  of  Maine  to  take  the 
necessary  steps  looking  to  the  erection  of  a  bronze  statue  to  Bvt. 
Maj.  Gen.  Joshua  L.  Chamberlain  on  Little  Round  Top.  A  ccHnmit- 
tee  visited  the  battlefield,  viewed  certain  locations  suggested,  but  no 
information  in  the  matter  has  been  received. 

THE  GEN.  O.  O.  HOWARD  STATUS. 

A  committee  was  appointed  five  years  ago  to  select  a  site  for  an 
equestrian  statue  to  Gen.  O.  O.  Howard— ilaj.  Gen.  Chamberlain, 
chairman ;  Brig.  Gen.  Tilden,  and  Maj.  S.  C.  Gordon.  The  report  of 
1911  states  that  the  committee  visited  the  field  June  9,  viewing 


GETTYSBUEG   NATIONAL  MILITABY  PABK  COMMISSION.      1231 

various  locations,  to  make  a  report  to  the  governor  on  the  subject 
upon  their  return  to  Maine.  Nothing  has  been  received  of  any 
future  action. 

mhitart  avenues. 

The  activity  in  respect  to  avenues  has  been  mainly  maintenance. 
Efforts  have  been  made  to  have  a  good  system  of  piked  avenues  con- 
structed on  the  East  Cavalry  Battlefield.  All  the  preliminary  engi- 
neering was  done  for  the  purpose,  and  the  commission  prepared  to 
begin  the  construction  as  soon  as  authorized  by  the  War  Department. 
Culverts  were  built  in  1915  and  the  subgrade  and  grade  lines  staked. 
Specifications  and  blue  prints  were  furnished  to  contractors,  and  bids 
were  received  for  building  2  miles  of  avenue.  The  bids  were  all  high 
and  were  canceled.  In  the  autumn  of  1915  modified  bids  upon 
reduced  specifications  were  asked  for.  A  very  low  bid  was  made  by 
M.  &  T.  E.  Farrell,  who  have  built  many  avenues  on  the  field.  Their 
bid  was  reported  and  authority  received  on  April  27,  1916,  to  make  a 
contract  for  the  work,  which  was  begun  on  June  5, 1916. 

About  2,000  tons  of  screenings  have  been  contracted  for,  which 
have  been  delivered  in  Gettysburg,  hauled  and  spread  upon  the  sur- 
face of  the  avenues  and  the  connecting  public  roads  which  have  been 
ceded  by  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania  to  the  United  States, 
and  jgraded  and  piked  by  the  commission.  These  screenings  were 
furmshed,  delivered,  hauled,  and  spread  by  Samuel  Robinson  at  a 
cost  of  $2.08  per  ton. 

GUTTER  PAVING  AND  REPAIRS. 

The  gutter  paving  which  was  begun  last  year  on  Hunt  Avenue  was 
continued  and  completed  during  the  summer  and  autumn  of  1915. 
In  the  early  spring,  as  soon  as  the  frost  is  well  out  of  the  ground, 
workmen  go  over  all  the  gutter  paving,  ramming  down  the  Ime  and 
side  stones,  before  going  to  work  at  new  paving.  The  winter  of 
1915-16  was  an  open  one,  with  short  intervals  of  frost  in  the  ground, 
consequently  the  paving  has  suffered  very  little.  About  1,500  feet 
of  gutter  on  Williams  Avenue  had  been  paved  when  work  on  the 
field  stopped  in  December,  1915 ;  also  300  feet  of  paving  on  Slocum 
Avenue.  After  the  winter  had  passed  and  work  was  resumed  in  the 
spring  the  pavers  went  to  work  on  Meade  Avenue,  where  they  have 
completed  300  feet,  and  also  about  2,000  feet  on  the  sides  of  other  ave- 
nues on  the  field  where  such  work  had  been  previously  reported  to  be 
needed,  continuing  their  work  until  the  close  of  this  report,  June 
30,  1916. 

GUN   CARRIAGES. 

The  total  number  of  mounted  guns  on  the  battlefield  enumerated  in 
the  last  report  was  404.  The  following  mounted  guns  have  been 
added  to  batteries  having  two  guns  each : 

Two  3-inch  rifles  to  Cushing's  Battery  A,  Fourth  United  States 
Artillery. 

Two  3-inch  rifles  to  Arnold's  battery,  Rhode  Island  Artillery. 

Two  Napoleons  to  Randol's  Batteries  E  and  G,  First  United  States 
Artillery. 

A  total  of  410  guns  on  the  field. 


1232       GETTYSBURG   NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK  COMMISSION. 

Two  additional  limbers  were  furnished  by  Maj.  Calvin  Gilbert 
and  mounted  with  those  of  Cushing's  United  States  Battery. 

An  additional  caisson  was  furnished  and  mounted  for  Cushing''8 
battery, 

BRIDGES  AND  CULVERTS. 

A  new  floor  was  put  in  the  Reynolds  Avenue  Bridge,  crossing  the 
Western  Maryland  Kailroad,  and  completed  April,  1915.  Other  re- 
pairs to  bridges  were  as  follows :  All  the  stone  bridges  and  abutments 
were  pointed,  and  a  new  culvert  built  on  section  7,  on  the  road  to 
Sharpshooters  Monuments,  in  the  Pitzer  Woods. 

PAINTING. 

The  painters  have  been  employed  principally  upon  renewing  the 
coating  on  gun  carriages,  iron  tablets,  avenue  pipe  fencing,  railing 
along  avenues  and  on  bridges,  and  on  United  States  farm  buildings. 

CLEANING  BRONZE  TABLETS. 

The  lettering  on  bronze  tablets  erected  by  the  commission  to  the 
armies,  corps,  divisions^  and  brigades  have  been  repolished  on  the 
battlefield  and  on  the  United  States  Regulars  Army  Monument. 

MOWING. 

The  season  was  backward  in  May,  and  the  mowing  parties  went  to 
work  about  the  10th  of  the  month.  There  was  one  party  with  a  horse 
lawn  mower  and  one  party  with  one-horse  side-bar  mower,  assisted 
by  mowers  with  scythes  and  hand  lawn  mowers  for  work  on  the  banks 
and  around  monuments  and  markers.  This  work  is  continued  until 
the  grass  stops  growing  in  the  autumn. 

MAPS  AND  PRINTS. 

The  second  edition  of  the  lithographic  map  of  the  Gettysburg 
National  Park,  printed  in  1913,  having  been  entirely  exhausted,  cor- 
rections and  additions  were  made  to  show  additional  work  on  the 
battlefield,  and  a  third  edition  of  500  copies,  1916,  has  been  ordered, 

A  number  of  new  tracings  have  been  made  from  which  many  copies 
in  blue  print  have  been  prmted  for  use  in  continuing  the  work  on  the 
field  and  for  distribution,  together  with  many  copies  from  previously 
drawn  tracings,  as  they  are  called  for,  for  various  purposes.  Such 
have  been  furnished  in  many  cases  in  large  numbers  by  the  com- 
mission. 

BOOK  OF  LOCATION  OF  MONUMENTS,  ETC. 

The  fourth  edition  of  this  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  printer 
February,  1916.  The  subject  matter  had  been  carefully  prepared 
from  the  last  edition,  with  additions  and  corrections.  Five  hundred 
copies  were  ordered  and  received  May  1,  1916,  and  are  now  being 
distributed  upon  request. 

A  perspective  drawing  had  been  made  of  the  Gettysburg  National 
Park  in  colors,  16  by  20  inches  dimensions.    A  contract  has  been 


GETTYSBURG  NATIONAL  MHJTABY  PARK  COMMISSION.      1233 

a¥7arded  for  1,000  copies,  which  will  be  ready  for  distribution  in 
July,  1916. 

UNITED   STATES   MARINES. 

On  July  17,  1916,  a  detachment  of  officers  of  the  United  States 
Marine  Corps,  Capt.  H.  S.  Snyder  commanding,  came  to  Gettysburg 
and  took  quarters  in  the  old  Pennsylvania  College  Building.  They 
were  ordered  here  for  the  purpose  of  observation,  and  for  studying, 
sketching,  and  mapping  the  topographical  features  of  the  battlefield. 

WEST  POINT   CADETS. 

The  graduatuig  classes  of  the  United  States  Military  Academy, 
West  Point,  began  to  make  their  visits  to  the  Gettysburg  Battlefield 
in  1902,  by  order  of  the  War  Department,  under  the  command  of 
Col.  G.  J.  Fiebeger,  United  States  Ai'my,  instructor  in  engineering. 
The  class  of  1916  reached  Gettysburg  this  year  on  May  1,  returning 
to  West  Point  on  May  3 ;  there  were  7  officers  and  125  cadets. 

FARMS 'AND  BXTILDINGS. 

No  new  buildings  of  this  character  have  been  erected  during  the 
year.  Repairs  have  been  made  to  existing  structures  for  their  preser- 
vation. 

Eighteen  properties  were  under  lease  during  the  year.  Ninety-five 
acres  of  land  acquired  by  the  commission  were  adaed  to  the  acreage 
of  the  previous  year,  making  the  total  acreage  for  the  year  1,399.62. 

Two  changes  of  tenants  were  made  during  the  year,  one  at  the 
Masonheimer  property  and  the  other  at  the  Bushman  farm. 

Three  small  new  building  were  built  during  the  year  at  each  of  the 
following  places:  The  Masonheimer  property,  the  Hummelbaugh 
property,  and  the  Bryan  House. 

The  tenants  are  required  to  whitewash  the  buildings  and  fencing 
where  needed  with  whitewash  made  according  to  the  United  States 
Government  formula. 

E2LAMINATI0N  FOR  BATTLEFIELD  GUIDES. 

In  compliance  with  an  order  of  the  War  Department  the  contem- 

Elated  examination  of  the  qualification  of  persons  who  for  years  have 
een  acting  as  battlefield  guides  was  taken  up  by  the  commission. 

On  August  1, 1915,  notices  were  published  that  applications  would 
be  received  from  persons  wishing  to  be  examined  as  guides.  Ninety- 
five  persons^applied,  almost  all  of  whom  had  experience  on  the  field. 
They  were  given  written  examinations  in  classes  of  10  to  15,  the  time 
extending  to  October  5,  1915.  Ninety-one  passed  the  examination 
and  were  given  licenses. 

There  were  three  classes:  Thirty-seven  first  class;  thirty-eight 
second  class;  sixteen  third  class. 

Four  failed.    None  were  licensed  under  18  years  of  age. 

Owing  to  the  low  percentage  made  by  those  of  the  second  and  third 
classes,  the  commission  notified  them  that  instructions  in  the  duties 
of  guides  would  be  given  them  during  the  months  of  January  and 
February,  1916.    About  90  per  cent  of  all  that  were  notified  reported 

60176"— WAR  1916— VOL  1 78 


1234       GETTYSBURG   NATIONAL  MILITARY   PARK   COMMISSION. 

and  took  the  lessons,  which  were  given  in  the  commission  rooms  in 
classes  of  10  U)  20.  They  were  advised  to  continue  their  studies  and 
use  whatever  source  from  which  they  could  obtain  additional  in- 
formation relating  to  the  duties  of  guides,  and  in  April,  1916,  all  that 
wished  to  taice  a  second  examination  with  a  view  oi  getting  a  higher 
class  license  could  do  so. 

CAMP  GROUNDS. 

On  March  20,  Col.  Nicholson,  chairman  of  the  commisston,  re- 
ceived a  letter  from  the  Acting  Secretary  of  War,  Maj.  Gen.  Hugh 
L.  Scott,  in  regard  to  the  large  tracts  of  land  on  this  field  belonging 
to  the  United  States,  and  if  any  suitable  places  would  be  available 
for  camping  and  maneuvering  purposes  ior  several  squadrons  of 
Cavalry,  in  case  such  grounds  were  required  during  the  summer  of 
1916.  On  March  24,  the  engineer.  Col.  Cope,  made  a  report,  by  di- 
rection of  the  chairman,  on  the  subject,  and  sent  blue  prints  showing 
tracts  of  United  States  land  formerly  used  for  such  purposes.  The 
commission  were  notified  by  the  Secretary  of  War  that  application 
for  the  land  would  not  be  made,  consequent  upon  the  abandonment 
of  the  contemplated  encampment. 

.  THE  UNTTED  STATES  ARMY  WAR  COLLEGE. 

The  anticipated  visit  of  the  officers  of  the  Army  War  College  that 
was  to  have  oeen  made  in  June,  1915,  to  Gettysburg  National  Park 
had  to  be  postponed,  as  was  noted  in  the  last  annual  report.  The 
visit  would  probably  have  been  made  during  the  summer  of  1916. 
but  the  chairman.  Col.  Nicholson,  was  notified  that  the  visit  would 
again  be  postponed  on  account  of  the  trouble  on  the  Mexican  border. 

GROVES. 

In  clearing  up  the  groves  and  other  woodland  of  the  park,  many 
dead  trees  have  been  cut  down  and  many  fallen  trees  have  been  re- 
moved. There  were  200  logs  cut  from  these  this  year,  of  an  average 
diameter  of  17  inches,  and  14  feet  long.  A  contract  was  made  with 
L.  U.  Collins,  and  with  his  portable  sawmill  he  has  reduced  these 
to  suitable  sized  lumber  for  the  use  of  the  carpenters  in  constructing 
and  repairing  United  States  farm  buildings,  etc.  The  cost  for  his 
services,  with  his  mill  and  hands,  was  six-tenths  of  1  per  cent  per  foot. 

Total  amount  of  lumber  sawed  and  piled  at  the  storage  building, 
18,860  feet. 

TREES. 

Two  hundred  trees  were  bought  from  W.  W.  Boyer  &  Bro., 
nurserymen,  Arendtsville,  Pa.,  and  apportioned  to  the  following 
places:  Codori  farm,  Smith  property,  Wentz  property,  Weikert  farm, 
Hummelbaugh  propeily,  Althoff  property,  Meade's  headquarters, 
and  the  Culp  farm.    These  trees  replaced  those  destroyed. 

DRAINS. 

A  contract  was  made  with  Daniel  C.  Shealer  to  straighten  the 
channel  of  the  drain  on  the  Culp  farm,  beginning  at  the  first  bridg^D 
on  East  Confederate  Avenue,  and  extending  to  the  spring,  a  dis- 


GETTYSBUEG  NATIONAL  MILITABY  PABK  COMMISSION.      1235 

tance  of  645  feet.  The  drain  was  dug  5  feet  wide  at  the  top,  4  feet 
wide  at  the  bottom,  and  2  feet  deep.  The  channel  now  carries  oflf 
all  the  water  and  prevents  any  overflow  on  the  adjoining  land. 

LIME. 

A  contract  for  180  tons  of  lime  was  made  with  W.  Oyler  &  Bro., 
lime  burners,  Gettysburg,  Pa. 

This  lime  was  hauled  by  the  tenants  and  used  on  the  Gulp,  Godori, 
Trostle,  Smith,  and  Weikert  farms  and  the  McMillan  land.  An  addi* 
tional  contract  for  180  tons  has  been  made  for  the  coming  year. 

The  liming  already  has  made  a  marked  difference  in  the  soil  condi- 
tions and  the  production  of  better  crops. 

FENCING. 

Since  July  1, 1915,  5,050  feet  of  new  post  and  rail  fence  was  built. 
The  material  was  furnished  by  the  contractor,  E.  J.  Naugle,  Orr- 
tanna.  Pa.  Four  thousand  feet  additional  will  be  built  during  the 
coming  year.  One  thousand  eight  hundred  feet  of  new  wire  lence 
will  also  be  erected.  Much  of  the  old  fence  was  repaired  during  the 
year. 

All  of  the  posts  were  treated  with  the  creosote-oil  preparation,  as 
in  the  preceding  year. 

VISITORS. 

On  March  31  the  Engineers  Club  of  Pennsylvania  GoUege  were  at 
the  offices  of  the  commission.  The  party  consisted  of  1  instructor 
in  engineering  and  35  students.  They  were  shown  the  relief  maps  and 
their  constniction  explained,  other  maps,  mechanical  drawings,  blue 
printing  and  the  process,  and  other  work  of  the  engineers  of  the 
commission.  A  short  talk  was  given;  also  one  by  their  instructor 
on  triangulation  in  field  surveys. 

On  Mav  29,  23  officers  of  the  Field  Officers'  Glass  Service  School 
of  the  National  Guard  of  New  York  called  at  the  offices  of  the  com- 
mission to  be  shown  the  work  of  the  commission  as  contained  in  their 
maps  and  numerous  drawings. 

These  officers  remained  in  Gettysburg  several  days  and  made  a  very 
thorough  study  of  the  positions  and  movements  of  the  troops  in  the 
battle. 

On  June  12  the  New  York  Monuments  Gommission  came  to  Gettys- 
burg to  locate  positions  for  the  statues  of  Gens.  Robinson  and  Double- 
day.  The  members  were  Gol.  Stegman,  chairman;  Gen.  King,  and 
Col.  Beckwith,  in  company  with  the  National  Park  Gommission. 
The  ground  was  selectea  as  follows :  Site  for  Gen.  Robinson's  statue, 
at  south  of  the  west  end  of  Robinson  Avenue  in  center  of  loop.  The 
site  for  Gen.  Doubleday's  statue,  in  the  center  of  the  space  between 
tlie  fence  and  roadway  on  the  east  side  of  Reynolds  Avenue,  near 
right-flank  marker  of  the  One  hundred  and  forty-second  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

John  P.  Nicholson, 

Chairman. 

The  Secretary  of  War. 


1236       GETTYSBUEG  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PABK  COMMISSION. 

Estimated  expenditures  of  Gettysburg  National  Park  Commission  for  the  fiscal 

year  ending  June  SO,  1918» 

Salaries  and  wages: 

Commissioners * $7, 200. 00 

Engineer 2, 100.00 

Rodman j. 660. 00 

Assistant   superintendent 960.00 

Assistant   superintendent 600. 00 

Four   guards 2,  400. 00 

Messenger 600. 00 

Hostler 480. 00 

Pay  of  artisans,  laborers,  and  teams 17,250.00 

$32,250.00 

Construction : 


Piking  avenues 4, 800. 00 

Repairs  to  roads,  buildings,  and  machinery 2,700.00 


Maintenance : 

Traffic  motor  car  and  maintenance  of  motors ^ 1, 200. 00 

Equipment  and  materials  for  motor  truclc,  etc 550.00 

Stationery,  books,  and  printing 150.00 

Transportation 100. 00 

Typewriting  and  stenography 500.00 

Miscellaneous  items 250. 00 


7,500.00 


2,750.00 


Total 42. 500.  ^ 

Receipts  and  expenditures  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  SO,  1916. 
[From  appropriation  "  Gettysburg  National  MUltary  Park.**] 

BECEIPTS. 

Balance  July  1,  1915 $2,267.63 

Rents  from  tenants  on  United  States  land,  etc 3,760.06 


Total 6, 027. 68 

KVI'KNDITl'llES. 

Lime  for  farms $432.00 

Grass   .seed 40.73 

Gun  carriages  and  repairs 167.71 

Lumber 100. 00 

Printing  pamphlet,  monuments,  and  inirkoivs 170.00 

Barrel  sprayer  and  fixtures 22.50 

Herbicide  (weed  killer) 150.00 

Trees  for  planting  in  the  park 7.20 

1, 090. 14 


Balance  June  30.  1916 4, 937.  54 

[Appropriation,  "  Gettysburg  National  Military  Park,  1015.**] 
Balance  June  30.  1916 a  94 

Receipts  and  expenditures  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  SO,  1916, 

RECEIPTS. 
Appropriation  July  1.  1916 $45,000.00 

E2CPENDITUKES. 

Salaries  and  wages: 

Commissioners,    engineers,    guards,    artisans,    and 

laborers $29, 693. 87 

CJonstruction : 

Piking  avenue $3, 434. 53 

Repairs    to    roads,    buildings,    and    ma- 
chinery      2, 202.  87 

5.637.40 


GETTYSBUBG  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PABK  COMMISSION.  1237 

Maintenance : 

£>]uipment  and  material  for  motor  truck.      $401. 99 

Stationery,  books,  and  printing 481. 06 

Transportation 125. 03 

Typewriting  and  stenography 303.38 

Miscellaneous 266. 36 

$1,577.82 

$36, 909. 09 

Balance  June  30,  1916 8, 090. 91 

Outstanding  obligations : 

Pay  rolls,  June,  1915.  appropriation 2,775.50 

United  States  farm  buildings 20.15 

Piking  an  avenue,  cavalry  field 2,920.00 

Tablets  and  markers 30.45 

Fertilizers 222.00 

Fencing 517.50 

Millwork  and  hardware 41.07 

Paints  and  oils 118.92 

Ironwork  and  machinery ^«  50. 04 

Motor  truck  repairs  and  supplies 146.  62 

Maintenance  of  stable 134.87 

Books,  maps,  and  other  office  supplies 918. 70 

Typewriting 43.66 

Cement 103. 29 

Transportation 27. 97 

Post-office  box  rent 1.00 

Miscellaneous  items '. 19. 17 

Total 8, 090. 91 

Unobligated  balance  July  1,  1916,  none. 

Btatement  of  the  condition  of  the  Gettysburg  National  Military  Park  at  close  of 

fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1916. 

Infantry  battle  field  land,  24  square  miles  (Government  owned  and  private 

owned) .acres. .  15, 360 

Cavalry  fields,  14.21  square  miles  (Government  owned  and  private  owned), 

acres 9,100 

Total acres. .  24, 460 

Avenues  and  piked  roads miles. .  34. 06 

Earth  roads do 24.00 

Total do 58.06 

Avenue  fencing miles. .  15. 00 

Poet  fencing do 34. 08 

Total do 49.08 

Bridges: 

Steel 2 

Steel  and  granite 5 

Granite — 

Double  arch 1 

Single  arch 17 

Total 25 

Concrete  culverts 9 

Towers 5 


1238      GETTYSBUKG  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK  COMMISSION. 


5 

24 
27 
21 


Monuments: 

Erected  by  States 454 

Erected  by  organizations 383 

Total 837 

Statues: 

Bronze — 

Equestrian 

Standing  figures  on  pedestals 

Standing  figures  on  monuments 

Granite  statues  on  monuments 

Total 

Bronze  reliefs  and  tablets  on  monuments 172 

Bronze  reliefs  and  tablets  not  on  monuments 755 

Total 927 

Iron  tablets 436 

Markers,  frranite 321 

Gun  carriages  with  mounted  guns 410 

Caissons 3 

Limbers 4 


77 


Land  acquired  from  189S  to  date. 


1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 


Acres. 

18.8364 

218.22 

72.0657 

53L9842 

16.3504 

6131 

1899 217.25 

1900 144.20 

1901 30.58 

1902 41.3543 

1903 57.9007 

1904 93.288 

1905 230.117 

1906 9.884 

1907 377.391 

1908 1.95 

1909 120.763 

1910 53.30 

1912 L83 

J913 95.00 

1914 045 


1915. 
1916. 


Acm. 
95.00 
L035 


Total 2,428.95 

Total  acreage  owned  by 
United  States  Govern- 
ment     2,428.95 

Ceded  by  Pennsylvania  for 
paved  roads 45.00 


Total 2,473.96 


Total  acreage  acquired  from 

memorial  association 52L  77 

Total  acreage  acquired  from 

Quartermaster  Department.  30.  72 
Total   acreage   acc^uired    bv 

Gettysburg  National  Park 

Commission 1,921.46 


Total 2»47a95 


ARY  PARK 


REPORT  OF  THE  SHILOH  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK 

COMMISSION,  1916. 


Wak  Depabtment, 
Shiloh  National  Miutart  Park, 
Pittsburg  Landing^  Tenn.j  August  7,  1916. 

Sir:  Keport  of  the  condition  of  this  park  and  a  full  account  of 
the  administration  of  its  affairs  covering  the  fiscal  year  ended  June 
80,  1916,  are  herein  submitted. 

AREA. 

No  land  has  been  purchased  within  the  year,  and  the  area  stands 
at  3,546.14  acres. 

The  boundaries  of  the  reservation  being  substantially  marked  with 
stone  corner  posts,  it  was  deemed  advisable  to  so  mark  all  interior 
property  lines  touching  the  small  privately  owned  tracts  within  the 
park  limits.  This  work  has  been  almost  completed,  23  stone  comer 
posts,  set  in  cement,  having  been  placed  during  the  past  year.  This 
work  will  be  finished  during  the  present  year. 

It  is  again  recommended  that  provision  be  made  as  soon  as  may  be 
possible  for  the  acquirement  of  such  of  the  small  privately  owned 
tracts  of  land  within  the  boundaries  of  the  park  as  can  be  purchased 
by  agreement  with  the  owners.  A  sum  sufficient  to  cover  such  pur- 
chases as  it  is  believed  can  be  advantageously  made  will  be  named  in 
the  next  annual  estimate  from  this  otSce. 

The  acquirement  of  these  properties  would  be  doubly  beneficial,  in 
that  the  orderliness,  sanitation,  and  general  beauty  of  the  park  would 
be  enhanced,  and  one  of  the  most  serious  obstacles  to  the  appre- 
hension of  offenders  and  the  enforcement  of  law  would  be  elimi- 
nated. 

ROADS. 

As  a  result  of  a  rapidly  improving  drainage  system  and  of  the 
special  efforts  exerted  to  protect  all  roads  during  unfavorable 
weather  conditions,  their  present  state  is  excellent.  There  is  not 
a  road  on  the  park  that  may  not  be  considered  a  beautiful  driveway. 

Total  of  all  roads  graded  and  graveled  is  27.35  miles. 

The  old  dirt  road  leading  from  the  Hamburg  and  Purdy  Road  to 
the  Jones  gravel  pit,  from  which  practically  all  gravel  for  road 
building  and  repairs  is  taken,  became  almost  impassable  during  the 
winter  when  in  heaviest  use,  and  it  was  found  necessary  to  drain 
and  gravel  same  for  a  distance  of  988  feet.  It  is  now  a  permanent 
and  serviceable  road,  adding  greatly  to  the  facility  and  economy 
of  one  of  the  most  important  features  of  the  public  work  of  the  park. 

From  the  post  office  and  store  buildinjg  to  the  public  barn  and  Gov- 
ernment pound,  a  distance  of  658  feet,  the  old  unsightly  dirt  road  has 

1241 


1242  SHILOH    NATIONAL   MILITARY   PARK   COMMISSION. 

been  graveled  and  drained,  adding  another  facility  and  eliminating 
an  eyesore  from  one  of  the  finest  and  most  prominent  lawns  of  the 
park. 

In  the  rear  of  the  office  yard  inclosure  an  elliptical  driveway  130 
feet  long  has  been  graveled  and  retained,  for  the  protection  of  the 
grounds  against  the  rough  uses  of  wagons  delivering  fuel  and  other 
necessary  articles  to  the  building. 

All  new  roads  built  and  all  repairs,  improvement,  and  protective 
work  done  on  and  along  the  roads  during  the  year  are  reported  as 
follows : 

Graded  and  graveled  new mile—    0.35 

Kecrowned  with  gravel,  reshaped  and  rolled miles__    1.09 

Reshaped  and  rolled do 7 

Ag^egate  of  breaks  and  washes  refilled  and  graveled  over  all  roads,  .feet. _    5,  57G 

Erected  granite  wheel  guards 20 

Built  new  head  walls  of  stone  and  concrete 2 

Placed  new  conduits  of  stone  tiling  and  concrete 8 

Built  new  drainage  gutters  of  stone  and  concrete feet 1,311 

Built  new  retaining  walls  of  stone  and  concrete do 1, 615 

The  Illinois  State  Monument  stands  between  the  main  Corinth 
Road  and  the  Hamburg  and  Purdy  Road  near  their  point  of  inter- 
section. Being  one  of  the  most  imposing  memorials  on  the  park,  it 
draws  many  visitors  whose  vehicles  have  worn  an  irregular  and 
unattractive  road  through  the  otherwise  well-preserved  field.  The 
outlines  of  this  forced  road  have  been  drawn  into  symmetrical  form, 
and  it  will  be  graveled  before  the  end  of  the  present  summer  and 
made  a  useful  and  permanent  driveway. 

The  greatest  need  of  the  park  in  connection  with  the  road  system 
is  a  modem  steam  roller,  by  the  intelligent  and  timely  use  of  which 
the  roads  can  be  kept  compact  and  secure  against  the  influences  of 
droughts  and  rains. 

The  practically  inexhaustible  beds  of  gravel  on  the  lands  of  the 
park  eliminate  one  of  the  most  costly  features  of  road  building 
and  maintenance.  With  this  advantage,  if  only  the  advantage  of  a 
modern  roller  could  be  added,  all  roads  could  soon  be  improved  to 
perfection  and  kept  so  at  a  surprisingly  low  cost.  Such  a  roller 
can  be  operated  by  one  man  at  a  maximum  labor  cost  of  from  $1.50 
to  $2  per  day,  and  a  fuel  cost  of  not  more  than  $1.75  per  day,  whereas 
the  superannuated  horsepower  roller  now  in  use  on  the  park  can 
not  be  operated  for  less  than  $9  per  day,  and  when  operated  is 
wholly  unfit  for  the  greater  portion  of  the  work.  It  can  not  be  run 
close  to  walls  and  buildings  nor  up  and  down  steep  hills,  where 
repairs  are  most  frequently  needed. 

Because  of  this  very  pressing  need  an  item  covering  cost  of  a 
roller  wiU  be  included  in  estimate  of  appropriation  for  the  year 
ending  June  30, 1918,  to  be  submitted  by  tnis  office. 

FOREST   AND   FIELDS. 

About  900  dead  trees  were  removed  from  the  park  during  the 
year.  This  practically  clears  the  reservation  of  dead  timber,  and 
makes  it  possible  to  observe  with  reasonable  accuracy  the  death  rate 
among  the  trees,  which  is  veir  low. 

False  growth  limbs  near  the  ground  are  being  trimmed  from  «ll 
^.rees  along  the  roads  and  in  places  where  the  most  important  bfttUa 


SHILOH   NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK   COMMISSION.  1243 

lines  have  been  marked,  so  as  to  give  to  the  trees  more  vitality,  to 
restore  their  natural  symmetry,  and  to  widen  the  scope  of  view 
where  monuments  and  battle-line  markers  are  most  prominent. 

This  trimming  is  done  during  the  winter  season,  in  order  that  no 
damage  to  the  trees  may  result. 

A  number  of  historic  trees,  and  trees  that  are  special  features  of 
beauty  along  roads,  have  been  protected  from  abuse  by  the  erection  of 
concrete  guards  and  retaining  walls. 

This  work  will  be  continued  where  important  trees  are  exposed. 

An  investigation  is  now  being  made  by  this  office  to  ascertain  the 
«ges  of  trees  of  various  species  and  sizes  on  the  park.  This  is  being 
■done  by  the  comparison  of  park  trees  with  trees  of  the  same  species 
grown  in  the  same  character  of  soil,  outside  the  battle  lines,  the 
ages  of  which  it  is  an  easy  matter  to  ascertain  by  cutting  them  and 
-counting  their  concentric  rings. 

This  was  suggested  by  the  fact  that  vi.5itors,  veteran  soldiers  and 
students  of  history  are  so  f  requentlv  curious  as  to  whether  or  not  cer- 
tain trees  were  here  at  the  time  oi  the  battle;  and,  if  so,  how  large 
they  were  at  that  time. 

By  reference  to  the  record  now  being  made,  when  completed,  any 
guide  of  the  park  can  answer  such  questions  with  approximate 
iiccuracy. 

The  fields  and  open  spaces  of  the  park  are  being  made  more  attract- 
ive each  year,  by  improved  drainage,  the  gradual  elimination  of 
weeds,  and  the  spreading  of  grasses. 

In  covering  bare  places  along  roads,  new  gutters,  and  retaining 
walls,  and  around  the  historic  oaks  and  the  siege  ffuns  which  mark 
the  center  of  Gen.  Grant's  last  line  on  the  first  day  of  the  battle, 
13,448  square  feet  of  Bermuda  sod  have  been  successfully  placed 
during  the  year. 

The  plan  inaugurated  two  years  ago  for  the  propagation  of  Ber- 
muda grass  in  one  of  the  fields  of  the  reservation  for  the  purpose 
of  providing  the  sod  so  much  needed  in  the  general  work  of  im- 
provement is  giving  most  satisfactory  results. 

Aside  from  the  beautj  of  smooth  green  fields  and  clean  woods, 
their  practical  good  lies  m  the  fact  that  visitors  can  follow  the  battle 
lines  and  seek  points  of  superior  interest  on  the  field  with  rapidity 
and  comfort. 

On  a  back  field  of  the  reservation,  outside  all  battle  lines,  3,960 
pounds  of  hay  and  108J  bushels  of  corn  were  produced  and  fed  to  the 
park  horses,  materially  reducing  the  forage  expense  for  the  year. 

Four  more  old  open,  unused  wells,  which  were  sources  of  more 
or  less  danger,  were  disposed  of  by  filling  and  concreting  over,  these 
being  the  last  of  a  number  of  such  wells  that  have  been  similarly 
disposed  of  within  the  last  few  years. 

Nearly  all  of  the  old  rail  fences  interlaced  with  weeds  and  briars, 
and  with  no  historic  significance,  have  been  cleared  away,  making 
some  important  points  more  accessible,  and  widening  the  view  01 
monuments  and  battle  lines. 

BUILDINGS  AND  QUARTEBS. 

Gradual,  modest  improvement  of  the  residence  properties  occu- 
pied by  the  employees  of  the  park,  has  been  the  aim  of  this  office, 


1244  SHILOH   NATIONAL  MILITABY  PARK  COMMISSION. 

to  the  end  that  thej^  may  all  be  made  plainly  comfortable  and  sani- 
tary as  soon  as  possible. 

The  work  of  clearing  awav  all  old  imsightly  buildings  too  dilapi- 
dated for  use,  and  with  no  historic  significance,  is  being  carried  on 
under  the  approval  of  the  department,  and  a  vast  improvement 
in  many  ways  has  been  the  result.  Much  insanitary  debris  has  been 
destroyed;  landscapes  have  been  brightened;  battle  lines  have  been 
cleared,  and  monuments  and  markers  brought  into  plainer  view. 

The  McDaniel  house  and  outhouses,  the  Chambers  Road  house  and 
outhouses,  and  the  Sanders  house  and  outhouses,  were  razed  during 
the  year. 

All  public  buildings  are  in  good  condition. 

PUBLIC   SERVICE. 

It  is  again  urged  that  a  hotel  should  be  provided  for  the  accom- 
modation of  vistors  to  the  park. 

The  sum  of  $10,000  was  asked  for  in  the  last  annual  estimate  from 
this  office,  and  the  item  was  approved  by  the  department,  but  re- 
jected by  Congress. 

The  item  will  be  included  in  next  annual  estimate,  in  the  hope  that 
it  may  again  have  the  approval  of  the  department,  and  that  more 
convincing  evidence  of  the  necessity  of  the  hotel  may  be  offered  to 
the  Appropriations  Committees  of  the  Senate  and  the  House. 

TRAN  SPORTATION. 

The  Illinois  Central^  the  Southern,  and  the  Mobile  &  Ohio  Rail- 
road lines  touch  Corinth,  Miss.,  from  which  point  automobiles 
reach  the  park  over  a  most  excellent  pike  in  about  one  hour. 

Excursion  boats  of  the  St.  Louis  &  Tennessee  River  Packet  Co. 
make  weekly  trips  to.  the  park  during  the  summer  and  autumn 
months,  bringing  crowds  of  interested  people  to  the  battle  field.  Many 
of  these  excursion  parties  are  made  up  in  Chicago  and  St.  Liouis  and 
in  the  more  distant  cities  and  towns  of  the  Northwest,  coming  by  rail 
to  St.  Louis  and  thence  by  boat. 

All  boats  remain  for  several  hours,  giving  visitors  time  to  see  the 
battle  field.  Hacks  and  automobiles  are  avauable  for  their  accommo- 
dation. 

BATTLE  LINES. 

Permanent  iron  tablets  on  the  battle  field  are  as  follows: 

Battle-Une   tablets 390 

Camp-site  tablets 83 

Historical  tablets 24 

Headquarters  tablets 12 

Mortuary  tablets 5 

General  explanatory,  hospital,  and  road  signs 257 

Total 780 

To  designate  the  shifting  positions  of  the  artillery  of  both  armies 
during  the  progress  of  the  battle,  250  cannon,  true  to  the  types  of 
guns  used  here,  have  been  placed  on  iron  carriages. 

All  battle-line  tablets,  cannon,  and  carriages  are  so  cared  for  as  to 
protect  them  from  rust. 


8HIL0H   NATIONAL  MILITARY  PABK  COMMISSION.  1245 

MONUMENTS. 

The  137  monuments  in  the  park  are  classified  as  follows: 

Union : 

Illinois,  1  State.  39  regimental 40 

Indiana,  22  regimental 22 

Iowa,  1  State,  11  regimental 12 

Minnesota,  1  regimental 1 

Ohio,  34  regimental 34 

Pennsylvania,  1  regimental 1 

Wisconsin,  1  State,  1  individual 2 

United  States  Regular  troops,  3  regimental 3 

Ojnfederate : 

Alabama,  1  State 1 

Arkansas,  1  State 1 

Louisiana,  1  regimental 1 

Tennessee,  1  regimental 1 

Mortuary 5 

Headquarters 13 

Total 137 

NEW   MONUMENT. 

The  Confederate  monument  approved  by  the  department,  and  now 
being  erected  on  this  battle  field  by  the  United  Daughters  of  the 
Conrederacy,  at  a  cost  of  $50,000.  will  be  completed  within  the  next 
two  and  one-half  months,  and  tne  unveiling  ceremonies  have  been 
-announced  to  take  place  late  in  October. 

The  foundation  is  now  being  finished,  and  this  office  has  received 
notice  from  the  contractors  that  the  work  will  proceed  without  delay. 

PR0SPECTI\'E    MONUMENT. 

This  office  has  had  correspondence  with  the  governor  of  the  State 
of  Michiffan  which  indicates  that  a  movement  will  be  pressed  before 
the  next  legislature  of  that  State  to  secure  an  appropriation  for  the 
building  of  a  monimient  on  this  field  in  honor  of  the  Michigan 
troops  who  fought  here. 

It  is  confidently  expected  that  this  provision  will  be  made  in  time 
for  the  monument  to  be  erected  early  in  next  spring,  so  that  it  may 
be  unveiled  either  on  the  6th  of  April,  the  anniversary  of  the  first 
4ay  of  the  Battle  of  Shiloh,  or  on  May  30  (Decoration  Day). 

HISTORY  OF  THE  BATTLE. 

During  the  year,  45  copies  of  The  Battle  of  Shiloh  and  Organiza- 
tions Engaged  were  sold,  and  159  copies  were  distributed  free  to  the 
survivors  of  the  battle,  their  widows,  and  descendants,  leaving  on 
hand  at  the  close  of  the  year,  263  copies. 

GENERAL. 

Among  the  general  purposes  of  this  office  are  the  continued  de- 
velopment of  a  sanitary  system,  a  strict  preservation  of  law  and  order 
l)y  bringing  all  offenders  to  justice  with  the  least  possible  delay,  the 
promotion  of  a  dignified  publicity  imder  the  approval  of  the  depart- 
ment, that  the  country  may  know  more  of  Shiloh,  the  first  great 
tattle  of  the  Civil  War,  and  that  this  park  mav  be  a  real  asset  to  the 
Nation  in  the  promotion  of  patriotism  and  me  stimulation  of  love 
and  respect  for  the  flag. 


1246  SHILOH   NATIONAL  MILITABY  PABK  COMMISSION. 

ACCOUNTS. 
CASH  COLLECTIONS. 

Rents,   privileges,   sales  of  histories,   fines   and   stock   impounding 

charges $793. 6S 

Remitted  to  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States 793. 53 

RECEIPTS  AND  EXPENDIT  UKES. 

Available  balance  July  1, 1915,  "  no  year  "  appropriation $74. 8Z 

EXPENDFTUBES. 

B^m  balance  July  1,  1915,  "  no  year  "  appropriation : 

Materials  and  supplies — gasoline,  axle  grease,  etc $7. 36 

Passenger-carrying  vehicles — 

Fan  belt $0. 41 

Cylinder  oil - .  50 


Incidentals — 

Ice 7. 50 

Feed  and  care  of  impounding  stock 1. 70 


.91 


9.20 


Total $17. 4T 

Balance  available  July  1,  1916,  "  no  year  "  appropriation 56. 85 

RECEIPTS. 

Appropriation  for  fiscal  year  1916 $25, 800. 00 

EXPENDITURES. 

Administration : 

3  commissioners,  at  $3,000 $9,000.00 

1  secretary  and  superintendent 3, 000. 00 

1  clert 900.  00 


$12, 900. 00 

Mounted  guards:  1  range  rider 960.00 

Printing  and  ofllce  supplies: 

Making  monument  map 23.00 

Letter  files,  etc 7. 20 

Mop,  glass,  and  duster 6.00 

Receipt  boolcs .35 

Printing  regulations 19.30 

Printing  office  stationery 20.17 

Printing  annual  reports 25. 16 

Films,  printincc  same,  etc 10.49 

Freight  on  office  supplies 2.33 

Flags,  sweeps,  and  pans 7.38 


Equipment,  materials,  and  suDplies: 

Lime  and  cement 322.60 

Kerosene 43. 09 

Crude  oil 89.  45 

Tiling 34. 10 

Lumber 313.77 

Paints  and  brushes 334.95 

Hardware,  fencing,  etc u 664.46 

Iron  piping 24. 00 

Fence  posts 23.  66 

BicvHe  tires  and  flash  light .5.63 

Shrubbery 12. 00 

Forage 231.88 

Carbolic  acid  and  l>orax 44.70 

Grass  seed 12,44 

I'uinp  and  fixtures 23.70 


121.38 


2,180.43 
Telephone  service 54, 00 


SHILOH   NATIONAL  MIUTAKY  PABK  COMMISSION.  1247 

Passenger-carrying  vehicle — 

Gasoline,  lubricating  oil,  and  repair  parts $376. 68 

Repair  work 115. 81 

Labor :  *^^*  ^^ 

Forest  and  fields 3,650.54 

Roads  and  bridges ^ . 2, 397.  81 

Buildings  and  quarters 1,584.57 

Monuments  and  markers 172.27 

Gun  carriages 84. 38 

Special  guards 120. 74 

Blacksmithing 23. 25 

Janitor    540. 00 

Hostler   373. 00 

Office   34.  50 

Surveying 16. 00 

Incidentals:  8,997.06 

Feed  and  care  of  Impounding  stock 20. 90 

Tollgate  fees 51. 05 

Hauling  freight .  50 

Ice    10. 32 

Official  badge 1. 00 

Department  telegrams .  67 

Printing  park  views 3. 60 

Hire  of  gasoline  boat 6. 00 

94.64 

Total 25, 800. 00 

Balance None. 

Receipts:  becapitulation. 

Balance  July  1,  1915,  "no  year"  appropriation $74.32 

Appropriation  for  fiscal  year  1916 25, 800.  00 

Total  receipts 25, 874. 32  • 

Expenditures : 

From  "no  year**  appropriation $17.47 

From  appropriation  fiscal  year  1916 25, 800. 00 

Total  expenditures 25, 817. 47 

Available  balance  July  1,  1916,  "  no  year  "  appropriation—        $56.  85 
Unexpended  balance  July  1,  1916,  appropriation  fiscal  year 
1916 None. 

Total  balance 56. 85 

Statement  showing  the  condition  of  the  Shiloh  National  Military  Park  at  the 

close  of  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1916, 

Park  area acres—  3, 546. 14 

Roads  graded  and  graveled miles—        27. 35 

Buildings:  Office,  pavilion,  store  and  post  office,  landing  warehouse, 
stocl^  and  storage  barns,  carpenter  and  blacksmith  shops,  and 
magazine  (9)  ;  residence  properties  (28) 37 

Battle-line  tablets:  === 

Union 226 

Confederate 173 

399 

General  explanatory,  hospital,  and  road  signs 257 

Camp 83 

Historical 24 

Headquarters 12 

Mortuary 5 

381 

Grand  total  of  all  tablets  and  markers 780 


1248  SHILOH   NATIONAL  MILITABY  PARK  COMMISSION. 

Monuments : 

Union 115 

Confederate 4 

Mortuary    5 

Headquarters > 13 


Grand  total  of  all  monuments 137 

Mounted  cannon 250 

Bespectfully  submitted. 

De  Long  Rice, 
Secretary  and  Superintendent. 

Approved : 

D.  W.  Bked,  Chairman. 
Ths  Secbetart  of  Was. 


REPORT  OF  THE  VICKSBURG  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK 

COMMISSION. 


6»176°— WAB 1916— VOL  1 7»  1249 


REPORT  OF  THE  VTCKSBURG  MTIONAl  MIUTART 

PARK  COMMISSION. 


War  Depabtment, 
ViOESBiTBO  National  Militabt  Pabk  Commission, 

VicJcshurg,  Miss.,  July  IS,  1916. 

Sm:  The  commission  has  the  honor  to  submit  its  report  for  the 
fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1916. 


PABK  ABBA. 


By  authority  of  Congress,  the  Secretary  of  War  conveyed  1.64 
acres  to  the  Congregation  Anshe  Chesed  for  cemetery  purposes  and 
without  consideration.  Area,  1,322.63  acres;  cost  per  acre,  $47.35. 
Expenditure  by  United  States  imder  this  head  from  the  fiist, 
$66,511.53  (includes  cost  of  conveyancing). 


OABE  OF  PABK  ABEA. 


Expenditure  by  United  States  under  this  head,  formerly  clearing 
land,  during  year,  $6,941.21;  from  the  first,  $71,221.14. 


BOADS  AND  BBIDGES. 


Length  of  finished  roadway,  including  16  bridges,  31.86  miles; 
cost  per  mile,  exclusive  of  bridges,  $12,923.05;  cost  of  bridges, 
$116,449.  Expenditure  by  United  States  under  this  head  dunng 
year,  $4,596.08  (maintenance);  from  the  first,  $578,661.58. 


TABLETS   AND  OUIDEBOABDS. 


Exclusive  of  122  iron  guideboards,  898  tablets  are  in  place  (897 
by  United  States,  1  gift);  569  Union,  329  Confederate  (31  bronze, 
867  iron);  163  historical,  197  batterjr,  227  Union  trench  marker,  151 
Confederate  trench  marker,  136  Union  approach  marker,  19  head- 
quarters, 5  mortuary.  Expenditure  by  United  States  under  this 
head  during  year,  $180.45  (painting);  from  the  first,  $21,199.63. 


CANNON   AND   GUN   CABBIAOES. 


Number  of  guns  mounted,  128  (114  field,  14  si^e);  66  Union,  62 
Confederate.  Expenditure  by  United  States  under  tms  head  during 
year,  $169.20  (painting);  from  the  first,  $20,406.80. 


OBSEBVATION  TOWEBS. 


Expenditure  by  United  States  under  this  head:  During  year, 

$115.90  (repairs);  from  the  first,  $27,749.90. 

1251 


1252        VICKSBURG  NATIONAL  MIUTABY  PAKK  COMMISSION. 

MEMOBIALS.   MONUMENTS,    AND  MABKERS. 

The  commission  contracted  for  one  bronze  portrait  statue  with 

franite  pedestal  (Union)  at  a  cost  of  $2,543,  one  bronze  portrait 
list  witn  granite  pedestal  (Union)  at  a  cost  of  $800,  one  bronze 
portrait  bust  (Confederate,  pedestal  theretofore  placed)  at  a  cost  of 
$537,  eight  bronze  portrait  tablets  with  granite  pedestals  (7  Union,  1 
Confederate)  at  a  cost  of  $3,006,  and  for  one  portrait  tablet  pedestal 
(Union)  at  a  cost  to  the  no  year  appropriation  of  $185.  One  memorial 
bronze  portrait  tablet  and  one  memorial  bronze  portrait  bust  with 
granite  pedestal  are  imder  contract.  The  Missouri  commission  con- 
tracted for  16  monument  markers  (8  Union,  8  Confederate)  and  34 
markers  (24  Union,  10  Confederate).  Number  of  memorials,  monu- 
ments and  markers  in  place  or  under  contract,  646  (3  Union-Confed- 
erate, 527  Union,  116  Confederate):  108  by  United  States  at  a  cost 
of  $213,444.35  (1  Union  naval  monument  with  4  bronze  portrait 
statues,  $144,041;  1  bronze  portrait  statue  with  ^anite  pedestal, 
Union,  $2,543;  49  bronze  portrait  busts  with  gramte  pedestals,  23 
Union  and  26  Confederate,  $43,363.30;  54  bronze  portrait  tablets 
with  granite  pedestals,  41  Union  and  13  Confederate,  $23,097.05; 

3  markers,  2  Union-Confederate  and  1  Union,  $400) ;  478  by  States 
(1  Union-Confederate,  Missouri  State  memorial,  435  Union,  42  Con- 
federate; and  60  as  gifts  (25  Union,  35  Confederate)  at  a  cost  of 
$70,743.30.  Expenditures  by  United  States  under  this  head  during 
year,  $15,942.47;  from  the  first,  $257,733.98. 

MEMORIAL   BRONZE   PORTRAITS   OF  OFFICERS. 

In  place  or  under  contract,  as  follows:  By  United  States.  Statues: 
Davis,  Farragut,  Foote,  Ord,  Porter — ^5  (Union).  Busts:  J.  Adams, 
D.  W.  Adams,  Baldwin,  Bowen,  Brecldnridge,  Carr,  Cosby,  Crocker, 
Dennis,  Ector,  Ellet,  Evans,  Featherston^  Ferrero,  French,  Gist, 
Gregg,  Helm,  Herron,  Hovej^,  Jackson,  £jmball,'Lauman,  Lawler, 
Lormg,  Maury,  Maxoy,  McNair,  Osterhaus,  Potter,  Quinby,  Ransom, 
Sanborn,  A.  J.  Smith,  G.  A.  Smith,  M.  L.  Smith,  W.  S.  Smith,  C.  L. 
Stevenson,  Stovall,  Taylor,  Thayer,  Tracy,  Tuttle,  Vandever,  Walker, 
Waul,  Welsh,  Whitfield,  Woods— 49  (23  Union,  26  Confederate). 
Tablets:  Alexander,  Benton,  Boomer,  Chambers,  Cockerill,  Com- 
stock,  Cumming,  Dockerv,  Engelmann,  Erwin,  Ewin^,  Farrar,  Green, 
Griffin^  C.  Hall,  W.  Hall,  Hains,  Harris,  Hicks,  ^Imes,  Johnson, 
Kejgwin,  Landram,  Liffhtbum,  Lindsey,  Locl^tt,  Loomis,  Manter, 
McGinnis,  McMillan,  Moore,  Neely,  Orme,  Prime,  Pugh,  Putnam, 
Raum,  Rawlins,  Reid,  A.  E.  Reynolds,  W.  W.  Reynolds,  Kichmond, 
Ross,  Sanford,  Sheldon,  Shepard,  Shimk,  J.  D.  Stevenson,  Vaughn, 
Washburn,  Washington,  C.  C.  Wilson,  J.  H.  Wilson,  Witherspoon — 
54  (41  Union,  13  Confederate).  Total  by  United  States^  108  (69 
Union,  39  (Confederate).  By  States  (tablets):  Pennsylvaiua — ^Bren- 
holtz,  Curtin,  Durell,  Hartranft,  Leasure — ^5  (on  front  of  State 
memorial).  Wisconsin:  Bryant,  Harris,  Montgomery — 3.  Total  by 
States,  8.    Gifts — Statues:  Hickenlooper,  S.  D.  Lee,  Steele,  Vilas — 

4  (3  Union,  1  Confederate).  Busts:  Blair,  Burbridgey  Garrett, 
Selfridge — 4  (3  Union,  1  Confederate).  Tablets:  Barton,  Buford, 
Bussey,  Cockrell,  Force,  Garrard^  Hebert.  Higeins,  Jennej,  JiMies, 
L^^gett,  Lightfoot,  Marks,  Martm,  Mattnies,  Ifower^  Kidiardsoii, 


VICK8BUBG   NATIONAL  MILITAEY  PABK  COMMISSION,        1253 

Slack,  Shoup,  M.  Smith,  T.  K.  Smith,  Thomas,  Wade,  J.  J.  Woods — 
24  (12  Union,  12  Confederate).  Grand  total,  148  (95  Union,  53  Con- 
federate): 108  by  United  States  (68  Union,  40  Confederate);  8  by 
States  (Union);  and  32  gifts  (18  Union,  14  Confederate)  at  a  cost 
of  $65,207.85  (4  statues,  4  busts,  24  tablets).  Expenditure  by 
United  States  imder  this  head  during  year,  $13,832.25;  from  the 
first,  made  and  obligated  and  exclusive  of  the  4  statues  at  the  Union 
naval  monument,  $69,188.35  (1  statue  and  pedestal,  49  busts  and 
pedestals,  54  tablets  and  pedestals,  1  tablet  pedestal). 

STATE   MEMORIALS. 

Twelve  have  been  erected  from  appropriations  made  by  States  as 
follows — Illinois:  Organizations,  78;  appropriation,  $285,000;  cost 
of  memorial,  $200,000.  Iowa:  Organizations,  32;  appropriation, 
$150,000;  cost  of  memorial,  $100,000.  Massachusetts:  Organiza- 
tions, 3;  appropriation,  $5,0()0;  cost  oi  memorial,  $5,000.  Michigan: 
Organizations,  9;  appropriation,  $20,000j  cost  of  memorial,  $20,000. 
Minnesota:  Organizations,  4;  appropriation,  $25,500;  cost  of  memo- 
rial, $25,000.  Mississippi:  Organizations,  41 ;  appropriation,  $50,931 ; 
cost  of  memorial,  $45,000.  Missouri:  Organizations,  42  (27  Union, 
15  Confederate);  appropriation,  $50,000;  cost  of  memorial  (Union- 
Confederate),  $40,000.  New  Hampshire:  Organizations,  3;  appro- 
priation, $5,000;  cost  of  memorial,  $5,000.  New  York:  Organiza- 
tions, 4;  appropriation,  $12,500;  cost  of  memorial,  $12,000.  Penn- 
sylvania: Organizations,  5;  appropriation,  $15,000;  cost  of  memo- 
rial, $15,000.  Rhode  Island:  tfrganization,  1 ;  appropriation,  $5,000; 
cost  of  memorial,  $5,000.  Wisconsin:  Organizations,  17;  appro- 
priation, $130,000;  cost  of  memorial,  $100,000. 

APPROPRIATIONS   MADE   FROM   THE   FIRST. 

By  United  States,  $1,421,200.  By  16  States,  $872,931  (including 
Alabama,  19  organizations,  $25,000  authorized,  no  expenditure; 
Indiana,  28  organizations,  $38,000  for  monuments  and  markers  in 
place ;  Ohio,  39  organizations,  $56,000  for  monuments  and  markers 
m  place).  Maiyland  and  Virginia  were  each  represented  on  this  bat- 
tleneld  by  one  Confederate  battery  and  their  monuments  have  been 
placed,  as  a  gift  in  each  case. 

APPROPRIATIONS  DESmED. 

By  United  States,  for  a  Confederate  naval  monument  at  the 
approved  site  and  at  a  cost  not  to  exceed  $150,000.  By  States  as 
follows:  Arkansas — 15  organizations;  for  a  State  memorial,  4  monu- 
ments, and  1  marker.  Florida — 3  organizations;  for  a  State  memo- 
rial. Georgia — 21  organizations;  for  a  State  memorial  and  3  monu- 
ments. Indiana — ^for  a  State  memorial.  Kansas — 1  organization; 
for  a  State  memorial.  Kentucky — 12  organizations  (4  Union,  8 
Confederate);  for  a  State  memorial  (Union-Confederate),  2  monu- 
ments (1  Union,  1  Confederate),  and  5  markers  (Union).  Louisiana — 
41  organizations j  for  a  State  memorial  (all  monuments  and  7  por- 
traits of  oflBcers  m  place  as  gifts).  North  Carolina — 3  organizations; 
for  a  State  menional.    Ohio — ^for  a  State  memorial  and  statues  oi 


1254       VIOKSBUBG  KATIOKAL  MIUTABY  PABK  COMMISSION. 

Gens.  J.  B.  McPherson  and  W.  T.  Sherman.  Pennsylvania-— 5 
organizations;  for  a  statue  of  Gen.  J.  G.  Parke.  South  Carolina — 12 
organizations;  for  a  State  memorial.  Tennessee — ^29  organizations; 
for  a  State  memorial  and  1  monument  (3  monuments  placed  as  gifts). 
Texas — 15  organizations;  for  a  State  memorial  and  2  monuments  (1 
monument  placed  as  a  gift).  Virginia — 1  organization;  for  an 
equestrian  statue  of  Gen.  J.  E.  Johnston.  West  Virginia — 1  organi- 
zation; for  a  State  memorial  and  4  markers.  Wisconsin — 17  organi- 
zations; for  a  statue  of  Gen.  C.  C.  Washburn. 
Receipts  and  expenditures  were  as  follows: 

Receipts: 

Balance  July  1, 1915,  no  year  appropriation $5,174.28 

Expenditures: 

From  balance  of  July  1,  1915,  no  year  appropriation — 

Payment  in  July,  1915,  Jordan  Wynn  account 86. 57 

For  oue  portrait  tablet  pedestal,  as  per  contract 185. 00 

Total  expenditures  from  no  year  appropriation 271  57 

Outstanding  obligations — 

Payment  to  be  made  onGen.Fomey  statue 1,000.00 

Poaaible  retaining  wall,  as  per  W.  D.  13057/24 520.00 

Total  outstanding  obligations,  no  year  appropriation 1, 520. 00 

Balance  available  July  1, 1916,  no  year  appropriation 3, 382. 71 

Receipts: 

Balance  available  July  1, 1915, 1914  appropriation 3, 44L  75 

Expenditures: 

From  balance  of  July  1, 1915,  1914  appropriation — 

For  bronze  portraits,  as  per  contracts 3,441.75 

Balance  available  July  1,  1916,  1914  appropriation None. 

Receipts: 

Balance  July  1, 1915,  1915  appropriation 8,935.01 

Exx>enditures: 

From  balance  of  July  1, 1915, 1915  appropriation  — 

June,  1915,  pay  rolls  and  accounts 2,222  51 

For  bronze  portraits,  as  per  contracts 5, 992  50 

Total  expenditures  from  1915  appropriation 8, 215. 01 

Outstanding  obligations,  1915  appropriation — 

For  bronze  portraits,  as  per  contract 720.0') 

Balance  available  July  1,  1916,  1915  appropriation None. 

Receipts: 

Appropriation  for  fiscal  year  1916 36, 000. 00 

Expenditures: 

From  appropriation  for  fiscal  year  1916 — 

Salaries  of  commissioners 9, 900. 00 

Salary  of  engineer 2, 200. 00 

Pay  of  artisans,  foremen,  laborers,  messenger,  and  team>s 12, 396. 32 

For  office  supplies  and  expenses 136.  W 

For  cement,  crushed  stone,  gravel,  and  sand 682.  CS 

For  lumber,  hardware,  paint,  tools,  and  repairs 515.  A< 

For  memorial  bronze  portraits  and  granite  pedestals 4, 213. 0^ 

Total  expenditures  from  1916  appropriation 30,043.57 


VICKSBXJBG  NATIONAL  MILITARY  PARK  COMMISSION.        1255 

Expenditures — Continued. 

From  appropriation  for  fiscal  year  1916— Continued. 
Outstanding  obligations — 

For  bronze  portraits,  as  per  contracts 12,673.00 

June,  1916,  pay  rolls  ana  accounts  ($352  for  bridge  plank) 2, 643. 80 

For  road  mvel,  473.8  cubic  yards  ordered  from  Mississippi 

Gravel  Co.,  at  $1.35  per  cubic  yard 639.63 

Total  outstanding  obligationsi  1916  appropriation 5, 956.  43 

Balance  available  July  1,  1916,  1916  impropriation None. 

RECAPITULATION. 

Receipts: 

Balance  July  1, 1915,  no  year  appropriation 5, 174. 28 

Balance  July  1,  1915,  1914  appropriation 3, 441. 75 

Balance  July  1,  1915,  1915  appropriation 8, 935. 01 

Appropriation  for  fiscal  year  1916 36, 000. 00 

Total  receipts *. 53.55L04 

Expenditures  ^made  and  obligated): 

From  no  year  appropriation 1, 791. 57 

From  balance  July  1,  1915,  1914  appropriation 3, 441. 76 

From  balance  July  1,  1915,  1915  appropriation 8, 935. 01 

From  appropriation,  fiscal  year  1916 36, 000. 00 

Total  expenditures 50. 168. 33 

Available  balance  July  1,  1916,  no  year  appropriation 3, 382.  71 

Available  balance  July  1,  1916, 1914  appropriation None. 

Available  balance  July  1,  1916,  1915  appropriation None . 

Available  balance  July  1,  1916, 1916  appropriation None. 

Total  available  balance  July  1,  1916 * 3,382.71 

ESTIMATES   FOB   FISCAL  YEAB   ENDING  JUNE   SO,    1918. 

For  continuing  the  establishment  of  the  parkj  compensation  of 
civilian  commissioners;  engineer  and  clerk,  labor,  iron  gmi  carriages, 
moimting  siejge  gmis,  memorials,  monuments,  markers^  and  histor- 
ical tablets  giving  historical  facts  compiled  without  praise  and  with- 
out censure;  maps,  surveys,  roads,  oridges,  restoration  of  earth- 
works, purchase  of  land,  purchase  and  transportation  of  supplies 
and  materials;  and  other  necessary  expenses,  $33,000. 

For  the  construction  of  a  Coniederate  navsJ  monument  to  cost 
not  to  exceed  $150,000.  at  the  approved  site  and  in  accordance  with 
designs  to  be  approvea  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  $50,000. 

Approximately  and  not  including  those  for  the  proposed  Confed- 
erate naval  monument,  estimated  expenditures  for  tne  fiscal  year 
ending  June  30,  1918,  are  itemized  as  follows: 

Salaries  of  civilian  commissioners •• |10, 800 

Salary  of  engineer  and  clerk 2, 400 

Pav  of  artisans,  foremen,  laborers,  messenger,  and  teams 13, 500 

Office  supplies  and  expenses 200 

Cement,  cni^ed  stone^  gravel,  and  sand 1,300 

Lumber,  hardware,  paint,  tools,  and  repairs 1, 200 

Memorial  bronze  portraits  and  granite  pedestals 3, 600 

Total 33,000 


1256        VICKSBUBG  NATIONAL  MIUTABY  PARK  COMMISSION. 

STATEMENT   OF  THE   CX>NDITION   OF  THE   PABK  JUNE  80,  1916. 

Area,  1.322.63  acres;  cost  per  acre,  $47.35. 

Miles  of  roadway,  31.86;  cost  per  mile  exclusive  of  16  bridges,  $12,923.05;  cost  of 
bridges.  $116,449. 

Number  of  guns  mounted,  128 — 66  Union,  62  Confederate. 

Number  of  tablets  in  place,  898  (897  by  United  States,  1  gift)— 31  bronze,  867  iron 
(569  Union,  329  Confederate). 

Number  of  iron  guideboards  in  place,  122. 

Number  of  memoriab,  monuments,  and  markers  in  place  or  under  contract,  646 
(3  Union-Confederate,  527  Union,  116  Confederate)— 108  by  United  States  (2  Union- 
Confederate,  67  Union,  39  Confederate),  478  by  States  (1  Union-Confederate,  Missouri 
State  memorial;  435  Union;  42  Confederate),  and  60  as  gifts  (25  Union,  35  Confederate), 
at  a  cost  of  $70,743.30. 

Number  of  memorial  bronze  portraits  of  officers  in  place  or  under  contract,  148  (95 
Union,  53  Confederate)— 108  by  United  States  (69  Umon,  39  Confederate).  8  by  States 
(UnionX  and  32  gifts  (18  Union,  14  Confederate),  at  a  cost  of  $65,207.85. 

Number  of  monuments  and  markers  in  place  as  gifts,  28  (7  Union,  21  Confederate), 
at  a  cost  of  $5,535.45. 

Appropriations  made  from  the  first:  By  United  States,  $1,421,200;  by  15  States, 
$87^931. 

Wm.  T.  Rioby, 
CRiairman  of  C<ymmi89%on. 

TheSEOBBTABT  OF  WaB. 


INDEX. 


fThe  fignres  tndicato  the  pages.) 


A. 

Academy,  Military.    See  United  States 

Military  Academy. 
Adjutant  General,  report,  235-294. 
Adjutant  Generars  office: 

civilian  employees,  294. 

ciirrent  work,  z86. 
Aero  squadron,  862,  863. 
Aeronautics.    See  Aviation. 
Age  of  recruits,  676. 
Aircraft,  1172. 
^^lasKft. 

clothing  in,  348. 

defense  of,  219. 

in  general,  558. 

military  telegraph  lines,  440. 

operations  of  Signal  Corps,  865. 
Ambulance  company  (no.  7),  8. 
Ammunition,  183.  846,  848,  851. 
Anti-aircraft  artillery,  830. 
Armament  of  fortifications,  823,  832. 
Armor  plate  tests,  837. 
Armored  motor  cars,  833.       y 
Army: 

admissions  to  sick  reports,  710,  et  seq. 

colonial  regiments,  302. 

cooperation  of  different  arms,  302. 

deaths,  484,  508,  et  seq. 

discipline,  300. 

diseases,  706, 738, 750.  756-758,  et  seq. 

distribution,  geograpnical,  465. 

functions,  215. 

health,  29,  195,  466. 

home  service,  distribution  of,  222. 

instruction,  300.    See  also  Schools. 

legislation  to  increase,  470. 

recruiting,  24. 

sanitation,  29. 

strength: 

actual,  23.  26,  236. 
authorizea,  26,  235. 
increased^  26,  28,  237. 

vocational  training,  36,  1170. 
Army  Medical  Museum,  472,  670. 
Army  Medical  School,  471,  632. 
Army  Nurse  Corps,  473. 
Army  powder  factory,  824. 
Arrangement  of  annual  reports,  1. 
Arsenals: 

Augusta,  852. 

Benicia,  853. 

Frankford,  845. 


Arsenals — Continued*  « 

New  York,  852. 

Picatinny,  854. 

Kock  Island,  838. 

San  Antonio,  853. 

Watertown,  851. 

Watervliet  849. 
Arthur,  Col.  William  H.,  Medical  Corps, 

department  surgeon,  465. 
Articles  by  medical  officers,  655-659. 
Articles  of  War,  revision  of,  47,  200,  309. 
Augusta  Arsenal,  852. 
Automobiles,  449. 
Aviation: 

civilian  schools,  889. 

equipment,  41. 

on  Mexican  border,  201. 

organization,  884. 

progress,  40. 

schools,  41,  861,  883. 

section,  884-889. 
Aviators: 

civilian,  863. 

clothing,  351. 

National  Guard,  details  for,  890. 

number  of,  42. 

pay  rate,  888. 

requirements  for,  885. 

B. 

Badges,  service,  292. 

Bake  ovens,  361. 

Baker,   Hon.   Newton  D.,   Secretary  of 

War.  report,  5-151. 
Bakers  and  cooks'  manual,  341. 
Band  instruments,  353. 
Barracks  and  quarters,  395,  553. 
Benicia  Arsenal,  853. 
Birmingham,    Col.    Henry   P.,   Medical 
Corps: 
Acting  Surgeon  General,  report,  465- 

801. 
department  suigeon,  465. 
Bliss,  Maj.  Gen.  Tasker  H.,  investiga- 
tions of,  345. 
Board   of   Ordnance   and    Fortification, 

59. 
Board  of  Visitors,  United  States  Military 

Academy,  1216. 
Boyd,  Capt.  Charles  T.,  killed  in  Mexico, 


Burial  Corps,  334,  394. 


1257 


1258 


INDBZ. 


0. 

Gable  ship,  873. 
Gable  system,  201. 
Gamps: 

of  instruction,  274. 

training,  38. 
Ganal  Zone: 

armament,  831. 

troops  in,  241. 
Ganteens.    See  Poet  exchanges. 
Gapacity  for  production  of  war  material, 

Garrizal  incident,  9, 279. 
Gavalry,  Ghief  of,  needed,  186. 
Gavaliy: 

drm,  177. 

equipment,  176, 178. 

Mounted  Service  School,  177. 

recruiting,  175. 

service  r^^ations,  177. 
Gemeteries: 

Morgue  and  Burial  Gorps,  394. 

national,  332-336. 
Gensorahip  in  peace,  206. 
Gharts,  medical,  481  et  seq. 
Ghicago  Drainage  Ganal,  65. 
Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga  National 
Military  Park: 

buildings,  1222. 

field  work,  1221. 

leases,  1222. 

licenses,  1222. 

monuments,  etc.,  1222. 

roads,  1221. 

Southern  Military  Training  Gamp, 
1223. 
Ghief  of  Goast  Artillery,  report,  116^-1177. 
Ghief  of  the  Militia  bureau,  report,  895- 

1160. 
Chief  of  Ordnance,  report,  805-856. 
Chief  of  Staff,  report,  155-231. 
Ghief  Signal  Officer,  report,  859-891. 
China,  deaths  and  diseases,  611. 
Citizen  soldiers,  226. 
Citizens,  training  of,  35,  171,  174. 
Civilians,  commissioning  of,  165. 
Clerks: 

retirement  of,  68. 

Buperanniiation  of,  69. 
Clothing,  346-348,  351-355,  553. 
Goast  Artillery  Board,  1176. 
Coast  Artillery  Gorps: 

aircraft,  1172. 

appropriation  for,  1174. 

armament,  1163. 

Board  of  Review  projects,  1173. 

commanders,  1166. 

deficiency  in  National  Guard,  G.  A., 
1164. 

detachment  of  force,  1165. 

distribution  of  force,  1163,  1169. 

district  commanders,  1166. 

Fort  Moigan  test,  1172. 

improvements,  832. 

instruction,  1170. 

le^;islation  recommended,  1167. 

mme  planter  crews,  1169. 


Coast  Artilleiy  Corps— Continued, 
practice,  834. 

relation  with  mobile  anny,  1167. 
report,  1163. 
strength,  1169. 
target  practice,  834, 1171, 
torpedo  depot,  1117. 
vocational  traming,  1170. 
Coast  Artillery  School,  1176. 
Goast  defense,  j6int  exercises,  274. 
Goast  defense  projects,  revision  of,  1174. 
Colleges,  ''distinguished,"  253.    See  al$o 

Schools. 
Colored  troops,  499, 533, 561, 583, 726, 738, 

'  750,  768. 
Columbus,  N.  Mex.,  raid -on,  7,  186,  278. 
Construction  and  repair,  356-359, 362, 366. 
Cope,  Lieut.  Col.  E.  B.,  engineer,  Gettys- 
burg National  mlitvy  Park  Com- 
mission,  1229. 
Council  of  National  Defense,  38. 
Crosby.  Col.  William  D.,  Medical  Corps, 

department  surgeon,  466. 
Growder,  Brig.  Gen.  E.  H.,  Judge  Advo- 
cate General,  report,  309-328. 
Grorier,  Brig.  Gen.  William,  Chief  of  Ord- 
nance, report,  805-856. 

D. 

Deaths,  484,  487,  491,  559,  564,  714,  720, 
732,  756,  768,  775,  780,  784,  790. 

Demobilization  of  the  second  division, 
278. 

Department  surgeons,  465. 

Departments,  no  change,  239. 

Desertion,  200^  256,  314,  318. 

Detached  service  law,  168. 

Dickson,  Lieut.  Col.  T.  C,  Ordnance  De- 
partment, member  of  ordnance 
board,  855. 

Disciplinary  barracks,  U.  8.,  282. 

Distribution  of  War  Department  docu- 
ments, 288. 

Dyestufis,  scarcity  of,  349. 

£. 

Ebert,  Col.  Rudolph  G.,  Medical  Corps, 

department  surgeon,  465. 
Edie,  Col.  Guy  L.,  Medical  Corps,  depart- 
ment surgeon,  465. 
Efildency  system  needed  in  Government 

arsenals,  55. 
Enlisted  men: 

admissions  to  sick  reports,  710-791 . 
assisted  in  obtaining  employment  at 

close  of  service,  24. 
certificates  of  merit,  292. 
classified,  962. 

Coast  Artillery  practice,  1176. 
condition  of,  m  Alaska,  868. 
desertions,  256. 
discharges— 

by  disability,  263. 
by  order,  262. 
for  technical  woric,  165. 
influence  of  disease  on,  542. 


iin>Ex. 


1259 


Enlisted  men — Continued. 

invalided  home,  568,  593,  606. 
mental  alienation,  529. 

?ay  on  reserve,  165. 
brto  Rican,  686. 

prevalence  of  special  diseases,  565. 

prohibited  from  civil  work,  165.  . 

Reserve  Corps,  226,  272-274. 

restoration  of  citizenship,  261. 

retired,  251. 

roster  of,  in  Civil  War,  290. 

time  of  service,  165. 
Equipage,  346,  432. 
Equipments: 

Cavalry,  improvements,  819. 

Infantry;  819. 

personal  and  mess,  839. 
European  war,  medico-military  observers, 

472. 
Examinations  for  promotions,  45. 
Expedition  into  Mexico,  187,474. 

P. 

Federalization  of  militia,  11-18. 
Fences,  361. 
Field  Artillery: 

chan^  in  project  for,  828. 

machine  guns,  60,  824. 

mat^el,  827. 

oi^ganization,  proposed,  179. 

Jractice,  834. 
Artill«y,  Chief  of,  needed,  185. 
Field  supply  depot,  347. 
Fire  control,  874. 
Forage,  386. 
Foreign  armies,  comparison  with  ours  in 

health,  500. 
Fort.    Se€  proper  name  as  in  the  Army 

list,  e.  g.,  Myer,  Fort. 
Frankford  Arsenal,  845. 
Fuel,  362,  392. 
Fuzes,  848. 

G. 

Gandy,  Col.  Charles  M.,  Medical  Corps, 

department  surgeon,  466. 
Garlington;  Brig.  Gen.  E,  A.,  Inspector 

General,  report,  297-306. 
Garrison,  Hon.  Lindley M.,  resignation,  7. 
Gatley,  Maj.  G.  G.,  Third  Field  ArtH- 

lery,  member  of  ordnance  board, 

855. 
General  Staff  Corps: 
functions,  49, 167. 
publications,  1231. 
Geographical   departments,   no  change, 

Gettysburg  National  Military  Park: 
book,  descriptive,  1232. 
construction  and  repair,  1231. 
contracts,  1229. 
financial  statement,  1236. 
guides,  examination  for,  1233. 
gun  carriages,  1231. 
maps  and  prints,  1232. 
monuments,  etc.,  1229. 


GettjrBbuig  National  Military  Park — Con. 
oflScerB,  1229. 
roads,  1231. 

visits  for  observation  and  study,  1233. 
Glenn  Spring,  Tex.,  raid  on,  280. 
Grosvenor,    C.    H.,    chairman,    Chicka- 
mauga  and  Chattanoo^  National 
Military  Park  Commission,  report, 
1221-1226. 
Guantanamo,  defense  of,  219. 
Gims,  machine,  60. 

H. 

Hamilton,  Maj.  Alston,  Coast  ArtiUerv 
Coips,  member  of  ordnance  board, 
855. 
Hammond  radiodynamic  system  of  tor- 
pedo control,  59,  1175. 
Hancock,  Fort,  Tex.,  raid  in  vicinity,  10. 
Harbor  defenses,  181. 
Harris,  Col.  Henry  S.  T.,  Medical  Corps, 

department  suigeon,  466. 
Hawaii: 

defense  of,  218. 

operations  of  Signal  Corps,  870. 
Hawaiian  Department: 

enlisted  strength,  241,  594. 
influence  of  station  on  Army,  592. 
sanitation,  602. 
Honor  medals,  291. 
Honor  schools,  254. 
Hospitals: 

construction  and  repair,  663. 
department — 

Honolulu,  Hawaii,  632. 
Manila,  P.  I.,  629. 
general — 

Army  and  Navy,  Hot  Springs, 

Ark.,  625. 
Fort  Bayard,  N.  Mex.,  622. 
Letterman,  San  Francisco,  Cal., 

613,  638. 
Walter  Reed,  T^oma  Park,    D. 

C,  616. 
nonmilitary — 

Providence,  Washington,  D.  C, 

634. 
Saint    Elizabeths,    Washington, 

D.  C,  282. 
Hospital  train,  197,  473. 

I. 

Identification  system,  288. 
Index-catalogue   of   medical    literature, 

471-472. 
Index-record  card  work,  290. 
Industries,  mobilization  of,  207. 
Infantry,  chief  of,  needed,  185. 
Inspector  General,  report,  297-306. 
Inspector  General's  office: 

inspections,  297. 

new  duties,  298. 

Officers'  Reserve  Corps,  299. 
International  military  medical  statistics, 

791. 
International  nomenclature,  476. 


civil  work.  315. 
oBenme  ctamiSed.  319. 
reorguiizadoD,  309. 
reviaiona]  publicatioua,  312,  314. 
trials  312,  321. 


Kitcfaena,  roUing,  195,  341. 


Army  and  Navy  Ucdical  School.  471. 

Port  Bayard  General  Hospital,  624. 

Fort  Sam  Houston,  641. 

Honolulu,  646. 

Letterman  General  Hospital,  638. 

Sipial  CorpB,  876. 

Waller  Reed  General  Hospital,  616. 
Laod  purchaaes,  203,  360. 
Leaaes,  427. 
LfSgmgs,  352. 

L^uUbon  along  educational  lines,  56. 
Library,  Surgeon  General 'a  office,  471,668. 
Lighting  systems.  361. 
LoMca  by  fire  and  storm,  364. 

U. 

McCain,  Brig.  Gen.  H.  P.,  The  Adjutant 

General,  report,  236-294. 
McCftw,  Col.  Waller  D.,  Medical  Corps, 

department  eurgeon,  466. 
Mclver,  Col.  G.  W.,  I  hief  of  the  Militia 

Bureau,  report.  S95-1160. 
Machine  guns,  60,  S24,  825. 
Males  of  miiilary  age  in  the  United  States, 

960. 
Maneuvers,  301. 
Manila  ordnance  depot,  855. 
Manuala: 

Amy  bakers  and  cooks,  341. 

Quartermaater  General  'a,  403. 

Signal  Corpa.  877. 
Manufacturing  planls,  166. 
Medals  of  honor,  291. 
Medical  and  hospital  supplies,  667. 
Medical  department: 

Army  Medical  School,  652. 

Army  Nuree  Corpe,  651. 

bulletins,  655. 

contract  surgeons,  649. 

correspondence  course,  661. 

department  aurgeona,  465. 

enlisted  force,  650. 

financial  statement.  687. 

instruction  and  training,  060. 
■      ■       470. 


Uedi«MiiilitaiT  < 

war.  472. 
Mental  aberration.  529, 
Hexjcan  border,  7. 31. 186-189. 364, 433. 
Mexico,  expedition  into,  474. 
Uilitarv    .Academy.     Su   United    StatM 

ililitary  Academy. 
Military  aviation.     Ste  Aviaticm. 
Military  laws,  revision  of.  47. 
Mihtar>-  policy  for  the  L'niled  States.  1^ 
Mihlary  post  exchangee.  358. 
Military  training  in  high  schools,  4& 
Militia: 

federation  of,  11-13. 

mobilization  of,  188, 193. 

Organized.     See  National  Guud. 
Militia  Bureau: 

development  of,  944. 

expensee.  1160. 

history  of,  191. 

personnel.  946. 

report,  985-1160. 
Milk  examination,  644. 
Mobile   and    Coast   Artillny,    functiona 

of,  216. 
Mobilization,  lenons  of.  16. 
Mobilization  of  industries,  207. 
Mobilizatioo    of   Organized   tlilitia   and 
National  Guard,  11,  193,  342.  378. 
433,  474.    8u  alio  National  Guard. 
Hortara,  823. 
Motorcycles,  3B3. 
Motor    equipment    in    cvdnance    maU- 

rief,  m. 
Motor  trucks,  22,  195,  376.  383,  440,  462. 
Mounted  Service  School,  177. 
Mules,  179. 
Museum,  Army  Medical,  472. 


National  cemeteries.     Bee  Cemeteriea. 
National  defense  act,  163. 
National  Defense,  Council  of,  3B. 
National  Guard: 

armory  instruction,  900,  901,  92$. 

artUlery  instruction,  903, 1142,  1144. 
1159. 

aviation,  915. 

call  of.  280. 

clothing  allowance,  934. 

Coast  Artillery,  quota  of,  910,  1165. 

competitions  927. 

deficient  in  Coast  Artillery,  1164. 

dual  oath,  944. 

Engineer  troops,  913. 

Federal  funds,  929. 

federaUzed,  165. 

h  ederal  property,  931, 1151. 

i  ield  Artillery,  180, 920. 

functions,  225. 

Infantry,  899. 

instruction,  903, 908.919,921, ««,  IIM. 

legislation,  ^7. 

limitationa,  166. 

mai'hineWn  unit,  923. 
-'.^el.  921. 


INDEX. 


1261 


National  Guard — Continued. 

mobilization,  189, 193, 342, 896. 

moved  to  Mexican  border,  433. 

National  Trophy  award,  1140. 

noncommiasioned  ofScers,  922. 

organization,  166, 938, 989. 

organizations  called  into  service,  May 
2,  1916,  1132. 

physical  examination,  921. 

pistol  practice,  927. 

range  and  practice  of  individuals,  926. 

rifle  camps,  926. 

sanitary  troops,  659, 918, 1137. 

Signal  Corps,  914. 

stations,  964. 

status,  14. 

strength,  948. 

student  organizations,  909. 

taiiget  practice,  cost  of,  924, 925, 1138. 

taiiget  ranges,  928. 
National  Home  for  Disabled  Volunteers, 

298. 
National  Military  Park  Commissions: 

Chickamauga  and  Chattanooga,  1221- 
1226. 

Gettysburg,  1229-1238. 

Shiloh,  1241-1248. 

Vicksburg,  1251-1256. 
National  Militia  Board,  935, 1159. 
National  preparatory  schools  57. 
Newspapers,  337. 
New  York  Arsenal,  852. 
Niagara  Falls,  withdrawal  of  additional 

water,  67. 
Nicholson,  Lieut.  Col.  John  P.,  chairman, 
Gettysburg  National  Military  Park 
Commission,  report,  1229-1238. 
Nitrate  acid  supply,  823. 
Nitrat-e  plant,  43. 
Nitrates,  167. 

Nomenclature,  international,  476. 
Nurse  Corps,  473. 


O. 


Obregon,  Gen.,  conference  with,  187. 
Ofl&cers: 

advancements  in  ^^ade,  243. 

certificates  of  ment,  292. 

Civil  War  soldiers,  250. 

commissioned  in  active  service,  242. 

deaths,  causes  of,  478. 

detached  service,  165, 243. 

distribution  as  to  functions,  245. 

examined  for  promotion,  45,  248. 

provisional  appointments  of,  164. 

Reserve  Corps,  165,  251. 

retired  on  active  duty,  247. 

retirement  of.  165,  477. 

roster  of,  in  CSivil  War,  290. 
Official  records  of  the  Union  and  Confed- 
erate Armies,  290. 
Ordnance,  shortage  in,  183. 
Ordnance  and  Fortification,  Board  of,  59. 
Ordnance  board,  personnel,  855. 


Ordnance  Department: 

capacity  lor  production,  822. 

designing  work,  830. 

disbursements,  810,  815. 

equipment  for  mobile  army,  818. 

expenditures,  807. 

fiscal  affairs,  806. 

gun  construction,  824. 

inspection,  835. 

injectors  of  ordnance,  835,  837,  844. 

leaves  of  absence,  817. 

liability  act,  816. 

maintenance  of  armament,  832. 

Manila  ordnance  board,  855. 

motor  equipment,  832. 

Ordnance  board,  855. 

receipts,  807. 

report,  805-856. 

rifles  of  1898,  issue  of,  819. 

Sandy  Hook  Proving  Groimd,  837. 

savings,  842. 

school  of  application,  837. 

scientific  management,  817. 

seacoast  gims,  823. 

Springfield  Armory,  843. 

transfers  of  stores,  814. 
Oiganization  of  first  500,000,  156. 
Organized  Militia.    See  National  Guard. 
Oversea  service,  217. 

P. 

Pack  outfits,  827. 
Panama,  relations  with,  64. 
Panama  Canal: 

defense  of,  218. 

tolls,  63. 
Panama  Canal  Zone,  605,  870. 
Panama  Railroad,  64. 
Park  Conmiissions.    See  National  Mili- 
tary Park  Commissions. 
Parral  incident,  8,  279. 
Periodicals,  337. 
Permanent  Staff  Corps,  169. 
Pershing,  Brig.  Gen.  John  J.,  expedition- 
ary force,  8,  187. 
Philippine  Islands: 

deaths  in,  563. 

defense  of,  217. 

financial  statement,  415. 

fuel,  392. 

government,  61. 
ealth  in,  561,  587. 
native  lumber,  393.  . 
new  construction,  458,  462. 
potatoes,  fresh,  purchase  of,  393. 
prevalence  of  special  diseases,  565. 
railroads,  402. 
roads,  400. 
sanitation,  584. 
service  in,  198. 
sewer  system,  398. 
Signal  Corps  operation,  869. 
transportation,  402,  438. 
United  States  Army  in,  241. 
water  supply,  397.