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GENERAL LIBRARY

University of Michigan

Presented by

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ANNUAL REPORTS

OK THE

WAR DEPAETMENT

/// i)ij

FOR THE

FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1900.

REPORT OF THE

LIEUTENANT-GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

IN SKVKN PARTS.
PART 1.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1900.

ARRANGEMENT OF TEE ANNUAt REPORTS OF THE WAR DEPARTMENT

FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE iO, 1900,

YOLUME I. Parts 1-13. — Beport of the Secretary of War and all other reports except

those of the Chief of Engineers and the Chief of Ordnance.

YOLUME II. Parts 1-8. — Beport of the Chief of Engineers.

YOLUME m. Beport of the Chief of Ordnance.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.

Part 1. — Reports, as follows:
Secretary of War.

Board of Ordnance and Fortification.
CommissionefH of National Military Parks:

Chickainaiiga and Chattanooga.

Gettysburg.

Shiloh.

Vicksbiirg.
United States Military Academy, We^t l*oint, N. Y.

Board of Visitors.

Superintendent.
Soldiers* Home, District of Columbia:

Board of Con nnissi oners.

Inspector-General, United States Army.
National Home fur Disabknl Volunteer Soldiers.

Part 2. — Reports of Bureau Chiefs:

Adjutant-General.

Inspector-General .

Judge- Ad v()cate-( General.

Quartermaster-General .

Acting Commissary-General of Sul>sistence.

Surgeon-General.

Payma«»ter-General.

Cldef Signal Officer.

Record and Pension Otlice.

n CONTENTS OF VOLUME 1.

Part 8. — Beport of the Lieutenant-Oeneral Commanding the Army and

Department Commanders:

Lieutenant-General.
Adjutant-General.
Inspector-General.
Department of the East.
Department of the Lakes.
Department of the Missouri.
Department of Texas.
Department of Dakota.
Department of the Colorado.
Department of California.
Department of the Columbia.
Department of Alaska.
Division of Cuba:

Department of Matanzas and Santa Clara.

Department of Western Cuba.

Department of Santiago and Puerto Principe.
Department of Porto Rico.
Infantry and Cavalry School.
Cavalry and Light Artillery School.

Part 4. — ^Report of the Ldeutenant-General Commanding the Army and

Department Coznmanders — Continued.

Department of Habana and military governor dty of Habana.
Division of the Philippines (Major-General Otis).

Part 6. — Report of the Ldeutenant-General Commanding the Army and

Department Commanders — Continued.

Division of the Philippines (Major-General MacArthur).
Department of Northern Luzon.
Department of Southern Luzon.
Department of Visayas.
Department of Mindanao and Jolo.

Part 6. — Report of the liieutenant-General Commanding the Army — Con-
tinued.

Military operations in the Philippine Islands.

Part 7. — Report of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army — Con-
tinued.

Military operations in the Philippine Islands — Continued.

Part 8. — Report of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army — Con-
tinued.

Military oj)eration8 in the Philippine Islands — Continued.

Part 9. — ^Report of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army — Con-
tinued.

Military operations in China.

Part 10. — Report of the Military Governor of the Philippine Islands, on

civil affairs.

Part 11. — Report of the Military Governor of Cuba, on civil affairs.

Part 12. — ^Report of the Military Governor of Cuba, on civil affairs — Con-
tinued.

Part 18. Report of the Military Governor of Porto Bico, on civil afiairs.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.

1. Annual Report of Lieut. Gen. Nelson A.Miles, U.S. A., commanding the

Armv 5

2. Annual Report of the Adjutant-General of the Army to the Lieutenant-

General Commanding the Army 13

3. Annual Report of the Inspector-General United States Army to the Lieu-

tenant-General Commanding the Army Ill

4. Annual Report of Maj. Gen. John R. Brooke, U. S. A., commanding Depart-

ment of the East , 220

6. Annual Report of Brig. Gen. Joseph Wheeler, U. S. A., commanding Depart-
ment of the Lakes 222

6. Annual Report of Brig. Gen. Henry C. Merriam, U. S. A., commanding

Department of the Missouri. 226

7. Annual Report of Col. Chambers McKibbin, Twelfth U. S. Infantry, com-

.manding Department of Texas 228

8. Annual Report of Brig. Gen. James F. Wade, U. S. A., commanding Depart-

ment of Dakota 232

9. Annual Report of Brig. Gen. Henry C. Merriam, U. S. A., commanding

Department of the Colorado 1 235

10. Annual Report of Maj. Gen. William R. Shafter, U. S. V., commanding

Department of California 239

11. Annual Report of Maj. Gen. William R. Shafter, U. S. V., commanding

Department of the Columbia 241

12. Annual Report of Brig. Gen. George M. Randall, U. S. V., commanding

Department of Alaska 243

13. Annual Report of Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood, U. S. V., commanding the

Division of Cuba 259

(a) (See Part 2, Report of Commanding General, Department of

Habana.)
(6) Final Report of Brig. Gen. James H. Wilson, U. S. V., of the

Department of Matanzas and Santa Clara 263

Department of Western Cuba 278

(d) Annual Report of Col. Samuel M. Whitside, Tenth U. S. Cavalry,

commanding Department of Santiago and Puerto Principe 287

14. Annual Reix)rt of Brig. Gen. George W. Davis, U. S. V., commanding

Department of Porto Rico 290

15. Annual Report of Capt. Robert N. Getty, First U. S. Infantry, Commandant

U. S. Infantry and Cavalry School 308

16. Annual Report of Lieut. Col. George B. Rodney, Fourth U. S. Artillery,

Commandant Cavalry and Light Artillery School 312

AKCTUAL REPOET

OP THE

LIEUTENANT-GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

Headquarters of the Army,

Washington, D. C, Octobei*29, 1900.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith the following reports:

Annual report of the Adjutant-General of the Army.

Annual report of the Inspector-General of the Army.

Annual report of Maj. Gen. John R. Brooke, U.S.A., commanding Department
of the East.

Annual report of Brig. Gen. Joseph Wheeler, U.S. A., (commanding Department
of the Lakes.

Annual report of Brig. Gen. Henry C. Merriam, U. 8. A., commanding Department
of the Missouri.

Annual report of Col. Chambers McKibbin, Twelfth U. S. Infantry, commanding
Department of Texas.

Annual report of Brig. Gen. James F. Wade, U.S.A., commanding Department
of Dakota.

Annual report of Brig. Gen. Henry C. Merriam, U. S. A., commanding Depart-
ment of the Colorado.

Annual report of Maj. Gen. William R. Shafter, U. S. V., commanding Depart-
ment of California.

Annual report of Maj. Gen. William R. Shafter, U. S. V., commanding Depart-
ment of the Columbia.

Annual report of Brig. Gen. George M. Randall, U. S. V., commanding Department
of Alaska.

Annual report of Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood, U. S. V., commanding Division of
Cuba, embodying the final report of Brig. Gen. William Ludlow, U. S. A., of the
Department of Habana, and as military governor of the city of Habana, Cuba; final
report of Brig. Gen. James H. Wilson, U. 8. V., of the Department of Matanzas and
Santa Clara; annual report of Brig. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, U. S. V., commanding
Deimrtment of Western Cuba; annual report of Col. Samuel L. Whitside, Tenth
U. S. Cavalry, commanding Department of Eastern Cuba.

Annual report of Brig. Gen. George W. Davis, U. 8. V., commanding Department
of Porto Rico.

Final report of Maj. Gen. Elwell S. Otis, U. S. V., as commanding general Depart-
ment of the Pacific and Division of the Philippines, with miscellaneous reports of
exi>editions and operations in the Philippine Islands.

Annual report of Maj. Gen. Arthur MacArthur, U. S. V., commanding the Division
of the Philippines, emlxxiying the annual report of Maj. Gen. Loyd Wheaton,
U. S. v., commanding Department of Northern Luzon; annual report of Maj. Gen.
J. C. Bates, U. S. V., commanding Department of Southern Luzon; annual report of

6 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

Brig. Gen. R. P. Hughen, V. S. y., commanding Department of the Visayas; annual
report of Brig. Gen. W. A. Kobb^, U. S. V., commanding Department of Mindanao
and Jolo; annual report of Brig. Gen. J. F. Bell, U. S. V., commanding provost
guard, city of Manila; and miscellaneous reports of operations in the Philippine
Islands.

Special report of Maj. Gen. Adna R. Chaffee, U. S. V., commanding United States
troops in China.

Annual report of Capt. Robert N. Getty, First U. S. Infantry, commandant" United
States Infantry and Cavalry School.

Annual report of Lieut. Col. George B. Rodney, commandant Cavalry and Light
Artillery School.

The reports above referred to give in detail the changes that have
been made in the military service during the past year.

Under authority of the act of Congress, approved March 2, 1899,
the Army of the United States was increased to approximately 65,000
men; and an auxiliary force of volunteers of 35,000 was organized,
making a total military strength of 100,000 men.

At the date of my last annual report there were in the Philippine
Islands 971 oflScers and 31,344 enlisted men; and there were en route
for service in those islands 546 oflScers and 16,553 enlisted men — the
latter force being principally in California. Since that time an addi-
tional force ordered to China was diverted to the Philippine Islands,
making a total of 98,668 men sent to the archipelago. Of this num-
ber 15,000 volunteers, first sent to that country in 1898, together with
the sick and disabled, have been returned to the United States, leav-
ing at the present time in the islands, according to last report, 2,367
oflScers and 69,161 enlisted men. Fifteen hundred men have been left
in China to act as a guard for the American legation in that country
and for other purposes.

While these changes have been made, the force in Alaska has been
increased to 41 oflScers and 1,088 enlisted men, and the force in Cuba
reduced to 260 oflScers and 5,468 enlisted men, and in Porto Rico to 98
officers and 2,406 enlisted men, leaving 998 officers and 18,898 enlisted
men in the United States (the lowest number since 1861), of which
number there are 2,600 recruits under orders to fill regiments stationed
without the limits of the United States.

The urgent demand for troops on remote stations has reduced the
number in the United States to a much smaller force than has been
maintained at any time during the last thirty-nine years. In fact, the
number is so much reduced that at the present time there are not one-
fourth enough troops to properly care for or man the fortifications
which have been erected on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts at
an expenditure of nearly $55,000,000.

In addition to the artillery deficiency the present home force is not
sufficient to properly occupy the interior garrisons or to protect life
and property on the Western frontier, and, what is still more serious,
the Government is left without the necessary ^'^.serve to relieve troops

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 7

from serving in tropical countries a longer period of time than would

seem to be consistent with the preservation of their health and good
condition.

THE CONDITION OF THE ARMY.

Considering the kind and character of the service that has been ren-
dered by the United States Army during the past year in the diflferent
campaigns, engagements, and affairs in which it has participated, too
much credit can not be given to it for maintaining under the most try-
ing circumstances the same high standard of excellence that it has sus-
tained for more than one hundred vears.

This standard of efficiency is due to the training and strict discipline
of West Point and to the high sense of honor that has been inculcated
at that institution; to the practical and scientific instruction that the
officers of the different arms of the service have received at the Artil-
lery School, Fort Monroe, Va., at the Light Artillery and Cavalry
School, Fort Riley, Kans., at the Infantry and Cavalry School, Fort
Leavenworth, Kans., and to the valuable instruction and discipline
ftnparted to the troops at every military station and in every military
camp in the United States.

While the achievements of the Army and Navy during the Spanish-
American war were most creditable to both branches of the service
and highly gratifying to the country, yet the war was of such short
duration that the Army had not sufficient opportunity to fully demon-
strate its capacity and efficiency. Enough, however, was accomplished
by the skill and fortitude of the troops to afford great satisfaction,
not only to those in the service, but to all interested in the welfare of
the Army. For the past three years the Army has been engaged in
extensive field service, and has experienced in two hemispheres the
many hardships of actual warfare. In the many affair* in which the
troops have met an enemy in the field they have on all occasions and
under all circumstances exhibited courage and stability, excellent marks-
manship, and faithful devotion to duty.

During the past year the following-named gallant officers were either
killed in action or died of wounds received in line of duty: Major
General Lawton, Colonel Liscum, Majors Howard and Logan, Cap-
tains McGrath, Reilly, Mitchell, Warwick, Smith, Godfrey, Murphy,
Crenshaw, French, Brown, and Bently, First Lieutenants Cheney,
Ledj^ard, Koehler, Schench, Galleher, and Evans, and Second Lieu-
tenants Boutelle, Keyes, Way, Cooper, Smith, Wagner, and Davis,
together with a long list of brave soldiers, besides a large list of
officers and soldiers who have died of disease incident to service in
tropical countries.

These casualties bear evidence of the severity of the service in which
the troops were engaged and of their heroism and fidelity.

8 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

During the past year the Aiiny was called upon to perform an addi-
tional arduous and trying service, namely, the succor or rescue of the
American legation besieged at the capital of the Chinese Empire.
When the necessity for a military force in China arose the Ninth
Kegiment of Infantry was quickly moved from the Philippine Islands
to Taku, China, and thence to Tientsin. In the battle of Tientsin the
American troops were called upon to occupy and hold a most difficult
position, in which they were subjected to a concentrated fire from
Mauser rifles and machine guns in the hands of troops who had been
instructed in their use, if not commanded at the time, by skilled Euro-
pean officers; and notwithstanding the severit}^ of the fire and the
serious loss in killed and wounded the troops maintained their position
with the greatest spirit and fortitude. Indeed, it would be difficult to
name any occasion on which troops engaged in action were better
commanded, were more steady under tire, or where they made the
soldier's sacrifice with more unselfish patriotism, or rendered a higher
tribute to the honor of their country.

Colonel Liscum, their commander, fell while leading his troops, and
it is fitting that especial mention should be made of his and their'
heroic service. Great reverence should be accorded the memory of
Col. E. S. Liscum, commanding the Ninth Infantry, who, up to the
time of his death, commanded his force with undaunted courage and
marked ability.

After the death of Colonel Liscum the command of the American
force engaged in the battle of Tientsin devolved upon Maj. Jesse M.
Lee, of the Ninth Regiment of Infantry, who by his sound judgment
in the disposition of his command and personal gallantry while direct-
ing the firing line in the advance and the successful withdrawal of his
command at nightfall sustained the honorable reputation acquired by
him during the civil and subsequent wars.

Two battalions of the Fourteenth Infantry, under command of Col.
A. S. Daggett, and Battery F, Fifth Artillery, commanded by Cap-
tain Reilly, were dispatched from the Philippine Islands July 15, and
the. Sixth Cavalry was sent from San Francisco, July 3, to follow the
advance of the Ninth Infantiy; all the forces in China being placed
under the command of Major-General Chaflfee.

In the advance on Pekin the American troops were conspicuous for
their zeal and courage as well as for their excellent discipline and
noble conduct under most trying circumstances. The heroism and
fidelity of the American soldier was again demonstrated in the fall
of Captain Reilly, of Battery F, who was killed in action at the cap-
ture of the Chinese capital. This officer was an ideal soldier, had a
distinguished record for his services in the civil war and in Cuba,
and, like Colonel Liscum, was without fear and without reproach.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 9

During the past year the men of the vohmteer force, authorized and
located as previously indicated, have been sent to the Philippine Islands,
where, in conjunction with the regular troops, they have rendered
good service. Under an act of Congress, however, they will have to
be withdrawn and discharged before the Ist of July, 1901. This
necessity gives a very short term of service in the archipelago, and in
order to meet the condition imposed by law and at the same time bring
the volunteers back to the United States by the United States trans-
port steamers — which are the only available means of transportation —
it will be necessary to begin their return almost immediately.

Since the date of my last report the artillery school has been reei?tab-
lished at Fort Monroe, under very favorable auspices (as well as the
cavalry and light artillery school at Fort Riley); but unfortunately,
owing to the large proportion of our military force on foreign stations,
it has not been practicable to locate a sufficient number of troops, bat-
teries, and companies at Fort Riley and Fort Leavenworth to fully
carry out the purposes for which the cavalry and light artillery school
and the infantry and cavalry school have been created.

Marked progress has been made in locating heavy batteries for the
defense of the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts. In this great work
approximately $55,000,000 have already been expended, and it will
require, to carry out the general plan now under consideration, at
least $45,000,000 more.

The following statement gives the estimates submitted by the Quar-
termaster-General, Chief of Engineers, and Chief of Ordnance for
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, for fortifications, armament, con-
struction of barracks and quarters, and purchase of lands on the coast
of the following States:

Maine $1,285,925

New Hampshire 661,010

Massachusetts 901, 534

Rhode Island 747,518

New York 2,724,485

Pennsylvania 150, 000

Delaware 1 20, 000

Maryland 159, 000

Vii^ia 935,450

North Carolina 100,000

South Carolina 261 , 610

Georgia 100,000

Florida 464,440

Alabama 108,610

Louisiana 200,620

Or^on and Washington 1,106,602

California 1,417,796

District of Columbia 50, 000

Porto Rico 332, 400

Total 11,827,000

10 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

I recommend that the appropriations be made accordingly.

Very great improvement has been made, under the direction bf the
Board of Ordnance and Fortification, in the development of an explo-
sive invented by Dr. Tuttle, of Tacoma, Wash., which is believed to
be superior in eflfectiveness to all known safe military explosives. It
is perfectly safe to transport and handle, and can be used in any serv-
ice projectile; can be thrown any distance within the capacity of any
high-power gun through steel annor plate, and exploded with most
destructive effect. Important action ha^ also been taken by the same
board in the matter of larger caliber high-power guns, and improve-
ments have been developed in field and mountain artilleiy, suflScient
success having been achieved to indicate that, within the uext twelve
months, greater advance will be made in seacoast and field artillery
than has been accomplished during the last two decades In fact, the
histoiy of recent wars has demonstrated the grent advancement, as
well as the destructive power of modern artillery, especially in rapid-
fire and machine guns.

In future wars both branches of this arm of the service must play a
more important part than ever before. The safety of the great Jiar-
bors of the country, of the commercial ports, where is concentrated a
great percentage of the population, as well as a large proportion of
the wealth of the nation, depends upon the eflSciency and the power
of the coast defenses. They not only defend the wealth and treasures
of the nation, but they protect the foundries, factories, workshops,
savings banks, and the homes of the great masses of our laboring peo-
ple. The service of modern artillery has now become an intricate
science, requiring great study, skill, and efficiency on he part of the
oflScers and of the enlisted men, and the pay of the latter should be
increased in proportion to the skill and intelligence required for such
service. I may sa}'^ that those in this branch of the service have
manilested great interest and eflSciency in their profession.

Although we have not reached the serious considei'ation of small
arms, yet suflicient has been demonstrated during the past few years
in the development of automatic and semiautomatic weapons to make
it apparent that a change of type and great improvements must be
made in the near future. This subject will be brought to your atten-
tion during the coming year.

During the last few years great advance has been made in the appli-
cation of steam and electric power to mobiles, automobiles, and loco-
mobiles, or self -moving vehicles for the transportation of persons and
material; and, while considerable progress has been made in utilizing
this new military motor-power in European armies, there has been
but little development along this line in our Army. In my opin-
ion, it is perfectly practicable to employ this means of transportation
in many ways for military puiposes. In fact, I do not think it wise

"REPORT OF LrRUT. GETTKRAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 11

to longer delay the practical application of such a well-known power;
and I therefore recommend that a liberal appropriation or allotment
be given for the purchase of the necessary appliances for use in the
different military departments.

I renew my recommendation that authority be granted to the War
Department to dispose of, by sale, certain reservations and military
posts that have been, or may be, abandoned on account of being no
longer of military value; and that the proceeds of such sales may be
utilized in purchasing suitable lands that are imperatively required for
the inmiediate use of the garrisons now at the artillery posts and at
other points for the better equipment of the service. This plan has
been recently adopted by the French Republic with great benefit to
their service.

There is needed in the immediate vicinity of the National Capital
suitable grounds for the encampment of regular troops whenever
assembled and for State troops when occasionally required; and I call
attention to the necessity for Congress to make the requisite appro-
priation for putting the ground near the capital, known as Potomac
Flats, in suitable condition for such purix)se and for such other pur
poses as may be required. Its condition now is most unsatisfactory,
and is a menace to the health of the people living at the National
Capital.

The events of the past two yeai's and a half have resulted in a con-
dition that the nation must prepare to meet. The need for an efficient
and well-organized land force for an indefinite period in the future is
most obvious, and the organization of such a force can not wisely be
avoided. There are weighty reasons why such a service as is now
demanded of the Army can not well be performed by temporary
organizations. There is a marked distinction between permanent and
temporary organizations. The officers and men of the latter do not
sever their connection with their vocations, and a prolonged service
makes a demand upon them which should not be required. The
especial efficiency of temporary organizations is illustrated in the
accomplishment of some specific end, usually requiring a compara-
tively short time to accomplish.

There is also a highly economic question involved, especially where,
as now, the service must be performed on a very remote field. The
temporary organizations now serving in the Philippine Islands,
although their whole period of service will cover nearly two years,
will yet have rendered but little more than one year of service in the
field, and the expense of the double transfer adds enormously to the
cost of the organization.

Besides these considerations, the need of an increased regular force
is urgent, in order to afford a reserve for the relief of regiments that
are serving at tropical and subtropical stations. The permanent

12 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

organization is principally so serving, and some regiments have been
more than two years at unhealthy stations and should be relieved.

I have repeatedly advocated a principle, which seems to me to be
safe and logical, by which to determine the strength of our regular
military establishment. It is based on the population of the United
States. Surely one skilled, trained soldier to every thousand of pop-
ulation can not be a menace to the established liberties and free insti-
tutions of this great flepublic, and such a proportion would give the
least force that is commensurate with the necessities, character, and
magnitude of the nation. Our Army is a school in which patriotism
constitutes the fundamental principle. The act of enlistment is a
voluntary and sacred one. Every officer and soldier is a citizen who,
of his own accord, chooses to bear arms for a period, either in defense
of his country or to prolong peace by enabling the Government to be
prepared for war. The highest type of a patriotic citizen is the citizen
soldier who, when he enters the service, is prepared, if need be, to
give his life for his country.

In supplying the necessary increase in a permanent military estab-
lishment, and in effecting its thorough reorganization, I would urgently
reconmaend that appointments of officers be made with a due regard
for the principle of seniority, and that each case be passed upon by a
board of the highest officers of the Army, as was done in the reorgani-
zation following the civil war.

I will have the honor to submit a draft of a bill embodying my
views and reconMnendations on army reorganization.
Very respectfully.

Nelson A. Miles,
lAeatenant' General,

The Secretary of War.

ANNUAL REPORT

OP THE

ADJUTANT-GENERAL OF THE ARMY.

Wae Depabtment,
Adjutant-General's Office,

Washington, October W, 1900.

Sir : The following returns of the Regular Army and of the United
States Volunteers now in the service of the Unitea States are respect-
fully submitted:

A. — General return, or exhibit, showing the actual strength of the
Army according to the latest returns received.

B. — Distribution of the Army of the United States.

C. — Statement showing the monthly strength and losses from all
causes in the Army of the United States between July 1, 1899, and
June 30, 1900.

D. — Strength of the Armj' by divisions and departments between
Julv 1, 1899, and June 30, 1900.

E. — Strength of the Regular Army of the United States June 30,
1899, and June 30, 1900, with losses from all causes between those
dates.

F. — Strength of the volunteers of the United States June 30, 1900,
with losses from all causes since July 1, 1899.

G. — Deaths in the Army of the United States between July 1, 1899,
and June 30, 1900.

H. — ^Table showing dates of sailing and troops sent to the Philippine
Islands.

I. — Casualties in actions of troops serving in China between July 1
and October 1, 1900.

K. — Chronological list of actions, with losses, in the Philippine
Islands, between February 4, 1899, and June 30, 1900.

L. — ^List of retirements, resignations, deaths, etc., among officers of
the Army since last annual report.

M.— Deaths in the Philippine Islands between February 4, 1899,
and June 30, 1900.

N. — Statistical exhibit of strength of volunteer forces called into
service during the war with Spain, with losses from all causes.

14 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

The military forces now in the service of the United States are com-
posed as follows:

REGULAR ARMY.

General officers

Adjutant-General's Department

Inspector-General's Department

JuQge- Advocate-General's Department.

Quartermaster's Department

Subsistence Department

Medical Department

Pay Department

Corps of Engineers

Ordnance Department

Signal Corps

Chaplains ■. .

Record and Pension Office

Military Academy

Electrician sergeants

Total

Ten regiments of cavalry

Seven reclments of artillery

Twenty-five regiments of infantry.
Indian scouts and recruits

Grand total

Officers.

8
15

8
58
22
180
26
126
61
11
30

556

472

351

1,156

2,535

Enlisted
men.

105

173

a4,360

687
664

748

279
42

7,058
12,083
10,978
35,428

2,674

63,861

Total.

163

195

4,540

813

725

759

279

7,614
12,555
11,329
36.584

2,674

66,896

Officers
holding
commis-
sions in
volun-
teers.

1
2
1
1

19
8

59
67
29

6233

UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS.

General officers and staff corps ....

One regiment of cavalry

Squadron Philippine cavalry

Twenty-four regiments of infantry
Porto Rico regiment

Total

Officers.

Enlisted
men.

263

1,189

1,548

1,025

451

28,724

879

31,079

Total.

263

1,075

466

29,913

910

32,627

Officers
holding
commis-
sions in
R^ular

Army.

102
5
3

118
5

5233

RECAPITULATION.

Regular Army 66,396

United States Volunteers 32,627

99,023
6233

Grand total 98,790

n The HoHpital Corps is not included in the effective strength of the Army, nor counted an a part of
the enlisted force provided by law.

6 The number ot officers in the Regular Army holding volunteer commissions is deducted from
aggregate strength to avoid counting twice.

BBPOBT OP LIEUT. GENKRAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

The following Statement gives the present distribution of the regular
and United States Volunteer forces:

'^l^.

A,^!..

Culu.

lBl«^"" I'u'rt^

Chlnn.

B51
■EM

si
¥

e.te»

.,»

2. SOD

1
1

Goueial office™

•1

■11

142

li.

■xa

«Q

lS,8y8

1.068 61

^.K7

El.**

„,« ., ».

2,«0

Oeneml oDli-en
■ndBtaScoriJB...

3«

87B

1,380

»•»

1 1

GnuHl total..

m.sae

"!■■"

2,408

■m ]i,.m

1,387

».-

«j m

2,wa

?, nnrf June SO, 1900.

States.

Alaska.

CubM.

RiTO.

IsSSdJ."

Phllipplnt
Inland.,

A,„.

Total.

12
2

148

lis

IIP

1
44

^S^'i^lx^-

3
4

«j »j

1,227

3&1

1 3

I4B

11 1 i.sm

The loaseu from all causes in the Regular Ann^', the State and the
United States Volunteers from July 1, 1899, to June 30, 1900 (see
Table "F"), were as follows:

Re-
aigned.

ReUred.

mla^.

DlB-

Died.

De-
serted.

Hiss-
ing.

TOUI.

~—

i:h7

16,391

2,Hia

1B3

16,3»1

1,271 1 2,«B3 1 2

""^"fmUN^MM."'"'''

230

266

6,26i

1,130

230

6.201

733

1.130

240

■a.Mi

2,004

3.983

16 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

THE REGULAR ARMY.

Under the provisions of section 2 of the act approved March 2,
1899, for increasing the efficiency of the regular military' establish-
ment, the increase therein provided is to continue in service not later
than July 1, 1901, and thereafter the enlisted force of the line of the
Army is to be reduced to the number prescribed by prior laws, exclu-
sive of the additions made to the artillery under tnis act. Unless,
therefore, suitable provision is made by Congress to meet the existing
emergencies of the military service, the enlisted strength of the Army
will, at that date, be reduced to 29,025 men.

In pursuance of the plan, approved by the Secretary of War, of
establishing depot battalions for the purpose of drill instruction and
recruitment, the following battalions have been ordered home from the
Philippine Islands to stations as foUows:

Ajyril i, 1900, — The first battalion of the Fourteenth Infantry (Com-
panies A, B, C, and D — 4: officers and 211 men) sailed on the Sherman
and arrived at San Francisco on the 26th of that month, Company A
taking post at Fort Brady, Mich., and the other three companies at
Fort Way ne^ Mich.

June 19^900. — The first battalion of the Eighteenth Infantry (Com-
panies A, B, C, and D — 20 officers and 293 men) sailed on the Aancock^
arriving at San Francisco July 13. The first three companies were
assigned to the Presidio, San Francisco, Cal. , and Company D to Fort
Mason, Cal.

JvZy 1^ 1900, — ^The third battalion of the Twenty-third Infantry
(Companies I, K, L, and M — 5 officers and 182 men^ sailed on the War-
ren and arrived at ban Francisco July 27, Companies I arid L taking
station at Fort Douglas, Utah, and Companies fe and M at Fort D. A.
Russell, Wyo.

THE VOLUNTEER ARMY.

Of the 200,000 men called into the military service under the act of
Congress dated April 22, 1898, for the prosecution of the war then
existing between the United States and Spain, all had been mustered
out of service at the date of last report with the exception of the First
Tennessee Infantry. That regiment, then en route for the United
States, was mustered out at San I'rancisco November 23, 1899.

UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS.

Of the additional military force of 35,000 men authorized by the act
of March 2, 1899, the Eleventh Cavalry and the Twenty -sixth to the
Thirty -second Infantry, inclusive, were in service in the Philippines
at the date of the last report. The other organizations of that rorce
arrived at Manila on the date set opposite each regiment, as follows:

Organization.

rhirty-fourth Infantry

Thirtieth Infantry ^

Twenty-sixth Infantry

Twenty -seventh, Thirty -second,
and Thirty- third Infantry

Twenty-ninth Infantrj'

Thirty-fifth Infantry

Twenty-eighth Infantry

Thirty-first Infantry

Thirty-ninth and Forty-fifth In-
fantry

Oct. 11,1899
Oct. 21,1899
Oct. 24,1899

Oct. 27,1899
Nov. 2,1899
Nov. 7,1899
Nov. 23,1899
Nov. 27,1899

Doc. 7, 1899

Organization.

Forty-sixth Infantry ,

Forty-third and Forty-fourth In

fan try

Forty-seventh Infantry

Thirty-eighth and Fortieth In

fantry

Forty-second Infantry

Forty-ninth Infantry

Forty-first Infantry ,

Forty-eighth Infantry ,

Date.

Dec. 15, 1899

Dec.
Dec.

Dec.
Dec.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.

19,1899
22,1899

27,1899

81,1899

2,1900

5,1900

25,1900

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 17

In view of the briefness of the unexpired service of the volunteers
it was thought proper to discharge those who had been invalided to
San Francisco from time to time, rather than return them to duty in
the Philippine Islands.

On September 6, 1900, there were 435 invalided volunteers in the
Department of California — 234 in general hospitals, 164 at the Presidio,
San Francisco, and 37 at Fort Mason; 385 bemg reported as convales-
cent and able to travel were discharged.

To avoid confusion and guard against loss of records, instructions
were given for careful preparation of descriptive lists of discharged
men with notations relating to discharge, pay due, etc., to be listed by
regiments and filed at department headquarters pending arrival of the
regiments for discharge. All discharged volunteer soldiers able to
travel with comfort and safety as to nealth were encouraged to go
directly to their homes, and everv assistance to this end was given
them. Special terms were effectea with the railroads, the rate to Chi-
cago being made at $43.75 from San Francisco, a reduction of nearly
17 per cent on the regular fare (the best that could be obtained), and
arrangements were made whereby tickets would be sold to the men at
the military posts.

To meet the many requests of officers and men of the United States
Volunteers who desire to leave the military service to engage in busi-
ness in the Philippines and cast their fortunes with those islands, the
Secretary of War, on October 18, 1900, authorized the commanding
general of the Division of the Philippines to accept their resignations
or order their discharges.

MILITARY GEOGRAPHICAL DEPARTMENTS.

The present territorial limits of the military geographical depart-
ments are as follows:

Division of the Philippines. — The Philippine Islands.

Department of Alaska. — The Territory of Alaska.

Department of California. — ^The States of California and Nevada,
and tne Hawaiian Islands.

Department of the Colorado. — The States of Wyoming (except so
much thereof as is embraced in the Yellowstone National Park), Colo-
rado, and Utah, and the Territories of Arizona and New Mexico.

Department of the Columbia. — The States of Washington, Oregon,
Idaho (except so much of the latter as is embraced in the Yellowstone
National Park).

Department of Dakota. — The States of Minnesota, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Montana, and so much of Wyoming and Idaho as is
embraced in the Yellowstone National Park.

Department of the East. — The New England States, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, West
Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,
Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

Department of tlie Lakes. — The States of Wisconsin, Michigan, Illi-
nois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee.

Department of Mvndxmao and Jolo. — Includes all the islands of the
Philippine Archipelago not embraced in the Departments of Northern
Luzon, Southern Luzon, and of the Visayas.

WAR 1900 — VOL 1, PT III 2

18 KEPOET OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMT.

D^pa/ritn&nt of the MUsouri. — The States of Iowa, Nebraska, Mis-
souri, BkiiQsas, and Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and the Territory
of Oklahoma.

Department of Northern Lvs&n. — Includes all that part of the island
of Luzon north of La,guna de Bay and the province of Laguna, the
same being the provinces of Abra, Bontoe, Benguet, Bataan, Bulacan,
C^^yan, Ilocos, Infanta, Morong, Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Isabeta de
Luzon, Lep&nto, La Union, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija; all that por-
tion of Manila north of the Paaig River, Principe, Fangasinan, Pam-
panga, Tarlac, and Zambales. and all the islands in the Philippine
Archipelago north of Manila Bay and the provinces above named.

Department of Porto Rico. — The island of Porto Rico and the islands
and keys adjacent thereto.

Department of Southern iwson.— Includes island of Samar and all
the remaining part of the island of Luzon, the same including the fol-
lowing provinces: Albay, BatangaSj Camarines Norte, Caniannes Sur,
Cavite, La Laguna, Manila south of the Pasig, and Tayabas, and all
islands of the Philippine archipelago which lie south of the south line
of the Department of Northern Luzon, as above described, including
the island of Polillo, and north of a line paasingsoutheastwardly through
West Pass of Apo to the twelfth parallel of north latitude ; thence
easteriy along said parallel to 134° 10' east of Greenwich, but includ-
ing the entire inland of Masbate ; thence northerly through San Ber-
nuxiino Straits.

Department of Texas. — The State of Texas.

Department of the Visayas.- — Includes all islands {except island of
Samar) south of the southern line of the Department of Southern
Luzon and east of longitude 121° 45' east of Greenwich and north of
the ninth parallel of mtitude, excepting the island of Mindanao and
all islands east of the Straits of Surigao; headquarters, Iloilo, P. I,

The strength of the above-named (uvisions and departments was as
follows June 30, 1900:

Offlcen-

KnlluWd

Totil.

fflvlrionol-

2,S*3

70
204

1
IS

nS'?^

7,«2

I'SM

'■^

92,719

Dwision of Ouha. — Consists of the geographical departments and
provinces of the island of Cuba.

Depwrtment of Eastern Cuba.- — The provinces of Santiago and
Puerto Principe.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 19

Derm*t/rnent of Western Ouba. — The provinces of Habana, Pinar
del Kio, Matanzas, and Santa Clara.

The following is a summary of the movements of troops from and
to the island of Cuba:

FBOM CUBA.

September 13^ 1899. — Companies A, B, C, and D, First Infantry, for
Fort Leavenworth, Kans. ; headquarters and Companies I, K, L, and
M, Eighth Infantry, for Fort Snelling, Minn.

September 17^ 1899. — Companies E, F, G, and H, Second Infantry,
for Fort Thomas, Ky .

September W, 1899. — Companies I, K, L, and M, Tenth Infantry, for
Fort Crook, Nebr. (Home battalion.)

September 23, 1899. — Companies I, K, L, and M, Fifth Infantry, for
Fort Sheridan, HI.

Octobet* 15, i5PP.— Batteries B, C, D, and E, Second Artillery, for
Fort McPherson, Ga. (Home battalion.)

October 16, Jf^PP.— Companies E, F, G, and H, Fifteenth Infantry,
for Madison Barracks, N. x . (Home battalion.^

Jcmuary 5, 1900. — Headquarters and Companies A, B, C, D, I, K, L,
and M, Fifteenth Infantry; headquarters ana Companies A. C, and D,
for Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y. ; Company B, for Fort Ethan Allen,
Vt. ; and Companies I, K, L, and M, for Fort Columbus, New York
Harbor.

January 19. 1900. — ^Troops A, B, C, and D, Eighth Cavalry, for
Fort Riley, Kans. (Home oattalion.)

July 16, iSW.— Companies E and F, Eighth Infantry, for Fort
Snelling, Minn.

Jidy 19, 1900. — Headquarters and Companies I, K, L, and M,
Second Infantrv, for Foit Thomas, Ky. ; headquarters and Companies
A, B, C, D, (j, and H, Eighth Infantry, for Fort Snelling, Minn.
(Home battalion.)

July W, 1900. — Headquarters and Companies A, C, F, and G, Fifth
Infantry, for Fort Sheridan, 111. (Home battalion.)

August 1, 1900. — Companies B, D, E, and H, Fifth Infantry, for
Fort Sheridan, 111. (Home battalion.)

August i, 1900. — Companies K, L, and M, First Infantry, for Fort
Leavenworth, Kans. (Home battalion.)

August 9, 1900. — Headquarters and Companies E, F, G, and H,
First Infantry, for Fort Leavenworth, Kans. ; Light Battery F, Sec-
ond Artillery, for Washington Barracks, D. C.

September 2, 1900. Company I, First Infantry, for Fort Leaven-
wortn, Kans. (Home battalion.)

The above movements have withdrawn from the troops in the island
of Cuba four troops of cavalry, three batteries of artillery, and the
equivalent of five regiments of infantry.

PORTO RICO.

August 4, 1900. — Headquarters and Troops K and L, Fifth Cavalry,
left Porto Rico to take post at Fort Myer, Va.

August 7, 1900.— Troops I and M, Fifth Cavalrv, for Fort Myer, Va.

August 8, 1900. — Companies A, B, C, and D, Eleventh Infantry, for
Fort Columbus, New York Harbor. (Home battalion.)

20 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

On the 30th of April, 1900, Brig. Gon. George W. Davis, U. S.
Volunteers, commanding the Department of Porto Rico, upon the
reconmiendation of the governor elect, established six civil executive
departments, to facilitate the transfer of the civil duties of the mili-
tary government of the island.

Hon. Charles H. Allen, having been inaugurated as governor of
Porto Rico on May 1, 1900, General Davis, on the same day, formally
announced the transfer, to the duly appointed civil officers of the Gov-
ernment of Porto Rico, of the military control over civil affairs which
had heretofore been exercised by the department commander.

CHINA.

The perilous situation of the members of the American legation at
Pekin and their complete isolation in the midst of an unruly and mur-
derous populace last spring demanded prompt action for their relief.
The Commanding General, Division of the Philippines, was there-
fore instructed by cable, June 16, to send at once a regiment of
infantry to Taku, and, six days later, Mai. Gen. Adna R. Chaffee,
U. S. Volunteers, was selected to command the United States troops
to compose the China relief expedition.

The following is a summary of events in China subsequent to the
firing by the Taku forts on foreign war vessels which resulted in the
surrender of the forts June 17, and to the capture of the east arsenal
at Tientsin by the allied forces on the 27th of the same month:

July S. — Headquarters and eight troops of the Sixth Cavalry sailed
from San Francisco on the Gra/nt for China.

July 6. — Ninth Infantry landed at Taku.

Jti^ 11. — ^Two battalions Ninth Infantry reached Tientsin.

July 13, — Severe engagement at Tientsin between the allied forces
and the Chinese. The Nmth Infantry suffered heavily, losing Colonel
Liscum and 17 men killed and 5 officers and 72 men wounded.

July H. — Tientsin captured by the allies; Third Battalion, Ninth
Infantry, reached that place.

July 15. — Light Battery F, Fifth Artillery, and two battalions
Fourteenth Infantry sailea from Manila for China.

July 17. — Headquarters and four companies Fifteenth Infantry
sailed from San Francisco on the Sumner for China.

July 26. — Two battalions Fourteenth Infantry, on the Indiana^
arrived at Taku.

Julu 27. — Light battery F, Fifth Artillery, on the Flintshire., arrived
at Taku.

July 28. — Genei-al Chaffee, with headquarters and eight troops Sixth
Cavalry, arrived at Taku.

July 29. — Four batteries Third Artillery sailed from San Francisco
on the Hancock for China.

August 5. — Pietsang captured by the allied forces. No casualties to
the United States troops.

August 6. — Light Battery F, Fifth Artillery, Ninth and Fourteenth
Infantry, participated in battle of Yangtsung, sustaining a loss of 7
men killed and 1 officer and 62 men wounded.

Au^u^t 9. — ^Japanese, British, Russian, and American troops advanced
to Ho-si-wu, the Chinese flying after firing first shots.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 21

August IJf,. — Pekin entered at 5 p. m. by the allied forces.

Aiogust lIy-15, — Capture of Pekin by the allied forces, in which
Light Batterer F, Fifth Artillery, and the Ninth and Fourteenth
Infantry sustained a loss of Capt. Henry J. Reilly and 5 men killed
and 30 men wounded.

August 16. — Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Barry, U. S. Volunteers, and
four companies Fifteenth Infantry arrived at Taku.

August 19, — Action near Tientsin, in which Sixth Cavalry had 6
men wounded.

Auaust 21. — Four batteries Third Artillery, on the Hancock^ 9Lvr\y^A
at Taku.

August 28. — The allied forces formally entered the palace grounds
at Pekin.

The relief of the American legation, following the capture of the
Chinese capital, transferred to the domain of diplomacy the settlement
of the proper redress for the outrages to the representatives of the
American Republic and to its citizens residing in that country. It
was therefore determmed to withdraw the United States troops, leav-
ing only a legation guard, to consist of four troops of cavalry, one
light battery, and one regiment of infantry, under command of Major
General Chatfee, U. S. V7, he being instructed to send the remainder of
his force to Manila.

The casualties in the several actions in China between July 1 and
October 1, 1900, were as follows:

Killed.

Wounded.

Total.

Aggre-
gate.

Organization.

OflScers.

Enlisted
men.

OflSeers.

Enlisted
men.

Officers.

Enlisted
men.

HosDital Coros

100

Sixth United States Cavalry

Fifth United StAtes Artillery....
Ninth United States Infantry . . .
Fourteenth United States In-
fantry

19
11

108
90

Total X

170

200

209

THE MILITARY ACADEMY.

The Military Academy at West Point is in a most satisfactory con-
dition. The provision which Congress made at its last session for an
increase of 100 cadets filled a need long felt by the service, and will
result in great benefit both to the Army and to the country at large.

The wear and tear of time has. told on many of the buildings, and
much money has been spent from time to time in repair of buildings
that would have been better spent in the erection oi new ones. This
question has been fully considered by a board of oflScers convened for
this special purpose, the report of which is so thorough and satisfac-
tory tnat it is submitted in its entiretv and your favorable consideration
requested. The Superintendent or the Academy will be instructed
to submit special estimates based on the report of this board. In this
connection the report of the Board of Visitors to the Academy for
this year, in which the needs and requirements of the institution
have received thorough investigation, is of unusual interest and is
commended to your careful attention.

22 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

United States Military Academy,
Wed PoirUy N. Y., September ^6 ^ 1900.

The board of officers appointed to consider and report upon the capacity of the
present plant of the United States Military Academy, has the honor to report aa
follows:

An adequate presentation of this subject requires that it should be considered
under two general heads: (1) The character and condition of the existing plant;
(2) the nature of the present and future conditions it is called upon to sustain.

A summary of the structures constituting the Military Academy and post of West
Point is given in the table below.

Barracks (1 cadet, 1 band, 1 engineer, 1 army service, 1 cavalry, 1 artillery) 6

Academic building 1

Headquarters building 1

Mess hall 1

Gymnasium 1

Chapel 1

Library 1

Hospitals (1 cadet, 1 enlisted men) 2

Store (cadet quartermaster) 1

Riding hall 1

Memorial hall 1

Ordnance laboratory 4

Observatory 1

Hotel 1

Quartermaster's carpenter and blacksmith shops 1

Quartermaster's storehouse 1

Equipment shed and commissary storehouse 1

Post exchange 1

Gas houses 2

Gas tanks 3

Government stables 2

Livery stable 1

Bakery 1

Filter houses 2

Water house 1

Officers' quarters (sets for married officers, 41; sets for bachelor officers, 16) 57

Detached enlisted men (single sets, 6; double sets, 25; quadruple sets, 5) 36

Employees and master of sword (single sets, 3; double sets, 2; triple sets, 1, in-

(;luding master of sword, Kinsley House, 1) 7

Band leader 1

Guardhouses (south gate, general, cadet) 3

Bath houses (cadet, soldier) .' 2

Boiler house (for heating buildings near cadet area) 1

Cold-storage (one at present used for storehouse and temporary stable) 3

Waiters' quarters (at Mess Hall ) 1

Laundries (cadet and hotel) 2

Magazine 1

Children's schoolhouses 2

Store 1

Boathouses and pontoon house 4

Firing house, magazine, two shot houses (at water battery) 4

Wooden structures for mis(rellaneous purposes 26

Exclusive of outbuildings, re8er\'oirs, and batteries, the Military Academy and post
of West Point consists of 163 structures.

The aggregate of the appropriations for the buildings which have housed the Acad-
emy during the first century of its existence is about $2,700,000. These structures
have been erected by the authority of Congress at irregular intervals from the found-
ing of the Academy in 1802 to the present day, to meet the immediate requirements
of the institution as it gradually grew with the development of the country. At the
l)eginning of the second century of its existence we find that only two of the buildings
erected for the use of the cadets are of sufficient size to accommodate the corps as
enlarged bv the recent aot of Congress. A brief analysis of the principal buildings
will show the limitatious of each and the enlargements which are absolutely essentia.

BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMY. 23

THE CADET BARRACKS.

The cadet barracks, which replaced the old brick barracks of 1815 and 1817, was
erected in 1851, to meet the growth of the Corps of Cadets; an addition was made to
it in 1882. It is a f oar-storied granite building of imposing appearance, coetine about
$186,000. As it now stands the barracks has 180 rooms, each designed for two
cadets. In addition to the above it has quarters for 4 bachelor officers. As the
Corps of Cadets now numbers 429, it necessitates the placing of three cadets in each
of 69 rooms. Even were quarters constructed elsewhere for the above 4 officers, the
barracks would have but 192 available rooms, of accommodation for 384 cadets.
The number of cadets present being 429, and the maximum number authorized by
law being 481, it will be seen that an increase in barrack accommodations is absolutely
essential.

The system of heating is direct radiation from a central plant bv steam coils of
various patterns of obsolete type. This style of heating without artincial ventilation
is most pernicious and requires thorough renovation.

The basement is now a damp, unwholesome space, divided into waste rooms used
for rubbish and storage. The bathrooms and sinks are combined in a separate build-
ing erected of late jrears in the area. This plan is inconvenient and objectionable.
Those who may be sick or partially invalided are compelled, in inclement weather,
to go through snow and rain to reach them. Modem sanitary plumbing renders it
penectly safe to place the sinks and baths in the basement of barracks, a change
which would renaer available for other purposes the space in the area of barracSs
now occupied by these buildings.

THE ACADEMY BUILDING.

This is a granite building constructed in 1892 at a cost of $480,000, which houses all
the departments of academic instruction. It will accommodate 500 students, and
therefore requires no enlargement under existing circumstances.

THE CADET HOSPITAL.

The hospital is a granite building, constructed in 1874-1880, but never completed;
only two of its four wards have been constructed. As at present constituted the
regular wards will accommodate 18 patients, and an inadequately equipped conva-
lescent ward can be made to hold 12 more, making a total of 30. The hospital accom-
modations are manifestly inadec^uate, and the building should be completed so as to
provide for 50 patients. In addition to the hospital, there should be a separate and
entirely new buildiilg for infectious diseases; there is at present no provision for such
cases.

THE RIDING HALL.

The present riding hall, erected in 1855, is a granite structure with wooden trussed
roof, 218 by 78 feet.

For instruction in riding the classes are necessarily divided into sections. The
third class is divided into rour and the first and second classes each into two sections.
To enable the instruction given in the hall to be thorough and to progress with effect-
ive rapidity, it is found that the size of a section should not exceed 24 cadets; 32,
however, can be accommodated by making the exercises slower, and with a corre-
sponding loss in the extent of instruction. With the increased strength of the Corps
of Cadets, as recently authorized, it is probable that after the present year the maxi-
mum strength of a section of the first and second classes will vary between 50 and 60
cadets. The capacity of the riding hall should therefore be doubled.

The hall is now badlv heated and lighted. The lack of proper heating causes the
tan bark to freeze and cake in winter, and the defective lighting interferes with
the instruction.

THE MESS HALL.

The mess hall, a granite building erected in 1850, will seat 340 cadets, but has a
cooking capacity for 300 only; its plan, however, admits of indefinite extension.
There are accommodations for a force of cooks and attendants for 340 cadets. Seat-
ing accommodations for 89, and cooking arrangements for 129 cadets are lacking
under existing conditions, and also provision for the necessary increase in cooks and
attendants. The mess hall and kitchens should be so enlarged to accommodate at
least the maximum number of cadets now authorized by law (481).

24 BEPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

THE CHAPEL.

The chapel is a granite building erected in 1836 with a seating capacity of 428,
just sufficient to accommode the present number of cadets. As there are also present
for duty 73 officers and instructors of the institution, togetheu with membersof fam-
ilies and friends, besides a considerable number of civilian employees, the chapel
accommodations are much too small. If there be added to this the fluctuating and
sometimes very large body of general visitors, it will be seen that provision snould
be made for a congregation of not less than 800.

THE LIBRARY.

The librarv, a granite structure, is now being remodeled; when completed it will
be adequate tor the present and future needs of the institution.

THE GYMNASIUM.

This building, a granite structure, was erected in 1891, and has a floor area in the
gymnasium proper of 6,300 feet. It will not properly accommodate for purposes of
instruction sections of over 40 men at one time. The fourth class is necessarily
divided into three sections, each of which at present contains 60 men. The floor
area should therefore be increased one-half. In addition to this provision is needed
for increased machinery, storage, dressing rooms, enlargement of swimming tank,
and the various other accessories of the gymnasium.

THE OBSERVATORY.

The observatory is a granite structure erected in 1882. Its accommodations are
ample for the present needs of the institution.

THE CADET LAUNDRY.

The present plant can properly do the work for 250 cadets during the summer,
running ten hours per dav, and for 400 cadets in the winter, running eight hours per
day. Provision should be made for at least 375 cadets during the summer and 481
during the winter. It is desirable also that during the heated spell the hours of
work should not be excessive and that the plant should do all the work easily under
normal conditions.

THE CADET STORE.

The present building has a capacity for properly supplying 300 cadets. It should
be able to supply the authorizea maximum of 481.

THE CADET GUARDHOUSE.

This is an antiquated brick building containing 11 small rooms, which are used for
the following purposes: Offices for the commandant of cadets and his 8 assistants,
3 clerks, and cadet officer of the day; a guardroom, engine room, and tool room.
Provision should be made for 9 officers, 3 clerks, room for the guard, room for
orderly musicians, and for 6 armories, and 1 storeroom.

THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING.

This is a granite building erected in 1071. It contains the offices of the Superin-
tendent, the adjutant, and the quartermaster, and is the depository of most of the
records of the post. Many of the rooms in this building are overcrowded and an
increase in floor space is very desirable.

THE SUMMER ENCAMPMENT.

The present summer encampment has a capacity of 140 tents, accommodating 280
cadets. To accommodate properly the maximum number of cadets likely to be in
camp, under the present authorized maximum strength (481) of the corps of cadets,
46 additional tents will lie required. This will provide a tent for every 2 cadets,
the maximum number which can be put in a tent without crowding and discomfort.

The additional ground required for the encampment can be obtained by razing the
parapet and filling in the ditch of Fort Clinton, and by removing and transplanting
a number of trees north of the present camp.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 25

THE officers' QUARTEBS.

The buildings occupied by the ofl&cere of the Military Academy as quarters are of
every variety of type, construction, and material, and of all ages — from the earliest
days of the Academy to the present date. The most substantial are those occupied
by the Superintendent and neads of departments; some of these are of stone and
the rest of brick. They are all old structures, some of them dating from 1816. The
remaining houses are of brick or wood and have been variously altered and added
to. Upon the older buildings very much money has l^een expended in repairs, and
as the appropriations for repairs cover the entire plant of the institution it is impos-
sible to make thorough renovations. As a consequence repairing by driblets goes on
from year to year at a very large aggregate cost and with only temporary results.

None of the older sets of quarters are up to the standard of modem domestic archi-
tecture either in plan or conveniences, and as a rule are very far below the standard
adopted in the quarters recently erected by the Government at army posts.

For bachelor officers convenience and economy are best subserved by arrange-
ment in suites in a single building. There are now 23 bachelor officers assigned to
the Academy; for their accommodation there is but one such set of bachelor quarters,
designed for 8 officers. The other bachelor oifficers occupy rooms in the cadet bar-
racks and in the quarters of married officers. With less active military operations
than at present the proportion of bachelor officers will tend to increase ana a build-
ing providing for about 20 suites should be erected on a convenient site adjacent to
the mess building.

There are at present available 41 sets of married officers' quarters, many of which
are small, inadequate, and without modem conveniences, and others of the grade of
cheap tenements and entirely unfit for occupancy. As there are 50 married officers
on duty here, there is a balance of 9 unprovided for. Temporary arrangements
entailing great inconvenience and risk to health have been effected to meet the
present embarrassments. Nine sets of new quarters are required to properly provide
for immediate needs, aside from all Questions of removal and replacement of old sets.
The quartermaster reports that at least 7 of the old sets should be immediately
removed and replaced by new ones, and in this the board concurs.

THE BARRACKS FOR CAVALRY DETACHMENT.

The present brick building will accommodate 95 men, which is sufficient for all
present needs, but its location is such that it will interfere with any enlargement of
the riding hall, and should be moved to another site.

THE STABLES FOR CAVALRY HORSES.

The present brick stables provide stalls for 116 horses. The number of horses
required is determined by the size of the first and second classes. All of the first
class and half of the second class are required to attend squadron drill together.
This will demand at least 160 horses in the near future. Stabling, therefore, for at
least 44 additional horses must be erected. These stables also interfere with the
enlargement of the riding hall, and should be moved to another site.

THE ENGINEER BARRACKS.

This brick building was completed in 1858; it has a capacity of 50 men — the strength
of the company when it was erected. The authorized strength of an engineer com-
pany is now 150. The necessity for an enlargement is apparent.

THE BARRACKS FOR ARTILLERY DETACHMENT.

In 1900 Congress authorized the organization of an artillery detachment of 40 men.
A brick building formerly used as a barracks for the quai^rmaster's detachment, and
subsequently for other purposes, is available for temporary use; it requires renovation.

Stables suitable for the horses of this detachment can be provided temporarily by
utilizing a stone building now used as a mule stable, together with the present livery
stable; Doth require renovation. As these are temporary and inconvenient expe-
dients, both as regards location and character of building, new barracks and stables
on a suitable site should be provided.

26 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

THE BAND BARRACKS.

The band banucks is a brick structure which has accommodations for 25 men.
The i^al strength of this organization being now 40 men, increased barrack accoin-
modation is necessary. Suitable barrack accommodation is also needed for the squad
of drummers and orderlies, whose authorized strength is 24 men.

THE ARMY-SERVICE BARRACKS.

The army-service detachment occupies a brick building which has barrack accom-
modation for 80 men. The authorized strength of this detachment is now 125 men.

THE COMMISSARY BUILDING.

The old equipment shed, now in part used as a commissary building, is remote,
inconvement, and unsuited to the purpose. For administration purposes it would
be desirable to house the commissary, meat contractor, and post exchange in a single
building constructed for the purpose.

THE quartermaster's SHOPS.

The care and repair of the existing plant and the erection of many minor construc-
tions fall upon the Quartermaster of tne Academy. This is already a large and respon-
sible work, demanding experience and ability in the officer having it in charge. It is
not only economical but necessary to the Government that this class of work be done
in its own shops, and the necessity for a competent plant is imperative. The present
enlargement of the Academy increases this work, and a corresponding increase in the
plant is demanded. This would include an extension to the carpenter, saddler, black-
smith, plumber, and tinsmith shops, as well as an extension to the lime sheds and
storehouse, whose capacity is already inadequate. It should be borne in mind that
this post is a small town, the policing and current repairs of which are done by the
meinbers of an army-service detachment, which is comprised of laborers and mechanics
of aU trades.

THE WEST POINT HOTEL.

The hotel was erected in 1829 and has been added to from time to time It is com-
posed of a main building of stone, stuccoed, a brick wing, also stuccoed, and various
wooden additions. The present structure is deficient in accommodations, obsolete in
appointments, and defective in plan. In order that the hotel may fulfill the object
for which it was designed, it requires a material increase in size and complete remod-
eling.

THE STABLE.

The old stable is in very bad repair and unfit for its uses, besides occupying a posi-
tion which is imsightly and inconvenient. The group of buildings of which it is a
part, together with the old gas works, should be removed to a more suitable site.

THE WATER SUPPLY.

The recently constructed Lusk reservoir, designed to relieve the needs of condi-
tions then existent, is inadequate to meet any additional demand, and the rapid
increase of consumption recently brought about gives the question a very serious
aspect. Any considerable diminution in rainfall, such as characterizes a moderate
drought, would produce a water famine.

It is a matter of vital importance that the onlv available source of supply in this
vicinity — i. e.. Long Pond — should be immediately^ purchased before further increase
in the price of land and before vested rights in it as a source of supply shall have
been acquired by others. In the latter case its acquirement might be impossible, and
the future needs of the institution as regards water supply would present insuper-
able difficulties.

STEAM HEATING AND LIGHT.

The existing arrangements for heating public buildings are inadequate and unsys-
tematic. This results naturally from the spasmodic nature of their growth and
extension, one building after another having been attached to a plant originally
sn^ and located with reference to a special building.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL OOMMANDINCI IHE ARMY. 27

Steam heating was first applied to cadet barracks and thence extended to include
adjacent buildings. As a consequence the original plant, grown unwieldy, is objec-
tionably located in the area of the barracks. The pipes and connections are for a
large part confused and improperly laid, and the system does not include several of
the public buildings, which therefore require separate plants. It would result in a
great economy to the Government to have all buildings heated from a central plant,
as has been done in the large posts recently built. The present method of lighting
is equally objectionable and wasteful. It involves the operation and maintenance of
two systems — gas and electricity — neither of which is effectively and economically
organized. The gas plant is obtrusively located in a very conspicuous position, offen-
sive both to sight and smell. The connections of both systems are confused and con-
flicting and the result of the same spasmodic growth as in the case of the steam-
heating plant.

A central plant which shall include both heating and light, inconspicuously
located, is the only proper solution of a condition which is wasteful and ineffective.

THE SEWERAGE.

The sewer system is divided into three general drainage areas. The main sewer
of the first starts from the assembly of buildings about the soldiers' hospital, follows
the main road to the neightwrhood of the engineer barracks, passes down the slope
through the buildings associated with it, and on to the made ground of the West
Shore Railroad, and thence to the river near the tunnel. The main sewer of the
second area takes in the row of professors' quarters facing the river and as far as the
second set south of the Superintendent's quarters, passing in rear of the first and in
front of the parade group down the road to the north dock and thence to the river
at a point some 200 yards to the east thereof. The main sewer of the third begins at
the termination of the second in rear of officers' quarters, passes in front of the bar-
racks and down the Highland Falls road as far as the old south gate. Its outlet
passes by the riding halT and empties onto the tidal flats below the cavalry stables.
This last outlet is in every way highly objectionable and dangerous to health. These
mud flats are becoming each year more exposed at low tide, and already the effluvia
from exposed sewage are at times very perceptible and offensive.

CONCLUSION.

The foregoing statement makes it apparent that the existing plant of the Military
Academy is wholly inadequate to its present needs. Past experience makes it hiehly
expedient that any modifications of, or additions to, the existing plant shoula be
undertaken upon broad and carefully considered lines, and with a view to a homo-
geneous development under the best conditions. The old method of temporary
makeshifts and inadequate construction is not only destructive to the dignity and
beauty of the institution as an architectural whole, but wasteful and extravagant in
the long run. It is therefore su^ested that this matter be laid before the proper
authorities with the recommendation that a comprehensive plan of enlargement, to
be determined by competent architects in cooperation with the authorities of the
Military Academy, be carried out, the plan to be one that will not only provide for
present needs, but also admit of future extension.

A. L. Mills,
Colonely U. S. Armyy Superintendent,

P. S. Michie, Chs. W. Larned,

Professor of Natural and Professor of Drawing,

Experimental Philosophy, ^ p, Wonn

®* ^* J^^^^'S.^Ar . Professor of Modem Languages,

Professor of Chemistry j etc. ^ tr 9

Geo. B. Davis, ^' ^ Fiebeger

Ueuimant-CoUmel, ^^/^^ ^/ ^ ?^^ .

Deputy Judge-Advocate-Genn, U. S. A., • Military Engineering,

Professor of Law. Wright P. Edgerton,

0. L. Hbin, Professor of Mathematics.

Lieut. Col,y Commandant of Cadets. Joseph E. Kuhn

F. E. HoBBS, Captain of Engineers^

Cajotmn of Ordnancej Instructor Pra<iical Military Engineering.

Instructor of Ordnance and Gunnery. Wr^ q^ Rivers

J. B. Bellinger, First Lieutenant^ First Cavalry^

Major and Quartermojiter, U. S. F., Adjutant^ U. S, Military Academy ^

Quarterm(u<it(r. Recorder,

98 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

Special attention is also invited to the report of the Superintendent
of the Military Academy relative to the hotel at West Point. The
present building is old, entirely inadequate and unfit in its appoint-
ments for its purpose.

If authority be given to lease the present site on reasonable terms
it is not doubted that pi'ivate enterprise would provide a hotel sup-
j)lied with all modern conveniences, and affording ample accommoda-
tions for all the purposes of its establishment at the Military Academy.

THE MILITARY INFORMATION DIVISION.

•

All the military technical publications, dispatches, reports, etc.,
received from abroad have been noted, carded, and properly classified.

Many communications addressed to the War Department or its
Bureaus, and written in a foreign language, have been translated.

The French-English Military Technical Dictionary, by Lieut. Cor-
nells De W. Willcox, United States Artillery j has been completed in
three parts and issued.

Under instructions from the War Department, Capt. Stephen L'H.
Slocum, Eighth Cavalry, militarv attach^ at Lisbon, Portugal, was
detailed to accompany the Britisn forces in South Africa, and Capt.
Carl Reichmann, ISeventeenth Infantry, to accompany the Boer forces
during the military operations in the Transvaal. Both of these offi-
cers have made a number of reports, which are interesting and val-
uable. Captain Slocum returned to his station and has since been
transferrea to St. Petersburg, while Captain Reichmann is under
orders to return to the United States.

Since the last annual report the Military Information Division has
prepared and issued the following-described publications:

No. 24. "A French-English Military Technical Dictionary," part 2, 1900. Part 3,
1900.

No. 26. "Reports of Explorations in the Territory of Alaska," 1899.

No. 28. "The Autumn Maneuvers of 1898," 1899.

No. 27. "The Autumn Maneuvers of 1899," 1900.

No. 28. "Report on the Island of Guam," by Brig. Gen. Joseph Wheeler, TJ. S. A.,
1900

No. 29. "The Organized Militia of the United States in 1898," 1900.

No. 30. "Notes on China," 1900.

In the map section the following work has been accomplished:

Map of the seat of war in Africa, one sheet, three editions.
• Map of the Visayan Group, Philippine Islands, one sheet.

Second edition of Carta General del Archipelago Filipino, republished from Spanish
chart, two sheets.

Copious editions and corrections to second edition of military map of the Isle of
Luzon, two sheets.

Map of Northeastern China, one sheet; two editions.

Map of the Pei-Ho, China, one sheet.

During the year the map files of the division have been increased
by the addition of 840 maps, including both foreign and domestic.

Many maps and charts have been mounted by the draftsmen for the
use of officers of the Army, and numerous minor sketches, illustra-
tions, drawings, etc., required by them and in the publications issued
by the division, have been prepared in this section.

Much work has also been done in the preparation of maps, etc., to
accompany annual reports.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 29

The entire work of this division has been very useful and highly
satisfactory. All connected with this important work are deserving
of special credit.

MILITARY ATTACHES.

The following is a list of the military attaches at the several embas-
sies and legations abroad:

EMBASSIES.

London: Maj. Edward B. Cassatt, Twenty-seventh Infantry, United States Volun-
teers (first lieutenant, Fourth Cavalry).
P«ns: First Lieut. T. Bentley Mott, Seventh Artillery.
Berlin: Maj. John B. Kerr, Tenth Cavalry.
St. Petersburg: Capt. Stephen L*H. Slocum, Eighth Cavalry.
City of Mexico: First Lieut. Powell Clayton, jr.. Fifth Cavalry.

LEGATIONS.

Berne: Capt. Greorge R. Cecil, Thirteenth Infantry.

The Hague: Lieut. Col. James N. Wheelan, Seventh Cavalry.

Copenhagen and Stockholm: Lieut. Col. W. R. Livermore, Corps of Engineers.

Brussels: Lieut. Col. James N. Wheelan, Seventh Cavalry, temporary.

Attention is again invited to the disadvantages under which our mili-
tary attaches labor. In South Africa the military attaches of other
nations had liberal allowances, but in the case oi our attaches they
had none, other than their pay and mileage, while their expenses were
heavy.

It is very desirable to have military attaches at all European capitals,
but the expenses incident to duty or this peculiar and delicate nature,
over and aoove the cost of domestic establishment, are so very great
that unless an officer has a private income outside of his pay he can
not afford to take such a position. Under present conditions, there-
fore, the choice of militarjr attaches must oe restricted to the few
officers who have incomes m addition to their pay, and are willing to
spend their private means in the performance of this public duty.

DETAIL OF OFFICERS.

The details of officers for necessary sei*vice calling them away from
their regular duties have made a heavy but unavoidable draft on the
effective strength of the sevei'al corps and line of the Army, and this
drain has been made still heavier auring the past two years by the
detachment of officers to command volunteers.

The number of officers of the Regular Army absent on recruiting
service, etc., holding commissions in the Unitea States volunteers and
performing necessary civil functions, etc., in the Philippines and Cuba,
IS as follows:

staff corps.

Cavalry

Artillery. . .
Infantry...

Total

Detached
duty.

107

236

Holding
conimiA-
sions in
volun-
teers.

60
67
29
78

283

Total.

188

186

469

30 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY*

APPOINTMENTS IN THE ADJUTANT- GEN ERAL's AND INSPECTOR-GENBRAL'S

DEPARTMENTS.

The sixth section of the act of March 2, 1899, for increasing' the
efficiency of the Army, is as follows :

Sec. 6. That the Adjutant-General's and Inspector-GeneraPs departments shall
consist of the number of oflBcers now in those aepartments, respectively: Provided,
That vacancies in the grade of major occurring in either department shall hereafter
be filled from captains in the line of the Army: And provided further^ That all sach
captains who have evinced marked aptitude in the command of troops shall be
reported by their regimental commanders to the War Department, and shall be
entitled to compete for any such vacancy under such system of examination as the
President shall prescribe.

The following are the regulations established by the President under
the law above cited:

/. Applicants. — Captains of the line **who have evinced marked aptitude in the
command of troops" will be reported to the Adjutant-General of the Army by their
respective regimental commanders.

In order that the manifest intention of the law may be carried out, captains who
may have been detached from their regiments, and who may have evinced marked
aptitude in the command of troops when not under the observation of their r^-
mental commanders, will, in like manner, be reported to the Adjutant-Greneral by
their respective commanding officers. All captams so reported, and who desire to
enter the competitive examination, will make application to the Adjutant-Greneral of
the Army, through military channels, for orders to appear for examination, and will
forward at the same time such letters or recommendations from their military supe-
riors as they may desire to submit.

II. Reports of commanders. — The first report of r^imental commanders or com-
manding officers will be forwarded at once, and thereafter they will be forwarded on
the 31st day of December of each year. The reports should show in detail the facts
upon which they are based, what opportunities the officers reported have had, and
w-hat commands they have exercised; al:o the management of their companies, by
the captains reported, in respect to discipline, sanitation, and the care of men.

III. Examinations. — The examination will be dual: Mrst, by divisional or depart-
mental boards, and, secondly, by a central board at Washmgton. The primary
board will conduct the physical examination of the applicants and a written exami-
nation on questions prepared by the central board. The central board will examine
the papers submitted, together with the records of the applicants, and mark them,
giving each subject its relative weight, as follows:

Subject.

-j>_

Military and personal record, and aptitude for staflf service

Drill regulations, all arms

Minor tactics

Topomphy ;

Law (constitutional, international, and military, and law of evidence)

Hygiene of posts and camps

Functions of the Adjutant-General's and Inspector-General's departments, correspondence,

staflf administration

Money and property accountability

Hippology

Logistics

Relative
weights.

12
3
8

1
2
2

3
1
1
2

IV. Boards. — A central board, composed of an officer each of the Adjutant-
General's Department and the Inspector-General's Department and an officer of the
line not below the rank of major, win be convened at Washington. It will prepare
sets of questions on the subjects specified and note the time to be allowed for answer-
ing each set. The questions so prepared will be sent to the divisional and depart-
mental boards, and upon their return will be carefullv examined and marked by the
central board. The central board will then mark tlie candidates on their records,
basing its action on the official records of the War Department, reports of n^mental
and other commanders, letters and papers submitted by the applicants, and all
available sources of information as to tne military and personal character of the

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 31

applicants and their aptitude for the duties of the position sought. On the comple-
tion of the marking the names of the applicants wnl be arranged in a list accoroing
to relative merit, and the oflBcers will be recommended for appointment in the order
in which their names appear on such list. Any officer whose name shall stand
lower than thirty on such list will be ineligible foi further competition.

Boards will be convened at such times as the Secretary of War may direct, by
the commanding general Division of Cuba, and by the commanders of departments
not included therein, or by as many of them as may be necessary, at the neadquar-
ters of such division or departments. Each board will consist of three officers,
preferably field officers, selected from the line, adjutant-general's department, or
inspector-general's department, and two medical officers. The duties of the latter
will be confined to the physical examination of the applicants. The other members
of the board will supervise the written examination on the questions prepared by
the central board, and on the completion of the examination will send the papers,
under seal, to the adjutant-general for transmission to the central board. The time
occupied in the preparation of each paper will be noted.

The members of all examining boards will be sworn to faithfully and impartially
perform their duties.

Under the requirements of the Army Regulations, every officer of
the Army makes an individual report of service on the 30th of June of
each year, giving, in addition to the enumeration of purely military
duties performed, information on the following subjects, viz: Profes-
sional or scientific study or investigation; foreign languages; special
knowledge of a particular line of work; business experience, and books
written or published or essays and lectures prepared.

EflSciency reports are also made at the ena of each fiscal year by
commanders of departments, chiefs of staff bureaus, and commanding
officers of posts, etc., for every officer under their immediate control
and supervision. Extracts of inspection reports containing specially
favorable or unfavorable mention of an officer are made and filed with
his individual report, and, in like manner, extracts are made from all
reports of actions, engagements, etc., in which an officer has been
engaged.

It will be seen, therefore, that efficiency reports of officers afford
the Secretary of War the fullest possible information respecting all
officers and enables him to form a true estimate of the standing, abiSty,
and special fitness of every officer of the Army for any military
duty. The new system made necessary to fully carry out the inten-
tion of the law of March 2, 1899, results in too much delay in filling
vacancies — two now existing in the Adjutant-General's Office and one
in the Inspector-General's Office — without adding to the information
that may De desired by the War Department in any one case. The
repeal of section 6 of the act quoted above is therefore recommended.

Under existing conditions it will require on the average six months
to fill a vacancy in either department.

WAR COLLEGE.

The board of officers appointed by direction of the Secretary of
War, for the consideration of proper regulations, with a view to the
establishment of a war college for the Army has not yet formulated
its conclusions on'this important subject. The purpose of the Depart-
ment in establishing this college is to further the higher instruction
of the Army; to develop and organize, in accordance with a coherent
and unified system, the existing means of professional education and
training, and to serve as a coordinated and authoritative agency of
this office through which all means of professional military information
shall be, at all times at the disposal of the War Department.

32 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

COLLEGE DETAILS.

The continued exigencies of the military service during the pwwt
year has made it inadvisable, if not absolutely impossible, to make
any college details from the officers on the active list. Requests for
such details have, however, been complied with in part by the assign-
ment to that duty of officers on the retired list of tne Aimy.

RETIRED LIST FOR OFFICERS.

The recommendation of last year that officers of the Army be
placed on the same footing as to retirement as is provided for officers
of the Navy by the act of March 3, 1899, increasing the efficiency of
the personnel of the Navy, is renewed. Under the provisions of sec-
tion 9 of this act officers of the Navy involuntarily retired are ^iven
the rank and receive three-fourths of the pay of the next higher
grade.

Officers of the Army and Nav}^ sharing, as they do, the dangers and
hardships of their professions, are equally entitled to the same benefit
of retirement on increased rank under like conditions, and the extended
benefit to the Army should take effect from the passage of the law above
quoted, and officers of the Army retired since the passage of that act.
namely, March 3, 1899, should have the full benefit of its provisions,
This is urged solely on the ground of absolute justice.

PROMOTION FROM THE RANKS.

The act of June 18, 1878, provided for the promotion to the grade of
commissioned officer of meritorious noncommissioned officers who
should be found morally, intellectually, and physically qualified for
promotion, and the act of July 30, 1892, extended to all unmarried
soldiers under 30 years of age and possessing the requisite qualifica-
tions the privilege of competing at prescribed examinations for com-
missions in the Army. That this last law has operated well in attract-
ing to the ranks a superior class of intelligent and educated young men
is evidenced by the yearly increasing number of men who have ob^ined
admission into the commissioned branch of the Army, as shown in the
subjoined table:

, 1893. i

1 1

1891.

1895.

1896.

1897.

1898.

1899.

1900.

Total.

Cavalry

Artillery

1 1

16
83

21
15

Infantry

1 6 1

183

Total

219

But, experience has shown that two years is too brief a period in
which enlisted men can fit themselves for the important duties of com-
missioned officers. It is only little less than travesty to say that a man
can qualif j^ as an officer, by serving as an enlisted man, in one-half the
time required for a cadet to complete his course at West Point. It is
recommended that the law be amended to read four years instead of

BEPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 33

two. This will put appointments from the ranks and the Militaiy
Academy on the same footing.

To illustrate, two young men of say 21 years of age enter the serv-
ice, one going to the Miliary Academy and the other enlists, the man
from the ranks gets his conunission in two years and the cadet not
until four years, so that the enlisted man becomes the senior by two
years and will so remain throughout their entire service.

POST EXCHANGES.

The operation of the post exchanges during the past year, despite
the attacks of the opposition outside of the Army, which have been
persistent and unremitting, has been especially gratifying. Every
complaint of specific violations of the regulations, or of excesses and
abuses, have been promptly and impartially investigated and in every
instance found to have been unwarranted.

Reports from the Philippine Islands indicate that the post exchange
has become an absolute necessity, our troops being scattered at some-
thing over 400 stations, at small towns and villages, where it is
q^uite impossible to purchase anything beyond the ordinary necessi-
ties of life; that the sale of beer in these exchanges has prevented
the soldiers from drinking the vile native concoctions known as
"anisado" and ''bino," or "vino," which in the early days of our
occupation presented a very serious problem to the military author-
ities, is proven by abundant testimony.

Similar reports have been received from Cuba, where the conditions
are very much like those in the Philippine Islands; several officers,
including General Lee, having reportea that drunkenness has almost
entirely disappeared since the sale of beer has been permitted in their
commands. The chief surgeon at Santiago de Cuba reports that after
the troops were scattered, owing to the outbreak of yellow fever in

1899, canteens were discontinued at many posts in eastern Cuba, but
that alcoholism and malarial and intestinal troubles increased to an
alarming extent, the latter almost fourfold at some posts, and as the
increase could not be traced to the food or water, the surgeons attrib-
uted it to rum, which is easil}^ procured at very slight cost in that
section; that canteens were then opened, and the subsidence of these
troubles was as remarkable as their rise (in one post, in one month,
intestinal troubles decreased 80 per cent). He therefore believes that
to close the canteen in that country, without first closing all possible
avenues for the procuring of rum within a radius of 10 miles, would
be sanitary suicide, and from practical observations is led to the con-
clusion that the closing of the post canteen in Cuba would be an unjus-
tifiable as well as a dangerous experiment."

What has been said of Cuba is equally applicable to Porto Rico.
The inspector-general of that department, in his annual report for

1900, remarks as follows:

Here we find exceptional conditions, all tending in a marked degree to drag the
soldier down to a lower social place than any of our Armv has ever known before.
With native rum at 2 or 3 cents per drink, and the cheap complacency of the
degraded female attendants in the saloons which abound near every garrison, it is
easy to discern the causes to which so many cases of drunkenness and other disor-
ders are attributable. Because of the absence of suitable recreative resorts when off
duty and the wide gulf which a foreign language has placed between them and the

WAR 1900 — VOL 1, PT III 3

34 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARBCY.

better classes of the people, the men are forced to seek diversion among the lower
elements. I understand that efforts will be renewed at the next session of OongreaB
to prohibit the sale of beer in post canteens, and I therefore b^ to record the con-
viction that, so far as garrisons in the islands are concerned, such legislation would
be ill advised.

The commanding officer of the Department of Texas has broug'ht to
the attention of the Department a new feature of the exchange system,
which he thinks successfully solves a problem which has been a source
of more or less trouble in the Army namely — the washing of the cloth-
ing of enlisted men. It has been difficult to hold men to a strict
accountability for their appearance at inspections. The jplea that their
washerwoman had failea to get their clothes done in time has to be
accepted, when proven true, and the woman is always beyond disci-
pline. Moreover, each pay day brings the annoyance of solicitation by
washerwomen for pay claimed to be due them from the men, and as a
matter of fact enlisted men at most of the posts of the Army have to
pay from $2.60 to $4 a month to laundresses, and in the summer time
especially, when they are required to wear khaki uniforms and white
trousers, the expense for their washing is a burden on their small pay.

As an experiment the post exchange at Fort Ringgold, Tex., started
a laundry, with the wife of an enlisted man as manager, and has dis-
covered after a few months' operation that, calculating all expenses,
it is able to do all the laundry work for the garrison at an expense of
$1 per man for all months excepting June, July, August, and Sep-
tember, for which months it can be done for $1.25 per man, as well as
to deliver the clean clothing to the men on Friday afternoons, so as to
enable all to present a neat appearance at the Saturday inspection. It
is entirely optional with the men as to whether or not they shall
patronize the laundry, but obviously the small expense presents an
inducement that few of them resist. The result of this experiment
has been communicated to the Army, and its successful instaUation at
the larger military posts may be anticipated.

During the year ending June 30, 1900, the aggregate receipts of the
exchanges in operation in the Army, so far as reports nave been received,
amounted to $1,845,927.55, and there was received as money on dep)osit
$69,934.82, making the total amount of money received $1^915,862.37.
There was expended for merchandise purchased, rents, fixtures, and
repairs, and expenses of operation $1,381,423.23, which, less deposits,
gives a profit or $464,504.32. From this amount there was donated to
the funds of the several regimental bands $10,363.84; to the mainte-
nance of post gardens, $1,362.82; to post libraries, $1,476.57, to gymna-
siums, $7,008.63; as prizes for the encouragement of athletic sports,
$3,653.52; and after setting aside the sum of $159,199.47 as a reserve
fund to meet anticipated expenses for at least one month there was
passed to the credit of the companies and mess funds for the benefit of
the soldiers, in the form of dividends, the sum of $293,301.28. The
net value of these exchanges — that is to say, the balance of their com-
bined assets over their liabilities — was on June 30, 1900, $326,068.01.

THE RECRUITING SERVICE.

Regular Army, — In October, 1899, there were sixty regular recruit-
ing stations of the general service in large cities. The number of such
stations has varied but little during the year, some being closed as

REPORT OF LIKUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 35

they became unproductive and others opened in different localities;
the number now in operation is 62. In several instances one officer
conducts two such stations. Again, many of the recruiting officers
stationed in these cities visit and conduct temporary stations also, thus
canvassing the sections surrounding their main stations. In this way
over one hundred and sixty temporary stations have been in operation
for a longer or shorter time during the year, the average number in
operation at a time being about forty (not counting places canvassed
by volunteer recruiting officers, under the direction of general recruit-
ing officers, during October,* 1899).

The only special regimental recruiting party that was out October 1,
1899, was recalled during that month. The large number of regiments
serving abroad, in whole or in part, renders special regimental recruit-
ing for the time impracticable.

The general recruiting detail was changed in December, 1899, to con-
sist of one officer from each regiment, the officers being nominated by
their regimental commanders, thus affording an opportunity for home
service to a number of officers who had been in active field service dui'-
ing the period of hostilities.

Temporary details have been made as necessary of officers belong-
ing to depot battalions stationed within the United States to recruit
for their own battalions, iis well as for the geneml service.

In October, 1899, the enlisted strength of the Regular Army was
about 6,400 below the authorized maximum, and active measures have
been continued throughout the year to supply this deficiency and meet
current losses.

A special feature during the year has been the recruiting of depot
battalions, designated in accordance with General Orders No., 153,
August 21, 1899, from this office, with a view to preparing a trained
bo<w of men for foreign service as they might be needed.

Under existing conditions the home or depot battalion offers the
best means of recruitment of depleted regiments, and at the same time
offers by way of station about the only relief possible to give the offi-
cers a tour of duty at home, the plan being that the home battalion
shall remain on recruiting service and instruction for one year. This
plan, fully carried out, will give the officers one year at home and two
years of active service.

Constant efforts have been made to obtain suitable men for the artil-
lery, both light and heavy. Instructions have been given to recruit-
ing officers to exercise great care to accept only such men for the
artillery as meet the special requirements of that arm. During the
year upward of sixty batteries nave been brought at times to their
maximum strength.

Special efforts have also been directed in filling regiments when
designated for service in the Philippines or China, as well as to pro-
viding men for vacancies occurring in regiments already in the Orient,
and in Cuba and Porto Rico.

All organizations sailing for the Orient have been filled with recruits
prior to their departure from the United States, the number of recruits
thus supplied between July 1 and September 20, 1900, to regiments
about to sail as indicated being 1,452. Between September 20, 1899,
and September 20, 1900, 3,951 recruits were forwarded to regiments
already in the Phuippines or China, while on the latter date there were
1,826 recruits at different rendezvous in the United States undergoing

36 REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

instruction and awaiting the sailing of transports. During the same
yearly period 1,212 recruits were forwarded to Cuba, and 375 to Porto
Rico for regiments serving therein. There were also 255 recruits at
rendezvous in the United States on September 20, 1900, for regiments
in Cuba and Porto Rico.

In addition to the recruits thus supplied transfers were made in
April and May, 1900, of 485 men from depot battalions in the United
Stiites to active battalions in Cuba, the vacancies thus created in the
depot battalions being speedily filled, with a view to another draft for
foreign service.

The total number of enlistments and reenlistments in the Regular
Army during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, exclusive of the
Hospital Corps, was 19,549, classified as follows:

For the general service 18, 929

For the special recruiting service 88

For staff departments 532

Total 19,549

Of the 19,549 accepted applicants, 16,548 were native bom and 3^1
of foreign birth; 18,649 were white, 870 colored, and 30 Indians. The
enlistments numbered 15,588 and the reenlistments 3,961. Excluding
reenlistments, the percentage of native born among the original enlist-
ments was 88^. The reports show that the recruiting officers making
the 19^017 enlistments embraced in the first two items of foregoing
list rejected 69,694 applicants — about 78 per cent of the number seek-
ing enlistment— as lacKing in either legal, mental, moral, or physical
Qualifications; 987 of these were rejected as aliens, and 2,038 for
illiteracy.

The total number of enlistments and reenlistments for the Hospital
Corps during the fiscal year was 1,762, of which number 1,463 wei*e
native born and 299 of foreign birth; 1,686 were white and 76 colored.
The enlistments numbered 1,349 and the reenlistments 413.

Including the Hospital Corps, the ag^egate of all enlistments and
reenlistments for the Regular Arm v during the fiscal year ending June
30, 1900, was 21,311.

United States Volunteers, — The last one of the twenty -five regiments
of United States Volunteers left the rendezvous where it was organized
November 15, 1899, en route to Manila. Recruiting in the United
States for the volunteer regiments practically ceased in the latter part
of October of that year, a few enlistments only being made thereafter
to fill vacancies caused by disability, etc., prior to the sailing of regi-
ments for the Philippines.

The number of volunteers enlisted for the twenty -five regiments
since September 20, 1899, is 8,432, of whom 169 were enlisted in the
Philippines, these latter being generally a special class of men, such
as musicians, cooks, etc.

Porto Rko Regiment^ U, S. Volunteers, — In February, 1900, the
President authorized the organization of a mounted battalion of Porto
Rican troops, to form with the infantry battalion already organized
a Porto Rico regiment of native troops. The number of enlistments
made for this regiment since September 20, 1899, to fill the mounted
battalion and complete the recruitment of the infantry battalion, is 542.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 37
GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.

The following were committed to the Government Hospital for the
Insane under the order of the Secretary of War from September 1,
1899, to September 1, 1900:

Officer of the United States Army 1

Officer of the United States Army (retired) 1

Officer of the United States Voluntieers 1

Enlisted men of the United States Army 110

Enlisted men of the United States Army (retired) 5

Enlisted men of the United States Volunteers 27

Late soldiers of the United States Army 4

Civilian employees of the Army 2

Total 151

THE adjutant-general's OFFICE.

With the addition of two chiefs of divisions, authorized by the act
of April 17, 1900, the legal organization of the regular force of this
office remains unchanged, and the temporary force has been continued.
The conditions which have made the employment of temporary clerks
necessary still exist and the volume of business taxes tne energies of
the entire clerical force, laboring as it does, and has done during the

?ast two years, under the serious disadvantage of overcrowded rooms,
'his disadvantage is emphasized by the statement that the Adjutant-
General's Office — the important bureau of correspondence and orders —
occupies rooms located on five different floors either in the north, west,
or center wings. While the State, War, and Navy building is generally
assumed, from its size, to be capable of comfortably accommodating
the three Executive Departments located therein, in point of fact it
utterly fails to do so, and, unless provision is made by Congress for the
renting of additional outside buildings for the accommodation of some
of the minor bureaus, the present unfavorable conditions must speedily
become worse, if not positively dangerous, as the weight of the files
and papers that are required in the several bureaus lor the prompt
and correct conduct of business will soon exceed the safety load that
can be placed on the floors of this building; indeed, in some of the
rooms allotted to this office that weight has already, and unavoidably,
been exceeded.

In justice to those clerks of the temporary force who during the

East two years have demonstrated their efficiency and capacity for
igh-class work, it is earnestly hoped that means may be devised that
wul pemiit their transfer to the regular roll on the happening of vacan-
cies therein, either by granting them a special examination or by
authorizing their names to be placed on the Civil Service Commission
register of eiigibles, on the recommendation of the head of the bureau
in which they are employed, approved by the Secretary of War.

The recommendation is renewed that the law governing leave of
absence be amended so as to make the annual leave cumulative, not
to exceed ninety days, that valued clerks whose devotion to duty
prevents their availing themselves of the annual leave in any calendar
year may be able at a future time to obtain a lengthened leave for rest
or recyreation without loss of pay.

38 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMY.

To the oflScers on duty in this office — Col. Thomas Ward, Lieut.
Col. William H. Carter, Majors George Andrews, John A. Johnston,
William A. Simpson, assistant adjutants-general, and Capt. Edwin A.
Root, Tenth Infantry — acknowledgment of faithful and emcient service
is made.

Respectfully submitted.

H. C. CORBIN,

Ac^utcmt' Oeneral.
The Lieutenant-General of the Army.

BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 39
G.^Ikalhg in th^ armia of the OniUd SUUet bateeen July 1, 1899, and June SO, 1900.

«u^.

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Total.

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BIGUUU.

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1,B37' 3

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103

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e. deducted (rom the aggregite.

H. C. CORBIH.

A<(julaal-aemFal. V. 3. A.

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40 REPORT OH' LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDlN(} THE ARMY.

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REFOBT OF LIBUT. OENEBAL COHHANDINO THE ABHY.

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42 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

I. — Camalties in actions of troops serving in China betiueen July I, 1900^ and October i,

1900.

Killed.

Wounded.

Total.

Aggre-
gate.

Organization.

Officers.

Enlisted
men.

Officers.

Enlisted
men.

Officers.

Enlisted
men.

Hospital Corns

100

Sixth U S. Cavalry

Fifth U S Artillery

1
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8

Ninth U S.lnfantry

19
11

108

Fourteenth U. S. Infantry

Total

170

200

209

Adjutant-Gbneral'8 Office,

Washington, D. C, October 1, 1900.

H. C. COBBIN,

Ai^jtUant-Qeneralf U. S. A.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMHANDINO THE ARMY. 43

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44 REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

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REPORT- nF LIKHT. OENERAI. CDMMANDINU THE ABMY. 49

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WAR IWK)— VOL 1, PT III -4

50 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COUHANDIMU THE ARMY.

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54 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMUANDINO THE ARMY.

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REPORT OP LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 55

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56 BEPORT OF LIEUT. GENKttAL COMMANBING THE ARMY.

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BEPORT OF LIEDT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMT. 57

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72 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

Jj.^^IUtirementSf resignations^ deaths, etc.,, among officen, U. S. Armyy since last annual

report, and October i, 1900.

Name and rank.

RETIRED.

Alden, Charles H., colonel, assistant surgeon-gen-
eral.
Anderson, Thomas M., brigadier-general.

Brett, James E., captain, Twenty-fourth Infantry ..

Burke, Daniel W. , brigadier-general

Calef, John H., lieutenant-colonel Third Artillery .

Carpenter, Gilbert S., brigadier-general

Carpenter, Louis H., brigadier-general

Clapp, William H., lieutenant-colonel Twenty-first
Infantry.

Coatea, Edwin M., colonel Seventh Infantry

Craig, Robert, lieutenant-colonel, Signal Corps

Crowell, William H. H., major, Sixth Infantry

Evert, Edward, captain, assistant surgeon

Field, Edward, lieutenant-colonel Third Artillery .

Frank, Royal T., brigadier-general

French, William E. P., captain. Second Infantry . . .

Frost, Alfred 8., major, paymaster

Fuger, Frederick, major. Fourth Artillery

Gerlach, William, maior. Twelfth Infantry

Date.

Hall, Henry H., chaplain.

Hamner, William H., major, paymaster

Hartz, Wilson T., lieutenant-colonel Twenty-sec-
ond Infantry.

Kell, William H., captain. Twenty-second Infantry.

Kellogg, Edgar R., brigadier-general

Koerper. Egon A., lieutenant-colonel, deputy sur-
geon-general.

Lee, James G.C., colonel, assistant quartermaster-
general.

Mackey.John O., captain, Third Cavalry

Macomber.John H., chaplain

Mahan, Frederick A., major. Engineer Corps

Merritt, Wesley, major-general

Munn, Curtis E., major, surgeon

Nickerson, James D., captain. Seventeenth Infantry

O'Connor. Stephen, captain, Twenty-third Infantry

Pennington, Alexander C. M., brigadier-general . . .

Potter, Carroll H., lieutenant-colonel Twenty-sec-
ond Infantry.

Sage, George E., captain, Sixth Artillery

Scantling, John C, major. Second Artillery

Smith, Oskaloosa M., major, commissary oi subsist-
ence.

Stetson, Frederic T., first lieutenant, Third In-
fantry.

Summerhayes, John W., major, quartermaster

Tilton, Henry R., lieutenant-colonel, deputy sur-
geon-general.

Viele, Charles D., colonel Fourth Cavalry

Volkmar. William J., colonel, assistant adjutant-
general.

Waring, John K., captain. Second Infantry

Wheeler, Joseph, brigadier-general

Whittemore, James M., colonel. Ordnance Depart-
ment.

Williston, Edward B., colonel Sixth Artillery

RESIGNED.

Copp, William M., second lieutenant, Sixth Artil-
lery.

Foster, Charles S., second lieutenant, Ninth In-
fantry.

Harman.John A., first lieutenant. Sixth Cavalry ..

Heyl, Asnton B., captain, assistant surgeon

Hill, Louts £., first lieutenant. Fourth Infantry

DISMISSED.

Martin, Edward H.', second lieutenant. Fifth Artil-
lery.
Shields, David H., chaplain

apiai:
Van Liew, Frederick T., captain. Second Infantrj* .

DROPPED FOR DESERTION.

Hauard, Samuel C, first lieutenant, First Artillery, i May 31, 1900.

April 28, 1900.

Jan. 21, 1900.
Dec. 23, 1899.
Oct. 21. 1899.
Alig. 10, 1900.
Dec. 26, 1899.
Oct. 19, 1899.
Sept 7, 1900.

Jan. 29, 1900.

Dec. 1, 1899.

Jan. 15, 1900.

April 28. 1900 (as major).

June 6, 1900.

Oct. 18,1899.

Feb.2,lW0.

Feb. 14, 1900.

June 18,1900.

Nov. 15, 1899.

Oct. 25, 1899.

Jan. 18, 1900.

May 31, 1900.

Dec. 15, 1899 (as major).
Dec. 1(), 1899.
Feb. 21, 1900.

Aug. 12, 1900.

July 10, 1900.
Feb. 17, 1900.
April 2, 1900.
June 16, 1900.
Feb. 2, 1900.
July 9, 1900.
April 18. 1900.
Oct. 17, 1899.
June 9, 1900.

April 5, 1900.
Oct. 1,1900.
Feb. 12, 1900.

May 25, 1900.

Jan. 6, 1900.
Feb. 1, 1900.

Jan. 23. 1900.
April 28, 1900.

Nov. 15. 1899 (as major).
Sept. 10. 1900.
March 5, 1900.

July 15,1900.

Sept. 1,1900.

Jan. 24, 1900.

March 1,1900.
Feb. 28, 1900.
Sept 20, 1900.

Aug. 10, 1900.

Jan. 31, 1900.
Nov. 20, 1899.

REPORT OF LIDUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 73

L. — ReiirementSf resignations, deaths, etc. — Continued.

Name and rank.

DROPPED AS MISSING (SUPPOSED TO BE DEAD).

Rockefeller, Charles M., major, Sixth Infantry

COMMISSION EXPIRED BY CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITA-
TION.

Rash,Otway W., first lieutenant, assistant surgeon.

DEATHS, OFFICERS ON THE ACTIVE LIST.

Ayres, James C. captain, Ordnance Department.
ienyaurd.W "
Engineers.

Benyaurd, William

gtain,
.. Urn,

lieutcnant-colbnel. Corps

Boutelle, Henry M., second lieutenant. Third Ar-
tillery.

Brereton, John J., captain. Twenty-fourth Infantry
(lieutenant-colonel, Thirty-third Volunteers).

Cartwright, George S., captain. Twenty-fourth In-
fantry (major and quartermaster, volunteers),

Cheney, ward, first lieutenant. Fourth Infantry . . .

Cooper, George A», second lieutenant. Fifteenth
Infantry.

Draper, Paul, second lieutenant, Twenty-second
Infantry.

Edmunds, Frank H., maior, First Infantry

Geiger, William C, first lieutenant. Fourteenth In-
fantry (captain squad Philippine Cavalry).

Godfrey, George J., captain, Twenty-Second Infan-
try.

Guthrie, John B., major, Fifteenth Infantry

Henry, Guy V., brigadier-general

Higlcy, Brainard S., jr., first lieutenant, assistant
surgeon.

HoUis, Magnus O., captain. Fourth Infantry,

capta

Howard, Guy, captain. Quartermaster's Depart-
ment (major and quartermaster, volunteers).

Keyes, Maxwell, second lieutenant.Third Infantry.

Koehler, Edgar F., first lieutenant, Ninth Infantry.

Lawton, Henry W., colonel, Inspector-Genemrs
Department ^major-general U. S. Volunteers).

Ledyard, Augustus C, first lieutenant, Sixth In-
fanty.

Liseum, Emerson H., colonel. Ninth Infantry

Little, John, ciiptaln, commiHsary of subsistence ..

McGrath, Hugh J., captain, Fourth Cavalry

McQuiston, Charles, captain. Fourth Infantry

Meade, Francis K., first lieutenant. Twenty-first
Infantry.

Mitchell, David D.^captidn, Fif teen thjn fan try....
unton, ■ ■
fantry

Mun ton, Charles

).,cap
H., fir

rst lieutenant. Twelfth In-

Murphy, William L., first lieutenant, Twenty-
fourth Infantr>' (captain, Thirty-ninth Volun-
teers).

Osthcim, Louis, captain, First Artillery

Reilly, Henry J., captain, Fifth Artillery

Robinson, Samuel Q., major surgeon

Schenck, William T., first lieutenant. Twenty-fifth
Infantry.

Smith, Charles M., second lieutenant, Eighteenth
Infantry.

Smith, Edmund D., captain, Nineteenth Infantr>'. .

Spurgin, David G., first lieutenant, Twenty-first In-
fantry.

Steele, Charles L., captain, Eighteenth Infantry

Taylor, Edward, first lieutenant. Twelfth Infantry.

Wallace, Robert B., first lieutenant. Second Cav-
alry (colonel Thirty-seventh Volunteers).

Warwick, Oliver B., captain, Eighteenth Infantry. .

Way, Henry N., second lieutenant, Fourth Infan-
try
^hit

A vcrell, William W., captain .
Bliss, Zenas R., major-general

Date.

Whitney, Folliot A., major, Sixth Infantry

Williams, William H., first lieutenant. Twelfth In-
. fantry. '

DEATHS, OFFICERS ON THE RETIRED LIST.

May 12, 1900.

June 7, 1900.

Dec. 8, 1899, Washington, D. C.
Feb. 7, 1900, New York, N. Y.

Nov. 2, 1899, killed in action near Aliaga, P. I.

Dec. 2, 1899, Santo Tomas, Luzon, P. I,

Sept. 23, 1900, Havana, Cuba.

Jan. 7, 1900, killed in action near Imus, P. I.
Sept. 17, 1900, killed in action at Mavitac, P. I.

June 28, 1900, near San Antonio, P. I.

June 18, 1900, Quemados, Cuba.
July 2, 1900, Manila, P. I.

•

June 3, IdOO, killed in action, San Miguel de

Mayumo, P.I,
Jan. 12, 1900, Buffalo, N. Y.
Oct. 27, 1899, New York, N. Y.
Feb.3,1900,Corregidor, P.I.

Nov. 15, 1899, Manila, P. I.

Oct. 22, 1899, killed in action, near Arayat, P. I.

Nov. 24, 1899. killed in action. Ildefonso, P. I.

Mar. 4, 1900, killed in action, Tinuba, P. I.

Dec. 19, 1899, killed in action, San Mateo, P. I. n

Dec. 8, 1899, killed in action, La Granja, Negros,

P.I.
July 13, 1900, killed in action, Tientsin, China.
July 28, 1900. Governors Island, N. Y.
Nov. 7, 1899, Manila, P. 1., of wounds received in

action at Novaleta. P. I., Oct. 8, 1899.
Sept. 15, 1900, Baeoor, P. I.
Sept. 22, 1900, Manila, P. I.

Sept. 17, 1900, killed in action at Mavitac, P. I.
Feb. 11, 1900, at sea, en route from Manila, P. I.

Aug. 14, 1900, killed in action, Tanauan, P. I.

Apr. 8, 1900, Chicago, 111.

Aug. 15, 1900, killed in action, Pekin. China.

Nov. 6, 1899, Hot Springs, Ark.

Jan. 29, 1900, killed in action near Subig, P. I.

Nov. 22, 1899, Iloilo, Panay, P. I., of wounds re-
ceived in action at Pavia, P. I., Nov. 21, 1899.

Feb. 6, 1900, Sogod, Cebu, P. I. , of wounds received
in action near Sogod, P. I., Feb. 4, 1900.

July 29, 1900, Manila, P. I.

Jan. 18, 1900, Fort Bayard, N. M.
Dec. 26, 1809, Bautista, P. I.
Mar. IS, 1900, Fort Iluachuca, Ariz,, of wounds re-
ceived in action at Caloocan, P. I., Feb. 10, 1899.
Nov. 26, 1899, killed in action, Passi, Panay. P. I.
Aug. 28, 1900, killed in action, Villavieja, P. I.

Aug. 11, 1900, Silay, Nogros, P. I.
Nov. 25, 1899, l»hiladelphia. Pa., of wounds re-
ceived in action near Angeles, P. I. , Aug. 16, 1899.

Feb. 3, 1900,"Bath, Steuben County, N. Y.
Jan. 2, 1900, Washington, D. C.

74 BEPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

L. — RetiremerUfij resignatiotiSy deatfis, etc. — Continued.

Name and rank.

DEATHS, OPPICKRS ON THE RETIRED LIST— COnt'd

Brown, Andrew M., captain

Casey, james S., colonel

Connolly, Thomas, captain

Crawfom, Alexander McL., first lieutenant

Elderkln, William A.. colonel

Elliott, George H., colonel

Gallupe, George 8., captain

Gelray, Joseph W., captain

Goodfoe, Archibald H., captain

Goodwin, William P., captain

Gross, Louis H. , first lieutenant

Hamilton, John, colonel

Hammond, William A., brigadier-general

Huntington, David L., lieutenant-colonel

Johnson, Lewis, major

King, Albert D., captain

Lester, Charles U., captain

Lewis, John R., colonel

Lyman, Wyllys, major

McBlair, John H., first lieutenant

Palmer, innlsN., colonel

Prime, Frederick E., major

Roe, Charles F., captain

Russell, Albert J., captain

Sharp, Frederick D., captain

Snyder, James A., captain

Stanton, Thaddeus H., brigadier-general

Stiles, Daniel F., captain

Tisdall, William N.. captain

Tower, Z. B., colonel

Towle, George F., captain

Upham, Frank K., captain

wells, Daniel T., maior

Wilkins, John D., colonel

Date.

Dec. 29, 1899, San Francisco. Cal.
Dec. 24, 1899, New York, N. Y.
May 28, 1900, Lorin, Cal.
Oct. 19, 1899, Hamptonburg, N. Y.
Jan. 1, 1900, Middletown, N. Y. •
Mar. 23, 1900, Marmion, Va.
Apr. 5, 1900, Pittsburg. Pa.
Mar. 10, 1900, Boston, Mass.
Nov. 27, 1899, Lexington. Ky.
Dec. 13, 1899, Madison, Wis.
Sept. 2, 1900, Eldorado, 111.
July 15, 1900, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Jan. 6, 1900, Washington, D. C.
Dec. 20, 1899, Rome, Italy.
Sept. 23, 1900, Jalapa, Mexico.
Apr. 14, 1900, Lancaster, Ohio.
Oct. 27, 1899, New York. N. Y.
Feb. 8, 1900, Chicago. 111.
Feb. 1, 1900, Philadelphia, Pa.
Dec. 3, 1899, Washington. D. C.
Sept. 10, 1900, Chevy Chase, Md.
Aug, 12, 1900, Litchfield. Conn.
July 17, 1900, Horseheads, N. Y.
Apr. 15, 1900, Sierra Madre, Cal.
Sept. 27, 1900, Kansas City, Mo.
June 28, 1900, Washington, D. C.
Jan. 23, 1900, Omaha, Nebr.
Sept. 11, 1900, Oklahoma, O. T.
Nov. 18, 1899, Wayne, Pa.
Mar. 20, 1900, Cohasset, Mass.
June 21, 1900, London, England.
Oct. 17, 1899, Santa Monica, Cal.
Nov. 27, 1899, Detroit, Mich.
Feb. 20, 1900, Washington, D. C.

Officers of the United States Volunteers v^fio liave died between July i, 1899y and October

i, 1900.

Name and rank.

Armstrong, Frank C, major-surgeon. Thirty-sec-
ond Infantry.

Bentley, George H., captain. Forty-seventh Infan-
try.

Bowman, Daniel T., first lieutenant. Thirty-sev-
enth Infantry.

Brown, William, captain. Forty-fifth Infantry

Burchard, Easton, first lieutenant, assistant sur-
geon. Fortieth Infantry.

Cilley, Jonathan, first lieutenant. Forty-third In-
fantry.

Crenshaw, Frank F., captain, Twenty-eighth In-
fantry.

Danner, James D., second lieutenant, Twenty-
eighth Infantrj'.

Davis, Julian L., second lieutenant. Thirty-sixth
Infantry.

Edmonston, Raphael A., first lieutenant, assistant
surgeon. Thirty-fourth Infantry.

Evens, John H., first lieutenant, Forty-third Infan-
try.

Femald, Roy L., second lieutenant, T\i'enty-sixth
Infantry.

French, Cnarles, captain. Thirty-sixth Infantry

Galleher.John B., first lieutenant. Fortieth Infan-
try.

Heatwole, Joseph H., major, commissary ol sulwist-
ence.

Huston, Robert B., captain, Forty-seventh Infan-
try.

Jackson, George L., second lieutenant, Forty-sev-
enth Infantry.

Date.

Dec. 4, 1899, Manila, P. I.

Aug. 28, 1900, Camalig, P. I., of wounds received in

action near Camafig, Aug. 21, 1900.
Jan. 9. 1900, Manila, P. I.

Aug. 17, 1900, killed in action, Salvacien, P. I.
Sept. 2, 1900, transport Grant, Nagasaki, Japan.

June 13, 1900, Manila, P. I.

Aug. 28, 1900, Alanta, Ga., of wounds received in

action at Papaya, P. I., June 5, 1900.
Sept. 27. 1900, near Manila P. I.

Nov. 11, 1899, killed in action near Bamban, P. I.

June 2, 1900, Manila, P. I.

May 11, 1900, killed in action, Matagiano, Samar,

Sept. 1, 1900. Jalaur River, near Pototan, P. I.

Oct. 31, 1899, Manila, P. I., of wounds received In
action at Florida Blanca, P. I., Oct. 29. 1899.

Feb. 23, 1900, transport Tartar, San Miguel Bay,
P. I., of wounds received in action at Libma-
nan, P. I., Feb. 20, 1900.

July 6. 1899, Santiago, Cuba.

July 0, 1900, Manila, P. I.
May 21, 1900, Manila, P. I.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GEMEKAL COMMANDING THE ABMT. 75

Offuxm of tlie Vnited StaUt VolanUert who liaee died, etc. — Continued,

Na..«.ndrah..

Dale.

lAngwortby, Samuel R., captain, Thlrty-flflh In-

Lee, Orison P..eaptaln,Forty-fltlh Infantry

LosBD.John A., malor, Thlrty-thiid infantry

Feb.«,191»,Baliuae.Luwm

Jtme 10, two, near Albay. P,
NoY.ll, ISM. killed In a^ilo
HoY.16.1gB9,AKD0Klver.P,

P.I.

. San Jactnlo, P. I.

McLoughiiQ, James B.. second lieutenant, signal

McNabb. Lewis U., captaiD. Forty-ninth Infantry..
Toncray, James P., Bret lleulenant, Thtrly-slxth

Wagner, Mai, second lieutennot. Twenty *lith In.

Wamh, John K..setond lieu tenani, Thirty. nlnih

Weber, LoulB P., second lieutenant, Forty-second

Wetoler^oracB.firallteulenaut, Forty-second In-

Whlte, Grant A., first lieutenant. Thirty-third In-
fantry.

July 8, 18B9, Santiago, Cab*.

Not. ;. ISW, Jetteiwn Barnu
Feb, 3, 1900, Manila, P. I,

Ocl. 1, lOOO, killed In action

kg. Mo.
e»rPavla,P.I.

Feb, ■«. 1900, Manlla,P.I.
Mar, 9, 1900, Calamba, P. I.
July 7, 1900, Manila, P. I.

Apr. 10, 1900, Angaque, P. I.

Jan. 24, 1900, Manila. P. I.

M. — Death* in the PhUippine lalandg between February 4, 1899, and June SO, 1900.

Killed.

„«..

Acci-
dent.

„.„.

Suicide

Murder

,»,.

Wounded

i
1
3

1
1

as™:::

,J!

.'.i

i.a»5

o—au«i.

470

101

I »

■a

■"

I,!W9

;,07<i

H. C. CORBIH.

76 BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL OOBCMANDING THE ABMY.

N. — Table showing strength of volurdeer forces called into service of the United States dur^

OiKauization.

Mustered iu.

Date.

Place.

Mustered out.

Date.

Major-Renerals

Brigadier-generals

Adfutant-G e n e r al' s De-

partment
Inspector-General's De-
partment

Judge- Advocate-General's
Department

Quartermaster - General's
Department

Subsistence Department . .

Medical Department

Pay Department

Engineer Department

Orofnance Department

Signal Corps

Total general officers^
and staff

Alabama Volunteer In-
fantry:

First.

Second

Third 1.

Arkansas Volunteer In-
fantry:

First

Second

California Volunteer In-
fantry:

First

Sixth

Seventh

Eighth

May 9-24, 1898 .,
Mayl6-Junel4,

1898.
June 4-Aug. 5,

1898.

May 14-20, 1898. .
May 14-26, 1898. .

California Volunteer Ar-
tillery:

Field and staff

Battery A

Battery B

Battery C

Battery D

Colorado:

First Volunteer Infan-
try.
First Volunteer Bat-
terv.
Connecticut Volunteer In-
fantry:
First

May 6, 1898

May 11, 1898...

May 9, 1898

July 6-9, 1898..

May 9, 1898..

May 10, 1898.
do

Third

Connecticut Volunteer Ar-
tillery:

Light Battery A

Heavy Battery B

Heavy Battery C

District of Columbia Vol-
unteer Infantry:
First

May 1,1898..
July 18, 1898.

Mobile, Ala.
do

.do

Little Rock, Ark...
do

San Francisco, Cal.

Fruitvllle.Cal

Oct. 31,1898
do

San Francisco, Cal

.....do

Denver, Colo
do

May 17-July 14,

1898.
July 2^, 1898....

May 19, 1898.

....do

Connecticut..
Niantic, Conn

.do
.do
.do

May 10-17, 1898. . 1 Washington, D. C
^ Colored troops.

Mar. 20,1899

Oct. 26,1898
Feb. 25,1899

Sept. 21,1899
Dec. 16,1898
Dec. 2, 1898
Feb. 6,1899

Sept. 21,1899

Jan. 30,1899
Feb. 3, 1899
Sept. 21,1899

Sept. 8,1899
Nov. 7, 1898

Oct. 31,1898
Mar. 20,1899

Oct. 26,1898
Dec. 20,1898
Oct. 29,1896

Nov. 20,1896

Place.

Birmingham, Ala. .
Montgomery, Ala. ,

Annlston, Ala

Little Rock, Ark..,
Anniston, Ala

San Francisco. Cal
Fort Point, Cal . . .
Los Angeles, Cal . .
California and
Washington.

San Francisco, Cal,

do ,

Angel Island, Cal.,
Fort Canby, Wash
San Francisco, Cal,

Fort Hancock.N.J

Hartford, Conn

Savannah, Ga

New Haven, Conn.
Bridgeport, Conn .
New Ha veil, Conn.

Washington, D.C

REPOBT OB LIEUT. QEITEBAL COIfMANDINO THE ABHT. 77
ing Ihe tmr luUk Spain, with loua from aU cauta, etc., a* nhown hy mutUT-oiit roBi.

""Si'—

strength

„.„

Lo««wbUoin«rvi.e.

S'lSte^'t'iriS.

Offlcen.

Died.

Offlci-™.

M*D.

Offlcon.

Men.

OtliMn.

Men.

IDt

i
i

10
20

IM
120

128

108

"i.'SM

1,329

ol.OlO

1,329

a2H

1,010

1,3^0

I.IRS

i.ao

i.'sa

60
48

1,0S9

1,2(7
MS

137

1,106
157

87
fiS

i,aae

l,17»

i,m
aw

9B7

1
1

78 SEPOBX OP LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDmG THE ABMT.

S.~T(Ak tluwing strength 0/ volutUeer forces called into tervice of the UniUd Slates during

Losses

wbU

^.oser,

Ice.

omcora.

EnlUled men.

Died,

1
1
S

DlBChBIgC-l.

Died.

1
S

i
J

100
109

Intperlor-GBiieritrs De-

Judge- Aa vo«ito -Q eneral 'b

QUBnermul^r - Oeaenrii 1

1,2W

....

1,2«

Atabanift VoluDWer In-

'18

IS
3M

16
1

"S..™"."".."!.

fanlry:

■i-

QilKornla Volunteer Ar-
tlllepT:

s
1

4fi

40
IBS

...

■

try.

ConnecSeiit Volunteer In-

8
32

11
....

Blslrtct of n-ilumblfl Vol-
unteer Inlsnlry:

■ Colored troopK.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARXT. Y9

the ii-ar laUh ^paln, icUk himai from all eawie», eir. , as »hoimi by miaUT^ut toUs — Cont'd.

Lw*tx whlk
la sen-lcu.

Kniiale-imen

ncled

Service bujoiKl the Cnjted Btatea.

Pltce.

Date.

w.™.

LeaTlnE Xbe

eign counlrj-.

LceTiQK tor-
el^ councry.

Betunied lo
SlaUa.

1,3»

i.a»

•

18G

. i

...J , .

SIR

miippinGlddB

Mar 3S,U>a June 30,1898 Juljr 2fi.l8W

Aug. 24,1899

l'h!llpplnelBHii| Ort. 1B.1S99

s^^.im ' Jui,_^«.,««

....

PhlllppinaWcU

Oct. IT.lMfl
June l\im

Nov. a.lSW Juljr 26,1KB9

Aug. -n.im

[ !

...i ;

Aiig.ai,1898l

Lba

July 8,1898'

July 9.1898'

AU8,-A1898>

d July 25, 1898: wiled from Pottu K

80 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

N. — Table f^howimj Htren0h oj r oh mteer forces called Into sermce of the United States during

Organization.

Delaware Volunteer In-
fantry:
First!

Do.«

Florida Volunteer Infan-
try:

First*

Do.*

G^eorgia Volunteer Infan-
try:

First

Second

Third

Georgia Light Artillery:

Batteries A and B

Idaho Volunteer Infantry:

First

Illinois Volunteer Infantry

First

Second

Third

Fourth

Fifth

Sixth

Seventh

Eighth^

Ninth

Illinois Volunteer Cavalry;

Firet

Illinois Light Artillery:

Battery A

Indiana Volunteer In-
fantry:
One hundred and fifty-
seventh.
One hundred and fifty-
eighth.
One hundred and fifty-
ninth.
One hundred and six-
tieth.
One hundred and six-
ty-first.
Firsts (Companies A
and B).
Indiana Volunteer Bat-
teries:

Twenty-seventh

Twenty-eighth

Iowa Volunteer Infantry:

Forty-ninth

Fiftieth

Fifty-first *..

Fifty-second

Iowa Volunteer Batteries:

Fifth

Sixth

Kansas Volunteer Infan-
try:

Twentieth

Twenty-first

Mustered in.

Date.

May 9-19, 1898...
do

May 20-25, 1898.,
do

May 11-14, 1898..
do

Aug. 24, 1898...

May 13-15, 1898

May 7-18, 1898 .

May 13, 1898 . . .
May 16,1898 ...
May 7-10, 1898 .

May 19-20, 1898.
May 4-9, 1898...
May 11, 1898....
May 18, 1898....
July 12-21, 1898.
July 4-11, 1898..

May 20-21, 1898..
May 12,1898 ....

May 10, 1898 . . . .

May 12, 1898 . . . .
do

July 11-13, 1898.-
July 15,1898 ....

May 10, 1898.
May 12, 1898.

June 2,1898....
May 17-18. 1898.
May 30, 1898....
May 25, 1898....

Julv8,1898
do

May 9-13, 1898
May 12-14, 1898

Place.

Middletown, Del
do

Tampa, Fla.

Griffin, Ga
do.-..

Boise, Idaho

Springfield, 111.
do

.do

.do
.do
.do
.do
.do
.do

Springfield, HI.

Indianapolis, Ind.

do •

.do
.do

Des Moines, Iowa.

.do
.do

Topeka, Kans
do

Mustered out.

Date.

Nov. 16,1898
Dec. 19,1898

Dec. 3, 1898
Jan. 27,1899

Nov. 18,1898
Nov. 22-Dec.

8,1898.
Apr. 22,1899

Oct. 17,1898

Sept. 25,1899

Nov. 17,1898
Apr. 26,1899
Jan. 13-24,

1899.
May 2, 1899
Oct. 16,1898
Nov. 25,1898
Oct. 20,1898
Apr. 3, 1899
May 20.1899

Oct. 11,1898

Nov. 25,1898

Nov. 1,1898
Nov. 4.1898
Nov. 23. 1898
Apr. 25,1899
Apr. 30,1899
Jan. 20,1899

Nov. 25,1898
Oct. 31,1898

May 13,1899
Nov. 30,1898
Nov. 2, 1899
Oct. 30,1898

Sept. 5,1898
do

Oct. 28,1899
Dec. 10,1898

Place.

Wilmington, Del
do

Tallahassee, Fla
Huntsville,Ala.

Macon, Ga.
Georgia

Augusta, Ga

Griffin, Ga

San Francisco, Cal.

Chicago, 111
Augusta, Ga
lUinoLs

Augusta, Ga . . .
Springfield, 111.

Chicago, 111

Augusta, Ga . . .

Fort Sheridan, 111.
Danville, 111

Indianapolis, Ind.

Savannah, Ga

Chickamauga, Ga

Indianapolis, Ind .
do

Savannah, Ga

Des Moines, Iowa. .
San Francisco, Cal
Des Moines, Iowa..

.do
.do

San Francisco, Cal.
Fort Leavenworth,
Kans

'Companies A, C, £,

Kans.

1 Companies C, D, E, F, H, I, K, L. «Companlea A B. G, M.

H, I, K, L, M. « Companies B, D, F, G. » Colored troops.

BBPOBT OF LIBUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMT. 81

Ihe viT icith Spain, wUh ioageajnim nil ruium, eli;, iiti thovm by mttster-trnt mUs — Cont'd.

Lo»e«whik-in«rvl<.e.

«™,«.>.»-

StreiiBth al m'uf

counlod lor on
mimer-oul roll.

om™^.

■s

Vli-A.

».,„.

Men.

0^.

„,„.

„...„.

Ucn.

see

s»

977

Af.

1,185

..«6

fid

1,226

872
877

i.-m

7«

106

96S

M
BO

4r>

860

iliso
i.xa

i,235
106

M
B6

i;Im
i;244

I.SSH
1.817

1,M4

ilsia

109

■

'''"]'

.......

WAR 1900 — VOL 1, FT III—

82 KEP08T OF LIEUT. QENKBAL COMMANDING THE ABHY.

'S.^TiMf nkow'mg atrengib of vohatteer forces called into eervice of the Vniied ^atet during

Losws while in »ervl--o.

Omwrs, 1 EnLiJted men.

Die<1,

DJMherjred.

Died. 1

Orgiinlzadon,

1.
o

UelHwaro Volu nicer In-
fantry:

riortlU Volunleer InlBn-
'^^V

_..

Oeornis VoluiitCBT Intan-
•^^ii™.

■;

7
10

■si

33
U
6»
TS

e
»

la
u

....

1S3
20

9
117

"° Kl^t"'"""™' 'nf^'"')':

■

llliuoiB Volunteer IntonOy

... 1

IlHnolB Volunteer Cavalry;

iiii.»"Uh"i"Ani"ri^V""

Indiiina-V?.lunw;illita-

"onehnndredandlUt}'-

OnehimdredAiidntly-

Onehundred and ntty-

....

11 .

■'-

— 1

ly-llrst.
tlistl (Companliv A

„„„..r?ii™i„ ».„.

lorlwt
Twonly-iievenlli

I,wJ'^-X?.'Slr''£iinl.W

:::

:::;

Fili''li^a

lown Valiuile(irBiLtteHe«:

KaiutBA VolDnleoT In fan try

•s

M6
23

«-

■Colored troopa.

BEPUBT Of LIEUT. GENERAL OOMMANDING THE ABMY. 83
•r tniih Spain, with Unuafrom nil oaiae», etc., as ih<mn bg mtuUr-tnU roUt — Cont'd.

LoiBei while

Enllmedmen

Wounded

Scrrtce twf and tbc United SUXm.

i
1

Place.

I>.te.

Where.

UnlUM fitalts.

ArrlvHl In (or-
olgn country.

Living for-
eign country.

Rbtumed to

1«

S78
US

2»
W

71
272
IS

SSI
SB

CuU

'"■ "•"

Jan. 18,1809

Mar. 16,1899

PhlUpplnetildi

,...„,,»

Julf 1,1888
Dec. 9,1S9B
jQlj 28,1898

Jan. i.\m

July 31,1898

July 9. 1898
Deo. I^IKW
July 31, 1898

July 30,1869

Aug, 2fi,lS98
Mar. 80,1899
Not. 4,1898

Apr. 4,]S99

Aug. 29. IBM

PorWBico

nSt'. 9; 1898

PorWHiEO

July 10,18W

July 25,1898

Sept. 7,1898

Sept. ia.l8W

JaT s;i89B

Aug. I6.1I«H
_Jfln. 6,1898

Mar. ID, 1899
Apr. 19,1809

ssaffl

Porto Rico

July a8,lBl«

Aog. 4,1SB8

Sept. IS, ISM

Cnb«

J«n. 8, ISM
Dec I8,l»»5

Jan. 10, ISM
D«. I5,l»9«

Mar. !S,1SM

M 291899

Mar. B1,1SB9

PonoRico

July 28.1888

Aug. 4,1898

Sept. B,1S98

ScpL 15,1898

Cuba

Dee. lfl,lSW

Dec 22,1898

Apr. 6, J899

Apr. H,18M

Philippine Islds

Not. a, IBM

Sept. 22.1899

Oct. 22,1899

120

PblllpplnelfildB

Ool. 37, IBM

Not. 30.1898

flepL 8,18M

Ocl. 10,189»

84 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

N. — l\;hl(' shov/nig strength of volunteer forces called into service of the United States during

Organization.

Kansas Volunteer Infan-
try—Continued.
Twenty-second

Twenty-third i

Kentucky Volunteer In-
fantry:

First

Second

Third

Fourth

Kentucky Volunteer Cav-
alry:

A and B

Louisiana Volunteer In-
fantry:

First

Second

Louisiana Volunteer Bat-
teries:

A, B, andC

Maine Volunteer Infautrj*:
First

Maine Volunteer Artillery:
Batteries A. B, C, and D

Maryland Volunteer In-
fantry:
First

Fifth

Massachusetts Volunteer
Infantry:
Second

Fifth

Sixth

Eighth

Ninth

Massachusetts Volunteer
Artillery:

First

Michigan Volunteer In-
fantry:

Thirty-first ,

Thirty-second

Thirty -third..
Thirty-fourth,

Mustered in.

Date.

Place.

May U-17, 1898.
July 2-19, 1898 .

June 1-10, 1898. .
May 14-25,1898..
May 21-31,1898..
July 4-27. 1898...

May 28, 1898.

Mav 8-18, 1898..
May 11-26, 1898.

July 6-7, 1898..
May 10-26, 1898.

May 17-July 20,
1898.

May 16-Junc 29.

1898.
May 14,1898 ....

May 8-10, 1808..

June 30-July 2,

1898.
Mav 12-13, 1898.
May 11-11, 1S98.
May 9-12, 1898..

May 9, 1898.

Thirty-fifth

Minnesota Volunteer In-
fantry:

Twelfth

Thirteenth

Fourteenth

Fifteenth

Mississippi Volunteer In-
fantr>':

First

Second

Mav 8-11. 1898 .
May Il-M,l.s98

May 13-20, 1898

Topeka, Kans.
do

Lexington, Ky

Lexington, Ky .

N«w Orleans, La.
do

New Orleans, La.
Augusta, Me

.do

Maryland ..
IMmlico, Md

South Framing-
ham, Mass.
do

.do
.do
.do

Fort Warren, Mass.

Island Lake, Mich
do

.do

Mnv 17-June 2, d<»

1898. I
Jul V l»-25. 1898 do

May 6-7, 1898 ... St. Paul, Minn

Mav 7. 1898
May 8, 1898 . . .
■ July 9-18, 1898

Third.

.do
.do
.do

May 16-26, 1 K98 . J ac k.^on , M iss .
May SO^une s, do

1898. I
July 22-Aug. 4. , do

1898.

J Colored troops.

Mustered out.

Date.

Nov. 3, 1898
Apr. 10,1899

Feb. 24,1899

Oct. 31,1898

May 16,1899

Viib. 12,1899

Oct. 14,1898

0<-t. 3, 1«98
Apr. 18,1899

Nov. 12,1808

Oct. 2o-Dec.
13, 1898.

Mar. 31,1899

Feb. 28,1899
Oct. 22,1898

Nov. :i, 1898

Mar. :U,1899

Jan. 21.1899
Apr. 28,1899
Nov. 26,1898

Place.

Fort Leavenworth,

Kans.
do

Louisville, Ky .
Lexington, Ky
Savannah, Ga .
Anniston, Ala .

Lexington, Ky ...

Jacksonville, Fla
Savannah, Oa . . .

New Orleans, La.
Maine

Savannah, Ga

Augusta, Ga . . .
Baltimore, Md.

Springfield, Mass
Greenville, S. C . .

Boston, Mass

.....do

Nov. 14,1898 Massachusett.M...

May 17,1899
Oct. 25-Nov.

9, 1898.
Nov. 9,1898-

Jan.6,1899.
Nov. 24, 1898-

Jan. 2,1899.,
Mar. 31,1899 I Augu.sta,Ga

Savannah, <Jft

Michigan

....do

Nov. 5. 1898 New Ulm, Minn . .
Oct. 3,1899 , .San Franci.-H'O.Cal.

Nov. 18,1898 I St. Paul, Minn

Mar. 27, 1899 Augusta, Ga

Dec. 20,1898
.....do

Mar. 17,1899

Columbia, Tenn
do

Albany, Ga

REPORT OK LIEITT. OKNERAI, COMMANDING THE ARHY. 85

the war wiUi ^ain, iinlh loetetfrom nil cauien, eli:, at lAoum by mvtter-md roito— Cont'd.

«,...

Losses while In wrrlce.

""as.""'

rai«er-outroR

Officer*.

Died.

Offl<:cri.,

omcem.

„.„.

Offlccrs.

Men.

1
1

«
9

in
m

'wi

4C5

1,230
SM
SM

701

1,280

9
46

46
46

IG
'I

45
46

1,230
1,222

197

1.070
1.229

1.234
1,159

1.118

9B2

1,22::

491

9
16

51
47
58

1,286

1,283
i;2U

i;i46

1,SM

1.259
1.287
1.308

i,m

1.CTO

::}:

■;

■'

■;

;

8G REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDIMG THB ARMY.

S.— Table thawing »tra)^o/ volunteer /orcei called into service of the United Statet during

Losws while In service. 1

Offleer..

Enlisted men. |

Diea.

DitKl. 1

t
1

i
1

5
la

i
1

Kuutu VolooWec Id[«q-

... .

KenWcky*'voluti»ir in-

Kentucky Vofunlcer Car-

,iJ

... 1

Louleiana Volunteer Bil-

iCTiES:

]Ib1u4 Volunteer InfftDliy;

5
U

■!

6
2

3fi

22
IS

""■Gsaswg'te

Maryland Volunteer In-

FifUi

[

HunchuKtU Volnnteer

"iSSi

Ifl

....

110

18
33

>^§r''"'-"

Michigan Voinnleer In-

Ml IS

iBnlry:

1«

"i"

IIMnlppi Volunteer In-

1 1

REPORT OK LiEUT,- OENERAL COMMAKDINO THE ARMY. 87

Ihe vxir until Spain, viUh loteetfrom all cnuKt, etc., n* ehmim by musler-oui roUg— Cont'd,

L.WSMWhill-

MemorKDda.

EiiU.r«lin..n.

nd.d

Btrvlce beyonil Ihe United StuUw.

1
1

Plfloe.

llUc.

w.....

is-^s..

Arrival in for-
eign country.

Lraving for-
eign country.

Rptumert lo

the United

SlateB.

848

108
100

laa

Cob.

Aug. 2ft, 1888
Aug. a. IBM

Aug. 81,1898
Aug. 10,isg8

Uar. 1, 1899
Dec 6,1888

Mar 5 1899

Porto KlGo

Jan. 18.1SW

Jan. 21.1889

Apr. S.188B

Apr. 10,1899

IMe. -u.iim

IH!C. *.J7,I89S

M.r. 20,1»W

Jan. 17,1898

Jan. »,1899

Mat, 9,1899

■41

June li.lS9H

June 22.1898

Aug. 21,1M8

Aug. 28, 1888

PortoEim

July B,1S88
Jan. 7,181N
JuiicM,iBB8

July 25,1898
July i;i«98

Ocl. 21,1898
Apr. t, 1899
Aug. 26, 1598

Oct. 27.1888
Apr. ie:i89U

Jan. 27.1899

Feb. 1,1899

Apr. 13,1899

....

Cuba

Juno 23,1809
June M, 1898

June 3H. 1888
J>me 80,1898

Aug 21 189S

Al 17 1898 ' A,.^ M IROH

Philippine iHldi

June £7,1898

July si.isge

Aug. 11.1899

SepL 7,1888

88 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY

N. — Table ahowhuj strength of volunteer forces called into service of the United Stales during

Organization.

Mustered in.

Date.

Place.

Misaouri
fan try:
First.

Volunteer In-

Second

Thinl..
Fourth
Fifth . .
Sixth . .

May 13. 1898 . .
May 12, 1898..

Missouri Light Artillery:
Battery A

May 14. 1898....
May 16, 1898....
May 18. 1898...,
July 20-Aug. 6,
1898.

Montana Volunteer In-
fantry:

First

Nebraska Volunteer In-
fantry:

First

Second

Third

Nevada Volunteer In-
fantry:

Battalion

Nevada Volunteer Cavalry

First Troop

New Hampshire Volunteer
Infantry:

First

New Jersey Volunteer In-
fantry:

First

Second

Third

Fourth

New York Volunteer In
fantry:
First

May 9, 1898

Second
Third..

May {>-10, 1898

May 9-10, 1898 .,
May 9-14, 1898 . .
July 1-17, 1898 .

July 19-22, 1898..
June 8, 1898

May 8-14, 1898.

May 5-12. 1898...
May 13-16, 1898..
May 11-13. 1898. .
July 7-24, 1898 ..

Jefferson Barracks,

Mo.
Jefferson Barracks,

Mo.

Mustered out.

Date.

.do

Helena, Mont.

Lincoln, Nebr.
do

Omaha, Nebr.

Carson City, Nev. . .
Cheyenne, Wyo

Concord, N.H

May 20, 1898 . . .
May lC-17, 1898.
May 17, 1898....

Eighth

Ninth

Twelfth

Fourteenth

Twenty -second

Forty-seventh

Sixty-fifth

Sixty-ninth

Seventy-first

Two hundred and first.

Two hundred and sec-
ond.

Two hundred and thinl
New York Volunteer Cav-
alry:

Troop A

Troop C

New York Volunteer Ar-
tillery:

F(mrth Light Battery..

Fifth Light Battery...

Seventh Light Battery.

Sea Girt, N.J.

Hempstead, N. Y

....do

Peekskill,N.Y...

May 14-19, 1898.

Mav 17-21, 1898.. I do

May 13, 1898 ! do

May I.VIC), 1898. . I Hempstead, N. Y

May 24, 1898 ' do

.do do

Mav 17, 1898

May 19, 1898

May 10-12. 1898..
July lG-26, 1898..
July 19-Aug. 8,

1898
July 15-25, 1898..

May 20, 1898 ...
do

New York, N.Y....
Buffalo. N.Y

Oct. 31,1898

Feb. 27-Mar.

3, 1899.
Nov. 7, 1898
Feb. 10,1899
Nov. 9, 1898
May 10,1899

Nov. 30,1898

Oct. 17,1899

Aug. 2:^.1899
Oct. 24.1898
.Mav 11.1899

Oct. 29.1898
Nov. 15,1899

Oct. 31,1898

Nov. 4. 1898
Nov. 17, 1898
Feb. 11.1899
Apr. (;,lH9y

Feb. 20-20.

1899.
Oct. 25-Nov.

1.1898.
Nov. :iO-Dec.

10, 1898.
Nov. 3.1898
Nov. 15,1898
Apr. 20,1899
Oct. 27,1898
Nov. 23,1898
Mar. 31, 1899
Nov. 19,1898
Jan. 31,1899
Nov. 15,1898
Apr. 3, 1899
Apr. 15,1899

Place.

St. Louis, Mo

Albany, Ga

Kansas City. Mo
Greenville. S. C.
Kansas City, Mo.
Savannah, (ia . . .

Jefferson Barracks,
Mo.

San Francisco, ( 'a 1,

....do

Omaha, Nebr.
AugiLMta.(ia ..

Carwm City, Nev ..
San Francisco, (Jal.

Concord, N.H

Newark, N.J ..
Paterson.N. J..

Athens. Ga

GreenWlle.S.C

New York
do....

.do

Brooklyn, N.Y .
Fort Shwum, N.
Brooklvn,N. Y .
Buffalo, N.Y....
New York, N.Y.

Greenville, S.C.
Savannah, Ga . .

New York. N. Y . . . . Mar. 25, 1899 , Greenville. S. C . . .

Hempstead, N. Y . ,
do

July 27, 1898 .... New York. N. Y.

do I «lo

do ; K«M*hc-tcr. N.Y.

Nov. 28, 1898 I New York, N. 1 . . . ,
Nov. 25.1898 I Brooklyn, N.Y ....

Oct. 21,1898 New York, N.Y... .

Oct. 24,1898 ! do

Nov. 30,1898 i Rochester, N.Y... .

RKPORT OF LIEUT, QKNERAL COMMANDING THlT ARMY. 89

(lie war tcith Spuiii, with itmeiifroiii ull niamn, rfc, ax tlumii by miuier-oul toU» — Cont'd.

-r,s-

Total numbtmc-
mu81«r-oul roll.

L««.-,>,hllMn«rvto.

.«....„

Offlt-an.

Wed.

Offlc-em.

Mtn.

imiwTK.

Men,

oaictrs.

a™.

i«l

„

1,1T7

i,odo

1.2S7

!>/;

1.233

1,237

60
51
69

1,319

1 t,

-T

!'^

m
m

SI
1(M

46
46

1,0M

1,'JKi
l,i)07

405
1,302

i,a«)
i,a»

1,338

•JH

■

•

46 1 V4fi

63 1 l.:279 1 B

46
46

i;il4
»78
100

60 ,33»

•a

l,a7
I.23S

107

100
106

90 KEI'ORT *OF LIEUT. GKNEBAL COMMANDINO THK ARMY.

N. — Table ihounnff «CrKngth of rotunlei'r furifn iiil'.eil into service iif the United f^tex during

L.,^.,vM,

!....,».

omcen-

Eulb,ted mon. _ |

DlL-d.

ni«-haw.l.

DIeiI. 1

i
I

S
1

1
1

MtH««,rl>nl.nt«r Inta„-

-»■

17
17

....

2
....

232
3U

(»
30

IB
13

...

31 towurl Light AHlllciy:

Hontinn Volunteer Jn-

-S

30
b3

12
19

...

tmntij:

... 1

'"ii7Un

Nevudik Valun leer Ciiritlr>* :

]

Sow llamiBh^ Volunteer
llifmitry;

30
16

Kew Jbibb]' Votunlnr In-

■'■

..-

New York Volunteer In-
Iluitry!

........

Third

■i

...

—

•J-

New York Volunteer Chv-

...

KEPttRT Of LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. lU

Ihewaru-llh Spain, iBiih lottet from all cau»e», rfc., tu »hottn by miMtr-out rolU — Cont'd.

Ume* while
Inserrlce.

Bnllaledmeii.WDaiided

Sen'l™ bcyoiiU the United SWlen.

■s

i
I

39
29

2S
43

Place.

Date.

„,...

SS-KS.

Arrival In for-
eign i-Huntry.

Leaving for-
eign coilQlry.

Returned to
States.

IZl

Apr, 9.1899
Sept. 8,1898

Aug. 33, 1899
July 1,WM

Apr. 11,1899
Bept.lS.189S

8ept.2!.lBB9
July 29.1899

Porto si™

Phnipplnelild^

July 28,1SBS

July 18,1BBS
June 15,1898

Ai«. 4.1898

AUR. 24.1898
July 17.1898

111
IM

Dec. 80,1898

Ji.n. I.IWW

Apr. 7,1899

Apr. 1L!,1899

Philippine IbMs

Not. 6. ism

Dee 6 1898 ' Sn« og inn

Hawaiian bldn

Ang. B,lBe«

Aog. 14.1898

i7;

Dec. 80,1898

Jan. 1,1899

Mar. 2ll,!899

"97

l'i""l™

on. 10.1898

Oct. 10,1898

Mar. 4,1899

Mar. HI, \rm

201

aso

see

June 14,1898

June 2a. 1898

Auk, 8.1898

Aug. lMH9a

Diirili^-

Dec. 9.1898

Uar. 18.1899

Porto Hloo

July 28^1398

ABB. 2,1898

Bcpl 3,1S9H

8ept^0,1898

92 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

N. — Table shmving Htreiigth of volunteer forces called into service of the United States during

Organization.

North Carolina Volunteer
Infantry:

First

Second

Thlrdi

North Dakota Volunteer
Infantry:

First

Ohio Volunteer Infantry:

First

Second

Third..
Fourth
Fifth..

Sixth...

Seventh

Eighth .
Ninth » .

Tenth

Ohio Volunteer Cavalry:
First

Ohio Volunteer Artillery:
First Battalion

Oregon Volunteer In-
fantry:

Second

Oregon Volunteer Light
Artillery:
Battery A

Battery B

Pennsylvania Volunteer
Infantry:

First

Second

Third

Fourth
Fifth ..

Sixth..
Eighth
Ninth .

Tenth

Twelfth . . . .
Thirteenth .
Fourteenth.
Fifteenth...
Sixteenth ..

Eighteenth

Mustered in.

Date.

May 3-11, 1898..
May 9-27, 1898 ..
Mayl2-Julyl9,
1898.

May 13-16, 1898..

May 6-June 30,

1898.
May id-June SO,

1898.

May 9-16, 1898...
Mayll-June30,

1898
May i2-July 2,

1898
Mayl3-June30,

1898.

May 13, 1898

May 14-July 8,

1898.
July 1-7, 1898...,

May 9-11, 1898.,

May 11, 1898,

May 7-16,1898

July 1,1898...
July 26, 1898 ..

May 10-11, 1898.
May 10-13. 1898.
May 9-JuIy 22,

1898.
May 9-July 6,

1898
May li^uly 20,

1898.
May 10-13, 1898
May 11-12, 1898
May 11-July 12,

1898.
May 11-12, 1898
May 11-13, 1898
May 12-13. 1898..
May 12, 1898...
May 10-11, 1898..
Mayl0-Julyl8,

1898.
May li-13, 1898..

Place.

Raleigh, N.C....
do

Fort Macon, N. C

Fargo, N. Dak...
Columbus, Ohio
....do

.do
.do
.do

.do

.do
.do

Ohio..

Columbus, Ohio

Portland, Oreg

.do
.do

Mount Gretna, Pa.

Pennsylvania

.do
.do

Mustered out.

Date.

Mount Gretna, Pa

Pennsylvania ....

Mount Gretna, Pa .

Pennsylvania

Mount Gretna, Pa.

Apr. 22,lh99
Nov.3-25,1898
Jan. 31-Feb.
8, 1899.

Sept. 26, 1899

Oct. 26,1898

Feb. 10-15,

1899.
Oct. 26,1898
Jan. 20,1899
Nov. 6,1898

May 24,1899

Nov. 6, 1898

Nov. 21,1898
Jan. 28,1899

Mar. 23,1899

Oct. 22-24,
1898.

Oct. 21-23,
1898.

Place.

Savannah, Ga ..
North Carolina.
Macon, Ga

San Francisco, Cal .
Cincinnati, Ohio ..
Macon, Ga

Columbus, Ohio . . .

Cleveland, Ohio . . .

Augusta, Ga

Columbus, Ohio . . ,

Wooster, Ohio

Summerville, S. C. ,

Augusta, Ga
Ohio

Columbus, Ohio . . .

Aug. 7,1899 San Francisco, Cal.

Oct. 15,1898
Oct. 20,1898

Oct. 26,1898
Nov. 16,1898
Oct. 22,1898

Nov. 16,1898

Nov.7-11,1898

Oct. 17,1898
Mar. 7,1899
Oct. 29,1898

Aug. 22,1899
Oct. 29,1898
Mar. 11, 1899
Feb. 28, 1899
Jan. 31, 1899
Dec. 22-29,

1898.
Oct. 22,1898

Vancouver Bar

racks, Wash.
Portland, Oreg . . .

Philadelphia, Pa.

....do

Pennsylvania

.do

Augusta, Ga . .
Pennsylvania

San Francisco, Cal.

Pennsylvania

Augusta, Ga

Summerville, B.C..

Athens, Ga

Pennsylvania

Pittsburg, Pa

1 Colored tnx^M.

REPORT OV LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 93

Ou war wilh Spain, with lossetfrom all caiue*, etc., as ilunnn by munler'OtU toU* — Cont'd.

Us«a while in .-«t»lr;.

Strength

tfiTQUt

^rtiir^i!.

Offloen.

Dlwl.

1..

H30

i.213

i.a43

913

1,811

lift)

1,280

1.383

.10

,,».

106

■

10.

«»

..,

ion

loa

927

tD4

Ot REPORT OK LIEUT. GEKKBAL COMMANDING THK ARMY.

K, — Table ghott-ing iilraigtk of voluTiterr foreet caBtd into tervice qf the VniUdSlaUtdurmff

I^whUai^ service.

OKren.

Bnltsted men. 1

I'itfl-

DtjChBTBWl.

OrganliaUon,

1
II

P
1

•J6

115

6
10

n
10

7
2

148
10

liO
6

i
i

3«

...

Nnrth DulioM VdIuhLiit

"Sr:

Ohio Vol un IMF Itifaiilry:

Sepond '

. 1

21
10

4fi

...

Ohio Yoluntfei Cavslir^

Ohio Volunteer Anillerj- ;

Oretron Volunteer lu-
lantryr

„

OrcKon Volonlccr Ught

'^iXlJ?!"'" ''°"-^-

74
IB

rj3

...

Eighth

...

HEPOKT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 95

the mar wiOi fipnin, vntk fewsM from all tauga, etc., at »kown by mialer-out roUt — Cont'd.

'ta^'ic"' Memomnda.

Enlisted men. Woundwl

Service bejronfl (he Pnited SWUM.

1
1

PlBOU.

Dole.

Where.

^^^"^ur

ArTi™i \a tor-

Leaving lor-
etgn country.

Rclumea lo
the IJnlted

Ilfi
75

45
iJl
70

!>«. 8, IMS

Dec. 11,1888

Mar. 26,1889

18_

PtiUlpplDeLOda

June 28,1899

July 81,1898

July 30,1899

Aug. a9.189»

July W,1»B»

Aug. 1,1SB8

Oct. 30,1888

.Nov. 4.1819

Cub*

Dec. 30,1888

Jan. 3.1898

Apr. ai.lBBS

Apr. 26,1899

July 6,1888

Jul; 10,1818

Aus. W,l»98

Ai«. ^0,1898

■

PhUippinc iBlda

M«y ffi,lfi!t8

June ao,189g

,™,M-

July 12, 1898

■■"a"

. 09

Porto Blm

July n.l89S

Aug. 2.1898

fiepL 1.1898

Bept G,18ie

«1

Philippine I»Mb

June IS, 1888

JUljr 17,1888

July I.1B9B

Auc, 1,1899

....

■^

'*°'"""'"

■Juiy-KViiS

Oct. 10. 1899

Out. 17, IS98

96 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMT.

N. — Table showing strength of volunteer forces called into service of the United t^ates during

Organization.

Pennsylvania Volunteer
Oavftlrv*
Philadelphia City
Troop.

Governor's Troop

Sheridan's Troop

Pennsvlvania Volunteer
Artillery:

Light Battery A

Light Battery B

Light Bat terj' C

Rhode Island Volunteer
Infantry:
First

Rhode Island Volunteer
Artillery;
Light Batteries A and B

South Carolina Volunteer
Infantry:

First

Second

South Carolina Volunteer
Artiller>':
Heavy Battery

South Dakota Volunteer
Infantry:

First

Tennessee Volunteer In-
fantry:

First

Second

Third

Fourth

Texas Volunteer Infantry:

First

Second

Third

Fourth

Texas Volunteer Cavalry :

First

Utah Volunteer Artillery*:

Field and staff

Light Battery A

Light Battery B

Light Batter>' C

Utah Volunteer Cavalry:

First

Vermont Volunteer Infan-
try:

First

Virginia Volunteer Infan-
try:
Second

Third..
Fourth
Sixth 1.

Mustered in.

Date.

May 7, 1898

May 13, 1898
May 11, 1898.

May 6, 1898,
May 8, 1898.
May 6, 1898.

May 10-17, 1898..

June 26-28, 1898.

May 10-26, 1898..
May 14-Aug. 23,
1898.

May 21, 1898

May 12-19, 1898..

May 19-26, 1898.
May 7-24, 1898..
May 18-23, 1898.
July 1-13, 1898..

May 10-12, 1898.
May 11-13, 1898.
May 6-14, 1898..
July 8-30, 1898..

May 14, 15, 1898.

May 9, 1898..

July 14, 1898

May 12, 1898

May 16, 1898 .... Burlington. Vt

Place.

Mount Gretna, Pa

.do
.do

.do
.do
.do

Quonsett Point,
R. L

.do

Columbia, S. C
do

.do.:

Sioux Falls, S. Dak.

Nashville, Tcnn .

Knoxville, Tenn

A!Lstin,Tex...

Houston, Tex,

Austin, Tex...

Fort Douglas, Utah

.do

May 11-21. 1898.. Richmond, Va.

Mav 13-26. 1898 do

May9-25,1898 do

July9-Aug. 11, Virginia

1898.

^ Colored troops.

Mustered out.

Date.

Nov. 21, 1898

Nov. 16,1898

Nov. 19,1898
Nov. 27tl898
Nov. 28,1898

Mar. 30,1899

Oct. 26,1898

Nov. 10,1898
Apr. 19,1899

Feb. 4, 1899

Oct. 5, 1899

Nov. 23,1899
Feb. 8, 1899
Jan. 31,1899
May 6,1899

Apr. 18,1899
Nov. 9, 1898
Feb.6-24,1899
Mar.7-10,1899

Nov. 14,1898

Aug. 16,1899

Dec. 21,1898

Dec. 23, 1898

Place.

Philadelphia, Pa..

Harrisburg, Pa

Tyrone, Pa

Philadelphia, Pa . .

Pittsburg. Pa

Phoenixville, Pa...

Columbia, S.C.

Quonsett Point,
R. L

Columbia, 8. C
Augusta, Ga . .

Sullivans Island,
S.C.

San Francisco, Cal

Columbia, S.C.
Anniston, Ala .
Savannah, Ga .

Galveston, Tex

Dallas, Tex

Texas

San Antonio, Tex . .

Fort Sam Houston,
Tex.

San Francisco, Cal .

Angel Island, ("al . .

San Francisco, Cal.

Oct. 26-Nov. Vermont
7,1898.

Dec. 13-20, Virginia

1898.
Nov. 5,1898
Apr. 27,1899
Jan. 416-28,

1899. ' ,

Richmond, Va,
Savannah, Ga ,
Macon, Ga

RRFORT (*V LIEUT. OENKRAL COMMANDING THK ARMY.- 97

till' inir irillt S/Mi)i, willi Ioibu-k /nun nil niwo'ji, etc., iix nhoicii hi/ titlWf(T-ou( ro/fc — (loiK'il.

M6 : 16

Xi 46

)«24 m

WAR 1900 — VOL 1. IT III—

98 REPORT UK LIEUT. GENKRAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

II.— Ihtte thowing Hren^h of volunteer fnrceg called into tervice of the Umted fSatcx during

Loasea while jn wrvice.

Offlcew.

KnllBLed men.

Died.

Organization .

3
S

Philadelphia City
Troop.

"iSffie™" Volumes

i-....

Khode Island Volunten i

„

Bhode Island Volunliwr
AnillEiy:
Li([hlSaUi!rii»AanclB

South Carolina Volunl.>«r

2BB
151

South Carolina Volunlcer '
Arllllen:

South Daliola Volunteer

'•sn: 1 ,

TeniiMMfl Volunteer Id- 1
umry:

., L

...I'i'

TuMVulunlcerlnbnur:

h'i

TO ....

Teia" Volunteer CaTalrj':

7""rv;"

Vmli Vc.lunlccr Arlillery:

"a"

Utah Volunteer Cavalry:

•

^'i^lt,.

Vlnrinla Volunteer Infan-

^"""iTn

■s

RKPURT OV LIEUT. OENKRAL ODHHANDlNa THK ARVY. 99

Ihe vmr vnth Sjmiti, wilh loma from aU aitwet, dc., as iboivn hy mnster-imt roll»— Cont'd.

I^^^T

Enlisledmen

Wounded

Service befond the United Stalea.

FUce. 1 tMe.

Where.

Leaving the ArTlv«lln for-
Cnilfid Slalai. elpn oountry.

Leaving for-
eign country.

glalca.

Jul; 98. 1888 Aug. I. 18W

Sept 3, 1898

Bcpt. 8.1898

Sept 10,1899

Sept. 1S,1B9S

a4, tisS

Aug. 10,1898

3S
8

78
82

■m

3«

Jan. 3,1899

Jan. 6, 1899

Mar. 28.1890

Mar. 28,1899

PhtUpplneUdi

July 23,1898
Oft. SO, 1898

Aug. 21,18»
Nor. 29.1898

Aug. 11.1899
Oct. 8.1899

Sept. 7,1899
Not. 11,1899

Dee. S,USg

D«. 20,1898

iiV^. 28,1899
Mar. 25,1899

Apr. 1,1809
Apr. 2,1899

....; ! *.

PhmppineMd.

,„..^

Jnljr n,189B

July 1,1899

PhnipplneMdii

Juno 16,1898

July 1,1899

July 31,1899

^ 1 '■"

Cuba

<ba:.19.is96

'Dec.2l,lWI8 Mar. ar.lNW

'Company F nailed Irom Sava

.. December 13. )898: arrivedatHav

100 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

N. — Table shoivinfj i<tn ufjtlnff roluttleer /<trnff caUfd into .sv/wVr iff the I'niled Statt's during

Organization.

Washington Volunteer In-
fantry:

First

Battalion

West Virginia Volunteer
Infantry:

First

Second

Wisconsin Vt)lunteer In-
fantry:

First

Second

Third

Fourth

Wisconsin Volunteer Light

Battery.
Wyoming Volunteer In-
fantry:

First

Wyoming Volunteer Light

Battery.
U. S. Volunteer Engineers:
First

Second

Third.

U. S. Volunteer C-avulry:
First

Second
Third..

U.S. Volunteer Infantry:
First

Second
Third..

Fourth

Mustered in.

Date.

May 6-13, 1898.,
July 2-16, 1898.,

May 7-14, 1898.,
June26-July80,

1898.

May 14, 1898
May 12, 1898
May 11,1898
July 11, 1898
July 9, 1898.

May 7-10, 1898 .
June 16, 1898. . . .

June25-July 16,
1898.

June28-Julyl2,
1898.

July2r>-Aug.20,
1898.

May 1-21,1898.,

May 1-30, 1898 .
May 12-23, 1898.

May 25-June 4,

1898
June i5-26, 1898.
June 11-July 9,

1898
June 2-25,1898..

Place.

Tacoma, Wa.sh ,
do

Charleston, W. Vu
do

Milwaukee, Wis

Cheyenne, Wyo

Fifth June24-Julyl3,

1898.
Sixth June24-July 15.

1898

Seventh* , July fr-23, 1898 ..

Eighth 3 1 Jnne22-July 24,

I 1898.

Peekskill.N.Y ....

fOhio, Indiana, II-
linoi.M, Minne-
t*<)la, NebrasJca.*

Colorado, Utah,
California, Or e-

. gon.«

Jefferson Barracks,
Mo.

Texas, Indian Ter-
ritory .New Mex-
ico.

Cheyenne. Wyo

North Dakota,
South Dakota,
Montana, Ne-
braska.

Galveston, Tex

Covington, La
Macon, (Ja

Di.»*trict of Colum-
bia, Virginia,
West Virginia,
Maryland.

('olumbus, MiFSH

Mustered out.

Date.

Nov. 1,1899
Oct. 28,1898

Feb. 4, 1899
Apr. 10,lH9y

Oct. 19,1898
Nov.9-21.1898
Jan.4-17, 1899
Feb. 28,1899
Oct. 8, 1898

Sept. 23, 1899
do

Jan. 25,1899
May 10,1899

May 17.1899
Sept. 15, 1898

Oct. 24,1898
Sept. 8,1898

Oct. 28,1898

June 22. 1899
May 2, 1899

June 8, 1899

May 31,1899

Place.

Sun Francisco. Cal .
Vancouver Bar-
mcks, Wash.

Columbus, Ga .
Greenville, S. C

Wisconsin

Anni.<<ton, Ala ..
Milwaukee, Wis

San Francisco, Cal
do ,

New York, N.Y.
Augusta. Ga

San Francisco, Cal,

Fort McPherson,
Ga.

Montauk Point,
N. Y.

Jacksonville, Fla ..
Chickamauga.Ga. .

Galveston, Tex ...

Camp Meade, Pa. ,
Macon, Ga

Camp Meade. Pu. .

.do

Kentucky, Ten- Mar. 15,1899 I Savannah, Ga

nessce. I

Missouri Feb. 28, 1899 ' Macon-. Ga . . . .

New Jersev. Ten- i Mar. 6,1899 Chickamauga.Cta.

nessce. District '

of Columbia,

Kentucky, West |

Virginia.

» Headquarters A, B, C, D, E, I!*, G, and H.

«I,K,L,andM,

> Colored troops.

REPORT OF LIEUT, GENERAL CO.MMANDING THE ARMT. 101
miT vrith Spain, wilk loeietfrom all cautei, ftc, at ehtnm by nitMter-otd roU» — Cont'd.

hoaa while In service.

'""■■"u?l" '""■■'"

=!SKS.

OOcen.

S
1

1
1

Died.

OBIPCB.

„..

„...„.

M.n.

OfficerH.

M.„.

l
s

40
M

%7
9«4

B7S

1,DM

40
4&

769
1.039

t'.m

«5»

73
17

1.300

lisoi

'■i

i.m

■25

■

1.
«

1,U91

gso
va

981
9M

40
4fl

805
1,0»

936

fl7»
934

1.002
llOH

996

102 REPORT OF LIE0T. GENERAL OOSCMANDIKG THE ARICT.
K.—JWf nhmemg lirength vf votvnieer forfii caUed into *ervic« oflht Vntied SUOet dwring

L.™.m,,n^,„„. 1

"»""■

Et.ll»t6a men. |

Died. 1

1
1

1
o

"i '

Wn-'-hliigtoii Volunteer In-

1- e

wsg??~

WlKOiuln Vulnntcci In-

2 1....

Battery.
WyominK Volunteer In-

351

Il 1

•8

WgOTifnii Volunteer Ught

....l...

M
IS

239

lot

lie

S4
ad

338

225
93

IBS

ta
m

■8
1!

U
16

U.S. Volunteer CRTEUry:

C.S.VnlunleerlDtajitry:

a .

a«H.

1 .

Se nh'

....

REPOKT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMKANDIKO THE ARMY. 103

"nr vHk Spain, with Umetfroin all cauxa, etc., <u sAotcn by mu*ter-ovt rotlt — Cont'd.

irrjiS'

EHlinBrtmen

WotindcKl Bervl™ beyond Ihe United B1^U».

1
1

Place.

Dn.o.

LMVlag tbc

Arrival in lor-
elgu coiuitrj-.

LeoTlng lor-
elgncounlD'.

Ihe'uiili^j'

BWlH'.

88 , PhUlppmeMda

OM. 19,1888

Hov. 22,1898

Sept. S.1899

Ocl. 9.1899

1 :...,

Jolr 30, UW

July 20,1898 Sept. 8,1SW
July 28,1898 Oct. 22,1896

Sept. 1C18S8

..'

niltoplnelsldfl
Porto Rl«p

Aug. 10,1098

Not. «3,189a
Aug. 6, ISM

'FebilT^lSW
'Dec. a). 1898

•June 14.1898

July 31,1898
Ilec. 8,1898

Aug. Ifl, 1838

Kov. 25, 1898
Aug. 18.1898

Feb. 8, 1899
Fvb. I9,18»9
Dec. 22,1898

June 22. 1808

-■fl^.'do"'.!^.
Nov, 17.1898

«;: SS

Apr. 14,1899
Aus. 8,1898

Ang^,189»

Not. 24.1BB8

Apr. 1T,1M»
Apr. a8,l«»9

Apr. 17,1899

SS:

Aug, 14,1898

96
«D4

„

|;;"S::;;:::;::

July 28,1898
Aug. 1S,18W

Oct. 12.1898
Aug. 8,1896

Oct. lo.isse

ALlg. 6,1898
Aug. 17,1898

Oct. 18,1898

Ang. 12.1S9S
Oct. 16,1898

May 2ft,1899
May 11,1899

U«y 2,1899
Feb, 12,1899

Apr. Z,IB9»
May ia,]8»

M«y 10,1899

> Hcadqn&rters £, F, O, and H

104 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

N. — Table showing strength of volunteer forces culled into service of the United States during

Mustered in.

Mustered out.

Organization.

Date.

Place.

Date.

Place.

•

U. S. Volunteer Infantry-
Continued.
Ninth »

JunelS-JulylG,

1898.
July 2-22, 1898...

July 4-23, 1898...

New Orleans, I^a. . .

District of Colum-
bia, Virginia,
Georgia, South
Carolina, Flori-
da.

Arizona, Oklaho-
ma, Indian Ter-
ritory. New
Mexico.

May 25,1899
Mar. 8, 1899

Feb.l 1-15,1899

Camp Meade, Pa. . .
Macon. Ga

Tenth ^

Territorial Volunteer In-
fantry:
First

Albany, Ga

Total

1 Colored troops.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COSMANDINO THE ARMY. 105

ranrilh Spain, with losiie* froni all rauJtcc, etc., <m shoim bymustfT-<nU toU» — Coat'd.

Lo««- While ii.«;n'ire.

""''''""'"

strength Htmiu- Vo"nWd"lOT'f.r

, OtHflem.

1
1

Dl(d.

Omccn".

Ucm.

Men. Offlpcrs.

Men.

-1

lllJ

iWf,

S.970 173,717

K-m

18S,WI j 10.6fl§

00,211

I^DIS

106 REPOltT Of LIEUT. GENERAL OOSMANDINO THE ARMY.

a.— Table ilwiriu-j rjr.iujlh ••/ ruiunlirrjonvt miled iiilu Ki-iir,' iif III-- X'lhU-'l f^iiU:- -hirhig

LCWHV

.Ml

EnimiMl im-ri.

onii-em.

Died,

Illwh»rKP.l.

lllL^d.

OrKnuliiiLiaii.

1
-

1
1

v. fi. Volunteer Ii.ranir) —

■Jli

■;

»,.

TGnlloriAL Volunlcor lu-

2,8<11»

B.IW

1,M4

2£6

18,5&1

190

REPORr OP LIEUT. OEITBRAL OOMKANMNG THE AEMT. 107

the vMT mlh ^xxin, luith loBta/ran aU eaiuet, etc., at ttwum by mtuter-oul rolU — Cont'd.

Loeavs while

EnHMal meu.

Woundrf

aerrlce beyond tliu T^nlLed SUU».

Place.

Dftta.

Where.

Uavtnsthe
rnittdSwiM*.

ArtiTalln (or
elgn uountry.

Leaving for-
elgncouDtJT-

the United
SWtea

3&
39

Ang. IJ.ISBS

AUB. aa,i89a

Apr. 26,1899

>,a« M.m

1«

108 REPORT OF LIEUT. a£NEKA.L OOMHANDING THE AEICT.

N, — JWtfc thawing ttrength of volunleer firrt

I called itUo service of the VnUed Saten during
RECAPITULATION

Ulannil

Hon tana

Sew York

North Carolina..
Nortti Dakota. . .
Ohio

Pennsylvania. . .

Wc>4VttBtIlla..

WlK'nnrin

Wyoming

> On Ihc lines of the g
muiiti'r In." the total ni

■ From thin total nhnuM be dcdocted Uie n
the headlntiH, -' ProDKited " nr "Traiwlerred,
Imenu, or to other organlEatloii *

IB total h(

offlpfm, and no ae«)iimt
1 1ncludes 4Kt:gulBr A

LtTi'orpn. in the column under ihe beading, "Strength at
ilialcdleehiiwn, and in the eolumn under the hBuding,

■e Novembers), 1;

13 dedui-li-d H91. thin number haviag tn

REl-ORT OF tIElTT. OFNBBAL OOMMANDINO THK ARMY. 109

[he war wilk Spiiii, irith laiutrH from aU cnujwr, etc, at thoim by miater-out ro/i»— Cont'd,
BY HTATEH. ETC.

oniii-B..

l»U-rt.

,™.M,

.......

_..

EiiIIhU

Imcn.

Dfix^harged.

I'ti-d.

iiifl!

si
■■9"

1
61&

I
\\

... 15' 1 ... 1 ...

1 1

13 U

1 j.*j S

ll?!'

l»

1
J

6S
3»

i
1

Z7t

IM
ISO

) 2

:::;;:i

::: :1 ;;:,:::,:.

iJ -ii"

i |... 1

-.-' ■! '

T' I ■ .::::;

43S
IIB

232
IM

'■ii

I I

924

»u

\i 1 >»

' ' -

^ 31U
A IK!

■a IN

■>t» , IB5

■J-

12, 3

■no
w

}
1

809

...

■J 1

L'S

w
a:

206

'.'

-• 1 -■ ■

KM
1«8

770

23S

169
2,192

■-i

— 1 1

»; !<^

ri:

17 12

4. as

3 119 t l|a

■-■'-■■«!«■""

,Mi

266

■18,664 jlW

™..,729j>.|21

il[30

8,069

= 36-.»2

Uvr^lore fumiHhed w

TuUll 223,285

Aiwutant-General's Office,

Wanhinytoti, D. C, Octobei- 1, 1900.

REPORT

THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

War Department,
Inspeottor-Generai^'s Office,
Washingtcm^ D. C. , Septetnher 29^ 1900.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following annual report of oper-
ations of the Inspector-General's Department, in addition to the matters
relating to fiscal affairs and other branches of the public serv^ice, which
have been submitted to the Secretary of War.

The important duties of the Inspection Department may be better
appreciated if both branches of work were considered together. It is
no insignificant task, and requires the persistent and faithful efforts of
every ofiScer in the department to maRe a thorough inspection of the
entire military establishment in all its ramifications; and it is sincerely
hoped that the results of the past year have been satisfacitory, as the
work has been performed enthusiastically and with an intense desire
of aiding in the maintenance of the proverbial efficiency of the Army,
and doing all the duty that is required by law, regulations, and orders.
The work during the past year included inspections of disbursements
involving overj300,()00,0()0, of property amounting toover$10,(XK),000,
with over $1,000,000 saved for further service, and of over 130,000
men; and in addition to the usual inspections of military posts, supply
depots, arsenals, armories, recruiting stations, hospitals, national cem-
eteries, and soldiers' homes, mention may be permitted of the organi-
zation of a systematic inspection service of transports, the inspection
of West Point from this office, the resumption oi inspections of mil-
itary schools having an aniiy detail and United States arms and equip-
ments, and the inspection of complicated insular accounts.

The difference in the amount oi work assigned to the several inspec-
tors in the United States seems much greater under the department
than under the district system of inspections, which was in very suc-
cessful operation previous to the Spanish war. At New York, for
nstance, the inspections averaged over two per diem, including Sun-
days and holidays; and yet many millions of disbursements and a
number of arsenals, depots, recTuiting stations, etc., within the limits
of the Dej^artment of the East were regularly inspected from this
office. This is about foui* times as much ajs the average for each
inspector. But the work everywhere was most cheerfully done in a
iquiet but effective maimer; and the results accomplished indicate con-
tinued efficiency and generally economical administrntion, the average
being about seventeen daily inspections throughout the entire milil^jry
service.

112 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

PERSONNEL.

At date of the last report the permanent force of the Inspector-
Genenil's Department consisted of 10 officers, including its chief. Now
there are but 9, the death of Col. H. W. Lawton, major-general, U. S.
Volunteers, who was killed on December 19, 1899, at San Mateo, hav-
ing left a vacancy which has not yet been filled. The death of tljis
gallant soldier is deeply mourned by the nation and the Army; and
by none more than his comrades in the Inspection Corps. And it will
be difficult to find another officer of such sterling force and impressive
qualities for the place and duties he filled so well.

No change has occurred in the number of volunteer inspectors-general,
of which there are 9. But the number of acting inspectors-general and
of officers assigned to duty in this department has increased from 7 at
date of last report to 20 at this date; giving a total force of 38 com-
missioned officers serving at present in this department.

It is very gratifying that at present a much larger proportion of the
officers on duty in this corps has been assigned accorcung to the recom-
mendation of this Bureau than two years ago; and the benefit to the
service seems evident. For instance, in Cul^ the inspection work was
habitually arduous, exacting, and well performed at most points, both
in its civil and military branches, and the work since Colonel Burton
arrived there can hardlv be designated as perfunctory. Incidentally
the discovery of the defalcation there may reflect credit upon the Army
and its system which has produced such remarkable regularity and
exemption from wrongdoing and fearless revelations. And the work
in the Philippines was no less arduous or well performed regardless of
exposure to aeath or disease.

The best officers of this corps are usually selected for their soldierly
and individual qualities; they do not aspire to know everything better
than anyone else can know it; nor know any branch of the service bet-
ter than their commanding general, who served in it and to whom it is
their first desire to be useful; nor know the mysteries of accounting
or any other specialty better than the te,chnical experts. But they
know enough, and have not hesitated to do their duty; and are ready,
like all other soldiers, to do their best, whatever duties are assigned
them. With an untrammeled, well-selected, and well-sustained inspec-
tion service, centrally supervised, the Army has remained constantly
not only irreproachable, but above the possibility of suspicion. And
their work habitually wins commendation among our best officers, of
both the staflf and line; though there may be some who criticise, oppose,
or obstruct inspections, as there may be some who even speaK evil of
the law. But the cause for scandals in the public service has been
minimized and the efficiency of the military service justly demonstrated
by the admirable qualities and high character of the men inspected
rather than by any type of inspections. The work, whether civil or
military, assigned the Army has been habitually well done by faithful
and intelligent public servants.

With such men as Hughes and Lawton commissioned, and Otis and
ChaflFee assigned to duty in a corps so small — or, if a single arm like
the artillery is considered, with such men as Sanger or Duvall on inspec-
tion duty — definite and beneficial results can confidently be anticipated,
and have been habitually attained, carping criticisms and baleful or
occult influences to the contrary notwithstanding. The very nature of
the duties prevents publicity frequently, or tne great benefit some

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 113

officers have accomplished in their seveml spheres of influence, some
with every assistance given them and some in the face of the lack of
it, might in justice to them be specified. But attention may justly be
invited to the faithfulness of the dead during the year, as no one can
desire that their work shall be ignored; and perhaps no corps has lost
worthier or a larger percentage of officers. They embrace, though so
few, the regular, the volunteer, and the detailed officer; and their
obituary circulars from this Bureau are inclosed, though recognizing
how much more is their due.

The names, rank, changes, appointments, stations, etc., of these
officers are shown in Appendix C, to which attention is invited for
detailed information, and a summary of the duties performed by them
is giv^n in tabular form in Appendix B.

These two statements deserve careful consideration as thev show
several general features to which special attention is invited, viz:

1. That there is but one regular inspector-general on duty in the
Philippines, and he the junior of the Inspection Corps; and that none
of the other inspectors there hold a higher rank than that of major,
though these islands are occupied by half of the entire Army.

2. That^there are too numerous changes among the officers detailed
to this department incident to the exigencies of tne service.

3. That the work of the inspection department has largely increased,
indicating the necessity of an increase of the permanent force, ana
suggesting simply a permanent and proportional

INCREASE OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL's DEPARTMENT.

From the experience gained in the past two years, with our Army
largely increased and extending its operations into another continent,
the needs of both line and staflf may now be definitely -determined.
The standing army has not proven adeq^uate -in numbers, though so
highly commended for its qualities; and line officers have been heavily
drawn upon to meet the more exacting demands of the staff, and both
suffer in consequence. This is especially so in the Inspector-General's
Department, wnose work can seldom be measured in dollars and cents,
though it has a direct bearing upon the economic administration of the
entire militarjr establishment and upon that discipline and efficiency
which determine the standard of military excellence; and this princi-
ple is recognized in every modern army. The mental state is to the
physical as three to one in war. The Inspector-Generars Department
should therefore be always maintained on the most efficient basis,
for its efficiencv is multiplied by the numbers it inspects; and it is
evident, from the experience of the past, that legislation on the fol-
lowing lines will accomplish all that is most desirable:

1 . L^al establishment of inspections.

2. Adequate number of permanent inspectors for peace footing.

3. Adequate rank.

4. Judicial independence and subonlination to higher authorit}

5. Elasticity to meet the varying demands of war.

6. Adequate clerical assistance.

7. Insuring complete and thorough inspections of all fairly alike.

The necessity of defining the duties of the Inspector-
of^S^cTio^^^^""""' General's Department by law is obvious. It is but

just to the department, and will assure that moral and
legal support which is essential in making effective inspections. Law
is the due expression of the nation's will and is the best authority in

WAR 1900 — VOL 1, FT m 8

114 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

a free country. There will then be an end to the discussions concern-
ing the application and continuance of individual or even certain
classes of inspections; and the Secretary of War. as well as the
Inspector-General's Department, will be relieved of all perplexity and
embarrassment attending the settlement of anj'^ carefully cultivated
contentions. So long as the law is silent as to the certainty, kind, and
frequency of inspections, the occasional antagonism of individuals
or organizations to the prescribed, thorough, and universal genei*al
inspection must be expected periodically; and quibbles about the
channel for official papers and reports will appear to dishearten or
take the pith from needed inspections. The fine art of avoiding,
thwarting, or emasculating rigia outside inspections may not yet be
entirely lost.

The inspections at present prescribed by law are those of unserv-
iceable property, of disbursements, and of the Soldiers' Homes, both
regular and volunteer. The inspections of military posts and camps
and of the soldiers themselves, wnich is the first and fundamental duty
of the corps, and of supply depots, of arsenals and armories, of recruit-
ing stations and rendezvous, of national cemeteries, of hospitals and
sanitariums, and of the military schools and institutions of learning
having an anny detail, of supplies and transportation and other
branches of the military establisnment are assigned to the department
by its designation and immemorial custom and are explicitly required
only by alterable regulations or orders. There is ample precedent
for such legislation, some of the duties of nearly all the departments
having been established by law. And usually any outbreak among
the soldiers or irregularities in the accounts occur where the genenil
inspections are infrequent or hampered. Carefully supervised general
inspections have been st<?adfastly and successfully maintained, simply
because they are sufliciently beneficial to warrant it, and when they are
injured or ignored the damage resulting to the public service is dis-
played without great delay. It is believed most scandals in the mili-
tary service are fairlj'^ foreseen and preventable if so permitted. But
this may be recognized earlier or clearer by the experienced inspector
than by others. How admirably the line of the Army was inspected
and what admirable soldiers composed that Army when the Spanish
war began may well be a pleasant memory. And the higher authorities
have consistently recognized the worth of the system and maintained
it resolutely from General Washington till now, which has proved a
great encouragement. There are sufficient illustrations in and out of
the Army how to smother inspections perhaps without positively
intending it.

At times during the decade preceding the Spanish
fon!ore"LunJ"'*''' war, when our Army consisted of only 25,000 men, the

Inspector-General's Department had a force of 7 per-
manent and 5 acting inspectors-general; and this force of 12 inspectors,
experience has proven, was absolutely necessary for a fairly tnorough
and complete inspection of the military establishment; and this complete
inquiry into every bi*anch of military affairs authorized by armv regula-
tions requires no little watchfulness and persistent effort. \Vith an
Army of 65,000 men, which is probably a low estimate of the force
needed in future, there should be at least 25 inspectors-general; and this
number is really 13 less than the luimber of officers now on duty in the
department. Inhere are few idle hours for these officers, and tlie work

BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 115

has increased everywhere. The inspections of disbursements and of
condemned property alone have quadrupled since 1897, and during the
past year involved over $300,000,000, and $10,000,000, respectively.
How acutely this service touches the regularity and economy of the
service can hardly be fully known or appreciated outside of those
officers upon whom the duty devolves and wno have pursued its tedious
routine tnrough tireless days. The conscience of the Army belongs
first to its rugged, soldierly duties in the face of the enemy, and only
incidentally in these essentials of money and propert3% but here, too,
it is habitual Ij^ trustworthy.

The practice of detailing officers temporarily to the inspection
department is injurious to the line as well as to the corps. Both are
sunering by the operation; the one by losing the service of these
detailed officers ana the other by being subjected to constant changes.
It is like robbing Peter to pay Paul, to sav nothing of the delicate
positions in which the officers may be placed by inspecting organiza
tions in which they are interested, or officers under whom they maj^
have to serve afterwards. The necessity of details is a forcible argu-
ment that the Inspector-General's Pepartment should be increased
numerically. An addition of 3 colonels, 5 lieutenant-colonels, and 7
majors is believed to be as low an estimate as seems consistent with
thoroughness and efficiency. This would give the Inspector-General's
Department 1 or more general officers, 6 colonels, 8 lieutenant-colonels,
and 10 majors; in all, 26 officers. The work over sea demands the
most careful attention and supervision and most experienced and
reliable office s during years to come.

Inspectors act under the orders of the highest military
Adequate rank, authority, and in the perfonnance of their duties repre-
sent the authority ordering the inspection. Their
responsibilities are equivalent to that of any command, and they are
brought into personal contact under all kinds of circumstances with
officers of all grades and with the various departments and military
institutions. The rank of an inspector should, therefore, be propor-
tionately higher than that of all other staff officers of corresponding
service; otherwise neither his inspections nor his reports cun com-
mand the deference or confidence which are freelj^ given to higher
rank, with the broader experience it indicates and the confidence it
suggests. It is the same m all armies, and the halnt which follows
from it, of deferring to higher rank and title, is no doubt beneficial
and necessary.

Inspections bj^ an officer inadequately authorized or sustained are
repugnant to the military sense, and may excite feelings of humiliation
and resentment, and have a tendency to limit his observations and
reflections. General Washington recognized the importance of the
system of general inspection and this principle of proper military
rank, and his inspector-general held the rank of major-general. And
at one time all inspectors of the Regular Army held the rank of colonel,
which is undoubtedly a good workmg rank to have now. In consider-
ing the proper rank for this corps, it may be noted that a brigadier-
general was assigned to duty as inspector-general in the Division of
Cuba, and the Philippines mav have the same experience. Neglecting
Cuba, we have at present 1 military division and 14 departments. The
colonels arc needed for such places as Manila, New York, Chicago, San
Fmncisco, Washington, and upon expeditions of the first importance

11(5 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

like that to China, or at the centers of population and inspection; and
the lieutenant-colonels and ranking majors at the various military
departiTK^nts and Washington, according to the requirements of the
service. Assigning 3 officers to Washington and 15 at the division
and departments, mere are but 6 left to serve with such forces as the
China brigades or the Philippine districts, or as assistants where the
work is unusually heavy or sickness, detail, or death occurs. The
Department of the East has 3 inspectoi's at present and Havana 2,
ana there is a fieH of usefulness for every one, and the difficulty- in
securing the officers desired have been occasionally great.
inf' nMiHicnce Judicial independence is the i<!ne qua non of the

inspector. It is not onl v a paramount necessity in the
office of inspector, but should l>e plainly manifested by the officer
himself; as without it inspections and special investigations are of but
little value. This principle, so essential to the proper discharge of
inspection duties, has received the full recognition of Congress in
the law for the frequent inspection of the money accounts of disburs-
ing officers, enacted April 20, 1874, by providing that such inspections
shall not be made by officers belonging to the department to which the
dislmrsements pertain; and also in the law for the inspection of unserv-
iceable property with a view to its condemnation, enacted March 3,
1825, by expressly providing that such inspections shall be made pri-
marily by officers of the Inspector-Genemrs Department. The strong
and persistent effort to have all inspections contined and controlled
within the environment and ])ranch of service under inspection is a
familiar l)ut should be seldom if ever even a partially successful experi-
ence. Inspections conducted under these laws by disinterested offacei'S
are characterized by great impartiality and independence, and freedom
from suspicion of bias or personal interest. Necessity constitutes the
Tdlmri (Tefre of the Inspector-General's Department, and this necessity'
should appeal in the strongest way for such an addition to the permanent
force as will insure its contiiuiance and development. The Inspector-
General's Department should be wholly indei^endentof all other branches
of the service and ])e in a position to perform thoroughly and effici-
ently all the duties requirecf of it; and to this end appointments to the
Insptrctor-GeneraVs Department should have every branch of theservice
repr(\sented in fair proportion among the inspectors, and thus insure a
collection of specialists skilled in all the departments — line and staff —
of the Army. Careful selection for vacancies should be made in all
cases f !'om capable and efficient captains who may be experienced and
iml)ued with the habit of command and the best methods of leading
and caring for troops; and it is thought that the increased rank and
soldierly status will be ample inducements for the best officers to seek
the department. The inspection department tills such a position in
the military establishment that every measure which will perfect the
department, and give it ability, strength, and independence, must
prove, under wise management, of greater benefit to tne entire Army
than is indicated by its mere nuniber.

Elasticity to meet '^^^" advantage of being prepared for any enua-gency
the varyink demands that uuiy arisc whiui the voluutccr forccs are called
^ '^^^' into active service can not be questioned. The num-

ber of inspectors-general should hav(? a d(»finite nitio to the volunteer
forces which should be fixed by law beforehand, so that the inspection
department may expand or diminish in number with the increase or
decrease of the volunteer forces. It is believed that the minimum

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 117

number needed will be one inspector-general with the mnk of major
for every 3 regiments, or brigade; one inspector-general with the
mnk of lieutenant-colonel for every 1^ regiments, or division; one
inspector-general with the rank of colonel for every 27 regiments, or
army corps; and one inspector-general viith the rank of brigadier-
general for each separate army of two or more army corps, and, s{\3' ,
15 percent for contmgencies of death, sickness, leave, and other assign-
ments such as Hughes, Lawton, Sanger, (larlington, Kolfe, Sharpe, and
Murray now cause. This will giv^e an inspector on the staff ot every
general officer commanding troops; and this was habitually done in
time of peace, and surely is all the more needed in th(» face of an enemy.
During the Spanish war, brigade inspectors-genei-al were not author-
ized, though tliey were greatly needect at all times and more especially
during the first stages of mobilization; and such officers as Generals
Lawton and Lee found it adv^antageous to detail officers of their com-
mand as brigade inspectors. And a somewhat similar systt^m seems
to prevail now in the Filipino districts. It is an admirable method to
insure the highest military excellence in the shoi'test possi])le time;
and no better method has ever been discovered. The higner volunteer
positions should be tilled primarily by officers selected from the per-
manent force so as to insure the greatest possible efficiency and experi-
ence in the correct system of inspection and training from the start.

All other ])ranches of the staff of the Army are pro-
aj^^tonc^e.*^ clerical yjjgj {^ some wav with the ucccssary clerical assist-
ance; but for the Inspector-Generars Department no
s(^parate and certam provisions whatever are made. Ine frequent
annoyances from this cause and the grab for and interference witn the
clerks and messengers assigned to duty with this department in field or
frontier service is most damaging to the public service. The officers
of this department are gentlemen of rank, who have been carefully
selected for merited promotion, and for these very exacting duties, after
many years' service; and their time is verj^ thoroughly engaged in
matters of wide importance to the service — matters pertaining to the
very essence of economical, honest, and efficient administration; and in
their duties there is much tedious clerical work that it is extravagant
and unwise to require such officers to perform individually. If an}^
class of military duties requires adequate clerical assistance, it is this,
as it relates to all others.

The clerks should be on an equal footing with paymasters' clerks,
with the usual Jissurance of proper increase with lei\gth of service, so
as to secure and retain men or ability and specially trained for the
particular and important duties required of them, as well as insure
})ermanency, reliability, and continuous service. Under the present
method it is difficult to secure, in some cases, efficient clerks from the
class assigned, especially in our new possessions; the rate of compen-
sation in most cases not being fair for this class of employees. The'
services of trained and competent clerks are required, as they must
be intrusted with a preliminary knowledge of investigations and after-
wards be relied upon in the final preparation of important reports
which are occasionallv of a most confidential character.

Prompt dispatch oi business pertaining to inspections and investiga-
tions and the rendition of reports is indispensable, if the fullest benefits
are to flow therefrom; and it is therefore essential that inspectors be
given adequate, reliable, and expert clerical assistance. But few things
nave caused more annoyance and uncertainty than the situation as to

118 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL OOMMAKDING THE ARMY.

permanent clerks, and those who obstruct complete and thorough in-
spections find this a favorite point of quiet attack.

Evidently it will be in the interest of economy and
i Jpict?o"ns fo?aiT^^' ^OY the benefit of the service to have habitually the

most thorough and disinterested inspections possible
of the entire military establishment, in all its branches and features.
It IS an axiom that an excellent army responds best to such disinter-
ested inspections administered without fear, favor, or hope of reward;
and the efficiency of the service depends vitally upon the efficiency of
inspection; and in order to secure efficiency m inspection, securing
the best and most efficient officers for inspectors and an eve sint^le to
the public interests and the widest good are essential; and these officers
should be permanently provided in good and sufficient quantity as well
as in good and sufficient quality, and be given a fairly free hand and firm
support in a wise and incisive observation of ''every branch of military
affairs." This is found to be one of the best means to promote uni-
form excellence and regularity, and one of the best remedies against
disintegration and inefficiency and extravagance; though doubtless
there are individuals who prefer some other way.

THE UNCERTAIN AND HAMPERING EFFECT OF DETAILS INSTEAD OF PER-
MANENT OFFICERS IN THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL's DEPARTMENT.

The work of the inspecting officer, when conscientiously performed,
is probably as difficult and exacting as usually falls to the lot of army
officers in any other line of military duty; and nowhere else will the

Qualifications necessary for a proper and thorough performance of the
uty cover a wider range. Among these may be mentioned military
knowledge and experience, power of observation and concise state-
ment, judicial fairness, inexhaustible patience, readiness to encourage
excellence, honesty of purpose, the courage of his convictions, adap^-
bility to circumstances, undoubted honor and soldierly character, and
perfect and ready tact. An inspecting officer comes alone into offices
and commands, and is required to observe everything and submit
his observations to higher authority. The authority he represents
is interested in all he observes. There may be other specialists; but
his specialty is observ^ation and whatever military expenditure or duty
his superior is interested in he should strive to duly obsen^e and truly
report. Evidently an extended and diversified experience is not only
absolutely essential but assured; and enables inspecting officers, when
familiar with their duties, to be of some service to their comrades and
to do their part toward securing uniformity, contentment, excellence,
and harmony, and toward adjusting all to the common task amidst con-
flicting ambition and interests and doubtful points of law, regulations,
and orders, and all the possible variety of questions regarding the
proper performance of military duty. This labor has been faithfully
performed during the past year by the officers assigned to the duty;
whether commendably or beneficially pcrforaied others must decide.
Evidently it has made some impression.

Some persons may not consider general inspections equally if at all
necessary everywhere, though experience has proved they are; but
while they are universal it is gn^tifying if they can, by preceptor
example, be useful even to young and inexperienced officers, and so
aid in the promotion of harmony and of uniformity in the manner

RP:P0RT of LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 119

of performing military duty in the different departments and locali-
ties, and strengthen and encourage the zealous and competent in their
work and help the discipline and efficiency of the Army, and the effect-
ive adjustment of all the parta to the complete and effective working
of the whole. The fundamental idea of our system of general inspec-
tion (and perhaps all the more essential to the care of improvised
armies in tunes of war), is to give every branch of the service the ben-
efit of remarks from disinterested outside observers in addition to the
fre(iuent technical inspections by immediate commanders. If this
double system of inspections has been beneficial to any individuals or
to the public service m the past, perhaps our iconoclasta will still per-
mit it to continue. Ceilainl^ some very worthy officers have kindly
commended it in the past, as is shown by the following extracts:

General Washington, in a letter of January 28, 1778, to the Con-
gressional committee which visited his camp at Valley Forge to
mature a plan for the better administration of the Army, wrote:

In an Army like ours the office of Inspector-Cieneral, principally for the purpose of
instituting and carrying into practice an uniform system of manual and maneuvers,
must be extremely useful and advantageous. A number of assistants to this office
will Ix^ re(iuired, as one man would be incapable of superintending the practice of
tlie rules laid dow^n throughout the Anny, and unless this were carefully done, it
would be of little avail to esteblish them. It would be proper, in my opinion, to have
one to each brigade, the benefits resulting from which would greatly overbalance the
consideration oi expense.

On July 14, 1780, General Washington addressed the following to
the President of Congress:

I inclose a plan which, in conjunction with the Inspector-General, I have framed
for the consideration of Congress. It is indispensable the Department should be put
in full activity w^ithout loss of time — the speedier the decu^ion the better. A large
additional allowance, at least nominally, for the inspectors is proposed, but it is a
very imperfect compensation for the adaitional trouble, and unless some extra privi-
leges and emoluments attend the office, it will not be undertaken by officers of rank
and abilities.

In a letter to Baron de Steuben he said:

I give it as my clear opinion that it (the Department of the Inspector-General) has
been of the greatest importance for reasons too obvious to need enumeration, but
more especially for having established one uniform system of maneuvers and regula-
tions in an Army composed of the troops of thirteen States (each having its local
prejudices) and subject to constant deviations and interruptions from the frequent
changes it has undergone. It is equally just to declare that the Department under
vour auspices has been conducted with an intelligence, activity, and zeal not less
beneficial to the public than honorary to yourself, and that I have abundant reasons
to be satisfied with your abilities and attention to the duties of your office during the
four years you have been in service.

On July 4, 1798, General Washington wrote to the Secretar}^ of
War as follows:

If the Inspector-General is not an officer of great respectability of character, firm
and strict in discharging theduties of the trust reposed in him, or if he be too pliant
in his disposition, he will most assuredly be imposed upon, and the efficient strength
and condition of the Army will not be known to the commander in chief.

[Extract from letter of Gen. W. T. Sherman, dated March 13, 1S78.J

On the Inspector-General of the Army devolves, as a matter of course, duties of
the most delicate and responsible nature. He is, or should be, in fact the alter ego
of the Commander-in-Chief. In technical language he is his "other eye." He
inspects troops, examines money and property accounts, detects errors of adminis-
tration and discipline, prevents irregularities of all kinds, and is habitually author-

120 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

ized to give orders on the spot in the name of his principal. The heads of bureaus
are, in our service, construed as branches of the War Departrtient, so that the
Inspector-General has frequently been entrusted with most confidential inspections
by the Secretary of War, in addition to his purely military functions.

General Sheridan, under date of February 17, 1888, said :

The inspector's corps, as now organized by law, does not contain a sufficient num-
ber of officers for the proper performance of the duties devolved upon it, and there
are at present four officers of the line of the Army detailed as acting inspectors-gen-
eral at department headquarters. Their return to their proper regiments and replace-
ment by officers of the regular corps would, I believe, be of benefit to the service.

Gen. Wesley Merritt, in discussing a bill for the increase of the
Inspector-GenemPs Department, February 28, 1890, said:

I favor the bill because its provisions jire a necessity to the proper administration
of the Army. As our Anny is small, it should be made the more perfect. Its influ-
ence, in its best phases, should he felt in the ranks of the National Guard. There is
no better way of accomplishing these desirable objects than by an efficient and pow-
erful corps of inspectors. They need hi^h rank, high character, and a strength
measured by that of the best of the administrative corps of the staff.

My experiences as a general officer convince me that no corps is more important
to the efficiency, drill, discipline, and correct control of the Army than is that of the
Inside tor-General's Department. It is difficult to make comparisons of the relative
importance of the staff departments, because their spheres of operation are so differ-
ent, nor is such comparison necessary. Increased numbers and increased rank for
the Inspector-General's Department is not urged by me for the reason that they
exist in other departments. While that is an argument in favor of the legislation
asked for in the interests of the corps of most deserving and accomplished officers, I
place the reasons for the increase on the higher ground that this corps is the conser\'-
ator, and in many ways the only one, of everything which perfects the Army, and
that it should be composed of enough officers of suflScient rank to insure that the
duties imposed on it should Ikj thoroughlv accomphshed.

In conclusi(jn, I am constrained to say if the details of the bill I mention are care-
fully studied in the points of view suggested, as well as in others, the measure, 1
believe, will commend itself to the favor of all interested in the well-being of the
Army and the National Guard.

General Schofield, under date of December 19, 1892, said:

Daily and even more fre(pi"nt inspections by commanding officers and adminis-
trative officers in immediate charge of men and material are indispensable to the
military servi(!e. By such constant scrutiny and almost constant practice a military
establishment is kept at all times in efficient condition. But these inspections made
by officers immediately responsible are made in general for their own information,
to satisfy themselves that the troops and material and supplies under their command
and control are at all times in condition for effective service. Such inspections are
not sufficient for the information of higher commanders and the War Deimrtment.
It can not reasonably be expe('ted that commanders or other officers direi^tly respon-
sible will report to higher authority defects for which they themselves may be held
accountal)le. Inspections for this latter purpose should be made by officers wholly
independent of the branch of the service to be inspected, and such insj>ector8 should
manifestly be officers of rank, education, and experience, to enable them tc examine
critically into all the branches of the military service subjected to their inspection.

The manifest needs of the military service are an assistant inspector-general for
each of the militarv departments; 1 for the Headquarters of the Armv, and not less
than 8, including the Inspector-General, for general duties under the direction of the
Secretary of War. 1 therefore recommend the measure now proposed for the reor-
ganization and increase of the Inspector-General's Department to favorable consid-
eration. What that measure provi(ies for is the least that can be considered sufficient
for the demands of the military service under present conditions, namely: 1 brigadier-
general, 4 colonels, 4 lieutenant-colonels, and 4 majors.

Anion^ the more recent commendations received, the following may
be mentioned:

From Maj. Gen. William R. Shafter:

1 rt^ard an efficient corps of inspectors as absolutely necessarv for the best inter-
ests of the Army, and i\s the greatest aid to discipline and eflSciency, and in my
opinion the corps should be considerably increased.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 121

Maj. Gen. E. S. Otis in his report covering operations in the Philip-
pines from September 1, 1891), to May 5, 190<), states:

The extent and character of the work of officrers connecte<i with the departmenta
of the Adjutant-General, Inspector-! ienoral, and Judge-Advocate-General of the
United States Army, and that of officers of its Pav Department, may be measurably
appreciated when the task of a<lmmistering the affairs of a military organization con-
sisting of 60,000 men is carefully considered. In times of profound peace it would be
somewhat exacting, but in a season of active war, when that organization is scattered
over an extended territory, and when the laws, regulations, and orders prescril;)ed
during, and to a great extent for, peace conditions must l)e complie<i with in so far
a- circumstan(?es permit, the task a.^'sumes proix)rtion8 of very decided magnitude.
These officers have met all the demands made upon them in their several depart-
ments with commensurate abilitv.

And on October 9, 1900:

That the in8i>ecting officers of the army of the Philippines performe^l most exact-
ing and satisfactory work in that most important military duty in making thorough
and conscientious inspections. They gave attention to the condition and needs of
the troops, examined the affairs of the different staff departments, also the affairs of
a civil nature which were under the supervision of the military governor of the
bilands. The members of the permanent InspiK'tor-dlenerars Department jK'rform-
ing service in the islands — Lieut. Col. E. A. Garlington and Maj. S. (\ Mills — and
the volunteer inspectors-general. Majors Mai lory, Murray, West, Ik^ach, and Brown,
covered a great neld of labor with consummate ability, some of them to the great
impairment of their health because of their incessant official service. I can not Siiy
too much in their praise nor emphasize too greatly the valu ■ of their services for the
good of the Anny.

It is believed that a guaranty of permanency of tenure of office in
the Inspector-General's Department for most officers cn<^aj)fed upon
inspection work would be but a suitable recognition of the necessities
of the situation. An officer detailed for duty in the department for a
term of years who, upon the expiration of this term, severs his connec-
tion therewith, labors under disadvantages; and those who are detailed
but for a day upon some special inspection may find these intense,
as compared with one who is a member of the permanent establish-
ment and makes inspection his regular business, and the Government
interests may suffer. Even in the millions of condemned property it
is found that many thousands are saved the Treasury by experienced
and permanent inspectors under the law of March 3, 1825. And this
is no dispai'agement to the large number of detailed officers who have
in the past done such excellent work in the Inspector-Generars Depart-
ment and those who are continuing this soldierly work -so admirably
to-day. The conditions confronting the two are entirely different. In
the case of tlie inspecting officer who is a member of the permanent
establishment, it is but fair to assume that as his status is permanently
fixed and his life work marked out for him, it is here his reputation
and career is to be made, and he will necessarily become fairly familiar
with his constant occupation and take the greatest pains to equip him-
s(df for the prompt and efficient discharge of the important and mani-
fold duties devolving upon him. And whoever will look at the list of
names of the officers who bore commiasions and performed duty in
this corps during the past fiscal year must recognize that thev did
their duties faithfully and efficiently even unto aeath. In oraer to
produce the greatest good to the inspected, an inspector's status should
be such that there can not be the slightest ground for creating any
undue reluctance on his pail to criticise where criticism is due and
])eneficial; and from one so situated the greatest independence of
thought if not of action should assuredly be expected which would sub-
serve the best interests of the public service. Nevertheless some few

122 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

resent while the very best desire being inspected, and most are wil-
ling to apply inspections to others. And an inimical attitude does not
invariably, though it may occasionally, indicate the existence of some
need for a thorough, disinterested, outside inspection.

It certainly needs no argument to demonstrate the fact that an inspec-
tion and report to superior authority, which is made by an officer who,
himself, may in the near future become an integral part of the organ!
zation inspected and junior in rank to some of the officers whose work he
was required to report upon, can hardly be expected to be always thor-
oughly impartial and explicit. The fact that the special line of work
upon whicn he is engaged is but temporary, may nave a tendency to
depreciate its true worth and importance in his own estimation. It is
hardly fair to always exact, though we confidently expect, thoroughly
independent, unbiased, and impartial work from an inspector whose
surroundings are such that a rigid adherence to such a line of policy
could result, in the end, only to his own disadvantage and embari'ass-
ment. Even the protection which a permanent commission gives may
fail sometimes to guard against subsequent persecution for duty well
performed in the public interests. Were there any good and sufficient
reasons why this Department should not be enlarged so as to provide
in the permanent establishment for the number of officers habitually
required for the proper performance of inspection work, doubtless the
practice of detailing officers would not be questioned in the least; and
any embarrassments resulting therefrom would be only regarded as
necessary, and, therefore, proper and legitimate and accepted without
comment, however trying to individuals — as it is duty done in the
military service where lives and labor are accepted as but reasonable
service, and the rewards will come only to the more fortunate or
more worthy.

TRAINING OF OUR ARMY.

According to modern requirements, the glaring need of our Army in
1895 was simply the annual practice of mobilization or the annual
maneuvering of about 50,000 men of all branches of the service for
a w^eek or more. This leads to the solution of military problems which
are essential to the proper soldierly training of an army, so that all its
component parts shall be adjusted to and experienced in their proper
duties, and tne fitness of eacli branch and individual will be tested and
demonstrated habitually. And in concert with the National Guard
the concentration and maneuvering of some such force appears entirely
practical.

That the training, experience, and qualities of the individual soldier
and the company and battalion organizations and their officers were
particularly fine, the deeds they performed and the universal praise
bestowed suffiei(Mitly witness. Comparatively careful and partially
new methods of remounting and recruiting the Army had given us the
best body of mtm and horses which had possibly ever characterized
the service; and the men were never so well fed, clothed, and equipped
nor better selected and trained to their duties. For these results may
not this Bureau modestly claim to have done its utmost, joining enthu-
siastically with all who favored the improvements. The soldierly
experience against great odds and a savage foe and all the dearth and
hardships of the unsettled plains had been capped by most careful
instruction in schools and practice in all that civilized warfare demands
under officers taught at West Point and post-graduate schools and

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 123

Ij'ceums; and such a combination of the best theory and practice can
hardly be excelled again in the genei*ation now leaving the stage. The
close of our century witnessed our Araiy at te best, and the nation
gave it its confidence and esteem, especially for the subordinate indi-
viduals and units of organization and command. If higher organi-
zations, which constitute the commands of general officers and furnish
test and practice for the general staff, were not similarly solidly trained,
it may appear a weakntvss in our old methods almost inherent in a strat-
tcred army, when we were actually reducing the employees and animals
we had at hand that were well trained to military requirements, which
were sadly missed during the exigencies of the last few years. In short,
without any reflection elsewhere, it seems we found fine milibiry train-
ing and qualities and an admimble response to every call of duty from
the very first in that part of the Regular Army where there was no pro-
motion by selection and not very much exclusion in the regular promo-
tion by seniority. The military men without the most effective ''pull "
did their duty very well; perhaps fully as well as those who were
selected for promotion and are also doing exceedingly well — and selec-
tions for promotions have probably never been more faithfully and
skillfully made than in recent years. The three methods of promotion
and appointment, viz, by exclusion, by selection, and by seniority, as
illustrated and tested in these wars, seem to decide in favor of the first
named — like cadets are commissioned.

Now the situation is somewhat changed. We have considerable
practice in transportation, and a sort of heterogeneous mobilization of
comparatively new organizations and soldiers; but perhaps less com-
plete experience or training but no less careful selection of the individ-
ual soldiers upon whom the deadliness of war's burdens is most apt to
fall. Even with a better musket now it is sometimes questioned whether
marksmanship, for instance, holds its own in the Army at present; and
in the early stages of the Spanish war it was said that a considerable
per cent of a regiment in face of the enemy had never had target prac-
tice previously. This may be unavoidable in our method of meeting
the exigency of war, but the discomfort or sacrifice the method may
lead to, has some, indeed no little, iinportance at times.

But necessity and national ti'adition and practical military methods
may have far more to do than the mere organization, with sucrh war
tests, or even with maintaining the best system and attaining the best
results with the least cost in blood and suffering and treasure. We
have done very well from the first in some wars and habitually toward
the close in all our wars, and may be willing to let it go at that;
though ours is no longer a nation of God-iearing bac^kwoodsmen
familiar from childhood with weapons and overcoming natural
obsbicles, and with the practical care for one's self and with all the
exigencies of life in the open. One-sixth of our population is now
city bred, and our soldiers' training should fit the case. And prnc-
tically we have comparatively few or no trained reserves, though
abundant resources. Men called suddenly to our colors are not nec-
essarily familiar with their weapons, their officers, and their organiza-
tions, as in Europe.

As to army organization, it is well to remember it is only a means to
an end, and it should be a growth from our own history and environ-
ment to best suit us; and even with the best organization something else
and more important is requisite for the best success. The organization,
and powder, and arms of the Spaniards may have been sometimes bet-

124 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

ter than part of ours, and their disciplined soldiers have frequently
been proved staunch in ])attle — but the success was ours. If the latest
law did not demand division h^Tspitals nor brigade inspectors for the
recent volunteers, still if th(»y were improvised in time by those who
would take the responsibility, like such surgeons as Hoff and Stem-
berg, or such generals as Lee and Lawton, the results mav have been
just as beneficial as if provided by law. Good men well led have often
made a good account of themselves, even when without the best organi-
zation or arms: and even the best organization can hardly make
inferior men superior soldiers. And our own history may give some
illustration of tnis both in this and the last centurv. Now as always
our Army is doing very well and has given a good account of itself.
The Germans did not have the best muskets in their last war with.
France.

The prevailing organization in the continental nations of Europe is
usually chai'acterized by universal compulsory service in crowded com-
munities dominated by a royal family, whose scions, however incom-
?>etent, must appear as figure heads and war lords, and are therefore
urnished with chiefs of staff to furnish military skill, who have little
connection with the secretary of war. There the regiments are
localized, and the regimental commanders actually command them and
are even responsible for making the men's clothing; and the brigades,
divisions, and coips assemble for their commanders, and are almost
as permanently organized as the companies. The size, training, and
expansion of their annies are proverbial; and up to the last the men
who are called out are trained and fit for the business of w^ar. In 1897
we had about one re<^ular soldier to 140 square miles, or to 2,600
inhabitants. Evidently the system and organization should not be
identical that suits two such different cases, when the one has none
but trained soldiers with the colors and long established regiments,
and the other quite the reverse. Our system has seldom railed us
except in the early stages of war; and then simply because we will not
maintain our pi'actice of mobilization in peace: Congress being appar-
ently more read}' to give money lavishly in war than constantly, as
military wisdom and experience require.

How earnestly the efforts of the Inspector-General's Department
had been in favor of the improvement noted need not be related here;
but the inspection of the line of the Army was conducted under a
particularly effective system, aimed absolutely at the requirements of
field service, and was never less trammeled nor better sustained and
more incisive and effective than in 1897; and its advocacv of regular
maneuvers and the practice of periodical mobilization is indicated by
a single extract from the annual report of the Inspector-General to
the Lieutenant-Genenil Commanding the Armv for the fiscal year
1895, viz:

The number of officers in our service who have had experience in handling lar^
masses of troops is growing less and less each year, and there are mcny on its rolls
who have never seen a brigade of troops. Can a satisfactory condition of instruction
exist under such circumstances? Has not the time come when it is absolutely
essential in order to instruct the younger officers of the Armv how to best apply the
theoretical knowledge which they have accjuired at the ^filitary Academy and at
the service schools to occasionally concentrate troops at some central |>oint and
engage in a series of maneuvers approximating as nearly as possible to the actual
conditions of war, forbidding the exercise of any maneuver which can be performed
while in garrison?

Troops and company commanders acting merely independently are probably as
thoroughly versed in their duties as could be desired, but as subowtinate com-

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 125

manders under service conditions some of them may have had inadequate experi-
ence, or those who have had sufficient experience (late it hswk thirty years, and
since then many elements of the soldier's tnule have radically changed.

There was never a time in the history of our Army when the officers and men
were better prepared theoretically to meet an enemy than now. What they need
is ])ractice, and' next to war a simulated condition of war with a system of thorough
and intelligent inspections is the best school. This instruction with large units is
now more important than ever before. With a new arm, new drill regulations, a
large number of well-educated but inexperienced officers, the time is ripe for pra.ctice
of a ])ractical kind, with forces sufficiently large to simulate war conditions. This is
the essential element of modem soldierly life and instruction.

It is submitted that subsequent experience fairly sustained this
recommendation. It may be well merely from a military point of
view to recognize that the events of the past few years have been an
army training school under a guidance or instinct that appears provi-
dential. The struggle of centuries with the aborigines within our
borders may have another flash in the pan occasionally, but as an
important contest it is finished, and as a school admii'able in its train-
ing may be nearly closed. We are approaching the epoch of a new
millennium and onl}^ the clearest prescience can foretell the Ihnits of
the destiny before us. It is believed that we have entered upon this
new phase of our national career well prepared, but anyway our time
has come and we have been called. What is before us is histor}" written
in a larger hand, and the appeal and judgment is unchanged since the
Declaration of Independence of these United l^tates of America.
Upon no class of our fellow-citizens do the new demands touch more
•seriously than upon the armed defenders of the national policy and
frontier: and the response everywhere has been more than creditable.
It is believed that our fellow-countrymen are satisfied with their army.

CONDITIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES.

The following extracts are submitted from the annual repoils of
Maj. S. C. Mills, inspector-general, Division of the Philippines; Maj.
W. D. Beach, inspector-general, U. S. Volunteers, Department of
Southern Luzon, and Maj. R. A. Brown, inspector-general, U. S. Vol-
unteers, Department of Northern Luzon, as serving to indicate con-
ditions in the Philippines.

Attention is also invited to Appendix D, giving a very interesting
account of active operations in the Philippine Islands, by IVIajors Beach
and Brown; and to Appendix E, giving report of a reconnoissance of
Major Brown, of whicli Major-General MacArthur says, in submitting
it to headquarters, Department of the Pacific and Eighth Army Corps:

The orijjinal purpose of Major Brown's reconnoissance was to accumulate informa-
tion for my own use in organizing a line of supplies for the battalion of the Sixteenth
Infantry at Bayombong. His report affords so much general information as to the
situation at Bayombong and vicinity that it is respectfully submitted for the informa-
tion of the department commander.

Efficiency, disci- Major Beach: Nearly all of the regiments serving in the
i>iiiic. unci appear- Department of Southern' Luzon are volunteers, so the following
unce of troops. remarks apply mainly to them. As to efficiency, there is no

possible doubt they have been enthusiastic to such a degree that general officers have
at times felt it necessary to restrain them; their only fear seemed to be that they
would be left behind, and to avoid this the matter or supply seemed to them a very
minor consideration. 1 l)elieve a great part of this eagerness has been due to the
desireof the field officersof the various regiments to maketheir own particularregiments
the most noted of the volunteer organizations. The discipline of many of these
regiments has been excellent, but oc^'asionally one hears complaints that you can not
demand of them what you do of regulars, or "they get sick " in spite of all you can do.

Now that the chance for anything but "biL^h whacking" is past, the general feeling
among the men is that they want to be sent home. The plan of putting thoroughly

12(> REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

qualified, active regular officers in the field officers' positions in the volunteer regi-
ments has been productive of most excellent results. The officers^ reputations are at
stake, and they try to be the very best soldiers in the command with, in the general
case, not indifferent results.

Major Brmvn: In the guerrilla warfare patrol duty has been so

Infantry. excessive that each infantry regiment has been furnished with 50

horses, and mounted detacnments have been organized in each
regiment to do much of this work. These detachments have added greatly to the
efficiency of the infantry regiments in keeping the country cleared of small bands
and in saving the strength of the foot troops.

The cavalry force on duty in this division up to the time of the

Cavalry. dissolution of the insurgent army was two troops of cavalry,

Troops E and K, Fourth Cavalry.

The service rendered by these two troops was out of all proportion to their numbers.
In the operations l>eginning around Angeles about November 1 the two troops were
sent to take part in operations on the left 2 miles around Porac. These operations
comj^leted, tne two troops immediately returned to Angeles, proceeded to Calulut
and took part in the operations to Magalang, advanced from this point through Con-
cepcion to Capas, at the extreme front and center. They were pushed along with the
advance until the rapid movements of troops to the front by rail left them at Panique.
But from here they at once l)egan operations on the left flank to Camiling. Return-
ing from this expeclition, the troops were moved to Bayamban and from there they
formed part of the expedition through northern Zambales. These two troops have
been practically constantly in the field on the move and their services on all these
expeditions have l)een admirable.

The horses stood the work well and kept in as good condition as any cavalry horses
I have seen called on to do a like amount of work. For periods of ten days to two
weeks they subsisted entirely on native forage without any appreciable loss of flesh
or condition. Troop E is mounted on American horses, tliat were in the first lot
brought over in January, 1899. Their horses have done splendid work, and a large
amount of it, and are in good condition.

In the period of active operations around Angeles and the

Artillery. advaiure tnrough Bamban the two batteries of light artillery,

Battery E, First Artillery, and Battery G, Third Artillery, ren-
dered important and valuable services. Both batteries were greatly handica])ped by
lack of horses for transportation of guns, ammunition, and supplies.

Tne engineer troops with the division were Companies A and

Engineers. B of the Engineer Battalion. They rendered valuable services,

but were too few in number. In the advance along the railroad
and later there was more than enough work for a regiment of such troops. In assign-
ing work to such a small force it alwavs seemed that more important service was
demanded elsewhere than that to whicli they were assigned. They were too few in
number to be of service that engineer troops should be to an army in the field.

The work of the Signal Corps has been higHlv satisfactory and

Signal Corps. the services of the officers and men in the field are deserving of

unstinted praise. As the troops became sc^fttered throughout the
territorv occupied by the division the volume of work was in excess of the capacity
of the limiteci nurnl>er of officers and men available for duty. Men and officers
worke<l with untiring industry and energy to make up as far as they could for the
deficiency in numbers.

^ , ^ No modern machine guns were furnished bv the Ordnance

^ordnanci^ Depart- Department. A number of .45 caliber Gatlings* were furnished

ana were of some service for defensive puri)oses, but for offensive
use the range of eflicient service is so short that they proved practically useless.
Their place, in fact, is in the museum and arsenal along with other obsolete 'weapons.

This (infantry) arm of the service has Ix^en the principal one employed in nearly
all the operations. All the troops that I saw actively engaged have been equipped
with the United States magazine rifle, Krag-Jorgensen, and this appears to })e an
entirely satisfactorv up-to-date weapon. Expressions of satisfaction have fre(|uently
iM^en heard regarding the sight furnished with the latest issues, a sight that wull ena-
ble the marksman to aim at the object he wishes to hit. If the experience of offi<*ers
and men in actual service can be taken as a guide, the Springfield rifle (.45 caliber)
is to l)e forever relegated to the arsenal and museum.

Colt's .38-caliber revolver has so far been the most modern arm of that class
issued. Al)out a year ago a few officers provided themselves with Mauser pistols of
latest pattern. As a weapon it showed such superiority over any issued by the Grov-
eminent that large numbers have since been lx)Ught by both officers and enlisted
men, the latter procuring the weapon for use iu the mounted detachments.
Major Beach: The magazine rifle and carbine have not a critic that I have discov-

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 127

ered. The weight and size of the rifle are such, however, that one of the colonels,
Col. G. S. Anderson, Thirty-eighth Infantry, U S. Volunteers, told me that had he
to prepare another regiment for Philippine service he would ask to have it armed
with tne carbine instead of the rifle, since most of the work here is done at compara-
tively short range.

Several thousand rounds of ammunition have been spoiled by becoming wet. The
difficulty seems to be in making: a water-tight joint between the bullet and the shell.
The powder, if taken out and dried, seems to return to its original condition.

Ixjng before the cartridge belts are w^om out the loops become so enlarge<l that
cartridges drop out.

(Janteena almost invariably flatten, my own flattening (m the side which rested
against the saddle blanket. This is probably due to too light metal in its construc-
tion; as a possible remedy, if such is not the ca.se, I would suggest an inside tin sup-
port soldered to one-half of the canteen, before the tv»o halves are put together,
and resting against the other side.

Haversacks show very great weakness in one particular and that is in the canvas
strips fastening the carrying rings to the sack; tnese invariably give way long before
the sack. They should l>e made of much heavier canvas several times doubled, for
if made of leather washing will soon render them worthless.

Major Mills: So far as my observations go the ordnance and ordnance stores sup-
plied to the Army in this division have been satisfactory.

. n Quartermaster supplies and clothing have been, in the

partm?nt""^*^^ main, satisfactory. The variety of patterns and colors in khaki

unifonns and leggings has rendered it impossible for companies
to preserve uniform appearance. Leggings are in this division an article of constant
wear by the enlisted men, and should be made part of the clothing allowance.

The appearance of the white cap recently authorized would be improved if the
coat of arms of the United States were worn with it. This should he of metal simi-
lar to that worn on the shoulder strap of the white and khaki blouses, and should
be pinned to the front of the cap.

Major Beach: Many regiments seem to prefer the blue flannel shirt and khaki
trousers to the light shirt and khaki blouse and trousers. The tendency here seems
to 1)0 to get rid of everj' garment poasible, including the blanket and shelter half,
owing to the intense discomfort of any unnecessary burden. Inspectors have reported
on the fact that the men will not keep the shelter half, and that invariably many
are missing at inspection.

The almost universal campaigning outfit of the soldier in this climate is the blue
shirt, campaign hat, khaki trousers, leggings, tan shoes, belt, rifle, haversack, can-
teen, and poncho (the last carried neatly folded and held between the cartridge l>elt
and the back) . Khaki leggings, it is believed, should be made with heavy duck
instead of leather welts down the edges for the attachment of the hooks and eyelets,
for the reason that leather stains the leggings, besides becoming hard and brittle
under frequent washing.

In appearance the knaki uniform, which is almost universally worn, is all that
could be desired for field use.

Major Broivn: During the entire year practically no tentage has been used. AVhen
the troops were in large bodies they occupied the houses of the town abandoned by
the inhabitants. Later, when only one or two companies constituted a garrison, the
convent and, at most, a few other houses furnished ample quarters. Few of the
troops have been forced to bivouac and it may be said that quarters such as afforded
by houses are essential for health of troops in this climate. The first fioors are from
8 to 15 feet from the ground and this elevation seems to give considerable immunity
from the malarial fever. When the troops have been forced to bivouac even for a
single night on the damp or wet ground an irtimediate and very perc^eptible increase
in the sick list has been noticed. In many towns the convents aiford most excellent
(luarters and it is not an unusual thing to find one or two companies in a town quar-
tered as comfortably as troops in the most modem barracks at home.

The clothing as issued at present is not satisfactory. The quality is inferior to
what it should be, and in the field this means that the clothing wears out very soon
and oniy a short campaign is necessary to leave many of the men destitute of proi)er
clothing. A cheap hat, cheap- underclothing, cheap socks, and cheap grade of khaki
are furnished. The felt hat should be of the Stetson grade now used by officers.
Such a hat would last a man his whole enlistment and always l)e serviceable and
presentable; the one at present furnished lasts hardly more than six months. All
clothing should \ye of the best grade attainable. No economy results; to either soldier
or the (jrovemment by supplying the present quality. The blue shirt is about the
only article of clothine that is satisfactory in quality. I recommend that this be
furnished in khaki color. The russet shoes furnished have excellent material, but
many complaints are heard to the effect that the shoe is too low across the top of the

128 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE. ARMY.

foot where the seam comes, a defect of manufacture. The shoe could still further
be improved on in quality and made more presentable. 1 believe a shoe of the qual-
ity and style of manufacture of the Regal snoe, Titan calf, would be immensely more
satisfactory. The khaki so far as furnished is not satisfat-tory, but as it is constantly
improving it is presumed that eventually a grade will he obtained that will not fade
and shrink continuously with each washing. In this climate it is especially desirable
that the quality of all clothing furnished shall be of the very best grade. Trans-
portation is at all times a serious and most important question. In the field the
soldier must carrv the minimum weight and move with the minimum amount of
transportation. \Vith widely scattereil forces the distribution of new clothing is slow
and difficult. So then a better quality of clothing means the soldier can march with
a lighter supply and the supply need not be renewed so often.

Major Mills: Especial mention is due to the transport branch
tion!^^*"^ traiisportu- ^j ^^^^ Quartennaster's Department, whose successful carrying

of both troops and stores on the long ocean voyage is worthy
of the highest praise.

Major Beach: The quantity of transportation has increased ver>'
tion ^^*"«P*^^^"- materially within the i>ast six months, so that troops in the lajst

January and February campaign were not subjected to the hard-
ships suffered on the northern expedition uud6r General Lawton. Pack trains and
4-mule escort wagons answered all purposes very satisfactorily.

Since active opt^rations on a large scale have ceased, each regiment of infantry has
been supplied with 50 American horses which are used by mount eti detachments? in
making rajnd movements, i^erfonning escort duty, etc. The value of these mounted
detachments has lx»en frequentlv demonstrated, but it seems unfortunate that, owing
to the lack of cavalrv, work of tliis nature can not be done bv the arm to which it
legitimately belongs. The infantry rifle which the mounted detachments have to
carry renders the men very awkward when mounted. If impossible to furnish cav-
alry for this work, then the deta(;hments should be armed with the carbine.

Major Broim: During the period of active operations the only pack train in the
division was one consisting of about 50 mules, assigned to the Thirty-sixth Infantry,
Col. J. F. Bell, commanding. As soon as the advance commenced beyond Angeles
the services of this pj^ck tram became invaluable. Roads and swollen rivers were
either impassable or lal)oriously and painfully slow for all other transportation. But
the pack train always kept up with the troops, and this meant the gain of time to the
extent of several days in the work of resc^umg the railroa<i from destruction. The
pack train carried the rations not only for the Thirty-sixth Infantry, but for all
troops of infantry, cavalry, and artillery that wen? pushed to the inmt. The bulk of
rations in such emergencies was made up of the emergency ration, and for such oct^-
si(>ns the latter proved a satisfactory and invaluable supply of food. Much of the
work of the two trooi)s of cavalry was done with the use or tlie pack train, the service
being shared by an accompanying force of the Thirty-sixth Infantry.

My conclusions are that cavalry equii)ped with pack-train transiK)rtation can ren-
der just as valuable services in these islands as they were ever able to do in the
western Indian country of the United States. For the proper performance of the
work it is (capable of doing everv troop of cavalrv should be furnished with 10 pack
and 2 riding mules and 2 civilian packers. These should l>e properly organized,
e<iuipped, and trained Ixjfore the troops are shipped from theUniteil States. All the
work done by the cavalry in these islands has been done in the face of entire lack
of proper previous e<juipment, organization, and prejmration in almost every respect
as regards transportation.

As a result ot my experience, covering the past two years, I am firmly of the
opinion that a proper organize! system of land transportation is a great necessity in
our service. Kvery other cnvilizod army in the worla has such a system consisting
of both personnel and material. With us there is a lack of system and no i)er8onneI.
When transportation is recpiireil a lot of material is thrown together and sent to the
place recpiired. A (luarterma'^ter searches in all directions for employees, teamsters,
blacksmiths, wheelwrights, saddlers, veterinarians, etc. Three-fourths of the per-
sons so employed are cither bad characters, inconqwtent, or worthless. They work
when everything is easy and pleasant and they quit work at an emergency, or when
matters seem to them unsatisfactory. The quartermaster department seems to be
at their mercy, and if discharged from one place they hunt an easier job with the
next quartermaster they can find. The lal>or of transp<:)rtation is usually done some-
how, because enlisted men can always Ikj obtaine<l to tide over a catastrophe, but
the work is done at the expense of a lot of annoyance, fuss, and expenditure oi energy
that is never seen in any other service af the ( Jovernment, and which would be
entirely unncHiessiiry if there existed a projKir organized system with personnel and
material.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 129

The main reliance for land transportation has been the cara-

The carabao. bao. The advantages and disaavantages of that animal are well

known. During the past vear a great decrease has taken place in
the number of these animals on the island oi Luzon. Some districts have suffered
the loss of nearlv all their carabaos, due to an epidemic of "rinderpest," and mili-
tary operations have used up a large number of the animals. The animal is so
essential for agricultural purposes that crops this coming year will be considerably
lessened, due to loss of carabaos, while any further material loss of these animals
may be the cause of such serious diminution of crops as to lead to famine in certain
sections. For military purposes mules and wagons have now been furnished in such
numbers that the regular service of supply is performed by them.

Major Mills: The commissary stores have usually been satis-
ment ^^"^^ Depart- f^^^ry in quality, such deterioration as has been found to exist

being very largely due to climatic conditions.

The Australian beef furnished nas been satisfactory. There has been at times a
shortage of supplies and sales stores in the commissary department, which would
seem to have l)een unnecessary had proper foresight been used.

Major WeM: Much has been written on what constitutes an ideal tropical ration,
and 1 believe the tendency is in the right direction, which is to replace part of the
bacon and bean ration by substances not so illy adapted to a hot climate. When a
man's stomach finally succumbs he sa^s he can eat nothing, but constantly tastes
bacon. Sick men crave milk, by which they mean the Highland brand of evap-
orated cream (and to my knowledge there has been a frequent shortage of that very
necessary article in the various commissaries).

Australian frozen beef has been supplied in reasonable quantities to nearly all
posts in the provinces of Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, and Tayabas. Occasional storms
interrupted the supply at posts on or near the southern coast, but as a rule the beef
supply has been excellent. Mutton has not been so well liked, because, being thin-
ner, it soon softens and spoils.

A large loss in cereals has occurred by reason of their being weevily, notwith-
standing the fact that they are inclosed in tin cases.

Major Broivn: The ration as at present supplied is abundant, varied, and sufl5-
cient. I do not agree with the frequently expressed opinion that the meat propor-
tion is too large. Men in this climate who work hard in the open air and keep their
health have good appetites, and want meat. In fact, the non-meat-eaters among the
native population are too poor to buy meat. The more opulent among the natives
eat meat frequently and in considerable quantity.

The Subsistence Department, however, more than any other staff corps of the
division, was short of officers to properly perform its duties. The few on duty in the
division were overwhelmed .with the volume of work they had to perform. They
deserve all credit for the service they rendered, but there should have been more of
them and the work of the department should have been better performed An
improvement could have been made in the distribution of the supplies in placing
them in possession of the troops.

As a rule, the sick throughout the division have been well
ment. *^ Depa^rt- (^pg^j f^^^ although this department has been seriously hampered

in sections by an insufficient number of medical officers. It has
not been an unusual situation for one medical officer to have the care of the sick of
two and three stations situated 5 and 10 miles apart. When I passed through Car-
ranglan the last part of March, where one company of the Twenty-fourth U. S.
Infantry was stationed, the nearest medical officer was at San Jose, 22 miles distant.
The wide distribution of troops in numerous stations necessitates many more med-
ical officers than would be required if the troops were in more concentrated bodies.

Major Mills: Medicine and medical supplies have been satisfactory.

Major Bea4:h: The subjects of camp sanitation and pure di^nk-
Sanitation. ing water have received so much attention that it is unusual to

find any but the most healthful surroundings in camps of any
I)ermanency. The sickness due to drinking unboiled water on the march is, I
believe, unavoidable. Officers and some old soldiers will make their canteens of
water last for twenty-four houra, if necessary, or else go without; but the average
soldier can not be made to do it, and sickness results. Sinks now in general use are
of the dry-earth pattern, than which there is no better unless it be the placing of
them over running water, which is in vogue in three garrisons in this department.

Major Mills: There has been considerable complaint on the
Shortages. part of the Quartermaster^ 8, Subsistence, and Medical departments

of shortages in original packages received here.

Some trouble has also come from shipment oi too large packages. As all stores
have to be lightered here, the weight should not exceed 300 pounds when practicable
to avoid it.

WAR 1900 — VOL 1, FT in 9

130 RKPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

Major Beach: From the fact that more fault has been found by
Clothing accounts, inspectors with clothing accounts of soldiers than with anything

else (which statement applies both to volunteers and r^ulars), it
is believed that some modification of the present system should be devised. It is
<jlaimed by company commanders and quartermasters, I believe justiv, that it is
impossible to have rolls extended and entries made and witnessed under ordinary
campaign conditions. Before this can be done, the company, the witnessing oflScer,
and the quartermaster may be widely separated. The new clothing book appears to
have no space for soldiers' signatures — ^a wise omission. It is believed that the com-
panj^ commander (frequently the only oflScer with it and responsible for everything
else in the company) should attest the entries in the clothing Dook and be reponsible
for their corresponding with the schedule. Army Regulations, 1178, required this to
be done by the "witnessing officer." I believe company commanders should be
required by regulations to check all semiannual clothing settlements.

Major Broken: The system of issuing clothing is not at all satisfactory for troops in
the field and in large numbers. The objections to it are serious, and most have been
presented by many of the officers most immediately concerned. It frequently hap-
pens that issues must be made to several hundred or a thousand men by one quarter-
master in a few hours, and sometimes at night. To do this and conform to the
present regulations is simply impossible. I am not prepared to submit a plan for the
method of issue, but the method should be one that will get the clothing into the
possession of the troops in the shortest possible time.

Major Beach: Much complaint has also arisen through the
^_Property accounta- inability of quartermasters to keep track of stores held by officers

on memorandum receipt. The initial transaction is all right, but
as soon as the responsible officer becomes separated from the accountable officer the
trouble begins. Other stores are required and frequently obtained from different
quartermasters; stores are lost, destroyed, or stolen, and then the responsible officer,
who may be 1,000 miles from either accountable officer, is sent home sick. His suc-
cessor knows nothing about the property, except in a general way, and not having to
make returns for it, is not as interested in its safe-keeping as he would otherwise oe;
so, as a result, the accountable officer is forced to an endless correspondence or, what
is easier, to a board of survey. There is no questioning the fact that officers as a
rule will not take the same care of property for which they are merely responsible
as of that for which they are accountable. I have taken careful note or the present
method during the past two years and believe it to be inferior to the old method,
especially in time of active service. It imposes too great a responsibility upon
quartermasters.

It is believed that there should be some substitute for boards of
Boards of survey. survey in time of war. If the certificate of an officer or the affida-
vit 01 an enlisted man is considered insufficient, then let an
inspector or summary court officer (the latter is always available) have the powei to
swear witneases, hear testimony, and render decisions covering the loss of property.
The present method is too cumbersome and reauires too much stationery.

• . hi d ^^ would seem very desirable to provide some method for allow-
nancc^storeT ^"S company commanders to drop meat cans, cups,* knives, forks,

and spoons without the action of an inspector. The cost of these
articles is small, and the cup and meat can very soon wear out, and yet the impossi-
bility of dropping on certificate or affidavit renders it necessary to use or carry around
useless articles, sometimes for months. The fact that men in the field frequently
use old meat cans, from which the tin has disappeared and which have been cut and
scratched by knives, may, in the absence of thorough cleaning, induce intestinal
troubles otherwise avoidable.

INSPECTION OF POSTS AND COMMANDS.

A detailed statement relative to the inspection of military posts and
commands is presented in Appendix A.

The inspections of troops in the Philippines have been
In the Philippines, very thorough and beneficial, and the reports generally

indicate a fairly excellent military bearing of the troops
and a satisfactory state of progress and discipline, the men generally
appearing to be in good health and ready for the field. The condition
of arms, equipments, and accouterments was generally reported as
fairly satisfactory, and the supplies as good and sufficient. It is
remarkable how much has been accomplished under the three-battalion

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. „ 131

system — more can not be expected except by allowing more prelimi-
nary time and opportunity for absolute instruction and soldier!}^ train-
ing amidst obstacles and with arms in permanently organized bodies.

The inspection of garrisoned posts in the United
In the United states. Statcs was fairly complctc, though the posts in the

new Department of Alaska were not inspected though
suggested. This will now be duly remedied. The reports received
indicate thoroughness and efficiency on the part of both inspectors and
inspected, and praiseworthy zeal and ability in the performance of
their duties. There have been many changes in post commanders,
some of whom were comparatively young officers; but the conditions
are reported as more than fairly satisfactory. The laws, regulations,
and orders were generally enforced, justice was fairly and promptly
administered, instruction faithfully imparted, and public property, as
a rule, properly protected and cared for. Harmony and good will
have prevailed among the officers, who have almost universally shown
zeal and ability. But few of them have been unfavorably mentioned.
Favorable mention of some 208 have been dulv recorded. The recruits
enlisted have been reported a« mostly satisfactory, and the discipline
and behavior of the enlisted men generally as very good and their
tone as fairly satisfactory. The conditions at the posts were, as a
rule, found to be most satisfactory; and the supplies furnished by the
supply departments were generally reported as good and satisfactory
in Quantity and quality. The success and practical utility of the post
exchange seem to be unquestioned by those best infoi*med. It is a
r reat improvement over the sutlers' r%ime, especially where it is not
placed in any way in the hands of civilians. The act of July 28, 1866,
seemed to contemplate that all needs of the soldier should be supplic^d
as an official duty under a branch of the Army itself.* The sanitary
condition of posts was generally reported as fairly satisfactory and some
of them as excellent.

All garrison posts in Cuba were inspected thor-

In Cuba and Porto

Rico.

oughly during the year; and satisfactory conditions
were found to generally prevail both there and in
Porto Rico. Some young officers recently appointed from civil life were
reported as deficient in instruction and training, though promising.

During the year a total of 135,056 officers and men Avere inspected
one or more times — 52,268 in the United States, 71,742 in the Philip-
pines, 10,028 in Cuba, and 1,008 in Porto Rico. All the regiments of
volunteers except one were inspected before embarking for the Phil-
ippines, and the reports show tnat, though occasionally questioned in
some particular item or tendency, they were generally in a good or
even excellent state of discipline and instruction; and, as a rule, satis-
factorily organized and equipped. If any deterioration is intimated,
as about skill in firing occasionally, the remedy is recognized and readily
incessible. Though there is no claim that inexperienced and untrained

*Sec. 25. And he it further enacted j That the office of sutler in the Army and at
military posts is hereby abolished, and the Subsistence Department is hereby author-
ized and required to furnish such articles as may from time to time be designated by
the inspectors-general of the Army, and the same to be sold to officers and enlisted
men at cost prices; and if not paia for when purchased, a true account thereof shall
Ik? kept, and the amount due tne Government shall be deducted by the paymaster
at the payment next following such purchase: Provided, That this section shall not
go into enect until the first day of July, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven.

Act of Congress approved July 28, 1866,

132 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

soldiers are better than the other kind, still the wonderful adaptability
and enthusiasm of Americans for soldierly duties have been doubly
demonstrated.

COAST DEFENSES ON THE PACIFIC COAST.

In regard to this important subject Lieut. Col. M. P. Maus, inspector-
general, U. S. Volunteers, reports:

Rapid progress has been made in the construction of the coast defenses at Puget
Sound, the mouth of the Columbia River, and San Francisco and San Diego harbors.
The entire cost of these defenses up to date is approximately seven and a half millions
of dollars. There have been completed 147 emplacements, and 98 guns and mortars
have been placed in position.

In order to complete and place these defenses in effective condition much is to be
desired. The system of communication and other necessary adjuncts for effective fire
control, the installation of searchlights, etc., are either incomplete or totally lacking.

The men to man these guns are wanting, there being scarcely suflScient to preserve
ihem from imst and rapid deterioraiion. At the present time there are only 9 officers and
S15 available men of the seacoast artillery fov duty with these defenses, and in order to supply
a single detachment to 7nan and work each gun and mortar now in place on this coast a force
of about 4,1^00 men is reqidred. The completion of batteries from time to time during
the year have largely increased the number required, and this will be still further
increased as new emplacements are constructed and guns mounted.

In view of the great cost and importance of these defenses, and rapid deterioration
unless proper attention is given to their care and preservation, decisive steps should
bo taken to supply without delay the necessary men, and to complete the system of
coMiniunication and other adjuncts to insure effective service in time of war. In their
pn.\sent condition these great defenses would be of little service, as it will require
months of time and instruction to train oflBcers and men to their effective use, and
to complete the minor details upon which fire direction and control so largely
depend.

-tn the construction of these works the Engineer Department has done uniformly
excellent work. The emplacements are well built, convenient, and complete in
every detail, and it is difficult to imagine an improvement in modern ordnance
against which they would [not] be proof.

In my report of an inspection of the defenses at the mouth of the Columbia River
attention was invited to the already heavy armament mounted there and proposed.
It was suggested, with a view to the modification of projected work, that the present
condition be considered. The river is only navigable for light vessels of war. At
the time of my last visit there was^ot more than 24 feet of water at the bar, and at
points in the river above it is too shallow for vessels of war of any considerable size
to pass.

Up to date the guns mounted are evenly divided between bar-
Carriages, bette and disappearing carriages. These have all \yeen carefully

inspected and their condition for service observed.

This armament has received as adequate care and attention by the artillery as pos-
sible. The barbette carriages have been very satisfactory.

As rej2:ards disappearing carriages, there does not seem to be the same unanimity
of opinion among the artillery officers as to their serviceability. Although great
mechanical skill nas been shown in their construction, at the same time they are
complicated, and much more liable than the barbette carriages to accident which
would put the gun entirely out of action.

SPEEDY MOVEMENT OF TROOPS.

A speedy movement of troops is frequently of vital importance
and in times of active operations often determines the success or
defeat of an army. The subject is intimately associated with good
generalship and deserves special study in all its ramifications. Dur-
ing the past few years doubtless many situations occurred requiring a
i-apid transportation of troops, which should be given a permanent
record among the archives oi military operations. An instance ma^^
be mentioned of a speedy and peaceful movement of the First Coros
of the separate army at Chickamauga in August, 1898, under Col. D.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING TH;E ARMY. 133

D. Wheeler, of the Quartermaster's Department, who had consider-
able experience in transporting troops during the civil war. It was
etfectea without any great military exigency or pressure, but quietly
and without confusion within twelve days; the movement being by rail
more than 250 miles to Lexington, Ky., and 110 miles to Knoxville,
I'enn., and to other, more remote and scattered, places, of 2 divisions
of the First Army Corps, comprising 6 brigades and 20 regiments, and
ijunibenng 999 officers, 25,757 men, and 4,337 animals. This movement
I lecame necessary to separate the command because of infection by dis-
( 5ise found there on assuming command, and does not include the task of
providing special transportation for 500 or more furloughed sick sol-
diers at the same time. That the command was by the various means
adopted about that time restored to perfect health and made fit for
any military demand or task was a feat deserving clearest recognition.
From military instruction and maneuvers in mass to hospitals and care
of the sick and the well, these commands became commendable models,
and the soldiers who assembled there will not soon forget its benefits.
Colonel Wheeler is entitled to credit for the efficient but unosten-
tatious manner in which he discharged these duties. A detailed
report of the movement of these troops is shown in Appendix F.

TRANSPORTATION ALLOWANCE OF BAGGAGE.

Under the necessities of campaign and in face of the enemy the
Army lives and suffers as it may. But those who live a comparatively
lixed life can hardly weigh aright the burden of expense and discom-
iort imposed when circumstances afford an occasional respite to the
marching regiment and permit the presence of the family, but even
steam transportation is doled out by the pound instead of the ton. The
liberal treatment needed on change of station is evident and the differ-
ence between this and mere temporary travel is clear and important.

About the most trying and expensive experiences of officers of the
Army is that of changes of stations in our ^reat countr3^ All neces-
sary expenses of such moves should be paid by the Government, at
whose will such changes of stations are ordered. The present allow-
ance of baggage had one small increase in 1890, and another recently;
but still is it not ridiculously insufficient to meet the requirements of
<(entlemen with a due consideration for their families? It seems to be
decidedly out of date to measure the tmnsportation allowance by the
pound, a method established when the widely scattered posts on the
frontier could be reached only by teams over long and rough ti*ails
through the wilderness, while there are very few stations which are
not now accessible by railroads and steamers.

The relief granted officers embarking for extended service over the sea
for duty is a move in the right direction, but the allowance is still
inadequate even for them and should be greatly increased for all.

It is again submitted that either by weight or measure a second lieu-
tenant wnen changing permanent station be allowed 2 tons; first lieu-
tenant 4 tons; captains (they have generally served over twenty years)
6 tons; field officers 8 tons, and geneiTil officers 10 tons. The latter
have comparatively few changes of permanent station and perhaps
move then usually by the carload, whether or no the regulations
recognize the necessity.

134 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

POST LAUNDRIES.

The question of washing the linen and underclothing of enlisted nien
has always been a source of more or less trouble. Formerly four
laundresses were allowed to each company under the law of March 16,
1802, who were paid for their services and also received lations, quar-
ters, and fuel, and were furnished transportation whenever the troops
moved. It took about 1,300 laundresses for the entire Army, and the
late Inspector-General of the Army, General R. B. Marcy, estmiated the
annual expense of this incumbi^ance to be about $200,000, and recom-
mended in 1875 the entire abolition, or at least a material reduction^ of
laundresses. The act of Congress approved June 18, 1878, prohibiting
women from accompanying troops as laundresses, and the subsequent
restrictions placed upon the enlistment and reenlistment of married
men by Army Regulations and Orders practically annihilated army
laundresses, and compelled the enlisted men to do their own washing
or have it done outside the post. This seems inconvenient and unsat-
isfactory, and the introduction of duck clothing and linen collars added
to the expense, especially in southern latitudes. Some amelioi'ation
seems duo the men in the active service of the Government, and the
establishment of post laundries would solve a troublesome problem
and prove a strong ally to contentment, cleanliness, and appearance:
and seems to call for special consideration since the habitual method
of doing laundry work m running streams and without boiling increases
the danger of certain cutaneous diseases in the tropics.

At the Volunteer Soldiers' Homes steam laundries do all the wash-
ing required at the Home, the number of pieces annually laundered
amounting to over 6,000,000, at a total cost for labor and material in
1899 of $21,566.50, which averaged about $1.14 per man. At the
Home for Regulars the washing for the men is done by contract, at
the nominal cost to the Home oi about 14 cents per man per annum,
which is a marvelous reduction from former prices prevailing some
seven or eight years ago, when this subject was first given publicity.
In the Department of Texas laundries have recently been established
in connection with some of the post exchanges, which reduced the
expenses for laundry work from 60 to 75 per cent per man per month,
and are very favorably spoken of. Captain Sibley, acting inspector-
general, Department of Texas, reports as follows:

The main advantage of a post laundry as a department of the post exchange is
that it enables a post commander to hold his men to a strict accountability for their
api^earance at all formations. Where the laundry work is done in the usual hap-
hazard fashion, a man with soiled clothing can plead the neglect of an irresponsible
washerwoman.

During February, March, April, and May the price charged for laundry per man
at Fort Ringgold was f 1 per month, and during the summer months (June, July, and
August] $1.25 per month. There was no restriction on the amount of clothing an
enliste<i man could send to the laundry. This low price covered all the expenses at
Fort Ringgold, where labor and fuel are cheap. During these seven months there
were no solicitations by washerwomen for money due them by men for washing,
while before it appears to have been of almost daily occurrence.

At every post where labor is cheap the laundry, as a feature of the exchange,
should be insisted UTX)n.

Until something better can be had the system established in the
Department of Texas might well be extended to all permanent posts,
as it seems to promise, under proper management, great benefit to the
service as well as to the men in it. It would seem entirely practicable
to run laundries at military postjjj without expense to the Government,

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 135

as has been done for years at West Point, where the cadets are charged
for their laundry just enough to make the plant self-supporting. The
expenses of running this laundry for the twelve months ending August
31, 1900, amounted to $12,860, and averaged $3.04 per cadet per
month.

PROMPT RENDITION OF INSPECTION REPORTS.

This matter was mentioned at length in the annual report of last
year in the following words:

And in the matter of handling inspection reports it is found that the reports which
do reach the office are not received so regularly or promptly as was formerly the
case, and some have never reached this office, thereby making the records here
incomplete.

In some cases reports of inspections made on the recommendation of the Inspector-
General have appeared in the public press before they were received in the office of
the Inspector-General of the Army.

Can it not be fairly recognized that under the Secretary's immediate directions
the inspection service and the reports thereof pertain to this Bureau, and that on it
should rest the responsibility for a complete, prompt, and thorough general inspec-
tion of all branches of the military service, and the proper handling of the reports
thereof as they are received in the War Department?

But where there is no central supervision of the work of detached officers there
can be no certainty of uniform methods being used nor of equal attention being paid
throughout the service to the more pressing details. Nor can a systematic, well-
rounded plan of inspections, applicable to all parts of the Army, be possible.

If the reports of the inspections are not all received in this Bureau, there can be
no complete record of the condition and efficiency of the Army available at all times
for the authorities. Nor can it be expected that the defects and irregularities of the
service, whether in disbursements, personnel, equipment, uniform, or transportation,
will be promptly called to the attention of the Secretary of War and Major-General
Commanding if this department, to which this duty pertains, is unable to get this
information. However well done may be the work of the outlying officers, and how-
ever complete their reports and recommendations may be, the work is still not com-
pletely done, if no steps can possibly be taken looking to a general analysis and
comparison with definite deductions therefrom as to what is needed for the good of
the whole service, as decided by the Secretary himself.

Where this central supervision is lacking the work is individual only, and being
exerted along several ana possibly divergent lines, it loses force instead of gathering
strength from the aggregation of effort as it comes together in the central office, there
to be recorded and used.

It is earnestly recommended that steps be taken which will insure prompt rendi-
tion of inspection reports and their receipt in this Bureau, with as little delay as
practicable.

Prior to the Spanish war the r^ular rendition of the reports had been absolutely
assured, and the maximum delay in their receipt in the War Department was reduced
to about as many weeks as it had been months; and similar excellence and prompt-
ness may again be hoped for now, when an officer on duty in this department is
assigned to every point, and inspection duty receives their undivided attention with-
out interference from other bureaus.

Repeated efforts have been made during the year to remedy the con-
dition of affairs above referred to: with what excellent results the
opening remarks in this report and the tabulations in the appendixes
may fairly indicate.

Upon the first military occupation of the insular possessions, the
changes in military affairs incident thereto, and the insufficient number
of experienced inspecting officers available, delay might be expected in
the prompt rendition of inspection reports. But as additional inspec-
tors-general have been assigned, who are displaying their habitual
energy and faithfulness in making thorough and intelligent inspections
of troops, posts, transports, and disbursements, there seems to be no
reason why the reports should not be as promptly received as rendered.
There is an improvement over this time last year, yet it is to be

136 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

regretted that any of these important reports should not have reached
this office promptly.

The etfective exe(*ution of paragraph 875, Army Regulations, requires
the Inspector to prepare for the post commander immediately at inspec-
tion a statement in writing of every irregularity or defect observed, no
matter by Avhom pointed out. The commander of troops should then
take action and forward his supplementary report without delay ^ stating
the remedies he has applied to irregularities or defects within the scope
of his authority, together with his recommendations in respect to those
which are not. On the receipt of this communication the department
commander causes such extracts to be made for staflf or other officers
as may appear to be necessary, who thereupon render the reports
required of them; and the whole series is then forwarded to the
Adjutant-General for transmittal to the Inspector-General of the
Army, and to be subsequently excerpted for reference to other chiefs
of bureau and ultimately filed with the report. In this way the condi-
tion of the troops is clearly shown to the highest authority in every
particular and it can be determined whether it is such as the circum
stances surrounding them justify; and when the report is filed it is
understood that the inspection is complete, and that every department
and individual has done what was requisite and possible to have the
troops in every respect in the best condition practicable at the time.
This timeliness and attentiveness are essential elements of the most
etfective inspections, and any dela}'^ simply continues unnecessarily an^^
discomfort tnat results for the troops.

Appendix K exhibits several tables indicating for a series of years
the maximum, minimum, and average number of days elapsing between
the date of the reports of inspection and the time they reach this office.
These tables, which cover the examination of 1,357 reports of military-
posts, 882 of depots, arsenals, etc., 1,212 of property, and 1,113 of dis-
bursements, or a total of 4,564, seem to indicate that the time essential
for reports of inspections upon this continent to reach this office is less
than a fortnight, and that all should habitually reach it within the
month, especially if everything is found correct; and the delays at
intermediate offices may not always have the same cause or meaning —
for at some points the action upon the reports is just as attentive,
exact, and prompt under one system as another, though generally it
takes 50 per cent longer to arrive under the department than under
the district system, and about three times as long through military
channels as direct. During the past year the reports of inspection of
military posts, exclusive of those in our insular aependencies, took an
average of 47.5 days to reach this office; of depots, arsenals, etc.,
12.5; of property, 22.4; and of disbursements, 24.1. Property and
money can not be considered more important than men; and the reports
concerning the men can doubtless receive equally prompt attention and
expedition as the others if desired.

Prompt remedial action is the soul of effective inspections; and the
success of the eft'orts to insure every command and station being in
the best condition practicable at the time inspected depend greatlj^ on
timely supervision. How persistent and earnest all the personnel of
this department have labored to that effect, and the results attained,
may be partially illustrated by a mere comparison of the tables under
the two systems, which indicate that, whatever the system of inspec-
tions adopted, all have constantly and faithfully endeavored to sub-
seiTC the best interests of the service.

REPORT OB' LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 137

THE SPECIAL SERVICE SCHOOLS.

No complete inspection of these schools b}^ an officer of this depart-
ment, in so far as they are distinct from military posts, has been made
since 1S95, when the AiTny Regulations were modified so as to require
specific instructions for their mspection by the Secretary of War or
the Connnandinpf (leneral of the Armv. The attention of the Secre-
tary of War was called to this matter in 1896 and, in regard to one of
them, again this year. The others seemed fallen almost into innocuous
desuetude.

It is believed that a complete reestablishment and thorough inspec-
tion of these schools would be of benefit to them and to the public serv-
ice. Few, if any, featuiTs of our military establishment did more to
perfect and enlighten our military methods, and few are more needed for
the younger officers now. The proposed war college seems suited to cap
a perfect system rather than replace them. The present Uiay possibly
be accepted as approximately our new normal military situation, and its
future needs should })e prepared for accordingly. The artillery school
is being rceslal)lished. It is recommended that the Army Regulations
be so amended as to permit their inspection by officers on their regular
tours and that the authority for ordering these inspections be arranged
in tlie same manner as those provided for by General Orders, No. 109,
Adjutant-Generars Office, 1898.

COMPANY OFFICERS DETACHED FOR OTHER DUTIES.

If the full complement of officers authorized by law could be kept
continuously on duty with a company, no complaint could be made;
but many are demanded for work in civil administration and for
detached military service, while others are either sick or wounded.
The consequence is that some companies are without an officer and
many company organizations are left with only one officer present
for duty, and that one frequently has had only a short military expe-
rience. It is hardly necessary to explain why a company diminishes
its (efficiency in war under these conditions. And those who remember
the complaints about our Army being over-officered in peace times and
having too little or insignificant duties to do may hope that the lessons
taught by solid facts may yet be accepted and learned by all.

FIRST-AID PACKET HOLDER.

Maj. W. D. Beach, inspector-general, U. S. Volunteers, has designed
and furnished the following sketch of a first-aid packet holder, of
which seyeral hundred were made and are now on trial in the Philippines:

In submitting the model to headquarters. Department of Southern
Luzon, which was made at the Manila Arsenal through the coui'tesy of
Capt. William Crozier, of the ordnance depaitment. Major Beach says:

I have the honor to invite attention to the destructibility of the first-aid packages
isHued to the enhsted men and to recommend the following in connection therewith,
nnjiiesting that this paper, with model, be forwarded to division headquarters for the
consideration of the chief surgeon.

This matter has frequently appealed to me while making inspections, l)eside8 being
called to my attention by the brigade inspectors of this division and by circular No.
19, Headquarters Department Pacific and Eighth Army Corps, of March 26, 1899.

The contents of the packet are not secure when subjected to the necessarily rough
usage given them by the soldiers.

Various methods of carrying the package have l:)een adopted. Some companies
use the pocket of the shirt, some thrust the packet into the legging, and others tie it
to the cartridge belt. All of these methods result in soon breaking open the water-
proof cover, thus destroying the antiseptic properties of the compresses and bandage.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL OOMMANDINO THE ARMY.

tlie field ami on iiiHpeption trips) for about t
although it haw never oeeii wet. The life of '
by the enlisted man is, of course, inuoli less.

As a, methcKi of prolonging the life of this absolutely necessary addition t
soldier's equipment in time of active ttervice, I would suggest a pouch made o

Ekelch of fiml-aid paekt

Elan of the one herewith of some similar but better material (both stripe to be simi-
ir to the one Ui which the ring is attached and which permits of being securely
fastened in the same manner as the cinch of a saddle).

In order tn insure the package being with the soldier, it should be fastened to the
cartridge belt, the straps passing through the loops or thimbles as shown in accom-
panying sketch.

WATERPROOFING UNIFORM CLOTHING.

A brief mt^ntioD was made in my last annual report as to a sugges-
tion of Dr. Munson of a practical means for rendering the wearing
apparel of the soldier impervious to rain. The method to aecomplish
this ivas by the use of wool fat, technically known as suint, or of its

gurified products, such as lanoline. It is known that blankets woven
y the Navajo Indians from yarn spun by themselves from their
native raw wool possessed waterproof qualities. In cleatisingTaw
wool for trade purpqses great care is taken to remove all fat from the,
fleece, in order to render the action of dyes more satis facti i ry ; and
experiments show that by restoring this wool fat in the proper pro-
portion to a fabric made from such purified wool the waterproof
properties are regained. It is elaimea that this method of water-
proofing has the great advantage of rendering the ordinary clothing
of the soldier suitable for all conditions of weather. No appreciable
weight is added, and no change for storm or sunshine is required.
The paralining of campaign hats has been resorted to in the Tropics
individually but suct^essful experiments with such substances as suint
may remove this necessity. The ventilation between sweat-band and
bat, as issued experimentally, may then become still more important.

REPORT OK LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 139

The press reports speak of the injurious heat in the military operations
in China; and this would be partially guarded against by ventilating
corks or fluted material in front of the forehead.

Experiments with this method have been going on at Schuylkill
Arsenal since last November, but no final report upon its value for
tlit^ military service has yet been received.

On this subject Lieut. Col. M. P. Maus, inspector-general, Depail-
nieiit of California, reports as follows:

About three years ago I purchased in London, England, a shooting suit complete,
inchiding cap of hand-made cheviot cloth, from the natural wool, as made in the
rural districts of Scotland. It was explained to me that this material was waterproof
and that this property was due to the fact that the natural fat in the wool had not
been extracted from it. I have worn this suit on various occasions in the rain, and
have found it, as far as tested, waterproof. I therefore believe that Dr. Munson's
j^rocess for waterproofing, properly applied, would give the necessary results, and
should Ix^ thoroughly tested at one of our clothing dep>ot8.

MIJN80N HOSPITAL TENT.

Attention is again invited to the above-named tent, of which mention
was made in my last annual report.

During an inspection of troops in the West Indian Islands, made by
me from January 21 to April 3, 1899, the matter of shelter for the
sick was carefully inquired into, and it was said in my report:

How different the several kinds of houses are, and the marked difference in the deadly tempera-
ture even in different tents, need not be dwelt on here; but a note is given of one or two tests showing
this difference of temperature.

The above paragraph attracted the attention of Capt. E. L. Munson,
ris.sistaiit surgeon, United States Arm}, and after thoroughly studying
t he matter he devised a hospital tent to better meet the needs of troops
in the Tropics, which apparently is 10 degrees cooler in extremely hot
weather than the old regulation tent, is admirably ventilated — stagna-
tion of foul air being impossible — and gives much better protection
against both i*ain and sun.

At the request of the Surgeon-General the Quartermaster's Depart-
ment constructed a tent according to Dr. Munson's suggestions, and
it was shipped in September, 1899, to Washington Barracks in this
city for trial; where it was examined and favorably reported upon by
the Surgeon -General and other oflScers of the Medical Department.
My attention was invited to the matter, and I directed Maj. S. C.
Mills, inspector-general on duty in my oflSce, to make a complete
inspection of the tent. His report was so favorable that I submitted
it to the Secretarv of War, witn the recommendation that 100 of these
tents be made and distributed among troops in Cuba, Porto Rico, and
the Philippines for trial. There was mucn delay in the manufacture
of them, due largely to lack of the special material required and to
certain details of construction not being at once understood, and it Avas
not until the end of April, 1900, that they were reported as ready for
service. In the meantime Captain Munson gave the military authori-
ties of the United States full rights to manufacture or purchase these
tents without the payment of royalty therefor. Of the 100 tents made
by the Government 50 have been sent to the Philippine Islands, 10 to
Cuba, and 6 to Porto Rico for trial by the Medical Department. No
reports of the results of these trials have yet been received, which, in
view of the short time they have been on trial was to be expected.
All reports upon the sample tent in this city have been uniformly
favorable. And experiments by line ofBers are recommended.

140 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

It has also been favorably reported to the governments of England,
France, and Canada, by officers of their military service. The
chief sanitary office of the British army states that the tent is an
exceedingly good pattern and the system of improved ventilation is a
decided advantage over their present pattern, and it is already in use
for hospital purposes by the (Janadian military forces. The exigencies
of service have not brought this class of tents into attention as their
use for hospitals in an epidemic or after a battle in the Tropics might.
But in the horrible heat in a tent of a single thickness tor the sick
and wounded there is something to be guarded against, and this tent
has advantages that give great alleviation. Through the courtesy of
Mr. RicharaHarding Davis inquiries as to the English service are being
made.

THE ARMY RATION.

The evolution of the army ration during the past century, in quan-
tity and variety as well as in quality and methoa of prepai-ation, until
it is now superior to that furnished by any other country to its sol-
diers, is as remarkable as the evolution of the small arm from the slow
flintlock nmzzle-loader to the modern rapid-fire breech-loader with its
smokeless powder and metal cartridges. A century ago the army ration
comprised beef or pork, bread or flour, a small quantity of rum, and
salt, vinegar, soap, and candles. Coflfee, sugar, vegetables, fruits, and
similar articles were not issued. Now there are no less than nine
varieties in the meat component of the ration, including fish; four in
the bread, seven in the vegetable, six in the Coffee and sugar, and quite
a number in the dried fruit and seasoning components; and the variety
can practically be made unlimited by applying the savings of any of
the components to the purchase of articles not on the regular ration
list. Most of those on tne older list are still issued, except mm — which
was formerly considered a desirable stimulant for men engaged in
fatiguing or hazardous occupations — but their allowance has largely
increased. And if the former ration was considered sufficient in quan-
tity for the average man, the present ration, which has about doubled,
should give no cause for complaint, especially while the 'profits of the
" exchange" add about a pound to the food of many. Great advances
have also been made in tne method of preparing the food, and cooks
are specially enlisted to make the most of the articles placed at their
disposal, so that the present diet of the soldier is vastly superior to the
limited choice formerly offered. But conditions are not always favor-
able to use the ration to the best advantage, and service in the field
under a tropical sun has been attended by so many complications of
the food supply that Col. C. A. Woodruff, of the Subsistence, and
Capt. E. L. Munson, of the Medical Department, were each led to
prepare and publish an article on '' The ideal ration for an army in
the Tropics." Extracts of these papers are given in Appendix J, and
attention to them is invited for detailed information.

Sugar or sweets seem to be much craved for in the Tropics, as was
pointed out in my report on conditions in Cuba in 1899; and recently
the public press contained an interesting article on some experiments
made with sugar by a surgeon in the German armv, which seems to
have a direct bearing on the question of food for soldiers, and is quoted
as follows:

Dr. Leidenstorfer, a military surgeon, has recently been making experiments with
sugar in the German army. Believing that it would prove a great aid toward the

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 141

maintenance of the ])hy8ical strength of soldiers, he added from 50 to 60 grams of
sugar daily to the rations of certain men, and as a result he found that they became
much more energetic than their comrades; that they suffered much less from hunger,
thirst, and fatigue, that their pulse was less rapid and stronger, and that cases of
exhaustion were much less frequent among them than heretofore. The conclusion
at which he arrives is that sugar, though it is evidently not a fitting food for neuras-
thenics or for those who are depressed and who are obliged to lead a sedentary life,
is yet admirably adapted for huntsmen, soldiers, and all others who live much^ in
the open air, the reason being because sugar has in it those very properties which
their constant activity and energy require.

UNIT OF ARMY EXPENDITURES.

The distinction between the expense to the Government and the
receipts of the individual soldier whenever there is an increase of
force has led to a conventional estimate that soldiers pi*actically
require the disbursement of about $1,000 per man per annum, perhaps
because this amount most nearly approximates in round numbers the
ratio between the enlisted strength of the Army and the annual Army
appropriations; and for purposes of a general offhand estimate it may
soive to give an idea of the amount required to maintain an army of
definite strength — though of course the soldier individually receives
no such sum.

From an examination of the amounts expended during the past five
years, taken from three different sources, viz, the ledgers of the War
Department, the annual reports of chiefs of Bureaus, and the combined
statement of receipts and disbursements published annually by the
Treasury Department, the following table indicates approximately the
average annual cost per enlisted man, found by dividing the total
expenditures considered by the average number of enlisted men in
the Army. The difference in the results obtained from the various
sources available may serve to show differences in classifying or sum-
marizing annual expenditures and some consequent difficulty in segre-
gating in all cases similar classes of expenditures; though, as a rule, the
pay, etc., of the Army, mileage, transportation, barracks and quarters,
clothing, camp and garrison equipage, horses, subsistence, care of sick,
and arms and equipments have been considered, and expenditures for
fortifications or their armament excluded, as far as it was practicable
to draw such distinctions.

FlHcnl year.

1S%

1N'»7

IS'.IS

IS'Jt

1900

Average

Average
number en-
listed men.

25,159
26,331
50,783
162,224
96,674

72,034

Average per enlisted man under
the following figures.

War De-
partment
ledgers.

$886.52

880.97

1,170.46

1,595.80

1,017.73

1,280.85

Annual
reports.

$1,071.26
1,036.04
1,218.68
1, 140. 71

Treasury
statements.

•$957.15
887.11
1,088.62
1,194.54
1,011.61

1,139.05 1,092.80

Approxi-
mate aver-
age from
these fig-
ures.

$971.66

934.71

1,159.26

1,310.35

1,014.66

1,173.85

142 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

The following table shows the averages for two years of peace (1896
and 1897) and two years of war (1899 and 1900):

Fiscal year.

Pence . .
War

Increase

Per cent

Average per enlisted man under
the following figures.

War De-
partment
ledgers.

Annual
reports.

$882.86
1,379.95

497. J9

66.3

$1,053.57
1,140.71

87.14

8.3

TreaBUiy
statements.

9922.06
1,126.23

201.20

22.1

Approxi-
mate aver-
age from
these
figures.

$963.12
1,226.28

273.16

28.7

The increased expenditures of war are readily understood from the
unusual conditions of waging war simultaneously in two hemispheres
many thousand miles apart; and it is evident that the maintenance of
troops in distant lands is more expensive than at home and must
increase the average cost per man. The year of preparation for war
also adds many incidental expenses for arms, animals, etc., that may
not be wholly worn out in a single year.

Of course, the figures are omy tentatively presented from sources
most readily accessible; but they ma}^ serve to show that it is entirely
pi*actica])le to obtain the average cost per enlisted man of maintaining
the Army; and doubtless such information can be accurately furnished
by the aepartments disbursing the various funds, not only in their
aggregate expenditures, but in the several items composing it.
Apparently the difference between war and peace expenses is about
$300 per annum or about 25 per cent; and we have returned nearl3' to
our normal peace basis. And with full organizations the average per
man is diminished.

DRINKING WATER.

As General Tidball, now on the retired list, had a handy water cart
with his command during our civil war, he doubtless can tell what
steps were taken concerning such effective methods of supplying an
essential of human life. That old incident is recalled by the follow-
ing extract from a recently published private letter of First Lieut.
A. U. Loeb of the Ninth Infantry and from the New York Sun's
accoun of the taking of Tientsin.

Lieutenant Loeb says:

It was impossible to get troops to us, aiid we lay all that hot day in salt water and
imid uj) to our waists. Water gave out, and the men in their frenzied attempts to
quench their burning throats would drink that dirty salt water, supplying it in short
mouthfuls as it eddied about their forms.

The Sun's correspondent reports:

One thing thi.s day should teach the American Army one little thing of great
importance. I have seen six different breeds of men go into battle to-day. Ev^ry
one of them except the American had some contrivance for getting extra water to
the field. It has been a fearfully hot day and the men have sufiered greatly for
water. Our men are notoriously prodigal of the contents of their canteens. They
hadn't l)een on the line two hours l>efore they were running out and the cry went up
for more. But there was no way to get more. The British, French, and Japanese
had their donkey ciirts or mules ]>acked with breakers, but the Americans had noth-
ing and their men had to suffer and stand it as best they could. It is no very great
reform to make but it counts afield.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 143

THE GALVESTON STORM.

In connection with the recent destructive storm of September 8,
which caused such appalling loss of life and property at Gralveston and
vicinity and for the time overshadowed all other events, the following
extracts from the report of an inspection of Camp Hawley and itssub-
l)()sts, Forts Crockett, San Jacinto, and Travis, forming the fortitica-
lions of Galveston, made April 26 to 30, 1900, by Capt. F. W. Sibley,
acting inspector-general. Department of Texas, may be of interest:

Camp Hawley is located north of and adjacent to the western

Camf) Hawley. part of the Fort Crockett reservation, on 45 acres of land leased

in October, 1899, by the Government for one year from the Gal-
veston Land and Improvement Company at a nominal rental of |1, with an option
of a second year at the same price.

The post is a temporary one, erected -to shelter the command until permanent
quarters can be erected at Fort Crockett. It has been but recently completed, and
consists of frame buildings, board and batten sides, and roofed with boards, asphalt,
and shells. The buildings consist of:

Nos. 1-3, oflBcers' quarters; No. 4, commissary building; No. 5, hospital; No. 6,
quartermaster's office; No. 7, wagon shed and stable; No. 8, administration building;
No. 9, barracks; No. 10, guardhouse; No. 11, mess hall; No. 12, bath house and
wash room; No. 13, bakery; No. 14, latrine; No. 15, quartermaster's storehouse.

These buildings are comfortable, raised on piles about 2 feet above the ground, are
well ventilated, and sufficiently w^arm for the winters of this climate.

Formerly City Beach Battery: This battery is situated about 5

Fort Crockett. miles from the entrance to Galveston Bay at the extreme southern

end of the line of defenses of the city of Galveston. It is one of
the most important of the defenses of that city.

The soil is gulf sand, overlaid with 6 to 10 inches of sandy loam, covered with a
thick sward oi evergreen grasses. The land is as high as any in the city, being some
() feet above mean low tide. A shallow bayou about 100 feet wide comes in from the
north or bay side of the island, nearly dividing the reservation in two. It will be
necessary to fill this bayou to the surrounding level by pumping sand from the gulf.

The fort is readily accessible, being connected with the city by well-paved streets,
a line of street cars, a telephone line, and an engineer's switch which connects with
the main railroad lines entering the city.

Owing to the time it will require to fill in the bayou, it is now proposed to erect
only sufficient buildings to accommodate the officers and men. of one battery, and to
have these buildings so located as to permit of their construction without filling this
bavou.

I'he works of Fort Crockett consist of three batteries.

The first battery is completed, except connections with electric dynamo.

All property isin charge of a care-taker detachment, detailed from Battery G, First
Artillery, consisting of 1 sergeant and 5 privates. This detachment is housed in a
temporary three-room wooden dormitory having capacity for 12 men.

There is also a well-constructed three-room storehouse for signal property, ordnance
stores, and mathematical instruments. These buildings are frame, are raised on piles
about 10 feet above the surface of the ground and are well adapted to the purposes for
which they are used.

This fort is located on the extreme eastern point of Galveston
Fort Jacinto. Island, on a low-lying tongue of sand extending into the entrance

of Galveston Harbor. There are four batteries constructed here,
which stand in order from right to left.

The buildings provided for the use of the detachment are similar to those furnished
iU Fort Crockett, and consist of dormitory, three rooms, two being used for noncom-
niij^jiioned officers; mess room and kitchen; storehouse, three rooms; oil house for
})ainta and oils. These buildings are frame, well built, suitable for the uses intended,
and are on piles about 10 feet above the ground.

Suitable buildings in good repair for a garrison of about 65 men, consisting of bar-
racks, officers' quarters, storehouses, etc., are completed and have been completed for
eighteen months, but are not habitable, by reason of the fact that they are located on
]MleH and raised to a height of about 10 feet above mean low tide, with water at high
tide flowing under the buildings. This post, which is about a mile from the batteries,
was built before the site was prepared.

It will require about 400,000 cubic yards of sand to fill in this site alone to a height

144 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE. ARMY.

of 7 feet above mean low tide. The tide here has a range of about 18 inches, but after
heavy eastern storms has been known to rise over 8 feet. About 25 per cent of the
fill above referred to has now been made. It is estimated that the site will be filled
to 7 feet in about one year's time. The original scheme contemplated the filling in
of the entire reservation to the level, and it was estimated that this would take about
4,000,000 cubic yards. While this should be done eventually, the post can be occu-
pied satisfactorily on the filling in of the post site proper.

Bolivar Point: This fort is on tne mainland directly opposite
Fort Travis. Fort San Jacinto, distant 1 J miles. This reservation is quite low,
but somewhat higher than the other. This fort consists of two
batteries.

The care-taker detachment consists of 1 sergeant, 1 corporal, and 5 privates.

There is a new wharf being constructed here, 400 feet out to 5 J feet of water, to
cost $3,250.

A commercial cable connects the post with the city of Galveston. A military rail-
road connects the town of Bolivar with the post and makes connection with the main
railroad lines.

THE department's DEATH LIST.

During the year death took from the inspection corps three oflScers
who were among its most useful members.

Lieut. Col. Jonn D. Miley, inspector-general, United States Volun-
teers, Avas the first of the corps to die during the fiscal j^ear. He died at
Manila, P. I., on September 19, 1899, ''with the harness on," his end
apparently hastened if not brought about by his unflagging industry
and unremitting efforts in the service of his country while domg double
work. He was a gallant and brilliant young officer, whose life had been
one of constant endeavor, devoted conscientiously to the faithful per-
formance of duty. How distinguished apart he took in the Santiago
campaign is indicated by the recommendation that while a lieutenant
of regulars he should be made a brigadier-general of volunteers. And
the chief of this department recommended that he should be given an
opportunity to round out his career by further service with the line
in campaign when the present volunteers were organized.

Maj. Frank H. Edmunds, First United States infantry, acting in-
spector-general of the Department of Havana and Pinar del Rio, Cuba,
died at Quemados de Mariano, Cuba, on June 18, 1900, of yellow fever;
and the service was thereby deprived of a conscientious and accom-
plished officer of the highest promise, whose record in the Army
stamped him as a man of marked ability, who performed all his duties
with an industry and zeal far above the average. As an officer and
a gentleman his merit was so evident that those who mourn for him
mourn as becomes the most worthy.

That gallant and honored soldier. Col. Henry W. Lawton, inspector-

feneral, major-general of United States Volunteers, after a long and
istinguished career in the military service of his country — a service
in which he performed many varied and arduous duties, and all with
marked ability, and was trusted to the utmost by soldiers and civilians in
high authority or subordinate to him — fell at the battle of San Mateo,
near Manila, P. I., in the very moment of victory, on December 19,
1899. His life of devotion to his country was thus crowned and glo-
rified by the supremest sacrifice that any man can make; and he can
never be forgotten by those who esteemed him most. " What we have
done for ourselves alone dies with us; what we have done for others
and the world remains and is immortal."

He served with a whole and loyal heart most strenuously through
many vears in devoted service for his fellow-countrymen, and at last
won their kindly affection and brought credit to the whole military

REPOBT^POF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 145

service at his death. The estimation in which his services were held
and valued by his countrymen may, in some part, be measured by their
spontaneous and generous action when he had offered up his life upon
the altar of duty; and those who mourned him embraced every class,
from the highest to the lowest. A brief synopsis of his strenuous life
and his faithfully performed duties is set forth in the obituary pub-
lished by the Inspector-General on December 21, 1899, which is repro-
duced in Appenaix G, with the obituaries published by the Inspector-
General on tne occasion of the deaths of Lieutenant-Colonel Miley and
Major Edmunds.

INSPECTION SERVICE.

Throughout the year there has been marked activity in the Inspector-
General's Department, as shown in both hemispheres by the important
and large number of inspections of money, property, men, and places.
And the hope and tendency toward improved service is indicated by
the resumption of the inspection of military colleges and inauguration
of inspections for the transport service, which show a progressive
spirit and warrant the hope that these duties meet the approval and
support of higher authority; and evidently this is essential to steadily
secure successful results. That inspections are not always desired, but
sometimes meet both open and occult opposition, goes without saying
from the very nature of the case and the chai'acteristics of erring and
grasping humanity. But it is believed that all defects and criticisms
reported by inspectors now generally receive remedial action from all
others wherever possible; and, under the support and encouragement
received, despite the difficulties and delays and untoward interference,
the results acnieved are decidedly improved over the preceding year.
The Army is reported as well supplied with clothing and food and
equipment, and conditions generally are very satisfactory. Perhaps
there is less opportunity and more difficulties in maintaining the old
perfect military instruction and discipline, and more of the junior
officers have not attained the perfect training which prevailed when
more of them had prior military training ana were graduates of the
Military Academy and the service schools at Leavenworth and Riley
were in operation. But this is incidental to the transient situation and
will be more than remedied in time, and the present experience in war
and field service is particularly instructive.

As to the Inspector-General's Department, it is sincerely hoped that
it may be placed upon a permanent and independent basis before many
years roll round. Its services this year have been interesting, far-
reaching, and intensely effective; perhaps especially so in that branch
which affects disbursements and property. But in such scenes as your
last review of the volunteers in San Francisco before their departure
for the Philippines, when you permitted me to accompany you^ and in
their inspections in Asia afterward, and in such sharing of their hard-
ships and dangers as is indicated in the deaths of General Lawton,
Colonel Miley, and Major Edmunds, the duty of this coips in connec-
tion with the troops has a definite demonstration and a certain interest
and effect which we hope will still meet with your approval.

Respectfully submitted.

J. C. Breckineidge,

Injector- General.

The Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army.
WAR 1900— VOL 1, pt ni 10

APPENDIX A.

INSPECTION OF MILITARY POSTS AND COMMANDS.

The following table shows the aggregate strength of commands and organizations
of all arms inspected one or more times during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900:

United States

Philippine Islands

Cuba

Porto Rico

Officers.

2,324

2,476

885

Total

5,216

Enlisted
men.

49,944

69,266

9,643

977

129,880

Total.

&2,268

71,742

10,028

1,006

1S5,046

The inspections in the United States were distributed among the several geograph-
ical departments as follows:

Departments.

California

Colorado

Columbia

Dakota

East

Lakes

Missouri

Texas

United States Volunteers

Total

Officers.

Enlisted
men.

1,440

1,815

746

1,250

a 647

67,136

1,010

1,714

958

1,324

33,875

2,324

49,944

Total.

1,601

1,881

774

1.304

7,783

1,057

1,788

981

35.199

52,268

a Three hundred and ninety-nine officers and cadets at West Point, N. Y., inspected by General
Breckinridge, included.

6 Three hundred and ninety-five enlisted men at West Point, N.Y., inspected by General Breckin-
ridge, included.

U. 8. VOLUNTEERS.

Of the U. S. Volunteers, all the regiments were inspected in the United States
before their dej)arture for the Philippine Islands, except the Thirty-fourth. An
inspection for this regiment was authorized, but it was ordered to San Francisco and
left the country before the inspection was made. The Twenty-sixth Regiment, U. 8.
Volunteers, was ordered inspected, but owing to the want of offict^rs available at
headquarters Department of the East to make a detailed inspection, the department
commander visited and looked over the regiment himself, but no written report of
his observation has been received in this bureau. The following of these regiments
were inspected twice before leaving the United States, \az: Thirty-fifth, Thirty-eighth,
one battalion of the Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, Forty-second, Forty-fourth, Forty-fifth,
Forty-sixth, Forty-eighth, and Forty-ninth; and one battalion of the Forty-fifth was
inspecteil three times. Owing to the great importance of these inspections and the
limited time available for the work, it was found to be impracticable to have the
inspection made in each instance by an officer of this Department, either of the per-
manent establishment or detailed tnerein, and so seven of the inspections, or a little
less than one-fourth of the total number, were made by officers 8i>ecially detailed for
the purpose.

Tne reports of these inspections generally indicate a good, and in some cases, excel-
lent state of discipline ana satisfactory' progress in the organization, equipment, and
instruction of the troops.

The speed with which these organizations were equipped and clothed without
awaiting preliminary requisitions, and the skillful and energetic manner in which
they were organized and instructed and disciplined won the remarkably hearty and

146

REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 147

almost unanimous commendation of these experienced inspectors. The review at the
Presidio of San Francisco by the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Armies of
the United States of the later regiments closed the series most effectively with
marked credit to the line and staff which had helped in a work so quickly and well
done. The regiment which sailed from Fort Vancouver had a night formation
added to its preliminary experiences. These regiments constituted a command
from which, if it could work together in a single campaign or battle, everything
could justly be expected that is ever demanded of soldiers. The salutary influence
and wholesome eifect upon organizations under the command of such carefully
selected and accomplished officers, which must necessarily follow upon the heels
of the first sharp, penetrating, incisive inspection, covering every sphere of
militarjr affairs, reported with rigid impartiality, bestowing praise where deserved,
and pointing out any unsatisfactory conditions requiring the attention and direction
of higher authority, can hardly be overestimated. This is one of the first duties
assigned and supported by the present Secretary of War, and it is believed its bene-
ficial effects have not been lost but affected these regiments throughout their bril-
liant military career. It seems odd and illustrative of our war methods of short
enlistments, that the induction of these regiments into the service can be formally
considered at the time their exit is being prepared.

MILITARY POSTS IN THE UNITED STATES.

The inspection of garrisoned posts in the United States by the officers of the
Inspector-General's Department nas been fairly complete where undertaken during
the fiscal year. The work was entirely completed in six of the geographical depart-
ments and completed, with the exception of one post each, in two departments,
viz, Honolulu, H. I., Department of California, where some unhealthfulness of situa-
tion was mentioned in the previous inspection report, so a new one was anticipated
with special interest, and Wallace, Idaho, Department of the Columbia.. The latter
station was not garrisoned until after the completion of the tour of the inspector-
general of the department. The eight posts in the newly established Department of
Alaska were not inspected, but orders were requested, and at one time approved, for
an inspection there, and now Captain Tutherly is assigned there as acting inspector-
general.

An examination of the reports indicates thoroughness and efficiency on the part
of 1:)oth the inspectors and inspected and commendable zeal and ability in the per-
formance of their duties. Inspections by officers of experience, tact, and judgment
are not without importance, even under the military conditions which prevail in
the United States at the present time, and their abilities find an opportune field.
The frequent changes in the garrisons, which are small at a large majority of the
posts in this country, and the frequent changes resulting in commanding officers,
which permit the exercise of command by one officer for brief periods only, and
the youth or recent appointment of some doubtless produce results and conditions
occasionally requiring watchfulness and care on the part of all concerned.

Owing to the frequent changes in the garrisons and the com-

CJommand of posts, parative denuding of some posts, the command of posts has

aevolved upon a large number of officers, some of whom are com-
paratively young, and some injury may have occurred ; but, considering these cir-
cumstances, the conditions are reported more than fairly satisfactory. The law,
regulations, and orders are generally reported properly enforced. All orders and
instructions are reported to be duly promulgated, and justice legally, promptly, and
impartially administered. The system of instruction is reported to be faithfully
observed and carried out where means and opportunity permit ; and this has become
of more than usual importance under the large percentage of recruits at present and
the overweighted condition of some garrisons and the sudden calls made for troops.
Public property, as a rule, has been reported properly protected and cared for, though
the labor involved in some instances may have interfered with other exacting mili-
tary duties on account of the small number of troops available for the work. Exclud-
ing the transient volunteers, the number of our regular soldiers on the American
continent has hardly been so small since 1861.

The military instruction of the troops is generally reported in a

Instruction. fairly satisfactory condition. The purely military auties have

been hampered in some instances on account of the small force
available at many of the posts, and the prescribed instruction interfered with to
some extent by the requirements of indispensable garrison duties. How far the care
of the property must interfere with the discipline and military instruction of the
men may occasionally become a more serious question than is snown in the inspec-
tions, tossibly the law might allow utilizing retired soldiers as care takers for tem-
porarily abandoned posts. The reports indicate that ranges for small arms-target prac-

148 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

tice are provided at a large proportion of the posts, either owned by the Grovemment
or rented; many of them are reported to be excellently adapted for the purpose, and
fully and completely equipped, while the location of a few is reported aa unsatisfactory,
and some others do not provide sufficient faciUties for long-range practice. Small-arms
target practice is reported as having been held during the year at a laige majority of the
posts. At a few posts it is reported that no practice could be had on account of the
small garrisons being continuously employed in mounting, cleaning, painting, and
caring for the heavy guns. Practice was not had at one post, owing to the absence
of the command during the prevalence of yellow fever. The importance of provid-
ing more fully {pr hasty intrenchments, night or field work, target practice with
small arms at moving targets, should doubtless receive consideration, as the instruc-
tion of the troops in these patrticulars should be thorough and complete in order to
fuUv prepare them for service in fields where there is a general lack of facilities for
such practice other than actual campaign work; and experience is a hard taskmaster.
The enemy does not display any interest in giving our men the best opportunity
to practice and improve marksmanship under the easiest and most advantageous
circumstances.
Lieut. Col. Philip Reade, inspector-general. Department of Dakota, states:

„ ^ ^ ** Fewer parades and ceremonies and more field exercises are

^.Parades and ceremo-^^^

* * The tendency of National Guardsmen and of new volunteers is
to pay more attention to reviews, etc., than to field exercises, or problems in minor
tactics. Environments seldom permit of the latter. As a consequence, the new
citizen soldier is prone to attach an exaggerated importance to nonessentials of a sol-
dier's duty.

* * Practical problems in minor tactics are always necessary to advance the instruction
of our volunteer troops. They are, however, seldom exercised in executing plans
devised for their action in time of war. Sham battles are spectacular^ but are not
uistructive. They are generally subversive to good discipline. Our citizen soldiers,
also some of the troops of the regular establishment whicn I have inspected, lack the
experience approximating as nearly as possible to what would have to be confronted
in war time.

** Periodical mobilization and maneuvers should include more of the actual prepara-
tions for and doings of war; parades and ceremonies should be fewer. The efficiency
of a command is not best inoicated by its appearance during occasions of ceremonies
or dexterity and unison in executing manual-of-arms movements.**

The ceremony of dress parade has been greatly improved, but is not yet as inter-
esting as that of guard mounting. The introduction of the bayonet exercise there
has been tried and found perfectly feasible, and much more beneficial and effective than
the manual of arms. Special reports from all officers serving in China on the drill
and methods of the several foreign nations there is recommended. And a new
drill book, at least for the infantry, is recommended.

The reports indicate the prevalence of harmony and good will
°^^re° among the commissioned officers. The assurance of pamstaking

and energetic work on the part of officers of all ranks serving at
posts and their possession of zeal and ability of a high order in the particular duties
to which they have been assigned is indicated by the large number who have received
special mention from the inspectors. The number of those who have been un^bvor-
aoly commented upon is extremely small and hardly an appreciable factor, which is
all the more remarkable when the large number of those recently appointed from
civil life is considered.

The character of the recruits enlisted during the year is gener-

Eniisted men. ally reported satisfactory except in a few instances of those for

the artillery arms, where the lack of special qualifications in the
line of education has been commented upon. The requirements of this arm of the
service in this particular are unusually exacting, and in order to secure the best avail-
able material and put the artillery upon an equal footing with the cavalry and ini^-
try arms, the question of some suitable recognition of the greater demands of the
artillery service in the way of more liberal compensation might well be considered.

The reports indicate that the discipline and behavior of the
h^or of troo^ enlisted naen of the Army is generally very good, that the tone of

the men is fairly satisfactory, and tliat they give unquestioned
obedience to authority. The willingness to obey and perform every duty assigned
and exacted is evident; the habit of rigid, intelligent, and helpful obedience comes
with practice under skillful supervision. The opponents our soldiers have recently met
may not be as instructive and exacting as formerly; but what the occasion has
demanded from our soldiers in foreign service has been more than adequately
responded to, and our problem is to keep up to the old standard.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 149

Military signaling has generally received attention at posts
Military signaling, where time and opportunity was afforded. The prescribed instruc-
tion in this branch of military work has been entirely prevented
in some instances and interfered with to a more or less extent in others oy the pres-
sure of other exacting duties. The value of expert and eflBcient signalmen of expe-
rience and ability in the rapid exchange of signals by the usual methods can hardly
be overestimated. Whether the desired results can be obtained under the present
system, or ^eater efficiency secured by an absolute departure from it, may be a ques-
tion requiring thoughtful consideration. In this connection the acting signal officer
at Fort Sheridan, 111., makes the following suggestions: " That signaling, and every-
thing pertaining to it, be put in the hands of the Signal Corp^ only. As managed
now it only serves to take officers and men from their proper duties to half learn
something they will never use, if the Signal Corps performs theirs." And that the
Signal Corps does perform its duty admirably and prepare for it as perfectly as mili-
tary prevision and indomitable energy can accomplish has been demonstrated around
the earth on every scene of military activity.

Many of the posts are not provided with gymnasiums. This
Athletics. need is not, perhaps, so severely felt now as formerly, owing to

the large amount of fatigue duty and other work required to be
done by garrisons reduced to but a fraction of their normal strength. These abnormal
conditions are, however, but temporary, and until the Grovemment provides a well-
equipped gymnasium and drill room at each permanent post the physical training of
our soldiers, especially in the winter months, can not De expectea to receive the
attention its great importance deserves.

The company mess system prevails very generally at garrison
Messing. posts throughout the United States. The general mess is main-

tained at a few of the larger posts. The reports indicate that the
food has been supplied in sufficient quantity and varietv, that the quality has been
good, and that it nas been properly preparea and served. The general excellence of
the bread baked in so many of the post bakeries has become proverbial, and, doubt-
less, every effort is being put fortn by those specially ana directly concerned to
attain equal excellence in respect to all other components of the ration, especially in
the field. Perhaps no other sinsle item of the soldier's needs bears so potently upon
his effectiveness in campaign and battle than that of the sufficiency and suitability of
his food; and only while this paramount necessity is absolutely provided for and
fully maintained can the soldier be expected to do his best work. And it is believed
that no other army is better supplied nor given as generous an allowance as ours;
and the enthusiastic and soldierly energy and skill with which the Subsistence
Department is performing and pressing forward its duties deserve every recognition.
Post lycemns, and ^^® operation of these have been impaired somewhat by the
schools for officers demands of war and foreign service and the small number of offi-
a°dno^commis- cers on duty at some of the posts; but at others lyceums, with
sionea officers. approved schemes of instruction, were properly inaugurated, even

though the sessions were interrupted by the subsequent departure of officers. Where
a sufficient number of officers has been available the lyceums have been properly
conducted and a commendable degree of interest manifested. The regulations in
regard to the maintenance of schools for noncommissioned officers have been observed
as well as practicable under the circumstances.

The reports indicate that the sessions of post schools for
Post schools. enlisted men have been interfered with in some cases, and

entirely prevented in others, by various causes; among which
may be mentioned small or unsettled garrisons, and no suitable room for the pur-
pose. At one post it is reported that there was no post school owing to sickness
among cavalry troops just coming from Cuba; at another there was no competent
teacher. They appear to have been maintained throughout the Army in acconiance
with the prescribed regulations at about 30 per cent of the garrisoned posts. Excellent
progress and satisfactory interest are reported at some posts, while at others little or
no interest is manifested. At one post it is stated that "it being impracticable for
men to attend school except when off duty, satisfactory progress, especially in the
elementary classes, is hard to obtain.*' The army as a school is a distinct feature in
every civilized countrv and leaves its impress upon the national life, history, and
characteristics. But the school is very dinerent in war and peace. And full-grown
men, with plenty of red blood in their arteries at their country's service, are apt to
prefer campaigns or assaults upon the walls of Pekin or Tientsin to the four walls
of a schoolroom, though doubtless there is reason in both.

Fost exchanges are reported in operation at permanently garri-
Post exchanges. soned posts, and appear to be conducted in accordance witn the

prescribed regulations. Theirsuccessandpracticalutilityseemtobe
unquestioned. Salesof liquorareconfined to thatof ''soft drinks," beer, andlightwines

150 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

under fairly effective oflScial supervision, which are dispensed by civilians employed
for that purpose. This is certainly a great improvement upon the old sutler's regime
which it supplanted and which still needs to be guarded against even in disgmsed
practice. Tne sales of other stores are a marked feature of the institutions and is a
great benefit to frontier soldiers while zealously and wisely conducted and such stores
are not equally, generously, and considerately supplied to these exiled soldiers
through any other organization. A volunteer r^ment had, when I inspected it,
about $8,000 worth of stores in its regimental exchange and not a drop of alcohol.
Suitable buildings for the accommodation of post exchanges are not provided in all
cases. It appears to be the consensus of opinion in the Army generally that the
present Exchange Rjegulations promote the morals, temperance, discipline, and
health of the men as compared with what they were practically before, and it would
prove a great deprivation to deprive them of the "exchange," and that the best
interests of the service require its retention. The Moslem idea, that there is sin
in wine, would still further limit that class of sales. But the change from the^days
when whisky was one of the articles issued by the Subsistence Department, to the
present veto of the sale of distilled liquors upon any military reservation, is decidedly
pronounced and beneficial. Now Army oflficers compare favorably for sobriety with
most of the learned professions, and the enlisted men equally favorably with most of
the trades. Soldiers are not all ministers of the gospel; but what they do minister
to is done well and has won the favorable comment of those who know them best.
Some prejudice against them may have existed in bygone times, and a residuum of it
still continues, as they are only men without women or children in their legal organ-
ization. But they are relied upon for their proper purposes; they are flesh of our
flesh, and such as they are they are not unworthy. And their wants deserve sympa-
thetic and patient consideration; not for their vices, which are abundant also in civil
life, but for their needs in their life of isolation, hardship, and danger. The choice
between the old reign of sutlers and our present system has been wisely and morally
made. If something still better is possible, it also deserves fair consideration. The
late Colonel Heyl, of this department, is believed to have had great influence toward
the legal increase of the ration; and the ** exchange'* has also increased it where
it exists. How much the improvement in the quahty and quantity of the soldier's
food has diminished his desire and tendenoy to drink since this increase occurred,
may also deserve recognition.

Lieut. Col. Philip !^ade, inspector-general, Department of Dakota, states:

** It is advisable that a fixed percentage of the net profits of the exchange should
be, by order, set aside for the specific purpose of recreation, supplies, prizes, etc."

. , ■, The administration of the affairs of the quartermaster's depart-
parSnent^^ ^ ment at posts is generally reporte i most excellent, and the num-
ber of officers detailed for duty therein who have been favorably
reported upon by inspecting officers is a guarantee that the a^airs of this important
department are in the hands of live, capable, energetic men. How much was learned
and how much experience was gained m the performance of these rudimentary and
fundamental duties of supplying soldiers under our methods was demonstrated
under trying exigencies, and probably no command of regulars in the field was found
without some officer who had proved his excellence at the work. Stores are usually
reported to be adequate and of good quality; and in all cases where complaints have
been made they have been called to the attention of the proper authorities. There
appears to be a very general desire for a revision of the supply table for veterinary
medicine, dressings, and instruments, in order that the requirements of more mod-
ern veterinary surgerjr and therapeutics may be properly and adequately met.

Some of the troops in the United States are reported in large, airy, commodious
buildings; others are in temporary structures, and a few are m tents. Casemates
are still utilized for this purpose at a few posts, though strongly criticised. The
public buildings appear to have received the usual repairs during the year. Deteri-
oration and decay have doubtless been more rapid and marked during the recent
past than formerly, owing to the general want of a sufficient number of men to prop-
erly care for the buildings and at the same time perform their other necessary mifi-
tary duties. A number of new buildings have been erected at some posts and new
structures are needed at others. The following extract from the report of inspec-
tion of San Carlos, Ariz., by Lieut. Col. W. H. Boyle, acting inspector-general,
Department of the Colorado, may be of interest:

"The barracks (No. 19) consist of 16 frame shacks, each with a cajMwity of
8 men. They are neither lined nor sealed and are very cold in winter and extremely
warm in summer, without verandas or shelter for the men. On occasions of sand
storms, which frequently occur at this post, the sand blows into the building and
there is no way of protecting the men's clothing from dust and dirt. If troops are
to be continued at San Carlos (and they should oe, as it is one of the most impor-

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 151

tant posts in the territory), new barracks, of ample accomtoodations, should be con-
structed; also new quartermaster and commissary storehouses."

How greatly the design and comfort of the barracks have been improved in the
Army generally should be one of the glories in the progress and present condition
of the Quartermaster's Department, which, in so manv items has liberally helped
on the comfort, contentment, and healthfulness of the men. The increased air
space alone is a boon; and in almost every detail, from cleanliness to clothing, the
same spirit prevails.

The reporti^ indicate that the water supply at the posts is fairly satisfactory in
quality. The quantity is not in all cases sufficient for all purposes, especially during
the hot, dry season. In the arid belt the stations present great difficulties some-
times in this respect. The sewerage and drainage have been reported fairly satis-
factory at a majority of the posts, and steps looking to the improvement of the
system have been inaugurated at others. Lieut. Col. W. H. Boyle, acting inspector-
general, Department of the Colorado, states:

**I found the water system at the several posts very inadequate, particularly as a
protection against fire. A number of fires have occurred in the department during
the past year, and in nearly every instance valuable public property was destroyed
for tne want of a properly constructeil water system. It would be economy to build
a complete system at every post, and in addition supply the necessary fireapparatus,
as at present when fire occurs public property is almost wholly at the mercy of the
flames. Many of the posts are not properly drained. It would add to the health as
well as the great convenience and comfort of the garrison if a complete sewer system
were constructed in connection with a water system. I^specially should these con-
veniences be provided for officers and their families and the enlisted men at posts
isolated as are several in this department, where there is so little to add to their
comfort."

At one of the newly garrisoned posts on the Atlantic seacoast, the surgeon reports
the sanitary condition of the posts bad, and that if the swamj^ on the reservation
could be filled in the posts could be made healthful. Communication with posts is
not satisfactory in all cases. It is reported that at Fort Greble better communica-
tions with the mainlands should be provided both by water and telephone. At Fort
Hancock a suitable steamer is desired for the permanent use of the post. The means
of communication are reported insufficient at Fort Warren, where a steam tug or
launch — a larger boat than the one now in use — is needed for the use of the officer
commanding the defenses of the harbor. Wherever men live constantly without
such public conveniences as street cars and commercial steamboats the transporta-
tion snould be liberal, whether by land or water, and a soldierly sense of concert,
concentration, and mobility should be steadily instilled.

Lieut. Col. Philip Reade, inspector-general, Department of Dakota, states:

** Shelter halves should be made 12 inches longer. Wall tents

Tents. should be provided with pockets; jKKjkets to have flaps and to be

located below the eaves* line; hospital tent, ditto. These pockets
should be large enough to keep toilet articles in; pockets to have flaps and to be
placed one on each side, and a double pocket at back below the eaves* line. Double
flies and false bridge for both wall and hospital tents are recommended for tropical
service. All tent flies should be made longer than the tents they are intended to

cover."

Lieut. Col. M. P. Maus, inspector-general, Department of California, reports:

" It is recommended that snelter tents be made of stronger and thoroughly water-
proof canvas, brown in color."

Lieut. Col. W. H. Boyle, acting inspector-general. Department of the Colorado,
states:

"A great deal of hay and straw has been destroyed by fire or

Hay and straw. so damaged by weather as to become unfit for issue. This is

occasioned by deliveries being made at the pleasure of the con-
tractor, necessitating stacking the hay and straw in the open. 1 am of the opinion
that it would be a saving to tne Government to have a contract so worded that deliv-
eries should be made in such quantities and at such times as called for by the post
commander, even though it occasioned a slight increase in the contract price. In
that way hay and straw would be delivered m such Quantities as could be properly
stored in the buildings provided for the purpose. The same course should be pur-
sued in providingcoal."

Lieut. Col. M. r. Maus, inspector-general, Department of California, reports:

*'As the United States Army is required to serve in various

Clothing. parts of the globe and in all kinds of climates, the suitability of

uniforms for the various services has become an important con-
sideration. It has been recommended in a former commauication that at large posts.

152 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

as the Preside, Fort Leavenworth, Fort Monroe, etc., post tailor shops should be
established, where clothing can be issued, or the material furnished, by the Quarter-
master's Department, cut and fitted to the soldier. Such uniforms would last much
longer, would greatly add to the smartness and general military appearance of the
soldier, and relieve him of a burden in the heavy cost of having alterations made to
that now issued to him; or, if not altered, to prevent the wearing of badly fitting and
slouchy looking clothing.

** Frequent inspections have shown that blouses and dress coats are often cut too
low. It is also noticed that the chest measurements for both dress coats and blouses
are frequently too small and not suitable for a well-developed soldier. I have noticed
blouses cut so low in some instances as to show the hair growing on a man's breast.

"The collars of dress coats are also cut too low in many cases, and too short to go
around a man's neck, leaving it open in front and exposm^ the throat. Where the
collar is worn so as to close the aperture in front there is often an opening below the
collar where the bare neck can be seen.

** Attention ia called to the unfitness of the present Dougherty
wagcm. spring wagon, especially in a mountainous country. In making

an inspection of the Yosemite and Sequoia national parks the
hard springs and discomfort of this wagon were especially brought to my attention.
Ofiicers generally complain of it as being unfit for the transportation of either the
sick or well ofl&cers or men. It is scarcely better than an escort wagon to ride in and
is so constructed that in case of danger from upset, liable on mountain roads, it would
be impossible to get out of the door.

** This conveyance is high, easily tipped over, and has not a single comfort that I
know of, and snould no more be contmued in the service Xhan the muzzle-loading
rifle.

** Excellent mountain wagons, well fitted for the service, and at moderate prices,
can be purchased on this coast."

Maj. E. L. Huggins, inspector-general. Department of the Lakes, states:

"The veterinarian at Fort Sheridan reconmaended that the sap'
cin<^. °*^ medi- ^jy table for veterinary medicines, dressings, and instruments be

revised, so as to meet tne requirements of more modern veterinary
surgery and therapeutics."

"The officer in charge of the general mess at Columbus Bar-
Tablcware. racks submitted the following suggestion: * Granite ware should

be substituted for the crockery now issued, so as to avoid the
breakage, which, as a rule, has been large. As the garrison is mostly made up of
recruits awaiting assignment to regiments, it is a great difficulty to fix responsibility
for the breakage of tableware.' "

The quality of subsistence stores furnished at posts is generally
ment <iepart- i^pQi.tecl satisfactory, with a few minor exceptions here and there,

and the administration of its affairs appears to be in capable^ zeal-
ous hands. 1 erhaps there is no other single item of army administration so nch m
its power for good or ill effects upon the general morale of an army ao that of its
food supply. And the purchase, care, and issue of subsistence stores snould evidently
be surrounded by all the safeguards known to the modem business world, and the
minutest details of every step in the transaction, beginning with the original pur-
chase and continuing up to or after delivery to the troops, should and doubtless does
receive the consideration it deserves. How incomparably liberal are the supplies (and
the laws under which they are furnished even more so, if possible) is becoming more
and more appreciated. When this department can control the stores from the pro-
ducer to the soldier's mouth, there can be but little question of quality or ade<juacy
as delivered. The best that it has done for the Army in the past and present is the
best done in this line for any army; and this may be but a foretaste for the future.
Only men in sufficient numbers for its expanded duties are required; the ability and
zeal to handle the business i.^ already assured.

While considering the question of army organization, it may be well to consider
what a benefit the existence of this department of the staff has been to the American
soldier under many trying difficulties, and how the generosity of the supplies under
it compares with the armies of other nations. And also consider the questions pre-
sented by soldiers from the posts and campaign, i. e., whether it would not increase
the comforts of the enlisted men and subserve some good purpose if such articles
as antiseptic soap or talcum to relieve prickly heat, and a pocKetknife, razor, shaving
mug, shaving brush, hand or pocket mirror, and Scissors and thimble were kept
for sale by the Subsistence Department. These soldiers are not stationary and
such requests are amusing enougn to consent to occasionally, even though men have
been known to exist without such articles in times of war. The minimum supply of
articles for sale is now under the consideration of a board, so the limit from abun-
dimce in the permanent garrisons to the restrit^tionp, growing as a campaign advances,

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 153

may be well worked out in some of its preliminary details to the hour when the sol-
dier lives off the country and eats only what he can carry upon his person. Then
he has reached the point of victory, and approaches the ideal of soldiering among
the young enthusiasts and the old campaigners.

Lieut. Col. M. P. Maus, inspector-general, Department of California, reports:

"I took advantage of an opportunity, while a battanon of the

Liquid coffee. Fifteenth Infantry was en route to San Francisco, to travel with

it in order to see what accommodations were provided ior the
men. The sleeping accommodations were very good. Coffee was furnished by a
contractor, a baggaee car having been furnished by the railroad as a coffee car. The
coffee money, which is ample (being 21 cents per man), was turned over to the con-
tractor, who made the coffee in this car and delivered it to the men. It is evident
that it pays the contractor to do this.

**It can not be seen why this should not be done by the commissary oflBcer with
the troops. Boilers which will make from 50 to 100 gallons of coffee at a time can
be purchased at a small cost, suitable for the purpose, and ought to be provided by
the Commissary Department. There would undoubtedly result a large saving on
coffee money, which could be expended in providing the men with other articles of
food, such as sandwiches, and, if necessary cooking appliances were provided, a few
hot dishes, such as hashes, stews, etc., could also be furnished.

* * The trip across the continent is a long one and doubtless troops would arrive in
better condition if better fed in this way.

**Itwas recommended generally by the officers of this regiment that bologna
sausage be added as part of the travel ration.

" I would strongly recommend that the commissary officer of each battalion be
required to furnish coffee for the men, as above indicated, and arrangements also be
made for supplying a few hot dishes from time to time, which, it is believed, could
be provided from the savings made on the coffee."

The condition of posts in respect to sanitation is generally re-
ment ^^* aepart- p^^ted fairly satisfactory. A number of them are reported in

excellent sanitary condition. At a few of the newly garrisoned
posts the general health of the command may be somewhat unfavorably affected by
the untoward conditions naturallv resulting from hurried occupation and the limited
number of men available for the labor of cleaning up and setting things in order; all
of which will doubtless be properly attended to when time and opportunity afford.
Some of the post hospitals are reported as models in construction and completeness
of equipment. New hospitals are needed at some posts, and at others they require
extensive repairs.

The establishment is in the condition to be expected where the appropriations are
liberal and the work not excessive, and the conauct of affairs under men of prover-
bial faithfulness and special intelligence. The army can confidently exploit its hos-
pitals — from those in the field, like the Sternberg field hospital at Camp George H.
Thomas, to the permanent one at the nearest post.

The affairs of this department are generally reported in good con-
ment."*"^^ depart- (jitjQu ^he care and condition of ordnance and ordnance stores

at posts are usuall y reported satisfactory, though this labor at some
posts has been unusually heavy and perhaps interfered somewhat with other important
military duties of the garrisons. Magazines are questioned occasionally, at least as
temporarily located at a few posts; and the character and obsoleteness of some of
the supplies are under discussion. It is evident what a revolution there has been
in arms, and it is one of the wonders of the century. The Brown Bess and paper
cartridges and smoothbores of the Revolution — when General Knox, our first Secre-
tary of War, made himself famous by bringing artillery over the snow from Ticon-
deroga to Washington's army at Boston — make a wonderful contrast to our elongated
bullet, smokeless i)Owder, metal cartridge, quick firing, high velocities, breech-loading
musket, and our cannon's enormouspower, though both the rifle and breech-loading
principles were not untried then. The scientific attainments of the Ordnance Corps
have led during all the development of its time and is still confidently relied upon as
equal to all the contingencies of the future.

The following suggestions of First Lieut. Henry D. Todd, jr.,

Anny service corps. Seventh Artillery, in regard to an army service corps, appear to

be timely:

"The organization of an army service corps on the lines of the service detachment,
quartermaster's department, W^est Point, is most strongly recommended. The present
status (i. e., detail of men from the line on special or extra duty who have no interest
in such work) is considered to be a makeshift, the result being very inefficient serv-
ice and great loss to the United States through short life of service of supplies fur-
nished, due to lack of knowledge of how to handle, care for, make repairs, and

154 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

prevent waste of the multitudinous articles furnished by the supply departments.
A few well-tniined men organized in a service corps to perform the duties in the
quartermaster's and commissary departments, now performed by men detailed from
the line on special duty, would, in my opinion, vastly increase the efficiency of the
administration of these departments m a post, and a great saving result to the Gov-
ernment from better care, use, repair, and prevention of waste of property. The
deficit in the present method is most marked when a change of garrison is taking
place.'*

Lieut. Col. Philip Reade, inspector-general. Department of Dakota, reports as fol-
lows in regard to the creation of an indenmity fund:

"The creation and apuoVtionment of an indemnity fund is ree-
indemnity fund. ommended, out of which to pay for acts of trespass necessarilv

involved in the execution of held problems, extended-order drill
exercises, etc., outside of military reservations.

" If claims for occupancy, rental, and damages are allowed, the question is asked:
*From what public moneys, what appropriation, is the claim payable?' Assuming
that the amounts be paid as ground rental under the head of barracks and quarters,
suggestion is made that future appropriations for the support of the Army include
an item to be called * Indemnity fund.' Out of this might oe paid all simiiar claims
and damages, including those arising from the practice marches, field maneuvers, etc.

** Compliance with the requirements of General Orders, No. 53, Headquarters of
the Army, 29th December, 1896, involves devoting at least forty days in each calen-
dar year to practical inctruction of all commands in minor tactics, covering the
functions of the three arms in the country surrounding military reservations.
Reconnoitering; convoy duty; attack and defense of each arm, or two or three arms
combined; night operations; advance, rear, and flank guard duties; actual solution
of minor tactics in the field, etc., can not be prosecuted without going beyond the
Umits of most reservations owned, rented, or occupied by the United States. P*ri-
vate property is trespassed upon ; crops are injured ; cultivated grounds are encroached
upon; fences, gates, etc., are damaged. Claims are also presented for sodding or
seeding places where United States troops have dug latrmes, sink holes, etc., or
built camp fires.

** These facts suggest a renewal of the reconomendation that proper estimate be
made for a fund to^ known as the 'Indemnity fund,' or some similar name.

** The United States can and should maintain a reputation for prompt settlement of
claims for compensation for private property occupied, used, damaged, or destroyed
by the Army. Prompt reimbursement should be the rule with the United States for
damaged crops, broken fences, and like claims."

INSPECTIONS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

Of the 71,742 troops inspected and reinspected in the Philippines, 66,137 were con-
solidated monthly brigade inspections of the First Division, Eighth Army Corps,
which were commenced in September, 1899, and continued monthly.

These brigade inspections were inaugurated by the late Maj. Gen. Henry W. Law-
ton, at that time in command of the division for which the inspections were ordered.
General Law ton's former honorable and efficient service in the Inspector-General's
Department, together with his herculean and eminently successful labors in other
branches of the military service, had doubtless produced qualities of mind that placed
him among the van of the brilliant military men of the day, both in the Antilles and
Philippines. That the value and importaiice of frequent inspections of the troops
should be so strikingly recognized by an officer of his experience and attainments
can only be regarded as another prooi of their wisdom and utility. The order issued
by General Lawton is as follows:

Genreal Orders, ) Hdqrs. First Division, Eighth Army Corps,

No. 32. / Manila, P. J., August S5, 1899.

Commanding generals of brigades in this division will, within ten days after receipt
of this order, and hereafter between the 15th and 20th of each month, t^use a full
and complete inspection to be made of all the troops of their commands by the act-
ing brigade inspectors-general.

This mnpection will determine the efficiency of the command for field service, and
report will be made in detail.

Particular attention will be given the following:

1. Strength of each organization:

(a) Present and absent from department.
\h) Present and absent from inspection.

2. Condition of arms and accouterments.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 155

•

3. Amount of ammunition in hands of each company and regiment.

4. Condition and character of clothing, especially shoes.

5. Company kitchens and management of same.

6. Company quarters, tents, or barracks, and condition as to police and sufficiency.

7. Sinks and bathing facilities.

8. Company books and records — how kept.

9. General efficiency of officers and noncommissioned officers.

10. Health and appearance of each command.

11. Instruction in drill regulations and minor tactics — time given to same.

12. Number of men in each regiment of over six months' service.

13. Condition, amount, and kind of transportation in hands of each organization.
The attention of acting inspectors-general is directed to 874, Army Regulations, 1895,

and to paragraphs 5, 7, and 8 of General Orders, No. 81, Adjutant-General's Office,
series 1898.

Inspectors will not only report faults and deficiencies which may be observed, but
will state cause of same so far as can be determined, and will recommend a method
for correction.

Blanks calling for most of this report can be obtained from the inspector-general
of the division.

The ** Report of a field inspection" will be completed for each regiment and, with
the ** Company inspection blank" for each company, will be forwarded through the
brigade commander to the adjutant-general of the division.

Similar reports will be made of all organizations detached from their regiments,
but serving with the brigade.

These blanks and the provisions of Army Regulations and the General Orders
quoted above will be maae to apply as far as possible to the field conditions now
existing.

By command of Major-General Lawton:

Clarence R. Edwards,
Assistant Adjutant- General.

The following table shows these brigade inspections in detail — organizations, date
of inspection, by whom made, and aggregate strength:

Inspector.

Organization.

Aggregate strength.

Date.

Offi-

Enlisted

Total.

cers.

men.

September, 1899

Mai. M. D. Cronin, 33d
U. S. V. Infantry.

First Brigade:

General staff, field and

201

282

staff, etc.

13th U.S. Infantry

1,146

1,177

19th U. S. Infantry

•■••-'

37th U. S. V. Infantry

48i*

"***566

Lieut. Col. C. J. Crane,

Second Brigade:

38th U. S. V. Infantry.

4th U. S. Infantry

1,223

1,262

14th U. S. Infantry

776

801

21st U.S. Infantry

1,276

1,314

Lieut. Col. W. E. Wilder,

Third Brigade:

34th U. 8. V. Infantry.

4th U. S. Cavalry

1,108

1,148
1,032

24th U. S. Infantry

1,011

25th U.S. Infantry

1,019

1,045

Capt. S. E. Taylor, 4th U. S.

Artillery.
Mai. M. D. Cronin, 33d

U. S. V. Infantry.

Fourth Artillery:

Battalion

678

695

October, 1899

First Brigade:

General staff, field and

239

333

staff, etc.

13th U. S. Infantry

1,306

1,332

27th U.S.V. Infantry....

492

507

26th U.S. Infantry

1,056

1,077

37th U.S. V.Infantr>'....

732

757

19th U. S. Infantry

579

690

Lieut. Col. C. J. Crane,

Second Brigade:

:«th U. S. V. Infantry.

4th U. S. Infantry

1,434

1,473

Battery F, 6th Artillery,

1,060

1,085

and 14th U. S. Infantry.

2l8t U. S. Infantry

1,327

1,366

Mai. M. D. Cronin, 33d
U.S.V. Infantry.

Third Brigade:

34th U. S. V. Infantry. . . .

1,250

1,283

nth U. S. V. Cavalry

319

349

November. 1899

Lieut. Col. A. S. Cumminy,

First Brigade:

27th U.S.V. Infantry.

General staff, field and

staff, etc.
29th U.S.V. Infantry....

266

334

1,242

1,277

27th U.S.V. Infantry....

1,099

1,132

30th U S.V. Infantry....

1,262

1,298

37th U. S. V. Infantry. . . .

612

625

156 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

Inspector.

Organization.

Aggregate strength.

Date.

Offi-
cers.

Enlisted
men.

toCbL

November, 1899

Lieut. Col. C. J. Crane,

Second Brigade:

38th U. S. V. Infantry.

4th U. S. Infantry

1,884

1,416

14th U. S. Infantry

llthU.S.V.CAvalry

Battery F, 6th Artillery. .

1,081

1,068

828

340

Battery D, 6th Artillery. .

December, 1899

Lieut. Col. A. S. Cummins,

First Brigade:

27th U. S. V. Infantry.

General staff, field and
staff, etc.

109

879

488

27th U. 8. V. Infantry...

606

613

29th U.S. V. Infantry...

1,089

1,069

30th U.S. V. Infantry...

1,269

1,305

37th U.S.V. Infantry...

676

691

39th U.S. V. Infantry...

816

885

46th U.S.V. Infantry...

191

196

Lieut. Col. C. J. Crane,

Second Brigade :

38th U. 8. V. Infantry.

4th U.S. Infantry

1,349

1,880

21st U. 8. Infantry

1,834

1,868

28th U.S.V. Infantry....
Battery F, 6th Artillery.

1,226

1,262

124

128

Battery D,6th Artillery.

January, 1900

T/ieut. Col. A. S. CumminB,

First Brigade:

Fielcfand staff, etc

27th U. S. V. Infantry.

344

437

21st U. 8. Infantry

1,246

1,279

27th U.S.V. Infantry....

1.196

1,230

29th U.S.V. Infantry....

698

719

40th U.S.V. Infantry....

1,241

1,275

4l8t U. 8. V. Infantry

426

488

42d U.S.V. Infantry

624

642

49th U.S.V. Infantry....
Battery D,6th Artillery.

1,246

1,282

Febraary, 1900

Mai. A. L. Dade, 48th
U. S. V. Infantry.

First Brigade: *

Field and staff, etc

226

815

21st U. S. Infantry

1,099

1,180

27th U.S.V. Infantry....

1,189

1,228

29th U.S.V. Infantry....

696

716

42d U.S.V. Infantry

620

638

48th U.S.V. Infantry....

1,272

1,808

Batteries H and L, 3d

218

220

Artillery.

Battery D, 6th Artillery. .

Maj.W.D. Beach, Inspect-

49th U.S.V. Infantry....

1,238

1,274

or-General, U. S. V.

4th U.S. Infantry

1,801

1,838

March, 1900

Mai. W. C. Brown, 42d
U. S. V. Infantry.

First Brigade:

4th U. S. Cavalry

860

858

27th U.S.V. Infantry....

1,184

1,219

42d U. S. V. Infantry

923

960

•

48th U.S.V. Infantry....

308

817

April. 1900

Mai. E. B. Caasfltt, 27th
U. S. V. Infantry, and

First district:

4th U.S. Infantry

1,817

^ ^b K^ ^ ^ ^ m ^L m^ ^r ^r »»^^^^^^^

1,860

Maj. E.M.Johnsou,29th

21st U.S. Infantry

1,074

1,102

U. S. V. Infantry.

27th U.S.V. Infantry....

1,178

1,213

29th U.S.V. Infantry....

701

722

42d U.S.V. Infantry

920

947

46th U.S.V.Infantr>'....

1,258

1,294

49th U.S.V. Infantry....

409

421

Capt F. B. McKenna,46th

Second district:

U. S. V. Infantry.

30th U.S.V. Infantry....

927

954

37th U. S. V. Infantry. . . .

746

772

38th U.S.V. Infantry....

1,884

1,870

39th U.S.V. Infantry....

1,280

1,812

AfiTRreKate . . .

2,299

68,888

66,137

* ^X^^y * ^^O ^^ ^^^ • • •

In making these consolidated brigade inspection reports the inspector states that
only such matters were reported as were cause for comment, either favorable or
adverse, and all others reported as normal were omitted. The reports generally
mdicate fairly excellent military bearing and appearance of troops and satisfactory
state and progress of discipline. Many of the company organizations of the IJnited
States Volunteers are commanded by very young officers, acquiring and not possess-
ing experience; thus throwing the burden of officer's work upon a comparatively
few of experience and upon the battalion and the regimental commanders. Some of
the organizations are reported to have a large proportion of enlisted men of apparent
military experience, who displayed alertness and familiarity with their weapons and
equipment. The reports generally indicate fairly satisfactory conditions in re^rd to
healthy the men looking in good health and reaay for field service. Some regiments

REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 157

are reported in better health than others, due to the hanlships and exposure of active
work, which may not be shared aUke in all cases. Constant wetting is claimed to
have worn out the men's shoes very fast, and in some cases a lack of suitable foot
covering has been reported.

The instruction in some cases is not reported entirely satisfactory, owing generally
to the conditions of service, which is performed sometimes under many and great
disadvantages, Tesultine from frequent rain and seas of mud. The large percentage
of recruits presented difficulties of considerable magnitude also in the matter of
instruction, and the prescribed drills may not have bsen regularly and persistently
held in all organizations, on account of other exacting duties; but doubtless every-
thing that is possible is being done to remedy all existing defects of this nature.
Indeed, instituting these brigade inspectors, which were asked for but not granted
in the law authorizing recent volunteers, indicates how strenuous was the need and
effort to train our troops and prepare them for the work soon entered upon and done
BO well, and culminating in the soldierly close of the career of General Lawton, honored
among the soldiers of his nation.

The following extract from one of these itispection reports may be of interest:

**The fact that this regiment has but eleven vacancies in its ranks, and the men
remain in good and rugged health after two months' stay in the islands, speaks a great
deal in favor of the excellent management and administration of regimental and com-
pany officers. All requirements as to shoes, clothing, first-aid packets, hand litters,
etc., have been complied with. Such good results can only V)e obtained by efficient
officers and well-instructed noncommissioned officers. Six hundred and thirty-eight
men had seen over six months' service prior to this enlistment. During the inspec-
tion Companies E and F were directed to man the trenches, each officer and enlisted
man having a position assigned him in case of alarm. The companies were in ranks
when the alarm was sounded. Company E required only one minute and Company
F but fifty-five seconds to get into position to meet an attack."

The reports indicate a highly satisfactory condition in a number of regiments and
an excellent tone. The shelter is not reported satisfactory in all cases. Some of the
troops at date of inspection were found in barracks, some in nipa huts; others in
tents, some of which were not floored; others in houses and shacks, and a few in
churches and convents. The advisability of erecting quarters at all stations of troops
likely to be permanent should receive consideration, if it has not already; as it would
possibly entail the least expense, when the health of the soldier and the cost of tents
and flooring are considered.

The transportation is generally reported good of its kind, though the allowance is
occasionally reported inadequate. The practice of boiling the drinking water appears
to be very generally observed by or at least carefully urged upon the troops. It is
obtained from various sources, such as distilled water from Manila; well, river, and rain
water; springs, and the San Mateo River. The condition of uniforms, arms, accouter-
ments, and equipments is generally reported fairly satisfactory. Some of the uniforms
are reported as showing much wear from hard service, but the necessary steps had
been or were being taken to obtain a new supply. The quartermaster, commissary,
ordnance, and medical supplies are usually reported good and sufficient.

The inspections in the Philippine Islands, both by officers of the regular establish-
ment and those specially detailed for the purpose, have been very thorough; and the
reports indicate that the inspectors have given their very best energies to the work,
which in campaign involves far more for them than inspection alone, and has been
prosecuted with the utmost vigor under any and all circumstances, rain or shine,
entailing all the hardships and dangers of service during an active campaign, and
involving exposure in inclement weather and travel over trails, bridle paths, and
muddy roads. The first inspector-general on General Lawton's staff in tne Philip-
pines has been promoted under a commission in a volunteer regiment, but, of course,
still holding his commission in his regular regiment.

INSPECTIONS IN CUBA AND PORTO RICO.

During the past year the changes in the military conditions, in the Division of
Cuba have been rapid and continuous. At the beginning of the fiscal year there
were, approximately, 15,000 troops in the island; the division consisted of four
military departments; the troops there numbered 10 full regiments and 1 fractional
regiment, footing up 132 company organizations, divided among the three arms as
follows, viz, 48 cavalry, 12 artillery, and 72 infantry; and the number of places on
the island having military garrison was 27. At the close of the fiscal year there
were, approximately, 9,000 troops in Cuba; the division had but two military depart-
ments; only two fuU regiments remained, both cavalry, and 8 fractional regiments

158 REPOBT OF LIEUT. QBNBEAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

with 2 battalions each, numbering in all 91 company or^nizations, divided among
the three anns as follows, viz, 40 cavalry, 10 artillery, 40 mfantry, and 1 signal corps
company. The number of places garrisoned at the close of the year waa 23, being
a reduction of 4. And further reductions are anticipated.

The following table shows the changes reported during the year in the number of
troops in Cuba, arm of service, etc. :

Troops in

Cuba.

Arm.

Number of organizations (troop,
battery, company).

Fiscal year
1899-1900.

Decrease.

Increase.

July.

June.

Cavalry :

48
12
72

40
10
40

Artillerj'

Infantry

Riimal Corps - -

Total

132

All garrisoned points in Cuba were inspected during the fiscal year. The general
military conditions there may be sufl&ciently indicated by the following extracts from
the annual reports of inspectors-general and acting inspectors-general.

Col. G. H. Burton, inspector-general, Division of Cuba, states:

** Resi)ecting the general bearmg, military appearance, discipline, and instruction,
the troops visited by the division inspector were foimd, under th« circumstances, to
be in a very satisfactory state. Some were more efiicient than others, and evinced a
better set up and general military appearance, but none of them were unsatisfactory.
A number of the cavalry horses at some of the posts were not in good flesh, and gave
evidence of want of proper grooming and general good care. These defects were
reported to the militarv governor, and necessary orders given for their correction.

**The barracks of the troops visited were generally very neat and clean, and in
good sanitary condition.

**The food supplies were found to be ample and well served to the men, from
whom there were no complaints. Of course messing here does not compare with
that at the posts in the United States, for the facilities are poor, at best, in this coun-
try, and the vegetable supply is meager and unsatisfactory.

"The clothing of the men for a warm climate is satisfactory. So far as I could
ascertain the officers and men like the chambrey shirts; they are cool, neat in appear-
ance, and very comfortable.

** The arms and equipments of all the men inspected were in excellent condition.

** The reports of the few inspections that have come to this office coincide gener-
ally with the obsers^ations noted above.

"All of the officers, so far as this office can judge, who have performed duty in
the military departments composing the division have been efficient and zealous in
the performance of their work.*'

Capt. F. S. Foltz, acting inspector-general. Department of Matanzas and Santa
Clara, states:

"Fully three-fourths of my time has been occupied with purely civil duties and
inspections, due to the work of reconstruction and sanitation and the reorganization
of the countrv.

"This work, while arduous, is only indicated in the very few reports that I had
time to write (having been unable to obtain a stenographer).

"The military force in the department consists of the whole of the Second Cavalry,
2 battalions of the Second Infantry, and 2 battalions of the Tenth Infantry.

"This force garrisons 6 seaports and 3 inland towns, and occupies 10 posts and 1
subpost. The subpost and 4 of the others are 1-company stations; 2 are stations for
2 companies; 2 for 4 companies; 1 for 5, and 1 for 6 companies.

"This wide distribution has involve<i great difficulty in finding the necessary num-
ber of officers with experience in money accountability and in the routine of our sup-
ply departments, but has been necessary on account of the geographical conditions
and the nature of the system of communication.

"The effect of the conditions is shown by the fact that while but two points have
to be occupied in the province of Matanzas, there are in the province of Santa Clara
7 towns to be garrisoned.

"Naturally this scattering has made the absence of officers severely felt. The 2
battalions or the Second Infantry have had to garrison 5 posts with their 8 com-

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 159

panies and find post commanders ( who have also the civil duties of supervising dis-
tricts), quartermasters, commissaries, and disbursing ofiicers of island funds from
among the few ofiicers available.

**AU the posts in the department have been inspected once regularly, and most of
them several times besides incidentally, when I have been in tneir vicinity on civil
business.

**The inspections were at first in their nature * field inspections,* but latterly, as
conditions became more regular, the inspections have been as far as practicable such
as would be made at regular garrisons in the United States.

'*In general these inspections have shown that the troops are in an efficient condi-
tion as to instruction, are comfortably quartered, and in good health, though there
is always a proportion of malarial fever. * * *

**In spite of all that can be done the soldier on foreign service must necessarily
suffer a disadvantage compared with the men at home; it would therefore seem that
he should be afforded the few advantages which may be available at his particular
station, although the War Department may be unwilling that the particular conven-
ience be extended as a matter of right to the whole Army. For instance, at many
of these Cuban stations electric lighting is available^ and is particularly desirable on
account of the lack of heat and because with everything wide open as is necessary
in a tropical climate lamps can not be made to bum properly.

*'So great is the advantage of the electric light that I have seen them installed in
some oi the squadrons at the expense of the men themselves.

**The following notes have in many cases been included in previous reports, but
are here briefly resumed :

f h "^ great many of the slings have been worn out, not in fair use
riflc!^ sling for the j^^ slinking, but in handling the pieces. A saving would be

effected if this strap were considered as part of the field equip-
ment and only put on the rifle when the canteen and haversack were carried.
Americans do not seem to fancy carrying their arms slung over the shoulder as is the
continental custom, and the sling is therefore useless at the ordinary drills.

f K_ ** The spring is weak and allows the bayonet to fall out. The
^ The bayonet scab- g^abbard swings too freely on the pivot of the attachment; it rat-
tles against the tin cup hanging to the strap of the haversack and
gets in the way. It womd be steadier and at the same time iree enough if secured
by a leather frog of proper kind.

" The revolver is unsatisfactory and was the subject of a special report.

*' The development of the use of enamel in the finishing or bicycles should by this
time have produced a satisfactory method of protectmg saber scabbards from rusting,
and also making them less conspicuous.

"Is not provided with proper lacing of the sweat band and

White helmet. therefore rests like a hat on a sharp edge around the head instead

of being properly supported. When the chin strap is worn its
effect without the lacing is to pull the helmet over the head.

** The helmet is not well made; it will not stand up under rain and hard service.
I have worn out two of the quartermaster's helmets in a few months* use here, while
an English trooper's helmet, made by Christy, that I bought in 1886 and have used a
great deal since then, is presentable and serviceable. The color should be khaki;
this color can be given by the use of * khaki Blanco,' with which I have experi-
mented and upon which I made a special report.

. "Letter and number is unsatisfactory, the characters fall off

campaign^\at. ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ conveniently removed for polishing. The old

cross rifles, etc., as used on the forage cap, were perfectly satis-
factory, and their use on the helmet and on the campaign hat should be authorized.
Before the issue of the letter and numbers prescribed, the cap ornaments were used
on the campaign hats, being placed on the left side instead of in front, as being less
likely to be broken there and having more room.

"At the request of the Quartermaster-General, I am at present
The khaki coat, altering a sample uniform which he kindly sent me to illustrate
suggestions I made in a special report on khaki.

"The changes suggested will be:

"Larger breast poc^kets, set in front and high up instead of under the armpits.

"Shoulder scraps of a special ])attem that will admit of their being made stiff and
their being removed by unlinking one button when the clothing is washed.

"More room in the chest, so that the soldier can hold himself up.

"Darts in front of the waist to take up the necessary cloth under the belt at that
point.

"N. B. — This coat is never worn over the belt. Lower pockets well to the front
and low down, so that the contents will be under the belt and in front of the hollows

160 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL OOMMANPING THE ARMY.

of the groin. These pockets to be pleated like those on the chests, but not ^uite bo
large. As made now they are on the side, and so tightly drawn over the hipe that
nothing can be carried in them.

^.,. ^ , , "Tight at the knee but very loose above, fitting, however,
th^^avfi^n''^ ^^^^^y a^out the hips. Buttoned at the knee with four buttons

and below the calf with two more. Pockets, including the watch
pocket, well down in front where they can be reached when mounted without pull-
mg up the belt, and where the contents will hang inside the upper side.

**I would suggest the adoption of a whistle with a sinde cord,

for'chevroM" ^^^^^ ^^ ^^® ^"^ ®^ ^^® service, for corporals, and a double cord

for serceants. This would do away with the necessity for sewing

on the insignia and would, it seems to me, be very satisfactory.

"There have been a great many of these cots submitted for

ctmipcot. ™® condemnation. Their durability would be improved bv using a

stronger canvas, perhaps of linen, to save weight and bulk, and Djr

changing the angles of the cross legs so as to make the cot 6 inches higher. This

would reduce the width of the bed, but still leave it wide enough for tne purpose.

The advantage obtained is that the men on sitting down on the cots reach the sup-

Eort before they get below the* point where the knees support the weight. It is
elieved that most of the cots are broken b^ the drop of the body in the last 6 inches
while sitting down on the cot. If proper rivets and canvas were liberally supplied,
cots could be easily repaired by the company carpenters. The rivets are maae use-
less for repair by the cutting off of the ends in taking out the broken sticks.

"The system of raising the height of the cot is one that was tried successfully
several years ago by Captain Ward, First Cavalry. I do not know whether he made
any report upon the matter.

"It is very evident that the wall tent is only adapted to pep-
Tentage. manent camps and to railroad transportation. For field service

the conical wall tent with its single pole is the only practicable
device. For service where fires in the tents are not an absolute necessity there
should l>e a light jointed pole to replace the cumbersome pole and tripod we have
used at home. The canvas should be lighter and perhaps the tent could with
advantage be made a little smaller on account of the saving of the stove room. A
tent of this khid was in use by the Canadian mounted pofice a few years ago and
seems to be much handier than our own.

" Theoretically nothing should be condemned by an inspector
pro^rt>^ ° ^ ^^a^ ^^^ ^^ advantageously repaired at the post. Practically the

repair of articles at a post is hampered by many restrictions as to
methods of obtaining money, estimating for material, etc. The quartermaster and
his office force have not had the time to comply with the requirements, except in
the case of large important pieces of work, and the result is tliat many things are
submitted for condemnation that would most certainly have been repaired by the
superintendent of a private enterprise, unhampered by restrictions as to the use of
money he might have on hand.

^ , , ^ , "In the tropics where comfort depends upon exposure to pre-

^Doubie seta of quar- mailing winds, our system of building ofiicers' quarters double

results in making one side uncomfortable for lack of air.
" The small saving effected by building the quarters double could be made by
economizing on the finish. The rough cottage, if single, would be considered more
desirable than the wrong side of a well-finished double house. The cold or sunless
side of a house in the North also has its disadvantages, but they can be somewhat
coimteracted by a lavish use of fuel, while there is no way of meeting lack of breeze.

"The small pay of cavalry saddlers and blacksmiths is poor
blacksmiS^ " ^ economy; the proper kind of men can not be secured and kept at

work. The saving on horses and saddlery would be vastly greater
than the cost of giving these men the same pay as a company cook.

** It has not been the custom in our service to provide for the
Saddle rooms. cavalry saddle rooms of suflBcient size to enable the horse equip-

ments to be arranged in order for convenient inspection, and to
be kept in clean condition. We have been satisfied if 60 per cent of the troopers
could gather together enough clean equipments to make a satisfactory showing once
a week at the Saturday inspection. In our dry western climate, wlifere the cavalry
was doing rough service, the svstem did not involve serious injury to the equipments
that were for weeks left bimdled up with damp saddle blankets on the crowded p^s
in the saddle rooms.

" In the Tropics, however, nist and mold soon work serious deterioration, and the
principle that equipments should at all times 1x3 clean should receive official indorse*

BEPORT OF LIEUT. OEIOIRAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 161

ment. This will mean for the cavalry that the leather and steel should receive atten-
tion immediately after use, as is the practice in well-managed private stables^ and
that the equipment be arranged so that its condition is instantly visible at all times.

"The present regulations aa to the horses of mountedofficers are
Officers' horses. absolutely impracticable. Either the oflScers should be furnished

with a public mount, or he should be allowed the money neces-
sary to mount himself properly; he should be afforded every facility for buying a
. mount from the Government in the localities where horses are not readily obtainable
outside, and once having bought his horses they should be transported for him
wherever he may be ordered. He should be relieved from the necessity under which
he now labors oi having to sell his mounts at a loss every time he is ordered to move
without troops.

"The extra pay of a mounted officer does not cover the cost of the average of $10
per month that he pays to the man that takes care of his horses.

"A civilian visiting an army post once remarked, Hhat it seemed strange to see
the officers riding unsound or vicious condemned horses while the privates were
furnished with sound animals.'

"An officer's allowance should be baaed on a calculation of the expense to which
he will be put from year to year to keep himself mounted in the manner expected
of him.

' ' Our present svstem is based on the false assumption that a cavalry officer is a
man of means, independent of his pay. If it were rigidly carried out it would result
in driN-ing all others out of that branch, as has been the case in the British army.

"The exchange is an excellent institution, but its profits should
The exchange. not be diverted to making up the deficiencies in the food of the

soldier. Which should be the care of the commissary department.
The soldier's food should not depend upon the accidents of surroundings that affect
the profits of the exchange or may prevent its establishment. It is advisable that a
small money allowance be added, 'to the ration, say three cents, and the messes be
thus independent of any money-making devices.

"My inspections reveal the fact that company commanders gen-
Chief of s<iuad. erally fail to avail themselves of the services of chiefs of squad to

assist them in the details of the control of the men.
"The spirit of the regulations, paragraphs 270 and 271, and of the drill reflations,
paragraph 559 (cavalry) not only allow but require the active intervention of the
chiefs of squad and squad leaders.

"The men in most cases when questioned can not tell whose squad tliey belong to,
and the noncommissioned oflScers can generally not conceal their surprise when
questioned ab(^ut the men of their squads or called to account for having allowed
some neglect on their part. The company commanders often seem to think that a
deficiency on the part of a few men in their company is excusable? as they have to
look after a hundred indi\'iduals. They communicate directly with the hundred
individuals instead of with the eight chiefs of squads; and these chiefs have nothing
more to do with the particular requirement than to comply with it individually like
the privates.

" As the tropical climate prevents in a great measure the drills
Schools. and field exercises practicable in home stations it is thought that

more attention mignt be given to schools and to instruction that
can be given indoors or in the shade.

"The primary object of these schools and indoor instruction should be the perfect-
ing of the men and- noncommissioned officers as soldiers, not the remedying otdefects
of early education. It could include the care of arms, clothing, equipments, and
horseSj'the pitching of tents and making camps, measuring and judging distances,
trajectory, intrenchments, field engineering, scouting, camp hygiene, first aid, signal-
ing, etc.

"A soldier who has thoroughly learned his trade might bo employed to instruct
others, or, if not needed for this purpose, might be afforded opportunities of improve-
ment in matters outside of his profession; preference being jriven to such matters as
niay add to his usefulness as a soldier. The duration of this instruction should be
li'xed with reference to the amount of other work required of the men attending, in
order that the number of hours of leisure per day should be what is considered proper
according to season and to circumstances.

" P]xperience here shows the necessity for oflScers in excess of
cers'?^^ '"^ ^^ *^*® prescribed regimental quota when regiments are on foreign

service, in order to allow for the number detached on duty in the
Tnited States, and for those required for detache<i duty at the foreign stations. This
nee<l would not be so severely felt if regiments were kept intact so as to have the

WAK 1900 — VOL 1, PT 111 11

162 REPORT OF LIEUT. GETCERAL OOMMANDIKG THE ABMT.

r^imental staff meet the necessities of the whole regiment, as contemplated by the
scheme of our organization; but when eight companies of a regiment are scattered at
five posts (as has been the case with the Second Infantry, in this department) the
lack of officers is most severely felt.

Maj. G. K. McGunnegle, acting inspector-general, Department of Santiago and
Puerto Principe, states:

* ' The officers I have found to be capable and efficient. A num-
Officcrs. ber recently appointed from civil life need considerable instruction

and training, but all of this class hold out promise of future worth
under proj>er guidance.

**Up to the time of my inspections the ^eat scarcity of officers
Instniciioii. in the majority of the commands had militated against the troops

being perfected in drill and other instruction. In a number of
cases officers alone with their organizations were disbursing officers of insular funds,
and in charge of civil improvements, and, with the important and exacting functions
of these officers devolving upon them, their military duties must of necessity be
more or less neglected and perforce suffer; consequently the instruction in many
cases was not as full and complete as it mieht have been, and the organizations in
some instances fell short of the standard, i et on the whole the troops do not evince
in their drill and instruction the lack of proficiency that might be expected under
the conditions; and in many instances the proficiency displayed was very «K)d.
Ancther fact which would materially contribute its share toward a lack of soldierly
excellence was the large percontage of recruits and comparative recruits of which the
various organizations were composed.

** Instruction in minor tactics and military problems has not been given, nor have
officers* lyceums and schools for enlisted men been held throughout the department.
These omissions are mainly due to lack of facilities, separation from libraries, and
scarcity of officers. In my opinion it would he well for orders to be issued defining
the seasons in Cuba during wnich these exercises and schools should be included in
the curriculum of instruction.

''The class of men received since the war is not, as a mle,
Enlisted men. equal to that recruited prior to this event; still they may be

(considered fair, and the last consignment of recruits shows a
marked improvement.

**The mounts of the cavalry are good, but those of the infantry
Horses. were, as a rule, a poor lot of horses when received. They are now

in a vastly improved condition and may be said to be now satis-
factory. Blindness among the horses prevails to a great extent. Its origin and cause
no one seems to be able to define. Several plausible theories have been advanced,
but to my mind no one is to be accepted as the true one. It is an accepted fact that the
numl)er of horses affected by blindness decreases when the animals are placed under
shelter. This might be considered as proving that blindness is caused and a^ravated
by constant exposure to the sun*s rays, yet I do not believe that it is entirefy due to
this agency. Mules seem to be practically exempt from this disease.

"The troops are well supplied with clothing and rations and
Supplies. all necessaries for their comfort and welfare.

*' There is a remarkably rapid deterioration of subsistence stores
noticeable everyvrhere in the department, which no doubt is attributable to damp-
ness and other cliin.itio influences. Bac^on qiiicklv molds and starch foods are
quickly attacked by weevils, while most other articles of food supply are sooner or
later attacked by a parasite or fungus of some kind or other. The first consignment
of plug tobacco deteriorated and became unfit for use very quickly through mold,
but since the system (.i wrapping the tobacco in paraffin paper was adopted the
deterioration is no longer obsers'able.'*
Maj. G. S. Grimes, acting inspector-creneral, Department of Havana, states:

"The general health of the troops during the year has been
General remarks. remarkaUy good, showing that our men, if reasonably well shel-
tered and their sanitary surroundings carefully lookea after, have
little to fear irr this regard from ser\'ice in Cuba.

"The troops are fairly well housed in temporary frame buildings, and all the posts
are supplied with abundant and excellent water, being connected with the Havana
water svstem.

" Bathinqr facilities, usually the shower bath, are fairly atlequate.
**To these essentials and the enforcement of wise regulations prescribed in Dejjart-
ment General Orders, requiring the men to sleep in barracks at night and prohibit-
ing drills, etc., in the open during the warmer hours of the dav, and the excellent
police and sanitary measurec prevailing at all the posts, are t(^ \ye ascrihed the gen-
eral satisfactory condition as regards the health of the troops in the department.

BEPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMAKDING THE ARMY. 163

**The ration an now constituted seems to meet all reasonable

The ration. requirements as regards sufficiency and variety of this locality.

The addition during the year of two ounces of dried fruit to the
ration and the removal of the restriction in regard to the issue of fish, so as to author-
ize the issue of the fish ration in lieu of the ordinary beef ration when desired, have
been beneficial.

"The clothing supplied has l)een generally satisfactory. The

clothinK. • improvement in the quality of the khaki, both as regards texture

and color, is especially noticeable.

•'In my opinion khaki is the most suitable and satisfactory material for uniform
for service in Cuba.

''The present helmet, for foot troops at lea«t, gives, J think, general satisfaction.
The color, however, should be changed from white to khaki for wear with the service
uniform.

"To insure a uniform and good api)earance I w^ould suggest that the cap be pro-
vided, when issued, with an eyelet properly placed for attacTiing the cap ornament."

Lieut. Col. B. B. Harrison, inspector-general. Department of Porto Rico, states:

"I can not close this report without reference to the uniform

Discipline. good order that has prevailed throughout the department during

the past year, livery American citizen can point with pride to
this record, which had not only given the American soldier the highest reputation
among those who know the American soldier best, but has caused astonishment and
surprise among the native Porto Ricans, who have been used to the Spanish soldier
all their lives. While the officers can take some credit for this result, the enlisted
man himself is entitled to the greatest credit."

Lieut. Col. R. B. Harrison, inspector-general, U. S. Volunteers,

Post exchanges, makes the following report on post exchanges in the Department of
Porto Rico:

^*The post exchanges of this department have been the means of elevating the
enlisted men by keeping them away from low and cheap resorts and the worst ele-
ments of Porto Rican society. In tne o[)eration it haa been the constant aim of the
officers having them in charge to provide clean and cool places, so needed by the
enlisted men in the Tropics, where the light, cooling, and nonalcoholic drinks, with
light lunch, could be economically obtained with the minimum of physical exertion.
I have noted that the exchange as operated in the department has reduced instead
of increasing drunkenness, and by the profit of operation, which is divided among
the enlisted men, has greatly increased and improved the messing of the soldiers —
thereby his happiness and health — by providing him necessities and luxuries not
otherwise obtainable. I have noted from inspections that the companies, troops,
and batteries of the department have averaged over $100 jx^r moiith in extra food
purchases, and these purchases have chiefly been made possible by the post
exchange.

"No soldiers the world over have been better fed than these stationed in Porto
Rico, and thus the post exchange additionally contributes to the comfort and health"
of the enlisted men. With United States laws, Spanish laws, and military orders
governing the island it is not surprising that some of the oflicers lost sight of
the decision of the Court of Claims that the post exchange was an instrumentality
of the United States and could not be taxed under local taxation. The United
States Court of Claims, in Dugan v. The United States, held:

*' 'The Government, through its officers, by authority of the regulations, not only
establishes and maintains such exchanges, but receives, handles, and disburses the
funds in connection therewith, and whatever profit accnies is paid over to and held
by the officer in command of such organizations as a company fund.

" ' It has never been the policy of the Government to tax its own enterprises or its
own manner or method of doing business; and inasmuch as post exchanges are estab-
lishe<l and maintained by it for the mental and physical betterment of its troops in
garrisons and posts with resulting, if not immediate, benefit to itself, we think such
exchanges are exempt from the payment of special tax for the sale of such articles
as the regulations permit.*

"The department commander, by Circular 46, dated December 26, 1899, recog-
nized the decision of the United States Court of Claims by giving publication te an
opinion of the Judge- Advocate-General of the Army.*'

1(>4 KEPUKT OF LLEUT. UENEKAL COHHANDLNU THE AKMY.

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COMMANDING. THE ARMY. 165

APPENDIX C.

CHANGES, APPOINTMENTS, STATIONS, ETC., OF THE OFFICERS OF THE
INSPECTOR-GENERAL^S DEPARTMENT FROM DATE OF LAST ANNUAL
REPORT TO JUNE 30, 1900.

1. Permanent Officers.

Brig. Gen. Joseph C. Breckinridge, inspector-general, continued in char^ of the
Insixictor-General's OiFice, War Department. Absent on tour of inspectioii from
0(;tolK^r 7 to Noveml)er 28, 18i^, per letter of Secretary of War of June 16, 1899; made
an insiKJction of the United States Military Academy from May 14 to 19, 1900, under
instructions of Setiretary of War contained in letter of the Adjutant-General of May 8,
1900.

Col. Robert P. Hughes, inspector-general, on detached serWce during the year

brigadier-general of volunteers, in command of the military district of the Vi8a3ra8
until April 7, 1900, and of the Dei)artment of the Visayas since that time.

Col. (ireoi-ge II. liurton, in.^pector-^eneral, insi)ect<)r-general Division of Cuba
since S<»ptemi)er 27, 1899. Made a special investigation and inspection of jUxe money
accountability of the postal service m Cuba, and in this connection retained to the
Unite<l States, and was ordereil to report to the Attorney-General and to remain in
New York Citv under the orders of the Department of .Fustice as a witness in the
extradition trial of C. F. W. Neely, the absconding chief of the bureau of finance,
department of posts, Havana.

C(j1. Pet^T D. Vroom, inspector-general. Promoted to colonel and inspector-general,
Unite<l States Army, Decemlnur 19, 1899. Continued on duty as inspector-general,
Department of the East, during the yesx.

Lieut. Col. J. P. Sanger, insi)ector-general, director of the census of Cuba and
Porto Rico during the year, ixjr letters of the Secretary of War of August 19 and Sep- •
tembt^r 8, 1899, and perfomu^d such other duties as were required of him by the
Secretary of War. Rlember of the l)oard of officers convened for the purpose of con-
sidering the regulations with a view to the establishment of a war colt^ for the

meral,

lovem-

establish-

ment of that division. Absent on leave of absence on surgecm's certificate of disability
since June 4, per Sj)ecial Orders, No. Ki, Division of the Philippines, April 26, 1900,
extended by Sj^ec^ial Orders, No. 141, Adjutimt-General's Office, Jime 16, 1900.

Lieut. Col. Charles H. Heyl, inspector-general. Appointed lieutenant-colonel and
inspector-gi'ueral of volunteers September 30, 1899, and promoted to lieutenant-colonel,
in8pec!tor-general, lJnite<l States Army, DecemlK^r 19, 1899. Continueii on duty as
inspector-general Department of Porto Rico until December 81, 1899, and assigned
as assistant to the InsiH»ctor-General of the Anny, |H>r Sjx^cial Orders, No. 4, Adjutant-
General's Office, January 5, J900. Made a spcnrial investigation in Philadelphia from
February 28 to ]March 3, and April 10 to 18, 1900, and on tour of uispection from
June 6 to 28, 1900.

Maj. Thos. T. Knox, ins|)ector-general. C'Ontimie<l on duty in the office of the
Inspector-General of the Army during the year. Meml)er of board of officers appointed
for the purpose of conducting the examination of officers rwommended for appoint-
ment to the Adjutant-General's and Inspector-(4enerar8 departments, per Special
Orders, No. 11, Adjutant-General's Office, January 18, 1900. Meml^r of lx)ard of
officers for examination of jx^rsons <lesignated for appointment as iwiymastera, per
SiK'cial Orders, No. 40, Adjutant-Genend's Office, February 16, 1900. Made an inspec-
tion of the National Home for Disable<l Volunteer Soldiers and its branches from
September 5 to October 20, and from December 2 to 9, 1899; a special investigation at
Schuylkill Arsenal, December 12 to 19, 1899, and assisted the Inspector-General of
the Army in making an insi)ection of the United States Military Academy, May 16
to 19, 1900j ixir instructions contained in letter of Adjutant-General of May 8, 1900.

166

BEPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMY. 167

Maj. Stephen C. Mills, inspector-general. Relieved from duty in the office of the
Inspector-General of the Army November 15, 1899, and directed to proceed to Manila,
P. I., and report to commanding general Department of Pacific and Eighth Army
Ck)rps for duty, per Special Orders, No. 248, Adjutant-General* s Office, October 24,

1899. Reportea for temporary duty to the inspector-general Department of Pacific
and Eightn Army CJorps, per Special Orders, No. 4, Department of Pacific, January 4,

1900. Assi^ed as assistant inspector-general, ^r General Orders, No. 1, Division of
the Philippmes, April 7, 1900. At present acting inspector-general of the division
during absence of Colonel Garlington.

2. Acting iNSPEcroRS-GENERAL.

Maj. Frank D. Baldwin, Fifth Infantry. Assi^ed as acting inspector-general
Department of Missouri and the Department of Dakota, July 10, 1899, per Special
Orders, No. 143, Adjutant-General* s Office, June 20, 1899, and relieved from this duty
January 5, 1900, per Special Orders, No. 302, Adjutant-General* s Office, December
29, 1899.

Maj. W. H. H. Crowell, Sixth Infantry. Assigned to temporary duty as acting
inspector-general Department of Texas, per Special Orders, No. 210, Adjutant-Gen-
eral's Office, Sopteml)er 8, 1899, and relieved per Special Orders, No. 296, Adjutant-
General's Office, December 21, 1899.

Maj. E. L. llugginn, Sixth Cavalry. Continued on duty as acting inspector-general
Department of the Lakes, and in audition to his regular duties m^e special investi-
gations at Warsaw, 111., and Keokuk, Iowa; of certain recruiting rendezvous in
Kentucky and In<liana, and at Fort Sheridan, 111. Meml>er of board of officers for
examination of captains of the line for appointment in the Adjutant-General's and
Insi)ector-Generars dc»|>artnient8, i)er Special Orders, No. 24, Department of the Lakes,
February 24, 19(X). M<einl)er of promotion board at Fort Sheridan, March 14 to 28,
1900, per Special Orders, No. 248, Adjutant-General's Office, 1899.

Maj. J. M. K. Davis, First Artillery. Relieved from duty as acting inspector-
general Department of the Gulf, per Special Orders, No. 232, Adjutant-General's
Office, OctoWr 5, 1899. Assigned to duty as assistant to the inspector-general Depart-
ment of the Piist, per Special Orders, No. 252, Adjutant-General's Office, October 28,
1899. Member of fx)ar(i of officers for examination of captains of the line for transfer
to the Adjutant-General's and Inspector-General's departments, per Special Orders,
No. 41, Department of the East, February 20, 1900. Accompanied tne Inspector-
(Tcneral of the Army to West Point, N. Y., and assisted in the inspection of the
United States Military Academy May 15 to 19, 1900, per instructions of the Secretary
of War of May 8, 1900.

Maj. Frank H. Edmunds, First Infantry. Continued on duty as acting inspector-
general Department of Province of Havana and Pinar del Rio. Iiwestigated the
cause of the removal of Dr. Ernesto CoUazo, mayor and member of council of Bata-
bano, Cuba, Januarv 22, 1900. Member of board of officers to examine and report
upon claims for alfegeci use or occupation of or injury done private property by
Unite<l States troops, per Special Orders, No. 43, Department of Havana and Pinar-
del Rio, March 9, 1900. Died of yellow fever June 18, 1900.

Capt. Fre<ierick S. Foltz, Second Cavalry. Has continued on duty as acting
inHj)e<t<)r-general Department of Matanzas and Santa Clara, Cuba, to which he was
a'<.'<i^ned by Special Onlers, No. 210, Adjutant-General's Office, September 8, 1899.
Made a si>ecial investigation into the personal records of certain civilian officers at
Lajas, Cuba. Tnsf)ected the money at^counts of all disbursing officers of insular
revenues in Department of Matanzas, per letter of chief of staff of Division of Cuba
of I)ocem])er 11, 1899.

Maj. (Jeorge S. (Trimes, Second Artiller>\ Continued on duty as acting inspector-
general Department of Havana, to which he was assigned by Special Orders, iJo. 210,
Adjutant-( leneral's Office, September 8, 1899. Made a special investij?a^ion as to the
public and private interests that would he benefited by renting Cojimar Tower to
the Cuban Electric Company. Ordered to assume charge of the office of judge-
advocate of the department during his absence, per Special Orders, No. 33, Depart-
ment of Havana, !• ebruary 20, 1900. Relieved from duty as acting inspector-general
Department of Havana Mav 1, 1900, per Special Orders, No. 83, Adjutant-General's
Oflire, April 9, 1900.

Capt. Wm. A. Mann, Seventeenth Infantry. Announced as inspector-general
Department of the VLsayaa per General Orders, No. 1, Division of the Philippiiiee,
April 7, 1900, and General Orders, No. 1, Department of the Visayas, April 19, 1900,
Assumed the duties April 19, 1900.

168 KKPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL CoMMANDIXd THE AKMY.

Capt. G. K. Mc(iiinm'jfh% FifU?t»ntli Infantry. Announce<l a^ acting inspector-
^Mieral of tlio Department oi Santiago and I*nofto Printnpe \)er Si)ec'ial Orders, No.
198, Deiiartnient of Santiajxo and Puerto Princii>e, September 25, 18U9.

Capt. Fre<leriek Perkins, Kightli Infantry. Aasignetl SLfi acting infli>ector-general
Department of Havana and Pinar del Kio |x.t (reneral Orders, No. 9, Department of
Havana and l*inar del Rio, June 14, 19(X). Assumed the duties June 16, 1900.

Capt. F. W. Sibley, Second Cavalry. AHeigne<i as ai*ting inspector-general Depart-
ment of Texas i>er Sjx^cial Orclers, No. 51, Adjutant-General's Otlice, March 2, 1900.
ReiKJrteti for duty as such March 12, 1900.

Capt. H. E. Tutherly, First Cavalrv. Assigned as acting inspector-general Depart-
ment of Alaska [HiT Si)ecial Orders, No. 82, Adjutant-General's Office, Ai)ril 7, 1900.
ReiK)rte<l for duty as such at the headquarters of the <lei>artment then at Seattle,
Wash., April 29, 1900. Or«lere<l to proceed via Skagway and White Pass and Yukon
River route and inspcHit certain commands and then rejoin the headmiar\ers of the
department at Fort St. Michael, Alaska, per Si)ec^ial Orders, No. 20, Dei>artment of
Alaska, May 24, 1900.

Maj. .E. D. Thomas, Fifth Cavalry. Assigned temjwrarily as acting inspector-gen-
eral Dei>artment of Porto Rico per General Orders, No. 116, Dej)artment of Porto
Rico, June 4, 1900. Ma«le a sjxicial investi^tion of the complaints against the post
surgeon and commanding officer at Manati, P. R., and insi)ected five }>4>sts in the •
dej^rtment iM?r SjHJcial Orders, Nos. 119 and 121, IJeimrtment of Porto Kico, June 4
and 5, 1900.

Capt. E. A. Helmick, Tenth Infantry. Anuounce<l as acting in8|KK^tor-general
Department of Matanzas and Santa Clara per Special Orders, No. 30, of that dei^rt-
ment August 19, 1899, and relievwl fn)m such duty jjcr Si>ei?ial Orders, No. 33,
Dejmrtment of Matanzas and Santa Clara, Oct(>l)er 8, 1899.

Maj. Leonard A. Lovering, Thirtieth Infantry-, U. S. Volunteers. Detaile<las act^
ing inspector-general jier Si>ecial Orders, No. 61, Division <^>f Philii>pines, June 13,
1900, and reported for dutv to the inspector-general of that division June 27, 1?XX).

Capt. B. H. Randolph, Thinl Artillery. Annomicedas inspc'ctor-general Depart-
ment f)f Mindanao and Jolo i)er General Orders, No. 5, District of Mindanao, April
16, 1900.

Lieut. Col. W. H. Boyle, Nineteenth Infantry. AssigiuKl as acting inspector-gen-
eral Department of Coloneuio jx^r Si)ecial Onlers, No. 3()2, Adjutant-General's OtHce,
December 29, 1899, and assmne<l trie duties January 6, 1900. Memb«»r of Inmrd of
officers to rejwrt ujMm the reoccupation oi Whipple Barracks, Ariz., j)er Spe<?ial
Orders, No. 11, Department of Colorado, January 30, 1900. Made an investigation
of the charges against the conduct of |H>.*»t exchangers in Territory of Arizona.

Assigned as ac*ting insixnrtor-genenil, Deinirtment of the ^iissouri, ix?r Special
Onlers, No. 92, Adjutant-CTeneral's Office, Anril 19, ItKX).

Maj. C.G. Starr, insiK^ctor-general, U. S. Volunteers. Appointed lieutenant-colonel
Eleventh V. S. Voluntet^r Cavalry, Sc'pteml)er 5, 189i>, and cc»ntinu(Ml the duties of
inspt'ctor-general. First Division, First Anny 0:)rps, per Special Orders, No. 117,
headquarters that division St?i)tenilx*r 7, 189^»; was rt4ieved by Six*cial Orders, No.
358, paragraph 5, Department of the Pacific and Eighth Arniv*C^^ri)s, December 30,
1899.

Lieut. Col. T. J. Wint, Sixth Cavalry, ju'ting inspector-general Department of
Dakota, per Si>ecial Orders, No. 13, Ailjutant-Genenil's Office, Januarv 17, 1899;
relieveil, jxjr Sjxn-ial Orders, No. 210, A<ljutant-(ienenirs Oilier, ScptenilHT S, 189^).

Maj. J. H. Dorst, Sirond (^avalry, aK»*ign(Hl an acting inspex'tor-gcncnil, Department
of jNIatanzas and Santa Clara, ixTSj^H^al Orders, Xo. 143, A<ljutant-General's Office,
June 20, 189i); n'ix)rted for dutv Julv 8, \HSi^.); relieve<l, jK^r Special Orders, No. 194,
Adjutant-General's Office, August 19, 1<HX).

Lieut. S. Rice, Seventh ( -avalry, a(rting a.»*.sistant adjutant-general, detaile<l to i)cr-
fonn, in aildition to his other <luties, those of acting insj>e<'tor-gcnenil Department of
Havana, during the temporary al»st?nce on leave of Maj. (ieorge P. Scriven, signal
offit*er and iic^ting inspivtor-general of the de])artment, per Sinrial Orders, Xo. UK),
Department of Havana, August 4, 1899. Relieveil ])er Sjxjcial Onlers, Xo. 210,
Adjutant-General's Olfice, SeptemlxT 8, 1899.

Lieut. D. Vj. Aultmau, Second Artillery, detailed as airting ins]xH*tor-general,
Department of i)rovin(^e8 of Havana and Pinar del Rio, Jun<» 2, 18iH). lielieved ikt
General Onlers, No. 15, Ileadquartei's Department of i>rovinces of Havana and Pinar
del Rio, July 25, 18i>9.

3. Inspectors-General of Volunteers.

Lieut. Col. Marion P. Mans. Continueil on duty as inspector-general of the
departments oi California and the Columbia. Made sjxrial investigation of accu-

BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMY. 169

sations against an officer of the subsistence department in San Francisco, ^^arding
sales of subsistence stores. Member of lx)ard examining officer for promotion, per
Special Orders, No. 248, Adjutant-General's Office, 1899. Made special investigation
of the affairs of the quartermaster's department at Seattle, Wash., per letter from
department headquarters, June 6, 1900.

Lieut. Col. Philip Reade. Assigned as inspector-general. Department of Dakota,
per Special Orders, No. 210, Adjutant-General's Office, September 8, 1899. Reported
for this dutv September 30, 1899. Member of general court-martiai at Fort Snelling,
Minn., per f^pecial Orders, No. 143, Department of Dakota, 1899. Made an inspection
of the several organizations of the National Guard of Minnesota while in camp near
Lake City, Minn., per Special Orders, No. 83, Department of Dakota, June 20, 1900.

Lieut. Col. Russell B. Harrison. Sick with yellow fever at Santiago, Culm, August
19, 1899, and on sick leave of absence until April, 1900. Promoted lieutenant-
colonel, inspector-general volunteers, January 24, 1900. Assigned as inspector-
general, Department of Porto Rico, per Sj)ecial Orders, No. 39, Adjutant-General's
Office, February 13, 1900, and reported for this duty April 30, 1900.

Maj. Robert H. Rolfe. Assigned as assistant to the inspector-general. Division of
Cuba, per General Orders, No. 42, Division of Cuba, September 28, 1899. Made a
special investigation of suit brought by hotel keeper against American lady for
damages by death of husbar.d from yellow fever in hotel. Special investigation of
municipal judge at Pinar del Rio. Special investigation of post-office defalcation.
Designated as disbursing officer for sucn portion of the department of posts as may
be included in the salarv account of the headquarters, department of posts, and the
Havana post-office, per letter of the military governor of May 17, 1900.

Maj. C. H. Murrav. Continue<l on duty as military' secretary to the military gov-
ernor of the Philippines until June 5, 1900, when he was granteil leave of absence on
surgeon's certificate, per Special Orders, No. 19, headquarters Division of the Philip-
pines, April 30, 1900.

Maj. Alfred C. Sharpe. Continued on duty as acting judge-advocate. Department
of Porto Rico, and in addition thereto assumed the duties of inspector-general of the
de})artinent January 1, 1900, per General Orders, No. 217, Department of Porto Rico,
December 18, 1899. Relieved of those duties per General Orders, No. 98, Depart-
ment of Porto Rico, April 30, 1900. In addition to his other duties, assigned as
inspector-general in the Department of Porto Rico, per Special Orders, No. 107,
AJjutant-General's Office, May 17, 1900.

Maj. Parker W. West. Directed! to proceed to Manila and report to the command-
ing general. Department of the Pacific and Eighth Army Corps, for duty, per Special
Orders, No. 199, Adjutant-General's Office, August 25, 189i), and ordered to take
charge t<?mporarily of the office of the inspector-general of that department, per
General Orders, No. 50, Department of the Pacific and Eighth Army Cforps, October
22, 1899. Relieved from this duty November 27, 1899, but remained on duty in the
office of the inspector-general. Made monthly investigations of prisoners of war as
to their release, further detention, etc. Assigned as inspector-general. Department
of Northern Luzon, per Special Orders, No. 29, Division of the Philippines, May
n, 1900.

Maj . William D. Beach. Assigned as inspector-general on the staff of Major-General
Lawton, commanding First Division, Eighth Army Cori)s, per Special Orders, No.
2S9, Department of the Pacific and Eighth Anny Corps, October 21, 189^). Continued
on this <luty until assigned as inspector-general. Department of Southern Luzon, per
(Jeneral Orders, No. 1, Division of the Philippines, April 7, 1900.

Maj. Robert A. Brown. Appointed from the Army, Sept^nuber 30, 1899. An-
nounced a.s insi>ector-general, Set^md Division, Eighth Army Corps, per Field Orders,
No. 231, headquarters Second X^vision, October 8, 1899. Member of board of officers
aj^pointed to meet at Angeles to investigate certain allegations affecting the official
conductt of officers of the Twentieth Kansas Volunteer Infantry, per Special Orders,
No. ()0, Department of the Pacific and Eighth Anny Coqis, March 1 , 1900. Announced
as assistant secretary to the United States military governor in the Philippines, per
General Orders, No. 64, office United States military governor, May 9, 1900.

Lieut. Col. J. I). Miley died in the Philippines Septemlxjr 19, 1899.

Maj. J. S. Mallory, honorably discharged from the volunteer 8er\dce August 17, 1899,
l)er Special Orders, No. 197, Adjutant-General's Office, August 23, 1899.

APPENDIX D.

FIELD OPERATIONS.

[Extracts from reports of Maj. W. D. Beach, inspector-general, U. S. Volunteers, concemin(|r hlR nerv-
icea with troops in the field in the northern c-ampaign under General Lawton, October, Novem-
ber, and DecembtiF, 1899, and in the southern campaign under General Bates, January, 1900, dated
February 2 and August 1. 1900, respectively, and of Maj. R. A. Brown, inspector-general, U. 8. Volun-
teers, of active operations, dated July 1, 1900.]

1. Reiort of Ma.ior Beach — Northern Campaign.

MaxNILA, p. I., February 3y 1900,

On October 24, in compliance with Special Orders, No. 153, Headquarters First Divi-
sion, Eighth Army Corps (copy appended, marked A), I proceeded to Oalumpitand
thence up the Rio Grande de la Pampanga to San Isidro, reaching that place at noon
October 25 and reporting to General I^wton, who placed me in charge of outposts,
besides giving me in-^tructions to the effect that all inspections of troops contemplated
by General Orders, No. 32, Headquarters P'irst Division, Eighth Army Corps, Augu.st
25, 1899 (copy appended, marked B ) , must be carried out during the campaign. Later
I was placed in charge of the San Isidro ferry and approaches and the crossing <^f
troops an<i wagon trams. The last duty was ])y far the most arduous, since frequent
rains raised the river so as to make ferrying extremelv hazardous. Various expedi-
ents were resorted to in order to facilitate the forwarcling of troops and trains, and,
with a party of 40 natives, the work was accomplished to the general's satisfaction,
without the loss of a life or a pound of supplies.

While at San Isidro I was detailed, in (livision orders, as senior member of a lx)ard
for the purchase of ponies, several hundred of which were obtained at an average
price of $65, Mexican.

An investigation into the alleged opening of graves by soldiers was also made by
General Lawton's direction.

On Noveml)er 15 I left San Isidro en route to Tayng, distant about 60 miles,
where the division commander had established headquarters. While on this march
I had charge of putting in a bridge over a stream at Santa Rosa, and also put in a
rope ferry over the Rio Grande de la Pampan^ at Cabanatuan.

On reaching Tayug, November 24, and until leaving there on December 3, my
duties were varied and continuous, part of the time requiring me to be out with
small detachments carrying out special instructions of the division commander, and
at other times sending out rations and 8upi)Ues to detachments in the field.

On returning with division headquarters to Cabanatuan, December 5, I was sent
(December 6) with a troop of cavalry to Bongabong (16 miles) to investigate the
alleged killing of a soldier by ladrones; this was accomplished without accident, and
the next day we returned to Cabanatuan.

From December 9 to 14, inclusive, I accompanied 5 troops of the Fourth Cavalry,
under Lieutenant-Colonel Hays, as engineer officer and in charge of security and
information, on an expe<lition to the east and south of Cabanatuan, along the foot-
hills through Sibul. (See copy of instnicticms attachecl, marked C) . This movement
resulted in a skirmish near Sibul, in which we had 2 men wounded, 1 afterwards
dying; but the roughness of the country prevente<l successful pursuit, since the enemy
soon scattered. The insurgents opene<i the fight, and on riding forward (juickly I
counted 25 or 30, part of them mounted, pawning acroa«» our front and at the same
time firing on us. Reporting the circumstance to Colonel Hays, he gave me permis-
sion to use my detachment of 6 men independently, which was done, we succeeding
in getting into action some minutes l)efore the others. Our surgeons dressed 2 of the
enemy's wounded found on the field. About 2 miles beyond this point our advance
entered the town of Sibul, driving out the insurgents and capturing 3 bull carts
loaded with storaM, consisting in part of 8 rifles, a ([uantity of powder and reloading
material, and a lot of official papers i)ertaining to General rio del l^ilar'H head-
quarters.

170

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 171

We having heard nothing from General Lawton, and it being necessary to carry
our woundea, our advance from this on was slow. The next morning the head of
our column was fired on as we continued moving south, but a reconnoissance failed
to develop an enemy. About noon we were again fired on, but the insurgents,
although m some force, would not stand.

On December 11 we commimicated with Greneral Lawton, who, with Colonel
Kobb6'a command, had reached San Miguel that day, and sent our woimded in to
that place, where they could have rest and better attendance.

Information obtained from guides and other natives pointed to a concentration of
insurgents at or near Biac-na-bato, for which point the command started next morn-
ing. Arriving near the Biac-na-bato, which has always been considered impreg-
nable by the Spaniards, and at which point the last treatv between them and the
Spaniards was made, a telegraph line was noticed and cut. Pushing rapidly on, the
head of our column waa firea on as we approached the stronghold by what was
apparently an outpost across a ravine. This outpost had allowed our advance gua^
to pass uninolestea, but as soon as the head of uie column appeared in the open it
was fired on with the evident intention of disabling the commanding oflicer.
Fortunatelv no one was injured, and it took but a few minutes for a few men to dis-
mount ana drive the outpost off. Our advance guard, under Lieutenant Arnold,
Fourth Cavalry, then pushed rapidly through the vacated insurgent station and up
the canyon of the Boloon River, where they found and burned a storehouse contain-
ing a large quantity of rice, dynamite, and stores of various kinds, including several
rifles. The next morning at daybreak I accompanied a detail of 70 oflficers and men
under Major Morton, Fourth Cavalry, who thoroughly explored thecanyon, destroyed
a quantity of ammunition and a partially completed military post.

The same day orders came to join General Lawton at San Miguel and the return
march waa commenced, the place being reached al)out noon December 14.

On Deceml)er 15 headquarters returned to Manila, arriving there on the 16th, and
the a<rumulate<l office work was immediately commenceil. Two days later (Decem-
ber 18^ the General sent me to Camp Alva to inspect the Eleventh Volunteer Cavalry
as to tneir fitness for field work. The inspection over I returnetl to Manila (8 miles),
arriving there about 8.30 p. m., and met the General on his way to the governor-
general's residence. He indicated his intention of returning at once, and told me to
wait at his house. He soon returned, and, after listening to my report, dismissed the
subject with the remark that one squadron of the regiment would accompany him on
the trip to San Mateo.

Orders had previously been issued for this movement, and the staff officers who
were to accompany him designated. Not being selected for this trip I returned to
my quarters.

The following evening, about 9 p. m., the message announcing the General's death
reached us, with request that troops be sent up the east bank of the Maraquina River
to meet the escort returning with the General's body, as it would be necessary to
come back by that route through the city of Maraquina, and it was reported that the
place was held by the insurgents. It being impossible to reach Pasay Barracks, 3
miles to the south, by telegraph, I rode there and carried General Schwan's message
to Colonel Hays to go with a squadron at daybreak and report to General Hall. This
was a(!complishe<l without incident. General Hall directing Colonel Hays to go to a
point on the river opposite Maraquina and if impossible to cross, which he predicted,
then to afford such protection as was possible from the west bank. Arrivmg at the
ford it was found impassable, and judging that there were no insurants there because
tliore were women in sight I crossed with three men in a banca m order to convey
the instructions to the commander of the escort, which was errontiously reported in
view al)out a mile from town. After waiting there three hours the escort appeared
with General I^wton's body, and I returned, accompanying thees(!ort to Manila.

During tlie whole time that I have been on duty at the First Division Headquarters
1 have made numerous investigations and inspections 6i property, which have been
duly reported, so that I will not repeat them here.

•

2. — Rki»ort of Major Beach — Southern Campaign.

Manila, P. I., August 1, 1900.

This (southern) campaign for the subjugation of the insurrectionary forces in
southern Luzon was undertaken by two "expeditionary brigades" under Generals
Schwan and Wheaton, respectively, the troops for these brigades being part of the
First Division, Eighth Army Corps, Major-General Bates commanding. The opera-
tions in connection with this campaign consisted mainly in a movement to the south-
ward along the liftguna de Bay by General Schwan's brigade as far as Binan, thence

172 REl'ORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMT.

Bouthwept, west, and northwef^t thronjjh Silang and Indan to Naic, the cavalry mov-
ing; in advance. Meanwhile, General Wheaton's brigade moved directly south from
Manila and waH to act an a containing force until the other brigade was in position
to cut off the retreat of the insmvents, when it wan to attack vigorously and drive
the insurgent** to the Houthward, the latter l>eing at the time in the vicinity of Imus
and Novaleta. The plan was not carried out exactly as devised, although entirely
succewful, for the Twenty-eighth Infantrv, United States Volunteers, under Ck)lonel
Birkhinier (General Wheaton's ])rigade5, attatrked so vigorously at Pntol Bridge,
where thev met intrenched insurgents on Januarv 7, that the enemy were so com-
pletely defeattnl and demoralized that they hardly made another stand in Ga>'ite
province. This was two days Ufore CJeneral Schwan's cavalry reached Naic. Had
the custom of the insurgents Ihhmi to make a continuous retreat, rather than to scatter
and l)ecome **amigo8" for the time lx?ing, the results of this combined movement
would have Ixien more api)arent. As it was, the complete defeat and large casualty
list completely demoralized the insurgents of Ca^'ite province, and they made no
fflrther resistance worthy of the name.

From Cavite province part of General Schwan's brigade went southward into
Batangas pro\an(!e by wav of a mountain i)ass to Talisay, thence eastward to Tanauan
an<l San Pablo. an<l southwanl to Li]>a, Batangas, and Taal, havin^^ frequent combats,
which invariably i>rove<l successful for us, with very few casualties on our side and
not many on the i)art of the enemy.

Meanwhile part of (ieneral Wheaton's brigade had movini southward on the west
of I^ke Taal and occupie<l all towns of anv importance.

General Schwan's next move was into l-.agima and Tayabas provinces, which he
overran and occupied, maneuvering the insurgents out of what was probably the
most formida]>le intrenched i>osition on the island of Luzon, viz., that at Majayjay.

This campaign ended in Fcbniary by leaving a garrison at each important town,
since which time the work of pacilication, of hunting ladront^, and of dispersing
bands of insurrectos wlien they get together has l>een going on continuously. Many
jKtaceably disiK)sed natives who want to be our friends are afraid to come out openly
and sav so, smce thev know thev will Ik* killed should we abandon the towns we
hold. *

(•ertain recommendations for what were Ix^lieved to 1k> imj)rovements in the service
and in this particular department have l)een submitted from time to time and have
always received favorable action at the hands of the department commander.

II — Kkpokt of Major Bko^n'n.

Manila, P. I., July i, 1900.

lieginning October 1, 1S90, the enemy at that time still maintained an oi^auized
resistance along the whoU^ front of the StM'ond Division. Headquarters of the diW-
sion and the main IwHly were at Angeles on the railroad, ")0 miles from Manila. Our
lines cur\'t.Ki back on the left, through Santa Rita, to ( Juagua, with Bacolor as a sup-
port to these two places strongly occupied by our forces. Our right extended
straight }>ack along tne.railroa<l througli Calulut, oc<'upie<l bva l)attalion, to San Fer-
nando
of
A ray

This condition of affairs lasted throughout the month of Oct()l)er. On the 11th
and l()th of th<' month the eniMny ma<le two night attiicks on Angeles. That on
Octoln^r n was a feeble effort, })ut the attack on the night of the UMh was quite a
determined attempt on the j)art of the enemy to overwhelm the town and ourforct»a
with lire of small arms and artillery from 2 a. m. until 5 a. m. The affair was verv
s|)ectacular. The enemy's Jire came from about 270° of the circle; but although
bullets fell like rain over the wh<>le town the mnnlKT of our casualties was 1 enliste<l
man killed and 9 wouucUmI. The enemy did n(>t a<lvanct> close enough to make
their tire effective and retired In'fore daybrt^ak to avoi<l a counter attack.

The time during the month was occupied with drills and target. practi(»e. The
sanitary conditions receive<l special attention, and under instnictions from the divi-
sion commander] made inspections regarding boiling and filtering of water, laun-
dering, ])athing, barlnTing, and disposal of garbage an<l excreta. Irregularities in this
resptH't were corrected and there was a constant imjirovement during the month in
the health of the conmiand.

On NovemlH'r 2 the left wing was advanced to Porac and Ix^yond, and the enemy
in that direction was sc^verely ])unished and pn*,tty thoroughly disorganized by the

REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENEBAL COMMANDING THE ABMY. 173

operations of the Thirty-sixth United States Volunteer Infantry and two troops of
the Fourth Cavalry, all under command of Col. J. F. Bell.

On Novem])er 5 the right wing was advanced to Magalang. The movement con-
sisted in the march of two columns, one from Calulut, consisting of the division scouts,
two troops of tlie Fourth Cavalry, and one battalion of the Seventeenth United States
Infantry, under command of Maj. Lyster M. 0*Brien, Seventeenth United States In-
fantry, and the second colunm, two Imttalions of the Seventeenth United States Infan-
try, Col. J. H. Smith commanding, the latter officer likewise commanding the two
columns when they united at Magalang.

The advance of the two battalions under Colonel Smith direct from Angeles to
Magalang? hivolved an attack on the extreme left of the enemy's line and the sweep-
ing of it a.side an<l likewise a flank inarch for these two battalions. To guard {4];ainst
an effort on the part of the enemy to throw a heavy force against Colonel Smith's
command, the whole division was formed with the troops in position for battle, rea<ly
to deploy in a moment's notice should any movements of troops toward the enemy's
left flank indicate any aggressive action on their part. The formation of the lines
ready for attack answered the desire and without any advance, the enemy remain-
ing entirely on the passive defensive. The column from Calulut met with consider-
able resistance from successive forces of the enemy, but these were small in number
and were defeated, driven back and aside; 49 insurgents actually counted dead on
the field were killed by the column. The column from Angeles under Colonel Smith
met with slight resistance until near Magalang, where the enemy were in sufficient
force to cause the deployment of the whole command; but the Seventeenth Infantry
advanced promptly, captured the town, and drove the enemy beyond on the road
north to Conception.

These two movements of the left and right wings, respectively, rectified the line for
a direct advance along the line of the railroad. The 6th and 7th were occupied
in organizing a system of supplies to the right wing and to the front, the rails and
ties being removed from the line of the railroad for 10 miles north of Angeles. The
enemy continued to occupy the line in front along the railroad in considerable force.
On the 7th I accompanied Lieutenant Slavens, Fourth Cavalry, aid, in command of
(livision scouts, on a reconnoissance to develop the left flank of the enemy, to select
an artillery position and to acquaint myself with the ground, so that I could conduct
a flanking force of the Ninth Infantry the following day. Our troops were all in
position before daylight on the 8th, but our advance promptly developed the fact
that the enemy had retired during the night. Our troops on our left flank had been
unable to obtain contact on the 7th until at nightfall they reached Mabalacat in
rear of the enemy in our front at Angeles. Our advance, therefore, to Mabalacat waa
unopposed, the enemy retiring to their strong defensive position at Bamban. Our
main force advanced to Mabalacat only, but the cavalr}^ advanced 3 or 4 miles
farther and reconnoitered the position of the enemy in their trenches.

The movement of our troops thus far had l)een merely for the purpose of rectify-
ing our line, and to be inposition to advance promptly when General Lawton's troops
should be considered sufficiently advanced on the line of operations to the east of us.
The railroad had been the means of transport to Angeles, but between Angeles and
Bamban the railroad was destroyed. The iron bridge at Bamban had been destroyed,
partly by dynamite used by the enemy and partly by flood.

The quartermaster was therefore compelled to organize a means of supply to cover
this gap, and allow for continuing such system north of Bamban till the rolling stock
should fall into our hands in quantity to render the railroad of use to us. This work
went on during the 9th and 10th, and was far enough advanced to warrant the for-
ward movement on the 11th. On the 9th and 10th the enemy's position was care-
fully reconnoitered by Colonel Bell on the left and by Lieutenant Slavens on the
right. The enemy's jposition had been prepared with great care. The Parao River
flows through deep banks, and their position was selecte<l on the far or north side of
the river, and the trenches extended for 2 or 3 miles along a high crest. The right
of their line abutted against high and difficult mountains. In front of their right
and on the south side of the river was a high hill commanding their trenches ana a
little over a mile distant from them. Col. J. F. Bell reconnoitered this part of the
position on the 9th, and after a circuitous route he reached the top of the hill to find
that he was in rear of a force ( >f the enemy in trenches on the side of the slope. Colonel
Bell had with him a total of 19 men in all this, including a numl^er of officers of his
own regiment, and Lieut. Hamilton S. Hawkins and 10 men of Troop E, Fourth
Cavalry. He maneuvered carefully for position and attacked the enemy in their
trenches, defeated aiKl drove them from their defenses without tl\e loss oJ a single
member of his party. This had a most important bearing on the final advance on
the nth. On the lOth Colonel Bell made further reconnoissance to find a practical

174 REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMAITDING THE ABMY.

trail around the enemy's right flank, and he succeeded so far that when the advance
was made on the 11th one oattalion of his regiment was conducted by himself as a
flanking party and two battalions occupied the high hill in front of the right of their
line, and which his attack of the 9th had cleared of the enemy.

The morning of the 11th the main line was formed and deployed under cover at
a distance of 1^000 yards from the enemy, and in continuation of the line fonn^ by
the two battalions of the Thirty-sixth Infantry on the high hills. The action was
opened at 9 a. m. by a gun of tlie light artillery. This was the signal for the Thirty-
sixth Infantry to open fire from their commanding position, the plan being that a
frontal fire should be delivered at long range to occupy the enemy until Colonel Bell
should appear with his flanking party, when tlie whole line would advance. The

Elan was entirely a succe^. A f ter about an hour of firing the flanking party appeared,
ut the enemy at once ceased all opposition and fled precipitately to tne rear mrough
Bamban, where many of them were able to embark under cover on a train standing
on the track waiting tor them. The enemy had entirely disappeared and our troope
occupied Bamban by 12 o'clock. These operations had also been considerably infln-
enced by the operations of the right wing under Colonel Smith at Ma^Edans, which
had advanced on the 10th on the road to Concepcion and on that date haa driven
bac^k a force of the enemy, killing 29 of their number. On the 11th Colonel Smith
continued his advance through Ccmcepcion to Gapas, meeting considerable resistance.
He arrived at Capas about 2 p. m., too late to intercept the insurgent train from
Bamban, but he cut off and dispersed a small force of the enemy marching albng the
railroad track. This stand at Bamban was the last made by the enemy to resist our
advance along the railroad. From Bamban to Dagupan many difficulties had to be
overcome, but they were mostly such obstacles as nature offered in a country of heavy
rains and swollen rivers and impassable roads. The rolling stock of the railroad was
all burned and wrecked, stations destroyed, and one bad break divided the road north
of Bamban in two sections. Just north of Tarlac the Tarlac River had left its bed
and swept across the railroad track, carrying the latter entirely aw^ay for a mile or
more. The night of Noveml^r 11 the aclvanced forces o(;cupiea Capas, and the night
of the 12th Tarlac was entered without resistance. The roads were so bad that the
transportation, with supplies, did not reach Tarlac until the 14th. The four days from
the 13th to the 16th, inclusive, were occupied in bringing up supplies, cleani^ the
railroad wreck at Tarlac station, and rescuing a wreck^ engine and repairing it for
use. On the 16th an engine and a number of trucks of ciars were in condition for
service, and a supply of rations was guarantee<l as far as Tarlac.

It had been the intention to continue the advance on the 16th, but the heavy rains
made the Tarlac River impassable. On the morning of the 17th the river was low
enough to be forded, but the ford was a mile in width at the. crossing, and impracti-
cable for all transportation except pack mules. This day the advance r^Bbched
Gerona, from which Lieutenant Slavens, with the division scouts, made a reconnois-
sance to Panique. He returned before midnight to report that two ensines and a
number of cars were wrecked at Panioue and tliat prompt action would probably
render them of service. A company of the Thirty-Sixtn Infantry, with Captains
Stone and Hegeman, were sent at once to Panique, and by noon tne next day, the
18th, an engine and enough trucks had l)een gotten in condition for user and one
battalion of the Seventeenth Infantiy and two battalions of the Thirty-Sixth Infantry
were entrained and pnx^eeded to Moncada, where a wreck of 2 engines and 54 cars
blocked the track. This wreck was cleared by noon on the 19th, and the advance
continued to Beautista and Bayamban, the latter place reached at 5.30 p. m. Colo-
nel Bt^U with one battalion of his regiment continue<l on up the railroad until further
advance was stopiK^l by finding the track removed 1 mile from Calisao and 5 miles
from Dagupan. The next day the commanding general went over the same course
and the division scouts were sent into Dagupan in an effort to communicate with
General Wheaton at San Fabian. It is important to note that every town north, to
and including Tarlac, was completelv abandonwl by their inhabitants upon the
approach of our troops. This fa<*t ha<\ an important I waring upon the comfort of onr
trooi>s; the vacated houstjs furnished ample and most excellent quarters. North of
Tarlac a large proportion of the i>eople remained in their houses and showed all pos-
sible eWdence of being glad to see us.

As the troops w^ere advanced along the railroad, detachments of considerable
strength were left at all the stations and at the imi)ortant bridges. From this time
on the line of the railroad was used as a long base of operations, and from it the
troops operattnl to and (UH^upied the country to the east and west — east to the coun-
try occupied by the troops of General I^awton's line of operations, and west, first to
the mountains, artd thence by three columns jjenetrating the mountains to the China
Sea. One of these columns penetrated the mountain chain south at Dinaloupijan to

REPOBT OF LIEUT. GEKERAL COMMANDIKa THE ARMY. l75

Subig; one at 0*Donnell to Iba; one passed around the north end through Alaminso
to Dazol and Santa Cruz. Previous to the movement of the last column, under Colo-
nel Bell, the enemy had been overtaken by the latter oflScer in the mountains near
Mangatarem, and all their artillery had been cai)tured by him.

During the advance along the railroad, and until the two serious breaks at Bamban
and Tarlac could be repaired, the matter of transportation was the most serious prob-
lem. Enough of the rolling stock between breaks was recovered to operate the road
in these separate sections, and by the 20th of Decemlxjr the engineers had repaired
the breaks and the road was in operation from Manila to Dagupan. About the mid-
dle of December the whole of the coimtry east to the mountains, with the troops
along the A ray at, San Isidro, San Jos^ line, were transferred to the second division.
This included the trooi)s left behind by General Lawton when he went south and
the troops under General Wheaton from San Fabian to Tayug.

Early in January the division commander sent me on a visit of observation along
the line from San Fernando, Arayat, San Isidro, Cabanatuan, San Jos6, Humingan.
Resales, to Bayamban. North of Arayat the troops were short of supplies and
were in need of nearly everything. My full report of the situation enabled the divi-
sion commander to promptly remedy the matters needing attention. General Funs-
ton, assigned to the troops along the line and in this territory as the fourth brigade of
the division, soon had a line oi supplies well organized, and fresh frozen meat was
regularly supplied along the line to San Jos^, 75 miles fioin the railroad station at
San Fernando, where it was taken from the car.

About the middle of January I wished to commence the regular annual inspection
of the troops in the dinsion, but the circumstances were such that the division com-
mander considered it advisable to defer the inspection imtil a later date, when the
troops would be more nearly fixed in the station to which he wished to assign them.

During the months of December, 1899, January, February, and March, l^K), there
was constant guerrilla warfare throughout pretty much the whole division. At first
the troops were an-anged by battalions in the more important towns, as centers from
which they operated; but later it was found much better to occupy every town of
any importance by a company, which kept the town and vicinity clear, and operate
with a movable column from some central point occupied by the re^ment. The
greatest possible activity prevailed among the troops of the whole division. The
regiment reached a degree of effectiveness in the work that would be hard to excel.
In the numerous encounters that occurred our troops were nearly alwavs on the
aggressive. The effects of the excellent work done were very evident. There was
a steady improvement of the general conditions, and by the middle of April all
oi]2:anized guerrilla bands throughout the division had been deetoyed or dispersed,
with the single exception of the territory to the east of San Isidro and San Miguel
de Mayumo. The country in this section especially favored the flight and conceal-
ment of the insurgent guerrilla forces, and although repeatedly routed in engagements
they continued to be able to keep together in some organization. During these four
months I w^as occupied with nmnerous investigations, and visited 26 different towns,
stations of troops, under special instructions from the division commander.

March 21 1 went on a visit to Bayambong, the roimd trip occupying two weeks.
I inclose a copy of my report of this journey, showing the nature of the duty per-
formed on this as well as many of my other pumeys much shorter and less impor-
tant. Upon mv return from Bayambong I b^B:an arran^ng for the regular inspection
of the troops o! the division. The Division oi the Philippines was organized April
7, and the Department of Northern Luzon, to which I was assigned by this order,
included all the island of Luzon north of Manila. I had completed the inspection
of two battalions of the Seventeenth Infantry, when on April 19, 1 was ordered to
ac(;ompany General MacArthur to Manila and on the tour of^ the southern islands of
the archipelago. While I had been imable to make complete regular inspections of
the troops of the division up to the date I was relieved, I had l^en among all the
troops OI the division from time to time making special inspections and investigations
])ursuant to verbal or written instructions of the division conmiander. Such visits I
utilized to observe the condition of the troops in regard to sanitation, discipline, sup-
plies, and general efliciency. Many officers would invite me to look aroimd the
quarters of their troops, noting the condition of kitchen sinks, water supply, and
general state of the command and its surrounding. Other times I would express a
wish to see certain features of the command, and in this manner I was quite familiar
with the conditions of nearly the whole division, and where deficiencies existed or
irregularities were noted I endeavored to secure proper remedial action.

APPENDIX E.

REPORT OF A RECONXOISSANCK MADE BY MAJ. R. A. BBOWN,

INSPECTOR-GENERAL. T. S. VOLUNTEERS.

IlKAiHiiTAirrEKH Secx)nd Division, Eicurrn Arbcy Corps,

Office of the Inspbctor-General,

BantiMn, P. J., Ajml 4, 1900,

Sir: In compliance with verbal instructions from the division commander I left
these headquarti'rs March 21, 1900, and ac(*onipanied by Troop K, Fourth Cavalry,
(^apt. II. C. Renrion coinnianding, proceeded to Bayambong ana Solano, province of
Nueva Viscaya.

The journey occupie<l seven days. One day was siHiiit in Solano, aftid then the
inarch to Bautista was made in six davs.

ROADS.

Fird ihujy Bnnlii^nUt RumU'A^ IS miha. — This road is poo<l at present, but it is flat
and of the same level in most phices as the adjacent fields, with no ditching or drain-
ing and with little or no gnivel on roadway. When niiny season comes it will be
impracticable* as a roa<l for n^ular supplies. I would recommend that the recon-
stnicti(m of these 18 miles of roadway be* taken up, the road to be ditched, raised,
and graveled.

Stroud day y Ronalfiito Ifumingany 14 milrn. — This road is gofxl and is constructed for
usi» in rainy season. Tlu; roadway is well ditched, nused, and graveled. The bridses
are in fair condition. With little work from time to time 1 l)elieve the road can i)e
use<l for all purpost^s throughout the rainy stnison.

Third dai/j itmnnignn to Sun Jom\ i5 mihs, — This road is good and is being still
further improved by a largt*. force of workmen. But as a result of careful examina-
tion on three journeys (m the road I am of the opinion that this road will become
impracticable for wheel transi)ortation in tht^ rainy seii.<on. The road from Baatista
to San Jost», 42 miles, is pnictically without hills and at the present time transportation
as far as San Jose is easy and simple.

Fourth daily Sun Jo)<c (o (Urratir/lnn, ^.i mihs. — This distanire is ordinarily divided
into two manrhes: First, to Puncan, 14 miles; seccmd, to Carranglan, 8 miles.
i^^iving San Jose the road for 4 miles passi's over flat rice fields and over bottom
lands to the Talavera River. The n^ad then follows up the Talavera River 4 miles,
crossing the stream six times, and most of the distance in iK^d of the stream. The
road in bed of stream nms over dr} <rravel and sand, ami would be under water only
when river is high and the crossings impracticable. The road then leaves the Tala-
vera River and f(^llows a small branch river for 4 miles. In these 4 miles the road
cross(»s the stream fourtivn times. This portion of tin* road was in very bad condi-
tion on my outward journey. There were many short pitches and sharp turns, and
rcK'ks and bowlders in the crossings. This was l)eing proix»rlv repaired wnen I passed
through on my n»turn. R(»pairs had l)een completed pnictically from San Jose to a
jHiint al)out half-way up the small branch river, a distance in all of 10 miles. The
road this far was go'o<l for wagons carrying not more than 2,000 jxjund.^. Leaving
the small branch river the road pulls uij a short but steep grade and then runs with
slight grade into Puncan, 2 miles farther. Out of Puncan the road is j^ood for 2
mik»s to Talavera River, which it crosses and then traverses a series of high rolling
hills to the Rio < Jninde <h^ laPam{)anga, which it also cros.*»es and enters Carranglan.
Then"! are two hard grades on thesi* hills which will compel the wagons to carry
loads of not more than 1,()00 |K^unds. A passing examination did not diwrloseany
means of cornM'ting or n^pairing these gnides, but fn>m the excellent work and
immense improv(»ment made in the road where work ha<l l)ei»n (•omj)lettHl on the
SiH'tion near San Jose, 1 do not doubt that the whole road from Siui Jose to Carranglan
will, in a very few days, be in good condition for wht'cl tninsj>ortation of all kinds.

The road, however, Ix'tweeii San Jose and Carranglan crosses the Talavera River

170

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 177

seven times and the Rio Grande once. In time of flood these rivers are impassablei
and this is a condition of affairs which can not be remedied. The current is swift,
the channel full of rocks and bowlders, and the depth of water at deepest places in
crossings now, in time of low water, is about 2 feet. A rise of 2 feet would make the
crossings dangerous. Pablo Palad, presidente of Carranglan, stated that the people
of Carranglan were usually shut in from the 1st of June until the 1st of DecemTOr.
Sometimes the rainy season started a little later and the road was used for a couple
of weeks in June. I do not believe it is safe to count on using this road for supplies
after June 1.

Fifth day J Carranglan to Salaza, 11 miles. — The road from Carranglan to Salaza fol-
lows up the valley of the Rio Grande, crosses a number of small streams, and crosses
the Rio Grande from east to west bank, and then back again from west to east bank.
Tlie road is good and wagons can be used to Salaza, and for 2 or 3 miles beyond if
necessary or expedient. Salaza is nothing — two deserted shacks used by camping
parties for shelter; no shelter available for stores. The road 3 miles beyond Salaza
crosses the Rio Grande again, here a small mountain stream, and then starts up a
steep grade to the pass. The fifth day out I camped at this point, 14 miles from
Carranglan.

Sixth day^ foot of pass on sovUh side to AritaOj 21 miles. — From the foot of the pass to
tlie top was a walk of one hour and ten minutes. The road is cut through heavy
forests and is perhaps two hundred years old. It is in good condition and plenty
wide enough, but the grades make it impracticable for wagons. In several places
the team could not pull up an empty wagon. The slope on the north side is longer
and more difficult in places. On the return trip it took one hour and thirty minutes
to make the ascent from the north side.

The road runs down the course of the Caraballo River, which it crosses about 4
miles from the top of the pass. The river is here a good size mountain stream.
Four miles farther down the stream is Santa Clara, a pl£je containing a single struc-
ture like a barracks, and large enough to shelter 50 men. For temporary purposes
it might be used for shelter for both men and stores. As far as Santa Clara there are
a number of up and down grades, and the road is impracticable for wagons. From
Santa Clata on to Aritao is 12 miles over a good road that is entirely practicable for
wagons. At Aritao the road crosses the Anix River at a good crossing. This is the
line of the telegraph, but ordinary travel into the Bayamoong Valley does not follow
this road through Aritao. Four miles below Santa Clara a trail turns to the right
from the telegraph road and runs across the hills to Dupax. Aritao is a small place,
not more than 500 inhabitants, while Dupax has a population of about 3,000; a»id the
trail across the hills gives a short cut to Dupax and to Bayambong and the valley
below. The trail, however, is a very bad one, up and down short, steep hills, across
the Caraballo River at a bad crossing, and there are several boggy crossings of small
streams. The road from Aritao to Dupax is good and the crossing of the Magat River
is good. The distance is about 4 miles greater, but the road is so much better than
the direct trail that loaded pack mules can best be sent by way of Aritao.

Seventh day^ Aritao to Solano, Bambang, and Bayambong, 21 mUes. — From Aritao to
Bambang there are two roads, one direct and one via Dupax. The telegraph line
follows the direct road, but this road is not in good condition. There are two very
l)ad crossings, one across the Magat River and another over a branch of this river,
and there are numerous crossings over small streams that are in bad shape. The
Ijest road, then, is that via Dupax, the largest and most important town in the south-
ern end of the valley. The wire from Carranglan to Aritao is intact almost the entire
distance, but between Aritao and Bambang there are several stretches where the
wire is missing and others where it is broken down. It would be a great advanta^
to run the wire from Aritao via Dupax to Bambang. Dupax is at present not on the
wire, and it is there that supplies are proposed to be delivered for the troops to be
stationed in the Bayambong Valley. Aritao to Dupax is 4 miles; Dupax or Aritao
direct, distance either to Bambang is 10 miles. The road from Dupax to Bambang
is good and practicable for wagons. From Bambang to Bayambong the road is good
and practicable for wagons. The battalion of the Sixteenth Infantry have four
wagons that they propose to use between Dupax and Bavambong.

At Bayambong the road crosses the Magat River, which is the most serious obstacle
on the line between Carranglan and Bayambong. The Magat River has a very swift
current, and at low water the deepest places in the ford are over 2 feet deep. Dur-
ing floods the river is absolutely impassable. At favorable times during tne rainy
season the river can be crossed in a small boat, but this method is always attended
with more or less risk to supplies and stores so transported. This will be the condi-
tion of affairs after June 1, and all supplies possible snould be across the Magat River
by that date. From Bayambong to Solano is a broad, well-built macadamized road

WAR 1900 — VOL 1, PT in 12

178 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMY.

in excellent condition. The map herewith shows the position of the roads, towns,
and river above described from Carranglan to Bayambong.

TRANSPORTATION OP 8UPPLIB8.

My itinerary of the road from Bautista to Solano makes the distance 120 milegy
divided into three sections: (1) Bautista to Carranglan, 64 miles, over which al*
supplies can be hauled by carts and wagons. (2) Carranglan to Dupaz, 35 miles,
over which supplies must be carried by pack animals. When supplies are in Carrang-
lan in sufficient quantity the waeons can be used in conjunction with p»ack animals,
the wacons to carry supplies as far as Salaza and to meet the pack train w^ith fre^h
loads m supplies at this {wint at a fixed day and hour as reouired. The round trip
from Carranglan to Dupax c^n be made in four days. One hundred ^ck males, at
200 pounds per pack, would carry 20,000 poundsper trip. At 6 trips in thirty days
this would give 120,000 jwunds per month. (3) From Dupax to Solano, 21 miles, the
supplies to be hauled by the four wagons ot the Sixteenth Infantry Battalion and
carried by ponies and caraboa as pack animals, with the assistance later of about 20
pack mules.

This schedule if commenced from Carranglan by the middle of April would give
180,000 pounds as the amount that could be carried to Dupax by June 1, and on the
same date a very large and sufficient portion of this amount would be carried to
Bayambong and Solano.

Supplies are movine in large quantities as far as Carranglan, and this far the prob-
lem seems already solved; but no certain system of supply is as yet in operation
beyond Carranglan. Ponies for pack animals are not m sufficient numbers in the
Bayambong Valley. In the whole valley there may l)e 500 ponies as a maximum,
but I believe 300 would l)e nearer the correct number. The ponies, however, are of
the very poorest quality, very small and thin, and in very poor condition. The work
required by their owners for their own purposes taxes their capacity to the utmost.
A demand for 300 ponies gave a train of 80, and these after one trip to San Jose and
return could not make another trip until they had had a week's rest. A second
call for 200 ponies gave a train of 42, and from what I saw of these I am sure that
they can not make a second trip without a rest. A pack train from this side is there-
fore essential, and the resources of the Bayambong Valley for pack animals can be
depended on only for work between Dupax and Solano.

The headquarters Third Battalion, Sixteenth Infantry, are at Solano, Capt. William
Lassiter, Sixteenth Infantr}', commanding. Officers on duty with the battalion are
as follows:

1 . First Lieut. John F. Preston, j r. , adjutant, quartermaster and commissary, Solano.

2. First Lieut. James B. Gowan, conmianding Company K, Solano.

3. Second Lieut. Jack Haves, commanding Company I, Bavamlx>ng.

4. Second Lieut. William fe. Mould, commanding Company L, Solano, with detach-
ment at Bayambong and Dupax. This officer came to San Jose with telegrams, was
ordered to Second Division headquarters at Bautista, taken sick en route, and sent to
base hospital, Dagupan.

5. Capt. Walter A. Thurston, commanding Company M, Cordon.

6. Second Lieut. D. B. Lyon has been on dutv with Company M carrying supplies;
is to be stationed at Carranglan to receive and forward supplies.

7. Acting Asst. Surg. W. A. Dade, U. S. A.

Great difficulty has been experienced thus far in getting in supplies. The com-
mand has been living on three-fourths rations since January 15; the men are without
a change of clothing, and many are entirely without shoes and barefooted. The com-
mand has been almost prostrated during the past month by an epidemic of pernicious
malarial fever. Fifteen deaths have occurred since March 4, 2 of these at Cordon, 2
at Bagaba^, and 11 at Solano. Those 11 were from 3 companies of the battalion.
One case of smallpox has just developed. The case was in severe form, and the man
was not expectea to live when I left Solano March 29. Captain Lassiter showed me
a letter which he wrote March 23 to the adjutant-general of the district, setting forth
the situation, and from which I made the following extract:

"The several reports from this province have disclosed the unhealthfulness of the
region. The principal disease is pernicious malarial fever, of which ugly rumors were
made to us during our journey into it, and the true state is now shown oy a record. of
15 deaths and 38 per cent sick. The men have behaved well, abstaining from drink
and endeavoring to conform to sanitary rules. An improvement has oegun, but a
heavy sick list will always exist, and for this reason the number of troops held in
this province should be reduced to the minimum. The militarv necessity for them
can be met by a command of 3 officers and 125 men, stationed as follows: Twenty-five
men at Bagabag; 60 men and 3 officers at Solano; 40 men at Dupax. The Iggorrotes

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. l79

keep the mountains and adjacent foothills free. The climate is deadly to the Taga-
log. The provincial inhabitants are Filipinos, friendly to us and unfriendly to the
insurgents. Finally, the countrjr possesses no strategical importance.

"But the important question is that of supplies. So far, during the open season
and by living on less than three-fourths rations, we have barely been able to feed the
command, and should the food supply fail us entirely there will be a trail of misery
and death. Clothing and such supplies we do not look for; yet the command is
practically without a change of clotnmg.

**I have the honor to recommend that the headquarters of the Third Battalion be
transferred to Echague; that three companies of tne battalion garrison that place,
Cordon, Oscariz, and San Luis, and that 3 officers and 125 men be held in Nueva
Viscaya.

"William Lassiter,
** Captairiy Sixteenth Infantry. ^^

The following are extracts from a letter, dated March 10, to the Rame authoritv:
"This province has 7 pueblos and a total population of 25,000, exclusive oi the
savage settlements. The people are satisfied with American rule, insurrectos do not
exist here in bodies, and the individuals are few who willingly took any part in the
rebellion.

"The products of the province are coffee and rice in abundance and for exporta-
tion. If several hundrea troops are to subsist upon this country, rice must be the
principal diet, and an embargo should be placed in good time upon its exportation.
A variety of vegetables, both Irish and sweet potat<^s, are raised, but only in suffi-
cient quantity for the home market. A greater production will follow an increased
demand. This production is being stimulated. At present potatoes and onions
should be sent to the troops. These might be mainly evaporated potatoes. It was
a surprise and disappointment to find the supply of cattle for fresh beef very limited.
Two thousand, including work cattle, is a large estimate. Captain Dame, Thirty-
fourth Infantry, who has very nearly traveled the length and breadth of the prov-
ince, reports that the needs of 500 men would exhaust the supply of fresh beef in
sixty days. Cattle could be purchased in Isabella, brought over the mountains
before tfie rain, and herded for use as needed. I recommend the purchase of 100.
At my request the roads and bridges throughout the province are being repaired by
the citizens.

"William Lassiter,
"CSapiam, Sixteenth Infantry ^

First Lieut. John F. Preston, Sixteenth Infantry, gave notes of difficulties and
deficiencies, and I append the memoranda. From his statement and from my own
observations it appears the battalion was not furnished proper and sufficient trans-
portation for its station in the Bayam bong Valley, and that tne efforts to supplement
this deficiency by hiring native ponies for pack animals were unsuccessful. The
remedy is to furnish the 100 pack mules already recommended. It will be noted from
Lieutenant Preston's notes that his present transportation is in bad condition and
can not be depended on to any great extent. He also sets forth the difficulties with
the pony pacK trains and how the lack of funds has hampered operations. He also
contracted debts without having the money to pay them, and it also appears that
there are outstanding debts contracted by other troops that passed through the
valley.

Acting Asst. Surg. W. A. Dade, U. S. A., furnished me with a memoranda describ-
ing the medical and sanitary situation. A copy of this memoranda is herein inserted,
as follows:

[Memoranda.]

Sola NO, March 28, 1900.

The Third Battalion, Sixteenth Infantry, left Lalloc January 4, 1900, with the
health of the command in excellent condition, only 12 out of nearly 500 men being
unable to take up the march. By cascos on the Rio Grande del Coagayan and
marching the battalion traversed a distaru^eof nearly 200 miles over streams, valleys,
hills, and mountains, and at all hours and in all conditions of weather known to the
Tropics. Wetting from dews and the water of the Rio Grande del Coagayan, when
compelled to sleep out at night, or wade into the river to assist in pulling the boats
over the numerous shoals encountered, were experiences not calculated to conduce
to healthfulness.

A scarcity of clothing and short rations were other annoyan«es leading up to the

180 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

present condition. Even under the painful conditions before mentioned and long
marches often necessary in the hot liours of the day, the men seemed to stand the
strain excellently. At Echague, where we halted for several days, when the men
had opportunities to feel and realize any aches and fevers from which they might
suffer, the sick rate was very low, and when leaving there only 4 men were sent
to Aparri to the regimental hospital. This shows the men to have been in an excel-
lent condition, the few cases treated being infected sores of the feet from going
barefooted, mild forms of malarial fever, and diarrheas, all of which were easily
checked. At Cordon, 13 miles from Echague, the health still continued. This was
the last town north of the mountains. From here we came over the mountains to
Bagabag, Solano, and Bayambon^. We reached these stations on the 26th of Feb-
ruary. The trip over the mountam trail was taken by as easy stages as was practiod,
in view of the distance necessary to be made by nightfall. When the men arrived
at Solano they were in fairly good condition, excellent, in fact, considering everything
they had undergone since January 4. This status was maintained until about tne
10th of the present month, when it seemed as though the entire command was sooner
or later to be prostrated. The first death occurred on the 4th, at Cordon, a private
of Company K dying of chronic dysentery after protracted illness. The second died
at Solano on the 5th, of acute Bright*s disease, a private of the same company.

The men then seemed to lose all energy, appetite, and interest in everything.
Malarial fever in some form or other affected more than 50 per cent of the entire
command, continuing to grow worse until about the 20th, wnen the hospital waa
overcrowded. The steward, hospital corps privates, and extra help were worked to
point of complete exhaustion from doing constant duty day and night. From a sim-
ple form at first, the fever seemed to take on the pernicious type, becoming the most
fatal condition due to malarial poison alone I have ever seen. Strong healthy men
would be assigned a cot at sick call in the morning only to be found a cold and pulse-
less corpse at night. The depression following a chill of this type was absolutely
beyond control. Strychnine, the most universallv praised heart stimulaift known,
had al)solutely no effect when used in moderately increased doses by hypodermic
injection. Brandy, whisky, aromatic spirits of ammonia, ether, and digitalis were all
tried in turn in connection with artificial heat, and hypodermic and rectal injections of
quinine in acid solution. Nothing used as routine treatment in malarial poisoning
seemed to have a salient effect.

Quinine, Warburg's tincture. Fowler's solution, all failed, until things became in a
desperate condition. Between the 11th and 25th eleven deaths had occurred from
this malarial fever alone, the four others being due to chronic dysentery and Bright's
disease. The epidemic reached the climax between these dates. It has somewhat
abated at this time, but the exceedingly depressing condition of the climate in the
immediate region keeps the sick and convalescent from gaining and holding their
former physical power. The men have been fairly careful of all exposures, bathed
regularly, and were discreet in their eating. Boiled water and all sanitary measures

Fossible to employ have failed to correct the condition of affairs I have described.
n addition to this, smallpox on yesterday made its unmistakable appearance. Prior
to the coming of the battalion to this station I made a trip over the mountain to look
into the reported epidemics of smallpox then said to be raging, but after carefully
hunting for cases in Solano and Bayambong, I failed to find but one case. ■ I posted
notices warning all men of the place and presence of this case.

The towns along this valley, as far as I have been, all seem to me to he miserably sit-
uated for any other purpose than graveyards. Saturated the year around by moisture,
dews, and poisons resulting from such atmospheric conditions as exist, no'other state
could possibly be looked for but one of constant illness. I am not in the least afraid
to go on record as saying that if this command remains at its present station during
the rainy season 50 per cent of its number will die. The present epidemic I believe
to l>e due to malarial poisoning.

Companv M of this battalion is stationed at Cordon, north of the mountains, and
does not share in the suffering and disease I have mentioned. I visited that com-
pany on the 25th instant and found only six men in cpiarters, while the sick report of
the other three companies beyond the mountains were far in excess of the number,
as the following table of the number answering sick call in the different companies
on that day will show:

I Company, Bagabag 48

L Company, Solano and Bayambong 68

K Comimny, Solano 47

M Company, Cordon 6

Conjpany L did less work en route than any other company, while M Company did
fully as much or the most, and if any company should be anected by the conditions

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 181

arising during the trip it should come in for its share. The factt that it dooH not bears
out the statement that the illness is due to immediate surroundings.

. W. H. Dade,
Acting Assistant Surgeon^ U. S. A,

The following is an extract from morning report at Solano, March 28, 1900: "Total
enlisted present, 149; sick, 43."

March 29 the record stood: "Total enlisted present, 148; sick, 53."

After receiving the memoranda from Dr. Dade I made many inquiries as I passed
through the country regarding the presence of malarial fevers and the seasons in
which they were most frequent. My inquiries brought information to the effect that
while there was always a great deal of sickness in the valley the worst season for the
malarial fevers was during the winter or dry season, but that after April 1 sickness
of this kind decreased and was hardly to be found at all during the rainy season.

Attention is invited to the fact that one case of smallpox had occurrea, that there
is no virus on hand to vaccinate the troops, and none to vaccinate the native popu-
lation.

I made a careful inspection of the quarters of the troops and their surroundings in
Solano. For barracks the troops occupy two buildings. One of these was very much
crowded. The men had all provided themselves with bunks at their own expense.
The floors are raised 8 or 10 feet above the ground and the space underneath is
entirely clear and open. Along the road from Bayambong to and into Solano for
more than a mile there runs a stream, with deep banks in alluvial soil, with compara-
tively small volume of water and feeble current. This is the main stream through
the town of Solano, and the quarters of the troops are less than 100 yards from its
banks. A spring in the side of the bank is boxed in and is the source of the water
supply. The stream is used for a mile or more along its course by the people of the
town for all purposes — washing clothing, bathing for carabao, and as an open sewer
to carry off waste of all kinds. The water used for drinking purposes is l>oiled, but
the injurious effect of the stream above described is obtained by living in close prox-
imity to it, and it is quite possible that the health of the troops would be better if
the troops were moved even only a few miles.

The following is a list of the towns in the valley, with the population and
organization:

Solano

Bayambong,
Bambang . . .

Bagabag

Dupax

Ibung

Aritao

Population.

Cabazas.

6,000

5,000

4,700

4,000

3,000

1,800

650

Organization under Greneral Order 43 in all the above towns had just been com-
pleted. Raymundo Ariola, former civil governor, has been continued in oflSce and
has been of the greatest assistance to the military authority. Civil affairs through-
out the province are in an entirely satisfactory condition, no disorders, no difficulties
or complaints of any kind.

Of the above towns all are in the bottom of the valley, except Bambang, Dupax,
and Aritao, and I believe these three towns, especially Bambang and Dupax, will
prove to be more healthful locations for our troops than the bottom towns. The
valley is shaped like an oval bowl; the valley from Bagabag is the bottom, and
mountains on all sides form the rim, with Bambang, Dupax, and Aritao at different
points up the sides of the bowl.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

First. I concur with Captain Lassiter in the opinion that the military necessities of
the Bayambong Valley could be met by a force of 125 men and three officers.
With the main part of the battalion at Echague and Cordon, this force of 125 men
should be made a detail from the battalion and changed from time to time, thus
avoiding any extended detail in the valley where the health conditions appear so
very unfavorable.

Second. There are 320 men at present in the valley practically with barely suffi-

182 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMT.

cient rations to subsist from day to day. They require about 1,000 pounds per day.
Tlie men are suffering also for clothing, especially shoes. A sure line of supply is
now in operation as |ar as Carranglan, but no farther. I recommend that a pack
train of approximately 100 mules be sent to Carranglan at once to carry supplies to
Dupax. Reserve supplies for four months should be in Dupax before June 1, so that
a large part of them can be carried to Ba3^ambong across the Magat River by that
date. Falay for forage should be secured in quantity at Carranglan and Dupax for
the use of this pack train. It can be obtained at both places, but it will require some
time to do so at Dujmx.

The guard for the pack train should be mounted men. If the packers are armed
with revolvers the additonal guard need not be more than 15 men, as there is very
little chance of attack from any parties armed. I would recommend that 15 horses
and the necessar^r equipments be sent to Carranglan for the use of this guard. Thus
equipped, the train can work continuously between Carranglan and Dupax. The
trail follows mountain streams, suitable campins places are frequent, and the journey
can be broken to suit the hour of day and the distance to be traveled. I believe this
will be better than to make an intermediate station at Salaza or Santa Clara.

Third. Bacon in crates should not be shipped to Bayambong. The crate becomes
a burden l)eyond San Jose, and is discardea at the latter place and the bacon carried
in carts and on packs exposed to the sun and rain. I would recommend that canned
ba(;on, 9-pound cans and smaller cans, be forwarded for the troops at Bayambong.
Evaporated potatoes and onions should be sent at i)resent. When the supply line is
in rimnire order all the way through a small quantity of fresh v^etables should be
forwardea.

A supply of sales stores for two months is on hand at Solano. Sales stores, there-
fore, can he sent after the reserve supply of rations has been forwarded.

Fourth. The quartermaster and commissary of the Sixteenth Infantry battalion — at

E resent First Lieut. John F. Preston, jr. — is m constant need of funds. Money haci
eon forwarded to him from Aparri March 1, but had not reached him at Solano
March 29. He was entirely out of funds on this latter date and had contracted debts
almost equal to the amount en route to him. There are also a number of outstand-
ing debts contracted by other troops. I would recommend that Lieutenant Preston
be furnished funds and be instructed to pay all debts contracted by any United
States troops that have been in the valley. Great difficulty exists regarding a local
supply of fresh beef, but if a herd of beef cattle can be purcnased in Isabella province
that would seem the best solution of the difficulty. Tnis has been recommended by
Captain Lassiter.

Fifth. The telegaph line now runs direct from Aritao to Bambang and does not
include Dupax. The road via Dupax is in constant use, and the line could be easier
maintained via Dupax, and the latter is also an important place. More of the line is
at present out of repair between Aritao and Bambang than alone the whole of the
rest of the line between Carranglan and Bayambong. I would, therefore, recom-
mend that the line be construct^ along the road from Aritao via Dupax to BEunbang
and the direct section from Aritao to Bambang be abandoned.

Sixth. There was one case of smallpox among the troops at Solano on March 29,
and considerable apprehension existed with regard to it. The sui^geon had been tem-
porarily absent when the case first developed, and the man was in the crowded hoe-
Sital for nearly twenty-four hours, thus exposing a number of other patients to the
isease. I would recommend that virus be sent to the surgeon at Soluio, both for
the use of the troops and for the native population. The care of the sick in the
Bayambong Valley is a matter calling for special attention. I would recommend
that at an early date a medical officer be sent to the valley to carefully investigate
and report upon the needs of the medical department for the proper care of the
troops in that locality.

Very repectfufly, R. A. Brown,

Major and Inspector Oeneralf U, S. VolurUeerB.
The Adjutant-General,

Second Dividon, EigJUh Army Corps.

QUARTERMASTER.

Have been furnished with 16 mules and 4 escort wagons; no axle grease. Males
came from Aparri to Cordon without pack saddles of any kind and carried packs.
Consequently backs were in a terrible condition. Most of them had two or more
shoes off; no blacksmith. One developed glanders and was ordered shot One other

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 183

in such condition that he will not be fit for use for a couple of months. No horse
medicine of any kind on hand, although I have asked for it several times.

Wagons will have to be taken apart and carried across the mountains from Cordon
to Bababag, and the intention is to use them in bringing rations from Dupax to Solano,
the headquarters of the battalion. Mules are not broken to harness, and apparently
no attention was paid to their selection for teams. They were tried in namess in
bringing supplies from Cauavan to Cordon, a distance of about 25 miles, last week,
and their shoulders were badly rubbed, and 4 mules could haul about 1,200 pounds
only. Have ordered pack ponies to Dupax to assist in bringing rations from Car-
ranglan to Dupax.

It is almost impossible to organize a permanent pack train of native ponies, as
they generally play out after two or three trips, and the natives then state that it is
necessary for them to have a rest, and the consequence is that we have then to hunt
up other ponies.

It is very important to pay the native promptly, and I have told them that each
pack pony would receive 50 cents (Mexican) per day and each native 25 cents. I
nave no money to pay them, and consequently have been giving them certificates,
and as nearly all the other commands that have been through this country have been
doing the same thing the natives are becoming more unwiUing to work each day, as
they are afraid that the certificates will never oe paid.

Would recommend that an officer be sent up into this country to take up all the
certificates in the province. Would recommend a large pack train of about 75 ani-
mals, and that a blacksmith with full equipments be sent with them, as the shoes
need looking after.

COMMISSARY.

Command has been living on three-quarters rations since January 15, and some
parts of the ration, such as baking powder and soap, have been entirely missing for a
month at a time. Have had no yeast or hops, and consequently could make no breuEid.
Supply of fresh beef very limited. Have been using both Australian cattle and
caraoao. Command practically without a change of clothing, and a great many bare-
footed. Clothing of all kinds badly needed. A great deal of palay could be fur-
nished animals at Dupax, but best not to depend on it. SuflBcient funds should be
shipped here to store a supply of palay to last during the rainy season.

SICKNESS.

Fifteen deaths during past three weeks; due almost entirely to malaria. It is of a
pernicious type peculiar to this section of the country.

One case of smallpox was discovered the morning of March 26. Almost entire
absence of typhoid fever might be taken as an indication that the water is fairly
good.

John F. Preston,
First Lieutenant and Battalion Adjutant, Sixteenth Infantry.

184 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

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RKPORT flF tlinjT. GENERAL COMMAIfDING THE ARMY. 185

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1H(> REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMAKDING THE ABMT.

RECAPITULATION.

Number. Total.

Officers

Men

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Flat oars for waKoiis, etc :

Box cars for exccKs of free allowance

Total number of stock, flat, and box cars.

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26,766

4,837

489
724

APPENDIX G.

OBITUARY CIRCULARS.

1. LiEXJT. Col. John D. Miley, Inspbctor-Genkral, U. 8. V.

War Department, Inspector-General's Office,

Washinotorif September £0, 1899.

It is with deep regret the Inspector-Greneral announces to the officers of thelnspector-
Geueral's Department the death on September 19, at Manila, P. I., of Lieut. Col. John
D. Miley, inspector-general, U. S. Volunteers (first lieutenant, Second U. S. Artillery.)

Colonel Miley was bom at Belleville, 111., August 19, 1862, and entered the military
service July 1, 1883, when he was appointed a cadet at the Military Academy.

He was promoted additional second lieutenant, Fifth Artillery, June 12, 1887;
second lieutenant, Fourth Artillery, October 15, 1887; transferred to Fifth Artillery,
November 12, 1887; promoted first lieutenant, Februarys, 1894; transferred to Second
Artillery May 4, 1898; appointed major, assistant adjutant-general, U. S. Volunteers,
July 12, 1898, and lieutenant-colonel, inspector-general, U. S. Volunteers, Septem-
ber 8, 1898.

For ten years after his graduation Colonel Miley was on duty with his re^ment in
various parts of the country, and his record was tnat of a hard-working, painstaking
man of more than usual ability, doing his whole duty and studying to fit himself for
the work w hich might come. Being one of the brightest young officers of his arm
of the service, he was selected as aid-de-camp by Brigadier-General Shafter, U. S. A.,
whom he accompanied to the Spanish war, and in front of Santiago won the a dmira
tion of the Army for his ability, enei]gy, ^llantry, and soldierly resolution, display-
ing upon the field of battle the qualifications of a brilliant staff officer. In October,
1898, Colonel Miley was appointed acting inspector-general. Department of the East,
and continued on this duty until Januar}^, 1899, when he was ordered to Manila as
inspector-general. Department of the Pacific. Reaching Manila in April, in May he
was appointed collector of customs at Manila in addition to his regular duties, and
was on this duty when he died; and he had been recommended by the chief of his
corps to be transferred with at least equal rank to one of the new volunteer regi-
ments. He was also recommended by General Shafter to be made brigadier-general
of volunteers.

Colonel Miley* 8 life was marked with conspicuous soldierly ability, and his death
obs the service of one of its ablest and most promising young ofiioers.

J. C. Breckinridge,

Inspector' General.

2. Maj. Gen. Henry W. Lawton, U. S. V.

War Departbcent, Inspector-General's Office,

WaM/ngUm^ D. C, December 21^ 1899.

With profound sorrow the Inspector-General announces to the Department that
Maj. Gen. Henry W. Lawton, U. S. Volunteers, colonel, inspector-general, was killed
in battle at San Mateo, near Manila, P. I., on December 19, 1899, while leading his
command. Of commanding stature and conspicuously uniformed, he became the
special target of the enemy's fire, to which he was habitually exposed. Amid
circumstances calling for high skill and courage as well as ^eat energy, promp-
titude, and endurance to insure the military success which had become familiar
to him, he was struck in the heart by a bullet at the moment of victory and died
almost immediately. As far as a soldier can, even to this last act of devotion, he had
in the Spanish war, as in all other wars since his childhood, served his country well
and as only a thorough soldier could; and, as he fell, the country has taken his name
and fame to heart to cherish.

His military virtues and career deserve to be an example of faithful and devoted
service. His family motto is Droit et loyale, and his career exemplified its spirit.

187

188 REPORT OF LTETTT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

General Lawton was bom March 17, 1843, in Manhattan, Lucas County, Ohio. In
youth he spent a year in Missouri and Iowa. At the opening of the civil war he was
residing in Fort Wayne, Ind., where, on April 16, 1861, among the earliest there to
respond to President Lincoln's call for three months* volunteers, at theageof 18 years, he
enlisted and was mustered in as sergeant of Company E, Ninth Indiana Volunteers.
While in this service he participated in the engagements at Philippi, Laurel Hill, and
Carricks Ford, W. Va. He was mustered outat the expiration of the term of service,
July 21, 1861, and assisted in organizing Company A, Thirtieth Indiana Volunteers,
which was mustered into service on August 20, 1861, with him the first lieutenant;
and ho served in the Department of the Ohio under Greneral Buell, and was promoted
captain in front of Cormth, Miss., on May 7, 1862, heing then 19 years old. He
served in command of this company in all the operations of the Army of the Cunii-
berland until July, 1864, when he was assigned as inspector on the staff of General
Grose, commanding the Third Brigade, First Division, Fourth Army Corps (Army
of the Cumberland), in which capacity he served until November, 1864, when ne was
relieved to take command of his regiment. When it veteranized, he was promoted
to lieutenant-colonel November 15, 1864, and commanded it; and was commissioned
a colonel on February 10, 1865, being then not quite 22 years old. Muster on the
colonel's commission was withheld under the then existing laws, because the re«nient
did not have the required strength. He was brevetted colonel of volunteers on March
13, 1865. After the surrender of the Confederate armies he was ordered to Texas,
where, on account of the good condition and discipline of his regiment, he was
assigned to an independent command by the division commander, taking part in every
march, campaign, battle, and skirmish in which it was engaged until mustered out in
December, 1865.

He was under fire in the following engagements, viz: Shiloh, Miss.; siege of Cor-
inth, Miss. ; Floyds Fork, Ky. ; Lawrencebur^, Ky. ; Lavei^e, Tenn. ; Triune, Tenn.;
Stones River, Tenn. ; Liberty Gap, Tenn. ; Chickamauga, Tenn. ; si^eof Chattanooga,
Tenn. ; battle of Chattanooga, Tenn. ; Tunnel Hill, Ga. ; Rocky Pace, Gra. ; Dalton,
Ga.; Resaca, Ga. ; Adairsville, Ga.; Cassville, Ga.; New Hope Church, Ga.; Ken-
nesaw Mountain, Ga. ; Smyrna Camp Ground, Ga. ; Chattahoochee River, Ga. ; Peach
Tree Creek, Ga. ; siege of Atlanta, Ga. ; Jonesboro, Ga. ; Lovejoy Station, Ga. ; Colum-
bia, Tenn.; Franklin, Tenn., and Nashville, Tenn. It is well to remember that in
such campaigns as this to Atlanta the soldiers were daily under fire.

He was awarded a medal of honor for distinguished gallantry in leading a charge
of skirmishers against the enemy's rifle pits, taking them, with their occupants, and
stubbornly and successfully resisting two determined attacks of the enemy to retake
the works in front of Atlanta, Ga., on August 3, 1864.

After the close of the civil war he studied law and attended the law department of
Harvard University, and while there, after the reorganization of the Army, July 28,
1866, he received an appointment as second lieutenant in the Forty-first Regular
Infantry, which was declined, but on April 4, 1867, the appointment was again ten-
dered and was accepted. He then joined his regiment at Baton Rou^, La., and soon
afterwards was recommended by Col. R. S. Mackenzie for promotion to a higher
grade. The regiment being ordered to Texas, he served as its regimental quarter-
master until its consolidation with the Thirty-eighth Infantry, the two making the
Twenty-fourth Infantry, with which he served until the reduction of the Army in
1870. At the request of Col. R. S. Mackenzie he was, on January 1, 1871, transferred
to the Fourth Cavalry, then in Texas, with which he served in the expedition in
1871 against the Comanche Indians in Indian Territory and the Stakea Plains of
Texas, in a similar expedition in 1872, in the operations against the Indian and Mex-
ican marauders on the Rio Grande in 1873-74, in the campaigns against the Chey-
ennes, Kiowas, and Comanches in 1874, and in the intervals he penormed the duty
of post quartermaster, in which, as in all military duties that he undertook, he
excelled.

In 1876 he participated in the severe winter campaign against the Indians in
Wyoming, and in the battle with the Cheyennes, NovemTOr 26, 1876, which resulted
in their surrender, and he was assigned the arduous duty of conveying them to the
South. In 1877, stationed at Fort Clark, Tex., he engaged in the numerous expe-
ditions from that point against Mexican and Indian marauders, including General
Mackenzie's raid into Mexico, when the Kiowas were brought back as prisoners,
and he was in the expedition in the mountains of Colorado m 1879 and 1880, and
soon afterwards was assigned as inspector of the Department of Arkansas, serving as
such until May, 1881, when he was in the campaign in the Ute country of Colorado.
Januarv 1, 1882, he was assigned as inspector and engineer officer in the District of
New >fexico, serving as such until October 23, 1883, and commanding in the mean-
time an expedition into the Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico. After Geronimo'a

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 189

outbreak in Mav, 1885, he organized, in May, 1886, and led a command in that cam-
paign into the Sierra Madre Mountains, Sonora, beyond our borders, which, as one
feature of the campaign, ultimately resulted in the surrender and overthrow of
Geronimo and his band — one of the most persistent and brilliant feats in the annals
of Indian warfare — and these prisoners he conveyed to Florida. The adventurous
spirit which marked these years, the sleepless march, the thirst amidst arid heat,
and again the untold cold, and the dexterous management of men and means to the
end to be accomplished, enlivened by fierce fighting, belong now to the work and
epoch of the generations which redeemed an empire on the plains from savagery
and bequeathed it to civilization, where cities and citizens now rule with law, and
trade, agriculture, mining, and manufactures flourish abundantly. It is a book that
is closed but not forgotten.

On September 17, 1888, he was appointed major and inspector-general, was pro-
moted lieutenant-colonel and inspector-general on February 12, 1889, and colonel and
inspector-general on July 7, 1898, being then a brigadier-general of volunteers in the
field, in Cuba. He served as assistant in the Inspector-General's Office in Wasli-
ington from September, 1888, until December, 1893, his accurate judgment and
lar^e military experience being of invaluable aid in the performance of the many
delicate and important duties of administration, investigation, and inspection. Nor
was his activity confined merely to office duties, but was widely extended, and occa-
sionally led effectively toward important improvements and reforms relating to such
fundamental questions as the recruiting and remount establishment. One tour of spe-
cial inspections embraced visits to most of the posts in the West, as far north as Fort
Canby, and down the Pacific coast to Los Angeles, Cal., and thence to Washington
again. Another embraced inspections on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and Mississippi
River, from Wilmington, N. C, via St. Augustine, Fla., to Montgomery, New Orleans,
Vicksburg, Memphis, Little Rock, and intermediate points, to Duluth, Minn., specially
considering engineer inspections. A third great tour included the inspection of the
post-exchange system. His influence in consolidating the various printing offices of
the War Department into one, or while periodically inspecting the supply depart-
ment, illustrated his practical methods.

In Decem]>er, 1893, his health requiring a change from confining office duties, he
assumed station at Los Angeles, Cal., and on September 28, 1894, was assigned as
inspector-general of the Department of the Colorado, and on April 29, 1895, was
assigned as inspector-general of the southern inspection district, with headquarters
at Santa Fe, but afterwards at Los Angeles (as near there a home and prolonged life
seemed assured), having the troops along our entire Mexican border in his inspection.
He was assigned to the Department of California April 16, 1898, but joined General
Shafter in the East and not in San Francisco.

The traditions of this corps affecting field service in war, perhaps, may be exem-
plified by an extract from Inspector-General Schriver's letter of September 14, 1864,

dated Headquarters, Army of the Potomac :

* * * » * » *

" I beg to refer the Department to my report of casualties (three in number, on file
in the Adjutant-GeneraPs Office), in which it will be seen that there have been in the
inspector-general* s department of the Army of the Potomac alone, during the period
embraced between 1st of May, 1863, and September, 1864, 59 casualties in battle, viz:
Killed, 9; wounded, 38; prisoners, 12; a greater number, perhaps, than in any other
department in the Army in proportion to its numbers.*' * * *

And the death of General Mansfield at Antietam and of General Buford after Get-
tysburg may be recalled by General I^awion's well-won glory in the Philippines.

When the war with Spain began, he was serving as inspector-general of tne south-
ern district and at. once asked to be given service in the field, and on May 4, 1898,
was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers and assigned to the command of a
division in the Fifth Army Corps, again under General Shafter, which was largely
composed of regulars. The duty assigned to his command was to lead in the landing
and during the first strategic march in Cuba, and in July, 1898, his command was the
noint (V apjmi of the operations against the Spanish forces, which he illustrated so
hrilliantly in the gallant capture oi El Caney. His able and dauntless work gained
for him the approval of his superiors and the plaudits both of his fellow-citizens and
comrades. On July 8, 1898, he was made major-general of volunteers. After serv-
ing for a time as military governor of Santiago de Cuba, he returned to Washington
and was assigned to the command of the Fourth Corps; subsequently was relieved
from it and sailed for the Philippine Islands, through the Suez Canal in the trans-

Eort Grant, in January, 1899, initiating such a movement of American troops, and on
is arrival was assigned to the command of the First Division, Eighth Army Corps.
On April 10 he captured Santa Cruz, a Filipino stronghold. Soon afterwards he led

190 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

the attac^k on Saii Rafael, one of the hottest fights of tlie insurrection. For hia cap-
ture of San Isidro the President cabled him, as follows:

To Otis, Manila:

Convey to General Lawtoii and the gallant men of his conunand my congratula-
tions upon the successful oi)erations during the past month, resulting in the capture
this morning of San Isidro.

William McKinley.

On June 1, 1899, General Lawton was placed in command of the defenses of
Manila. In 0(;tober, after having succeeded in clearing the country of the insur-
gents, he followed the retreating army northward, capturing many towns and every-
where dri\nng the foe before him. On December 1 he captured Tayug and laiige
quantities of stores, and soon afterwards returned to Manila, whence he started, on
Dec<?mber 18, to San Mateo to attack a force of insurgents under a leader named
Geronemo; and, whilst talking to his wounded aid, at the very moment of victory,
this peerless officer, this kind-hearted, loyal, and modest gentleman, this soldier of
three wars and of innumerable Indian forays and civilized combats upon two conti-
nents, in temperate zone and in Tropics, was stricken by the fatal bullet which ended
his strenuous life, leaving family and friends to mourn his loss just as the ripe
rewards of long, arduous, faithful, and admirable services were to be enjoyed to the
full. His life and death can not be easily forgotten. His appointment as origadier-
eeneral in the Army had been ordered before his death to mark the appreciation of
his serv^ices in presence of his country's latest enemy.

When his death was announced, the President sent the following message:

Executive Mansion, December ^, 1B99,
Major-General Otis, Manila:

I have learned with inexpressible sorrow of the death of Major-General Lawton,
and ask to share with the officers and men of the Eighth Corps in their grief. One
of the most gallant officers of the Army has fallen. At the time the sad news came
to us his nomination as brigadier-general of the Regular Army was already made for
transmission to the Senate, but no rank can enhance his fame. He rose from the
ranks of the Ninth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, filling every grade in the service to
that of major-general of volunteers, and in these years was conspicuous for bravery
and devotion to duty. The country mourns the death of this intrepid leader. Give
to Mrs. Lawton my heartfelt sympathy in her overshadowing aflSliction.

William McKinley,

l^esident of the United States,

In General Orders, No. 209, December 21, 1899, the honorable Secretarv of War
gave official expression of his appreciation of General I^wton*s service, and directed
at every post due military recognition and mourning by every officer for his death,
and he cabled as follows:

War Department, December SO, 1899.
Otis, Manila:

I join with the officers and men of the Eighth Army Cori>8 in the deepest regret
over the death of their heroic comrade. General Lawton. 1 bee you to convey to
Mrs. Lawton expression of my sincere sympathy. It was the ideal death of a soldier,
as his splendid courage and devotion to duty have met the ideal of a soldier's life.
The sad news will be announced to the Army, and due ceremonies of respect for hia
memory will be directed in general orders.

Eliuu Root, Secretary of War,

The estimation in which General Lawton is held was abundantly evidenced in the
expressions of sympathy, sorrow, and admiration when his death was announced.
The President, Cabmet officers, statesmen, and military and naval officers, the pub-
lic press and private citizens, all bore witness in strong tenns to his high qualities as
a man and public servant, and to the greatness and absolute devotion of his public
services.

Cieneral Lawton possessed in an unusual degree the magnetic faculty of binding to
himself the hearts of those with whom he came in contact, whether great or humble,
so they all loved and esteemed him. How such of the enemy as met him became
his friends is reported by cable from Manila as follows:

**Many Filipinos who say they knew General Lawton was their good friend

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDLNG THE ARMY. 191

great ^rief at his death. Officials of the several governments which General Lawton
estahhshed, even as far north as Tayug, are sending messages of sympathy and say
they wish to come to Manila and attend the funeral."

He was repeatedly commended in general orders **for vigilance and zeal, rapidity
and persistence of pursuit;" ** for great skill, perseverance, and gallantry" in serv-
ices on the frontier against hostile Indians. It was not onlj^ easy for him to accom-
plish difficult and daring feats — he inspired those around him, so that he could get
from each the utmost of which he was capable and accomplished what seemed impos-
sible; and his duties were habitually so strenuously performed that it seemed to nim
the fortitude and endurance aroused by his own characteristic qualities belonged of
right to those his example inspired. When congratulated by a friend upon his many
successes, he replied, almost apologetically, "I owe it all to the good fortune of hav-
ing exceptionally good men with me in all my undertakings."

How in his last days his personality impressed his fellow-countrymen may l>e indi-
cateil by one extract from the daily press:

"The man of FA Caney is the man of the MogoUons, and the man of the MogoUons
is the reincarnation of some shining, helmeted warrior who fell upon the sands of
Palestine in the first crusade, with the red blood welling over his corselet and his
two-handed battle sword shivered to the hilt. The race type persists unchanged in
eye, in profile, in figure. It is the race which in all the centuries the Valkyrs have
wafted from the war decks, have hailed from the holmgangs or helmet-strewn moor-
lands — the white-skinned race which, drunk with the liquor of battle, reeled around
the dragon standard at Senlac, which fought with Richard Grenville, which broke
the Old Guard at Waterloo, which rode up the slope at Balaklava, which went down
with the Cumberland at Hampton Roads, which charged with Pickett at Gettysburg,
the race of the trader, the financier, the statesman, the inventor, the colonizer, the
creator, but, before all, the fighter."

J. C. Breckinridge,

Ingpector- General.

8. Maj. Frank H. Edmunds, First U. S. Infantry, Acting Inspector-General.

War Department, Inspector-General's Office,

Washington, June 23, 1900.

It is with great regret that the Inspector-General announces to the officers of the
Insj^ector-General's Department the death by yellow fever of Maj. Frank H. Edmunds,
First U. S. Infantry, acting inspector-general of the Department of Havana and Pinar
del Rio, who died on the 18th of June, 1900, at Quemados de Mariano, Cuba.

Major Edmunds was born at Ypsilanti, Mich., December 30, 1849, and appointed
a cadet from Dakota to the United States Military Academy on July 1, 1866.

He was promoted second lieutenant First U. S. Infantry, June 12, 1871 ; first lieu-
tenant, May 6, 1879; captain, January 24, 1889; major. Fifteenth Infantry, March 2,
1899; and was transferred to the First Infantry on May 18, 1899. He was appointed
major and chief ordnance officer of volunteers July 18, 1898, and served as such until
May 12, 1899.

He joined his r^^ment (First Infantry) on September 30, 1871, and served with it
in various parts of the country until the breaking out of the war with Spain, with
the exception of brief details at the Military Academy, and as professor of miUtary
science and tactics at St. John's College, Fordham, N. Y. He served as mustering
officer in Louisiana from April to July, 1898, and as chief ordnance officer and
a(ijutant-general of the Seventh Corps at Havana, Cuba; and was appointed acting
inspector-general of the department of the province of Havana on July 25, 1899, and
served in that capacity until his death.

Major Edmunas's record during all his service in the Army was that of an officer
of marked ability, who was industrious, zealous, and painstaking. His work as an
inspector-general was excellent, his reports and recommendations showing careful
study and fine judgment. His death deprives the service of an able and promising
( fticer.

This is the third officer w' hose loss the corps has been compelled to deplore during
the present fiscal year: General Lawton, December 19, 1899, at San Mateo, P. I. ;
Lieutenant-Colonel Miley, Septeml>er 19, 1899, at Manila, P. I., and now Major
Edmunds, June 18, 1900, at Quemados, Cuba. Their names are sufficient attestation
to the Army and the corps of the character and quality of the men whom we have
thus lost.

J. C. Breckinriikje, Inspector-General,

APPENDIX H.

EXTRACT FROM REPORT OF MAJ. W. D. BEACH, INSPECTOR-GENERAL,
U. S. VOLUNTEERS, GIVING PARTICULARS OF THE DEATH OF MAJ.
GEN. H. W. LAWTON, U. S. V., COLONEL, INSPECTOR-GENERAL, U. S. A.

Headquarters First Division, Eighth Army Corps,

Office of Inspector-General,

Manila, P. /., June 7, 1900.

* * * * * * *

1 now report additional particulars with re^rd to General Lawton's death as told
me by Major Rogers, Fourth Cavalry; Captain King, Eleventh Cavalry, and Lieu-
tenant Fuller,- Ordnance Department, my report of February 2 not going into these
particulars.

General Lawton, with his aids, Captain King, Captain Sewell^ and Lieutenant
Breckinridge, and also Major Rogers, Fourth Cavalry, and Lieutenant Fuller,
Ordnance Department, all of whom had been designated by the Greneral to accom-
pany him, left Manila about 9 p. m. December 18, going north past La Loma,
where he was joined by Troop I, Fourth Cavalry, Lieutenant Stewart commanding,
and proceeded, via roads and trails, in a northeasterly direction toward the Maraquina
River opposite San Mateo.

The expedition against San Mateo, as originally planned by Greneral Lawton while
on his northern expedition, was to take the Fourth Cavalry, the Thirty-fifth Infantry,
and such Macabebe scouts as were available and strike it and Montalbon from the
north, without returning to Manila, first, then push south and east, passing around
Laguna de Bay, taking Santa Cruz from the eastward and putting a force at once
near Tayabas to cut off the retreat from Cavite, Batangas, and L^una provinces.
Then he proposed entering Cavite province from the north and Batangas province
by way of Batangas and securing the surrender of all in these provinces, instead of
risking an escape for them by way of the narrow isthmus near Tayabas. This plan
he detailed to me at Cabanatuan on December 8, when giving me my instructions
preparatory to starting out toward Biac-na-bato with the Fourth Cavalry. The plan
was not carried out, General Lawton being recalled to Manila after reaching San
Miguel (near San Isidro).

General Lawton's last expedition, the one against San Mateo, was planned very
quietly, in order if possible to effect a surprise. The troops, consisting of one battalion
Twenty-ninth Infantry, one battalion Twenty-seventh Infantrv, one mounted and
one dismounted squadron of the Eleventh Cavalry, had started for the rendezvous
about dark December 18 in a heavy rain storm.

General Lawton was called to General Otis*s quarters about 7 p. m. and advised
not to start until the rain, then pouring in torrents, was over, but the former said
that he did not think it would amount to much and that the various troops were
already on the way and asked that it be allowed to proceed, which was granted.

An officer who was present at this interview said that General Lawton's presence
on the occasion was simply superb; he had just gotten off his horse and, in his yel-
low slicker dripping from the heavy storm, stood before General Otis, who was eat-
ing dinner with his staff in the handsome dining hall of the govemor-generars
Ealace, General Lawton making light of the storm and begging that the expedition
e not interrupted at its present st^e.

At daylight, after a long tiight's march through the mud and rain, the command had
concentrated on the high ground opposite San Mateo. The infantrv was ordered to
deploy in the bottom opposite San Mateo, while the dismounted cavalry was deployed
and ordered to cross above, enter the town from the north, and cut on the escape of
the garrison. General lawton told Colonel Lockett, Eleventh Cavalry, who com-
manded the mounted force, that it would be necessary to cross as quickly as possible,
since the river was rising rapidly. The deployment of the infantry was maae before
the general came down into the rice fields bordering the river, where firing was
already going on from trenches about 400 yards distant across the river. The dis-

192

BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENEBAL COMMANDING THE ABMY. 193

mounted cavalry was deployed to the general* s left (see sketch) and Lieutenant-
Colonel Sargent, Twenty-ninth U. S. Volunteers, waa assigned to the command of
all the infantry and dismounted cavalry, Colonel Lockett being ordered to force a
crossing of the river above San Mateo with his mounted force and proceed to Mon-
talbon, attacking the enemy there and preventing a reenforcement of San Mateo
garrison.

The plans were somewhat delayed in their execution by high water and the diffi-
culty in finding a ford, but the mounted cavalry found a poor one and crossed by
fording and swimming, having several men wounded during the operation (this waa
about the time General Lawton was killed) ; they were followed by the dismounted
cavalry, who occupied the town of San Mateo, the insurgents fleeing to the eastward.

Our infantrj^ meanwhile was keeping up a rapid fire on the trenches across the
river from their positions and at tne same time trying to find a ford, which they
eventually did, and, after much difficulty, succeeded in crossing (the town at that
time being occupied by the dismounted cavalry of Lieutenant-Colonel Sargent's com-
mand). The mounted cavalry in the afternoon, about 3 p. m., returned to San
Mateo from Montalbon.

To return to the movements of General Lawton, it is recalled that about 9 a. m.,
while passing across the open where no shelter was available, the general told the
members of his staff to open out so as not to make such a good target; they were
scattered thus when Lieutenant Breckinridge was hit, he exclaiming: "I've got it,"
turning partly round and sinking to the ground. Lieutenant Breckinridge was then
carried by the general and three members of his staff to a sheltered position where
his wounds were dressed.

In answer to a question the Greneral said that Lieutenant Breckinridge w^as not
seriously hurt because the face of a mortally wounded man had a peculiar ashiness
that was lacking in his (Lieutenant Breckinridge's).

The General, after getting Lieutenant Breckinridge fixed as comfortably as possible,
said he must see how things were going and moved out into the open again. No
troo]>8 were between him and the trenches. Suddenly he waived his hand l:)efore
his face in a peculiar way and Captain King said to him, "What's the matter,
(ieneral?" to which he replied, " I'm shot." King asked, "Where?" and the Gen-
eral replied, "Through the lungs." His staff gathered around him, he standing with
his teeth together and endeavoring apparently to overcome his increasing faintness,
then he seemed to want to lie down, which he did, and turning his head to one side
blood gushed from his mouth.

He said nothing more, but died in about three minutes with his head on Lieuten-
ant Fuller's knee. This was about 9.30 a. m. Tuesday, December 19, 1900.

Major Rogers then sent word to Colonel Lockett, Eleventh Cavalrv, who during
this time had with great difficulty crossed the river, that he (Lockett) was in com-
mand.

The town was taken without trouble after the crossing was made, and then the
General's body was taken over in a banca.

That evening the body was incased in native mats and on the next day, December
20, it was taken to Manila.

The sketch herewith is a copy of a water color done by a member of the Hospital
Corps.

WAR 1900 — VOL 1, PT in 13

APPENDIX I.

MILITARY NOTES.

[Extract from the Journal of the Royal United Service Institation, Augrost, 1900.]

England.

I. — Estimate of the further amount required in the year ending March 31, 1901, to
meet additional expenditure mainly due to the war in South Africa and to affairs in
China, £11,500,000. II. — Votes and subheads of the army estimates under which
this vote will be accounted for.

Vote I. — Pay, etc.j of the army:.

G. Gratuities to soldiers on discharge £290, 000

H. Gratuities to the troops for active service 2, 250, 000

Y. Pay, etc., of army reserve 10, 000

AA. Pay, and allowances in the nature of t)ay, of the

expeditionary force for China 700, 000

£3,250,000

Vote 2. — Medical establishment: Papj etc:

C. Pay of civilian medical practitioners, etc 100, 000

D. Corps pav of royal army medical corps, nurses, clerks,

and otner subordinates 100, 000

E. Cost of medicines and instruments 150, 000

350,000

Vote 5. — Volunteer corps: Pay and alloivances:

D. Camp allowances 500, 000

Vote 6. — Transport and remounts:

A. Land and coastwise transport, United Kingdom 150, 000

B. Land and inland water transport, colonies 150, 000

C. SeAtransport 4,000,000

D. Purchase of remoimts 200, 000

4,500,000

Vote 7. — Provisions, forage, and other sfupplies:

A. Cost of provisions, and allowances in lieu 150, 000

B. Cost of forage and allowances in lieu, paillasse, straw,

and stable allowance 200, 000

AA. Supplies, etc., for the expeditionary force for China. 500, 000

850,000

Vote 8. — Clothing establishments and sernces:

G. Manufactured articles of clothing, etc., bought ready-
made 100, 000

Vote 9. — Warliki' and other stores:

C. Ammunition 50, 000

D. Small arms 50,000

F. Miscellaneous services 60, 000

G. Equipment stores 100, 000

I. Engineer stores 250, 000

500,000

Vote 10. — Works, buildings^ repairs, etc.:

N. New works, etc., amounting to £1,000 each and

upwards; barracks 1, 060, 000

Vote 12. — Miscellaneous effective services:

K. Compensation for losses 100, 000

L. Medals 40,000

140,000

Vote 14. — Noneffective services, officers:

F. Gratuities to officers in lieu of pensions 250, 000

General total 11, 500, 000

194

REPORT OF LEBUT. GENERAL OOMMANDLNG THE ARMY. 195

The vote for new works and buildings is made up as follows, viz:

Hut accommodation for increased garrisons in various stations £500, 000

Hut accommodation for increased garrisons in South Africa 500, 000

Barracks for British battalion at Khartoum \ kq qqq

Hut accommodation for native infantry regiment at Mauritius j '

Hut accommodation for temporary increa^ garrison at Hongkong 10, 000

1,060,000

Original army estimate 64, 809, 153

Supplementary estimate now unrepresented 11, 500, 000

Makes a total of 76,309,153

From this must be deducted appropriations in aid, viz. . .^ 3, 307, 753

Leaving a grand total of 72,999,400

India.

The following full particulars regarding the expeditionary force for China are now
available. A division of all arms is l^eing sent, and its composition is as under: '

Commander in chief. — Lieut. Gen. Sir A. Gaselee, K. C. B., A. D. C.

First Infantry Brigade. — Brig. Gen. Sir Norman R. Stewart. Seventh Bengal
Infantry (Fort William), Twenty-sixth Bombay Infantry (Quetta), First Sikh
Infantry (Kohat), Twenty-fourth Punjab Infejitry (Rawalpindi), No. 1 brigade
supply column, No. 39 native field hospital (Jubbulpore), No. 43 native field hospital
(Lucknow).

Second Infantry Brigade. — Brig. Gen. CM. Creagh, V. C. Second Bengal Infantry
fDera Ismail Khan) , Fourteenth Sikhs (Nowshera) , First to Fourth Gurkha Rifles
(Bakloh), Thirtieth Bombay Infcantry (Chaman), No. 2 brigade supply column.
No. 42 native field hospital (Umballa), No. 47 native field hospital (Mnow).

Divisional troops. — ^^Twelfth Battery Royal Field Artillery (Jullundur) , R-7 Ammu-
nition Column Unit (Mooltan), First Bengal Lancers (Lucknow), First Madras
Pioneers (Bangalore), No. 4 Company Bengal Sappers and Miners (Roorkee), No. 3
Company Madras Sappers and Mmers (Bangalore), No. 2 Company Bombay Sappers
and Miners (Kirkee), 1 photolitho section Madras Sappers and Miners (Bangalore),
1 printing section Madras Sappers and Miners (Bangalore), 8 Special Signaling Units
(British Infantry^ (Calcutta) , No. 3 brigade supply column. Section B, No. 22 British
neld hospital (Calcutta), No. 41 native field hospital (Secunderabad^.

Line of communication troops. — Twenty-second Bombay Infantry (Mnow and Indore),
Third Madras Infantry (Secunderabad ), 1 telegraph section Madras Sappers and Miners
(Bangalore), 1 railway section (Calcutta), 1 ordnance field park, 1 engineer field park
(Fort William), Section A, No. 25, British field hospital (Madras) (as base hospital
tor British ofiicers and soldiers). No. 54 native field hospital (Mian Mir), No. 63
native field hospital (Poona), No. 66 native field hospital (Bangalore), No. 4 field
medical store depot (Calcutta), 1 native general hospital, 400 beds (Calcutta), 1 native
military base depot, 1 base supply depot.

Strength, estabtishmentf baggage, and tenta^ge — .(a) All units will proceed at field-
service strength and scale of establishments, relief scale of baggage, and field-service
scale of tent^e. Officers will take all their uniform, except tunics and mess kits,
and troops will take serge or cloth clothing, in addition to field-service kit. The
relief scale of baggage will be as far as port of debarkation only, (b) The native
infantry and pioneer battalions will be provided with full field-service complement
of 12 British officers.

Depots. — Depots will be formed as prescribed in the field-service equipment tables.
Native infantry depots will be on Scale B.

Supply battery. — The Fifty-seventh Battery, Royal Field Artillery, will be the sup-
plying battery of the Twelfth Battery, Royal Field Artillery.

Concentraticm and embarkation. — (a) The following units will be embarked at Bom-
bay : Staff Second Infantry Brigade, Second Bengal Infantry, Fourteenth Sikhs, First
to Fourth Gurkhas, Third Madras Infantry, Twenty -sixth Bombay Infantry, Thirtieth
Bombay Infantry, No. 2 Company Bombay Sappers and Miners, No. 54 native field
hospital, No. 63 native field hospital. No. 66 native field hospital, (b) The remain-
der of the force will be embarked at Calcutta, (c) The director of the Roys^l Indian
Marine will arrange as expeditiously as possible lor the necessary sea transport for
conveyance of the force to China, all vessels to call at Hongkong for orders.

As far as possible stores of one description will be loaded together, those which are
likely to be first required being loaded last in each vessel.

19<> Kt:PORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

Field hoppitals will be embarked with units, as under: With field battery, 1 section
Britinh field hospital; with native cavalry regiment, 2 sections native field hospital;
with eacli V)attiilion of infantry, 2 sec^tions native field hospital.

The aniKS, ammunition, and eiiuipment of each unit will accompany the unit in the
iinuiv vej^sels or vesseln, so as to be availabh^ at once on disembarkation.

Tlie lieutenant-generals commanding the forces concerned will make all necessary
arrangements for rest camps en route and for the supply of ice for troops on the
line of rail, if considered necessary, and will sanction such reduction in the regulation
numl)er of troops allotted to each compartment as they may, for climatic reasons,
consider desirable.

Ordnance. — All units and details will be armed with .303 rifles or carbines, and will
l>e supplied with the necessary proportion of appurtenances and component i)arts of
these anns.

Ammunitiot). — 1. Scale of small arm (.303) ammunition:

Artillery, per enrbine

RoKinieht of native cavalry

Native infantry battalion

Native pioneer battalion

Company of sappers and miners

On sol-
dier.

fiO

100

First reg-
imental
reserve.

100

120

100

Second
regimen-
tal re-
serve.

120
120

Ordnance
reserve.

250
450
450
250

Total

number

of rounds

per man.

400
750

400

In addition to above scale, small-arm ammunition, at the rate of 50 rounds per rifle
or carbine, will \ye furnished to all units for i)ractice on voyage.
.308 Mark II ammunition only will lx» taken.

2. Battery ammunition. — Seven hundred and fifty rounds per gun, which will
include the usual j^roportion of case shot, or 4,500 rounds in all, including ammuni-
tion in l)attery and amnmnition-column charge and ordnance reserv^e.

3. The ordnance field park stores will be drawn from the Allahabad arsenal, pup-
plemented as necessary from the Madras command. The personnel will also be
drawn from Ma<lras.

Machine rjnm. — One .803 Maxim gun on infantry field carriage and 30,000 rounds
of amnnmition will be issued to each battalion of infantrv (except the two battalions
detailed for the line of communication) and the pioneer battalion at Calcutta.

Signalers. — The 8 special signaling units (British infantry) will be detailed by the
lieutenant-generals commaniling the forces Bengal, Bombay, and Madras, 1 unit
from Bengal, 8 units from Madras, and 4 unit^ from Bombay.

Medical. — {a) The native general hospital for 400 beds, complete with tents, will
Ix^ eciuipped at Calcutta and dispatche<i with the force under the orders of the prin-
cipal medical officer, Her Majesty's forces in India.

(/;) Hospital shij) for the conveyance of sick from China to India will be taken
uj) and e<iuii)piMl by the director of the Royal Indian Marine in communication with
the principal me<lita,l officer. Her Majesty's forces in India.

(r) No transport, except obligatory pack-mule transi)ort, will accompany the field
hospital.

(d) Mos(iuito nets will be provide<i for the l)e<ls in field and general hospitals
under the orders of the lieutenant-generals commanding the forces, Bengal and
Bombay.

(e) Five hundrefl per cent reserve of medical comforts will be taken and a suflfi-
cient reserve of medicines.

Pottf-nffire. — Postal arrangements will \ye made under the orders of the. director-
general of post-oftices.

Telegraph. — (a) A telegraph section from the Madras sappers and miners, cx>nsist-
ing of 2 British noncommissioned officers, 2 havildars, 2 naiks, and 12 sappers, will
ac(*ompany the force.

(b) In addition to the al>ove establishment, 20 military signalers (to be drawn,
10 from the Punjab and 10 from the Bengal command) will be attached to the sec-
tion for duty.

7i*a////vf //.«».— A railway section consisting of 2 warrant or noncommissioned oflioers
and 48 public followers will accompany the force.

Snrvegors. — Four native solditT surveyors, to be detailwi by army headquarters,
A'ill accompany the force for duty with the intelligence staff.

Pram corrofpi/ndaUs. — Officers lielouging to the force will on no account be allowed

BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENEBAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 197

to act as press correspondents. Applications for permiasion to accompany the force
as press corresix)ndents will be made to the adjutant-general in India. Not more
than one correspondent will be allowed for each newspaper. Officers appointed
press correspondents must not be employed in any military capacity.

Concession and privileges. — (a ) Staff officers, transport officers, special -service officers,
and others will clraw the pay of their appointments from the date of their arrival at
port of embarkation.

ib) All ranks may be granted an advance of three months* pay.

(r) The troops and followers of the force will be considered on field service for all
concessions and privileges from the date of embarkation until they return to India.

{d) Free passages to their homes may be granted to the families of all native
followers.

(e) Concessions which are admissible from or between certain dates will have
effect from such dates.

(/) The hospital and regimental (excluding silladar) establishments will receive
50 per cent batta. Commissariat-transport establishments will receive universal
rates of pay and 50 per cent batta.

{a) The sanctioned followers paid by the troops will receive from Government
sucn extra pay as may be necessary to put them on a par with the public followers
of a similar class.

{h) Followers of corps and departments, including clerks, commissariat agents,
and others will be allowed to make family allotments in accordance with paragraph
462, Army Regulations, India, Vol. I, Part II.

Punjab coolie corps. — (a) Two Punjab coolie corps will be raised at once under
the orders of the lieutenant-general commanding the forces, Punjab. The corps will
be composed of Punjabi Mohammedan coolies recruited from men accustomed to
carry loads and marching. Each corps will be organized as follows: 1 commandant
(regimental officer); 1 second in command (regimental officer); 2 British noncom-
missioned officers (departmental); 20 sirdars, at 1 per 50 coolies; 40 mates, at 1 per
25 coolies; 2 transport agents (second-class); 8 sweepers; 1,000 coolies.

ib) The establishments will receive clothing as laid down in paragraph 20.

(c) Equipment. — Four yards of coarse country cloth should be provided to each
coolie to secure the load on the back. Daos or kukries for arming the men should
be arranged for, if considered necessary, at the scale of one per follower, and taken in
bulk with the corps. (The Pioneer Mail. )

SOUTH AFRICA.

The field artillery of the Boers consists for the most part of Creusot 3-inch rapid-
fire guns made after the 1895 model. These guns were purchased by the South Afri-
can Republic during the year 1896, after most satisfactory trials had been made under
the direction of a committee consisting of artillery officers, who were sent to Creusot
by the French Government at the request of that of the Transvaal. The data that
follow are taken from the official documents which were published in the Revue
d'Artillerie of March, 1897, after the termination of the experiments.

The gun, which is constructed of forged and tempered steel, has a 3-inch bore.
Its total length is 8 feet and its weight is 726 pounds. The body of the gun consists
of three elements: (1) A tube in wnich the breech piece is fixed. (2) A sleeve cov-
ering the tube for a length of 3.6 feet. (3) A chase hoop. The chamber is provided
with 24 grooves of variable pitch, which have a final inclination of 8 degrees.

The system of breech closing is that of the interrupted screw, which presents four
sectors, two of them threaded and two plain, so that the breech is opened or closed
by a quarter revolution of the screw. The mechanism is of the Schneider system,
patented in 1895, and has the advantage of allowing the opening or closing of the
t)ree(^;h to be effected by the simple motion of a lever from right to left,*or vice versa.

The gun is fired by means or an automatically cocked percussion apparatus. A
safety device prevents any shot from being fired until after the breech is closed.

The carriage is provided with an hydraulic recoil cylinder fitted with a spring
return. It is also furnished with a ** spade,'* which is placed under the stock at an
equal distance from the trail and the axle, and which is of the model that General
Engelhardt has adopted for the Russian artillery.

During a march, this spade is turned back and fastened to the stock. The car-
riage is likewise provided with a road brake, which is to be employed in firing only
when the nature of the ground is such that the spade can not be used.

The gun is placed in a bronze sleeve that carries the brake cylinders and the various
other connecting pieces for the return spring and the aiming apparatus.

198 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMT.

The hydraulic recoil consists of two cylinders placed laterally and at the height of
the axis of the piece.

The axle has the peculiarity that in its center there is a wide opening in which are
place<l the cradle and the gun. It is provided with two screw trunnions, around
which the pivoting necessary for lateral aiming is effected. This arrangement of the
^n with respect to the axle has the effect of greatly diminishing the shocks that
faring tends to produce.

Elevation and depression are accomplished by rotating the axle in the wheels of
the carriage. This is done by means of a crank which, through an endless screw
and pinion, controls a toothed sector attached to the sleeve.

Pomting in direction is done by means of a lever known as a tailpiece. Mounted
upon the axle there are two small sights forming a line of aim that permit of bring-
ing the carriage back in the direction of the target as soon as a shot has been fired.
All that the gunner has to do is to give the piece a slight displacement laterally with
respect to the carriage by means of a handwheel, which turns the gun 2 degrees to
one aide or the other.

The line of aim is found b^ a back and front sight arranged upon the right side of
the sleeve in which the gun is mounted. The back side permits of aiming while the
gun is being loaded. It carries a small oscillating level that indicates the elevation
of the gun during rapid tiring.

The weight of the carriage, without wheels, is 1,140 pounds, and with wheels, 1,477
pounds. ^

The ammunition consists of cartridges containmg charge and projectile and having
a total weight of 19 pounds. The powder employed is ol the smokeless kind, desig-
nated by the letters B. N. The weight of the charge is 1} pounds. The projectiles
are of three kinds, ordinary shells, shrapnel shells, and case shot. The weight of
each is the same, say, 14J pounds. The snrapnel shells contain 234 balls, weighing
155.8 grains each, and an explosive charge of^3.13 ounces.

As the gun run W. pointed at a maximum angle of 20°, and the initial velocity of
1,837 feet, the projectiles can be fired to a distance of 26,248 feet.

The crew necessary to serve the gun consists of six men — a gunner, a man to
maneuver the pointing lever, two men to pass the ammunition, and a man to regu-
late the fuse. The rapidity of firing can easily be raised to 10 shots a minute.

The accuracy of the gun is most remarkable. Upon the occasion of the trials made
when the guns were received, the following firing was done: A regulating shot, a first
volley of 6 shots in forty-two seconds, and a second volley of 6 shots in forty-si^
seconds.

The fore carriage of the gun and that of the caisson are identical. They carry a
chest containing 36 cartridges, and are capable of accommodating four men.

The back carriage of the caisson carries two chests like that of the fore carriage.

The total weight of the gun and fore carriage loaded is 3,790 pounds, and that of
the caisson 4,330 i>ounds. For the above particulars and the illustrations we are
indebted to La Nature. — (Scientific American.)

CHINA.

The following is a rt»aum^ of an article which recently appeared in the Rosskii
Invalid on the Chinese army, written by an officer of the Russian general staff.

The military organization of China is utterly different to that of European nations.
Without doubt, the extraordinary and complicated grouping of the Celestial military
forces are due to historic^vl and geographical factors, and to the great differences that
exist both on political and religious grounds between the various peoples of that
innnense l^nipire. The Chinese army may be divided into three great portions, via:
(1) The old armies; (2) the new armies; (3) the Mongolian and Thibetan militia.

It should Ik» added that in the event of absolute nec^essity the Government has the
right to decree the raising of nnlitia in all the provinces.

(1) The old armies consist of : (a) The imperial or banner troops (Manchus or
troops of eight l)anners). They serve to keep the Manchu dynasty, foreign to the
population, on the throne. This dynasty has reigned since 1664. (6) The provin-
cial troops (green flags). Their duties ire to preserve order and tranquillity in the
interior.

(2) The new armies are composed of corps of comparatively recent formation, and
were especially raised on account of the recent wars of China against foreigners
(Europeans and Japanese).

(3) The Mougolian and Thibetan militias do not exist in peace time, except on
paper.

KEPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 199

There is no general system of organization common to these different armies.
r)ach has its own rules and customs. It may be as well, however, to look with some
detail into the Chinese military forces, with special reference, on account of the
present campaign, to the Pekin troops and those of the province of Chi-Li.

I. THE OLD ARMIES.

A. The army of the eight banners. — These troops were orieinally recruited from
among the conquerors of China (the Manchus), to which Qiinese and Mongolian
contingents have been added from time to time. Commands and military employ-
ments are hereditary in this army. Each of the three nationalities representm in
thin for(!e form a separate group of 8 units (banners), viz, 24 in all (8 Manchu, 8
Chinese, and 8 Mongolian). The colors of the banners are: First unit, yellow; sec-
ond unit, white; third unit, blue; fourth unit, red; fifth unit, yellow with red border;
sixth unit, white with blue border; seventh unit, red with yellow border; eighth
unit, blue with white border.

The troops of the eight banners and their families are at present divided into three
armies, viz.: (a) The Pekin army, (6) the provincial armies, (c) the armies of the
three Manchu provinces.

(a) The Pekin army. — These troops and their families are quartered in Pekin and
its neighborhood. They form a considerable portion of the population of the capital.

Each Manchu and Chinese banner consists of five regiments, and each Mongolian
of two, viz: Forty Manchu regiments, 40 Chinese regiments, 16 Mongolian regiments;
total, 96 regiments.

These regiments are subdivided into companies of from 90 to 300 men, but this
division into regiments and companies is purely administrative and has no military
significance. The army of the eight banners consists at Pekin of a total effective
strength of 127,246 men, but deducting those used for police purposes, guardians of
tombs, etc., the real strength is reduced to 56,357 soldiers.

(6) Provincicil armies. — These are divided into 30 or 40 garrisons, and may be esti-
mated at about 41,834 men.

( c) Armies of the three Manchu provinces. — Each of these provinces has its own army,
making a t<3tal of 36,875 men.

Other garrisons of the northern frontier consist of 4,875 men.

Thus the troops of the eight banners in the whole of the Chinese Empire have an
effective of 210,830 men.

B. Green flags. — These consist of Chinese volunteers enlisted for varying periods of
service. OflScers obtain their rank as the result of an examination. They are, in
fact, territorial units which are under the orders of the governors of provinces. They
are used for garrison duty in provincial towns to provide escorts for convoys (gener-
ally prisoners) , for police duty, to protect the lines of communication, etc. They are
divided into military and naval forces, and are liable to service on rivers. Their
value varies according to their religion. Those of Chi-Li are the best. The total
number of the green Sag army may be reckoned at 475,177 men.

II. THE NEW ARMIES

Consist of: (1) Enrolled or conscript armies (irr^ulars); strength, 98,161 men.
They are raised at the initiative of tne viceroys and governors of provinces in the
event of revolution or of war with Europeans. (2) The active armies. They are
dressed like Europeans, and are formed by the help of the best men drawn from the
green flag army; strength, 210,737 men. These troops occupy important strategic
points, and are employed on operations in open country. They are under the orders
of the provincial authorities. • The best are those of the province of Chi-Li, thanks to
the efforts of Li Hung Chang. Special mention should be made of the troops of Nieh,
1,500 men, those of You Chi Kai, 17,000 men, the troops of the new frontier, 24,749
men, and of the troops for the defense of Manchuria, 13,500 men.

These later troops, recruited from the native population, were raised in 1885. They
are concentrated at Moukden, Kirin, and Tsitsikar. Thev are divided into three
divisions, each division consisting of 8 infantry battalions of 500 men each; 2 cavalry
regiments of 250 men each; 20 modem guns; total, 13,500 men and 60 guns. The
reserve of this army consists of 35,000 men.

III.— MILITIAS.

Mongolian militia. — One hundred and seventeen thousand eight hundred and
twenty-three men on a war footing, but in reality this armed force only exists on

200 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMT.

paper. lu peace time only a few units are organized for guarding roads and
telegraphs.

Thibetan mUHia, — Six hundred and forty thousand men in war, 3,000 in peace
time, divided into six units.

Armament. — These troops have, various arms, such as bows and arrows, spears,
pikes, axes, matchlocks, etc. ; but they also have modem quick-firing and magazine
rifles (Mauser, Remington, Enfield, Winchester, Martini-Henry, Martini-Peabody).
The number of these modern rifles is estimated at 500,000. The field artillery has

funs of 40, 50, 60, 75, 80, and 90 millimeters of the Krupp system^ Nordenfeldt,
[otchkiss, etc., and Gatling machine guns. Garrison ana coast artillery are pro-
vided with guns of 40, 60, 75, 80, 90, 120, 150, 170, 210, 240, and 280 millimeterSv
These guns come from the Krupp or Armstrong works.

THE CHl-LI ARMY.

The seizure of Kiao-Chiau, Port Arthur, and Wei-hai-wei by the Europeans, the
numerous territories and railways that the Celestials had to cede to foreigners, the
strengthening of European forces in the Far East latterly obliged the Chinese Gov-
ernment to recognize its own weakness an<l to study means to remedy it. It resolved,
therefore, to fonn a proper anny, capable of preserving the integrity of the Empire.
The army of Chi-Li was in conseq^uence reorganized by the Chancellor Yun-lu, with
the help of Lu-Chang, who had lived for some time in Germany.
The lollowing is the summary of the reorganization proposed by Lu-Chang:
All the troops of Chi-Li, with the exception of the army of the eight banners,
are under the sole command of the Chancellor Yun-lu, and form an army thus
constituted:

A. One army corps of five divisions. General staff at Pekin. £^h division
includes troops of all arms, but these divisions appear each to have its r61e laid down
in advance.

First Division (the advanced guard):

Infantry rifles. . 8, 000

Cavalry sabers. . 1, 000

Artillery guns. . 64

Second Division (rearguard):

Infantry rifles. . 5, 448

Cavalry sabers. . 2, 000

Artillery

Third Division (right wing):

Infantry rifles. . 5, 190

Cavalry sabers. . 402

Artillery guns. - 60

Fourth Division (left wing):

Infantry rifles. . 4, 784

Cavalry sabers. . 3, 520

Artillery guns. . 64

Fifth Division (center):

Infantry rifles. . 4, 800

Cavalry sabers. . 1, 600

Artillery guns. 1 48

B. A sixth division under General Nieh. Staff at Lu-tai.

Infantry rifles.. 6,400

Cavalry sabers. . 400

Artillery guns. . 32

C. A seventh division under General Nieh. Staff at Lu-tai.

Infantry rifles. . 4, 800

Cavalry sabers. . 4, 200

The total forces of Chi-Li thus organized, not including 56,357 soldiers of the army
of eight banners, consist of:

Infantry rifles.. 39,822

Cavalry sabers. . 12, 492

Artillery guns. - 268

Making a total of more than 60,000 combatants. (Precis from Revue du Cercle
Militaire. )

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 201

FRANCE.

The following is the composition of the French expeditionary force for China, as
detailed by Monsieur de Lanessan:

Commander in chief. — General Voyron.

First Brigade (General Frey). -Sixteenth Marine Infantry Regiment, 3 battalions
of 600 men each; Seventeenth Marine Infantry Regiment, 3 battalions of 600 men
each; Eighteenth Marine Infantry Regiment, 3 battalions of 600 men each; 4 moun-
tain batteries of 80-millimeter guns, 2 field batteries of 80-millimeter ^uns, 800 men,
720 mules; a section of artillery artificers (50 men); a telegraph section (50 men);
a hospital orderlies' section (50 men).

A section of engineers of 50 men will be formed from the marine artillery, which
will be broken up on the arrival of the engineers detailed for the war.

The Sixteenth Regiment, 2 mountain and 1 field batteries of 80-millimeter guns are
already at Taku. The Seventeenth Regiment and the two other mountain batteries
of 80-millimeter guns left France on the Ist and 3d of July by the Nive, the Ciwhar^
and the Columbo. The First Battalion of the Eighteenth Regiment, as well as artifi-
cers', telegraphists' sections, etc., left France on the 12th July by the Vinh-Lonh;
the two other battalions of the Eighteenth Regiment embarked on the 18th and 19th
July on the Sinai and Tigre. Finally, the last field battery of 80-millimeter guns
will leave Toulon on the 1st August by freight ship.

The strength of the marine infantry battalions will later be raised from 600 to 800
men.

S('cond Brigade (General Baillond). — A regiment of zouaves (4 battalions of 1,000
men each); a repment of infantry (3 battaliong of 1,000 men each); a ^oup of 3
batteries of 75-millimeter gims, 550 men, 518 mu^es; 2 companies of engmeers (500
men, 95 mules); 2 squadrons of Chasseurs d'Afrique (300 men, 300 horses) ; a section
of artillery park (130 men); an engineers' divisional park (40 men); detachments of
administration troops and military transport for the different services of an independ-
ent division (800 men).

The troops of the Second Brigade will probably leave from the 10th to the 20th
August, partly from France and partly from Algiers.

The question regarding the dispatch of a battery of 120 court, 2 companies of
military transport, a railway and a balloon section are still under consideration.

Ammunition. — Men of the two infantry brigades have 120 cartridges; the batteries
of marine artillery are provided with 900 rounds. A further reserve of 500 rifles
and 2,500 rounds for 80-millimeter guns, and 1,000,000 cartridges were sent by the
Nive and the Vinh-Lonh. A reserve complement of 500 cartridges per rifle ana 500
rounds per gun will be always kept up, and will be distributed until further orders,
partly at Saigon and partly at the base of operations.

Maps. — The topographic department of the expeditionary force, in addition to the
maps already provided, will receive shortly, at Taku, 500 specimens of the map of
the Pechili district, published by the Japanese staff.

Coolies. — In order to minimize as far as possible fatigue to the troops, 10 Anamite
coolies per company or battery, carefully selected by the commander in chief of Indo-
China, will be snipped at Saigon. If these are unable to stand the cold climate, they
must be replaced oy Japanese or by Chinese from Fan-Kien or Fonnosa.

Clothing and equipment. — All men of the First Brigade have colonial clothing, arms,
equipment, and camp equipment, including the tente d'abrj. They will take, besides,
their cloth trousers. Each man will be provided with a mosquito net and a water-
proof sheet 2 meters long by 1.20 meters wide. A permanganate of potash filter will
be given to each half section.

The men of the Second Brigade will be provided with all necessaries for a field
kit, including the tente d'abri. On account of the want of special clothing for cross-
ing the Red Sea they will have cotton jumpers and trousers issued to them. They
will be provided individually with a waterproof sheet and with a filter to every half
section. It will not be necessary to issue mosquito nets, on account of the time of
the year the men will arrive in China, viz, the end of September.

An order for 15,000 khaki garments has been sent to Saigon, in order that the men
of the expeditionary force may be suitably and uniformly clothed.

The dress for the cold season will be similar to that worn in winter in France.
Every man will receive in addition 1 woolen knitted vest, 1 pair of drawers, 2 pairs
of woolen socks, 1 large pair of gloves, an Alpine Chasseur's cap and leggings, and a
large woolen wrap in addition to the usual camp covering.

202 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMAITDING THE ARMY.

Five hundred large colonial tents for 16 men will be sent to Taka, to be used for
stationary ('^mi)8 and to shelter men not taking part in flying columns.

Traiu^port. — AnimalH sent from France are not likely to live long in China, and will
besides be greatly tried by the long sea voyage. It has therefore been decided to
reiluce their numbers as far as possible by limiting them to those neoefisary to mount
the two cavalry squadrons, horse the batteries, and to transport the engineer material.
In addition to these there must be about 100 saddje horses or mules and 250 draft
mules to eac'h brigade to carry tools, medical stores, ammunition, and baegage. The
transport of two days' rations, which are indispensable, will require beeides 180 drak
nuiles yKiT brigade if transport b^ junks, coolies, or wagons is not obtainable. The
transport for the engineer divisional park must also be provided for as well as the
infantry and artillery ammunition sections, sanitary impeoimeta, possibly ballooning
material, and, finally, administration convoys.

To meet all these requirements the minister of foreign affairs has been requested to
purchase 3,000 horses or mules in Korea, and a remount service has been oi^ganized
for the purchase of animals in China and a* Tonkin. Orders have been issued for
the purcnase of 450 I-icfevre carriages, which should render good service in the flat
country in northern China.

Adnunistratire semces. — The personnel of these services for the First Brigade will
be furnished by the navy, and that of the Second Briaade by the war defHirtment.
But all the re victualling of the expeditionary force will be under the entire control
of the navy, the chief commissariat officer sending in the necessary proposals and
rcHjuisitions to ensure the proi)er carrying out of this important service; 200,000
ratioils have already been sent to Taku on the Ist July, 350,000 on the 12th July,
and 400,000 on the 19th July. St^^ps will be taken that by September next
there will be a reserve of six months' provisions, al)out 2,700,000 rations, established
at the base of operations. Ten field bakeries per brigade will be provided for making
bread. Although there is a large reserve of preservecl meat, it is recommended that
UHi.' should jneferably be made of animals on the spot, fresh meat being better for
the health of the troops. A large reserve will also Ihj formed at the base of operations,
consisting of clothing, large and small articles of e()uipment, tobacco, skates, and
rough sh<.)eing for icre traffic, for harness and draft animals.

The chief commi.ssariat officers are especially recommended to take steps to pro-
cure* tirinj^ for the winter iiumths, as the number of troops of the different European
nations will soon exhaust local rcw)urces.

McdicuL service. — That of the First Brigade will be under the navy, and that of the
Second Brigade under the war department. Besides the two doctors belonging to
each battalion, each brigade will have a divisional ambulance and field hospitals.
The Xire will be used as a hospital ship, an(l other ships will be used for the tnuis-
port of the sick and wounded. (Precis from Le Progrea Mill tare.)

GEKMANY.

The following is the composition of the German expeditionary force to China, as
given,by the Militiir-Wochenblatt:

(\unm(tnder in chief . — Lieutenant-General von Lessel.

FtrHt E(id AxUd'ic Iiffrndrif Brigade. — Major-General von Gross, General von
Schwartzkoff. Place of formation* Berlin (Third Guards Infantry Brigade) ; First
Vai< Asiatic lU^ginient (First and Second Battalion Guards Fusileer Raiment with
4 <l«K'tors); Second East Asiatic Kegiment (Second Regiment of Foot Guaids, with 4
doctors). «

Second Ensi Aniaiic Infiwtry Brigade. — Major-General von Kettler. Place of forma-
tion, Berlin (Second (fuards Infantry Brigade); Third East Asiatic Infkntry Regi-
ment (Third Regiment of Foot ( Juards, with 4 doctors). Fourth East Asiatic In&uitry
Regiment (Fourth Regiment of Foot Guards, with 4 doctors). All these laments
consist <.)f 2 l>attali()ns of 4 com(>anies each.

Omdnj. — Place of fonnatiou, Potsdam. East ^Vsiatic Cavalry Regiment (First
Uhlan (iuard Regiment).

Artillerij. — Place of formation, Juterbop. East Asiatic Field Artillery Regiment, 4
batteries, with 4 doctors; a light ammunition column; a half field howitzer ammuni-
tion column; a battery of he^vy field artillery (howitzers).

In addition to the a]K)ve, the following will accompany the force: An East Asiatic
Pioneer Battalion, formed at llarburg, with 2 doctors; a telegraph section, formed
atBerlin, with 1 doctor; a railway (Hunpany, formed at Berlin, with 1 doctor; an army
medical comjMinv, formed at Flensburg, with 8 doctors; an ammunition colunm sec-
tion, formed at Jiiterbog, with 2 doctors. It consists of an infantry ammunition col-
umn, a field artillery, and field howitzer, and a heavy field artillery ammunition
column.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 203

The military transport, formed at Spandaii, consists of 2 provision columns, 1 field-
bakery column, and 4 field hospitals, three with 6 and one with 5 doctors.

Station commands, formed at Berlin.

Horse depot, formed at Posen.

Personnel of field hospital, formed at Alt Damm, consisting of 19 military doctors.

Clothing depot, formed at Berlin.

Personnel or the control of military train, formed at Karlsruhe.

The hospital ship of the expeditionary force will be under the direction of 10 mil-
itary doctors of various rank.

The sums allowed for drills and musketry to be carried out on broken ground and
in the camps of instruction have been fixea as follows:

The Guard Corps £4,250

First Army Corps 4, 650

Second Army Corps 3, 750

Third Army Corps 3,350

Sixth and Sixteenth Army Corps 4, 750

Seventh and Eighth Army Corps 6, 000

Ninth Army Corps 4, 450

Tenth and Eleventh Army Corps 3, 550

Fourteenth and Fifteenth Army Corps 5, 250

Seventeenth Army Corps ^ 4, 050

Eighteenth Army Corps. ^ 3, 800

General inspection of cavalry 50

General inspection of foot artillery 150

General inspection of military education 90

Inspection of jaegers and schutzen 4, 000

Inspection of infintry schools '. '. 750

These funds are at the disposal of army corps commanders, and whatever remains
over from them for one year may be brougnt forward to the next. According to
instructions, allowances from these funds may be given to —

1. An oflficer detailed, on duty, for a reconnoissance ride; this ride not to exceed
two days.

2. Officers detached to another garrison to give or fo follow a course of instruction
in equitation. These latter allowances are fixed as follows, viz: To captains 4s., to
lieutenants and sublieutenants 3s. Officers on rejoining their own garrison after
such a course are refunded their traveling expenses.

It is strictly forbidden to expend any of these funds on the following, viz: (1) On
maneuvers or drills for which there are already funds set apart in the budget, such
as autumn maneuvers, attack and besi^ng of fortified places, cavalry instruction
rides, musketry schools, and field artillery gunnery practice; technical drills for foot
artillery, pioneers, etc., as well as for drills which may be carried out on the garrison
drill grounds. (2) For the cost of inspection journeys. (3) For the hiring of land
with a view to increasing the area of maneuver ground. (4) For the making of tar-
gets or for the purchase of ball ammunition. (Bulletin de la Presse et de la Biblio-
graphe Militaire. )

RUSSIA.

•

During 1899 the Russian army underwent several changes in its organization, espe-
cially an regards the troops in the Caucasus, Turkestan, and eastern Asia.

In the Caucasus and ni Turkestan the existing military forces were regrouped
without being numerically increased. In Siberia, on the other hand, they were
largely augmented and the reserves entirely renumbered.

In consequence of all these changes the situation of the Russian military forces in
eastern Asia at the end of 1899 was as follows:

The Siberian military district. — First West Siberian Line Battalion. Third West
Siberian Cossack Regiment. The local Omsk and Irkoutsk Brigade. Seven reserve
battalions, forming on mobilization 7 regiments of 6 battalions, one being a depot.
The Siberian Re^rve Artillery group (2 batteries) ; in war time, 4 groups (8 bat-
teries) .

The Amour mUitary district. — Brigaded troops: Two East Siberian Rifle Brigades,
edch of 4 regiments of 2 battalions. First East Siberian Brigade of 4 battalions.
Second East Siberian Brigade, 5 regiments of 2 battalions. The Ouseouri Cavalry
Brigade (regiment of Primorski Dragoons, First Regiment of Trans-Baikal Cossacks
from Tschita, Oussouri Cossack sotnia) . First East Siberian Artillery Brigade (8
batteries). Second East Siberian Artillery Brigade (4 batteries). Two East Sibe-
rian Artillery Parks.

204 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE AfiMY.

Unbrigmled troops: Second and Fourth East Siberian Line BattalionB. Stri^tensk
Reserve Battalion, Tschita Reserve Battalion (forming, in case of war, 2 r^nments
of 4 battalions and an independent battalion). Group of Trans-Biukal Artillery (2
batteries) . East Siberian Engineer Battalion. Company Cadres of Military Train
forming a battalion in war time. First Oussouri Railway Battalion. Cossack troops
(additional to those mentioned above). First Nertschinski Cavalry Regiment.
First Trans-Baikal C'avalry Regiment. First Cossack Battery. Second Cossack Bat-
terv. Regiment of Amour Cossacks.

fortress troops (at Vladivostok): First and Second Infantry fortress regiments of
3 battalions eacn; 1 company of fortress artillery; 2 companies of fortress sappers and
miners; 1 company of engineers; 1 telegraph detachment.

( At Novokievskoie) : One company of fortress sappers and miners; a detachment of
fortrt'SH artillery.

(At Nicolai'evsk) : A company of fortress artillery.

The territory of Kwantum, which fonns the southern point of the isthmus of Liaoii-
Toung, where Port Arthur is situated, was, as one knows, leased to Russia by China
for twenty-five years by a contract dated March 27, 1898. This territory' was for-
merly attached to the Amour military district. It was constituted into an independ-
ent government, under the direct orders of the minister of war, by a ukase on
August 28, 1899. The troops stationed there are: Third East Siberian Rifle Brigade
of 4 regiments of 2 battalions; the artillery of this brigade (3 batteries) ; an engineer
company, with telegraph detachment; the Werchuz-Oudinski Cossack Cavalry Re^-
ment; 2 battalions of fortress artillery of 3 (companies each.

According to the Roa^^^kii Invalid, a decree of the 1st of June last authorizes the
optming of the Trans-Baikal Railway for travelers and for goods traffic. The first
portion (()3 kilometers) goes from Irkoutsk to the Baikal l^ke. At the station at
the latter place the. train is placed upon a steam ice-breaking raft and landed at the
station of Myssovski. It tlien runs along the rails for about 1,065 kilometers to
Strietensk, on the river Amour. From thence the journey is continuetl by steamer
on the Amour to Khabarovsk, from which place the Oussoun Railway line commences.

On the Trans-Baikal line the towns of Verkn^oudinsk, Tschita, Nertchinsk, and
Strietensk are situateil. It is from the station of Kaidalovsk, near Tschita, that the
Chinest' branch, at jiresent in course of construction, starts, which runs to Port Arthur.
The Trans- Baikal Railway is thus the last link of the trans-Siberian in the direction
of Port Arthur, and is now in almost complete working order.

' A traveler can at the present time (from July of this year) go from St. Petersburg
to Port Arthur in twenty-nine days, in the following manner:

DajTB.

From St. Petersburg to Irkoutsk, express train 12

From Irkoutsk to Strietensk, bv the Trans-Baikal 4

From Strietensk to Khabarovsk, by steamer on the Amour 7

From Khabarovsk to Port Arthur, by Nikolski 6

Total 29

Thus, in a very short time, Russia in Europe will be connected by rail with its
most distant points d' appui in the extreme east — Vladivostok and Port Arthur. It is
unnecessary to lay stress on the immense importance of this from a military point of
view.

The various forces stationed in the Siberian and Amour districts, as well as at Port
Arthur, have been shown al)ove. All these troops may be assembled, wherever nec-
essary, in a comparatively short time, by means of the East Asian railways. The gar*
risons of Port Arthur and Vladivostok can receive as many reinforcements as neces-
sary to prevent a landing, not taking into consideration the fact that these places can
be readily assisted by the Siberian flotilla and by the Pacific Squadron. No other
Euroiwan power, desirous of entering into a conflict with Russia in these regions,
coukl iind themselves in an equally atlvantageous position. Just as the railroads
w^hich Russia has thrust towards eastern Asia assure her a preponderance in those
latitudes, so d(K*s the Trans-Caspian Railway provide her with an equally advanta-
geous position in Central Asia.

By tne branch line which goes toAndidjan troops may be placed on the frontier of
western (^hina, and by the line from Merv to Kouchk they may be massed on the
Afghan frontier, 130 kilometers from Herat.

These lines may be useful in a very short time, not only to the troops from Turk-
estan, but also to those from the Caucasus.

A dispatch of troops from the Caucasus to the Afghan -frontier was made, as a ten-
tative measure, in the beginning of January, 1900. A detachment of one battalion

BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING TH^ AKMY. 205

was transported, with all its impedimenta, by two trains from Tiflis to Bakou, by sea
from Bakou to Krasnovodsk, and a^in by train from Krasnovodsk to Koiichk. This
trial has shown that in less than eight days the heads of colunms (jf an army corps
leaving the Caucasus may arrive at the advanced post of Kouchk.

As regards the instruction of officers, special attention has been given to the study
of foreign languages. Centers of instruction have been formeil in military districts
for the study of trench and German.

A military school for the teaching of Hindustani, of which the course lasts for two
years, now exists at Askhabad. Several officers have already obtained certificates at
this school. On the 13th of July, last year, an oriental institute was opened at Vladi-
vostok for the study of Chinese by officers. This language will most certainly l>ecome
of increasing importance for Russian officers. — (Precis from Kevue du Cercle Mili-
taire and Kousskii Invalid.)

APPENDIX J.

REPORTS ON THE IDEAL RATION FOR AN ARMY IN THE TROPICS:

1. Extracts from Report of Capt. Edward L. Munson, Assistant SuBOBONy U. 8. A.

[Note.— For complete thesis see Journal of the Military Service Institation, May, 1900.]

There are two questions to be answered: Is the present army ration, considered

a whole, adapted to the needs of the United States soldier serving in the Tropicsi?
And i£ not, why not? These points having been determined, the remedy for exist-
ing defect can readily be deduced.

To the first question common experience returns an unqualified negative, best
emlxxiied in the words of the court of inquiry appointed to investigate the character
of the food issued to Troops during the war with Spain. This court reported as
follows:

**A8 to the effects of the food supply, having regard to sufficiency and aualit;^, it
seems to Iw clearly established that the army ration as supplied, without modification,
to the troops serving in the West Indies was by no means well adapted for use in a
tropical climate. If this be true, the unfitness of the ration should have manifested
itself by its failure to keep the troops who subsisted upon it in the best possible
condition for service in hot climates. This, in the opinion of the court, is fully
established in evidence."

The formulation of a reply to the second question involves, as a fundamental prin-
ciple, a brief consideration of the physiology of hot climates, the determination of
such alterations of body function as may result from the climatic and environmental
conditions obtaining in the Tropics. It implies, also, the appreciation and compari-
son of the dietaries ordinarily used, under varying conditions of climate, by human
beings of the military class in civil life. * * *

I. the physiology of hot climates.

The body temperature in the Tropics is appreciably elevated above the normal in
new arrivals. * * * Maurel found an increase of body heat, in individuals lately
arrived in the West Indies, ranging from 0.5° to 0.9° F.; and Jousset noted an aver-
age increase among the whites in Sene^l of even greater degree. Fayrer states that
among European residents in Bengal tne bodily temperature is 0.41^ F. higher than
the average of healthy persons in England.

Internal heat in temperate climat^ is readily lost by radiation and contact with
the external air, by the heating of inspired air, by exhalation of moisture in the
breath, and by cutaneous evaporation. In the Tropics the difference between inter-
nal and external temperature is always very slight. * ♦ * This produces an
alteration in metalx)lism, and throws additional work on the kidnevs and liver for
an excess of nutritive material which, in temperate climates, would be oxidLied in
the prcKluction of heat, requires here to be merely excreted.

A loss of body weight occurs in hot countries, and the same is commonly observed
in summer in the temperate zone. * * * Rattray concluded that this effect was
due to the destructive influencre of prolonged heat upon the cellular elements of the
organism, together with imperfect oxygenation.

Adipose tissue, as a nonconductor, is undoubtedly potent in conserving internal
heat and diminishing the effect of outside low temperature. In cold re^ons the
proportion of fat in the organism is much greater than in warm climates, where the
storing up of fats in human tissue is rare and even the artificial fattening of animals
is accomplished with the greatest difficulty. In cold climates, on the contrary, con-
siderable deposition of fatty material is the rule. * * * It is obvious that any
excess of foods, which in teinp<?rate climates is lai^^ely converted into systemic fai,
can not l)e devoted to this purpose in the Tropics with facility or advantajge.

206

REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 207

Tropical heat directly lowers the pulse rate, Rattray finding that the average rate
of cardiac action in the Tropics was less by 2J beats per minute than in the temperate
zone. * ♦ * The low arterial tension always noted in hot climates is a direct
result of loss of fluid through increased perspiration, favored by a relaxed state of
the capillaries.

The first effect of tropical heat is to increase the respiratory capacity. This has
been shown by Rattray by means of the spirometer, his observations being subse-
quently confirmed by others. * * *.

Closely allied to the foregoing is the influence of tropical climate on the frequency
of respiration. * * * Not only is the respiratory action markedly decreased in
hot climates, but the greater quantity of air inspired in the Tropics does not make up
for the diminished number of respirations in supplving the same amount of oxygen
to the blood as in cold climates. * * * It is undoubtedly true that less oxygen is
required in the high temperatures of the Tropics. * * * It is probable, however,
that there is a somewhat increased absorption of oxygen in hot climates by the func-
tionally excited skin. * * * The amount of sweat is ^eatly increased. Fonssa-
grives states that it is double the average amomit secreted in Europe, often amounting
to 4 or 5 pounds in the twenty-four hours. The amount of solids eliminated, how-
ever, is not proportionately increased. In addition, the secretion of serum is more
abundant than in temperate climates. * * * As a result of increased perspira-
tion there is a diminisned excretion of urine, the reduction amounting to about one-
third of the usual amount. . * * * Such decrease in eliminatory function on the
part of the kidneys, according to Moore, is followed by increased secretory action of
the liver, whereby some effete matter is passed into the intestines with the bile. But
increased liver action is accompanied by congestion, and congestion frequently by
hepatic deposit and d^eneiation, with impairment of function.

Through the loss of fluid resulting from increased perspiration, there is a diminution
in the secretion of saliva, mucous, gastric, and pancreatic juices and bile. As a con-
sequence, also, there is dryness of the throat and fauces, and exaggeration of thirst,
weakness of appetite, impaired digestion, gastric fullness after eating, and habitual
constipation, these, according to Nielly, being the digestive phenomena constantly
observed in the Tropics.

THE RATION FOR TROPICAL SERVICE.

Prolonged heat exerts an unfavorable influence upon the digest-
Quantity, ive and assimilative functions. Hence work should not be imposed

upon the alimentary tract in excess of its powers, and the diet
should be restricted as compared with that of temperate climates, particularly since
both diarrhea and dysentery are known to be favored by the presence of a large
amount of undi^ted food in the intestines, while tropical anaemia may be hastened
by malassimilation resulting from overtaxation of the digestive powers. * * *

It is obvious that the consumption of any considerable amount of food for the pro-
duction of internal heat is here as unnecessary as it is undesirable, while the nutritive
needs of the organism require a smaller amount of material to repair the systemic
losses resulting from the decreased oxidation and normally less activelife of the Tropics.

* * * It is extremely important that protein be supplied
Protein and Nitrogen, in -the Tropics purely for the purpose of systematic repair and

not to be relied upon for the creation of any considerable propor-
tion of the energy required by the organism. The ingestion of a certain amount of
nitrogen is indisputably necessary to health, and with its deficiency the food ceases to
be digested and a condition of inanition ensues. * * * Maurel, in his study of
the natives of Guadeloupe and Guiana, found that their diet was almost wholly vegeta-
ble. From estimates, based on oflBcial figures, he showed that the inhabitants of
Guadeloupe used a daily average of only twenty grams of meat per capita, and
that only one-seventh of the vegetable food was imported in the form of the cereals
of the Temperate Zone, the remaining six-sevenths being made up of yams, cassava,
sweet potatoes, bananas, mangoes, and other fruits. * * * For natives of the
Tropics it may, therefore, be accepted that the vegetable kingdom is almost wholly
the source from which their food is drawn, and that but little of the vegetable ma-
terial so used is imported in the form of cereals grown in cool climates. These facts
are extremely important, for data supplied by the Department of Agriculture show
that fruits and vegetables grown in tne Tropics, at least as far as the Western Hemi-
sphere is concerned, are much less rich in nitrogenous constituents than are the vege-
table foods indigenous to the Temperate Zone. A comparison of the vegetables most
commonly employed as staple foods in the Tropics and in cool climates shows the
following differences:

208 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMY.

Vegetable foods chiefly used in the Tropics.

Ca«wva

Sweet potato (edible portion) .

Yam (edible portion)

Sugar cane ^

Ripe bananas (edible portion) .
Rice

Water.

Protein.

Nitrogen.

Fat.

Carbo-
hydrates.

Crude :
fiber.

Per cent.
61.3
69

71.86
75. 41
76.3
12.3

Per cent.
0.64
1.8
1

1.49
1.3
8

Per cent.

0.102
.288
.16
.23
.208

1.28

Percent.
0.17
.7
.2

Per cent.
36.6
26.1
25.05
15.36
21
78.8

1
Percent.
0.88
1.3
1.08
7.04
1
.2

.6
.3

Ash.

Per cent.
0.51
1.1
.86
.69
.8
.4

Average amount of nitrogen, per cent, 0.378.

Vegetable foods chiefly used in temperate climates.

White potato (edible portion) ,

Wheat flour

OatmcAl ,

Corn meal, granular

Barley flour

Rye

Water.

Per ceiU.
78.3
12.8
7.3
12.5
11.9
12.7

Per cent.

2.2
10.8
18.1

9.2
10.5

7.1

Nitrogen.

Fat.

Carbo-
hydrates.

Crude
fiber.

Ash.

Per cent.
0. 352
1.652
2.575
L472
1.52
1.135

Per (xnt.
0.1
1.1
7.2
1.9
2.2
.9

Percent.
18
74.6
66.6
74.4
66.8
78.6

Percent.

0.4
.2
.9

6.5

Per cent.
1
.5
1.9
1

2.6
8

Average amount of nitrogen, per cent, 1.434.

In these two groups of foodstuffs the great inferiority of the v^etable diet of the
nativ(i of the Tropics as regards available nitrogen is at once apparent, the vegetables
and cereals most commonly used aa food in the Temperate Zone containing, in a given
weight, almost exactly four times more nitrogenous material. Hence it is evident
that the native diet in the Tropics is doubly inferior as regards nitroeen, meat being
but little used, while the vegetable foods which replace the cereals oi temperate cli-
mates contain but a small proportion of this element. * * *

The most striking effect of a highly nitrogenous diet is the increase in the nitro-
genous metabolism of the body, and to a lesser degree of the non-nitrogenous also.
This increased metabolism, through the amount of neat necessarily generated in the
process!, is clearly undesirable in warm climates. * * *

As to the liver, Rochard, Moore, Nielly, Rattray, Jouset, Maurel, Treille, and oth-
ers have observed the directly injurious infiuencc of a too nitrogenous and greasy
diet in the production of disorders of this organ. * * *

From what has been said it is evi<ient that the nitrogenous constituents of the
United States army ration for troops serving in the Tropics may be safely and advan-
tageously reduced. This is preferably accomplished at the expense of the meat

component, w^hich, besides profein, also contains a considerable proportion of tata.

* * *

In hot climates, where the human organism instinctively feels

Fats. ' the needs of a loss of heat rather than its creation, the consump-

tion of fat — a heating food of the highest degree — should be
reduced to the minimum and largely replaced by that of sugars and s&rches. * * *

The distaste for fats in any considerable quantity, so early' acquired in the Tropics
and so noticeable during the summer weather or temperate climates, may be con-
sidered as evidence of an unconscious but instinctive recognition of the fact that a
dietary of decreased (ialoric value is sufficient for the needs of the organism exposed
to high temperatures. * * *

As comj)ared with carbohydrates, fats, as a whole, are notably less digestible, and
thus increase the evolution of heat through the more active chemical processes in
the intestine. * * *

Natives of hot countries, when they can afford it, generally use a small amount of
fats as such — as the clarified butter oi India, the salt pork of tropical Ameriq^ the
olive oil of the Mediterranean districts, and the palm oil of equatorial Africa — and
it is probable that a small quantity of this material, together with the protein and
carbohydrates, assures a better use of the alimentary principles, and reduces to a
minimum the quantity of each which should be ingested. While it may. then, be
(H)nce(led that a certain quantity of fatty fo(Mi is a desirable component of the diet
in warm climates, it is certainly true that the amount so taken should be relatively
small, and that the proportion commonly maintained in temperate climates is far in
excess of the nocnls of the organism in tlie Tropics. * * * For the newcomer in
the Tropicii, habit as well as climate must be given ccmsideration in the selection of
<liet, and it is therefore probable that no smaller proj)ortion than that of 1 part of faJtB
to 10 of carl)ohydrates would be to the best intenwts of the United States soldier.

BEPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 209

Carbohydrates are justly regarded as the chief source of carbon
carbon ^^'^^ supplied to the organism in the production of energy. * * *

Notter and Firth state that carbohydrates contain only 44 per
cent of carbon, where fat contains 76.5 per cent, and even protein contains 53 per
cent. Through the considerable quantity of protein which enters into the diet it is
evident that the latter plays no small part in determining the carbon intake, as
utilized for the creation of energy. * * *

It is * * * seen that 100 grams of protein, which have been suggested as fur-
nishing about the amount of nitrogen desirable for the daily allowance of the United
States soldier in the Tropics, contain as much nitrogen as 33.3 grams of urea; but the
100 grams of protein contain 46.4 grams more carbon than do the 100 grams of urea
(53:6.66, or about the proportion of 8:1). Hence the daily allowance of protein for
tropical service, in passing through the bodv and giving rise to urea, would leave
behind 46.4 grams of carlx)n to combine with oxygen and undergo elimination as
carbon dioxide. * * *

As regards fats, as stated above, carbon enters into their composition to the amount
of 76.5 per cent; and it has been shown that for the Tropics the proportion of one
part of fats to ten of carbohydrates in the dietary probably redounds to the best
interests of the American soldier. * * * Carbonydratic material is capable of
largely replacing fat in the dietarv, diminishes nitrogenous metabolism, jrields no
end products to be excreted by the kidneys, is readily assimilated, and when in excess
is largely stored up within the organism as glycogen and adipose tissue. The inges-
tion of carbohydrates, therefore, in quantities greater than are required for the imme-
diate needs of the economy, while not without certain untoward effects upon the
system, is undoubtedly far less inimical to health than where there is an excess of
protein or fat in the dietary for the Tropics. * * *

• 1 • From what has been advanced it is seen that the proportionate

The tropical ration, composition and fuel value of the proposed standard aietary for
United States troops serving in the Tropics is as follows:

Protein.

Fats.

Carbohy-
drates.

Nitrc^en.

Total car-
bon.

Fuel
value.

Nutrient
ratio,
protein
to en-
ergy.

Orams.
100

Orams.
65

Orams.
650

Orams.
16

Orams.
392

Calories.
3,491

Orams,

1.8

* * * The present United States army ration, as already stated, is made up
of admirably selected articles in more than sufficient variety, and it is therefore not
only wholly unnecessary but quite inadvisable to consider in this connection any
nutritive substance outside those articles legally established as components of the
food for the United States soldier. * * * The needs of the economy, as shown by
appetite, are subject to wide variation, and hence it may be accepted that slight but
carefully considered alteration in the constituents of the daily dietary, far from being
detrimental, is productive of actual benefit. It is obvious, also, that the soldier will
require less nutriment in garrison than is necessary to furnish the energy for the
greater labors of campaign, and hence the several components of the ration should
be so proportioned as to furnish dietaries properly varying in potential and nitrog-
enous value. It is believed that this is accomplished in the following modification
of the dietaries already shown to be most commonly used by the United States sol-
dier in temperate climates; the subjoined table showing the nutrient value of a pro-
posed dietary for the Tropics containing the greatest amount of food material which
might be drawn by the soldier:

TROPICAL DIETARY. I.

Articles.

Quantity.

Fats.

Carbo-
hydrates.

Protein.

Nitrogen.

Fuel value.

Fresh beef

Ounces.
10
18
2.4
16
3
3.5

Orams.

44.75

5.60

1.22

.45

1.53

Orams.

41.68

65.08

15.16

9.50

1.77

Orams.
6.67
7.90
2.42
1.52
.27

Calorics.
590

Flour

380.46
40.18
81.70
33.80
94.25

1,850
240

Beans

I'otatoes

880

Dried fruit

220

Sujrar

397

otal

52.9

53.55

630.39

123.19

18.78

3,677

WAR 1900 — VOL 1, PT in 14

210 REPORT OP LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

Total carbon, 395.14 grams. Nitrogen to carbon, 1:19.6.

The following table shows a proposed dietary for the Tropics, especially applicable
to field service, in which the fatty constituents attain their maximnm and the poten-
tial energy is high:

TROPICAL DIETARY. U.

Articles.

Quantity.

Fats.

Carbo-
hydrates.

Protein.

Nitrogen.

Fuel value.

Bacon

Ounces.
6
18
2.4
3
8.5

Orams.

105.06

6.63

1.22

L53

Orams.

15.64

73.12

15.16

1.77

Orams.

2.49

11.74

2.42

.27

Calorics.
1.042

Hard bread

871.81
40.18
50.70
94.25

1,926

Beans

240

Dried fruit

220

Suirar

897

Total

32.9

114.44

556.94

105.69

16.92

3.825

Total carbon, 328.76 grams. Nitrogen to carbon, 1:23.

The nutrient value of the ordinary dietary as proposed for garrison duty in the
Tropics is as follows:

TROPICAL DIETARY, in.

Articles.

Fresh beef

3oft bread

Potatoes and onions

Dried fruit

Sugar

Total

Quantity.

Fats.

Carbo-
hydrates.

Protein.

Nitrogen.

Fuel value.

Ounces.

8.5

Orams.

44.75

6.80

.72

1.53

Orams.

41.68

53.83

8.60

1.77

Orams.

6.67

8.61

1.40

.•27

Ocdaries.
590

299.20
73.09
50.70
94.25

1,506
840
220
897

52.5

53.80

517.24

105.88

16.95

3,053

Total carbon, 328.76 grams. Nitrogen to carbon, 1: 18.

For the following combination the several articles of the lotion most closely
approaching in character to the food materials used by natives of the Tropics — pro-
portioned in quantity according to the standard proposed for hot climates — luive
been selected:

TROPICAL DIETARY. IV.

Articles.

Quantity.

Fats.

Carbo-
hydrates.

Protein.

Nitrogen.

Fuelndoe.

Fresh fish (cod) whole

Soft bread

Ounces.

8.5

Orajns.

0.79

6.80

.45

.54

1.53

Orams.

81.73

53.83

8.75

8.17

1.77

Orams.
5.07
8.61
1.40
1.96
.27

Oaloriet,
120

299.20
88.87
65.80
50.70
94.25

1,506
407

Rice

Potatoes and tomatoes

Dried fruit

297
220

Susrar

841

Total

64.5

10.11

596.82

104.25

16.71

2,917

Total carbon, 327.50 grams. Nitrogen to carbon, 1: 19.6.

On averaging these four dietaries, as furnished by the ration proposed for the
Tropics, the mean nutrient composition is seen to be as follows:

No.I..
No. II .
No. Ill
No. IV

Dietary.

Average

Quantity.

Ounces.
52.9
82.9
52.5
64.5

50.7

Fats.

Orams.

53.55

114.44

53.80

10.11

57.97

Carbo-
hydrates.

Orams.
630.39
556.94
517.24
596.82

560.85

Protein.

Orams.
123.19
105.69
105.88
104.25

109.06

Nitrogen.

Orams.
18.78
16.92
16.95
16.71

17.84

Fuel value.

Total carbon, 350.00 grams. Nitrogen to carbon, 1:20.

Oaioriet.
8,677
8,825
8,068
2,947

8»875

BEPOBT OP LIEUT. GENERAL OOICMANDING THE ABMY, 211

It will be observed that while the above dietaries differ considerably amone them-
selves, yet when averaged together in ec^aal proportions they do not greatly vary
from the nutritive standard for the tropics already proposed, and this is an addi-
tional reason why a selection of the same articles of the ration should not be made from
day to day. It is seen that the above average dietary, as compared with the nutrient
standard, is still slightly deficient in fats and fuel and a trifle in excess as regards
protein. These defects, if they may be considered as such, are, however, readily cor-
rected by a rotation of dietaries, in which Dietary II is used twice where dietaries
I, III, and IV are each employed but once. The results of this change are as follows;

Dietary.

No.I

No. II

No. Ill

No.IV

Average

Quantity.

Ounces.
52.9
32.9
32.9
52.5
64.5

47.1

Fats.

Orama.

53.55

114.44

53.80

10.11

6^.43

Carbo-
hydiates.

Orams.
630.39
556.94
566.94
517.24
598.92

572.06

Protein.

Oranu.
123.19
105.69
105.69
105.88
104.25

108.38

Nitrogen.

Orama.
18.78
16.92
16.92
16.95
16.71

17.26

Fuel value.

Calorics.
3,677
3,825
3,825
3,053
2,947

3,466

Total carbon, 363.33 grams. Nitrogen to carbon, 1:21.

From the above tables it is evident that such changes as are advisable in the
adaptation of the United States army ration to tropical conditions are chiefly in the
line of a reduction in quantity of the foods at present provided by a too generous
Government. It is true that the sugars and starches should be slightly augmented,
but their increase is small when compared with the considerable reduction of nitrog-
enous and fatty material which is proposed. Many of the components of the present
ration, as is seen by the following table, require no change in the consideration of the
tropical dietary, being not only admirably selected but also properly proportioned.

The ideal ration for an army of United States soldiers on duty in the tropics is
therefore suggested as being of the following composition:

Articles.

Fresh beef (quarters)

Or fresh mutton

Or pork

Or bacon

Or salt beef

Or dried fish (cod)

Or fresh fish, average (whole) ..

Flour

Or soft bread

Or hard bread

Or com meal

Beans ,

Or peas

Or rice

Or hominy

Potatoes

Or potatoes 80 per cent and on

iona 20 per cent

Or potatoes 70 per cent and can

ned tomatoes 30 per cent

Dried fruit (average)

Sugar ,

Or molasses

Or cane sirup ,

Coffee, green

Or coffee, roasted ,

Or tea, green or black ,

Vinegar

Salt

Pepper, black ,

Soap

Candles ,

Quantity
per ration.

Ounces.
10
10
6
6
10
10
14

18
20
18
20

2.4
2.4
4

16
16
16

3.5
Igill.
Igill.

A gill.
IS ounce.
^ ounce.

Protein.

Grams.
41.68
46.20
27.54
15.64
40.27
45.37
31.73

55.08
53.83
73.12
50.40

15.16

16.38

8.75

9.20

9.50

8.60

8.17

1.77

Nitrogen.

Grams.
6.67
7.35
4.40
2.49
6.44
7.26
5.07

7.90

8.61

11.74

7.99

2.42
2.62
1.40
1.47

1.52

1.40

1.86

.27

Fats.

Orams.

44.75

62.90

112.54

106.06

64.68

1.13

.79

5.60

6.80

6.63

12.40

1.22
.75
.45
.67

.45

.72

.54

1.53

Carbohy-
drates.

Cframs.

880.46
299.20
371.81
425.80

40.18
41.80
88.87
88.75

81.70

73.09

65.80

35.80

94.25
56.05
66.25

Fuel
value.

Calorics.
590
720
1,093
1,042
688
197
120

1,850
1,506
1,926
1,986

240
246
407
430

880

840

297

220

897
269
269

212 BEPORT OF LIEUT. GENEBAL COMMANDING THE ABICY.

2. Extracts fbom Report of Col. Ghables A. Woodbuff, AssierrANT Ck>MMifi8ABY-

General of Subsistence, U. S. A.

[Note.— For complete thesis, see Journal of the Military Service Institation, July, 1900.]

Since

The first legislation fixing the components of the army ration was in 1775.
that time the Congress has legislated directly upon the subject on ten occasions, and
has also authorized the President to make alterations in the component parte of the
ration, and under this authority various changes and additions * * * have been
made; * * * based upon an experience gained in three wars, many Indian cam-
paigns, and a century of garrison lite. * * *

Table A shows the first ration established for the United States Army in 1790, and
also the present ration with all substitutive issues and savings, the evolution of a
century's study and experience. An examination of this table will show that there
has been an addition in quantity of about 75 per cent and 300 per cent in variety.
* * * From this ration alone at least half a dozen dietaries may be evolved with
varying proportions in the relative amounte of proteids, hydrocarbons, and carbo-
hyarates, and in each a sufficiency of nitrogen and carbon to sustain the system
under the heaviest strain of work. * * *

The annual death rate from disease among our soldiers in the Philippines was
17.20 per thousand. When it is considered that many of these were new troops,
most of them were sent to the tropics in midsummerj were confined to a limited area
after a long sea voyage, were subjected to severe toil and great mental strain inci-
dental to the critical situation, and then made a hard campaign in the rainy season,
the smallness of this death rate is wonderful, and indicates that, from a hyeienic
standpoint, the ration was almost perfect, and the work performed by our soldieFB
shows that its potential energy left nothing to be desired, and it certainly gave satis-
faction to the consumers ana to those most directly interested in the results that
followed ite use. * * *

When the Subsistence and Medical departmente were confronted at Montauk Point
with an invalided army they quickly rose to the emereency and cared for it as no
other army was ever cared for m the world's history. * * ♦

No intelligent person will claim that troops in the tropics need a pound and a
quarter of fresh beef or three-fourths of a pound of bacon every day, but there are
times when they need every ounce of one or the other, and when they do not they
can get somethmg else — malted milk, if they desire it; and here is the grand mis-
take of those who mean well, but neither comprehend the flexibility of the ration
nor that the established ration has two distinct functions, one to supply the neces-
sary food on all occasions, the other to furnish as nearly as possible a fixed standard
of value for purchases outside the ration.

Table A.

Articles.

THE ARMY RATION, 1790.

Beef

Or pork

Bread or flour

Rum, brandy, or whisky.

Salt

Vinegar

Soap

Candles

THE ARMY RATION, 1900.

Meat components:

Fresh oeef, or fresh mutton,
when the cost does not
exceed that of beef.

Or pork or bacon

Or salt beef ,

Or dried fish ,

Or pickled fish, or fresh fish. ,

Or canned salmon

Bread components:

Flour or soft bread

Quantities per
ration.

Ounces.

16
12
16

12
22
14
18
16

Gills.

Quantities per 100
rations.

Pounds. Gallons.

100

2
1

125

187i

87i

100
112^

Remarks.

Or the value thereof.

Beef may be lednoed and the
equal money value in bam or
other articles for sales iasvied.
Par. 4, G. O., 78, H. Q. A, 1S0&.
Savings allowed.

Do.
Savings not allowed.

Do.
Savings allowed.

Sayings of flour by txoopB in the
field will be creditedto the
company fond.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 213

Table A —Continued.

Articles.

Quantities per
ration.

Quantities per 100
rations.

Remarks.

Ounces.

GUIs.

Pounds.

Gallons.

THE ARMY RATION, 1900-
Ck>ntinued.

Bread componente— Continued.
Or haid. bread

16
20
*l

16
16

2
2|

i«

100

125

100

12*

2
15

•

Sayings allowed.
Do.

Or com meal

Bakinff powder for troops in
the field when necessary
to enable them to bake
their own bread.
Vegetable components:

Beans or neas

Sayings not allowed.

Sayings allowed.
Do.

Or rice or hominy ....

Potatoes

Sayings notallowed,bntcommu-
tation allowed when deemed
advisable by chief commis-
saries.

Or potatoes 12| ounces and
onions 3* ounces, or pota-
toes 11* ounces and can-
ned tomatoes 4^ ounces, or
other fresh vegetables not
canned when they can be
obtained in the vicinity
of the post or transportea
in a wholesome condition
from a distance.
Fruit components:

Dried fruits: apples, peaches,
prunes, etc.
Coffee and sugar components:

CJoffee. green

Savings not allowed.

Or roasted coffee

Do.

Or tea, green or black

Sugar

Or molasses or cane sirun

2
1

Seasoning components:

Vinegar

Salt

S
g

Savinffs allowed.

PcDDer. black

Soap and candle components:
Soap

Candles, when illuminating
oil is not furnished by the
quartermaster's depart-
ment.

Do.

N. B.— The proceeds of savings are applied to provide additional articles of diet.

Tablb B. — The ideal ration for an army m the Tropics,

Articles.

Meat components:
Fresh Deef

Or fresh mutton, when the
-cost does not exceed that
of beef.

Or canned fresh beef or mut-
ton.

Or pork ,

Or bacon, or ham, or brawn.

Or salt beef ,

Or dried fish

Or pickled fish

Or fresh fish

Or canned salmon

Bread components:

Flour

Or soft bread

Quantities per
ration.

Quantities per 100
rations.

Ounces.

Gills.

Pounds.

Gallons.

20
20

12
12
22
14
18
18
16

18
18

125
125

100

75
76
187*
87*
112*
112*
100

112*
112*

Remarks.

Beef may be reduced and the
equal money value in any
articles for sales issued.

No sayings allowed.

Savings allowed.

Do.

Do.
Savings not allowed.

Do.

Do.
Savings allowed.

Savings of flour by troops in the
field will be credited to the
company fund.

214 BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDIKG THE ARMY,

Table B. — The ideal raHonfor an army in the Tropics — CJontinued.

Articles.

Qauntities per
ration.

Quantities per 100
rations.

RftmarkH.

Ounces.

Oills.

Pounds.

Gallons.

Bread components— Ck>ntinued.
Or hard bread

16
20

16
16

100

125

100

100
100

12i

10
8
2

Savings allowed.

Do.
Savings not aUowed.

Savings allowed, except on

Savings allowed.

Savings not allowed, but
mutation allowed w
deemed advisable by

nmnnitwarfpfl.

Or com meal

Baking powder for troops in
the field when necessary,
to enable them to make
their own bread.
Vegetable components:

Beans, or oatmeal, or rice. . . .

1 rice.

Or pease or hominy

Potatoes '.

com*

'hen
chief

Or potatoes 12} ounces and

Savings not allowed.

Savings allowed.

Do.

Do.
Savings not allowed.

Do.

Savings allowed.
Savings not allowed.
Savings allowed.

Do.

Do.
Do.

Savings not allowed.

onions 3^ ounces.
Or potatoes 11^ ounces and

canned tomatoes 4|
ounces; or 4} ounces of
other fresh vegetables not
canned when they can be
obtained in the vicinity
of the post or transported
in a wholesome condition
from a distance.
Fruit components:

Dried fruits

Coffee and sugar components:
Coffee, areen

Or roasted coffee

Or tea, green or black

Sugar

Or molasses, or cane syrup . .

Seasoning components:

Vinegar

Or sauerkraut

Salt

Pepper, black

Or curry

Soap and candle components:
Soap

OfLTidlAfi, whPH illnmina^ng

oil is not furnished by the
Quartennaster's Depart-
ment.
Comfort component:

Tobacco

N. B.— The proceeds of savings are applied to provide additional articles of diet
Note.— Since the above table was prepared, the issue of toilet paper at military posts and camps
and of ice in the colonies has been authorized.

The British have been in India for two hundred years and their troops have oper-
ated there extensively for one hundred and fifty years, and while they vary the
Sepoy's ration to suit the various races, their own, after a century and a half of
experience, where rice is cheap and meat dear, is:

Oimces.

Meat 16

Bread 16

Potatoes 16

Rice 4

Sugar 2.5

Tea 71

Salt 66

* * # « # * »

During the civil war the Southern armies subsisted mainlv on com, with ''meat"
(bacon) when available. The Federal armies were re^larly supplied with " hard-
tack'' (wheat bread) and beef, or bacon, the latter bemg a food approved by both
armies.

The ration must * * * conform to the needs of the individual soldier as well
as the exigencies of the service, and must contain all the alimentary principles in an
adaptable form (i. e., 1, carbohydrates; 2, fats; 3, protein, and the salts), carboliy-

REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 215

drates and protein being principal, and in the proportion of one part of the latter to
four or five of the former. Fresh vegetables must be an occasional component to
avoid disease and disability of the troops.
Food value:

1 . Fresh beef — mainly protein -|- fat and salts.

2. Bacon — mainly fat -f protein and salts.

3. Flour — mainly carbohydrates -|- fat, protein, and salts.

4. Com meal — mainly carbohydrates -f fat, protein, and salts.

5. Beans — protein, carbohydrates + fat and salts.

6. Rice — mainly carbohydrates.

Com meal contains all the alimentary principles in better proportions than any
other article.
To be on the part of the soldier:

1. The accustomed diet of the soldier in great part. (Adaptability. )

2. Agreeable to the taste. (Palatability.)

3. Portable and light in weight (on the person of the soldier) . (Portability.)

4. Of easy and quick preparation. (Simplicity.)

5. Adapting itself to a change of dietary. (Flexibility. )
To be on the part of the Government:

1. Available in quantity.

2. Potential strength, energy for war purposes.

3. Suitable to the circumsSnces, hygienic.

4. Satisfactory to the consumer.

5. Economy of cost.

6. Conveniently procured, handled, packed, and delivered in good condition.

7. Easy preservation (least waste and deterioration).
*******

To meet the individual characteristics of our soldier, in his origin the most cosmo-
politan found in any army, as well as to provide a change of diet, our ration was
made a flexible one, and under the fostering care of company commanders who take
a pride in their kitchens one may find as liberal and diverse bills of fare as in the
homes of an equal number of comfortable mechanics. There is no other army in the
world where, n*om the commissariat alone, this can be approached.

218 BEFOBT OF LIEUT. GENEBAL COMMANDING THE ABUT.

7>.

"S?

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BEPOET OF HAJ. OEH. JOHN E. BEOOKE, V. 8. A., COMMANSIira

THE DEPAETMEKT OF THE EAST.

Headquarters Department of the J^ast,
Govemor^s hlwrid^ New York City^ September 29^ 1900,

Adjutant-General United States Army,

Washington^ D. C,

Sir: 1 have the honor to submit my annual report of the conduct of
affairs in this department.

I assumed command of the department May 10, 1900. Previous to
that time, under the orders of the Secretary of War^ I had inspected the

S)sts on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from Fort Monroe, Va., to New
rleans. La., and in addition the two posts on the Potomac below
Washington.

As all the troops in this department belong; to the artillery, with the
following exceptions: the cavalry at Fort Myer, Va. (headquarters
and four troops of the Fifth Cavalry); the infantry at Fort Columbus,
New York Citv (three companies of the Eleventh Infantry); Fort
Ethan Allen, Vt. (one company of the Eleventh Infantry); Madison
Barracks, N. Y. (one company Fifteenth Infantry); Fort Ontario, N.
Y. (one company Fifteenth Infantry); Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y.
(one company Fifteenth Infantry), and Fort Porter, N. Y. (one com-
pany Fifteenth Infantry), I would invite especial attention to the
remarks of the inspector of artillery, whose long and efficient service
in the artillery bmnch of the Army eives particular weight to his
recommendations in these days of rehabilitation and progress of our
artillery.

It is impracticable at this time to make anv recommendations regard-
ing the artillery posts where the number or men enters as a factor, as
it IS impossible to calculate on any specific number; but I think that,
as a minimum, the number of men necessary to form one relief for the
guns established and proposed to be established should be taken as a
basis of computation, ana on that basis it would be possible for all
departments of the Army to make positive plans for carrying on con-
struction work.

It is not too early now to draw up plans for supporting the coast
artillery; as it is not their province to act out of rortifications, their
sphere of operations is limited and the presence of mobile troops to
repel attacks from the rear and to prevent landing parties from gain-
ing a foothold is imperative. I have previously rererred to this mat-
ter, in my report dated April 16, 1900, as follows:

In all cases these defenses are vulnerable in case of attack from the rear. This, it
is probable, will bo looked out for by an army in the field, but the matter should be
considered and the vicinity of each post for miles around should l)e mapped with a
view to determining the lines of defense before the necessity for their use arises.

The importance of having all artillery in charge of coast fortifica-
tions stationed in the immediate vicinity of the guns becomes more
apparent to me each day. While in numerous cases this means the
220

REPORT OB^ LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 221

isolation of officers and men for the time such service is required, it
is the only rational method of preparing for war and becoming accus-
tomed to the conditions as they exist.

It is also imperative, in many cases, that more land should be
acquired than that which has hitherto been bought for the erection of
fortifications. This I have particularly noted in my recent inspection
alon^ the coast northeastward from here, and now is the time to
acquire this land, so that when the forts are turned over to the line,
barracks, quarters, storehouses, etc., may be ready for occupancy.
In some places I have found that a very small plant for the accommo-
dation of th(i garrison has been erected, and I cannot see that any pro-
vision has been made for its extension. I speak particularly of Plum
Island, where there is a barrack for 60 men only. The garrison neces-
sary to man the guns is 305, and the location of the bari'ack is distant
from the nearest batter v.

This is the case at many others of the defenses, and the need of
making such corrections as may be possible does not require any
argument. There are places along the coast where the defenses are
exposed to danger from the inroads of the sea, which should receive
prompt attention and l)e remedied before they are injured, either in
themselves, their approaches, or surroundings. I believe that all this
is known to the officers of engineers in charge, and I speak of it here
as coming under my observation.

In my inspection of nearly all the posts and garrisons of this depart-
ment, I have found that the enlisted men are exceptionally fine, physic-
ally, and also that the officers and enlisted men were enthusiastic in
the matters relating to their profession, but at almost every post mili-
tary duties are imperfectly performed and the instruction or the men
handicapped by the lack of officers. Too many batteries and com-

Sanies have only one officer present for duty, and at many posts where
etachments are stationed there is no officer in command.

I desire to invite attention to the work done by the Chief Signal
Officer in perfecting a system of wireless telegraphy. While this does
not belong to departmental affairs, its utility to the Army at large is
very great.

rlans should be perfected at the earliest possible date for complete
and perfect communication between the units composing any fortress
and the fortress commander.

For details of administrative work performed, I wish to invite
attention to the reports of the various staff officers on duty at these
headquarters These duties have been well performed, as is evidenced
by the reports in each case.

The matter of the Army reorganization has attracted a great deal of
attention recently. For many years past the general officers of the
Army have shown the necessity for an increase which will place
the Army on an efficient basis and enable it to perform its duties with
credit to itself and to the satisfaction of the nation. The events since
the commencement of the Spanish war have demonstrated beyond
doubt the necessity for a reorganization which will enable this nation
to maintain the position in which it now finds itself placed, so that, in
case of war, the Army may form the bulwark behind which the volun-
teer army may be created, as has always been done in our country, by
organizing the people.

I am sir, very respectfully, John R. Brooke,

Major- General^ Commanding.

222 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

REPORT OF BRIG. GEN. JOSEPH WHEELER, COMMAHDIHG THE

DEPARTMENT OP THE LAKES. *

Headquarters Department op the Lakes,

Chicago^ lU.^ Septemher 10^ 1900.

The Adjutant-General United States Army,

Wdnhvngton^ D. (7.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of operations
in this department during the period that it has been under my
command:

Pursuant to orders from the Secretary of War, I assumed conmmnd
of this department on June 25, 1900..

On July 19 I visited Fort Sheridan and made an inspection of the
croops and post. The administration under Colonel Comba was highly
creditable in all respects.

I respectfully recommend that the prison accommodations be materi-
ally enlarged. Since the discontinuance of the prison at Fort Leaven-
worth, convicts have been sent to Fort Sheridan and more room is
needed. Confining convicted prisoners and soldiers awaiting trial
together in the same compartments is objectionable, and if the prison
is not enlarged some other plan should be adopted to promptly correct
this evil.

In this connection I call attention to that portion of Lieutenant-
Colonel Hall's report upon military prisons which I incorporate and
make a part of my own report, fully concurring in his recommenda-
tion, as follows:

There is another matter I desire to call attention to; it is an old one and has been
frequently discussed in the past. It is that at certain posts in the Army there are
many prisoners confined for long periods who are mixed in with garrison prisoners
and guarded by the soldiers of the garrison. The offenses of these long-tmie pris-
oners are generally theft, desertion, and other serious offenses. Most of these men,
as a rule, belong to the criminal class, and have a very pernicious effect upon young
men just entering the service, whether these men are confined with them or whether
they are guards over them. All thoughtful officers of much service have had this
condition and things strongly brought before them and it should certainly be
remedied.

In order to do this I would suggest that all military prisoners sentenced to more
than one year's confinement be sent to the old Leavenworth military prison or some
other suitable place, in order to prevent their coming in contact witn soldiers.

There are some advantages in maintaining a general mess, but I do
not think that they are equal to the disadvantages. The system was
organized at a time when the entire Army was in garrison and when
there vvas little movement or active duty for the troops. Under the
conditions which now exist the general mess is not the best system of
administration. I respectfully recommend that every company have
its separate mess arrangements, so that when it goes into the field the
cooking and messing facilities will be adapted to such service.

I visited and inspected the troops and post at Columbus Barracks
August 14. I found the administration and discipline under Major
Penney to be excellent.

Columbus Barracks is now used largely as a recruiting station and
seems to be well adapted to that purpose, the permanent garrison
being one company of the Second Infantry.

I found the water supply very inadequate — by no means sufficient
to maintain a sanitary condition at the post. I recommend that

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 223

measures be immediately taken to give the post an adequate and con-
stant supply of water.

I also recommend that the grounds be inclosed by a wall so arranged
that it can not be scaled by intruders.

I visited Fort Thomas on August 15. The two battalions of the
Second Infantry, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Corliss, had
but recently arrived at that post from Cuba. I found them in excellent
condition. The administration and discipline of the post was also
excellent.

On July 28 and August 12 two .battalions of the Fifth Infantry
reached Fort Sheridan from Cuba, and from the entire regiment two
battalions, including nearly all of the battalion which had previously
garrisoned the post, were dispatched to San Francisco, the dates of
their departure being: Third Battalion, August 10; headquarters, band,
and First Battalion, August 20.

During the same period two battalions of the Second Infantry
reached Fort Thomas from Cuba, and two battalions of the regiment,
including nearly all of the battalion which was the original garrison,
were dispatched to San Francisco, the dates of their departure being:
Second Battalion, August 14; heaaquarters, band, and Third Battalion,
August 20.

I recommend that all troops which go beyond the seas be accom-
panied by competent dentists. This could be best accomplished by
obtaining authority from Congress to employ the necessary number
of dentists as contract surgeons are now employed; or, in the absence of
legislation, they could be appointed and permitted to accompany the
regiments so that the soldiers could have the benefit of their services,
which could be paid for and charged to the soldier.

I respectfully recommend that as much time as possible be devoted
to perfecting recruits in marksmanship. A soldier is of very little serv-
ice who is not skillful in handling his rifle, and what is probably more
important, when a soldier feels assured that he can hit an enemy it adds
to his confidence in himself. If soldiers see casualties in their own
ranks and have no assurance that their fire upon the enemy is effective
the moral effect upon them is bad. In this connection I also call atten-
tion to the report of Lieut. Col. William P. Hall, assistant adjutant-
general, and incorporate the following from his report and express my
full approval of his recommendation:

In this connection I desire to call attention to the following general order issued by
the department commander with a view of emphasizing^ the great importance and
value of target practice to troops going to the division oi the Philippines and prob-
ably into active service:

General Orders, \ Headquarters Department of the Lake^,

No. 9. J Chicago, 111., July 13, 1900.

I. In view of the fact that two battalions of the Second and Fifth Infantry are to be
sent from the United States for active field service as soon as practicable, the com-
manding officers at posts in this department where parts of these oi^anizations are
stationed will use every effort to see that all enlisted men available for this service
are given thorough instruction in pointing and aiming drills, mechanism and man-
agement of their rifles, and as much target practice as it is practicable to let them have.

All officers of experience know how absolutely essential it is that a soldier in active
service should be a good shot and thoroughly understand his rifle. A systematic
and thorough course of pointing and aiming instruction supplemented b^afew shots
at each ran^e, to enable the man to understand the peculiarities of his arm as to
shooting, will generally result in making the recruit a fair shot. This result when
attained will not only be an absolutely essential qualification to a soldier's efficiency,

224 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

but it will give him confidence in himself and hie rifle, which always makes a brave
man more resolute and generally makes a timid man forget his fears.

II. With this end in view, the commanding officers at stations garrisoned by the
Second and Fifth Infantry will at once begin the above indicated course of instruc-
tion for all soldiers and recruits and continue them daily, Sundays excepted, for as
many hours each day as is practicable until all men are properly instructed.

III. As soon as the battalions of the Second and Fifth Infantry arrive from Cuba
their instruction will be commenced and prosecuted vigorously upon the same lines
until all men destined for foreign service reach as high a degi-ee of proficiency in
handling their arms as is possible.

The commanding general of the department is confident that it is only necessary
to call the attention of officers to this imp^ortant matter in order to have the spirit
of the foregoing directions cheerfully and intelligently complied with.

IV. A compfiance with the provisions of this order must in no way delay action
upon the requirements of General Orders, No. 90, Headquarters of the Army, July
7, 1900.

By command of Brigadier-General Wheeler:

W. P. Hall,
Asmlard Adjutant-General.

The officers at the various posts seem to have left nothing undone in their power
to have recruits for foreign service instructed as much as possible. The fact, how-
ever, remains that at least four-fifths of the recruits from this department sent to
foreign service have gone without any instructions in rifle practice and many of them
without having rifles issued to them, and it is needless to say that these men are lia-
ble to be put in the line of battle before they know how to load and fire their rifiee,
aside from the fact that they have never been taught to hit the object at which they
shoot. The consequences liable to occur from bringing such a class of men into an
engagement are so serious that it is scarcely necessary to comment upon them. In
case recruits of this character become engaged with disciplined and trained soldiers,
the result must be terribly disastrous to our troops.

The long-range rifies with which armies are now equipped make it more than ever
a vital necessity that soldiers should be good shots. When the effective range of rifles
was 400 or 500 yards, it is easy to see how a lot of poor shots could do some execution.
At the present time, with an effective range of from 1,200 to 1,700 yards, it is equally
easy to see how a lot of poor shots could be killed by well-trained soldiers before
their enemy could do them any damage.

I know from long experience in training soldiers to use their arms that this can not
be done with the average recruit in less than two or three months, and its accom-
plinhment in that length of time requires many hours' work each day by officers or
noncommissioned officers who understand their business.

The remedy that I have to suggest is that no recruits be sent to the front from any
depot until they have had two or three months' training in pointing and aimine
drills and have fired at least 30 or 40 shots on the range in order to become acquaintea
with the peculiarities of their rifles. This will require a number of well-instructed
officers and noncommissioned officers at each depot who should give special attention
to this subject.

I respectfully recommend that a board of experienced oflScers be
appointed to revise the course of instruction at the infantry and cav-
alry school. Some of the teachings are not adapted to present condi-
tions. To illustrate: Young officers from the Military Academy and
other schools are instructed and impressed with the importance during
marches in active campaign of always having flankers on both sides oi
the road abreast of the leading files. In the Philippines I found that
many officers regarded this rule as strictly as though it was a regula-
tion. Such a system has proved to be unnecessary and very detri-
mental, retarding as it does the speed of a column's march. It was a
useless precaution when troops were armed with guns used a third of
a century ago, and with the present long-range guns there is no excuse
wTiatever for its continuance. A better plan would be, when a column
is marching in an enemy's country, for a noncommissioned officer and
one private to form the advanced point. They should be followed by
a column of files with intervals of about five to seven paces, the num-

REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 225

ber of files being determined by the size of the column. If an attack
comes from the left, they have only to face the left and are in the best
possible position for either attack or defense. If an attack comes from
the right, in like manner they face the right and are then in an equally
good position. And if an attack comes from both sides, which would
not be at all probable, the oflScer in command of the leading company
could promptly devise means to meet such an emergency. By this
methoa the march would not be retarded, which I regard as a matter
of the utmost importance. It cannot be said to be an exaggeration to
assert that 10,000 men who can march 30 miles a day are nearly as
valuable for military purposes as 20,000 who can only march 15 miles
a day. Of course, when a large body of troops is on the march the
usual method should be adhered to, oi having detachments of cavalry
on roads parallel, or nearly so, to the line of march. Cavalry detach-
ments should also scout out upon roads which cross the one being
traveled.

I also recommend that speed in marching be given consideration in
all practice marches and in all marches in campaign. When a soldier
carries a gun, 150 rounds of ammunition, blanket and canteen, and one
day's rations it is of the utmost importance that this burden should
rest upon him as short a time as possible. If a day's march is to be
15 miles and he makes it in five hours he then can throw off all his
burden and has the balance of the day for rest. If the march is pro-
longed to nine or ten hours this burden is upon him for so much longer
period and he reaches his destination too late for rest and preparation
lor the night, and the men who go on guard frequently have no rest
whatever Def ore entering upon their new duty. I have found from
experience in the Philippines that a quickstep was not tiresome to the
men, and upon making inquiry among officers and soldiers I learned
that the plan I have suggested was quite satisfactory to them. Another
advantage of this is that the troops become accustomed to and enabled
to make rapid forced marches, wnich oftentimes is the main feature
in a successful campaign. I discovered that by marching fifty-five min-
utes and resting five minutes troops could easily cover 3 miles an hour
and sometimes they even exceeded that speed.

I think care should be taken to have light shoes with thin soles for
small men. A very heavy man needs more leather between him and
the ground than a light one, and in providing shoes for the Army this
matter should be given careful consideration.

There are also attached hereto reports of the following staff oflScers
of this department: The adjutant-general, the acting inspector-general,
the judge-advocate, the chief quartermaster, the disbursing quarter-
master, the chief commissary, the chief surgeon, the chief paymaster,
the engineer oflScer, the ordnance officer, the signal officer, the inspector
of small-arms practice.

The following are the officers who have served upon my staff during
the period covered by this report:

Lieut. Col. W. P. Hall, assistant adjutant-genei*al, U. S. A., adjutant-
general.

Col. Simon Snyder, Nineteenth Infantry (joined July 25, 1900), act-
ing inspector-general.

Maj. Eli L. Muggins, Sixth Cavalry (relieved July 24, 1900), acting
inspector-general.

WAB 1900 — ^VOL 1, IT III 15

226 REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

Col. Thomas F. Barr, assistant judge-advocate-general, U. S. A.,
judge-advocate.

(M. James G. C. Lee, assistant quartermaster-general, U. S. A.
(relieved July 16, 1900), chief quartermaster.

Lieut. Col. Edwin B. Atwood, deputy quartermaster - general,
U. S. A. (joined July 16, 1900), chief quartermaster.

Maj. J. T. French, jr., quartermaster, U. S. Volunteers, assistant
to the chief quartermaster.

Capt. R. L. Brown, assistant quartermaster, U. S. Volunteers,
assistant to the chief quartermaster.

Maj. W. :
commissary

quar
nder.

Maj. W. L. Alexander, conamissary of subsistence, U. S. A., chief

Col. Albert Hartsuff, assistant surgeon-general, U. S. A., chief
surgeon.

(Japt. Henry I. Raymond, assistant surgeon, U. S. A., attending
surgeon and examiner of recruits.

Maj. Charles H. Whipple, paymaster, U. S. A., chief paymaster.

Maj. Hugh R. Belknap, additional paymaster, U. S. Volunteers
(relieved July 25, 1900).

Maj. Beecher B. Ray, additional paymaster, U. S. Volunteers (joined
July 12, 1900).

All these oflScers have been highly efficient in the performance of
their various duties.

Very respectfully, Joseph Wheeler,

Brigadier- Oefneral^ (hmmaridi/rig.

REPORT OF BRIG. GEN. HENRT G. MERRIAM, GOMMANDIirG THE

DEPARTMENT OP THE MISSOURI.

Headquarters Department of the Missouri,

Omaha^ N^,^ August i, 19(K).

The Adjutant-General United States Army,

Washington^ D. C.

Sir: I have the honor to submit annual report of conditions and
administration of this geographical department during the past year.
The following organizations are now serving in the department:

Posts.

Fort Crook, Nebr

Jefferson BarrackB, Mo

Fort Leavenworth, Kans . .

Fort Logan H. Roots, Ark. .
Fort Niobrara, Nebr

Fort Rcno.Okla.
Fort Riley, Kans

Fort Robinson, Nebr
Fort Sill, Okla

Commanding officer.

Maj. Walter Dugan, Tenth Infantry

First Lieut. Herschel Tupes, First Infantry
Capt. R. N. Getty, First Infantry

Capt. F. E. Lacey, jr., First Infantry

First Lieut. John F. Stephens, Tenth In-
fantry.

First lieut. Henry B. Dixon, Eighth Cav-
alry.

Lieut. Col. George B. Rodney, Fourth
Artillery.

Capt. Harry E. Wilkins. Tenth Infantry.
Capt. Farrand Sayre, Eighth Cavalry . . .

Organizations.

Company I, Tenth Infantry.
Company B, First Infantry.
Companies C and D, Fint

Infantry.
Company A, First Infantry.
Company K.Tenth Infantry.

Troop A, Eighth Cavalry.

Tooops B and D, Eighth
Cavalry; Light Battery F.
Third Artillery: Light
Battery B, Fourth ArtU-
ler>': Si^e Battery O,
Seventh Artillery.

Company M,TenthInfantiy.

Troop C, Eighth Cavalry.

REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 227

Siege Battery O, Seventh Artilleiy, is under orders for service in
the Orient, while orders have also been received for the recall of head-
quarters and two battalions of the First Infantry from Cuba to Fort
Leavenworth, Eans. At that station headquarters, band, and two bat-
talions will then be prepared for foreign service.

During the year tne following troops have been prepared for service
in the Tropics and forwarded from tnis department: Troop K, Third
Cavalry; headquarters and Troops A, B, D, I, K, L, and M, Sixth
Cavalry; Troops A, C, K, First Cavalry, and six regiments of United
States Volunteer Infantry, namely, Thirtv -second and Forty-fourth, at
Fort Leavenworth, Kans.; Thirty-eighth and Forty-ninth, at Jeffer-
son Barracks, Mo.; Thirty-ninth, at Fort Crook, Nebr.; Fortieth, at
Fort Riley, Kans.

In the preparation of all these troops the greatest care was taken
that they be carefully selected and thoroughly outfitted in every par-
ticular, and as well drilled before departure as time and circumstances
would permit. Special attention was given to target practice, and it
is believed that all of these troops left the department thoroughly
equipped and in every way well prepared for tne arduous duty they
are now performing.

THEORETICAL INSTRUCTION.

Schemes for lyceum instruction at the various posts were prepared
and submitted by post commanders and approved at these nead-

?[uarters. For work done reference is made to Appendix A (No. 4),
rom which it will appear that the usual marked interest has been
taken in this branch of instruction.

PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION.

Progressive schemes of instruction were prepared in accordance
with orders and regulations covering the period from April 1 to
November 30. Owing to the constant changes of troops it nas been
impossible satisfactorily to complete the schemes of instruction so out-
lined, but all commanding oflScers, so far as can be seen from their
reports and gathered from the reports of the acting inspector-general
of the department, have zealously endeavored to carry out their orders
in this respect, covering garrison drills, field exercises, problems in
minor tactics, calisthenic and gymnastic exercises, signal instruction,
first aid, etc. For more complete illustration of what has been done
in this direction reference is made to Appendix A (No. 7).

IMPROVEMENTS.

Extensive repairs and construction are now in progress under the
able supervision of the chief quartermaster of the department, Lieut.
Col. Forrest H. Hathaway, at Forts Leavenworth and Robinson and
Jefferaon Barracks. At the latter post I regret exceedingly that the
Quarteiinaster-General did not find it practicable or advisable to remodel
the post mess hall to serve as administration building, and by adding
kitchens and mess rooms to the barmcks make it possible to abolish the

r>st mess ^t that important post as recommended by these headquarters.
suppose it is now conceded everywhere that the post mess is a distinct
injury to the service and should be abolished as rapidly as possible.

228 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

The old Government building in this city has also been remodeled
and converted into a most commodious and comfortable department
headquarters, thus saving the large expenditure heretofore made for
rent.

INDIANS.

I am glad to note that all Indian tribes residing within this depart-
ment or contiguous to it have continued to be quiet and peaceable dur-
ing the past year as during the previous year, so that no calls have been
made for troops in connection therewith. From all reports received,
it is also noted that progress is being made hy all of the tribes in the
direction of civilization. It is especially gratifying to report the quiet
behavior and progress in agriculture and stock raising by the Apache
prisoners of war, now located at Fort Sill, Okla. Of all the tribes
encountered, the Apaches have been regarded as the least promising;
in fact, twenty years ago no one would have ventured to predict the
advancement these Indians have now actually made. For more com-
plete particulars reference is made to the report of the officer in charge
of Apache prisoners of war. Appendix L. These Indian prisoners, by
their good behavior, have earned the good will and deserve liberal
treatment and assistance at the hands of the Government.

ZEAL AND GOOD CONDUCT OF OFFICERS.

In all of the arduous work incident to mobilization, instruction, and
■forwarding of troops for foreign service, involving innumerable trans-
fers of men and material, the organization of new regiments, and the
Ei'actical reorganization of old ones, uniform zeal and energy of officers
ave been most noteworthy. Not a single case of neglect or miscon-
duct of an officer has called for disciplinary measures, while my especial
thanks are due to all of the members of my personal and department
staff, and their assistants, for promptness and efficiency in the aischarge
of all their duties.

• Ver}' respectfully, Henry C. M erriam,

BrujadieT' General^ U, S, A.

REPORT OF COL. CHAMBERS M'KIBBIir, TWELETH n^AlTTRT,

GOMMAITBING DEPARTMENT OP TEXAS.

Headquarters Department of Texas,

Sa7i Antonio^ Tex,^ August ^5, 1900,

The Adjutant-General United States Army,

Wmhmgt'On^ D. C,

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of the condi-
tions and affairs in this department since June 30, 1899, the date of my
last report:

The troops remaining on duty in the department are distributed as
follows: Troop E, Tenth Cavalry, Fort Brown; Troop F, Tenth Cav-
alry, Fort Mcintosh; Troop G, Tenth Cavalry, Fort Ringgold; Troop
H, Tenth Cavalry, Fort Clark and Camp Eagle Pass; Battery O, First
Artillery, Fort San Jacinto, Fort Crockett, and Fort Travis; Light

BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMY. 229

Battery K, First Artillery, Fort Sam Houston; Company A, Twenty-
fifth Infantry, Fort Bliss; Company C, Twenty-fifth Infantry, and
Company D, Twenty-fifth Infantry, Fort Sam Houston.

I nave visited all the posts in the department, except Forts Brown
and Ringgold. These will be visited later.

Fort filiss, which I inspected last December, is in excellent condi-
tion. The buildings are all new and in good repair.

The gaiTisons and posts of Fort Clark and (Jamp Eagle Pass were
inspected between February 3 and 5, 1900, and found to be in good
condition, except Camp Eagle Pass. Camp Eagle Pass (old Fort
Duncan) is garrisoned by a detachment from Fort Clark. The build-
ings are very old and nearly beyond repair. While habitable for a
small detachment, when conditions will permit of a full garrison the
question of a thorough rebuilding of the old post or the building of an
entirely new post in a more suitable location will have to be consid-
ered. The present site (old Fort Duncan) is ill suited for a military
Eost under modern conditions. The entire reservation is dominated
y higher ground on the Mexican side. The Rio Grande has, year by
year, cut into the reservation. At this point, where a large amount
of American capital is invested, there should be an adequate garrison,
and it is but a question of time when this point must of necessity be
garrisoned. The citizens of Eagle Pass have offered to donate 640
acres of land situated on the high ground just east of the railroad
bridge. This, in my opinion, is the proper site for the post, as it would
connnand the bridges and fords and be safe from encroachments of the
river. There is no cemetery at the post; 73 bodies of soldiers, civil-
ians, and children were moved in April last from the plot formerly
used as such to the national cemetery at San Antonio. This ground
was outside the reservation and did not belong to the United Stetes.

On December 8, 1899, 1 visited Galveston, Tex., and inspected Forts
San Jacinto, Travis, and Crockett. These posts are about 4 miles
apart, and the labor falling on one battery in garrisoning them, or
rather furnishing care-taker detachments for them, is excessive.
Nearly all the time of the battery has to be employed in the necessary
cleaning and oiling for the preservation of the guns, leaving but scant
time for the other instruction of the men. As soon as conditions will
permit, at least one additional battery should be sent to Galveston.

The defenses when completed will consist of —

At Fort San Jacinto, — Battery of two 10-inch B. L. rifles; battery
of two 3-inch 15-pounder rapia-fire guns; battery of two 4.7-inch
rapid-fire guns; battery of two 6-inch rapid-fire guns; battery of eight
12-inch mortars; battery of two 10-inch li. L. rifles at Pelican Spit.

Note. — Pelican Spit is separated from Fort San Jacinto by a narrow channel, and
is just inside the harbor entrance.

At F(/rt Crockett. — Battery of two 10-inch B. L. rifles; battery of two
3-inch 15-pounder rapid-fire guns; battery of eigjht 12-inch mortars.

At Fort Trams. — Battery of two 8-inch B. L. rifles; battery of three
3-inch 15-pounder rapid-fire guns; battery of four 6-inch rapid-fire
guns.

These are all in excellent condition.

At the time of my visit the battery wal^ in comfortable temporary
buildings near Fort Crockett. Since then, 60 acres adjoining the
reservation have been purchased, giving sufficient room for the erec-
tion of barracks and quarters for a two-battery post. Permanent

230 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

buildings for one battery are now being erected there, and will be
occupied before another winter.

There are now at Fort San Jacinto permanent quarters, consisting
of barracks, officers' quarters, storehouses, etc., for a garrison of 65
men. These are not habitable, however, by reason of the fact that
they are on piles raised to a height of about 10 feet above mean low
tide, with water at high tide flowing under the buildings. Through
an arrangement between the Engineer and Quartermaster's depart-
ments, a steam dredge, the property of the Engineer Department, has
been at work (when not required for its regular work in the harbor),
since November, 1899, pumping sand on to the post site. There is
such a large amount of filling required at this post, and also at Forts
Crockett and Travis, that I think it would be more economical for the
Quartermaster's Department to purchase, or construct a suitable
dredge of its own. Only about one-sixth of the fill has been made,
under the present arrangement in seven months.

Fort Mcintosh is in very ^ood condition. At the time of my visit
the water system was sadly m need of overhauling. This has since
been done.

At department headquarters a long felt want has been supplied by
the construction of a modern sewer system. The construction of a
system for Fort Sam Houston adjoining is to be conunenced soon.
The buildings and grounds here are in good condition.

The Thirty-third Infantry, U. S. Volunteers, was organized at Fort
Sam Houston, Tex., in July and August, 1899, and left on September
15, 1899, for San Francisco, en route to the Philippines. Especial
attention was paid to the instruction of this regiment in target prac-
tice, the regiment being sent by battalions to Fort Clark, Tex., for
that purpose. The expense thus incurred was well repaid by the
brilliant record the regiment made immediately after landing in the
Philippines.

INSTRUCTION AND TRAINING.

Schools and lycemns were conducted as required by existing regu-
lations wherever the conditions obtaining would permit. An account
of the operations of same appears in Exhibits 2 and 3, Appendix A.

It can not be said that the lyceum course, under existing conditions,
has been of especial value, nor can satisfactory results be obtained
until a greater number of officers are present at each post.

The methods prescribed in General Orders No. 51, Adjutant-Gene-
ral's Office, of 1897, while conducive to excellent results, can not be
made applicable at one-company posts.

Schools for noncommissioned officers, under the immediate charge
of troop, battery, and company commanders, have been carried on
during the entire year.

A course of practical instructions, including small-arms practice,
signal instruction, close and extended order drills, instructions in
packing at all posts garrisoned by cavalry, and in the duties of litter
Dearers and first aid to the sick and wounded, calisthenic and gym-
nastic training, as well as instructions in minor tactics as contem-
Elated by General Orders No. 53, Adjutant-General's Office, 1896, has
een prescribed and is being carried out with as good results as can
be expected, considering the reduced garrisons and heavy demands
made upon the troops for necessary police and fatigue duties.

BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL OOMKANDING THE ARMY. 231

LAUNDRIES.

The washing of the clothing of the enlisted men has been a source
of more or less trouble, especially in this climate, where the wearing
of the authorized duck clothing during many months of the year is
imperative. The extra laundry expense in keeping this clothing clean
falls heavily upon the men without corresponding increase in pay and
allowances.

The subject has received careful consideration, and upon the recom.-
mendation of the commanding officer. Fort Ringgold, Tex., a laundry
was established at that post in connection with the post exchange, which,
it is thought, successTully solves the problem. The expense to the
men has thus been reduced from $2.50 to $4 per month (heretofore paid
to laundresses) to $1 per month, and in addition all the soiled bedsacks,
mattress covers, etc. , on hand at the post have been laundered without
expense to the Government. Launaries are now in successful opera-
tion at Forts Brown, Clark, and Ringgold. Reports from Forts Mcin-
tosh and Bliss state that owing to local conditions it has been imprac-
ticable to establish them. The credit for the inception of the scneme
is due to Capt. Guy Carleton, Tenth Cavalry, commanding Fort Ring-
gold, where the laundry has been in operation for five months. EBs
report with reference thereto was forwarded July 30, 1900.

SEMINOIiE-NEGRO INDIANS.

• Special attention is invited to the status of the Seminole-negro
Indians residing by permission on the Fort Clark Military Reserva-
tion. These people number about 150.

The Seminole treaty of 1866 provided for two classes of colored peo-
ple only, viz: (1) Persons of African descent and blood who were
residing in the Seminole country on the date of the treaty and their
descen£ints, and (2) such others of the same race as should be permit-
ted by the Seminoles to settle with them.

The Interior Department has held that they do not belong to the first
class; that at the date of the treaty they were not residents of the
Seminole country; nor had they been at any other time; that they
were not held as slaves, nor were they even residents of this country
at the date of the abolition of slavery, but were citizens and subjects
of Mexico, where they had immigrated from the United States in 1849,
and were in no sense freedmen and could not then acquire any legal
rights in the Indian Territory under existing treaties and laws.

These people returned to the United States shortly after the civil
war, and many of the male adults were enlisted in the Army as scouts,
being subsequently discharged.

During the flood of 1899 such crops as they had planted were
destroys, and it became necessary for the Government to provide
subsistence until again able to render themselves self-supporting.

Having forfeited their rights to residence and citizenship in Mexico
and being neither citizens of the United States nor recognized by the
Seminoles as part of their people, some action should be taken whereby
the status of these people maj^ be defined. It is respectfully recom-
mended that the attention of Congress be called to these people.

Attention is invited to the accompanying detailed reports of the
department staff.

Very respectfully. Chambers McKibbin,

Cohmel Twelfth Infcmtry^ Cormnaiiding ,

232 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

REPORT OF BRia. GEN. JAMES F. WADE, U. S. A., GOMMANDIHO

DEPARTMENT OF DAKOTA.

Headquarters Department of Dakota,

St, Panl^ Minn, , September 10 ^ 1900.

The Adjutant-General Unitp^d States Army,

Washington^ D, C,

Sir: In compliance with the instructions of the Lieutenant-General
Commanding tne Army, I have the honor to submit my annual report.

Since my last report I have continued in command of this depart-
ment. From January 21 to June 25, 1900, I was, by direction of the
President, also in command of the Department of the Lakes. Have
performed no other duty without the department.

Camp Bacon at Walker, Minn., was abandoned May 28, 1900. Forts
Assinniboine and Missoula, Mont., have remained ungarrisoned, but
have been cared for by detachments from other posts. Considerable
repairs have been made on buildings at the various posts, and all are
in fair condition.

The Indians on the numerous reservations in the department have
given no trouble.

The transfers of troops to and from the department, changes of sta-
tion, practice marches, and other events occurring since my last annual
report were as follows:

FIRST CAVALRY.

Troop G (2 officers and 93 enlisted men), under command of Capt.
George W. Goode, First Cavalry, left Fort Meade, S. Dak., July 16,
1900, for Fort Yellowstone, Wyo., where it arrived and took station
July 18, 1900.

Troop D (2 officers and 87 enlisted men), under command of First
Lieut. John W. Craig, First Cavalry, left Fort Yates, N. Dak., July 21,
1900, for Seattle, Wash., en route for foreign service.

Headquarters, field and staff, band and Troop I (6 officers and 158
enlisted men), under command of Lieut. Col. Thomas C. Lebo, First
Cavalry, left Fort Meade, S. Dak., July 22, 1900, for Seattle, Wash.,
en route for foreign service.

Troop M (3 officei*s and 101 enlisted men), under command of Capt.
Oscar J. Brown, First Cavalry, left Fort Yellowstone, Wyo., July 24,
1900, for Seattle, Wash., en route for foreign service.

SKVENTII INFANTRY.

Company A (111 enlisted men), under command of Capt. George W.
Mclver, Seventh Infantry, left Camp Bacon, Walker, Minn., May 28,
1900, for Seattle, Wasfi., preparatory to proceeding to Fort St
Michael, Alaska, for station.

EIGHTH INFANTRY.

Detachment of 12 enlisted men, under command of First Lieut.
Edwin Bell, Eighth Infantry, arrived and took station at Fort Snell-
ing, Minn., September 5, 1899, from detached service in Alaska.

BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL OOMKANDINa THE ARMY. 233

Companies I, K, L, and M (depot battalion), 4 officers and 232
enlistea men, under command of Capt. Edward N. Jones, jr., Eighth
Infantry, arrived and took station at Fort Snelling, Minn., September
22, 1899, from Columbia Barracks, Quemados, Cuba. Total distance
traveled, 2,530 miles.

Companies E and F (5 officers and 205 enlisted men) arrived and
took station at Fort Snelling, Minn., July 24, 1900, from Columbia
Barracks, Cuba. Distance traveled 2,686 miles.

Headnuarters, band, and Companies A, B, C, D, G, and H (21 offi-
cers and 595 enlisted men), under comnmnd of Lieut. Col. Philip H.
Ellis, Eighth Infantry, arrived and took station at Fort Snelling,
Minn., Jul V 27, 1900, from Columbia Barracks, Cuba. Distance trav-
eled, 2,686'miles.

Company B (3 officers and 85 enlisted men), under command of Capt.
F. H. Sargent, Eighth Infantry, left Fort Snelling, Minn., August 8,
1900, for Fort Yates, N. Dak., where it arrived and took station
August 10, 1900. Distance traveled, 505 miles.

Tnird Battalion, Companies I, K, L, and M (8 officers and 487
enlisted men), under cpmniand of Maj. William L. Piteher, Eighth
Infantry, left Fort Snelling, Minn., August 15, 1900, for San Fran-
cisco, Cal. , en route for foreign service.

Headquarters, band, and Second Battalion, Companies E, F, G, and
H (14 officers and 536 enlisted men), under command of Maj. John F.
Stretch, Eighth Infantry, left Fort Snelling, Minn., September 6,
1900, for San Francisco, Cal., en route for foreign service.

Company D (95 enlisted men), under command of Capt. Charles
Gerhardt, Eighth Infantry, left Fort Snelling, Minn., September 8,
1900, for Fort Harrison, Mont., where it arrived and took station
September 9, 1900. While en route a detachment of 34 men of this
company was left at Fort Assinniboinc, Mont., for duty at that post,
relieving a similar detachment of Company D, Twenty-fourth Infan-
try, which boarded the train and proceeded to Fort Harrison to rejoin
its company.

TWENTY-FOURTH INFANTRY.

Detachment of Company D (2 noncommissioned officers and 20 pri-
vates) left Fort Harrison, Mont., July 17, 1899, for Fort Assinnibome,
Mont., where it arrived and took station the next day.

Detachment of Company D (9 enlisted men) arrived at Fort Mis-
soula, Mont., August 14, 1899, from Fort Harrison, Mont., relieving
a similar detachment which returned to Fort Harrison the same day.

Detachment of Company D (1 noncommissioned officer and 8 pri-
vates) from Foii; Harrison, Mont., arrived at Fort Missoula, Mont.,
July 18, 1900, relieving a similar detachment which left for station at
Fort Harrison July 19, 1900.

FORTY-l'TEFTH U. S. VOLUNTEER INFANTRY.

This regiment was organized at Fort Snelling, Minn., under the
act of Congress approved March 2. 1899, in compliance with General
Orders, No. 150, series of 1899, neadquarters of the Army. Col.
Joseph H. Dorst, major. Second Cavalry, U. S. A., who was appointed
colonel of the regiment by the same order, arrived at Fort Snelling
August 28, 1899, and proceeded with the organization of the same.

234 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

The regiment, with the exception of Companies L and M, which were
organized at Vancouver Barracks, Wash., was encamped on the reser-
vation at Fort Snelling until October 22, 1899, when it left for San
Francisco, CaL, with 36 oflScers and 1,100 enlisted men. ,

PRACTICE MARCHES.

FROM FORT MEADE, 8. DAK.

Troop G, First Cavalry (80 enlisted men), under command of Capt.
George W. Goode, First Cavalry, left post September 20, 1899, and
marched by a circuitous route through the northern part of South
Dakota to Camp Crook on the Little Missouri River, returning to sta-
tion via Macy, o. Dak., October 3, 1899. The men were instructed in
advance and rearguard, outpost duty, the. details of making and break-
ing camp, and general routine duties in the field. Distance marched,
317 miles.

Troop H, First Cavalry (74 enlisted men), under command of Capt.
George S. Hoyle, First Cavalry, left post October 6, 1899, and marched
to Hot Springs, S. Dak., returning to post October 20, 1899. Instruc-
tion, both theoretical and pmctical, was given the troop in advance
guard, outpost duty, pitching and striking tents, camp hygiene, sad-
dling, packing saddles and kits, and care of horses' backs in the field.
Diste-ncc marched, 194 miles.

Troop I, First Cavalry (77 enlisted men), under command of First
Lieut, bamuel B. Arnold, First Cavalry, left post November 2, 1899,
and marched to Devils Tower, Wyo., returning to station November 16,
1899. During the march instruction was given in the care of horses,
making and breaking camp, and minor tactics. Distance marched, 195
miles.

FROM FORT YATE8, X. DAK.

A detachment of Troop D, First Cavalry (65 enlisted men), under
command of Second Lieut. James D. Tilford, First Cavalry, left post
July 20, 1899. and marched to Bull Head Agency, on the Grand River,
South Dakota, returning to post July 23, 1899.

A detachment of Troop D, First Cavalry (2 oflScers and 65 enlisted
men), under command of Capt. Herbert E. Tutherly, First Cavalry,
loft post October 7, 1899, and marched to Blackfoot Creek, North
Dakotii, returning to station October 9, 1899. Distance marched, 46
miles.

A detachment of Troop D, First Cavalry, under command of First
Lieut. Charles B. Dmke, First Cavalry, left post May 5, 1900, and
marched to Hump Butte, N. Dak., returning to post via the Cannon
Ball River, May 10, 1900.

MISCELLANKOUS.

Camp Bacon, which was established at Walker, in the northern part
of Minnesota, October 23, 1898, during the Indian disturbances in the
vicinity ot Leech Lake, was garrisoned by Company G, Third U, S.
Infantry, until January 10, 1899, when it was relieved by Company A,
Seventh U. S. Infantry. The latter company having been selected by
the War Depaitment for duty in Alaska, was relieved from duty at
Camp Bacon on May 28, 1900, and left for Seattle, Wash., same date.

BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENEBAL COMMANDING THE AKMY. 235

There being no further necessity for maintaining troops at that point,
the camp was thereupon abandoned, under authority of the Secretary
of War contained in telegram from the Adjutant-General's OflSce,
dated April 27, 1900.

Camp Merritt, Montana, a subpost of Fort Keogh, Mont., at the
Tongue River Indian Agency, has been ^rrisoned by a detachment
of 3 noncommissioned officers and 22 pnvates from Troop F, First
Cavalry, stationed at Fort Keogh. The detachment has been relieved
periodically by a similar detachment from that troop.

Attention is respectfully invited to the accompanying reports of the
chiefs of the staflF departments at these headquarters.
Very respectfully,

James F. Wade,
Brigadier- General^ U. S. A., Commanding.

BEPORT OF BRIG. GEN. H. G. MERBIAM, U. S. A., GOMMAlTBnrG

DEPARTMENT OF THE COLORADO.

Headquartebs Department of the Colorado,

Denvet\ Colo,., August i, 1900.

The Adjutant-General United States Army,

Washington., D. C.

Sir: I have the honor to submit annual report of the affairs and
administration of this geographical department.

TROOPS.

The troops remaining on duty in this department are: One troop
First Cavalry; four troops Fifth Cavalry; four troops Ninth Cavalry;
one company Seventh Infantry; one company Tenth Infantry; four
companies Twenty-thi^d Infantry; one company Twenty-fifth Infan-
try , and 41 Indian scouts. Their distribution is shown in the following
table:

Stations of troops.

Poets.

Fort Apache, Ariz

Fort Douglas, Utah...
Fort DuChesne, Utah.
Fort Qrant, Ariz

Fort Huachuca, Ariz.
Fort Logan, Colo

Fort Mackenzie, Wyo..

Fort Russell , Wyo

San Carlos, Ariz

Fort Washakie, Wyo. . .
Fort Wlngate, N. Mex.

Commanding officers.

Capt. L. W. Cornish, Ninth Cavalry

Lieut. Col. R. I. Eskridge, Twenty-third

Infantr>'.
Maj. M. B. Hughes, Ninth Cavalry

Maj. C. L. Cooper, Fifth Cavalry

Capt. A. C. Macomb, Fifth Cavalry

Capt. J. D. Leitch, Twenty-fifth Infantry.

First Lieut. Douglas Settle, Tenth Infan-
try.

Capt. W. H. Allaire, Twenty-third Infan-
try.

Subpost to Fort Grant, Ariz

First Lieut. Clough Overton, First Cav-
alry.
First Lieut. N. F. McClure, Fifth Cavalry.

Troops.

Troops L and M, Ninth Cav-
alry.

Companies I and L, Twen-
ty-third Infantry.

Troops I and K, Ninth Cav-
alry.

Troops B and D, Fifth Cav-
alry.

Troop A, Fifth Cavalry.

Company D, Seventh Infan-
try, and G, Twenty-fifth
Infantry.

Company L, Tenth Infantry.

Companies K and M, Twen-
ty-third Infantry.

Detachment 10 men from
Fort Grant.

Troop E, First Cavalry.

Troop C, Fifth Cdvalry.

Indian scouts: Forts Apcu^he, 10; Grant and San Carlos, 11; Huachuca, 15; Washakie, 1, and Win-
gate, 4. Total, 41.

236 BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENEEAL COMMANDING THE ABMY.

The main object in fixing upon the foregoing as the distribution for
troops serving in this department has been to secure the most effective
supervision of the various tribes of Indians located on their reserva-
tions, as shown by the following table:

Indian agencies and agents in this department and approximate number of each tribe.

Agency.

Colo rad o
River.

Hualapai

Navajo.
Pima...

San Carlas

White River..
Southern Ute.

Mescal ero,
Apache.

Pueblo

Uintah and
Ouray.

ShoBhoue

Agent.

Chas.S.McNich-
ols.

HenryP.Ewing,
i n d u R t r i a 1
teacher.

Geo.W. Hayslet.

El wood Hadley.

Capt.W.J.Nich-
Olson, S e V -
enth U.S.Cav-
alry.

A. A. Armstrong.
Jos. O.Smith

Walter McM.
Luttrell, act-
ing.

N.S.Wnlp(.)le..,

Howell P.Myton

H.G. Nickerson,

Post-office.

Parker, Yuma
County, Ariz.

Hackberry.Axiz.

Fort Defiance.
Ariz.

Sacaton, Pinal
County, Ariz.

San Carlos, Ariz.

Fort Apache,
Ariz.

Ignacio. La
Plata County,
Colo.

Mescalero, Ote-
ro County, N.
Mex.

Santa Fe.N.Mex,

White Rocks,
Uintah Coun-
ty, Utah.

Shoshone Agen-
cy, Fremont
County, Wyo.

Telegraph sta-
tion.

Yuma, Ariz.

Hackberry,Ariz.

Gallup, N. Mex

Casa Grande,
Ariz.

San Carlos, Ariz.

Fort Ai>ache,
Ariz.

Ignacio, T^
Plata County,
Colo:

Tnlarosa, N.
Mex.

San tti Fe.N.Mex,

FortDuChesne,
Utah.

Fort Washakie,
Wyo.

Tribes.

Num-
ber.

Moiave

668

Mojave,at Needles
Mo ave, at Fort

Mojave.
Chimehuevis

650
700

140

Hualapai

HavaSupai

260

Navajo

20,500

Moqul Pueblo

2,050

Pima

4,260
840

Maricopa

Papago

1.224

Papago Nomadic .

2,046

Coyotero Apache. .
San Cvlos Apache

Ton to Apache

Mojave

647

1,288
863
562

Yuma

White Mountain..

1.849

Moache

272

Capote

193

Wiminuchee Ute.

694

Total.

Mescalero Apache' 440

Pueblo

Jicarilla Apache.

2,158

761
'22,650

7,870

3.402
1,849

1,169

Uintah Ute

White River Ute..
Un(?ompahgre Ute
White River Ute..

Shoshone (or
Snake).

Northern Arapa-
hoe.

Note.— The area of this department is 522,385 square miles; of tliis there are 36,642 square miles of
Indian reservations. Population: White, 880,983; Indian, 53,345.

It will be observed that nearly all of the posts are placed on or in
the immediate vicinity of large reservations. The exceptions, Foils
Douglas, D. A. Russell, and Logan, are at important railroad centers,
rendering their garrisons quickly available for emergencies in any
direction.

INDIANS.

The Indians within the department have continued at peace and
have made advancement in agriculture and stock raising under good
management, so that troops have been actually called out but three
times, viz, from Fort Wingate in August, Fort DuChe^ne in
Novem})er, and Fort Grant in April. In all of these cases the diffi-
culty arose between individual white men and Indians, generally

REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 237

thiougb cards and whisky, and white men wore the aggressors. No
general friction resulted.

The call from Fort Huachuca resulted also through cards and
whisky, between cowboys on the American side and Mexicans. One
American was shot near the line by Mexicans after his arrest, and
threats of retaliation were made by the American cowboys, but the
prompt appearance of troops and judicious action by Capt. H. H.
Wrignt, Ninth Cavalry, their (commander, prevented further violence.

On March 2, 19()0, General Torres of the Mexican army, and in
pursuit of Yaqui Indians, reported that several parties of Yaquis
were making toward the American line, apparently mtending to cross.
The troops at Huachuca were placed in readiness for instant action to
apprehend and disarm any who might cross the line, but no crossing
was made.

Another quarrel between a small party of white men and Indians,
supposed to be Navajos, occurred on November 13, 1899, at Canyon
Diablo, Arizona, over a dispute about ownership of a horse, in wliich
1 white man and 2 Indians were reported killed and some on both
sides wounded. The troops at Wingate and Grant were held ready
for instant support of the sneriff, but ne was able to handle the matter
without assistance, no general or tribal animosity being aroused.

In my tour of inspection I was impressed by the excellent progress
being made toward civilization by the Apaches, under the excellent
management of Capt. W. J. Nicholson, beventh Cavalry, along the
Gila River, with agency at San Carlos. I found them largely and
successfully engaged in agriculture, and saw large numbers of men, as
well as women, at work m the fields — most unusual for Indians. I
was also told bv railroad oflScials that they could not employ better
men for railroad labor than those Apache Indians. In view of these
facts and of the assurance by Captain Nicholson of the absolute loyalty
and eflBciency of his Indian police, I recommended the withdrawal of
all the troops from San Carlos Agency instead of repairing that post.

THEORETICAL INSTRUCTION.

Schemes for theoretical instruction were prepared and approved, as
required by Army Regulations 230, and the work accomplished is
shown by Appendices C and D. From these reports it is manifest that
renewed interest in the lyceum method of professional study has
resulted from the many subjects presented by a state of war under
modern conditions, and all to the great advantage of the service.

PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION.

A progressive course of practical instruction was prepared and
ordered, as required by Army Regulations, covering small-arms prac-
tice, signal instruction, litter bearers, and first-aid drill, as well as
close and extended order drills, calisthenic and gymnastic training, and
also provided for instruction in minor tactics and field problems suited
to the organizations and their local conditions.

This course is now being carried out, as shown by the monthly
reports received, and as fully as can be expected in view of the fre-
quent changes of garrisons and other disadvantages incidental to a state
of foreign war, and the necessary subordination of the home service
to its interests.

238 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

In addition to the usual service, twenty-three companies have been

Erepared and sent abroad from this department for service in the
Orient. This work involves a transformation. Weakly men and those
near the close of terms must be withdrawn and others supplied by
transfer enlistment. The required changes of mounts and equipment
are equally sweeping, while to all this must be added the many trans-
fers oi public property and supplies at posts resulting from the changes
of garrisons.

DESTRUCTIVE FIRES.

Destructive fires have occurred in the department as follows:

Fort Washakie, December 1, destroyed gymnasium built by labor
of troops.

Fort Wingate, December 6, destroyed post sawmill; loss, $6,000.

Fort Du Chesne, December 8 and 13, destroyed barracks of Troops
I and K, Ninth Cavalry; cost unknown.

Fort Grant, March 20, destroyed commanding officer's stable; cost
unknown.

Fort Apache, June 15, destroyed about 400 tons of hay; loss, about
$3,000.

By the heroic conduct of the troops all of these fires were limited
to the buildings first ignited. In some cases the fire systems were
reported as inadea uate or ineffective, and the question of their improve-
ment has received due attention.

There are many things to be considered in this connection, such as
sufficiency of water supply, the pressure to be obtained in mains, and
whether by gravitation or by pumping plants, etc. The present means
have been provided from time to time — piecemeal and by different
officers — ana it is not strange that they are found more or less defect-
ive in the opinions of still other officers, and especially in reporting
on fires calling for explanation.

In some cases the reports have omitted to acknowledge the aid so
derived in preventing the spread of the fire to other buildings. On
this subject it shoula be noted that old wooden buildings, and espe-
cially unpainted shingle roofs, as well as everything combustible, become
EracticaUy as inflammable as gunpowder under the influence of the
ot sun in this semidesert region, and it is doubtful if, with the best
appliances, any of the buildings lost could have been saved.

If the destructive cigarette could be abolished, with the careless useof
matches, it would do more toward safety than the best fire apparatus.

Measures are now in progress looking to improvements in fire
appliances at Forts Du Chesne, Washakie, and Wingate.

The excellent conduct of officers has been noteworthy and universal.
My thanks are especially due to each member of my personal and
department staff for unuorm zeal and efficiency in the discharge of
every duty.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

H. C. Merriam,
Brigadier- General^ U. S. A.

BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENEBAL COMMANDINa THE ARMY. 239

EEPOBT OF MAJ. GEN. WILLIAM B. SHAFTEB, TI. S. VOLTJir-
TEEBS, COMMANBIKG THE DEPABTMENT OF CALIFOBNIA.

Headquarters Department of California,

San Francisco^ Col, , Septeniher IJf.^ 1900,

The Adjutant-General United States Army,

Washington^ D, C,

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following repoi-t for the Depart-
ment of California for the year ending August 31, 1900, during which
time I have commanded the department:

Affairs connected with the military service have generally moved
satisfactorilv. There have been but few troops for duty in the depart-
ment, and they have been fully employed in caring for and guarding
the public property at their respective stations, so that it has been
impossible to have any military exercises beyond the instruction of
recruits, and of men in small bodies, not larger than a company. Dur-
ing this year there have been shipped through this city 1,368 officer
and 39,003 enlisted men; and returned to the United States, volun-
teers and regulars, 709 oflScers and 13,291 enlisted men, making a total
of 2,077 officers and 52,294 enlisted men. This includes 42 officers
and 1,116 men of the Marine Corps, 5,857 recruits, 1,030 men of the
Hospital Corps, and 161 men in the Signal Coips. There have also
been shipped to the Philippines .and China 5,131 horses and mules.
This great number of men has been rapidly and safely transported to
and from this department without the loss of a single human life
and but very few animals. This fact speaks volumes for the pains-
taking care exercised by the officers having the matter of transporta-
tion in charge. Just prior to the return of the volunteers from the
Philippines last vear, a camp was established at the Presidio for their
reception, and also for the recruits going out. This camp has been
preserved and used by the troops going out recently, and will be ready
ror the use of those soon to return. Tne health of this camp has been
phenomenal. With the exception of a few cases of smallpox, scarlet
fever, and measles, there has been no serious sickness. Among the
large number of recruits that were at the Presidio last fall, 12,000 at
one time, there were not more than half a dozen cases of typhoid fever,
none of which originated here. 1 attribute this to the good judgment
exercised in selecting the grounds, and to the care and attention given
to the proper sanitation ot the camp, which was done under the charge
of medical officers specially detailed for that purpose, notably, Col.
Charles R. Greenleai, assistant surgeon-general, and Capt. James M.
Kennedy, assistant surgeon.

Attention is called to the very low death rate for the department,
which is only 4.18 per thousand for the entire department outside of
the general hospital, as against 6.63 per thousand for the previous
year. Deaths from disease, 2^92 per thousand; previous year, 6.12.
The percentage at the general hospital is 14. 39 per thousand admissions,
a rate less than that in the city or San Francisco.

Referring to the report of the chief surgeon, I have to say that so
far there has been no difficulty in properly caring for all the sick that
have arrived here and that recently additional provision has been made
by the erection of tents capable of holding from 250 to 300 more. The

240 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

general hospital at the Presidio is a most thoroughly equipped and
ably conducted establishment.

Attention is especially invited to that part of the report of the chief
surgeon which riefers to the medical examinatiori of men upon muster
out, showing the large number of men claiming disability in which
none was found; also the large number claiming disability which was
found not to have been contracted in the line of duty.

Attention is invnted to the arduous and exacting duties of the pay
department during the past year, which was most satisfactorily per-
formed.

Since the departure of the four batteries, Third Artillery, for Manila,
and until the return of the four batteries now there, it will be impos-
sible to do more than keep the guns clean; this it is possible to do with
the force now here. The increase in the number of guns in the per-
manent fortifications makes it absolutely necessary that a considerably
larger force of artillerv should be stationed in this harbor. There
^ should be at least, for the proper care of the guns and emplacements,
one battery at Angel Island, two at Fort Baker, three at Presidio, one
at Fort Miley (Pomt Lobos), and one at San Diego.

The report of the judge-advocate shows a considerable number of
trials for the number of men stationed in the department, but when it
is taken into consideration that a large number of these trials were of
men belonging to regiments passing through, it is remarkably small,
and the offenses are not serious.

The work of the quartermaster's department has been very great
and has been most efficiently performed. I desire to especially invite
the attention of the Adjutant-General of the Army to tne large num-
ber of animals, horses and mules, that have been purchased in the
open market by the chief quartermaster, Colonel Marshall, in per-
son and bv other officers. In my opinion it is the best and most
economical way to make purchases. It has proved eminently satis-
factory here, and in one case, where the contractor, Mr. White, failed
to complete deliveries under his contract, instead of calling upon his
bondsmen horses were purchased by the quartermaster at about $10
per head less than the contract price.

The practice which was recently inaugurated of making contracts
for forage for short periods of time, at present quarterly, has so far
worked advantageously to the Government, and I believe it will proba-
bly be found at the end of the year to have been advantageous to the
Government.

In the engineer's department there has been little work to do.

The report of the signal officer shows that considerable work has
been done in the harbor in connecting the posts and various bat-
teries by wire. The system of wireless telegraphy between Fort
Mason and Alcatraz has been satisfactorily operated, but 1 doubt its
" practicability.

The reports of officers in charge of the various staff departments are
herewith inclosed.

I desire to say that every officer has performed his duty to my entire
satisfaction, and that they have been constant and painstaking in the
discharge of their various and important duties, and all are deserving
of this commendation. In this I wish to include the depots of the
quartermaster and conunissary departments, who have performed so
satisfactorily the great work set to them.

BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE AEMY. 241

The great amount of work forced upon the clerical force of the
adjutant-general's department through the numerous inquiries made by
friends and relatives as to soldiers or their families, all of which have
been replied to, although considerable labor and time has been expended
in obtaining the information desired, and the great number of troops pass-
ing through, with the returns and repoits made necessary thereby, all
these have much increased the work of that department, and the clerks
have worked many times long after the usual office hours, and without
complaint. For this and their intelligent and efficient services they are
deserving of commendation. The office force has been ably managed
by the chief clerk, Mr. Vibart, and I desire to place upon record the
fact that, in my opinion, he is well qualified for a higher clerical posi-
tion than he has at these headquarters.

Very respectfully, • Wm. R. Shatter,

Majar- General^ U, S\ Volunteers^ Comraanding.

REPOBT OF MAJ. GEN. WILLIAM B. SHAFTEB, COMMAITDIirG

THE DEPABTMENT OF THE COLUMBIA.

Headquarters Department of the Columbia,

Yanc(mver Barracks^ Wash,, August 31, 1900.

Adjutant-General of the Army,

Washington^ D, C.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of operations
in this department for the year ending June 30, 1900:

Pursuant to instructions from the War Department the troops sta-
tioned at Wallace and Osborne, Idaho, under the command or Brig.
Gen. H. C. Merriam, consisting of one troop, L, First Cavalry, and
detachments of Troops E and H, Sixth Cavalry, were relieved by a
company of the Seventh Infantry under command of Captain Goodin
of tnat regiment during the early part of the month of June last,
when the direction of affairs in the Coeur d'Alene district reverted
to this command.

defenses on puget sound.

There are four 10-inch guns and sixteen 12-inch mortars mounted
at Fort Casey and four lO-inch guns mounted at Fort Flagler. The
engineer officer in charge of the defenses on Puget Sound reports
under date of June 4 as follows:

There is under course of construction at the present time a mortar battery and
emplacements for two 5-inch rapid-fire guns at Fort VVorden. The mortar battery
will contain sixteen 12-inch mortars. Both the mortar battery and. the rapid-fire
battery will be completed about August 1. At Fort Casey emplacements for two
5-inch rapid-fire guns are under construction. These emplacements will also be
completea about August 1. At Fort Flagler there has been constructed, during the
past year, two emplacements for 5-inch rapid fire guns. At Bean Point, which is on
the main passage to Port Orchard, there are under construction emplacements for
three 8-incn rifles, two 6-inch rapid-fire, guns, and six 15-pounder rapid-fire guns.
At Middle Point, on the opposite side of Richs Passage, there are two 15-pounder
rapid-fire gims. All the emplacements at Bean Point and Middle Point will be
completed by January 1, 1901.

There are now completed at Fort Flagler 4 officers' quarters, 1 bar-
racks, administration building, guardhouse, bakery, blacksmith and

WAR 1900— VOL 1, PT III 16

242 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

•

carpenter shop, stable, fuel sheds, quartermaster and commissary
storehouse, 2 noncommissioned officers' quarters, hospital and stew-
ard's quarters; under construction, 4 officers' quarters, 1 barracks.

At Fort Casey, 2 officers' quarters, barracks and commissary store-
house completed.

The buildings at Fort Lawton (Magnolia Bluff) referred to in my
last report as being in course of construction have been completed.
There are still lacking the following buildings to* complete a two
company post, to wit: One administmtion bunding, 1 guardhouse, 1
bakehouse, 1 workshop, and quartermaster's stables.

DEFENSES AT MOUTH OF COLUMBIA RIVER.

Upon the arrival and mounting of four 3-inch rapid-fire guns, which
is indefinite, the armament at Fort Stevens will be complete and consist
of as follows: Four 10-inch rifles, disappearing carriage; two 10-inch
A. R. F. guns; eight 12-inch B. L. steel mortars; two 6-inch rifles, dis-
appearing carriage; four 6-inch i^apid-fire ^uns.

The quartermaster and commissary building for the new post is com-
plete and occupied; the remaining buildings will not be completed
until about September 1, 1900; the sewei*age system, water plant, and
grading will not be complete until considembly later. The construct-
ing quartermaster reports that the post will not be ready for occupancy
until November 1, 1900.

At Fort Columbia, Wash., there are three 8-inch rifles, one not
mounted owing to nonreceipt of carriage. No buildings. Armament
cared for by detachment from Fort Stevens.

Fort Canby, Wash., garrisoned by a detachment from Fort Stevens.
No modern armament.

FORT SHERMAN, IDAHO.

The abandonment of this post is progressing, and the final disposi-
tion of the large accumulation of public property thereat will be com-
pleted and the detachment, Twenty-fourth Infantry, withdrawn about
September 1 next.

ALASKA.

At the beginning of the present year this Territory was withdrawn
from the limits of this department and created a separate military
department. The troops stationed at Skagway and Valdez, Alaska,
have since been attached to this department for the purpose of pay-
ment and supply.

CHANGES OF TROOPS, ETC.

For a detailed statement of the changes and movements of troops in
this department and from this department during the year, attention
is respectfully invited to Exhibit 2 of Appendix A.

The reports of the various department staff oflScers are set forth in
the appendexes hereto attached.

Wm. R. Shafter,
Major- Gen^ral^ U. S. Volunteei's^ Commanding Department.

BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 243

BEPOBT OF BBIG. GEN. GEOBGE M. BANDALL, TI. ST., COMMAND-

IKG DEPABTMENT OF ALASKA.

Headquarters Department of Alaska,

Fort St. JUichael^ Alaska^ September 20, 1900.

The Adjutant-General of the Army,

Washington., D. C.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of the military
affairs and conditions in this department from tne date of its establish-
ment to the present time:

The Department of Alaska was created by General Orders, No. 8,
Adjutant-General's Office, January 19, 1900, with headquarters at Fort
St. Michael. I remained in Washington, D. C, until February 21,
consulting with the Secretary of War and chiefs of bureaus of the
War Department, and attending to the numerous details in connection
with the organization of the department, which, owing to its isolated
geographical situation, presented many phases wholly different from
any other of our geographical departments.

Headquarters were temporarily established at Seattle, Wash., on
March 15, pursuant to the same order, pending the opening of navi-
gation, and the interim was spent in completing the organization of
the several staff departments and in procuring and shippmg supplies.

The following-named officers were selectecT and have reported for
duty as personsd and departmental staff:

PERSONAL.

First Lieut. Howard R. Hickok, Ninth Cavalry, aide-de-camp.

DEPARTMENTAL.

Maj. W. F. Tucker, Pay Department, chief paymaster.

Maj. R. G. Ebert, surgeon, Medical Department, chief surgeon.

Ma]. Gonzalez S. Bingnam, quartermaster, U. S. V., chief quarter-
master.

Maj. Frank Greene, signal officer, U. S. V., department signal
officer.

Capt. H. E. Tutherly, First Cavalry, acting inspector-general.

Capt. W. R. Abercrombie, Second Infantry, engineer officer.

Capt. W. P. Richardson, Eighth Infantv, acting adjutant-general.

Capt. E. S. Walker, Eighth Infantry, cfcief commissary.

First Lieut. Walter A. Bethel, Third Artillery, captain and acting
judge-advocate.

Capt. W. R. Abercrombie, Second Infantry, and First Lieut. Walter
C. Babcock, Eighth Cavalry, reported to the department commander
in person in Washington, pursuant to paragraph 17, Special Orders,
No. 25, current series, Adiutant-General's Office, and were assigned
to the work of continuing tne construction of militarv road from Port
Valdez to Eagle City, Alaska. Captain Abercrombie had been engaged
upon the exploration and construction of this route for the two pre-
ceding summers, his expedition being known as the "Copper River
exploring expedition." His party is now officially designated as the
''Trans- Alaskan military road detachment. Port Valdez to Eagle, '

244 REPOET OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMT.

Alaska," and, as stated above, is in direct continuation of work done
by him during the two preceding years. Captain Abercrombie's party
left Seattle on March 17 for Port Valdez. A full report of the seasoned
work will not be received at these headquarters in time to go forward
before the close of navigation, but partial reports from him up to date
show that fair progress is being made, and that the route selected will
probably be open its entire length by the end of next year.

Company G, Seventh Infantry, Capt. James B. Jackson command-
ing, arrived at Seattle April 22 and left the following day on transport
EosecrcDis for station at Valdez. A report just received from Captain
Jackson shows that the troops are all housed and the buildings well on
toward completion.

Companies A, B, I, and K, Seventh Infantry, arrived at Seattle
May 30 and were assigned, A and K to transport Rosecrans^ leaving
June 2 for station at Nome, and Companies B and I to transport Law-
ton^ leaving the evening of June for station at Fort St. Michael.

The department commander, accompanied by the acting adjutant-

f^enei*al, cliief surgeon, acting judge- advocate, and his aide-de-camp,
eft Seattle for Nome on transport Seimrd the morning of June 6.
The remaining officers of the stall proceeded on board transport Law-
ton for station at Fort St. Michael.

Upon arrival at Dutch Harbor on June 14 it was discovered that
difficulty had been encountered in trying to push through the ice fields
in Bering Sea by ships in their eagerness to arrive at Nome at an early
date. Several vessels had been compelled to return to Dutch Harbor.

The Sewai^d proceeded on her journey from Dutch Harbor about 10
. m. June 16, but encountering ice which compelled her to sail out of
er course, she did not arrive at Nome until 1 a. m. June 21.

It was discovei*ed at Nome that the Rosecrans had been, in her
attempts to escape the ice, forced to take a course too near to the
coast oil the mouth of the Yukon and had grounded in that vicinity on
the morning of June 15. Information was received at the same time
that she had gotten ofi* on the morning of June 18 without any serious
damage. She finally arrived at Nome on June 28, having been com-
pelled to return to Dutch Harbor for coal.

The situation at Nome upon my arrival was approaching the critical
stage. In the United States commissioner's court it was difficult to
obtain conviction by jury trial, which emboldened the lawless in their
unlawful acts and added to the difficulty of handling the situation.
Lal)or organizations, preventing men from working for less than $1
per hour, were the cause of much destitution and want, threats of
violence, and destruction of property.

No representation could have held people back from Nome. Fully.
18,000 people, lured by reports of fabulous wealth in the district,
arrived during the month of June. The beach east and west of the
town at the time of my arrival was lined with tents for about 8
miles. A great many people came for the purpose of locating in per-
manent business, others to work the beach and tundra, and stillanother
class to work their fellow-man. This last class was probably the most
numerous and certainly the most industrious of all. Supplies and
machinery of all descriptions could be seen upon the beacn. Claim

I'uniping was the order of tlii» day. Nearly everyone seemed to think
le had a divine right to tuke possession of a claim or town lot whei^e-
ever found. This course resulted in many disturbances, and some of
a serious character. Many property owners were disposed to defend

KEPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 245

their rights by taking the law in their own hands, and the timely
afrival of additional troops averted bloodshed and probable serious
disorder.

The chamber of commerce, realizing that the citizens were power-
less to enforce law and order, made a united request upon the depart-
ment commander to provide for the government of the camp in cer-
tain particulars until the arrival of the district court. This request
was embodied in a resolution adopted by the chamber of conamerce
held June 24. On the 25th the military assumed control, and patrols
were established throughout the town to preserve law and order and
to protect life and property. Lieut. Wallace M. Craigie, Seventh
Infantry, commanding 19 men of Company F, Seventh Infantrv,
stationed in Nome, was relieved June 29 by Capt. Charles G. French,
Seventh Infantry, with Company K of that regiment.

Many complamts being made that property had been taken posses-
sion oi unlawfully, Capt. W. A. Betnel, United States Army, acting
judge-advocate of the department, was assigned to the duty of investi-
gating the complaints until the arrival of the district court. After the
complaints were thoroughly examined into, the rightful owner, where
the issue could be determined, was placed in possession of the property.
Captain Bethel desei'ves great credit for his ability in adjudicating
these differences.

In order to provide for a systematic means of correcting the viola-
tions of sanitary requirements which prevailed to an alarming extent
in the beginning, Maj. R. G. Ebert, surgeon, United States Army, chief
surgeon of the department, was assigned to duty in charge of the sani-
tation of the town. Three citizen physicians were employed to act in
conjunction with him in making daily inspections of public and private
places to see whether or not the occupants had followed instructions
relative to cleaning their premises. Under the most trying circum-
stances this duty was performed satisfactorily and the town was
placed in as fair a sanitary condition as was possible.

Smallpox appeared early in the season. . Fortunately, the disease
was not of a virulent form. Twenty-four cases were reported in the
hospital, with only one death. Vaccination was practiced as far as the
virus on hand would allow. On . discovering the first case, which
arrived on the steamship Oregon^ Lieut. D. H. Jarvis, United States
Revenue Service, established a pest hospital on the tundra below the
town. This was maintained until the disease was thoroughly checked.
During the prevalence of smallpox at Nome a strict quarantine against
that port and the adjacent coast was enforced at St. Michael to prevent
the spread of the disease up the Yukon River. Lieut. J. C. Cantwell,
United States Revenue-Cutter Service, in command of the steamer
Nunivak^ in St. Michael Harbor at this time, undertook the work of
boarding incoming vessels and otheinivise enforcing the quarantine
restrictions. This duty he performed in a conscientious and wholly
creditable manner.

There were at one time about 500 men working on the beach at
Nome with macbinerv and rockers. Manv were disinclined to answer
(questions as to their prospects. Many admitted that they were doing
little or nothing, while others claimed they were taking out from |4
to $6 per day. The beach was practically worked out last year. The
tundra is believed by some to be rich, but it will require large invest-
ments of capital to produce appreciable results.

24fi REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

TIkmc is 11 lar^c area of (jountiy which has not been prospected
where gold can probabl}^ be found, not in heaps on the surface, biit
scattered ov(»r the country awaiting the prospector. Speculators and
people without knowledge or plan are bound to meet with disappoint-
ment and harcL^hip. Men who have had experience and who have
thought, planned, and prepared for definite work, will succeed in
developing the unexplored part of the country. Many who had had
no experience in mining, after investigation, wisel}^ disposed of their
supplies and returned to the States.

There were instances of financial disaster which had overtaken men
who had purchased mining claims from parties in the East who had no
title to the properties in question and no right to dispose of them.

Several steamship ctompanies, realizing tiiat large numbei*s of men
and women were in straitened (circumstances ana anxious to return
to their homes, reduced the rate of passage to Seattle to such a low
figure that many hundreds left the country.

Anvil ('reek, near Nome, continues to be the chief paying creek in
the district. Some of the best properties, however, are in litigation,
with rc^ceivers appointed to manage them.

Dredging is resorted to but little. In Bering Sea when there are no
storms there is usually a heavy ground swell which prevents the suc-
cessful use of dredges. There are one or two opemting on Snake
River and none on Nome River. Their utility, as well as their prob-
able financial success, is a matter upon which I am not well informed.

Based on reports of unlawful and forcible seizure and holding of
property at Blutf City, near Topkuk, on Norton Sound, about 44 miles
east of Nome, I directed Capt. E. S. Walker, Eighth Infantry, to
make an investigation of the case, and placed there Second Lieut.
Hjalmer Erickson, Seventh Infantry, and a detachment of 12 men. It
was found that about 30 men had unlawfulh^ seized a very rich claim
and were extracting gold in defiance of the lawful rights of the own-
ers. They were also tunneling under houses owned and- occupied by
natives in violation of the natives' rights and to their great discomfort,
and hardship. Lieutenant Erickson and detachment remained at Bluff
City for the protection of the lawful owners and the natives until the
appointment of a receiver for the propert}' by the district court.

Reports having been received of claim jumping on Golofnin Bay,
First Ijieut. Robert S. Offley. Seventh Infantry, was ordered with a
detachment of 80 men to take station at Council City, on Fish River,
tributary to (lolofnin Bay, and enforce law and order. This detach-
ment was withdrawn upon the arrival of the United States commis-
sioner and marshal appointed for that place.

I inspected the vicinity of Topkuk, l^ort Clarence, and York. At
Port Clarence the reservation declared by General Orders, No. 13,
current series, Adjutant-(T(Mierars Oflice, was surveyed and corner
stakes located. The reservation includes the point of the sand spit of
which Point Spencer is the north(*rn limit and behind which, during
the open season, there is good anchomge and a safe harbor against
storms for vessels of all drafts. Port Clarence is the natural resort
and harbor of refuge for whaling vessels voviiging to and frona the
Arctic Ocean. Military control of the sand spit will prevent its occu-
pation by any person or corpomtion to the exclusion of all others.
There is no present necessity for placing troops on this reservation.

The putative town of Teller, located on the northeast shore of Port
Clarence, contained at the time of my visit a])out 75 people living in

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 247

tents with nothing of a permanent character about the place. Reports
were of such conflicting character that it was difficult to make a cor-
rect estimate of the number of people in the surrounding country and
of tiie prospects for gold. Conservative estimates placed the number
of prospectors in the tributary country within. 100 miles at about 200
to 500. •

Reports just received from Port Clarence indicate a strike of impor-
tance in what is known as the Blue Stone district, but I am not pos-
sessed of accurate information on this subject; also that paying ground
has been found on Quartz; Garfield, Harris, Goose, and Black Gulch
creeks, all tributaries to the Kogurock River, emptying into Clarence.

At York there are probably about 200 people. The tributary coun-
try is small in extent, being confined to the basin of the Anakovok
River, not over- 10 miles long. Some paying placer deposits have
been discovered on Deer and Duhner creeks.

At both Port Clarence and York the people were quiet and orderly.
There were no civil authorities at either point, but no lawlessness was
reported, and there seemed no necessity lor troops.

Under date of April 18, 1 reported upon an inspection of troops sta-
tioned at Wrangel and Skagway, and on June 2 I recommended the
establishment of a militaiy post and reservation at the latter point and
the erection of buildings similar in design to those authorizea for Foit
St. Michael and Nome. I consider it highl}^ important that a per-
manent military establishment should be located in southeastern
Alaska, and Skagway seems at present the most suitable place for its
location, being the terminus of the White Pass and Yukon River Rail-
way and the point of departure for most of the travel into the Yukon
territory. I append hereto copy of report from Capt. Henrv W.
Hovey, Twenty-fourth Infantry, commanding Skagway, which "has a
bearing upon this subject.

Owing to the shortness of the season and the continuous need of my
presence in this part of Alaska, I have been unable personally to
inspect the posts along the Yukon River and the new post at Port
Valdez. . Reports of the inspector-general of the department upon the
Yukon River posts show that the work of construction at those posts
is progressing satisfactorily, and that the troops are in good health
ana well cared for.

A lyceum was conducted at Fort Gibbon during the past winter,
and the essays submitted reflect credit upon the oflScers stationed
there. No other post in the department had more than one oflScer for
duty except Fort Egbert, where there were two, one being the district
commander.

The permanent post at Nome was located about 3i miles from the
town proper on the^ast side of Nome River and near its mouth. This
site presented the fewest complications of any place within reach of
the town and is as good as can be found on that exposed coast. It is
a suitable distance from the town, and a plentiful water supply is
assured from the Nome River. Troops will be withdrawn from the
town of Nome as soon as the place is mcoiporated and a police force
established.

After careful consideration of the locality of St. Michael Harbor it
was decided to establish the permanent post on the island, and on the
ground originally selected by me in the winter of 1897-98. There
are several small lakes in tie vicinity of the present location from
which water has been drawn during the summer for general uses by

248 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMT.

the commercial companies located here. This water is of fairly good
quality and seems abundant, but is slightly discolored from being
hltered through the tundra which covers the island. About 4 miles
back on the island there are two or three quite large lakes, in which
the water is perfectly clear and seems of excell(3nt quality. A well is
being sunk now near the post, with a fair prospect of success, as water
has already appeared at a depth of 18 feet. Tne site under considera-
tion across the bay, which has been referred to on several occasions,
is objectionable on account of its exposed position, and diflSculty of
access by reason of shoal water and tne presence of numerous rocks,
which make it pi'actically impossible to land stores and supplies.

My experience at St. Slichael demonstrates the necessity of erecting
at this point storehouses for both the quartermaster and subsistence
departments for the assortment, repacking, and reshipping of stores
consigned to posts in this vicinity and on the Yukon River.

I also recommend the purchase of two stern-wheel river steamers,
each of about 300 tons burden, for use on the Yukon. At present the
transportation companies having the contract for carrying supplies up
the \ ukon do not start the shipment off immediately upon its aelivery
to them, but wait until their boats secure a full cargo. The result is
that the up-river posts are frequently out the use unnecessarily, for
several weeks, of stores urgently neeaed. For example, the Seioard
delivered here about July 3 some 450 tons of subsistence supplies — a
large quantity being perishable — to the contracting transportation
company for delivery to posts on the river. The company did not ship
them out from St. Michael until July 20, and as late as August 11 they
had not been delivered at Fort Egbert.

I further recommend that all coal, forage, and building material
intended for posts in northern Alaska be started from Seattle not later
than June 15, and as a means of economy to the Government, would
suggest that they be shipped by sailing vessels. All stores intended
for posts on the Yukon Kiver should reach St. Michael not later than
August 15 to insure their safe transport to destination. At this date,
September 20, fresh vegetables intended for Fort Egbert have just
arrived at St. Michael, and it is absolutely impossible to deliver them
at Egbert during the present open season.

Assignments and transfers of troops have been made as follows in
the department, pursuant to authority from the Secretary of War, con-
tain(»d in communication of April 4, 1900, and deemed for the best
interests of the vservice: Company G, Seventh Infantry, to Poii; Valdez;
two companies, A and K, Seventh Infantry, to Nome; two companies,
B and I, Seventh Infantry, to Fort St. Michael; detachments of Com-
panies E and F, Seventh Infantry, from Nome and Fort St. Michael,
to their proper companies at Fort (iibbon; Company E, Seventh
Infantry, Fort Gibbon to Fort Egljert, relieving Comimny L, Seventh
Infantry, ordered to station at Fort Gibbon: detachment at Circle Citv
I and ordered to its proper station at Fort Egbert; detachment
Company L, Twenty-fourth Infantry, Wrangel to Skagway. Troops
at all the posts will be saf c^ly sheltered before winter sets in.

I recommend that a ciibh^ be laid from Seattle, via Juneau and Skag-
way, to Valdez, connecting with the telegraph line now being built
over the All- American Route from Valdez to Fort Egbert and down
the Yukon River to Fort St. Michael, which, with the cable now con-
tra(;ted for from the latter point to Nome, will give continuous com-
munication between all important part.s of Alaska and the States.

BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 249

The steamship Orizaba^ having on board the cable to be laid between
here and Nome, and from here to Unalafclik, had the misfortune to
sti*and on a reef near St. Michael Island in the beginning of the work
of laying the cable between this point and Nome. The cable has been
saved from her, but the ship is still on the rocks, and there seems no
prospect of getting the cable down this season.

Work upon the projected telegmph line from Valdez is well
under way, and it is hoped that communication will be established
throughout the entire length of the line within a year from this date.
Attention is invited to the detailed report of the signal oflScer of the
department, appended hereto, showing the amount of work done up
to date and the location of the different working parties.

Lieut. Hjalmer Erickson, Seventh Infantry, nas been detailed to
explore ana locate, during the coming winter, a military road from
Kampart, or other point in that vicinity southward of the Yukon flats,
to Fort Egbert. This is intended to further facilitate the work of tel-
egraph construction and afford a means of access between supply and
repair stations.

I would recommend that a life-saving station be established in the
vicinity of Nome. The tales of death by drowning on the shores of
Bering Sea during recent storms are appalling. How many lives were
lost is not known and probably never will be.

I recommend that light-houses with fog whistles be established in
southeast Alaska at the following places: Cape Fox, near southern
boundary of Territory; Cape Commanah, entrance from the north into
Tongas Narrows; Five Fingers, in Frederick Sound; also a fog signal
in ifnimak Pass.

My experience further leads me to believe that it would be better
that the headquarters of the department be established at some point
to the southward in Alaska, or on Puget Sound, where communication
may be had with the markets of the country all the year round, and I
recommend transfer accordingly as soon as telegraphic communication
shall be established from suc^ open port to the various posts of the
department.

1 have the honor to recommend that a military reservation be declared
at Dutch Harbor with a view to estiiblishing thereon a coaling station
for Government vessels plying in Alaskan waters. In the development
of this country, with our possessions in the Far East, Dutch Harbor
occupies aa important geographical position, and the need may arise
at some future time for erecting fortifications for its protection.

I am not possessed of the necessary data ifpon which to base the order
for the reservation, but will request the captain of one of the revenue
cutters to obtain it upon his return voyage this fall, and submit the
same to the War Department in connection with this recommendation.

NATrVES.

Considerable has been said about the indigent white man in Alaska,
but the indigent Eskimo has been unnoticed by those whom he has
befriended, and has been allowed to die for lack of proper care and
food. For years he has extended his hospitality to adventurous white
men. His hut has been shelter for the shipwrecked sailor and frost-
bitten miner. Poor as were his supplies, they have been opened to
the weary and hungry traveler. The tales that could be told of acts

250 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

of charity on the part of the Eskimo would in themselves constitute a
powerful plea in his behalf. %

From all points — Cape York, Port Clarence, Topkuk, Golof nin Bay-
Yukon River, and elsewhere — reports were received of sickness, star,
vation, and mortality so great that it promised to wipe out almost the
entire race. Where there were hundreds a few years ago, there
remain only a few scattered here and there to-day. The ravages of
disease have been so violent that but few have escaped, and they have
been unable to collect food and fuel for the winter.

The condition of the natives in the vicinity of Nome had become so
distre^ng that Lieut. D. H. Jarvis, United States Revenue^Cutter
Service, reported the facts to me. The tug Meteor was chartered and
placed at his disposal. He collected about 100 sick and destitute
natives and encamped them on the beach near Nome River. The
commanding officer at that point was instructed to furnish medical
attendance and subsistence until such time as they should become able
to care for themselves. The revenue cutter Bea/r has been distribut-
ing supplies as rapidly as possible to the natives farther north. The ■ '
revenue cutter Nxinivak carried supplies to the destitute natives on
the Yukon River, and additional supplies will be forwarded from this
depot before the close of navigation, to be distributed during the win-
ter by the missions of the Greek Church and Holy Cross, and at Anvik
and Nulato. Natives in the vicinity of Fort St. Michael have been
cared for by the commanding officer of the post.

The resolute manner in which Lieutenant Jarvis made preparation
for the relief of the natives has won for him the highest praise from
those who are familiar with the situation.

In many parts of the United States provision has been made for the
Indian. Reservations have oecn set apart for him and food and cloth-
ing supplied. In Alaska it was not necessary heretofore to do much,
but the great rush of white men that followed the discoveries of gold
has completely changed everything. The game and fur-bearing ani-
mals have about disappeared, and the natives' means of sustenance are
gone. I therefore recommend that the Government afford some relief
to the natives until such time as they can take care of themselves;

I am of the opinion that it would be a mistake for the Government
to give any general aid in future to the venturesome classes of white
men who come to Alaska. About 300 have been sent out on transport
and other vessels this year, and many more will be sent .before the
close of navigation. The conditions are now generally known
throughout the States, and the expectation of Government aid in
returning to their homes in case of failure has without doubt been the
most hopeful prospect in view to a considerable number who have
come to the country since 1897, and especially in the recent rush to
Nome.

Second Lieut. Wallace M. Craigie, Seventh Infantry, coimnanding
the detachment at Nome during the winter of 1899 and 1900, deserves
credit for the calm and firm manner displayed in conducting affairs.

Capt. Charles G. French, Seventh Infantry, commanding Compjany
F of his regiment, has been in command of tne subpost in Nome since
June 29. He has handled the situation very ably, and, while being
firm in the administration of justice and in the enforcement of law and
order, has retained the good will of all.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 251

The department staff officers and my personal aid have at all times
given me their energetic and loyal support, and have rendered effi-
cient and commendable service in the wort of their several departments.
Very respectfully,

George M. Randall,
Brigadier- General^ U, S. Y., Commanding Department.

Appendix A.

Headquarters Department of Alaska,

Adjutant General's Office,

Seattley Wash., April 22, 1900.

The Commanding Officer, Company CJ, Seventh Infantry,

Traiisport Rosecrann, Seattle, Wanh.

Sir: The commanding general, Department of Alaska, directs me to commimicate
to you the following:

Your company is assigned to duty at Port Valdez, Alaska, in the interest of good
order, and for the protection of persons and property.

It is expected that you will exercise your discretion in regard to questions that
may arise relating to property and other rights of civilians in that vicinity, basing
your action in every instance upon the circumstances of the case, and usmg your
force as little as possible compatible with the objects to Ixj attained.

In the matter of sick or destitute persons who may apply to you for assistance, the
following remarks of the Secretary of War upon that subject at Eagle City, Alaska,
are quoted:

"I am not altogether sure whether sick and destitute persons who may be resi-
dents of, or who may arrive at this settlement, should be cared for by the military
authorities until they can be sent out of the country; and it would seem as though
the citizens should be required to make provision for such cases; but in the present
condition of affairs at this point there seems to be no other practicable course."

The commanding general desires, therefore, that when cases of this character come
before you, you will exercise the greatest care both in regard to providing for them
at the post and in supplying transportation back to the States; to prevent imj>osition
upon the Government or encouragement to undeserving anfl worthless characters.

He further directs that you make a report of all matters of interest connected with
the post at that point, to reach these Headquarters at St. Michael not later than
September 10.

Very respectfully, W. P. Richardson,

Captain Eighth Infantry, Acting Assistant Adjutant- General.

Appendix B.

Headquarters Department of Alaska,

Adjutant-General's Office,

Seattle, Wash., May SI, 1900.
Maj. J. T. Van Orsdale,

Seventh Infantry, Aboard Transport Rosecrans, Seattle, Wash.

Sir: The commanding general, Department of Alaska, directs me to communicate
to you the following:

Y our command is assigned to duty at Cape Nome, Alaska, for the preservation of
order in the absence of any established form of government at that place, and for
the protection of persons and property.

Your force will be used as little as possible, compatible with the objects to be
attained, and you will support and assist such provisional civil organization as you
may find in existence at that place. You will not interfere with such organization
except under extreme conditions in which life and property are, in your opinion,
in serious danger, in which case you will suspend the civil organization and assume
entire control, reporting without delay to the department commander the reasons
for your action. This course will be justified only in cases of extreme gravity which

252 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMHANBING THE ARMY. '

will not permit of the delay noceR<*ary to re<*eive iiistnictions by mail from the
department-commander.

Much confusion will no doubt exist upon arrival of the boats now leaving for Cape
Nome, and j-ou may be called upon to decide questions relating to property and
other rights of civilians in that vicinity. As far as possible have these questions
held in alwyance for settlement by the district court, which it is expwtcd will be
established there before the close of navigation.

In the mattt»r of sick and destitute pernons who may apply to you for assistance
the following remarks of the Secretary of War upon that subject it 'Eagle City,
Alaska, are quoted: . .

**I am not altogether sure whether sick and destitute persons who may be resi-
dents of or who may arrive at this settlement • should be cared for by lie military
authorities until they can lx» sent out of the country; and it would seem as though
the citizens should be required to make provision foV such cases, but in the present
condition of affairs at this point there seems to be no other practicable course."

The commanding general desires therefore that when cases of this character come
l>ef<)re you you will exercise the greatest c^re, both in regard to pipvidin^ for them
at the post and in sui)i)lying transportation back to the States, to prevent imposition
upon the (lovernment or encouragement to undeserving and worthless characters.
Where work is offered, no one should be provided for unless declared by the Post
surgeon as physically unable to earn his living in Uiat way.
Very respectfully,

AV. P. Richardson,
( 'nptaln Eighth Infanirij, AcJing Amstayit Adjuiard-GeneraL

Appendix C.

[Exhibit 1.]

Nome, Alaska, June 34, 1900,
General Randall,

Commanding Department^ Nom^, Alaska,

Sir: At a special meeting of* the chamber of commerce, called for the purpose of
discussing and taking some immediate action in the matter of protection to life ami
])n)perty and the matter of sanitation, the inclosed resolutions were unanimously
adopted. We beg you herewith to give this matter your earliest consideration.
Very respectfully, .

Walter N. Ferguson, President,
Will B. Robb, Secretary,

RESOLUTIONS ADOITKI) BY THE (CHAMBER OP COMMERCE AT A SPECIAL MEETING JUNE

24, 1900.

Whereas there are now some 15,0(X) people at Nome, which number is being con-
stantly increased by new arrivals r and

Whonjas there is at present no provision for a form of municipal government, and
an imperative need for some furtner control of the camp exists than that which can
be furnished by the United States commissioners now acting; and

Whereas this chamber of commerce has implicit confidence in the ability of Gen-
eral Randall to afford such relief as is needed: Now, therefore, it is by the Chamber
of Commerce of Nome, Alaska,

Resolredy That this body do forthwith request General Randall to take such steps
as may Ix? necessary to provide for the government of this camp until the arrival of
the United States district court in the following jmrticulars, to wnt:

I. To provide for the policing of this camp.

II. To providt* for the }>roi)er sanitation of this camp.

III. To provide and enforce i)roper quarantine regulations.

IV. To provide for the general welfare and protection of life and property, includ-
ing such measures as may Ikj necessary to prevent and sulxiue fire or other destnw^
tion of i>roperty by the elements.

It w oho resolved, That a committee of five shall be appointed by the president, of
which the president shall be chairman, to wait ujwn General Randall and notify him
of this resolution.

Walter N. Ferguson,- iVe«d«i/.
Will B. Robb, Secretary,

Executive committee appointed to wait upon Cieneral Randall: W. N. Fei^guson,
George ^lurphy, Conrad Simes, Miner Bruce, Virgil Moore, T. J. Nestor.

BEPOET OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMY. 253

[Exhibit 2.]

General Ordekh, ^ Headquarters Department of Alaska,

y On Board United States Army Transport Seward,
No. 17. J A^omey Alaska^ June' 25, 1900.

In response to request enilxxiied in a resolution adopted by the Chainl>er of Com-
merce oi Nome, Alaska, at a special meeting, June 24, 1900, the commanding gen-
eral, Department of Alaska, undertakes to provide protection for persons and prop-
erty in the camp and vicinity of Nome until the arrival of the United States district
court, so far as is possible with the means at his command and consistent with his
duties under the War Department; also to enforce certain necessary police, sanitary,
and quarantine regulations until such time as the municipal government may l>e
established under the new civil code for Alaska.

All needed support will be given to the commissioner's court in the execution of
its orders, and persons are warned against taking unlawful possession of properties
previously entered or located and to which they can have no just claim. The carrj'-
ing of firearms in the town by ilnauthorized persons is prohibited, and offenders
against this regulation will be summarily dealt with by the military authorities.

Detailed instruction in regard to police, and protection against fire, will be given
to the commanding officer of the local military force, whom it is expected the citi-
zens will cooperate with and support.

The dangers to the public health are so serious and menacing under the present
nnsanitary condition of the camp as to call forth, it is hoped, the best efforts and
good will of the entire community toward an improvement. Regulations upon the
subject will be prepared by the chief medical (JflScer of the department and issued
at an early date under approval of the department commander; and all persons are
enjoined to give them that careful and conscientious attention and obedience which
this important subject demands.

By command of Brigadier-General Eandall :

W. P. Richardson,
Captairiy Eighth Infardry, Acting Assistant Adjutant-General,

[Exhibit 8.]

Headquarters Department of Alaska,
On Board United States Army Transport Seward,

Nome^ Alaska, July i, 1900*

The Commanding Officer,

Detachment Seveitth Infantry, Nome, Ahiska.

Sir: The commanding general directs that you take such measures as mav seem
necessary in your judgment for the best execution of the provisions of General Orders,
No. 17, from these headquarters, and the circular of June 30, on the subject of police
and sanitation in the town of Nome, Alaska. It is deemed especially important that
the prohibition against carrying firearms should be strictly enforced, and offenders
against this regulation will be arrested, and arms taken from them, and confined in
the guardhouse until such time as they are willing to give assurance to the command-
ing oflScer of obedience to it in the future. Persons wJio refuse or are persistently
neglectful in cleaning up their premises should be arrested and awarded such punish-
ment as working upon the streets, removing garbage, etc.

It is not possible to issue specific instructions covering all cases. The commanding
general relies upon your discretion and judgment, in which he has confidence, but he
desires to impress upon you the importance of keeping constantly in mind the objects
to be obtained, namely, protection to life and property and preservation of the public
health.

Captain Bethel, acting judge-advocate, will be stationed U^mporarily at Nome, and
will render decisions in serious cases of disputed properties, and these decisions you
will uphold, by force if necessary, until the establishment of the district court for the
adjustment of these matters.

Very respectfully, AV. P. Ricuardson,

Captain^ Eighth Infantry, Acting Assistant Adjutant-General.

254 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING. THE ARMY.

[Exhibit 4.]

Headquarters Department op Alaska, Chief Surgeon's Office,

Fort St. Michael, Alaska, August ^9, 1900.

The Adjutant-General, Department op Alaska.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report as to the sanitation of the
community of Nome during the period from June 28 to August 1, 1900, at which date —
the Federal court having returned from St. Michael and established itself — the duty
of the military became one of.police patrol for the purpose of preserving order.

In compliance with General Orders, No. 17, current series, these headquarters,
recommendations for the improvement of the sanitary conditions of Nome were sub-
mitted; these were embodied in a circular published, for the guidance of the public
(No. 3, current series. Department). Under Special Orders No. 29, current series, the
chief surgeon assumed supervisory chaise of the work on July 1, 1900.

The conditions then existing as regards the public healtn were as follows: The
older portion of the town was constructed on a narrow strip of land extending along
the eoge of the tundra from Snake River about one-half mfle to the eastwiard. Both
sides 01 Front street— which thoroughfare, 30 to 40 feet wide, and following the wind-
ing^ of the beach — were compactly built upon for the distance meijtioned; some scat-
tering houses extended back on the tundra for one or two blocks on so-called streets,
which, passable in winter when the ground is frozen and partially so in dry weather,
are mere bogs in the rainy season, impracticable for loaded wagons. This older part
of town appeared not to have been cleaned of the accumulated rubbish and filth
gathered during the winter, to which was rapidly being added the refuse of the new
arrivals.

There were a few earth closets, or rather boxes — for the dry earth or sand was not
used — some shallow pits, and more instances where fecal matter was deposited on tlie
surface, a screen of gunny sacking securing a privacy which farther out on the tundra
was not deemed necessary. Two public privies, built on ground covered by high
tide, were accessible to the people; one of tnem was free, the other was on a basis of
three admission tickets for 25 cents. On the beach, a short distance from the bar-
racks, a wrecked schooner — the Jessie — was used as a public convenience, and became
a public nuisance.

In the center of the town back of the principal saloons and in the district occu-
pied by the prostitutes the conditions were simply vile; pools of stagnant water,
slops, and urine stood upoft the surface with scarcely a possibility of drainage into
the sea, there being but one or two narrow alleys in this compact line of houses, and
where such a space did exist it merely became a common urinal. To pass dry-shod
above this mass of filth, straw, paper, and other packing material, with a fair pro-
portion of discarded wearing apparel and bedding, had been thrown to decompose
and to be trampled under foot.

Scavengers were unknown; kitchen refuse when not thrown on the surface was
allowed to stand in barrels or boxes for the native dogs to feed upon. This method
of disposal, prior to the spring arrival of fortune seekers, served to keep a certain
degree of cleanliness, but failed with the vast increase of material of this class.

During the fall of 1899 and the winter following, typhoid fever had been epidemic,
some 300 to 600 cases, as variously estimated by the attending physicians, occurred
in a population of about 3,000, and no care had been taken to disinfe<\t the discharges
that were thrown upon the frozen ground. The liability of this infection finding its
way into the water supply was an ever present menace to the health of the camp.

The water supply was obtained either free from Snake River, which receives the
drainage of a portion of the town, or the two or three wells on the beach, in a
direct line to the sea from the most densely populated district of Nome, at a price
varying from 7 to 10 cents per^llon. These wells are less than 30 feet in depth, the
water being raised by an ordinary suction pump, the principal one, it has been
stated, being but 18 feet, and such was the demand that at times its supply w^as
exhausted. No analysis could be had of the water from these sources, but it seems
impossible from their location and the nature of the soil, everything being frozen
below a depth of 18 or 20 inches, not to have surface seepage to a considerable
degree.

If to this situation one increases the population from 2,700 to 18,000 or 20,000
within the space of three weeks; takes into consideration the high, according to the
States idea, rates for food (coffee, 25 cents per cup, two e^, 75 cents, etc. ) ; allows for
the changed conditions amongst the new comers of living, incident to a northern
climate with its twenty-four hours of daylight, and the anxieties and worries conse-
quent to the struggle to save property; gives due weight to the effects upon the
health of the dissipations of a mining camp, and figures on the high price of labor,

BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMY. 255

$1 to $1.50 for man, $10 for team per hour, as to the probable cost to have anything
accomplished, one has a picture of the problem involved in the requir^ work of
sanitation. Neither did the solution seem simplified by the importation of smallpox
and measles, with the greatly exaggerated reports of thS number and virulence of the
cases of these diseases, nor by the unfortunate fact of the presence of a rapidly fatal
form of pneumonia,. or the statements by i)hysicians of the reappearance, at so early
a date, amon^ the new arrivals, of typhoid, this fortunately proving to be only a
mild form of influenza.

By direction of the department commander contracts were made with Drs. James
E. Miller, former post surgeon of Camp Anvil City, and Edward S. Grigsby, late assist-
ant surgeon, Thira U. S. Volunteer Cavalry, to assist in the supervision of the work of
sanitation. To this duty Dr. H. N. Kierulff, surgeon of Nome Barracks, was also
assigned, as later Dr. H. J. Schlageter. Funds were not available to undertake the
cleaning of the town and a system of inspection of premises with instruction to the
owners or occupants to remove all filth and carry out the directions of the published
circular was adopted. Where a failure to comply with these requests occurred after
a reasonable time, the party was reported to Captain French, Seventh Infantry, com-
manding oflBcer of Nome Barracks, for the dereliction, and as an extreme measure
the premises in question were placed under guard until properly cleaned. But few
instances of this kind were required; most persons obeyed the order cheerfully,
appreciating the necessity and hoping by a united effort to save a repetition of the
experiences of previous year and such as were encountered at Dawson in 1898; others
did the required work more grudgingly, but by persistent effort the greater part of
the older town was brought to a comparative state of cleanliness. Old cesspits were
closed, earth closets established, accumulations of filth carted to the sea, and all
especially obnoxious places removed or remedied, as far as this method could accom-
plish the work.

The care of the epidemic of smallpox was on arrival of department headquarters in
the hands of the Treasury Department; two ships, the Ohio and Santa Anna^ being in
quarantine at Egg Island, and one family of 4 from steamship Oregon were iso-
lated near Nome Biver by direction of Lieutenant Jarvis of the Bevenue-Marine Serv-
ice. Under his supervision an isolation camp was established about 2 miles east of
Nome, with Dr. Ostrom as resident physician. Dr. S. J. Call, formerly Bevenue-
Marine Service, as quarantine officer, exercised general charge of these cases, assisted
by Dr. Grigsby. The.two last named were engaged also in the supervisory work of
sanitation. Dr. Call having voluntarily offered his services, which were highly
appreciated. It is a pleasure to report that during the entire time perfect harmony
existed, and free cooperation was offered in all matters pertaining to the general
welfare between the two branches of the Government. Nome Barracks being cen-
trally locatecl and perhaps more generally known to the new arrivals, the report of
many suspected cases were left with one or other of the surgeons constantly on duty
there, and directions were given for proper investi^tion and, if necessary, removal
to isolation camp. The following is a brief synopsis of Dr. Grigsby' s report: Date of
appearance of rash as far as could he ascertained, 1 case each on June 17, 20, 22, 25,
29, 30, July 8, 13, 17 and 19; 2 cases each on June 21, 23 and July 15; 3 cases each
on June 24 and 26. Date of isolation: 1 case each on June 24, 26, July 2, 4, 6, 8, 12,
15, 17, 18, 19 and 22; 2 cases on July 1; 3 cases on June 30; 7 cases on June 29. This
does not include family of 4 isolated at Nome Biver prior to June 21, nor any of the
cases found on the ships quarantined at Egg Island. But 1 death resulted from the
disease.

There were undoubtedly patients suffering from this disease that were hidden
away by friends between the time of reporting to the sanitary officer and the arrival
of the sui^eon to investigate and isolate, and anxiety was felt for the probable spread
of the conta^on from this cause.

When it is remembered that the community of Nome at this time consisted of
approximately 20,000 people, living in tents along the beach for a distance of 6 or 7
miles, with offshoots on Dry Creek and Snake Biver, without order or system, or
any degree of permanency, it will be seen that the task of discovering the cases and
stamping out the disease was not an easy one and it is believed that the physicians
engaged therein are deserving of credit. To Lieutenant Jarvis, United States Beve-
nue-Marine Service, who assumed the responsibility of expenses incurred and inaug-
urated the work of quarantine, prior to the arrival of department headquarters,
much praise must be given.

Many of the patients reported to have had smallpox were found on investigation
to be suffering from measles, which, excepting among the natives, did not lesS to a
fatal termination. No effort was made to separate these patients, the public being
warned by the display of appropriate flags.

256 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDINa THE ARMY.

The Federal court arrived July 19, and shortly thereafter began the transaction of
business. On its return from St. Michael, August 1, civil authority was in control,
and the chief surgeon waa ordered to his proper station, St. Michael.

The subjoined report of Dr. James E. Miller, surgeon at Nome Barracks, will show
the conditions at Nome Citv on August 24, in reference to contagious diseases:

"I have the honor to inform you that the condition as regards typhoid fever at
Nome during the month of July, 1900, was excellent as compared with July, 1899,
there being no causes reported during July, 1900, and there were 13 cases that I have
a report of during the corresponding month of 1899. Dr. Baylis H. Earle, of the
Marine-Hospital Service, has collected from all the physicians having offices in Nome
a statement for each week showing the number of cases of typhoid fever. The first
statement runs from August 5 to 11, the second statement from August 11 to 18.
From August 5 to 11 there were 7 cases; from August 11 to 18, 19 cases. I believe
the last report includes the 7 cases reported from August 5 to 11. At this time last
year, with a population of 2,000, we had over 35 cases of typhoid fever. ** ♦ *

**I do not think that the record for the week ending August 25 will show an
increase of over 3 cases. * * * Measles, like smallpox, have disappeared. In
fact, considering the number of people and the sanitary conditions, the camp is in a
very healthy condition."

How much of this is due to the work performed by the military during the month
it was in full control can not be definitely stated and must always remain a matter
of inference.

In this connection attention is invited to the work of the medical department in
the treatment of many indigent sick, sending some of these to the States, and the
care of civilian prisoners confined to the guardhouse, many of whom, arrested for
disorderly conduct, required surgical assistance. This demand upon the time of the
surgeons was such as to keep one person almost constantly engaged from before
reveille till after midnight.

Medical services and relief were also furnished the natives for miles along the
coast, these people being afflicted to almost a man by influenza and measles, the last
terminating in an acute tuberculosis and resulting in entire families being wiped out
of existence.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, R. G. Ebert,

Surgeon, U, S. A,, Chief Surgeon,

[Exhibit 5.]

Hkadquarteks Department op Alaska, ,

Chief Surgeon's Office,
Fort St. Michael^ Alaska, July 25, 1900.

The Adjutant-General, Department of Alaska.

Sir: In reference to the establishment of the quarantine at St. Michael against
Nome and northwestern shore of Bering Sea, to prevent introduction of smallpox
into the island of St. Michael and the Yukon River Valley, I desire to respectfully
submit the following statement of facts:

It was learned in Seattle, Wash., prior to the sailing of the department commander,
that smallpox probably existed on some of the vessels bound for Nome, and that 2
(!as(\s of this disease had been removed from steamship Ohio before leaving port.

Immediate steps were taken to guard against the mtroduction of the contagion
into a new, unorganized mining community by informing the captain of revenue
cutter Bear, and requesting his inspection of passengers prior to granting permission
to land.

On arrival at Nome the steamers Ohio and Santa Anna were found to be in quaran-
tine at Egg Island under direction of Captain Jarvis, of the Tre^isury Department,
and that 2 cases had been isolated at Nome River from the steamer Oregon.

The last two days of June many cases of eruj)tive diseases were reportenl. Some, on
investigation, proved to be measles, but 11 casesof variola were isolated by July 1, while
others had been spirited away by friends and could not l>e found. This threatened a
seriousepidemic, and q uarant ine, with a period of fourteen days' detention, was declared
at St. Michiu?l by order of the^eneral commanding. There being no facilities and mate-
rial for disinfection and fumigation short of the States, no attempt was made in this
directicm, though the importance and necessity therefor was fully recognized. By July
6 a decided bn^ak had l)een made in the numlier of new cases reported, there being but
4 for the month to that date isolated. Excepting a child in quarantine with its parents,
no other was found until the 12th, the patient in this instance having come from Daw-

BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENEBAL OOMMANDINa THE ABMY. 257

son, via St. Michael, June 30, all others heretofore being from steamship Oregon. This
demonstrates that the contagion also existed in the Yukon valley, having gain^ entrance
by way of 8kajrway.

By July 19 it wa« evident that any person who had been exposed to the contagion
from the original cases should have manifested premonitory symptoms (last case iso-
lated July 6) indicative of the disease. Therefore a reduction of quarantine to eight
days would amplv cover the period of incul)ation, and accordingly, in the interests of
commerce, secondary only to the health of the community, the time of detention was
lessened.

July 23 no new cases, excepting from Dawson, having appeared, it was recommended
by Dr. S. J. Call, acting on the part of the Treasury; and myself, as chief surgeon of
the department, to raise the quarantine, which the commanding general ordered done,
merely rtMiiiiriu^ recent vaccmation of all persons landing on the military reservation
of St. Michael from Nome City.

Very resi)ectfully, R. G. Ebert,

Surgeon, U, S. A., Chief Surgeon.

Appendix D.

[Exhibit 1.]

Headquabters Department of Alaska,

Chief Surgeon's Office,
Fort St. Michael, Alaska, July 30^ 1900.

The Adjutant-General, Department of Alaska.

8ik: In compliance with verbal instructions of the department commander I have
this day made an inspection of physical condition of the Indians on the eaat shore of
Norton Sound l^etween this and Point Keketaunick, distant about 22 miles, and have
the honor to submit the following report:

Accompanied by Father Kookarskjr, of the Greek Church, and Mr. Windbei^,
who last evening had reported certain cases of destitution among the natives, a
start was made in U. S. Quartermaster's Department launch Nordica for Cape Alpal-
cluk, 7 miles northeast. Here were found John, his wife, 5 boys, and 1 ^rl, all suf-
fering from the epidemic influenza so rapidly fatal to the natives. A wife and one
son were lying dead and unburied in a separate tepee, a short distance removed, sur-
rounded by a litter of young puppies and older dogs. Of the members of the family
alive but one, the wife, was at all able to care for herself. The father was in a pre-
carious condition, unable to be moved to the launch, and will in all probability suc-
cumb; the older son, Dan, was breathing at a rate of about 30 per minute, the lungs
being completely congested; the ^rl was in a state not much better, while the
vounger children, including a nursing babe, were afflicted with an incessant cough.
The miserably thin canvas substitute for a tent serv^ed but poorly to protect the sick
from even the slight drizzling mist then falling. Medicines and food, including con-
densed milk for infants and tea for older members of the family, were given them
for several days, and promises of further assistance when fatigue party to bury the
dead should be sent.

A half mile beyond was found a house and tent, both unoccupied, the natives
having died, as shown by recent graves. That the owners were among the wealthier
of the natives was evidenced by the possession of two stoves, several trunks, quite a
cache of drying salmon, and clothing, showing at least a reasonable purchasing
capacity by the late possessors. Two seines in which salmon and other fish were
entangled, partial decomposition showing that at least a fortnight must have elapsed
since last drawn, were still in the water, while a third was on a rack on shore.

The recent graves, the last being covered merelv bv a skin of a kyack, showed
that natives themselves had attended to burial; the fact that the dogs remained
would indicate that no other members of the family existed.

At Point Keketaunick, the village which at one time must have numbered not
less than 100 inhabitants, and at which the priest expected to find about 60 people,
there were but four families, a total of 19 or 20 souls. Excepting one man, a boy,
and two half-grown girls, all were helpless. Even these were to a greater or less
degree suffering from the prevailing sickness and 3 had died. Beyond a few fish
and binls there was no food supply. To these were given the stores directed to be
distribute<l by the department commander.

Owing to the lateness of the hour, other camps more in the immediate vicinity of
St. Michael were un visited, though aifurther distribution of supplies was made.

WAR 1900— VOL 1, PT in 17

258 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

The diseases are epidemic influenza and measles. Owing to the scarcity of food
during the spring and early summer, the ability to resist their inroads has been
materially decreased; in other words, partial starvation adds to the mortality. With
the entire community stricken by disease all further sources of food cease as far as
the efforts of themselves, the natives, are concerned, and those who do not die directly
from the infection, which in many cases seems to terminate in an acute tuberculosis,
will die of starvation unless relief from Government sources is furnished.

As this is the season in which the native should lay by his winter stores, and as
this epidemic extends to Cape York, as I have seen by personal observation, and am
reliably informed also down to the coast to the Kuskokwim and up the Yukon for
over 300 miles, it is evident that no natives will remain alive by next spring unless
immediate measures are taken to feed, clothe, and care for these people tor the next
ten months.

Very respectfully, R. G. Ebert,

Surgeon f U. S. A., Chief Surgeon.

[Exhibit 2.]

Post Hospital,
Fort St, Michaelf Alaska^ July Sly 1900,

The Chief Surgeon, Department of Alaska,

Fort St, Michaely Alaska.

Sir: In complance with your request, I have the honor to make the following
report as to the Indians in and about St. Michael. There were about 200 natives on
the island last winter. This number has been greatly diminished by sickness and
death, and others, becoming frightened, have left the island. It is not possible to
determine how many of the 200 who were here last winter have died, but I believe
it is a large number. To illustrate, a family of 6 were in the hut near the S. S. Mare
Island. They became frightened and left tne island. One of the family informs me
that all are dead except 2. I do not know where the bodies are. About 17 natives
have died near the post.

There has been an epidemic of la grippe and measles among them. In several fami-
lies all would not be able to fish or care for the othei-s. As a result, starvation has
played an active part in causing the high mortality. Pneumonia has been a very com-
mon complication and in many cases the immediate cause of death.

The following cases are good illustrations of the condition in which I find many of
the families:

1. A family of 7 was found in a tent on the beach; all sick, 3 having pneumonia;
no one able to work.

2. In the hut south of the Alaska Commercial Company's canteen I found a sick
woman. She was delirious and almost naked. An infant 7 months old was lying
in a box. It had measles and pneumonia. In the feeding bottle was some sour milk,
which showed that the child had not been fed during the last forty-eight hours.
There was no fire in the room, and it was very damp. The mother has since died
and the child taken to the home of a Russian priest.

An old man and woman and a little girl were found in one of the huts. The hut
is partly underground and has a flat sod roof. Water covered part of the floor.
Everything was very damp. They have been moved to a better house, but there is
no one to care for them. They lie in bed all day with no fire in the room. Their
only food is sugar, water, and the bread issued them by the commissary.

The treatment of these cases is very difficult; some will not take medicine at all,
and most of them are not to be trusted with poisonous drugs.

The miners and A. C. Co. have used all the driftwood, so that it is impossible for
them to get fuel, not even enough to cook their food.

Very respectfully, R. J. Mabbh,

Acting Assistant Surgemiy U. S. A,y Post Surgeon,

EEPOET OP LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMY. 259

EEPOET OF MAJ. GEN. LEONAED WOOD, U. S. VOLTINTEEES,

GOMMANDIira DIYISION OP CUBA.

Headquarters Division of Cuba,

Haharm^ Septeinher 10^ 1900,

The Adjutant-General United States Army,

Washington^ D, C,

Sir: In compliance with the instructions of the Lieutenant-General
Commanding tne Army, I have the honor to submit my annual report
for the period ending June 30, 1900.

I assumed command of this division on December 20, 1899, in com-

Eliance with General Orders, No. 206, Headquarters of the Army,
December 13, 1899.

During the period for which this report is rendered there have been
but few changes in the stations of troops, which are noted in the accom-
panying report of the adjutant-general of this division, to which special
attention is invited. The present stations of troops throughout the
island are also accounted for in the ''roster" which accompanies the
report of Col. W. V. Richards.

There has been a steady diminution in the strength of the garrisons
of the island since December, 1899. In January the Fifteenth Infantry
was relieved from duty in the island and home battalions of the Tenth
and Eighth Cavalry were sent to the United States; also home battalions
of the First, Second, Eighth, and Tenth Infantry and Second Artillery,
and in the month of July, 1900, First, Second, Fifth, and Eighth Infantry
were relieved from duty in the island. The general reduction in the

girrisons resulted in the abandonment of the posts of Baracoa, Mayari,
ibara, Nuevitas,Caibari^n,Cardenas, Sagua la Grande, Placetas, Sancti
Spiritus, Trinidad, Pinar del Rio, and Guanajay , and the abandonment of
many temporary stations, such as Banes, Cobre, Jiguani, in the prov-
ince of Santiago de Cuba, and t\e concentration ot the troops of the
remaining regiments into comparatively large garrisons, the Seventh
Cavalry being assembled at Camp Columbia, near Habana, the Second
Artillery garrisoning the defenses of Habana, and one light battery at
Columbia Barracks. The entire Second Cavalry has been assembled
at Matanzas, headquarters and one battalion of the Tenth Irfantry at
Cienf uegos, the remaining battalion being stationed at Morro Castle,
Santiago de Cuba. The Eighth Cavalry was at first stationed in tem-
porary camp, near Puerto Principe. On the removal of the Fifteenth
Infantry in January 2 troops were sent to Ciego de Avila and 1 to
Nuevitas, which place was later abandoned as a station. In the month
of July 1 tioop was sent from Puerto Principe to Guantanamo and 1
to San Luis, bantiago de Cuba, leaving only 6 troops in the province
of Puerto Principe, 4 in camp about 4 miles from the city ot Puerto
Principe, and 2 at Ciego de Avila, on the Jucaro-Moron Railroad. The
Tenth Cavalry is at present stationed headquarters and 3 troops at
Manzanillo, 4 troops at Holguin, and 1 troop at Bayamo. A detach-
ment of 10 men of this regiment and an officer are at present stationed
at Baracoa, looking after Government property and interests there.

With the single exception of the province of Santiago, troops and
companies of the various regiments have been assemblea as much as
practicable in large garrisons for the purpose of greater convenience

260 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMT.

and greater facilities in supplying them. In Santiago de Cuba the
wild and mountainous character of a great portion of the province,
together with the lack of communication, have rendered it necessary
to maintain a number of comparatively small garrisons. There should
be no further reduction in the number of troops at present.

The general conduct of the troops has been most admirable, and it
may be said that complaints against the troops from the civil author-
ities and individuals nave been of extremelv rare occurrence. The
general conduct of the officers and men has been excellent and highly
creditable to the Army. The variety and number of duties, most of
them entirely new, which our officers have been called upon to per-
form has included supervision and control of almost every class of
work, whether administrative or constructive, and the performance of
duty has l)een such that whenever I have had occasion to assi^ any
particular work to an officer, I have always felt sure of the worfc being
roperly and efficiently done. The conduct of both officers and men
as been such that the military occupation has been free from scandal
and evil reports reflecting in anv way upon the service. When the
variety ana scope of the work which our officers have done is appre-
ciated, I believe the general conclusion will be that habits of thorough-
ness, obedience, ana straightforwardness, which are the results of
military training, form a splendid basis for administrative and recon-
structive work. In general I can say that throughout the island the
work })erformed by officers of the Army has been of incalculable
assistjince in the estiiblishment of civil government and the reconstruc-
tion of the country.

The posts in this division are in good condition to shelter troops.
Whenever it has been found necessary to occupy old barracks, formerly
used ])v the Spanish troops, the buildings have without exception been
thoroughly renovated and disinfected. Such new barrack buildings
as have been constructed have been of light, airy construction, with, as
a rule, double roof and suita])le verandas, and they have been so placed
as to obtain plenty of air and sunshine. All barrack buildings have
been provided as well as possible with bathing facilities, and whenever
water has been of dou])tful quality, all precautions have been taken to
make it suitable for drinking and other purposes.

After two years' service in the island 1 think it can be safely said
that our troops can serve here without difficulty.

Owing to the exigencies of the service, the number of officers has
been so reduced that it is difficult to get enough to perform the neces-
sarv garrison duties. The detail of officers with volunteer regiments,
at \V(»st Point, and as collectors of customs and on other quasi-civil
work has thrown upon the officers who have remained with meir regi-
ments many additional duties and hardships, obliging me to deny to
them in manv cases well-earned leaves of aosence.

A personal inspection of the troops throughout the islands has shown
a high rate of efficiencv. The barracks inspected ])v me are without
exception clean, neat, and in excellent sanitary condition. The rations
furnished to the men are ample and the food good and well cooked.
The clothing supplied is satisfactorv and the arms and accouterments
are in excellent condition. Troop liorses, mules, and pack animals are
well taken care of and in condition to render hard service.

The health of this command is excellent, and in this connection special
attention is invited to the report of the chief surgeon of the division.

REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 261

From this report it will also be seen that sanitation is carried on with
vigor.

Kecruits should be sent to regiments serving in Cuba from the first
of November to the latter part of March. This period is a safe one
and gives them a certain number of months to become acclimated and
greatly increases the chances of av^oiding malarial and other fevers
prevalent in certain parts of the island.

In July of the past year it was found necessary to withdraw troops
from Manzanillo and Bayamo and from the barracks situated in tne
suburbs of the city of Santiago, because of a serious outbreak of yel-
low fever. In Puerto Principe, the Fifteenth Infantry and Eighth
Cavalry were withdrawn from the barracks in the suburbs of the city
and placed in camp about 4 miles distant from the town. This move
was also rendered necessary by an outbreak of yellow fever which
threatened to become serious.

In the summer of 1899 the yellow fever seemed to be specially prev-
alent in the eastern provinces. This outbreak can be traced directly
to infection from the towns in which, or near which, the barracks were
situated. It is not difficult to disinfect barrack buildings and render
them, so far as they are concerned, safe for occupancy, but it is impos-
sible to thoroughly disinfect the cities and large towns in which they
are situated, hence the necessity for the prompt withdrawal of troops
in all cases of yellow fever appearing in oarracks situated in towns or
cities. In every instance with the withdrawal of troops from the bar-
racks in question and placing them in camps on suitable ground with
plenty of air and sunshine the spread of the fever has been promptly
stopped. In the western provinces last 3'^ear there was, as there always
is, some fever; also in the city of Habana, and some few other scat-
tered cases in some other towns, but it was not, what is considered in
local parlance, a yellow-fever year. However, there is one very sug-
gestive feature, and that is the continuance of a certain number of
yellow-fever cases in Habana throughout the winter. This number
remained stationary till the latter part of June, when it began to increase
until August, when there were present in the city eighty-nine cases.
The fever also appeared at Santa Clara, Pinar del Rio, Quemados, Guan-
ajay and Columbia Barracks. At Santa Clara it was persistent and so
threatening that the troops were moved out and the barracks abandoned.
At Pinar del Rio and Guanajay the outbreak was serious, and temporary
abandonment of the posts was only avoided by the troops garrisoning
them being sent to the United States. At Columbia Barracks the
fever has never made any headway, now and then an isolated case
usually among civilians. At Quemados it acquired considerable
headway but was finally checked by the vigorous sanitary measures
adopted.

Special attention has been given to military instruction and the fine
appearance of our soldiers. Their efficiency in drill and the high state
of their discipline are conclusive proof that officers have given careful
and personal attention toward attaining this degree of efficiency. On
account of the climatic conditions existing, indoor instruction, theo-
retical and practical, has been had during the summer months, and the
period from November to March has been set aside for outdoor drill,
target practice, pmctice marches, reconnaissance, and scouting.

AH troops intended for service in Cuba should be mounted troops,
except necessary batteries of artillery and companies of infantry for

262 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMY.

farrisoii duty at two posts. Infantry engaged in active work in Cuba
uring the hot and rainy months, and even during the winter, will
suffer severely from malaria, heat, and exhaustion, whereas mounted
troops can perform hard service without bad results. The work
required in Cuba is of such a character that the troops require to have
a high degree of mobility. The climatic conditions are such that this
mobility must be obtained with as little effort as possible on the part
of the troops. My own experience has been that mounted men can
do continuous and hard service in Cuba and retain their efficiency and
that foot troops can not for any length of time perform duties calling
for hard marching and exposure without suffering severely from
malaria and the depressing effects of exposure to tne sun. This is
largely borne out by the experience of the Cubans. It is believed
that the same general conditions pertain to Porto Rico and the Philip-
pines, and, if we are to judge from the experience of the past two
years and desire to have a thoroughly efficient, highly mobile force in
the tropics, we must largely increase the present strength of the cav-
alry arm.

The work of the Army in connection with civil affairs will be taken
up in detail in the civil report.

I desire to express my appreciation of the service of the following
officers, especially of Brig. Gen. Adna R. Chaffee, chief of staff, whose
faithful and arduous services at these headquarters contributed largely
to the reestablishment of the civil government:

Col. W. V. Richards, adjutant-general, whose able, devoted, and
unremitting attention to duty rendered his services of the greatest
value and finally resulted in a breakdown in health and necessitated his
relief from duty in the division.

Col. H. L. Scott, for most able and efficient services as adjutant-
general of the division.

Maj. J. B. Hickc}^ for faithful and efficient services rendered in
charge of the department of civil orders and proclamations.

Maj. E. St. John Greble, for the marked ability and energy with
which he has conducted the reorganization of the charities and hos-
pitals of the island.

Col. George H. Burton, for energetic, efficient, and thorough per-
formance of the duties of inspector-general.

Maj. Edgar S. Dudley, for highly valuable and efficient services as
judge-advocate, which involved a deep and thorough study of Spanish
law and procedure.

Col. G. F. Humphrey, for efficient and able conduct of the duties of
chief quartermaster.

Maj. O. E. Wood, for able and efficient services as chief commissary
of subsistence.

Ma]. Valery Havard, for able and efficient services as chief surgeon.

Ma]. Francis S. Dodge, for efficient performance of the duties of
chief paymaster.

Maj. William M. Black, for exceedingly able and efficient services
in connection with his duties as chief engineer, city of Habana and
later of the division.

Capt. Ormond M. Lissak, for efficient services as chief ordnance
officer.

Col. H. H. C. Dunwoody, for painstaking, intelligent, and, as chief
signal officer, efficient services in the maintenance and establishment
of telegraphic lines of the island.

BEPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 263

To Maj. Taaker H. Bliss, for the most excellent and able manner in
which he has conducted the customs service, rendering it eflScient in
the highest degree.

Maj. Eugene F. Ladd, for efficient conduct of the office of treasurer
of the island.

Lieut. Edward C. Brooks, for able and efficient services as aid-de-
camp and later as auditor for the island.

Maj. R. H. Rolfe, for efficient services as assistant inspector-general.

Ma]. D. T. Laine, for faithful and efficient services as attending
surgeon.

Maj. Marlborough C. Wyeth, for efficient services as medical supply
officer.

Maj. W. C. Gorgas, for arduous and valuable services as chief
sanitary officer, city of Habana.

Maj. William L. Pitcher, for extremely valuable and efficient serv-
ices in charge of the police court, city of Habana, and supervisor of
police. .^,

Capt. Fred M. Page, attached, for faithful and able services in the
department of civil orders and proclamations.

Capt. Edward B. Ives, for efficient services as disbursing officer and
acting assistant quartermaster, volunteer signal corps.

Lieut. Matthew E. Hanna, aid-de-camp, for valuable and efficient
services as engineer in charge of road construction. Department of
Santiago; ordnance officer of the department and later for efficient and
valuable services in the reorganization of schools of the island.

To Lieuts. Frank R. McCoy and Edward Carpenter, aids-de-camp,
for faithful, efficient, and intelligent services in connection with civil
aflfairs, in addition to their duties as aids.

To Mr. F. Steinhart, chief clerk, division headquarters, for his most
able, faithful, and unremitting devotion to the duties of his office,
thereby contributing much to the prompt and efficient conduct of
official and civil business; also to the clerks of the office for faithful
services and devotion to duty, the performance of which has necessi-
tated throughout the year much overtime work and work on Sundays
and holidays.

In conclusion I invite attention to the accompanying reports of the
staff officers on duty at these headquarters and to the recommenda-
tions contained therein, which meet with my approval.
Very respectfully,

Leonard Wood,
Major- General^ U, S. Volunteers^ Commcmding,

FINAL EEPOET OF BEIG. GEN. JAMES H. WILSON, U. S. VOLUN-
TEEES, COMMANDING THE DEPAETMENT OF MATANZAS AND
SANTA GLAEA.

Headquarters Department of

Matanzas and Santa Clara,
Matanzas^ Ouba^ July ^^, 1900,

The Adjutant-General of the Army,

Wdshington^ D. C.
(Through military channels.)
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith the annual report of
affairs, both civil and military, for the Department of Matanzas and
Santa Clara, during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900.

264 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

Of the United States forces serving in this department, the organi-
zations have remained the same as at the close of the fiscal year 1899.
There have been but a few gains and losses as to officer and men, as
shown by the following table:

Organizationy June SO, 1900.

General oflBcere and staff

General staff

Second Cavalry

Second Infantry

Tenth Infantry

Attached

Total

staff oflBcers attached 7

Acting assistant surgeons 19

Total July 1, 1899

Staff oflBcers attached 8

Acting assistant surgeons 30

Gain: June 30, 1900

Loss: June 30, 1900

staff ofl&cers attached 1

Acting assistant surgeons 11

OflBcers.

Present.

Absent.

Enlisted men.

Present.

9
4

21
10
15

107

1,076

829

768

2,780

3,168

Absent.

7
57
38
23

125

232

388

107

Total

enlisted

men.

114

1,133

867

791

Aggre-
gate.

118

1,177

901

828

2,905

3,400

3,034

3,646

495

512

These troops have remained in the same quarters throughout the
year, part of these quarters being repaired Spanish barracks, and part
cheap frame buildings, with corrugated iron roofs. The necessary
repairs and slight improvements have been made at the various posts.
The most comfortable and satisfactorv posts in the department are
Rowell Barracks, at Pasa Caballos, and Hamilton BarracKS, at Matan-
zas, but it is doubtful whether this additional comfort can be attributed
to the new buildings erected at these two posts in accordance with
American models. It is believed for the average location, away from
the seacoast, that the Spanish barracks are preferable. The main dis-
advantage of these barracks is that they do not conform to the Amer-
ican system of having oflScers live in the immediate vicinity of the
troops. In some instances we have b^en compelled to quarter officers
some distance from their commands, and out of sight of them. la the
cities some of the officers have lived at hotels, some in private houses,
and all of them more scattered from the troops and from each other
than is customary in our service. In other cases where they have
been required to live in the immediate vicinity of their barracks, it
has resulted in their being forced to live in quarters hardly suitable to
officers of the American forces.

The number of officers absent from the troops and performing
various civil and quasi civil duties, thereby affecting the instruction
and efficiency of their regiments, has remained about tne same through-
out the year. In this connection attention is invited to my recom-
mendation of Jul}^ 10, in an indorsement on annual report of inspector-
general of the department, which recommendation is herewith renewed,
as follows:

I fully concur in all that he says in reference to the necessity for additional oflB-
cers. My experience, extending over two wars, convinces me that the exigencies of
service, both in peace and in war, are such, and will probably always remain such, as
to require a much larger percentage of officers than is at present allowed. In my jad^
ment there should be 1 major, 5 captains, and 5 first lieutenants, extra, to every r^gi-

BEPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 265

ment in the Army, to meet the multifarious detailn that are always necessary where
commands are widely scattered and where the troops are serving in actual warfare,
especially in foreign countries.

While the detachment of the oflScers from their troops has resulted
in injury to the latter, it is gratifying to say that all civil duties which
have been intrusted to the officers have been fully and faithfully per-
formed. In this connection comparison might well be made between
the services rendered by military and civil officials. The accounts of
all army officers receiving and disbursing island funds have been regu-
larl}^ inspected by the various officers of the inspector-general's depart-
ment, and have in every instance been found to be correctly and
honestly kept.

Military mstruction has received careful attention throughout the
past year, and the improved appearance and increased efficiency of the
troops show sufficiently well the effects of it. As the result, however,
of another year's experience in the tropics, it has been found advis-
able to crowd all indoor instruction, theoretical and practical, into
the summer months, reserving the five months, November to March,
inclusive, for active outdoor drill, target practice, practice marches,
reconnoissance, and scouting.

The relations of the troops and the inhabitants of the country, with*
few exceptions, have been all that could be desired. The conduct of
the inhabitants has been cordial and friendly. Perfect quietude and
mutual forbearance have prevailed throughout the entire year, and no
disorders or disturbances whatever have arisen requiring the presence
of troops outside of their posts.

The multifarious duties aevolving upon the adjutant-general's depart-
ment have been promptly and faithfully performed. All the details,
both of military and civil business, have been attended to by this
department, and all orders for both military and civil business have
emanated from this department, thus saving the expense of maintain-
ing a separate office force. (For further details as to service performed
see report of adjutant-general. Appendix A.)

The usual inspections of military posts have been made bv the
inspector-general of the department. In addition, much work has
been done with reference to the condition of cities, and municipal
affairs existing therein, and the inspector has been called upon many
times for the investigation of particular questions arising. With ref-
erence to the latter questions, much of the work has been done by the
inspector of police of this department. (Attention has been invited to
reports of inspector-general and of inspector of police. Appendices B
and I respectively.)

The work devolving upon the judge-advocate's office of this depart-
ment has been thoroughly and satisfactorily performed. The amount
of civil work thrown upon this office has greatly diminished, as the
courts have become better organized and the people have learned to feel
more confidence in the administration of the laws of the land. How-
ever, the civil business still requiring investigation and decision by this
office consumes as much or more time than is required by the work
arising in purely military administration. (For further details as to
service perfoimed see report of judge-advocate. Appendix C.)

The medical department has continued to discharge the various
duties devolving upon it successfully and with credit to the officers
concerned. The sanitary inspections of all the larger cities have fallen

266 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

upon officers of this department, and the good conditions existing at
present, by which these cities are freed from the yearly scourge of
yellow fever and other tropical diseases, is in a large manner due to
the efficient, intelligent, and earnest manner in which the work of sani-
tation has been performed. With the exception of the yellow fever
now existing among the troops at Santa Clara, there have been no out-
breaks of epidemics in the department, and in this instance the out-
break is one for which the troops themselves can not be blamed nor can
the sanitary inspectors. It has been directly traced to houses which
had been infected some years previous, by the occupation of Spanish
troops, and the fact of this infection having been concealed by the
inhabitants of the town, its existence could not be known to the sani-
tary inspectors, nor could it be successfully guarded against. So far
as the troops are concerned the greatest loss of men from duty has been
from venereal disease. This is partly owing to the fact that but little
control is kept over the houses of prostitution by the civil authorities.
Under my direction the houses have been regularly inspected, and
weekly and biweekly inspections have been held of the inaividual sol-
diers, under the personal charge of the surgeons, with most satisfac-
tory results. (Special attention is called to the report of Chief Surgeon
•Ives, in reference to this important matter. Appendix D.)

As in other administrative departments, the quartermaster's depart-
ment has transacted a large snare of the civil business. Disburse-
ments from island funds for public works of all kinds have been
made by army officers, and, wherever practicable, by the quartermas-
ters. The chief quartermaster of the department has been the chief
disbursing officer. At the same time the quartermaster's work with
reference to the troops has been thoroughly performed. They have
been well quartered, well clothed, and amply supplied with transpor-
tation, which is of excellent quality. (For further details as to service
performed see reports of chief and disbursing quartermasters. Appen-
dices E and F respectively.)

The work done by the subsistence department has been materially
lessened by transferring the supply of food for the destitute to the
different Alcaldes throughout the department. The ration furnished
for the troops has been in the main satisfactory. Very few complaints
or recommendations have been made, though all company and post com-
manders still insist that the profits of the post exchange are necessary
for supplementing the ration furnished. In this connection I desire to
renew my recommendation of July 10, that the ration of each soldier
be increased by a daily allowance of 6 cents, to provide for the proper
supply of fresh vegetables, and such articles as can be advantageously
purchased where the troops may be seizing, and to obviate the neces-
sity of profits from the post exchange as an adjunct to the army ration.
The supply of ice has not been as abundant nor as satisfactory as
desired. A more liberal supply would be advantageous to the troops,
and the supply for the civil population is entirely inadequate and too
expensive. (For further details as to services performed see report of
chief commissary. Appendix G.)

The duties of the signal service have been fully and satisfactorily
performed. Some new telegraph lines have been built, others repaired,
and the service in every way improved and bettered. The work falling
upon this department has at times been heavy, especially in the recent
elections, but it has fully performed all services demanded of it The

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 267

telephone line from Trinadad to a connection with the central line of
the island has not yet been constructed, but it is urgently needed, as I
have frequently recommended. (For further details as to service per-
formed, see report of signal officer. Appendix H.)

The work performed by the chief ordnance officer of the depart-
ment has been merely routine office work, all supplies being furnished
from the depot at Havana, except small arms ammunition, of which a
small reserve supply has been kept on hand here. The duties of
inspector of small arms practice have also been performed by the act-
ing chief ordnance officer of the department. The course ot instruc-
tion in target practice, prescribed by orders from division headquar-
ters, has been held. (For further details see reports of ordnance
officer and inspector of small arms practice. Appendices J and K
respectively.)

There has been an immense amount of work devolving upon the
office of the chief engineer of the department, all of whicS has been
faithfully performeo. Practically all of this work has pertained to
the civil affairs rather than military, consisting of reconstruction of
public works and sanitation. (For further details see report of
engineer officer. Appendix L.)

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF MATANZAS AND SANTA CLARA, MATAN-

ZAS, CUBA.

Staff officers on dnity at department Jheadqua/rters for the fiscal year

encmig June 30^ 1900,

PERSONAL STAFF.

James H. Reeves, first lieutenant Second Cavalry, aid-de-camp,
acting ordnance officer and inspector of small arms practice, from Jan-
uary 31, 1899. This officer has served with great intelligence and
fidelity, and to my entire satisfaction.

G. Soulard Turner, first lieutenant Tenth Infantry, aid-de-camp,
from October 27, 1899. This officer has shown himself to be intelli-
gent, active, and competent. Although recently appointed to the serv-
ice, he is in every way qualified for the duties of his position.

Alga P. Berry, first lieutenant Tenth Infantry, aid-de-camp, acting
ordnance officer and inspector of small arms practice, from October
14, 1899, to January 31, 1900.

DEPABTMENT STAFF.

E. J. McClernand, lieutenant-colonel, acting adjutant-general, U. S.
Volunteers, adjutant-general from Juljr 6 to August 20, 1899. This
officer was relieved to accept the position of colonel i'n the Forty-
fourth Regiment of Infantry, U. S. Volunteers. He was highly com-
mended in my last year's report, and it gives me pleasure to add that
he is an officer of the highest merit and cnaracter.

E. St. J. Greble, major, assistant adjutant-general, U. S. Volunteers;
adjutant-geneml from September 19, 1899, to February 21, 1900.
This officer was relieved to accept a position on the staJ3f of the major-
general commanding the division. During his service with me he
showed himself to be an officer of high accomplishment, great ability,
and strict attention to duty.

268 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

Sumner H. Lincoln, lieutenant-colonel Tenth Infantry; acting adju-
tant-general from February 27, 1900. This officer is a gallant veteran
of the war of the rebellion and of the Spanish war, inl)oth of which
he was wounded. He has shown himself to be highly competent as an
adjutant-general, and most conscientious and faiuiful in the perform-
ance of all his duties. He is again suJ3fering from his wounds, and I
trust will receive a leave of absence for sui'gical treatment as soon as
the affairs of this department are closed.

J. H. Dorst, major, Second Cavalry; acting adjutant-general to July
6, 1899; acting inspector-general from July 7 to August 17, 1899.
This officer, although he served with me but little over a month,
impressed himself upon me as being worthy of the highest rank obtain-
able. He was strongly recommended by me, and left my staff to take
command of the Forty-fifth Regiment of Infantry, United States Vol-
unteers, at the date of its organization.

Frederick S. Foltz, captain, Second Cavalry; acting inspector-gen-
eral to July 7, 1899; acting assistant inspector-ffeneral from July Y to
October 8, 1899; acting inspector-general from October 8, 1899; acting
engineer officer from Julv 11 to 29, 1899, and from October 8 to 28,
1899. This officer has shown himself to be in every way capable of
perforaiing delicate and important duties, and has served with me to
my entire satisfaction. His versatility well illustrates the advantage
of an education at the United States Military Academy.

Harvey C. Carbaugh, major, U. S. Volunteers; judge-advocate to
October 5, 1899; acting assistant adjutant-general from August 19 to
September 19, 1899. This officer left me for duty in the judge-advocate-
general's department, where he is now serving. He showed himself
to be in everv wav capable of performing the difficult and delicate
duties with which te was charged.

William J. Glasgow, first lieutenant, Second Cavalry; captain and
acting judge-advocate from October 5, 1899; aid-de-camp to October
4,1899; acting ordnance officer to October 14, 1899; inspector of small
arms practice from July 25 to October 14, 1899; acting adjutant-gen-
eral from November 15 to December 6, 1899, and f rom Febiiiary 21 to
27, 1900. This officer has served with me as aid-de-c^mp, ordnance
officer, acting adjutant-general, and judge-advocate, and has discharged
his various and exacting duties with fidelity, intelligence, and industry.

James B. Aleshire, major, quartermaster, U. S. Volunteers; chief
quartennaster to October 28, 1899. This officer sen'^ed with me as
chief quartermaster of the First Army Corps, which he moved from
Kentucky to Georgia, and thence to the island of Cuba, where he
became chief quartermaster of this department. He is intelligent,
active, methodical, and capable of filling any position in his depart-
ment, from Quartermaster-General of the Army te quartermaster of
a department or division.

William H. Miller, major, chief quartermaster, U. S. Volunteers;
chief disbursing officer of civil funds; acting chief quartermaster to
November 6, 1899; chief quartermaster from November 6, 1899. This
officer has served with me from the date of the consolidation of the
Departments of Matanzas and Santa Clara as chief disbursing officer
of civil funds. He has performed all of his duties to my entire satis-
faction. He is methodical, watchful, careful, and competent to fill
the highest position in his department.

BEPOKT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMY. 269

George S. Cartwright, major, quartermaster, U. S. Volunteers;
depot quartermaster at Matanzas to May 30, 1900. This officer has
served under my command from the date of our arrival in this island
until May 30, when he was promoted to be chief quartermaster of the
Department of Habana andTinar del Rio. He is an officer of excel-
lent character and abilities.

H. B. Chamberlain, captain, assistant quartermaster, U. S. Volun-
teers; assistant to the chief quartermaster from July 7, 1899. This
officer has had special charge of the renovation of Spanish barracks,
and of the repair of jails and streets in the interior towns, and has
discharged his various duties to the satisfaction of his immediate
superiors as well as myself.

Walter B. Barker, captain, assistant quarteimaster, U. S. Volun-
teers; depot quartermaster at Cienfuegos.

M. R. Peterson, major, commissary of subsistence, U. S. Volun-
teers; chief and depot commissary at Matanzas. This officer has
served on my staflF and under my observation since January 12, 1899,
and has given entire satisfaction. He has recently been promoted
and ordered to duty as chief commissary of the military division.

George LeRoy Brown, major, Tenth Infantry, acting chief and
depot commissary from September 25 to November 30, 1899. In
addition to his duties as depot commissary, Major Brown has per-
formed various duties of inspection of money accounts and civil affairs.
He was subsequently appointed collector of customs at Cienfuegos,
and has discharged all of his duties with fidelity and intelligence.

E. B. Fenton, captain, commissary of subsistence, U. S. Volunteers;
depot commissary at Cienfuegos from July 25 to September 21, 1899.

Frank J. Ives, major and surgeon, U. S. Volunteers; chief surgeon,
superintendent of correctional and charitable institutions from Decem-
ber 26, 1899. This officer has performed his duties as chief surgeon
with high professional skill and success. As superintendent of char-
ities and corrections he has done a great deal of most excellent and
intelligent work. His report for the year is specially commended to
the attention of those in higher authority and especially to the Surgeon-
General.

James H. Hysell, major and surgeon, U. S. Volunteers; sanitary
inspector to Februarv 5, 1900. This officer performed his duties as
chief surgeon of the department of Santa Clai*a, of sanitary inspector
of that province, and on my staff until ordered to duty as chief sur-
geon of the Department of Santiago and Puerto Principe. He has
shown himself to be highly intelligent and efficient in all his work.

Lewis Balch, major and surgeon, U. S. Volunteers; sanitary inspector
to August 29, 1899. This officer came into the island with the first
United States troops, serving under my observation to the date just
mentioned, at whicn time he was relieved to go to the Philippines.
He is a gentleman of high intelligence, energy, and activity.

J. Hamilton Stone, first lieutenant, assistant surgeon, U. S. A.;
assistant to the chief surgeon from February 19 to June 14, 1900.
This officer has shown himself to be exceedingly intelligent and devoted
to his duty.

James B. Houston, major, additional paymaster, U. S. Volunteers;
chief paymaster from August 16, 1899, to April 20, 1900. This offi-
cer is one of the most rapid, accurate, and successful paymasters in

270 BEPOKT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMY.

the service. He is competent by education, character, and ability to
fill any office in the corps to which he is attached.

Otto Becker, major, additional paymaster, U. S. Volunteers; addi-
tional paymaster stationed at Cieniuegos from September 5, 1899.
This officer has served as additional paymaster, and nas only recently
joined the department staflF. He is painstaking, careful, and accurate.

John Biddle, captain, Engineer Corps, U. S. A.; chief engineer offi-
cer to September 19, 1899. This officer served with me as chief engi-
neer of the Sixth Army Corps, First Army Corps, and in the expedition
to Porto Rico. He preceded me with the first troops into this depart-
ment, and has shown himself to be an officer of enterprise, courage,
skill, and ambition. He was relieved September 19, 1899, at his own
request, for service in the Philippines, where he is now chief engineer
of the military division. He is an ambitious and rising officer and
sure to give an excellent account of himself in the future.

William J. Barden, first lieutenant, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A. ;
engineer officer from October 28, 1899. This officer succeeded Colonel
Biddle as chief engineer of the department, and has performed all his
duties to my entire satisfaction.

Samuel Reber, captain, Signal Corps, U. S. Volunteers; chief signal
officer to August 6, 1899. This officer served with me in the Sixth
and First Army Corps, accompanied me to this department, and was
constantly engaged in the various duties of his position. He is a sci-
entific electrical and civil engineer, and is fully capable of organizing
and running a signal department for an army of any size. He is an
officer of vigor and ambition.

Frank E. Lyman, first lieutenant, Signal Corps, U. S. Volunteers;
assistant to signal officer to August 6, 1899; signal officer from August
6 to October 26, 1899.

William M. Talbott, first lieutenant. Signal Corps, U. S. Volunteers;
signal officer from December 28, 1899, to June 9, 1900. This officer
has performed all of his duties to my entire satisfaction. '

Charles B. Rogan, first lieutenant. Signal Corps, U. S. Volunteers:
signal officer from November 6 to December 28, 1899, and assistant to
signal officer from December 28, 1899, to June 9, 1900; signal officer
from June 9, 1900. He has performed all of his duties honestly and
faithfully, and as he is intelligent and well educated, he may reason-
ably hope for distinction if he remains in the service.

Charles J. Stevens, captain. Second Cavalry; inspector of rural
police to September 22, 1899; provost marshal from July 7 to Sep-
tember 22, 1899. He performed bis duties to my entire satisfaction,
and was relieved to take command of his troop at his own request.

Francis J. Kernan, captain, Second Infantry; provost-marshal to
July 7, 1899. In addition to the duties of provost-marshal, this officer
perioniied the duties of inspector of rural police. He is capable of
performing the duties of any staff department, and is an officer of high
character and abilities.

Eli A. Helmick, captain, Tenth Infantry; acting inspector-general
from August 19 to October 8, 1899; acting engineer officer from Sep-
tember 19 to October 8, 1899; acting provost-marshal and inspector
of police from September 22, 1899. This officer has performed the
various and exacting duties of his position with marked ability and
care. He is methodical, attentive, and capable. His judgment is
excellent, and he is sure to rise to distinction in the service.

REPOBT OF LIEUT, GENEEAL COMMANDING THE ABMY. 271

William A. Phillips, captain, Tenth Infantry; inspector of schools
from March 2, 1900. This officer was specially selected to perform
the duties of inspector of schools, having been a school teacher arid
president of a teachers' institute before he entered the Military Acad-
emy, and since then having been a professor of engineering, military
science, and mathematics in a civil college, he is peculiarly fitted for
the work with which he has been charged. His system of inspection
reports was adopted by the chief of staJ3f of the military division as
the standard for other departments. He is able, attentive, and versa-
tile. The chief engineer of the department having been relieved.
Captain Phillips has been designated to take charge of the engineering
ana sanitary works belonging to that department.

It gives me great pleasure to say that the officers serving on my
staflF, as well as those attached to the various regiments in this depart-
ment, have shown themselves, with scarcely an exception, to be gen-
tlemen of the highest character, devoted to their duty, competent, and
in every way creditable to the Army and to the country. There have
been but few courts-martial, and even those grew out of accidents in
no way reflecting upon the moral character or standing of the gentle-
men concerned.

Notwithstanding that all these officers have done their duty in so
satisfactory a manner, there are a number who deserve special mention.

Col. Ezra P. Ewers, Tenth Infantry, commanding tne garrison of
Matanzas, has done much by his considerate and careful intercourse
with the Cubans to establish and maintain the harmonious relations
that exist in this city between our troops, the civil authorities, and
the population.

Mai. R. W. Hoyt, Tenth Infantry, at Cdrdenas, has proved himself
an officer of great value, not only in maintaining the best relations
with the people of that city, but has displayed excellent judgment in
the prosecution of civil works that were carried on there under his
supervision.

Capt. Henry Kirby, Tenth Infantrv, at Cardenas before Major
Hoyt, also deserves commendation for his conscientious and energetic
work at that place.

Col. Henry E. Noyes, Second Cavalry, at Santa Clara, has been
largely occupied with civil matters and has displaj^ed great judgment
and delicacy in his relations with the civil authorities of the province
of Santa Clara.

Capt. W. M. Wright, Second Infantry, proved himself by his con-
siderate conduct ana careful attention to business to be exceedingly
valuable in civil work at Sagua la Grande, and later Capt. H. H.
Bandholtz, at the same point, carried forward and completed!^ the work
with especial energv and good Judgment.

My thanks are also due to Capt. H. H. Benham, Second Infantry,
at Trinidad, and Capt. F. P. Fremont, at Sancti Spiritus, where they
have both filled positions of great delicacy with entire disregard of
their own convenience and interests and to my great satisfaction.

CIVIL AFFAIBS.

The conditions existing at the beginning of the fiscal year are set
forth in my annual report of last year and the special report accom-
panying it.

272 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

Early after the beginning of the fiscal year the last of the Cuban
troops had received their proportion of the money appropriated by the
United States and the last vestige of the organization nad disappeared.
From that time the problem confronting the government m this
department has been purely a civil and economical one, as there has
been no occasion requiring the employment of any military force
whatever.

At the beginning of the fiscal year the towns and cities of the
department found themselves burdened with debts accumulated in
the past months which they had no sufficient revenues to cover, as real
estate, from which their revenue3 had formerly been derived, had
been exempted from taxation in order to enable them to recover more
rapidly from the eflFects of war and from the conmaercial depression
resulting therefrom.

Before the insular government could limit this indebtedness the
budget of these municipalities had to be put in proper shape. The
disorder existing in their accounts had resulted from the unsettled
conditions following the war and the uncertainty as to whether the
bookkeepers and clerks, or even the mayors themselves, would receive
compensation for their labor.

Tne proper indebtedness of all the municipalities from the date of
the American occupation to the 1st of January, 1900, having been
finally worked out and passed upon, their deficits were paid by funds
allotted from the insular treasury, and they were thus enabled to start
afresh with their expenses under the new regime definitely limited by
the intervening government. The number and pay of the police was
fixed and the number and salaries of other municipal officers regulated
by order of the Governor- General in accordance with the necessities
of the place and conditions. The schools, charities, hospitals, and
prisons were looked after by the general government, and the only
thing for which the municipality still had to provide an income was
for the needs of the town for salaries, light, water, and conveniences,
and in towns not occupied by Unit<>d States troops, for sanitation also.
The municipalities were able, from the small revenues obtained by
licenses and taxes on business stands, street vendoi*s, public convey-
ances, etc. , to meet these small necessities. In some cases they availed
themselves of the rent of buildings belonging to the municipality,
such as market houses and other property suitable for stores. Hos-

[)itals, charities, and jails during the nrst part of the year required a
arge outlay of money to put them in such a condition that proper
cleanliness and discipline could be required of their custodians.

Some of the charitable institutions had up to the time the interven-
ing government began to aid them been supported by substantial
contributions from bequests, inv^estments, and private charity, or from
the treasuries of the religious orders which controlled them. It has
been found that, once the institution was known to be in receipt^of
government assistance, all private contri})utions ceased, the people
acting on the theory that tne government would now look out for
such institutions, leaving them at liberty to bestow their charity otiier-
wise. As it was not the policy of the government to give absolute
control of an institution supported by public funds to any religious
order, these orders in several cases withdrew not only their financial
assistance, but also their personal aid in their management and con-
duct. All the asylums are now in excellent condition as to buildings
and equipment, but the need of trained managers is felt. It is thought

EEPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 273

that if managers of experience from the United States could be
employed in the principal institutions for a limited time — say one
year — the Cuban superintendents under their instruction would there-
after be able to carry on the work upon approved methods, so as to
secure healthful employment of the children under their care and
break up the system oi merely killing time, upon which theory the
management of these institutions seems to have been carried on under
the Spaniards. While much good is expected from the asylums as
they are developed into manual training and agricultural schools, yet
it is believed that the number of inmates is at present entirely too
large, and that systematic effort would result in returning many of
these children to the care of relatives who are now or may hereafter
become able and willing to support and properly care for them.

The civil hospitals, on whicli great attention has been bestowed,
have been in many cases reconstructed and are now in excellent condi-
tion. Great benefit has been derived from the presence in these hos-
pitals, as well as in some of the asylums, of trained nurses and kinder-
gartners from the United States. The results of their training as
nurses and instructors will become more evident in the near future, as
they are just now finding themselves supplied with appliances and the
means for carrying out their ideas of management.

These hospitals would offer to the young medical student great
opportunities for practice and experience, but it would seem that there
is no great competition for the positions as ward physicians, there
being difficulty, it is said, in findmg such as are willing to undergo
the inconvenience of being on duty at night. It is believed that if
these opportunities for practice were offered to the more ambitious
and energetic young medical graduates, this difficulty would disappear.

The condition of the jails from the time of our entering the island
was a source of much trouble and concern. In spite of decrees aimed
at hastening the administration of justice, and in spite of the fact that
a large number of prisoners under sentence for political and military
offences had been released by military order soon after our occupation,
the jails continued rapidly to fill up and the number of prisoners —
almost all awaiting trial — continued to increase from day to day. The
situation was frequently brought to the attention of those in higher
authority, and the jails were again cleared by a commission appointed
by the Governor-General. Tne methods of legal procedure were also
modified in such a way as to compel the attendance of witnesses and
to secure the payment of their fees. Under these conditions and with
the assistance of the correctional or police courts, which have just been
organized, it is not anticipated that the problem of the jails will occur
again.

In connection with the jails it is to be noted that there was no provi-
sion for the care of the violently insane, who, under Spanish practice,
were confined in cells of the regular jails for observation. The sight
of these poor creatures, like caged wild animals, was one of the most
revolting spectacles to be seen in Cuba. These insane people are at
this time sent to Habana, where they are kept in separate institutions
for observation and treatment.

For further details as to the hospitals, asylums, and jails, special
attention is invited to the full and able reports submitted from time
to time on these subjects by Maj. Frank J. Ives, chief surgeon, and to
his final report submitted herewith, marked ''Exhibit M.

WAR 1900— VOL 1, PT HI 18

274 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMY.

ELBC?riONS.

The recent municipal elections passed in these provinces without
the slightest disturbance to public order. A few weeks previous to
the election it was reported to me that in some of the municipalities
of Santa Clara the existing municipal authorities and some members
of the rural guard of the province had been giving out that certain
candidates had been indicated bv the Government, following the old
Spanish system. This was evidently with the hope that the more
timid voters might be influenced in this way. I took occasion to make
a trip through the provinces and to visit particularly these localities
in which the rural guard and authorities were said to be active parti-
sans in the campaign. All officials were cautioned to refrain from
interference in tne elections, or from advocating any candidate over
another. The rural guard was ordered away from two municipalities
where it had been alleged that they had been acting as partisans, but
it was not deemed necessary to supply their places bv ordering United
States troops into the vicinity. The correctness oi this opinion was
proved lator when the elections were held in these towns without the
slightest disturbance. The precaution was taken of ordering all munic-
ipal guards to confine themselves to their barracks throughout the
hours of election, except when going to and returning from the polls,
which they were required to do without arms and one at a time. The
municipal police on that day were hardly in evidence on account of
the necessity for one of them at every outlying suburb where there
was a voting place.

The excellent order everywhere presented was due to the individual
eflfort of the civil authorities and people themselves, who, though in
some instances fearing disorder, had determined that it should not
come from them or from their party. A remarkable instance of the
degree to which this determination to have a quiet election was carried
was exhibited in one town where the rival candidates agreed that when
a demonstration was made in favor of one, he should appear escorted
by loading men of the other side, in order to show the people that
though there was rivalry there was no enmity.

The temperate character of the people made election day throughout
the department appear more like a Sunday than a day of anxiety.
No drunkenness nor disorder of any kind was observed. 1 had officers
observing the election at diflFerent points in the department, but they
had no occasion to take any action whatever to preserve order. The
election seems to have also passed with few or no attempts at fraud,
and their results have been trankh^ accepted as the fair expression of
the popular will by the defeated candidates and their supporters. As
a general rule in this department the contests were purely personal,
there being little or no difference in the principles of the opposing
candidates.

It should be observed that one of the first duties the municipalities
will have to perfoim upon receiving full authority to collect taxes and
to disburse tliem according to their own judgment, will be to reduce
the number of their officials and employees. Quite a number of these
municipalities and barrios are too small and too poor for separate
existence. It will require, however, a rude shock to banish the firmly
rooted idea that a dying town, like a dying individual^ should be
nursed back to life. There are many municipalities which have for
years been kept alive by the assistance of the insular governnient.

EEPOET OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE AKMY. 275

Their disappearance, or their absorption by the adjoining municipali-
ties, would DC beneficial to all concerned, as it will facilitate the for-
mation of counties and the equitable distribution of political power.

No rural guard was organized in the province of Matanzas in the
belief that a proper municipal police would subserve all necessary
purposes and free the people from the dominating influences of an
armed military organization controlled by a central authority. This
expectation has been sustained by experience. The province of
Matanzas with few more municipal police than the province of Santa
Clara, has not felt the need of a rural force. The rural guard of Santa
Clara, while an excellent organization and while rendermg good serv-
ice, is felt to be no longer necessary, and though its numbers have
been largely reduced, it should be iumiediately absorbed into the
municipal police, as has been repeatedly recommended from these
headquarters.

There has been but little yellow fever among the troops of this
department. In the month of May the disease made its appearance
for the first time in the garrison of Santa Clam, where it was traced
to a dwelling that had been used as a pest house. For the reason that
our sanitary officers were kept in ignorance of its histoiy, it had
received only the regular disinfection, the owners evidently fearing
that they would injure its rental value if its history were made known.
This outbreak has been checked, and there arc now no cases of yellow
fever under treatment in the entire department.

I consider it a subject for congratulation that this scourge has not
yet appeared at Cienf uegos, Matenzas or the other seaports, although
this has been a wet summer, and, according to the natives, particular!}^
favorable to the development of the germ. It is to be expected that
in spite of the cleanliness which has been everywhere enforced there
will be later in the season, as there were last year, a few sporadic
cases, but it is hardly probable that the disease will give serious
trouble this year.

The statistics obtained last year give the area of Matanzas as 3,700
square miles and of Santa Clara 9,560, making the total area of the
department 13,260, slightly larger than the figures given in ni}^ last
report. The population according to the census is, Matanzas 202,444
and Santa Clara 356,536, making a total of the department of 558,980
or about 68,000 more than was estimated. It was found that the ratio
of whites to colored is two to one, and this is in accordance with the
prediction contained in my last report.

A large number of work oxen have been imported in both of the
provinces during the past year, though the nuniber on the land is still
insignificant comparea with what it snould be for efficient agriculture.
There is no longer any need for the.gratuitous issue of rations, except
to the aged infirm, and it has for some time been entirely suspended.

The remarkably favorable year for tobacco has greatly helped the
laborer and small farmer of the tobacco districts of Santa Clara. The
crop now being marketed amounts to 546,122 quintals of 100 pounds
each, which at the low prices now offered is valued at $8,191,830, or
more than double the value of the crop of last year. The benefit of
this crop to the laborer without capital can not be overestimated. It
requires no outlay for machinery and little for animals, and after it is
gathered it gives occupation to men, women, and children in the vari-
ous operations of curing, selecting, and preparing it for market.

276 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

An experiment, in a small way, has been made with much success in
the tobacco region near Sagua la Grande of supplying farmers with
oxen and implements at cost price and on reasonable terms of payment,
and sending them out from the town to establish themselves in colonies.
It was desired to locate them on land where they could eventually buy
their farms at fair prices, to be fixed beforehand. It was found, how-
ever, that the owners of large tracts were generally unwilling to part
with small pieces for fear that they should have the remnants on tneir
own hands. The experiment is, however, entirely successful in its
main features. The farmers are all self-supporting and many of them
will anticipate the payments upon their cattle and implements. A
similar experiment has been made and similar results obtained at
Sancti Spiritus under the supervision of Captain Fremont, Second
Infantry, aided b}' Father Castillo, a worthy parish priest of that city.
At the urgent solicitation of the civil governor or the province of
Matanzas help of the same sort was extenaed to twenty -two families in
the neighborhood of the city of Matanzas, but owing to the lateness of
the season and the less advantageous situation of the farmers, the result
has not been quite so satisfactory. The cattle were young and unbroken,
but have materially improved in value and in several instances the pur-
chasers will be able to anticipate payments due upon them, but for the
most part the experiment has not gone far enough to justify the state-
ment that it is entirelv successful.

What has been saia about small farms applies only to the tobacco
country, of which little is found in the province of Matanzas. This
province is specially adapted to cane, and even in localities similar in
appearance to the best districts of Santa Clara, it has not yielded good
results to the tobacco grower. The province of Matanzas is divided
into large sugar estates and sugar-cane farms, and on account of the
unusually dry summer and autunni of last year but a very small crop
was raised. This province has consequently not felt the stimulus that
was expected, but great additions have been made to the acreage of
sugar cane, and the growing crop, with average weather, should be a
remarkably good one. It is estimated that the output of sugar for the
season of 1900-1901 will be double that of last year, or at least 600,000
tons.

While I feel sure that a large majority of the people of the province
are in favor of independence and are impatient at what appears to
them to be the slow progress that has been made in that direction, yet
there are others who, while wanting annexation in its full sense or a
dependency in some measure, still feel the same impatience with the
existing delay. There are few, principally the owners of large sugar
estates, who are urging delay and would delay indefinitely so long as
the measures proposed do not lead positively toward the realization of
their wishes.

The impatience alluded to above is perhaps natural. Obviously the
Foraker resolution, so long as it continues in force, will be regarded
by many as standing in the way of prosperity, but in my judgment it
should not be repealed until the government of the island is definitely
established. Meanwhile no enterprises requiring public franchises
can be undertaken.

It will be observed in this connection that the greatest needs of the
island are not at present for transportation, street railroads, water and
light companies, but for the establishment of such tmde relations with

REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMY. 277

the United States and other neighboring countries as will stimulate
agriculture, commerce, and immigration. Many Cubans who have
been abroad, on their return to the island after the close of the war,
looked confidently for a large extension of railroads, for the reduction
of freight rates, and for the introduction of American methods in han-
dling freight and passengers as the surest panacea for the ills under
which the agricultural classes at least are suiSfering. So far none of
these expectations have been realized, nor can they come until pros-
perity has been reestablished, which in turn will most surely be delayed
until favorable commercial treaties have been negotiated and local self-
government has been established. Beyond slight repairs to the road
beds and a little retouching of passenger coaches there is no improve-
ment apparent in the railroads of this department.

The nighways which have been undertaken by the department of
public works have made but little progress, and tfie poorer people who
were accustomed to bringing their produce to market on the backs of
sumpter animals feel but little necessity for better roads, which can
come only with such a degree of prosperity as will justify the people
in taxing themselves sufficiently to pajr the expenses of the hignways
now so loudly called for in some localities.

Our experience and observation for the year and a half of occupa-
tion has snown that the expense of covering the island with a network
of good wagon roads, passable at all seasons with loaded teams, would
be such as could be borne only by a dense and prosperous population.
The nature of the soil and the presence almost everywhere of loose
bowlders or ragged coral rock just below the surface, together with
the terrific washing of the tropical rains, destroys and renders useless
any road not thoroughly drained, macadamized, and provided with
substantial bridges. After the first rain a dirt road, however well
built, is cut up by the wheels of carts and wagons, and when dry is as
rugged as though it were rock. The next i*ain enlarges the ruts, and
practically obliterates the road.

In conclusion, I invite attention to my previous reports and their
accompanying appendixes, calling attention to the lact that every
statement as to existing conditions, every inference drawn therefrom,
every expression of opinion based thereon, and every recommendation
and preaietion I felt called upon to make has been fully justified by
the course of events in this department during the official year just
closed. I predicted that the elections would result in the selection of
the same men then in office, or of men of similar character. This pre-
diction has been fully verified, and it is to be noted that in every
instance the mayor and councilmen elected are revolutionists who
either actually served in the field, or actively aided the insurgents
with their money and influence.

In leaving the scene of mj labors of the past year and a half, my
cordial thanks are due and are rendered with great pleasure to Gen.
Pedro E. Betancourt, civil governor of the province of Matanzas, and
to Gen. Jos^ M. Gomez, civil governor of the province of Santa Clara,
for their uniformly loyal and cordial support m the work of adjusting
and modifying the government to suit the conditions that have been
changing from day to day, and have often given rise to annoyances
and vexations, which have always been satisfactorily disposed of
through their intelligent cooperation.

278 REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

To Gen. Jos6 de J. Monteagudo, chief of the ruml guard of the
province of Santa Clara, my thanks are also due for his active and
untiring efforts in preserving order and restoring confidence of the
agricultural population in the province of Santa Clara. Nor can I for-
get to thank Capt. Frederick llasco, of the guard (his secretary), for
the intelligent and soldierly manner in which he has always placed his
remarkably fluent command of the best English and Spanish at the
disposal of the military authorities. My thanks are no less due to Mr.
J. Bernardo Junco, for his constant and intelligent attention to the
duties of his position as official interpreter at these headquarters.

Whatever success has attended my efforts in behalf of the Cuban
people and the maintenance of peace and the promotion of the general
welfare is due largely to the cordial and intelligent support which has
been extended to me by the military and civil officers whom I have
mentioned in this report.

With the completion of this report at noon of this date, July 23, the
Department of Matanzas and Santa Clara ceases to exist. A telegram
just received announces its consolidation with that of General Lee,
under the name of the Department of Western Cuba, with headquarters
at Quemados.

In conclusion, I feel it my duty to sa}'^ that, with a continuance of
the good and successful management of insular affairs by the repre-
sentatives of the intervening government, aided, as they have been, by
the tranquility, patience, and tractabilitv of the Cuban people, I do
not doubt Cuba mil })ecome at an early date a rich, independent, well-
governed country.

Ver}'^ respectfully,

James H. Wilson,
Brigadier' General^ U, S. Volunteers^

Comrnanding Department.

EEPOET OF BEIG. GEN. FITZHTJGH LEE, GOMMANDINO THB

DEPARTMENT OF WESTERN CUBA.

Headquarters Department of Western Cuba,

Quenmdm^ Cuba, August 28^ 1900.

The Adjutant-General United States Army,

Washington^ D. (7.,

(Through Headquarters Division of Cuba.)

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report concerninff the
administration of department affairs for the fecal year ending June
30, 1900:

LIMITS OF DEPARTMENT.

Until May 1, 1900, the provinces of Pinar del Rio and Habana,
excepting tlie city of Ilabana and immediately surrounding country.
constituted the limits of the department. The city of Habana formed
the Department of Habana, and its extent was fixed and published in
General Orders No. 4, Headquarters Division of Cuba, 1898.

On May 1 the territorial limits of the department were extended,
pursuant to the following orders:

REPOET OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE AEMY. 279

[Corrected copy.]

General ORDBfis, ^ Headquarters of the Army,

> Adjutant General's Office,

No. 47. J Washingtmiy April P, 1900,

The following order has been received from the War Department:

War Department, Washington^ April P, 1900.

By direction of the President, the Department of Habana and the Department of the
Province of Habana and Pinar del Rfo will be consolidated on Mavl, 1900, under
the designation of the Department of Habana and Pinar del Rfo. Brig. Gen. Fitz-
hugh Lee, U. S. Volunteers, is assigned to the command of the department, with
headquarters at Quemados.

In diHcontinuing the Department of Habana, constituted by the order of Decem-
ber 13, 1898, the President desires to express his high appreciation of the faithful
and efficient service rendered by Brig. Gen. William Ludlow as military governor of
Habana during the existence of the department. The maintenance of order attend-
ing and following the withdrawal of the Spanish forces, the organization of city
government, the great reform of sanitary conditions resulting in the reduction in
the death rate and exemption from epiaemics reflect credit upon the responsible
officer in command and his assistants and upon the peace-lovmg and law-abiding
people of the city of Habana.

Elihu Root, Secretary of War.

By command of Major-General Miles:

H. C. CoRBiN, Adjutant-General.

General Orders, ) Hdqrs. Department of Habana and Pinar del Rfo,

No. 1. / Quemados J Cuha^ May i, 1900.

The imdersigned hereby assumes command of the Department of Habana and
Pinar del Rfo, pursuant to General Orders, No. 47, c. s.. Headquarters of the Army,
Adjutant-General's Office, which consolidates, to take effect this date, the former
Department of Habana and the Department of the Province of Habana, and Pinar
del Rfo into one military department.

FiTZHUGH Lee,
Brigadier-Generaly U. S. Volunteers.

The Department of Habana and Pinar del Rio continued until con-
solidated with the Department of Matanzas and Santa Clara pursuant
to the following telegram and order:

Washington, D. C, July 21 , 1900.
Brig. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee,

Quemados.

Secretary War directs in addition to your present duties you assume command of
former Department of Matanzas and Santa Ulara, which has this day been consoli-
dated with Department Habana and Pinar del Rfo under name of Department of
Western Cuba, headquarters remaining at Quemados. General Wilson has been
directed by telegraph to turn over command to you.

H. C. Corbin, Adjutant-General.

General Orders, 1 Headquarters Department op Western Cuba,

No. 1 . / Quemados, Cuba, July ^^, 1900.

Pursuant to telegraphic instructions from the Adjutant-General's Office, dated
Washington, July 21, the undersigned hereby assumes command of the Department
of Western Cuba. This department consists of the former Department of Matanzas
and Santa Clara and the former Department of Habana and Pmar del Rfo, compris-
ing the provinces of Santa Clara, Matanzas, Habana, and Pinar del Rfo.

Existing orders and circulars of the former Department of Matanzas and Santa
Clara will continue in force for troops stationed in that department until further
orders.

Fitzhugh Lee,
Brigadier General, U. S. Volunteers.

280 BEPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABICY.

STATIONS OF TROOPS.

Columbia^ Barracks, — Commanded from August 1 to August 17,
1899, by Col. T. A. Baldwin, Seventh Cavalry; from August 18, 1899,
to January 18, 1900, by Col. G. M. Randall, Eighth Infantrv; and
from January 13, 1900, to date, b}^ Col. T. A. Baldwin, Seventh Cav-
alry. Garrisoned by headquarters and Troops A, B, D, F, H, K, L
and M, Seventh Cavalry; all of Eighth Infantry until September 13,
1899, when the Third Battalion, Companies I, K, L and M, was sent
to the United States as a depot battalion, and from that time by two
battalions of Eighth Infantry until July 5, when regiment was ordered
for duty in the United States; and by Light Batteries A and F, Second
Artillerv. (Light Battery F left for the United States August 8,
1900.) "

Artillery defenses of Hahana. — Commanded by Col. W. L. Haskin,
Second Artillery, from consolidation of Department of Habana with
the Department of the Province of Habana and Pinar del Rio until
date. Garrisoned by headquarters and Batteries G, H, I, K, L, M, N
and O, Second Artillery.

Pinar del Bio Barracks, — Commanded by Maj. E. S. Godfrey,
Seventh Cavalry, from August 1 to August 4, 1899; by Lieut. Col.
C. A. Dempsey, First Infantry, from August 4 to October 28, 1899;
and by Col. A. A. Harbach, First Infantrj^ from October 28, 1899, to
date. Garrisoned by headquarters and Companies A, B, C, D, E, F,
G and H, First Infantry, until September 13, 1899, when Companies
A, B, C and D were ordered to the United States as depot battalion,
and by Troops C, E, G and I, Seventh Cavalry.

Guanajay Barracks, — Commanded by Capt. F. de L. Carrington,
First Infantry, from August 1 to October 11, 1899, and by Maj. Fred.
A. Smith, First Infantry, from October 11, 1899, to date. Garrisoned
b}^ Companies I, K, L and M, First Infantry.

Companies E and H, First Infantry, transferred from Guanajay
Barracks to Pinar del Rio Barracks. Left station and arrived at Pinar
del Rio September 26, 1899.

Companies K and M, First Infantry, transferred from Pinar del
Rio Barracks to Guanajay Barracks. Left station and arrived at
Guanajay September 26, 1899.

At present there are only four military posts in the Department of
Western Cuba, composed of the provinces of Pinar del Rio, Habana,
Mantanzas, and Santa Clara.

First. Twelve troops of the Seventh Cavalr}^ and one light battery
are stationed at Columbia Barracks.

Second. The Second Artillerv is located in the forts adjacent to and
on both sides of the harbor of Habana.

Third. Twelve troops of the Second Cavalry are at Matanzas.

Fourth. Four companies of the Tenth Infantry are at Cienfuegos.

There are advantages in the concentration of troops in large central
garrisons. The difficulty of supplying food and forage is lessened,
and the health and discipline of tne men are better cared for. These
garrisons are so situatea that troops can be rapidly thrown into any
section of the department, should their presence be necessary, either
by march, rail, or water.

Since my last annual report my duties have been confined more and
more to those of a military nature, and not as before of a combination

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 281

of both civil and military, though still charged with the sanitation of
towns which lie adjacent to the military posts, because the health
of the troops depends to a ^reat degree upon the sanitary measures
enforced in the adjoining cities. I do not interfere with, nor take any
part in the civil affairs oi this department.

The United States having pledged in the interest of her own and
foreign citizens, as well as the Cubans themselves, the pacification of
the island, our soldiers are here for the preservation of peace and the
protection of life and property whenever and wherever the civil
authorities are unable to afford such protection.

The health and general physical condition of the American soldier
in Cuba was of the greatest concern, and at first clearly experimental.
It has been demonstrated, however, that a strict observance of sani-
tary regulations, and the careful and proper selection of the location
of camps and barracks will give satisfactory results.

To-day the American soldier is as strong and healthy in Cuba, and
with no greater death I'ate than would happen at the military posts in
the United States. The present uniform, namely, campaign hat, blue
chambray shirt, khaki pants, and the khaki coat when necessary,
seems well adapted for service in this climate. The allowance of cloth-
ing, however, is not suflBcient. Soldiers here get the same clothing
as they do in the United States, but the weather, hot more or less dur-
ing the whole year, combined with atmospheric causes, generates much
perspiration which necessitates the washing of the clothing more often
and its more rapid destruction.

In my last annual report I had the honor to recommend:

First. That the census of the island be taken.

Second. That a decision be reached regulating suffrage.

Third. That a modern system of jurisprudence be gradualh^ intro-
duced.

Fourth. That a constitutional convention be called under which
executive, legislative, and judicial departments of government be
organized.

Fifth. That the United States supervise Cuban matters until a form
of government satisfactory to them be adopted.

Sixth. That the United States soldiers be retained for the present
on the island to maintain if necessary the pledge to preserve peace
and guarantee the supremacy of law.

Seventh. That the future of the Cuban Republic should be vested
with the people.

These recommendations, it seems, have been in line with the policy
the Gov^ernment of the United States has pursued, except in the mat-
ter of the judiciary.

I respectfully protest against the soldiers of my command being
thrown into Cuban jails, where they contract yellow fever and other
diseases, and also against their being tried by Cuban courts. It has
been well said the government of Cuba at present is the President of
the United States, the island being ruled by his subordinates, who
execute his orders, or their own, which he adopts if he does not revoke.
It is rooted in Washington, not in Habana. We have a military con-
trol over Cuba, and it is earnestly hoped that we be permitted to con-
fine and try our own soldiers in all things, and, if necessary, legislation
should be nad to that effect.

282 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

Many instances could be cited which have come under my own
observation of the great diflBculty experienced in getting prompt and
satisfactory results from Cuban courts. In a report made to the mili-
tary governor of the island by Gen. Leonard Wood, then commanding
the Department of Santiago and Puerto Principe, dated September
20, 1899, he says:

The greatest of our needs now is a thorough reform of the judiciary and in the
procedure. I do not mean an entire uprooting of the law of the land, out a radical
modification, especially in the methods of criminal procedure. The present judi-
ciary of this province is not doing efficient work. Evidences of indifference, ii not
corruption, are altogether too numerous. The prosecuting officers are not energetic,
as evidenced by prisons full of untried cases. The conduct of the judiciary, &ken
as a whole, during the past six months has been of such a character as to warrant
grave doubts arising in the minds of the people as to the wisdom of giving testimony
against criminals and outlaws, whom they nnd soon turned loose upon them again
and in a position to take vengeance on those who have testified against them.

In the report of the judge-advocate of this department, accompany-
ing this paper, in reference to this matter he writes:

As a rule, an American on trial in a Cuban court, even though his judge be the
very embodiment of justice, has no chance for a full and a fair trial. He can not
understand the charge made against him because it is in the technical language of
the Spanish code. He can not understand the testimony presented by the prosecu-
tion because it is in Spanish, and consequently he is not able to advise his counsel
what can be refuted. He can not, before his trial, communicate intelligently with
his counsel in pre^ration therefor, nor can he, during his trial, call attention to
points brought out in the testimony. His testimony in his own behalf and the testi-
mony of such American witnesses as may be produced in his behalf must be trans-
lated by an interpreter, and he can not tell whether or not it is correctly translated.
He can not understand the argument of the prosecution so as to advise his counsel
how to answer it, and he can not know whether his counsel, in his argument, has made
answer to what he could, and finally after trial and conviction no reviewing authority
can determine whether or not the evidence against him was sufficient to justify a con-
viction, because no record is kept of the testimony produced on his trial.

Again, supposing that his judge is all that is upright and just; suppose that his coun-
sel is all that is able and loyal; supposing everything to be in his favor that could be
in his favor, he could not have a fair and full trial under such conditions.

All of which is in accordance with and confiiinatory of my own
views.

At the present time the first sergeant of troop G, Seventh Cavalry,
a corporal, and two soldiers of the same troop have been charged with
the murder of one of their fellow -soldiers for the purpose of securing
his money. The first sergeant and one of the soldiers deserted. Both
have been caught, the soldier in Habana, and the sergeant in Beira,
Portuguese Africa. For nearly one month in the case of the sergeant
I have been trying to obtain the necessary extradition papers from
the judge of the first instance at Pinar del Kio city, where the murder
was committed, and before whom these soldiers are to be tried, in order
to have this sergeant returned to Cuba, and though I have used every
effort no result nas been reached so far.

In the case of Private York, Battery I, Second Artillery, for the
killing of Henry Fisher, a negro teamster, General Ludlow, then in
command of the department in which this battery was stationed,
directed that he should be tried by a general court-martial. The case
was referred to Washington, and the Attorney-General, in an opinion
dated May 9, 1900, says:

First. In the present situation of affairs in regard to Cuba, neither a court-martial
nor a military commission should trv Private York.

Second. Article 59, Articles of War, does not require him to be delivered to the
Cuban courts, but it is nevertheless proper to permit such courts to try him.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 283

In view of this decision these four soldiers will have to be tried by
a Cuban judge, and will probably be acauitted and turned loose, as
happened in the case of Private i ork, unless they die from disease in
Cuban jails. This is a most important matter, and a remedy should be
found and applied at the earliest possible moment.

Private York was turned over to the civil authorities on the 14th of
February, 1900. Over three months elapsed before the proceedings
against him were terminated. The fiscal asked the court, before the
"oral trial," as it is called, to impose a sentence of fourteen years
eight months and one day confinement. The oral testimony can not
be ascertained because there was no record kept of it. In conformity
with the Spanish law, the request of the fiscal for the release of a
prisoner must be complied with.

The custom-house cases, as they are called, might be cited, though in
no way connected with the military, as a true evidence of detective links
in the Cuban judiciary chain. Fifteen Cuban employees of the custom-
house were arrested charged with an intention to defraud the govern-
ment. The wari*ant of arrest against six of them was issued on the
25th of December, 1899; five more of them were arrested on the 29th
of December; three more on the 30th of December, and one more on
the 6th of January, 1900. June 25, 1900, was appointed a dav for
trial. This trial lasted two months, resulting in tne release of all the
accused, notwithstanding the fact that the evidence against them was
most conclusive, the confession of one of the guilty parties being a
part of it, and the evidence taken in connection tnerewith bearing out
in every particular the aforesaid confession.

The health of troops depends in a great degree upon the purity of
drinking water and the disposal of the excreta. In place of pit latrines,
as generallv used in camps, earth closets, and other systems, it has been
ascertained that the plan recommended by the typhoid fever board in
General Orders, 170, Adjutant-General's OflBce, 1899, is by far the
safest and best method to pursue. The excreta is received in troughs
of galvanized iron containing milk of lime, 1 part to 8, a small amount
of crude petroleum being poured on top of this fluid in each trough to
drive away flies. At Columbia Barracks the system is perfect, the
contents of the troughs passing through a large sewer pipe to the eea,
but when the location of the barracks of troops prevents such an
arrangement, very satisfactory results can be obtained by the use of
odorless excavators, the contents of which are discharged some distance
from the post and disinfected at once by the milk of lime.

If vigilance is at all times exercised troops can be kept in the tropics
without loss of health, vigor, or military eflBciency, but we must never
forget that the germs of yellow fever are ever present and are still a
mystery to the medical profession. Apparently they lie dormant in
many localities for several years, and then from inexplicable reasons
recommence their destructive work.

This is what is called a yellow fever year in Cuba, and there is much
more of it than I have ever noticed in a residence of over four years.
Quemados and Marianao are pretty towns situated some 8 miles from
Habana on a high elevated plateau overlooking the ocean. They are
health resorts, and during the summer months are filled with people
from Habana escaping from the heat and dangers of disease. Lying
on the edge of the large post of Columbia Barracks, every effort was
made and much money was spent to make their sanitary condition as

284 REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMY.

near perfect as possible. Last year, in July, a soldier died of yellow
fever at Columbia Barracks, and six months afterwards another died
at Guanajay Barracks, some 22 miles distant. The source of infection
could not be traced. In August, 1899, there were in the Second
Artillery in Fort Cabanas 1 oflBcer and 22 men with yellow fever.
Seven died. It was due to placing the soldiers in an old infected
Spanish fort. Now the garrison is located in barracks built on outside,
and is healthy.

In May of this year yellow fever appeared on *' General Lee street,"
Quemados, where most of the Americans lived, and spread until finally
up to June 30, the end of the vear to which this report refers, there
were 32 cases and 8 deaths, as follows:

In the Army at Columbia Barracks.

In Quemados

Civilian employees of Army

other civilians

Total

Cases.

Deaths.

Since then there have been —

Deaths.

In the Army at Columbia Barracks.
Civilians at Columbia Barracks.....
Civilians in Quemados

Total

Making in all 50 cases and 12 deaths.

Three of the members of my staff had it, viz., Maj. Frank H.
Edmunds, First Infantry, inspector -general of the department; Maj.
J. R. Kean, chief surgeon of the department, and Capt. Charles B. Hep-
burn, chief signal officer of the department. Major Eldmunds died,
and the other two recovered. Major Edmunds and Captain Hepburn
lived on the infected street, and Surgeon Kean frequently visited it.
Prompt and successful measures were taken to suppress the disease;
all saloons, houses of prostitution, and disreputable places generally
were closed, and all nonimmunes were ordered into tents pitched a
little distance from the town. Houses infected by fever ana all their
contents were thoroughly disinfected, and no soldiers were allowed to
enter the town; but no one knows how, where, or when fresh fever-
cases may occur; though it is not probable it will again make its
appearance this year.

satisfactory results have been obtained in my command from the
establishment and maintenance of canteens. Not all American sol-
diers have perfect habits. Conditions have to be met as they actually
exist. There is no question but that the canteen affords an outlet to
those soldiers who are more or less inclined to the drinking habit, and
also keeps them in camp, when otherwise they would be running out
to the nearest grogshop where only the worst liquors are served. My
former inspector general, the late Major Edmunds, of the First Infan-
try, recently accompanied me on an inspection of Batteries O, M, G,

KEPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE A3MY. 285

N and H, Second Artillery, which are stationed upon the outskirts of
Habana. In the closing sentence of his oflBcial report of that inspec-
tion he says: "'Although it was just after pay day, there was not a
man in the entire command inspected who showed any effects of the
use of intoxicating liquor," and adds that the oflBcers of these com-
mands ''united in saying that since the establishment of the canteen
at these batteries there have been less sickness, fewer trials, and better
discipline, and no case of alcoholism, the latter of which often hap-
pened under previous conditions."

The batteries were originally under the conmiand of General Lud-
low, during which time canteens were prohibited. After they came
under my command canteens were allowed. This, therefore, is a prac-
tical illustration of the same troops in the same stations without a can-
teen and with a canteen.

There are five district jails in Habana Province and four in the
province of Pinar del Rio. It is presumed General Wilson's annual
report will embrace the jails in Matanzas and Santa Clara. These
jaus have been inspected regularly and were at first in a very unsatis-
factory condition. Prisoners were found in confinement who had
been held for many months for trivial offenses without trial, and in
some cases they did not know what they were charged with nor could
the jail officials tell. These prisoners have all been released and the
jails put in a satisfactory condition at an expense of $20,344.34. Sala-
ries due jail officials for seven and eight months previous were all p^id
up to the first of July, since which time the department commander
has had nothing to do with them.

All public funds have been conscientiously handled during the past
fiscal year in the Department of the Province of Habana and Pinar del
Rio and later in the Department of Habana and Pinar del Rio; the
amount allotted, received, and disbursed during that time being
$267,395.30, the first by Capt. H. J. Slocum, Seventh Cavalry, dis-
bursing officer of the department, until he was obliged to take a sick
leave, and since the latter part of June his duties have been discharged
by Maj. George S. Cartwright, chief quartermaster of the department.

There is one company or rural guards in the provinces of Habana
and Pinar del Rio, consisting of 3 officers, 16 nonconmiissionedoffi-
cei'S, and 90 privates. These guards are stationed about at various
locations within the limits of the department to preserve law, order,
and peace in the rural districts. They are required to carry out
instructions from the different alcaldes and to assist the rural police
when called upon to suppress disorders. The guards are nearly all
ex-Cuban soldiers, well acquainted with the country and people, and
carefully selected from a large number of applicants, and have been
successful in recovering stolen property and breaking up cattle and
horsestealing. They are armed with the .44-caliber Remington car-
bine. These arms are kept well cleaned and oiled, and each trooper
carries 12 cartridges and a machete; clothing and equipments in good
condition, and they are fairly well mounted on native ponies. For
this service during the last fiscal year $53,474.99 has been paid.

Attention is called to the report of First Lieut. H. F. Jackson, Second
Artillery, acting engineer officer. Extensive road building has been
carried on in various sections of the department. Columbia Barracks
has been united by a fine avenue to the Almendares River, over which
a pontoon bridge has been thrown, and from which roads lead via

286 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

Vedado, where connection is made with the posts of the Second Artil-
lery and on to Habana, and by the Colon Cemetery also to Habana,
thus affording means to rapidly throw troops, if necessary , into Habana
by two routes, in addition to the existing calzada from Marianao and
Quemados to that city.

The business of the signal department has been satisfactorily carried
on. The necessary telegraph and telephone lines have been run in the
department and kept in good working order. The department head-
quarters has been placed by a telephone system in connection with 18
offices, including the residences of officers in and around Quemados
and 54 in and around Habana, as well as telegraph conmiunication
with all the world.

Accompanying this report are the reports of the staff officers at the
head of the various departments and commanding officers of the differ-
ent posts. I take pleasure in calling your attention to their able and
comprehensive statements, and to add my testimony that their duties
have been satisfactorily and conscientiously discharged.

These reports are:

No. 1. Maj. R. E. L. Michie, assistant adjutant-general, U. S. Volun-
teers, adjutant-general.

No. 2. Maj. G. S. Grimes, Second Artillery, acting inspector-
general.

No. 3. Maj. G. M. Dunn, judge-advocate, U. S. Volunteers, judge-
advocate.

No. 4. Maj. G. S. Cartwright, quartermaster, U. S. Volunteers,
chief quartermaster.

No. 5. Maj. J. R. Kean, surgeon, U. S. Volunteers, chief surgeon.

No. 6. Ma]. J. W. Dawes, additional paymaster, U. S. Volunteers,
chief paymaster.

No. 7. Capt. H. S. Whipple, Third Cavalry, acting chief commissary.

No. 8. First Lieut. H. F. Jackson, Second Artillery, engineer officer.

No. 9. Maj. G. S. Cartwright, quartermaster, U. S. Volunteers, dis-
bursing officer.

No. 10. Second Lieut. C. R. Day, Seventh Cavalry, aid, acting signal
officer.

No. 11. Capt. Frederick Perkins, Eighth Infantry, acting inspector-
general.

No. 12. Second Lieut. C. R. Day, Seventh Cavalry, aid, acting
superintendent of jails.

No. 13. Second Lieut. C. R. Day, Seventh Cavalry, aid, acting
superintendent rural guards.

No. 14. Col. T. A. Baldwin, Seventh Cavaliy, conunanding Colum-
bia Barracks.

No. 15. Col. A. A. Harbach, First Infantry, commanding Pinar del
Rio Barracks.

No. 16. Col. W. L. Haskin, Second Artillery, conmianding artillery
defenses of Habana.

No. 17. Maj. F. A. Smith, First Infantry, commanding Guanajay
Barracks.

I have the honor also to add a copy of Circular Order No. 1, Head-
quarters Department of Western Cuba, dated August 10, 1900.

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

FrrzHUGH Lee,
Brigadier- Oeneral^ CoTmrumdd/ng.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 287

Circular Letter, ) • Headquarters Department op Western Cuba,

No. 1. / • QuemadoSf Cuba, August 10, 1900.

The department commander announces for the benefit of all concerned that he
does not propose to interfere with the civil authorities within the geographical lim-
its of his command, except to maintain public order and protect the lives and prop-
erty of all persons residing therein.

Harmony and mutual support should prevail between the civil and military offi-
cials. The former are charged with the conduct of civil affairs and all communica-
tions from them relating to civil matters must be made to the civil heads of the
department in Habana to which they respectively refer and not to the military com-
mander of the Department of Western Cuba,

The municipal police of the various towns are directly under the control of the
local authorities, and will not in any way be interfered with except in cases where
they are unable to preserve the peace.

The rural guards are under the orders of the military commander of the depart-
ment, to l>e moved when necessary from place to place. They are also to be employed
when essential to reinforce the municipal police, and in turn will be augmented by
American soldiers only when all other methods have been exhausted.

The department commander is not charged with the sanitation of towns except
those located at or in the vicinity of the station of United States troops. All other
towns must regulate their own sanitary r^ulations and provide for the health of
their own citizens. Where unable to do so, the local autnorities should appeal for
assistance to the head of the department in Habana.

FiTZHUGH Lee,
Brigadier-General, Commanding.

REPORT OF COL. SAMUEL M. WHITSIDE, COMMANDING THE
DEPARTMENT OF SANTIAGO AND PUERTO PRINCIPE.

BLeadquarters Department of Santiago

AND Puerto Principe,
Santiago de Ouba^ June 30^ 1900.

The Adjutant-General United States Army.
(Through Headquarters Division of Cuba.)

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of this depart-
ment for the year ending June 30, 1900. In obedience to General
Orders No. 1, Adjutant-General's OflBce, January 3, 1900, I assumed
command of the Department of Santiago and Puerto Principe Jan-
uary 22, relieving Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood, U. S. Volunteers,
appointed military governor of the island of Cuba.

There has been nothing in the condition of affairs in this department
requiring special activity of the troops, and their movements have
been confined to the usual practice marches, field exercises, target
practice, and a few minor changes of station.

inspection of posts.

The provisions of paragraph 193, Army Regulations, have been car-
ried out by a personal inspection of all the posts in the department
and such personal examination and observation as assure me that the
troops are eflBcient and well instructed; that the supplies are well dis-
tributed; that the transpoiiation service is satisfactory; that public
propert}^ is properly cared for, and that due economy is exercised in
all public expenditures. The travel on these inspections has been by
the U. S. army transport ^Vr^gKt by sea, and by ambulance, mounted

288 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMT.

travel, or rail in the interior. They were made between February and
June. The troops are generally well housed. Barracks and officers'
quarters have been built at Morro Castle. The Eighth Cavalry are
still in camp near Puerto Principe and have been for a year, but plans
for a six-company post have been approved by the division commander
and work is expected to begin July 1. At the other posts the troops
occuD}^ old Spanish barracks, in some cases refitted ana repaired since
the American occupation. At posts where mounted troops are sta-
tioned good shed stables have been provided, genemlly witn thatched
roofs. The water supply depends mainly upon cisterns and wells,
though at Morro Castle water is pumped from the San Juan River.
At the Eighth Cavalry camp it is pumped from a creek some distance
away, and at Baracoa it is piped in from the mountains several miles
distant. The health of the troops has been good. Since December
there have been no epidemic diseases in the department. One or two
sporadic cases of yeUow fever occurred at Nuevitas in June. The
troops have been regularly paid. Post exchanges are in operation at
all posts and have been successfully managed. The men were never
so well fed and clothed as they are at this time. They are provided
bathing facilities, reading rooms, exchanges, gymnasiums, and out-
door exercises such as few of the men enjoyed before entering the
service, but yet they desert. The number of desertions in the depart-
ment during this year has been:

Eighth Cavalry 27

Tenth Cavalry 4

Fifth Infantry 34

Hospital Corps 5

Signal Corps

Total 70

The fault is not in the service but must be looked for on the out-
side. Young men are entering the service who do not like the con-
finement of military life, become homesick, and desert. Not much
more in the way of food, clothing, amusements, and liberty can be
granted them to make military life more attractive, and desertion will
only cease when the certainty of arrest and adequate punishment will
cause men to continue in service until discharged ratner than suffer
the disgrace and punishment which should be sure to follow desertion.

I desire to call attention to the necessitv of building temporary
quarters at an early date for the accommodation of oflBcers stationed
at San Luis. No suitable buildings can be rented in the town.

ADMINISTRATION.

The last half of paragraph 767, Army Regulations, is, in my opin-
ion, much overlooked, much matter going direct through purely staff
channels that is there forbidden. This operates to the exclusion of
much real authority over staff departments by those in command of
troops. Line officers in command have few spheres of action that
can not be curtailed by staff officers acting apparently independently
and exercising really the functions of command which are forbidden
them by regulations. Supplies obtained for departments are moved
from place to place without the knowledge of the department com-
mander. Orders given to department chiefs regarding supplies or
propert}^ have to be referred to some higher steff officer, shorn by

BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDIMG THE ARMY. 289

law of power to command, for permission to obey the orders of the
oflBcers appointed by the Presiaent to command them.

THE RUKAL GUARD.

A very eflBcient aid in maintaining order in the rural districts has
been the rural guard. They have been industrious, well behaved, and
energetic. This force, or some force of which it shall be the nucleus,
is bound to be the main dependence in the thinly settled regions until
conditions in the island shall have become completely normafized. The
guard have learned many soldierly ways, are unifonned, courteous
toward the people with whom they come in contact, and are becoming
fairly drilled and are reliable.

PUBLIC WORKS.

This work, paid for from insular funds, comprises all classes of
public improvements, and has been continued by me in the lines
maugurated by my predecessor. Much road building throughout the
department has been done and communication with the interior facili-
tated. In the district of Santiago, having the largest allotment of
funds from division headquarters, the work on public roads, for the
first half of the year, was creditably performed by Second Lieut.
M. E. Hanna, Second U. S. Cavalry, aid-de-camp. Since his relief
it has been managed by the department engineer, First Lieut. R. L.
Hamilton, Fifth U. S. Infantry, who has also had charge of the Santi-
ago waterworks and street improvements, the construction of a system
of waterworks at Guantanamo, and the building of a dock at Morro
Castle. This has demanded much executive ability, untiring industry,
and professional attainments of a high order, to the possession of
which the quality and amount of work that Lieutenant Hamilton has
accomplished bear ample testimony.

SANITATION OF TOWNS.

The sanitation of towns occupied by troops has been under military
supervision and has been constantly improving. In Santiago, the chief
city of the province, 86^ miles of streets are swept daily, and during
the year 25,000 cubic yards of street sweepings have been hauled
out of the city. One hundred and eighteen thousand cubic yards of
garbage have been removed, in the destruction of which 35,000 gallons
of crude petroleum have been used. Four thousand gallons of carbolic
acid have been used in the sanitation of Santiago and 11,000 pounds of
chloride of lime.

CIVIL MATTERS.

Control over civil matters, exercised through the several district
commanders, has been an advisory supervision and the necessity for it
is fast decreasing. The civil oflBcials seem honestly to have endeavored
to do their duty. They are proving equal to their responsibilities as
fast as they are advanced. The relations between the civil and mili-
tary have been uniformly harmonious. In my opinion, Cuban juris-
prudence needs revision and reform. The American idea of the rights .
of the accused precludes a system that permits the taking of evidence
against him in his absence and allows the introduction of hearsay evi-
dence. Trials are not prompt, nor is there much to inspire confidence
in the accuracy of judicial findings when action is finally had. The

WAR 1900 — VOL 1, PT III 19

290 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

elections held on June 16 passed off quietly and the new oflBcers have
been installed without excitement.

SCHOOLS.

The schools of the department are in an encouraging condition. They
have been systematized during the year, salaries have been equalized
for teachers, pew schools have been established, and new furniture and
books have been widely distributed. There are approximately 165,025
children of school age in the department. Of these there is an enroll-
ment in school of 21,303 and an average attendance of 16,512. In my
opinion, here lies the hope of the island.

I respectfully invite special attention to reports of the departmental
staff for detailed information regarding their departments.

In concluding this report I desire to bear testimony to the fidelity,
zeal, artd eflBciency with which they have all performed the arduous
duties of their respective oflBces.
Very respectfully,

Samuel M. Whitside,
Colonel Tenth U, S, CcwaZry^ Commanding.

REPORT OF BRIG. GEN. GEORGE W. DAVIS, TJ. S. VOLUNTEERS,
COMMANDIITG DEPARTMEITT OF PORTO RICO.

Headquarters Department of Porto Rico,

San Juan^ P, R,^ August 15^ 1900.
The Adjutant-General.

Sir: On the date of the last annual report of the commanding gen-
eral the organizations serving in this department were the same as
now, viz., the Fifth Cavalry; Eleventh Infantry; Fifth Artillery, 2
batteries; Signal Corps, 1 company; Hospital Corps, detachments;
Porto Rico Volunteer Infantry, 4 companies.

The principal changes during the year resulted from the withdrawal
from the island in March, 1900, of one squadron of the Fifth Cavalry
and the recruitment of an additional battalion of Porto Rican volunteers,
giving to the whole a regimental organization.

The comparative strength of the command as of date August 1 for
last year and the present are given in the following table:

Department Headquarters

Fifth Cavalry

Fifth Artillery

Eleventh Infantry

Signal Corps

Hospital Corps

Post noncommissioned staff ,

Total regular

Porto Rican regiment volunteers,

Grand total

Attached

Troops in department Aug. 1 —

1899.

Officers.

18
47

6
45

2
27

145

153

Enlisted
men.

1,189

192

1,288

147

2,839

876

3,215

Total.

1,236

198

1,283

174

2,984

384

3,868

1900.

Officers.

16
27

6
51

1
15

116
32

148
12

Enlisted
men.

589

202

1,168

101

2,122

864

2,986

Total.

616

208

1,219

116

2,238

896

3,134

Relieved from dutv in the department and left for New York August 5 and 6, 1900, 29 officers and
72f) enlisted men and 325 cavalry horses, leaving in the department at this date 119 officers and 2,260
enlisted men.

REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 291

Since the close of the fiscal year, that is to say on May 6, 1900,
there were withdrawn from Porto Rico the headquarters and one
squadron of the Fifth Cavalry, one battalion of the Eleventh Infantry,
and a considerable detachment of the Hospital Corps and another of
the Signal Corps.

The only events of importance of a military character occurring dur-
ing the year were, (1) the utilization of a very large part of the mili-
tary establishment as a Hurricane Relief Corps; (2) the holding of
elections for local officials throughout the department, under military
supervision; (3) the transfer to the civil authority of the control and
government of the island (this took place on May 1, 1900, in pursuance
of orders of the Secretary of War); and (4) the enlistment of a mounted
battalion of native infantrv.

HURRICANE RELIEF WORK.

In the report of the commanding general for last year will be found
on last page a paragraph briefly mentioning the calamity which had
just befallen Porto Kico. The effects of thi^ blow were very exten-
sive and far-reaching; indeed there can not be full recovery from
the damage to houses, fences, and vegetation for several years. Some
2,700 human beings perished in this disaster, and many have since died
who'would now be alive but for the hunger, destitution, and disease
that directly or indirectly was caused by the cyclone of St. Ciriaco —
one of the most appalling storms that ever visited any land.

The relief conducted by the army consisted in the distribution of
some 30,000,000 rations (1 pound each) to the famishing natives of this
island and extended over a period of almost a year. Besides, relief
work was provided for the idle workman so that self-supporting wages
could be earned and the facilities for communication between the
towns improved. Upon this branch of work nearly one million dol-
lars was allotted by the Secretary of War, and the funds have been,
or are being, applied in road construction.

The chief surgeon of the department was president of a board of
charities charged with the supervision of food and medical relief, while
the chief engineer of the department, as president of the board of pub-
lic works, organized the road relief, and these two officers have con-
ducted this relief work to the present time.

While the help so generously given by the United States has been
the means of saving thousands, indeed many tens of thousands of lives,
yet it did not reach every individual who required it.

The blow fell upon Porto Rico very shortly after it had been the
scene of conflict of hostile armies, which had resulted in the expulsion
of the former government and establishment of American control.
The island, as respects its social and domestic institutions, etc., legis-
lative, judicial, and executive functions was in a state of transition.
Municipal government could scarcely be said to exist. In many
towns municipal treasuries were empty or bankrupt, and political
rivalries and animosities ran high. When the time came for these
governmental instrumentalities in the towns to render material, sub-
stantial aid to the stricken and helpless of their own people, they were
powerless in a great many cases, and there were some individual
instances of hunger and suffering which the army relief agencies
established in every town could not find out or succor, notwimstand-

292 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMT.

ing that every possible effort was made to relieve all who were helpless.

Issues of rood were discontinued on July 15 last, under authority
of an approval by the Secretary of War of a recommendation for
cessation of these issues by the civil governor of Porto Bico and by
the commanding general.

The amounts earned of the allotments by the Secretary of War for
relief work on roads to June 30, 1900, aggregate $392,139, leaving
available for continued relief work the sum of $557,861, which is being
earned at the rate of about $50,000 per month.

In another report for the Secretary of War which I am preparing,
I treat quite fully of all matters respecting the military government
in relation to civil matters and in that paper the subject oi hurricane
relief will be mentioned in more detail.

ELECTIONS.

Just before the cvclone swept over the island in August, orders had
been given for the holding of the first election of local oflBcials. This
was in Adjuntas, where previously the town oflBcials had failed to
maintain a government worthy of the name, and an army oflicer had
been placed in charge. Rules for registration and balloting as well as
for canvassing were laid down in military orders and the election held
on July 25, but the oflBcer in charge permitted an informality in the
procedure which caused the result to be set aside, and a new election
was ordered. Before this could be held, the storm struck the island
and the second balloting was postponed.

In September local oflScials were properly elected at Adjuntas and
before tne middle of February, mayors, town councils, municipal
judges, and boards of education had been chosen and installed in all
the towns of Porto Rico.

The qualifications for voters were determined by the military com-
mander and these, briefly stated, were the possession of a reading and
writing knowledge of some language, or the would-be voter must nave
paid at least $1 in tax within the preceding eighteen months. Under
such conditions the number of votes poU^ reached an aggregate of
51,179, which is about 5f per cent of the population.

These elections were honestly held, every man who possessed the
requisite qualification had no difliculty in depositing his ballot and
every vote was properly counted. Either an oflBcer or noncommis-
sioned oflicer of the Army was chairman of each board of registration,
of supervision, and of canvassers.

These elections conducted under strict army supervision were the
first ever held in the island that gave honest returns, and there is no
hazard in the statement that there will never be held a fairer election.

There was never present at or near a voting place an armed soldier.
The bayonet was conspicuous by its absence.

END OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT.

The act of Congress requiring the establishment of a temporary
civil government became a law on the 12th of April, and on the 28tn
of the same month Hon. Charles H. Allen, governor-elect, arrived at
San Juan. On the 1st of May he was duly installed in oflBce with suit-
able ceremonies of a simple, but dignified character.

An account of those important proceedings and ceremonies is among
the inclosures.

REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 293

PORTO RICAN VOLUNTEERS.

There is now in service in Porto Rico a regiment (eight companies)
of native troops, half of whom are mounted on native horses. The
lieutenant-colonel (commandant), two majors, and two captains are
officers of the Regular Army. One of the lieutenants is a Porto Rican,
while the remainder of the officers are ex-officefs of Volunteers or are
ex-noncommissioned officers and privates of the Regular Army.

The first battalion was recruited early in the year 1899, and the
mounted battalion in the winter and spring of 1900. The men are
armed with the new Springfield rifle and clothed like our regulars
and other volunteers.

The experiment of using the natives as soldiers has in Porto Rico
proved a very marked success, judging from the appearance of the
organization as it is seen on parade, review, marcn, and in camp.
Oi course there has been no occasion for a battle test of the nerve,
courage, and endurance of these men, but 1 believe it will prove
satisfactory.

The men are usually small, weighing 10 to 15 per cent less than the
average of American soldiers, but they are tough and wiry and have
good endurance. They are tractable and obedient and show a willing-
ness and anxiety to learn.' They adopt the ways of the American readily
and are fond of his food. While they are not habitual meat eaters,
and many were almost entirely unaccustomed to it, yet all are eager
for the meat component of the ration. In some cases satiety is believed
to have caused intestinal disorders, but generally the native troops
compare favorably with the Americans as respects health and avail-
abilty for duty.

The mounted battalion has been a less time in service than the other,
and the men have a harder task in learning their duties, because for
the second battalion they must learn the work of mounted men in
addition to all the rest. Very satisfactory results have been secured
and both battalions are in excellent condition for service on this island
or elsewhere.

The native horses (or ponies, as they are usually called) are about
one-third lighter than the ordinary American horses, but as the men
are all lighter the lack of weight or the mounts is not a real deficiency.
These native horses cost a little less than $100 each, and their keep is
much less than half as expensive at Henry Barracks than was that of
the cavalry horses formerly in service at the same post.

The native horse is given a half ration of oats, and the rest of his
food is native green grass. The cost at Cayey of a ration for a native
horse is about 20 cents, while the cost of a full forage ration of an
American cavalry horse was not less than 40 cents, including transpor-
tation in both cases; besides the native animals are immune to many
diseases common here to northern horses.

Among the native soldiers there is much less ^drunkenness than
among Americans. Absences without leave are also less frequent.

I urgently recommend the continuance of this regiment in service
with a third battalion added to the present force and retaining one
battalion mounted. With one battalion of regular infantry and two
batteries regular artillery the island would have a sufficient military
protection, and the present barrack accommodations would not require
expensive extension to provide for all.

294 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.
DISTRIBUTION OF TROOPS, QUARTERS, AND BARRAGEJS.

At the close of last year twelve posts were occupied, to wit: Are-
cibo, Aibonito, Adjuntas, Aguadilla, Cayey, Humacao, Lares, Manati.
Mayaguez, Ponce, San German, and San Juan. At the present time
the only posts are: Aibonito, 1 company; Cayey (Henry Barracks), ^
companies; Mayague^, 5 companies; Ponce, 4 companies; San Juan, 8
companies. There are detachments at Aguadilla, Adjuntas, and Huma-
cao, each reporting to the posts whence the troops are detached.

The reduction of separate establishments has much reduced admin-
istrative expenses and cost of transportation, as now there are only
five companies who do not receive their supplies direct by water.

As respects capacity of the several posts and condition of the accom-
modations, the following is remarked:

San Juan, — The number of staff officers' quarters is sufficient, but
no more than sufficient for the commanding general, his personal and
department straff. All are in good condition for comfortable living,
and with slight repairs and renovation should continue in good condi-
tion indefinitely. All these houses were occupied by miliary officers
under Spain and have so continued to be used during the American
occupation. The lands occupied by these buildings also belong to the
United States.

The offices of the department headquarters are in the building
which was called the by Spain "El Maestrenza de Artiileria." A few
inexpensive changes in this fine old building adapted it for occupation
and use. The number of office rooms is sufficient.

The ordnance depot is in the old ''Parque fte Artiileria," and is
adequate and suitable.

The quartermaster's shops are in some masonry outbuildings at Casa
Blanca, and are adequate and suitable.

The chief commissary's depot is in a building that formerly belonged
to the Spanish board or harbor works and it is presumed will have to
be given up soon, or rent paid for use. The storehouse is adequate
and suitable. Sales room is in the old San Domingo Barracks.

The depot proper for the quartermaster's department is in a building
known as the "oan Francisco Barracks." It is an excellent estab-
lishment for the purpose. Some additional supplies are kept in the
"San Domingo Barracks."

The quartermaster's forage and coal supply is kept on the Marina,
ground which is controlled by the island government. Here the trans-
ports land. No rent has been paid for this ground and landing and
none has been demanded. The quartermaster's means of transporta-
tion and corral are about a mile east of the center of the city, on San
Juan Island. At this place Spain formerly had barracks, but some
years ago they were destroyed by fire. Temporary sheds have been
erected for animals kept at the depot. The quartermaster's wheel-
wright, harness, p,nd paint shops are near by, also on Government
land.

The central office of the United States military telegraph is in a
building belonging to the insular government, as is also the office of
the engineer officer of the department. No rent has been paid.

The accommodation for troops in San Juan consists:

(1) Ballaja Barracks, built a few years ago by Spain, and altogether
the best I have ever seen. It has adequate accommodations for the

REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 295

officers and men of five companies of infantry and a band. The build-
ing is three stories high and must have cost several hundred thousand
dollars. Spain housed 1,000 men in this building.

(2) Yellow fever barracks: These buildings were built for a hospital,
but nad not been quite finished when Spain evacuated the island. They
have never been occupied by the sick and can very well accommodate
three companies of full strength, although four companies have simul-
taneously occupied the buildings.

(3) El Morro has good acconmiodations for one battery of artillery
and its appropriate officers, the latter in new detached cottages.

(4) San Cristobal has same capacity for men as El Morro, out larger
number of officers' quarters.

Altogether the post of San Juan could well contain and comfortably
accommodate 10 companies, and with some crowding would hold 12
companies.

The post hospital is a good building, with accommodations for 400
sick, a very mucn larger number than will probably ever require hos-
pital treatment at this station.

The ovens for the San Juan garrison are distant and inconvenient,
but in good condition. They are adequate for baking 2,000 loaves of
bread per twenty-four hours.

The post transportation is kept in suitable temporary buildings near
Santa Elena Battery. No extensive storehouses for the post are neces-
sary, for all supplies are received direct from depot.

The post has an excellent ice machine, having capacity of 2,000

Sounds per day. In connection with it is also distilled all water drunk
y the command, and hospital washing is done in the laundry attached.
The city aqueduct supplies water, and there is a good sewer arrange-
ment.

Altogether the military establishment at San Juan is very complete
and satisfactory in every respect.

The present garrison consists of headquarters, band, and 5 compa-
nies Eleventh Infantry, 1 troop Fifth Cavalry, and 2 batteries Fifth
Artillery. No rents are paid at San Juan.

Cayey {Henry Barracks), — This post is 61 kilometers south of San
Juan, on the road to Ponce. Here is a reservation of 11 acres and
barracks (but no officers' quarters) for 1 company, but when the
second or mounted battalion of Porto Rico Volunteers was raised, the
rendezvous was fixed at Cayey, soon after named Henry Barracks, in
memory of the late Maj. Gen. Guy V. Henry, a former department
commander.

The mounted battalion of Porto Rican Volunteers has since been
camped at Henry Barracks on rented ground, the building thereat
being used for hospital, storehouse, and quarters for the commanding
officer.

The barmck referred to has been erected during the year, and
replaces one of Spanish construction built of masonry, which was
demolished by the nurricane of San Ciriaco.

Aibonito, — Nineteen kilometers southwest of Cayey, on road to
Ponce; has a reservation of 4 acres upon which the Spaniards had con-
structed accommodations and hospital for about 200 men. These struc-
tures were destroyed in August by the storm, but have been rebuilt
in much better manner.

296 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

Thiy post has an elevation of 2,100 feet and was therefore considered
by Spain as a good acclimatizing station. One troop of cavalry is now
well accommodated at this place. There are no officers' quarters, save
some very temporary shelters, nor is the area of land adequate for
such quarters or for drill grounds. A large amount of work has been
done here during the year by the present commanding officer.

Ponce, — Here is a reservation of about 13 acres and a bari^ack for
4 companies. There are five sets of officers' quarters, a good store-
house lor quartermaster and commissary, quartermaster's shops, and on
a detached plot of ground a very fine hospital, having accommodations
for over 200 patients.

There is no space for corral nor stables, nor for erection of addi-
tional officers' (juarters. Thepost and hospital are supplied with city
water. There is no sewer. Tne post has arrangements for baking its
own bread.

Mayaguez, — Here is a reservation of 3^ acres for the barracks and
another of three-fourths of an acre detached for the hospital. The
barracks can accommodate four companies very comfortably. There
is a new bakehouse and three sets of noncommissioned officers' quar-
ters, but no provision whatever for safe-keeping of quartermaster's and
subsistence stores and public animals, and none for officers' quarters;
all such accommodations are rented. The hospital has ample accom-
modations.

The city has a fair water service under pressure and the post is con-
nected, but there are no sewers.

Agimdill^. — There is here a reservation of about 2 acres and a small
barmck sufficient for about 75 men, but no officers' quarters, hospital,
storehouses, or stables. A detachment of troops from Mayaguez gar-
risons this place.

Vieqiu's, — Here is a small reservation of unascertained area, of which
the title is undetermined. Inclosed within these limits is an old-type
fort that once mounted a half dozen smooth bore iron guns, about ^-
pounders, but now dismounted. There is a barrack capable of accom-
modating 1 company, but no troops have been at this place for several
months, save one or two signal soldiers.

GENERAL REMARKS UPON THE FURTHER MILITARY POLICY.

As will be seen from the foregoing description, all the barracks, save
for 2 companies, are on the seacoast. The whole are adequate for 22
companies, although Spain habitually quartered in them a force more
than twice those numbers.

For two or three years there has been no yellow fever in Porto Rico.
When there shall be another visitation the troops should be moved to
the elevated interior. The best places for refuge camps are Cayey and
Aibonito. These two points should therefore be held for contingent
use if the force to be permanently retained in Porto Rico is more than
two battalions.

The law of Congress respecting the organization of a temporary gov-
ernment for Porto Rico provides that there shall be two houses in the
insular legislature, one of them elective. The election for members in
the lower house has not yet been held. When the organization of the
civil government shall have been completed and the civil machinery is

BEPOET OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 297

all in proper adjustment and working well, there will be no necessity
to retain in this island so large a force as at present. The reduction of
the garrison to an aggregate of 18 companies can certainly be made, and
perhaps a still greater reduction. Troops ought never to be distributed
m smaller garrisons for any considerable time than in battalions of 4
companies.

If it should be found possible to limit the force in Porto Rico to, say,
1 battalion of regular infantry, 1 battalion of native infantry, and 2
batteries of artillery, a good aistribution would be:

San Juan, — ^Two batteries artillery, 1 battalion regular infantry.

Cayey. — One battalion mounted native infantry.

In this case the barracks at Ponce and Mayaguez could be given up,
but if the permanent force should number 2 battalions of natives and 2
of regular infantry, with same artillery as before, the best distribution
would be:

San Juan. — Two batteries artillerjr, 1 battalion regular infantry.

Ponce. — Two companies regular infantry; 2 companies native in-
fantry.

Mayaguez. — ^Two companies regular infantry; 2 companies native
infantry.

Cayey. — Four companies native infantry, mounted.

In the event that the latter force was to be provided for, purchase
of land and erection of buildings should be made as follows:

San Juan. — Nothing additional.

Cayey. — Five hundred acres of land, hospital, barracks, and officers'
quarters for 4 companies; storehouses now adequate.

Ponce. — Land for corral and officers' quarters and administration
building.

Mayaguez, — Land for officers' quarters, storehouses, drill ground,
and stables.

If it should be decided to limit the garrison te a force just sufficient
to take care of the guns of position at San Juan, a course which I can
not conceive possible, then all the barracks, military lands, etc. , would
be given up; but the island of Porto Rico must have in the future, as
it had in the past, great military importance. It was three times
attacked by the English, and once taken by the troops of that nation.
It was once attacked by the Dutch, and the capital occupied, all except
one fort. During the seventeenth century Spain expended more than
$4,000,000 in the fortifications of San Juan, and upon surrender te the
United States by Spain the fortifications were found to be of great
strength and the armament extensive. It is inconceivable that the
United States will leave the island without adequate protection of
men, ships, and guns — the only land owned by the United States in
the West Indies.

Land for a naval station has already been reserved by Executive
order, and a coaling and repair station will probably be erected at San
Juan.

The present armament should be increased and modernized, and a
sufficient force of artillery kept here for the care of the guns.

This naval and artillery force, supplemented by two battalions of
regular infantry and two battalions of natives (one of the latter to be
mountedon native horses), seems to me as sufficient, but not too large
for a permanent garrison for Porto Rico.

298 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

THE DEPARTMENT STAFF.

The changes that have occurred in the staff during the year are the
following:

Lieut. Col. William P. Hall, assistant adjutant-general, relieved by
Maj. William E. Aliny, Porto Rico Volunteers, on April 5, 1900.

Lieut. Col. C. H. Heyl, inspector-general, relieved December 31,
1899, by Maj. A. C. Sharpe, inspector-general, volunteers, and the
last named relieved May 1, 1900, by Lieut. Col. R. B. Harrison,
inspector-general, U. S. Volunteers.

Maj. J. van R. Hoff, chief surgeon, relieved August 6, 1900, by
Maj. reter R. Egan, Medical Department.

Maj. George G. Arthur, chief pavmaster, volunteers, relieved Sep-
tember 30, 1899, by Maj. Charles L. Whipple, paymaster, U. S. A.,
and the latter relieved April 30, 1900, by Maj. H. L. Rogers, paymas-
ter, U. S. A.

First Lieut. Samuel G. Jones, Fifth Cavalry, relieved as engineer
officer of department August 31, 1899, by Capt. William V. Judson,
Corps of Engineers, and the latter relieved on July 31, 1900, by First
Lieut. H. E. Eames, Eleventh Infantry, Capt. C. A. F. Flagler, Corps
of Engineers, under orders to report as engineer officer of the depart-
ment.

Second Lieut. C. G. Hall, Fifth Cavalry, ordnance officer of the
department, relieved February 2, 1900, by Maj. Earl D. Thomas, Fifth
Cavalry, and the latter relieved on August 1, 1900, by Maj. S. A. Day,
Fifth Artillery.

First Lieut. George T. Langhorne, First Cavalry (major Thirty-
ninth U. S. Volunteers), personal aid to the department commander,
was relieved on October 15, 1899, by First Lieut. F. Le J. Parker,
Fifth Cavalry.

Besides the officers on department staff duties, a very large number
were at various dates and for different periods performing civil duties.

On the 30th of April all military officers holding civil positions were
relieved, but subsequently and in pursuance with the joint resolution
of Congress approved May 1, 1900, several of these officers were
redetailed on tneir respective civil duty and so continued until
August 1, 1900.

INSPECTION SERVICE.

Lieutenant-Colonel Heyl continued as the department inspector until
the end of the calendar year. From January to May 1 Major Sharpe
was the inspector, and from the latter date to the present time, Lieut.
Col. R. B. Harrison, U. S. Volunteers, has had the assignment. Major
Sharpe has also perfomied inspection service in the department by
assignment of the Secretary of War, and Maj. Earl D. Tnomas, Fifth
Cavalry, under special assignment, inspected four posts during an
illness of Colonel Harrison.

From the date of arrival here of the present department commander
and while the military government continued, the service of every staff
officer was utilized to nis fullest capacity in the performance or civil
functions. The responsibility for all expenditures was placed upon
the undersigned ana the duty as well of reporting all receipts and
expenditures of his predecessors. It was not possible to establish a
complete auditing system until *Tune 30, 1899, but previous to that

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 299

date and subsequent to military occupation some $2,000,000 were
received as public revenues. I felt obliged to devolve upon the
inspector-general of the department the work of an examination of
these accounts. So extensive and confining were these duties that he
was obliged to defer necessary work of inspection of troops and money
accounts.

Colonel Heyl's reports of his examinations were forwarded at their
dates and have already been published by the Government. This
special service largely occupied the time of the inspector, but he made
several inspections of troops, property, and disbursing accounts.

Major Snarpe attended to several matters of army inspection, but
he also was charged with very important civil duties and could give
but a small part of his time to routine matters. He made two inspec-
tions of the civil treasurer's and auditor's accounts, and several mili-
tary examinations.

In June and July Major Thomas inspected the posts of Manati,
Aguadilla, Mayaguez, and the subpost of San German, eight organi-
zations in all. He also inspected a large amount of unserviceable
property and all -reports have been forwarded.

Lieutenant-Colonel Harrison has inspected the posts of San Juan,
Ponce, Adjuntas, Cayey, and Aibonito. He has also inspected a large
amount of property at same and other stations, and several transports.

MILITARY JUSTICE.

The judge-advocate's reports give usual data respecting the enforce-
ment of discipline by resorts to the law military.

The lapses of the soldiers in this island from the required standard
of duty and deportment have been in number and gravity about the
same as formeny and elsewhere. There have been seven more deser-
tions during the past year than occurred in the previous one. It
appears also that the number of apprehensions of deserters was nine
for the year, or less than one-quarter as many as deserted.

The reward for the apprehension and delivery of deserters was fixed
at $30 until the year 1890, when it was raised to $60. In 1894 it was
reduced to $10, and so remained until July 1, 1899, when the amount
of authorized reward was raised to $50.

I have long been of the opinion that the proportion of the deserters
caught and punished bears to the whole so small a ratio that no influ-
ence whatever is produced upon militarj^ discipline in general by the
apprehension and punishment of the few men who are secured. In
fact not an inconsiaerable number of those who are caught are really
participants in the reward itself through an amicable arrangement
made by the deserter to disclose himself on condition that the sheriff
or policeman receiving the reward shall divide the proceeds with the
self-confessed deserter. These same civil officers have been known to
interest themselves in preventing return to duty of a soldier absent
without leave until he should have been more than ten days absent,
and therefore reported by his captain as a deserter. The civil officer
then arrests his victim, turns him over to the military, and receives
his reward.

Every soldier in the Regular Army is actually a volunteer. Upon
enlistment he subscribes to an oath, which, in fact, is nothing more or
less than a promise or contract of future service and conduct. Public

300 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

sentiment in America is inclined to regard the desertion of a soldier as
nothing more than a breach of contract. There is no strong public
sentiment, ever active, to discountenance and punish desertion as there
is in countries whose armies are filled by conscription. In France,
Germany, Austria, and Russia there are practically no deserters, while
in England and the United States, whose armies are filled by means of
voluntary enlistments, desertions are very common, and ever will be.

If a man is disgusted with his contract with the Government, and he
reaches a state or mind constraining him to desert, the sooner the com-
mand is rid of that man the better, and his arrest and apprehension is
an act without profit or benefit to his regiment or to the military serv-
ice. Money paid for him is money wasted.

The policy ever pursued by the United States and England is to
rel}^ upon the people to furnish armies for national defense and other
purposes. Conscription was resorted to by the United States in 1864,
and a sorry lot of soldiers was the result. The Boers have only vol-
unteers in their army, and they seem to find no difficulty in maintain-
ing an etfective force in the field, and England is contending for
mastery of the Transvaal, using in the campaign her- volunteers.

1 am of the opinion that it is a waste of money to pay rewards for
the apprehension and delivery of deserters. I would not arrest a
deserter at all and I would not reenlist him. If deserters succeeded
in passing the recruiting officers and were afterwards recognized they
should be stripped of tneir uniforms, given a cheap suit of clothes,
and drummed out of camp, placarded "deserter."

It will be observed that the total amount of forfeitures by sentence
of courts-martial reaches the large sum of upwards of $17,000 for the
year.

I concur in the recommendation of Major Sharpe that the general
court-martial be not restricted to a confinement of three months in
cases of dishonorable discharge of soldiers for general worth lessness
when evidenced ])y many previous convictions, and that the confine-
ment to be imposed by tne summary court be extended to three
months.

quartermaster's DEPARTMENT.

The year has been one of special activity for this department. The
troops were occupying many stations to which access was difficult and
to some only possible by pack mules. The Spanish barrack accommo-
dations were all overhauled and modernized. The accumulation of
some supplies to meet the wants of the volunteers was largely in
excess oi the needs of the remaining force, and much of this surplus
has been disposed of. During the year over 30,000,000 pounds of
relief supplies have been received and distributed through the instru-
mentality of the Quartermaster's Department, and large quantities of
property for various branches of the insular government were received
and cared for by this department.

A well-appointed depot for the quartermaster property has been
fitted up and put in use. An extensive corral ana sheds for public
animals have been installed and equipped. The barracks of Morro
Castle have been extensively overhauled and rearranged, and officers'
quarters outside have been erected, while at Cayey (Henry Barracks)
extensive temporary shelters have been put up for accommodation of
the mounted battalion of the Porto Rico regiment.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 301

During the year 50 horses and 791 mules that were not required
were shipped back to the United States as not needed in Porto Rico,
and 12 companies of troops have been returned to the States.

The tug Slocu7/i rendered most valuable service for about ten months
of the year, while the transport Wright^ succeeded by the Ingalh^ has
been here in service the remainder of the time.

The work of the department has been well done, and many reduc-
tions of expense have been made and others are contemplated 'at an
early date.

SUBSISTENCE.

No troops have ever been better supplied with the authorized food
than those stationed in Porto Rico. While the island should easily
supply fresh meat, sugar, and coffee for the army on better terms
than could be had elsewhere by the purchasing agents, yet it has not
been found to be practicable to obtam these commodities of satisfac-
tory quality or at reasonable prices.

The island abounds with fine cattle, but there is no butcher in Porto
Rico who provides arrangements for chilling the meat or keeping it in
cold storage. The practice here is to cut all flesh from the bone and
to sell all nmscular tissue at the same price. The flesh of the slaugh-
tered animal never reaches a lower temperature than about SO'^, and the
animal heat never really leaves it. The flesh must be cooked and
eaten within a few hours from the shambles or it will spoil. Besides,
the price is nearly double what good beef commands m the United
States.

The refrigerated beef brought here from the United States is infi-
nitely preferred by the troops to the native production. The refriger-
ated variety supplied by Swift & Co. for the past two years has been
universally acceptable, and the quartermaster and commissary has
been able to deliver it in excellent condition at the most remote
mountain posts.

When authority was given about a year ago to buy coffee in Porto
Rico some purchases were made at about 10 cents per pound, but
about the same time the Cuban prohibitive tax was very greatly
reduced. The crop maturing in 1899 was practically destroyed about
this time, and the combined effect of these influences was to raise the

Erice of coffee to about double what a good grade of Rio could be
ought for in the United States. Of course further purchases could
not be made under these conditions. While the price of Muscovado
and low-test centrifugal sugar was but about 2i to 3 cents per pound,
yet a centrifugal of high test, such as the troops habitually receive at
home, commanded a much higher price.

Some months ago the sugar dealers were confident that Porto Rico
was to receive substantial advantage from the lowering of the rate of
customs taxation on raw sugar exported to the United States, and they
promptly raised the local price of the kind of sugars the troops
received. While the centrifugals testing 96^ were sold locally at 4
cents per pound, for those testing 98^ — required by the troops — 6 cents
or even 8 cents per pound at retail was demanded; «, price 50 per cent
higher than that at which sugar could be bought in the United States.

Consequently the effort faued to help the island to market locally
some of its surplus. Of course all this will be changed in time, but
at present the ruling thought among local merchants and producers

302 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

seems to be to exact from the Government as a buyer prices 50 per
cent above true values.

The report of the chief commissary states the total quantity of the
relief supplies which were shipped to Porto Rico in aid of the suffer-
ers from effects of the devastating hurricane of August, 1899. The
cost of these supplies purchased by the Commissary Department was
$824,828.12. To this may be added $6,662.04, the invoice price of the
articles issued by post commissaries early in August to relieve acute
distress, making the total value of subsistence supplied through the
Subsistence Department $831,480.16.

In a report on the military government of Porto Rico which I am
now preparing 1 shall treat of this matter of hurricane relief at length,
and therefore make no further reference to it here.

At all the stations where troops are serving, except Mayaguez, there
are excellent storage facilities for subsistence, and the percentage of
loss from decay, exposure, vermin, and theft is not greater in Porto
Rico than in other aepartments. In Mayaguez the stores are kept in
a rented building.

There are ovens owned by the Government at all posts, in which
bread is baked by the troops and customary savings secured.

All the troops and hospitals in the department are supplied with the
authorized amount of ice, which is most acceptable.

HEALTH.

The report of the chief surgeon is so full and satisfactory that noth-
ing more need be said in respect to the work of the medical department.

A great burden was laid upon the medical officers by the orders of
the commanding general which imposed extra work upon them, caused
by the overwhelming calamity that the island suffered in August, 1899.

The chief surgeon was appointed president of a board or charities
which was charged with the distribution of relief supplies sent to the
island from the United States, and post surgeons had assigned them
important work connected with same relief work. The chief surgeon
was, in fact, the executive officer of the commanding general with
respect to this important duty devolved upon him by orders of the
Secretary of War. The assistance of Major Hoff was invaluable.

In a report submitted to me hy the chief surgeon respecting the relief
work specially, all details of this great underteking are fully set forth.
This will be submitted later, embraced in a presente-tion relating exclu-
sively to the military government of Porto Rico in its civil aspects.

There has been no invasion of the island since the American occupa-
tion by contagious or infectious diseases, though I do not believe that
this immunity of the inhabitants from yellow fever can long be secured.
In times past the island has been scourged, and the last visitation was
as recent as 1897, when it is stated that there were hundreds of cases
in San Juan.

Having regard to this constant danger from yellow fever, prepara-
tions have been made for moving the troops back from the seacoast
upon the first appearance of the disease in any seaport. Camp sites
have been selected and camp equipment made ready.

PAY.

The chief paymaster's report shows that the funds disbursed by him-
self and his officers exceeded slightly $1,000,000. There have been

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 303

two paymasters in the department constantly, but hereafter one active
man will be able to attend to all the work.

The troops have been promptly paid by the paymasters in person,
save in a few instances where payments have been made by check sent
by messenger or by express.

The Treasury Department has very recently appointed and consti-
tuted one of the local banks a depositary. This fact will greatly facili-
tate the safe keeping of public moneys.

ENGINEERING.

This branch of the service has been a very important one during
nearly the whole vear. In August the engineer officer was made presi-
dent of the board of public works, a civil office, and in that capacity
he was the principal executive agent of the department commander in
carrying forward the road work to which had been allotted some
$581,000 for all purposes connected with roads, public buildings, light-
house engineering, and harbor works; and special allotments by the
Secretary of War of $950,000 additional for roads from funds which
Congress had placed at the disposal of the President. As there was
no organized plan for handling so vast a sum, nor sufficient organized
personnel, all nad to be created or procured and in preparation alone a
great work was necessary.

On the 1st of May the engineer officer was relieved from so much of
this burden as related to the work which was being paid for from civil
revenues, but he was not relieved from responsibility connected with
the work accomplished with funds allotted by the Secretary of War.
This work still continues under the military supervision of tne depart-
ment commander and existing contracts can not be completed until
about March 1 proximo.

Some progress has been made in collecting data for topographical
maps of the country, but no such progress as was hoped for. The
reason for this is that the officers and noncommissioned officers with
the troops, who should make the reconnoissance and surveys for a
progress map, have been almost unremittingly employed in connection
with relief work and then elections and usual indispensable duty with
troops.

The need is very great for a complete survey of the island. There
has never been a survey made that responds to the requirements, and
the best existing maps are known to contain certain very gross errors.

The Coast and Geodetic Survey has been at work in Porto Rico for
a part of the winter, but so far none of their results have been pub-
lished save two or three harbor charts.

Capt. William V. eTudson has been the departtnent engineer for just
about a year. He has shown marked ability as an organizer, admin-
istrator, and as an engineer.

ARMS AND EQUIPMENT.

There is little of importance to note respecting ordnance service
and operations. The depot here has been of considerable use and has
adequate storage and office accommodations.

The principal functions of the employees consist in cleaning, repair-
ing, and packing ordnance stores and property. The climate is severe
on all machines, tools, and apparatus, ana the rifles, carbines, pistols,

304 BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENEBAL COMMANDING THE ABMY.

and sabers suffer much from rust. All posts save two are directly on
the seacoast, so there is the added detriment of the salt air to increase
tendency to oxidation of iron and steel. The constant rubbing by the
soldiers removes the bluing and bronzing of rifle barrels, etc. , and the
rifling of small anns is to some degree in]ured by the constant cleaning
necessary to prevent rusting.

During the j^ear a mounted battalion of Porto Rican troops was
anned and equipped from the depot.

The body of local troops known as the insular police of Porto Rico
is equipped with arms belonging to the United States. The principal
articles m the possession of this organization are 509 Springfield rifles
and 455 Colt revolvers. A full list of the arms and equipments in
possession of this local police has been forwarded with a statement of
all the facts and circumstances connected with the issue of these arti-
cles. I have recommended that these arms and equipments be turned
over to the government of the island and the value charged against
the appropriation for arming and equipping the militia.

A report has recently been forwarded on the quantity, kind, quality,
and stability of the powder that is on hand in the magazines.

In case the force of troops in the department should be largely
decreased, the ordnance depot would probably be discontinued, as the
necessity for it would no longer exist.

All the guns of position and their mounts are in good condition.

SIGNAL CORPS.

The work of the signal service has been confined almost exclusively
to the repair, maintenance, and operation of the military telegraph.

The duty has been well done and messages have been promptly for-
warded at all times save during the period following the August hur-
rican when every wire and about half the poles on the island were
down.

The number of towns in which telegraph stations exist is 20 and
there are 6 telephone stations in addition, while Vieaues Island is
reached by heliograph. During the year 11 telegrapn oflktes were
closed as a measure of economy.

The number of offices maintained by Spain was 33, and there has
been constant complaint on the part of the people in unconnected towns
because the United States has not done as well for them as Spain did.

At the beginning of the fiscal year the length of wires in use was
1,240 kilometers, while now this length has been reduced to 772 kilo-
meters, and there are of telephone wires 178 kilometers.

Telephones are unsatisfactory because the sender of the message
usually speaks no otBer language than Spanish while the receiver
usually speaks no other than English.

During the year the number of Signal Corps soldiers has been
reduced from 67 to about 40. The only officer oi the corps now in the
department is Major Glassford.

The enlisted men of the corps, are so scattered that it has been found
impracticable to subsist them in messes. Each man now receives 75
cents per day in lieu of rations, and quai1;ers arc hired for them.

After the line was destroyea in 1898 it was reconstructed by the
army at military expense, and during the year the United States has
expended on the installation for poles and other material over $10,500,

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 305

and for services other than the hire of signal soldiers the sum of
$7,300. A large part of the aggregate of these two sums, which exceed
$17,800, may be considered as tne mvestment in this Insular Telegraph
by the United States during this year.

The line receipts were $18,348. Previous to the establishment of
the civil government these current receipts could be used and were
used in defraying operating expenses, but upon termination of the
military rule over civil affairs these current receipts were no longer
available and now must be covered into the Treasury.

The signal officer states that the net cost to the United States Treas-
ury for operating the lines for the current year was $46,712.74, but
in computing the cost he makes no allowance for cost of clothing and
medicines for signal soldiers, nor has he made any allowance for for-
age and shoeing of animals, repairs of means of transportation, etc.
It expenditures under these and other incidental heads of outlay had
been included, the cost of the service would probably not fall below
$60,000 for the year. For the current year tnis expense will proba-
bly not exceed, say, $40,000, unless there should be a repetition of the
havoc caused last August by the tornado. 1 think it may be said that
for the fiscal year ending last June the cost of the military telegraph
service was $6,000 per month, the tolls reimbursing the United States
to the extent of about $1,500. Army appropriation for the current
year will probably be drawn on for $40,001), and the United States
Treasury (but not the army appropriation) may recoup to the extent
of $18,000— in other words, the net cost to the United Stiites for the
service in Porto Rico will be in the neighborhood of $2,000 per month.

At the present time the wires are used without payment of tolls on
messages sent on urgent official business by military commanders and
staff officers, and by postal, quarantine, customs, light-house, and other
United States officials, the governor of Porto Rico, and the heads of
the civil departments; also the insular police have free use of the lines
for transmittal of messages on official business.

I repeat former recommendations to the effect that the whole tele-
graph service be turned over to the civil government of the island.
The original cost of the plant was paid for oy the taxpayei'S of Porto
Rico, and the Spanish representatives on the evacuation commission are
recorded as having said that the telegraph belonged to the island. The
civil government could either sell or lease the franchise and property
upon terms that would save the Government from, any outlay, and the
bills for military telegraphing should not exceed $!250 per month.

In my opinion the United States would not be warranted in the
retention of the line unless it should be found impossible to operate it
otherwise.

The West India and Panama Cable Company have communication
with Ponce on south and San Juan on north coast. Self-interest would
justify and require this company to connect Ponce and San Juan by a
land line were the existing service withdrawn. The French railroad
is compelled by its charter to maintain telegraphic service along its
lines. This company will be compelled by self-interest to close two
existing gaps in the line of its rails which extends from Carolina via
San Juan to Mayaguez and Ponce. This will insure the maintenance
of another telegraph line traversing nearly the whole of the north,
west, and southwest shores. It matters not at all to the military if
any other lines are maintained. Those I have named must be main-

WAR 1900 — ^VOL 1, PT III 20

306 REBOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

tained without any intervention by the army and would supply all
military needs. If the civil government extended lines to other towns,
that would not be a concern of the army.

TARGET PRACTICE.

The reports of Mai. S. A. Day, Fifth Artillery, artillery inspector, and
First Lieut. F. Le J. Parker, Fifth Cavalry, aid-de-camp, inspector of
small-arms pi*actice, supply information respecting the instruction of
troops in the use of their weapons.

The only armament available for defense of the harbors is that found
in position at the date of transfer of sovereignty, and is of Spanish fabri-
cation. The explosives available are those which have been accumulated
by Spain, and some of the powder has been reported by a board of expe-
rienced artillery officers as unserviceable.

Practice was had during the year with the guns of all types and some
very fair results secured, considering that the artillerists lacked some
necessary appliances and were unf amiuar with the guns. Reports of this
practice have been forwarded.

Efforts to carry out small-arms practice in a methodical manner have
been made at all posts, but so many have been the difficulties and so con-
stant the interruptions that, save with a few organizations, the practice
has not been carried through the regular course.

The barracks occupied % the United States troops have been such as
Spain provided for her army . The Spanish officers evidently considered
range firing as unnecessary, as there was not a single place provided in
the department where Spanish soldiers had fired at distances greater
than 400 yards. At no post save San Juan was there a reservation
having an area very mucn greater than was covered by the barmcks
proper. The country is densely populated, and it is difficult to secure
by lease proper mnges. Target practice in Porto RFco will never be
what it should be until the Government secures by purchase the needed
ground for ranges.

CONCLUSION.

The important service rendered by the Army in Porto Rico was
brought to a close on May 1, 1900, wnen, in obedience to orders and
the will of Congress, the executive government of the island was
delivered into the charge of the Hon. Charles H. Allen, who had been
commissioned as governor of Porto Rico by the President of the
United States.

The term of military occupation of the island by the United States
Army may be divided into four periods, each characterized by some
special feature or condition.

The first was the period of active military operations of the Amer-
ican Army against tnat of Spain. It commenced with the landing at
Guaniea on July 25, 1898, and ended when a knowledge of the exist-
ence of a peace protocol had been communicated to the contending
armies on August 13, 1898.

The second period may be described as the time elapsed between the
cessation of hostilities between the two armies, and the evacuation of
the island by Spain on October 18, 1900, a period when assassination,
arson, and all Kinds of personal violence by natives against Spaniards

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 307

were common in many localities; when the old regime had not entirely
passed nor the new been fully installed; when hostile operations con-
tinued by both the American and Spanish troops against these moving
banditti, each force operating withm the territory controlled by it —
in fact, a period of evacuation, occupation, and transition.

The third period ])egan on Octo))er 18, when the government of the
islands and of its inhabitants was strictly- military; a period when, in
a technical sense, a state of war still continued, yet no opposing armies
contended for mastery. This period ended on April 11, 1899, when
the treaty of peace was ratified and proclaimed by the President, a
date which marks the conclusion of the state of war and the resump-
tion of peaceable relations by the United States and Spain." During
this and the preceding periods the laws of the United States recog-
nized and autnorized the use of the military commission for enforce-
ment of martial law among the civil populace as well as in the army.

The fourth period extended from the date of signing of the treaty
of peace to the 1st day of May of the current year, after which date
only the laws of the land could be enforced and those through civil
instrumentality only.

The commander of the troops in Porto Rico was assigned to his trust
by the President of the United States, and })y virtue oi his assignment
the local commander became the personal representative of the Chief
Executive, who was the Commander in Chief of the Army; and as
Congress had taken no action respecting the government of Porto
Rico, the supreme government of tne country was lodged in the com-
manding general.

His duties, responsibilities, and powers were specified and limited
in a very general manner in certain orders of the President, which had
been communicated to the army; but those orders left to the military
commander a very wide discretion, an almost complete power over
executive administration and legislative matters.

The use which has been made of these powers by the army com-
mander is now a matter of history, and the country and the world will
judge whether or not military rule over this conquered territory has
been wise and prudent and conducive to the best interests of the peo-
ple, or the opposite.

On April 30, the machinery of civil government was in the charge
of experienced public oflicers, and the organization, with departments,
bureaus, and other branches, both insular and municipal, was such
that the new government ordered by Congress to be instituted could
the following day be launched and carried forward in an eflBcient and
economic manner.

The courts of the island were all in the discharge of their proper
functions. The dockets were not crowded as they were a year before.
The prisons and jails were well kept and were not overflowing. The

¥ublic highways were in fine condition and were being rapidly extended,
he amount that could be spared from the treasury for education was
being applied in such a manner as to give instruction according to
modern methods to over 80,000 children. The laws of taxation nad
been so changed that very heavy and onerous burdens had been removed
from the poor.

In oflice in every municipality were officers who in every instance
were the choice of the electors, thus granting to municipalities almost
complete autonomy.

308 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

Life and property were everywhere secure, and this without the use
of troops for protection. Notwithstanding the most grievous losses
suffered by the people from iTiids of banditti, from areon, from dis-
turbance of ti-ade relations, from losses of Spanish markets without
corresponding gains elsewhere, from unsettled conditions resulting
from the use of a currency which suffered a heavy discount when
referred to a gold ])asis, and, finally, from the almost overwhelming
disaster of August of last year, when seven-tenths of all the maturing
crops were blotted out of existence — notwithstanding alLthese obstacles
and burdens the military governor was able to turn over to the civil
governor the comfortable balance in the insular treasury of over

]00,000.

As commander of the military department of Porto Rico, and the
last military governor, I think I may not inappropriately say that the
trust confidea to the Army by the President and the people has not
been abused, but instead has been wisely and justly exercised in the
interest of and for the benefit of the inhabitants of this beautiful
island.

The officers and men of this (^onmiand have given me most loyal and
able support during the year, which has been a yiear of severe labor
and anxiety for all. The civil duties which were devolved upon the
Army were strange and to many they were especially irksome. I
believe that every assigned duty has been well done; that every pound
of food and dollar of money committed into the hands of officers and
men were correctly applied and properly accounted for to the ounce
and penny, and I know that neither officer nor soldier received or asked
for addition to his pay in the form of extm compensation, emolument,
or allowance from the United States or insular treasury.
Very respectfully,

Geo. W. Davis,
Brigadier' General^ TJ. S. Vohinteers^ Ccnnirwutidhiy.

REPOET OF CAPT. ROBERT N. GETTY, FIRST TJ. S. INFANTRif,
COMMANDANT UNITED STATES INFANTRY AND CAVALRY
SCHOOL.

United States Infantry and Cavalry School,

Fort Leavemvorth^ Kana,^ June 30^ 1900.

The Adjutant-General United States Army,

Washington^ D. C.

Sir: 1 have the honor to submit the following report pertaining to
the United States Infantry and Cavalry School for the year ending
June 30, 1900:

Capt. W. B. Reynolds, Fourteenth Infantry, was relieved as com-
mandant July 13, 1899, by Capt. George II. Sands, Sixth Cavalry,
relieved by Capt. R. H. Paddock, Sixth Cavalry, August 17, 1899,
reliev(^d })v Capt. E. E. Benjamin, First Infantry, September 22, 1899,
relieved ])y Capt. R. N. Getty, First Infantry, 'October 13, 1899.

The purchase of new instruments and repair of old ones in the
department of engineering as recommended in report of Maj. J. A.

HEPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 309

Augur, «Juno 30, 1899, has boon niado, and instruments repaired and
adjastod.

The present arrangement of the photographic^ branch of the depart-
ment of engineering is very unsatisfactory. Part of the instruments
are stored on the second floor, the dark rooms are in one end of the
basement, while the blue-print room and enlarging apparatus are at
the other end. Then, certain of the work is done m a small building
about 70 yards from Sherman Hall. Due to a large addition to the
main building, the present blue-print room is so placed that the frame
can be exposed to the sun's rays for only a few hours in the afternoon.
The entire building has been gone over with a view to changing the
location of this apparatus, out there is no place except tne attic,
which is not at all suitable and would require almost as much money
in fitting up as would be needed in building a new house.

This branch of engineering is of great importance in the school, and
with the present arrangement the instructors will be seriously ham-
pered and unable to procure th^ best results.

The report of the secretary includes a sketch of a photographic
studio wnich would fully answer the needs of the institution. It has
been gone over carefully by the secretary and the photographer of the
school. As it conforms to the available ground, the appamtus on hand,
and the requirements of the school, it is recommended that it be placed
with as little change as possible from the plan submitted.

The following defects are noted in Sherman Hall and should be
remedied if a larger class for the school is contemplated:

Lihrary. — Shelves getting overcrowded. Two new stacks would
ease matters for a year or so; afterwards same condition would exist.

Lecture vooin. — View of rostrum and blackboard obstructed by a row
of pillars down center of room.

Drafting room, — Cramped quarters. In overlooking work when
whole class (of 45) is drawing in this room, instructors nave to move
edgewise among the tables. Room for this work should have floor
space enough to accommodate whole class — ample room for each stu-
dent and for instructors to circulate among the tables. Light comes
from onlv two directions — 5 windows in the east and 2 in the south.
Students placed on west side or in northwest corner usually elect to
carry their drawing materials into lecture room, so as to be nearer
windows. This involves duplicating instructions written on black-
board or given orally, which is inconvenient for the instructor and
loquires care that the two sets of instructions shall be identical. The
curriculum imposes enough wear on the eyes of those undergoing the
course, and the drafting room should be the best lighted room in the
l)uilding.

The conversion of the school building from its present T shape into
the form of an H would give the architect an opportunity to design a
lecture room having a clear field of view from all points and with per-
manent seats and desks arranged on a theatrical plan. The present
lecture and drawing rooms are used for examinations, but the above
arrangement would serve much better.

On the west end could be placed a drafting room, getting light from
three sides, and of dimensions commensumte witn the size of any
class that will ever be sent here.

On the floor above could be placed the photographic studio pro-
posed elsewhere.

310 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

The recoiiiinondatioii of th(^ socrotiiry to purchase more type for the
purpose of printing a library fatalo<:^ue is concurred in, and also the
employment of a civilian printer.

The recommendation that the compensation of the assistant to the
secretary (Alfred Robertson) be increased to $1,200 per annum is
renewed.

Very respectfully, Robert N. Getty,

Captain^ First Infantry^
Cmmnandant United Sfafea Infantry and. Cavalry School.

United States Infantry and Cavalry School,

Fort Ijeavenworih, Kans., June 30, 1900,

The Commandant United States Ixpwxtry and Cavalry School,

Fort Leavenworth, Kans.

Sir: 1 have the honor to submit herewith mv report as secretary and disbursmg
officer of the United States Infantrv and Cavalry School for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1900.

During the past year the following changes have been made in the personnel :

From— To—

Maj . J. A. An^n^r, Fourth Cavalry, commanrlaTit j June 29, 1899

Capt. W. B. ReynoldH, Fourteenth Infantry, (Muniimndant.

Capt. G. H. Sands, Sixth Cavalry, commandant

Capt. R. B. Paddock, Sixth Cavalry, commaiKlant

Capt. E. E. Beniamin, First Infantry, commandant . . .
Capt. Robert W. Getty, Fin^t Infantry, ('(miman<1ant . .
(•apt. W. B. Reynolds, Fourteenth Infantry . secretary .
First Lieut, G. C. Banihardt. Sixth Cavalry, secretary.
First Lieut. J. N. Pickering, First Infantry, secretary. .

June 29,1899 July 13,1899
July 13,1899 , Aug. 17,1899
Aug. 17, 1899 j Sept. 22, 1899
Sept. 22,1899 Oct. 13,1899
Oct. 13,1899

June'86*i899'
June 19,1900

June 30. 1899
June 80, 1899 J.une 19, 1900

Durinp: the year 212 works have been purchase<l for the library, a number of books
and pamphlets have been bound or rebound, and most of the unmounted maps on
hancl have In^on mounted on linen.

A card-index outfit hsM* been purchasetl and the work of card indexing the books
on hand commence*!. When this work is completed the library will be able to issue
a printed catalogue of real value to borrowers.

A supply of new instruments has been added to the department of engineeiing, and
theni are now on hand sufficient of the instruments generally issued to students to
equip a class of 60. A supply of drawing material has also been purchased for this
department.

Most of the old-fashioned tj^pe formerly on hand was useless for school purposes.
It has been condemned and replaced to a considerable extent by new type, out more
tvpe must l)e purchased before the printing office can undertake a large job, such as
the printing of a library catalogue.

The arrangements for heating the school are very unsatisfactory. In cold weather
the building is kept warmer when supplicnl with steam from the boiler in the quar-
termaster's shops, pver 70 yards in rear of the school, than when heated by the l:K)iler
in Sherman Hall. It has Ikjcu found necessary for the comfort of instructors to place
stoves in their offices; otherwise the rooms would be untenable. The same has not
lx*en done in the section rooms, but, nevertheless, during the winter months when
classes an* assembled complaints are of daily occurrence. This condition of affairs
will have to be remedied sooner or later, and the matter should not be left until the
arrival of another class before it is attende<l to.

At present the building is lighted with oil lamps, of which there are a lar^ num-
ber scattered about the building. It is recommended that power be provided by
which the printing presses and an electrical plant could be run and that the building
be wired for electric lighting. This would recjuire one 20-horsepower engine, one
35-horsepower l)oiler, one 3-horsepower electric motor, one 150-light dynamo, one
switchboard, building wired for about 125 lights.

It is estimated that the cost of labor and materials for the above would amount to
$1,525.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GKNERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 311

Tlie priytin^ oflico should Ihj reinovetl to tlio Itaseinent, far enough away from
the 8t»otion rooms to prevent the noise of printing; presses and stapling machines
being a distraction to occupants of section rooms during recitations. At present the
Ijasement is insufficiently lighted to permit of its being used as a printing office, but
the windows could easily Ikj enlarged and a few 16-candlei)ower lamps would supply
any deficiency. The removal of the printing office would vacate a ro<nn admiraoly
adapted for section-room purposes or the storage of the many instruments on hand
in tne department of engineering.

Proper accommodations for the photographic branch of the department of engi-
neering should l)e made, as work m the different processes requires under present
arrangements that students travel all over the basement, sometimes to the second
floor, and often to the studio, 50 yanls away from the school. It is suggesteil that a
photographic studio be built in rear of the school (see plans herewith) . The enlarg-
mg camera and blue-print frame each require a separate room, and the copying studio
requires special arrangements in lighting which can not be had in the present studio —
a " studio*' only in name. The installment of the electrical plant referred to alx)ve
would permit photographic work to be carried on regardless of weather conditions.

The matter of the employment of a civilian printer is again urged, as it is impossi-
ble to get efficient enlisted men from the garrison. The last '^printer'* employed
did not know how type was distributed in the cases.

The allotment for the fiscal year 1900 has been expended as follows:

Stationery, office supplies and material, and card-index outfit $194. 50

Library:

Purchase of b«)oks $719. 99

Subscriptions to periodicals, binding, and material for map

mounting 154. 07

874. 06

Engineering instrumental and materials 895. 49

Printing office:

Materials 520.95

I^bor 15. 00

5;i5. 95

Total .• 2,500.00

Very resiHJCtfully,

J. N. Pickering,
First Lieutenant J First Infantry ^
Secretary United States Infantry and Cavalry School.

EEPOET OF LIEUT. COL. GEOEGE B. EODNET, COMMANDANT CAY-

ALET AND LIGHT AETILLEEY SCHOOL.

Cavalky and Light Artillery School,

Fori Riley ^ Kam, , Novcnnher 12, 1900.

Th(i Adjutant-General, United States Army,

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report in compliance
with paragraph 10, School Regulations, and telegmphic instructions
from the A(ljutiint-(Teneral of tiie Army:

I)u(* to the frequent changes in the cavalry garrison of this post, the
scheme of instruction for tne Cavalry and Light Artillery School as
given in General Orders, No. G, 181M3, H(nidquarters of the Army, could
not be followed, but the course of instruction conformed as fully as
possi])le to General Orders, No. 3, Headcjuarters Department of the
Missouri, 181^9, and (Tcneral Orders, No. IS, Headquarters Department
of the Missouri, 18J^1); also General Orders, No. 8, Headquarters Depart-
ment of the Missouri, and (General Orders, No. 19, Headquarters Depart-
ment of the Missouri, liMM).

Monthly reports of this instruction and the deviation from the course
prescribed, with reasons therefor, wtm'c submitted to the adjutant-
g<MH»nil, Department of the Missouri. No combined exercises were
conducted on account of the lack of cavalry troops as shown by the
following:

PRESENT FOR DUTY JUNE 30, 1899.

H, Sixth Cavalry, 36 enlisted men.

Furlong, Sixth Cavalry; Second Lieut. J. F. McKinley, Sixth Cav-
alry; Second Lieut. Stuart Heintzelman, Sixth Cavalry.

CJAIN.

Oj'ganizatlf»}fi, — ^Troop A, Eighth Cavalrv, 25 enlisted men; Troop
B, Eighth Cavalry, 27 enlisted men; Troop C. Eighth Cavalry, 81
enlisted men; Troop D, Eighth Cavalrv, 25 enlisted men; all on Janu-
arv 26, 1900.
312

REPORT OB' LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 313

Offieerfi, — Lieut. Col. T. el. Wint, Sixth Cavalry, September 20,
1S99; Maj. William Stanton, Eighth Cavalry, January 26, 1900; First
Lieut. T. Q. Donaldson, jr., squadron adjutant. Eighth Cavaliy, Jan-
uary 26, 1900; Capt. C. M. O^Connor, Eighth Cavalry, January 26,
1900; First Lieut. C. W. Farber, Eighth Cavalry, January 26, 1900;
First Lieut. H. B. Dixon, Eighth Cavalry, January 26, 1900; Second
Lieut. A. G. Lott, Eighth Cavalry, January" 26, 1900; Second Lieut.
George Williams, Eighth Cavalry, January 26, 1900; Capt. Farrand
Sayre, Eighth Cavalrv, February 10, 1900; Second Lieut. E. R. Hei-
berg, Sixth Cavalry, May 10, 1900.

LOSS.

Organizations, — Troop E, Sixth Cavalry, July 2, 1899; Troop H,
Sixth Cavalry, July 2, 1899; Troop G, Sixth Cavalry, August 28,
1899; Troop A, Eighth Cavalry, June 14, 1900; Troop C, Eighth
Cavalry, June 14, 1900; field, staff, and band. Sixth Cavalry, June
20, 1900; Troop A, Sixth Cavalry, June 20, 1900.

&ffi<^ers, — Capt. L. A. Craig, Sixth Cavalrj, July 2, 1899; Capt.
B. H. Cheever, Sixth Cavalry, July 2, 1899; First Lieut. J. P. Rvan,
Sixth Cavalry, July 2, 1899; Second Lieut. Stuart Heintzelman, ^ixth
Cavalry, July 2, 1899; Capt. M. F. Steele, Sixth Cavalry, July 14,
1899; Capt. Frank West, Sixth Cavalry, August 28, 1899; Maj.
Thomas (J. Lebo, Sixth Cavalry, September 21, 1899; Second Lieut.
J. F. McKinley, Sixth Cavalry, November 11, 1899; Capt. H. P.
Kingsbury, Sixth Cavalry, November 21,1899; Second Lieut. George
Williams, Eighth Cavaliy, March 3, 1900; First Lieut. H. B. Dixon,
June 1, 1900; Capt. Farrand Sayre, Eighth Cavalr}^ June 1, 1900;
First Lieut. F. C. Marshall, Sixth Cavalry, June 18, 1900; Lieut. Col.
T. J. Wint, Sixth Cavalry, June 20, 1900; Capt. W. W. Forsyth,
Sixth Cavalry, June 20, 1900; First Lieut. John W. Furlong, June
20, 1900; First Lieut. E. R. Heiberg, June 20, 1900.

The departure of three troops of the Sixth Cavalry in July and
August, 1899, left the cavalry post with insufficient men to take charge
of the post, and patrols were furnished by the Light Artillery Bat-
talion to assist in performing the guard duty.

The squadron of the Eighth Cavalry arrived January 26, 1900, with
troops having about one-fourth their authorized enlisted strength and
without horses. These troops were rapidly recruited to 100 men each,
and they were instructed progressively and thoroughly dismounted.
The months of April and May were devoted to target practice, and
Juno to dismounted drills, "school of the troop," and such theoretical
instruction as could be given in the mounted duties of a cavalry soldier.
June 30, 1900, B Troop, Eighth Cavalry, had received only 7 horses
and D Troop, Eighth Cavalry, only 6. The instruction of A Troop,
vSixth Cavalry, conformed with the provisions of the General Orders,
Headquarters Department of the Missouri, above referred to.

May 29, 1900, a detachment of recruits of the Eighth Cavalry was
organized, and its instruction has been conducted progressively, dis-
mounted, and continued as rapidly and as thoroughly as possible with
the limited number of officers under my command.

Troops A and C, Eighth Cavalry, left the post for station at Forts
Reno find Sill, respectively, June 14, 1900, and on June 20, 1900, the
field, staff, and band, and Troop A, Sixth Cavalry, left this post for
San Francisco, Cal. , en route for China.

314 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

Troops B jind 1), Eighth Cavalry, rccoived thoir authorized number
of horses during July and August, which months were devoted to
training horses and men, "school of the trooper." In September the
drill was in * 'school of the troop," including advance and rear guard
and outpost duty.

By authority of the department commander, target practice with
pistol, was held by these troops during October.

Post lyceum work was conducted during the winter 1899-1900,
according to the provisions of department orders quoted above, a
scheme for which was submitted to and approved by the department
commander.

A series of lectures and theoretical and practical instruction in
horseshoeing was given by the chief farrier to the farriers and black-
smiths.

Attention is respectfully invited to the report of the commander of
the Light Artillery Battalion herewith inclosed, marked "A," also to
the financial statement of the school secretary for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1900, attached and marked '' B."

In order to complete the post as contemplated, the recommendations
of Col. A. K. Arnold, First Cavalry, in his annual report of 1897, for
the building of barracks and quarters in both cavalry and artillery
subposts, are respectfully renewed.

I would respectfully recommend that kitchens be added to the cav-
alry barracks for the following reasons:

First. The conditions of the general mess at this post are so differ-
ent from those of a troop mess m garrison and in the field that officers,
noncommissioned officers, and men can not get the training contem-
plated in paragraphs 280-286 of Army Regulations. This training is
most essential to the organizations at this post which are composed
almost entirely of recruits.

Second. The method of steam cooking provided for and necessary
to cook the large quantities of food required by the general mess at
this post does not produce food so appetizing as that cooked in smaller

Quantities by the company cook over a range or camp fire, and the
ood can not be served so warm as in smaller quantities to a lesser
number.

Third. There is no economy of labor. The help comes from differ-
ent organizations and there is an entire lack of interest except what is
enforced. The feeling of all enlisted men for the general mess is
entirely different from that toward their own company mess, which is
akin to that toward their own home kitchen and dining room.

All of these conditions have been especially noticed by me during
the past year, for the reason that there have been such frequent
changes in the number of organizations eating at the general mess and
because during the past year three different regimente have been rep-
resented in this general mess. ^

Kitchens and dining rooms could be added to the cavalry barracks
at small expense commensurate with the advantages that could be
derived therefrom. Providing this is done, I would respectfully
recommend that the general mess building at this post be used as a
gymnasium, dance hall, and library for the enlisted men of the post.
Very respectfully,

Geo. B. Rodney,*^
Lieutenant' Colonel Fourth Artillery^ Commanaing.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 315

Appendix A.

Light Artillery Battalion,

Fort Riley J Kans.y November 12, 1900.

The Secretary U. R. Cavalry and Light Artillery School,

• FortBUey, Kans.

Sir: Pursuant to General Orders, No. 6, 1896, Headquarters of the Army, I have
the honor to submit the following annual report of the subschool for the artillery
battalion at this post including the period from September 1, 1899, to date:

ORGANIZATIONS.

Light Battery F, Third Artillery; Light Battery B, Fourth Artillery; Siege Bat-
tery O, Seventh Artillery, arrived at post April 13, departed August 6, returned
October 9, 1900.

OFFICERS.

Present for duty. — Lieut. Col. George B. Rodney, Fourth Artillerjr, commanding
light artillery battalion and post; First Lieut. L. S. Lyon, Second Artillery, adjutant
and ordnance officer; Capt. K. D. Potts, Third Artillery, commanding Light Battery
G; Capt. H. R. Anderson, Fourth Artillery, commanding Light Battery B; Capt? J. R.
Williams, vSeventh Artillery, commanding Siege Battery O; First Lieut. C. C. Heam,
Seventh Artillery; First Lieut. W. S. Guignard, Fourth Artillery; First Lieut. A.
Moses, Third Artillery; First Lieut. P. R. Ward, Sixth Artillery, attached to Siege
Battery O, Seventh Artillery, for duty; Second Lieut, H. W. Butner, Third Artillery;
Second Lieut. H. B. Black, Fourth Artillery.

* GAIN.

First Lieut. LeRoy S. Lyon, Second Artillery, May 18, 1900; Capt. J. R. Williams,
Seventh Artillery, April 13, 1900; First Lieut. C. C. Heam, Seventh Artillery, April
13, 1900; First Lieut. A. Moses, Third Artillery, December 21, 1899; First Lieut. P. R.
Ward, Sixth Artillery, April 13, 1900.

IjOSS.

First Lieut. G. G. Heiner, Fourth Artillery, June 1, 1900; First Lieut. D. Skerrett,
Third Artillery, December 29, 1899; First Lieut. E. P. O'Hem, Third Artillery,
November 17, 1899.

theoretical and practical instruction.

From September 1, 1899, to January i, 1900. — During this period and on account of
the depletion of the cavalry garrison, the light batteries furnished details for nearly
all the guards and other duties for both subposts. Target practice was held and
instruction in drill regulations and field exercises given. Officers received theoret-
ical instruction by discussion of military subjects during the lyceum course, noncom-
missioned officers in the noncommissioned officers' school.

From January 1, 1900 , to March SI, 1900. — Theoretical — post lyceum and noncom-
missioned officers' school; practical — drill, road marches, and other field exercises.

From April i, 1900, to November 10, 1900. — Instruction, both theoretical and prac-
tical, and target practice were in compliance with the following orders and
memoranda:

MEMORANDUM ORDER.

Light Artillery Battalion, March 28, 1900,

The following progressive scheme for carrying out the provisions of General Orders,
No. 8, current series. Department of the Missouri, and General Orders, No. 53,
Adjutant-General's Office, 1896, having been approved by the department com-
mander, is published for the instruction of all concerned. In this connection the
provisions of General Orders, No. 8, current series, Department of the Missouri, will
be carefully noted and complied with.

Froni April 1 to May SI. — Team drill, section, platoon, and battery drill. A por-
tion of the time in these drills to be devoted to preliminary training, as required by
Artillery Memorandum, No. 2, Adjutant-General's Office, 1898. One practice in
field exercises each week.

316 REPORT OF LIKUt. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMY.

From June 1 to Julif SI. — Batterv drill, battalion drill, and elementary target
practice as prescribe^l in Artillery Srleniorandum No. 2, Adjutant-GeneraPs Office,
1898. Field exercises once per week.

From August 1 to September SO. — Battery drill and battery service tai^get practice
with such other drills as may Ikj necessary. Field exercises once per week.

From October 1 to SI. — Battalion, target practice, with such other drills as may be
necessary.

From November 1 to 30. — If practicable, combined manenvers with cavalry.

Field exercises with light artillery will comprise the following: Construction of
gun pits; passage of streams; marches, experimental, forced, of concentration; con-
struction of temporary bridges; reconnoissance with view of ascertaining practica-
bility of roads and fonls for artillery; loading and unloading batteries on railroad
cars; making and breaking shelter-tent camp; use of individual mess kit; and such
other exercises as may be desiniated from time to time.

Litter bearer drill and signal drill as required by orders and r^ulations.

During April and May one-half hour each day devoted to calisthenic drill.

By order of Lieutenant-Colonel Rodney:

Gordon G. Heixer,
Firi<l Lieutenant Fourth Artillery^ Acting Adjutant.

[Order No. 9.]

Light Artillery Battalion,

Fort Riley y Aa/w., April 16, 1900,

In order to secure uniformity of action the following progressive scheme for carry-
ing out the requirements of Artillery Memprandum Circular No. 2, Adjutant-
General's Office, 1898, is published for the information and guidance of all concerned.

1. — Preparatory training until May SI.

Batteries are to be exercised in the whole system of fire discipline, as a drill, and
everyone so instructed as to be thoroughly conversant with the correct performance
of their definite duties in all positions in which a battery is likely to be place<l in
active service. This includes:

Instru(!tion of platoon commanders: As to their responsibility and supervision.
The acknowledgment of the receipt of all orders relative to ammunition, elevation,
and fuses. The examination of their gunners and fuse setters, and the ])rinciples of
ranging.

Instruction of gunners: In aiming or laying at service objects at service ranges.
Drilled both as gunners and fuse setters, and worked against time in examination
tests. To follow uj) every alteration in elevation ordered by battery commander.
Instructeil in elevation by quadrant and indirect laying.

Instruction of cannoneers: Nos. 3 and 5 to lay for direction from end of trail hand-
spike. A certain number to be instructed so as to qualify as fuse setters. . Prompt
and orderly performance of all duties to be exacted.

Casualties are to be frequently practiced at drill, so that it may be known who is
to take any position vacated.

The principles laid down under c^aption "Artillery in the field," Artillery Drill
Regulations, are to be practiced.

After instruction of gunners and fuse setters they are to be examined for qualifica-
tion in the manner indicjited on pp. 12 and 13 of tfie Memorandum.

The number of men, including cniefs of section, qualified both as gunners and fuse
setters, should be 24 in a six-gun battery.

2. — Etetnentary praclice, from June 1 to July SI.

This practice is in the hands of the batterv commander and he is not to concern
himself with petty details, all of which should have been seen to in the preparatory
training. This practice will be:

I. For accuracy-firing at each of two known distances, about 1,700 and 2,500 yards.
Target, the standard 20 by 10. Two sighting shots allowed each gunner. Allowance
of ammunition, 72 percussion shell.

II. To range and find length of fuse (Obiect: Practice of fire discipline, observa-
tion and regulation of fire, and instruction of officers). Both stationary and moving
targets will be used. No assistance to be given by range party near tai^get. No

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 317

change of target until corrw^tly range<l, and three effective shrapnel with same
lenj(th of fuse obtaine*!. When this is the cas<^ the battery commander will cease
firing and call upon the range party for the effect of his fire. Four ranges from 1,200
to 3,500 yards will )ye employed. Allow^ance of amnmnition, 28 shell, 24 shrapnel.

III. For effect with ammunition limit. A series of about 2,500 yards after range
is adjusted. Allowance of ammunition, 10 shrapnel and about 10 shell for adjusting
range.

IV. For effect with time limit. Series beyond 1,700 yards with about six minutes'
time. Allowance of ammunition, ajbout 12 shrapnel and 10 shell for adjusting
range.

3. — Battery aerrice practur, from Atu/uM 1 to September SO,

In this pnwttk'e a large, irregular ground will 1x5 selected and targets arranged to
represent phases of attack and defense.

The battery to range and fire on enemy's guns. Change and repel attack of infan-
try, or similar operations.

Targets: Battery of artillery in action (if practicable); company of infantry, 48
dummies in line, single rank; company of infantry, 48 dummies in column of fours;
company of infantry, kneeling figures m attack formation, or similar ones.

Allowance of ammunition, 250 shell, 60 shrapnel.

4. — Battalion 2n'actice, from October 1 to 31.

This practice is similar to the battery service practice. The batteries will be halted
in rear of a position, the battery commanders called up, and the target pointed out.
The batteries will prepare for action and the»practice conducted as near actual serv-
ice conditions as practicable. Allowance of ammunition, 80 shell, 40 shrapnel.

In all firing a range \Y<xriy of sufficient strength, according to targets, will Ije
detailed under irharge (^f an officer, and precautions as to safety, danger nags, signals,
etc., also judging and recording results of fire, will be as indicated under ** Remarks,"
l)p. 25, 2t), 27, of the Memorandum.

Practice records and reports will be made on the usual forms.

Bv order of Lieutenant-Colonel Rodnev :

GoRix)N Ct. Heinek,
Fir»t Lieutenant Fourth ArtiUeri/f Actiyig Adjutant.

[Orders No. l;{.]

Light Artillery Battalion,
Fort Riley y Kam.y May J, 1900.

. The following field exercise for light batteries F, Third Artillery, and B, Fourth
Artillery, will be carried out during the month:

First week — Practice march.

Second week — Construction of Austrian gun pit. All of the guns of the batteries will
be covered. Battery commanders will select the ground for their batteries in the
execution of this exercise, not, however, where drills are regularly conducted. Time
of constniction to be taken.

Tfiird vrek — Construction of (Terman gim pit under same conditions as exercise for
second week.

Fourth neek — March of concentration on May 24. Conditions: (1) A force repre-
sented by light battery F, Third Artillery, camped at the bridge across Republican
River, at the end of Washington street. Junction City, on the night of May 23. (2) A
force repres(*nted by light battery B, Fourth Artillery, cam^^ at the Estes gate,
night of the 2.3d. Required: Both batteries to park at their gun sheds at 11.30 a. m.
Batteries will break park on the morning of May 24 in time to enable them to be at
the supposed camp position by 9 a. m.

Field exercise for siege battery 0, Seventh Artillery, one each week during the
month, will be confined to expenmental marches; the first one to be about 6 miles
going and returning; the second about 8 miles; the third about 10 miles; the fourth
about 12 miles.

By order of Lieutenant-Colonel Rodney:

Gordon G. Heiner,
First Lieuiefuint Fourth Artillery, Actiiig AdjulaiU.

318 KEPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMY.

[Memorandum.]

Light Artillery Battalion,

Fort RUeyt Kans.y June i, 1900.

Projjressive scheme of instruction, drill and target practice for siege battery (),
Seventh Artillery:

I. June 1 to June 30 ^ inclusive. — Preparatory training—

1. Fire discipline, including (a) Instruction of officers in all their duties and
responsibilities, (h) Instruction of noncommissioned officers and gunners; laying,
direct, indirect, reverse; fuse cutting, range tables; use of meteorological in^ni-
ments and tables; simple electrical apparatus and batteries, (c) Instruction of can-
noneers; manual of the gun, platform laying, installation of pieces in emplacements;
construction of gabions, fascines, mechanical maneuvers, td) Observation of fire.
(1) Ordinary. (2) Exact, including instruction in establisnment of base-line and
angle-measuring instruments; plotting range finding.

2. Mounted drill.

3. Preliminary instruction small-arm firing regulations (rifie and revolver).

4. Field exercise at least once per week.

II. July 1 to July 31. — Small arms target practice up to and including 300 yards,
until completed, when scheme for June will be resumed, excepting (3); signal drill;
field exercise once j)er week.

III. Auqust 1 to Septemhei' 30. — Elementary target practice; mounted and dis-
mounted arill at guns; signal drills during August; field exercises once per week.

IV. October 1 to October 31. — Service practice; mounted and dismounted drill at
guns; field exercise once per week.

V. November 1 to November 30. — Mounted and dismounted drill at guns; such com-
bined maneuvers with cavalry and ligUt artillery as are practicable.

By order of Lieutenant-Colonel Rodney:

LeRoy S. Lyon,
Fird LleutnuuU ^Second Artillery y Adjutant,

[Orders No. 17.]

Light Artillery Battalion,
Fort Riley y Kans.y June i, 1900.

Field exercise and drill for .lune.

A.— LJGHT ARTILLERY.

I. Field ejcercise. — The following field exercise for light batteries F, Third, and B,
Fourth Artillery, will be carried out during the month of June: Thursday, 7: Con-
struction of French gun pit. Battery commandeis will sele(!t the groimd for their
batteries in the execution of this exercise, not, however, where drills are regularly
conducted. Time of construction to be taken. All of the guns to be covered.
Thursday, 14: Practice march. Thursday, 21: English gun pit. Thursday, 28:
March of concentration.

Conditions: (1) A force represented by Light Battery B, Fourth Artillery, camped
at the bridge crossing the Republican at the end of Washington street. Junction CStjr,
on the night of June 27. (2) A force represented by Light Battery F, Third Artil-
lery, camped in town of Ogdensburg nignt of June 27. Require : Both batteries to
park at their gun sheds at 10.30 a. m. Batteries will break park on the morning of
June 28 in time to enable them to be at the supposed camp positions by 9.30 a. m.

II. Drill. — Friday of each week, battalion drill. Monday, Tuesday, and Wednes-
day of each week, elementary target practice of Imtterv arill in compliance with
Orders No. 9, Artillery Battalion, April 16, 1900, and Afemorandum Orders, March
28, 1900.

B.— 81EUK ARTILLERY.

I. Field exei'dsejt. — Construction of sunken 4-gun sie^ battery substantially as pre-
scribed in English Drill Book, page 27, with such modification as may be found nec-
essary for adaption to 7-inch B. L. ho\%ntzer. Copy of drill book can Ihj obtained at
this office.

A drawing to scale will l>e submitteil to this office after the completion of the
battery.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 319

Timely requisition will be made for such material and implements as may be fur-
nished by the post quartermaster.

On or before June 4 the battery commander will select suitable ground in the
immediate vicinity of the artillery post, rej)orting his selection to this office l)efore
commencing work.

Not less than two and a half hours Thursday and Friday morning of ea(;h week
will be devoted to this work.. One hour horse exercise under command of one offi-
cer the morning of these days.

II. Drill. — 8.30 Xo 9.30 a. m. Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday of each week:

A. Mounted batter^' drill for instruction of drivers and training of horses.

B. Dismounted drill, manual of arms, preliminary instruction small arms and
firing regulations (rifle and revolver).

9.30 to 11a. m. Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday of each week:
Dismounted drill and instruction at the guns, aa prescribed in memorandum June
1, 1900, "Progressive scheme of instruction for siege battery."
By order of Lieutenant-Colonel Kodney:

LkRov 8. Lyon,
F'iTHt Lieutendnt Second Artillenjj AdjuUntt.

[Memorandum Order X<>. 7.]

Artillery Battalion,
Fort Rileij, Knns., July 1, 1900.

Field exercises, drills, and target practice for July 1, 1900, under provisions of
Memorandum Order, March 28, 1900.

LUjld artUlery, field extrcises. — Thursday, July 5, reconnoissance in vicinity of post
with view to ascertain practicability of passa^ of streams by fords, and of ravines by
temporary bridges, with report of fords and ravines selected. Thursday, July 12,
passage of streams by fords. Thursday, July 19, construction of practicable, tempo-
rary bridges a(!ross ravines selected anci passage of same. Thursday, July 26, load-
ing and unloading of batteries on railroad cars on plan of same on ground. Friday
of e^ch week, battalion drill. Target practice or battery drill Monday, Tuesday, and
Wednesday of each week as hereinbefore prescribed. Siege battery. Small-ann tar-
get practice until completed. (See memorandum Jime 1, 1900.)

By order of Lieutenant-Colonel Rodney.

LeRoy S. Lyon,
Fb-d LietUena/d /Second Artdlery, Adjniaid.

[Memorandum Order No.'9.]

Light Artillery Battalion,

Fort Riley ^ Kans.^ August 5, 1900.

The battery-service practice prescribed by Order No. 9, April 16, this. office, will
comprise the execution of the following problems, commencmg Tuesday, August 7,
1900, with Problem I, by Light Battery F, Third Artillery. The practice will take
place every day until cohipleted, the batteries alternating.

First call, 6.30 a. m.; assembly, 7 a. m.

Prohleifi I. — To change i)osition to repel infantry advancing on another part of the
lioM. Extent of movement about 1 mile at trot, 10 shells to be fired at first target,
20 at second. Time allowance from unlimbering in first position to last shot of whole
scries, 35 minutes. Anmiunition allowance of 30 shells. Range (unknown), about
1,700 yards. TargeU^, standard 10 by 20.

Pnihh'in II. — To select firing position within given area and fire 14 shell at each of
three different targets fn)m the same firing position in twenty-one minutes. Ammu-
nition allowance, 42 shell. Ranges (unknown) , from 2,000 to 3,000 yards. Targets,
standard 10 by 20.

Problem III. — The battery to advance a mile at a trot, halting three times within
that distance and firing 10 shell at each halt at a designated target, then to retire at a
walk about IJ miles, firing the same number of shell at the same three targets.
Ranges, f n^m 1 , 700 to 3 (XK) yards. Time allowance, one and one-half hours. Ammu-
nition allowance, 60 shell. Targets, standard 10 by 20.

l*i'ohlein IV. — To gallop (at the rate of 12 miles per hour) to three positions about
1 mile apart, firing 25 shell from each of the three positions at a corresponding target.

320 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY.

Line of targets approximately parallel to the line of advance of the batterv. Time
limit for com])letion of whole series, one and one-half hound. Ammunition allowaiioe,
75 shell. Ranges (unknown) , from 1,500 to 3,000 yards.

Problem V. — To advance to a range of about 1,500. yards at a trot and open fire on
infantry whoare assumed to be advancing over second zone, supports beinffSXK) yards
in the rear. Target B. Time allowance, ten minutes. Ammunition aflowance, 3
shell and 20 shrapnel.

Problem VI. — Attack of a company of infantry in column of fours, double rank,
facing battery. Target C. Range at least 3,000 yards. Time allowance, ten
minutes. Ammunition allowance, 3 shell and 20 shrapnel.

Problem VII. — Attack of line of infantry kneeling. Taivet E. Range about 1,700
yards. Time allowance, ten minutes. Ammunition allowance, 3 shell and 20
shrapnel.

Problem VIII. — Bombardment of a position represented by standard taints.
Deliberate fire. Range at least 4,500 vards. Breadth of target, 40 feet; depth, 200
yanis. Ammunition allowance, 34 shell.

Ri'marks. — Method of ranging will be both b^ range finder and trial shots.
Records and reports will be maae in compliance with Artillery Memorandum No. 2,
Adjutant-General's Office, June 7, 1898.

Range parties under the command of an officer will be detailed from this office.
The officer detailed will supervise the location of targets and see th^t they are in

food condition the day preceding the execution of the problem. Order of fire will
e by piece, so that each shot recorded by the range party can be referred to the gun
firing it by comparing battery and range party records for the day.

The firmg will be divided eijually l^tween the lieutenants present for duty with
the batteries. It must be borne in mind that the adjustment of sights and laying of
guns pertain exclusivelv to the gunners, and while it is the duty of the instructors
to assure themselves that the prescribed elevations are given and that the guns
are properly loade<i and pointed, under no circumstances will officers do more than
see that required correcrtions are made by the gunners.

This scheme of service practice will be subject only to such modifications as may
be found necessary or advisable by the commanding officer during its execution.
By order of Lieutenant Colonel Rodney:

LeRoy S. Lyon,
Finst Lienle7iarU Second Artillery y Ac^utarU.

[Memorandum.!

Light Artillery Battalion,

Fort Riley, Kans.y August 6, 1900,

DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS POK BATTERY COMMANDERS AND RANGE PARTIES.

I. Detail for range parties. — An officer and 5 men mounted and 1 driver for wagon
will be detailed daily (Saturdays excepted) by the battery commander firing, to
report to the adjutant on the field immediately after the completion of the firing of
the day. This party will repair and locate targets the morning detailed, and also
act as range party the morning following.

II. Instructions for range officers. — On the day of the practice the range officer will
report with four mounted men and wagon containing target materials, etc., at the
targets not later than 7.30 a. m. Two mounted men will be located far out on flanks
to signal danger; two will assist range officer marking and recording, and one
mounted man will report to the adjutant at his quarters at 7 a. m. A wagon will be
in readiness at the quartermaster's corral at 6.30 a. m. daily.

III. Daily memorandum. — All the shots allowed for a problem will be recorded,
both by the battery commander and range officer in the order fired (1, 2, 3, 4, etc. )
so that any shot on any target can l)e referred to the gun firing it. Tne range officer
will also record estimated distances ** short" or '*over," "height of burst," the
number of hits by whole projectiles, and bv fragments or bullets on each target, and
general condition of tareets will Ihj reporte(\ after the day's problem is completed.

Targets will be numbered from right to left looking from firing ix)sition. To
assist judgment at targets the range officer will locate poles at points 50-100 yards
front and rear of all targets. Targets will not be examined by range officer until the
completion of the firing for tlie day.

All reports will be made on the blanks prescribed by Artillery Memorandum No. 2,
1898, and officers will provide same for themselves until a supply is received at this
office.

REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ARMY. 321

IV. Positioni of range party, — ^The range officer's party will be on a line at right
angles to the plane of firing at the targets and at least 500 yards therefrom.

The firing will invariably commence on the right target (looking from firing posi-
tion) and proceed in order to the left. Range parties will move in accordance with
this rule, being always on the right of the tar^t nred at (looking from firing position).

V. Signals and general ntZea. -Signals between battery and range party will not be
permitted except as follows:

(a) A large red streamer held aloft by range party will indicate that fire should
not commence or should cease. When ** downed," that fire can safely commence
or continue.

(b) A large red streamer held aloft at the battery will indicate that firing will not
commence or has ceased. When ** downed," that fire will commence at once and
continue until again raised.

(c) The danger fiag of the battery is to be downed before commencing fire, but no
firing is to take place until the signal is answered by the range paity's Sa^.

{dj All firing will commence at right target (looking from firing position) and
continue in omer to the left target. Under no circumstances muist this rule be
violated.

Note. — A copy of these instructions and of Memorandum Order No. 9, dated
August 5, 1900, from this office, will be carried by all officers during practice.

Unless otherwise ordered, batteries will await instructions in the vicinity of the
reservoir.

Special report: At the end of the service practice, battery commanders will submit
to tnis office a report of the total number of premature bursts and breaking up of
projectiles; and also the total number of failures of primers from all causes. A
* * failure " to be understood to mean the failure to explode primer at first command fire.

By order of Lieutenant-CJolonel Rodney:

LeRoy 8. Lyon,
Fird LieuUnaiU Second Artillery, Adjutant.

[Memorandum.]

Light Artillery Battalion,

Fort Riley y Kans., August 9, 1900,

Commencing with Problem III, the remaining problems prescribed by Memoran-
dum Order No. 9, this office, will, for purpose of instruction, be equally divided
between the lieutenants present for duty with the battery.

In order to carry out the intent of Memorandum Order No. 9, which seems to have
been misunderstood, the command of the battery, during the execution of a problem,
will l3e turned over to the lieutenant detailed to execute it. The lieutenant in com-
niaiul will not be assisted or directed in any way by the battery commander.

By order of Lieutenant-Colonel Rodney:

LeRoy S. Lyon,
First Lieutenant Second Artillery , Adjutant.

[Memorandum Order No. 10.]

Light Artillery Battalion,

Fort RHey, Kans., September 2, 1900.

FIELD EXERCISES FOR SEPTEMBER.

Monday of each week: September 3, road march, at least 12 miles; September 10,
road march, at least 15 miles; September 17, making and breaking shelter tent camp;
September 24, use of individual mess kit.
Shelter tent camp to be pitched and field ration cooked for dinner.
Batteries will ^o into camp at some suitable place on the reservation, and return
after dinner, in time for retreat roll call.
By order of Lieutenant-Colonel Rodney:

LbRoy S. Lyon,
First lAeutenoTU Second Artillery j Adjutant.

WAR 1900 — VOL 1, FT III 21

322 BEFOBT OF LIEUT. GENERAL COMMANDING THE ABMY.

[Memorandum.]

Light Abtillbst Battaliom,

Fort RUeyy Kcms,, September 14, J90(K

Problem VIII will he divided in three series of fire of 14, 10, and 10 shell, reepeG-
tively, at the same range and taiget, and fired in the following order:

First series: 4 shell for ranging, 10 shell, using tan^nt sight

Second series: Same range, 10 shell, using telescopic sight

Third series: Indirect fire; 10 shell, guns will be run back under cover; target not
in view of gunners.

The battery commander will select the method of indirect fire and will detail a
different officer (including himself) to take independent control of each series.

The battery commanders will submit to this ofiSce without delay copies of daily
memorandum record of both range party and battery of all shots fired up to present
time on battery service practice.

The completed reports and records of all tarvet practice will be forwarded through
the commanding omcer. Light Artillery Battauon, as soon as practicable after com-
pletion of the season's practice.

By order of Lieutenant-Colonel Bodney.

LbBoy S. Lyon,
First Lieutenant Second AriXUery, AdjuJkjmL

[Memorandum No. 18.]

Light Abtillery Battalion,

Fort Riley f Kans.y September 18, 1900,

The battalion target practice prescribed by orders No. 9, April 16, 1900, will take
place to-day at 3.30 p. m., at the request and in the presence of Lieutenant-<Teneral
Miles, commanding the United States Army.

Batteries will leave park at 1.45 p. m., in time to rendezvous at a point on the
Ogden road, 500 yards beyond Threemile creek, at 2.45 p. m. They wiU there await
further instructions.

Practice will commence promptly at 3.30 p. m.

The practice will be the execution of the following problem:

CONDITIONS.

The batteries are on the flanks of a strong defensive position of narrow front.

The enemy, represented in the different phases of an attack, bv suitable targets,
attempt to take the position by a frontal attack on the entrenched in&mtry line, on
each nank of which the batteries are located.

During the advance, cavalry ^mounted) (represented by 25 horse silhouettes)
attempt a simultaneous oblique cnarge on both fianks, about 1,200 yards from the
battenes.

GBOUND.

The ground over which this exercise will take place is entirely unknown to the
battery commanders, and all ranges will be unknown.

ALLOWANCE OF AMMUNITION.

Forty shell and 40 shrapnel for each battery.

TARGETS (for EACH BATTEBY).

I. Three standard in echelon, to represent massed troops before deployment, at
long range — about 3,500 yards. Ammunition, 37 shell; time, fifteen minutes.

II. Fort^-eight standing silhouettes, to represent second phase of attack, arranged
in firing line of sections and supports. Range, about 1,700 yards; ammunition, 3
shell, 13 shrapnel; time, ten minutes.

III. Fift^-seven standing, kneeling, and lying silhouettes, to represent advancing
firing line in open order. Kange, about 900 yftras; ammunition, 13 shrapnel; time,
ten minutes.

IV. Twenty-five horse silhouettes, cavalry attack oblique to front on both fianks,
about 1,400 yards. Ammunition, 14 siirapnel; time, ten minutea.

REPOBT OF LIEUT. GENEBAL GOMMANDmG THE ARMY. 323

Total time of attack should not exceed forty-five minutes.

The effectiveness of fire will be measured entirely by number of hits and destruc-
tioQ of targets.
No range party will be sent out.

Hits for each oattery will be counted by an officer of the other battery after the
completion of the problem, and report of same made to the adjutant before 9 p. m.
By order of Lieutenant-Colonel Bodney:

LeRoy 8. Lyon,
First Lieutenant Second Artillery ^ Adjutant.

[Memorandum Order No. 14.]

Light Artillery Battalion,

Fort Riley f Kam., October 8, 1900.

Commencing October 8, two field exercises will be executed each week by each
battery on days selected by battery commanders. One of these will be a road march
not less than 10 nor more than 15 miles; the other, occupying a position on the prin-
ciples prescribed in Drill Regulations under the head ** Artillery in the field, A
sketch and report of this exercise to be submitted at the end of the month with the
battery report of instruction and drills.

The sketch will show the following:

Location of rendezvous position, fighting battery, reserve, and train, and practica-
bility of ground for the different arms; ranges of prominent objects to the m)nt and
flanks; ranges of position that might be occupied by the enemy; lines of retreat;
rivers, fords, roads, railrctfuis, bridges, ravines, tree^ cultivated jjround, walls, fences,
etc., will be indicated by the customary topographical signs. Direction will be deter-
mined by box compass, short distances by pacing or odometer, ranges by Weldon
range finder, using tne mean of three observations in each case.

Estimated heights in feet above river will be recorded.

It is intended that the sketch shall show at a glance the field of operations and be
sufficiently accurate to enable a battery comnwidqr to come into action at once by
using the ranges recorded.

After the ranges of prominent objects have been plotted the general features will
be sketched in freely m pencil and afterwards inked. The sketch will be to scale
one-fourth inch to 100 yards, and should be made as rapidly and accurately as possi-
ble. Report of time occupied will be made.

Two sketches will be made by each lieutenant of the battery, under the personal
supervision of the battery commander, who will, in his report to this office, n^e
such comments as he may deem necessary.

By order of Ideutenanl-Colonel Rodney:

LeBoy S. Lyon,
First Lieutenant Second ArtiUeryt Ad^vianL

[Memorandum Order No. 15.]

Light ARTiLLiotT Battalion,

Fort Riley, Kara., October 16, 1900.

Progressing scheme of instruction, drill, and tai^get practice for Si^e Battery O,
Seventh Artillery.
I. October 16 to SI. — Prepamtory training.

1. Fire discipline, including (a) Instructioii of officers in all their duties and
responsibilities. (6) Instruction of noncommiflBioned officers and gunuers. Laying
direct, indirect, reverse. Fuse cutting, range tables. Use of meteorological instru-
ments and tables. Simple electrical apparatus and batteries, (c) Instruction of
cannoneers. Manual of the gun, platform laying, installation of pieces in emplace-
meivts. Construction of gabions, fascines, mechanical maneuvers, {d) Observation
of fire. (1) Ordinary. (2) Exact, including instruction in establishing of base-line
angle measuring instruments; plotting; range finding.

2. Mounted (frill.

S. Field exercises at least once per week. Completion of construction of sunken 4
gun battery.

324 REPORT OF LIEUT. GENERAL OOKMANDING THE ABMT.

4. Simal drill in accordance with regulations and orders.
II. November 1 to November SO. — Elementary and service target practice.
Mounted and dismounted drill at guns. Combined maneuvers if practicable.
Special attention will be given to the training of gunners, with a view to commencing
target practice November 1.
By order of Lieutenant-Colonel Rodney:

LbRoy S. Lyon,
First Lieutenant Second ArUUery, Adjutant,

[Memorandum Order No. 18.]

Light Aktillery Battalion,

Fort Riley y Kana.y October £9, 1900,

SchedvZe of target practice for Siege Battery 0, Seventh ArtiUery.

The annual target practice of Siege Battery 0, Seventh Artillery, will be as follows:
Commencing November 1 and continuing daily (Saturdays and Sundays excepted)
until completed. The battery to leave park at 7.30 a* m.

I. Elementary practice (two days.)

(a) Determination of the mean error of the battery (using platforms) at 1,500, 2,500,
3,500, and 4,500 yards (if possible). Twelve percussion shell at each range— -3 for
esLch gun. Total, 48.

Note. — Ranges will be chained twice and mean taken before the practice ^m-
mences. All guns to be laid with the (same) quadrant elevation required by the
range table for that range, and the resultant elevation by the tangent sight to be
recorded. All sights to be set at zero deviation; lateral and longitudinal deviations
of points of impact to be measured by tape; their deviation in points to be taken by
sight on adjacent gun. Velocity and direction of wind to be recorded.^ The object
of this practice wnl be to obtain not the mean error of the individual guns, but of
the battery as a unit. Forty-eight shell.

(6) Determination of the mean error of the fuse at 2,500 yards. A series of 8
shrapnel from a single gun at same elevation and "cut." The number of hits (if
any) on a standard target to be recorded, but elevation and "cut" will not be altered
to reach target. Eight shrapnel.

II. Service practice. To test the new carriages, and also firing for accuracy and
effect.

Direct fire (one day). Vertical target, 20 by 10 feet. Number of rounds, each
piece, 10 percussion shell. Range, alx)ut 2,000 yards. Observations, from the base
ends. The guns will be fired from hard ground in the vicinity of the platforms,
brakes jammed down hard, wheel chocks under wheels. Forty shell.

Curved fire (one day). Horizontal target: The circular target figured in Form 31,
General Order No. 41, Adjutant-General's Office, 1896. Center to be marked by
barrel, painted white, and line of fire to be shown by stakes 100 yards apart. Obser-
vations to be made from the base ends. Piece to be fired from platform. Range,
about 8,500 yards. Number of rounds per piece, 10 percussion. Forty shell.

III. Shrapnel firing (one day).

Range finding with the piece. First range about 4,500 yards, 4 ranging shell and
4 shrapnel per piece. Change to range about 3,000 yards, 4 rounds per gun with 4
rounds percussion shell for idnge-finding purposes. Targets, shrapnel figure targets.
Piece to be fired from ground, or from platform if the strain at the range appears to
be too much for the brakes, etc. Eight shell, 32 shrapnel.

IV. Breaching (one day) . Range about 3,000 yards. Ten rounds per gun per-
cussion shell. Piece to be fired from platform improvised. Forty shell.

V. (One day. ) Twenty-four shell to be used as nereafter directed.

The ranges ordered will be selected and measured October 29 and 30, commencing
with the short ranges.
By order of Lieutenant-Colonel Rodney:

LeRoy S. Lyon,
First Lieutenant Second Artillery^ Adjutant,

Measurements will not be made until the completion of the series at a single range.

BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GENEBAL OOMMANDING THE ABMT. 325

[Memorandum . ]

Light Artillery Battalion,
Fort Riley, Kans.y November 1, 1900.

For the completion of the 40 field exercises required by Department orders, battery
commanders will utilize the remaining twenty days of the period of practical instruc-
tlDH for that purpose.

Not more than half of the remaining "exercises" will be road marches; the rest
such exercises as the battery commanders may select.
Battery F has 8 and Battery B 15 exercises to complete the 40 required.
By order of Lieutenant-Colonel Bodney:

LeBoy S. Lyon,
Mrst Lieutenant Second Artillery y Adjutant.

[Memorandum Order No. 16.]

Light Artillery Battalion,
Fort Riley y Kans.y Novemfter 12 y 1900.

The balance of the authorized allowance of ammunition will be used in the execu-
tion of the following problem:

Problem (same for each battery): Concentration of fire on a single German gun
pit, dummy gun, and five cannoneers. Bange about 2,500 yards. Target and battery
m same horizontal plane.

There will be two series: First, 4 shell and 4 shrapnel. Bapid fire. Time taken
from unlimbering to last shot. Fire will then cease and ran^e officer observe, note
effect, and repair targets, including gun pit. Second series of 36 shell, F Battery, and
45 for B Battery, from same firing position. Bapid fire. Time taken from first to
last shot.

Range officers (Lieutenant Guignard for F and Lieutenant Moses for B Battery)
will report * * short, " * * over, ' ' height of burst as heretofore for each shot of both series,
and in addition dummies hit, total hits on gun, shell impacts in limits of gun pit,
effect on epaulement, etc.

Battery commanders will construct gun pits and dummy guns in vicinity of Hay
Camp Springs, Tuesday, November 13. Firing position to De in general direction of
Estes Gate. F Battery will commence firing at 9 a. m., Wednesday, 14th, B Battery,
about 10 a. m., same day.

Dummies and material for dummy gun can be obtained from ordnance sergeant.

By order of Lieutenant-Colonel Bodney:

LeBoy S. Lyon,
First Lieutenant ^Second ArtUleryy Adjutant.

[Memorandum.]

Light Artillery Battalion,
Fort Riley y Kans.y November l^y 1900.

The balance of the ammimition (24 shell) authorized for the target practice of
Siege Battery O, Seventh Artillery, will be used in the attack of an earth epaulement
constructed at least 12 feet thick, with interior crest at least 4 J feet above surface of
ground.
Purpose: To note effect on artificial epaulement. Bange about 3,000 yards.
By order of Lieutenant-Colonel Bodney:

LeBoy S. Lyon,
First Lieutenant Second ArtxUery, Adjutant.

It has been impossible to have combined maneuvers with cavalry and si^ artillery
on account of the untrained condition of the cavalry and the temporary absence and
target practice of the siege battery.

REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

It is urgently recommended that the money already appropriated for construction
of stables in the artillery post be at once used for that purpose.

The location of Siege feittery O in the cavalry post is not satisfactory either lor
discipline or instruction.

The ammunition allowance of 100 rounds per sun, authorized for the target practice
of the light batteries, was found to beample, and the value of the instruction afforded
can not be overestimated.

326 BEPOBT OF LIEUT. GBNESAL ODIEMAirDUrG THE ABMY.

It is recommended that thici allowoQce be made permanent for the instraction of
batteries sent to this school; that the tour of daty lor a light batt^y be limited to
one year, in order that as manjr batteries as possible may receive the benefit of this
increasea allowance of ammonition, and of the instraction and practica] training
made possible by the extended ranges and varied gronnd of this reibnrfttion.

Light Battery B, Fourth Artillery, has servtkl about ioat yeiufl fit ^e school.
Light Battery F, Third Artillery, about two years.

Very respectfully, Gso. B. BoMsr,

LieuUnant-CdUmd jPbtcrtii ^HOMr,

GjfiwiXthdinff ZhilblNbfi otia PotL

Appendix B.

Cavalry and Light Abtillkrt School,
Officb op thb Sbcrbtajbt,

Fort Riley, Kam,, November IS, 1900.

The Commandant, Cavalry and Light Artillery School.

Sir: I have tne honor to submit the following report as secretary of the Gavalry
and Light Artillery School:

Pursuant to Special Orders, No. 101, paragraph 4, dated June 14, 1900, I aasumed
the secretaryship of the Cavalry and light Amllery School, vice First Lieut. John W.
Furlong, Sixth Cavalry, relieved.

Owing to the exigencies of the service, several changes have been made in the
secretaryship of the school during the present fiscal year. First Lieut F. C. ManhalL
Sixth Cavalry, having assumed me duties of that office January 2, 1899, per Spedfu
Orders, No. 3, current series, vice First Lieut. P. £. Traub, First Cavalry, relieved.

Lieutenant Marshall acted in this capacity until March 25, 1900, at which time he
was relieved by First Lieut. John W. Furlong, Sixth Cavalry, per Special Orders, Ne.
44i, paragraph 3, current series.

Financial report for fiscal year ending June SO, 1900,

rbckipts.

Received from thfe Treasurer of the (Jnited States $2, 000. 00

Received from the sale of duplicate library books 12. 10

Refund on unfilled order for Dooks 2. 00

Total 2,014.10

disbursements.

Printing office (including type, paper, cardboard, repairs to presses, etc.) . $99. 26
Office of the secretary (including sketching cases, drawing instruments,

office stationery, etc. ) 225. 71

Library (including steel book stacks, book supports, professional books,

books of reference, maps, pmodicals, binding, etc.) 1, 675. 01

Turned into the Treasury of the tJnited States 14.12

Total S, 014. 10

The library during this year has quadrupled itself in size, an excellent variety of
books having been selected and procured, which are made easv of access through
the medium of the new steel book stacks with which the library nas been e()uipp^

Nearly every topic of interest to military men has been obtained, though m manv
respects the niimbier of books bearing on certain important subjects is very limitea.
ana it will require the addition from time to time of new books as the allotment will
admit.

A complete catalogue of the library has been prepared in mitneograph form,
together with two supplementary issues to the same, comprising all the additions to
date. These catalogues have be^ distributed among the officers of the post for their
information and convenience.

It is contem}>lated to provide the school with a card-index system for the arrange-
ment and location of all subjects contained in the library for immediate reference,
and to this end I have been in communication with several of the leading card-index
firms of the country to ascertain which system is best adapted for the purpose
intended, and it is hoped that out of the next allotment for the school ample pro-
vision will be made for the above-i&entioned project.

Very respectfully, A. G. Lott,

Second Lieutenant Eigliih Oitw/ry, Secretary.

INDEX

Page.

Abercrombie, W. B., Capt., 2d U. S. Inf. Mentioned 243

Actions, Chronological list of, with losses in Philippine Islands 43

Academy Building, U. S. Military Academy 23

Adjutant-General, U. 8. Army.

Recommendations of 37

Report of 13

Adjutant-General's l>e|>artment.

Appointments in, examination of applicants for, etc 30

Officers on duty in 38

Organization of force in Adjutant-Grenerars Office 37

Temporary clerks in 37, 38

Adjuntas, P. B. Troopsat 294

Administration Building, U. S. Military Academy 24

Aguadilla, P. B.

Poet at, capacity and accommodations of 296

Ttoopsat , 294

Aibonito, P. B.

Post at, capacity and accommodations of 295

Troopsat 294

Alabama. Estimates for fortifications, armament, etc. , fot 9

Alaska, Department of.

Assignments and transfers of troops in 248

Correspondence of ..^.i.. 251-258

Creation of 242,243

Deaths in 15,39

Natives of 249,250,257

Orders, general and special 251, 253

Report of Commanding Greneral 243

Strength of ..^..... 18

Territorial limits of z... 17

Troops in, number of 6, 15

Aleshire, James B., Capt., Q. M. Dept,*U. S. A., Maj., Q. M., U. S. Vols.

Mdhtioned 268

Alexander, W. L. , Maj. , Com. Sub. , U. S. Army. Menti(A^ 226

Allen, Hon. Charles H., Grovemor of Porto Rico.

Inaugurated 20

Mentioned 292,306

Almy, William E., Capt, 5th U. S. Cav., Maj., Porto Rioo Volunteers.

Mentioned .-. 298

AmeHcan liegation. Relief of , at Pekin ;. 20,21

Anderson, H. B., Capt, 4th U. S. Art. Mentioned 315

Andrews, George, Maj., A. 6. Dept , U. S. A. Mentioned 38

327

328 INDEX.

Page.
Appointments, Adjutant-Greneral's and Inspector-Greneral's Depts., exami-
nation of applicants for 30

Aritao, P. I. Population of 181

Armament, Ooast, of States. Estimates for 9

Army.

Armament, Estimate for 9

Casualties in 15,21,39,42,72,144

Condition of ^ 7

Deaths in 15,39,72,144

Distribution of 15, 38

Enlistments and reenlistments * 36

Increase of 6

Losses from all causes 15, Table C, facing page 38

Organizations.
Artillery.

1st Artillery 228,229

2d Artillery . : 19,259,280,285

3d Artillery 20,21,315,317,318,319,326

4th Artillery 315,317,318,326

5th Artillery 8,20,21,290

7thArtmery 227,315,317,324,325

Cavalry.

IstCavahy 227,232,234,235,241

2dCavab7 158,264,280

3d Cavalry 227

4th Cavalry 173,176,192

5thCavaby 19,220,235,290,291

6th Cavaby 8,20,21,227,241,312,313

7thCavaby 259,280

8th Cavahy 19,259,261,288,312,313,314

9th Cavahy 235

10th Cavahy 228,259,288

Infantry:

1st Infantry 19,227,259,280

2d Infantry 19,158,223,259,264

3d Infantry 234

5th Infantry 19,223,259,288

7th Infantry 232,234,235,241,244,245,248

8th Infantry 19,232,259,280

9th Infantry 8,20,21,173

10th Infantry 19,158,235,259,264,280

nth Infantry 19,220,290

14th Infantry •. .' 16,20,21

15th Infantry 19,20,21,220,259,261

16th Infantry 178

17th Infantry 173

18th Infantry 16

23d Infantry 16,235

24th Infantry 129,233,248

25th Infantry 229,235

Hospital Corps 21,288,290,291

Signal Corps 290,291

Ration for, in Tropics 206

Retoms of 6

INDEX. 829

Army — Continued. Pa«e-

Strength of 6

Actual 14, Table A, facing page 38.

By divisions and departments, Table D, facing page 38.

Monthly, Table C, facing page 38.

With losses for all causes, Table E, facing page 38.

Trainmgof 122

Volunteer Army. See Volunteers.

Army Bation 140,206

Army Service Barracks, U. S. Military Academy 26

Army Service Oorps. Inspection of 153

Arnold, A. K. , Col., Ist U. S. Cav. Mentioned 314

Arnold, Frederick T. , 2d Lieut. , 4th U. S. Cav. Mentioned 171

Arnold, Samuel B. , 1st Lieut. , 1st U. S. Cav. Mentioned 234

Arthur, George O. , Maj. , Chief P. M. , U. S. Vols. Mentioned * 298

Artillery Detachment, U. S. Military Academy. Barracks for 25

Artillery School, Fort Monroe, Va. Mentioned 7, 9

Atwood, Edwin B. , Lieut. Col. , Deputy Q. M. G. , U. S. A. Mentioned 226

Augrur, J. A., Maj., 4th U.S. Cav. Mentioned.: :J08,310

Aultman, D. £. , Ist Lieut., 2d U. S. Art. Mentioned 168

Babcock, Walter C. , Ist Lieut. , 8th U. S. Cav. Mentioned 243

Bacon, Camp, Walker, Minn. Abandonment of 232

Bagabag, P. I. Population of 181

Baggage Transportation. Allowance of 133

Balch, Lewis, Maj., Surg., U. S. Vols. Mentioned 269

Baldwin, Frank D., Maj., 5th U. S. Inf. Mentioned 167

Baldwin, T. A., Col., 7th U. S. Cav. Mentioned 280,286

Bambang^, P. I. Population of 181

Band Barracks, U. S. Military Academy 26

Bandholtz, H. H., Capt, 2dU. S. Inf. Mentioned 271

Barden, William J. , Ist Lieut., Corps of Engrs., U. S. A. Mentioned 270

Barker, Walter B. , Capt. , Asst. Q. M. , U. S. Vols. Mentioned 269

Bamhardt, O. 0. , 1st Lieut., 6th U. S. Cav. Mentioned 310

Barr, Thomas F., Col., Asst. Judge Adv. Gen., U. S. A. Mentioned 226

Barracks.

Army Service, U. S. Military Academy 26

Artillery Detachment, U. S. Military Academy 25

Barracks and Quarters. Estimates for construction of 9

Barry, Thomas H., Lieut. Col., A. G. Dept, U. S. A., Brig. Gen., U. S. Vols.

Mentioned 21

Bates, J. C, Col., 2d U. S. Inf., Maj. Gen., U. S. Vols. Mentioned 5, 171

Bayambong^, P. I. Population of 181

Beach, W. D., Capt., 3d U. S. Cav., Maj. Insp. Gen., U. S. Vols.

First-aid packet holder designed by 137

Mentioned 121,125,169

Reports of 125,126,127,128,129,130,170,171,192

Bear, Revenue Cutter. Mentioned 250, 256

Becker, Otto, Maj., Addl. P. M., U. S. Vols. Mentioned 270

Belknap, Hug^h B. , Maj., Addl. P. M., U. S. Vols. Mentioned 226

Bell, Edwin, 1st Lieut, 8th U. S. Inf. Mentioned 232

BeU, J. F., Capt, 7th U. S. Cav., Brig. Gen., U. S. Vols. Mentioned 6,

128, 173, 174, 175
Bellingrer, J. B., Capt, Q. M. Dept, U. S. A., Maj. Q. M., U. S. Vols. Men-
tioned 27

Benham, H. H., Capt, 2d U. S. Inf. Mentioned 271

330 DTDSX.

Bex^amin, E. E., Capt, 1st U. S. Inf. Mentioned 308,310

Benson, H. 0., Capt, 4th U. S. Cav. Mentioned 176

Bentley, Geo. H. , Capt., 47th Inf. , U. 8. Vols, (deceased) . Mentioned 7

Berry, Alg^a P., Istlieut.y 10th U.S. Inf. Mentioned 267

Betancourt, Pedro E., Gen., Civil Grovemor, Province of MatwiMfi, Gaba.

Mentioned *.... 277

Bethel, Walter A., 1st Lieut, 3d U.S. Art. Mentioned. .^ s^ 243,245

Biddle, John, Capt., Corps of Engrs., U.S. A. Mentioned 270

Bingham, Gonzalez S., Capt, Q. M. Dept, U. 8. A., Ma].Q.M.) U.S. Vols.

Mentioned i ...i-.i.*..-. 248

Birkhimer, Wm. E., Capt, 3d U. 8. Art, Col., 28th Inf., U. 8. Vols. Men-
tioned i 172

Black, H. B., 2d Lieut, 4th U.S. Art Mentioned ^ 316

Black, Wm. M., Maj.,Eng.Dept,U.S. A. Mentioned.... 202

Bliss, Tasker H. , Maj., Sub. Dept, U. 8. Vols. Mentioned « . . 208

Bluff Oity, Norton Sound, Alaska. Unlawful seizure of property at ^^ 246

Boutelle, Henry M. , 2d Lieut. , 3d U. 8. Art (deceased) . Mentioned .: . 7

Boyle, W. H. , Lieut Col. , Insp. Gen. Dept Mentioned ; 150, 151^ 108

Breckinrid^, Joseph 0., Brig. Gen., Insp. Gren., U. 8. A.

Mentioned i ^.a i i ^.x...;.. 6

Report of -,, Ill

Breckinridgre, Ethelbert L. D., 1st Lieut, 10th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 102

Brooke, John B., Maj. Gen., U. S. A., commanding Dept. of the East

Mentioned .; i ...... »*;.-.. 6

Report of - i.: i.^t ^ 220

Brooks, Edward 0. , 1st Lieut, 6th U; 8. Cav. Mentioned ^...i ^^ 268

Brown, Qeor^ lieBoy, Maj. , 10th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned .< . >. 280

Brown, Oscar J. , Capt., 1st U. S. Cav. M^itioned ;..ii«^;,. 232

Brown, Bobert A., Capt, 4th U. 8. Oav., Ma]., Insp. Gen., U. 8. Vols.

Mentioned i...u.*.ii 121,ll»,180

Recommendations of i i -. i.it-..ji..- 181

Reports of 126,120,127,128,129,130,172,176

Brown,R. L.,Capt., Asst. Q.M., U.S. Vols. Mentioned •....i...:.. 226

Brown, William, Capt, 45th Inf., U. 8. Vols, (deceased). Mentioned. . .... 7

Bruce, Miner. Mentioned »* 262

Burton, G^eorge H. , Col., Insp. G^i. Dept, U. 8. A. Mentioned. . 112, 158, 166, 262

Butner, H. W., 2d Lieut, 3d U. 8. Art Mentioned ., ^ 316

Gable:

Proposed from Seattle to Valdez, Alaska 248

Proposed from 8t Michael to Nome ii i 249

Proposed from St. Michael to Unalaklik i i *.. 248

Oadet Barracks, U. 8. Military Academy^;. s,.i. ;;... 23

Oadet Hospital, U. 8. Military Academy ... ;. ;. 23

OalifSomia. Estimates for fortifications, armament, etc., for » j.. 9

Oalifbmia, Department of.

Horses and mules shipped from, to foreign stations i^...« 289

Invalided Volunteers in, number of i i li 17

Report of Commanding General i ^.. S89

Strength of ^ w *-.!.^ 18

Territorial limits of i i....* i... 17

Troops, number of, passing through, for foreign stations 239

Gall, 8. J., Dr., Quarantine Officer, Nome, Alaska. Mentioned 266| 257

Canteen. Establishment of, in Dept of Western Cuba « 284

IlfTDBX. 881

Page.

CantweU, J. C, Lieut, U.S.R.C.S. Mentioned 246

Carbaugh, Harvey C. , Capt 4th U. S. Art., Maj., J. A.,U. S. Vols. Mentioned. 268

Carpenter, Edward, 2d Lieut, 2d U.S. Art. Mentioned ^ 283

Oarrington, F. deL., Capt, Ist U.S. Inf. Mentioned ii. 280

carter, Wm. H., LieutCol., A.G. Dept, U. S.A; Mentioned . ,...^... 38

Cartwrig^lit, Oeor^ 8., Maj.,Q.M., U.S. Vols. Mentioned :.. 26%285,286

Cassatt, Edward B., Ist Lieut, 4th U. S. Oav., Maj., 27th Inf., U. 8. Vols.

Mentioned 29

Castillo, Father. Mentioned 276

Cavalry and Light Artillery School, Fort Riley, Kans.

Financial report 326

Report of Commandant 312

Report of Secretary .- 326

Cavalry Detachment, U. S. Military Acadeiny. Barracks for 25

Ciivalry horses, Stables for, U. S. Military Academy 25

Oayey, P. B.

Post at, capacity and accommodations of . . ^ . ^ i . 295

Troops at 294

Cecil, Geo. B., Capt, 13th U.S. Inf. Mentioned......; 29

Chaffee, Adna B., Col., 8th U. S. Cay., Maj. Gen., U. S. Vols.

Mentioned i ^^6, 8, 21, 112^262

Selected to conmiand China Relief £xx)edition i 20

Chamberlin, H. B., Capt, Asst. Q« M., U. S. Vote. Mentioned 269

Chapel, U. 8. Military Academy 24

Cheever, B. H., Capt, 6th U.S.Cav. Mentioned ...312,313

Cheney, Ward, 1st Lieut, 4th U. S. Inf. (deceased). MentioBed 7

China.

Casualties in ^ 21, 42

Events in, simimary of 20

Expenditures of England due to affairs in, estimate of 194

Horses and mules shipped to. 239

Legation guard in, number of troops left as 6

Military notes on 198

Troops in, number of 16

Troops, sending of , to 8

Circulars, Obituary.

Edmunds, Frank H., Maj., 1st U. S. Inf 191

Lawton, Henry W., Maj. Gren., U. S. Vols 187

Miley, John D., Lieut Col., Insp. Gen., U. S. Vols 187

Claim jumping on Oolofhin Bay, Alaska. . . . ; ^ ^ 246

Clarence, Port, Alaska.

Conditions at ^ 247

Natives at, condition of 250

Reservation at 246

Clayton, Powell, Jr. , Ist Lieut, 5th U. 8. Cliv. Mentioned. 29

Clothing, inspection of 163

Coast Defenses.

Cost of erection of fortifications 6

Estimates for 9

Expenditures for 9

Insufficiency of troops for 6

Pacific 132

Coast lands, purchase of 9

332 INDEX.

•

Pacre.

Colle^ details 32

Colorado, Department of the.

Fires in 238

Indiansand Indian Agencies 236

Report of Commanding Greneral 235

Strength of 18

Territorial limits of 17

Troops in 235

Columbia Barracks, Cuba.

Troops at 280

Yellow fever at 261

Columbia, Department of the.

Defenses on Puget Sound 241

Defenses at mouth of Columbia River ^ 242

Report of Commanding Greneral 241

Strength of 18

Territorial limits of 17

Columbia River, Defenses at mouth of 242

Columbia, Fort, New York Harbor. Troops at 19

Comba, Bichard, Col. , 5th U. S. Inf. Mentioned 222

Commissary Building^, U. S. Military Academy 26

Cooper, Oeo. A., 2d Lieut., 16th U. 8. Inf. (deceased). Mentioned 7

Corbin, H. C, Maj. Gen., Adjt. Gten., U. S. Army.

Recommendations of 37

Report of 13

See AdjtUant-OeneraP s Depi.

Corliss, Augrustus W. , Lieut. Col. , 2d U. S. Inf. Mentioned 228

Craig, li. A., Capt, 6th U. S. Cav. Mentioned 312,313

Craig, John W. , Ist Lieut, 1st U. S. Cav. Mentioned 232

Craigie, Wallace M. , 2d Lieut , 7th U. S. Inf. Mentioned 245, 260

Crenshaw, Frank F., Capt, 28th Inf., U. S. Vols, (deceased). Mentioned. 7

Crockett, Fort, Texas. Inspection of 143

Crook, Fort, Nebr. Troops at 19

Crowell, W. H. H., Maj., 6th U. S. Inf. Mentioned 167

Cuba, Division of.

Abandonment of posts in 259

Deaths in 15,39

Inspections in 131, 157

Movements of troops from and to 19

Report of Commanding General 259

Territorial limits of 18

Troops in, number of 6,15

Troops in, stations of 269

Yellow fever in 261

Dade, W. A., Acting Asst Surg., U. S. A.

Mentioned 178

Report of 179

Daggett, A. 8., Col., 14th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 8

Dakota, Department of

Indians in 232,234

Practice marches 234

Report of Commanding General 232

Strength of 18

Territorial limits of 17

INDEX. 333

Page.

Dame, WilliamE., Capt, 34th Inf., U. S. Vols. Mentioned 179

Davis, Archer W. , 2d lieut. , 39th Inf. , U. S. Vols. ( deceased ) . Mentioned . . 7

Davis, Geor^ B., Lieut. Col., J. A. Gen. Dept, U. 8. A. Mentioned 27

Davis, QeoTge W., Col. 23d U. 8. Inf., Brig. Gen., U. 8. Vols., Commanding

Dept. of Porto Rico.

Mentioned 6, 20

Recommendations of 297

Report of 290

Davis, J. M. K., Maj., Ist U. 8. Art. Mentioned 167

Dawes, J. W. , Maj. Addl. P. M., U. 8. Vols. Mentioned 286

Day, 0. B., 2d Lieut., 7th U.8.Cav. Mentioned 286

Day, 8. A., Maj., 5th U.8. Art. Mentioned 298,306

Deaths.

In the Armies of the U. 8. Tables showing 15, 39

In the Inspector-Generars Dept 144

Of Army officers 72

Defenses, Coast.

Expenditures for 9

Estimates for 9

Delaware. Estimates for fortifications, armament, etc. , for 9

Dempsey, 0. A. , Lieut. Col. , 1st U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 280

Departments, Military geographical.

Territorial limits of 17

Strength of 18

Disbursements. Amount of, inspected by Inspector-GeneraPs Dept Ill

District of Columbia. Estimates for fortifications, armament, etc., for 9

Dixon, H. B., Ist Lieut., 8th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 313

Dodge, Francis 8. , Maj. , Pay Dept. , U. 8. A. Mentioned 262

Donaldson, T. Q. , jr. , 1st Lieut , 8th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 313

Dorst, J. H. , Maj . , 2d U. 8. Cav. , Col. , 45th Inf. , U. 8. Vols. Mentioned . 168, 233, 268

Drake, Charles B. , 1st. Lieut. , let U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 234

Dudley, Edgar S., Capt, Q. M. Dept, U. 8. A., Maj. J. A., U. 8. Vols.

Mentioned 262

Dunn, O. M., Maj. J. A., U. 8. Vols. Mentioned 286

Dunwoody , H. H. 0. , Col. , Sig. Corps, U. 8. A. Mentioned 262

Dupckx, P. I. Population of 181

Dutch Harbor, Alaska. Proposed military reservation at 249

Duvall, Wm. P. , Capt. , 1st U. 8. Art. , Col. , 48th Inf. , U. 8. Vols. Mentioned . 112

Eagle, Alaska. Military road from Port Valdez to 243

Eames, H. E., Ist Lieut, 11th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 298

Earle, Baylis H. , Dr., Marine Hosp. 8ervice. Mentioned 256

East, Department of the.

Reportof Commanding General 220

Strength of 18

Territorial limits of 17

Eastern Cuba, Department of. Territorial limits of 18

Ebert, B. Q., Maj. 8urg., U. 8. A.

Mentioned 243,245

Reports of 254,256,257,258

Edgerton, Wright P. , Prof. , U. 8. Military Academy. Mentioned 27

Edmunds, Frank H., Maj., 1st U. 8. Inf. (deceased).

Mentioned 144,167,284

Obituary circular 191

Egan, Peter B., Maj. Surg., U. 8. A. Mentioned 298

334

S^bert, Fort, Alaska. P ro poBed military road from R a mp a r t to 248

Electioiia.

InDept. Matanian and 8anU Claim, Oaha 274

In Porto Rioo 292

Ellia, Philip H., lieat Col., 8th U. S. Inf. Mentioiied 233

Bmbaaaiea abroad, military attach^ at 29

Engixieer Barracka, U. S. Military Acad^ny 25

Bagineera, Chief of. Estimates of ..,. 9

Bngland.

Estimate of expenditnres of, due to war in Sooth Africa and aftdis in

China ,... 194

Military notes on 194

Enlistments and reenliatments. Regular Army, nmnberof 96

Erickaon, Hjalmer, 2d Lieut., 7th U. & Inf. Bientioned 216,249

Ethan Allen, Fort, Vt Troopsat 19

Evans, John H. , Ist Lieut, 43d Ini, U. S. Vols, (deceased). Mentioned 7

Ewers, EzraP., Col., 10th U.S.Inl Mentioned 271

Examinationa.

For appointment in Adjutant-Greneral's Dept 90

For appointment in Inspector-General's Dept 90

Expenditures, Army, per man per annum, table 141,142

Farber, 0. W., let Lieut., SthU.S.Cav. Mentioned 313

Fenton, E. B., Capt. Com. Sub., U. S. Vols. Mentioned 209

FergruBon, Walter N., President Chamber of Commerce, Nome, Alaska.

Letter of 262

Fiebe^r, Q. J. , Prof., U. 8. Military Academy. Mentioned 27

Fires in Dept. of Colorado 288

Fisher, Henry (colored), killing of 282

Flagler, 0. A. F., Capt, Corps of £ngrB.,U.S. A. Mentioned 298

Flintshire, transport. Mentioned 20

Florida. Estimates for fortifications, armament, etc. , for 9

Foltz, Frederick S., Capt, 2d U. S. Cav. Mentioned 158,167,268

Forsyth, W. W., Capt, 6th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 3^313

Fortiflcationa, coast.

Cost of erection of 6

Estimates for

Expenditures for ,,..

Insufficiency of troops for 6

France.

Composition of expeditionary force of, for China , , . . . 201

Military notes on 201

Fremont, F. P., Capt, 2d U.S. Inf. Mentioned 271,276

French, Charles, Qipt , 36th Inf. , U. 8. Vols. ( deceased ) . Mentioned 7

French, Charles G., Capt, 7th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 245,260,255

French, J. T., jr., Capt, Q. M. Dept, U. 8. A., Maj. Q. M., U. 8. Vols. Men-
tioned , 226

Fuller, Lawaon M. , Ist Lieut , Ord. Dept , U. 8. A. Mentioned 192, 193

Funaton, Fredericki Brig. Gen. , U. 8. Vols. Mentioned 176

Furlong, John W. , Ist Lieut , 6th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 31?, 313, 326

Galleher, John B., 1st Lieut, 40th Inf., U. 8. Vols, (deceased). Mentioned. 7
Galveston, Tex.

Inspection of popt^ at 229

Storm at 143

INBUX. 335

Page.
Oarlin^ton, E. A., Lieut. Col., Insp. Gen. Dept, U. S. A. Mentioned. 117, 121, 166
Georgia. Estimates for fortifications, armament, etc. , for. .................. 9

Gwrhardt, Chas., G^pt.,8teP.S.:W. M^m^pnc^,,..,,..!/...!^,!. ,,..... 233

(i^rmany.

(Composition of expeditip])ar7 forp^ of, foe Qt^na. 20^

Military notes on ...,-...,..-,,^.... 20^

Oetty, Robert N., Capt, 1st U.s! Ifjf.

Mentioned ---r.-^ -r---T 6j31p

Report of ^

Olaagow, William J., lstLieut.,2d Q.S.Qav. JJejitipned 2Q8

Glassford, Wm. A., Capt,Sig. Corps, U.S.A., Maj.,Sig. Corj^, U.S. Vols.

Mentioned 304

Gk)d£rey, E. S., Maj.,7th U.S.Cav. Mentioned 2^

Godfrey, George J. , Capt., 22d U. S. Inf. (deceased). Mention^. 7

Gplofiiiii Bay, Al^aka.

Claim jumping on 24§

Condition of niitives on 2^

Goode, George W. , Capt., Ist U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 232, 234

Goodin, James A., Capt., 7th U. S. Inf. We^^oned 241

G<5mez, Jos^ M., Gen., Civil Governor, Provinpe of Santiti Cl^ra, C^ba.

Mentioned 277

Gorgas, W. C. , Maj. Surg., U. S. A. Mentioned ..-...,... 2^

Government Hospital for the Insane. Number of patients committed to. 37

Gowan, James B. , Ist Lieut., 16th U. S. Inf. Mentione4 ; • - • r • • ^^^

Grant, transport. Mentioned....... rr — rr -? 20

Greble, E. St. J., Capt, 2d U. S. Art., Maj. As^ Adjt). Gen., XJ. S. Vqls.

Mentioned.. , ,...^. ,,......., 262,?|57

Greene, Frank, Capt., Sig. Corps, U. S. A., M^j., Big. Corps, U. S. Vols.

Mentioned .-.-,. 2^2

Greenleaf, Charles B., Col. Asst Surg. Gen. U. S. A. Mentioned 239

Grigsby , Edward 8. , Dr. Mentioned 2^

Grimes, Gheo. S., Maj., 2d U. S. Art Mentioned 167,^

Guanajay Barracks, Cuba.

Troops at 280

Yellow fever at 261

Guard-house, Oadet, U. S. Military Academy 24

Gidgnard, W. 8. , 1st Lieut., 4th U. S. Art. Mentioned 816

Gynm.a8ium, U. 8. Military Academy 34

Habana, artillery defenses of, troops garrisoning 280

Habana and Pinar del Rio, Department of. Order creating £79

Hall, C. G., 2d Lieut., 6th U. S. Cav. Mentioned 298

Hall, Robert H. , 4th U. 8. Inf. , Brig. Gen. , U. S. Vols. Mentioned 171

Hall, WiUiam P. , Lieut. Col., A. G. Dept., U. 8. A. Motioned . . . S22, ^8, 226, 298

Hamilton, B. L. , Ist Lieut., 6th U. S. Inf. Mentioned 889

Hancock, transport. Mentioned 16, 80, 21

Hanna, Matthew E., 2d Lieut, 2d U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 863, 289

Harbach, A. A., Col., 1st U.S. Inf. Mentioned 880,286

Harrison, Russell B. , Lieut. Col. , Insp. Gen., U. 8. Vols. Mentioned. 169, 298, 299

Hartsuff, Albert, Col. Asst. Surg., U.S. A. Mentioned 226

Haskin, W. L., Col., 2d U. S. Art. Mentioned 280,286

Hathaway, Forrest H., Lieut Col., Q. M. Dept, U. S. A. M^itioned 227

Havard, Valery, Maj. Surg., U. S. A. Mentioned 262

336 INDEX.

Hawaiian Islands. Page.

Deaths in 16,39

Troops in, number of 16

Hawkins, Hamilton S. , 1st Lieut. , 4th U. S. Cav. Mentioned 173

Hawley, Gamp. Inspection of 143

Hayes, Edward M. , Lieut. CoL, 4th XJ. S. Cav. Mentioned 170, 171

Hayes, Jack, 2d Lieut., 16th U. S. Inf. Mentioned 178

Heam, 0. 0., 1st Lieut, 7thU. 8. Art. Mentioned 816

Herman, Harry A. , Capt. , 36th Inf. , U. S. Vols. Mentioned 174

Heiberg^, E. B., 2d Lieut., 6th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 313

Hein, Otto L., Capt, 1st U. 8. Cav., Lieut. Col. Com. Cadets, West Point,

N. Y. Mentioned 27

Heiner, O. G. , 1st Lieut, 4th U. 8. Art. Mentioned 316

Heintzelman, Stuart, 2d Lieut, 6th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 312, 313

Helmick, E. A., Capt, 10th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 168,270

Hepburn, Charles B. , Capt, 8ig. Corps, U. 8. Vols. Mentioned 284

Heyl, 0. H., Lieut Col. Insp. Gen., U. 8. A. Mentioned 160, 166,298,299

Hickey, James B., Capt, 8th U. 8. Cav., Maj. A. A. G., U. 8. Vols. Men-
tioned 262

Hickok, Howard B. , 1st Lieut. , 9th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 243

Hobbs, Frank E. , Capt., Ord. Dept , U. 8. A. Mentioned 27

Hoflf, J. VanB., Maj. Surg., U. 8. A. Mentioned 124,298,302

Horses, Cavalry.

Inspection of 162

Stables for, U. 8. Military Academy 26

Horses and mules shipped to Philippines and China 239

Ho-si-wu, China. Engagementat 20

Houston, James B. , Maj. Addtl. P. M., U. 8. Vols. Mentioned 269

Hovey, Henry W. , Capt., 24th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 247

Howard, Guy, Capt, Q. M. Dept, U. 8. A., Maj. Q. M., U. 8. Vols, (de-
ceased). Mentioned 7

Hoyle, Oeorg^e S., Capt, IstU. 8. Cav. Mentioned 234

Hoyt, B. W., Maj., 10th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 271

Hugrgins, E. li., Maj., 6th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 162,167,225

Hug^hes, Bobert P., Col. Insp. Gen. Dept, U. 8. A., Brig. Gen., U. 8. Vols.

Mentioned 6,112,117,166

Humacao, P. B. Troops at 294

Humphrey, 0. P. , Lieut. Col., Q. M. Dept, U. 8. A. Mentioned 262

Hurricane relief work in Porto Bico 291

Hy sell, James H., Maj. 8urg., U. 8. Vols. Mentioned 289

Ibung, P. I. Population of 181

India.

Expeditionary force of, for China 196

Military notes on 196

Indiana, transport. Mentioned 20

Indians.

Condition of, on Norton 8ound, Alaska 267

Condition of, at 8t. Michael 268

In Dept of Dakota 232,234

In Dept. of the Missouri 228

In Dept of Texas 230,231

Infantry and Cavalry School, U. 8.

Expenditures of 311

Report of Commandant 308

Report of 8ecretary 310

INDEX. 337

Pi«e.

In^allB, transport Mentioned 301

Inspections.

Brigade, in Philippines, table showing 155

Legal establishment of 113

Made by Inspector-Grenerars Department Ill

See Inspector-General's Department
Inspector-General, U. S. Army.

Mentioned 5

Report of Ill

See Inspector-General's Department
Insx>ector-General's Department.

Appointments in 30, 166

Army expenditures per man per annum, table 141, 142

Army expenditures, unit of 141

Army ration 140

Army ration in the Tropics, reports on 206

Baggage transportation, allowance of 133

Changes, appointments, stations, etc., of officers of 166

Clerical assistance for 117

Company officers detached for other duties 137

Conditions in Philippines 125

Death list of 144

Defenses on Pacific Coast 132

Drinking water in the field 142

Effect of details instead of permanent officers in 118

Examination of applicants for appointment in 30

Field operations 170

First-aid packet holder 137

Galveston storm 143

Increase of 113

Inspection reports, prompt rendition of 136

Inspection service 145

Inspection, system of 216

Inspections-
Army Service Corps , 153

Cuba 157

Medical Department 153

Officers' horses 161

Ordnance Department 153

Philippine Islands 154

Porto Rico 157

Posts and commands 130, 146

Post Exchange 161

Quartermaster's Department 150

Schools , 161

Subsistence Department 152

Men inspected by, number of Ill

Military notes 194

Munson Hospital Tent 139

Obituary circulars 187

Personnel of 112

Post laundries 134

Report of Inspector-General, U. S. A ,.,,,,,, IH

WAR 1900— VOL 1, FT in 22

338 INDEX.

Inspector-General's Department — Continued. Page.

Troops, transportation of 184

Troops, speedy movement of 132

Service Schools, special 137

Uniform clothing, waterproof 138

Work performed by officers of, table 164

Inspectors, U. S. Army.

Independence of 116

Number of, for peace footing 114

Rank of 115

Ives, Frank J., Capt., Asst. Surg., U. 8. A., Maj., Surg., U. S. Vols. Men-
tioned 269,273

Jackson, H. F., 1st Lieut. , 2d U. S. Art. Mentioned 285,286

Jackson, James B., Capt, 7th U. S. Inf. Mentioned 244

Jarvis, D. H., Lieut, U. S. R. C. 8. Mentioned 245,250,255

Johnston, John A. , Maj., A. G. Dept , U. S. A. Mentioned 38

Jones, Edward N., Jr., Capt, 8th U.S. Inf. Mentioned 233

Jones, Samuel Q. , 1st Lieut, 5th U. S. Cav. Mentioned 298

Judson, William V. , Capt. , Corps of Engrs. , XT. S. A. Mentioned 298, 303

Jnnco, J. Bernardo. Mentioned 278

Kean, J. B. , Capt , Asst. Surg.,U. S. A., Maj., Surg.,U. 8. Vols. Mentioned. 284, 286

Keketaiinick, Point, Alaska. Condition of natives at 257

Kennedy, James M., Capt, Asst. Surg., U.S. A. Mentioned 239

Keokarsky, Father. Mentioned 257

Kernan, Francis, Capt., 2d U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 270

Kerr, John B. , Maj., 10th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 29

Keyes, Maxwell, 2d Lieut, 3dU. 8. Inf. (deceased). Mentioned 7

Kiemlff, H. N., Dr., Surg., Nome Barracks, Nome, Alaska. Mentioned 255

King, Edward I-., 2d Lieut, 8th U. 8. Cav., Capt, 11th Cav., U. 8. Vols.

Mentioned 192,193

Kingsbury, H. P., Capt, 6th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 312,313

Kirby, Henry, Capt, 10th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 271

EInox, Thos. T. , Maj., Insp. Gen. Dept., U. S. A. Mentioned 166

Kobb^, Wm. A., Maj., 3d U. 8. Art., Brig. Gren., U. 8. Vols. Mentioned 171

Koehler , Edgar F. , 1st Lieut. , 9th U. 8. Inf. (deceased ) . Mentioned 7

Kuhn, Joseph E. , Capt., Corps of Engs., U. 8. A. Mentioned 27

Ladd, Eugene F., Capt., 9th U. 8. Cav., Maj., Q. M., U. 8. Vols. Mentioned . 268

Laine, D. T. , Maj., Surg., U. 8. Vols. Mentioned 263

Lakes, Department of the.

Inspection of posts in 222, 223

Report of Commanding General 222

Strength of 18

Territorial limits of 17

Lands, coast, purchase of, estimates for 9

Langhome, Geo. T. , 1st Lieut. , 1st U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 298

Lamed, Chas. W. , Prof. U. 8. Military Academy. Mentioned 27

Lassiter, Wm., Capt, 16thU.S.Inf. Mentioned 178,179

Laundry, Oadet, U.S.Military Academy 24

Laundries, post 134

Lawton, Henry W., Col., Insp. Gren. Dept, U. 8. A., Maj. Gen., U. 8. Vols.

(deceased) .

Mentioned 7, 112, 117, 124, 128, 144, 154, 170, 171, 174, 176

Obituary circular 187

Particulars of death of 192

nn>EZ. 339

Page.

Lawton, transport * 244

Leavenworth, Fort, Kansas. Troops at 19

Lebo, Thomas C. , Lieut. Col. , 1st U. S. Cav. Mentioned 232, 312, 313

Ledyard, Augustus C. , 1st Lieut. , 6th U. S. Inf. Mentioned 7

Lee, Fitzhugh, Brig. Gren., U. 8. Vols., Commanding Dept. of Western Cuba.

Mentioned 5,117,124

Recommendations of 281

Report of 278

Lee, James G. C, Col., Asst. Q. M. Gren., U. S. A. Mentioned 226

Lee, Jesse M., Maj. 9th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 8

Legation, American. Relief of, at Pekin, China 8, 20, 21

Legations abroad, military attach^ at 29

Library, U. S. Military Academy 24

Lincoln, Sumner H. , Lieut. Col. , 10th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 268

Liscum, Emerson H., Col. 9th U. S. Inf. (deceased).

Mentioned 7,8

Killed at Tientsin, China... 20

Lissak, Ormond M. , Capt. , Ord. Dept. , U. 8. A. Mentioned 262

Livermore, W. R., lieut. Col., Corps of Engrs., XJ. S. A. Mentioned 29

Lockett, James, Capt., 4th U. 8. Cav., Col., 11th Cav., U. 8. Vols. Men-
tioned 192,193

Loeb, Abraham U. , 2d Lieut., 9th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 142

Logan, John A. , Maj., 33d Inf., U. 8. Vols, (deceased) . Mentioned 7

Losses in Philippine Islands, chronological list of actions and 43

Lott, A. O., 2d Lieut., 8th U. 8. Cav., secretary U. 8. Cav. and Lt Art.

8chool.

Mentioned 313

Report of 326

LoTiisiana. Estimates for fortifications, armament, etc. , f or 9

Lovering, Leonard A., Capt., 4th U. 8. Inf., Maj., 30th Inf., U. 8. Vols.

Mentioned 168

Ludlow, Wm., Brig. Gen., U. 8. A. Mentioned 5

Lyman, Frank E. , 1st Lieut., 8ig. Corps., U. 8. Vols. Mentioned 270

Lyon, D. B., 2d Lieut., 16th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 178

Lyon, L. 8., 1st Lieut, 2d U. 8. Art Mentioned 316

Macabebe Scouts. Mentioned 192

MacArthur, Arthur, Brig. Gen., U. 8. A., Maj. Gren. U. 8. Vols. Mentioned. 5, 175

McClemand, E. J., Lieut. Col., Acting Adjt Gren., U. 8. Vols. Mentioned. 267

McCoy, Prank B., 2d Lieut, 10th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 263

McGrath, Hugh J. , Capt, 4th U. 8. Cav. (deceased) . Mentioned 7

McGunnegle, G. K. , Capt, 15th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 168

Mclver, George W. , Capt, 7th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 232

McKibbin, Ohfunbers, Col., 12th U. 8. Inf. Commanding Dept of Texas.

Mentioned 5

Report of 228

McKinley, J. F. , 2d Lieut., 6th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 312, 313

McKinley, William, President of the U. 8. Cablegrams to Greneral Otis,

Manila 190

McFherson, Fort, Ga. Troops at 19

Madison Barracks, N. Y. Troops at 19

Maine. Estimates for fortifications, armament, etc. , for. 9

Mallory, J. 8. , Maj., Insp. Gen., U. 8. Vols. Mentioned 121, 169

Mann,Wm. A., Capt, 17th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 167

340 INDEX.

Page.

ICarcey, B. B., Brig. Gen., late Insp. Gren., XJ. S. Army. Mentioned 134

MarshaU, F. C, Ist Lieut., 6th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 312,313,326

MarshaU, James M., Lieut Col., Q. M. Dept, U. 8. A. Mentioned 240

Marsh, B. J., Acting Asst. 8urg., XJ. 8. A. Report of as to the condition of

Indians in and about 8t Michael, Alaska 258

Maryland. Estimates for fortifications, armament, etc. , f or 9

Massachusetts. Estimates for fortifications, armament, etc. , f or 9

Matanzas, Cuba, Province of.

Area of 275

Population of 275

Matanzas and Santa Clara, Department of.

A rea of 275

Civil affairs in 271

Elections in 274

Officers on duty in 267

Organization of, table showing 264

Population of 275

Report of Commanding General 263

Maus, Marion P., Maj., 2d U. 8. Inf., Lieut. Col., Insp. Gen., U. 8. Vols.

Mentioned 139,151,153,168

Report of, on inspection Pacific Coast defenses 132

Mayaguez, P. I.

Post, capacity and accommodations of 296

Troops at 294

Medical Department at posts. Inspection of 153

Men, number of, inspected by Insp. Gen.'8 Dept Ill

Merriam, Henry 0., Brig. Gen., U. 8. Army, commanding Departments of
the Colorado and the Missouri.

Mentioned ^ 5, 241

Reports:

Dept. Colorado 236

Dept. Missouri 226

Merritt, Wesley, Maj. Gren., U. 8. A., ret. Mentioned 120

Mess Hall, XJ. 8. Military Academy 28

Meteor, tug. Mentioned 250

Michie, P. 8. , Prof., U. 8. Military Academy. Mentioned 27

Michie, B. E. L., Capt., 10th U. 8. Cav., Maj. A. A. G.,U. 8. Vols. Mentioned. 286

Miles, Nelson A. , Lieutenant-General, U. 8. A. Report of 5

Miley, John D. , Lieut. Col., Insp. Gren., U. 8. Vols, (deceased).

Mentioned 144,169

Obituary circular 187

Military Academy, Westpoint, N. T.

Condition of 21

Report of Board of Oflficers on 22

8tructures constituting, summary of 22

Military Attaches.

At embassies and l^ations abroad, list of 29

Expenses and allowances of 29

Military Gheographical Departments.

8trengthof 18

Territorial limits of 17

Military Information Division, A. G. O.

List of publications issued by 28

List of maps prepared by , ». 28

INDEX. 841

Military notes. Page.

China .* 198

England : 194

France : 201

Germany 202

India 195

Russia 203

South Africa 197

Miller, James E., Surg., Nome Barracks, Nome, Alaska.

Mentioned 265

Report of 256

Miller, WilliamH., Maj.,Q.M., U.S. Vols. Mentioned 288

Mills, A. L., Capt., 1st U. S. Cav., Col., Supt. U. S. Military Academy. Men-
tioned 27

Mills, S. C, Maj., Insp. Gen. Dept., U. S. A.

Mentioned 121, 139, 167

Reports of 127,128,129

Mindanao and Jolo, Department of. Territorial limits of 17

Missouri, Department of the.

Organizations serving in 226

Report of Commanding Greneral 226

Strength of 18

Territorial limits of 18

Mitchell, James, 1st Lieut., 14th U. S. Inf. (deceased). Mentioned 7

Monteagrudo, Jose de J. , Gen. Mentioned - . 278

Moore, Virgil. Mentioned 252

Morton, Charles, Maj., 4th U. S. Cav. Mentioned 171

Moses, A. , 1st Lieut., 3d U. S. Art. Mentioned ■. 315

Mott, T. Bentley , 1st Lieut. , 7th U. S. Art. Mentioned 29

Mould, Wm.E., 2d Lieut., 16th U. S. Inf. Mentioned 178

Munson, Edward L., Capt. Asst. Surg., U. S. A.

Hospital tent devised by 139

Mentioned 138,140

Ration for Army in tropics, reports on 206

Murphy, Qeorge. Mentioned 252

Murphy, William L., 1st Lieut., 24th U. S. Inf., Capt., 39th Inf., U. S. Vols.

(deceased). Mentioned 7

Murray, C. H., Capt. 4th U. S. Cav., Maj., Insp. Gen., U. S. Vols. Men-
tioned 117,121,169

Myer, Fort, Virginia. Troops at 19

Natives of Alaska, condition of i 249,^0,257,258

Nestor, T. J. Mentioned 252

New Hampshire. Estimates for fortifications, armament, etc. , f or 9

New York. Estimates for fortifications, armament, etc. , for 9

Nicholson, W. J., Capt, 7th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 237

Nome, Alaska.

Cable from St. Michael to 249

Chamber of Commerce, resolutions of 252

Conditions at 244

Natives at, condition of 250

Permanent post at, location of 247

Sanitary conditions at 254

Smallpox at 245

Nordica, launch of Q. M. Dept. Mentioned 257

North Carolina, estimates for fortifications, armament, etc. , for 9

342 INDBX.

Northern Luzon, Department of, territorial limits of 18

Norton Sound, Alaska.

Indians on, condition of 257

Property on, unlawful seizure of 246

Noyes, Henry E. , Col. 2d U. S. Cav. Mentioned 271

Nunivac, steamer. Mentioned 245, 250

Obituary circulars, Insp. Gen.'s Dept 187

O'Brien, Lyster M., Maj., 17th U. S. Inf. Mentioned 173

Observatory, U. S. Military Academy 24

O'Connor, C. M., Capt., 8th U. S. Cav. Mentioned 313

Officers, U. S. Army.

Detail of, for special duty 29

Efficiency reports for 31

Holding commissions in Volunteers 29

On detached duty 29

Reports of 3i

Retired list for 32

Retirements, resignations, deaths, etc. , among, list of 72

Officers, Inspector-General's Department, work performed by, table

showing Ift4

Officers, U. S. Volunteers, who have died between July 1, 1899, and Octo-
ber 1, 1900 74

Officers' horses.

Inspection of 161

Quarters, U. S. Military Academy 25

Offley, Bobert S. , Ist Lieut, 7th U. S. Inf. Mentioned 246

O'Hem, E. P., 1st Lieut, 3d U. S. Art. Mentioned 315

Ohio, steamship. Mentioned 256

Ordnance and Fortification, Board of. Mentioned 10

Ordnance, Chief of, U. S. Army, estimates of 9

Ordnance Department, at posts, inspection of 153

Oregon, estimates for fortifications, armament, etc. , for 9

Oregon, steamship. Mentioned 245, 255, 256, 257

Orizaba, steamship, stranding of 249

Ostrom, Dr. Mentioned 255

Otis, ElwellS., Maj. Gen., U. 8. A. Mentioned 5,112,121,192

Pacific Coast, defenses on 132

Paddock, B. B. , Capt, 6th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 308,310

Page, Fred M. , Capt, P. R. Kegt. (deceased). Mentioned \. 263

Parker, F. L. J. , Ist Lieut, 5th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 298, 306

Pekin, China.

American Legation, relief of 20, 21

Capture of, by allied forces 8, 21

Casualties at 21

Legation guard left at 21

Palace grounds, entrance of, by allied forces 21

Withdrawal of troops from 21

Pennsylvania, estimates for fortifications, armament, etc. , for 9

Perkins, Frederick, Capt., 8th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 168, 286

Peterson, M. B. , Maj. , Com. 8ub. , U. 8. Vols. Mentioned 269

Philippine Islands.

Actions in, chronological list of, with losses 48

Conditions in 125

Deaths in 15, 39, 75

INDEX. 848

Philippine iBlands — Continued. Pa^.

Horses and mules shipped to 239

Inspections in 130, 154

Roads in 176

Transportation of supplies in 178

Transports to, dates of sailing 40

Troops in, number of 6, 15, 40

Philippines, Division of the.

Commanding General instructed to send troops to China 20

Strength of 18

Territorial limits of 17

PhiUips, WiUiam A., Capt, 10th U. S. Inf. Mentioned 271

Pickering, J. N., Ist Lieut, 1st U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 310

Pietsang, GQiina, capture of 20

Pilar, Pic del, General Insurgent Army. Mentioned 170

Pinar del Bio Barracks, Cuba.

Troops at 280

Yellow fever at 261

Pitcher, Wm. L., Maj., 8th U. S. Inf. Mentioned 233, 263

Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y. , troops at 19

Ponce, P. B.

Post at, capacity and accommodations of 296

Troopaat 294

Population.

Cuba, provinces and towns in 275

Philippine Islands, towns in 181

Porto Bico, Department and Island of.

Arms and equipment 303

Civil executive departments, establishment of 20

Deaths 15,39

Department staff 298

Elections 292

Engineering 303

Fortifications, armament, etc., estimates for 9

General remarks of Commanding General 296

Health 302

Hurricane relief work 291

Inspections 131, 157

Inspection service 298

Military government, end of 292

Military justice 299

Pay 302

Quartermaster's Department 300

Recommendations of Conmaanding General 297

Relief supplies distributed 300

Report of Commanding General 290

Signal Corps 304

Strength of Department 18

Target practice 306

Territorial limits of Department 18

Troops in, number of 6, 15, 290

Troops, movement of, from Department 19

Troops, quarters and barracks, distribution of 294

Volunteer Regiment 36,290,293

844 INDBX.

Post Exchange. Figs.

Establishment of , in Department of Western Caba 2M

Inspections of 149,161,163

Operations of 83

Post Laimdries, inspection of 134

Posts, abandonment of, in Cuba 259

Posts and Commands, inspection of 130, 146, 222, 223, 229

Post schools, inspection of 149

Potomac Flats, condition of 11

Potts, B. D., Capt., 3d U.S. Art. Mentioned 316

Preston, John F., jr., 1st Lieut, 16th U. S. Inf.

Mentioned 178,179,182

Report of 182

Promotion from the ranks 32

Property, amount of, inspected by Inspector-General* s Department Ill

Unlawful seizure of, in Alaska 246

Paget Sound, defenses on 241

Qnartermaster-Gtoneral, U. S. Army, estimates of 9

Quartermaster's Department at posts, inspection of 160

Quemados, Cuba, yellow fever at 261

Rampart, Alaska, proposed military road from, to Fort Egbert 249

Randall, George M., Brig. Gen., U. S. Vols., commanding Dept. of Alaska.

Correspondence and orders of - 251-258

Mentioned 5, 280

Recommendations of 247, 248, 249

Report of 243

Randolph, B. H., Capt.,3d U.S. Art. Mentioned 168

Rasco, Frederick, Capt. Mentioned 278

Ration, Army 140

Inspection of 163

In the Tropics, reports on 206

Ray, Beecher B. , Maj . , Addl. Paymaster, U. S. Vols. Mentioned 226

Raymond, Henry I., Capt., Asst. Surg., U.S. A. Mentioned 226

Reade, Philip, Maj., 4th U. S. Inf., Lieut. Col., Inspec. Gren., U. S. Vols.

Mentioned 148,150,161,154,169

Reber, Samuel, Capt., Sig. Corps, U. S. A. Mentioned 270

Recruiting: Service, the 34

Reeves, James H., 1st Lieut, 2dU. 8. Cav. Mentioned 267

Reichmann, Oarl, Capt, 17th U.S. Inf. Mentioned 28

Reilly, Henry J., Capt, 5th U. S. Art. (deceased).

Killed at capture of Pekin, China 21

Mentioned 7, 8

Reports, Annual:

Adjutant-General, U. S. Army 13

Alaska, Dept of 243

California, Dept. of 239

Cavalry and Light Artillery School 312

Colorado, Dept. of the 236

Columbia, Dept of the 241

Cuba, Division of 259

Cuba, Western, Dept of 278

Dakota, Dept of 232

East, Dept. of the 220

Infantry and Cavalry School, U. S 306

INDEX. 845

Reports, Annual — Continaed. Page.

Inspector-Greneral, U.S.Army Ill

Lakes, Dept. of the 222

Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army 6

Matanzas and Santa Clara, Dept. of... 263

Missouri, Dept. of the. .^.....^ 226

Porto Rico, Dept. of 290

Santiago and Puerto Principe, Dept. of 287

Resigrnations, listr of, among officers, U. S. Army 72

Retirements, list of, among officers, U. S. Army 72

Reynolds, W. B., Capt., 14th U.S. Inf. Mentioned 308,310

Rhode Island, estimates for fortifications, armament, etc., for 9

Rice, S., 1st Lieut., 7th U.S.Cav. Mentioned 168

Richardson, W. P., Capt, 8th U.S. Inf., Actg. Adjt. Gen., Dept. of Alaska.

Correspondence and orders of 251-268

Mentioned 243

Richards, W. V., Maj., 7th U. 8. Inf., Lieut. Col., Asst. Adjt. Gen. U. S. Vols.

Mentioned 259,262

Riding HaU, U. S. Military Academy 23

Riley, Fort, Kans. Troops at 19

Rivers, W. 0., 1st Lieut, 1st U. S. Cav. Mentioned 27

Road, military, from Port Valdez to Eagle, Alaska 243

Military, proposed from Rampart to Fort Egbert, Alaska 249

Roads in the Philippine Islands 176

Robb, Will B., Secretary, Chamber of Commerce, Nome, Alaska, letter of. . 252

Rodg^rs, Alexander, Maj. , 4th U. S. Cav. Mentioned 192, 193

Rodney, George B., Lieut Col. 4th U. S. Art, Commandant Cavalry and

Light Artillery School.

Mentioned 6, 315

Orders of 315-325

Recommendations of 314

Report of 312

Rogan, Charles B. , jr. , 1st Lieut, Sig. Corps, U. S. Vols. Mentioned 270

Rogers, H. L., Maj., Pay Dept, U. S. A. Mentioned 298

Rolfe, Robert H., Maj., Insp. General, U. S. Vols. Mentioned. 117,169,263

Root, Edwin A., Capt, 10th U. S. Inf. Mentioned ^..^ 38

Root, Elihu, Secretary of War, cablegram of, to General Otis, Manila 190

Rosecrans, transport. Mentioned 244

Russia, military notes on 203

Ryan, J. P., 1st Lieut, 6th U. S. Cav. Mentioned 312,313

St. Michael, Alaska.

Cable from, to Nome 249

Cable from, to Unalaklik 249

Indians at, condition of 258

San Carlos, Ariz. , inspection of 150

Sands, George H., Capt, 6th U. S. Cav. Mentioned 308,310

San Francisco, Oal., number of troops shipped through, for foreign stations. 239
Sanger, J. P., Lieut. Col., Insp. Gren. Dept, U. S. A. Mentioned ... 112, 117, 166

San Jacinto, Fort, Tex. Inspection of 143

San Juan, P. R.

Post at, capacity and accommodations of 294

Troops at 294

San Mateo, P. I.

Capture of 193

Death of General Lawton near 192

846 IKDBX.

Santa Anna, steamer. Mentioned 256'

Santa Olara, Cuba, Province of.

Areaof 275

Population of 275

Yellow fever at 261

Santiagro and Puerto Principe, Dept. of.

Administration 288

Civil matters 289

Inspection of posts in 287

Public works 289

Report of Commanding Officer 287

Rural Guard 289

Sanitation of towns 289

Schools 290

Sargent, P. H., Capt.,8thU. S. Inf. Mentioned 233

Sargent, Herbert H., Capt, 2d U. S. Cav., Lieut. Col. 29th Inf., U. S. Vols.

Mentioned 193

Sayre, Parrand, Capt., 8th U.S. Cav. Mentioned 313

Schenck, Wm. T. , 1st Lieut , 25th U. S. Inf. (deceased ) . Mentioned 7

Schlageter, H. J. , Dr. Mentioned 255

Schofleld, John M. , Lieut. General, U. S. A. , Ret. Mentioned 120

SchoolB. Inspection of 161

Schwan, Theodore, Col. A. G. Dept , U. S. A., Brig. Gren., U. S. Vols. Men-
tioned 171,172

Scott, H. L., Capt, 7th U. S. Cav., Lieut Col. A. A. G., U. S. Vols. Men-
tioned 262

Sea. Deaths at 39

Seattle, Washington, proposed cable from to Valdez, Alaska 248

Service Schools, special 137

Seward, transport. Mentioned 244,248

Sewell, Bobert, Capt. , Q. M. Dept. , U. S. A. Mentioned 192

Sewerage System, U. S. Military Academy 27

Shafter, William B., Brig. Gen.,U. S. A., Ret, Maj. Gen., U. S. Vols., com-
manding Departments California and Columbia.

Mentioned 5,120

Reports of 239,241

Sharpe, Alfred 0., Capt, 22d U. S. Inf., Maj., Insp. Gren., U. S. Vols. Men-
tioned 117,169,298,299

Sheridan, Port, Illinois. Troopsat 19

Sheridan, Philip, General, U. S. A. (deceased ) . Mentioned 120

Sherman, Port, Idaho. Abandomentof 242

Sherman, transport. Mentioned 16

Sherman, W. T., General, U. 8. A. (deceased). Mentioned 119

Shops, quartermaster's, U. 8. Military Academy 26

Sibley, Prederick W., Capt., 2d U. 8. Cav., Acting Insp. Gren. Dept of

Texas.

Mentioned 134,168

Report of inspection of fortifications at Galveston 143

Simes, Conrad. Mentioned 252

Simpson, William A. , Maj. , A. G. Dept, U. 8. A. Mentioned 38

Skagway, Alaska, inspection of troops at 247

Skerrett, D., 1st Lieut, 3d U. 8. Art. Mentioned 316

Slavens, Thomas H., 1st Lieut, 4th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 178

INDEX. 347

Pagre.

Slocum, H. J., Capt, 7th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 285

Slocum, Stephen I/H., Gapt., 8th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 28,29

Slocum, tug. Mentioned 301

Smith, CQiarles M. , 2d Lieut , 18th U. 8. Inf. (deceased ) . Mentioned 7

Smith, Edmund D., Capt, 19th U. 8. Inf. (deceased). Mentioned 7

Smith, Fred. A., Maj., Ist U.8.Inf. Mentioned 280,286

Smith, J. H., Col., 17th U. 8. Inf., Brig. Gen. U. 8. Vols. Mentioned.... 173, 174

Bnelling, Fort, Minnesota. Troops at 19

Snyder Simon, Col., 19th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 225

Solano, P. I. Population of 181

South Africa, estimate of expenditures of England due to war in 194

Military notes on 197

South Carolina, estimates for fortifications, armament, etc., for 9

Southern Luzon, Dept. of. Territorial limits of 18

Stables, U. 8. Military Academy 25,28

Stanton, William, Maj., 8th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 313

Starr, C. Q., Maj. Insp. Gen., U. 8. Vols. Mentioned Id8

Steam Heating and Light, U. 8. Military Academy 26

Steele, M. F., Capt, 6th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 312,313

Steinhart, F., Chief Clerk, Headquarters Division of Cuba. Mentioned 263

Sternberg, George M., Brig. Gen., 8urg. Gen., U. 8. A. Mentioned 124

Stevens, Charles J. , Capt, 2d U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 270

Steuben, Baron de. Mentioned 119

Stewart, Cecil, Ist Lieut. , 4th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 192

Stone, Carl L., Capt , 36th Inf., TJ. 8. Vols. Mentioned 174

Stone, J. Hamilton, Ist Lieut , Asst. Surg. , U. 8. A. Mentioned 269

Store, cadet, U. 8. Military Academy 24

Strength of the Army, table showing A,facingpage 38

(See also Armyj strength of.)

Stretch, JohnF., Maj., 8th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 233

Subsistence Department at posts, inspection of 152

Sunmier Encampment, U. 8. Military Academy 24

Sumner, Transport. Mentioned 20

Supplies, transportation of, in Philippine Islands 178

Taku, China. Troops at 8,20,21

Taku forts, China.

Firing by, on foreign vessels, and events subsequent to 20

Surrender of 20

Talbott, William M. , 1st Lieut, 8ig. Corps, U. 8. Vols. Mentioned, w 270

Texas, Dept. of.

Indians in 230

Inspection of posts in 229

Report of Commanding Officer 228

Strength of 18

Territorial limits of 18

Thomas, EarlD., Maj., 5th U. 8. Cav. Mentioned 168,298,299

Thomas, Fort, Ky. Troopsat 19

Thurston, Walter A. , Capt. , 16th U. 8. Inf. Mentioned 178

Tientsin, China.

Battle of. Mentioned 8

Capture of 20

Casualties at 20, 21

Engagement at 20, 21

348 INDEX.

Tilford, James D., 2d LieuLylstU. S. Cav. Mentioned 234

Tillxnan, S. E. , Professor, U. S. Military Academy. Mentioned 27

Todd, Henry D., jr., Ist Lieut., 7th U. S. Art Mentioned 163

Topkuk, Alaska, condition of natives at 250

Transports, dates of sailing for Philippines and troops on 40

Traub, P. E., l8tLieut.,lstU. S. Cav. Mentioned 326

Travis, Fort, Tex. Inspection of 143

Troops.

Inspection of, in Cuba 158

Sent to Philippines, with dates of sailing of transports, table 40

Speedy movement of 132

Transportation of 184

Tucker, W. F., Maj., Pay Dept, U.S. A. Mentioned 243

Turner, Q. Soulard, Ist Lieut. , 10th U. S. Inf. Mentioned 267

Tutherly, HerbertE., Capt., Ist U. S. Cav. Menti<med 168,234,248

Tuttle, Dr. , Tacoma, Wash. Mentioned 10

Unalaklik, Alaska, cable from St Michael to 249

Uniform clothing, waterproof 188

United States.

Deaths in the armies of 15, 39

Inspection of posts and commands in 131, 147

InsuflBciency of troops to man garrisons in 6

Troops in, number of 6, 16

Valdez, Port, Alaska.

Cable, proposed, from Seattle to - 248

Military road from, to Eagle 248

Virg^inia, estimates for fortifications, armament, etc. , f or 9

Visayas, Dept. of the. Territorial limits of 18

Volunteers.

Deaths among 15, 39, 74

Distribution of 14

Enlistments for 36

Inspection of 146

Losses from all causes in 15, table facing 38, 76

Oflficers of, who have died since July 1, 1899 74

Organization of regiments 86

Organizations.

nth Cavaby 171,192

27th Infantry 192

28th Infantry 172

29th Infantry 192

32d Infantry 227

33d Infantry 230

36th Infantry 192

36th Infantry 173,174

38th Infantry 227

39th Infantry 227

40th Infantry 227

44th Infantry 227

45th Infantry 233

49thlnfantiy 227

Macabebe Scouts 192

Porto Rico Regiment 36,290,293

Organizations in the Philippine Islands 16

INDEX. 849

Volunteers — Continned. pa^e.

Returns of 13

Strength of 6,14

Strength of, called into service during war with Spain, with losses from

all causes, etc 76

Strength of, with losses from all causes table facing 38

Vroom, Peter D. , Col., Insp. Gen. Dept , U. S. A. Mentioned 166

Wade, James F., Brig. Gen., U. S. A., Commanding Dept of Dakota.

Mentioned 5

Report of 232

Wagner, Max, 2d Lieut., 26th Inf., U. S. Vols, (deceased). Mentioned . 7

Walker, E. S., Capt., 8th U. S. Inf. Mentioned 243,246

War Oollege 31

Ward, P. B., 1st Lieut., 6th U. S. Art M«itioned 316

Ward, Thomas, Col., A. G. Dept, U. S. A. Mentioned 38

Warren, transport. Mentioned 16

Warwick, Oliver B. , Capt, 18th U. S. Inf. (deceased). Mentioned 7

Washington Barracks, D. O. Troops at 19

Washington, George, General. Mentioned 119

Washington State, estimates for fortifications, armament, etc. , for 9

Water supply, U. S. Military Academy 26

Way, Henry N. , 2d Lieut, 4th U. S. Inf. (deceased) . Mentioned 7

Western Cuba, Dept. of.

Canteen in, establishment of 284

General orders and circulars 279,287

Order creating 279

Reportof Commanding Greneral 278

Stations of troops in 280

Territorial limits of ..'. 19,278

Yellow fever in 283

West, Frank, Capt, 6th U. S. Cav. Mentioned 312,313

West Indian and Panama Gable Go. Mentioned 305

West, Parker W., Capt., 5th U. S. Cav., Lieut. Col., Insp. Gen., U. S. Vols.

Mentioned 121,169

Reports of 129

West Point Hotel, U. S. Military Academy 26

Wheaton, Loyd, Col., 7th U. S. Inf., Maj. Gren., U. S. Vols. Mentioned... 5,

171, 172, 174, 175

Wheelan, James N. , Lieut. Col. , 7th U. S. Cav. Mentioned 29

Wheeler, D. D., Lieut Col., Q. M. Dept, U. 8. A. Mentioned 133

Wheeler, Joseph, Brig. Gen., U. S. A., Commanding Dept of the Lakes.

Mentioned 5, 28

Reportof 222

Whipple, Chas. H., Maj., Pay Dept,U. S. A. Mentioned 226,298

Whipple, H. S., Capt, 3d U. S. Cav. Mentioned 286

Whitside, Samuel M., Col., 10th U. S. Cav.,Conm)anding Dept of Santiago

and Puerto Principe.

Mentioned 5

Reportof 287

Willcoz, Gomelis DeW., Capt, 4th U.S. Art Mentioned 28

Williams, George, 2d Lieut, 8th U.S. Cav. Mentioned 313

Williams, J. B., Capt, 7th U.S. Art Mentioned 315

Wilson, James H., Brig. Gren., U.S. Vols., Commanding Dept of Matanzas

and Santa Clara.

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