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May 1985 -April 1986

inois State Geological Survey Annual Report

Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources
STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION

ANNUAL REPORT

to the

BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES

AND CONSERVATION

May 1985 to April 1986

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

HIGHLIGHTS vi i

MINERAL RESOURCES RESEARCH AND SERVICE 1

ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1984 AND 1985 5

COAL 7

ISGS Coal Research and Service Program

Coal Resources and Geology 8

Coal Mining Geology 9

Composition of Coal 9

Coal Desulfurization and Coal Cleaning 14

OIL AND GAS 26

Economic Trends and Outlook 26

Oil and Gas Program for Illinois 28

Petroleum Geology Investigations 28

Source Rock and Migration Studies 32

Composition of Natural Gas 33

INDUSTRIAL MINERALS AND METALS 34

Limestone and Dolomite 34

Sand and Gravel 35

CI ay 36

Silica and Industrial Sands 38

MINERAL ECONOMICS 42

Projects 42

MINERAL RESOURCES 43

Basin Analysis Task Force 43

GEOLOGICAL RECORDS UNIT 45

Computer Project 45

Service Activities Summary 45

GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES LIBRARY 46

General 46

Cuttings 46

Cores 47

Other Sample Collections 47

Supplies 49

Summary of Service Activities 49

Other Projects 50

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY PROGRAM 51

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND ASSESSMENT 52

Illinois Lands Unsuitable for Mining Program (LUMP) 52

Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) 53

GEOLOGY FOR PLANNING 54

Siting the Superconducting Super Collider in Illinois 55

Other Projects 59

WASTE MANAGEMENT 60

Landfills/Septic Systems/Groundwater Contamination 60

Coal Wastes 61

Hazardous Toxic Wastes 62

Low-Level Radioactive Wastes 67

Sevice Activities Related to the Hydrogeology of Waste Disposal.. 68

GEOLOGICAL STUDIES OF ILLINOIS LAKES AND RIVERS 69

Lake Michigan Research and Service 69

Services to Shoreline Residents and Communities 72

Rivers and Backwater Lake Research 73

HYDROGEOLOGY INVESTIGATIONS 74

Groundwater Geology 74

Groundwater Geochemi stry 74

Groundwater-Geophysics Studies 75

Service Activities 76

Other Groundwater Studies and Projects 77

EARTH HAZARDS AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY 77

Landsl i des 77

Mine Subsidence Research 78

Maps and Mapping 81

Rock and Soil Mechanics 82

Other Research and Service 83

GENERAL AND BASIC RESEARCH 85

GENERAL 86

Major Equipment Acquisition 86

GEOLOGIC MAPPING 86

Bedrock Mapping 86

Surficial Geology 87

GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS 90

COCORP PROPOSAL 90

GEOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS 90

Isotope Geochemistry 90

CLAY MINERALOGY 92

STRATIGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS 93

Quaternary Stratigraphy 93

Pal eozoic Strati graphy 95

Subsurface Geology 97

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY 97

PALEONTOLOGY /PAL YNOLOGY 99

The Paleontological Repository 100

Mi cropal eontol ogy 100

Macropal eontological Studies 101

Palynological Studies 102

COMPUTER RESEARCH AND SERVICE 104

ADMINISTRATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT SERVICES 107

PUBLICATIONS, GRAPHICS, AND PHOTOGRAPHY UNIT 109

INFORMATION AND TECHNICAL SERVICES UNIT 115

Information Office 115

Dupl icating Services 116

Well Log Copy Service 116

State-wide Satellite Image Maps 117

WORD PROCESSING CENTER/TECHNICAL RECORDS UNIT 117

Word Processing 118

TECHNICAL DESIGN, OPERATIONS, AND MAINTENANCE UNIT 118

General Shop 118

Electronics Shop 120

Garage/ Automotive 121

Personnel 122

LIBRARY/MAP ROOM 122

HUMAN RESOURCE OFFICE 124

CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD SHOP AND EQUIPMENT BUILDING PROJECT 125

EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION AND PUBLIC RELATIONS UNIT 127

RECOGNITION AND SERVICE 129

Honors and Awards 130

Papers and Abstracts in Non-Survey Publications 130

SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS 143

Professional Societies 143

Conferences and Field Trips 147

Teaching, Lectures, and Seminars 155

Poster Sessions and Educational Exhibits 157

Workshops/Training 158

Governmental Committees 161

ACTIVITY MEASURES 168

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1985 HIGHLIGHTS AND SUMMARY

MINERAL RESOURCES

The estimated fuel and non-fuel mineral production for Illinois
indicated an annual value of almost 3 billion dollars. This esti-
mate includes coal ($1.76 billion), oil and gas ($844 million), and
metals and industrial minerals ($348 million).

A regional mineral assessment program, CUSMAP, covering southern
Illinois south of Benton and Duquoin has been initiated with the
USGS and the bordering states of Indiana, Kentucky and Missouri.
This will be a 4-year cooperative effort to appraise the area for
metallic and industrial minerals, coal, oil and gas, and groundwater
resources.

Three additional studies involving joint efforts with the USGS are
already underway: (1) a Midcontinent Strategic and Critical
Minerals Program to provide regional information useful in
appraising mineral potential; (2) a pilot geochemical study of
insoluble residue from cuttings and cores in selected Illinois wells
to seek indicators of mineralized zones; and (3) a USGS and state-
supported geological mapping effort (COGEOMAP) to develop detailed
surface geologic maps in portions of southern Illinois.

A mul tidiscipl ined Basin Analysis Task Force has been assembled to
develop a sound regional framework of the Illinois Basin. Its
purpose is to synthesize the vast amount of existing data on the
basin and to stimulate economic growth and scientific progress.

Coal

Our Mineral Resource Program is focusing on developing efficient low
cost methods of removing sulfur from llinois coals. To advance suc-
cessful laboratory projects to a scale-up phase, a multidiscipl inary
engineering task group has been established. Projects showing the
greatest promise include the ISGS aggregate flotation method for
pre-combustion fine coal cleaning and a carbon monoxide/ethanol
(catalytic) process for removing sulfur from coal supplemented by a
new method for converting pyrite to a magnetic monoclinic form of
pyrrhotite removable by magnetic separation techniques.

The ISGS Aggregate Flotation method continues to give promising
results indicating 80 to 90 percent of the heating value is retained
while 80 to 90 percent of pyritic sulfur and ash-forming matter is
rejected. The technique uses small bubbles, a foaming surfactant, a
collector, and an agitator to float very fine coal away from ash and
pyrite.

A tnree-reaction pyrolitic desulfurization process has been
developed that leaves only 0.05 to 0.20 percent of organic sulfur in
the product. Three basic steps or reactions in this process include

(1) reduction of pyrite and marcasite in coal by carbon monoxide to
troilite; (2) conversion and removal of organic sulfur catalytically
with ethanol over troilite; and (3) removal of spent iron sulfide
catalyst, probably by magnetic separation.

A new method was discovered that effectively converts pyrite in coal
into a magnetic form of pyrrhotite. The controlling parameters for
conversion are oxygen concentration and temperature. Bench-scale
tests indicate considerable success in this conversion and in subse-
quent magnetic separation of the pyrrhotite.

Other methods of removing sulfur from coal are being actively inves-
tigated including (1) an explosive shattering technique to develop
very small particles, freeing more of the pyritic forms of sulfur;

(2) low temperature charring; and (3) microbial removal of organic
and i norganic sulfur.

Efforts to map and evaluate coal resources in Illinois continued in
southeastern Illinois in Saline, Gallatin, Hamilton, White, Edwards,
Wabash, Wayne, Lawrence, and Richland Counties, and in west-central
Illinois in Christian, Macoupin, Montgomery, and Sangamon Counties.
The latter region contains an estimated 1.17 billion tons of coal
with less than 2.5 percent sulfur — resources that have barely been
touched by mining to date.

Computerized coal databases continue to expand. Stratigraphic data
from 2,700 mines, borings, and outcrops have been entered into the
database on ENR's Prime computer. Also outlines of more than 5,000
surface and underground mines have been added to the GIS database.
Merging of the various databases will permit rapid estimations of
remaining resources and subsidence potential. Compositional data on
coals have also been added to the computerized database.

Studies of the deleterious elements in coal --sodium and chlorine-
have indicated that chlorine is preferentially adsorbed on organic
matter, especially the vitrain lithotype, while sodium is preferen-
tially adsorbed on clay mineral surfaces. Optimal laboratory con-
ditions have been approximated for leaching these elements from coal
samples.

Major improvements have been made in both the ISGS Coal Analysis
Laboratory and the Thermal Analysis Laboratory for the chemical and
thermal characterization of coal samples and for the automation of
several research instruments. Fundamental chemical and engineering
data have been obtained including pyrolysis rates of coal oxidation
reactivities of coal chars, and softening and swelling properties of
coals subjected to a variety of chemical and physical treatments.

Oil

Although crude oil production in Illinois in 1985 rose by 4.8 per-
cent to 30.3 million barrels, the number of wells drilled decreased
dramatically (almost 20%) in response to threatening federal legis-
lation and price decreases.

Electron microphotographs and X-ray diffraction analyses of samples
from seven Illinois reservoirs showed a variety of networking
geometries of clay minerals and cementing materials in the pores of
the reservoir rocks. The differences suggest the importance of
designing completion practices and recovery methods tailored to the
specific nature of the rock matrix in order to avoid formation
damage, optimize producing rates, and increase the amount of oil
recovery.

An improved oil recovery initiative has been developed and a program
begun to increase the recovery of hydrocarbon from wells and fields
in Illinois. The initial phases have included research on reservoir
characteristics of the Aux Vases sandstones, a core workshop for
industry and scientists on the nature of Aux Vases and Ste. Gene-
vieve reservoir rocks, and a start on a compilation of an atlas of
oil fields in Illinois. Although more than 7 billion barrels of oil
have been found in Illinois, only 3 billion barrels have been pro-
duced. Ways of increasing the recovery of the remainder is the
major objective of this new effort.

The exploration data base for hydrocarbons is being expanded to help
reduce the risk in finding oil and to create incentives for industry
to explore in Illinois. The effort includes model studies of
Silurian reefs, the construction of a state-wide grid of lithologic
cross-sections, documentation of Pennsyl vanian oil occurrences,
source rock studies to determine the nature and distribution of
rocks that have sourced oil in the Illinois Basin, and crude-oil
source rock correlation studies to better define oil migration
processes and indicate possible new play concepts.

The ISGS is compiling and editing a volume on Interior Cratonic Sag
Basins as a part of an AAPG-sponsored Petroleum Basin Series The
Illinois Basin has been selected as a type example for the Sag Basin
volume. Chapters on other sag basins, including the Willi ston
Basin, the Michigan Basin, the Amazon and Parana Basins, the Paris
Basin, the Baltic Basin, and the Gulf of Carpentaria in Australia
are to be contributed to this volume by industry, other institu-
tions, and individuals.

Twenty-three gas and gas/oil wells were tested for flow rates this
past year. As a result of ISGS testing and consultation, natural
gas that would have been flared or shut-in is now being used.

Further progress has been made in the computerization of oil and gas
records and maps. Automated monthly drilling reports have been

introduced. Software is being evaluated for computer-generated
structure contour and isopach maps.

Industrial Minerals and Metals

• A directory of Illinois stone and sand and gravel producers was
issued in 1985.

• Attention is being directed to the possibility of locating new
quarry sites and toward the development of underground mining to
locate construction aggregate in the Chicago area where urban sprawl
has encroached on existing quarry sites and threatens further expan-
sion.

• Work is continuing on determining the expansion properties of Illi-
nois aggregates construction proposed under freeze-thaw conditions.
A statistical correlation has been noted between the amount of low-
density chert and IDOT expansion data for gravel aggregates used in
the construction of Illinois highways.

© Additional information is being developed on the mineral composition
and pebble lithology of glacial materials in northern and south-
central Illinois to permit resource evaluation of potentially useful
deposits and provide information useful in land use planning.

• Various facets of clay mineral processing and production are being
investigated to improve the utilization of Illinois clays. Addi-
tionally, the data base on clays is being put into a more readily
retrievable form--a computerized file that will allow a more rapid
response to queries from manufacturers who are seeking suitable
sources for bricks, wall tile, flower pots, cement, cat litter, or
similar products.

• Economic studies indicate that substantial tonnages of sand and
kaolin can be economically recovered and produced from the fine
rejects from St. Peter sandstone processing plants and from aban-
doned tailings ponds. Alternate process flow sheets have been
designed for the recovery of fine sand and kaolin.

• Anomalous values of metallic elements have been recorded in insol-
uble residues from boreholes along a transect across the Illinois
Basin. Follow-up efforts will be required to determine their
significance for future mineral exploration.

• An expanded mineral resource appraisal program has been initiated in
Illinois. (See introductory material under "Mineral Resources.")

• Analyses of the flourspar industry indicated that its decline
strongly correlates with the decline in the steel and aluminum
industries of the United States and was exacerbated by the low cost
imports from Mexico, South Africa, China, and other countries. The
revival of the fluorspar industry is dependent on finding higher

grade or larger volume ores to decrease unit labor costs and on
improved economic conditions in the steel and aluminum industries.

The geological data base for the state was further enhanced with the
addition of 14,864 new logs, 562 sets of well sample cuttings repre-
senting more than 1,071,700 feet of drilling, and 104 sets of
core. This data base is a valuable asset to the state, its indus-
tries, and its scientists. Its integrity must be ensured and
protected.

ENVIRONMENTAL GE0L06Y

Siting for Economic Development

• Significant geotechnical information was provided to DENR and the
Department of Commerce and Community Affairs and to Mitsubishi /-
Chrysler on questions related to proposed sites in Illinois for the
new Diamond-Star automobile plant. This information proved helpful
in successfully siting the plant in Illinois.

© Major input has been made by the ISGS together with its sister
Surveys and the State Museum to the state's proposal writer, IITRI.
for locating the 4 to 6 billion dollar Superconducting Super
Collider in Illinois. Previous information has been extended by the
results of new drilling and new scientific observations to provide
the sound documentation needed for tunnel design and for construc-
tion as well as for siting the SSC facilities to avoid fatal
environmental flaws.

• The results of ISGS geotechnical studies for siting the SSC indicate
that the region west of Fermilab has a stable, uniform, predictable
geology. The bedrock is suitable for a tunneling project and has a
low hydraulic conductivity; the tunneling characteristics are even
more favorable than those of the successful Tunnel and Reservoir
Plan (TARP) project in Chicago.

• Other SSC studies have dealt with natural radioactivity assessment
in the siting area, the feasibility of using sand and gravel pits
and quarries for disposal of the refuse from the tunneling for the
project, and the impact of leachates from the refuse on surface and
groundwater supplies.

© Two satellite image maps, one of the entire state of Illinois and
the other covering the SSC site and surrounding areas in north-
eastern Illinois, have been issued as part of the siting effort for
locating the SSC in Illinois. The public response to the state
image map has been extremely positive and appreciative.

• The Geographic Information System (GIS) has been expanded to include
data from a total of 81 strippable coal reserve maps plus other data
sets during 1985, useful in siting industry and other facilities in
II 1 inois.

• Geology for economic development and county planning is being
carried out in Perry County to help coal mine operators, public
officials, and interested citizens plan for long-term coal develop-
ment in this highly productive coal area.

Waste Management

• An inventory of all known waste-disposal sites in Illinois has been
prepared for the Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center.

• A three-year U.S. EPA-funded project was initiated to evaluate the
performance of a field-scale compacted earthen liner.

• Monitoring programs are underway to evaluate groundwater and/or sur-
face water contamination effects of sewage sludge applications in
the Sanitary District of Rockford and in Rockton township, of coal
wastes at a Turris Coal Company tailings pond, and of pesticides in
Mason County.

o A mandated study of the regulations and regulatory practices for
disposal wells used in the underground injection of industrial
wastes in Illinois has shown them to be essentially effective in
protecting underground sources of drinking water, human health, and
the environment. Comparison of economic and environmental impacts
of deep-well injection and a number of alternative disposal tech-
nologies has shown deep-well injection to be less expensive and to
have, in many cases, a lower environmental impact than other
systems.

• The adequacy of groundwater monitoring programs, a study mandated
under the Currie Bill (HB3193), has shown that: (1) thorough hydro-
geologic studies are necessary before adequate monitoring programs
can be established; (2) individual site characteristics should be
considered in the design of groundwater programs; (3) additional
monitoring techniques (such as geophysical) should be used more
often; (4) adequate record keeping is essential for determining
changes in water quality; and (5) additional attention should be
paid to on-site waste disposal and generators of hazardous waste. A
dramatic improvement has been noted in the quantity and quality of
groundwater monitoring at hazardous waste facilities in Illinois
over the past 10 years.

• Investigations have shown that certain hazardous waste mixtures show
a tendency to collapse clay minerals, creating avenues for leakage
of hazardous wastes.

• At a hazardous waste facility near Wilsonville, Illinois, the migra-
tion of contaminants, some 100 to 1000 times faster than predicted,
has been found to be due to the presence of joints formed by desic-
cation cracking in a polygonal pattern within the weathered zone of
the upper part of the Vandalia Till.

• New studies involving waste management have been initiated,
including: (1) the degree of risk of Class V injection wells on
groundwater supplies; (2) assessment of risks from contaminated
sediments in Waukegan Harbor; (3) laboratory studies to assess the
factors controlling the extent and rate of biodegradation of organic
chemicals by microorganisms; and (4) a study of the geochemical
interactions of hazardous wastes with geological formations in deep-
well systems.

• In a DNS sponsored project, the ISGS and ISWS have developed a com-
prehensive list of criteria to be used in siting a low-level radio-
active waste disposal facility in Illinois in accordance with
federal regulations and a compact between Kentucky and Illinois.
Regional acquifer screening maps have been prepared.

• Reports, consultations, and responses were provided to numerous
government agencies to aid in their processing of applications for
the operation of disposal facilities, to advise on the testing and
operations for deep well disposal, and in providing expert testimony
on waste management.

Lakes and Rivers

• Potential impacts of record high levels of Lake Michigan have been
called to the attention of state authorities, municipalities,
industry, and owners of lake-front property. Counsel and advice
have been provided on steps required to protect the shoreline and
shore-facilities from erosional and storm damage.

• A Board-sponsored "Scoping Study for Lake Michigan Issues" revealed
a number of areas for further research needed to preserve and pro-
tect Lake Michigan and its shoreline. A computerized bibliography
of over 5,000 articles covering all research fields has been com-
piled in efforts commenced under Board funding and continued with
Joyce Foundation support.

• Lake Michigan research has also produced updated maps of shoreline
position; information on the distribution of 137Cs in bottom sedi-
ments; depth to till, sand thickness, and depth to bedrock maps for
Zion Beach Park and North Point Harbor; oblique aerial photographs
used to monitor shoreline recession and property impacts; and
radiocarbon dates for lake chronology.

• Newly funded projects on Lake Michigan provide for the preparation
of a shore protection plan, revision of design standards for shore
protection structures, and a study of the role of Silurian bedrock
reefs exposed at the lake bottom on the lake trout fishing industry.

• Technical assistance was provided to a number of state and federal
agencies and authorities, to municipalities, and to homeowners on
improving shore protection.

• In the cooperative LTER program with the Natural History and Water
Surveys, sediment textures and rates of deposition have been
established for portions of the Mississippi River. The volume of
Pool 19 is decreasing at a rate of 0.6 percent per year.

• The ISGS is participating in a project to determine the feasibility
of constructing a riverine wetland within the floodplain of the Des
Plaines River, Lake County.

• Geological and geotechnical information is being provided to save
Heron Pond, a nature preserve, from destruction by the encroaching
Cache River. Only 8 to 11 feet of alluvium overlies bedrock in the
40 to 70 foot space that separates the cypress-studded pond from the
outer bend of a meander of the Cache River.

• Radiometric dating indicates sedimentation rates range from 0.7 to
3.6 centimeters per year at 13 locations in Illinois lakes.

Hydrogeology

© The extent of fresh groundwater resources is being determined in
southwestern Illinois in Pennsyl vanian aquifers and in the Mahomet
Valley Region of east-central Illinois. In the latter area, in
cooperation with the SWS and NHS, the ISGS is providing a geologic
framework and defining aquifers capable of supplying water to a
large-scale irrigation system.

• The communities of Aurora, Montgomery, Geneva, and Batavia are sup-
porting a geological and geophysical investigation to locate new
groundwater supplies in Kane County.

• The quality of water resources is being studied in two areas suscep-
tible to contamination. In one study in Clay County, the effects of
past and present oil production practices is being assessed. In
another study in the Rockford area, aquifer continuity is being
established for the design of a groundwater sampling program for
water quality.

• The basic physical properties of thermal conductivity and dif-
fusivity are being determined for Illinois soils to indicate where
the best opportunities exist for installing geothermal heat pumps.

• The Groundwater Section was heavily involved during the year in
providing letter reports on groundwater geologic conditions, in con-
ducting electrical resistivity surveys, and in responding to tele-
phone requests and consulting with visitors. Additionally, the ISGS
is cooperating with the SWS in the development of a Groundwater
Resources Assessment Plan, in evaluating the hydrogeologic setting
of high-capacity wells in accordance with the Water Use Act, and in
delineating trends to help municipalities locate and maintain
quality water supplies.

Earth Hazards and Engineering Geology

• Landslides causing damage and hazardous road conditions were inves-
tigated near Watseka in Iroquois County and in and around Chester,
Illinois, in Randolph County.

• A major program on mine subsidence, coordinated by the ISGS, has
been initiated in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Mines. The
program is designed to determine guidelines that will permit the
maximum extraction of coal while minimizing the impact of mine sub-
sidence on prime farmlands. The program is supported by federal and
state funds (the latter through the Coal Development Board) acquired
through the joint efforts of the Illinois Coal Association and the
Illinois Farm Bureau. The work is being conducted by scientists at
Southern Illinois University, the University of Illinois, and the
ISGS. The Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals is also pro-
viding counsel and advice.

• During 1985, mine subsidence investigations evaluated the in-place
strength of mine floors at two mines, assessed crop damage resulting
from subsidence, and prepared for overburden studies at an active
high-extraction mining site.

• Engineering geologists are reviewing the process for settling the
boundary dispute between Kentucky and Illinois. They also aided in
designing the Satellite Image Map of Illinois and the companion map
on northeastern Illinois, in distributing products from the National
Cartographic Information Center, in setting priorities for future
cooperative mapping efforts by the USGS, and in handling numerous
queries on maps covering portions or all of Illinois.

• The program of rock and soil mechanics continues to provide valuable
research data, counsel, and advice for: (1) determining the tunnel-
ing characteristics for the SSC project; (2) determining the suscep-
tibility of aggregates to cracking caused by freezing and thawing,
(3) establishing the impact of lateral pressures from expanding
soils on basement walls; (4) analyzing plans for coal mining, and
(5) ensuring that appropriate rock strength properties are used in
construction design.

• The Inter-Survey Geotechnical Laboratory processed 6,6U0 samples for
various parameters during the year, contributing valuable informa-
tion to a number of research and service projects. It also super-
vised the sampling of surficial materials, including shallow
dril ling operations.

• Geotechnical services included: (1) providing information on con-
struction conditions and water supplies on nine prospective factory
sites to the Department of Commerce and Community Affairs; (2) pro-
viding information on the Wilsonville hazardous waste site; and (3)
providing bearing strength information of specific rock units to a
company designing concrete vaults to store wastes.

GENERAL AND BASIC RESEARCH
Major Equipment

• The major equipment provisions contained in the 1986 "Build Illinois
Program" for the three scientific surveys are a landmark. As a con-
sequence, 1 million dollars worth of scientific equipment has been
approved for delivery to the three Scientific Surveys in FY 1986.
In addition, 2 million dollars has been committed for delivery of
major equipment in FY 1987. The program will enable the Surveys to
attain state-of-the-art equipment status in a number of scientific
areas, to measure in parts per billion what used to be measured in
parts per million, and to retain and attract qualified people in the
highly competitive environment for research scientists.

Geologic Napping

• A cooperative agreement with the USGS has extended the COGEOMAP pro-
gram for a second year of detailed geologic mapping in southern
Illinois. The program has revealed coal seams not previously map-
ped, adding to the state's known coal resources. Previously unknown
structures have been mapped; their interpretation may provide incen-
tives for oil and gas exploration.

• Geologic maps for the Shawneetown, Equality, and Rudement 7.5-minute
Quadrangles are currently being published. Field work is nearing
completion on the Creal Springs and Eddyville Quadranyles; work is
progressing on the Stonefort, Glendale, and Waltersburg Quadrangles.

• Surficial geological studies have shown that the biological condi-
tion of stream water in the Vermilion River Basin is a function of
sandy soils along the Edwards River valley of Mercer County.

Geophysical and Geochemical Investigations

• The ISGS submitted a proposal for 300 miles of seismic profiling to
the Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (C0C0RP) to
obtain deep information on the nature of the earth's crust in
southern Illinois, especially south of the 38th parallel where no
wells have been drilled to basement.

• A seven day per week operational schedule has enabled the ISGS
Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory to achieve a 40 percent increase in
productivity in 1985 compared to the previous year.

• Radiocarbon dating suggests that the high levels of Lake Michigan
during the highest lake level phase about 12,500 years ago was con-
trolled by the volume of water coming into the lake, not by the
threshhold altitude of the outlet sill.

• Basic geochemical studies continue to provide information helpful in
explaining such wide-ranging phenomena as the food chain most

responsible for the growth of fish and the source of oxygen deple-
tion in a compressed air energy storage site.

Clay Mineralogy

• Basic clay mineral studies are concentrating on the mechanism and
rate of alteration of mineral constitutents caused by different
types of plants and on the origin of clay minerals as detrital,
diagenetic, or authigenic in Paleozoic strata in Illinois.

• Compositional and physical data on clay minerals in Quaternary
strata in 15 counties are being synthesized to produce a regional
map and publications that will portray the nature of clay materials
for land burial and containment of wastes, for clay resources, for
delineating areas of expansive soils, and for controlling the
development of landslides.

St rati graphic Investigations

• Regional correlations of Illinoian and older loess deposits are
being established.

• Li thostratigraphic units of the Quaternary Wedron Formation have
been identified, correlated, and their depositional environments
interpreted.

• Clay mineralogy, radiocarbon dating, and lithologic descriptions
were used to establish stratigraphic units in a U.S. Corps of Engi-
neers seepage control project near Mound City, Illinois. Quaternary
floodplain, valley-train deposits, and underlying Eocene and Paleo-
cene deposits were recognized.

• Ordovician tuffs have been altered to mixed-layer il 1 i te/smectite
and to potassium feldspar in the Upper Mississippi Valley Region.
Potassium-argon dates indicate formation of the authigenic K-
feldspar during early Devonian time and the formation of the illite/
smectite during early Mississippian time- Correlations of the K-
bentonite beds have been established over broad areas by unique
chemical fingerprints.

• Continued refinement of the age of the Everton Dolomite indicates
that it is the only Ordovician Whiterockian formation in the mid-
continent and that it occurs south of a pinchout line that extends
from near St. Louis through a position near Vandal ia to one near
Lawrencevi 1 le in southeastern Illinois.

• Studies of Silurian lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy have been
renewed.

• A joint effort between the Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky Geo-
logical Surveys continues to resolve differences in stratigraphic
terminology of the Pennsyl vanian System.

• The ISGS contributed correlations to the recently published COSUNA
charts for the Midwestern Basin and Arches Region.

Subsurface Geology

• A summary article on the Illinois Basin has been prepared at the
request of the Geological Society of America and includes new data
on the recently discovered Grayville Graben and on the Rough Creek
and Mississippi Valley Grabens.

• Lithofacies and isopach maps have been prepared of the Sauk
Sequence, the oldest Phanerozoic rocks in the mid-continent.

• More than 120 scientists took part in a workshop held in Urbana-
Champaign to further develop plans for the proposed IBUD--one of 14
proposed drillholes selected for further study by the Scientific
Advisory Committee of 00SECC (Deep Observation and Sampling of the
Earth's Continental Crust, Inc.). Their efforts resulted in the
creation of a 300-page plan and budget estimate.

Structural Geology

• A report on the Ste. Genevieve Fault Zone noted two important
periods of vertical movements, the first in late Middle Devonian
time and the second, larger episode, in late Mississippian and
Pennsyl vanian time.

o Work is progressing on three additional documents, one on the geo-
logic history of the Shawneetown Fault Zone, one on thrust faults in
southern Illinois, and one an encyclopedia of all structural geo-
logic features in Illinois.

Paleontology/Palynology

• Rod Norby has been appointed curator of all paleontologic collec-
tions at the ISGS, following the retirement of Dr. Kent.

• Trace fossils are being studied in Pennsyl vanian rocks to distin-
guish marine from non -marine sandstones. Ammonoids have also been
found and are being studied for faunal affinities and correlations
with neighboring states and Europe.

• Upright fossil tree stumps have been found in the Pennsyl vanian
Energy Shale rooted in the underlying Herrin coal.

• New palynological data suggest that Atokan-Desmoninesian boundary be
raised and the Westphalian C-D boundary be lowered to the same posi-
tion. It has also been proposed that the significant palynological
changes at the Desmoinesian-Missourian boundary were triggered by a
reduction in atmospheric CO2 and a temporary change to a semi -arid
climate due to glaciation in the southern hemisphere.

• Palynological determinations have been used in the COGEOMAP program
to correlate coals found in drill holes. Palynological identifica-
tion and/or counsel, and advice were provided to the Arizona and
Missouri Geological Survey, to a coal company in Franklin County,
and to several graduate students at Illinois, Iowa, and Louisiana,
and to a professor at Pennsylvania State University.

Computer Research and Services

• Dr. Donald McKay was appointed head of the new section on Computer
Research and Services.

• The GIS has been extensively used in developing maps for a number of
projects, including the Illinois-Michigan Canal project, the
Environmental Atlas for the State of Illinois SSC proposal, the LTER
project, Geology for Planning project in Perry County, and the
effort for siting the Chrysler-Mitsubishi facility near Normal,
Illinois.

• The GIS was also used to prepare a demonstration series of maps to
illustrate possible high-risk areas for earthquake damage in Rich-
land County for the Illinois Emergency and Disaster Agency.

• Computer automation proceeded for invoicing certain Satellite Image
Map orders for the Geologic Records Unit, and for annual waterflood
and oil production statistics. Data processing services provided
significant support for research and operations at the Survey and
for others in a variety of projects.

ADMINISTRATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT SERVICES
Publication, Graphics, and Photography

• The Publications, Graphics, and Photography unit expanded graphics
products and services, initiated consultative analysis and struc-
tural editing, and introduced product conceptualization and
development.

• The unit was involved in 137 publications projects.
Information and Technical Services Unit

• The Information Office continued to meet the public, answer ques-
tions, and provide publications. The switchboard handled phone
calls at a projected rate of 35,316 for the year. The mailroom dis-
tributed publications, maps, and correspondence totalling 70,153
individual pieces through the postage meter.

• High volumes of material were also handled through the ISGS dupli-
cating and well log copying services.

Word Processing Center/Technical Records Unit

• Expert services were provided to the ISGS word processing operators
and to handling work overloads at any one station.

• The flow of incoming mail was expeditiously carried out and tech-
nical record files were maintained of important mail not retained by
the various Group offices.

Technical Design, Operations, and Maintenance

• The General Shop was involved in the design, construction, fabri-
cation, installation, modification, maintenance, management, and
supervision of 315 jobs involving internal work orders.

• The Electronics Shop provided services for 155 work orders.

• Personnel oversaw the replacement and maintenance of the Survey's
fleet of vehicles.

Library/Map Room

• Library services showed a dramatic increase. Reference questions
increased 100 percent and interlibrary loans increased substan-
tially.

Human Resource Office

• The Personnel Office was renamed and duties expanded to include
employee evaluation procedures, salary progression matters, and co-
ordination of workshop/training courses for employees.

• Searches for qualified candidates for key positions received major
emphasis.

Capital Development Board Projects

• A multipurpose building was erected northeast of the Natural Re-
sources Annex to house a Technical Design, Operations, and Main-
tenance Shop and Duplicating Services. Work space has been provided
for indoor maintenance of large pieces of equipment heretofore kept
outdoors because of lack of space. Storage areas are provided for
such pieces of equipment as drill rigs and sampling and monitoring
equipment used in the field and in lake and river investigations.

Educational Extension and Public Relations Unit

o Four geological science trips were held for teachers, students, and
the public near Salem, Elizabeth, Pekin, and Lawrencevi lie.

Educational support was given to teachers and students of secondary
schools by providing rock and mineral sets, responding to phone
calls and letters, and giving lectures and workshops.

Educational exhibits and displays were also provided at a number of
meetings and functions at various places in the state.

ACTIVITY MEASURES

• The total number of copies of ISGS publications distributed (49,345)
is 55 percent greater than last year's total. It includes 13.8 per-
cent more reports, 201 percent more ISGS maps, and 12.6 percent more
USGS map products. Included in these figures is the extraordinary
demand for the Satellite Image Map.

o While we experienced a significant drop to 189 in the number of
reports and maps published, the number of unpublished reports,
memos, and other responses nearly doubled to 1,684.

• Survey personnel gave 410 lectures, talks, and presentations; con-
tributed to 108 workshops, classes, and seminars; received 9,627
visitors; handled 9,420 telephone inquiries; and responded to 5,175
letter inquiries.

• Major increases were recorded in the Survey's activities related to
Grants and Contracts.

MINERAL RESOURCES RESEARCH AND SERVICES

Morris W. Leighton, Chief, and J. James Eidel, Head of Mineral Resources Group, brief reporters at a press
conference in April 1986 concerning the ISGS proposal for a Scientific Superdeep Drillhole in the Illinois Basin.
Proposed depth: 30,000 feet.

Dennis R. Kolata, Co-chairman of the Basin Analysis Working Group on the Illinois Basin Superdeep Drillhole, led
discussions.

Workshop organizer J. James Eidel, Principal Geologist and Head of the Mineral Re-
sources Group, opened the technical sessions on April 2, 1986, with a talk to the partici-
pants.

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A highlight of the workshop for geologists and geophysicists was the opportunity to examine seismic data on the
Illinois Basin— proprietary data acquired by Companie Generale Geophysique.

MINERAL RESOURCES RESEARCH AND SERVICE PROGRAMS

Mineral research and service at the Illinois State Geological
Survey is designed to provide incentives for the mineral industry to
explore and wisely develop the State's resources:

• coal oi 1 , and gas

• industrial minerals--l imestone, dolomite, sand and gravel,
fluorite, lead, zinc, beryllium, thorium, and rare earth minerals.

New data may point to regions where previously unsuspected resources
could be present, indicate new exploration strategies, or lead to
unconventional ways of extracting, processing, and using mineral
resources.

Survey scientists are continuing to focus on developing efficient,
low-cost methods of removing sulfur from high-sulfur Illinois coal to
increase its marketability and use Ways are also being sought to
remove sodium and chlorine (which cause corrosion and other problems in
boilers) from Illinois coals. Continued basic and applied research on
the deleterious, as well as the potentially valuable, minor constituents
of coal are imperative given the low level of national effort in this
field and its importance to the Illinois economy.

Oil and gas production from the Illinois Basin (as from other U.S
basins) is characteristically episodic: a new idea, a new play, a new
and deeper field, or a significant advance in the technology for terti-
ary oil recovery could significantly alter the historical production
curve for Illinois. As this episodic history suggests, production in
Illinois could again increase significantly.

Sand gravel, and stone account for more than 88.9 percent of
Illinois industrial mineral production; the construction industry is the
largest consumer of these materials. As reserves at existing quarries
become depleted and urban sprawl encroaches on potential quarry sites in
large metropolitan areas, the search for new sources of crushed stone
for construction of roads and buildings becomes urgent. Survey scien-
tists are playing a significant role in this search—identifying sources
of construction aggregate, evaluating their quality, and investigating
the feasibility of underground mining to ensure future supplies.

Several new efforts to assess Illinois mineral resources are under-
way. Among them is a joint ISGS/USGS Conterminous U.S. Mineral
Appraisal Program (CUSMAP) that will be initiated in FY 87 for the
Paducah 1° by 2° (1 250,000) sheet. This mapping effort covers all of
Illinois south of the 38th parallel. State funds for this program are
included under the ISGS Expanded Mapping Initiative.

-4-

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ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1984 AND 1985

The 1984 mineral production in Illinois was valued at approximately
$3.14 billion, an increase of 9.4 percent over 1983. The total 1985
value of all minerals produced in 1985 was about $2.95 billion or about
6 percent lower than in 1984. (Figure 1 shows long-term trends.)

In 1984, coal and oil and gas accounted for 88.8 percent of the
total value while stone, sand and gravel and clays for 10.1 percent.
All other minerals together contributed 1.1 percent to the total value
of minerals produced in 1984. Coal production in 1984 was the highest
since 1972 and the second highest since World War II. Coal remained the
most important mineral in Illinois with a value of about $1.95 billion
or 62 percent of the state's total mineral production. The main reason
for the record coal production was advance purchasing by utilities in
anticipation of a possible mine workers' strike in the contract renewal
year 1984.

Utilities in 1985 reduced their purchases of coal and lowered their
stockpiles following the settlement of wage negotiations. Due to
reduced demand and lower prices, coal production in 1985 declined by 7.2
percent and value by 9.9 percent from the 1984 levels. Oil production
in 1985 was 3.9 percent higher than in 1984 but its total value is esti-
mated to have risen only by 1.2 percent due to price declines.

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-6-

Several energy -related bills were signed by the Governor in 1985.
The most significant are as follows:

HB-0018 — changes the tax on gas to 5 percent of gross receipts or 2.4
cents per therm of gas sold and on electricity to 5 percent of
gross receipts or 0.32 cents per kilowatt hour, whichever is
lower.

HB-1184-- requires the use of Illinois coal as a condition for receiving
alternative emission standards or variance of sulfur dioxide
emmissions for coal-burning stationary sources,

HB-1202-- as an amendment to the Comprehensive Solar Energy Act of 1977,
provides for a grant of 20 percent of the first $10,000 spent
on solar energy systems for single family residential
buildings and of the first $50,000 for other buildings.

SB-0662— established a Solar Energy Refund Program under which the

Department of Energy and Natural Resources will refund 20

percent but no more than $1,000 of investment in a department
certified solar system.

SB-0254-- provides that the 1 percent tax on gasohol, which is in effect
until 1993, will increase by one percentage point when the
federal excise tax on gasohol decreases by 1 cent per gallon
of gasohol .

■7-

COAL

ISGS Coal Research and Service Program

Industry government, and private citizens benefit from the
Survey's Coal Program, which provides authoritative and current infor-
mation on the state's vast coal resources and promotes development and
wise use of this valuable resource.

Our studies concentrate on identification, quantification and
characterization of the State's coal resources, and on determining the
properties of rocks tnat influence minability of coal seams and subsi-
dence after mining. A major effort goes into the study of the occur-
rence nature, and removability of sulfur and chlorine in coal as well
as of other elements that impact the development of Illinois coal. Many
of the Survey's research projects in these areas are coordinated with,
and supported by, the Center for Research on Sulfur in Coal (CRSC).

Activities of the Coal Mining Industry (Damberger Morgan, and
Bhagwat). Concern about the near and long-term future of the Illinois
coal-mining industry remains high. A Wisconsin law limiting S02
emissions from coal-burning power plants will restrict sales of Illinois
coal in this traditional market. On tne other hand, the industrial
boiler market--lost to natural gas and heating oil after World War II--
will open up as a result of demonstrating that f luidized-bed combustion
(FBC) boilers are cost effective and capable of satisfying pollution-
control requirements.

One underground mine was abandoned; another was opened. Permit
applications for one new coal mine are under review by the Illinois
Department of Mines and Minerals. This underground mine would be
located near Oakland in northeastern Coles County, east-central
Illinois, to take advantage of Herrin (No. 6) Coal with a low to
moderate sulfur content. Coal will be supplied to a major industry.

Coal exploration activity stayed near the depressed level of the
previous year. Fourteen companies filed 1,868 drillhole plugging
affidavits with the Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals and the
ISGS; 1,504 were filed last year. Most drilling was undertaken near
active surface mines. Only about 118 drillholes were sufficiently
distant from existing mines to be considered exploration borings; this
conpares to about 2b0 similar holes drilled the previous year. The
difficult coal market continues to severely limit expenditures for coal
exploration.

Pittsburg and Midway Coal Company, a subsidiary of Chevron Oil
Company signed a lease/purchase agreement with Cave Township Coal
Association, consisting of local landowners who control 170 mi 1 I ion tons
of deep-minable coal reserves of medium sulfur Springfield (No. 5) Coal
and high sulfur Herrin (No. 6) Coal in Franklin County.

-8-

Coal production in 1985 fell from the previous year's high of
almost 65 million tons to about 61 million tons—reflecting a reaction
to the previous year's buildup of stockpiles at utilities in
anticipation of a coal miners' strike. Demand slackened when a strike
was averted.

Coal Resources and Geology

Coal Exploration Records (Morgan). During this report period 531
feet of core descriptions have been added to the confidential files of
the Coal Section. They were obtained from 24 drill holes in 4 counties
of Illinois. In addition we received 30 drillers' logs to add to our
files.

As shown from the coal-plugging affidavits received, drilling acti-
vity in Illinois has been mostly developmental around existing mines.
Exploratory drilling was as low as it has been in recent years. Com-
panies known to be actively drilling include Amax Coal, Arch Land,
Consolidation Coal, Energy Supply, Exxon Coal Resources, Inland Steel,
Kerr-McGee, Monterey Coal, Old Ben, Peabody, Shot Point Services, and
Zeigler Coal.

Stratigraphic Correlations of the Seelyville, Dekoven, and Davis
Coals in the Illinois Basin (Jacobson). Completed during the report
period, this study determined that the minable Dekoven and Davis Coals
of southern Illinois, Indiana, and western Illinois are correlative to
the Seelyville Coal, an important economic coal in east-central Illinois
and west-central Indiana. Apparently the Davis Coal is of minable
thickness throughout much of southeastern Illinois northward to the area
where it has been mapped with the Dekoven as the Seelyville Coal. This
discovery led to a project to evaluate the resources of the Dekoven and
Davis Coals in southeastern Illinois.

Coal Resources of the Dekoven and Davis Coals of Southeastern
Illinois (Jacobson). A study is underway to evaluate the Dekoven and
Davis Coal resources in Saline, Gallatin, Hamilton, White, Edwards,
Wabash, Wayne, Lawrence, and Richland Counties. Although this zone
contains substantial resources, it has not been mapped between the
actively mined region of southeastern Illinois and the Seelyville Coal
of east-central Illinois and Indiana, which was mapped by C. G. Treworgy
(IMN 80, 1981). The coal has a high heating value, and in some areas, a
low to moderate sulfur content. An investigation of the gap between the
two mapped areas was initiated after completion of the correlation
project for this interval.

Information being compiled in a computer format includes thickness
and depth of the Dekoven and Davis; interval thickness between the
Dekoven and Davis Coals, nature of the lithology of this interval; and
depth and thicknesses for several coals and limestones beneath the Davis
Coal.

-9-

Geology of Herrin (No. 6) Coal in Central Illinois (Nelson). A
report entitled "The Hornsby Deposit of Low-Sulfur Coal, West-Central
Illinois" is undergoing editorial review for publication as an ISGS
Circular. It discusses the geology and mining conditions of the Herrin
(No. 6) Coal in Christian, Macoupin, Montgomery and Sangamon Counties.
This region contains an estimated 1.17 billion tons of coal with less
than 2.5 percent sulf ur--resources that have been barely touched by
mining to date. Roof conditions in the low- to moderate-sulfur coal are
expected to be less favorable than in adjacent high-sulfur deposits, but
mining companies should be able to control the roof and extract the low-
to moderate-sulfur coal profitably.

Coal Mining Geology

Computerized Coal Stratigraphic Database (C. Treworgy and Bargh).
Phase I of this project to develop a computerized database of coal stra-
tigraphic data has been completed. Data from more than 2, 700 mines,
borings, and outcrops have been entered into the database on ENR's Prime
computer. Geologists can access the data through a series of menus that
permit retrieval of points by specific parameters such as location or
geologic unit. The data can be displayed on a terminal or printed,
plotted as maps, or transferred to other programs for contouring or
statistical analysis.

Phase II of this project to be completed by mid-1986, will add
about 8,000 points to the database. The data points were collected in
computer-processable form by Coal Section staff over several decades in
connection with various coal resource programs and projects.

Computerized Mined-Out Area Database (C. Treworgy and M. Bargh).
Outlines of more than 5,000 surface and underground coal mines have been
entered into a computer file using the ENR geographic information system
(GIS) on the Prime computer. These outlines include all areas that have
been mined up to 1984. Using the GIS these data can be merged with
other data on coal resources, land cover, and geology to provide
information on remaining resources and subsidence potential.

Composition of Coal

Information System on Chemistry of Illinois Coals (ISCIC) (Harvey,
Kar, Bargh, and Kohlenberger) . This work established a computerized
database of proximate, ultimate, and other standardized (ASTM) chemical
results on Illinois coal. Retrieval software was developed so that the
public can work with the data from remote computer terminals. The data
and software, described as ISCIC, were established with the aid of funds
from the Illinois Coal Research Board on a University of Illinois main-
frame computer.

Information System on Illinois Coal: II. Characterization of
Samples in the Illinois Basin Coal Sample Program (Harvey Kar, Bargh,
and Steele). An outgrowth of the preceeding project, this work is also
funded by the Ilinois Coal Devevelopment Board. It will establish data

-10-

files comprising the names of investiyators who received samples through
the IBCSP, and brief descriptions of their research. In addition,
chemical and petrographic analyses of coal and mineral matter are being
determined and will be a part of the information system. The design of
the system has been completed, and it is being set up on the University
of Illinois Cyber-175 computer to make it readily accessible to all coal
investigators. To date the four samples in the proyram have been
characterized for their petrographic composition and their minor and
trace-element contents.

Management of Data on Illinois Coal Resources. FY86: Chemical,
Mineralogical, and Petrographic Properties (Harvey, Steele, and C.
Treworgy). A proposal on the subject was funded by the U.S. Geological
Survey. The main objective of this project is to reformat our data
files on the proximate, ultimate, minor, and trace element analyses of
Illinois coals to conform to the format needed by the U.S. Geological
Survey's National Coal Resources Data System (NCRDS). The Coal Section
will then transfer these data to the NCRDS- The data will significantly
aid the national effort as the NCRDS now contains little data on Illi-
nois coals. The second objective is to sample five Illinois mines that
have not been sampled to date and to determine their chemical, mineral-
ogical, and petrographic analyses. These new data will also be trans-
ferred to the NCRDS. During the course of this project there will be an
opportunity to make considerable progress in developing our own computer
management system to handle these numerous data.

To date the Coal Section has (1) converted the main program for
maceral analysis from a "Basic" to a "Fortran" program, (2) written a
similar program to manage mineralogical data and (3) set up an INFO
database of proximate and ultimate analytical results. In addition,
contract funds provided by the U.S. Geological Survey will allow for the
purchase of a new PC version of INFO that will run on an IBM PC/AT.
These acquisitions set the stage for rapid progress in management of
data on coal quality and related coal resources.

Mineral Matter in Illinois Coals (Harvey, Lowry, and Ruch) .
Mineral impurities in coal are generally deleterious for steam genera-
tion at utility plants and add considerably to the cost of plant opera-
tion. Investigations of mineral matter in coal are continuing (1) to
expand the database on mineral analyses, (2) to identify patterns of
mineral occurrences in particular seams, and (3) to improve methods of
analysis. Low-temperature ashing (LTA) liberates minerals from coal
without destroying them, thus enabling a relatively precise analysis of
the minerals in the ashing residue on a routine basis. For the latter
analysis, X-ray diffraction is used. During this year LTA and X-ray
analyses were completed on 38 samples in support of several Survey
projects and 37 samples in cooperation with coal investigators at other
institutions.

Composition of Clay-Rich Partings in the Herrin (No. 6) Coal

(DeMaris, Hughes, and Warren). The composition of clay-rich partings in
the Herrin Coal is being examined both to identify differences in depo-

-11-

sitional environments that alter clays, and to better characterize wide-
spread clay partings, which constitute an undesirable component of the
coal for many uses. Preliminary analysis of data for the "blue band" as
it thickens along a transect toward the Walshville channel has revealed
more intensive clay alteration away from the channel than near it. More
than 80 samples are currently being analyzed.

Sodium, Chlorine and Sulfur in Illinois Coals: Removal by Physical
Cleaning, and Behavior During Combustion (C.-L. Chou, Demi r, Cahill,
Chaven, Winston, and Sotomayor). Sodium and chlorine in Illinois coals
hinder the marketability of at least half of the State's economically
minable coal reserves; most of the high-chlorine coal is also high in
sulfur.

An investigation, supported by the Illinois Coal Development Board,
of the distribution of CI, Na, S and ash in hand-picked coal lithotypes
showed that CI is concentrated in the organic portion of coal, and Na
tends to be concentrated in the mineral matter. Vitrain separates are
highest in CI and lowest in Na and ash. Leachability studies of Na, CI,
and other elements showed significant variability between coal litho-
types. Under laboratory conditions, coal can be finely ground to -325
mesh and leached with hot water (93°C) or soaked with water at room
temperature for several days and then leached: nearly all the CI in
coal is removed.

Elemental Abundances in Coal Lithotypes of Herrin (No. 6) Coal,
Illinois Basin (C.-L. Chou. Winston, and Cahill). The composition of a
face channel sample is controlled by its lithotype abundances. New data
on a complete 1.76-meter vertical column of the Herrin (No. 6) Coal from
Jefferson County, Illinois, indicate that vitrain is lowest in ash con-
tent and in elements associated with pyrite and clay minerals, but
highest in the CI content. Dull coal is high in ash and in lithophile
(e.g., Si, Al , K) and chalcophile elements (e.g., Fe, S, Zn). The con-
centrations of elements vary more in fusain than in other lithotypes
because the pore spaces of original plant structure have been miner-
alized with pyrite and calcite to varying degrees.

Aqueous Leachability of Sodium and Chlorine from Coal Lithotypes

(Demir, C.-L. Chou, and Chaven). Studies of Na and CI in hand-picked
lithotypes of the Herrin Coal indicate a close correlation between the
leachability of these elements and the distribution of pores within
coal. With increasing microporosity, relative amounts of CI adsorbed on
organic surfaces and Na adsorbed on clay minerals increase. With
increasing macroporosity and decreasing amounts of clay, the relative
amount of Na and CI present as dissolved salt in pore water rises.
Aqueous leachabi 1 ities of Na and CI from the lithotypes increase from
vitrain through bright banded, sub-bright banded, and dull coal to
fusain, perhaps reflecting increasing relative amounts of Na and CI in
dissolved salt form due to the increasing number of large pores in these
coal lithotypes. Raising temperature and soaking time prior to leaching
increases the leachability of Na and CI from lithotypes: for example,
stirring one part of coal in five parts water at 93°C for 30 minutes,

-12-

for exanple, resulted in the dissolution of 79 percent of CI from
vitrain, 89 percent from sub-bright banded coal, and 100 percent from
fusain. High temperature and increased soaking time apparently open up
the pore structure and increase the rate of diffusion and ion exchange
involving H+, 0H-, Na+, and CI" in the water-coal system.

Determination of Zeta Potentials of Coal Lithotypes in Aqueous
Solutions (Demir and C.-L. Chou). Electrostatic charge on the surface
of coal particles affects adsorption of impurities by coal, as well as
surface-dependent coal -preparation processes such as flotation and
aggregation. To study these relationships and seek optimum conditions
for fine coal cleaning, Zeta potentials are being determined for coal in
aqueous solutions. The Zeta Potential is a direct measure of electro-
static charge at the coal -water interface. Zeta potentials for an
initial set of five hand-picked coal lithotypes suspended in distilled
water were measured as a function of pH using a ZM3-83 zeta-meter. The
influence of the pH on the surface charge was found to be greatest for
vitrain and smallest for fusain as the pH was gradually raised from 3
to 7.

Organic Geochemistry of a Pennsylvanian Organic-Rich Shale in the
Illinois Basin (Mei-In M. Chou). The hydrocarbon composition of the
Anna Shale is being studied in order to gain a better understanding of
depositional and postdepositional processes affecting the organic con-
stituents of this member of the Pennsyl vanian-aged Carbondale Formation,
a widespread shale overlying the Herrin (No. 6) Coal. The extractable
aliphatic hydrocarbon of the Anna Shale samples contains a considerable
amount of nonpristane, pristane, and phytane; whereas the Energy Shale
(nonmarine) samples contain a large amount of normal alkanes. The data
indicate that the organic-rich Pennsylvanian rocks in Illinois belong to
a geochemical facies between facies #3 and #4 as defined by Hatch and
Leventhal (1985). The relatively high hydrogen indexes, organic carbon
content, and metal contents, and low pristane/phytane ratio of the Anna
Shale samples confirm the presence of anoxic marine bottom water that is
also shown by the fossil asssemblage and sedimentary structures.

Coal Analysis

Chemical Methods Development (Chaven, Kohlenberger, and
Kuykendall). The ISGS Coal Analysis Laboratory, besides performing
routine ASTM analyses of coal and coal-related products, is continuing
its effort in method improvement and evaluation of total sulfur and
pyritic sulfur determinations in coal. A shift from standard wet
chemical methods to state-of-the-art instrumentation continues. The
ASTM method D3177 for total sulfur has now been superceded by a
microprocessor-controlled, oxygen-combustion instrument. The oxides of
sulfur are quantified by an infra-red cell. The method is rapid and
precise; however, in those coals with high ash contents, low sulfur
values can be obtained. The error inherent in this method leads to an
erroneous organic sulfur estimation. Therefore, various combustion
catalysts are being evaluated for their ability to completely liberate
any sulfur remaining in the ash.

-13-

The ASTM determination for pyritic sulfur is also being evaluated.
The method works well for coal, but again difficulties occur in samples
with high ash. Attempts are being made to overcome these difficulties.

Thermal Analysis Laboratory (Rostam-Abadi and OeBarr). In 1983,
with support from the Illinois Coal Development Board, a Thermal Analy-
sis Laboratory (ThAL) was established at the ISGS Applied Research
Laboratory. The laboratory has capability for the following thermal
methods: thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG),
differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry
(DSC), and thermomechnical analysis (TMA). During the past year, these
techniques were used in ISGS research projects and collaborative efforts
with members of the Center for Research on Sulfur in Coal (CRSC) to
characterize coals, coal ash, coal conversion by-products, oil shale,
and coal -oil shale mixtures. Fundamental and engineering data have also
been obtained on pyrolysis rates of coal, oxidation reactivities of coal
chars, and softening and swelling properties of coals subjected to a
variety of chemical and physical treatments.

The TMA unit is the most recent addition to the ThAL. It was
recently used as a mi crodi latometer to measure caking (agglomerating)
properties of coals and to study methods by which caking can be mini-
mized during thermal processing. Preliminary results, using an IBCSP#4
standard coal sample, have led us to investigate further an approach to
reduce coal agglomeration by addition of a small amount of pyrite con-
centrate to a clean coal fraction. The resulting increase from 0.35 to
1.5 in the pyritic to organic sulfur ratio (P/0) caused a 260 percent
decrease in swelling. This work has led to a new and important line of
investigation concerning the very critical problem of agglomeration in
Illinois coals.

Other research activities in the ThAL included determination of
oxidation reactivities of a coal char produced in All is Chalmers' Pilot
facilities (Milwaukee) and obtaining the yields of pyrolysis products
(oil, gas, char, water) for each of the four coals in the IBCSP by a
Fischer Assay method.

Computer Applications (DeBarr, Rostam-Abadi, Chaven, Stephenson,
and Mirza). Efforts continued at the ISGS Applied Research Laboratory
to automate a number of research instruments and to develop a variety of
scientific software. Phase one of this project, which has been com-
pleted, interfaced several thermoanalytical instruments of the Thermal
Analysis Laboratory (ThAL) with IBM personal computers for automatic
data collection and storage. Phase two has been the development of
menu-driven and user-friendly programs for acquisition, storage, and
management of data. The third phase of this project, which is currently
in progress, is to interface a 2-inch bench-scale batch fluidized-bed
reactor with an IBM-XT computer and to develop software that would
facilitate the operation and data collection capability of this system.

-14-

Applied Research Laboratory Machine Shop (Cooper). The Machine
Shop has been primarily involved this past year in contract work related
to the Charring and Fine Coal Cleaning Projects. These contract proj-
ects required evaluation of special equipment, design and construction
of new parts, equipment installation, and maintenance.

Effort was also devoted to the design, purchase, and construction
of shelving and manifold for barrels of coal collected under the ICDB
Uniform Coal Bank program.

As a part of the general management and maintenance of the
building's equipment, inventory records were maintained and repair
operations were carried out for a broken hot water system and a broken
vacuum pump.

Analytical Laboratory (Kohlenberger, Chaven, McMillion, Kuykendall,
and Henry). From May through December 31, 1985, the Coal Analysis
Laboratory analyzed samples at a rate of about 50 per month. Included
were samples from CRSC projects, from both within and outside the
Geological Survey. Charges for analytical services provided by the Coal
Laboratory can now be handled easily and efficiently through the new
University of Illinois Service account, which was initiated in 1985.

In addition to participating in both monthly and semiannual inter-
laboratory comparison studies (round robins), the Coal Lab is now using
a daily control sample in a further effort towards quality assurance.
The laboratory space for sulfur analysis has been doubled so that twice
as many samples as before can be processed in a given time period. One
more test has been added to the list of analyses routinely performed in
the Coal Laboratory: the Fischer Assay.

Coal Desulfurization and Coal Cleaning

IS6S Coal Desulfurization Program. To comply with sulfur emission
regulations for coal combustion, Illinois utilities plan to make greater
use of flue-gas desulfurization. This decision is the outcome of nearly
two decades of research and development, which clearly show that the
technology has reached acceptable levels of efficiency and reliability
when coals containing "moderate" amounts of sulfur (1.5% to 2.0%) are
used. Higher sulfur levels result in excessive corrosion, unacceptable
downtime, waste disposal problems and high operating costs. Moreover,
flue-gas desulfurization is the only process technology available.
Unfortunately, for most Illinois coals, cleaning to "moderate" concen-
trations of sulfur remains out of reach of conventional methods for
pyrite removal. The successful development of the new ISGS aggregate
flotation method, which is reported in this section, can fill the need
for production of coal with a moderate level of sulfur. At the very
least, it should help maintain the position of Illinois high-sulfur coal
in the utility market. Consequently, this project now in pilot-scale
operation at the ISGS, is particularly noteworthy. Because physical
methods such as aggregate flotation do not remove organic sulfur forms,
however, they are considered to be a short-term partial solution to the

-15-

Chusak Chaven, Minerals Engineering Section, determines the tar and oil content of coal by means of the Fischer Assay
procedure.

sulfur problem. In the long term, chemical and/or thermal desulfuriza-
tion methods will have to be developed.

Also worthy of note is a new emphasis on advancing successful
laboratory research projects to an engineering scale-up phase. In this
regard, a new multidi scipl ine engineering task group is now operating,
the function of which is to ensure that the work of chemists, engineers
and geologists is efficiently integrated. Efforts by the task group
have recently resulted in plans for bringing the carbon monoxide/ethanol
(catalytic) process from the laboratory mode into the engineering mode
and scale-up bench phase.

Much of this research effort has been undertaken in collaboration
with other Illinois institutions through the Center for Research on
Sulfur in Coal (CRSC). Its program has been largely funded by the Coal
Development Board (CDB). Further details of individual projects follow.

Size and Maceral Association of Sulfide Grains in Illinois Coals
and Their Washed Products (Harvey and DeMaris). The final report on
this project, which was published as ISGS Contract/Grant Report 1985-2,
indicates the finely disseminated nature of much of the pyrite in

-16-

Aggregate flotation concentrate containing liberated pyrite grains (P).

Initial operation of the continuous-flow apparatus for the ISGS aggregate flotation project. Dr. J. Fitzpatrick
(center) of Northwestern University is working on this cooperative project.

-17-

Illinois coals and lends emphasis to the need for fine-coal cleaning. A
poster paper on the subject was given at a national conference on coal
quality hosted by the U.S. Geological Survey. A version of the report
was presented at the annual meeting of The Society for Organic Petrology
and is in press for Organic Geochemistry (Pergamon Press).

Spatial Distribution of Pyrite in Some Illinois Basin Coals and Its
Effect on Liberation During Various Grinding Processes (DeMaris and
Harvey). A proposal on this subject was submitted to the U.S. Depart-
ment of Energy. During the course of the proposed 2-year study, basic
data on size and distribution of pyrite grains will be generated and
related to methods of grinding selected coals.

The ISGS Aggregate Flotation Fine Coal Cleaning Process (Erlinger,
Read, Rapp, Camp, DeMaris, Ruch, Hughes, and FitzPatrick of NU). CRSC-
funded research for developing a new fine-coal cleaning method has pro-
gressed through a series of evolutionary steps that incorporate some
aspects of both froth flotation and oil agglomeration. Presently, the
process focuses upon preferentially floating very fine-sized coal (<200
mesh) away from ash and pyrite using small bubbles, a foaming surfac-
tant, a collector, and agitation. Test results on several coals indi-
cate that a significant portion of the heating value (80%-90%) is
retained, while a major amount (80%-90%) of the pyritic sulfur and ash-
forming matter is rejected.

Progress was made in four areas:

• Under evaluation are preliminary gravity separations in which a
shaking table is used to mechanically reject those portions of the
pyrite and ash-forming minerals that are physically liberated from the
coal particles by fine grinding. This has been successful on the "plant
feed," thereby removing these undesirable constituents while upgrading
the coal and reducing the amount of rejection needed in subsequent
operations.

• A number of flotation tests have been conducted in the new Wi If ley-
Weber flotation machine that generates, by pneumatic means, tiny bubbles
on the floor of the flotation cell. (A conventional flotation machine
generates bubbles by pulling air into an impeller.) The \/ery small
bubbles generated by the Wi If ley-Weber machine have greater surface
attraction for fine coal and the quiescent zone in the cell is much
larger. Increased recoveries support this observation indicating
increased selectivity toward coal over pyrite and ash-forming minerals.

• Equipment was purchased to upgrade our batch testing to a small
continuous-flow, pilot plant capable of treating a stream of about 20
pounds of coal per hour. "Shakedown" tests proving the viability of the
circuit, show the need for an improved system prior to flotation, during
which reagent addition and agitation time are well controlled. When the
unit is completed, a series of tests based upon the best grind and
reagent experience will be developed for each coal.

-18-

• Waste products from operating plants have been tested to determine
their amenability to the Aggregate Flotation Process. Both plant out-
wash and plant gob-pile material have been tested and found to be usable
feedstocks giving high Btu value, low pyrite, low ash, and acceptable
recovery.

Significant petrographic, mineralogic, and chemical characterization
efforts have been done in support of these tasks.

Characterization of Materials in the ISGS Aggregate Flotation Fine
Coal Cleaning Process (DeMaris, Harvey, Hughes, Miner, and Warren).
Petrographic examination of feed coal, coal product, and refuse from the
aggregate flotation process provides data on the changes in size and
maceral associations of pyrite grains during the process. Observational
data are useful in evaluating the physical aspects of the cleaning
process. To make the observations, the casting size of samples was
enlarged; 150 finely ground, casted samples were analyzed under the
microscope for their pyrite size and maceral association, and 15 maceral
analyses were made. The pyrite cleanability index (PCI), calculated
from the size and association data, was found to be dependent on the
fineness of the feed sample and fluctuated with varying flotation condi-
tions. Standardized grinding and flotation conditions were developed to
enable direct comparison of petrographic and chemical results between
samples.

Results to date from continuous flotation tests show low PCI values
for samples taken during the early stages of the tests, but higher
values in the coal product during the later stages indicate there is
still pyritic material present that could be removed. This suggested
that operating conditions for the test needed to be modified during the
later stages of the flotation process.

Cooperative Reagent Study with SIU (Camp.. Read, Ruch, Meyers of
SIU, and FitzPatrick of NU). As part of an ongoing CRSC contract on
improving fine-coal cleaning via Aggregate Flotation (AF), the ISGS is
systematically testing new reagents in an effort to improve efficiency.
C. Meyers of SIU has received a coal industry contract to synthesize
specific compounds for possible application as surfactants in coal
cleaning. These are composed of a family of dialkylethenesulfonates,
which will be tested on very fine coal; Joseph FitzPatrick of NU, using
froth flotation, will test the compounds on intermediate size coal.

Previous results from the AF process indicate some preference for
using anionic surfactants in flotation of ultrafine coal (-200 mesh). A
type of newly developed reagent, a cis - 1,2 -dialkylethene sulfonate,
was reported to have rejected 66 percent of pyritic sulfur and 34 per-
cent of the ash. The yield was approximately 70 percent of the combust-
ibles during a simple one-stage flotation test. Results from two-stage
flotation increased the combustible recovery to 87 percent. Ash and
pyrite were reduced to 6.5 percent and 0.9 percent, respectively.

-19-

Efforts are currently underway to synthesize or obtain and test
other commercially produced surfactants in a reproducible series of
standard flotation tests—batch and continuous.

Inland Steel Project (Rapp, DeMaris, and FitzPatrick of NU). The
Illinois State Geological Survey, Northwestern University, and Inland
Steel Company are currently involved in a joint research project working
to produce compliance steam coal from one of Inland's mines. To reach
this goal, a pyritic sulfur rejection level of up to 90 percent must be
reached. The Survey's role in this project is to evaluate the use of
aggregate flotation and ancillary processes as methods to reach the
desired goal.

In mid-December, two survey employees (Philip DeMaris and Dave
Rapp) visited the Inland mine to assist in the processing of 24 barrels
of coal samples from the mine and mill (8 ROM, 8 Met, 8 steam). Two
barrels of this coal were taken to the ISGS Applied Lab where a systema-
tic processing procedure commenced. Sieve testing and table testing
have been completed.

Early results have been encouraging, indicating that tabling of a
100 percent minus 6 mesh feed yields a product with 93% BTU recovery,
0.48 percent pyritic sulfur, 1.00 percent total sulfur, and 7.9 percent
ash. This corresponds to pyrite and ash rejection levels at 48 percent
and 74 percent respectively in the pretreatment stage prior to aggregate
flotation.

Ultrafine Coal-Cleaning Via Explosive Shattering and Aggregate
Flotation Processes (Ruch, Read, Rapp, Ehrlinger, and Kruse) . Prelimin-
ary development work, funded by the Coal Industrial Committee, is under-
way on an Illinois No. 6 seam coal to evaluate a coal -cleaning approach
that combines rapid thermal-chemical comminution with efficient physical
cleaning. The aggregate flotation process (AF) developed at ISGS will
be adopted to treat the product from an 'explosive shattering' process
(ES) developed by IITRI. The ES process involves rapid high pressure
and high temperature treatment of a coal slurry followed by very rapid
adiabatic expansions. This produces an explosive effect that selec-
tively breaks the macerals into very small particles (~2u) and effec-
tively frees the unshattered minerals. The AF process involves flota-
tion of fine-sized coal via stage addition of surfactants and kerosene
to form and float coal-air bubble aggregates, preferentially leaving ash
and pyrite in suspension. The combined, sequential use of these tech-
niques, if successful, could significantly reduce the sulfur (both
organic and pyritic) and ash content. The ash levels would also be
reduced considerably.

Desulfurization of Illinois Coal Using Carbon Monoxide and Ethanol

(Shiley, Webster, Hughes, P. Fox, J. Fox, Redding, and Warren of ISGS;
C. C. Hinckley and G. V. Smith of SIU-C). Precombustion desulfurization
of coal has a high priority in the research programs administered by the
Center for Research on Sulfur in Coal. A high proportion of the sulfur
in II linos coal is in the organic form and cannot be removed by physical

-20-

beneficiation methods alone. A thermal or chemical desulfurization
method will be required in addition to physical beneficiation to produce
a compliance fuel from Illinois coals.

"Carbon Monoxide-Ethanol Desulfurization of Illinois Coal "--a pre-
combustion coal -desulfurization method — is currently under development
at the ISGS; it uses carbon monoxide and ethanol and yields a low-
sulfur, solid product that can be burned in existing power plants. A
three-reaction, pyrolytic-desulfurization process has been designed to
take advantage of the catalytic properties of an iron sulfide (troilite)
that has been found to be the only iron-sulfur mineral to catalytically
remove stable thiophenic sulfur (organic) forms from coal.

The three basic steps or reactions in this sequence are (1) reduc-
tion of pyrite and marcasite in coal by carbon monoxide to troilite; (2)
conversion and removal of organic sulfur catalytically with ethanol over
troilite; and (3) removal of the spent iron sulfide catalyst — probably
by magnetic separation.

Laboratory experiments on nine coals collected throughout Illinois
have shown that the sulfur content can be reduced to federal compliance
levels of less than 1.2 pounds of sulfur dioxide per million BTU and 90
percent reduction in sulfur based on run-of-mine coal. For a typical
Illinois coal, which ranges from 11,000 to 14,000 BTU/pound, the reduc-
tion of sulfur dioxide emissions to 1.2 lbs S02/million BTU requires
that sulfur concentrations be reduced to 0.55 to 0.7 percent by weight.
In order to comply with the 90-percent reduction requirement, sulfur
concentrations of 0.3 to 0.5 percent will be required if no other desul-
furization strategies are used. As shown in the table, the sulfur
levels produced in these products are well within the compliance range.
If successfully developed, this process would provide a market for two
important natural resources in Illinois: coal and corn. Preliminary
calculations indicate that up to 15 percent of the annual Illinois corn
production could be used as ethanol for coal desulfurization.

Combustion Properties of Char (Kruse, Rostam-Abadi , Johnson,
Kohlenberger, and Buckentin). Char is frequently the product of thermal
desulfurization, from precombustion coal-desulfurization methods.

Developing a database on char combustion is essential to ensure
that serious market development can commence without delay upon comple-
tion of the research underway (i.e., research to produce a low volatile,
solid, compliance fuel at a price competitive with low sulfur coal).

A number of ISGS groups cooperated in 1985 to characterize one
sample of char. It was from two barrels produced in a rotary kiln at
the Process Research and Test Center of the All is Chalmers Corporation
(AC) in Oak Creek, Wisconsin. The feed coal was an Illinois No. 6 coal
with 8 to 9 percent ash and 1.95 percent sulfur of which 1.14 percent
was organic sulfur; its FSI was 4.5.

-21-

The resulting char had 8.8 percent volatile matter, 14.3 percent
ash, 1.48 percent sulfur, and a heating value of 12,545 BTU/lb. Its
surface area was 8.1 and 307 sq m/g for nitrogen and carbon dioxide,
respectively. X-ray examination showed that all pyrite and marcasite
were converted to pyrrhotite of about 48.3 atomic percent iron. Quartz
and kaolinite were still present. The char was only slightly more
difficult to grind than coals currently under study. (Hardgrove Grind-
ability Index: 53.2±0.5). Attempts to remove portions of the mineral
matter by three coal cleaning methods (aggregate flotation, froth
flotation, and oil agglomeration) were uniformly unsuccessful.

Thermogravimetry (TG) was used to obtain the oxidation reactivity
of the AC char in air at 700°C. The data were compared with data for
chars of four commercially significant coals reported by Combustion
Engineering, Inc. (CE). The CE data included a char from an Illinois
No. 6 coal which burned to completion in 0.6 sec at 1454°C. This rate
was considered acceptable for burning the char in a commercial utility
burner. Because the TG combustion data on the All is Chalmers char
generated at the ISGS compared favorably with that of CE for Illinois
No. 6 coal, the AC char should also be acceptable provided the sulfur
emissions were reduced. Small-scale tests showed the sulfur content of
the AC char was lowered from 1.38 to 0.37 percent by hydrotreating at
800°C for two hours.

DESULFURIZATION OF ILLINOIS BASIN COALS (progress for calendar year 1985)

Coal

% Org

anic Sulfur in Pr

*oduct

Coal3

pyrite
S

organic
S

total

1/85

Date Obt
5/85

ained
7/85

9/85

West Central

1.18

2.71

4.21

0.60

0.20

West Central0

1.21

2.89

4.37

1.01

0.42

0.15

South Western

1.37

2.08

3.56

0.86

0.45

0.20

South Western

0.63

1.79

2.50

0.47

0.20

South Western

1.21

2.11

3.47

0.52

0.58

0.14

South Central

0.38

0.50

0.89

0.37

0.05

South Central

2.39

1.23

3.91

0.11

South Eastern0

1.41

1.71

3.15

0.66

0.14

South Eastern

3.91

1.25

5.36

- -

0.78

0.16

No. 5 is the Springfield Coal Member, and No. 6 is the Herrin Coal Member.
The samples were collected as fresh material at the mine and stored under an
argon atmosphere. They are not necessarily representative of the mine pro-
duct.

Total sulfur includes unlisted sulfur present as sulfate.

Preparation plant samples.

■22-

Charring Program (Kruse, Rostam-Abadi , Stephenson, Mirza, Moran,
and Williams). The objective of ISGS charring research is to develop
pyrolysis technology for application to Illinois Basin coals to produce
multiphase products, (i.e., synthetic crude suitable for petroleum
refiners and low sulfur char for a compliance solid fuel).

The primary focus of the continuing research has been the use of
oil shale as a diluent for agglomeration control and as a sulfur
scavenger for circumventing the back-reaction of hydrogen sulfide during
the hydrodesul furization of char. The development of a charring process
has been approached from several independent angles. First, an exten-
sive literature review was conducted on char desulfurization. It was
concluded that the most promising method to produce a compl iance- level
char is hydrodesul furization provided the back-reaction can be handled
in a cost-effective manner. It was then decided that carbonate-bearing
oil shales would be used to prevent the back-reaction by scavenging
gaseous hydrogen sulfide.

A thermodynamic study followed, demonstrating the thermodynamic
feasibility of using carbonate minerals as sulfur acceptors at various
process conditions. Another study showed that an acceptor-based hydro-
desul furization process would be economically feasible under a scenario
of increasing oil prices. Such a scenario is the consensus view for the
1990s. Still another study is underway to model the various process
steps using the ASPEN computer process simulator.

Experiments have demonstrated that oil shale can be used to reduce
agglomeration of coal. Generally, three to five parts shale to one part
coal are necessary to sufficiently reduce agglomeration to allow
f luidized-bed processing. It has also been shown that an increasing
ratio of carbonate-bearing oil shale to coal significantly increases the
capture of hydrogen sulfide. A separate but related study demonstrated
that small amounts of oxygen either before or after pyrolysis can
increase the extent of desulfurization. This study showed that post-
oxidation was more effective than pre-oxidation, although more carbon
loss occurred during the higher temperatures of the post-oxidation.
Since oxidiative pretreatment may increase the rate of hydrodesul furiza-
tion, it may be considered as a process step. Experiments are now
underway to evaluate hydrodesulfurization kinetics using a 1-inch FBR.

Integrated Study of the Chemical and Mineralogical Behavior of
Sulfur in Coal During Pyrolytic and Oxidative Desulfurization (Liu,
Hackley, Hawk, and Coleman). The principal objective of this CRSC-
funded research during the past year has been the optimization of
conditions for maximum removal of sulfur during pyrolysis of coal and
post-pyrolysis desulfurization of char. The project has integrated the
stable isotope tracing method, a pH monitoring technique, and X-ray
diffraction to monitor the behavior of sulfur during pyrolytic and
oxidative desulfurization.

Our results show that the maximum pyrolysis temperature is the most
important factor controlling the amount of sulfur that can be removed
during thermal treatment. The temperature of pyrolysis must be at or

-23-

above 550°C to produce chars with the lowest sulfur content in the
minimum time. Other parameters such as heating rate, particle size, and
soak time appear to be minor contributing factors for total sulfur
removal; however, heating rate does directly effect the rate of sulfur
evolution during pyrolysis. Furthermore, the heating rate and the
particle size both have an effect on the pore structure of the chars, an
important factor in post pyrolysis oxidation.

Post-pyrolysis oxidation must be carried out at temperatures below
550°C to produce maximum sulfur removal with minimum carbon loss. The
optimum oxygen concentration for removal of pyritic sulfur by post-
pyrolysis oxidation appears to be about 5 percent by volume.

One phase of the work resulted in the discovery of a method that
effectively converts coal pyrite into a magnetic form of pyrrhotite.
The controlling parameters for the conversion are oxygen concentration
and temperature. The conversion of pyrite to magnetic pyrrhotite has
been successfully tested on several coals at the bench scale. A quick
and crude magnetic separation with a hand magnet showed that the sulfur
content of the char can be significantly reduced. The sulfur content of
an Illinois No. 6 coal was first reduced from 3.76 to 2.5 percent by the
pyrolysis, then further reduced to only 1.2 percent by magnetic separa-
tion of the char. These are extremely encouraging results, which may
lead to more efficient methods for coal desulfurization.

Magnetic Separation and Other Coordinated Engineering Work

(Stephenson, Ehrlinger, and Rostam-Abadi ) . Chemical and minerals engi-
neering expertise has steadily developed. It is now being directed
toward upgrading several bench-scale research projects to feasibility
status, and to help in process development, e.g., those in fluidized bed
reactors and those related to solid-state separations, as for example,
when sulfur is converted to a magnetic form of iron sulfide.

Coleman, et al. have discovered that iron sulfides are converted to
their highly magnetic monoclinic form by slight oxidation at 550°C fol-
lowing pyrolysis. This step has been duplicated in a 2-inch fluidized-
bed reactor (FBR) as part of a preliminary larger scale effort that will
include magnetic separation tests.

Pretreatment of Coal to Improve Pyrolysis Performance (Kruse,
Ehrlinger, Ruch, Stephenson, Kohlenberger, Rostam-Abadi, Cooper, Chaven,
Shiley, and Dickerson). The goal of this project funded by EPRI, is to
develop pretreatment methods, which when applied to coal before pyroly-
sis (charring), will increase the yield and/or quality of the tar pro-
duced. A successful pretreatment method may also be applicable to gasi-
fication and liquefaction processes. Coal tar from a Wei lman-Galusha
gasifier was chosen as the baseline tar against which to measure success
in increasing quality. Tar from this gasifier has been shown by EPRI to
have better than average quality. Black, Si vails and Bryson was con-
tracted to process 40 tons of fresh River King Illinois No. 6 coal in
the Bureau of Mines gasifier located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Five
gallons of tar and two barrels of the feed coal became available to the
ISGS in July.

■24-

Th e work to date at the ISGS has been chiefly the acquisition,
installation, and testing of equipment. These include a Parr Reactor, a
high-temperature sand bath, a small batch reactor, a modified walk-in
hood, and a hoist assembly for quick, remote transfer of reaction
vessels into and out of the sand bath. Alarm meters for hydrogen sul-
fide and carbon monoxide were acquired and calibrated. Also, a series
of pre-treatment scoping tests screening a variety of agents have begun.
The first tests were with coal slurries containing NaOH/KOH in water or
ethanol. After treatment, gross effects on tar yield are being deter-
mined by the Fischer Assay method.

Enhancement of SO2 Sorption Capacity of Lime (Rostam-Abadi , Moran,
Frost, and Harvey). Because of their high calcium content and their low
cost, naturally occuring limestones are commonly used as scavengers to
remove sulfur dioxide from combustion gases. However, only 10 to 80
percent of the calcium is normally converted to calcium sulfate. To
minimize the amount of limestone needed and also to reduce the amount of
waste solid to be disposed of, cost effective methods should be studied
for improving the utilization efficiency of limestone to remove sulfur
dioxide from burning coal.

The Coal Industrial Committee (CIC) approved funding for an ISGS
research contract to investigate the feasibility of improving sulfur
dioxide sorption capacity of lime vi a a physical-chemical method. In
this process lime is hydrated under supercritical conditions of water
and then subjected to an adiabatic expansion (Explosive Shattering, ES) .
Facilities at IITRI are being used for this phase of the research in the
ES process submicron range particles of pressure-hydrated lime are
produced which, because of their high surface area, these particles are
particularly effective in reacting with sulfur dioxide. Equipment and
samples for this project are currently being assembled to permit the
collection of fundamental and engineering data on the physical proper-
ties, sulfation capacity, and reactivity of lime, pressure-hydrated lime
and pressure-hydrated lime produced by ES processes.

Rates of Microbial Removal of Organic and Inorganic Sulfur from
Illinois Coals and Coal Chars (Risatti and Miller). A study has been
started to establish the viability of using bacteria to remove sulfur
from coal chars and to investigate the reported ability of the bacterium
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius to alter organic sulfur compounds and to
remove organic sulfur from <200-mesh coals. The influence of tempera-
ture, particle size, pulp density, pH, and incubation temperature on the
rate of desulfurization are being determined for various types of
Illinois coal chars and for an Illinois No. 6 coal. To date, experi-
ments have concentrated on pyrite, troilite, and pyrrhotite minerals and
the degradation of di benzothiophene, an organic sulfur compound known to
exist in coal.

Sulfur Removal from Illinois Coals by Rapid Heating in Presence of
Different Gases: Use of Microwave Energy (R. Varma of Argonne National
Laboratory, D. Buchanan of Eastern Illinois University, C. C. Hinckley
of Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, and Shiley and Webster of

-25-

ISGS). A gas-flow reactor is being used to heat Illinois coals rapidly
to 250 to 300°C (just below their thermal decomposition temperature) in
the presence of CO, H20, H2, aliphatic alcohols (CH3OH, C2H5OH, etc.)
and mixtures thereof. In preliminary experiments, a 600W microwave
reactor at the Argonne National Laboratory is being used as a means of
supplying energy to absorbing species present in the gas stream and to
components (particularly pyrites) in the coal. This treatment also
contributes to rapid bulk heating.

The microwave reactor is being applied to the three-3tep pyrolytic
desul fun'zation process (Oesul furization of Illinois Coal Using Carbon
Monoxide and Ethanol) under development at the ISGS.

Removal of Organic Sulfur from Illinois Coal by Electronic Oxida-
tion (Demir, C.-L. Chou, and M.-I. Chou). Despite extensive research
over the past 15 years, a viable method to remove organic sulfur from
coal still remains elusive. A research proposal to remove organic
sulfur from Illinois coal using a new approach has been submitted to the
U.S. Department of Energy. Much organic sulfur may be associated with
functional groups and may therefore be removable at relatively low
tempertures by reaction with excited oxygen species. Experiments to
explore such reactions are planned using low -temperature ashers normally
used for isolating unaltered mineral matter from coal.

Illinois Basin Coal Sample Program (Kruse, Rapp, Cooper, and Ruch) .
A fifth sample, a 3-ton channel sample collected by Argonne National
Laboratory (ANL) , has recently been added to the Illinois Basin Coal
Sample Program (I8CSP). The program is designed to provide uniform

Geologist filling barrels with samples of coal in an underground mine in southwestern Illinois.

-26-

samples of coal to researchers to facilitate comparisons of results
among laboratories conducting basic and applied research on Illinois
coal. This latest sample is of higher quality than the first four
because it was maintained in an argon atmosphere from the mine to the
processing facility. All additional processing was carried out in ANL's
inert atmosphere facility designed for the Premium Coal Sample Program
(PCSP) funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The sample is now
available in 5 gallon pails, 1-gallon cans, and 1-pound cans.

A new barrel storage facility has been constructed within the ISGS
Applied Research Laboratory (ARL) for storage of the IBCSP coal samples.

OIL AND GAS

Economic Trends and Outlook

Crude oil production in Illinois in 1985 was 30,264,711 barrels,
4.8 percent more than in 1984. A tabulation of the number of holes
reported drilled by the oil and gas industry in 1984 and 1985 follows:

^985 1984
Oil and gas tests

New holes 2,260 2,732

Old holes drilled deeper 16 28

Service wel Is

New holes 12 102

Old holes drilled deeper 0 0

The 2,260 new holes drilled in 1985 resulted in 1,347 oil wells, 47
gas wells, and 866 dry holes. Illinois ranked eighth in the United
States in total wells drilled in 1985, and sixteenth in total oil pro-
duction. The following 12 counties accounted for 68 percent of the
reported new holes drilled.

Number

Percent of

County

of holes

State totals

Crawford

242

10.7

White

230

10.1

Wayne

203

9.0

Clay

154

6.8

Edwards

131

5.8

Jasper

131

5.8

Lawrence

4.1

Clark

3.3

Saline

3.3

Richland

3.0

Wabash

2.9

Christian

2.9

1,536

67.7

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-28-

In 1985 discoveries reported included 2 oil fields, 3 gas fields
43 new pay zones in existing fields, and 52 extensions to the fields;
the new fields are all small. Main Consolidated Field in Crawford,
Lawrence, and Jasper Counties ranked fourteenth of all heavily drilled
fields in the United States. Clay City Consolidated in Clay, Wayne, and
Jasper Counties ranked fifteenth.

Oil and Gas Program for Illinois

The Survey's Oil and Gas Program encourages the petroleum industry
to explore and develop resources in Illinois by providing the comprehen-
sive data collection, mapping, and stratigraphic research required to
generate new petroleum targets, new techniques for exploiting existing
fields and plays, and new research directed toward improving oil
recovery from Illinois reserviors.

The Geological Records Unit constructs, expands, and computer
enhances the Survey geological database. Achieving this goal depends on
communication between Survey geologists and the petroleum industry,
which provides the Survey with well records, drill cuttings, diamond
cores, crude oil and gas samples, seismic data, and other information
pertinent to the search for hydrocarbons in Illinois.

Oil and gas data are made available to the public via (1) an annual
report on the petroleum industry in Illinois; (2) a monthly drilling
report; (3) oil and gas pay zone maps (showing the geographical area
underlain by oil production from individual rock layers); and (4) maps
showing the subsurface depths of selected strata.

Survey scientists in turn use the geological database to study and
interpret the geologic and geochemical phenomena controlling petroleum
generation, migration, and accumulation in Illinois. The findings are
presented to the public through Survey publications and other journals,
talks to interested groups, and conversations with individuals visiting
or calling the Survey. This interaction of people and ideas sparks new
interest and insight into Illinois' hydrocarbon potential, which is
economically important to all its citizens.

Petroleum Geology Investigations

Reservoir Research (01 tz and Seyler). Illinois reservoirs may
retain over half the discovered oil during routine producing operations.
To improve oil recovery, a major study of the chemical and physical
characteristics of Illinois-specific reservoirs has been initiated. A
screening profile including scanning electron microphotographs and X-ray
diffraction analyses of seven Illinois reservoirs showed significant
differences between them, especially in clay content, types of clay
minerals networks, and cementing minerals. These differences may con-
tribute to differences in well productivity and influence completion
practices.

Scanning electron microscope photograph of "bridges" formed of clay minerals between sand grains in an Illinois
petroleum reservoir. They can obstruct the flow of oil and decrease production.

A scanning electron microscope shows greatly magnified sand particles in an Illinois petroleum reservoir. These
sand grains are coated with minerals such as chlorite and calcite that may stop oil production — if not properly
treated. The dark black area is a pore through which oil normally flows.

-30-

Petroleum Geology of Lower Chesterian Sandstones in the Illinois
Basin (Seyler). Research on stratigraphic traps in the sandstones and
limestones of the Aux Vases Formation is designed to encouraye petroleum
exploration in Illinois by increasing understanding of the deposition
and distribution of an important reservior rock and providing a model to
predict the location of reserviors.

Our research has shown that stratigrapic traps in the Aux Vases are
complex and consequently poorly understood. They are dependent on
lateral changes in grain size and thickness of the unit. To delineate
areas with the greatest potential for future production, the Survey has
initiated studies of electric logs cores, and outcrops.

Reservoir Characteristics of the Aux Vases Formation in Illinois

(Seyler). The reservoir characteristics in the Aux Vases Formation,
especially the clay mineral content, contribute to the causes of poor
well completions and rapid declines in oil production from the Aux
Vases. Petrophysicdl results from X-ray diffraction and scanning elec-
tron microscopy (SEM) analysis should prove helpful in designing, and
can be used to improve completion practices and increase production from
the Aux Vases Sandstone.

Core Workshop and Field Trip Featuring Aux Vases and Ste. Genevieve
Formations (Seyler and Crockett). A core workshop and field trip guide-
book were prepared highlighting exploration models and completion prac-
tices that may lead to improved oil recovery from the Aux Vases and Ste.
Genevieve Formations.

Beverly Seyler {second from right). Oil and Gas Section and President of Illinois Geological Society, organized
the field trip.

-31-

Shallow Petroleum Occurrences in West-Central Illinois (Seyler and
Crockett). A 2-year exploratory effort of nationwide interest has
focused on Silurian oil accumulations 450 to 65U feet deep in the area
east of Quincy. Demand for a plausible exploration model was noted.
Data necessary for developing such a model--includiny cores, drill cut-
tings, and gamma neutron logs—have been acquired during the past year.
Analyses of these data is continuing.

Atlas of Petroleum Geology in Illinois (Crockett, Howard, Seyler
and Whitaker). Additional field studies have been undertaken in the
Yale Consolidated, Germantown East and Hardinville area in Main Consoli-
dated fields, which will be included in a compendium on petroleum
geology in Illinois to be completed at the end of the decade.

A Paleoecological Model for the Development and Distribution of
Silurian Pinnacle Reefs for Hydrocarbon Exploration (Whitaker, Mikulic
and Oltz). The geological features of known Silurian reefs are beiny
studied to better understand how they developed and where new reefs
might be located. Work to date has concentrated on the best exposed
reefs in the state--those in the Chicago area. This study will present
the most likely trends for the development of reefs and some methods for
mapping undrilled reefs in an attempt to encourage exploration for these
features, which have long been of economic importance in Illinois.
Approximately 80,000,000 barrels of oil have been produced from Silurian
reefs and reef-related structures in Illinois. Unfortunately, known
reserves of this resource are rapidly being depleted and no new reefs
have been located in recent years.

Statewide Grid of Surf ace- to-Basement Lithologic Cross Sections

(Seyler, Jacobson, Howard, and others). Work continues on a network of
six north-south and eight east-west lithologic cross sections. Data for
these sections are coming from well logs and drill cuttings. Some
industry-acquired proprietary seismic data has become available for
coordination with and extrapolation of our well data. The cross
sections should provide information on the state's deep frontier, a
sequence of sedimentary rocks up to 2 miles thick underlying a mile-
thick section within which successful oil exploration has occurred. The
little that is known of petroleum potential of these deep rocks has come
from a few deep tests and current Survey petroleum source-rock research
sponsored by several major oil companies. Greater knowledge of the deep
subsurface conditions may lead to the generation of new, deeper "play"
concepts—incenti ves for industry to participate in exploring the deep
basin. Two north-south sections are ready for drafting.

Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Basal Pennsyl vanian Fluvial Sands

(Howard and Whitaker). Over 6 percent of Illinois Basin oil production
has come from basal Pennsyl vanian sands in paleovalleys at the
Mississippian-Pennsyl vanian unconformity. However, published documenta-
tion of the petroleum geology of hydrocarbon accumulations in these
strata is scanty. The first report on their occurrence in Illinois is
in press: "Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Basal Pennsyl vanian Fluvial Sand
Bar, Hardinville area, Crawford County, Illinois".

-32-

A general lack of recognition of the hydrocarbon potential of basal
Pennsyl vanian traps has lead to their common omission as exploration
targets. The Hardinville accumulation mentioned above was penetrated,
unrecognized, and 2 years later discovered fortuitously.

An effort has begun to increase awareness of the petroleum possi-
bilities of the basal Pennsylvanian within the Illinois Basin. An early
step in this direction is the revision and planned re-issuance of a
basinwide color map, plate 1 of ISGS Circular 458, showing the distribu-
tion of paleovalleys in which basal Pennsylvanian sands were deposited.

Computer-Generated Maps (Crockett and Treworgy). A series of com-
puter generated structure contour and isopachous maps for a Brown County
township were generated. These maps were used to evaluate various map-
ping software packages available to the Survey. Intrepretations of the
geologic implications and evaluation of the software are in progress.
Evaluation of computer mapping packages has focused on the Surface (II)
package using the Prime 750 and the CONTUR software package using an IBM
AT personal computer.

Pool Studies (Crockett and Seyler). Pool studies on a number of
oil fields in II 1 inois were compi led by the Oi 1 and Gas Section: Jasper
County--Hunt City East, Hunt City South, and Yale Fields; Franklin
County--6essie Field; Brown County--Buckhorn Consolidated Field, Si loam
Field; Schuyler County—Brooklyn Field; Adams County--Kel lervi lie Field;
McDonough County--Colmar-Plymouth and Brooklyn North Fields.

Occurrence and Maturation of Sedimentary Organic Matter in the
Illinois Basin (Barrows, Damberger, Harvey, Oltz, et al.). This study,
sponsored by nine major oil companies, analyzes the entire Paleozoic
sedimentary sequence of the Illinois Basin to determine the nature and
maturity of dispersed organic material in the sediments. The final
report should be released by mid-1986. This study has delineated major
source rocks for hydrocarbons and their degree of maturation throughout
the Illinois Basin.

Seismic Acquisition, 1986 (Oltz). In 1985-86, two major oil
companies and two independents agreed to make selected Illinois seismic
lines available to the Survey for scientific use.

Source Rock and Migration Studies

Organic Geochemistry of Illinois Basin Crude Oils (Risatti,
Dickerson, and Oltz with J. Hatch, Oil and Gas Division, United States
Geological Survey, Denver) The organic geochemistry of Silurian and
Ordovician oils from the Illinois Basin is being investigated. The
major goals of the study are to provide basic knowledge of petroleum
biomarkers as indicators of oil migration and maturation as well as to
characterize Illinois Basin petroleums for source rock -crude oil corre-
lations.

•33-

Organic Geochemical Study of the Source Rocks and Petroleum in the
Illinois Basin (M. M. Chou and Oickerson). Preliminary studies indicate
that sufficient organic matter has been preserved within some of the
beds of the New Albany Shale Group for hydrocarbon generation and sub-
sequent expulsion to have occurred in southeastern Illinois. The
results also show that some beds of Ordovician age are organic rich and
sufficiently mature to have generated hydrocarbons.

The chemical "fingerprint" of the extractable alphatic hydrocarbons
of a shale sample from the Ordovician Guttenberg Formation is comparable
to the aliphatic hydrocarbon composition of Ordovician crude oils. They
both contain a low concentration of pristane and phytane and higher
molecular weight (>C19) normal alkanes. As more evidence is acquired,
the correlation observed in this preliminary study will be further
defined. For example, more geochemical parameters, such as
characterization of biomarkers, composition of pyrolysis products, and
isotopes (carbon and sulfur) will be performed in the future on both
rock extracts and crude oil samples to aid in source rock evaluation and
correlation to known oil reservoirs.

Composition of Natural Gas

Flow Testing of Oil and Gas Wells (Riley). Within the past year,
23 gas and gas/oil wells were tested to determine gas-flow rates; these
analyses help operators determine the commercial feasibility of pro-
ducing from the wells and provide a database for analysis of future gas
finds. This testing service is the only one of its kind in the state,
apart from in-house testing by major companies of their own wells. As a
result of the ISGS testing and consultation, natural gas that would have
been flared or shut-in is now being used. Of interest in 1985 is a new
gas field in Macoupin County, near the town of Plainview. Nine wells
have been tested in the area. The Prentice Gas Field in Morgan County
was tested by this laboratory last year; it is now producing gas on-
line.

Chemical and Isotopic Composition of Natural Gas (Riley and
Coleman). Samples of natural gas are analyzed quantitatively to deter-
mine composition, specific gravity, and Btu value. Isotopic analyses
are performed on certain samples. Thirty-eight samples were collected
in the field as part of the gas-flow testing service. An additional 35
samples were submitted by gas producers, land owners, the Illinois
Commerce Commission, and Survey staff engaged in research. The informa-
tion gained from these analyses adds to the ISGS database and aids in
distinguishing natural gases from different sources.

-34-

- V

Urban encroachment has ended expansion of this 100-year-old quarry site near Joliet in Will County, Illinois.

INDUSTRIAL MINERALS AND METALS

Limestone and Dolomite

Urban Encroachment on Dolomite Resources of the Chicago Area

(Mikulic). Dolomite rocks are the main source of construction aggregate
in the Chicago area. As reserves of these rocks become depleted and
urban sprawl encroaches on potential quarry sites, the search for new
sources of crushed stone becomes urgent. The goal of this study is to
set guidelines to ensure continued production of low-cost, high-quality
stone in the Chicago area. Attention is being directed to the possi-

-35-

bility of locating new quarry sites and towards the development of
underground mining in the area. Work to date has been largely
restricted to an examination of the subsurface records and study of
present quarries to determine the quality of individual rock units. It
has also included a search for undeveloped sites and the determination
of their potential. The comprehensive subsurface (drill core) holdings
of the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago will be
examined as part of this project.

Susceptibility of Selected Carbonate-Rock Aggregates to "D-
cracking" (Baxter, Bauer, Hughes, Harvey, Masters et al.). A new
cooperative research project with IDOT's Bureau of Materials and Physi-
cal Research involves the evaluation of Portland cement -grade limestone
and dolomite aggregates. IOOT has found that its new freeze-thaw test
for quality assurance is not only too time consuming to accurately moni-
tor quarry production, but contrary to the initial round of uniformly
low expansion values for most limestone and dolomite aggregates. Con-
tinued testing is giving non-uniform, often higher than acceptable
expansion values for many limestone sources. ISGS researchers will be
conducting various investigations into the physical and mi neralogical
properties of the 12 selected aggregates, to seek a simple test for
aggregate evaluation. This project will contribute to IDOT's ability to
evaluate the suitability of coarse aggregates for use in Portland cement
highways, which will provide a safer, more durable road system.

Water Proofing of Limestone Dust (Khan and Baxter). Coal dust
should be diluted in order to reduce the danger of coal dust explosion.
Dilution with incombustible stone dust will make coal dust incapable of
propagating an explosion. Coal dust is hydrophobic and remains dis-
persible for long periods of time after generation and deposition in the
mines; whereas the stone dust loses its dispersibility in humid air,
cannot dilute the coal dust at the time of explosion, and becomes
ineffective. To investigate the ability of surfactants to waterproof
stone dust, an apparatus that allows one to determine the dispersibility
of stone dust was constructed at ISGS. Because of its portable nature,
the apparatus could be adapted for use in underground mines to check the
condition of stone dust.

Sand and Gravel

Preliminary Study of Chert from Portland Cement-Grade Gravels:
Specific 6ravity Distribution Related to Freeze- Thaw Test Expansion

(Khan and Masters). Statistical analysis of the freeze-thaw test
expansion data on gravel samples studies in the IDOT-ISGS cooperative
research project and data from the other IDOT quality-control tests
shows that the amount of less than 2.35 specific gravity chert corre-
lates with the expansion data much better than data from other IDOT
tests. Research is continuing on the distribution of chert of various
specific gravities in the study samples and the relationship between
chert distribution and the freeze-thaw test data. If the results of

-36-

this study support IDOT data, showing that low specific gravity chert is
related to increased freeze-thaw expansion values, it can be used to
encourage efforts to find economic ways to remove this material from
gravel aggregates, so that the aggregates become suitable for use in
future Illinois highways constructed with Portland cement.

Terraces of the Rock River Valley in Southern Wisconsin and
Northern Illinois (Anderson, Augustana College; and Masters). Studies
were conducted on the geomorphology and sedimentology of terraces in the
Rock River Valley between Lake Koshkomong in northern Rock County,
Wisconsin, and the mouth of the Kishwaukee River in southern Winnebago
County, Illinois. Except for the oldest, highest terrace remnants and a
few remnants upstream from Jamesville, Wisconsin, which appear to be
bedrock-controlled erosional terraces, the terraces are the result of
glacio-f luvial deposition and can be traced upstream to correlative
moraines. From oldest (highest) to youngest (lowest), the terraces are
the Rockford, Johnstown, Milton, and Lake Mills, these terraces contain
Wisconsinan and II 1 i noi an sand and gravel that record a complex history
of outwash plain and valley-train deposition. These sand and gravel
deposits are important economic sources of construction aggregate:
however, the flat, well drained terrace surfaces are attractive sites
for industrial, residential, and agricultural use. Such development on
the terraces restricts the areas available for sand and gravel
extraction.

Fine Sand Mineralogy and PebDle Lithology of Glacial Tills Across
South Central Illinois (J. Fox; and W. H. Johnson, University of
II linos). A series of glacial drift sections with known clay mineralogy
and Chittick carbonate composition (between St. Louis and Terre Haute)
have been sampled for fine-sand mineralogy and pebble lithology. Litho-
logic boundaries are supported by 3 to 5 mm pebble counts. Fine sand
(.25 to .125 mm) mineralogy is being determined by X-ray diffraction.

Mineralogical analysis provides data that permits stratigraphic
correlation. Because eastern and nortnern drift have come from miner-
alogically distinctive bedrock regions, it is also possible to assess
till provenance. Detailed knowledge of the mineral composition of
glacial drift offers insight into Pleistocene history, permits resource
evaluation of potentially useful deposits that mantle nearly all of
Illinois, and provides essential information for land-use planning.

Clay

Comminution of Clay Particles (Khan. Hughes, Berggren, and Baxter).
Grinding is one of the most energy- and capital-intensive steps of
mineral -processing operation. Considerable savings can be achieved by
making this step more effective and efficient. Use of lighter and
harder grinding media capable of crushing (disintegrating) proportion-
ately larger quantities of solids in a reasonable time would reduce
energy and consumption of media. Plastic beads used in drilling opera-
tions were introduced as grinding media for clays in a vibrating grinder
at ISGS. The plastic beads gave almost the same grinding efficiencies

-37-

as the glass beads that were 2.5 times heavier. This use of plastic
beads for comminution of softer materials could result in considerable
savi ngs.

Bulk Mineralogy of Illinois Clays and Shales. Computer File of
Test Data on Illinois Clays and Shales (Hughes, J. Fox, and Warren).
This project is designed to obtain and store useful information on clays
and shales, and to provide the information in a readily retrievable
form. The information can be used to locate particular types of clay
resources, to correlate with engineering properties, and to study
changes in composition that result from depositional and post-deposi-
tional processes. For the most part, the file allows a rapid response
to manufacturers that request a source of suitable clay for bricks, wall
tile, flower pots, cement clay, cat litter, or similar products. This
file grows by 1,000 to 3,000 samples per year. Storage and retrieval is
aided by a microcomputer system.

Kaolin Slurry Production from St. Peter Sandstone Slimes (Khan,
Berggren, Hughes, and Cowin). This study is to determine the feasi-
bility of marketing kaolin waste clay as a by-product of silica sand
production. The kaolin is present as a minor constituent of the sand,
and it could be extracted from the present-day waste streams or from
tailings ponds. The research attempts to measure the resource; to
determine the response of the clay to grinding, classification, and
flotation; to improve the process of dewatering the clay or remove the
clay by flotation; and to design an integrated method of producing and
marketing the kaolin.

A Periodic Visitation, Sampling, and Consultation with Illinois
Clay Producers (Hughes, J. Fox, and Warren). These visits continue as
time permits. Raw material samples are usually taken, so that a backlog
of compositional data can be used to compare to future times of produc-
tion difficulties. Visits generally combine with field work.

A Review of the Economic Potential of Illinois Underclays (Hughes
and White). A publication under review summarizes the origin and dis-
tribution of clays and shales associated with Illinois coals. Our
results show that underclays and partings in coals were soils, but most
of the soil formation in underclays resulted from plant growth before
the establishment of the coal-forming swamp. Some underclays and most
shales overlying coals are relatively unaltered deposits of detritus.
Underclay composition is probably related to the location of channels,
much as low-sulfur coal and nonmarine roof shale are also associated
with the channels. The clays may further provide important clues to the
origin of pyite and marcasite that form in coal-bearing strata.

Architectural Practices in the Use of Bricks (I. Schousboe and
Hughes). Professor Schousboe has made a sabbatical tour of the United
States and Australia to survey the problem of moisture expansion of
brick. A publication is planned for architects that will outline the
range of potential problems associated with brick, explain ways to avoid
the pitfalls, and integrate the properties of bricks with the task of
designing and constructing lasting structures.

-38-

Silica and Industrial Sands

Feasibility of Recovery of Sand and Clays from Sand-Processing
Plant Rejects of Northern Illinois (Khan, Bhagwat, and Baxter). The
production of silica sand from St. Peter Sandstone amounted to 3.75
million metric tons in 1984. The fines, mainly kaolin and fine-grained
silica sand, are rejected into tailings ponds during the processing
required to generate marketable sand. A study was undertaken to deter-
mine whether the revenue generated from selling the products recovered
from the material now being discharged into tailings ponds by an average
Illinois sand-processing facility, would be sufficient to justify
investment in a secondary processing plant.

The economic viability was tested and proved using the Net Present
Value approach to the cash-flow analysis. For a typical sand-processing
plant in northern Illinois, the additional investments required would be
about $1.3 million (1985). Over a 5-year period, the project of
recovering sand and clays from the waste streams would generate between
$0.9 and $1.5 million net of all the capital related and operating
expenses. Further benefits are expected due to reduction in size or
elimination of tailing ponds. The report has been completed and
accepted by the American Association of Cost Engineers for presentation
at their 30th Annual Meeting in Chicago to be held in June 1986

Feasibility for Recovering Fine-Grained Quartz and Kaolin from
Abandoned Sand-Washing Tailings Ponds (Khan, Bhagwat, Baxter, and
Berggren). A feasibility study was carried out to determine whether the
fine-grained quartz sand and kaolin in the tailings ponds are a recover-
able resource. Calculation of proven, probable, and possible reserves
of an abandoned tailings pond indicated that the slurry ponds of sand-
processing plants contain significant amounts of fine quartz sand and
kaolinite, the recovery of which is technically feasible and economi-
cally attractive. Feasibility analysis indicates that the venture could
be a success under all realistic expectations concerning reserves,
equipment prices, and the equipment life. Sampling and testing of
materials at one site in northern Illinois indicate substantial tonnages
of sand and kaolin. With an initial investment of about $460,000, it
would be possible to earn high rates of return on investment. Because
the pond sites are generally moderate in size, moving the equipment to
another site after completing the operations at the initial site could
greatly improve the profitability. Over a period of 5 years the project
could generate more net income than the initial investments after
discounting. In most scenarios of the analysis, the Net Present Values
(NPV) were several times the capital investment (i.e., high investment
efficiency). The secondary recovery operation will have a significant
positive environmental impact, the benefits of which cannot be easily
qualified in monetary terms.

The report has been completed and accepted by the International
Powder Institute of London (England) for the Powder and Bulk Solids
Conference to be held in Rosemont, Illinois, in May 1986.

-39-

Industrial and Metallic Minerals Activities

Midcontinent Strategic and Critical Minerals Program - Phase II

(Baxter). The Midcontinent Strategic and Critical Minerals Program
(MSCMP) is being carried out by the USGS, in cooperation with 12
midcontinent states, to assess the strategic and critical minerals
potential of a large mi dcontinental area. All of Illinois west of the
88° parallel of longitude is included in the study area. As part of
Phase II, ISGS is preparing various maps and cross sections for delivery
to the USGS. These deliveries include

• state tectonic map (1:1,000,000)

• isopach (thickness) map of the Mississippian carbonate sequence
from the base of the Aux Vases Sandstone to the base of the
Valmeyeran or Kinderhookian Limestone (1:1,000,000)

• lithofacies map (limestone/dolomite ratio) of the carbonate
sequence (1:1,000,000)

• three east-west cross sections (1:500,000 horizontal and 1:1,200
vertical ).

From the data suppied by the states, the USGS will compile and prepare
similar maps, at a small scale, for the larger area bounded by latitude
36° and 46° N and by longitude 88° and 100° W. The State tectonic map
was delivered during the reporting period; and work on the isopach map,
lithofacies map. and cross sections continues.

Expanded Mineral Resource Appraisal of Southern Illinois (Eidel,
Baxter, and staff). The USGS's Conterminous U.S. Mineral Appraisal
Program (CUSMAP) began about 10 years ago for evaluation of regions
known to have a high potential for nonfuel mineral resources. Recently
the USGS accepted a joint proposal from the Illinois, Missouri,
Kentucky, and Indiana Geological Surveys that the Paducah 1° x 2° quad-
rangle sheet be included in the CUSMAP program begining in U.S. fiscal
year 1987. The program will include surface and subsurface geological
compilation; major, minor, and trace-element geochemical analysis of
existing drill holes; and geophysical compilations at a scale of
1:250,000 (1 inch = about 4 miles). A comprehensive folio of geologic,
geochemical, and geophysical information will be compiled allowing an
in-depth evaluation of the fluorspar, barite, base metal, beryllium,
thorium, rare earth, coal, oil and gas, and industrial mineral potential
of southern II 1 inoi s.

A planning session and field trip for various state and federal
staff to be involved in the Paducah project was held April 15-17, 1986,
in southern Illinois and western Kentucky.

-40-

Ralph L. Erickson, USGS geologist, and John M. Masters.

tings and cores. Spectrographs analyses for trace elements are m

This pilot study may lead to expanded studies to identify areas favorable for mineral exploration

Industrial Minerals Section, describe insoluble residues from well cut-
lade in the USGS mobile laboratory on site at the ISGS Annex.

Northeastern Illinois contains abundant deposits of coarse gravel— an important source of high-quality construction aggregate.
The deposit exposed in this pit is a Wisconsinan outwash plain. John M. Masters, Industrial Minerals Section, holds a 5-foot scale.

-41-

Geochemi stry of Insoluble Residues from Well Cuttings and Core
Samples in Illinois - A Pilot Study (Masters, Baxter, Lowry, and Khan).
The first phase of an insoluble residue pilot study being carried out in
cooperation with the USGS has been completed. As shown by previous USGS
work in Missouri, the distribution of trace amounts of metals in insol-
uble residues of potential carbonate host rocks can be used to define
subsurface exploration potential on a regional scale. To test the
method in Illinois, approximately 4,400 samples were prepared from
insoluble residues from 29 wells forming a transect extending from the
Upper Mississippi Valley Lead-Zinc-District, south along the western
edge of the Illinois Basin to southern Illinois, with links to the
Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar-zinc-lead-barite district in the deeper
portion of the Illinois Basin. A USGS mobile laboratory was set up at
the Natural Resources Annex Building for 3 weeks in October, at which
time samples were described and analyzed for 31 major and minor elements
by emission spectrography. Six hundred additional samples were taken to
Denver for analysis. Approximately 1,800 saiiples remain with the
Survey for description prior to a second USGS visit with the mobile lab
in April 1986. Although the interpretation of data is in an early
stage, anomalous values are apparent that will demand considerable
future attention.

Industrial Minerals and Metals (Masters, contributor). The book
Natural Resources of Illinois: Introduction and Guide, to be published
by the Natural History Survey, will contain a geologic sketch of min-
erals produced commercially in Illinois including limestone and dolo-
mite, sand and gravel, peat, clay and shale, silica sand, fluorite, and
tripoli. Sphalerite (zinc ore) and galena (lead ore) are recovered as
by-products of fluorite mining, and are currently the only metals mined
in Illinois. This article is intended to give readers sufficient infor-
mation on the nature of industrial minerals and metals mined in Illinois
to recognize the diverse ways in which they occur and their importance
in everyday life. Basic references guide readers toward sources with
more detailed information.

Air-Floe Flotation: Beneficiation Method for Processing of Ultra
Fines (Khan). Mineral beneficiation plants increasingly process finely
ground materials generated either as a result either of intensive
grinding carried out to liberate embedded impurities or of mechanization
of -mining operations. Beneficiation of these fines by conventional
froth flotation process is difficult and costly. The selectivity and
efficiency of separation are adversely affected by coating of larger
particles with fines of other materials, by slow settling rates of
fines, and by entrapment of fines in the froth.

A new processing method, called Air-Floe Flotation, developed at
the ISGS by L. A. Khan, is specifically tailored to take care of some
drawbacks of the froth flotation process. This method utilizes the
principles of froth flotation but differs from it by use of a pre-
generated froth that is mixed with a preconditioned slurry before
separation/segregation of product from reject is allowed to take place.
The success of this process depends on the proper selection of surfac-
tants to entrap air in micron-size bubbles and to form coatings on air

-42-

bubbles capable of selectively collecting the hydrophobic particles.
The findings of this research will be presented at the American Chemical
Society Meeting Symposium on Surfactants in Mineral and Material
Systems.

MINERAL ECONOMICS

Illinois Mineral Industry in 1981-83 and Review of Preliminary
Mineral Production Data for 1984 (Samson and Bhagwat) . A brief summary
of the report published as Illinois Minerals Note 93 has been enhanced
with final 1984 data and preliminary 1985 data and is included in the
introduction to this Annual Report.

Directory of Illinois Stone, Sand and Gravel Producers 1985

(Samson). The directory, published as Illinois Minerals Note 91, pro-
vides names and addresses of mineral producers and has been in great
demand in and out of Illinois. The 1986 version in preparation will
include names of producers of other minerals as well.

The United States Fluorspar Industry in a Cost/Price Crunch

(Bhagwat). This report analyzes the decline of the U.S. fluorspar
industry, which is synonymous with Illinois fluorspar industry. Ten
factors of national and international significance were statistically
analyzed. The results indicated that the decline in fluorspar was
strongly correlated with the decline in the steel and aluminum indus-
tries of the United States and was exacerbated by the low cost imports
from Mexico, South Africa, China, and other countries. The low cost of
imports results from high grade ores and low labor costs in foreign
countries. The U.S. fluorspar industry revival thus requires simultan-
eous actions to increase exploration within the United States and to
improve the economic conditions in the steel and aluminum industries of
the nation.

Impact of a Severance Tax on Illinois Oil Production (Bhagwat).
This draft report investigates the cash flows generated by a typical
Illinois oil-producing operation. The results indicate that an average
Illinois oil well must produce at least 2.5 barrels of oil per day to
break even when the oil price is $20 per barrel. The current average
production in Illinois is about 2.8 barrels per well per day. A sever-
ance tax was found to increase the break-even production level needed
more than proportionally. Other factors causing an increase in break
even production are well depth, drilling cost increases, and oil price
decl ines.

Importance of the Mineral Industry for Illinois Counties South of
the 38th Parallel (Bhagwat). As part of the ISGS mineral resources
assessment program south of the 38th parallel, a presentation was made
during the annual board meeting in Champaign. It outlined the high
unemployment in the area, the concentration of the mineral industry of
Illinois south of the 38th parallel, and the jobs provided by the
mineral industries. Unemployment in the area is currently more than
twice as high as the state average. About 40 percent of the minerals

-43-

Illinois is generated south of the 38th

jrcent of all jobs

vaiue or iinnois is generated
mineral industry provides 11 pei
oil, and fluorspar industries
problems outlined, and the need f

parallel and the
in the area. Coal ,
were discussed, their strengths and
or geologic mapping stressed.

Analysis of Exploitation Processes (Khan, Bhagwat. and Baxter). To
assist operators, the Industrial Minerals and Metals and the Mineral
Economic Sections of the ISGS have launched a program of determining the
economic feasibility of selected operations. The studies that are
expected to be completed tnis year will cover (1) comparison of alter-
nate flow diagrams for cleaning silica sand; (2) impact of the tonnage
of feed on the feasibility of recovery of fine grained quartz sand and
kaolinite; and (3) economics of secondary recovery of coal.

Service Activities. Telephone inquiries, letter inquiries, and
visitors asking for information accounted for an estimated ID percent of
the staff time. Office conferences with visitors and students seeking
information and guidance required up to b percent of staff time.

MINERAL RESOURCES

Basin Analysis Task Force

On November 1, 198b, the Basin Analysis Task Force was formed to
develop a sound regional framework of the Illinois Basin and synthesize
the vast amount of existing data in order to stimulate economic growth
and scientific progress. The approach is multidiscipl inary, utilizing

Members of the Basin Analysis Task Force discuss map of study area with Sandra K. Stecyk, Publications,
Graphics, and Photography Unit, who is art director for the AAPG volume on interior cratonic sag basins. Left
to right: Melissa M. Chou, Dennis R. Kolata, Stecyk, Jams D. Treworgy, Michael L. Sargent, and Paul C Heigold.

-44-

geological, geophysical, and geochemical data. The task force is
attempting to identify oil and gas plays in close cooperation with the
Oil and Gas Section. Comprehensive analysis of the Illinois Basin will
identify gaps in scientific research that must be addressed to further
the overall knowledge of the Illinois Basin and to improve our predic-
tive ability within the basin.

Interior Cratonic Sag Basin Volume (Leighton and others). The ISGS
staff is compiling one of five volumes to appear in the American
Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Petroleum Basin Series. This
series is intended to give a broad overview of significant fundamental
basin types, their evolution, their oil and gas plays, as well as
distribution and size of oil and gas fields. Each fundamental basin
type is to be analyzed to determine the significant factors that control
the plays and resulting fields.

The Illinois Basin will be the type or model basin in the Interior
Cratonic Sag Basin volume. During compilation of the volume, the gaps
in our knowledge about the Illinois Basin will become more sharply
defined and will provide a focus for further basin analysis.

Paleotectonic Maps for the Illinois Basin and Bordering Areas

(Kolata, Sargent, J. Treworgy, and Stephen Marshak, UI-UC). There is a
substantial need to integrate and graphically display information on the
tectonic evolution of the Illinois Basin and of the midcontinent in
general. At present, literature concerning the region is difficult to
access and visualize. To solve this problem a series of paleotectonic
maps for major periods of deformation are being compiled. Each map will
illustrate the distribution of faults, folds, uplifts, and basins for a
specific time interval, and thus will provide a means to visualize the
patterns of tectonic activity.

Middle Ordovician Guttenberg Formation in the Illinois Basin —
Thickness, Distribution and Lithofacies (M. Chou, Kotata, Sargent, and
J. Treworgy). Recent studies by the USGS and the ISGS indicate that the
shale in the Guttenberg Formation has substantially high total organic-
carbon content (as much as 45%; type II kerogen). The organic-carbon
content is rich enough to be an excellent source rock. Maps showing the
thickness, distribution, and lithofacies are being compiled. An attempt
will be made to identify plays based on an analysis of the Guttenberg.

Structure, Topography, and Precambrian Geology in Illinois

(Sargent). A map of Precambrian basement has been revised and updated
to reflect the most widely held views of this ancient surface. The map
is important for seismic risk assessment, COCORP reflection seismic
program, Illinois Superdeep Drillhole planning, the AAPG Interior
Cratonic Sag Basin volume, and DNAG History of the Illinois Basin.

-45-

GEOLOGICAL RECORDS UNIT

The Geological Records Unit is the mandated, legal repository for
records of all drilling within Illinois: oil and gas wells, water wells,
engineering borings, and miscellaneous test holes. This database is
used heavily by the oil industry, coal industry, hydrogeologists, engi-
neers, land-use planners, land owners, the general public, and staff.
Additional space to house the rapidly expanding collection is needed.

Col lections

Processed drillhole records

Books of processed drillhole records

Skeleton logs

(records of wells drilled prior to
Skeleton log books
Confidential log books
Out-of-state log books
Miscellaneous hole record books
Geophysical logs
Coal pluggings

Filing numbers - sample sets
Filing numbers - cores

1920)

1985-86

Total

5,616

266,116

749

17,950

4,759

111,658

2,116

17,880

562

65,462

104

13,054

Data Acquisition

Basic Data

Oil permits

Oil permit corrections

Water permits

Plugging affidavits (oil and water)

Electric logs

Micrologs

Radioactivity logs

Miscellaneous geophysical logs

Total geophysical logs

Drillers logs

Dri 1 ling time 1 ogs

Company sample and core studies

Geologi c tops

General data (completion information)

Water well and test hole logs

Miscel laneous

1984-85

1985-86

5,013

4,603

672

173

5,213

5,831

2,316

2,230

1,395

2,028

157

288

1,362

2,006

177

437

3,091

4,759

390

679

449

760

157

199

202

252

2,427

3,703

5,362

3,837

179

675

Total new logs received

12,257

14,864

-46-

GRU log orders

In person orders

Phone orders

Mail orders

Total orders processed

"1,911

717

1,952

_361

3,030

The Survey copy system, implemented in June 1984 under NRIF, con-
tinues to provide a vital service to the public. The average number of
orders processed per month increased 19 percent over last year.
Although visitor days decreased 7 percent from last year, file usage
increased 18 percent.

GEOLOGICAL SATf>LES LIBRARY

General

The Geological Survey began collecting samples in the early 1900s
when the United States Geological Survey donated a series of drillhole
samples to the State Geologist. Today, the Geological Samples Library
stores drill cuttings and cores as mandated by Illinois Statute (Chapter
96 1/2 -- Natural Resources Conservation of Oil and Gas). According to
U.S. Geological Survey Circular 942, Nonprofit Sample and Core Reposi-
tories Open to the Public in the United States, the ISGS Geological
Samples Library manages one of the largest collection of geological
samples in the United States. The Samples Library staff receives,
sorts, processes for storage, retrieves, and conducts all administrative
functions required to archive and manage these important collections of
samples and cores. This unique samples repository houses an information
resource that represents billions of dollars invested in Illinois by
petroleum and mining companies for more than 80 years. The collection
attracts users from across the country, enhancing the investment poten-
tial in Illinois by both in- and out-of-state companies.

Cuttings

During the past year, the permanent file of the Samples Li bray
acquired 562 sets of well sample cuttings, representing more than
1,071,700 feet of drilling and utilizing 12 linear feet of space.
Twenty-eight fewer sets were added to the files; this decline was caused
by demands on GSL staff to support other survey projects. The Samples
Library files of 65,462 well cuttings represent more than 740,071,744
feet of drilling and utilize 1,400 linear feet in a 3,780 square-foot
area in the Samples Library.

An additional 117 oil and water wells await processing. At
present, the interval between receipt and permanent processing of
samples is 12 months (a 2-month increase). Also, 136 oil well sets
requested by the Survey await processing at the Evansville Sample Cut, a
commercial firm to which we subscribe (150 sets fewer than last year's
balance at the Sample Cut).

-47-

Additions to our permanent files consisted of

• 166 oil -test sets received; 164 sets from rotary drill wells
washed; 2 sets from cable tool wells processed dry;

• 329 washed sets purchased from Evansville Sample Cut;

• 67 water-well sets processed dry.

The number of samples from oil tests requested by the Survey (365)
is considerably lower than last year's 426. We continue to receive
about 60 percent of the oil-well sample cuttings requested, and a much
lower percentage of water-well cuttings.

Cores

During the reporting year, 104 core sets representing an initial
33,366 feet of drilling were collected, examined, and processed into the
permanent files. Included in this year's additions were 5,272 feet of
continuous core donated to the Survey from Commonwealth Edison's
Stephenson County drill site. This significant core was extensively
studied by Midcontinent scientists and was the subject of a report pub-
lished in the Journal of Geophysical Research (September 1983). Core
from two holes representing 1,200 feet of drilling were obtained from
the Cominco American, Inc. facility in St. Charles, Missouri. Material
Services Corporation donated core from 14 project sites over a wide area
of Illinois; Survey staff members are currently evaluating this collec-
tion. Also added to our permanent collection were 17 cores representing
7,061 feet of drilling for the Superconducting Super Collider in
Illinois preliminary report, and 8 cores condensed from 11,034 feet of
drilling from a Department of Energy study of Pennsyl vanian rocks in the
Illinois Basin. These cores, which were in temporary storage since
1977, present an increase of 31 holes and 28,158 feet of core over last
year's additions. The entire collection of 13,054 sets of core on
permanent file (representing more than 843,700 feet of core drilling) is
stored on steel racks in a area covering approximately 4,300 square feet
of the Samples Library.

Other Sample Collections

During the past year, 288 Pleistocene (P-Series) samples were col-
lected, examined, and processed into our permanent files. Our collec-
tion in this sample category now totals 23,738 individual samples.

Additional bulk samples that have been chemically analyzed or used
as reference materials in research projects were added to the temporary
files; 25,500 of these samples are on temporary file in the Samples
Li brary .

John F. Klitzing and Harris R. McKinney, Geological Samples Library, process 5,200 feet of continuous
core obtained from a Commonwealth Edison drill site in Stephenson County.

Member of the U.S. Geological Survey team in the mobile spectrograph ic and sample-preparation labora-
tory at the Annex facility. The lab is used to analyze insoluble residue samples as part of the USGS/
ISGS pilot study.

-49-

Supplies

The Geological Survey is required to provide sanple bags for the
collection of well sample cuttings that are requested by the State.
During the past year the Samples Library supplied drillers and operators
with 59,150 sample bags for requested well cuttings.

Summary of Service Activities

Requests for services of Samples Library staff increased again
during the past year. Telephone requests regarding availability of
samples or cores, location information, file numbers, and space to study
samples are handled daily by GSL staff.

To ensure that the samples database continues to acquire samples
required to provide a representative database for the state, the GSL
office has a program to contact drillers by letter to inquire about
delivery of requested samples from completed oil tests. Since April 3,
1984 the GSL has been using a Department of Mines and Minerals format
for this program. Response to this letter writing campaign has resulted
in 60 percent recovery of requested samples. The GSL will continue this
program to improve the recovery of requested samples. During calendar
year 1985, 158 letters were sent to drillers and operators concerning
cuttings for 109 wells requested by the Survey. The 3-year response to
this letter campaign is as follows:

1983 1984 1985

Letters 219 245 158

Response (%) 33% 60% 62%

Wells per letter .1 .24 .25

Visitors and staff members referred to our files 317 times and
retrieved 1,129 sets of samples or cores for examination. A breakdown
shows that (1) on 123 occasions 509 sets of samples or cores were
examined by staff members at the NRB or Annex facilities; and (2) on 194
occasions, 630 sets of samples or cores were examined by 189 visitors to
the Survey facilities (an increase of 11 visitors from last year).
Visitors to Annex facilities represent a wide range of geologic inter-
ests. Independent consultants and representatives of major oil
companies, universities, and governmental agencies are typical visitors
to the Samples Library. Of all visitors to the Samples Library, 30
percent were from out-of-state:

60 (31%) independent 58 (31%) representa- 71 (38%) representa-

geologists tives of oil companies tives of universities

or governments

In-State Out-State In-State Out -St ate JilrsJLate Out-State

"5~7T3"9%T 3 (19%) 40T2T%T 18 "(10%] 34 ~(18%T 37T20%T

-50-

Samples Library personnel assemble rock and mineral kits for dis-
tribution to Illinois schools. The labeled 35-specimen rock, mineral,
and fossil set is a collection designed to familiarize teachers and
students with rocks and minerals of Illinois. This past year Samples
Library staff assembled 138 specimen kits and filled 18 orders to recon-
dition sets already assigned to schools.

The Samples Library office houses the Survey's microfiche collec-
tion of well log information and makes sales of copies or assists visi-
tors who wish to examine this collection of 66,161 microfiche (3,160
fiche added). Thirty-six visitors or staff examined or copied 266 fiche
during the last reporting period. The ISGS received a microfiche
storage cabinet and revised computer printout of the microfiche collec-
tion from Petroleum Information as part of their cooperative agreement.
Both of these items are in use at the Samples Library Office.

Other Projects

In addition to normal operations, the 6SL staff lent support to
various ISGS sections projects. Activity levels for the Geological
Samples Library staff were at a peak level since occupancy of the
facility in 1972. Requests for information, storage space and files for
temporary collections, planning for future sample and core additions,
and coordinating the shipment of various collections to the Survey
placed an increased demand on GSL staff during the past reporting
period.

The Samples Library staff coordinated a cooperative project with
the USGS and the ISGS in the pilot geochemical study of insoluble
residues from Illinois cuttings and cores. Arrangements were made to
accommodate a mobile spectrograph^ lab and a mobile sample-prep lab at
the Annex facility. The GSL staff also lent support to the pilot study
by identifying and combining insoluble residues for analysis.

The Samples Library office circulates a bimonthly list of selected
samples added to our permanent collections. During the last reporting
period, this list was changed to include all cuttings and cores added to
our permanent files each bimonthly period.

The ISGS has ordered a 35mm camera for photographing core. Upon
receipt of the camera, a core photography area will be established in
the core examination area of the Annex.

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY RESEARCH AND SERVICES

Coal and crops— both are important to Illinois. Most coal resources underlie highly productive farmland. About 710,000 acres have
been undermined during the past 150 years. The coal and farm industries share the same land and the same interests in preserving the
land.

■52-

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY PROGRAM

The Environmental Geology Program addresses concerns of Illinois
citizens about their financial security, safety and health in relation
to the environment. In the early 1960s, the Survey developed the con-
cept of environmental geology. Now it is a widely accepted field of
study.

The aim of this program of research and services is to provide
basic geologic data (and interpretations of these data) to assist
government, industry, and the public in making decisions and taking
actions to protect and enhance the natural environment. ISGS environ-
mental studies focus on groundwater resources, waste management, lakes
and rivers, landslides, earthquakes, mine subsidence, and resource-based
land-use planning.

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ANO ASSESSMENT

The Environmental Studies and Assessment Unit and its parent, the
General and Environmental Geology Group, are 2 years old. Three
families of grant and contract projects are led by the Unit. All are
environmental. All involve several Divisions of ENR. They are Long-
Term Ecological Research (LTER) with federal funding from NSF, Lands
Unsuitable for Mining Program (LUMP) with federal funding by the Office
of Surface Mining via the Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals and
Environmental Screening for the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC)
with ENR funding from the Build Illinois Program.

Illinois Lands Unsuitable for Mining Program (LUMP)

Lands Unsuitable for Mining Program (McKay, Gross, and DuMontelle).
The Office of Surface Mining of the U.S. Department of the Interior con-
tinues to fund this program. Its mandates are (1) to respond to peti-
tions from the public and mining companies to have areas reclassified as
unsuitable or suitable for surface coal mining operations, and (2) to
build a data base to support the petition process and informed decision
making. No Lands Unsuitable petitions were received during the year.
The major emphasis of the program was on the completion of Geographic
Information System (GIS) databases and on quality checking of data.

The program proposed for FY87 will have a new emphasis. It will
build a detailed database to assist the Illinois Department of Mines and
Minerals with review of mine permit applications submitted by coal
mining companies. IDMM will be given direct access to the computers
that hold the GIS. Gross and McKay have served as ISGS representatives
on the LUMP Steering committee, and McKay and DuMontelle have served on
the Prime Policy Committee.

-53-

Quality Checking of GIS Data Sets (Krumm and McKay). Data added to
the Geographic Information System (GIS) have been carefully checked to
ensure the accuracy of the automated data sets. Final checks were made
on 56 maps (1:62,500 scale) showing strippable coal reserves, a task
requiring detailed inspection of nearly 300 individual maps. Coal map
attribute files will be corrected to account for errors identified
during the checking process. This completes a 2-year project to auto-
mate a total of 81 strippable coal reserve maps. The strippable coal
map database represents the largest data set in the GIS. Approximately
50 maps of landform and slope at a 1:40,000 scale were checked and
corrected.

Mine Permit Review Pilot Project (McKay. Krumm, and OuMontelle).
It has been proposed that the Lands Unsuitable GIS capability be used to
assist the Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals (IDMM) with their
Mine Permit Review process. The GIS will be used to generate maps on
many features (coal deposits, geology, soils) that are part of the GIS
database and relevant to issues identified by individual mine permits.
Additional data will be automated and added to the system on a site by
site basis. A pilot study to demonstrate the utility of this approach
has been conducted. Two sites were selected for the pilot project: the
Jader No. 4 surface mine in Gallatin County and the Elkhart underground
mine in Logan County. Maps have been prepared by five divisions of ENR:
the Geological, Water, and Natural History Surveys, the State Museum,
and Energy and Environmental Affairs. This pilot project has demon-
strated that the ENR LUMP team will be able to automate a large number
of the backlog of 200 permits on file at ISMM if the request for addi-
tional funding from 0SM is granted.

Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER)

LTER Renewal Proposal (Grubb, S. Miller, Cah ill, Gross, Holden, and
M. Miller). Preparation of the renewal proposal for Phase II of the
NSF-funded Large River Site, combined with synthesis of data acquired
during Pnase I has been a major objective of the ISGS LTER effort during
the past year. The project is entering a fifth year of a 5-year grant.
The 4-year renewal proposal (for 1987-90) is an integrative effort
involving four independent agencies: the State Natural History,
Geological, and Water Surveys, and Western Illnois University. Due to
the addition of two fluvial geomorphologists (M. Grubb, S. Miller) to
the ESA staff, the role of the ISGS in LTER has expanded to include
quantitative geomorphic mapping of the physical river system in addition
to analysis of the river's function in the landscape and in the eco-
system. These data are vital because they are the fundamental basis for
ecological and hydrologi cal modeling of the large river ecosystems.

Automation of Maps for LTER (S. Miller). Base maps for Pool 26 of
the Mississippi River have been digitized using the Geographic Informa-
tion System (GIS). The maps include water/land boundaries of the
Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, backwater areas, island, bluffs, flood-
plains, and tributaries. GIS efforts are now focused on updating
existing data sets and incorporating biological data for Pool 19 in
order to enhance ecosystem modeling efforts.

-54-

Sediment in Mississippi River Pools 20 through 25 (Holden, Grubb,
S. Miller, Gross, Alam, Cahill, and M. Miller). During the summer of
1985, main channel bottom sediment samples were collected between Pool
19 and Pool 26 of the Mississippi River. Textural analysis of the
samples reveals no downstream-fining trend of the sediments. Previous
bottom sediment studies (Casavant, 1983; Goodwin and Masters. 1983)
indicate a textural downstream fining in Pool 19 and no textural trends
in Pool 26 above the Mississippi Illinois Rivers confluence. This
reconnaissance study will be presented in May at the 18th annual meeting
of the Mississippi River Research Consortium in La Crosse, Wisconsin.

Having completed studies on the sediment in Pools 19 and 26 of the
Mississippi River, the LTER team is turning attention toward the flood-
plain and an analysis of the geomorphic stability of the system. During
the spring and summer of 1986, the ISGS plans (1) to initiate detailed
geomorphic mapping of Pool 19 and (2) to conduct field work on a complex
of islands in Pool 19 of the Mississippi River near Burlington, Iowa.

History of Sedimentation in Pool 19 of the Mississippi River

(Gross, Cahill, Casavant, and Adams; Bhowmik, State Water Survey). In a
joint effort of the ISGS and the ISWS, three methods were used to deter-
mine the recent sedimentation rates in Pool 19, a pool formed by the
highest dam on the river system. Suspended sediment was measured as it
flowed into Pool 19 through the upstream Lock and Dam 18, at all major
tributaries to Pool 19, and at the output through the downstream Lock
and Dam 19. Bathymetric cross sections were compiled from surveys in
1891, 1928, 1936, 1946, and 1983. Cs-137 and Pb-210 were used to date
sediment cores. With the closure of Lock and Dam 19 in 1913, pool
volume decreased at a rate of 1.5 percent per year. Net deposition of
sediment is still occurring and pool volume is presently decreasing at a
rate of 0.6 percent per year.

Conceptual Models of Erosion and Sedimentation in Illinois (Gross;
Bhowmik, State Water Survey; Risser, Natural History Survey). A summary
manuscript was published in June in the Proceedings of the World Con-
gress on Water Resources in Belgium. The original, massive work, was
published in 1984 in two volumes as Illinois Scientific Surveys Joint
Report 1.

GEOLOGY FOR PLANNING

Geology for land-use planning was the original objective of
environmental geology when this term was coined at the ISGS in the
1960s. Resource-based land-use planning involves mapping the vertical
as well as areal distribution of geologic materials and presenting this
information in a form nongeologists can understand and use. Planners
are given information on favorable areas for burying wastes, locating
water resources, building roads, houses, or large industrial facilities,
and exploring for mineral resources.

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Siting the Superconducting Super Collider in Illinois

The State of Illinois is vigorously pursuing the Superconducting
Super Collider (SSC) project. The world's largest particle accelerator
operates at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in northern Illinois.
It is a machine 4 miles in circumference. A larger machine is under
construction in Europe, a still larger machine is in the early phase of
construction in the USSR, and the U.S. Department of Energy is engaged
in the design of yet a still larger machine, the SSC, which will be 52
miles in circumference. DOE will decide whether to build the SSC later
in 1986. Choice of a site should be made in FY87. and construction
begin in FY88. The purpose of the machine is to study the basic nature
of matter. The SSC will serve as a world center of science and will
provide the equipment and the setting necessary for major advances in
high energy physics.

Illinois will be in competition with other states for the SSC. To
ensure a sound site and a competitive proposal, DENR has been assigned
the role as lead agency for the State; and the Illinois State Geological
Survey is assisting in the coordination of the effort and in providing
technical information useful in the siting and engineering design of the
SSC.

State of Illinois Proposal to U.S. Department of Energy (Kempton,
Gross, and entire ENR team). The first draft of the Illinois proposal
to the U.S. Department of Energy will be completed in June. The
Scientific Surveys, the State Museum, the ENR legal counsel, and many
other Departments of state government are preparing materials. Illinois
Institute of Technology Research Institute (IITRI) is compiling the
proposal.

SSC Project Administration (Gross, Kempton, Hines, Leighton and
many others). ENR has organized two task forces to provide data and
advice for this very large project. John P. Kempton heads a Geological
Task Force working within the Geological Survey. David L- Gross heads
an Environmental Screening Task Force that includes staff from all three
Surveys and the State Museum. Dr. Gross serves as the SSC liaison
within ENR and for some of the interdepartmental work.

Environmental Atlas (Hines and all divisions of ENR). An environ-
mental atlas, consisting of 40 maps and accompanying text is in review
and targeted for July 1986 publication. The Atlas depicts environment-
ally relevant data, including geological, biological, cultural, and
historical characteristics that have been identified and described by
the three Surveys and the State Museum. This document will be included
in the Illinois proposal to DOE and is intended to demonstrate to the
SSC Central Design Group, legislators, and other interested parties the
amount and quality of information that the State has available for
assessing the impacts of siting the SSC in II 1 i noi s--especia1 ly siting
that avoids fatal flaws.

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Geotechnical logging of bedrock cores drilled during the exploration of a site for the proposed Superconducting
Super Collider. Robert C. Vaiden, Robert J. Krumm, and Robert A. Bauer are members of the Geological Task
Force.

Superconducting Super Collider siting project: borehole logging at a controlled test hole. Philip C. Reed is a member of
the Geophysical Unit.

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Geological Studies (Geological Task Force). The results of the
geologic mapping and the data obtained from the test drilling have con-
firmed that the region west of Fermilab is suitable for siting the SSC.
Evaluation of the geologic/geotechnical and hydrogeologic data suggests
stable, uniform, and predictable geology with little or no adverse
impact either of groundwater on tunneling or of a tunnel on local
groundwater resources. Fracture patterns are systematically oriented in
a generally northeast-southwest and northwest-southeast orientation
suggesting that a roughly north-south orientation for the experimental
area is the best.

The second phase of the first test-drilling program was completed
in mid-July, ending with 7 test holes for the period and 16 total for
the program. An additional test hole was drilled as a tie-in hole for a
test seismic profile line. A report on the first 9 test holes (fall
1984, phase 1) is in the formal review process prior to publication, and
a report on the remaining test holes is nearing completion. An interim
report summarizing all geological-geochemi cal studies for the entire SSC
study area is also nearing completion.

Geotechnical Support for SSC Project (Bauer, Hasek, and Su;
Schmidt, State Water Survey). Rock mechanics testing has been performed
on boreholes F-4 through F-16 (excluding F-8 and F-13) . Approximate
numbers of tests performed include 121 unconfined compressive, 363
indirect tensile. 363 axial and 363 diametral-point load tests, 363
moisture, 121 specific gravity, 2,420 shore hardness, 150 triaxial
strength, 39 taber abrasion, and 60 schmidt hammer tests. This infor-
mation along with the compilation of the drilling data, rock discon-
tinuity descriptions, and estimates of water inflow into the tunnel has
allowed us to determine (1) the rates a tunneling machine can advance
through the Galena formation, and (2) the types of supports required for
the tunnel and experimental chambers' roof and walls for static and
seismic conditions. The analysis shows that the tunneling operation
would be faster than the rates experienced by the successful Tunnel and
Reservoir Plan (TARP) project in Chicago and that the tunnel would be
self supporting, requiring rock bolts occasionally where conditions
warrant. Samples of the Galena have been sent to two tunnel boring
machine manufacturers. Their analysis of the samples will result in an
estimate of the rates of advance of a tunneling machine in the Galena.

Natural Radioactivity Assessment in the SSC Siting Area (R.

Gilkeson and Laymon). Information on natural background radiation in
the SSC siting area is being gathered and integrated into an assessment
of the total radiological quality of the natural environment. Sources
being assessed are (1) gamma radiation at the land surface, (2) radon-
222 in indoor environments and in underground shafts and tunnels, and
(3) dissolved radon-222. radium-226, radium-228, uranium-234. and
uranium-238 in groundwater.

The available information has been gathered into a preliminary
report that identifies aspects of the natural radioactivity environment
needing further characterization.

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Feasibility of Using Sand and Gravel Pits and Quarries for Disposal
of Refuse from Tunneling Associated with the SSC Project (Berg and
Hannah). This project involved the mapping of abandoned and active sand
and gravel pits and quarries in the vicinity of the proposed SSC ring
for purposes of disposing of refuse associated with coring operations.
A total of 8 sites was located within about 10 miles of the proposed
ring.

Evaluation through Laboratory Studies: Impact of the Supercon-
ducting Super Collider Tunnel Spoil on Surface and Groundwater Supplies

(Krapac, Roy, Griffin, and Beissel). As part of the feasibility report
for siting the SSC tunnel in Illinois, an environmental assessment of
the tunnel spoil material is being made. It is currently proposed that
materials excavated during tunnel construction will be disposed of at
surface facilities. The nature of leachates from the spoil material and
the impact of leachates on water supplies has therefore been investi-
gated.

Extract data indicate that of the 27 constituents determined in the
laboratory extracts, only 8 constituents (B, Ba, CI, K, Mg. Na, Si, and
S04) had concentrations greater than analytical detection limits.
Average extract concentrations, when compared to discharge effluent
standards, were below standard (acceptable) concentrations. These
laboratory extracts indicate that the tunnel spoil would generate rela-
tively innocuous in-situ leachates, having a relatively small impact on
the quality of water resources.

Seismic Test Traverse and Supporting Studies (Heigold and Geo-
logical Task Force). Evaluation of the geologic setting shown by the
geologic maps and test drilling strongly indicates the suitability of
the region for the SSC tunnel within bedrock. To tie in the results of
the SSC studies with the successful Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP) for
Chicago, seismic reflection and refraction tests were run along a 25-
mile traverse along the southwest side of the SSC study area.

Supporting studies for the line includes drilling and coring a test
hole at the south end of the traverse and obtaining continuous velocity
and density logs to provide data for constructing synthetic seismograms.
The test hole (17) was completed in August 1985 and data for the syn-
thetic seismogram was provided to the service company prior to the
October traverse.

Results of the seismic traverse are being analyzed. Reprocessing
of the seismic data is being undertaken to improve record quality; and
other approaches to obtain the desired seismic information are being
investigated.

Satellite Image Maps (Stohr). Two Satellite Image Maps of Illinois
have been printed. Both are of extraordinary quality and represent a
significant advance in the state of the art. The maps were developed as
part of the Illinois efforts on the SSC project. One is at a scale of
1:500,000 and illustrates the entire state. The other is at a scale of

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1:200,000 and illustrates the northeastern portion of the state
including both Chicago and the area proposed for the SSC. The second
map consists of a satellite image map on one side and a land-use map on
the reverse.

Mitsubishi/Chrysler Plant Location

Geotechnical Information for Proposed Sites for the Illinois
Mitsubishi/Chrysler Automobile Assembly Plant (OuMontel le) . Geotech-
nical information about the construction conditions and the availability
of water for a Mitsubishi/Chrysler automobile assembly plant was pro-
vided to the Department of Commerce and Community Affairs for proposed
sites north of Morton and west of Bl oorni ngton/Normal in Illinois. Both
sites were found to be well suited for construction. For the Normal
site, ample water supples from sand and gravel aquifers were located
nearby.

Other Projects

Engineering Geology of Chicago (Dixon; and Maynard, Chicago Depart-
ment of Public Works). This paper for the Bulletin of the Association
of Engineering Geologists will be part of the series, Geology of the
Cities of the World. The discussion includes the geologic factors that
have affected the growth and development of Chicago and the geotechnical
methods used to found structures and mitigate various environmental
constraints.

Sources of Information on Engineering Geology and Related Topics
for Northeastern Illinois (Dixon and OuMontel le). This resource docu-
ment, published as EGN 110, indicates the basic data and services avail-
able for northeastern Illinois. It was produced jointly by the Geotech-
nical Division of the Illinois Section of the American Society of Civil
Engineers, and the North-Central Section of the Engineering Geologists,
in cooperation with the Illinois State Geological Survey.

Geology for Planning Coal Mining in Perry County (Berggren, Danner,
and McKay). Geologic information for Perry County is being provided in
a form useful for coal mine planning, construction, and operation; for
mining regulation; and for both private interests and public policy.
This project is intended to help coal mine operators, public officials
and interested citizens plan for long-term coal development in Perry
County. In 1984 Perry County's six mines produced 15.0 million tons of
coal --23 percent of the state's total production. Previous studies have
reported 2,096 million tons of coal reserves.

This study, envisioned as the first in a series of similar county
reports, will utilize the ENR Geographic Information System (GIS) for
project maps. Field work and the results of limited test drilling, con-
ducted in September and October, are being incorporated into tne maps.
Efforts have been concentrated on Quaternary materials to provide
stratigraphi c control for the overburden studies. Design of the GIS
work and of the final report is underway.

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WASTE MANAGEMENT

The Survey's program in waste management began in the early 1960s
and has expanded greatly over the years as Illinois has become a major
producer of hazardous and nonhazardous wastes. The Survey program of
waste management is interdisciplinary, incorporating several geologic
and chemical specialities.

To help in the urgent task of developing methods of managing wastes
safely and economically, the ISGS and the other two Surveys, the State
Museum, and DENR's Springfield office this past year formed the Hazard-
ous Waste Research and Information Center (HWRIC).

Landfills/Septic Systems/ Groundwater Contamination

Statewide Landfill Inventory (Dixon, Hensel, and Mehnert) . This
project consists of six tasks:

© The inventory of known and newly permitted disposal sites in
Ilinois continues to be compiled from all potential sources and
will describe each sites's location, type, hydrogeologic setting,
waste(s), and background.

• The locations of past generators of hazardous wastes will be used
as centers from which to search for unrecorded waste disposal
sites.

c A list of sites needing hydrogeologic studies will be compiled and
prioritized on the basis of the type and amount of wastes disposed
and on the relative susceptibility of the geologic setting at each
site to pollution.

• In order of need, the sites listed by Task 3 wi 1 1 be studied on a
preliminary basis from information in the files of ISGS.

• Information from the Statewide Landfill Inventory will be incor-
porated into the HWRIC database.

• A report and map will be prepared to show the status of the inven-
tory at the close of the reporting period for fiscal year 1986.

The project is funded by the Department of Energy and Natural Resources
through the Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center.

Inventory of Abandoned and Active Quarry Sites in Northeastern
Illinois (Mikulic). Information on the geology, size, location, and
history of all quarry sites in northeastern Illinois is being assembled
to serve as a database for future planning and development and to deter-
mine if abandoned quarry sites already developed pose environmental
problems. Stone quarried from local Silurian rocks has been an impor-
tant building material in the Chicago area for almost 150 years. Many
early quarry sites have long been abandoned and covered leaving no exact

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record as to their location, size, and the type of material with which
they were filled. This lack of information may result in future envi-
ronmental or engineering problems following development of these sites
in the rapidly growing Chicago metropolitan area.

Earthen Liners: A Field Study of Transit Time (Cartwright,
Griffin, Herzog, Albrecht, Krapac, Moffett, Risatti, Stohr, and Su)
Performance of a field-scale compacted earthen liner will be evaluated
in a 3-year U.S. EPA-funded project that began in late 1985. Objectives
are (1) to determine transit times for water flow and nonreactive solute
transport through a partially saturated field-scale liner, and (2) to
test the accuracy and practicality of available methods for predicting
these transit times. A study site has been selected in Champaign
County, Illinois, and plans are being developed for the construction of
a small field liner prototype in 1986 and the construction of the field-
scale liner itself (about 25 x 33 x 1 meters) in 1987.

A poster presentation of the project was well received at the
annual research contractors' meeting held at the U.S. EPA Laboratory in
Cincinnati. The exhibit was kept for display.

Hydrogeology of Sewage Sludge Land Application Areas in Rockton
Township, Winnebago County, Illinois (Berg, Morse, and T. Johnson).
This project is evaluating potential contamination of groundwater from
the application of sewage sludge on agricultural lands in Rockton
Township. Since late 1983, 15 wells have been monitored and results
show that the groundwater contains more nitrates in areas where sludge
has been applied than where it has not been applied. Analyses also show
that groundwater pH , hardness, ammonia-nitrogen, chlorides, specific
conductivity, and detergents may also be affected to some degree by
sludge applications. There does not seem to be any groundwater
degradation due to heavy metals and organic chemicals. The wells were
sampled seven times between 1983 and 1985.

Study of Geology and Groundwater at a Sewage-Sludge Land Applica-
tion Site in Winnebago County (McKenna, E. C. Smith, Berg and Morse).
This project, recently funded by the Sanitary District of Rockford, will
characterize the hydrogeologic setting and establish a groundwater moni-
toring network for a test plot to determine the feasibility of spreading
dehydrated vacuum filter cake from municipal sewage-sludge on agricul-
tural land. Groundwater quality data from this investigation will be
compared to our sludge study near Rockton.

Coal Wastes

Determination of Mineral Content of Discharge Material to the Sedi-
mentation Pond at Turris Coal Company (Hughes). This study is designed
to monitor the composition of coal tailings in this pond and to see if a
reasonably consistent composition will allow Turn's to use ponds without
a separate clay liner. A contract in the amount of $6,390 has been
awarded by Turris for this study in 1985-86.

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Hazardous Toxic Wastes

Evaluation of Current Underground Injection of Industrial Waste in
Illinois (Brower, Krapac, and Hensel ; Visocky, Payton, and Nealon, Water
Survey: and Gutnrie, University of Illinois). Legislative bills culmin-
ating in the Environmental Protection Act, January 1, 1985, mandated an
assessment of underground injection of hazardous industrial wastes in
Class I disposal wells in Illinois—an assessment that we have prepared
for the General Assembly and Office of the Governor.

Injection in 1984 totaled 310 million gallons and was targeted in
disposal zones lying 1,540 to 5,524 feet below the surface. Review of
the regulations and the regulatory practices for this class of disposal
wells in the underground injection control (UIC) program has shown them
to be essentially effective in protecting underground sources of
drinking water (USDW), human health, and the environment. Disposal
zones and their associated confining intervals in selected geologic
units across the central two-thirds of Illinois have the capacity to
accept injected wastes at low-to-moderate injection pressures and to
provide long-term confinement of these wastes. Analysis of well siting,
construction, operation, monitoring, and testing has shown these to be
adequate for Illinois' seven disposal facility sites. Waste stream
characterization has shown no significant incompatibilities between
injected wastes and components of disposal zones. Comparison of
economic and environmental impacts for deep well injection and a number
of alternative disposal technologies has shown deep well injection to be
less expensive and to have, in many cases, a lower potential environ-
mental impact than other systems.

Evaluation of Groundwater Monitoring Programs at Hazardous Waste
Disposal Facilities in Illinois (Herzog, Hensel, Mehnert, J. Miller, and
T. Johnson). This study of groundwater quality in Illinois was mandated
under the Currie Bill (HB 3193). It focusses on groundwater quality in
the immediate vicinity of hazardous waste disposal facilities with an
emphasis on the adequacy of groundwater monitoring programs at these
facilities. Ten facilities around the state are located in Bureau,
Cook, Crawford, Lawrence, Macoupin, Madison, Peoria, Will, and Winnebago
Counties.

This study showed that there has been a dramatic improvement of the
quality and quantity of groundwater monitoring at hazardous waste
facilities in Illinois over the past 10 years. Although many monitoring
plans could be improved, all of the programs studied were capable of
detecting groundwater contamination to some degree. Contaminant migra-
tion has been detected at some facilities, resulting in further moni-
toring to determine the extent of this migration. At other facilities,
reliable monitoring systems have been installed recently to provide an
accurate picture of groundwater quality.

Five major conclusions came from this study: (1) thorough hydro-
geologic studies are necessary before adequate monitoring programs can
be established, (2) design of groundwater programs should consider

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i ndi vi dual site characteristics, (3) additional monitoring techniques
(such as geophysical techniques) should be utilized more often, (4)
adequate record keeping, is essential for determining changes in water
quality, and (5) additional attention should be paid to on-site waste
disposal and generators of hazardous waste. Comments on the draft
report have been received and final revisions are underway.

Ground Magnetic Surveys on Hazardous Waste Sites (R. Gilkeson,
Laymon, and Heigold). Magnetic surveys are commonly used to search for
buried hazardous wastes. The interpretation of magnetic data gathered
on these surveys is generally empirical. Studies at ISGS have
established the important role of mathematical models to assist in the
design of magnetic surveys and constrain the interpretation of field
data. Illinois State Geological Survey scientists have also used field
measurements and theoretical models to characterize the magnetic
anomalies generated by a single steel drum buried at various depths.

An Assessment of Class V Injection Wells in Illinois (Hensel and
E. C. Smith). This project is currently at the startup stage. The
Illinois State Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Illinois State
Water Survey, and with funding from the Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency (IEPA) will study the degree of risk to groundwater
resources from Class V injection wells and enumerate the criteria which
should be considered by IEPA for regulation of these wells. Class V
injection wells are defined as wells that inject nonhazardous fluids
into or above geologic units that yield drinking water. Class V wells
include those used for disposal of domestic and industrial nonhazardous
waste, storm water runoff, heat pump return, and agricultural
drainage. In Illinois, nearly 1750 Class V injection wells have been
reported.

Investigation of Failure Mechanisms and Migration of Industrial
Chemicals at Wilsonville, Illinois: Hazardous Waste-Clay Interactions

(Hughes, Austin, Warren, Griffin et al.). Research on the effects of
organic solvents on earth materials was completed this past year at the
Wilsonville hazardous waste site. X-ray diffraction (M\)) of a swelling
clay (smectite) with hazardous waste mixtures showed a tendency of
individual chemicals to collapse clay minerals. This collapse can
promote leakage of hazardous wastes. Further estimates of the effects
of wastes on clays were developed from viscosity measurements of clay-
water-waste slurries.

Such studies are contributing to our understanding the behavior of
clay minerals in landfill liners and in trench covers where they are the
main constituents used to seal the impoundment. Expansion or contrac-
tion of the clays can disrupt continuity of the liner or cover. The
observations suggest that screening the compositions of different clays
for use as clay liners is required.

Currently we are now studying the tendency of clays to absorb
immiscible organic wastes, the tendency of absorbed wastes to desorb
water, and methods to treat added or naturally occurring clays that give
high absorption selecti vities for hazardous wastes.

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Investigation of Industrial Chemical Pollution of Groundwater at
Wilsonville, Illinois (Geochemistry, Groundwater, and Engineering
Sections). Work on the U.S. EPA sponsored portion of the project at the
hazardous waste facility at Wilsonville, Macoupin County, is complete
and a final report is in preparation. Our research has determined the
reason for organic contaminants migrating 100 to 1,000 times faster than
predicted. The flow of contaminants occurred mainly through joints.
The joints formed by dessication cracking in a polygonal pattern as a
result of drying within the weathered zone of the upper part of the
Vandalia till .

More than 40 wells were installed on the site with the cooperation
of the owner and the Illinos Environmental Protection Agency to monitor
the activity. This site provides a useful field laboratory for con-
tinued investigations of migration mechanisms of pesticides and testing
of a wide range of constituents; hence plans have been developed to
extend the work, testing for priority pollutants and interactions that
occur under field conditions.

Assessment of Ecotoxicological Hazard of Uaukegan Harbor Sediments

(Risatti and Sheridan; Ross and Henebry, Natural History Survey). This
study will make geochemical and biological assessments of the potential
risks associated with contaminants that may have accumulated in the
sediments of Waukegan Harbor. Sediments will be sampled on a grid of 20
stations and concentrations of metals and PCRs will be determined.
These data will be computer processed and mapped for all contaminants
detected; and dispersal patterns will be identified by spatial auto-
correlation techniques. Toxicity tests using bacteria, algae, and
nematode species will be performed on extracts of the sediment
samples. In addition, a community-level bioassay (protozoan coloniza-
tion) will be carried out in situ. These tests will determine which
areas of the harbor might present especially high environmental risks.
Benthic insect larvae and small fish collected from the site will be
assayed to estimate bioaccumul ation factors for selected pollutants.
Field and laboratory measurements of microbial anaerobic degradation of
PC6s will be made to estimate the residence time of these compounds in
undisturbed sediments.

Preliminary Assessment of Pesticide Contamination in Soils and
Groundwater (McKenna, J. Chou, and Griffin; LeSeur, State Water Survey).
This study by the State Geological and State Water Surveys, is funded by
the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources. It is the
first detailed field investigation in Illinois of non-point source con-
tamination of groundwater by agricultural pesticides. Reports of pesti-
cide contamination in wells in the central sand region of Wisconsin and
in the Devonian carbonate aquifers and the Big Spring Basin of Iowa
cause concern that similar pesticides may be present in rural well water
in Illinois.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether widely used
pesticides are leaching into groundwater in a region highly susceptible
to such contamination. In this study, a 25-square-mi le region located

Robert A. Griffin, Head of Geochemistry and Acting Head of
Groundwater, steaming a well casing at a hazardous waste site.

Sherry Otto, I EPA, collects soil samples from a hazardous waste site
for chemical analysis.

Field engineer purges well at Wilsonville before collecting water sample. The site operator and the ISGS cooperated to
sample both company and Survey wells at the same time to get a clearer picture of chemical migration at the landfill.

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in Mason County along the Illinois River in the central part of the
state was selected. In December 1985, 14 shallow monitoring wells were
installed and groundwater samples were analyzed for pH, conductivity,
temperature, nitrate (NO3-N), and pesticides. At two sites, well
"nests" consisting of two vertically spaced wells were installed to
determine vertical hydraulic gradients and vertical differences in water
quality. The monitoring wells and 24 shallow domestic wells will be
sampled just before and just after application of pesticides to farmland
in the spring of 1986. Soil samples collected during installation of
the monitoring wells are being analyzed for grain size, total organic
matter content, and sorption capacity. Additional soil and groundwater
samples will be collected after pesticide application in spring, 1986 to
evaluate the downward migration of pesticides.

Geochemical Interactions of Hazardous Wastes with Geological Forma-
tions in Deep-Well Systems (Roy, Griffin, Krapac, and Dickerson). A
cooperative agreement between the Hazardous Waste Research and Informa-
tion Center, the U.S. EPA, and the State Geological Survey, this new
research with provide basic geochemical data to permit a better under-
standing of the physicochemical interactions of liquid hazardous wastes
with subsurface rock formations and associated saline brines.

This project should help define the requirement for review in the
permitting process, and the long-term fate of injected fluids. It
should also help identify the mechanisms by which hazardous wastes are
rendered nonhazardous by naturally occurring chemical reactions in
geologic strata.

Batch-Type Adsorption Procedures for Estimating Soil Attenuation of
Chemicals (Roy, Krapac, J. Chou, and Griffin). The American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the U.S. EPA (source of funding)
cooperated with Survey investigators in this project. The objectives
were (1) to develop standardized-batch-adsorption procedures for the
measurement of contaminant adsorption data applicable to the location,
design, and permitting process of hazardous waste sites; and (2) to
prepare a Technical Resource Document (TRD) detailing the routine uses
of the procedures and their scientific basis and rationale, as well as
providing guidelines for the interpretation and application of adsorp-
tion data.

Results included an ASTM emergency standard method for measuring
contaminant retention by soils and sediments. More comprehensive pro-
cedures are given in a draft final report (the TRD), which is currently
in review. The TRD will be introduced into Public Comment via the
Federal Register later this year. The data generated by these proce-
dures can be used in computer-assisted modeling efforts to assess the
migration of contaminants from hazardous wastes sites.

In Situ and Laboratory Study of the Microbial Degradation of
Organic Pollutants in Sediments, Landfill Sites and Ground Water Systems

(Risatti, Chou, Griffin, Sheridan, K. Miller, and Feldman). Laboratory
studies have been initiated to assess and quantity the factors limiting

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the extent and rate of biodegradation of organic chemicals by micro-
organisms. The knowledge gained from laboratory studies will be applied
to develop methods for microbial degradation and removal of organics in
subsurface environments. Anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms indi-
genous to natural systems may offer an efficient means of ameliorating
the effects of organic pollutants in sediments, landfill sites, and
groundwater systems. Although there is an extensive body of general
knowledge concerning microorganisms in these systems, little is known
regarding the impact of these microbial communities on synthetic organic
compounds and the resulting biochemistry of carbon flow.

In this study several strategies are being employed (1) to define
the effects of various concentrations of organic pollutants of microbial
activity, (2) to identify environmentally noxious organic compounds that
are amenable to anaerobic and aerobic microbial degradation, (3) to
identify products resulting from microbial degradation of pollutant
organics and elucidate degradation pathways that may also be occurring
in sediments, landfills and aquifers, (4) to determine rates and micro-
bial degradation of pollutant organics, and (5) to identify and isolate
organisms capable of degrading specific organic pollutants in order to
develop microbes that can more efficiently utilize environmental pollu-
tants. An understanding of microbial adaptation to high concentrations
of organic chemicals in subsurface environments will enable prediction
of biotransformations and the derivation of reaction-rate coefficients
for modeling the fate of chemical pollutants.

This work has been integrated with ongoing research into

• microbial PCB degradation in the anaerobic sediments of
Waukegan Harbor;

• anaerobic degradation of phenolic compounds in groundwaters
and waste-treatment facilities (undertaken with the University
of Illinois Civil Engineering Department);

• performance of field-scale clay liners (funded through the U.S
EPA, Cincinnati, OH);

• pesticide contamination of groundwater in Madison County,
Illinois.

Low-Level Radioactive Wastes

Geologic and Hydrologic Criteria for Siting of a Low-Level Radio-
active Waste Disposal Site in Illinois (Berg, J. Miller, and
T. Johnson). The Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety is funding a
cooperative ISGS-ISWS study to develop a comprehensive list of criteria
to be used in siting a low-level radioactive waste disposal facility.
Criteria important in near-surface disposal (such as presence of
aquifers or areas of natural resource concentration) have been mapped on
a statewide scale and may be used to differentiate potentially unsuit-
able from suitable areas for near-surface disposal. To date, two phases

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of the project are complete: (1) regional aquifer screening maps, and
(2) regional and site-specific geologic and hydrologic criteria and
recommendations for siting. The entire project is to be completed by
June 30, 1986, and will include methodological approaches used in site
descriptions and site comparison criteria. All information will be
published by the Survey.

The GIS is being used to produce maps of factors that influence the
suitability of land areas for disposal of low-level wastes. Maps of
geologic, hydrologic, cultural, demographic, and natural resource
factors have been produced by reformatting and combining map data put
into the GIS.

Hydrogeologic Experience at a Low-Level /Shallow Land Burial Site:
A Look Toward the Future (K. Cartwright, J. Miller, and R. Berg). The
8th Annual Symposium on Geotechnical and Geohydrological Aspects of
Waste Management included a paper discussing inadequacies in regional
siting and site characterization of the Sheffield low-level radioactive
waste disposal facility and the problems that could have been avoided
through more modern siting methodologies. Site characteristics should
be based upon recognition of a predictable sequence of geologic
materials and absence of continuous layers of permeable materials. Com-
puter mapping on a regional scale can augment site selection activities.

Study of Trench Covers to Minimize Infiltration at Waste-Disposal
Sites (Cartwright, T. Johnson, Larson, Moffett, and Albrecht). This
study of trench cover designs, funded by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory
Commission through the University of Illinois, was initiated in October
1980 because of concerns related to the leakage of low-level radioactive
wastes at the Sheffield disposal site.

Several designs of layered-soil covers were tested through labora-
tory, computer and field simulations. The layered covers varied in
their ability to impede infiltration, but all limited infiltration more
than did a conventional cover. The draft final report for this contract
has been submitted; however, monitoring of the field site is continuing.
A supplementary monitoring report will be submitted at the conclusion of
the project.

Service Activities Related to the Hydrogeology of Waste Disposal

Reports are prepared upon request for the Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency and local health agencies to aid in processing appli-
cations for operation of disposal facilities. These reports require a
compilation of all available surface and subsurface geologic information
and a field survey of the sites by one of the Geological Survey's pro-
fessional staff. During the reporting period, 39 reports and related
letters were written about existing or proposed waste disposal facili-
ties. The counties involved in these reports and letters were Boone,
McHenry, Kane, Cook, Will, Bureau, Peoria, Madison, St. Clair,
Champaign, Vermilion, Cumberland, Clark, Lawrence, Marion, Jefferson,
Saline, Alexander, and Pulaski. In addition, some questions were

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handled directly through telephone calls or through discussions with
visitors, consultants, and the EPA.

Survey staff provide consultation to the IEPA on hydrogeologi cal
aspects of underground injection of industrial wastes in Class I wells.
This class of disposal wells is administered under regulations of the
Underground Injection Control (UIC) program. All wells are being
operated under rule, while permits are under review following receipt of
the UIC program by the State. The Geological and Water Surveys are
conducting technical reviews of these permits. In addition, field
visits to the well sites have been made to observe tests and well
operations. About 75 questions concerning this method of waste disposal
were handled over the telephone or through discussions with visitors.
Interest in deep well disposal of all types of liquid wastes is expected
to increase following recent changes regarding administrating the
various types of waste disposal.

GEOLOGICAL STUDIES OF ILLINOIS LAKES AND RIVERS

Lake Michigan Research and Service

Over the past 15 years, the Geological Survey has acquired an
impressive information base for support of research and services in
southern Lake Michigan. It contains data on more than 800 bottom grab
samples, 300 bottom cores, 2,000 miles of geophysical profiles from 12
major lake cruises, 20,000 slides, 1,600 high altitude photos, and more
than 30,000 chemical analyses. Dozens of ISGS publications and contract
reports deal with environmental chemistry of sediments, stratigraphy of
lake sediments, shore stabilities, fishery breeding sites, glacial till
distribution, history of the lake, and history of lake levels. These
data make possible service to numerous federal, state, and county and
municipal agencies as well as to the public; however, service requests
from community organizations, as well as riparian owners, have recently
exceeded the capacity of our small research team to respond.

During the year the main preoccupation was with rising and persis-
tently high lake levels and the development of a program to provide
technical assistance to the Illinois shore. Considerable effort and
energy was devoted to planning and assisting DENrt in preparation for the
"Governor's Conference on Lake Michigan — Illinois' Great Lake." The
Scoping Study for Lake Michigan, which provided a basis for the
Governor's conference, has been much used by research and service
agencies.

Scoping Study for Lake Michigan Issues (Holm, Gatz, and Collinson).
Funded by the Board of Natural Resources at $33,600 for one year
beginning August 16, 1984, this study was designed to review present and
past research in Lake Michigan. The purposes were to evaluate research
needs and establish priorities for state supported research in Lake
Michigan.

Erosion due to wave action along a lake shore.

Glencoe, July 1985: emergency shore protection in response to abnormally high lake levels. Contractor is reveting the Lake Michigan
shore by adding large stone blocks called rip rap to stabilize the toe of the bluff and prevent erosion by wave action. This is one of
more than 30 similar projects completed on the Illinois shore in 1985.

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This project was conpleted on August 31, 1985. More than 20U indi-
viduals at state, federal, and local agencies and universities were
contacted regarding their current reseach projects and their views on
research and service needs for Illinois' involvement on the lake. From
these interviews and additional sources, information on 27U current
(1983 and beyond) research projects were compiled and entered into a
computerized database. In addition to the project listing, a computer-
ized bibliography containing over 4,000 articles covering research in
all fields, has been compiled. A summary report was written that iden-
tified the gaps in research, the areas of heaviest concentration of
efforts and major sponsors of research, and that recommended a program
of research priorities for the State Scientific Surveys.

Information from this project has been provided to the Great Lakes
Commission, the International Joint Commission, Argonne National Labora-
tory, the Lake Michigan Interleague of Women Voters, The Center for
Great Lakes, consultants for U.S. EPA, and other researchers.

Lake Michigan Research Information Database (Holm). A grant of
$9,567 was obtained from the Joyce Foundation, Chicago, IL, to continue
work for six months (November 1, 1985 to May 31, 1986) on the project
listing and bibliography on Lake Michigan. These are currently being
updated and edited. The bibliography has grown to 5,000 entries.
Numerous requests for information on Lake Michigan from researchers and
agencies have been answered.

Illinois Shoreline Erosion Interim I — Lake Michigan (Collinson and
L. Smith). In July, 1985, the U.S. Corps of Engineers requested an
update of the shoreline position. In August, 18 one-page maps of the
shore were delivered. They were published in December 1985 as Illinois
Shoreline Erosion, Interim I--Shoreline Positions, Pis. 1-18 j_n_ Illinois
Shoreline Erosion: U.S. Corps of Engineers, Lake Michigan, Summary
Information Report.

Lake Michigan Sediment Studies (Cahill). Since 1969 the Illinois
State Geological Survey has been conducting investigations of the bottom
sediments in Lake Michigan.

To determine recent sediment movement, we measured the levels of
the element, 137Cs, of 175 grab samples of the upper 3 cm of sediment.
This element, derived mainly from nuclear explosions, is a direct
measure of man's activities and can be used to help trace recent events
chronologically. 137Cs level correlated well with concentrations of
organic carbon, lead, and other anthropogenic trace metals in the
sediment. Atmospherically derived 137Cs and trace metals are being
redistributed by sedimentary processes in Lake Michigan after being
incorporated in suspended sediment. A paper was presented at the Fourth
International Symposium on Paleol imnology on the distribution of 137Cs
in the recent sediments in Lake Michigan. The paper will be published
in Hydrobiologia in a special symposium volume.

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Hydrography and Sedimentology of the Zion-Beach Park-Winthrop
Harbor Marina Site (North Point Harbor) (Collinson, L. Smith, Sargent,
and Norby). In April 1985, new hydrographic profiles were run, and in
June, a new detailed hydrographic map was completed. By July, shore
recession maps were drafted, preparing the way for littoral estimates
and design heights to be completed and set to the contractors in January
1986. In addition, maps defining depth to till, sand thickness, and
depth to bedrock maps have been completed.

Aerial and Land Reconnaissance of the Lake Michigan Shore (Norby,
Collinson, Sargent, and Grubb). Two aerial photographic flights and
several land photographic trips were made during the year. More than
200 slides were distributed and used for the Governor's Conference, in a
number of publications and by other organizations.

Response to Lake Michigan Shore Erosion (Collinson and L. Smith).
This 5-month, $27,000 project began February 1. Funded by the ENR
Environmental Research Fund, it involves the inventory of the Lake
Michigan shore, the preparation of a recommended shore protection plan,
and the revision of design standards for Illinois shore protection
structures. Work is underway on a computer file and a shore atlas.

The Role of Silurian Bedrock Reefs in the Lake Michigan Lake Trout
Fishery (Collinson and Holm). Federal assistance has provided $17,896
for a one-year FY87 study overseen by the Illinois Department of
Conservation. The project will consist of sedimentologic and geomorphic
studies conducted in cooperation with William Home's project on the
viability of trout eggs on Julian's Reef.

Lake Chronology in the Lake Michigan Basin: 15,000 RCYBP to
Present (Hansel). A radiocarbon chronology of lake level history for
the Lake Michigan Basin over the past 15,000 RCYBP has been prepared on
the basis of detailed stratigraphic studies of deposits in the southern
Lake Michigan area. Approximately 50 radiocarbon dates on materials
collected from Lake Michigan Basin shoreline deposits have been pro-
cessed in the past 48 months by the ISGS Radiocarbon Lab. These data
have made possible an increasingly detailed and revised lake history
reconstruction.

Services to Shoreline Residents and Communities

Illinois Capital Development Board and Uaukegan Port Authority. In

1984 the Illinois Capital Development Board asked the ISGS to inspect a
deteriorating, newly built breakwater at Waukegan and develop a mitiga-
tion plan. After numerous conferences, site inspections, underwater
inspections and reports, a final report has been presented to CDB and
the Waukegan Port Authority. A multi -agency and contractor conference
reviewed the report and asked that the Survey continue inspections and
plan a geophysical field study of the breakwater.

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Wilmette Langdon Park -US Corps of Engineers Studies. At the

request of the Wilmette Park District, Collinson examined Langdon Park
and Corps of Engineers plans for building an artificial beach.
Collinson reported that beach use is no longer appropriate and that the
small park is in danger of destruction. A major protective structure
was recommended.

Glencoe Shore Zoning Liabilities. Mayor Elizabeth Warren has
requested a study of a shore property for which a legal building permit
and subdivision permit had been granted by the village. The study is
aimed at determining the extent of the possibility that the property
will structurally fail.

Sheridan Road Condo and Coop Apartment Owners Association. The

Association has asked for technical support in obtaining improved shore
protection. A site conference was held in late March 1986.

Rivers and Backwater Lake Research

The Des Plaines River Wetland Demonstration Project (McKenna, Berg,
and J. Miller). In June 1985, a study funded by Wetlands Research, Inc.
was initiated to determine the feasibility of contracting a riverine
wetland within the floodplain of the Des Plaines River in Lake County,
Illinois. Preliminary work investigated the geology, engineering pro-
perties of the materials and site, and groundwater hydrology as well as
the stability and geochemistry of the Des Plaines River within the
boundaries of the proposed wetland site. A report discussing the
results of this study was prepared and published by Wetlands Research,
Inc. A second proposal for geomorphic monitoring of the Des Plaines
River has also been submitted to Wetlands Research, Inc.

Geology and Hydrogeology of Heron Pond, Johnson County, Illinois

(Berg, Morse, and Stohr). Part of a larger project by the Water Survey
to establish a hydrologic plan for the entire Cache River Basin, the
goal of this study is to provide the information necessary to save Heron
Pond, a Nature Preserve, from destruction by the encroaching Cache
River. About 40 to 70 feet separate the cypress-studded pond from the
outer bend of a meander of the Cache River. Only 8 to 11 feet of
alluvium lie over bedrock between the pond and the river, offering
little resistance to the erosion of the side-cutting river. Several
borings have been made, and samples of the alluvium have been collected
to determine the nature and extent of the unit and the depth to bedrock.
Several piezometers have been installed to determine the groundwater
gradient between the pond and the river, and to try to determine ground-
water movement through the bottom of the pond. Engineering tests for
grain size and erodability of the alluvium will yield important data for
the design of artificial protection for this important wetland preserve.
The project is partially funded by the Illinois Department of
Conservation.

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Sedimentation Rate Studies in Lakes Using 137Cs and 210Pb (Cahill
and Autrey). High sedimentation rates in some Illinois lakes quickly
degrade water quality and may reduce the useful lives of these lakes as
water supplies. The results of radiometric dating at 13 locations were
presented in a paper for the International Symposium on Nuclear Analy-
tical Chemistry. The sedimentation rates ranged from 0.7 to 3.6 cm/yr.
Additional sampling was conducted on Peoria Lake in 198b. The results
from 137Cs and 210Pb agreed well with a bathymetric survey that was
conducted concurrently by the State Water Survey.

HYDR0GE0L0GY INVESTIGATIONS
Groundwater Geology

Freshwater Resources of Basal Pennsylvanian Sandstones in South-
western Illinois (Poole). This study delineated areas of basal Pennsyl-
vanian sandstone containing groundwater of acceptable chemical quality,
determined general trends in water chemistry and their possible rela-
tionship to hydrologic and geologic parameters, and established baseline
data for future management and planning. It was found that basal Penn-
sylvanian sandstones constitute a significant, relatively undeveloped
aquifer system in southwestern Illinois. A detailed study of the extent
and quality of the sandstone water resources over the region has not
previously been available, and increasing development of the sandstone
water resources by rural users and some communities in recent years
indicated that this report on freshwater resources is needed by future
water-resource developers and managers.

Irrigation Potential and Impacts (P. Reed, McKenna, and
J. Gilkeson). The Geological, Water, and Natural History Surveys are
cooperating in a project to develop an irrigation prediction model for
Illinois. The area chosen for study is about 1,500 square miles in the
Mahomet Valley region of east-central Illinois and includes the
Arrowsmith, Gibson City, LeRoy, Mahomet, Maroa, and Monti cello Quad-
rangles. The Geological Survey will provide a geologic framework and
define aquifers capable of supplying water for small to large scale
i rrigation systems.

Groundwater Geochemistry

Environmental Effects of Oil Field Brines (McKenna, Hensel, Steele,
Whitaker, E. C. Smith, Poole, Laymon; and Carbet, State Water and
Natural History Surveys). The Department of Energy and Natural
Resources is funding a reconnaissance study to assess the effects of
past and present oil production practices on the soil, water, and biotic
resources of an area of southeastern Clay County. Geophysical and
photo-geologic techniques will be used to identify sources of the
problems revealed in the resource inventory. Since the occurrence of
saline water may either be natural or the result of brine disposal, the
chemical composition of the salt water will be analyzed to determine the
source of the salts. An additional objective of this study is to

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improve our ability to estimate potential impacts within other oil-
producing regions of Illinois.

Groundwater Characterization of the Rockford Area (Berg; and
Wehrmann and LeSeur, Water Survey). The purpose of this study, funded
through the HWRIC jointly to the ISGS and ISWS, is to characterize the
quality of groundwater in an area extremely susceptible to contamina-
tion. The role of the ISGS is to identify geologic materials within the
Rock River Valley and establish lines of cross section to verify con-
tinuity of materials. This information is needed to evaluate the zones
from which groundwater samples will be taken for eventual analyses of
groundwater quality. Numerous aquitards are present in the valley;
groundwater quality could differ above and below the aquitards. The
Water Survey is performing extensive chemical analyses of the ground-
water and establishing lines of groundwater flow. This study will be
completed by July 1986.

Groundwater-Geophysics Studies

Hydrogeological and Geophysical Investigation of Groundwater
Resources in Kane County (R. Gilkeson, Laymon, and Heigold). This ISGS-
ISWS investigation funded by the county was initiated in 1983 (1) to
evaluate groundwater resources in the glacial drift (sand and gravel)
aquifers and the shallow dolomite bedrock aquifers of Kane County, and
(2) to provide information essential to the management and protection of
groundwater resources in the county. Two geophysical methods (seismic
refraction and electrical earth resistivity) were used by ISGS staff to
define the regional distribution of significant glacial drift aquifers
in the county. The regional information is being used in a new program
that will guide communities in developing groundwater supplies from sand
and gravel aquifers. The new program is supported with funds from the
communities and includes application of surface geophysics to locate
test borings; geologic descriptions and sieve analysis of samples
collected from the borings; downhole geophysics to define aquifer pro-
perties; the design of test wells; and the supervision of pump tests.
The communities who have joined in this program include Aurora,
Montgomery, Geneva, and Batavia.

Renewable Energy Resources in Illinois (Larson). The Geological
Survey is participating with the Water Survey and the Natural History
Survey in the Board-funded investigation of the renewable energy
resources in Illinois. An important class of renewable energy tech-
nologies is geothermal energy systems. One type of system, the geo-
thermal heat pump, is being commercially installed in Illinois for
domestic and light-duty industrial space heating and air conditioning.
However, the basic physical properties of thermal conductivity and
diffusivity are not known for Illinois soils. Soil samples have been
collected from across the state and are being analyzed for their thermal
properties. The results will be incorporated into the statewide
Geographic Information System so that maps can be prepared to show the
range of thermal properties of soils in the state.

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Assistance to Six Small Water-Short Communities in Illinois:
Surficial Elecrical Earth Resistivity Surveys (Poole). Most Illinois
communities that experience water shortages due to marginal or deficient
supplies are located in the central portion of the state. In this
study, six small central Illinois communities that experienced water
supply problems during the drought of 1976-77 were selected for an
electrical earth resistivity (EER) survey program as an aid to siting
new municipal wells. The six communities were chosen on the basis of a
history of past shortages, estimated future water demand, and the
possiblity of obtaining a greater water supply from the glacial drift.
Information available on the geologic framework of each study area was
used in conjunction with the EER data to delineate favorable sites for
test drilling.

Service Activities

Groundwater Geology Reports and Electrical Earth Resistivity
Surveys (Staff). Letter reports on groundwater geologic conditions are
prepared at the request of citizens, industry, public water supply
systems, and governmental agencies to provide information in the siting
and development of new and supplemental water supply wells. Electrical
earth resistivity (EER) surveys are conducted upon requests for well
sites at which a test well failed to obtain an adequate water supply.
The EER surveys supplement the information summarized in the geologic
report. In addition, numerous requests for general geologic information
are answered.

During 1985-86, 736 letters, reports, and technical letters were
prepared.

Groundwater Possibilities Reports 102

Pubic water supplies 27

Farms and rural residences 53

Irrigation 16

Industrial 6

EER Surveys 4U

Farms and rural residences 28

Public water supplies 8

Irrigation 2

Oil field brine definition 2

General Technical Information _578

Miscellaneous Letters 16

Sieve analysis of well cuttings (14 wells)
Study of samples from problem wells (2 wells)

These statistics do not include information provided by staff
during the year in response to approximately 950 telephone requests and
to 130 visitors who came to the Survey seeking help on specific problems
from the staff of the Groundwater Section.

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Other Groundwater Studies and Projects

Aquifer Assessment Program Plan (T. Johnson and Larson). The
Groundwater Section at the Geological Survey is cooperating with the
State Water Survey in the development of a Groundwater Resources
Assessment Plan as part of the Aquifer Assessment Program. Based on
meetings between the staff of the two Surveys the first draft of the
plan has been prepared. This plan will address the need for an inte-
grated program for groundwater resource assessment in Illinois.

Technical Assistance Program (McKenna, E. C. Smith, J. Gilkeson,
and Mushrush) . This Department of Energy and Natural Resources funded
project includes technical assistance and response activities in con-
junction with the Water Use Act of 1983 and efforts to develop an
improved data management system for groundwater information. The
Groundwater Section has evaluated the hydrogeologic setting of 87
proposed high-capacity wells for possible adverse effects on nearby
wells. A microcomputer-based data management system that allows
retrieval of information on well location, depth of use, and target
aquifer has been developed. This system will include data from Water
Use Act requests, groundwater potential reports, and electrical earth
resistivity studies.

Public Groundwater Supplies in Illinois. Survey geologists contri-
buted reports on the geology and stratigraphy of aquifer units for the
Du Page, Livingston, and Knox County parts of the Illinois State Water
Survey Bulletin 60. These comprehensive reports chronicle the produc-
tion of individual wells and aquifers and the effects of pumpage on
water supplies. The reports delineate trends that help municipalities
plan to maintain water supplies and quality.

EARTH HAZARDS AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

Landslides

Landslide in Iroquois County (Bradford, Killey, and Krumm). At the
request of a Belmont Township trustee in Iroquois County, Survey staff
investigated a landslide causing damage and hazardous conditions to
drivers along a county road. The landslide is located adjacent to Sugar
Creek about one mile south of Watseka. Instruments were installed at
the slide to monitor the sliding mechanism and to provide geotechnical
information for design treatment. The instruments will help determine
the position of the failure plane and document earth movements.
Periodically, reports about the study are made to the county. A
scientific report of this study is being prepared for presentation at
the 1986 meeting of the North-Central Section of the Geological Society
of America.

Landslides at Chester, Illinois (DuMontelle, Killey, and Krumm).
Landslides in and around Chester, Illinois, have damaged houses, roads,
and utilities. After spending more than $100,000 to repair a section of

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road, representatives of Region II of the Illinois Emergency Services
and Disaster Agency (ESUA) arranged for staff from ISGS to meet with
Mayor Dierkson, one of the city alderman, and the street commissioner to
review and comment on the problem. The landslides occur naturally,
caused by the geology and climate of the region. A letter report was
prepared for ESDA and the Mayor describing the mechanism and probable
cause of the problems. We indicated that Chester would benefit a great
deal if the geologic factors and the areal extent of the landslides were
better defined so that unstable areas could be avoided. Robin Warren,
graduate student at the University of Illinois, has selected the Chester
site as a thesis problem and will be starting work there this summer.

Mine Subsidence Research

Illinois Mine Subsidence Research Program (DuMontelle, Bauer,
Gefell, and Trent). Organized in 1985 to coordinate research and
develop guidelines that safeguard the interests of the mining and
farming industries, this 5-year program is designed to study the effects
of subsidence caused by coal mining beneath prime farmland and to pre-
pare guidelines to eliminate or mitigate problems. The program is
supported by both federal and state funding gained through the efforts
of the Illinois Coal Association and the Illinois Farm Bureau. Leader-
ship of the technical program is provided by the Illinois State Geo-
logical Survey with the assistance of scientists from Southern Illinois
University at Carbondale, the University of Illinois, the Illinois
Department of Mines and Minerals, and the U.S. Bureau of Mines. During
the first year, investigations were conducted to evaluate the in-place
strength of mine floor materials at two mines, initial surveys of crop
damage resulting from subsidence were completed, and arrangements were
made for overburden studies over an active high-extraction mining site.
Database management systems are being tested and developed. A brochure
describing the program was published and Technical and Advisory Board
Meetings have been held.

Application of Time Domain Reflectometry to Subsidence Monitoring

(Bauer). Northwestern University and the ISGS are investigating the use
of a coaxial cable testing device and coaxial cables grouted in bore-
holes to sense subsidence movement above active coal mines. This elec-
trical response method is called time domain reflectometry (TDR). For
many years, TDR has been used successfully in the communications
industry to locate breaks and damaged sections of telephone cable. The
IMSRP high-extraction mining site used to investigate overburden move-
ment will be used also to compare TDR surveying methods with conven-
tional geotechnical methods.

Mine Subsidence Insurance Fund Claims Database (Bradford,
DuMontelle, Hindman, Cooper, and Junkins). More than 2,000 claims,
including all current claims, are now recorded in the database for the
Mine Subsidence Insurance Fund Claims Database in the DENR Prime
Computer. This system will continue to be used to develop maps showing
the spatial distribution of claims in Illinois using the Survey's
Geographical Information System. However, to provide better access and

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Geologists, Myrna M. Killey and Susan Carol Bradford, investigate a crack near the main scarp of a landslide in
Iroquois County. The road in the background is threatened by the landslide; the gravel mounds between the
people and the road represent attempts by a township highway commissioner to keep the shoulder of the road
high enough to be safe for passing motorists.

Myrna M. Killey points out one of many trees tilted by a landslide in Iroquois County.

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Not all ponding in fields is connected with coal-mine subsidence. Natural depressions are common. Illinois'
broad areas of flat terrain are very sensitive to the variable midwestern climate and to differences in elevation.
In fact, much of this land had to be tiled and drained to farm the rich soil.

'' '' ^ "**• J<-,*W - * : — ' —

7-r^r-

Floor heaving in a coal mine is caused by the load from the overburden rocks pushing the coal pillars into a
weak floor.

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communication with the office for the Illinois Mine Subsidence Insurance
Fund, these data will be transferred to a microcomputer. The ISGS menu-
driven software developed to aid authorized users of the directory will
be copyrighted. Survey staff will participate with the manager and a
consultant for the Fund to present findings of the program at a national
workshop—Subsidence Due to Underground Mining—held in June 1986 in
Morgantown, West Virginia, and sponsored by the Office of Surface Mining
and West Virginia University. Our contract with the Mine Subsidence
Insurance Fund may be extended for another year beginning June 15, 1986.

Maps and Mapping

Resolution of the Illinois/Kentucky Boundary Dispute (DuMontelle
and Scoggin). In 1792 the boundary between Illinois and Kentucky was
defined by Congress as the low-water level position on the northwest
shore of the Ohio River. Because no maps were available in 1792 and the
position was not monumented, both states have claimed right to parts of
the river. Representatives of the Survey, the Illinois Department of
Tranportation, and the Illinois Department of Conservation met with John
Brunsman, Assistant Illinois Attorney General, to review options in
proceeding with a friendly action to the Supreme Court to resolve the
boundary dispute. In June, using a map developed from the earliest
survey of the U.S. Corps of Engineers and new technology in digitizing
and map making, Illinois will make a boundary proposal to Kentucky. The
Survey has offered to serve as a reviewer in this process and to act as
a repository for the information within the DENR geographical informa-
tion system. The Survey will also provide the U.S. Geological Survey
with the agreed upon digitized boundary to be shown on all new maps con-
structed for II linois.

Satellite Image Map of Illinois (Stohr and DuMontelle). Within 10
days after issuing the first false color satellite map of Illinois, the
Survey received orders for more than 8,000 copies. Nearly 15,000 maps
have now been distributed. The 36 by 52 inch map was prepared for
printing by the Northern Illinois University Laboratory for Cartographic
and Spatial Analysis and the U.S. Geological Survey; 13 Landsat Thematic
Mapper film images that covered the state were mosaicked using a photo-
mechanical method developed by Alden Warren of the U.S. Geological
Survey. A second satellite image map showing the northeastern part of
Illinois at a scale of 1:200,000 was released in March.

Activities of the Illinois Affiliate Office of the National Carto-
graphic Information Center (Scoggin, DuMontelle, and Stohr). The
Illinois Affiliate Office of the National Cartographic Information
Center (NCIC) is making plans to celebrate in 1987 the first -time
coverage of Illinois with l:24,000-scale 7.5-minute topographic maps.
Fifty-two maps were released for distribution this year and the 36
remaining quadrangles in this series are expected to be completed late
in 1986 or early in 1987.

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Our free-distribution program sends each new map to local and state
officials. This year, separate mailings were made for 115 new 7.5-
minute maps, 5 new 30° by 60° quadrangles, and one county map.

Current objectives of the Illinois topographic and planimetric
mapping program also includes revising the 1:500, 000-scale Illinois base
map and publication of approximately 30 1:100, 000-scale county maps.
The NCIC affiliate is preparing a new USGS Index to Topographic Maps of
Illinois to show the complete coverage of 7.5-minute quadrangles.

The affiliate received more than 500 telephone inquiries and met
more than 170 visitors seeking geodetic control data and information
about cartography.

Rock and Soil Mechanics

Distress Cracking of Concrete Highway Pavement (Bauer, Baxter,
Masters, and Hughes). Distress cracking is a major problem for concrete
highways in Illinois. In a cooperative study with the Illinois Depart-
ment of Transportation to develop a simple field procedure for deter-
mining the susceptibility of aggregate to cracking caused by freezing
and thawing, we are investigating the suitability of field and labora-
tory testing methods. Shore and Rockwell hardness testing results will
be compared with other common field tests such as point-load index,
indirect tensile strength, and compressive and shear wave velocity.
These tests will be studied and correlated to the freeze-thaw suscepti-
bility of aggregate samples as shown by percent strain elongation.

Soil Pressure on Basement Walls (Bradford and DuMontelle). The

of Illinois Small Homes Council are working

damage ana sometimes coiiapse Dasement wans in nomes. me study wi
include a survey of homes in Champaign County, field sampling at
selected sites, laboratory analysis, and finally evaluation of these
findings to design a full-scale laboratory experiment. This experiment
will measure lateral pressures as they increase against the wall and
enable researchers to better design walls and to evaluate other mitiga-
tion procedures.

Review of Plans for Mining Coal (Bauer). At the request of the
Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, plans for mining coal are
analyzed to determine the stability of coal pillars and underclay
(floor) materials during and after mining. Three mine designs were
reviewed this year utilizing a series of five computer programs written
by Robert A. Bauer (Coal Section). An important part of the analysis is
based on a comparison between reported strengths of the rock and
strengths of similar rock units found in our ISGS physical properties
database.

-83-

Activities of the Rock Mechanics Laboratory (Bauer, Gefell, Hasek,
and Su). Rock samples from two prospective coal mine sites and one
operating mine were tested to determine strength characteristics.
Strength testing of cores from a sandstone channel at one of the mines
showed that the rock strength properties of the sandstone in the channel
were no different from the shale roof found in other parts of the mine.
This assured the company that they could mine through the channels using
existing equipment. Rock strength information was supplied to the
Illinois Department of Transportation, four private consulting firms,
three coal companies, two oil companies, the U.S. Geological Survey, the
Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, and Los Alamos National
Laboratory.

Activities of the Inter-Survey Geotechnical Laboratory (M. Miller,
Roeper, Westcott, and Chibani). The Inter-Survey Geotechnical Labora-
tory processed 6,600 samples since May 1, 1985. These samples were
submitted from a number of different projects including irrigation
studies, the Lake Peoria evaluation project, the Des Plaines River
Wetlands project, the Lake Springfield Drainage study, the Quincy Bay
project as well as the monitoring networks maintained by the Illinois
State Water Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey. The laboratory also
supervised the Surveys' driller and drilling operations. Projects mainly
included the installation of surficial instruments and sampling surfi-
cial materials. The rig was also used to diamond drill Pennsyl vanian
sediments at one site in southern Illinois.

Other Research and Service

Geotechnical Information for Prospective Factory Sites Identified
by the Department of Commerce and Community Affairs (DCCA) (Bradford,
DuMontelle, Poole, and Killey). The Survey provided information about
construction conditions and availability of water at nine prospective
factory sites in Champaign, Jefferson, Kankakee, Madison, Putnam, St.
Clair, Sangamon, and Will Counties. DCCA will keep the information on
file so that it can match the requirements of site developers with
appropriate sites.

Investigations of the Hazardous-Waste Landfill at Wilsonville,
Macoupin County (Stohr, Su, and DuMontelle). Survey field and labora-
tory engineering geology studies at the hazardous-waste landfill at
Wilsonville are now complete. These determined the physical properities
of soil materials at the site, included surveys to determine whether
mine subsidence could have contributed to the failure of the site, and
evaluated the performance of the trench covers constructed at the site.
Final reports are being prepared and reviewed.

Proposed Waste Disposal Chambers at Ottawa (Bauer and DuMontelle).
Pioneer Processing, Inc. has proposed to build concrete vaults to store
wastes near Ottawa, Illinois. The foundations of these structures will
bear on bedrock units 60 to 70 feet below ground surface. At the
company's request we have provided strength values of specific rock
units from existing data. Additional site specific design and strength
determinations may be made in the future.

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GENERAL AND BASIC RESEARCH AND SERVICES

W. John Nelson, Coal Section, examines strata of the Abbott Formation (Pennsylvanian) in the Stonefort
Quadrangle, Pope County: COGEOMAP project.

-86-

GENERAL AND BASIC RESEARCH

GENERAL

Major Equipment Acquisition

In the long history of the Scientific Surveys, the major equipment
provisions contained in the 1986 "Build Illinois" legislation will
clearly become a landmark --one highlighted by the strong support of our
Board of Natural Resources and Conservation. As a result, $1 million
worth of equipment has already been approved for delivery to the three
Surveys in FY86. Moreover, an additional $2 million has been committed
this year for delivery of major equipment in FY87 following reappropri-
ation of the funds by the legislature.

Finally, according to the Build Illinois legislation, an additional
$2 million is scheduled for appropriation by the legislature for
equipment purchases in FY87.

GEOLOGIC MAPPING

Bedrock Mapping

Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program with the U.S. Geological
Survey in Southern Illinois (COGEOMAP) (Damberger, Oanner, Devera,
Jacobson, Lumm, Nelson, Trask, and Weibel). The Cooperative agreement
with the U.S. Geological Survey to geologically map 15 7.5-minute quad-
rangles along the southern closure of the Illinois Basin was extended
for a second year (FY87) . The area to be mapped includes the exposed
lower part of the coal -bearing Pennsyl vanian sequence, below the well-
known coals of the Illinois Basin. Any coals contained in the sequence
will have a high heating value and be potentially low in sulfur content
due to the mostly nonmarine origin of the rock sequence. The area to be
mapped is crossed by numerous faults that may be mineralized in a manner
similar to the faults of the fluorspar district to the southeast. The
recognition of previously unknown structures or the reinterpretation of
known ones may provide new incentives for oil and gas exploration.

Publication of the Shawneetown, Equality, and Rudement 7.5-Minute
Geologic Quadrangles (Lumm, Nelson, Damberger, and Cartographic Group of
Northern Illinois University). These three quadrangles were mapped by
Nelson and Lumm with the assistance of NRC, which provided funds to
study the structural geology of southeastern Illinois (between 1981 and
1984). The geologic maps were compiled in draft form and after review
turned over to the Cartographic Group of Northern Illinois University,
under Dr. Dahlberg's leadership, for artwork, final drafting, layout,
scribing, text setting, and color negatives. This work will be com-
pleted by early spring and the maps will be printed and published by
mid-1986. The request for bids to print the maps has been submitted to
the Springfield offices.

■87-

Creal Springs and Eddyville Quadrangles (Jacobson, Trask, Nelson,
Lumm, Devera, Weibel, and Danner). Field work on these two quadrangles
is almost complete. Drafts of the geologic maps, cross sections,
stratigraphic column, and legend were completed late in 1985 and early
in 1986. Field checking will be completed by June. Final drafts of the
two maps will be submitted to the U.S. Geological Survey for review.

The detailed mapping leads to greatly improved knowledge of coal
seam exposures, including several coals not previously recognized, of
fault traces, of the regional structure, and of the stratigraphy and
depositional environments of the lower Pennsyl vanian strata.

Contract funds were used to drill eight shallow stratigraphic test
holes, four on the Creal Springs quadrangle and four on the Eddyville
quadrangle. The drill sites were selected to provide maximum informa-
tion in areas of poorly exposed stratigraphy. The drill program was
completed in November 1985. The recovered core and downhole geophysical
logs have proven valuable aids in compiling the maps.

A cooperative agreement with Dr. Steven Esling of the Department of
Geology at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale provides for
geologic mapping of the surficial (Quaternary) earth materials on the
Creal Springs and Eddyville quadrangles. A total of 56 holes were
drilled with the Survey's Giddings drill rig on the two quadrangles (29
on Creal Springs, 27 on Eddyville) to supplement field work and library
research. Draft maps that show the distribution of the surficial
materials were completed early in 1986. The uplands have the most com-
plete section: 3 to 4.5 feet of Peoria Loess above 3 to 4 feet of
Roxana Silt, which rests on 0.5 to 3 feet of residuum. Field and
laboratory work is being carried out by two graduate students, Matt
Riggs and Beth Henderson, as part of their masters' theses. Another
cooperative agreement was reached with Dr. Larry Malinconico, also of
SIU, to map the gravity and magnetic fields of the two quadrangles on a
closely spaced grid. The Creal Springs quadrangle was completely mapped
by Steve Brennecke, whose findings have helped interpret some struc-
tures. Final reports are expected by late summer.

Stonefort, Glendale, and Ualtersburg Quadrangles (Nelson, Lumm,
Jacobson, Trask, Devera, and Weibel). Active field work currently
concentrates on these three quadrangles, which are in various stages of
progress. The Stonefort quadrangle is located between the almost com-
pleted Creal Springs and Eddyville quadrangles, and an effort will be
made to complete most of the field work on it by June. The Waltersburg
quadrangle was partially mapped more than 20 years ago by James W.
Baxter (Industrial Minerals Section) during mapping of the Illinois
fluorspar district. Current mapping concentrates on the areas of lower
Pennsyl vanian strata. The Glendale quadrangle is the least advanced.

Mapping the surficial materials and the magnetic and gravity fields
will be a cooperative program involving Drs. Esling and Malinconico of
SIU.

-88-

Heinz H. Damberger, Head of the Coal Section, and Russell J. Jacobson, Coal Geologist, examine tilted strata of the New Burn-
side Structure for the COGEOMAP project: Creal Springs Quadrangle, Johnson County.

Dust storm: soil erosion as the source of eolian (windblown) deposits. On this day, wind speed was 30 to 40 m.p.h. with gusts up
to 60 m.p.h. Route 47, Kane County.

-89-

Surficial Geology

Landscape-Scale Interactions in Vermilion River Basin (Follmer and
Stanke). Studies have been initiated to evaluate the geological factors
that control stream quality in the Salt Fork and Middle Fork of the
Vermilion River between Champaign and Danville. A relationship has been
found that indicates the biological condition of stream water is a
function of stream gradient. River segments with low gradients suffer
the greatest deterioration during low flow conditions. Geological
factors that cause different stream gradients have been identified and
are the subject of continuing research. The project is supported by ENR
Contract EH24.

Edwards River Valley Soil Geomorphology (Follmer; Tandarich and
Darmody, University of Illinois). This study was initiated to explain
an unusual pattern of sandy soils along the Edwards River Valley of
Mercer county. The valley has an asymmetrical cross section with a
series of steps. Eolian sand deposits, once thought to be outwash,
cover most of the valley sides in an irregular pattern. A highly com-
plex erosional and depositional history explains much of the soil pat-
tern. The soil and geology patterns are very important for agricultural
land-use management, determining pollution potential, and protecting
water resources.

The Evolution of Pedologic and Geologic Profile Concepts in the
Midcontinent, USA (Follmer; Tandarich and Darmody, University of
Illinois). The concepts of the weathering profile and soil profile have
experienced a long history of development. The C horizon concepts have
not yet been worked out to a consensus among geologists and pedologists.
A detailed explanation of a genetic-based classification for subdivi-
sions of the C horizon has been developed to be compatible with concepts
of the main body of soils.

Recognition of Paleosols in the Field (Follmer). A committee of
the International Soil Science Society has asked Leon R. Follmer to
prepare a chapter on the recognition of paleosols in the field for a
Handbook on the Identification of Paleosols. Paleosols are important in
the study of old and buried Tandscapes. They are used to identify
geologic units in stratigraphic classification. Paleosols at shallow
depths are very important in the control of physical and chemical char-
acteristics of soils on the present land surface.

Geologic Materials to a Depth of 50 Feet in Illinois (Berg,
Kempton, J. Miller, and McKay). A statewide stack-unit map showing the
sequence of geologic materials to a depth of 50 feet is nearly complete
and will be published as four plates (scale, 1:250,000) included in a
short circular. This information describing more than 5,200 map units
is now in the Survey's GIS System. This map is the basic geologic map
for land-use and resource-based land-use planning in Illinois.

-90-

Analysis, Comparison, and Interpretation of Soil Properties by
Nuclear and Gravimetric Methods (J. Gilkeson, McKenna, and M. Miller).
Soil density and moisture content were evaluated by nuclear and
gravimetric methods at six locations in Champaign and Piatt Counties.
An analysis of the results of the two methods was done to determine
whether nuclear methods yield accurate soil property data and what can
be done to increase the accuracy of nuclear surveys.

GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS

C0C0RP Proposal

The Illinois State Geological Survey has submitted a proposal to
the Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (C0C0RP) requesting
acquisition of deep seismic reflection data in southern Illinois.

More than 300 miles of intersecting seismic reflection traverses
have been selected. These traverses cross geologic structures and geo-
physical anomalies that are critical to understanding the tectonic
evolution of the midcontinent.

In addition, these deep seismic reflection data would provide
information about the lower crust and upper mantle of the earth—about
which only speculation has been possible.

GEOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Isotope Geochemistry

Radiocarbon Dating (Liu, Fisher, and Coleman). During the past
year, radiocarbon ages were determined for 187 geological and archeo-
logical samples. An equal number of 13C/12C determinations were
performed during the same period for isotopic fractionation corrections.
Approximately 55 percent of the samples analyzed were paid for with
funds from sources outside the Survey. Despite repeated equipment
breakdowns, a 7-days-per-week operational schedule carried out by labor-
atory personnel has enabled an increase in productivity by 40 percent
compared to the previous year (187 samples vs 130 samples). Funding for
a new liquid scintillation spectrometer has been included in the budget
of Governor Thompson's "Build Illinois" Program. Acquisition of this
instrument is imperative as the older of our two counters (approximately
20 years old) is now broken. Because of the obsolescence of the
components, it cannot be repaired.

Three ISGS date lists have been accepted for publication by "Radio-
carbon." Lists VIII and IX will be published in Radiocarbon, Vol. 28,
No. 1. ISGS date list X will be published in Vol. 28, No. 2.

•91-

This chemical system is used to prepare and concentrate the naturally occurring, radioactive isotope carbon-14, found in
geologic and anthropologic samples as old as 50,000 years B.P.

Scintillations (flashes of light) caused by radioactive disintegrations of carbon-14 in benzene (with phosphor) are counted
in this liquid scintillation spectrometer. In this way, the age of geologic specimens (such as soils, wood, and shells) can be
measured. For very old samples (50,000 years B.P.), it is necessary to count a specimen for several days.

-92-

Stable Isotope Ratios as Naturally Occurring Tracers in the Aqua-
culture Food Web (Morin, Coleman, and Liu). This joint project with the
Natural History Survey, funded by the United States-Israel Bi national
Agricultural Research Development Fund (BARD), involves the use of
natural isotope tracers to evaluate the significance of the available
food in an aquaculture system and the effectiveness of certain agricul-
tural wastes as fish foods.

Experiments in 1985 and 1986 were two-fold in purpose. First,
quantities of isotopically distinct algae ( 13CpDg = -53°/oo) were pro-
duced for use in INHS aquaculture studies. Second, it was shown that
different algae species grown under similar conditions may develop dras-
tically different carbon isotopic compositions. All available evidence
points to differences in growth rates being the most influential
parameter in the determination of carbon isotopic composition in algae
grown under similar conditions of CO2 availability. The final project
report is now in preparation and should be completed by April 1.

Assessment of Causes for Oxygen Depletion at the Pittsfield Com-
pressed Air Energy Storage Site (CAES) (Risatti, Krapac, Brower,
Griffin, Dickerson, and Hughes). Geologic formations are being used to
store air under pressure for later use by the electrical generation
industries at the Pittsfield, IL CAEA facility (Yakley Field). Stored
in a St. Peter Sandstone reservoir, the injected air showed a signifi-
cant depletion in oxygen content after 5 to 9 months of residence. The
problem is that the air is withdrawn and mixed with gas to fuel gas
turbines, and its loss of oxygen could impair the efficiency of the
turbines.

Detailed and carefully controlled quantitative analyses were made
of air composition, carbon isotopic composition of carbon dioxide, and
bacterial content of gas, water, and particulate matter in the water.
The results indicate that oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide enrichment
of reservoir air are not due to microbiological activity. Oxygen deple-
tion is probably a product of chemical oxidation-reduction reactions
with minerals in the reservoir rocks. Carbon dioxide enrichment is
related to outgassing of aquifer water as oxygen depletion occurs in the
reservoir gas.

CLAY MINERALOGY

Mechanisms of Layer Silicate Weathering by Plants (Hughes).
Research during the past few years on Pleistocene and Pennsyl vanian-aged
soils has shown that plant-induced changes in mineral composition are
very common. Since plants can alter minerals at rates several times
greater than those of inorganic processes, and since plants can selec-
tively force dissolution of mineral constituents, a study has been
started to investigate the types of mechanisms and rate of alteration
associated with different types of plants. If early results are
promising, the study may be expanded to include the effects of bottom-
rooted aquatic plants on substrate mineralogy; the effects of organisms

- 93 -

such as worms on sediments; and the degree of alteration expected f
each phase of the growth, decay, and coalification of plants.

rom

Mineralogy, Mixed-Layer Composition, and II lite Polytypes of Pale-
ozoic Rocks of Illinois (Hughes, Glass, Austin, Warren, and J. Fox).
This research is aimed at determining whether individual clay minerals
are detrital, diagenetic, or authigenic in each of the Paleozoic strata
of Illinois. Upgraded X-ray diffraction (XRD) capabilities are allowing
detailed assessments of the i 11 ite/smectite clays, the proportion of
diagenetic (1M) and detrital (2M) polytypes of illite, and the origin of
"lMd" polytypes in these strata. Laboratory equipment is being
installed to isolate illite from clay mixtures.

STRATIGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS

The Geological Survey has primary responsibility for developing
information and reporting on the basic strati graphic units that underlie
the state. Emphasis during the year was on the development of the
Illinois Superdeep Drillhole Project and the Sag Basin Studies.

In November, Dennis R. Kolata was appointed Lead Geologist for the
newly formed Basin Analysis Task Force. Michael Sargent joined him
along with Paul C. Heigold, Mei-In Melissa Chou and Jam's D. Treworgy.
At the same time the Stratigraphy and Subsurface Section became the
Stratigraphy and Surficial Geology Section.

The major activity was the generation of thickness maps for the
stratigraphic sequences with special emphasis on the Precambrian surface
map, which in February-March underwent entensive revision in the light
of new geophysical studies in the rift areas. In Quaternary Stratig-
raphy, major efforts in the northeasternmost seven counties, included
mapping the tills and studying the Illinois Des Plaines Sag Canal drain-
age area as well as the geomorphology of the Chicago area.

Quaternary Stratigraphy

Applications of Clay Mineral Composition in Quaternary Geology

(Glass and Killey). Clay mineral data from 15 counties in west-central
Illinois and a two-county area in northeastern Illinois have been
analyzed in a project that will integrate 25 years of clay mineral
analyses at the Illinois State Geological Survey. The goal is to
synthesize the data into a state map of 1:500,000 scale depicting the
clay mineral composition of surficial tills. In addition, publications
are being prepared on (1) methods and techniques developed for the rapid
determination of clay mineral composition, and (2) principles of appli-
cation of clay mineral analyses for stratigraphic correlation.

The data and state map are important for determining (1) suitabil-
ity of earth materials for burial and containment of hazardous wastes,
(2) distribution of economically recoverable clay resources; (3) areas
of expansive soils that cause foundation failures and other engineering

- 94 -

problems during construction and maintenance; and (4) the role of cer-
tain clays as contributing factors in the development of landslides.

Use of Clay Mineralogy and Radiocarbon Dating in the Interpretation
of Sedimentary Units, Mound City, Illinois (Reed, Masters, and Glass).
This subsurface investigation utilizing split-spoon samples, drill
samples, and driller's logs was carried out on geotechnical test-borings
of the Memphis District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' seepage control
project. The ISGS ran geophysical logs and studied samples of selected
test holes, including radiocarbon dates of two wood samples. Sedimen-
tary units were defined on the basis of lithologic characteristics of
samples from 38 borings. The units included Quaternary floodplain and
valley-train deposits that are underlain by and contain material derived
from nearby Eocene and Paleocene deposits. Information developed from
the work was useful to the Corps in their project design specifications,
and was helpful for understanding the groundwater system and for evalu-
ating potential construction aggregate resources of the area.

Clay Mineral Classification of the Kellerville Till Member, Western
Illinois (Killey and Glass). Clay mineral data suggest that the highly
variable clay mineral composition of the Kellerville Till has two
causes: glacial depositional processes and post-depositional alteration
of clay minerals. Kellerville Till not underlain by the Illinoian
deposits is generally of uniform composition. Local entrainment, incor-
poration, and homogenization of older accretion-gley, till, and bedrock
by Kellerville ice produce variable clay mineral compositions.

Ancient Loess Deposits Along the Mississippi River (McKay and
Glass; Hajic, University of Illinois). Continued sampling, description,
and analysis of Illinoian and older loess deposits has shown that
regional correlation is possible. Thermoluminescence dating indicates
that the thickest of the Illinoian loess in the subsurface in south-
western Illinois is stratigraphically equivalent to the Loveland Loess
of the Missouri and Lower Mississippi Valleys. A newly discovered
section along the Mississippi River in Calhoun County, beyond the limit
of glaciation, exposes multiple loess deposits, fluvial gravels, and
paleosols. Detailed sampling and analysis will allow preliminary
correlation to deposits within the glacial sequence.

Chicago Outlet Drainage History (Hansel). The stratigraphic record
in the Chicago Outlet was used to reconstruct the history of drainage
from the Lake Michigan Basin to the Illinois River Valley. The radio-
carbon-dated stratigraphy provides new evidence on the age of outlet
downcutting: even during the highest phase when the lake was 60 feet
above modern lake level 12,500 years ago, lake level was controlled by
the volume of water coming into the lake rather than the threshold
altitude of the outlet sill. These findings have important historical
implications for the relation between lake level and climatic change.

Quaternary Stratigraphy of the Wedron Formation, Northeastern
Illinois (Hansel; and W. H. Johnson, University of Illinois). In 1985,
six holes were drilled and numerous exposures were studied to aid in

- 95 -

correlation of lithostrati graphic units of the Wedron Formation and to
provide available basic geologic information on the Greater Chicago
Area. Stratigraphic correlations proposed by Hansel and Johnson at the
1985 North-Central GSA field trip were revised with respect to new data.
The Lemont Drift-Haeger Till Member correlation was further documented.

Glacial Sedimentary Environments of the Wedron Formation (Hansel;
and W. H. Johnson, University of Illinois). Study of the sedimentary
characteristics of the Wedron Formation is continuing in an attempt to
model glacial sedimentary environments and predict the probable rela-
tionships among glacial materials deposited during the last ice event in
Illinois. Several important Wedron successions have been studied in
detail, and lithofacies diagrams, clast fabric diagrams, and summaries
of analytical data have been prepared. Applications include groundwater
studies, land-use planning, and locating landfills.

Quaternary Evolution of the Illinois-Michigan Canal National
Heritage Corridor (Hansel, L. Smith, and Stecyk). Information from
current investigations into the Quaternary geology of northeastern
Illinois was used to prepare a color brochure on the Ice Age Evolution
of the Illinois-Michigan Canal National Heritage corridor for the
National Park Service. The brochure focused on the landforms left after
the last ice retreat, the use of radiocarbon dates to time the glacial
and lake events, and the importance of topography in determining the
canal route.

Paleozoic Stratigraphy

Correlation of Middle Ordovician K-bentonite Beds in Eastern North
America by Chemical Fingerprinting (J. Frost and Kolata; and W.O. Huff,
University of Cincinnati). Middle Ordovician K-bentonites (altered
volcanic ash) in the Mississippi Valley contain two widespread beds, the
Deicke and Millbrig K-bentonite Beds. Each has a unique chemical
fingerprint that can be used to correlate these beds from southeastern
Minnesota to southeastern Missouri--a distance of 900 km. These two
beds are now being traced on geophysical logs eastward through the
Illinois Basin into central Kentucky and Tennessee and into the Appala-
chian Basin. Approximately 100 K-bentonite samples collected in
Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia are being analyzed for 26
elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis and X-ray fluor-
escence spectroscopy. Preliminary results suggest it is possible to
correlate the Deicke and Millbrig from St. Paul, Minnesota, to
Birmingham, Alabama, a distance of 1,300 km. The National Science
Foundation is funding this project.

Compendium of Ordovician K-bentonites of North America (Kolata; and
W. D. Huff, University of Cincinnati). Most literature about Ordovician
K-bentonites in North America discusses the stratigraphic occurrence
and/or mineralogy of K-bentonites in limited geographic areas.

- 96 -

Lit host rat igraphy and Biostratigraphy of the Everton Dolomite

(Sargent and Norby). Precise definition of the Everton Dolomite is
important because its base is the boundary between the Tippecanoe and
Sauk Sequences and its top is the top of the Knox Dolomite Megagroup.
Continued refinements of our understanding of Everton Dolomite indicates
it is the only Whiterockian age formation in the Midcontinent. Mapping
of Everton thickness shows it generally thickens southward from a pinch-
out located near St. Louis in the southwest, Vandalia toward the center,
and Lawrencevi lie in southeastern Illinois. Thickness exceeds 400 feet
in an area of about 400 square miles centered near Rend Lake in northern
Franklin County. Everton thins to just over 300 feet in Pulaski,
Massac, and southern Johnson Counties in extreme southern Illinois.

Age and Origin of Potassic Metasomatism in Ordovician Tuffs of the
Upper Mississippi Valley (R. L. Hay, University of Illinois; Mingchou
Lee, Case Western Reserve; and Kolata). Tuffs (altered volcanic ash) of
the Middle and Late Ordovician age are altered to mixed-layer illite-
smectite (I/S) and to K-feldspar in the Upper Mississippi Valley region.
Potassium-argon dates indicate formation of the authigenic K-feldspar
during the early Devonian and formation of the i llite-smectite during
early Mississippian time. Oxygen-isotopic composition of the K-feldspar
and i 1 lite-smectite shows that the two minerals crystallized under
different conditions and probably reflect introduction of waters of
varying chemistry and temperature. Introduction of these pore waters
may have been caused by groundwater movements resulting from recharge in
distal areas undergoing tectonic uplift. Results of this on-going
research will add to the understanding of ancient fluid movement through
Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Midcontinent.

Stratigraphic Study of Chicago-Area Silurian Rocks (Mikulic, Norby,
and Sargent). This study will review and revise the 1 ithostrati graphic
and biostratigraphic framework of Silurian dolomites in northeastern
Illinois. These rocks are of special importance to construction engi-
neers and producers of crushed rock. Many quarries have been expanded
in recent years, presenting opportunities for new studies. Work thus far
has consisted of studying these quarry exposures and processing of rock
samples for relative age dating. Additional core data will be necessary
to correlate the quarry exposures and to extend correlations throughout
the state.

Biostratigraphic Zonation of the Silurian in Central Illinois

(Norby and Mikulic). A 4-inch diameter core of the complete Silurian
section at the Lincoln Gas Storage Field in Logan County has been
crushed for conodont extraction. The Ordovician-Silurian contact indi-
cated by conodonts agrees with the lithologic description, but conodonts
recovered from the upper part of the core shows that the Silurian-
Devonian boundary is somewhat lower than that suggested by the lith-
ology. Conondonts should provide good biostratigraphic correlation of
this central Illinois core to many of the type sections in northeastern
Illinois and to the outcrop areas in western Illinois.

- 97 -

Subsurface Geology

Knowledge of the subsurface--fundamental to many Survey research
projects—is gained through acquisition, preservation, and study of
borehole samples, cores, geophysical records, fossil samples, and
drillers logs, and sometimes through scouting efforts. To make this
valuable material available to the staff and to the public as quickly as
possible, new emphasis is being placed on computerizing subsurface files
and planning for improved storage efficiency and long-range expansion at
the Survey Annex.

Geology of the Illinois Basin (Collinson, Sargent, and Atherton).
Prepared at the request of the Geological Society of America, this
summary article was recently revised and sent to reviewers. A major
contribution is a revised Precambrian surface map that includes the
newly discovered 20,000-foot Grayville Graben and new data on the Rough
Creek and Mississippi Valley Grabens.

Lithofacies and Isopach Mapping of the Sauk Sequence in the
Illinois Basin (Sargent). Lithofacies and isopach maps of the Sauk
Sequence, the oldest Phanerozoic rocks in the Midcontinent, were com-
piled for the entire Illinois Basin. These maps show the development of
rift systems that dramatically influenced early patterns of sedimenta-
tion and controlled the environments of deposition. Middle Cambrian
shale of the Sauk Sequence occur in the deeper parts of the Rough Creek
Graben and Reelfoot Rift.

Illinois Basin Ultradeep Drillhole (IBUD) (Eidel and others). In
April 1986, more than 120 scientists took part in a workshop held in
Urbana-Champaign to further develop plans for the proposed IBUD--one of
14 proposed drillholes selected for further study by the Scientific
Advisory Committee of DOSECC (Deep Observation and Sampling of the
Earth's Continental Crust, Inc.). Workshop participants from educa-
tional and scientific research institutions throughout the United States
formed teams to design scientific experiments. Their efforts resulted
in the creation of a 300-page plan and budget estimate that will undergo
considerable revision. The final document will be submitted to NSF in
about 6 months. At present, a proposal is being prepared to fund geo-
physical work for site selection.

If NSF funds the project, the 30,000-foot hole would be drilled in
an area agreed upon by the working groups: a site near the Illinois-
Kentucky border. From this hole, geologists hope to glean information
on how rift-related i ntra-continental sags evolved, and more specifi-
cally, how crustal evolution led to the formation of the Illinois Basin.

The IBUD would have practical as well as theoretical benefits. It
could yield valuable information about locations of oil and mineral
deposits, such as fluorspar, coal, lead, zinc, thorium, beryllium, and
rare earths. Because the drill site is in an area of active faults, a
seismometer to measure earthquake activity could be placed in the
borehole.

- 98 -

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

Ste. Genevieve Fault Zone, Missouri and Illinois (Nelson and Lumm).
As part of the New Madrid Seismotectonic Study of the U.S. Nuclear Regu-
latory Commission, this study examined the structure and history of a
major fault zone extending through Alexander, Union, and Jackson
Counties, southwestern Illinois, and onward into Missouri. The fault
zone underwent two important periods of movement. The first was in late
Middle Devonian time, and the second, larger episode was in late Missis-
sippi an and Pennsyl vanian time. Faulting took place by vertical move-
ments, accompanied by sharp folding of sedimentary strata. Some geolo-
gists have suggested that the Ste. Genevieve Fault Zone is still active.
No evidence was found for Quaternary movement, although reactivation of
some fractures by modern stress appears possible.

Structural Geology of Southeastern Illinois (Nelson and Lumm). The
June 17, 1985, issue of Oil and Gas Journal contained the paper,
"Shawneetown Fault Zone, Southeast IThnois: "Structure and Petroleum
Possibilities." It summarizes the geologic history of the intensely
faulted area of southeastern Illinois, and suggests likely areas to
drill for oil and gas.

A manuscript on the same subject is being prepared as an ISGS
Circular. Full -color geologic maps of the Rudement, Equality, and
Shawneetown 7.5-minute quadrangls are in press and will accompany the
Ci rcular.

Structural Features of Illinois — An Encyclopedia (Nelson). Work on
an encyclopedia of all structural geologic features in the state of
Illinois has begun. This work is being patterned after Mary McCracken's
1971, Structural Features of Missouri, and will supplement ISGS Circular
519, which provided bibliographic data only. All named structures in
the state will be presented alphabetically, with descriptive paragraphs,
location, list of references, and illustrations where appropriate. This
format is intended to facilitate future revision. The publication will
include a statewide map at a scale of 1:500,000, and will have an intro-
ductory section outlining the structural history of the Illinois Basin.
It is envisioned as a companion to ISGS Bulletin 95, Handbook of
Illinois Stratigraphy.

Thrust Faults in Southern II linois--Result of Contenporary Stress?

(Nelson and Bauer). The report is an outgrowth of various structural
investigations in the Illinois Basin during recent years, particularly
the NRC-supported studies of the fault systems of southern Illinois and
investigations in underground coal mines. The Geological Society of
America will publish the paper, which provides evidence that small
north-trending thrust faults, observed in coal mines of southern
Illinois and vicinity, are being formed in the modern stress field.
Slippage along such little faults may be the cause of the small to
moderate earthquakes that take place in Illinois.

- 99 -

Tri -State Committee on Correlation in the Pennsylvanian System of
the Illinois Basin (Jacobson and Trask). The committee represents a
joint effort of the three State Surveys to simplify and standardize
stratigraphic terminology of the Pennsylvanian System of rocks across
the Illinois Basin. The Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of
Science published the paper, "Unifying Nomenclature in the Pennsylvanian
System of the Illinois Basin." In this paper seven stratigraphic names
were recommended to replace 15 existing names for seven stratigraphic
units. The committee also met for a field trip to examine the interval
it is currently working on. Jacobson serves as chairman and Trask as
secretary of the committee.

Correlation of Stratigraphic Units of North America (COSUNA) Chart

(Jacobson and Trask). AAPG published the COSUNA chart for the Mid-
western Basin and Arches Region; Jacobson and Trask contributed the
Pennsylvanian portion of the columns in Illinois.

PAL E0NT0LOGY/ PAL Y NOLOGY

Seven scientists, all with other major responsibilities, contribute
to the programs:

• Russell A. Peppers (Coal Section) supervises the Palynological
Laboratory, the only laboratory in the central United States that
rountinely provides age determinations and correlations of Pennsyl-
vanian strata (particularly coal -bearing strata). Most of the 90
coal beds in Illinois can be identified and correlated by palyno-
logical means.

• Rodney D. Norby (Stratigraphy and Surficial Geology Section) super-
vises the Conodont Laboratory and Acid Digestion Laboratory. Cono-
dont studies furnish important evidence for correlating Paleozoic
rocks. Recently, conodonts were used to provide geologic ages for
important drill cores from deep in the Illinois Basin. Conodonts
also provide thermal index values, a measure of temperatures to
which the rocks have been subjected during the generation and
preservation of hydrocarbons.

Dr. Norby also curates the Geological Survey Paleontologi c Collec-
tion, arranges for loans of materials, and prepares widely used
catalogs.

• James W. Baxter (Head, Industrial Minerals Section) supervises the
Foraminiferal Research Laboratory, which provides additional means
of correlating late Paleozoic rocks; foraminifera are especially
useful for studying carbonate environments.

• Dennis R. Kolata (Basin Analysis Task Force) specializes in the
study of Ordovician echinoderms.

-100-

• Donald G. Mikulic (Industrial Minerals Section) studies early
Paleozoic arthropods.

• Charles Collinson (Head, Stratigraphy and Surficial Geology
Section) specializes in Devonian-Mississippi an invertebrates and
conodonts.

The Paleontological Repository

The Paleontological Repository receives, curates, and preserves, as
a basic data set, the fossils and locality descriptions collected and
studied by the staff as well as those studied by other scholars.
Eighty-one formally catalogued and curated Survey collections, dozens of
uncatalogued field collections and several reference collections of
international significance are in the repository.

Dr. Kent previously had main responsbility of the repository from
1959 until the fall of 1985 when Dr. Norby was appointed Curator upon
Or. Kent's retirement.

Carl Bays — Gilbert Raasch Fossil Collection from Wisconsin (Norby).
A collection of approximately 100 fossil specimens, belonging to the
University of Wisconsin-Madison, were recently identified among our
collections and were returned to the University of Wisconsin. These
fossils, primarily trilobites, were collected by Carl Bays and Gilbert
Raasch in the 1930s and apparently were studied by them during their
employment at the Illinois State Geological Survey.

A much larger collection of several thousand fossil and rock speci-
mens from the Cambrian of Wisconsin still remain in our collections.
These specimens collected by Raasch also belong to the University of
Wisconsin-Madison and some to the Milwaukee Public Museum. Those will
be sorted out as time permits and returned.

The Worthen Collection of Conularid Specimens (Norby). Borrowed
last year by Kent State University, this important collection of type
and figured specimens was returned in February.

Micropaleontology

Skeletal Apparatuses of Conodont Organisms (Norby). The individual
skeletal elements belonging to various Chesterian and Pennsyl vanian
conodont biostratigraphic index species have been related to the whole
animal. Identification of any skeletal element now permits recognition
of the whole species. The elements are found in various recurring
patterns, providing an indication of their arrangement within the cono-
dont animal. Several hypotheses of their function within the conodont
animal have been analyzed and were discussed in a paper given in
Nottingham, England, in July 1985. The paper will be published in a
book in the summer of 1986.

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Silurian Conodont Succession in Western Illinois (Norby, Sargent,
and Mikulic). As part of the reorganization of Silurian biostrati-
graphic research a study of tne Silurian conodont succession beyun by
Matthew Avcin early in the past decade has been revived. Some faunas
are already in hand and many of the outcrops have been described. This
study should provide precise correlation to a core in Loyan County and
to sections in northeastern Illinois that were reported in a 1985
Geological Society of America field trip guidebook. Understanding of
stratigraphic wedge-outs in western Illinois is also an important goal
of this study.

Mechanized Preconcentration of Conodonts from Acid Residues (Khan,
Norby, and Baxter). Handpi eking of conodonts from the host rock under a
microscope is tiresome and time consuming. To accelerate and
"mechanize" this separation process, different mineral processing
methods were tried. Initial tests indicate that a preferential attach-
ment of conodonts to waxy surfaces could be utilized to separate them
from other minerals Tests are planned to optimize the separation using
a laboratory-scale shaking table with wax-coated surface.

Macropaleontological Studies

Discovery of a Diverse Fauna of Goniatite Cephalopods in Lower
Pennsyl vanian (Devera). A find of goniatite arnmonoids will help estab-
lish faunal affinities between the Caseyville Formation of southern
Illinois and equivalent formations of neighboring states and of Europe.
The restricted environment in which they were found has added paleobio-
logical importance to this discovery. Aptychus appendages have been
found closely associated with the goniatites. Charles Mason of Morehead
State University, an authority on goniatites, has agreed to work with
Devera and will co-author a paper on the arnmonoids, for publication in
the Journal of Paleontology in the near future.

Goniatite cephalopod.

102-

Trace Fossils of the Lower Pennsylvanian (Devera). The goal of
this project is to use trace fossils to distinguish marine from non-
marine early Pennsylvanian sandstones in southern Illinois, in the area
currently being mapped under the C0GE0MAP program. The project would
permit reconstruction of depositional environments and construction of
paleogeographic maps.

Paleobiology of Nitrate and Cornute Carpoids--Echinodermata

(Kolata). Carpoids are a very rare, enigmatic, extinct group of
echinoderms known from Cambrian- to Pennsyl vanian-age rocks throughout
the world. Some of the best preserved specimens occur in Cambrian and
Ordovician rocks of Illinois and adjacent states, and some of the finest
material in the world is in the paleontological collections of the ISGS.
Long-term studies are being conducted on the functional morphology,
phylogeny, evolution, and systematics of the carpoids.

Upright Tree Stumps in the Roof of the Herri n Coal (Deliaris; and
DiMichele Smithsonian Institution). Upright stumps and fallen trunks of
Lepidodendron trees were found associated with the earliest facies of
the Energy Shale in Freeman Coal Mining Company's Orient No. 6 Mine in
Jefferson County. The trees were rooted in peat that became the Herrin
Coal, and their fallen trunks became coalified compressions in the roof
shale. The specific Lepidodendron species is uncommon in most swamp
assemblages known from coal balls, suggesting that this last swamp stand
was already affected by changing the water table and nutrient conditions
that prevailed at the end of the coal -forming swamp.

Palynological Studies

Palynological Correlation of Major Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboni-
ferous) Time Stratigraphic Boundaries in the Illinois Basin with those
in Other Coal Basins of Euramerica (Peppers and Lowry). This study will
provide a framework for comparing stratigraphic relationships of strata
in the Illinois Basin and elsewhere. New information and reinterpre-
tation of these correlations prevented completion of this project within
the report period. Or. Peppers is proposing that the Atokan-
Desmoinesian boundary be raised from the top of the Murray Bluff
Sandstone to the top of the Seville Limestone and that the Westphalian
C-D boundary should be lowered slightly to that same position based on
paleobotanical information.

Palynological Changes at the Oesmoinesian-Missourian Boundary

(Peppers). An abstract entitled "Palynological Changes at the

Desmoinesian-Missouri (Pennsylvanian) Boundary and Some Possible Causes"
was submitted for the 1986 annual meeting of the North-Central Section
of the Geological Society of America in Kent, Ohio, in April 1986. The
paper was the result of the more comprehensive project on the correla-
tion of major time stratigraphic boundaries. This paper should be
timely in light of increased interest in biotic extinctions, for example
in relation to the younger Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary and the
dinosaurs' demise, which has been recently attributed to one of the
periodic impacts of extraterrestrial bodies on the earth's surface.

103-

Al though the timing of the Desmoi nesian-Mi ssourian boundary would coin-
cide with one of these impact episodes, it is proposed that reduction in
atmospheric carbon dioxide content and a temporary change to a semi -arid
climate due to glaciation in the southern hemisphere were the triggering
mechanisms that caused the significant palynologi cal changes.

Identification and Correlation of Some Coals in Southern Illinois
as Part of the C0GE0MAP Program (Peppers and Lowry). Numerous samples
of coal and shaly coal have been submitted for spore analysis by teams
mapping the geology in several quadrangles in Pope and Johnson Counties
(C0GE0MAP program, see Geologic Mapping). As a result of palynological
investigations, the Bell Coal was identified from several new locali-
ties. The area of the Reynoldsburg Coal was extended, and a coal
equivalent to the Tarter Coal Member of northwestern Illinois was
identified for the first time in southern Illinois. This study also
confirms earlier conclusions that the Delwood Coal is in the lower Spoon
Formation and not upper Abbott Formation, and that the type section of
the Abbott Formation needs revision. A palynological study of coals in
the Abbott and Spoon Formations, carried out about 12 years ago, has
been valuable in providing information on the stratigraphic ranges and
relative abundance of the spores.

Paleoecology of Pennsylvanian Coal-Swamp Floras (Peppers and
Lowry). A program investigating the paleoecology of Pennsylvanian coal -
swamp flora began about lb years ago. It has been brought to a tempor-
ary conclusion with the publication of a summary paper in collaboration
with T. L. Phillips, paleobotanist, University of Illinois, and W. A.
DiMichele, Smithsonian Institution. The latter specializes in compres-
sion fossils, whereas T L. Phillips is an authority on coal-ball petri-
faction (preservation of plants in limestone concretions within coal
seams). Data from palynology (spores) has been integrated with other
forms of plant preservation. This integrated approach in coal paleo-
botany has not been duplicated elsewhere.

The main focus has been the Illinois Basin, but the study of the
development of Pennsylvanian floras has been extended to other coal
basins in North America and Europe in order to obtain a better under-
standing of similarities and variations in deposition of peat. Inter-
pretation on the environments of deposition, including climate and its
influence on the distribution and quality of the coal deposits, was an
important aspect of the study.

Other Palynologic Activities (Peppers and Lowry). Several samples
from diamond-drilled cores from Franklin County were submitted by a coal
company for spore analysis in order to determine whether the Herrin (No.
6) Coal split into two major benches or whether the Springfield (No. 5)
Coal was present. The study showed that the Herrin Coal had split.
Also in cooperative efforts with other states, counsel, advice and
identifications were provided to the Missouri Geological Survey on
spores from 10 cores and to the Arizona Geological Survey on several
carbonaceous shale samples.

-104-

Several coal samples taken adjacent to the Desmoinesian-Missourian
boundary in Oklahoma were analysed to confirm the position of the
boundary. This study represents a continuing program in support of the
Middle Pennsyl vanian Working Group of the Subcommission of Carboniferous
Stratigraphy.

Two outside manuscripts on palynology were also reviewed; and
counsel and advice were provided to three graduate students (Illinois,
Iowa, Louisiana), who are writing theses on palynology. Additionally,
about 40 photomicrographs, a correlation chart for the Pennsyl vanian and
Upper Carboniferous and other data were provided to Alfred Traverse of
Pennsylvania State University for inclusion in a textbook on palynology.

COMPUTER RESEARCH AND SERVICE

The Conputer Research and Service Section (CRSS) was given a
broader scope with the upgrading of the unit to a section and with the
incorporation of the Geographic Information System (GIS) into the
section's mission. Both E. 0. McKay and R. J. Krumm transferred into
the section, bringing knowledge and experience in the use of the GIS
Dr. McKay is the new head of the section. The Lands Unsuitable for
Mininy Program (LUMP) also was transferred from the Environmental
Studies and Assessment Unit to CRSS.

Geographic Information System Workshops, Seminars, and Presenta-
tions (McKay and Krumm). During the course of the year, workshops,
seminars, and presentations on the use of the Illinois GIS were given
for over 200 individuals from universities, other geological surveys,
industry and the private sector. Delegations from Missouri Tennessee
and Pennsylvania reviewed GIS technology at the Survey. The versatility
and practicality of the Survey's GIS applications is continuing to
attract the attention of industry, government, and the public.

Geographic Information System Applications (McKay. Krumm, Hines,
and S. Miller). The GIS has been used to provide maps for many
projects. A series of 12 maps was produced for an Environmental
Inventory for the Illinois-Michigan Canal Project in northeastern
Illinois. The maps displayed the geologic settings in the area as well
as the location of other features such as natural areas, state parks and
road networks. Many maps were plotted for the Environmental Atlas,
which is part of the State of Illinois SSC proposal. One of these maps,
the Prime Agricultural Soils Map, was included with a map set on the
Satellite Image Map of Northeastern Illinois. Maps showing landforms
were automated for 25 7.5-minute quadrangles along the Mississippi River
in western Illinois as part of the Long Term Ecological Research
Project. Base maps were prepared for the Geology for Planning Coal
Mining Project in Perry County and for a siting project to locate
groundwater resources for the Chrysler-Mitsubishi facility near
Bloomingt on -Normal .

-105-

Use of the GIS to Model Earthquake Damage Potential (McKay). The
Illinois Emergency Services and Disaster Agency requested geologic
information that could be used to prepare a realistic earthquake pre-
paredness drill in Richland County, Illinois. Using the statewide data
bases on the GIS and making some assumptions about the behavior of
surficial materials in the county during earthquakes, we produced a map
series at 1:100, 000-scale showing lowest, intermediate, and highest risk
areas for earthquake damage. On the risk maps were plotted selected
lifeline services, such as electric transmission lines and pipelines, to
indicate where such features might be disrupted by an earthquake. The
exercise demonstrated the utility of the GIS for production of risk
maps, but widespread application of the analytic techniques must await
further reserach on the seismic behavior of earth materials.

ILLIMAP Update (McKay, DuMontelle, and Scoggin). The ILLIMAP com-
puter file of the Illinois Public Land Survey (PLS) grid is being edited
to remove errors produced in the transfer of the file to the LUMP GIS.
When complete this effort will allow production of accurate base maps
showing the PLS. This file is also the basis for calculations of the
coordinates used for plotting well locations and, therefore, its
accuracy determines the accuracy of well coordinate calculations from
legal descriptions. New USGS 7.5-minute quadrangle maps will be used to
further improve the file when they become available. A portion of the
ILLIMAP file was evaluated by the USGS National Mapping Division in
Rolla, Missouri, and found to meet their standards of map accuracy.

Development of a Computer-Aided Data Management System for Map
Orders (Schulte, Gaines, and McKay). To cut the costs of handling
orders for the Satellite Image Map of Northeastern Illinois, the CRSS
developed a computer-aided invoicing system. This system uses the ENR
Prime 750 minicomputer and enables one temporary data entry operator to
process orders for Satellite Image Maps. The SATMAP system consists of
seven forms (input screens, printed reports, and mailing labels) and
seventeen programs, all using the INFO database management software on
the Prime. The system was developed and tested in less than two weeks
and will serve as a model for further computer automation of repetitive
and tedious jobs at the Survey.

Computer Automation of Well Data in the Geologic Records Unit

(Denhart). The major accomplishment of the GRU this year is the
automation of the monthly drilling report, which had previously been
done manually by the Oil and Gas Section. This manual effort had
required counting all permits issued each month in each county, all
completed wells by type and county, and all new fields and pays
discovered each month. The new system virtually eliminates manual
handling of the records, which involve an average of about 600 permits
per month.

In the continuing effort to assure the quality of automated well
data, we printed and checked 133,000 well locations from the Basic Well
Data File against the original well documents.

-106-

Data Processing for Research Affiliates and Other Agencies. Consi-
derable data processing and programming efforts were expended during the
year on projects for Or. T. Phillips of the University of Illinois and
for the Natural History Survey. These projects are cooperative efforts
in which both parties benefit from the research effort.

Annual Waterflood and Oil Production Statistics (Gaines). The
annual summary and analysis of waterflood and oil production data, one
of the most significant support efforts of the Computer Research and
Services Section, has been completed. This year the tabular output of
the analysis was printed on a high quality printer at the Computer
Services Office of the University of Illinois. This will substantially
increase the quality of the published tables that comprise the annual
report.

Reconfiguration of Remote Job Entry Capabilities (Schulte). Hard-
ware and software necessary to maintain Remote Job Entry capabilities to
the University of Illinois' computers were installed. Installation of
this software and equipment allows continued use of the large mainframe
computers at the university through computer hardware in the Natural
Resources Building.

Data Processing Services (Computer Reseach Services staff). The
following table lists the larger data processing services provided in
support of research and operations at the Survey and for others.

Computer System

ENR UI ISGS
Project Prime 750 IBM 11/34

Waterflood data X

Oil production data X

Li brary data X

Coal paleobotanical data X

Chemical data X

Financial Office data X

Radiocarbon dating calculations X

Geophysical data X

Particle size data X

Coal data X X

Mine subsidence insurance claim data X

ILLIMAP revision X

GIS appl ications X

Satellite map orders X

ADMINISTRATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT SERVICES

Mary E. McGuire, Dennis L. Reed, Jo Ann Munnis, and Dorothy H. Huffman (top) and
Marilynn L. Farnham (bottom, center) process and fill orders for the Satellite Image Map
of Illinois. The first press run of maps was sold out within days of the map's release on
December 2, 1985. Another run of 10,000 was quickly ordered; to date, approximately
13,000 maps have been sold. No other map or publication of the ISGS has enjoyed such
popularity.

-108-

ADMIHISTRATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT SERVICES

Support services include supplying library references and informa-
tion; receiving and distributing incoming mail, commodities, and equip-
ment; processing and shipping outgoing orders for publications, maps,
and other materials; maintaining the telephone switchboard and informa-
tion office; conducting public field trips, dealing with a variety of
inquiries, distributing educational materials, and overseeing press
relations; fabricating, maintaining, and repairing scientific, office,
automotive, and other equipment and instruments; supervising the word
processing system; providing editorial, graphics arts, typography and
publications services, and planning and supervising new construction and
building renovations.

PUBLICATIONS, GRAPHICS, AND PHOTOGRAPHY UNIT

Clear, accurate, and attractive scientific reports are the primary
products of the Publications, Graphics, and Photography Unit. Other
major publication projects include state maps, poster sessions (graphics
plus text), and speech/slide presentations. The staff also prepares
brochures, in-house forms, lists, and signs; edits abstracts, papers,
speeches, proposals, ad copy, and special reports for affiliated
agencies; and assists scientists at early stages in the preparation of
data for written or graphic presentation.

1985 offered opportunities for innovation. During the last 11
months, the Publications, Graphics, and Photography Unit

• expanded graphics products and services. An author's vision of an
entirely new publication—an environmental atlas--took form as an artist
created the publication in mockup: covers, format, and illustrations.
Funding was obtained as a result of the visual presentation. The objec-
tive was similar in other innovative art projects, which included a
folio of high-tech jacket designs to help present a 10-part SSC pro-
posal, a multi-color brochure layout depicting glacial history of a
national heritage site, and a two-color design/format for a new public
information brochure. High demand for poster exhibits continued to
challenge all artists—demonstrating the power of full-color graphics to
enhance scientific/technical ideas and data.

• initiated consultative analysis and structural editing. Authors
submitting papers (destined for outside journals with editorial
services) and contract reports with short deadlines were offered the
option of manuscript analysis only — in contrast to the traditional
analysis and polish. Expanding this technique, editors collaborated
with authors to develop style, structure, and other guidelines for
soliciting copy from authors.

• introduced product conceptualization and development. The editors
demonstrated their own research, interview, and writing skills with the
creation of a variety of public information brochures.

109-

Changing needs and unexpected demands have challenged the skills
and flexibility of our core staff of 2 editors, 3 graphics artists,
photographer, typographer, and coordinator/editor. Expanding and con-
tracting demands have required flexible staff ing--a permanent core plus
reliable free-lance talent. Flexible staffing has also resulted in
economies of operation.

Principal Illinois State Geological Survey publications for the 11-
month period of May 1985 through March 1986 include the following:

Circular Series: comprehensive reports and reference works representing
completion of a major phase of geologic research, a critical development
in stratigraphy, or other substantial and enduring compilation of data.

C 534 Landslide Inventory of Illinois. M. M. Killey, J. K. Hines,

and P. B. DuMontelle. 28 p., 25 figs., 1 plate, (completed/
distributed)

C 535 Glaciation and Origin of the Geest in the Driftless Area of

Northeastern Illinois. H. G. Willman, H. D. Glass, and J. C.
Frye. 20 p., 13 figs, (in preparation)

C 536 Coal Resources of Grundy, La Salle, and Livingston Counties,

Illinois. R. J. Jacobson. 58 p., 30 figs., 10 tables,
6 plates, (completed/ distributed)

C 537 K-Bentonites of the Ordovician Decorah Subgroup, Upper Missis-

sippi Valley: Correlation by Chemical Fingerprinting. D. R.
Kolata and J. K. Frost. 20 p., 19 figs., 6 tables. (in
press)

C 538 Structural Geology of Southeastern Illinois and Vicinity.
W. J. Nelson and D. K. Lumm. 70 p., 29 figs., 1 table. (in
preparation)

C 539 Stratigraphic Correlations of the Seelyville, Dekoven, and
Davis Coal Members—Spoon Formation (Illinois), Staunton
Formation (Indiana), or Beds-Carbondale Formation (Western
Kentucky). R. J. Jacobson. 70 p., 12 figs., 7 tables,
2 plates, (in preparation)

Illinois Mineral Series: reports of significant advances in basic and
applied research in the area of mineral resources, or compilations of
mineral economic data.

IMN 92 Removal of Sulfur from Illinois Coals via Charring and Partial
Oxidation. R. R. Ruch, C. Chaven, and C. W. Kruse. 30 p.,
8 figs., 8 tables, (completed/distributed)

IMN 93 Illinois Mineral Industry in 1981-83. I. E. Samson and S. B.
Bhagwat. 38 p., 14 figs., 30 tables, (completed/distributed)

-110-

IMN 94 Coal Recovery from Mine Wastes of the Historic Longwall Mining
District of North-Central Illinois. L. A. Khan, D. J.
Berggren, and L. R. Camp. 19 p., 17 figs., 8 tables. (in
press)

IMN 95 The Hornsby Area of Low-Sulfur Herrin (No. 6) Coal in Central
Illinois. W. J. Nelson, with contributions by P. J. DeMaris.
50 p., 26 figs., 3 color plates, (in preparation)

Environmental Geology Series: reports of significant advances or
pivotal discoveries in basic and applied environmental geological
research.

EGN 111 Geological-Geotechnical Studies for Siting the Superconducting
Super Collider in Ilinois: Preliminary Geological Feasibility
Report. J. P. Kempton, R. C. Vaiden, D. R. Kolata, P. B.
DuMontelle, M. M. Killey, and R. A. Bauer. 63 p., 25 figs.,
6 tables, (completed/ distributed)

EGN 112 A Strati graphic Study of Beach Features on the Southwestern
Shore of Lake Michigan: New Evidence of Holocene Lake Level
Fluctuations. C. E. Larsen. 31 p., 11 figs., 2 tables,
(completed/distributed)

EGN 113 Characterization of Volatile Sulfur Compounds Produced from
Illinois Coal Chars. 14 p., 14 figs., 3 tables, (completed/
distributed)

EGN 114 Characteristics and Potential Uses of Historic Longwall Mining
Sites in North-Central Illinois. S. C. Bradford, 0. J.
Berggren, and P. B. DuMontelle. 50 p., 22 figs. 8 plates,
(in preparation)

EGN 115 Design Principles for a Coal Desulfurization Process with Iron
Sulfides as In Situ Catalysts. (R. H. Shiley, R. E. Hughes,
K. L. Konopka, C. C. Hinckley G. V. Smith, T. Nishizawa,
N. Yoshida, M. Saporoschenko) , 15 p., 5 figs., 6 tables, (in
preparation)

EGN 116 Inorganic Composition and Sedimentation Rates of Backwater
Lakes Associated with the Illinois River. R. A. Cahill and
J. D. Steele. 40 p., 12 figs, (in preparation)

EGN 117 Assistance to Six Small Water-Short Communities in Illinois
Electrical Resistivity Surveys. V. L. Poole. 41 p., 14 figs,
(in preparation).

-Ill-

Illinois Petroleum Series: reports of essential data on fuels explora-
tion and research.

IP 127 Petroleum Industry in Illinois, 1984. J. Van Den Berg, J. D.
Treworgy, and J. R. Elyn. 146 p., 2 figs., 15 tables,
(completed)

Contract/Grant Reports: timely reports of research generated in
response to specific geologic and environmental issues.

1985-1 Geophysical Studies at the Sheffield Low-Level Radioactive
Waste Disposal Facility to Evaluate Potential Pathways for the
Escape of Contaminants. P. C. Heigold and T. H. Larson.
23 p., 16 figs, (completed/distributed)

1985-2 Size and Maceral Association of Sulfide Grains in Illinois
Coals and Their Washed Products. R. D. Harvey and P. J.
DeMaris. 49 p., 13 figs., 6 tables, (completed/distributed)

1985-3 Ste. Genevieve Fault Zone, Missouri and Illinois. W. J.
Nelson and D. K. Lumm, with contributions by H. R. Schwalb.
94 p., 32 figs., 1 table, (completed/distributed)

1985-4 Chemical Composition and Geochemistry of the New Albany Shale
Group (Devonian-Mississippian) in Illinois. J. K. Frost, D.
L. Zierath, and N. F. Shimp. 134 p., 16 figs., 22 tables,
(completed/di stributed)

1985-5 Information System on Chemistry of Illinois Coal. R. D.
Harvey, Aravinda Kar, M. H. Bargh, and L. B. Kohlenberger.
20 p.. 7 figs., 6 tables, (completed/distributed)

Cooperative Groundwater Reports: results of research conducted jointly
by the State Geological and Water Surveys.

Coop 10 Geology, Hydrology, and Water Quality of the Cambrian and
Ordovician Systems in Illinois. A. P. Visocky, M. G.
Sherrill, and Keros Cartwright. 136 p., 45 figs., 6 tables,
(completed/ distributed)

Educational Extension Materials: guidebooks, brochures, and exhibits
designed specifically to inform and educate the public.

1985A A Guide to the Geology of the Salem Area. D. L. Reinertsen.

9 p.

1985B A Guide to the Geology of the Elizabeth Area. D. L.

Reinertsen. 6 p.

1985C Pekin Geological Science Field Trip. D. L. Reinertsen, R. S.

Nelson, and M. M. Killey. 13 p.

-112-

19850 Lawrenceville Geological Science Field Trip. D. L.

Reinertsen. 8 p.

Educational Resources Booklet. D. L. Reinertsen.

1985-86 Geological Science Field Trips brochure.

Reprints of Papers Published in Journals:

1985-G Definition of Contaminant Pathways: An Integrated Geophysical
and Geological Study. R. H. Gilkeson, T. H. Larson, and P. C.
Heigold.

1985-H New Albany Shale Group (Devonian-Mississippian) Source Rocks
and Hydrocarbon Generation in the Illinois Basin. M. H.
Barrows and R. M. Cluff.

1985-1 Stratigraphic and Interregional Changes in Pennsyl vanian Coal-
Swamp Vegetation: Environmental Inferences. T. L. Phillips,
R. A. Peppers, and W. A. DiMichele.

1985-J Maceral Distributions in Illinois Coals and Their Paleonviron-
mental Implications. R. D. Harvey and J. W. Dillon.

1985-K Unifying Nomenclature in the Pennsyl vanian System of the
Illinois Basin. R. J. Jacobson, C. B. Trask, C. H. Ault, D.
D. Cam, H. H. Gray, W. A. Hasenmueller, D. Williams, and A.
D. Wi lliamson.

1985-L Relationship Between Geochemistry of Coal and the Nature of
Strata Overlying the Herrin Coal in the Illinois Basin, USA.
C.-L. Chou.

1986-A Vogelgnathus, a New Mississippian Conodont Genus. R. D. Norby
and cT B. Rexroad.

1986-B A Gravitational Slide in the Energy Shale Member Overlying the
Herrin (No. 6) Coal Member in Southern Illinois. W. J. Nelson
and C. T. Ledvi na.

1986-C Facies, Formation Boundaries, and Chronostratigraphy in the
Upper Part of the New Albany Shale Group (Devonian-
Mississippian) in the Illinois Basin. M. L. Reinbold.

1986-D Depositional Environments of Strata of Late Desmoinesian Age
Overlying the Herrin (No. 6) Coal in Southwestern Illinois and
the Occurrence of Low-Sulfur Coal. J. F., Palmer, C. B. Trask,
and R. J. Jacobson.

1986-E Paleoenvi ronments and Distribution of Low-Sulfur Coal in
Illinois. C. G. Treworgy and R. J. Jacobson.

-113-

1986-F Timing and Development of Mineralized Veins During Diagenesis
in Coal Beds. J. C. Cobb.

1986-G Tonsteins in the Coalfields of Western Europe and North
America. K. Burger and H. H. Damberger.

1986-1 Shawneetown Fault Zone, Southeast Illinois: Structure and
Petroleum Possibilities. D. K. Lumrn and W. J. Nelson.

Other Publications and Reports:

Illinois State Geological Survey Publications: Catalog. 176 p.

3 Geologic Maps: 7.5-minute maps of the Rudement Quadrangle (Saline
County), the Equality Quadrangle (Gallatin and Saline
Counties), and the Shawneetown Quadrangle (Gallatin County).

2 Public Information Brochures on the programs and staff of the ISGS.

Illinois Mine Subsidence Research brochure.

Oil and Gas Monthly Drilling Reports. May 1985 through March 1986.

Completed Publications Projects
(May 1985 - March 1986)

1983-84

1984-85

1985-86

Ci rculars

Illinois Mineral series
Environmental Geology series
Illinois Petroleum series
Contract/Grant Reports
Field Trip Guidebooks
Guidebooks

Cooperative Groundwater Reports
IL Scientific Survey Joint Report
Reprints
Abstracts
Papers

Oil and Gas Drilling Reports
Poster Exhibits
Large Plates
Brochures

Special reports, proposals, and others
(including Pubs Catalog)

—

TOTALS

104

158

137

-114-

Graphics and Typesetting

1984-85

1985-86

Drafting (no. of items)

Slide copy: maps, graphs, charts,
diagrams, etc.

ISGS publications and posters:
maps, graphs, cross sections, etc.
Also miscellaneous items.

Large plates

Covers for publications
Typesetting (no. of pages)

Slide copy

Text, tables, forms, charts, etc.
Reproductions

364

902
16
29

233

1,797

224

947

127
1,690

The Publications, Graphics, and Photography Unit duplicates
materials for publications, talks, and exhibits, using an Ozalid blue-
line processor as well as various photographic techniques. Services are
estimated.

Photography

1984-85

1985-86

Photos taken for staff

2x2 inch slides: color/blue foil

duplicates
PMT prints developed for staff
Prints made
Portraits taken
Color prints made
Mylars made

Black/white film developed for staff
Color film developed for staff
Screened PMTs for staff

2,791

891

5,211

2,702

123

142

rolls
rolls

1,283

3,724

1,991

4,622

3,987

180

161

437

rol Is
rolls

-115-

Ozalid

Division by Groups and Sections 1984-85 1985-86

Information & Technical Services:

Oil and Gas Development 4,268 3,206

IL Coal Mines 1,156 815

Other 494 21_7

TOTAL 5,918 4,238

1984-85 1985-86

Mylar Pa&§JL M^ 1§J1 £lp_eL

Mineral Resources 93 257 11 205

General & Environ. Geology 98 184 36 208
Chemical & Mineral Engr.

Administrative Services 40 62 2 150

Other __--_ -- « :-_

• TOTAL 231 503 49 563

INFORMATION AND TECHNICAL SERVICES UNIT

Information Office

Many people write, visit or telephone the Survey seeking maps,
publications and answers to questions. To meet the needs of the public,
the Survey maintains an Information Office where questions are answered
and maps and publications are sold.

During February 1986, more than 300 people purchased maps and
publications from this office; this sample suggests that more than 3,600
customers will be served by the end of the year. The Information Office
also handled about 250 mail orders and 120 telephone orders during
February. Also during February, the Switchboard received approximately
2,943 incoming calls, projecting a yearly toal of about 35,316 calls.

Mail Room

The Mail Room is the central distribution center for all publica-
tions and maps of the Geological Survey. Stocks of all in-print publi-
cations and maps are maintained to fill mail orders and distribute to
Survey staff as needed. The Mail Room also maintains a stock room for
all office supplies required by the staff.

116-

Maps and publications distributed during the reporting period:

ISGS publications 28,258

ISGS maps 17,230

(This figure includes the distribution of satellite image maps.)

USGS maps 17,029

ISGS blue-line maps 5,502

Individual orders filled, excluding satellite image map orders:
5,649. Mail orders for 9,171 statewide satellite image maps were not
handled directly through the Mail Room.

Postage meter:

Individual pieces run through meter 70,153

Amount of postage used $29,747.80

During January, Mail Room space was reorganized. Also, the Mail
Room moved many of the 7.5-minute topographic maps to a more consoli-
dated location. This move freed an area where large flat maps and other
publications may be stored.

The Survey is preparing to receive 45 1:100, 000-scale, 30 by 60
inch planimetric and topographic maps from the U.S. Geological Survey.

Duplicating Services

Duplicating Services took delivery of a new Baumfolder 714 folding
machine in early March of this year. This heavy-duty high volume
machine replaces the small table-top unit. The new machine will allow
us to fold larger sheets of various paper weights with less wastage.
Duplicating Services received a new paper plate punch in October. The
punching of the paper plates lets the operator be more consistent in the
placement of plates on the duplicator.

During this reporting period, 3,513,492 printing impressions were
made.

Well Log Copy Service

The Survey copies well log records requested by customers in
person, by mail, or by telephone. During the last reporting period, the
Survey produced 14,455 logs; 78,807 single data sheets; 185 logs for
wells greater than 6,000 feet deep; and 927 parts of logs. In the
second year of service, there has been an increase in each category from
the previous year:

Logs - 41 percent

Single Data Sheets - 76 percent

Wells deeper than 6,000 feet - 85 percent

Parts of logs - 43 percent

-117-

Quring January, the Well Log Copy Service moved to a different
office. The new area has a window and an air conditioner, creating a
better working environment.

Statewide Satellite Image Maps

The Survey released the Statewide Satellite Image Map on Monday,
December 2, 1985.

Due to its high popularity, 1,900 copies were sold over the counter
during the first week. Counter sales then had to be discontinued in
order to retain copies for the mounting mail orders.

An estimated 800 calls per day on eight incoming lines were handled
through December. About 600 calls per day were handled through January
into February. Almost 80 percent of these calls required conversation
with the caller regarding information of the satellite map; correct
address, cost of maps, shipping charges, office hours and general map
information. Numerous phone and counter inquiries regarding the map are
still being received.

Counter sales resumed on January 2, 1986 and continued through
February 5, 1986.

The Duplicating Services area was transformed into a map processing
center. Here, the tubes were filled with maps, sealed, labeled, and
prepared for shipping.

Two temporary persons were hired for about a two month period.
These people assisted with the massive amounts of mail; sorted mail;
prepared mailing labels, invoices, ledger sheets, as well as assisted in
the packaging, labeling and shipping of the maps. Many of the Survey's
own staff assisted as their time allowed.

During December the Survey received mail orders requesting 7,657
maps; during January there were requests for 1,365 maps; and during
February there were requests for 149 maps.

Map sales ceased on February 5, 1986 when our supply became almost
exhausted.

WORD PROCESSING CENTER/TECHNICAL RECORDS UNIT

The Word Processing Center and Technical Records Unit were merged
during the Fall of 1985. Technical Record's supervisor, Carol Fiock,
retired during September 1985; Mrs. Fiock was not replaced. In order to
continue functioning with less staff the following changes have been or
are being implemented:

-118-

• All incoming mail is routed through a series of mailboxes by group,
section, and unit. This has allowed the assistant in Educational
Extension several extra hours per week to answer questions from the
public instead of spending time hand-carrying mail to individuals.

• Using guidelines from the State of Illinois Records Center, files
are being culled to determine the propriety of retaining certain
records.

• At the conclusion of alphabetizing the files, a determination will
be made on decentralization of all files with the exception of the
official files from the office of the Chief.

Word Processing

In addition to implementing a number of changes in the Technical
Records Operation, Word Processing staff have continued to provide
expert advice to individual word processing operators throughout the
system. Also, the word processing station in this office provides an
expert operator to key into the system any work overload from various
parts of the organization.

Based on a one-month sample, the following mail count is projected
for this reporting period: 103,764 pieces of mail handled, 2,256 mail
returned for central filing, and 6,528 items received for the library.
Unprecedented sales of the State Satellite Image Map heavily impacted
ongoing operations in this unit during the period of peak orders. Staff
responded with an outstanding effort, which resulted in minimal com-
plaints from customers.

TECHNICAL DESIGN, OPERATIONS, AND MAINTENANCE UNIT

The Technical Design, Operations, and Maintenance Shop provides a
variety of special support services that would otherwise be contracted
through outside vendors or the University of Illinois. These services
include ongoing building maintenance services, repair and maintenance to
scientific, office, and automotive equipment; and the fabrication of
specialized items requested by scientists and others.

A representative description of support services performed is as
follows:

General Shop

• Constructed an exciter system assembly for an Intrinsic Germanium
Detector at a savings of $1,000.

• Gathered materials and fabricated 15 locking steel pipe well
protectors. The outside vendor estimate for completion of this
project was $3,780. Our shop completed the job for $315.

119-

In the machine shop, Dave Cooley and Chris Wilson install a cooling fan in a sound-deadening cover
obtained from Springfield surplus.

Chris Wilson constructs a stand with a sound-deadening cover
for a computer printer.

In the metal shop, Phil Williams sands a table, preparing it for paint-
ing. Item was picked up from surplus in Springfield.

-120-

Fabricated a special inside tube for a soil-sampling apparatus used
at the Sheffield research site.

Fabricated an electromagnet for use in experiments to remove the
sulfur from coal .

Fabricated several mail distribution boxes required to implement
the new mail /information distribution system.

Completed modifications to the building and movable equipment as
required by Illinois Department of Labor inspectors applying OSHA
standards.

Located space and constructed a cage to store compressed gas
cylinders.

Cleaned, repaired, and painted the Giddings Drill Rig; replaced
wheel bearings and tires on the trailer for the OMI Research Boat.

Provided advice and assistance to management with regard to
building space realignment and the division of space. Provided
manpower and expertise in constructing "temporary" walls to house
additional staff. New space configurations resulted in 20 addi-
tional office cubicles during the reporting period. Removed and
renovated laboratory space, hoods, islands, and other apparatus as
required.

• Assisted management in pinpointing offices and work areas to be
painted by the University of Illinois. This resulted in 13 offices
being painted--a process that must be continued in the future.

• Assisted management in presenting a variety of plans for the con-
struction of the Shop and Equipment Building; maintained "eyeball"
contact with contractors as construction continued to help ensure
that standards set out in the CDB specifications were met.

• Continued the program of assessing and picking up used equipment in
Springfield in order to fulfill some needs of the scientists and
staff in the building. Renovated this "excess" equipment in order
to make it usable by Survey staff.

During the reporting period, 315 jobs were completed involving
internal work orders. In addition, numerous jobs were finished due to
verbal requests, notes, and the completion of ongoing maintenance
procedures.

Electronics Shop

The Electronics Shop provides support in electronic installation,
maintenance, and repair throughout the Survey. In addition, electrical
work is accomplished within acceptable University guidelines. Services
were provided to each Group as follows:

Joseph S. Kaczanowski troubleshoots a computer telephone modem in the electronics shop.

Group

Work Orders

Mineral Resources
General and Environmental Geology
Chemistry and Minerals Engineering
Administrative Services

27
51

55
22

Some equipment serviced during this reporting period includes neutron
activation equipment, mass spectrometer, earth resistivity meters, com-
puter data switch, Altair microprocessor, downhole logging equipment,
seismograph apparatus. printers/video terminals, Ozalid blue-line

machine.

Some jobs completed:

© Installation of cable and connectors necessary for all new video
terminals and printers connected to the Digital Equipment or Prime
Computer.

• Revamping the wiring for 11 word processor stations and printers
with the Word Processing Center was moved.

o Installation of twisted pair cable for the NBI Word Processor to
IBM-PC Network.

Garage/Automotive

During this reporting period, two vehicles were replaced: a van

and a carryall. In addition, the SSC contract purchased a vehicle. Two

replacement vehicles have been requisitioned and should be added to the
fleet during April 1986.

In order to keep the Gasoline Pumping Operation operational, a
reconditioned pump was purchased and installed during the fall of 1985.

-122-

In August 1986, at a celebration for both new and retiring ISGS staff, Chief Leighton expressed
tion for Ernest Adair's many years of fine service.

apprecia-

Personnel

Ernest Adair underwent hip surgery on May 1, 1985, and retired
August 31, 1985. November 19, 1985, Oscar Richter was hired to fill the
vacancy created by Mr. Adair's retirement.

LIBRARY/MAP ROOM

The Library/Map Room continued to provide a wide range of services
to Survey staff. Journals, bibliographies, and other materials were
routed to notify staff of new work being done in their fields. The
librarians consulted with researchers on their specific information
needs; verified and completed citations; prepared bibliographies on
requested topics; conducted on-line literature searches; located
articles, reports, and books, borrowed materials on interlibrary loan;
and instructed staff in the use of the Library/Map Room and its
resources. The Map Room also provided space for 64 meetings.

This year showed a dramatic increase in the use of library
services. Reference questions increased more than 100 percent and
interlibrary loans increased substantially. Fifteen staff members
attended hands-on library workshops in the use of the University of
Illinois Library's on-line catalog. The librarians also considered the
question of how to better meet all Survey staff needs regarding journal
availability and distribution. Experimentation with the journal routing
system was undertaken. A current periodicals area and a weekly
"journals received" list have been established and further modifications
are being pi anned.

123-

The state. "M" , and reference sections were shelf read and shifted
to make room for an estimated 4 years growth at current rates. Room 472
was reorganized to provide two study areas, a work space for the SSC
project archivist, and improved work space for Petroleum Information's
microfilming project. A shelflist of state documents was started and is
more than 50 percent complete. Twelve boxes of gift materials were
received and processed. The Library cataloging backlog was cut in half.
Catalog card production continued at a tremendous rate and Map Room card
production was automated.

Library Operating Statistics

Acquisitions: Total
Books

State documents
U.S. documents
Canada documents
Miscellaneous documents
Manuscripts
Maps

Field notebooks
Photographs

Total items withdrawn

Serials titles and newsletters received

Library Circulation: Total

Books, documents, serials, misc.

Maps

Field notebooks

Photographs and slides

Vi sitors

1986-85

1985-84

1984-83

1,862

2,543

4,164

100

442

591

548

533

424

647

135

128

314

401

234

359*

868*

623

1,898

256

1,006

260

246

290

2,987

3,063

3,615

2,239

1,820

2,218

748

1,087

1,193

111

156

413

569

361

Inter-library Loans: Total

from University of Illinois

from Lincoln Trail Library System

Reference questions

On-line literature searches

812

658

415

579

522

323

233

136

1,060

515

271

Periodicals routed (not counted
in circulation statistics)

1,736

2,343

2,344

* Reflects materials processed into the Map Room collection.
** 20 journal titles that had been discontinued for 5 or more years were
approved and withdrawn.

124-

HUMAN RESOURCE OFFICE

On November 1, 1985, the Personnel Office with responsibilities of
recruitment and placement, was transferred to the Administrative
Services Group. On January 1, 1986, the Personnel Office was renamed
the Human Resource Office with responsibilities expanded to staff per-
formance evaluation and appraisal, compensation based on performance,
training and development, affirmative action/equal employment opportun-
ity, establishment of communications for counseling, and improvement of
the quality of work life and productivity. At the same time the staff
was expanded and the office moved into a 2-room suite.

Activity Measures Table

Information Responses

Inquiries from staff/public 480

Calls received 3,600

Calls placed 2,520

Personnel Reports/Memos

DENR 31

Workforce analysis (12)
Affirmative action (13)
Absenteeism reports (6)

University of Illinois 138

Activity Effort Plan (96)
Monitored Workload Plans (42)

Chief/Staff 42

Personnel Activities

Applications received 740

Letters received regarding employment 1,500

Acknowledgment letters written 2,000

Ads placed in professional journals &

local papers 37

Announcements posted 189

Candidates interviewed 121

New staff appointments processed 9

Resignations 5

Retirements 6

Terminations 0

Medical leaves 1

Contract Personnel Transactions 284

New (68)
Transfers (81)
Extensions (114)
Terminations (21)

-125-

Requests for approval to hire 13

Requests prepared for exception to hiring freeze 14

Requests for reclassification of code personnel 7

Requests for temporary help 29

U of I Steno Services (8)

DENR (21)

Salary Progression Charts prepared/updated 209

Workshop training courses/seminars attended 9

Meetings attended 135

Conducted audits of staff attendance records 3

Requests for U of I Tuition and Fee Waiver 38

Summer 1985 (9)

Fall 1985 (17)

Spring 1985 (12)

Requests for Allied Agency ID Cards 132

CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD SHOP AND EQUIPMENT BUILDING PROJECT

A multipurpose building under construction on Griffith Drive,
northeast of the Natural Resources Studies Annex (south of St. Mary's
Road in Champaign), will provide an additional 3,360 square feet of
much-needed space for the Geological Survey. Construction of the pre-
engineered wood frame and metal building began in mid-December; target
completion date is early April.

The new building will contain

• Technical Design, Operations, and Maintenance Shop, which will
include a work bench, drill presses, welding equipment, a bench
vise, and other small tools and equipment.

• Reproduction services shop, where ISGS publications are produced.

• Three separate storage rooms for equipment used by the Earth
Hazards/Engineering Geology, Stratigraphy and Surficial Geology,
and Groundwater Sections (such as drilling and testing equipment,
outboard motors and sampling and monitoring equipment used in lake
and river studies, and pumps and stakes for groundwater investiga-
tions).

o Heated area (30 by 12 feet) to be used for repairing, steam
cleaning, and maintaining large vehicles and equipment that
currently must be worked on outdoors.

• Storage area (approximately 40 by 12 feet) for large equipment such
as drill rigs and the Lake Michigan studies power boat that now sit
outdoors all year around.

A deck above the ceiling will be used for miscellaneous storage
(the building is 14 feet high, and the ceiling over part of the building
is only 8 feet high, providing extra storage room). Additional drains
have been stubbed in the floor so that a laboratory might be housed in
the building at some future date.

|-HMl»a|V4KllS|]|

—.»|jr"»

^H»**-a»'V.

1 v illfl//

Stages in the construction of the multipurpose shop and equipment building northeast of the Natural Resources Studies Annex. The
new building will provide an additional 3,360 square feet of much-needed space for the ISGS.

-127-

EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION AND PUBLIC RELATIONS UNIT

The Educational Extension and Public Relations Unit provides infor-
mation and materials on the state's geology, mineral resources, and
landscape to elementary, high school, and college science teachers as
well as to interested laymen and students. The staff also presents
slide-illustrated talks concerning research and service at the Geologi-
cal Survey to teacher workshops, high school science classes and clubs,
and citizen groups throughout the state.

Geological Science Field Trips (Reinertsen et al.). These field
trips, although open to the general public, are designed for teachers so
as to furnish them with background material for classroom use. A guide
leaflet is distributed to the participants. Additional guide leaflets
from about 85 previously held field trips are maintained on permanent
file so that teachers and others may obtain them for later use. During
this report period, about 43 of these older guide leaflets were distri-
buted each month.

Attendance for the geological science field trips held during this
report period totaled approximately 346 compared with 459 for the 1984-
1985 report period. Individual field trip attendance figures were as
follows: Salem, 20 April, 69; Elizabeth, 18 May, 130; Pekin, 12
October, 82; and Lawrencevi 1 le, 9 November, 65.

Distribution of Information (Carlisle and Reinertsen). More than
440 mail inquiries from the general public were received to be answered
either with a letter or with publications. About half of these requests
were from schools, other educational groups, and libraries. More than
200 long distance telephone inquiries were answered, many by sending
publications. More than 100 individuals came to the unit office seeking
information and materials. Distribution of the Educational Series book-
lets totaled approximately 235 copies. About 20 topographic map sets
made from out-of-date topographic maps were distributed to Illinois
schools during this report period; the "Guide to the Use of Illinois
Topographic Maps" accompanied the sets. More than 100 additional copies
of this guide were furnished to teachers. More than 170 copies of the
"Landforms of Illinois" map by James A. Bier (Department of Geography,
University of Illinois) were distributed this past year. More than
15,400 copies of the Satellite Image Map of Illinois (scale 1:500,000)
have been sent out since 3 December 1985.

Rock and Mineral Sets (Zelinsky, Klitzing, McKinney, and Carlisle).
The free set of 35 labeled rocks, minerals, and fossils distributed to
Illinois schools, scout councils, and other educational groups is
designed primarily for classroom display purposes and for aid in identi-
fying unknowns brought in by students. The sets are distributed at the
rate of one per school or one per 500 in enrollment. Zelinsky, Superin-
tendent of the Geological Samples Library, supervises the assembling of
the materials under the guidance of the Educational Extension and Public
Relations Unit. During this report period, approximately 138 rock and
mineral sets plus 18 orders for replacement specimens were distributed

-128-

to Illinois institutions. In addition, some 50 coal-ball slices were
sent to Illinois schools.

Educational Resources (Reinertsen) . The Survey mailed an abbrevi-
ated revised list of services offered to Illinois schools and teachers
to each school in the state and to the regional superintendents. The
bulk mailing totaled more than 6,970. The list which is also distri-
buted at teachers' meetings, includes nontechnical Survey publications,
maps, and services suitable for elementary and secondary school use.

Educational Exhibits (Reinertsen). Educational exhibits on the
geology of the state and the research and service activities of the
Survey were displayed as follows for the past year: Illinois Oil and
Gas Association annual meeting (Robinson, June 20); and the Illinois
Science Teachers Association annual meeting (Normal, October 4-5). In
addition, representative educational materials were assembled for
display during the visits of personnel from the Illinois Legislative
offices and the Department of Energy and Natural Resources. Assistance
was also furnished to other sections and groups in the Survey with their
respective displays for these visits and for outside exhibits.

Lectures (Reinertsen and Carlisle). Presentations were made to the
following groups: Coal workshops for teachers at Quincy, Harper
College-Northeast at Prospect Heights, Rend Lake Community College, Ina,
and Lincolnland Community College, Springfield; Earth Science teachers
workshops by Western Illinois University at Rock Island, Macomb, and
Springfield; Pana Rotary Club; St. John Lutheran School, Champaign; St.
Matthew Catholic School, Champaign; Joliet retired state employees
group; Double I Gem and Mineral Society, Danville; and the Worthen Rock
and Mineral Club, Carthage (Carlisle).

Press Relations (Staff). Five press releases concerning field
trips, a new staff member, and a promotion were sent either to the Illi-
nois Information Service, Springfield, or to the University of Illinois
News Bureau. Four interviews were held with radio and newspaper people
regarding field trips and the Satellite Image Map of Illinois.

Other Activities (Reinertsen). Two manuscript were reviewed: one
was for the North Cook County Soil and Water Conservation District and
the other for the Earth Science Club of Northern Illinois. Assistance
was given to a graduate student from Eastern Illinois University; he was
seeking help with a strati graphic problem encountered along the Embarras
River at Lake Charleston. Also, a German geologist and his wife were
conducted on a geological tour in the La Salle-Wedron area for a day.

Reinertsen represents the Director of the DENR on the Statewide
Advisory Board of Conservation Education for the Illinois State Board of
Education. For part of the year, he was editor for Earthshine, the
Illinois Earth Science Association newsletter. He also serves on the
Liaison Committee for the IESA.

RECOGNITION AND SERVICE

August 1986 Survey celebration: Howard R. Schwalb, retiring member of the Oil and
Gas Section, listens to his biography presented by Jonathan H. Goodwin, Assistant to
the Chief.

Richard D. Harvey, Coal Section, accepts a 25-year certificate and congratulations from
Chief Leighton for his excellent contributions in research and service at the ISGS.

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RECOGNITION AND SERVICE

HONORS AND AWARDS

Karen A. Albrecht was elected to full membership in Sigma Xi , the scien-
tific honorary society, in February 1986.

James C. Bradbury, Principal Geologist Emeritus was honored as a
Distinguished Member of the Society of Mining Engineers of the American
Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Class of
1984-85, "In recognition of and appreciation for his outstanding service
to the mining industry, and to the Society."

Keros Cartwright has been elected to the Advisory Council of the U.S.
Committee of the International Association of Hydrogeologi sts. This
Council will organize the hydrogeology program of the 28th International
Geological Congress scheduled for 1988 in Washington, D.C.

Charles Collinson has been nominated for a special award for service to
the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. The award
will be made in Atlanta in June 1986.

Donald R. Dickerson was cited by Neil F. Hartigan, Attorney General for
the State of Illinois, for his outstanding work on analyses of wood and
soil samples for traces of petroleum products and his testimony which
helped to convict a murderer in Marshall, Illinois.

David L. Gross received an award for "Outstanding Volunteer Service"
from the United Way of Champaign County.

Russell J. Jacobson received an M.S. degree in geology from the Univer-
sity of Illinois.

Vi ckie L. Poole completed her Master of Science degree at Purdue Univer-
sity in May 1985. She was also elected to full membership in Sigma Xi .

W i 11 i am R . Roy completed his Ph.D. in soil chemistry at the University
of Illinois inOctober 1985.

Janis D. Treworgy received a Ph.D. degree in geology from the University
of Illinois.

PAPERS AND ABSTRACTS IN NON-SURVEY PUBLICATIONS

Albrecht, K. A., __§_._ _D . Logsdon, J. C. Pa rker, and J. _C . Baker. 1985.
Spatial variability of" physical properties in the Emporia series. Soil
Science Society of America Journal, vol. 49, p. 1498-1502.

Albrecht, K. A., and J. C. Parker. 1985. Sample volume effects on

hydraulic and solute transport parameters. Agronomy Abstracts, American
Society of Agronomy.

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Aldridge, R. J., M. P. Smith, R. D. Norby, D.E.G. Briggs, and E.N.K.
CI arkson. 1985. The structure and function of Carboniferous polygna-
thacean conodont apparatuses (Abs.). Jn_ R» J« Aldridge, R. L. Austin
and M. P. Smith [eds.], Fourth European Conodont Symposium (ECOS IV),
Abstracts, Southampton, p. 1-2.

Barton, L. L. G. V. Johnson, and S. M. Orbock Miller. 1985. The
Effect of Azospi ri 1 Turn brasilense on iron absorption and translocation
by sorghum. Journal of Plant Nutrition.

Bauer, R. A., B. B., Curry, R. C. Vaiden, A. M. G£aesj?,_W_^ G. Dixon, _and_
Wen-June Su. 1985. Engineering Characteristics of Bedrock for the Pro-
posed Superconducting Super Collider in Illinois. Geological Society of
America Abstracts with Programs, vol. 17, no. 7, p. 520.

Bhagwat, S. B. . 1985. Kohle im Illinois Becken--ein energiepol i tisches
Dilemma. Paper published in West German mining magazine "Glueckauf."

Bhowmik, N. G. . J. Adams. R. Anderson, M. Demissie, D. Gross, J. King,
L. Lubinski, R. Sparks, and W. Wendland. 1985. Long Term Ecological
Research on Illinois Rivers. Illinois Academy of Science, v. 78, no. 3
and 4, p. 247-261.

Bhowmik, N. G. , J. R. Adams, R. V. Anderson, R. A. Cahill et al. 1985.
Long-term ecological research on Illinois rivers. Transactions of the
Illinois Academy of Science, vol. 78, 247-261.

Bhowmik, N. G., D. L. Gross, and P. G. Risser. 1985. A Conceptual
Model of Erosion and Sedimentation Processes. World Congress on Water
Resources, Brussels, Paper 58a, p. 199-208, Illniois State Water Survey
Reprint 681.

Bonne!!, L. M.. and T. F. Anderson. 1985. Sulfur isotopic analyses of
disseminated pyrite in Cretaceous black and green mudstones. Abstracts
with Programs, 1985 Annual Meeting, vol. 17, no. 7, p. 528.

Bonne! 1 , L. M. , and T. F. Anderson. Sulfur isotopic analysis of dissem-
inated and macroscopic pyrite: Hole 603B. Jn_ P. A. Meyers, D. Dunn, et
al., [eds.], Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, vol. 93,
U.S. Government Printing Office (in press).

Bradford, S. C, P. B. DuMontelle, R. A. Bauer, and R. D. Eva_ns. Deter-
mining causes of damage to structures in Illinois with assi stance of
relational data-base management system. Bulletin of the Association of
Engineering Geologists, vol. 23, no. 3 (in Press).

Brigham, W.. and C. G. Treworgy. 1985. Geographic Information System
puts Illinois the Map. Design Graphics World, June, p. 16-18.

Brower, R. D. A. P. Visocky, I. G. Krapac, G. R. Peyton, B. R. Hensel,
and J. S. Nealoru Evaluation of hazardous liquid waste di sposal by deep
well injection in Illinois. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Canadian
American Conferences on Hydrogeology . Banff, Alberta (in press).

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Cahill, R. A.. 1985. Illinois large rivers, handbook of field and
laboratory techniques. Illinois Large Rivers Long Term Ecological
Research Program Series No. 3, 109 p.

Cahill, R. A., and A. D. Autrey. 1986. Measurement of 210-Pb, 137-Cs,
organic carbon and trace elements in sediments of the Illinois and
Mississippi Rivers. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry
(in press).

Cahill, R. A., and J. D. Steele. 1986. Cesium-137 as a tracer of
recent sedimentary processes in southern Lake Michigan. Hydrobiologia
(in press) .

Cartwright, Keros, J. R. Mi Her, and R . C. Berg. 1986. Hydrogeologi cal
experience at a low-level waste/shal low burial site: a look toward the
future. _In Geotechnical and Geohydrologic Aspects of Waste Management.
A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.

Chou, C.-L.. R. B. Winston, and R. A. Cahill. 1985. Elemental abund-
ances in coal lithotypes of Herrin (No. 6T~Coal, Illinois Basin. Geo-
logical Society of America Abstracts with Programs, vol. 17, no. 7,
p. 545.

Chou, C.-L., R. B. Winston, R. A. Cahill, and C. Chaven. 1985. Sodium,
chlorine, and trace elements in Illinois coal: influence of shale
partings on their variability within a mine. Geological Society of
American Abstracts with Programs, vol. 17, no. 7, p. 282.

Chou, M.-I., and D. M. Loffredo. 1985. Sulfur in char and its rela-
tionship to char desul furization by acid leaching and hydropyrolysis .
Fuel, vol. 64, no. 6, p. 731

Chou, M.-I., K. V. Wood, and D. R. Dickerson. 1985. Organic geo-

chemical characterization of the New Albany Shale Group (Devonian-
Mississippian) in the Illinois Basin. Organic Geochemistry, vol. 8,
no. 6, p. 415-420.

Chou, S.F.J. , and R. A. Griffin. 1985. Solubility and soil mobility of
polychlorinated biphenyls. _In_ "PCBs and the Environment," vol. I, Ed.
J.S. Waid. CRC Cat. No. 5924, CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL. 20 p.
(in press).

Cline. B. A., and R. K. Gilpin. 1985. Solvent effects on the orien-
tation of borded phases on chemically modified graphite electrodes.
Abstracts with Programs, 17th Central Region American Chemical Society
Meeting, Akron, OH. Paper 20.

Coleman, D. D. 1985. Applications of geochemistry to the production,
"storage, and utilization of natural gas. Abstract. Bulletin of the
American Association of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 69, no. 2, p. 245.

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Coleman, D. P., C.-L. Liu, and K. C. Hackley. 1985. The Use of Stable
Sulfur Isotope Ratios for Monitoring the Behavior of Organic and Pyritic
Sulfur During Desulfurization of Illinois Coals. Abstract, U.S. Geo-
logical Survey Symposium on Coal Quality, Reston, VA.

Collinson, C, and W. Jansen. 1985. Design and Performance of Low-Cost
Stacked Block Revetments for Great Lakes Shores, Proceedings of the
Fourth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, American Society of
Civil Engineers, vol. 1, p. 1150-1156.

Collinson, C, and L. R. Smith. 1985. Illinois Shoreline Erosion,
Interim I-Shoreline Positions, Pis. 1-18. Jjt_ Illinois Shoreline Ero-
sion: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Lake Michigan, Summary Information
Report, Interim I, Illinois-Wisconsin State Line to Waukegan, p. 1-54.

Crockett, J. E., and B. J. Seyler. 1985. Oil production in the Buck-
horn East Oil Field in western Illinois. Abstract, Illinois Academy of
Science Annual Geography and Geology Meetings.

Curry, B. B., and H. D. Glass. 1985. Quaternary glacial stratigraphy
of the'Fox Ri ver "Val ley , Kane County, Illinois. North-Central Section
Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, vol. 17, no. 5.

Curry, B. B., and J. P. Kempton. 1985. Rei nterpretation of the Robein
and Piano Silts, Northeastern Illinois, Geological Society of America
Abstracts with Programs, vol. 17, no. 7, 1985 Annual Meeting, p. 557.

Darmody, R. G., L. R. Follmer, and J. W. Scott. 1985. Soi 1 -geomorphic
relations in the Edwards River Valley of Illinois. American Society of
Agronomy Abstracts, p. 190.

DeBar.r, J., C. Chaven, D. Kwan, and M. Rostam-Abadi . 1985. Automation
and operation of thermal analysis instruments with an IBM personal com-
puter. Proceedings of the 14th North American Thermal Analysis Society
Conference.

DemiT, I., C.-L. Chou, and C. Chaven. 1985. Distribution and aqueous
leachability of sodium, chlorine, and potassium in coal. Geological
Society of America Abstracts with Programs, vol. 17, p. 562.

Devera, J. A., and G. H. Fraunfelter. 1985. Paleoecology of Middle

Devonian Chitinozoans from the Grand Tower Limestone of Southwestern
Illinois. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs,
vol. 17, no. 5, p. 284.

Devera, J. A. Asphalti noides , A new Incertae Sedis from the middle
Devonian of Southern Illinois. Journal of Paleontology (in press).

DiMichele, W. A. T. L. Phillips, and R. A. Peppers. 1985. The influ-
ence 67 cTTmate and "cTepositional envi ronment on the distribution and
evolution of Pennsyl vanian coal-swamp plants. Jn B. H. Tiffney, [ed.],
Geological Factors and the Evolution of Plants, Yale University Press,
New Haven, CT, p. 223-256.

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DuMontelle, P. B. and R. A. Bauer. 1985. A mine subsidence research
"program for Illinois: coal and crops working together. Proceedings of
the Illinois Mining Institute.

Ehrlinger, H. P. Ill, R. R. Ruch, J. M. Buckentin, D. M. Rapp, and L. R.
Camp. 1985. Fine coal cleaning 5y tFTe ISGS aggregate flotation
process. Abstracts with Programs. American Institute of Chemical
Engineers, annual meeting, Chicago, IL, paper No. 116a, p. T182.

Eidel , J; J., and C. Meyer. 1985. Scientific drilling to study the

roots and margins of hydrothermal mineral systems. Jn C. B. Raleigh,
[ed.], Observations of the continential crust through drilling,
Springer-Verlag, New York, p. 123-129.

Follmer, L. R., J. P. Tandarich, and R. G. Darmody. 1985. The evolu-
tion of pedologic and geologic profile concepts in the Midcontinent .
USA. American Society of Agronomy Abstracts, p. 191.

Follmer, L. R., and E. D. McKay III. Farm Creek: a notable Pleistocene
section. Geological Society of America Decade of North American Geology
Centennial Field Guide (in press).

Frest, T. J., D. R. Kolata, and R. H. Mapes. 1985. The youngest
carpoid: occurrence affinities, and life mode of a Pennsyl vanian
mitrate from Oklahoma. Geological Society of America Abstracts with
Programs, vol. 17, no. 7, p. 586.

Gilkeson, R. H. and P. C. Heigold. 1985. Application of surface
geophysics to evaluation of regional groundwater resources. Geological
Society of America Abstracts with Programs, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 290.

Gilkeson, R. H., P. C. Heigold, and D. E. Laymon. 1986. Practical
application of theoretical models to magnetometer surveys on hazardous
waste disposal sites--a case history. Ground water Monitoring Review,
Winter 1986, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 54-61.

Glass, H. P., and R. E. Hughes. 1985. Use of clay mineral composition
for stratigraphic analysis. _^n_ Abstract for Applications of X-Ray
Analysis (34th Annual Denver X-Ray Conference): Snowmass, CO, Aug. 5-9,
1985.

Goodwin, A. M., H. G. Thode, C.-L. Chou, and S. N. Karkhanis. 1985.
Chemostratigraphy and origin of the late Archean siderite-pyrite-rich
Helen Iron Formation, Michipicoten Belt, Canada. Canadian Journal of
Earth Sciences, vol. 22.

Graese, A. M., and D. R. Kolata. 1985. Lithofacies distribution within
the Maquoketa Group (Ordovician) in northeastern Illinois. Geological
Society of America Abstracts with Programs, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 291.

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Griffin, R. A., and W. R. Roy. 1985. Interaction of organic solvents
with staturated soil -water system. Environmental Institute for Waste
Management Studies Open File Report No. 3, University of Alabama,
Tuscaloosa, AL.

Griffin, R. A., W. A. Sack, W. R. Roy, C. C. Ainsworth, and I. G.
Krapac. 1985. "Batch type 24-hour distribution ratio for contaminant
adsorption by soil materials. Special Technical Publication entitled
"Environmental Test Methods," American Society for Testing and
Materials, Philadelphia, PA (in press).

Gross, D. L. . R. A. Cahill, D. I. Casavant, J. R. Adams, and N. G.
Bhowmi k. 1985. History of Sedimentation in Mississippi River Pool 19,
U.S.A.. IV International Symposium on Paleol imnology, Austria, p. 35.

Hansel, A. K. 1985. The Chicago Outlet. _Ir^ Peter Clark. A. K. Hansel,
W. H. Johnson, J. Kluessendorf , D. G. Mikulic, and G. A. Rudloff [eds.],
49th Annual Tri-State Geological Field Conference, Geology of the
Chicago Area, p. 21-25.

Hansel, A. K. , W. H. Johnson, and B. J. Socha. 1985. Sedimentological
characteristics and genesis of basal tills at Wedron, Illinois. INQUA
Till Symposium Programs and Abstracts. Geological Survey of Finland,
p. 8.

Hansel, A. K. , W. H. Johnson, and B. J. Socha. Sedimentological char-
acteristics and" genesis 67 basal tills at~ Wedron, Illinois. _In_
R. Kujansuu and M. Saarnisto, [eds.]. Geological Survey of Finland
Special Paper.

Hansel, A. K. , C. E. Larsen, and A. F. Schneider. 1985. High lake
phases in the Lake Michigan Basin. Geological Society of America
Abstracts with Programs, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 292.

Hansel , A. K., D. M. Mickelson, A. F. Schneider, and C^_ E. Larsen_.

1985. Late Wisconsinan and Holocene history of the Lake Michigan basin.
In P. E. Karrow and P. E. Calkin [eds.], Quaternary History of the Great
Lakes: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 30, p. 39-53.

Harvey, R. D. and J. W. Dillon. 1985. Maceral distributions in
Illinois coals and their environmental implications. International
Journal of Coal Geology, vol. 5, p. 141-165.

Harvey, R. P., and P. J. DeMaris. Size and maceral associations of

pyrite in Illinois coals and their float-sink fractions. The Society
for Organic Petrology (in press).

Harvey, R. P., and R. R. Ruch. Overview of Mineral Matter in Coal. Jn
Chemistry of Mineral Matter and Ash in Coal, K. Vorres [ed.], American"
Chemical Society, Washington, PC (in press).

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Herzog, B. L.. and W. J. Morse. A comparison of laboratory and field
determined values of hydraulic conductivity at a hazardous waste
disposal site. Journal of Waste Management. 21 p. (in press)

Hines, J. K., S. M. Miller, D. L. Gross, and E. D. McKay. 1985.
Environmental Screening for Sitingthe Superconducting'Super Collider in
Illinois. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs,
vol . 17, no. 7, p. 611.

Holden, M. E., D. I. Casavant, D. L. Gross, M. D. Grubb, S. 0. Miller,
and M. V. Mi 1 ler. 1986. Geomorphologi cal Aspects of Long-Term Ecolog-
ical Research in the Upper Mississippi River Basin. Mississippi River
Research Consortium.

Holm, N. P. 1985. Summary Report—Lake Michigan Scoping Study.
Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, 12 p.

Howard, R. H., and S. T. Whitaker. 1986. Hydrocarbon accumulation in
Pennsyl vanian fluvial sand bar, Hardinville area, Crawford County,
Illinois. J_n_ Petroleum Geology of the Illinois Basin, Illinois and
Indiana-Kentucky Geological Societies Joint Publication No. 2.

Hower, J. C, A. M. Graese, J. G. Klapheke, C. A. Pryor, and G. D. Wil d_.
1985. Grindability "of Kentucky Coals I: Influence of the microl itho-
type composition. Kentucky Center for Energy Research Laboratory Report
85-143.

Hughes, R. E. P. J. DeMaris, W. A. White, and D. K. Cowin. 1985.

Origin of clay minerals associated with Pennsyl vanian strata in the

Illinois Basin. Jn_ Abstracts for the 8th International Clay Conference,

p. 103.

Jacobson, R. J., C. 8. Trask, C. H . Ault, D. P. Carr, H. H. Gray,
W. Hasenmueller, D. A. Williams, and ~A. D. Williamson. 1985^ Uni fying
nomenclature in the Pennsyl vanian System of the Illinois Basin. Trans-
actions of the Illinois Academy of Science, vol. 78, nos. 1-2, p. 1-11.

Jacobson, R. J. Fluvial -deltaic deposits in the Pounds Escarpment of
the Lower Pennsyl vanian (Caseyville and Abbott Formations). Geological
Society of America Decade of North American Geology Guidebook (in
press) .

Johnson, L., Massoud Rostam-Abadum, I. A. Mirza, M. D. Stephenson, and
C. W. Kruse. 1985. Co-pyrolysis of coal and oil shale II: Thermo-
dynamics and kinetic studies of hydrogen sulfide captured by oil shale.
American Chemical Society National Meeting, Division of Fuel Chemistry,
Chicago, IL, vol. 30, no. 9, p. 274-285.

Johnson, W. H., A. K. Hansel, and L. R. Follmer. Wedron section,
Wedron, Illinois, concepts of Woodfordian glaciation in Illinois. Geo-
logical Society of America Decade of North American Geology Centennial
Field Guide (in press).

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Khan, L. A. and J. W. Baxter. 1985. Evaluating the feasibility of
secondary recovery of coal from mine wastes. J_n_ D. H. Graves, [ed.],
Symposium on Surface Mining, Hydrology. Sedimentology , and Reclamation,
p. 349-355, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.

Khan, L. A., R. E. Hughes, J. W. Baxter, and D. J. Berggren. Factors
affecting comminution of clays in a vibrating bead grinder.

Khan, L. A., S. B. Bhagwat, J. W. Baxter, and D. J. Berggren. F e a s i -
bility of recovering clays from abandoned tailing ponds. In Proceedings
of Power and Bulk Solids Conference of the International Powder Insti-
tute (London, England) (in press).

Khan, L. A., S. B. Bhagwat, and J. W. Baxter. Feasibility of recovery
of sand and "clays from sand processing plant rejects of northern
Illinois, Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting, American Association
of Cost Engineers, Chicago, IL (in press).

Killey, M. M., and H. D. Glass. 1985. The Wadsworth-Yorkvi 1 le Till
Member Boundary in the southern sector of the Joliet Sublobe, North-
eastern Illinois. Geological Society of America Abstracts with
Programs, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 295.

Kluessendorf , J., and D. G. Mikulic. 1985. Subsurface stratigraphic

relationships of Upper Silurian and Devonian rocks in Milwaukee County,

Wisconsin. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs,
vol. 17, no. 5, p. 296.

Kluessendorf, J., D. Mikulic, and D. Briggs. 1985. Extraordinary soft-
bodied Silurian biota from Wisconsin. Geological Society of America
Abstracts with Programs, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 296.

Kolata, D. R. Crinoids of the Champlainian (Middle Ordovician)
Guttenberg Formation—Upper Mi ssissippi Valley. Journal of Paleontology
(in press).

Kolata, D. R. Starved Rock. Geological Society of America Decade of
North American Geology Field Guide (in press).

Kolata, D. R., J. K. Frost, and W. D. Huff. Chemical correlation of K-
bentonite beds in the Middle Ordovician Decorah Subgroup, Upper Missis-
sippi Valley. Geology (in press).

Kolata, D. R., and L. Pavlides. Echinoderms from the Arvonia Slate,
Central Virginia Piedmont. Geologica et Palaeontologica (in press).

Krumm, R. J., E. D. McKay III, and J. R. Miller. 1985. An extensive
geologic data base on a geographic i nformation system. Geological
Society of America Abstracts with Programs, vol. 17, no. 7, p. 634.

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Langenheim, R. L. Jr., B. G. Huff, E. W. Lipman, and R. C. Vaiden.
1985"! Preliminary report of the brachiopod fauna, Arrow Canyon Section,
southern Nevada, U.S.A. Compte Rendu, X International Congress of
Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology, Madrid, vol. 2, p. 425-433.

Laymon, D. E. 1985. Geophysical study of Cenozoic Rocks from the
McMurdo Sound Region, Antarctica. Geological Society of America
Abstracts with Programs, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 298.

Lee, M., R. L. Hay, and D. R. Kolata. 1985. Episodic potassic

alteration of Ordovician tuffs in the Upper Mississippi Valley.
Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, vol. 17, no. 7,
p. 641.

Liu, C.-L., K. C. Hackley, D. D. Coleman, and C. W. Kruse. 1986. Using
stable isotope analysis to monitor distributions of individual forms of
sulfur during desulfurization processes. Abstract, First International
Rolduc sumposium on Coal science, Rolduc, the Netherlands (in press).

Liu. C.-L., and D. D. Coleman. 1986. Illinois State Geological Survey
Date List VIII. Radiocarbon, vol. 28, no. 1.

Liu, C.-L., K. M. Riley, and D. D. Coleman. 1986. Illinois State
Geological Survey Date List IX. Radiocarbon, vol. 28, no. 1.

Liu, C.-L., K. M. Riley and D. D. Coleman. 1986. Illinois State
Geological Survey Date List X. Radiocarbon, vol. 28, no. 2 (in press).

McKay, E. P., and L . R . Fo 1 1 me r . 1985. A correlation of Lower

"Mississippi Valley Loesses to the Glaciated Midwest. Geological Society
of America Abstracts with Programs, vol. 17, no. 7, p. 611.

McKenna, D. P. 1985. Age of the Surficial Tills of Boone and Winnebago
Counties", Illinois: A Soi 1-Geomorphic Analysis. Geological Society of
America Abstracts with Programs, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 317.

McKenna, D. P., J. R. Miller, and R. C. Berg. 1985. Chapter 5,
Geology. Jn_ Volume II, Baseline Survey, Des Plaines River Wetlands
Demonstration Project. Wetlands Research, Inc., Chicago, 62 p.

Mehnert, Edward, and Aaron Jennings. 1985. The Effect of Salinity-
Dependent Hydraulic Conductivity on Saltwater Intrusions. Journal of
Hydrology, vol. 80, p. 283-297.

Mickelson, R. W. , and M. Rostam-Abadi . 1985. Serendipity and kinetic
anaTysfsT In Proceedings of the 14th North American Thermal Analysis
Society compe, San Francisco, p. 109-114.

Mikulic, D. G., and JJL_H. Goodwin. Urban encroachment on dolomite

resources of the Chicago, Illinois area. 20th Forum on the Geology of
Industrial Minerals, Maryland Geological Survey (in press).

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Mikulic, D. G. The Silurian reef at Thornton, Illinois. Geological
Society of A"meria Decade of North American Geology Field Guide (in
press) .

Mikulic, D. G., and J. Kluessendorf . The Ordovician-Si lurian boundary
at Kankakee River State Park, Illinois. Geological Society of America
Decade of North American Geology Field Guide (in press).

Mikulic, D. G. 1985. New observations of Northeastern Illinois
Si lurian "reefs. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs,
vol. 17, no. 5, p. 318.

Mikulic, D. G., D. Briggs, and J. Kluessendorf. 1985. A Silurian soft-
bodied biota. Science 228, p. 715-717.

Mikulic, D. G. . J. Kluessendor f, and G. Mursky. 1985. Memo rial:
Katherine G. Nelson, Journal of "Paleontology, vol. 59, no. 3, p. 785-
786.

Mikulic, p. G. 1985. Patterns of Late Ordovician trilobite extinction.
Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, vol. 17, no. 7,
p. 663.

Mikulic, D. G., D.E.G. Briggs, and J. Kluessendorf. 1985. A new excep-
tionally preserved biota from the Lower Silurian of Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 311, p. 75-
85.

Murphy, E. W., R. E. Yarhrough, and S. C. Bradford. A review of claims
data: Illinois Mine Subsidence Insurance Fund. Proceedings from Second
Workshop on Surface Subsidence due to Underground Mining, Morgantown, WV
(in press).

Nor by, R. P., and M. J. Avcin. Contact microradiography of conodont
assemblages. _I_n_ R. L. Austin, [ed.], Conodonts, investigative tech-
niques and applications: Ellis Horwood, Chichester, Sussex, England (in
press).

Palmer, J. E., C. B. Trask, and R. J. Jacobson. 1985. Oppositional
environments of strata of Late Desmoinesian age overlying the Herrin
(No. 6) Coal Member in southwestern Illinois and the occurrence of low-
sulfur coal. _In_ A. T. Cross [ed.], Vol. 4, Economic Geology: Coal,
Oil and Gas. Compte Rendu. IX International Congress of Carboniferous
Stratigraphy and Geology, Southern Illinois University Press,
Carbondale, p. 329-341.

Phillips, T. L., R. A. Peppers, and W. A. DiMichele. 1985. St rat i-
graphic and interregional changes Tn Pennsyl vanian coal -swamp vegeta-
tion: environmental inferences. International Journal of Coal Geology,
vol. 5, p. 43-109.

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Poole, V. L., Keros Cartwright, and Darrell Leap. 1985. Water
Resources of Basal Pennsyl vanian Sandstones, Southwestern Shelf of the
Illinois Basin. Jn_ Geological Society of America Abstracts with
Programs, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 322.

Popp. B. N., K. C. Hackley, and T. F. Anderson. 1985. Development of a
§dtfS age curve from sulfate in brachiopod shells. Geological Society of
America Abstracts with Programs, vol. 17, no. 7, p. 692.

Raun, R. L., M. A. Butt erworth, _ R. A. Peppers, an d T. JL . __ Phi 11 ips

Granasporities medius Dybova and Jachowicz, a new name for Cappasporites
distortus Urban (in press).

Read, R. B., P. J. Reucroft, and W. H. Lloyd. 1985. Rheological
properties of selected bituminous coals. Fuel, vol. 64, no. 4, p. 495.

Read, R. B., P. J. Reucroft, W. G. Lloyd, and H. E. Francis. 1985. Th e
effects of pressure on the ASTM fluid behavior of bituminous coals.
Fuel, vol. 64, no. 5, p. 627.

Read, R. B., P. J. Reucroft, and W. G. Lloyd. The effects of pressure
on the isothermal fluid behavior of bituminous coals. Fuel Proc. Tech.
(in press) .

Reed, P. C, J. M. Masters, and H. D. Glass. 1985. Use of clay
mineralogy and radiocarbon dating in the interpretation of sedimentary
units, Mound City, IL. In Pleistocene Geology and Evolution of the
Upper Mississippi Val ley ~ (abstract) Minnesota Geological Survey and
University of Minnesota.

Risser, P. G. , and C. G. Treworgy. 1986. Overview of ecological
research data management. In Research Data Management in the Ecological
Sciences. W. K. Michener [id.], University of South Carolina Press, p.
9-22.

Rostam-Abadi , M., P. Kwan, and C. Chaven. 1985. Interfacing and
operation of a DuPont TGA with an IBM personal computer. Jjl Proceedings
of the 14th North American Thermal Analysis Society Conference, San
Francisco, CA. p. 308.

Roy, W. R., C. C. Ainsworth, S.F.J. Chou, R. A. Griffin, and I. G.
Krapac. 1985. Development of standardized batch adsorption procedures:
experimental considerations. _In_ Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual
Research Symposium of the Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Division,
Cincinnati, OH.

Roy, W. R., and R. A. Griffin. 1985. Mobility of organic solvents in
water-saturated soil materials. Environmental Geology and Water
Sciences, vol. 7, p. 241-247.

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Roy, W. R., J. J. Hassett, and R. A. Griffin. 1986. Competitive
interactions of phosphate and molybdate on arsenate adsorption. Soil
Science (i n press) .

Sargent, H. L. 1985. Lithofacies and isopach mapping of the Sauk
Sequence in Illinois omitting the Mt. Simon Sandstone and older strata.
Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, vol. 17, no. 5,
p. 325.

Sargent, M. L.. and T. C. Buschbach. 1985. Map of the morphlogy of the
top of Precambrian crystalline rocks in Illinois. North Central Section
Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, vol. 17, no. 5,
p. 324.

Shimp , N. F. 1986. Coal research: A continuing need. Journal of Coal
Quality, vol. 5, no. 4 (in press).

Sims, P. K. , M. L. Sargent et al. 1985. Precambrian basement map of
the northern Midcontinent U.S.A. United States Geological Survey Open-
file Report 85-0604.

Stephenson, M. D. and C. W. Kruse. 1985. An economic evaluation of
coal pyrolysis with char hydrodesulfurization. In Processing and
Utilization of High Sulfur Coals, Y. A. Attia, [ed.], Elsevier,
Amsterdam.

Stephenson, M. P., Massoud Rostam-Abadi , L. A. Johnson, and C. W. Kruse.
1985. A review of gas phase desul furization of char. _In Processing and
Utilization of High Sulfur Coals. Y. A. Attia, [ed.], Elsevier Science
Publishing Company, Amsterdam

Stohr, C. J., and T. R. West. 1985. Terrain and look angle effects
upon multi spectral scanner response. Photogrammetric Engineering and
Remote Sensing, vol. 51, no. 2, p. 229-235.

Trask, C. B., and B. M. Hand. 1985. Differential transport of f al 1 -
equivalent sand grains, Lake Ontario, New York. Journal of Sedimentary
Petrology, vol. 55, no. 1, p. 226-234.

Trask, C. B., and R. J. Jacobson. Preparation and analysis of coal seam

data utilizing paleoenvi ronment model ing--Hazard #7 coal, eastern

Kentucky. Discussion of paper by Mark Taylor, International Journal of
Coal Geology (in press).

Trask, C. B. Cyclothems in the Carbondale Formation (Pennsyl vanian:
Desmoinesian Series) of La Salle County, Illinois. ln_ D. L. Biggs,
[ed.], Geological Society of America Decade of North American Geology
Field Guide (in press).

Treworgy, C. G. , and M. Bargh. Geographic Information Systems: A new
technology for the coal industry. J_n_ Proceedings of the Third Confer-
ence on the Use of Computers in the Coal Industry, West Virginia
University (in press).

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Treworgy. C. G. and R. J. Jacobson. 1985. Paleoenvi ronments and
distributions of low-sulfur coal Tn~ Illinois. ln_ A. T. Cross [ed.],
vol. 4., Economic Geology: Coal, Oil and Gas. Compte Rendu, IX Inter-
national Congress of Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology, Southern
Illinois University Press, Carbondale, p. 349-359.

Treworgy, J. D. 1985. Illinois Basin--A tectonically influenced ramp
during Chesterian time. American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Bulletin (in press).

Vaiden, R. C, and R. L. Langenheim, Jr. 1985. Biostratigraphy and
paleoenvi ronment of Morrowan (Zone 20) brachiopods, Bird Spring Group,
Arrow Canyon, Clark County, Nevada. Abstract Bulletin of the American
Association of Petroleum Geologists, vol. 69, no. 2, p. 313.

Visocky, A. P., R. D. Brower, G. R. Peyton, I. G. Krapac, J. S. Nealon,
and B. R. Hensel . Study of current underground injection control regu-
lations and practices in Illinois. Proceedings of the International
Symposium on Subsurface Injection of Liquid Wastes, New Orleans. LA (in
press)

Webster, J. R., R. H. Shiley, R. E. Hughes, P. L. Lapish, D. K. Cowin,
G. V. Smith, C. C. Hinckley, T. Nishizawa, N. Yoshida, T. Wiltowski, Y.
Wada, and M. Saporoschenko. 1985. Desulf urization of Illinois coal by
in-situ preparation of iron sulfide catalysts. Proceedings of the
Second Annual Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, p. 138-154.

Weibel, C. P. 1985. Lithostratigraphic revision within Mattoon Forma-
tion, Upper Pennsyl vanian, Illinois (abstract). American Association of
Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, vol. 69, p. 315.

Weibel, C. P_. 1985. Three Virgilian coal beds, Mattoon Formation,

east-central Illinois. Geological Society of America Abstracts with
Programs, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 331.

Weibel, C. P. Geology of the Burgess Junction Quadrangle, East Flank of
Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming, and Structural Aspects of the Tongue River
Fault Zone: Earth Science Bulletin, Wyoming Geological Association (in
press).

Winston, R. B. Characteristic features and compaction of plant tissues
traced from permi neral ized peat to coal in Pennsyl vanian coals
(Desmoinesian) from the Illinois Basin. International Journal of Coal
Geology (in press).

Winston, R. B. 1985. Morphological Changes in Peat During Coalifica-
tion in Middle Pennsyl vanian Coals from the Illinois Basin. North-
Central Section Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs,
vol. 17, no. 5, p. 331.

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SCIENTIFIC AND EOUCATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS

Professional Societies

Robert A. Bauer serves as Chairman of the Rock Mechanics Committee for
the North-Central Section of the Association of Engineering Geologists.

James W. Baxter is Vice-Chai rman of the American Mississippian
Stratigraphy Research Group of the Society of Economic Paleontologists
and Mineralogists for 1985-86. He is also a member of the Mining
Engineering Committee of the Society of Mining Engineers of AIME of the
ad hoc subcommittee to study ways of improving mining engineering in
1986.

Subhash B. Bhagwat is Chairman of the Economics Committee of the Center
for Research on Sulfur in Coal for 1986.

James C. Bradbury was appointed Chairman, Scholarship Committee, and a
member of the Executive Committee, Industrial Minerals Division of the
Society of Mining Engi neers-AIME .

Susan Carol Bradford serves as co-editor of the newsletter of the North-
Central Section of the Association of Engineering Geologists and is on
the Public Information Committee for the Association of Engineering
Geologists.

Ross D. Brower serves as historian for the Midwest Groundwater Confer-
ence.

Larry R. Camp is secretary for the Physical Coal Cleaning Task Group for
the Center for Research on Sulfur in Coal.

Keros Cartwright serves as Associate Editor of the Journal of Hydrology
and as Co-Chairman of the Committee on Hydrostrati graphic Units,
Geological Society of America. He is Chairman of the Subcommittee on
Geotechnics of Waste Disposal for ASTM and serves on ASTM's Committee on
Waste Di sposal.

Heinz H. Damberger is Secretary-Treasurer of the Illinois Mining Insti-
tute and is Program Chairman for their two-day technical programs. He
is also a member of the Rock Mechanics Award Committee of the Coal
Division of AIME-SME, a member of the Nominating Committee of the
Geological Society of America Coal Division, and a member of the
Editorial Board of the International Journal for Coal Geology.

Donald R. Dickerson is co-Chairman of the Science Talent Search
Committee of the Illinois State Academy of Science, a delegate of the
ISAS to the Illinois Junior Academy of Science, and Chairman of the
local committee for paper sessions at the IJAS State Fair. He is also a
member of the Nominating Committee for Sigma Xi .

-144-

Paul B. DuMontelle served on the National Short Papers Committee for the
Association of Engineering Geologists and on the screening committee for
the Illinois-Indiana Section of the American Institute of Professional
Geologists. In addition, he is legislative chairman for the Illinois-
Indiana Section of AIPG and Vice Chairman of the North Central Section
of AEG.

Henry P. Ehrlinger III is Chairman of the Technical Committee of the
Industrial Minerals Division of the Society of Mining Engineers of AIME,
and Chairman Elect of their Program Committee. He is also a member of
the Mining Engineering Committee of SME/AIME.

J. James Eidel serves as Vice President of the Society of Economic
Geologists and is a member of SEG's Executive Committee. He is also
Chairman of SEG;s Program Policy Committee and of the Funding Priority
Review Committee. He is a member of the Steering Group for the
Continental Interior Crustal Studies Consortium, and attended their
meetings in Denver and St. Louis. In addition, he co-chaired the Red
Mountain Task Force meeting of the Panel on Mineral Resources of the
Continental Scientific Drilling Committee in July 1985 in Tucson, AZ.
He also attended the annual meetings of the Geological Society of
America in Orlando, FL in October 1985 and of the AIME in New Orleans in
March 1986.

Leon R. Follmer serves on the International Editorial Advisory Board for
the Journal of Ouaternary Science published in Londn, UK. He is a
member of the Soil Science Society of America Committee on Soi 1 -
Geomorphology, a newsletter editor of the Illinois Soil Classifiers
Association.

Robert H. Gilkeson serves as Review Editor for the journal Ground Water
Monitoring Review.

Jonathan H. Goodwin served for the tenth consecutive year as secretary
of the Yellowstone-Bighorn Research Association.

Mark Grubb serves as Co-Chair of the Geomorphology Seminar at the
University of Illinois.

Richard D. Harvey serves as Secretary of a subcommittee of the ASTM
Committee on Coal and Coke and as a member of the Nominating Committee
of the Society for Organic Petrology.

Bruce Hensel serves as Co-Editor of the Illinois Groundwater Association
Newsletter.

Beverly L. Herzog serves as a member of the editorial board of the
journal Ground Water. She has also had two book reviews published, one
in Water Resources Bulletin and one in Water International.

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Ri chard H. Howard is a member of the Potential Gas Committee, the
Interstate Oil Compact Commission Enhanced Recovery Committee, and the
Geological Committee of the Illinois Oil and Gas Association.

Randall E. Hughes is chairman of the Publicity Committee and a member of
the Publication Committee of the Clay Mineral Society.

Russell J. Jacobson is newsletter editor for the Illinois-Indiana
Section of the American Institute of Professional Geologists. He is
also Chair of the Tri-State Committee on Correlations in the Pennsyl-
vanian System of the Illinois Basin.

Myrna M. Killey participated in an earth science field trip for teachers
and students at the GSA meeting in Orlando, Florida in November, and was
commended for her efforts by the GSA Ad Hoc Committee on Minorities in
the Geosciences.

Dennis R. Kolata is a member of the Ordovician System Correlation
Committee of the International Union of Geological Sciences and is Chair
of the Nominating Committee, Division of Sedimentary Geology of the
Geological Society of America.

Carl W. Kruse is a member of the organizing committee for the First
International Conference on Processing and Utilization of High Sulfur
Coals and Chairman for the session on New Applications for High Sulfur
Coals.

Morris W. Leighton serves as Secretary-Treasurer of the Society for the
Illinois Scientific Surveys. He convened the organizational meeting of
the Association for Research on Sulfur in Coal, and is a member of the
Board for that organization. He also served as Chairman, Ad Hoc Commit-
tee on Low Level Radioactive Waste for the Association of American State
Geologists.

John M. Masters is a member of SME-AIME's Book Publishing Committee.

Edward Mehnert_ serves as co-editor of the Illinois Groundwater

Association1!" newsletter.

W. John Nelson gave a talk on the Shawneetown Fault Zone to the Illinois
Geological Society.

Rodney D. Norby was appointed 1986 Program Chairman by the International
Pander Society.

Donald F. Oltz serves on the Committee on Statistics in Drilling and the
Membership Committee of the American Association of Petroleum Geolo-
gists. He is also on the Enhanced Oil Recovery Committee of the Inter-
state Oil Compact Commission.

-146-

Russel A. Peppers is a member of the Middle Pennsyl vanian Working Group
of the Subcommission of Carboniferous Stratigraphy of the International
Geologic Union. He also serves on the Midcontinent Pennsyl vanian
Strati graphic Working Group of the Society of Economic Paleontologists
and Mineralogists.

Philip C. Reed serves as co-chairman, Geology Divison, Illinois Junior
Academy of Science. He also is on the Editorial Board of the research
journal Ground Water.

David L. Reinertsen serves on the Education Committee of the Illinois
Earth Science Association and as editor of the Illinois Earth Science
Association newsletter.

James 8. Risatti was Chairman of the Microbial Coal Desulfurization Task
Force at the Center for Research on Sulfur in Coal and Chairs the
Working Group, Bottom Suspension Zone, Ocean Drilling Project Black
Shale Committee (Joint U.S. /West German Colloquium). He is an invited
member of the Precambrian Paleobiology Research Group - Archean,
sponsored by the National Science Foundation, Center for Evolution and
Origin of Life (UCLA), NASA, and the National Geographic Society.

William R. Roy serves as Research Coordinator of the Waste Management
Task Group for the Center for Research on Sulfur in Coal.

Beverly J. Seyler is AAPG delegate for Illinois and is Vice President
and President of the Illinois Geological Society.

Neil F. Shimp serves as Vice Chairman of Committee D-5 on Coal and Coke
of ASTM and is a member of that committee's Executive Committee. He is
also on the Secretariat of the International Standards Organization
(solid fuels) Task Group 14 on Trace Elements in Coal. In addition, he
is a contributing editor to the Journal of Coal Quality.

Michael D. Stephenson is a member of the Fuels and Chemicals from Coal,
and Related Desulfurization Studies Task Groups of the Center for
Resarch on Sulfur in Coal.

Christopher J. Stohr serves as Secretary of the Illinois Mapping
Advisory Council. He is also First Deputy Chairman of the Engineering
Applications Committee of the American Society of Photogrammetry and
Remote Sensing and served as Session Chairman of the Fall Joint Meeting
of the Western Great Lakes Region, ASPRS.

C. Brian Trask is Secretary of the Tri-State Committee on Correlations
in the Pennsyl vanian System of the Illinois Basin.

-147-

Conferences and Field Trips

Karen A. Albrecht presented a paper co-authored by J. C. Parker on
"Sample Volume Effects on Hydraulic and Solute Transport Parameters" to
the annual American Society of Agronomy meetings in Chicago in December
1985.

Ann D. Autrey attended the national meetings of the American Chemical
Society in Chicago in September 1985.

Robert A. Bauer attended the 26th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics in
Rapid City, SD in June 1985, and the 2nd Conference on Ground Control
Problems in the Illinois Coal Basin at Carbondale, IL in May 1985.

James W. Baxter presented a paper co-authored by L. A. Khan on "Evalu-
atingthe feasibility of secondary recovery of Coals from Mine Wastes"
to the 1985 Symposium on Surface Mining, Hydrology, Sedimentation and
Reclamation in December 1985, in Lexington, KY. He also attended the
meetings of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists/Society of
Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists in New Orleans, LA in March
1985, and the Society of Mining Engineers of the American Institute of
Petroleum and Mining Engineers in March 1986 in New Orleans. In addi-
tion, he attended the U.S. Geological Survey McKel vey Forum in Denver.
He also attended the SEG field trip on Mineral Resources of Central
Arkansas.

Richard C. Berg presented a paper on the state stack-unit map to a
regional meeting of the American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote
Sensing and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping.

Richard C. Berg and John P. Kempton were organizers of the 1985 Friends
of the Pleistocene Field Conference. He also was co-leader of a field
trip for a regional AEG meeting in De Kalb, IL.

Subhash B. Bhagwat attended the meetings of the Illinois Mining
Institute in October 1985.

Susan Carol Bradford attended the meetings of the Illinois-Indiana
Section of the American Institute of Professional Geologists in
Vincennes, IN and the North-central Section meeting of the Geological
Society of America in De Kalb in April 1985. She also attended the
Geological Society of America's annual meeting in Orlando, FL in October
1985 and the North-central Section meeting of the Association of
Engineering Geologists in Chicago in February 1986.

Richard A. Cahill gave a paper at the International Symposium on Nuclear
Analytical Chemistry held at Halifax, Nova Scotia in June 1985.

iiidX-^^i^IlL attended the meetings of the Illinois Mining Institute and
an Acid Rain Conference and a regional American Chemical Society meeting
at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.

-148-

Keros Cartwright was the keynote speaker at the 8th Annual Symposium on
Geotechnical and Geohydrological Aspects of Waste Management, Ft.
Collins, CO in February 1986; and was invited speaker at the annual
meeting of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Denver, CO in May
1985. He was also invited to be Discussion Group Leader at the 16th
Biannual California Water Conference in San Diego in September 1985. He
served as a panel member of experts at the International Symposium on
Alternative Low-Level Waste Technologies in Chicago, February 27 -
March 1, 1986.

Chusak Chaven attended the annual meetings of the American Society for
Testing and Materials in Louisville, KY, in August 1985.

Chen-Lin Chou was invited by Academia Sinica (Chinese Academy of
Sciences) to vi sit China during September 1985. He lectured at the
Institute of Geochemistry in Guiyang, Northwestern Institute of Soil and
Water Conservation at Yangling, the Institute of High Energy Physics and
Institute of Atomic Energy in Beijing, and Zhongshan University in
Guangzhou.

Sheng-Fu Joseph Chou attended the 1985 annual meetings of the American
Society of Agronomy and the Soil Science Society of America.

Barbara A. Cline presented a paper entitled "Solvent effects on the
orientation of bonded phases on chemically modified graphite electrodes"
to the central regional meeting of the American Chemical Society in
Akron, OH, in June 1985.

Charles Collinson and N. P. Holm provided background material for
planning the annual ENR conference which featured Lake Michigan as its
topic and assisted the ENR staff in Springfield in scheduling speakers
and assembling the agenda for the conference as well as providing a
large part of the illustrative materials—both slides and poster photos.

B. Brandon Curry attended a working conference, "Pleistocene Geology and
Evolution of the Upper Mississippi Valley," Winona, MN, and the Geologi-
cal Society of America meeting in Orlando, FL. He also presented a
paper co-authored by H. D. Glass on "Quaternary Glacial Stratigraphy of
the Fox River Valley, Kane County, Illinois" to the North-Central
Section, Geological Society of America in April 1985 at De Kalb, IL.

Heinz H. Damberger attended the Coal Quality Symposium in Reston, VA and
the GSA North-Central meetings in De Kalb, IL in April 1985, the 2nd
Conference on Ground Control Problems in the Illinois Coal Basin at
Carbondale, IL in May 1985, and the meetings of the Illinois Mining
Institute in Springfield, IL in October 1985.

Stephen K. Danner attended the 2nd Conference on Ground Control Problems
in the Illinois Coal Basin at Carbondale, IL in May 1985, and the
meetings of the Illinois Mining Institute in Springfield, IL in October
1985.

■149-

II ham Demi r presented a paper entiled "Distribution and Leachability of
Na~^ CT7 and K in Coal" at the Geological Society of America annual
meeting in Orlando, FL in October 1985.

William G. Dixon, Jr. attended a meeting of the Illinois-Indiana Section
of "the American Institute of Professional Geologist, eight meetings of
the North Central Section of the Association of Engineering Geologists,
and the North Central Section meeting of the Geological Society of
Ameri ca.

Paul B. DuMontelle presented a paper entitled "Illinois Mine Subsidence
Research Program: Coal and Crops Working Together," co-authored by
Robert A. Bauer, to the Conference on Ground Control at Carbondale and
to the Illinois Mining Institute in Springfield.

Henry P. Ehrlinger III presented a paper entitled "Fine Coal Cleaning by
the ISGS Aggregate Flotation Process," co-authored by R. R. Ruch, J. M.
Buckentin, D. M. Rapp, and L. R. Camp at the annual meeting of the
American Institute of Chemical Engineers' annual meeting in Chicago in
November 1985. He and J. A. FitzPatrick also presented a paper on a
similar subject, co-authored by J. B. Buckentin, R. D. Harvey, J. D.
Steele, and R. R. Ruch at the Engineering Foundation Conferences on the
Science of Technology of Processing Fine Coal in New Hampshire in August
1985. In addition he attended annual meetings of the Society of Mining
Engineers of AIME in Albuquerque, NM in October 1985, the Illinois
Mining Institute in October 1985, and the AIME in New Orleans in March
1986.

Leon R. Fol lmer led a field trip to the type section of the Maiden Till
Member for the Illinois Soil Classifier Association, and assisted in
leading field trips for three U of I classes to study soils and geology.
He also presented a paper entitled "The Evolution of Pedologic and
Geologic Profile Concepts in the Midcontinent, U.S.A." at the American
Society of Agronomy meetings in Chicago.

Joyce K. Frost attended the International Symposium on Nuclear Analy-
tical Chemistry held at Halifax, Nova Scotia in June 1985, and the
Geological Society of America annual meetings in Orlando, FL in October
1985.

John M. Fox attended the meetings of the North Central Section of the
Geological Society ofAmerica in De Kalb, IL in April 1985, and the Mid-
west Friends of the Pleistocene conference and field trip in Rockford,
IL in June 1985.

Edward M. Gefel 1 attended the 2nd Conference on Ground Control problems
in the Illinois Coal Basin at Southern Illinois University-Carbondale in
June 1985, and a meeting of the North Central Section of the Association
of Engineering Geologists in February 1986.

-150-

Robert A. Griffin presented papers entitled "Mechanisms of Contaminant
Migration Through a Clay Barrier--Case Study, Wilsonville, Illinois",
co-authored by B. L. Herzog, T. M. Johnson, W. J. Morse, R. E. Hughes,
S.F.J. Chou, and L. R. Follmer, at the 11th Annual U.S. EPA Research
Symposium in Cincinnati, OH in April 1985; "Batch-Type, 24-hr Distri-
bution Ratio for Contaminant Adsorption by Soil Materials" co-authored
by Sack, Roy, Ainsworth, and Krapac, to the ASTM Symposium on Environ-
mental Test Method Development in Colorado Springs, CO in May 1985;
"Geochemistry and Adsorption Processes" at the Geotechnical Engineering
for Waste Disposal Projects, Austin, TX in October 1985; "Development of
the 24-hr Batch Adsorption Procedure Emergency Standard" at the ASTM
Meeting, D-34 on Waste Disposal, Bal Harbour, FL in November 1985; and
"Feasibility of Land Disposal of Organic Solvents: Preliminary Assess-
ment" at the Illinois Pollution Control Board Hearing, Champaign, IL in
November 1985.

David L. Gross presented a paper and participated in field trips of the
IV International Symposium in Paleolimnology in Austria in September;
participated in the INQUA field trip to study tills in central and
northern Finland sponsored by the Geological Survey of Finland; partici-
pated in an Environmental Law Short Course in Denver in preparation for
work on the SSC; he participated in numerous state and national SSC
activities including a site meeting at the Texas Accelerator Center and
the CERN Accelerator School course in "Geodesy for large Accelerators"
in Geneva, Switzerland.

Mark Grubb attended the 3rd International Fluvial Conference at Fort
Collins, CO, and the Conference on Geology, Geomorphology, and Evolution
of the Upper Missisisppi River Valley held at Winona, WI.

Keith C. Hack ley attended the First International Conference on Pro-
cessing and Utilization of High Sulfur Coals in Columbus, OH, and the
Geological Society of America annual meetings in Orlando, FL in October
1985.

Ardith K. Hansel was field trip leader for the 1985 North Central G.S.A.
at De Kalb and the 1985 Tri -State Field Conference at Chicago, contri-
buting to the Tri-State guidebook. She also presented a paper at the
International Quaternary Association Till Symposium and Field Workshop
in Finland in August and participated in a Field Trip in Estonia in
September. Dr. Hansel also presented a paper to the Multidisciplinary
Geomorphology Seminar at the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana in
October. She also was leader of informal field conferences for Indiana
geologists in northern Illinois and Iowa geologists in eastern and
northern Iowa.

Paul C. Heigold attended the spring meeting of the American Geophysical
Union in Baltimore, MD in May 1985; a meeting on "Deep Crustal Studies
in the Great Lakes Region" at Madison, WI in November 1985; and a
meeting of the North Central Section of the Association of Engineering
Geologists in Chicago, IL in February 1986.

-151-

Bruce Hensel attended meetings of the Illinois Groundwater Association
Tn April and October 1985; North-Central Section of the Geological
Society of America in De Kalb, IL in April 1985; Disposal of Drilling
Waste Conference in Norman, OK in May 1985; the National Water Well
Association's Canadian/American Conference on Hydrogeology held in
Banff, Canada in June 1985, and the Governor's Conference on Lake
Michigan in Chicago in September 1985.

Beverly L. Herzog attended the Ohio River Baisn meeting on Groundwater
Pol icy" Isiues held in Louisville, KY in February 1986 and two Illinois
Groundwater Association meetings.

Randall E. Hughes presented a paper co-authored by H. D. Glass entitled
"Use of clay mineral composition for stratigraphic analysis" at the 34th
Annual Denver Conference on Applications of X-Ray Analysis" in August
1985 at Snowmass, CO. He also gave a paper, "Origin of clay minerals
associated with Pennsyl vanian strata in the Illinois Basin," co-authored
by P. J. DeMaris, W. A. White, and D. K. Cowin, at the 8th International
Clay Conference in August 1985 at Denver, CO.

John P. Kempton was co-leader for the Friends of the Pleistocene Annual
Meeting; R. Vaiden and B. Curry participated. He was also co-leader for
the Friends of the Pleistocene Field Conference held in May 1985 at
Rockford, IL.

Myrna M. Ki 1 ley presented a paper co-authored by Paul B. DuMontelle
entitled "Illinois Landslide Inventory: A Tool for Geologists and Engi-
neers" to the Highway Geology Symposium national meeting in Louisville,
KY in May 1985 and to the FHWA Region 5 Geotechnical Engineers Confer-
ence in Peoria in October, 1985. She also presented a paper co-authored
by H. D. Glass on "The Wadsworth-Yorkvi 1 le Till Member Boundary in the
Southern Sector of the Joliet Sublobe, Northeastern Illinois" at the
North Central Section of the Geological Society of America meetings in
De Kalb, IL in April 1985. In addition, Susanne Orbock Miller and Myrna
M. Killey attended the Geomorphology Symposium on Hi 11 si ope Processes
held in September 1985 at SUNY-Buffalo, NY.

Timothy H. Larson attended the annual meeting of the Society of Explora-
tion Geophysics in Washington, DC in October 1985.

Chao-Li Liu attended the 12th International Radiocarbon Conference in

Trondheim, Norway in June 1985 and the First International Conference on
Utilization and Processing of High Sulfur Coal in Columbus, OH in
October 1985.

Morris W. Leighton presented a paper on "The Evolving Role of State
Geological Surveys" at the North-Central Geological Society of America
Meeting, De Kalb, April 25, 1985 and a condensed version of the paper at
a Conference on Geosciences in the University in the 1990's, Louisiana
State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on May 13, 1985, and at a
Forum on Geological Manpower, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio,
October 11, 1985. He also served as moderator of the discussion on
"Subsurface Mapping in the East-Geophysics, Geochemistry Core Studies"
at the USGS Cluster Meeting held at Myrtle Beach on February 26, 1985.

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Donald K. Lumm attended the annual meetings of the Geological Society of
America North-Central Section and the Illinois Mining Institute. He
also attended three meetings of the Illinois Geological Society.

John M. Masters wrote a geology guide for a field trip conducted as part
of the 1985 annual Aggregate Seminar, for the Illinois Department of
Transportation, sponsored by their Bureau of Materials and Physical
Research.

E. Donald McKay III has given tours, demonstrations, and discussions on
the Prime computers Geographic Information System for over 75 visitors
representing over 20 different organizations. He gave invited papers on
the Geographic Informatin System to the Association of American State
Geologists, Mystic CT and to the Illinois-Indiana Section of the
American Institute of Professional Geologists in Danville, IL. He also
lectured to the Soil Geomorphology Seminar at the University of Illinois
on loess along the Mississippi Valley.

Dennis P. McKenna presented a paper entitled "Age of the Surficial Tills
in Boone and Winnebago Counties, Illinois: A Soil -Geomorphic Analysis:
at the North-Central Section meetings of the Geological Society of
America. He also served as co-leader of the 1985 Friends of the Pleis-
tocene field conference and as co-leader of a field trip for the
regional AAG meeting in De Kalb, IL.

Edward Mehnert attended meetings of the Illinois Groundwater Associa-
tion; the North-Central Section of the Geological Society of America in
De Kalb, IL; the Geochemical Modeling Workshop in Washington, DC; and
the International Symposium on Subsurface Injection of Liquid Wastes in
New Orleans, LA.

Jerry R. Miller attended the Conference on Fluvial Sedimentology in Ft.
Collins, CO"; the Generators Conference on Low-Level Radioactive Wastes
in Chicago; and the International Symposium on Alternative Low-level
Technologies in Chicago.

Michael V. Miller presented a paper co-authored by R. K. Stahlhut
entitled "An automated soil /sediment database management system" at the
annual meeting of the Soil Science Society ofAmerica held in Chicago in
December 1985. He also attended the Friends of the Pleistocene Field
Conference in Rockford in May 1985; the Pleistocene Geology and
Evolution of the Upper Mississippi River Valley held in Winona, MN in
August 1985; and a conference on non-point pollution of surface streams
in Springfield, IL in February 1986.

Suzanne Orbock Miller attended the International Fluvial Sedimentology
Conference in August 1985 at Ft. Collins, CO.

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Rodney D. Norby participated in the Fourth European Conodont Symposium
held at the University of Nottingham, England. The meeting held in late
July 1985 included four days of technical sessions and ten days of field
trips to study classic Paleozoic rock exposures. Or. Norby coauthored a
paper with the symposium organizer on the paleobiology of conodonts
entitled "The Structure and Function of Carboniferous Polygnathacean
Conodont Apparatuses." A second paper generated at the meeting entitled
"Contact microradiography of conodont assemblages" will be published in
the book Conodonts, Investigative Techniques, and Applications.

Some of the benefits from the meeting included new information on
conodont biostratigraphy , international correlation of rock units and
improved techniques for processing rock samples for conodonts. The
opportunity to visit, examine and collect conodont reference samples
from type Silurian sections and British reference sections of parts of
the Ordovician and Lower Carboniferous strata will greatly aid in
international correlation of Illinois rock units.

Rodney D. Norby presented a talk entitled "Lake Michigan shoreline
erosion potential and sediment transport at high lake levels" on June
26, 1985, at Lake Michigan Shoreline Stabilization Seminar held at Zion,
Illinois. This seminar, sponsored by the Illinois Department of
Conservation, informed participants of projected precipitation and
increases in lake levels, increased erosion at higher lake levels, and
methods to stabilize beaches or to reduce the amount of erosion.

Donald F. Oltz attended the meetings of the Illinois Geological Society,
the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, and the Interstate Oil
Compact Commission in New Orleans, as well as a Geochemistry Symposium
in Norman, OK.

Vickie L. Poole attended a meeting on Supercomputers in Hydrology--
Future Directions held in West Lafayette, IN in September 1985, and an
Illinois Groundwater Association meeting in Joliet, IL in October 1985.

Kristi Redding attended the regional American Chemical Society meetings
at Carbondale, IL in November 1985.

J. Bruno Risatti presented "Bottom Suspension Zones: Recommendations
for Research" to the Ocean Drilling Project Black Shale Committee,
University of Hamburg, West Germany in May 1985. He was also an invited
seminar speaker at the Instituto Microbiologica Agrarica, University of
Pisa Pisa, Italy in September 1985; he presented a talk entitled "Micro-
bial geochemistry of deep-sea methane and of sedimentary biogenic
methane." He also attended the European Association of Organic Geochem-
ists meeting in West Germany in September 1985, and the annual meetings
of the Geochemistry Society in Orlando, FL.

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Massoud Rostam-Abadi presented two papers at the North American Thermal
Analysis Society Conference in San Francisco, CA in September 1985.
One, co authored by D. Kwan and C. Chaven, is entitled "Interfacing and
operation of a Dupont TGA with an IBM Personal Computer." The other,
with R. W. Mickelson, is entitled "Serendipity and kinetic analysis."
Both are published in the proceedings of the conference.

Richard H. Shi ley attended the Acid Rain Conference at Southern Illinois
Uni versity-Carbondale in April 1985; the Illinois Coal Development Board
meeting, Urbana, IL in August 1985; the Second Annual Pittsburgh Coal
Conference, Pittsburgh, PA in September 1985; the First International
Conference on Processing and Utilization of High Sulfur Coals, Columbus,
OH in October 1985; and the regional American Chemical Society Meeting
at Southern Illinois Uni versity-Carbondale in November 1985.

Faith Stanke attended meetings of the Illinois Quaternary Association in
Springfield in September 1985 and the Association of Iowa Archeologists
in July 1985. She also presented a summary of her research on the
Vermilion River project at a Geology Department Seminar at the Univer-
sity of Illinois.

Michael D. Stephenson presented a talk entitled "An Overview of Coal
Desulfurization Research at the Illinois State Geological Survey" at
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA in August 1985.
He also presented a talk co-authored by Carl Kruse on "An Economic
Evaluation of Coal Pyrolysis with Char Hydrodesulf urization", and a
second talk co-authored by M. Rostam-Abadi, L. A. Johnson, and C. W.
Kruse on a Review of Gas Phase Desulfurization of Char" at the First
International Conference on Processing and Utilization of High Sulfur
Coals held in Columbus, OH in 1985. He also attended the Acid Rain
Control Conference at Southern Illinois Uni versity-Carbondale in April
1985; the national meetings of the American Chemical Society in Chicago
in September 1985.

Christopher J. Stohr presented a talk on "Current Applications of Remote
Sensing by the Illinois State Geological Survey" to the Western Great
Lakes Region meeting of the American Society of Photogrammetry and
Remote Sensing; and a talk on "Engineering Geology Investigations of a
Hazardous-Waste Disposal Site in West Central Illinois" to the annual
meetings of the Association of Engineering Geologists in Winston-Salem,
NC. He also attended the Fall Technical Conference of the ASPRS in
Indianapolis, IN.

Wen- June Su attended the International Workshop on Dam and Reservoir
Failure at Purdue University; the annual meeting of the Association of
Engineering Geologists at Winston-Salem, NC; and several monthly
meetings of the North Central Section of the Association of Engineering
Geologists. He also attended a workshop on Seaman's Nuclear Moisture
and Density Instrument.

155-

C. Brian Trask attended the Midyear Meeting of the Society of Economic
Paleontologists and Mineralogists at Golden, CO, and the North-Central
Section meetings of the Geological Society of America at De Kalb, II.
He also was a co-leader of a field trip for North Central GSA.

Janis D. Treworgy presented a paper entitled "Illinois Basin--A
tectonically infuenced ramp during Chesterian time" to the Illinois
Geological Society in September 1985, and the Indiana-Kentucky
Geological Society in October 1985.

Robert C. Vaiden presented a paper co-authored by R. L. Langenheim, Jr.
on "Biostratigraphy and paleoenvi ronment of Morrowan (Zone 20) Brachio-
pods, Bird Spring Group, Arrow Canyon, Clark County, Nevada" at the
meetings of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists in New
Orleans.

Robin Warren attended the annual meeting of the International Associa-
tion of Engineering Geologists in Winston-Salem, NC in October 1985 and
an International Workshop on Dam and Reservoir Failure at Purdue Univer-
sity in August 1985.

John R. Webster attended the Acid Rain Conference at Southern Illinois
Uni versity-Carbondale in April 1985; the regional American Chemical
Society meeting at Southern Illinois Uni versity-Carbondale in November
1985; and the meeting of the Northeast Section of the Geological Society
of America in Kiamesha Lake, NY in March 1985. He presented a paper co-
authored by R. H. Shiley, R. E. Hughes, P. L. Lapish, D. K. Cowin, G. V.
Smith, C. C Hinckley, T. Nishizawa, N. Yoshida, T. Wiltowski, Y. Wada,
and M. Saporoschenko, entitled "Desul furi zation of Illinois coal by in-
situ preparation of iron sulfide catalysts" at the Second Annual
Pittsburgh Coal Conference held in Pittsburgh, PA in September 1985.

C. Pius Weibel attended the Midcontinent Meeting of the Society of
Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists held in Lawrence, KS in
October 1985; the annual meetings of the Geological Society of America
in Orlando, FL in October 1985; and two Illinois Geological Society
meetings.

Teaching, Lectures, and Seminars

Richard C . Berg gave a talk on sandy soil pedogenesis to a University of
Illinois soil geomorphology class.

Dwain J. Berggren planned and conducted a 6-hour field trip for the
earth science teachers of Columbia Middle School in Champaign to demon-
strate earth science concepts and teaching methods.

Charles Collinson is external Graduate Advisor to the Department of
Geology, University of Illinois Chicago Circle. He also served as
external advisor to the Department of Geology, University of Illinois,
Champaign-Urbana. In addition, he presented a slide presentation and a
field trip along the Lake Michigan shore to Zion West School on October
14.

-156-

B. Brandon Curry presentation to Math 436, Statistical Consulting, 3-13-
86.

Leon R. Follmer serves as Collaborator with the College of Agriculture
of the University of Illinois and as Adjunct Professor of Geology and
Geography at the University of Illinois. He also presented seminars on
various aspects of soils to the Geomorphology Group, the University of
Illinois Geography Department's soil geomorphology class, the Geology
Department's geomorphology class, and the Illinois Quaternary
Association.

David L. Gross and John P. Kempton have presented numerous talks on the
technical aspects of siting the Superconducting Super Collider in
II 1 inois.

Paul C. Heigold lectured to undergraduate geology students at Southern
Illinois University on "Seismicity in and around Illinois" in April
1985.

John P. Kempton presentations to Teachers' Institute-Rockford.

Dennis R. Kolata presented a talk on "Chemical Correlation on K-
bentonite Beds in the Middle Ordovician Decorah Subgroup, Upper
Mississippi Valley" to the Department of Geology at Northern Illinois
University and a talk on "K-bentonites of the Ordovician Decorah
Subgroup, Mississippi Valley: Correlation by Chemical Fingerprinting"
to the Department of Geology at the University of Iowa, both in February
1986.

Jerry R. Miller presented a talk on sediment transport in fluvial
systems at the Soils Geomorphology Seminar at the University of
II I inois.

Rodney D. Nor by served on the Final Examination Committee for Barry
Wilson, a Master's degree student at Southern Illinois University in
June, 1985. Several people at the Survey, particulary Bev Seyler, have
assisted Mr. Wilson with this thesis work on the Aux Vases Sandstone in
the subsurface of southern Illinois.

Lisa R. Smith made a presentation on maps to grade school children at
Bottenfield School in Champaign, IL.

Christopher J. Stohr gave a talk on the geology of southern Illinois for
a University of Illinois Department of Landscape Architecture field trip
in the fall of 1985.

157-

Poster Sessions and Educational Exhibits

Dennis D. Coleman presented an invited paper entitled Applications of
geochemi stry" to "the production, storage, and utilization of natural gas
to the Association of Petroleum Geologists Annual Meeting, New Orleans,
LA on March 24-27, 198b. He also presented a poster paper on "The use
of stable isotope ratios for monitoring the behavior of organic and
pyritic sulfur during desulf urization of Illinois coals" at the U.S.
Geological Survey Symposium on Coal Quality held in Reston, VA in April
1985.

Joan C. Crockett presented a poster paper on "Petroleum Geology of
Western Illinois" to the Kentucky Oil and Gas Association annual
meetings in June 1985. She has also attended monthly Illinois
Geological Society meetings, a log seminar held by Schlumberger, and a
seismic seminar held by the Illinois Oil and Gas Association.

Jefferson Gilkeson presented a talk on the Water Use Act at a poster
session during the July Association of Illinois Soil and Water Conser-
vation Districts meeting in Springfield, IL.

B. Brandon Curry and Anne M. Graese presented a poster session co-
authored with R. A. Bauer, R. C. Vaiden, W. G. Dixon, and W.-J. Su on
"Engineering Characteristics of Bedrock for the Proposed Superconducting
Super Collider in Illinois" at the annual meetings of the Geological
Society of America in Orlando, FL in October 1985.

Jennifer K. Hines presented a poster paper co-authored by S. M. Miller,
D. L. "Gross, and E. D. McKay on "Environmental Screening/Siting the
Superconducting Super Collider in Illinois" at the Geological Society of
America national meetings in Orlando, FL in October 1985.

Nancy P. Holm attended the annual meetings of the American Society of
Limnology and Oceanography and the International Association Great Lakes
Research in June 1985, where she presented a poster session on her Lake
Michigan Research.

Robert J. Krumm presented a poster paper entitled "An Extensive Geologic
Data Base on a Geographic Information System" co-authored by E. D. McKay
and J. R. Miller at the Geological Society of America annual meetings in
Orlando, FL in October 1985.

Vickie L. Poole provided literature and counsel to Purdue University on
stack-unit mapping and geology-for-planning techniques developed at the
ISGS for a project entitled "Presentation of preliminary environmental
geology reports for Medaryville, Winamac, and Bass Lake." This project
was prepared for Arrowhead County Resource Conservation and Development
Area by Purdue University graduate students and the presentations were
attended by Vickie L. Poole, John P. Kempton, and Myrna M. Killey.

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Phillip C. Reed, Ross D. Brower, and Edward Smith prepared and exhibited
displays at the annual meetings of the Illinois Irrigation Association
in Springfield and the Midwest Water Well Exposition in Rockford.
During the technical program at the Exposition, Brower presented an
illustrated presentation on the preparation of well plugging, health,
and water well record forms.

David L. Re inert sen presented a talk about the Survey's educational
services and displayed materials to Western Illinois University science
teacher workshops at Macomb, Rock Island, and Springfield. He also
presented displays on the Satellite Image Map, Potential for Contamina-
tion of Shallow Aquifers from Land Burial of Municipal Wastes Map, and
educational materials for the Illinois Science Teachers Association
annual meeting at Normal. In addition, he presented an introductory
session on coal in Illinois to science teacher workshops in Quincy,
Harper College, Prospect Heights, Rend Lake Community College, and
Lincolnland Community College. He also presented displays on the
western Illinois oil field near Colmar-Plymouth for the Illinois Oil and
Gas Association at Robinson, IL.

Workshops/Training

Karen A. Albrecht presented a paper entitled "Sampling Strategy with
Applied Geostatistics for ISGS Clay Liner" at the U.S. EPA On-Site Work-
shop on Field Permeability Measurement in Harrisburg, PA in December
1985. She also attened the ISIS Seminar on Supercomputers in Hydrology-'
Future Directions, in Lafayette, IN in September 1985.

Richard C. Berg contributed as a panel participant at an IEPA workshop
in Rockford. He also was co-organizer of a meeting held in Winona, MN
on the evolutionary history of the Upper Mississippi Valley.

Linda M. Bonnell attended the Black Shales Workshop in December 1985.

Susan Carol Bradford attended the University of Kentucky's short course,
"Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering (Soil Mechanics) in March
1986.

J. James Ei del attended a DOE Organic Geochemistry Workshop in Norman,
OK in January 1986.

Dr. Eidel served as General Chairman and Coordinator for the DOSECC
sponsored Workshop on the Illinois Superdeep Drillhole that was held on
the University of Illinois campus April 1-4, 1985. ISGS staff who
served as co-chairman on a number of the committees, included: Robert
Bauer, Rock Mechanics; James Bradbury, Ore Deposits; Keros Cartwright,
Hydrology/Brine Geochemistry and the Environment; Paul Heigold, Geophy-
sics; Dennis Kolata, Basin Analysis; John Nelson, Tectonics and Struc-
ture; Don 01 tz, Hydrocarbon Studies; Neil Shimp, Geochemistry; and Steve
Whitaker, Drill Hole Technology. Other ISGS participants in the work-
shop included Chen-Lin Chou, Heinz Damberger, Joyce Frost, Keith
Hackley, Randy Hughes, Jack Liu, Bill Roy, Mike Sargent, and Janis
Treworgy.

-159-

Bruce Hensel attended the Council of State Governments Ohio River Valley
Workshops in January 1986.

Beverly L. Herzog presented "ISGS Studies of Field Permeability by
Borehole Measurements" at a U.S. EPA Onsite Workshop of Field
Permeability Measurement held in Harrisburg, PA in December 1985.

Latif Khan taught a mini -course on "Recovery of Coal from Abandoned
Mine Lands" and Effluents" during the 1985 Symposium on Surface Mining,
Hydrology, Sedimentation and Reclamation at Lexington, KY.

Ardith K. Hansel, Myrna M. Killey. and Robert J. Krumm attended an SEPM
short course on "Glacial Sedimentary Environments" held in De Kalb, IL
in April 1985.

Morris W. Leighton delivered a welcoming address to the Workshop on the
Illinois Basin Superdeep Drillhole on April 2, 1986. He also served as
Recorder for the Geology, Seismology, and Parallel Discipline Workshops
sponsored by the Central United States Earthquake Consortium and State
Emergency Disaster Agencies in Nashville, Tennessee.

E. Donald McKay III has held workshops on the Geographic Information
System for geoscientists from the Tennessee, Missouri, and Pennsylvania
Geological Surveys.

Vickie L. Poole contributed to two Ohio River Valley Groundwater Work-
shops, one on technical issues held at Ft. Mitchell, KY in January 1986,
the other on policy issues held at Louisville, KY in February 1986.

David L. Reinertsen attended a TV workshop presented by Urbana
Cablevision.

J. Bruno Risatti was an invited participant at the Cretaceous Black
Shales, Joint Gxeanographic Insti tutes/U.S. Science Advisory Committee
Workshop in Denver, CO, and the Continental Drilling Program-Organic
Geochemistry Workshop in Norman, OK.

Public Addresses

Richard C. Berg gave a talk on geology of wetland sites at a meeting of
principal investigators for a project in Lisle, IL.

Charles Col linson presented a public lecture on the "State of the Lake"
at Great lakes "Officer's Club sponsored by the American Society of
Military Engineers on January 15.

Charles Col linson presented a lecture "Lake Levels and Shore Erosion" to
The Governor"1! Conference on Lake Michigan, Illinois Great Lake in
September. The lecture will be published in the meeting's proceedings
in 1986.

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J. James Eidel gave talks on the Illinois Superdeep Drillhole at the
Illinois Geological Society, the University of Illinois at Champaign-
Urbana, Southern Illinois Uni versity-Carbondale, and Argonne Laboratory.

John M. Fox presented a talk to the Prairie Gem and Geological Society
of Urbana entitled "Carbonate Environment and Reefs of the Exuma
Islands, Bahamas."

Mark Grubb presented a talk on "Geomorphology in the Large River LTER
Site" at the Louisiana Center for Wetlands Research at Louisiana State
University.

Jennifer K. Hines presented two talks on landslides to students at
Columbia Middle School in Champaign.

Myrna M. Ki 1 ley presented a talk on earthquake awareness, the probable
reponse of Quaternary sediments in southern Illinois to a severe
earthquake, and their probable effect on lifeline services at a seminar
for emergency service personnel and the public at a seminar sponsored by
the Carbondale Emergency Services and Disaster Agency at SlU-Carbondale.
She also gave a slide-illustrated talk on Champaign County glacial
history to the Champaign County Historical Society in May 1985.

Morris W. Leighton presented a talk on "The Illinois State Geological
Survey—Finding Solutions to Illinois' Economic and Environmental
Problems" at the University of Illinois Foundation's Illinois Network
Event and "An Evening for Illinois," in Salem on November 18, 1985. He
also talked before the Ambassadors Club in Urbana on "Two Examples of
ISGS Efforts In Working Toward a Healthy Economy" on May 1, 1985.

David L. Reinertsen presented a talk about the Sandwich Fault Zone to a
group of Reitred State employees at Joliet. He gave a talk about the
Survey to the Pana Rotary Club and talks about geology, rocks, and
minerals to three grade school classes in Champaign.

Christopher J. Stohr gave talks on the Satellite Image Map of Illinois
to C-U Toastmasters Urbana; Channel WICD, Champaign; and a Univeristy of
Illinois journalism class.

Radio, TV, Press Interviews/Presentations

Richard C. Berg and Walter J. Morse were interviewed by a television
news crew " from Rockford, Illinois, in July, 1985. They discussed
aspects of potential groundwater contamination from the disposal of
sewage sludge on farm land based on a Survey study near Rockton,
II 1 inois.

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Heinz H. Damberger worked with the "Prairie Pathways" staff at WILL-TV
to produce a 10-minute feature on the cooperative geologic mapping
program (COGEOMAP) of southern Ilinois. Several ISGS staff members were
interviewed both in the field and at the Survey; those appearing in the
program included Dennis D. Coleman, Joseph A. Oevera, Leon R. Follmer,
Richard D. Harvey, Russell J. Jacobson, Donald K. Lumm, W. John Nelson,
Russel A. Peppers, Matthew Riggs (SIU), C. Brian Trask, and Colin G.
Treworgy .

Barry Fisher has appeared on programs of WILL-TV and University of
Illinois TV explaining the ISGS radioacarbon dating laboratory.

J. James Eidel and Jonathan H. Goodwin provided several radio interviews
for news programs about the Illinois Superdeep Drillhole Proposal in
April 1985.

Paul C. Hei gold did interviews with WGN Chicago Radio News and with WILL
Urbana Radio regarding "Earthquakes in Illinois". He also also answered
many requests for information on a wide range of geophysical data,
gravity and magnetic fields in Illinois, and seismic risk from natural
earthquakes and man-made vibrations from industry, state and federal
agencies, educational institutions, the press, radio, TV, and the
general public.

Morris W. Leighton and James Eidel participated in a press conference on
the Illinois Superdeep Drillhole on April 2, 1985.

Donald G. Mikulic was interviewed by Channel 2, C8S, Chicago concerning
Silurian reefs and oil in Lake Michigan.

C. Brian Trask made several contacts with the press concerning the
COGEOMAP program; these included the Evansville, IN Courier, WSIL-TV in
Harrisburg, IL, the Southern Illinoian Newspaper at Carbondale, IL, and
WILL-TV, Urbana.

Governmental Committees

Robert A. Bauer gave counsel and advice to the Illinois Department of
Mines and Minerals for Office of surface Mining permits to mine coal.

Richard C. Berg represented the Survey on the Inter-agency Task Force
for groundwater protection.

Charles Collinson was official representative of the Department of
Energy and Natural Resources at the semi-annual meetings of the U.S.
Great Lakes Commission which held meetings in Indianapolis (September,
1985) and Washington, DC (March, 1986). He also represented the
Department at the International Joint Commission (Canada-U.S.) meetings
in Kingston, Ontario (June, 1985). He represented the Scientific
Surveys in the lengthy preparation of recommendations for the Governor's
Natural Resources Cabinet Initiative for Lake Michigan Programs. In
September Governor Thompson requested such recommendations. Collinson
represented the surveys in presentations to the Governor's staff.

-162-

Leon R. Foil me r is a member of the University of Illinois College of
Agriculture's Committee on Reclamation of Mined Land and Mine Refuse.

Dennis P. McKenna serves as advisor to Rockford-Winnebago County Solid
Waste Intergovernmental Committee.

Governmental Testimony/Presentations

Richard C. Berg, Thomas M. Johnson, Robert G. Griffin, and William R ._
Roy_ provided testimony to the" II 1 inois Pol lution Control Bo a rd on
November 16-17, 1985, concerning siting and site characterization of
solid waste disposal facilities.

Richard C. Berg and Vickie L. Poole provided counsel to Champaign-Urbana
and Champaign County officials on the hydrogeology of Champaign County
with regard to siting a new landfill.

Richard C. Berg and Dennis P. McKenna advised the Winnebago county Solid
Waste Task Force on landfill siting.

Richard C. Berg, Myrna M. Killey, and Dennis P. McKenna met with
Champaign County Planning Staff regarding geology for planning and waste
disposal.

Dwain J. Berggren, L. Iverson, and K. Grunwald, at the request of the
II 1 inois Abandoned Mined Lands Reclamation Council, examined the
reclaimed historic longwall mine sites in Putnam and Bureau Counties to
determine why spring seedings of cover vegetation had failed.

Susan Carol Bradford provided geotechnical site evaluations for 9
factory sites proposed by the Department of Commerce and Community
Affairs. She also did geotechnical site evaluations of landslides
requested by township trustees for the city of Watseka, Iroquiois
County.

Ross D. Brower is sceintific advisor to the Class I program within the
Division of Land Pollution Control, IEPA. He is also advisor to the
State Water Survey on hydrogeological aspects of municipal groundwater
supplies. In addition, he provided counsel to Region V, U.S. EPA on UIC
activities in Illinois and Indiana.

Keros Cartwright provided assistance and advice to the Illinois Environ-
mental Protection Agency on problems relating to waste disposal, the
Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety on radioactive waste disposal and
the U.S. EPA in problems encountered at Superfund sites. He also served
on the U.S. EPA Science Advisory Board subcommittees on groundwater
research and grundwater monitoring. He is a member of the Groundwater
Task Force of the Illinois Water Plan, the Great Lakes Commission
Groundwater Committee, and of three Ph.D. Committees at the University
of II 1 inois.

-163-

Dennis D. Coleman serves as an advisor to the National Science Council
of the Republic of China (Taiwan).

Charles Collinson provided extensive counsel and advice on Lake Michigan
problems to state, regional, and local government bodies, citizen
groups, and consultants. Clients include Illinois Capital Development
Board, Illinois Department of Conservation, Illinois Division of Water
Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chicago Park District, Lake
County Department of Planning, Zoning and Environmental Quality, City of
Evanston, Village of Wilmetter, Village of Glencoe, City of Lake Forest,
Waukegan Port Authority, A. Epstein & sons, Charles Shabica Associates,
CENCOM, Inc., and Moffatt & Nicol Engineers.

Heinz H. Damberger provided geologic information to the Southwestern
Illinois Economic Development Study of DCCA. He also provided advice
and support for ENR staff for coal development activities such as siting
information for coal conversion plants. He is ISGS correspondent to the
bi-monthly Illinois Energy Newsletter.

Paul B. DuMontelle, Myrna M. Killey, and Robert J. Krumm consulted with
Randolph County Emergency Services and Disaster Agency personnel on
landslide problems in the Chester, IL area.

Leon R. Foller advises the Soil Conservation Service on soil survey

issues and provided liaison at the SCS Annual Planning Conference by
explaining ISGS activities. He has also participated in SCS soil survey
reviews in Livingston, Vermilion, Jasper, McLean, Pike, and Marion
Counties.

John M. Fox conferred with a N.A.S.A. representative regarding the
possibilities and potential difficulties in building ceramic structures
and roads in Illinois; provided Morton Arboretum with results from
mineralogical analyses done on a wetland study in northern Illinois; and
provided rock identifications and discussed possible sources and ways of
categorizing stone artifacts from archaeological sites for the Univer-
sity of Illinois Archaeology Department.

Robert H. Gilkeson presented a talk entitled "Exploration for Shallow
Groundwater Resources in Kane County" to the Kane Cunty Government and
"Geologic Mapping as a Method for Land Use Planning and Groundwater
Protection" to the Fox Valley Water Commission. In addition, he gave a
talk on "Groundwater Activities of the Illinois Geological Survey" to
the Illinois Groundwater Association at its spring meeting. He also
provided counsel and advice to the Fox Valley Water Commission on
shallow groundwater resources and on radium in groundwater from the
Cambrian and ordovician bedrock.

Herbert D. Glass provided clay mineral analyses for more than a dozen
Federal, State, and Survey projects.

164-

Paul C. Heigold provided service to the Illinois Emergency Services and
Disaster Agency regarding earthquake preparedness, to the Federal Emer-
gency Management Agency regarding earthquake education programs, and to
the Illinois Bureau of the Budget regarding earthquake information dis-
semi nation.

Bruce Hensel provided counsel to the Attorney General's Office regarding
the Kerr-McGee site in West Chicago.

Beverly L. Herzog provided expert witness testimony in a land
for the Attorney General 's office. In addition, she prepared

landfill case
approxi-
mately 10 landfill reports for the Illinois EPA and assisted the IEPA
and the Attorney General's office with information.

Nancy P. Holm provided information on Lake Michigan current projects and
publications to such agencies as the Great Lakes Commission, University
of Wisconsin Sea Grant IL/IN Sea Grant, consultants for U.S. EPA, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, and League of Women Voters. She also
assisted the Great Lakes Program at SUNY at Buffalo in planning a
computerized database on Lake Ontario and Lake Erie.

John P. Kempton and Vickie L. Poole provided information on groundwater
resources for the City of Normal in conjunction with siting the
Chrysler-Mitsubishi plant.

Dennis R. Kolata serves as a consultant to the U.S. Geological Survey
regarding lower Paleozoic echinoderm faunas from the Virginia Piedmont.

Douglas E. Laymon provided counsel to the USGS Water Resources Division,
Urbana, on microseismic surveying in Cook County Forest Preserve.

Morris W. Leighton serves as a member of the Program Committee, Center
for Research on Sulfur in Coal. He also serves as a member of the
Illinois Emergency Services and Disaster Agency's Earthquake Advisory
Board which authored a report on "Action Plans for Illinois Earthquake
Preparedness," January 1986.

John M. Masters assisted the Geologic Engineering Section, U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, Louisville, KY in the identification and correlation
of drilling samples taken near Olmsted, IL. In addition, he and Philip
C. Reed provided geologic counsel to the Chief of the Geotechnical
Design Section, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Memphis, TN on the
identification and distribution of valley fill materials along the Ohio
River levee near Mounds City, IL.

Dennis P. McKenna serves as a panel member at two IEPA public meetings
on Groundwater Protection Plan. He also represented the Survey at a
meeting of Soil and Water Conservation Districts in southeastern
Illinois to discuss oil field brine issues. He was Survey representa-
tive at a legislative meeting and reviewed policy statements of the
Association of the Illinois Soil and Water Conservation Districts on
groundwater withdrawal issues.

-165-

Edward Mehnert met with the Department of Health of IEPA and a project

consultant concerning groundwater contamination at Lisbon, IL. He also

assisted in a drilling project at Kerr-McGee's West Chicago site for the
State Attorney General's office in August 1985.

Jerry R. Miller provided counsel to Argonne National Laboratory in their
search for a suitable disposal site for low-level radioactive wastes.
He also provided counsel to the Attorney General's office with field
descriptions of samples collected during drilling operations at the
Kerr-McGee hazardous waste site.

Michael V. Miller consulted with the Illinois Department of Conservation
on the Lower Cache River and the Big Muddy River cutoff in May 1985.

Kerry M. Riley did pipeline gas analyses for the Illinois Commerce
Commission.

David L. Reinertsen represents the Director of the Department of Energy
and Natural Resources on the Statewide Advisory Board for Conservation
Education and the Illinois State Board of Education.

William R. Roy provided testimony as an expert witness for hearings by
the Illinois Pollution Control Board on permit requirements for owners
and operators of Class I and Class II landfills in November 1985. He
also assisted in the assessment of the migration of acid from a spill at
the Abbott Power Plant, University of Illinois, Champaign.

Edward C . Smith wrote a report on geologic conditions in the area of the
Joliet Army Ammunition Plant for an Argonne National Laboratory environ-
mental assessment. He also co-authored part of a report on groundwater
conditions in southwestern Illinois furnished to the Governor's office.

Lisa R. Smith provided assistance to the Illinois Department of
Conservation with an updated survey of the shoreline at Illinois Beach
State Park, providing estimates of shoreline losses. This reach is
losing more than an acre per month. She participates in regular Lake
Michigan shore reconnaissance for IDOC. She also assisted in

preparation of a report concerning the deteriorating breakwater at
Waukegan.

Service on Industrial Committees

Philip J. DeMaris provided assistance to Freeman Coal Mine Company,
Crown II Mine in mapping their strike-slip fault zone in a new section
of the mi ne.

Leon R. Follmer advised a geological consultant concerning landfill
expansion near Edwardsville and visited a Caterpiller test site near
Peoria to assess potential for gravel resources.

-166-

Ivan G. Krapac advised the Chemical Manufacturers Association regarding
deep well injectioin in Illinois. He also advised the IEPA about a
statistical sampling protocol to monitor deep well injection wastes.

Morris W. Leighton is serving as Editor, Interior Cratonic Sag Basin
Volume, AAPG Petroleum Basin Series.

William R. Roy met with Velsicol representatives on deep well injection
in February 1986.

Michael L. Sargent provided information about drift thickness and
bedrock geology at Hersher, IL to Natural Gas Pipeline, Storage Divi-
sion. He also interpreted the subsurface geology along the Illinois
River between Bureau and Putnam Counties for Consolidated Grain and
Barge Company.

Public Service

Susan Carol Bradford served as judge for the 1985 Illinois Junior
Academy of Science state competition held in Champaign.

Charles Collinson and Lisa Smith are providing scientific expertise and
materials to the Illinois Oanesland Preservation Association, which is
preparing displays and activities for Illinois Beach State Park.

Joseph A. Devera donated 5 vacation days to exploration for dinosaur
bones and une'arthing a Camarasaurus for Dinosaur National Monument.

David L. Gross served as the Co-Chair of the 1985 United Way Campaign at
the University of Illinois. That drive raised $377,000 which is 26% of
the total budget of the United Way of Champaign County. He has been
named Chair of the 1986 United Way Campaign. He was member of the Board
and the President -Elect of the Urbana Rotary Club.

Latif Khan provided counsel to the Muslim Students Association at the
University of Illinois and serves as Vice President of the Afghanistan
Freedom Fund Committee.

Lawrence B. Kohlenberger is adviser to Abbott Power Plant engineers on
the types of analyses needed after conversion to their new coal scrubber
faci lities.

Morris W. Leighton is a member of the Library Friends Advisory Board,
University of iTRnois. He also served as Chairman, Institutional
Advisory Board, Center for Research on Sulfur in Coal.

-167-

Chao-Li Liu was invited to participate in the IAEA/COFRC Natural Gas
Isotope Standards Inter-laboratory comparison.

John M. Masters is Judging Chairman, Earth Science Division, Illinois
Junior Academy of Science Annual Exposition at Champaign, IL. Philip C.
Reed and Jonathan H. Goodwin serve as co-chairs with him.

Rodney D. Norby has provided Dr. L.W. D. Bridges of Denver, Colorado,
with identifications and geothermal indices for some conodonts from the
Mississippian Leadville Limestone of Colorado. The relative age dates
and geothermal indices are important in determining whether solution
features at the top of the Leadville are due to Tertiary subsurface
solution or to Paleozoic Karst.

David L. Re inert sen is merit badge counselor for Boy Scout Troop 7 and
Explorer Post 7, Champaign.

Massoud Rostam-Abadi serves on the International Student Center
Committee at the University of Illinois.

-168-

ACTIVITY MEASURES

Background

All Illinois state agencies are required to provide activity mea-
sures as part of their annual budget presentations to the legislature.
Selected activity measures also are included in the Governor's report,
Illinois State Budget. Internally, we use a wide range of activity
measures to gauge how effective we are at reaching the public with our
information and services. The measures are also helpful indicators of
where our research and service staff are applying their greatest
energies and to what degree we may need to adjust or re-shape our
program, budget or organization.

Although records are kept throughout the year on such items as
publications issued or numbers of sponsored research projects, many of
our activity measures are based on annualized calculations from samples
counted during a representative one- or two-month time period. In most
cases, this limited sampling provides a sufficient level of accuracy.
However, this has been an extraordinary year. Such measures as numbers
of telephone calls and pieces of mail commonly are counted during
January and February each year. During December and January, the Infor-
mation and Technical Services Unit was deluged with telephone and mail
orders for the newly released Satellite Image Map of Illinois. The
first 5,000 copies were ordered or purchased over the counter in our
Information Office in just 5 days from December 2 to December 6. Almost
the entire double press run--14,000 out of 15,000 copies printed—was
distributed over the 60 days from December 2 to January 31. The extra-
ordinary demands placed on the Information and Technical Services Unit
made the normal counting period impractical. Our estimates this year,
therefore, are based on only a 3- to 4-week counting period during
February and are not really representative of the total numbers of
persons who have used the services of the Geological Survey this year.

Measures

Research Activities. The ISGS had 136 state-funded projects in
progress during the year. Of these, 28 were in the area of Environ-
mental Geology, 62 in the area of Mineral Resources studies, and 46 in
the area of General and Basic Research. This ratio reflects the signi-
ficant contract and grant support that is available in the area of
Environmental Geology. Of the 92 sponsored research projects active
during the year, 43 were in the area of Environmental Geology, 34 in
Mineral Resources, and 15 in General and Basic Research. The sponsored
research projects constitute about 40 percent of the total number of
active projects. However, the count of research projects is compiled
from the list of active University of Illinois Research Accounts. Since
some projects may receive multiple awards during the year, this counting
method overemphasizes somewhat the number of sponsored research
projects.

-169-

To present our research information to the public and the scienti-
fic community, we published 189 new reports, abstracts and maps. The
Information and Technical Services Unit distributed 28,258 copies of
ISGS publications, 21,087 copies of ISGS maps and 16,830 U.S. Geological
Survey map products. The total of 49,345 copies of ISGS publications
distributed is 55 percent greater than last year's total. We distri-
buted 13.8 percent more reports, 201 percent more ISGS maps, and 12.6
percent more U.S. Geological Survey map products than last year. The
increase in ISGS maps distributed is largely attributable to the
extraordinary demand for the Satellite Image Map of Illinois. The
increased demand for U.S. Geological Survey map products was generated
both by the availability of more 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles
maps, and by requests related to orders for the Satellite Image Map of
II 1 inois.

It should be noted that the figures for "publications distributed"
in this section of last year's annual report (1984-85) did not include
items distributed gratis in bulk mailings. The percentage increases for
this year, however, are based on updated values for 1984-85 that include
these free distributions to libraries and others on our mailing lists.
Last year we sent out 17,778 free ISGS publications in bulk mailings in
addition to the 17,768 items that were sold or consumed internally.
This year we provided free distribution for 20,945 copies of ISGS
reports and maps.

Public, Government, and Industry Services. The accompanying table
shows selected measures of our services provided during the year, dis-
tributed by program areas.

• Information Responses: We responded to inquiries from 9,627
visitors, 5,175 Tetters, and 9,420 telephone calls. The
Geological Records Unit (GRU) alone served 2,921 visitors,
received 3,154 phone calls and 441 letters, and handled 88,986
files. Despite the decline in oil prices, the number of files
handled by GRU increased by almost 18 percent, and the number of
phone calls by 36 percent. Because the sharpest oil price
decline occurred near the end of the reporting year, the year's
statistics do not fully reflect the decline in activity observed
by the GRU staff beginning in November. The Geological Samples
Library distributed 630 sample sets to 189 visitors for examina-
tion and study, and 509 sets for study by ISGS staff members.

• Identification, Analyses, and Reports/Memos : ISGS scientists
completed 33,711 technical analyses and prepared 1,684 unpub-
lished reports, letters and memos to present the results of
those analyses. Both these numbers are twice as great as last
year and their magnitude emphasizes the increased demands from
the public, industry, and government for the analytical and
technical services available at ISGS. Such testing adds to the
overall data base of the Survey, but is costly in terms of both
staff time and material resources. Tests performed for both
research and service purposes include X-ray diffraction and

-170-

The ISGS/USGS COGEOMAP project was featured on central Illinois' PBS station. The WILL
camera focuses on Leon R. Follmer, Stratigraphy and Surficial Geology Section, who points out
the quadrangles being mapped cooperatively with the U.S. Geological Survey and indicates the
southernmost limit of the glacial margin in Illinois.

ISGS display at the Coal Exposition held in March 1986 at Southeastern Illinois College in
Harrisburg. Stephen K. Danner, Geologist in Coal Section, answered questions and distributed
information.

-171-

fluorescence analyses; rock strength tests; particle size
analyses; radiocarbon dating; major, minor and trace element
chemical analyses; and proximate and ultimate analyses of coal.
Our scientists also conducted 38 electrical earth resistivity
surveys, completed stratigraphic logs of 33 drillholes and
geophysical logs of 28; prepared 98 groundwater reports; 30
waste disposal reports; 68 high volume well reports and 3 deep
well disposal reports. In the Computer Research and Services
Section, ISGS staff wrote 150 programs; digitized 25 maps;
encoded, entered and verified data for 50 different projects,
and prepared 385 computer-plotted maps primarily for internal
use. In the pilot study of mineralization in insoluble
residues, our mineral resource scientists split 2,697 old
insoluble residue samples for spectrograph^ analysis and split
and dissolved 1,425 new samples. Scientists from the U.S.
Geological Survey analyzed 1,663 samples during a 3-week visit
by the Survey's mobile analytical laboratory.

Continuing Scientific/Educational Contributions. Geological Survey
staff members presented 178 papers and poster sessions at various
learned and professional society meetings, and participated 80 times in
various field trips and conferences. We also presented 53 lectures,
seminars and classes for schools and other educational groups, and
participated in or led 55 workshops or training courses. Staff members
held 70 offices or committee memberships in professional and educational
organizations, reviewed 218 outside manuscripts and abstracts for
journals, and provided formal and informal guidance for 65 graduate
students. Our scientists held 588 office conferences with visitors to
exchange scientific and technical information. The Educational Exten-
sion Unit distributed 138 rock and mineral sets, 18 partial sets and 50
coal balls to Illinois schools. They also distributed 235 copies of
Educational Series publications, 110 copies of the topographic mapping
exercise, and more than 500 copies of the field trip guide leaflets.

Public, Industry, Governmment Contributions. Survey staff members
presented 50 public addresses, gave 55 talks or interviews for the
press, presented testimony at 5 government hearings and expert testimony
in 2 judicial proceedings, and appeared 40 times to serve on or provide
information for various governmental, industrial, and public committees
and other agencies. These all are included in the 330 talks and
presentations summarized in the following table.

-172-

Illinois State Geological Survey Selected Activity Measures 1985-86

Mineral
Resources

Environmental
Geology

Genei
Basic

ral and
Research

Administrative
Services

Total

Reports/Maps
Publ ished
(Distributed)

189
(49,345)

Unpublished
Reports, Memos,
and Other
Responses

821

408

455

1,684

Lectures,
Talks, and
Presentations

129

185

410

Workshops,
Classes, and
Semi nars

Visitors and

Office

Conferences

4,508

917

497

,705

9,627

Telephone
Inqui ries

5,373

2,059

343

,645

9,420

Letter

1,122

531

,444

5,175

Inqui ries

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