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iu-
[
THfi
ANNUAL REVIEW,
ANfi
HISTORY OF UTERATUREi
»OE
1805.
ARTHUR AIKIN, EDITOR.
VOL. IV.
t
amssssssi I' I ik I.-
LONDON:
^SdKTSO FO^ LOKOMAN, HURST, R££$, A2a> ORM^p
PATERNOSTER-ROW.
im.
V*
f
( iii )
TABLE OF CONTENTS,
With the Prices of the various Works, in Boards unless otherwise
expressed, and the Publishers' Names,
CHAPTEJl h-r^oyages and Travels,
Page
x. lurnDuii s > oyage round the World, 3 vols. l52mo. 13s. Od. rhilliiw
3. M«vor*s Aecbunt of Oiptain Cook's Voj-ages, 2 vols^ Iftnio. 8s. Harris
4. Popham's Description of Prince of Wales island, 8vo. 2s. tki. Slotkdai
5. Lwth's A^-'count of ditto, Svo. 2s. 6d. Booth — ^^
1. Bnne's Travcls;^ew Edition, 7 vols. 8vo. with a VoUune of Plates, in 4to- 41. 16s.
and Royal, 71. Longman and Co. — — — — 9
2. Tumbuirs'Voyage round the World, 3 vols. i52mo. 13s. 6d. Philliiw — — 16
" *' ' • • J.Harris — 24
Stotkdale — i.'5
T- . — ibid
6. Lindley's Voyage to Brasil, 8vo. 6s. Johnson — — — 1,'7
7. Beftvex's African Memoranda, 4to. 1*. Ms. 66. Cadell — — 32
. S. Description of 8t. Helena, 12mo. 6s. Phillips t- ~ — 38
0. Kotzebue*s Travels through Italy, 4 vols. 12uio. 20s. Phillips — ^43
10. Present State of Peru, 4to. 21. ifs. Bhilfips — — ' — 49
11. Tour in Zealand, 8 ve. 5s. White — — ^ — — 60
12. M'^'aUum's Travels in Trinidad, 8vp. 10s. 6d. Croste,^ — — 63
i3. Griffith's Traveb,4to. 11. lis. 6d. Cadell —' — —.67
J 4. Davte*s Letters from Paraguay, 8vo. 5s. Bobinson — — — 77
15. Parkinson's Tour in America, 2 vols. 8 vo. 15s. Harding — — 82
\6. Collection of Modem \'oyaj5es, &c. Vol. I. 158. Phillips — . — 85
J7. Michaux'sTravels in America, 8vo. 7s. Mawnian — — — 91
15. Beckford's Letters iirom Italy, 2 vols. &vo. 18s. Cadell — -^ 99
Id. Ckarice^s Naufragia, l2mo. tis. 6d. Mawman — — — ibid
20. Carres Northern Summer, 4to. 21. 2s. Phillips — — — 100
21. Boukon's Sketch of Upper Canada, 4to. 7s. Norftavilte and Fell -^ — lOS)
22. Sketch of the present Sute of France, 8vo. 3s. 6d. Phillips — — 1 12
CHAPT£R IL^Tkeoiogy and Ecckmstical Affairs.
1. HolnMs, Vetus Testamentum Grvcum, folio, Payne — — — 119
2. Stock's Book of Job, 4to. ll. Is. Wilkic and Co. — — 128
3. Winstanlcy's Vindication of the New Testament, 12n]o. 3s. Longman and Co. — 134
4. Nisbett on the New Testament, 8vo. 6s. Rivington — — — 135
5. lacbbald on the Fall of Man, 8vo. Johnson — — r- ibid
t>. Trinuner's Help to the Unlearned, 8vo. 12s. Hatchard — <— 13()
7. Parker's Old Testament illustrated, 12mo. 3s. 6d. Vidler — — 138
8. Sharp's Enquiry concerning Babylon, 12uio. 3s. 6d. Kivingtons ^- — ibid
9- Watson's Popular Evidences, 8vo. 10s. 6d. lx)ngman and Co. — — ibid
JO. N are's View of the Prophecies, 9vo. 7s. 6d. Rivin^tons — — 141
it. Robinson's Christian System, 3 vols. 8vo. 11. 4s. ditto — — 144
12. Smith's Letters to Bclsham, 8vo. 3s. Johnson — — — 149
13. Bekham's Reply to Siiuth, 8vo. 3s. ditto ^ — — ibid
14. New Way of deciding old Controversies, 8vo. 4s. ditto — — ibid
J5. Wright's Anti-iatisfactionist, 9vo. VicUej — -- — 151
16. Moncrief Wellwood'.s Sermons, 8vo. 8s. 6d. Longman and Co. — — 153
17. Cappe's Discourses, 8vo. lOs. 6d. Johnson — — — 157
l.S. Kcnrick's ditto, 2 vols. 8vo. lOs. ditto — — — — 161
19. Townsend's S(»rmon?i, 8vo. 8s. Mawman — . — — 164
20. Gilpin's diUo, Vol. IV. 8vo. 7s. Cadt'll — — .^ 166
i:i. Napleton's, ditto. Vol. II. 7s. 6d. S4el — — — 16S
V^ Morton's ditto, \'ol. II, 7s. 6d. Mawman — — . . — 169
x'J. Munkhouse> Discourses, 3 voU. 8vo. ll. 4s, Longman and Co. — — 170
fy CONTENTS.
Page
24. Partridge's Sermons, from Ihe French, 8vo. 7s. Kivin^tons — **" .^^i
25. Twelve Senuonson Important Subjects, 8vo. 6s. Cadeil and Davies — ibid
26. Adam's ditto on the Dutv, &c. 8vo. 7s. 6d. Longman and Co, — IJ2
27. Dore's Three Sermons, cVit^ 8 vo. 3s. Button — — ib|d
28. Drummond's Two Discourses, 8vo. Is. 6d. Johnson — — ibjd
29. Headlam's Sermon at Richmond, 4to. Is. 6d. RiviBgions — — 173
30. Phillpott's ditto at Oxford, 4to. is. 6d. ditto — • — 'hid
31. Gardiner's ditto on Dr. Maclaine, 8vo. iiatchard — — ihid
32. Mosele/s ditto, 12mo. Is. Williams , • — " — "^ ijj
33. Hall's'Sermoa before the House of Commons, 4lo. — — wjd
34. Poulter's Fast Sermon, 8vo. White .-.—.- ibid
35. Madan's ditto, 8vo. Is. Rivingtons — . — — ;hja
36. Dore's Sermon on the floiy Spirit, 8vo. — — ihul
37. Belsham's ditto on the Pros;ress of Error, avo. Is. Johnson — 175
38. A Sermon on Baptismal Faith, 4to. _ — — ibid
39. Butler's Sermon at Shrewsbury 12mo. Is. Longman *— — ibid
40. Prosser's ditto at Lambeth, 4to. Is. 6d. Rivingtons • — -—176
41. Baseley's Oration on the Duke of Gloster, 4to. Sael — — ibid
42. Bulmer's Sermon, ^vo. Is. Rivingtons -^ -^ -*. ibid
43. Hawtrey's Guide to Heaven, crown 8vo. 4s. ditto — ibid
44. Oakley s Holy Family, 8vo. 4s. ditto ^ . — . ibi4
45. Felloweson Death, 12mo. 3s. Mawman — — — 177
46. Leighton's Works, 8vo. Vols. 1, 2, and 3, 7s. each, Baynes — — ibid
47. ViUiers on Luther's Reformation, by Mills, 8vo. 9s. Baldwin ^ — ibid
48. Ditto by I^mbert, 8vo. 8s. Jones — — — ibid
49. Laurence's Eight Sermons, 8 vo. 8s. Rivingtoi% . — — 187
50. Examination of Daubeny, 8vo. 8s. — — — 191
31. Overton's Four LettcKJ, 8 vo. 35. Rivingtons — -* ibid
52. Rathbone's Memoir of the Quakers, 8vo. 2i. 6d. Fhillips — 19«
53. Bevan's Defence of FrieiKis, 8vo. 5s. 6d. ditto — — 193
54. M'Rae's View of the Church, I2mo. 3s, I>ongman and Co. — — ib.
55. Report of the Bible Society, Pai'tL Is. Hatcliard — — ib.
56. Lavater's Letters of St, Paul, 8vo. 58. Johnson — 105
57. Peace on Earth, &c. 8vo. 9». ditto — —- tt>^
58. Thoughts on tlie Creation, 8vo. 38. fid. Hatchard — — 197
59. The Christian Minor, l2mo. 5s, Williams — — I9S
60. Adams's View of Religion, 12mo. Gs. Button — ♦ — ib.
CHAPTER WL.'^Hiftory, Politics, and Statistics.
1. Wilson's History of Eg}'pt, 3 vols. 8vo. II. 4«?. Longman and Co. — 202
2. Belsliam's History of Great Britain, 12 vols. 8vo. 51. 5s. Phillips — 206
3. Orme's Historical Fragments pf -the Mogul Empire, 4to. ]1. 8s. Wiitgrave — 212
4. Rainsford's Account of the Black Empire of Hayti, 4to. 21. 2s. Cundee — 219
5. Sir J. Sinckwi-'s History of the public Revenue of the British Empire, 2 vols. 9vo.
18s. Cadeil — .« — 228
6. Adaro5^s Roman History, I2mo. 4s. I^ngman — — 232
7. The Earl of Selkirk's pi-esent State of the Highlands of Scotland, 8vo. 6s. ditto fb.
8. Wy vill's Political Papers, vok 5. 8vo. 78. Johnson — — 235
9. Reasons why the Society of Friends should not vote for Members of Parliament 243
10. An Attempt to rectify the public Atfaim of the £jnpfre, &c. -*- 244
1 1. M'DtannKl's Enquiry into the System of national Defence in Great Britain, 2 vels.
8vo. U. Is. Bafdwin — — — 247
12. Poole's Reply to Gardiner's Answer to a Narrative, &c. — — 2jl
13. Intercept ea Letters — •— — ib.
14. Sir James Stcuart's Works, 6 vols. 8 vo. 21. 2s. Cadeil — — 232
15. The Policy and Interest of Great Britain with Respect to Malta considered — 257
16. Thoughts on the Protestant Ascewkncy in Ireland — — 258
17. Lemesurier's Examination of the Roman Catholic Claims. Stockdale — 260
18. Melancthoii's Letter to Dr. Troy. Booker — — 261
19. Cockburn's Dissertation on Civilization in India, 4to. Cadeil — 264
20. Asiatic Annwal Register for 1802, 1803. 8vo. 13s. each, ditto — 265
21. A Conclsi* Account of the Commerce and Navigation of the Black Sea, 8 vo.
Is. 6d. Harding — — 256
22. Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons, vol. 4. 8vo. lOs. 6d. Longman and Co. 268
2i. Defence of Monopoly, 1 3. 6d. «?}monds — — 275
CONTENTS. t
Page
14. Talleyrand on Commercial delations. Deboffe — — 276
Ui. Lovd livetpooVs Treatise on Coins, 4to. ll. Is. Cadell — 278
^, Captain Barber's intemal Defepce of Great Britain, 2s. 6d. Egertou — 280
J7. llcilop*s Observations on tlie Duty on Properly — — ib.
;». Brarbtock's Treatise upon Ty tlies, 3s. 6d. liatchard _ 28 1
!?9. Thoughts on public Trusts, 12ino. 2$. 6d. I^n^man and Co. — ib.
30. l^y&ir*$ Enqu'ury into the Causes of the Decline of poweriul and wealthy Na-
tions 4to. IL lls-6d. Greenland and Norris — , — 286
31. Speech of Deputy Birch against the Catholic Petition, K Richardson — 290
3'i. Stewart's Suggestions for the Improvement of the Military Force, 8vo. Is. 6d.
Egerton — — -r- 291
33« (Mtterv'atioDs..and Hints lelative to the Volunteer Infantry, ditto — 2^
34. Trial for a Libel ui the Antijacobin Review, 8vo. Symonds — 293
33. Lauderdale's Hints to the Manufacturers of Great Britain, 8vo. 2s. Longman — ib.
36. Ir^'inc's Enquiry into the Causes of Emigratkin, 8vo. 3s. (kl. ditto — ' 294
37. Lauderdale's Thoughts on Circulation, 8 vo. 38 ditto — — 295
39. Lau)berf s Characteristic Anecdotes, 8vd. 58. Baklwia — — 296
39. llalfs Efifects of Civilization, 8vo. 7s. Ostell — — 298
40. HoMr's Observations on the Poor Laws, 8vo. Is. 6d. Hatchard — . 302
41. .lii Essay on tlie Principle and Origin of Sovereign Power, 8vo. 7s. ditto — 304
42. eddy's European Commerce, 4to. 21. 2s. Richardson — — 307
43. Line's Method of keepiog Accounts with Bankers «n the Country and in
LonUon,8vo. 10s. 6d. Longman and Co. — — 313
" '- .--... — ib.
— 313
r reducing the Poor's Rate — — 315
47. Cappe's Obiervations on Charity Schoals. 8vo. Johnson — — 317
48. War in D'i^uise, 8vo. 5s. 6d. Hatchard — — 318
xx>naon,9vo. ius. od. jjongman ana^o. —
44. Hunter's Sketch of the political State of Europe, 4to. 12s. Budd
4j. M'Keuna's 1 liouglits on the Catholic Cltrgy and People —
4f). Bone's Outline of a Plan for reducing the Poor's Rate —
CHAPTER TV.-^JncUnt Classics, Classical Antiquities, and Mythology.
1. Orphka, cum Notts tl. Stepliani, &c. 8vo. Payne — — 2^2^
S. Walpok's Comicorum Gnecorum Fragmenta quxdam, Stro. 5s. Mawman — 3t2^
3. Walpole^s Specimens of Scarce IVanslat'ions, l2mo. 5s. Mawman -^ 329
A Adam's Compendious Latin Dictionary, 8vo. 12s. bound. l.ongroan and Co — 33 1
5. Neilson's Greek Exefcises, with Key, 8vo. 9s. bound, ditto — — 332
6. Good's Translation of Lucretius, 2 vols, 4to. 41. 4s. ditto — ib.
7. Jones's Greek Grammar, 12mo. 69. ditto — — 345
8. Claik on ihic Tomb of Alexander, 4to. ll. Is. Mawman -^ -« 346
9. J>«icri|^onofAatiiim, 4to. 11. Us. 6d. Longman and Co. — 353
M. Vinceojt's Peripkis of the Erythraean Sea, 4to. part 2. ll. 6s. Cadell , «-- 359
CHAPTER V.'-Afodern Languages.
L Euay 00 Eogfish Accents and Prosody, 12mo. 4s. 6d. — — 370
CBAFTER YL^British Ttpos;raphy and Antiquities,
3U
L Barry's History of the Orkney Islands, 4to. W, \ Is. 6d. Longman and Co. ^^
t. Britton's Architectural Antiquities, parts 1, 2, 3. 4to. lOs. 6d. each, and 1.5s. royal.
Longman and Co. — — — 388
1 Miner's History of Doncaster, 4to. ll. Is. and royal II. 1 Is. 6d. Miller — 392
4 Nichols's History of Leicester, folio, vol. 3. part 2. 2i. 12s. 6d. NichoUf -^398
5. Pohrhele's History of Devon, folio, 3 vols. 41. 48. Cadell — — 400
^ Sir H. Englefield^i Walk through Southampton ^ &vo. 4s. 6<L JLongmau and Co. — ib.
7. DoBcumbe's History of Hereford, 4to. vol. I. 31. 3$. ditto •-- ib.
«. Jones's H&tory of Brecknock, 4ta vol. I. 21. 1 Ss. Booth — — 4C9
9. BbmdielA History of Norfolk, vols. 1 . 2, 3. royal 8vo. I8s. each, a&d 4to. 21. 2s.
Miner — — — 41«
10. PohrtH^'s History of Cornwall, vol. 3. 4to. ll. l<i. Cadell — — ib.
11. Hay's History of Chicheiter, 8vo. lOs. 6d. Longman and Co. — 41 7
12. Gtttiiwwatei'a History of Bury^ Edmunds, 12mo. 7."?. ditto — — 421
U. Hewlett's Views in Ltacoloshire, 4to. Si. 15s; 6d. MiUes — 4v2
Ml Ooiton's Traveller's Guide, 2 vols. Igmp- IL 5s. Cuudee — — ib.
il Mak3c4pi*s LondiQUm RdUvivuni, 4tp. vols. )2, 3. 4to. 3h I3d. 6d.LoDgmajiaQdCo. 4S3
vi . CONTENTS.
Page
16. Rpautics of Engtend and Wales, 8vo. vol. 6. IL 3s. Longman and Co. <^ 425
17. Whitaker's Catliedral of Cornwall, 2 toU. 4to. 21. 2s. Nicholls — — 428
18. Maw mau^s Exciirstoiis to tlie Highlands, 8 vo. 93. Ma^^l1lan -^ — 438
19. Beauties of Scotland, 8 vo. Vol. f 1 5s. VernorandCo. ^— — ib.
20. Donovan's Excursion tlirough South Wales, 2 vols. 8vo. 21. 2s. <nd cold. 31. 10s*
Rivingtons — — — 44t
21. Select Views in Ix>ndon and its Environs, 4to. Vol. 2. 31.3s. ani royal 51. js^
' Vernor and Co. — — — . 444
CHAPTER VlL^GeograpJiy.
I. Aikin's Geographical Delineation; 2 vols, cr. 8vo. 12s. Johnson — — 446
CHAPTER yill.—Biogr(q>kfj.
' 1. Roscoe's Life of Leo Xth., 4 vols. 4to. ffl. 6s. -^ — 44§
i?. Maton*s Life of Liniianis, 4to. U. lis. dd. Mawinan — — 467
3. Franklin's Memoirs of G. Thomas, 4to. 11. 5s. and 8vo. lOs. 6d. CadcU ~ 473
4. Cayley's Life of Ralegh, 2 vols. 4lo. U. 158. and 8vo. 2 Is. Cadell — ' 477
.5. Brief Account of Dr. Johnson, 1 2mo. 4b. 6d. Phillips — — 484
6. Cooke's Memoirs of FooteJ 3 vols, l2mOp l3s. 6d. ditto — — ib.
7. Memoirs of Marmontel, 4 vols. l2nio. ll. Is. Longman and Co. — — ib.
8. Laycey's Life of Erasmus, 8vo. 8s. 6d. Cadell ' — ~ — 48S
0. Thif?bault's Anecdotes of Frederick 11. 2 \t>ls. 8vo. l6s. Johnson — 48ft
10. Stark's Biographia Scotira, ISmo. 5s. Murray — — — 495
11. Female Revolirtionary Plutarch, 3 vols. 12mo. 11. Is. ditto — — Lb.
12. Memoirs of Talleyrand, 2 vols. 12mo. 12s. <iitto — — 496
13. Piikington's Dictionary of Painters, 4to. ll. I6s. Longman and Co. — 497
14. CoU'ms's Memoirs of a Picture, 3 vols. 12mo. lOs. Beil — — 504
15. Greiwell's Memoirs of Politianus, t\cc. 8vo. I2s. Catlell — — 50P
1(5. Life of Professor Gcllert, 3 vols. 8 vo. 18s. Hatchard '— — 516
17. Hartford's Co^^c^pondence, 3 vols. 12mo. ll. Is. Phillips — 517
13. Granger's Letter^, by Mafcolm, 8vo. 10s. (>d. Longman and Co. — 523
19. Memoirs of I^rrl Nelson, 8vo. 2s. 6d. Symonds — — 535
!l^ Cnmberlahd's Meinoin;, 4to. 21. 2s. Lack'uigton — - — — jfe^
CHAPTER lX.-^Poctr7j,
1. Ellin's Specimens of Metrical Romances, 3 vols. Svo. ll. 7s. Longmm and C«. — 53^
C. Spenser's Works, by Todd, 8 vols. 8vo. 41. 4g. Rivington — — 544
3. Montgomer/s Poems l2mo. 4s. Longman — — — 555
4. Herbert's Icelandic Poetry, cr. 8vo. 12s. Longman and Co. — — 558
5. Beresford's Song of the Sun, 8v6. 2s. 6d. Johnson — — 563
6. RicIiardsoiiN Poems, 2 vols. 12mo. 12s. Longman and Ca. — -— 56S
. 7. Bayrteld'i Poems, 12mo. 7s. Lindsetl — — — ib.
8. Valle Cnicis Abbey, l2mo. 5s. ditto — -r- ib,
9. Clarke's Uustioi I'Jjno. 3s. 6d. Ostell — — -. ib.
10. Maxey's Kuth andTobit, from Florian, 12mo. 5s. Boosey — — 566
11. Magnall's Half an Hour's lounge, 12mo. 3s. 6d. Longman — — ib.
12. Boun4e[i*s Fatal Curiosit\-, 12:no. 4s. 6d. ditto — ' — ib.
13. Battle of Largs, 12iuo. 3s. — — — ib.
1 4- Bowles's Spirit of Discover)-, l2rao. 9s. Cadell — — 56S
-15. Works of the Author of Epistle to Sir W. Chamba^ 12mo. 4s. PiiiUips — ^73
J 6. London Cries, 8vo. 4s. Murray — • — -*- ib.
i7. I lay ley's Ballads, foolscap, 6s. Phillips — — 575
13. liopp»er's(>cientidTales,8vo. 7s. mtchard — — SM
J 9. Epistle to James Barry, Esq. 8 vo — — •-. 57g
-CO. Soulhev's Metrical Tales, 12mo. 5s. 6d. Longman — -^ 579
^\. Boyd's'Penanceof Hugo, 12mo. 5s. ditto — — — 581
€2. Graham's Sabbath, 12mo. 5s. ditto — — — 58€
423; Mifai's Simple Poems, 8 vo. 5s. ditto — -^591
£4. Steuart's Pleasures of Love, f. c. 6s. Mawman — -i«- ib»
US. Fitzwilliam'* do. f. c. 6s. Cunde^ — — — ib.
C6. Courtier's Poems, vol. 2. 6s. Rivtngtons v — — 59*
27. Shee's Rhymes on Art, l2rao. 7s. Harding -^ -— 592
e8» Whitchurch's UispanioUy l2mo« 3*. Od, Longman and C(h ^ 59€r <
contents: Tit
CQ, The Anti-Corsican, 4to, 5s. Law — — •-, — . ^tjr
30. Grant's Prtee Poem, 4to. 3s. 6d Cadell and Davies — . — 59«
31. Coxe's MiScelbncous Poetry, 8vo. 88. W hitu — ~- — ibid
32. Bond's Woodman's Tale, 8vo. I0s.€cl. lowigiwan artd Co. * — — (»0D
33. West's Poems «nd Plavs, Vols. 3 and 4, foolscap 8vo. V2s. ditto — €02
34. Southe/s Madoc, 4to'. HI 2s, ditto — — ^ t)04
35. Smilii's &jglish Lyricf, Part 2, 8vo. 5s, Cadcjl and Davies — — 6lS
3<i Tcniplt!'* Poeijis IL'mo. 5s. Phillips — — "^ $*^
37. Icing's Ossikn's Poems, 2 Vols. 8vo. ll. lOi Longman and Co. — — ioid
3d. Macdonald'sAiiHwer io dtto, 6vo. 7s. Cadell and Davies — — 620
39. Rosa Matilda's Hours of Solitude, 2 Vols. postSvo.' i4s. Highley — ibid
4a The Chaplet, 12mo. 38. Longman and Co. — " — 021
41. Gibson's Elidure and Ella, 8vo* — -. ._ ^ ibid
42. Dovonian's Poems to 'I'hespia, 8vo. 4s. Cadell and Davies — — ibid
43- Poetical Epistle to Mr. Pitt, 4to. 2s. 6d. Gray — — ibid
44. The British Martial, 2 Vols, foolscap Svo. IQs. Phillips — — ibid
45. Poems by Bobertits, ditto 7s. Ebers — , — 622
46. Stinunerseli's Rustic, ditto, 4s. Lon^ao and Co. — — 4hid
^, Ajnatoxy Poems, ditto, 2s. 6d. Bell — — — ibid
45i. Hunter's Sports of the Genii, 4to- 5s, Payne ' — .— -^ CiJ
^ Cottle's Sdection of Poems^ l^mo. 4i. bound, Johnson — — 6^4
CHAPTER X.-^Dramatic Poetry (bid Pluf/s.
I. CifTord's Edhion of Massinger's Plavs, 4 Vols. 8vo, 21. .8s. Longman and Co. — j62i
fit. Nathan the Wise, 8vo. 7s. 6d. Phiilips ^ — — 634
3. CoUett's Sacred DEamas, 8 vo. 6s. Longman and Co. — — ^3*
4. The Natural Son, a Tragedy, 2s. Barker — — ibid
3. 'ITjcI^dy of tlie Rock, 8vo. Is. 6d. Longman and Co. — — ibid
t, I'o Marry or Not to Marrv, 8vo. 2s. 6d. ditto — — 640
7. Too Many Cooks, 8vo. ll 6d. ditto — — . — 64«
JB. The Blintf Bargain, 8vo. 2s. 6d. diUo — — — ibid
9' The Honest Soldier, a Comedy, 3s. Longman and Co. — — ibid
iO. The Honey Moon, a Comedy, 2s. 6d. ditto — — ibid
H. The School of Reform, ditt«,"2s. 6d. ditto -^ — — 64£
12. The Cabinet, a Comic Opera, 2s. 6d. ditto — — . — 643
13. Youth, Love, and Folly, ditto, is. 6d. Barker — — ibid
14. The Delinquent, a Comedy, 28. 6d. Longman and Co. — ' — ibid
li. John Bull, a Comedy, 2s. 6d. ditto — — — ibid
t
CHAPTER Xl.-^Xox'€fs,
1. Hulcroft's Bryan Perdue, 3 Vols. 12mo. 15s. Longman and Co. — 644
i. GodN%in's Fleetwood, 3 Vols, l^'mo, i5s. Phillips • — — 64^
3. Hennan and Dorothea, a I'ale, foolscap 8vo. 7s. Longman and Co. -«» 6^
4. Opie's Adeline Mowbray, 3 Vols. i2mo. L3s. 6cL ditto — — jOSI
3. Lee's Life of a Lover, 6 Vols, crown 8vo. ll. I6s. Robinsons , - ' -»-r iUid
6. Mysterious Freebooter, 4 Vols. 18s. Hut^hts — • -:- €54
7. The Daellists, l^mo. 3s. 6d. Williams and Smith ^ ^ 65£
5. Lee's Canterbury Tales, Vol. 5. 8vo. 8s. WilkieandCo. — r— ibid
9. Hebie's Pilgrim of the Cross, 4 \ ols. 12mo. ISs. Osteli ^ ir^ ibid
10. MenUl Recreations, 12mo. 4s. Baldwin — — ibid
11. Bdi'ille House, 2 Vols. 12mo. 8s. Symondg — — ibid
12. Lambert's Adyentuces of Cooroo, cro\yn Svo. 5«. Scatchard and LeUen^iap — ibid
13. MemoiTS of M. de Biinboc, 3 Vols. 12mo. 12s. Gadell and Davies ^^ 6jO
CHAPTER yilL^Mttapkygiffs, PkUology, and CrUicisnu
L An Essay on the Priaciples of human Action, cr. 8vo. 43. Johnson ' -— 657
2. Forsyth's Principles of Moral Science, vol. 1. 8yo. 10s. 6d Longman and Co. — ()64
3. Dnumnond's Academical Questions, vol. 1, 4to. 15s. Cadell and Dayies -* 670
4. Tooke's Diversions of Pudev, part 2. 4to. 11. 1 1 s. 6d. Joluison — ' &f6
i. ^fjckenne's Keport of the Highland Society on tlie Poems of Oisian, Bvo. 12s.
Longmaa^dCc^ «— — — -«- 679
m C0NTENT5.
CHAFFER XIlL—A/wce/fawVi.
f^gt
i, Fostfr's Essays, 2 rols. 12mo. 9s. Longman and Co. -— - .,^ 70f>
5L Hiats for a Young Priucess, 2 vols. cr. 8vo. 12nio.. Cadel! and Davies -^ 7()«
S. Br istcd's Society of Friends Examined, 8 vo. (>s. Mawman — — 71 3
4. ^ayers's Miscellanies^ Antiquarian and Historical, 8 vo. 68. Cadeiland Davies — 716
5. Peacock on Dancing, 8 vo. 5s. Ijougnian and Co. — — — 718
6. Miller's Retrospect of the 18th Centui7, Part I. 3 vols. 8vo. U. Is. Johnson - 72\
7. Bigland's Essays on various Subjects, 2 vols. 8vo. 12s. Longman and Co. — 729
8. Andrews's Free Disquisitions, &c. 8vo. iis. Tipper and Co — — 730
9. I^ncaster on Education, 8vo. 5s. Phillips and Fardon — — — 73^
10. Pratt's Harvest Home, 3 voJs. 8vo. U. lis. 6d. Phillips — — — 736
1 1. Light Reading at Leisure Hours, 12mo. 6s. Ridgcway — — — 738
\9i. Barbauld's Seiecti<Mis, 3 vob. 8vo. 18s. and ISmo. 10s. 6d. Johnson •*« — 740
13. Twiss's Miscellanies, 2 vqls.Svo. 11. Is. Booth — — — 74?
14. Memoirs of Gilbert Purring, 12nio. 3s. 6d. Longman and Co. — — ib,
15. -j^urns Illustrated) 4lo. 11. Us. 6d. Royal 8vo. \Lu and Demy 8vo. 15s. Vemor
and Hood — ' — — — ib.
16. Ireland's Confessions, cr. 8vo. 7s. 6<1. Phillips — — 743
17. Knight on Taste, 8vo. 8s. 6d. Payne -.- — . .^ 745
18. Stower's Typographical Marks, 8vo. Is. Longman and Co. -— — 74^
CHAPTER Xiy.—Militart/ and Ntvcal Tactics.
1. GiMSdon's Address to Volunteer Corps, 8vo. 28. 6d. Egerton — ^ — 75tf .
Ij. iku-krr's Instructions for Sharp^Shooters, 12mo. 2s. 6d. Egerton — ib. .
3. Kirke's Duties of Riflemen, &c. f. c, 8vo. 2t. 6d. Vemor and Co. — — 759
4 Howard^s Drill of Light Infantry, &c. 12mo. 2s. Egerton — — 753
5. Kirige's Duties of the Light Cavalry in tlie Field, l2mo. 4s. Vemor and Co. — . ib.
6. Gord6!>^, Treatise on the Science ot Defence, 4to. J 5s. Synu>nds — 754
7. Clerk's Essay on Naval Tactics, 4to. U. l6s. Longman and Co. — 756
i« Beatson's Naval and Military Memoirs, 6 vols. 8vo. 31. 3s. Longman and Co. 761
CHAPTER XXL^AgricuUure and Rural Ecommy.
I. I^wrenceen Cattle, 8vo. 12a. Symonds — — — 76«
?, Coo^munications to the Board of Agriculture, Vol. IV. 4to. 18s. Nkol and Son — 764
3. Luccock on Wool, l:^nio. 5s. 6d. Harding — — 771
CHAPTER XVII.— .V«/ttra/ Hutqry.
i. Skrimshire's Essays cti Natural History, 2 rols. 12mo. 7s'. Johnson — 775
V. Wildcnow's Principles of Botany, 8vo. lOs. 6d. Cadt-ll and Davies — — 778
S, 'I'l-acts relative to Botany, 8vo. os. 6d. Phillips and Fardon — — 782
4. Banks on the Blight, &c. in Com, 8vo. 2s. Harding — — 786
5. Curtis on British Grasses, 8vo. 5s. Symonds — — — 787
li. burner's Botar»ist's Guide through England and Wales, cr. 8vo. 2 vols. l4s.
Phillrps and Fardon — — — 78S
7. 1 h« Botambt's Guide through Northumberland and Durham — — 79a
CHAFITR XWlL-^M^dicine and Sur^erj/.
1. Hamilton on Purgative Medicines, 8vo. 6s. Murray — — — "^92
)i. Hay garth's Clinical History of Diseases, Part I. 8vo. 5s. Cadcll and Davies — 794
2. Clarke's Modern Practice of Physk:, 8vo. 9s. Ix>ngman and Cu. — — 796
4. Wilson's PJiilosophy of Physic, 8vo. 5s. Symonds — — — 79!^
9. PuFlunson on the Nature and Cure of Gout, 8vr>. 5s. 6d. Symonds — — ibid
C. KiBglaJce's liepty to iVir. Edlln's two Cases of Gout, 8vo. Is. 6d. Murray — 803
7. Hunt's salutary Cautious respecting the Gout, 8vo. 2s. 6d. Phillips -^ — 805
%. CraiBpton's E^say on the Eutropeoa, 8vo. 2s. 6<l. Carpcmer -^ — ibid
9. Harly on thestrnple Dy-sentery, &c. 8vo. 7s. Callow -^ — - — 8O6
lUk' Lambe on ooastilutional Disea^tes, 8vo. 5s. 6d. Mawman •— »«* %Qf^
pONTENTC, im.
n. Cooper on the Cataract, 8vo. 5s. Lon^pnan and Co. — — — 8 i i
12. Jones on the HaimoiThage, 8vo. 10s. bd. Phillips — — — 813
13. Duncan's Annals of Medicine, 1803-4, bvo. 9s. Murray — — 8 Id
14. Jxkson on the Medical Department of Armies, 8vo. 13s. 6d. Murray — 8 IS
)5. Procecthngs of the Hoard of Health at Manchester, 8vo. 4s. Cadcll and Davies 822
16. Buchan on Sea-Batliing, cr. 8vo. 58. Cadell and Davies — — — 8S3
17. Moseley oo Lues Bovilla, or Cow-pox, 8vo. 5s. Longman and Co. — — 824
18. S(|uirrel on Cow-pox Inoculation, 2s. 6i\. Hatchard — — — 836
19. Lipscomb's Vindication of luouulation for tlie Small-pox, 2s. Robinson — 82^
j.l Dissertation on the lailure of the Cow-pox, 3s. Robinson — 830
2:. Rogers un Cow-ix)x — — — — — ibid
£2. Report of a Medical Committee on the Cases of supposed Small-pox after Vacci-
nation, 8vo. Is. Highley — — — — — 831
23^ Merriman's Obser\'atioiis on Vaccine Inoculation, 8to. Is. 6d. Murray — 832
21 L-batt's Address to the Medical Practiliouers in Ireland on the Subject of Cow-
pox, 8vo. 3s. 6d. Murray — — — — ibid
25. Shoon>red on the Progress of Vaccination at Bengal, 8vo. Blacks and Parry — 834
26. Jcsner's Evidence at large, as luid before the Coumiittec of tlie House of Coni-
moos, 8vo. Murray — — — — ; — 835
27. Ring's Answer to Dr." Moselev, 8vo. 6s. Murray — — — 83ft
28. Mcinoire of the Medical Society, Vol. VI. 8vo. 12s. Longman and Co. ^ 838
29. Smith's Remarks on the Report of M. Chaptal, 8vo. Is. oil. Callow — — 842
30. Letter to Wilberfoice, 8vo. Murray — — — — 843
31. Johmlone'sReply to J. C.Smith, 8vo. Is. Callow — — — ibid
3;'. Whately on Polypi, 8vo. 2s. Johnson — — — < — ibid
33. KerbyV Tables ot the Materia Medica, 12mo. 4s. Murray — — ibi4
34. Luxinore's Manuiil of Anatomy and Physiology, small 8vo. 10s. 6d. flighley — 844
35. Currie*s Medical Reports on \V'ater, 2 vols. 8vo. 145. Cadell and Davies — ibid
36. Stock*s Medical Collections on the EiFccts of Cold, 8vo. 7$. Loiignian and Co. 84^
CHAPTEPi XiX.'^.Mi and Mamtfactures.
I. Shannon on Brewing, 4to. 21. 12s. 6d. Scholey — — — 847
^. Edlin on firead-makuig, 12mo. 4s. 6d. \ ernor and Co. — — — 849
CFLAPTER XX. — Farriery and Horsemanship.
II. 2s. Longman and Co.
and Co. — — — ibid
1. Adams on Horsemanship, 3 vols. 8vo. 21. 2s. Longman and Co. — — 850
j2. Snape*s Farrier}', 4to. ll. is. Longman
CHAPTER XXL— il/o/Artnafic* and Natural Philosophy.
J. Schroler's Observations made at Lilienthal — — — 851
2. Markonochie^s Prosi>ectus — — — — 853
3. BatUy's Htstoire de rA:>tronomie — — — , _• g54
4. Dubost's Commercial Arithmetic, 12mo. 6s. Symonds — — ibid
5. Stephenson's Land Sur^'eying, 4to. Ids. Symonds — — — 855
6. Fenwick's Subterranecius Surveving, Svo, lOs. 6d. Longman and Co. — 856
7. Bagiey's Young Mathematician's Assistant, 4to. 5s. &d. Longman and Co. «— ibid
8. The Wonders of the Telescope, 4s. 6d. Phillips — — — .857
9. Rios's Tables for Navigation, &c. 4to. 11.3s. Longman and Co. — — ibid
10. Lowrie on the Convenieucy of keeping Accounts u'ilii Bankers, 8vo. 10s. 6d.
Longman and Co. ' — — — — — 858
11. Jonas on Gauging, 1 8s. Drlng and Fage — — — 859
13. Dubost's Elements of Conmierce, 2 vols. 8vo. 21. 2s. S\Tnonds — — ibid
13. Meirier on the Impossibility of the a^itronomical Systems cf Copcniicus and
Ke«ton — — — ' — — ibid
14. Bp. of St. Asaph on Virgil's two S<-asons of Honey, 4to. 5s. Hatcbat*d — 8f)0
15. Frcnd's Evei^ing Amusements, 1 8()G, 12mo. 3s. N'lawnian — — 862
lb. 'I'angiblc Arithmetic, 7s. 6d. Mawman — — — • ibid
CHAPTER XXn.-^Gcncral Science,
L PbilosopLicai TroBsactions of the Ro}al Society for 1805^ 4to -^ -— 864
4
% CONTEXTS.
?. TranMctions of the Rojal Society of Edinburgh, Parts IL and JTI.^ Vol. V. — 873
3. Kees's New Cyclopedia, 4to. Vol. IV. ll. 16». Longman apd Co. — r -r- W7
CIUFTElt XXlll.-^Expcrmcntal Philosophr/,
1. Irvfoe's Essays on Cbemica! Subjects, 8vo, 99. Mavman — , — g7S
^. Nisbetfs Dictionar)' of Chemistry, 1 2mo.§s. Highlev — ■ — 881
i^, HaTPs Experiments on Ice, Heat, and Cold, 8vo. Is. Jordan and Maxwell — 882
4. Conversions on Chemistry, ^ vols. 12mo. 1 4s. Longman aiul Co. — 883
CHAtTER XXiy.-^Commcrce.
1. Anderson on Commcrpe, 4 vols. 4to. Si. 8s. Longman and Co. — ^ -^ 884
2. Dubost's Merchiint*s Assistant, 8vo. 7s. Boosey — — -t- W7
CHAPTER XXW-^Mzneralog!/.
1. Werneria, foolscap 8vo. 4s. C. and R. Daldwin ' — rr- — ^ 885
2. Trotter on destroying the Fire and Choke Dani? of Coal Mines, &c. 8vo y ibicl
3. Weaver on external Character of Fo-sUs, 8vo. 8s. Ijongman and Co. — it^rd
4. Jameson'* Mmcralogical Description of Dumfries, 8vo, ds. Longman and Co. 989
CHAFFER XXM.-^Jrchitecture and the Fine Arts.
1. Gandy's Designs for Cottages, 5:c. 4lo. 21. 2s. Harding — — S!JO
2. i— ftoral Architect, 4to. 21. L^s. llarding — , — — ibid
3. Noble's Practical Perspettive, 4lo. ll. Is. — -— — 6Q\
4. Atkinson's Cottage Ai'chitccture, 4to. ll. Is. Gaidiner — — 9ti^
ANNUAL REVIEW}
AND
HISTORY OF LITERATURE.
CHAPTER L
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS}
NARRATIVES of Ycjag6s an^ travels, and foreign* topbgrapkyi are of all
books, perhaps, the best calculated to excite a strong and general interest ill
the reading part of the community j every dass of which, frota the nlere lounger,
with whom reading is only a creditable kind of idleness, to the pUil6sbpher> whd
Waives from books the materials of useftd contemplation, is almost equally inter-^
ested in the ^tfaful narrative of the traveller. Nor is there any reason to fear that
thii department of literature should ever become exhausted -, accidental causes may
superinduce a tempotaxy dearth, but the cutlosity of the public will never fail to
encourage and reeompente those adVenturdbs spirits, who, after penetrating into
foreign countries^ to gratify their own love of novelty, will allow their fellow coun-
trymen to indulge theirs from the same source. The navigatorj it is truei must ere
kng find his employment, as far as regards the discovery of new lands, almost entirely
condudedj and with much more reason than Alexander may complain of the dimi-
oativeDess of the globe that he is destined to inhabit -, but this very circumstance
wiO probably conduce to the public benefit, by withdrawing the researches of science
from the barren ocean and the sea-beat shore, and encouraging them to penetrate the
vast tracts of land, as yet> almost wholly unknown to Europeans, though inhabited by
man in various stages of civili^tion, and presenting, to the lover of nature, an inex^^
luustible store of the wonderful^ the beautiftil, and the new.
Of America, though under the dominion of Europe, and colonies from £urope,
we know less than even of Africa j it is therefore with peculiar satisfaction, that we
perceive an increasing curiosity concerning the transatlantic Continent, and that it
be^ to attract the attention of travellers : no less than six of the books noticed in
the present chapter, refer to this quarter of the world, and althou^ the iaformatiQii
A3fif. RjBv. Vol. IV* #'
2 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
wbich tliey contain is imperfect, and probably, in many respects inaccorate, yet we
are inclined to welcome them perhaps more than they deserve, as good omens^ and
the harbingers of better and more accumtc rq^earches.
Political circumstances have excluded British travellers from the tenitories o^
France and her allies j «Qd the other parts of the continent being but little attractive*
Mr. Carr's northiern suniiaer, being a tour Uirov^ Norway and Svreden to Peters-
burgh, is the only account worth mentioning of any part of Europe that has issued^
during the last year, from the English press.
The discussions in parliament respecting Pulo-Penang (Prince of Wales*s Island),
have given birth to two small topographical descriptions of tliis little island. The
solitary rock of St. Hetena has also found a seasibfe and at^ historian.
Captain Beaver's African memoranda merit the senous study of all future leaders
of colonies to the western coast of that continent j and Mr. Turnbull's voyage round
the world deserves mention, as bemg tiic latest account of tlie singular pcditical
changes that are going on in the Sandwich Islands and some other of the Polyne-
sian groups.^
Art. T. Travels to Dtscover tite Source qf the Xile, in the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771,
1772, and 1773. Bu James BsivcE of k'inrunrd, Esq, F. R. S. 7 Vols. 8vo. and I
4to. Vol. of Plates. The Second Edition, corrected and enlarged ; to which is prclLxed
-a Life of the Author.
WAS Bruce ever in Abyssinia, and
are the sources which he describes, the
real sources of the Nile ? These fects
have been questioned with little urba-
nity, little candour^ and much male-
volence.
The first fact will now no longer be
contradicted. After the positive/ teati-
Inony which sir William Jones acciden-
tally found in India, he who denies that
Brace was in Abyssinia, and as he him-
self states, in high favour at Gondar«
must be a wilful calumniator. But did
he visit tlie sources of the Nile ? " The
T5nhr el Azrek, or Blue River, says Mr.
Pinkerton, was mistaken for the real
I^ile by the Portygueze writers Alvarez,
Tellez, &c. probably misled by tlie vain
glory of I he Abyssinians j though it was
veil known to the ancients as quite a
d'lstinct river, the Astapus, flowing into
tlie Nile, from the Coloe Palus, now the
lake of DLMubea. Mr. Bruce*s vanity
led hira to ad >pt the same mistake."
That the Abyssinian branch is tlie As-
tapus of the ancients is sufficiently clear,
tnd qUo. that Herodotus and Ptolomy
considered the Bahar el Abiad as the
Nile. But it is equally certain that the
Abyssinians themselves consider their
branch to be the Nile ; as such it is des-
cribsid by the Jesuits and laid down In
the |n:ip of Balthezar Tellez ; this was
tlie opiubn of Ludolphus, Hm was the
general opinion in Europe when Bnictt
set out upon his travels, and this (pinion
lie found in Abyssinia, in Atbara, and in
Nubia, not only in the country wher»
the Bahar el Asrak rises, but also whcro
it joins the other stream. There is de-
cisive proof that this is not a mere boast
of national vanity among the Abyssini*-
ans, but actually and bona fide their be-
lief, a received opinion upon which they
have formed a great, though visionary,
political pioject, which tliey oiKe pro-
ceeded to put in practice. li^iibala began
to divert the course of his Nile for th^
purpose of famishing Eg>*pt : in the lirst
intercourse which took place between
the Portuguese and the Abyssinians tiiis
project was renewed, and had Albajucr-
que lived, tliere can be no doubt but
that the execution would have been again
attempted.
If Bruce, thert f()re, has mistaken tli»
Astapus for the Nile, it is a very par-
donable mistake, tor if there be not au-
thority sutncieut to establish his opinion,
there is surely enough to excuse his
error.
The question itself, however, is infini^
tcsimalfy insignificant. The Bahar el
Asrak, and the Bahar el Abiad, meet and
form the Nile j which is to be called tUo
Nile before the junction ? The dispute
is not^conceming tlie course of the water,
but couceming tiie name. 11' indeed the
B&VCB*S 9!|l4VEf.S f^ TV« tOlTXlQB Of T]|l KILX,
tme Nile had been regular]/ durUtenedt
Ad a certificate from the church register
could be produced, the poiot might bt.
4ecided. Bat to wbom does the right of
fodfiitfaership belongin this case } Wh/
to the Donga atid Tuclawi, the people
of the Deir and Tugguki, more than to
the Ab/i^iand and the Agows of Geesh ?
The7 who reside about the junction, call
the united stream by the name of tlie
Abyssinian branch : if authority is to de-
termine the point, where can we go for a
better jury than to the place itself? The
Bahar el Abiad is the larger branch :
Brace expressly says that it is so, bat his
eJitor very properly obser\es, if they
who dwell by the junction continue the
name of Bahar el Asrak after it has
joined a larger branch, it is plain that
they consider the larger branch as re-
ceived into the smaller, not the smaller
is xeceived into the larger. It is the
straight course wh'ch determines these
ooletiered sun'eyors. Striking Instances,
he says, occur in our own country, of
livers being named from the inferior
iource» and he adduces a case in point.
The largest river in Scotland isformed by
the Teith aiid the Forth, the latter of
which Is a stream as much inferior to the
former as the Bahar el Asrak to the Bahar
el Abiad. The inferior stream, however,
in ^ite of the decision of several respec-
table writers in favour of the Teith, ob*
taiQs the name of the great river, because
it runs in the same^ line. A river must
have as many sources as a man has grand-
fathers in the fiftieth degree, and in the
one case as well as in'the other we trace
to the straightest line.
True it is that Bruce himself consider-
ed the discovery of tlie sources of the
Nile as a thing of great importance)
hmourable not only to himself but to
his age and country, and to the king
under whose reigu it was accomplinhed.
In this respect he was as absurd as his
critics. But this folly does not in the
•lightest degree detracv from the value of
his work. The journey was not the less
important because the object was ridicu-
lous, as the value of an action is not to
be estimated by tlie motive of tlie agent,
though the merit of the agent is. What-
ever be the name of a rivulet in Geesh,
vre are eqnalty interested by the pictum
of society in Abyssinia. A gap m History
has been filled up.
There remains yet a third question—*
did Bruce actually visit these sources in
Geesh, or has he merely copied the Je-
suits accounts, and tlie Jesuits map ? for
whoever has inspected both can liave not
the smallest doubt, that in the map of Bal-
thezar Tellez, these sources, and the.
course, of the river, through the lake
Derabea, are laid down precisely as they
are by the English traveller. This ques-
tion has been for ever settled by Mr.
Murray, the editor of the present edition^
whose undeviating candour and indefati-
gable industry, cannot be too highly com-
mended. Of the journey to the sources, he
tells, us, there exist, be^des the narrative
in Mr. Bruce's own words, written as he
Went along, the complete journal by Ba-
lugani in Italian, and many of the strips
of paper which he carried in his hand, on
which he wrote -with a pencil the histoiy of
each day, brfore he entered it in the
jourAal at night. We will transcribe that
part of 6alugani*s journal which describea
the springs, because it sets the questioD
for ever at rest
" At three o'clock we have arrived at the
diurch of St. Michael, above the sourct^ ;
and at an eighth of a mile, descending from this
into the plain, are found ihefountuins of the
Nite. Ave have halted in the valley (or.plain)
called Assua, half a mile to the S. S. E. ot these
fountains. Our journey to day has been
six hours, computed at twelve miles.
" The sum of the whole way, from Gron*
dar to the fountains of the Nile is about one
hundred and eleven miles.
" The fountains of the Nile are three.
One of then it will be four j^alms in diame-
ter ; but it is all fiiU. of rushes, and shews
neitlier its deptii nor true extent, it not being
possible to introduce into it any sounding in-
strument.
" The second will be fire paces di-^tant
from the first to the south, a little west ; and
will be about twelve uiches diameter at ti:c
mouth, but within about four palms, and it is
eiglit feet three inches deep.
*' The third will be twelve paces distant
from the first, to S. S. W. ; ^ts mouth i:«
somewhat larger tiian tliat of the second, but
it is only five feet eight inches deep. I'he
first being the lowe:^t, the water is seen at the
level of the earth ; but in the other two, the
* It is cnrioQS that the river should resemble the Abyssinian Nile in another very re-
■fflkablc circumstance. The stream of the 'feith i^ distinctly visible in its jjassage tluoagh
Lochhibcaig, which indeed signifies ilie Lake of the ff^irKJling Stream.
t This expression is literal^ and might be exchanged for z^ ; fliough computation be In
~ ceases understood^
Voyages anc ihavels.
gfound being a little raised, the water re-
Inains about eight inches lower than the level
of the mouth. All the three may be observ-
ed to spring (tlie w<n'd bollire sigiiiiies to boil
or bubble), but so imperceptibly that it can
scarcely be discerned by oreat attention ; and
it is raise what is said by some, tliat tliey
spr'mg witli a noise out of the ground, rising
above it.
" All this place near the fountains produces
only grass and rushes ; trees are not found,
to the distance at least of half a mite on every
tide.
The latitude of the foun-
On the Mh Nov. tains is 10 deia^eers 58 min<
the sun's altitude and 58 sec. 1 he sources of
\^as 63. 15. the Nile are found in the
On the 6th Nov. Agow countrj', in a pro-
found to be 62. vince called Sacchala. —
56, 30. Thev are situated in a lit-
tle valley at the foot Of the
mountain of Ghe<»h, by ' E. N. E. From
the fountains to the top of tlie moimtain will
be two miles and a halt, nearly three. Above
tlie fountains^ about one-eighth of a mile
distant from them, by K. E. by N^ is a
church, on the top of a hill. Called Ksdus
Michael, over the fountains. The Nile, ris-
ing out of its springs, takes a direction east
for a quarter of a mile Then it turns about
to north-east for another half-mile, always in
the middle of a plain (vallonc), without trees
or shrubs, excepting grass and rushes ; and
in all that space it does not appear to run ;
but as the earth is very iiat, it spreads, and
leaves the ground about, marshy, and (in)
stagnant (water). From this it begins to run
north, and in a shott tune becomes very rapid,
and continues to tlow by north-east and north,
linder tlie mountain, on which is the church
of Mariam Nett, for the space of a mile^
Thence it runs north-west about a mile.
About that part is the place Where they pass
tne Abay, to go to Goiidar, coming from the
foimtains^ and the church will be a i]uarter of
a mile to the east distant from this passage.
ARcr having run the foremeiUioncd mile
noith-west, it turns about west, and a little
after south-west, then south south-west, then
south, always retreating backwards towards
its sotvces in all that course. From the place
where it beg'uis to go west till it runs south
will be about four miles and a half. In this
last place it passes between two mountains,
and begins to retreat, by goine down by the
way of west, north-we^t, nortn, &c. until it
comes to cross the hike in an angle of it ; it
(then) passes near to Dara, and returning
south makes the circle of Goiam, after which
it descends (towards the north),
*' Two miles before aiTiving at the place
where it chants its cc^urse reverling towards
its sources, aie seen tlirec small streams, one
of which comes from the east, aiiolhcr from
the south-cast, and another from the south
south-east ; the two l^rst of these arise to tlie
north-east of the church of St. Michael
Ghccih, about somewhat less than one-eighth
of a mile's- distance. The first of fhe«;e ftim
nearly parallel to the Nile, receiving aboct
half a mile from its source the st-cond, antf
their about three miles after the third ; and
about a mile and a half after that discliarges
itself into the Nile. I'he Nile in that place
begins to grow large ; becatise it receivefr
there other small streams which come from
the north and Wes^ **
A minute account follows of (he bear^
Yngs of the adjoining places, as marked
from the top of the mountain of Geesh-
The manuscript from Which this is printed
is in Italian, in Balug^mr's hand-\vriting,
on the sriiooth cream-coloured cotton pa*
per of the east. It contains a complete
detail of the hours and days in which they
travelled j of the villages, rifers, moun-
tains, and in short, of every rerfiafklble
object they met with from their leaving
Gondar, Sunday twenty-eighth October,
1770, at half after nine A. M. till tl\e\t
return, Sunday eighteenth Nov. one o'-
clock P. M. hi the same year.
Such evidence is unanswerable. But
could any thiiig be more absurd than to
admit that Bruce was in Abyssinia, anct
yet to deny that Se visited the sources of
the AbysSinian J^ile ? These sotirces, says
Mr. Pinkerton, wefre ?n the seventeenth
century accurately described by P^yz, a
Portugtieze missionary, -whose account
was published by Kircher and Isaac Vos-
sius, and has in our times been very mi-
nutely copied by Bruce, as Haftman has
explained by printing (he two accounts
ift parallel columns. Mr. Murray has
confuted the charge in the best possiblof
nlannef, without condescending to iK>tice
it. He has printed the passage tls ijL
stands 1n Kir(5he'r, and added a literal
translation. In justice to hira and to
Bruce, we shall copy the two accounts,
" The source of the Nile is situated in the'
we^tem part of the kingdom of Goyam» in
the upper (or highest) j)art of a valley, which
resembles a large plain, surrounded on every
side with ridges of hilk. A. D. I6l8, April
21st. when I was living in this kingdom
aloiig with the emperor and hi«? army,. I
ascended this place, viewed every thhig dili-
gently, and found at fiftt two round fountains
there, both above four plms iji diarneter,
and with the gi'eatest pleasure of njind saw
what Cyrus, king of the Persians/ Cambyses,^
Alexander the Great, and the famous Julius
Cx'sar, could obtain by no wishes: "^j^he
water of the source is very clear and lights
and agreeable to the taste' ; yet it must be
known that these two fountains of the s*iurce
have no outlet in the uppermost pint of tlics
plain of the inuuataiuj but at tlie liuut oi' the'
BR0CB S TSAYSL8 TO TBE 80VRCB OT THE NILE.
ivantain*. We tried also the dept]i of the
ibunuins, and put a lance iuto the iirst,
vhicb, entering eieven pahns, seeined to
tiiOch, as it were, some roots of the neigh-
bouring trec^ eiilangltxi with one-another.
** 'llie second fountain bears from the first
cast about a :^toae's cast ; trying the depth of
this hj putting in a lance 'of twelve palms,
me fotuKl no bottom, but having tied two
^Jbuices together, in length twenty nalms, we
tried the thing again ; but not even then could
we find bottom, and the inhabitants say that
the whole mountain is full of water, of Which
they gave this sign, that all the plain about
the fuuntain shook and bubbled, a plain mark
of concealed water, and that, fiir the same
reason, the water did not overflow at the
SNDoes, but threw itself out with rery great
i>n:e at the foot qf them ; and the inhabi-
tanls. affirmed, as well as tht; en)petY)r him-
Sjdf, who was present ak>ng. witli his army,
that the ground had trembled little that year,
oi account of the great dryness of the sea-
son, but in other years it shook and bubbled.
M, that it could' scarcely be approached
without danger. Tlie circumference of the
jkm JB like a round lake, the breadth of
which may be a slbig's cast."
"^ Furtfaer, the pUun of thefountdns of the
Nike is difficult (k ascent, on every side but
on the north, where it b easily ascended.
Bebw the mountain about a league, in a very
deep vallej, rises another river from the
howels of (be earth, which however joins it-
sHf a little after to the Nile ; they believe
k has the same source with the Nile, but
that, oonducted under ground by secret
chaonds, it rises fmt here. But the rivulet
from the source, which breaks out below the
nountain, runs a gui^hot to the east, then,
viiid'ms suddenly. Hows to the north, then,
about tiie foiuth-part of a league afterwards,
a new li^er presents itself, d^hing from the
^ooes and rocks, to which two other nvers a
^^ttle after join themselves, breiking fixim the
east quarter ; and so on, by receiving con-
stantly one stream after anotlier, the Nile inr
creases remarkably. After a day's journey,
it meets with a large river, that is called Jama
(Jennna) ; then turning towards the west for
twenty-five leagues, or thirty-live leagues
finxn Its sources, it next reflects its course to
the east, winding into a large lake (situated
ki the province called fied, and partly adja-
cent to the kii^pdom of Goyam, partly to
that of Dambia), which it passes through in
such a manner, as that the waters of the r^ile
^heH' a remarkable ditFerence homthe waters
of the lake ; and the whole stream, unmixed
wkh the lake waters, holds op its course."
It is to be remembered also that Bruce
has hinuelf giTen in the text of his book
the whole smn and substance of the very
account by Pedro Paez (who was a Cas-
tillian anH not a Portugueze) which he is
accused of having stolen ; omitting only a
few trifling parts of no importance what-
ei'er, for the sake of brevity. Let his own
account be now examined.
" In the middle of this marsh (that is,
about forty yards hrom each side of it), and
something' less from the bottom of the moun-
tain of Geesh, arises a hillock of a circular
form, about three feet from the surface of the
marsli itself, though api^rently founded
much deeper in it. The diameter of. this is
something short of twelve feet ; it is sur-
roimded by a shallow trench, which collects
the water and voids it eastward ; it is firmly
built w<th sod or earthen turf, brought from
the sides, and constantly kept in repair ; and
this is the altar upon which all their reliaious
ceremonies are performed. In the middle of
this altar is a hole, obviously made, or at least
enlarged, by the hand of man. It is kept
clear of grass, or other aquatic plants; and
the water in it is perfectly pure and limpid*
but has no ebullition or motion of any kind
discernible upon its surfiau:e. This moutii,
or opening of the source, is some parts x)f an
ihch less than three feet diameter ; and th^
ivater stood at that time, the 5th of Novem-
ber, about two inches from the lip or brim*
nor did it either iiKicease or diminish during
all the time of my stay at Geesh, though we
made plentifiil use of it.
. '* Upon putting down the shaft of my lance
at six feet four inches, I found a very feeble
resistance, as if from weak rushes or grass ;
and about six inches deeper I found my lance
had entered mto soft earth, but met with no
stones or gravel, lliis was coniirmed by an-
other experiment made on the 9tli with a
heavy plummet and line besmeared with
soap, the bottom of which brought up at tlie
above depth only black earth, such as the
marsh itself and its sides are composed of.
'* Ten feet distant from the hrst of these
springs, a httle to the west of south, is the
second fountain, about eleven inches in dia-
meter ; but this is eight feet three inches deep.
And about twenty feet distant from the first,
to the S. S. W. is the third source, its mouth
bein^ something more than two feet large,
and it is five feet eight inches deep. Both
these last fountains stand m the middle d
small altars, made, like the fbnner, of firm
sod, but neither of them above three ieot
diameter, and having a foot of less elevation
than the first. The altar in this third source
seemed almost dissolved by the water, whiclt
in both stood nearly up to the brim ; at the
foot of each appeared a clear and brisk nm-
ning rill ; these uniting joined the water in the
trench of the first altar, and then proceeded di-
rectly out, I suppose, at the pouit of the triangle,
pohiting eastward, in a quantity that would
nave filled a pipe of about two inches dia*
metfcr."
* This is muDtelligiUe ; Kiicher havhig misunderstood, or obtained an incorrect copy of
wcongiial- - * • t • •
-6
VOYAGES AOT!) TRAVELS.
; ** The NQe, keeping nearly in ^ middle
of the niirsh, nii^ east for tHirtv yarda^ with
a very litUe increase of stream, but perfectly
visible, till met by the grassy briuk of the
land declining from Sacala. This turns it
round gradually to the N. E. and then due
north; and, in the two miles it flows in tliat
direction, the river receives many small con-
tributions from springs that rise in the banks
on each side of it : there arc two, particu-
larly one on the hill at the back of St Michael
Geesh, the otiier a little lower than it on the
other >ide, on tlie ground declining from
Sacala. These last-mentioned spring are
more than double its quantity; and being
arrived under the hill whereon stands the
church of St Michael Sacala, about two miles
Irom its source, it there becomes a stream
that would turn a common mill, shalkny,
clear, and running over a rocky bottom about
three yards wide: this must be understood
to be variable according to the season; and
tiie present observations are applicable to the
5th of November, when the rams had ceased
for several week^ There is tlie ford which
we passed going to Geesh, and we crossed it
the day of our arrival, in the time of 'my
convereation with Woldo about the sash.
" Nothing can be more beautiful than this
spot ; the small rising hills about us were all
thick-covered with verdure, especially with
clover, the largest and finest I ever saw ; the
tops of the heights crowned with trees of a
prodigious size; the stream, at the banks of
whk;h we were sitting, was limpid and pure
as the finest crystal ; the ford, covered thick
with a bushy kind of tree, that seemed to
aflect to grow to no height, but thick with
foliage and young branches, rather to court
the surface of the water, whilst it bore, in
f)rodit5ious (juantities, a lx»autiful yellow
flower, not unlike a single wild rose of tliat
colour, but without thorns; and, iixiced,
upon exaniinatk)n, we found that it was not
a spet'ies of the rose, but of h}'pericum.'*
" Here, at the foviS, after' having stepped
over it fifty times, I observerl it no larger
than a comlnon mill stream. 1 he Nile, from
this ford, turns to the westward, and, after
nuining over loose' stones occasionally, in
that direction, about four miles farther, the
angle of inclination increasing greatly, broken
Welter, and a fall commences of about six
feet, and thus it gets rid of the mountainous
place of its nativity, jmd issues into the plain
of Goutto, where' is its first cataract ; for, as
I have said before, I don't account the broken
water, or little falls, cataracts, which are not
at aH visible in the height of the rains.
" Arrived in the plain of Goutto, the river
seems to have lost all its violence, and scarce-,
ly is seen to flow; but, at the same time, it
tnere makes so many sharp, imnatural wid^
in^, that it differs from anyotfcer river I
ever saw*, rtidcing aWe twtntr shiirp atf»
gular peninsulas iti the course of *^ five miles,
through a bare marshy pkua of clay, quite
destitute of trees, and exceedingly micoiivo-
nieat and unpleasant to travel. After pas^-
in.g this plain, it turns due north, receives X\\^
tribute of many small streams, the Gomftti,
the Govoguefi, and tlie Kebezza, which de*
scend from the mountains of Aformasha;
and, united, fall into the NUe about twenty
miles t>e]ow its source; it begins here to fun
nuAd]}[, and again r^eives a number of btsau-
tinil rivulets, whkh have their rise in the
heights of Litehambara, the semi-circular
range of mountains tliat pass behind, and
seem to inelose Aformasha : These are the-
Cacchio, the CamachiuU, the Goo^eri, the
Iworra, the Jeddeli, and the Mmch; all
wiiich, ruuning into the Davola, join the
Nile something less than a mile west of the
church of Abbo.
" It is now become a considerable stream ;
its banks high and broken, covered with old
trees for the space of about three miles; it
inclines to the north-east, and winds exceed-
ingly, and is then joined by the small river
Diwa from the east. It tiien makes a semi-
circle, and receives Dee-ohha, turns sharjrty
to the east, and fells down its second cataract
at Kerr. About three miles bek>w this ca-^
taract, the kirge, pleasant, and limpid Jemnra»
pays its tribute to the Nile. 17ioiigh its
course is now mostly north, through Maitsha
on the east, and Aroossi and Sankraber on
the west, it stftl is inclining toward the lake
Ttaua, and, aft ^r receiving the rivers Bolia
and Analac Ohha, small streams from the
west, and the Assar, Aroossi, and Kelti, large
rivers fron> the east, it crosses the south end
of the lake Tzana, for about seven leagues,
preserving the colour of its stream distinct
from that of the lake, till it issues out at the
we^t side of it, in the teritory of Dara, where
there is a ford, though very deep and daii*
gcrous, immediately where' it fiwt resumes
tlie appearance of a river.*'
Is there any greater resembhmce be-
t\x'een these descriptions than there ne-
cessarily must be between two descrip**
tions oi the same place, made at dilTerent
times by different j>ersons ? if any thmg
remarkable is to be discovered in then),
it is in the points of diflference, not of
agreement. But what motive for pla-
giarism can now be assigned ? It is not
pretended that the whole story of these
travels is the impudent forgery of a maQ
who was never in Abyssinia; what then
was to prevent him ^om proceeding to
Geesh ? Th^ diiHculties and d^uigers of
the journey were not Ukely to iotiaiidaia
* A plan of the windings of the Nile in the pMi of Goutfa is inserted istj fialugani in fhc
Journal. These are singnlarl^ numerous, and. very much resemble^ tl»ugi» on SkiHbt&t
scale, what are called '' the links of ^e river FbrtA,*' near Sliriing, in ScoUaod
BBUCE's T^AYELl TO TUB SftUKCB OF Tfffi KILE.
r man wbo-hni reached Gond^. And
that he did visit Geesh is proved, as lar
as any such 1^ is cafkable of proof, hy
las own journal taken on the spot, and
bf the joamal of Bakigani. As for tbo
rMcmUance bet^K^een bis account and
tbat of Pedro Paez^ both are alike be-
cause both are true ; so also hia map
agrees with tb0t in Bakhezar Tellez, be-
caaae both are made from authentic cb-
eoments, not because one is copied from
the other. Bruce has sinned against the
Jesuits, but not as a plagtarist.
That we arc not disposed to depreciate
the merit of this traveller must already
hjve been apparent, and how highly we
value his labours will presently be seen -,
but it must be confessed that the object
of his iouniey was an unworthy one. It
not enomerate him am<»ig his authorities
for the description of the springs. Oui"
traveller may be ri^it here : but on the
other hand Tellez expressly raentioas th#
^triarch Afibnso Mendez, of whom
^ruce as expressly ssys, that he never
sakv, not* indeed ever pretended to hate
seen- tlie purees of the Nile. Bruce even
hazards a hardier mistatement, asserting
boltfly that TelleB makes no mention <^
such a discovery. Tlie work of Baldie-
rar Tellet lies befbre us j he gives a de-
scription of the springs *' as they are
described in many annual letters, and
many treatises by many Jesuits who saw
these secrets closely," — cofno em muyta^
ismuutit e muytof tratados, emnrevem mityiot^
nossos reltffiodos que viram mity de perto
estes seqredos, " The best witnesses
was the search after what was curious, ^ rfmong them, he adds, are our patriarch
Rot wbat was useiid 5 a-kin to the pur-
suhs of the collector and virtuoso, rather
than of the philosopher. However great
the efibrt, however valuable the result,
vanity was th^ motive. Attributing an
vndiie importBDce to the discovery of
these soarces, he unduly attempied to-
^ropriate the whole merit of th» dis>-
eovery to himself. No pa^^ion so easily
tempts to falsehood as vanity. H^ could'
not be coutent with being tlie pai^tner of
Pedro FatZy to use his own expression,
aiul has therefore laboured with much'
disiDgenuity to prove that nei^r he, nor
any of the Jesuits had visited the sacred
spot, the KMn to which all his ambitious
aspirariooB were directed. The extract
from Pedro Paez published by Kircher,
he says, was not in three manuscripts of
that tailter's history which he examined
at Milan, at Bologna and at Home. He
does not pretend' to have read through
these manuscripts, but only to have ex^
amined the plaoe where tliis description
ought to have l>een. Mr. Murray, how-
ever, is so well satisfied with the account
in Kircher, as fiirly to concede tlto point,
and to declare it cannot be doubted- but
that Pedro Paez had vii»ited the sources.
On this head we are not so fully satisfied
as the editor ; whoever vrrote the descrip-
tioo in Kifdaefj certainly had seen the
place which he describes | but if tlie
passage is not to be found in the three
manuacripts which Bruce consulted, it
may very possibly lianre been inserted in
that which Kircher used, by the tran-
scriber, from the aoeouat af some other
ytmiU This we suspect to have been the
case, because TeUez, though he had the
viitings di Pedro Paez betbit bim^ does
of Etliiopia, Dbm AiFonso Mendez, a man
of the highest credit, and father Mausel
d*Almeyda who relates it much at length,
and father Jeronymo Liobo, all of v^hom
curiousiy beheld it witli« Uieir own eyes."
Bruce has certainly been guilty of wilful
misrepresentation herej and his chticr
have oiYly dtalt by him as he has dealt by
idie Jesuits, with the same measure where-
with he meted, it hath been measured to
film again. .
. A similar jealousy lest any perKon
should share the imaginary honbur of
this discovery is discernible in his whole*
management) .respecting Bakigani the
Italian, who assisted him in bis drawings,
and kept a' daily jouhial' of tiieir route,
Kke himself. We suspect that tlie men-
tion of hisdeat!i (Vol. iv. p. 4'20') is pur-
posely antedated, and introduced bbfore
the joume)' to die springs, least it should
be known tliat he also had seen them,
and been the partner qf Bruce ; for it is
mentioned as having t^aken place before
the journey, and as one motive which
alhoosr induced him to return witliout
accomplishing it. This was not over-
sight. In die journal of the journey a
sejvant is spoken of, who die editor tells
us in a note was Bahigani,. In this proud
and imfeeling language does he speak of
his only literary companion, of the artist
who shared all his dtmgers, and died in
his service. Not otie expression of re-
spect, or kindness, oc endearment to-
wards this voung man ever escapes him,
— though the deatli of a dog whom one
had taken from Europe into such |
country shoiild have made an English man
shed tears. In no other instance does
]^ruce appear like a proud and hard-
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
hearted mdn, but it is the tendency of
that mean passion which was in hinqt so
preJoininant, to warp the understanding
9nd to deaden the-iieart.
So far then as reeards Luigi Balugani^
and the claim of ihe Jesuits to the dis-
covery of these sources, the errors in
Srace BT-e misrepresentations, not mis-
takes ; fsilsehoods, not inaccuracies. He
x^as not ignorant of the truth, and he had
obvious motives for concealing it. Many
other errors occur in his work, which can
only be called inaccuracies or blunders,
and which must have proceeded from an
undue reliance upon his own memory-
Some of these we shall notice,
Bruce is speaking of the conquest of
Spain by the Moors : he say*—
*' A great influx of trade followed the con-
quest ; and the religion, that contaiaed little
restraint and great indulgence, was every
where embraced by the vanquished, who
long had been Christians in name only. On
the other side, the Arabs were now no lonser
that brutish set of madmen they were under
the Khalifat of Omar. They were now emi-
nent for their rank and attainments in every
species of leaming. This was a dangerous
crisis f<Mr Christianity, which threatened no-
thins else than its total subversion. The
whole world, without the help of England,
had not virtue enough to withstand this tpr-
rent. That nation, tlie favourite weapon in
the hand of Heaven for chastising tyraimy
and extirpating false religion, now; lent its
assistance, and the scale was quickly turned."
It is impossible to explain the gross
iniorance of this paragraph. Charles
Martel. was tlie man who preserved
Christendom. As for England, it had
not the slightest influence upon the con-
tinent of Europe till the Norman con-^
quest.
*' John I. king of Portugal, he tells us,
afler many successful battles with the
Moors, had at last forced them to crosfl
the sea and return vanquished to their
liative country. By this he had changed
his former dishonourable name of Bastard,
to the more noble and more popular one
of John the Avenger." John the First
pever fought a battle with thq Moors in
his life, till he crossed to Ceuta. They
had been completely subdued in Portuc^
a hundred years before he came to uxe
crown. The whole of this chapter is full
of such errors. We know not whether
they are his own, ox taken frpm some
French blunderer,— for the orthography
or rather kakography of many of Ao
names is French.
Covillan, he says, (it should be Covil-
ham) sent frequent dispatches from Abys-
sinia to the king of Portugal, who on his
port spared no expence to keep open the
correspondence. Of course it must have
been carried on by tlie regular post-
of&ces. He. even describes the contents
of Covilham's journal, and adds, that he
sent a map with it. All this Bruce has
dreamt by his own fire-side. The con-
temporary chroniclers of Joam ll. all say-
that Covilham was lost, and the contem-
porary historians of Emanuel all say whea
he was found.
•He wonders why no mention is made
by Tellez of the three capuchins who
were stoned to death at Gondar in 1714.
The wonder would have been if Tellea
had mentioned them, for he died in 1675
himself. One might almost suspect that
Bruce never re^d^ his own writings;
he tells you that he. has a Coptic MSS.
three times as old as the books of Numa
were in Pliny's days, that is, above two
tliousand five hundred years ; and a few
pages on he adds*, that it is a Gnostic trea-.
tise. It would be tedious to proceed tvith
instances which might be enumerated to
great length. Enough has been adduced
to show diat he wrote often carelessly,
and sometimes prosumptuously, but such
blunders do not affect the main value of
his work.
Whichever be the source of the Nile,
whoever may be the first European who
beheld it, and whatever be the historical
inaccuracies and trifling blunders of the
traveller, the main value of his travels
remains unaffected. This consists in the
state of society which he has most admi-
rably delineated, a state the most extra-
ordinaiy in which any people upon the
fece of tlie globe exist. It has fallen to
his lot to reside among a people half Jews,
half Christians ; half savages, half civi*
lized 5 half blade, half white, half canni^
bals ;— ra people standing in so little fear
of God, that oaths and sacraments go
even for less among them than they do
at an election or a custom-house ; yet in
such dread of the devil that they will not
spill water upon the ground least it
should splash some of his imps, a fid dare
not ti-avel in the night for fear of meeting
him upon the road : so ignorant that they
believe hyenas to be Jews in disguise,
and oblige their blacksmiths* to live
* This is not mentbned by Bnite^ but we give it on the avthprity of Francisco AJ^v^
the first Iravelkr ii^o the country.^ .
BBtrCE S TRAVELS TO THE SOURCE OF TBfi ^ILtl
Wftsi fiom the rest of the community^
as taen who can have acquired such ex-
tzaordinaiy skill from noue but from the
dtvil ; and it must be confessed that cer-
tainly these artificers do practise the
Uackart: a people, who, in direct viola-
tion of that hospitality which all savages
practise, detain every stranger who is
unhappy enough to venture among them,
and who send for their patriarch from
Cairo, lest the little learning and mise*
fable remains of Christianity among them
should be utterly extinguished. Such is
their known barbarity, that the unfortu-
nate Copt who is condemned to be their
primate, mast be put in chajns and sent
ipto the country under a guard of janiza-
ries lest he should run away. Tliis coun-
try Bruce describes, where the inhabitants
lii-e in such a state of insecurity tliat the.
saddle and bridle can never be taken off,
nor the bit slipt from the horse's mouth
while the soads are passable, nor the
shield and lance hung up in the hall till
the rainy season sets in, and brings with^
it what may there truly be called the
truce of God 5 — a country where dead
bodies are left in the streets of the me-
tropolis for the hyenas > — ^where if the
small-pox make its appearance, the
neighbours surround the house and con-
sume it, with all its inhabitants, by ^e,
•^wbere they eat animals alive, and men
and women intoxicating themselves to-
gether at these bloody feasts, satisfy their
lusts publicly^ like dogs, in opeu day-
light !
There is not the slightest reason for
disbelieving or distrusting any part of this
description. It is authenticated by other
accounts, as far as they go, coherent with
itself, probable in all its parts. There is
oothmg which could have warped the
Teracity of the traveller here) nothing
which could be affected hy neglect of
documeats or failure of memory. It
depends not upon single £icts, but upon
accumulation ; the whole history of
Abyssinia agrees with the representation,
and every circumstance in their laws and
manners, their forms, ceremonies, and
customs, public and private, is in keeping.
No traveller ever left Europe better
<palified to travel in safety, and to keep
up the honour of his country. Well ac«
qoainted with the language of the people
among whom he was adventuring, he
took with him recommendations and
safe conducts firom the chiefs of their re-
ligioo, and the difierent powers whom
t£7iiiost respected^ or with whom they
were most connected. Without incur*
ring the dangerous suspicion of being
wealthy, he appeared as a noble, and was
accordingly valued by others qs he valued
himself. His person and his personal^
qualities were such as to obtain and to
secure respect j tall andppwerful beyond
the ordinary strength and stature of man,
he excelled the barbarians of Abyssinia
in their own accomplishments : his ex-
cellence in horsemanship delighted them,
and his skill in the managco^eot of a
double-barrelled rifle astonislied people
who did not fire the clumsy muskets of
the Aiabians without' fear and trembling,.
Wherever human courage or humap pru-
dence can be of any avail, Bruce n|ight
have travelled safely; never ofi'e ring an
insult, never submitting to one,— ^ootan^*
bitioLuly exalting himself, not meinl/
self-abased, conferring favours instead q(
soliciting then), — ^fearless in times of dan<c
ger, yet never losing sight of cautioa
when in most security,— a soldier in Iho
camp and courtier in the city — the fiiend
of the great, the healer of the sick, tho
favourite of the woman. Long will it
be before anotlier so qualified shall un«
dertake such a journey,— ^md any one
less qualified would have perished in tho
attempt.
The historical portion of his work is.
valuable to collate with the Jesuits' ac^
Qounts, and to supply the chasm fiom tho
time of their expulsion to oiu: own days ;
that part in which he himself bore a share
is particularly interesljiug. When the in^
tercourse between Abyssinia and Europe
shall again be opened^and the nation hu-
manized by future missionaries more for-
tunate than Pedro Paez (more able and
mote deserving they need not be^ and
unless, like the Jesuits, they unite policy
and religion tliey must fail) — whenever
that happy age for Africa shall arrive, tho
inhabitants will read their own history in
the writings of Yagoube the Englishman.
We have better books of travels in the
Eiiglish language; that is, books more
uniformly good, and witliout the faults of
this; but none that contains so much
interesting matter. Encumbered as it is
with theoretical dissertations, it excites a
livelier and more abiding interest than
any traveller of our own, or of any other
cotmtry. This is partly because he was
a witness of great events, and an actor in
them ; still more, because he knew so in-
timately the, most important persons in
the drama, and has so admirably deli-
neated them. It has been said that Mi-
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
ditel $uktiU ^ Raft^ i» fl^ich 9 character
m Shakespeare would hwe Gonce|v«d;
aor is this €ocnniendation^ high aB it is^
exaggerated. Other books luaj he better
written, but there ii none from which
tiuer passages can be produced; and in
flKse tliere are no tricks of composition,
nothing that the Birmingham-manufac-
tttreri of plated style can counterieit ; it
is the plain tale plainly toid^ the strong
leeling naturally expressed. In the whole
course of our readhig^ we remember no-
tBing more deeply and lastingly impres-
iive than the journey of Bruce across the
desert.
It now remains to state what has been
added to the present edition, either from
Ae papers of Bmce, or by the labours of
4fae editor. An account of the life and
writings of Bruce precedes the work. It
appears that the conclusive act, by which
presbytery was established as the national
idtgion of Scotland, was obtained chiefly
hf the address and policy of tlie founder
csf his fiunily. WlM)eTer has seen pres-
bfterianlsm north of the Tweed, will un-
ilerstflnd what reason Scotland and reli-
gbn have to be obliged to him. In his
youth, Bruce was considered as of a con-
•wnptLve habit, which there was the more
leason to apprehend, as his mother and
Aster had both been cut off by that cwse
mi our country. He had the happiness to
be educated in England, because his fa-
lt»r was attached to the house of Hano-
ver, and feared lest he might be iutected
by tile prevalent spirit of jacobinism in
iitt own country. Accordingly he was
fkeced at Harrow, where he distinguished
Ivimself. As he advanced towards man-
hood, the symptoms of disease became
Bxae ilireatening : he was tall beyond the
mcnsure of his years, his joints feeble, his
breast weak, and subject to violent coughs
en catching the slightest degree of cold.
Care and exercise saved him. For his
professrion he would have preferred theo-
logy himself, and wished to have entered
the English church. This predilection did
Dot meet with tlie approbation of his fa-
ther, and, in obedience to his advice, he
entered at Edinburgh and commenced the
atudy of Scotch law : but neither health
OMT inclination permitted him to proceed
with this. India was the next object:
he was advised to petition the court of
directors, for the liberty of settling as a
ft«e-trader under its patronage. To for-
ward this scheme^ he went to London in
1753, the twehty-sccond year of his agwt
there he became intimate with the family
of Mrs. Allan, the vndow of an eminent
wine-merchant, married the daughter,
and entered into tfie business with the-
son. In his own opinbn this marriage,
which prevented him from adventtlrrng
to Indra, saved him from the dreadful
imprisonment in the black hole. He was
now settled in a prosperous business, and
happy with a wife ; but, before the end
of the year, manifest sjmiptoms of con-
sumption appeared in Mrs. Brttce. Bris-
tol hot-wells preyed, as they always must
prove in such cases, befficacious : tho
south of France was then recommended,
which was her native country ; but siio
only lived to reach Paris, where her last
moments were persecuted by the catholic
clergy, according to their detestable cus-
tom. We copy a very aflecting letter
wittcn shortly afterwards.
" Letter of Mr, Bruce to Ids Father.
" Dear sir, Marklane, Nov. 12, 1754.
" 1 received yours of the 28th ult. If I
could be susceptible of more grief, I should
have been much concerned for my good
friend Mr. Hay ; but my distress at present
does not admit of augmentation. Death haa
been very busy amongst niy relations of late.
My poor \¥ite, my kiiid uncle,* vfho had been
always a tender fallier to me, both gone in
eight niODths ! God Almighty do witn me as
he sees best! \Vhen I reflect upon what I
have sefl'cred these tiiree years past, I am
much ivxjK inclined to pray for my life being
shortened than tor a prolongation of it, if my
Mictions must l»ve no end but with my
being. My mind is so shocked, and tlie ini-
pressioBS of that dreadhil scene at Paris so
strongly iixed, thai I have it every mii|iite
before in}' eyes as distinctly, as it was lien
happening. 'Myself a stranger in the coun-
try ; my sei-vauts unacquainted with the lan-
guage and country, my presence so necessary
among them, ana inuispensibly so witii my
dear wife; my poor giri dymg before my
eyes, tluee months gone With child, full of
that alfcction and tenderness which marriage
produces when peoj[>le feel the hapi^iness,
but not the cares of it ; many of the Roman
catholic clergy liovering about the doors;
myself unable to And any expedient to kce]>
them from disturbing her in her last mo«
ments — Don t you feel for your son, dear sir,
in these circumstances? But I will write no
more ; my a<tiicting you cannot aUeviate* my
distress. I cannot, however, omit tdling.ypu
an instance of lord Albemarle's very gi-eat
humanity ; he has been always a warm-i^re*
tector of this house. ^ The momina b^re
my wife died, he sent his chapLuu uy wn im
*- Counse&)r Hamilton.
»mUC<^ TRAVILS TO TH« f pFSCE OF TifB !MLR,
n
^ftr his services In oiir dwtnew. After hear-
ing the service of tliesick read, and receiving^
the sacrament together, he told me, in case I
teceivtti any trouble from the priests, my
lord desired I would tell them 1 belonged to
the English ambassador. When my wife
d^, the chaplain caine again to me, desired
me to CO home with h»ui, and assured me,
(hat my lord had eiven him orders to see my
wife buried in the ambassador's burjing-
cround, which was accordingly done ;' and
nad it not been for this piece of humanity,
she must have been buried in the conunon
yard, where the wood is piled that serves the
town for tiring. I could not, however, leave
her as soon as dead, as is the custom in Eng-
land, but having ordered the mournful solem-
nity, with as much decency as is allowed in
Hidt country to heretics, at midnight, between
the 10th and 1 1th uit. accompanied utily by
the chaplain, a brother of my lord Fofcy's,
9od cor own servants, we carried her body
to the burying-ground, at the Porte St. Mar>
tin, where i saw all my comfort and huppi-
jftess laid witli her in the grave. From thence,
Jbnost frantic, against the advice of every
body, 1 got on horseback, having ordered
the 'servant to have post horses ready, and
fetOBt in the most tempestuous night 1 ever
saw, for Boulogne, where I arrived next day
without stopping. There the riding, without
a great coat, in the night time, m the rain,
want of iood, which, tor a long time, I bad
Hot tasted, want of rest, fatigue, and exces-
•ive cotncem, threw me into a fever; but,
after repeated bleedings, and the great care
taken of me by Mr. Hay, I recovered well
cncingh to set out for London on the Wed-
nesday. I arrived at home on the Thursday,
iHien my fever again returned, and a violent
pain IB ray breast. 1 he fonner is so far
abated, that I am endeavouring to do a little '
bnsmess, hoping, from the variety of that, to
imd some ease nom reilections that at pre-
fientaretoo heavy for me. Thus ended my
dnlbrtiinate jounie>% and with it my present
prospect of happiness 'm tliis life."
He contiiraed in the trade several
years, and, im the course of business vi-
sited Spain, and Portugal, and France.
Before this journey he had sti^dicd the
Imguage^ of these countries, and improved
himself in drawing. As his journals re-
main, we cannot but wish that all which
IS interesting in them had been inserted
in this memoir: tt might well have sup-
plied the account of his writings, which,
howerer fit for a biographical dictionary,
h surely out of place when prefixed to
ibe writings themselves. The following
passage Is given by the editor as a speci-
men of these Joun&als.
*• There are manv particular customs in
ft»rtn|ral, ail of which may be known by this
10)^ oat whatever 'vn done h the rest of the
twrtd in one way, is in Pvxtiig^ done by the
ttontrary, even to the roduag of the mdle,
which 1 believe in aU the rest of the world is
from side to side, but in Portugal is from
head to foot. I fanc^^ it is owing to this eari^r
contrariety that Iheir brains work m so dli^
ferent a manner all their lives after. A Por-
tuguese boabnan always rows standing, not
with his face, but his back to the stern of the
boat, and pushes his oar from hfan. When
lie lands you, he turns the stem of the boat
to the shore, and not the head. If a man
and woman ride on the same mule, the wo*.
man sits bebre the man, with her face the
contrary way to whxt tliey do in England.
When you take leave of any person to whom
you have been paying a visit, the master of
the house always goes out of the room, dowa
stairs, and out'of the liouse, befbfe you, to
leave you, as he saj^s, in possession of his
house, and to shew you how much he, and
all that are in it, are devoted to you. They
are, indeed, very attentive to the smallest
punctilio, knowing well one anotiier'stempec.
The smallest affront is never forgiven. This
is the occasion of the many murders which
are continually committed here. It is, in*
deed, the only country where it can he said
that murder is tolerated. Everj' fa^^iily has .
a son, a brother, or a nephew, who is priest,
or Criar. Tliesc are the instruments. As
soon as Jhe friar has committed the crime, he
flies to his convent' ; and in six months the
thing is no more talkcil oif."
Much of this is prejudice, and the latter
part is false. A curious anecdote occurs
in anotlier note. Ou arriving at Coimbni
they visited fhe principal library, but
none of the friars could tell where the
Greek books were kept. Mr. Brace's
frieni^ having been there on a former oc-
casion, accidentally found one ; and, on
asking the friars in what language it was
written, they answered, i/tr ais;inmi du9
len^}uis mucrtaSy it is one of the dead lant-
guages.
In Spain he made some effort to obtaiit
access to the Arabic MSS. in the £scu-
riaL Don RicardoWall, the then minis-
ter, wiijhed to engnge hiiu in the service
of Spain, but did not, or could not, as-
sist him in this plan. It seems that the
obser\'ations which he had made iu Spain
were new and considerably numerous}
but in consequence of an early resolution,
which he never violated, he had deter-
mined to publish nothing on any subject:
which others had exhausted, or might
easily illustrate— a resolution springing
from that vanity which was his predomi-
nant fault.
During this journey his father died
and he succeeded to a respectable fchc-
ritance, though not equal to his growing
u
, VOYAGES AKD TRAVELS.
ffmbitioii. In ) f6l he left the wine bu-
siness* He liad seen a battle at Crevelt
without being engaged in it^ and had con-
ceived a passion for military enterprize.
Having procured a plan oi the harbour
dnd works at Ferrol fi^om soniB person in
the Spanish scnMce, he projected a sciieme
ibr attacking it, a Spanish war being thenex-
pected> and tlirough his friend Mr. Wood,
' then under secretary of state^ laid it bc-
Ibre the miiustry, adding, that if the king
wauld eotnut him wixii the command 4^*
the tolom hope, and a pair of colours,
he would not desire the assistance of an-
other boot except that hr which he landed,
till he had planted tliem with his own
Laud on the beach of Ferrol. He con-
ceived himself justified m this^ because
Hiodels of the newest British ships of war
bad been secretly procured by the Spa-
wards. The justitication is not admis-
sible f notlikig can justify aiman of ho-
nour for performing the work of a spy.
The plan was approved, but laid aside
for the sake of sending nearer relief to
Portugal. He was preparing to return
to Scotland, when lord Halifax requested
to see him.
" On meeting withhhn, hislordship laughed
at Mr. Braced desist of retiring to the coun-
try at his time of 11^ ; suggested to him, tiiat
tike wny to rise in the present reign, was by
^uterorize and discovery ; and that his ma-
jesty^ love of the arts was a sure and efl'ec-
Uial introduction to patronage. He observed,
that Africa, though almost at our very door,
was yet unexplored ; that Dr. Shaw, a writer
of undoubted credit, had spoken of mj^gnifi-
rent remains of architectiffe existing in the
kingdoms of Tunis and Algiers; and (hat
loiuething should now be done to preserve
them, by drawing, and add them to the king^s
collection. As a further inducement, he in^
tonued him, that Mr. Aspenwall, his mar
k.sty*s agent and consul-general at Algiers,
had been recalled ; that a merchant, ot the
name of Ford, who had been appointed to
succeed him, was since dead ; in consequence
of which the place was vacant. He warm(y
advised Mr. Bruce toaccept tliis opportimity
of visitinij Africa, under tlie protection of a
public character; promised tliat he sliould
nave leave to appoint a vice-consul for the
disj)atch of b^usiness in his absence ; and that,
if nc made wide excursions into tlie country,
and large additions to the king's collection,
he should be recompensed with the rewards
9*ipulated in the affair of Ferrol, or advanced
to a higher situation m the diplomatic de-
partment, "^lo these proposals Mr. Bruce
acceded. He afterwTards had several conver-
sations with k)rd Halifax and Mr. Wood on
the subject of Africa. In the course of the ^e,
mcatiou was frccjuently mi.de of the sources
of the Nile, and of the obscurity in whielk
they had ever been concealed. The foun-
tains of the river of Egypt were spoken of as
likely to remain wliolly unknown to the mo-
derns, mi til some undaunted adventurer
should trace it to its origin. Hints were
obliquely thrown out, that the discovery of
these " coy sources** could not be exi^ected
from an ordinary traveller, much less'fnjiu
oiie who had no experience m those difHcul-
ties which must accoiniiany an ^iterprize of
such magnitude and glory ; and it was insi-
nuated, that if any Briton sliould fulfil tlie
wishes of even* age, in ti>is particular, he
ought not, unner such a monarch,. and in ^
period so auspicioiis to discovery and leam^
mg, to despau' of a high reward. '
The consulship at Algiers accordingly
was given him. It appears from hist>wn
letters in the appendix, but not from tli«
memoir^ that he had accepted it because
an attack upon Oran was projected, irr
whkh he hoped to have been of si*rvice^
The fair promises of lord Halifax ended
—as the promises^ of great men usually
end. Not oply was the promise which
bad been given htm of a few months
absence to visit the interior of the coun-
try never performed 5 but pressing dis-
patches upon the roost urgent business,
m which the property, and liberty, anU
life of British subjects were at stake, were
neglected. As far as it was possible for
an individual, Bruce defended the rights
of his countrymen, and supported the ho-
no^u: of his country. If British property
was confiscated, and British, subjects
clnigged into slavery and scourged like
slaves, the in&my does not lie at his door.
It was the plan of the Algerines to
make tlie English pay them an annual
tribute i for tlie many favours which thej
received from England, these ignorant
barbarians attributed to fear — though
not the true motive, quite as worthy and
as wise as the true one. Bruce's advice^
if followed, would have humbled their
insolence for ever, and have preserved us
a station in the Mediterranean. It is
thus detailed in one of the letters to lord
Halifax :
" My lord, affairs are come to this crisis r
the Alserines have formed their plan, pursue
it steadily, and have made all further expos-
tulatbn impossible ; and I humbly apprehend
no alternative remains, but either by appear-
ance of force, to shew them this scheme is
impracticable, or put ourselves upon the foot-
ing of other nations.
" Nor is it the arrival of a fleet only that
will have the eflect to put his majesty's aifaira
upon> lasting footing of quit^t. I'hey will^
«lt7CB*8 TRAViL^ TO TH£ SOUXCE OF tB£ ITILK.
13
K IS trap", immediately niake n^sHtution, and
desire a renewal of friendship, and if we are
contented with that, the fleet will scarcely be
disarmed, until they anew begin acts of vio-
lence, till constant 'equipments on our part,
nithout any product but constant verbal sub-
jnis.^ioos on theirs, will, they ho]X}, in time,
make us prefer a moderate annual ex pence
to in excessive one so often as they please to
provoke us to K. Therefore, my jord, I
should humbly hope, besides restitution and
reparation, tiiat the expence pf the armameht
-nught be insisted upon. They really arc not
in a condition for retusals. 1 Vis, on our part,
would be such a lasting mark of superiority,
and» on theirs, so distinct a one of mal-admi-
nistrattoD, that ao Dey, for' the hittive, would
hazard measures that "might bring snch seri-
ous consequences on his country. They are,
my bid, very capable of affording this: in
the treasury m Algiers only, there arc said to
be contained thirty-tive millions sterling in
specie, besides an iounense amount in jewels
and plate.
" but if it were his majesty's pleasure his
roiral highness sliould come hitKer with a licet,
there is a much more proper species of in-
demnification than that above mentioned, of
more consequence to the nation in pe&ce or
war, which will much more readily oe coiyv-
plied with by Algiers, and which is' attended
with certain circumstances in favour of li-
berty, that make it perfectly proper for the
£ist expedition of a prince.
" This is the cession of the islasd of Ta-
baica to Britain, the subject of the memorial
indoKd, wherein I have set down imperfectly
the advantages attending the possession of it.
It has been oflered, by Algiers, to several
powers, and they have ditl'ered upon small
sums. It is of no sort of profit to the Alge-
fines at present. The above your lordahip
Miay depend upon, as it is the result of many
cnnVersations: with the conunlssary of Ta-
barca, now a slave here, and who is under
obligations to me, though he knows not what
use is to be made of liis information.
firucc had seen this island in a coasting
vc^'age. It Is famous for a coral fishery j
and, along the coast, he says, are immense
ibrests of large beautiful oaks, more than
nffident to supply the necessities of all
the raariiinae powers in the Levant, if the
<)ualily of the wood be but equal to the
size and beauty of the tree.
The whole con-espondence is in the
highest degree honourable to Bruce. He
ijoncludes one-of his letters thus : ' My
lord, in tliis country of murder, chains,
and torture, your lordship will not ex«
pect me to be more explicit than I am as
to measures.'
" I was just finishing the letter to vour
k^rdiihip, when wonl in Iwought me, th;;t titis
moraine tarly, the master of the above-men-
tsoued vcsxd* aod the ^percargo, were cat-
ried before the Dey, and in order to extort a
confession if they "had secreted any etfecls,
were bastinadoedf over the feet and bins in
such a manner as the blood gashed out, and
then loaded with heavy chains: the captaia,
it is thought, cannot recover. I have like-
wise received from a fiiend some insinuations,
that I am IB danger, and advice to tly ; but
as it was not the prospect of pay, or want of
fortime, that induced me to accept of tiiis
employment, so I will not abandon it fi-ofa
•fears or any motives unworthy a gentteman.
One broAliet has this war already liad ihc ho-
nour of dying to his majesty's service, twa
nxn-e are still in it, and all I hope is, if any
accident be^U me, as is hourly probable, his
majesty will be favourable to the survivors oi
a tamily that has always served him faith-
fully."
It Is impossible to read the correspoo-
deiHie wickouC wishing the two men U>
change situattone. Bruce would h2Vo
taug^ the pirates, a good lesson had fa^
beeti in tlie miiiistry, and lord Halifax
should have been sent to Algiers to teach
him English feelings undier Algerrne dk-.
cipliue. Bruce was neglected io his
public capacity, and ill-used as to his pri-
vate concerns. The leave of absence was
never granted him, and he was at last
obliged either to make bis excarsioa as a
private individual, or to abandon tiie prin-
cipal design of his residence in Barbaiy.
The history ©f this journey is g\\-en by
himself in the introduction to his travclf-
Frora this time, therefore, till his retura.
from Abyssinia to Europe, we may pass
over the occurrences of his life. The
tirst business in which he engaged after
his complete recovery was of a very sin-
gular nature. . Before he went to Algiera
he had received a promiae of marriage
from a Scotch lady, settled, as we sup^
pose, in Italy* Ar Bruce, however,
thought proper to make an e^urursion t».
the sources of die Nile before he claimed
the performance of this promise, the ladf
married an Italian nobleman, while he
was drinking her health at Geesh. He
thought himself injured, apparently with
less reason tlian she had thought herself
undervalued ; and, in spite of tlK^ advico
of his friends, he went to Rome to chal-
lenge tlie marquis. The atlair terminated
in th« following correspondence :
" 1 . Mr, Bruce to Sig. Accoramhonu
" Sir,
" Not my licart, but the entreaties of my
friends, made me otfcr you thij allcrnAlive by
the abbe Grant. It was not* for such sati*-
faction, that sck, and covtr *d witii woundi,
I have traversed ^f^ niuch i^nl ;ini »v:a to iiud
you.
i4
VOTAGtS AND TBAVEI^.
*^An ioBOccnt man, esofAoyed ja tke w-
^e of my couotry'-'WiUiaut pcovooatioo
cr inji^rv frooi me, you have di^ved lae
cf mr honour, by vioktitts; all tlie most
sacred eights before God anainat^; and you
now refui^e to i^ouuuit to writing wbat you
willingly confess iu words. A maa of houoor
aod iunoceoce, marquis, knows no such shifts
as these; and it will be well for one of us lo-
day, if you had beenas scrupulous in doiug
an injury as you are in rcpainiig iL
'* I am your eaual, majKHUi, in every x»-
spoct; and God alone can do me justice for
the injury which you have done me. Full of
innoceuce, and with a clear consdmcey I
commit my revenge to him, and draw my
fword against you with contidence inspired
by the reflection of havbg done my duty,
aiid by a sense of the injustice and violence
vhicli 1 have sutfered fifom you without any
" At half past nine (French reckomin;) I
come to your gate in my carriage ; if it does
not please you, let yoin* own be readv ; and
let us go together to determine whicfi b the
more easy, to injure a man in his absence, or
to defend it when he is present.'^
•« 2. Sign. Aceoramhoni to Mr. Bruce.
" Sir, Eomc, Nov. 30, 1773.
*• When the maiViage with Mm M., at
|iresent my wife, was arranged, it was never
mentioned to me that tliere was a promise
made to you, otlierwise that connection
flhoiild not have taken place.
•* With regard to yourself, on my honour,
1 have never spoken of vou in any manner,
as you were entirely unknown to me. On
wlitfrh account, if I can serve you, command
md With the profoundest respect, I sign
myself, your most obedient humble sen'ant,
" FiLIPPO AccoaAMBONi.*'
•* To Jxunes Bruce, Esq.
On his retnm to England he presented
iiis drawings to the king, for vi'hicb, it is
added in a note, he received a gratuity:
we wish it had been specified what. Tlie
liigh reward, which had been lield out to
• lim by lord Halifox, was certainly never
bestowtd, though assuredly the services
which he had rendered to literature de-
served some marks of public honour, and
public remuneration. In 177^ he mar-
ried a second time : liaving been so long
a widower, ihat tlie year of his first wife's
death was that in which his second was
bom. With tliis lady he lived happily j
but only for nine years, when he was
again lett single. lie survived her nine
years : his o*'n death was remarkable.
After having escaped frpm the barbarians
of Abyssinia and K'ubia, and the perils of
the desert, he lell down his own stairv
and died j but it is probable that his fall
was tn consequeoce of a fit He was im
his 64th year.
The present edition contains his last
correctious and emendations. As these
ire not pointed out, it cannot be expected
that we should have, collated so eitten-
stve j^ work; and had they been of any
great importance, they would have beea
fpectfied. Mr. Murray has added vari-
ous appendices and notes. To the first
book he has appended Balugani's descrip*
tion of the amja, or boat of the Nile,
and general observations on the early his-
tory of Arabia^ Egypt, and Ethiopia, which
tend to ideiuify Sesostria with Shishak,
and to prove that the Egyptians had made
oo conquests in Asia prior to the age of
Sobmon. The dissertation is erudite and
ingenious, bat the arguments would have
been more forcible if more condensed.
Here also he has inserted Bruce's letter
to Dr. Burney on Egyptian and Abyssi-
^ nian music, adding certain remarks of his
own ; a part of which we shall quote, re-
lating to the drawings of the harpers l^ooi
the caverns ef The^.
*' Mr. Brown, who lately travdfed into
Eg)'pt, and Dar Fur, and visited the cavcra
in me Biban al Moluc, where Mr. Bruce drew
these figures, has insinuated that he seemed
to have drawn them from memory. This re*
port has gained credit, and t>een repeated to
the prejudice of Mr. Bnice's diameter, both
in Britain and on the continent. * The &cts,
that may be brought to vindicate him, are
tlie following :
'' The penciled sketches of the two harps
are still preserved among Mr. Bmce's papers^
and one of them, at least, is clearly the woiic
of Luigi Balugaai. On on^ of them is a di-
rection to 'the engraver, in Mr. Bruce's hand**
writing, giving him a slight liberty to finish
the sketch, but not to change the costume of
the player. This was written a short time
before the publication of the travels ; but it is
quite evident to any eye that tlie difference
between the engravmg and'the sketch is very
trilling.
** From the known custom of Mr. Bruce
and his assistant, it is next to certain tliat the
sketches were tiiken on the spot. However
careless Mr. Browne may suppose tliese gen-
tlen^en to have been at other ti:nes, it Is not
likely that they would have sitten down, afi^
an excursion through the tombs of ancient
Thebes, to draw, ^ram memory, the sculp-
tures they had seen in the course of the day.
Mr. Iirowue does not pretend that lie cin
draw ; wc may, therefore, ask him, if he ijad
Mr. Bruce's drawmgs in the cave to compare
♦ Vide L3rchcr,Traduct. d'Herodote, vol. i. pref. p. xliv.
S&tTCB*0 tBA^BCS VO TBB SOUItCX Qf «HB VILBf
w
Aem with (be OfigiDals? If be had not, his
crjtictsni is that of a man wha is no artist,
mkinga remark from memory, "^hethcr
. Mr. Brace couid dm* or not, is of httli!; im-
portaooe b daciding on the Iruth of these re-
pmentatioDs ; for he had in his company an
exoelient draughtsman* whose works remain
to $|M9k fiar his pretensions;*'
M. Denon^ who gives us a more per-
fect view of Egyptian antiquities than any
»-ori as yet iu existence^ confirms what
Mr. fimce has said on the subject of £gyp<:
tiin mosic. That accomplished artist
sketched seren figures, playing on instru^
ments, from the walls of the royal sepul->
chres, H-estofT2)ebes^ and irom the temple
ofTtnlyra,
The most important of these sculptures
h that of a musician playing on a harp,
having, according to M. Denon, twenty-
floe surings. The sketch which he gives
liearly inclines us, at first, to believe, that
it b one of those given by Mr. Bruce )
ytX, on examination, it differs in so many
partkulars as to leave no doubt that it is
none of them. M. Denon's sketch is
evidently hasty, but probably a good re-
semblance.
Denon has now confirmed the veracity of
Bruce, who seems to have made no othet
alteration than that of improving the
figures, a liberty to which a zealous artist
|D^ easily be seduced.
To the second book the editor has added
a sommary view of the Egyptian theo-
hgf, as cdiected firom the Hebrew and
Greek writers, with the names of the
gods in the antienC native language, in*
tended to sihistrate tlie remains of Egyp-
tian antk{uity mentioned in the two pre-
ceding books. A dissertation, coutaining
additfenai prooft in support of Bruce's
hypothesis, that Egypt was peopled from
^ SQuth, 9nd the coofinefe of Ethiopia ; •
and a vocabulary of the Amharic, Fala-
shan, Gaiat, Agow, and Tcheretch Agow
bngns^es. To the third, he haf prefixed
a geographical account of the Abyssinian
pronnces, and a' preface to the history of
Abyssinia, containing a short view of the
Abyssinian constitution, such as it ap*
pears to have been in the better days of
the empire ; an account of the ceremo-
nies used at the coronation of the king,
or negux, as he should more properly be
jaHcd J of the prihctpal officers of state,
and those pecuHar customs of thfe court
tod camp, winch should be understood
before the history is pamsed/ These very
feartied dissertations are compiled from
>roce% Exiitopic M5S. T^ Utts aame
\iocki he has appeiybd misceUaneou^ notes
and remarks on the MS. Abyssinian hb-
tory, bnmght by Bruce from Gondari
and a vocabulary of the Galla' language.
The fourth book has peither preliminary
matter nor appendix $ but, in the course
of this book, Mr.. Murray has exercised a
verv unwarrantable exertion of editoria)
authority, having omitted the whole life
of Bacu^a, as jt stands in th^ former edi<-
tion, and inserted one written by himself
in a note. He says, indeed, that the life^
as written by Bruce, may be found in a
succeeding volume : we have not found
it there. This total omission must be
imputed to oversight; but the cliapter
ought not to have been displaced 5 it is
highly curious, and the roost curious anec*
dotes rest upon the Authority of tlie -mie
of BacuHa, the Iteghe, who herself com-
municated them to Bruce. Mr. Murray's
additional matter might have appeared,
as it now does, in a smaller type, and this
have been retained. The work is imperr
feet without it, and indeed contains some
allusions which are left absolutely unin«
telligible by the omission.
The fifth book also is without addi<«
tions ; but, after the sixth, we find addi^*
tionai Accounts of the transactions . at
Gondar, and journey to the sources, con-
taining a sketch of Michael Sukuls life,
till the time when Bruce entered Abyssi-
nia 5 extracts from Bruce's common-place
book concerning his first introduction to
the Ras, and from Balugani's journal;
part of these last we have previously ex*
tracted. Here also he has inserted the
descriptions of the sources by Pedro Paez
and Jeronymo Lobo ^ the first as it stands
in Kircher, part Latin, part unintelligible
Portugueze; the latter in lie Grande's
French, with translations of both, and re-
marks upon them. It is his opinioii that
Paes had visited the springs, but that Lobo
only copied his account. After the last
book^ detached articles are added from
the several journals and common-place
books, containing additional inforiuation
respecting Abyssinia, and extracts from
die j ournals oi the route homeward . The
appendix is increased with eleven addi-
tional articles of natural history 3 an ac-
count of the antidotes .used by the Nuba
against serpents. Observations of lati-
tude and longitude made by Bruce in
Africa j dissertation on tlie progressive
geography of the Bahar el Abiad, and the
other branciiet of the Nile $ accouxit of
the Ethiopic MS8. from which Bruce
composed the history of^Aby^siiiia^ ac«
B7
i4
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
count of die price of vriting-*book8 at
Gondar, and a description of some of the
most valuable works in Bruce's collection
of Arabic MSS. The volume of prints
contains all the additional articles of na-
tural history, and portraits of Ozoro Esr
they, Tecla Mariam, Kefla Yasous, and
Woodage Asahel.
It would be poor and inadequate praise
to say, that it has seldom or never fallen
to our lot to notice a book so ably edited.
We believe no editor ever before so labo-
riously qualified himself for his under-
taking. It is to be hoped tliat Mr. Mur-
'^ray will make farther and 'greater use oi
the very rare, and very difficult anoflitio*
which he has acquired. We wish for \h»
book of Enoch, however extravagant it
may be^ and for a literal version of the
Abyssinian chronicles, however opposite
to our notions of historical composition.
Bruce says tliat he has rhadehis narration
from these, more conformable to the man«
ner of writing English history j this is pre-
cisely the very thing which he should not
have done. If I am to feed u^xm ^ion^f
flesh, do'nt let it be drest like roast mut-
ton ; I would have k in the genuine cook*
ery of the Welled Sidi Boogannlm.
Art. II. AFoya^ round the ff'orld in the Years 1800, 1801, 1 802, 1 803 oni 1804:
rn which the Author visited the principal Islands in the Pacific Ocean, and the English
Settlements qf Fort Jackson, and JSorfolk Island. By John TurnbulI. 3 Vols.
&)olscap 8vo.
IF every man whose business or amuse-
ment leads him into WaW or Scotland
flatters himself t^iat he is qualified to im-
part some interesting information to the
public, to present some novel view of hu-
man society, some unnoticed trait of cha-
racter, it can excite no surprise that he
%rhose enterprising spirit has led him to
circumnavigate the globe, should, on his
return, feel so fully fraught with matter
of high import and curiosity as to seize
with avidity on the press, as the only suf-
ficient conductor for discharging the con-
tents of his o*erburdened brain. Repeat-
ed experience, indeed, has evinced, that it
Is not absolutely necessary to freight a
vessel with $avans in order to have such
an account of a voyage as may repay the
time and task of perusal : the plain and
unassuming journal of a man of sense and
observation, faithfully kept, will hardly
fail to interest and inform. For many of
our best books in this department of li-
terature we are indebted to merchants and
missionaries. Among the number of our
best books, indeed, the present narra-
tive has no chance or claim to be ranked -,
such as it* is, we owe it to an adventurer
whose voyage was undertaken for the ad-
vancement of trade, not of science, and,
like most others, for purposes of private
emolument rather than of public advan-
tage.
Whilst second ofHoer in the Barwell,
in her last voyage to China, in the year
1799jMr,TurnbuU and the first officer
ot ihat ship had reason to belieVQ that did
Americans carried on a very lucrative
fnde to the north-west of that continent.
On their return to England they commu-
nicated the result of their observation to
some merchants of an enterprising spirit,
who approved of the proposed speculation,
and immediately prepared for its execu*
tion. Tho command of the vessel was
given to the captain of the Barwell, apd
the' cargo and trading part were entrusted
to Mr. Tumbull ; both these gentlemen
were interested in the success of the vey-
age, as they held shares of considerable
value.
Prom Portsmouth we sail to St. Salva-
dor in about six pages. It is perhaps a
memorandum worth preserving, that
whilst the Spaniards in the harbour wer«
lading and unlading as deliberajtely, and
as much at their ease, according to Mr.
Tumbull, as if they had been in Cadiz it-
self, tlie most minute and jealous exami-
nation of the English vessel was insistai
on by the viceroy j various circumstanoes
indicated that the Spaniards were on very
favoured terras with the Portugueze, and
indeed that a clandestine intercourse be-
tween the two powers existed at that
tinae, prejudicial to the interests of Great
-Britain, and consequei>tly unsanctioned by
the terms of a fair neutrality. Mr. T.,
however, gives thePortiigueze a Rowland
for tlieir Oliver 5 he suggests the inipossi-
bility that -a nation iaflen so low in ihm
scale of European powers should long pos-
sess' the Brazils, and monopolize an ex-
tent of country which she is as little able
Jo use as to defend j of course, if 'it falla
into any hands, it had tetter lie enjoyed
by us than the French, who would ba
likely cnottgl^ to seize upon them if an
MRNBULl's VOTAOtS 11^ THB FACIFlC OCSAlTi
17
aplKfftiniity occurred, and consok them«
lelves in South America for the loss of
Malta.
From the Brasils our adventurers steered
their course to the Cape of Good Hope,
where thef stayed a fortnight^ and thence
proceeded to Port Jackson in New South
Wales, where Mr. TumbuU remained, in
onto to dispose of his cargo, whilst the
capudn proceeded on his north-west spe-
culation. The admirable account of New
South Wales, by captain Collins, has nn-
ticipated, in all its particulars, the infor-
matign concerning it in this meagre nar-
ntive. Mr. Tumbull paid two visits to
the colony, and laments^ not without rea-
son, the disunion which at both times he
found prevailing among the officers of go-
Teniment. Numerous indeed are the ob-
stacles which seem to oppose themselves
against the improvement of the colony 3
nor, perhaps, is it a matter of much con-
teqaence, so far as the interests . of the
mother country are concerned. The vast
expence with which the establishment of
it has been attended, ought, no doubt, to
ensoie a compensation at some distant
period : a parent never expends his money
with kss reluctance than in the education
of his son : he hopes to qualify him for
earning his own subsistence, and for add-
ing to the wealth or honour of his family.
But a ookmy— a colony too of convicts !
is it likely to thrive > And if it should, is
the thrift of the offspring connected with
the interests of the sire? where is the
hood of unity and concord ? Whenever the
colony is able to support itself it will, in
all probability, assert its independence:
the aid of other countries in support of its
exertions will be called for without scruple,
tod granted without reluctance. This,
ito doubt, u a remote period to contem-
plate : the climate, indeed, notwithstand-
ii^ its severe heat, is salubrious, and when
tbe country is ck^red of its woods there
will be a large extent of fertile soil. The
cbaracter, however, of the persons who
«e traaspianted thither leaves but little
hope that they will advance the interests
of tbe colony by tlieir industry, their mo-
nls, or dielr rniderstanding^ and some of
the regulations which, with the best in-
teutkxu, the government has adopted, ap-
pear to be in the highest degree impolitic
ud prejudicial. We allude to the limi-
^>tion of the price of labour, of pro-
fits upon the sale of imported articles,
>ndto tbe regulation concerning the price
of provisions. These absurd restrictions,
hovever, call forth warm eulogiuflpa from ^
Ajijr. Rav. Voi. IV.
Mr. Tumbull on the wisdom and bene*
volence of the government! The markets
at Port Jackson having, unfortunately for
Mr. Tumbull, been just supplied, and tha
little money of the colony exhausted, ho
proceeded to the settlement of Norfolk
Island, where he had again the misfortune
to have been recently anticipated. Hers
he remained ten months, and as an ex-
cuse for sayii^ little or nothing about iti
pleads that he visited the island as a trader^
and not as a natural philosopher ! The g&k
neral statement which many of our readers
will remember to have seen in governor
Phillip's Voyage to Botany Bay, &c. con-
cerning the beauty of the country, and the
exhaustless fertility of the soil, is confirm-*
ed bv Mr. Tumbull The productions
which, according to the governor, were of
the greatest importance to Norfolk Island,
are the flax plant and the pine : the fbr-^
mer, though luxuriant in its growth, and
estimable for the purpose of naiaking cord-
age, sail-cloth, &c. does not appear to be
a native of the island. Pines grow to an
enormous size ; they often rise to eighty
feet without a branch 5 governor Phillip
says they are sometimes nine or ten feet
in diameter at the bottom of the trunk,
and frequently measure one hundred and
sixty or one hundred and eighty feet in
height. The fern tree (according to the
same author, for we obtain marvellous
little from Mr. Tumbull) measures fi-om
seventy to eighty feet, and affords excel-
lent food for sheep and| other small cattle.
The turpentine obtained firom the pine is
remarkable for purity and whiteness, and
governor Phillip, understanding that the
wood was of excellent quality, and light
as the Norway timber, thought that it
promised a valuable supply of masts and
spars for our navy in the East Indies. He
seems, however, to have been mistaken ^
Mr Tumbull says that the pine of Nor-
folk Island is very brittle, and only fit for
purposes of building, household furai-.
ture, 8cc, The pine of the South Sea>
and indeed of all warmer climates, he
says, is of a very different nature from
those of Europe. We have no doubt of
tliis : nature is uniform in her operations :
throughout the vegetable kingdom rapi-
dity of growth seems to be incompatible
with solidity of substance*
Norfolk island was colonized by go-
vernor Phillip, who sent thitlier the most
profligate part of his profligate people : •
" it has hencefortli been adopted as the
ordinary practice, that the more abandon-
ed of the convicts, and such as have fallen
C
It
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
tinder the sentence of the law a second
time, should be transported to this island."
Among the most respectable of the settlers
•re some part of the crew of tlie Sirius,
who, being shipwrecked on the island,
preferred the cultivation of so fertile a
country to a return home ; several ma-
rines who went out upon the first estab-
Hshment had the same indulgence, as also
have some of the more industrious con-
ticts. We are glad to leaiii that the cul-
ture of the sugar cane is highly encou-
raged) many of the smaller plantations
are fenced round with it. Norfolk Is-
land, however, as a place of establishment
for a colony, has the insuperable objec*
ifion. against it of being almost wholly sur-
rounded by a reef, and barricaded, as it
^•ere, against all approach, by a heavy
mountainous sea -, of being destitute of a
harbour ; and having a bad shore, the bot-
tom being covered with pointed fragments
of sharp coral rock, which renders an-
chorage impracticable. Goveftnnent has
attempted in vain to remove these ob-
stacles.
The following anecdote will not be read
without interest, or without exciting feelr
ings of compassion towards the unfortu-
aate outcast: it occurred in the island
about eight years since :
« *' One of the prisoners belonging to the out-
gangs, being sent into camp on Saturday, to
draw the weekly aUo\K'an^e of provision for liis
mess, fell unfortimately into the company of
1^ party of convicts, wao were playing cards
fpr their allowance, a tiling very frequent
amongst them. With as little resolution as
his superiors in similar situations, after being
a while a looker-on, he at length suffered him-
self to be persuaded to take a hand ; and in
the event, lost not only his own portion, but
that of the whole mess. Being a man of a
timid nature, his misfortune overcame his
reason, and conceiving his situation amongst
his messmates insupix)rtable, he formed and
executed the extravagant resolution of ab-
sconding into the glens.
" Every possible enquiry was now made af-
ter him ; it was known that he had drawn the
allowance of his mess, and almost in the same
njoment discovered that he had lost it at play ;
«earch upon scarcli however was made to no
purpose. However, as it was impossible that
ne could subsist witiiout occasionally maraud-
ing, it was believed that he must shortly be
taken in liis predatory exairsions. These ex-
pectations, however, were in vain, for the fel-
low managed his business with such dexterity,
keeping closely within his retreat .during the
day, and marauding for his subsistence only
by niglit, that in despite of th(^ naiTow com-
pass of tlie island, he eluded all search. His
p«ctiim4 depredations were solely confiiied
to the supply of his necessities ; Indian coa^
potatoes, piunpkins, and melons. He seldom
visited the same place a s<*cond time ; bui
shifting from place to place, always contrived
to mie his escape almost before the theft
was discovered, or the depredator suspected-
In vain was a reward olfered for his appre*
hension, and year after year every possibly
search instituted; at times it was considered
that he was dead, till the revival of the old
trade proved that the dextrous and invisibly
thief still existed.
"In the pursuit of him, his pursuers have
often been so near him, tliat he nas not unfre*
qiiently heard their wishes that they might b*
so fortunate as to fall m with him." The re-
ward being promised in spirits, a temptalioQ
to which many would have sacriiiced their
brother, excited almost the whole ijJand to
join in the pursuit ; and even those whose re?
Si>cctabiiity set them above anv pecimiary
compensation, were animated with a desire of
hunting in so extraordinary a chase. 1 hesi
circumstances conairred to aggravate the ter-
ror of the unhappy fiigitive, as from his re-
peated depredations he indulged no hope o€
pardon.
" Nothing of this kind, however, vras in-.
tended ; it was humanely thought that he had
already sustained suflicient j>unishnient for his.
original crime, and that his subsequent de-
predations, being solely confined to necessary
food, were venial, and rendered him a subject
rather of pity than of criminal intliction. Of
these resolutions, however, he knew nothing^
and therefore his terror continued.
" Chance, however, at length accomplished
what had ballied ever^' fixed design. On*
morning about break ot d?y, a man going to
Ms labour observed a fellow hastily crossing,
tlie road ; he was instantly struck with the idea
that this must be the man, the object of such
general pursuit. Animated with this belief,*
he exerted his utmost efforts to seize liim, and,-
after a vigorous opposition on the part of the
poor fijgitive, finally succeeded in his design. It-
was to no purpose to assure the atlrighted.
\^Tetch that his life was safe, and that his apj-
prehension was only sought to relieve him
from a life more suited to a beast than a hu-
man creature.
** The news of this ap]3rehension flew
through the island, and ever\- one was more
curious than another to gaiir a sight of thia
phenomenon, who for upwards of five year».
had so eiTtx'tually secluded himself from att
human society. Upon being brought hito
the camp, i^ncl the presence of the governor,
never did condemned malefactor feel more
acutely; he appeared to imagine that the
moment of his execution approached, and,
trembling in every joint, seemed to turn his
e>es in search of* the executioner. His pep-
son was such as may well be conceived I'rom
his long seclusion from human society; liis
beard had never been shaved from the mo-
ment of his first disappearance ; he was cloth-
ed in some rags he had picked up by the way ^
in some of his nocturnal pcregrmutions, and
TURNB.0i:l*S VOTiTGBS 19 THB FA^OtWIf OCBANc>
rat ilk ofvn fauignage wa« at£nt uoutterabl^
ItiMluiUDtelii^ible by him
" After some previous questions, as to what
jiad induced him to fomi sucli a rt^oiution,
and by what means he had so long subsisted,
the governor gave him his^ pardon, and re-
ftored him to society-, of which he afterwards
krcame » very useful member."
Mobile Mr. Tunibull was at' Norfolk
Jslaiid he received a letter from his cap-
tain, announcing the total failure of the
fiorth-westem speculation, and his return
to Port Jackson : it was resolved to try
Bass's Straits, and endeavour to make up
a rargo of skins there, as the licence from
the East Iiidia Company compelled tlie
Tcssel to visit China. The captain, in or^
der to exfiedite this business, engaged
some sopemvmierary hands, M'l^om, to-
gether with an officer " well versed in
the sealing business," he landed on King's
Island in those straits, whilst he proceeded
' with the ship to the Society Islands, in
order to supply her with pn)vigions, which
could not be purcfiased at Port Jackson at
aiy price ! On their arrival at Otaheite,
fcowever, they leanied from some mission-
aries who are settled there, that the ra-
vages of a destructive war, which was just
temuoated, had created a dearth in the
island. After remaining there about a
montli, however, tliey obtained a small
supfdy of hogs, &c. and proceeded to Uli-
etea, foudiing at Huaheine, where they
were greeted by an old shipmate who had
for some tiitie resided on tiie island, and
seemed perfectly satisfied with his situa-
tion! hi thb island the natives entertained
them with a dance.
" The performers and their attendants
came oil' in procession, iii a large double ca-
noe, having a platform or stage erected across
the forepart, on which the dancers and musi-
ciair; sat. Th'i5 canoe was accompanied by a
great number of small canoes, hlled with na^
lives to behokl the entertainment prq>ared for
ihe strangers. The women were dressed in
a H)rt of long bell hooped petticoat of thc^ir
OiFB cloth, oniamented with a purple border.
What answered tlie uurpose of a hoop was a
cou;jle of stuffed pads bound roujid the w. ist
to supjwrTaiid distend the petticoat; round
tiie body was uTapped a large quantity of
doth, fastened with bandages ; and opposite
to eadi hxt^A was placed a bunch ot black
feather^, ' They wore also a kind of turban
adorned with a variety of ilowers. A master
ei the ceremonies presided in the dance, and
directed all tlie movements, which were not
alvays of the most delicate nature. The mu-
oc con^ted of two drums made from a log
of wood hollowed out in a cylindrical shape,
wd covered a\ the end with a piece of shark
Aia, ti^itly bnced dowa the ^^ Tbie
musicians mak^ no use of dnuibestidUi -but
employ their fmgeas, and sometimes th^
tands, so as to be heard at a considerable dis-
tance. They beat slowly at first, as a signal
to prepare for the dance ; and as the music
becomes more rapid, the dancers quicken
their motions. Flutes also were used on the
occasion, having only three holes or stop%
one of which is of such a size as to admit of
the performer 5 applying his nostrils to till i^
The dance required very great exertion in the
women to keep time to the music by e:^-
piring and inspiring their breatlis, drawing
their mouths hi contrary directions, and twirl-
ing their arms and iingers with some order and
great regularity.- Ihose who excelled in
8iese contortions and gestures were the mo0t
applauded. So eager were the perfonners tor
gain the approbation of the spectators, and so
violent were tlieir exertions, overloaded wit^i
clothing and sCraitened with bandages, tha^
many of them seemed at length ready to sink
irnder the violence of their eiibrts. The di-
rector of the dance exerted himself to encou-
rage them to a ftirther continuance of their
labour, which to us appeared a kind of
cnielty ; and induced us at length to. inteii-
ferc, apparently much to the sati^^tion'of the
performers. Our people were samuch pleasea
with this ent^rtaimnent, that tliey applied to
me for some articles to bestow on tne ladies
who had wofked so severely for their amuse-
ment. Goods of ditferent sorts, to the value
of three pounds, were accordingly furnished^
and instantly distributed amongst the actresses^
and thus an acquaintance was mutually fom^
ed, which in some instances grew into a close
intimacy. »
" During this exhibition, some of the men
weje amusmg themselves by a sport ol theif
own; three of tiiem getting into a vessel
formed like ^ wooden dish made use of a(t
great feastings, their weiffltt sinking it in the
water to imthin an inch of ^e biim. ' in this
situation they whirled it. round and round, farf
means of their paddles, with incredible velo-
city, till they fell into the water, when they
again renewed the sport, to the no amaljl
amusement of the by-standers.'*
A savage who is brought from his na«
tive woods into a civilized country, therv
cloathed and fed, and anticipated, in all
his wants, feels, after a time, his resdess*-
ne.ss revive, and impatient of restraint, to
which he lias been unaccustomed, sighs
for the society of his sbble brethren ; he
is anxious to participate in the dangers of
.the chase, the vicissitudes of war, and the
barbarlti^ of victory. An add i tional mo-
tive too, for returning among his country^
men, is the pride of shewing the trinkets
he has obtained, and of enjoying the rank
and estimation he is likely to derive from
them. But it is hardly credible that a
man who has once tasted the sweets of ci-
vilized li& should volunurlly degrade him*-
C2
id
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
self into the character of a savage: and
yet this has often happened. Several Eu-
ropeans are scattered among the South Sea
islands. The ^cilities of subsistence,
arising from a soil of the highest fertility,
exemption from labour even to indolence,
and unrestricted intercourse with the fe-
male sex, these are the allurements which
a sailor, after the fatigues of a long voy-
age, is not always able to resist. The na-
tives, crafty and insinuating, take every
opportunity to seduce the sailors: sen-
sible of the superiority of European skill,
they are eager to obtain their assistance in
battle, and their instructions in the make
and use of domestic implements. It has
of late also been customary to permit con-
Ticts from Botany Bay to assist in navi-
gating vessels bound thither : these people
seldom fail to avail themselves of the op-
portunity to escape, and afford no slight
ground for the apprehension of Mr. Turn-
bull, that in no great length of time the
South Sea islands may become nests of
plunderers and pirates.
At Ulietea our adventurers found an
Englishman of the name of Pulpit, who
brought with him his wife, as he called
her, an Otaheitan girl of about fourteen
or fifteen. The moment the poor fellow
got upon deck he returned thanks to hea-
ven, in the most fervent and impressive
manner, thathehadescapedoutof thehands
4>f the most savage murderers. It seems
tliat he had been landed in Huaheine by
the brig Venus : and in return for his vo-
luntary service on board that ship he had
been supplied with such articles as would
be useful to him on the island. Among
these was a musket and double-barrelled
gun, which were objects of such eager-
ness to the natives, that in order to pro-
cure them tliey resolved upon his murder.
This horrible project was discovered to
him by the Otaheitan girl, who faithfully
assisted her lover in his attempts to elude
the attack of his murderers. Pulpit, how-
ever, was at last surprized by a party of
natives, and led away as a sacrifice to some
of their divinities : they disputed among
themselves concerning the treatment he
was to receive, and his life was spared by
the authority of an elderly woman of rank,
on condition that he should give up his
various implements and arms, and repair
some muskets belonging to the natives.
Pulpit made his escape to Ulietea, but he
assured his deliverers that the inhabitants
here had the same character of dissimula-
tion, treachery, and ferocity with the people
ofHuaheiiio. Th« evaut proved the truth
of his assertion: on the night before t!ie
intended departure of the vessel from
Ulietea, it was discovered that four of the
crew had deserted -, three of these were
Botany Bay convicts, who had been taken
on board to work the ship, under an en-
fagement that they should be returned t#
^ort Jackson. These fellows had con-
certed with the Ulieteans to cut the vessel
from her anchors, and when she should
be driven ashore, to plunder her of her
small arms and ammunition, and murder
the crew. As soon as this desertion was
discovered, Mr. Tumbull, with a degree
o^ courage bordering on temerity, went
singly on shore at two o'clock in the morn-
ing, and requested of the king (who had
been a constant visitor on board the ship)
to exert his utmost authority in restoring
the men. The king affected the greatest
surprise, and declared tliat they certainly
had not landed, although it was afterwards
known that half an hour before they had
passed by his house. In a short time the
situation of Mr. Tumbull became ex-
tremely critical : he felt himself surround-
ed by an hundred islanders, who were sa-
gacious enough to know that if they had
come to an open rupture and murdered
him on the spot, it would have defeated
the object they had in view ; and who, on
the other hand, were sufficiently aware of
their own relative superiority at the time,
to make their own terms for the restora-
tion of the deserters, who, at last it was
acknowledged, were concealed in a house
but a little way up the country. These
terms were tiie immediate gift of a mus-
ket and the promise of more fire-amis.
Mr. T. retumed to his ship, doubtless not
without self-congratulation on his escape :
some of the crew, however, had beta
tainted, and it was necessary to inflict
summary punishment on two of the ring-
leaders. On the following night Mr. T.
was roused from his sleep by an alarm
that the ship was on shore : it was dark ;
but on sounding, t%velve fathoms of water
were found, and there was no sensible mo-
tion of the ship or of tlie water. On ex*
amining the cables, Mr. T. found them
both lying slack on die deck > and the sea-
men being commanded to haul them up^
the first pull brought the ends of both of
them on board ! They had been cut, and
with the slightest breeze from sea tlie ves-
sel would have been drifted on shore;
indeed the natives had contrived to fasten
a long and stout rope to the mdder, five
or six feet under water, with which they
had inteadad to draw the ship on shorei.
TVKNBULL*S T0TA6BI IN TBB PiCIFXC OCBAIT.
ai
Tins timety discovery enabled the captain,
by deatring away another anchor with an
iron stock, to haul the vessel seven or
e^t fathoms off linom the reef. The na«
lives had all this time preserved tlie pro-
foundest silence, in momentary expecta-
tion of the bulging of the vessel : when
th^ found their desperate plans detected
they became periectly outrageous, begun
a furious assault with stones, and kept up,
during the greater part of the following
day, a discharge from fourteen muskets,
whidi they had among them, and which
did great damage to the ngg^g, boardings,
nettings, and boats. Tne discharge of
small arms from the ship, far from inti-
midadz^ the natives, made them more
OQtiagieous: fortunately the horrid me-
naces which they held out of flaying and
roasting alive any who should fall into
their hands, restored loyalty and unani-
mity among the crew. Two of the de-
serters were seen instigating the natives
with the gxeatest activity. Several at-
tempts were made to recover the lost an-
chors, but in vain : the natives kept up
so well-directed a fire that it was impos-
sible. In the course of the day they made
repeated exertions to gain the prize they
had so treacherously laid a snare for, and
it v.'as necessary to employ the large guns
^inst them in order to defeat £e pur-
pose. These bad the desued efiect, and
the ship, in the darkness of the following
night, got under sail and escaped iron»
her penloos situation.
From the Society Islands our adven-
turers proceeded, with some Otaheitans
whom they had taken on board, to the
Sandwich Islands: the first land they
made was Wahoo, where, notwithstanding
the example of treachery and ferocious-
ness displayed by the Ulieteans, the ship-
carpenter deserted, and it was thought ad-
viseaUe not to go on shore for the reco-
very even of so necessary an artificer, lest
more of the crew should follow his ex-
ample! '
According to Mr. Tumbull, the inha-
bitants of the Sandwich Isles are astonish-
ingly more advanced in civilization than
those of the Society Islands : these latter,
iodeed, have made no perceptible pix)gress
wice the time of captain Cook. Like
att savages^-would that the remark were
limited to savages in its application — their
aridity for intoxicating substances is ex-
cessive: some Europeans planted the vine
in Otaheite, and explained its future uti-
lity if allowed to remain Unmolested. The
aridity of the satires broke through aU
restraint, and the grapes were plucked ofT
before they were ripe. Not relishing the
fruit equally with their own ava, they ima-
gined that the spirit was in the root, and
end^voured to extract it by mastication,
(the nauseating process which is employed
on the ava root) 3 finding their efforts \m-
successful, they revenged their disappointr
ment by treading it under ^oot.
Mr. Turnbcdl suggests that the labours
of the Missionaries would be fiir more suc-
cessful among the Sandwich Islands than
they are likely to be at Otaheite or Ton*
gataboo : here they could have the ad-
vantage, support, and influence from se-
veral Europeans, and of a sovereign, Ta*
mahama, the great chief of the Sandwich
Islands, a man of insatiable ambition, and
very uncommon genius. In a short spacei
of time he will, without doubt, make him-
self master of every island : he was now
on the point of invading Attowaie, an
island to the leeward, whither our voy-
agers proceeded for a supply of salt and
yams. The king of Attowaie had ac-
quired so much knowledge <^ our lan-
guage from some Englishmen who had
followed his fortunes, that he was able to
understand and answer any jplain ques-
tion which was put to him : the natives
of Otaheite, although they have had still
greater opportunities of hearing the Eng-
lish language, scarcely pronounce th«
proper names of those persons with whom
they are most fiuniliarly acquainted. Th#
king of Attowaie professed a high regard
for the British nation, and, as a proof of
it, had taken to himself the name of King
George, and to his children, who are nu-
merous, he had given those of the royal
family of England, beginning with the
Prince of Wales, &c.
*' This unhappy man, who, from evei'y
thing we saw and heard, is well desejVing of a
better fate, had already suffered so much from
the ambition and power of Tamahama, that
he was now about to adopt one of the most
extravagant resolutions that can be conceived.
" The Europeans who had attached them-
selves to his fortunes, some of whom were car-
penters, blacksmiths, &c. were now with their
of&pring a numerous body. As their last re-
source, they were constructing a vessel suited
to tlie attempt of a long voyage, and in the
event of the expected invasion, thev proposed
to escape from the island, and seek a refuge
from the cruelty of their enemy in some one
of the islands whkrh they have heard are inter-
spersed in the main sea. They are whollv iff-
noraut of the method of measuring a ship^t
coui^, or of the other necessary branches of
navi^on. A compass, indeed, they possess.
Their intention in the first place, is, to steel
B
VOYAGES ANO TRAVELS.
io the westward, in the hop« of reaching some
pik of the coast of Ciiina ; or, by keeping
their xdnd to the southward, to fall in with
Otaheite, or some other of the Society
Islands."
^ After having obtained provisions and
»alt, our voyagers left the Leeward Islands,
and arrived at Owhyhee : here tliey re-
ceived a visit from Mr. Young, who, with
Mr. Davis and captain Stewart, had fol-
lowed the fortunes of Tamahama for four-
teen years. It appears that this ambitious
chieftain has prohted to the utmost by the
jnstrtiction and assistance given him by
captain Vancouver. The islanders under
bis dominion make frequent trading voy-
tgtes to the north-west coast of America,
and it is the intention of Tamahama to
Open a trade with China in vessels of their
own construction, and to be navigated by
their own people. The progress of the
Sandwich islanders in tlie mechanical arts,
according to Mr. Young's* account to Mr.
^lumbull, has been astonishingly rapid :
his roynl residence at Mouie is said to be
built after the European style, of brick,
ind with glazed windows, by European
tod Atnerican artificers, of whom he has
a great variety.
" It was only in 1792 that captain Van-
couver laid down the keel of Tamahama's
first vessel, or rather craft; but so assiduously
has he applied himself to effect his grand and
favourite object, the establishment of a naval
lorce, that at the period of bur arrival he had
upwards of twenty vessels of different sizes,
from twenty-five to fifty tons ; some of them
were even copper-bottomed.
*' He was, however, at this time much in
want of naval stores; and, to have his navy
quickly placed on a respectable footing, would
pay well for theniv He has also a certain
number of body-guards to attend him, inde-
pendently of the Rumber of chiefs who are re-
quired to accompany liim on all hisjournje^
^d expeditions."
A marine force of such strength, and so
rapidly created, has given him an astonish-
ing superiority over his neighbours : he
no.w sends his warriors into distant parts,
employs some of his ^tnall vessels as trans-^
ports^. and his . larger pnes as men of war^
T^hich are occasionally mounted with^ a
few light guns. Tamahama's body-guards
go regularly oil duty, and relieve each
other as in Europe, calling out allis well
ever}." half hour : tlieir uniform is a bluQ
grent-coat with yellow facings. M?.
Turnbull has forgotten to inform us of the
nature of the traffic which takes place be*
tweeii the north-west parts of America
and the Sandwich Islands: he prepares
himself, however, with an answer to the
\ery natural enquiiy as to the possible na-
ture of the commerce which can be car-
ried on between these latter and the Chi*
nese j he says that they are able to fur-
nish fire-arins, gim-powder, hardware,
and cloth of different sorts. A super-
abundance of these Tamahama is repre^
sented to have obtained from Enropeant
and Americans, in exchange for labour
and refreshments supplied to the shipping
■wko ha\e touched there. This statement^
we fear, will not obtain very general ere*
dit without further confirmation. • Be-
sides these articles of foreign introduction,
the Sandwich islanders possess the sandal
wood and pearl ojster-sheli, of native
produce.
Having acc6mplished tlie object of their
visit to the Sandwich Islands, that of lay^
ing in a stock of salt, our navigators re-
turned to Otaheite : in their coarse the^
fell in with several low islands, on some a(
which they landed, and had reason to be-
lieve, from the shyness of the natives, and
their indifference to the proftered trinkets
and tools, tliat they had never before been
visited by Europeans. For the situation
of these islands we are referred to Arrow^
'Smith's map, although Mr. Turnbull has
neither given us tlie name of them, their
longitude nor their latitude. So much for
his contributions to the advancement oF
maritime discovery !
During the absence of the Ma^aretf
the ship Nautilus had visited Otaheite, and
taken away all the hogs she could pro-
cure : it was agreed, therefore, that the
captain should proceed to some of the
windward islands for a supply, whilst Mr.
Turnbull, with a few assistants, remained
afr Otaheite on the salting business. She
was expected to be about three weeks: at
the expiration of two months the crew-
reached the island in a punt made from
her wreck'. Thus fetally terminated all
the hopes of the voyage ! - '
• The accounts of Otaheite and the So-»
dety Islands given by the Missionaries in
th^ transactions of their society, are by far
the- most' valuable of any that we haver
* Mr. Young, from whoin most of the particulars." respecting Tamahama were obtaUted,
Is said, by Mr. Turnbull, to be " a man of strict veracity." ...
t It is singxilar enough that we do not even' learn the name of the ship in which this voyage
is made, tHl the wreck of I'he Margaret is .related' ^t'thfr latter eud of tUc second volijme. 'Tu|
iameofthe captain is not oiice mentioned, .•:•..'
TUKNB0LL's VOTAGBI in the FACXnC OCBAN.
«#
llieir manners, customs, snperstit'ons, and
idokcnes, are there detailed with more mi*
outcness than in any other work. The
vpportnnities of obtaining information on
these snbjecu duriz^ his residence at Ota-
lieile by Mr. Tumbnll, were considerable,
bjit we find little whidi has not been an-
ticipated by the relation of the Mssion-
aries. This account indeed seems later
than the last of theirs, and the political
ecenls of the island, to use a term of ap-
fvopriate dignity, are brought lower down.
The war which the Missionaries repre-
sented as being on the eve of taking place
between the young king Otoo and the
Attahoorians for the image of their god,
Oro, had just terminated in favour of the
latter when oi^ vo}'agers first landed there,
^d was the ,caiise of the dearth which
then visited the island. This war was not
entirely of a religious nature, but seems to
have been fomented, if it did not origi-
nate in the domineering and- oppressive
character of tlie royal family, and particu-
larly of Otoo himself.
.The father of Otoo, the regent Pomarre,
died &i\ddenly at tlie time Mr. Turnbull
was at Otaheite : he considered this event
as likely to be attended with serious in-
conveniences to the Missionaries, to whom
he was ever a firm friend. Many of the
natives imputed his death to the prayers
of the Missionaries *. indeed it is a very
prevalent, and most unfortunate belief
among the Otaheitans, that whatever ca-
lamity tefalls is effected by their witch-
aaft; They are convinced too, that a
peat part of their plagues and diseases
nroceed immediately firom the shipping,
in the present instance, however, tliere
was a diversity of opinion, which, it may
be' hoped, the Missionaries would turn to
k good- account. Many attributed the sud-
d«i decease of Pomarre to some offences
he bad conomitted, and they agreed that
this must have been the fi-equency of his
human sacrifices. In order therefore to
propitiate then: offended divinities, the
body of a human victim which he had
sacnficed about three weeks before, was
bibaght and stretched prostrate before his
corpse. The Missionaries would, no
doubt, endeavour to avert from them-
aelves ibe suspicion of instrumentality in
his deaths and press the abolition of so
horrible a custom. Mr. Turnbull asserts
that it is abhorred by the common people,
9fid only supported by tlie chiefs : Po-
marre was himself a high priest, and ob-
tened great indnenoe among them by his
Uai for the gods. Ipfiinticide prevails as
much as ever, and the population of th^
island is diminishing with great rapidity.
Captain Cook no doubt overstated it at
two hundred diousand : on the arrival of
the Duff in 1797 it was fifteen thousand;
at this time (1 803) it does not exceed {iv%
thousand souls. The doctrine of fatality
is carried to such excess, that every dis-
ease is believed to be a punishment fron^
their offended deities, wrought, perhaps,
by the magic of the Missionaries, or
by shipping which touch at the island.
Iii this latter superstition they have had,
alas, but too strong Yeason to repose ! The
consequence of tliis doctrine is, that dis-
eases are considered as remediless, and the
use of medicine is rejected. *
The Missionaries, although their pious
but ill-directed labours have been thrown
awayj are pretty well satsified with their
situation : their zeal is yet unabated :
they twice made the circuit during Mr.
Tumbull's stay, preaching firom district to
district, and seconding their exhortations
with presents. Sonie of them expressed a
wish that sotne decent young wotften qf cha^
racier might be sent over to Otaheite as xuivm
for the?n. They were building two boats
firom eighteen to twenty tons, for the pur-
pose of visiting the islands to the leeward :
they had it also in contemplation upon th$
arrival of the next missionary ships to re-
treat to the isthmus, as their chief sub-
sistence ; the fruit of the bread tree is be-
coming scarce at Matavai.
The propagation of the Christian faith
still goes on very slowly :
" One Sunday evening, Mr. Jefferson re-
quested pemiission to exhort Otoo and Teri-
navoura, witli all their followers; Otoo sent a
messenger to me on the occasion, saying that
he wished to see me: I accordingly went, and
found Mr. Scott and Mr. Jeiferson ui the act
of exliortation. Their congregation iniglit
amount to about fifty. Upon its ccf.chision, 1
demandetl of Otoo what he wanted with rae.
He asked me, upon the dei)arture of the Mis-
skHjarics, whether it was all tnx?, as they
preached: I Fephed in the affirmative, that it
was strictly so according to my own belief, and
that of all tlie wiser and better part of my
countrymen. He demanded of me where J e-
hovah lived ; I' pointed to tlie heavens. He
said he did not believe it. His brother was,
if possible, still worse. Edeali was looking on,
witli a kind of haugiity and disdainful indif-
ference. It was aXlhavery or falseliood, add-
ing, they would not believe unless tiie>- toiild
see ; and observed, we could bring down thg
sun and moon bv means of our quadrant, why
could we not bring down our Saviour by siuu'
lar means r'
The M^ssiofiariet tell them that the god
u
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
lost their carpenter at the Sandwich Ulaods;
their Influence with the natives hecama
weakened, and the crew dispersed. Havw
tng remained in this situatioa three
months, they were relieved by a vesiiel
which touched at the. bland, and took
them to Port Jackson. Here they resided
a second, time till the Calcutta brought
them once again to the shores of Britain.
of Britain is the god of Otaheite and the
i^'hole earth, and that it is from this Being
that they receive their hogs, bread, fruit,
and cocoa*nut. This the Otaheitans flatly
deny : alleging that they possessed all these
articles long before they had heard of the
god of Great Britain.
After the loss of the Mai^aret the situ-
ation of our adventurers at Otaheite be-»
came exceedingly distressing: they had
Art. hi. An Historical Account of the Vqyaga qf Captain James Cook^ to the Southern
and Northern Hcfnispheres. By William Mavor, L.L.D. 12mo, 2 Vols,
pp. 656.
THE public is very well acquainted
with Dr. IVlavor's pentagraphic powers ;
children may read these volumes with in-
struction and amusement, who would be
unfit to engage in the original work.
Art. IV. A Description qf Prince qf Wales Island, in the Streights of Malacca: witU
its real and probable Advantages and Sources to recommend it as a Marine Estab^
lishment. By Sir Home Popham, Knight qfthe Sovereign Order qf St. John €^
Jerusalem, Captain in the Royal Navy, and Fellow qf the Royal Society. 8vo.
pp. 82.
THE propriety or impropriety of ex-
pending a large sum of public money on
the construction of moles, docks, quays,
arsenals, and the other appurtenances of a
marine establishment in Prince of Wales
island, cannot here be justly appreciated
without the aid of a counter-memorial
drawn up on the spot by an accomplished
»ur\'eyor. Sir Home Popham pleads for
the establislunent witli specious and plau-
sible reasoning.
'' But an advantage which Prince of
Wales Island possesses beyond any other part
of the eastern coast, is the excellence ot its
harbour. The whole space from tlie north-
cast point of the island to Pulo Jer^a, bound-
ed on the east by the coast of Queda and
Praya Sand, may be considered as a very
safe harbour, and capable of containing all
the navy pf England : the present anchoring
place is near the Fort Point, to the northward,
for large ships, and to the southward for
smaller ones, where they lie in from five to
thirteen fathoms, and so perfectly smooth in
all winds, and at all times, that I never heard
of an instance of the smallest boat not being
able to pull off to the weathennost ship. I
had apprehended, on my first going to the
island, that the north-west wind would have
forced in a heavy swell ; but as it frequently
blew from that quarter, I concluded the mud
flat, from the north point of the island to the
Queda shore, on whicli is only four fathoms
and a half at low water, served as a bar,
constituting the whole harbour a complete
bason.
'' The island abounds in several kinds of
deer and wild hog ; and it is remarked that
the wild hog is of a very delicate flavour, and
particularly good.
" The coast of Queda produces great
numbers of cattle ; and as many as may be
wanted can be obtained, whenever there' is a
sufficiency of pasturage. They have fo|f
some yeare salted beef m Bengal, with much
success. A similar attempt may be made
here, for the climate in the upper part of the
country is nearly as cold as at Calcutta. If
the experiment should succeed, beef and
pork can be cured as cheap as in England,
and the ships served with it always in less tiian
three months salfmg. Bakeries may also be
established for the supplv of biscuit ; and
there appears to be no JifFiculty in making
both rum and arrack, purer and cheaper
than what is now served to his Majesty's fleet.
Rice grows here ; and I imagine the sugar^
cane* would thrive as well as in any other
parts of hidia, which, by being cultivated^
would increase the revenue, and add to the
export to Europe."
This pamphlet would have been mor ^
intelligibie and complete if accompanied
with a map of the island in question,
which was formerly and more dlscrimi*
nately called Pulo Pinang ) and with a
chart of the contiguous sea, which might
have been copied on a reduced scale from
that published for Laurie and Whittle,
after the original Calcutta chart.
In 178a Mr.' Lacam suggested to a
committee of the house of comxnoDS the
'*' The sugarKjane grows to a prodigious size, both in tliis island and oo the coast oC
Queda.
sift 6B0&6B I.BITU3 ACCOUNT OF PSINCB OP WALB8 ISLAHS*
csfiedieixy of a nuuine establishment in
dK eastern part of our Indian possessions.
He fixed on New Harbour, in the river
Hoogly, as the fittest place of structure :
bot whaterer use commerce might \^
able to make of that site, it se^ ns ill
adapted for belligerent vessels.
If (his island, which is well situate to
cdkct the produce of the Indian archi-
pelago, be wholly exempted from the
joii^ction of th« company, and not
comprehended within the withering ban
of its charter, it will speedily become
another Onnuz'for traffic, wealth, and
pcpolatioQ. This advantage attends a
new settlement in the east, that labour
is cheap, and- the supply of a population
^miJiar with the arts of luxurious life is
easy; so that, in the course of a single
gco^ation, all the parts of a flourishing
and polished society can be put together,
and a city can rise like an exhalation.
^Zliere is perhaps no episode in our his-
tory more truly honourable to the general
character of our people and our protec-
ivm than the fortunes of Pulo Penaqg.
In August 1786 there were tombs on the
kiaod, but no man : it had been a haunt
of pintes and banditti, whom the king of
Queddah had thought it necessary utterly
to extirpate. The empty wilderness was
purchased of this sovereign for a perpe-
toai rent of six thousand dollars. In Ave
years time George-town was so much of
a sea-port, and the resort of prows so
ooBsidersble that the king of Queddah
compjaioed his continental custom-houses
DO loager yielded any revenue, and armed
toattadi the new settlement. The inva-
sion was repelled ; but an additional quit-
rent was granted to the king of Queddah ;
and the most' entire cordiality was restor-
ed. In the year 1 800, that is in the short
space of fourteen years, the population
consisted of ten thousand three hundxed
and ten persons, of whom seven hundred
and twenty-three were land<-owners^ and
one thousand two hundred and twenty-
two were slaves. The country is already ^
pierced by roads bordered with alleys oif
young spice-trees : to pensile bridges of
bamboo, have succeeded in £ve places bold
arches of brick and mortar. The cajm
huts of the first settlers are giving plao»
to durable houses and rectangular streets.
Aqueducts and hospitals, custom-housef
and jails, are already towering into cons- ""
picuity. Vessels of eight hundred tons
have been built and launched by the inha-
bitants, pepper-vines and beetle-nut treet
afford important objects of exportation.
The revenue amounts to eighty thousand
dollars, and the annual arrival of ships to
two hundred and fifty, bearing fifty thou*
sand tons. How swift a growth of pros-
perity.
The real lamp of Aladdin is tliat on
the merchant's desk. All the genies,
white, olive or black, who people the at-
mosphere of earth, it puts in motion at
the anti{)odes. It builds palaces in the
wilderness and cities in the forest ; and
collects every splendor and every refine*
ment of luxury, firom the fingers of sub-
servient toil. Kings of the east are slave*
of the lamp : the winds blow, and the
seas roll, only to work the behest of itir
master.
Ait. V. A Siort Account of the Settlement, Produce, and Commerce qf Prince of
Wdea bland, in the Straits of Malacca. By Sir George Lsith, Bart, Mafor
IJtk Foot, and late Lieutenant Governor, 8vo. pp. 94.
THIS island is unwisely named. There
is aoother Prince of Wales Island off the
coast of New Holland. It may be very
Joyal to have George-towns and Prince-
c^-Wales islands all the world over j but
i it occasions confusion and mistake in the
Linenioiy, and will, in due time, occasion
||ery troublesome miscarriages at the
Ifost-office. How inconvenient to the
aotieot world were its Selocias and Alex*
andrias,
Tbe island ber« described was formerly
cslfed Pulo Pioang, or Penang, and is si-
iBate in the straits of Malacca, opposite
tKe Queddah diore, on the Malay penin-
||bU. It aboonds with ship-timber and
iuati «f aU dimensiottfr It enjoys a cli*
mate and a soil applicable to the most
precious ailtivations of the east. It is in-
habited by new settlers of all descriptions,
Europeans, Chinese, Chooliahs, Burmniis,
Pursees, Malays, and Buggesses, a people
from Borneo and Celebes, hitherto con-
founded with the Malays, but dljQfering
from them in language. Of the com*
merce tliese particulars are given :
" COMMERCB.
'* The principal, if not the only view m
fonniiig thks settleiueiit, appears to liave been
the acquiring; a port iii l|it: Straits of Malacca,
for commercial purposes ; and there certainir
is not in any part of India a place so veu
adapted to this end as Priace of Wales
bland ; at the miic time it undoubtedly a^
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
joys greit advantages^ a naval port. —
Hitherto the productions of the island have
instituted but a small portion of the exten-
sive fcoramerce wliich has flourished here for
some years ; but although thb portion has,
<syet, btetk inconsiderable, there is the most
satofactoiy and pleasing evidence that it is
. daily increasing. The numerous, e^ctensive,
and highl)^ cultivated plantations of pepper^
4nd beetlc-nut, which are every where rising
ipAo view, will, in a short time, afibrd large
cargoes of those articles, without the trouble
and expence of importation. It is computed
tiiat there will be upwards of fifteen thousand
peculs of pepper produced on the island this
year; (1S03-4), and that, in the course of
tiiree or four yean moref theplantatioDs will
yield more than twenty thousand peculs.
ColTee also promises to become a. valuable
commodit}^ ; this berry has been imported
from different quaiters, and they all thrive
very well, and produce fine flavoured coffee.
TTie sugar cane grows with uncommon luxu-
liance ; but as the price of labour is very
high, the expence attending the making of
sugar, will prevent a very extensive cultivation
of the cane.
. '< The spice pUuitations, in which there are
many thousand clove and nutmeg trees, .are
so flourishing, that the island may reason*
aUy hope, in a few years, to be able to furnish
4 valuaole cargo of cloves, nutmegs, and
mace ; witli their essential oils, and also the
so much esteemed Kyapootee oil.
** However the productions of the island
may increase in vanous articles, -the principal
source of wealth must arise from its being
considered as the belt and greatest port of
^ exchange in India. Ships and vessels come
here from every au^urter, and can exchange
the conmiodities they bruig, for those which
are required as a return cargo. Tliis affords
the merchant the very important advantage of
a quick return of his capital.
** As there is not a custom house on the
Island, it is not possible to form an accurate
idea c^ the extent of the general imports and
exports. In the year 1 80 1-2, an import duty
of two per cent, ad valorem, was laid on tin,
pepper, and beetle-nut ; from the return given
m by the renter of this duty, it appeared that
the following quantities of these articles were
bnported, viz.
China Peculs. Catties. Amt. qf the Duty,
s. D. p.
Pepper 29,468 SJ 5,251 97^
Tin - - 14,136 86 3,982 634
' Beetle-nut 45,819 90^ 3,842 16
Sp. Ds. 13,076 78
^ ** The follo\^ing statement will shew at
"one view the different places which supply
the trade of tliis port,, with the articles ot vmr
port and export.
" IMPORTS.
^'^ PiHfm Btfngff/.— Opium,- grain, iron, steel,
•.^nuioe' stil3l:es ; piece gcKKls, which cob-
. 8istchiefl]rofHummum5,Gurrahs,Baft!ei$
Cossas, 'fanjabs, Mamoodies, Chintss,
Kurwahs, Taffatees, and Bandanoes;
*' Coast ofCoromandeL — Salt, tobacco. Pun-
jam cloths, kaal-blue cloths, handkerchicfej.
coir rope, and yarns ; chintzs ; and ^^snial]
quantity of fine goods.
*' Bombay and Matahar Coast. — Cotton, salt,
« a few piece goods, red wood, sandal %vood,
shark tins, iish mote, putclmck, myrrh,
Surat piece goods, oil, &c.
*' IF. Coast Sumatra. — ^Pepper, benjamm,
caqmhire, gold dust.
" Acheen andPedier, — Gold dust; beetle-
nut, white and red, cut and chickney ;
pepper, rice, and Acheen cloths.
*' Diamond Point. — Rattans, sago, brkn*
stone, and gold dusty
f East Coast.-^Tm, pepper, Java arrack,
sugar, oil, rice, tobacco. Sec.
*' Junk Ceylon, — Tin, birds nest<s, beache de
riier, sepuh, and elephants teeth.
" Tringano. — Pepper, and gold worked
cloths.
" Borneo.-^^old dust, sago, and black-
wood.
*' Moluccas. — Spices.
" China. — Tea, sogar, lutestrings, Tdvcts,
paper, umbrellas, Ciiina ware of all kinds ;
qiiicksilver, nankeens, tutenague, sweet-
meats, pickles, and every, article required
by the Chinese mhabitants ; raw silk, cop-
per ware, China camphire, China root,
allum, &c. &c.
" EXPORTS.
" Sumatra. E. and IV, Coasts. — ^AIl the ra-*
rious piece goods from Bengal, the coast,
and Bombay ; cotton, opium, iron and tb«
bacco.
" Junk Ceylon. — Piece goods, and opiomu
" Tringajio, Java, Borneo, Celebes, and
Moluccas. — Iron, steel, . opium, Bengal
piece goods, blue cloth ; Europe coarse red,
bfue, and green cloths, and coarse cut-
lery.
**" Cfritia. — Opium, cottons, rattans, beetle*
nut, pepper, birds nests, sandal wood,
shark fins, ^matra camphire, tin, beache
de mcr, cutch, and sepuh.
" Bciaral Coast and Bombay. — ^Pepper, tin,
beetle-nut, cut and chk^ey ; rattuis, can^
phire, gold dust, &c.
" In addition to the quantity of pepper at
present annually exported from thjs poit^
almost py number of tons could be pro-
cured for the London market, should it e\'er
be deemed advisable to send it home on acj
count of the honourable company, and ^r^
may safely venture to assert, tnat the peppe*
will be of as fine a quality as any ever pro*
cured ; and the pepper produced on the
island is considered cleaner than that of the
surrounding countries : and in general, b|
equal measures, it is heavier.
"In the year 1802, a thousand tons of
pepper of 20 cwt. were sent from the island
to Europe, without having the smallest effect
OB the surrottoding markets. That» and m^
SIX 6SOB6S LEITH*! ACCOUVT-OF rBINC? OI^%ALES ISLAND,
^gtd t much larger <qiiantfty, could easify \k
ffocured, without any nak of raising 'the
price, viz. SOL sterl. per ton of .20 cMft.
*' hintmufrable inaeed are the advantages
which would accrue to this settlement, wcrie
the exportation of pepper produced on the
island, direct to the tlondon market^ on the
honourable company's ships, once establi8h7
ed; nor would these advantages be confined
•to the settlement alone, as considerable bene-
fit, it is confidently pTesumed would also
arise to the h«mouraole company from this
tranch oit commerce. The experiment at
least appears worth the trial ; all the expen-
ce;> attending it, will be apparent at one view,
and even if the Hattering expectations which
are now entertamed should not be fiilly rea-
Kzed, still there Is ho prospect of risk, or loss,
-attending the measure. To the pepper, the
•prndoct of the island, many other articles
jni^t be added, if required, as rhubarb^
^ajiioga] root, turmeric, cochineal, &c. &c.
" One of the most convincing proofs
which can be adduced of the floiiri&liing
state of the commerce of this rising /settle-
ment, will be foimd in the following table,
dewing the number of ships, witli their ton-
nage, which have enterea into and cleared
out ftom thisrport, within the last four years,
«nd as a considerable portion of the trade of
the island is carried on by prows, an account
.4)f them is also subjoined.
" A&&IVALS.
Colours. Ships, Tons,
1799 English • - - 95 25,640
Amer. Pdrtug. Danes 37 8,299
Asiatic - - - 36 5,432
ftoo
^m
'tnoz
English
Amer. Portiig.
Asiatic ' -
Danes
English
Amer. Portug, Danes
Asiatic
Englrsh
Fortiig. Danes
Asiatic . :
168
39,371
111
31
51
31,097
8,025
5,7^
193
44,907
160
33
72
38,880
7,549
7,399
263
53,828
142
15
84
44,356
4,810
7,654
i?4l 56,820
1799
.1800
180)
1802
Colours',
English - ' -
Amer. Portug. Danes
Asiatic - - -•
Alps. TojiJf^
101 57,3^1
39 8,80$
-37 5,703
English
Amer. P
Asiatic
English >
Amer. Portug.
Asiatic f
English
Portug. Danish
Asiatic
• ■ • ~ ..'
177 41,87r
Danes
116 29,93S
30 8,27l>
'45 6,071
,
191 A,324
Daues
■ 156 36,6li
28 7,03i>
73 6,447
23^ 50,09(1
I
133 4l,l^l>
■ 21 5,25Sf
SO 6,082
234 52,461
€( TOTAL,
Arrivals
Departures
' Ships. ToTis, ^
867 194,92^
859 188,75^
To the general reader this account wiM
be more amnsiog and more instructlrd
tlian the description pnblished hy sir
Home Popham 5 but those who are called
on to determine whether directions dudl
be given in London to forbid the sea ttf
encroach on the north face of the fdtt
?nd esplanade, by the construction ci
vast stooe moles, and piers— -whether cfr^
rections shall be ' given in London for
founding huge docks and naval arBenals^--»
in shdrt, whether all the profits of tliitf
well-situate and rapidly rising establish-
ment shall be given away to the places
mongers and projectors of jobs — wUl do
well to read all Ihe accounts. That o^
captain Macalister passes for the less ac^
curate and precise.
^»T. VL Narrative qf a Voyage to Brasil; terwfnkting in the Sehivreqfa British
Vessel, and the JmptisanmaU of tlte Author and tlie Ship's Crew ^ by the Porlugflcse,
With General Sketches of the Country, its Natural Productions^ Colonial Inhabitauis'^
' i^c. mid a Description of thg City and Prohinces of St. Sahadore and Porto Seguro,
To wfdch are added, a correct Table of the Latitude and Longitude cfthe Ports on
tkr Coast qf BrQsilj Table of Exchange, if c. By TxiOMAS Ljndley^ 8vo. pp. 298.
EARLY in 1802, Mr. Lindl^ sailed
-ftocn the Cape of Gwd Hope * for St<
Hdena and a market,* this is his phrase;
ami the oi-i^inul destination of the brig jc
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
not otherwise explained. Afbr leaving
St. Helena, a severe squall considerably
damaged the vessel, and obliged him to
bear away for Brasil. He repaired at
Bahla, or St. Salvadore, and from thence
intended to steer for Rio Janeiro, where
hb expected a ready sale of his cargo to
Ihe Spaniards, trading from the River
Plata. But a storm sprung up just as he
had cleared the bay, and obliged him to
put into Porto: Seguro, which port, how-
ever, he did not reach without the loss of
the rtidder.
While he was detained for repairs here,
the civil governor, or judge of the pro-
vince, proposed to barter Brasil wood with
him for goods. ' The proposal appeared
lo advantageous,' says Mr. Lindley^ ' that
I couM have no hesitation, except from
an uncertainty whether this wood was al-
lowed to be exported; but, as tlie offer
came firom the gbvernor himself, I con-
axdered any prohibition that might exist
•s merely nominal -, and evety doubt be-
ing thus dispelled, I agreed to the ex-
d]2nffe.' The plain English of which is,
that he knew he was engaging in a con-
traband trade, but thought ne could do it
•ecurely. Gasper, one of the governor's
sons, transacted the bargain, and his bro-
ther Antonio was to get the wood ready ;
Imt the business was not kept secret^ and
in about a weeks' time both father and son
said it must be given up, regretting the
mutual disappointment, and telling Mr.
lindley that he might procure the wood
be wanted by another channel, and should
meet with no hindrance or opposition on
thmr pert. Another adventurer was soon
found, but wood is a clumsy article to
ttoxigg\ei ; the errand of the English ship
was pretty well understood, and Gaspar re-
quested the captain, in the strongest terms,
to decline the business altogether, saying,
that he had secret reasons of the most for-
cible kind for his advice. lu consequence
he set sail to proceed on his destination ;
the repairs had been so badly made, that
he was obliged once more to come to an-
chor in die river of Carevellos, near at
Jiand ; and before the carpenters here had
completed tlieir work, the brig was seized
by tne Portuguese government,, and the
crew conducted back to Porto Seguro.
An inhabitant of that place, to revenge an
old quarrd upon the governor, had laid
an information against him for smuggling
with Mr. Lindley.
Mr. and Mrs. Lindley were taken to the
common prison : they were led into an
upper room, m the floor of which a trap-
door was opened, down which they d^
scended by a ladder into a dungeon. Three
comers of this wretched place were filled
with heaps of dirt, rubbish, orange-peel,
and the refuse of other vegetables, rotting
together ; the fourth with filth of a tnon
disgusting kind, for four of his sailors had
been confined there for eight days, and
were just removed to the next duiq;eon to
make room for him and his wife. In this
place they remained a fortnight, burning
a fire during the day, notwithstanding the
exceeding heat of tlie weather, as the only
means of amending the bad air. At length
Mr. Lindley was examined f he denied
that any Brasil wood had ever been brought
on board the brig; but was ' perfectly ex-
plicit i^pecting his intention to have pur-
chased some,' had he not discovered in
time the strictness with which that article
was prohibited j tliat is, he betrayed the
whole transaction with the governor and
his sons. After this examination, in con-
sequence of his entreaties, they were re-
moved to an upper apartment.
There 4iad been found, in his writing-
desk, a paper containing a small quantity
of grain gold, intermixed with gold-co-
loured sand, which had been brought to
him by an inhabitant of Porto Seguro as a
sample. When closely questioned con-
cerning this, he made no secret of whence
he had obtained the article, but declared
he knew neither the name nor residence
of the person from whom he had received
it, though he believed that he was from a
distant settlement. They took him a days*
ride into the country to point out the man,
whom he was predetermined not to recog-
nize if he met him. The stream, how-
ever, from whence the sample had been
collected was found, a guard set over it vfi
the queen's name, and a farther samp^
taken to be assayed at Bahia.
The sailors had been ill supplied with
food. On Mr. Lindley *s remonstrances
this was remedied. His situation was not
much ameliorated -, he was called to visit
the sick, and obtained permission to tak^
the air with his wife. Still there was
much to complain of.
" Their impudence is unbounded, even to
msult ; while I can only resent it by rq>roac;h
or unavailing complaint. The captain, Mor,
who has superior apartments in the prison,
takes the liberty of runnbg into mine without
excuse ; not considering the situation of Mrs.
Lindley and myself, confined to a small room,
and who do not at all hours chuse such visi-
tors: besides constantly using my liquor for
himself and friends, notwithstanding he know*
I purchase it on the spot^ and have no suppcn^
1Z9DI.ETS VOTAGB TO IXASIW
79
J me. The jndge ordinary, er magis-
tnte of the town, daily visits the prison, and
uses the same frecdpjn : this morning he pre-
taHed us with a basket of ^gs, begged a nik
handkerchi^ in return, and, whilst talking on
the sobjecty reached a clothes-brush from the
«aR» and, sans ccremonie', brushed his hat m
oir tices. Each poor meal we make, we are
neoeaitated in the first instance to secure our
door from intrusion: and a thousand other
ineaiiDesses we daily endure.
" The vary dress of the men (particularly
in the morning) is shocking to a person of thie
commonest dtdkracy. They promenade the
prt^on in a thin p^r of callico drawers that
tcanx reach the knee, with the shirt loose over
tfaa]i,andoostoddngsor hat: if cool or rainy
veatker, ihef sometimes have the addition of
a ck»k or bed-gown loosely wrapt round
them. In short, maugre every exertion of
patioice, our situation is miserable ; and most
ghdW shall I hail the haopy day of our arri-
Tal in a land of decency.
After ten weeks confiDement they were
lemored to Bahia,and again pat in a dun-
geon ', a long arched vault, with a plank-
woriK oo one skle to sleep on — (be old a^
tndo. The captain of the fort executed
his orders with due fidelity in placing
them there} but advised Mr. Lindley to
write to the governor of Bahia, supplied
him implements for the memorial, and
dispatched it. On the morrow the com-
mandant of the sea, as he is here called,
came himself with an order for their re-
lease from the dungeon, and that they
should have an apartment, and the liberty
of the fort. Both the commandant and
the captain of the fort seem to have done
every thing which men of honour and of
fiseliitg could do, consistently with their
duty, to alleviate his confinement. He
was shortly afterwards confronted with
Gaspar and Antonio, who steadily denied
Che whole transaction, which he^ on his
part, as consistently confessed. Assassi-
nations, Mr. Lindley remarks, are not com-
mon in Bahia ; and it is a proof this, that
be walked the streets of the city in safety
fix mooths after he had betrayed this &-
mily.
His ship and cargo ^were now valued
infinitely below thair real worth. The
cargo had been pillaged, and much da-
mped; but he was obliged^ to sign a
paper, attesting that the whole was in the
nme oxidition as when first seized. The
crew meantime were allowed eight-pence
a day each ; they were in want of clothes,
for their chests, as well as Mr. Lindley's
trunks^ had been plundered. He was now
informed that he could not be sent to
Lubon till orden caxn« &ota thence^ in
reply to the dispatches sent concemit^
him ; but the governor woukl permit him
the liberty of the city, if he would peti*
tion for it on the plea of iUness, and pn>«
cure certificates to that effect. This Mr«
Lindley thinks proper to call a qoean and
paltry subterfuge from the great and
mighty governor of a country ! though he
avmled himself of the humane offer. The
return he makes is to publish the fact, and
print, at full length, the names of surgeon
and physician who attested, on oadi, that
he was dangerously ill, without having
seen him. The next Englishman who is
detected in smuggl'mg at Brasil will be
lef^ to rot in a dungeon^ He waited till
August in expectation of boing sent to
Lisbon, then with his wife, pate, and ser-
vant, made his escape in a vessel bound
for Porto.
** After the usual voyage, I arrived at
Oporto on the 2d of November, and found
vessels from Bahia that had sailed subsequent
to ours : in consecpieiice, I expected that in-
foraiation had been received of our escape^
and was apprehensive of some embarrassment ;
but my fears were groundless. I applied in-
stantly to the actiug consul, Mr.'Harr, who
pointed out the necessity of my proceeding
uninediately.to Dsbon. In four days I reach-
ed that city, and waited on lord R. S. Fltsf-
gerald, our residentiary minister, who received
me with the most soothing and polite atten-
tion, and entered into the merits of the a£Eair
without losing a mcmient Jo'uitly with Mr.
Gambler, the consul-general, his lordship had
the goodness to assure me it should be forcibly
represented to the Portugueze govemmtot,
that a satisfactory recompence might be ob-
tained for this imjust outrage on British sub-
jects, and the sufferings that had been so wan-
tonly inflicted on myself and wife. •
" His lordship honoured me with aa iatfor
ductory letter to lord Hawkesbury, wbJch on
my arrival in England I presented, and was
referred to the secretary of state*s office,
where I attended at various times till the
middle of June last, when 1 received the un«
}>leasant intelligence (as well by advice from
ord Robert Fitzgerald), that the Portuguese
government had linally resolved, that no resti-
tution or recompence whatever should be
made in the alfair ; thus leaving me no further
Erospector hope, of redress, for the mjuries f
ave in so manv respects sustained—in my
feelings, my health, my time, and my pro-
perty!"
No other termination of tlie affair was
to be expected. Mr. Lindley was engaged
in a contraband traffic, no matter whether
with the chief magistrate of Porto Seguro
or not, and no matter whether he knew it
to be contraband or not ; ignorance of the
VOYAGED ANOTBAVELS.
Inr will' no indte excuse a breiach of thcf
kw in Brdsil tbdn id England.
- The Tokime contains inany^ amusing
Indt^ of natibaal manners. It is veiy re-
markable that knive» and forks are not
jet in general use among tl^ Brasilians.
' " Tbejr first take in their fiiigers a little
jneat (wtucli is always so much over-<lone, as
lo be readily separated), then vegetables, and
ferihha; these they roll in the sauce, oil, or
*oup, with which their plates abound, squecz-
mg the whole in the pahn of the hand inta
the ^ixsBpe, and about the size, of a wash-ball ;
mliich, when thus, pre^iared, they convey mto
their mouths at once, and whilst eating form
another.
. " Indelicate, and disgusting as such a pio;
ture may seem, it is not overcharged \ botH
sexes equally use this practice; and most
dasse^; even when before Strangers, if by
chance they take up a knife and fork, ^'etthey
are soon tired of a mode so unusual^ slow, and
tedious; and they invbluutaiily drop it,- and
fell to in their old way with redoubled eager-
JW89. It is true, that, as^ in the east, water is
piesented before and after eating ; but it is by
ft> means an apology for this barbarous and
•Rrty custom/'
"It is aJstonishing to see how little subordi-
natfon of rank is- known in this country :
France, m its completest state of revolution
and citizenship, never excelled it in that re-
spect. You see here the white servant con-^
▼eree with his master on the most equal and
friendly terms; dispute his commands, and
wrangie about them If contrary to his better
opinion — ^which the superior receives in good
part, and frequently acquiesces in.
" The system does not rest here ; but ex*
tends to the mulattoes-, and even to the ne-
groes. Gne sees no humiliation except in
tlie patient hard working drudge, the native
Indian.
" The feme licentious freedom is found in
their marine and troops. On board of ship an
order is seldom issued without tlie sailors giN**-
iBg their ouinion on it, and frequentl^^ involv-
ing the- whole in dispute and conhision. In
conseqiience, each ofiicer walks tlie deck witli
a stick of no small dimensions, as a* mark of
authority; to use as occasion requires, and
carry on the duty of the vessel.
♦''The captain of the fort I am in, traverses
the platform in a pair of coarse printed cotton
trowsers, a jacket of the same, with a supple-
jack in hand, commanding his working party
of artillery-men under the title of comrades.
I took the liberty of remonstrating about his
wooden companion ; but he replied, ' Ko
duty could go on without it.' At Porto Se-
guro, I have often seen the lieutenant, Serjeant,
and a private, in the same card party: even
the captain (mor), and others the, most re-
spectable inhabitants, betting, and taking part
in the game, uithout scmple. This unreserved
freedom is productive ot the most pernicious
consequences ; you get no command promptly
obeyed, and rtrangett who e^ecf ftefeef vh
ever liable to insult. I attribute thi& promis^
aiou& intercotirse to the general ignorance
that pervades the country ; as no people pre*
tend to more hauteur and reserve tlian tha
Brasilians, or really have less, in their owtt
society.'*
Bleeding and clysters of human milk
afe the grand specifics. Mr. Lindlev wa^
called in to one poor wretch who had been
bled one and twenty times in the space of
nine days for a pain in the breast,, and of
course fairly died of the doctors. They
have an extraordinary Guy FaUx at Bahia;
" In my walk to the city a considerabte
crowd occupied the street, and I was obl^ed t<>
stop till the. occasion was over. This proved
to be the destruction of poor Judas in effigv i
when, not content with all tlie anathemas this
day thundered against him, and the eternal
tornient to which he is consigned, the popur
lace in dilTerent parts of the city dress up a
masked figure, and erect a ^bbet on winch
they exalt him — ^as do the shipping also firt>in
their yard-anns. At eleven in the morning
•they discharge musquets at the traitor ; ana
set fire to rockets fastened at his back, and
crackers* concealed in his dress.
" In the exhibition which I witnesse<l, the
rage of the good CatJiolics was not satisfied
with hanging and blowing up poor, Judas ;
but thev afterwards lowered his remains, and
dragged them in triumph through the street:"
The sugar- works are in a state of pri-
mitive simplicity.
" The word i/ig-enio is tlie/Portugueze disf
tinction of those who haVe a sugar-work :— ^
here ver)- simple, cons^ting of tliree rollers .cSf
ponderous wood, two feet in* diameter abd
three in lengtli, working horizontally in k
frame: the upper part of the center roller
joins a square beam that ascends thrckigh the
frame work; and to which are aflixed cross
fneqes sufficiently low for tlie harness of two
lorses, that move the whole, l^e side rollers
work by cogs from the ciMiter one. Under-
neath this macliine is. a long trough, slanted,
that receives the juice of tlie cane as pressed
out by the rollers. The juice is thence con-
. veyed to a shallow boiler of six feet diameter,
and skimmed from all impurities ; after cool^
ing in another vessel, they add an alkali of
wood ashes,' suffer it to stand some days, pour
off the pure liquor, 'Convey it to tlie same
boiler, and evaporate till the sugar is formed.
the settlings, &c. being distilled to a powerful
spirit. How widely different is this primitive*
sugar-making, from the hnniense works, ma-
chnies, and engines, employed by our West*-
Indian planters !"
Notwithstanding the rudeness of thii
machinery, and notwitlistanding the ge-^
neral darkness of Mr. Lindley's colouring,
it is easy to perceive that the country is in
a State of improvement. He indeed saysV
xindlstV vota^^b to BRA9U,r
»
ittt js^ffmmeni Ig iisuig eviexy diligence i
ID lender it more productive. Salt-petre
nines, pmrbaps tbe &-st.in the world^iaaye
iiteljbe^ opened, and the pepper-shrub
imported fTX)m India, and thriving; unconv-
nxnily well. Some interesting passages
iektiTe to natural history may be selected*
" I was called this morning to visit a sick
planter, who chiefly cultivates mandiock, that
mvaluable root which fomis the fariiilia, or
bread of South America, and I had an oppor-
tunity of minutely viewing the whole process
of preparation- Mandiock is a knotted shrub
that roiis to the height of six feet and upwards,
but without branches ;* the root, which is the
only useful part, somewhat resembles a pars-
liip, but is much larger. It i& planted by cut-
tine the body of the shrub into short lengths,
and slicking them hito the earth, when they
immediately reshoot, and, after growine for
about twelve months, the root is perfectly
formed, but varies in size according to the fer-
tilitT of the ground, from one to twent}' inches
in diameter, and from six inches to two feet
in length. The roots being pulled up, and
the exterior bark cut oflf, a farinaceous sul>
Aanoe remabis, milky and glutinous ; tliis -Is
nibbed to. small pieces against a rasping wheel
covered with perforated copper, and received
into a trough below ; it is then dried in di^l-
tow pans over a slow fire, till all moisture is
evi^xwafced, when it appears a dry granulated
nb^tanoe, and b ready for use. 1 apioca is
the juice of the root drained from the rasp-
ngs, and granulated in like manner over a
Ibwiire.
" Farinha was in use among the Indians of
Sooth America at the time of its discovery,
toi impeiceptibl^ adopted by its conquerors,
wheat not agreeing with the soil, and man-
diock being cultivated at an hundredth part
ctf the bhcmr and expence."
The bee& form nests which load the
trees. 13iey consist of a ponderous shell
^ day, cenaeoted like the martin s nest,
tweUing from high trees about a foot
thick, ffld forming an oval mass full tv^'o
feet in diameter. The wax within is ar*
langed in the usual manner, and tlie honey
abundant ; but little use is made of either,
ngar being the growth of the spot, and
wax sillied pleotifidly- by the African
ooknies.
" For many days there has been an im-
mense flight of white and yellow butterflies.
They never settle, and proceed in a direction
from the north-west to the sooth-east. Nei-
ther the fort nor any other building iibpedes
^hon: they steadily pursue their course;
which being to the ocean (at only a small dis-
tance), they must consequently perislr
of these.mseets is to be seen, notwUhstanding
the country generally abounds in ^ch a v?
rietv.** •
^ "" I was caught on the beach in the severest
fall of rain 1 ever witnessed. "VVhrle standing
^mder a shed to avoid its vielaice, I all fi
once observed the air full of a small flying in-
sect, which the people near me called Asiaa
ants.* This is tte moment they use Ibr mul-
tiplying their ^ecies, after which theydiop;
wien their transparent wings sticking to the
moist earth, they make a violent eflbrt and
leave them, llie insect then appears as a
sntall maggot, which immediately divides,
and each part seeking the porous earth soon
disappears : the larger ones always leave their
wmgs ; while some smaller, after separation,
regaui the air. On my arrival at the fort, I
heard they had there also swarmed in mvriads, '
as just observed.
" The large ant already noticed, is also in
a^ate of. chrysalis at- this season. It is far
increased in size during this change; and
after cohtmubg some time in tlie air, returns
Ti
J9 singular that at present no other kind
A nest which I passed of these insects was
opened, with some hundreds of the wmged
ones (which I imagine females) taking flight
from the nK>uth of it ; while myriads of young
ones continued unintemij^ed at work."
The natives, who are not always padfie,
are. formidably armed.
" The bows of these Indians are similar to
the English long bow ; about six feet^ix inches
in length; strong made, of a ponderous wx)od,
but oarticularly elastfc, and strung with the
dried sinews of an animal, or sometimes a
pr«)ared cotton cord. Their arrows are tliree
and four feet in length, well feathered, and
consist of one piece of light wood : the poiiifs
of the larger sort are simply the arrow ta-
pered, and afterwards notcliecl for about eiglVt
mches, to prevent its easy extraction; the
shorter have a broad scoop head, about four
inches long, and one broad in the center part
of it, tapering each way to its point, and
where it joins the stem ; this head is concaved
to a sharjp edee, and is a fatal weapon. They
harden both heads in the iire ; and though
the wliole arrow feels vei^ light, and appears
insiifHcieiit to pierce at any distance, yet it
kills at neariy as great a dbtance as an Eurd-
pean musket."
On the whole this is a volume which
may be read with amusement and advan-
tage. We have, however, to reprehend
Mr. Lindley for the dreadful indiscretion
with which he has published the names of
persons, who, in tlie confidence of friend-
ship, uttered their sentiments to him, and
showeJ h'im the secret treasure of their
libraries, little thijiki;ig that all was to be
• # Venni^es d*Asie,
VOYAGES AND TIlAVELS.
thus befnyed ! A fiuniluor of the inqaisf-
tkMi waald not have been a mote danger-
tuns, nor a more deadly companion for
them. No Englishman will ever be re*-
cdved with kindness or confidence by a
' Brasilian after the publication of this xna9t
imprudent book, and no English prisonrt'
there must ever again expect the slightest
relaxation of law, or the slightest allevia-
tion of imprisonment.
Abt. VII. — 4Mcon Memoranda : relative to an Attempt to establish a British Settle-'
meat on the Islandof Bulama, on the Western Coast qf Africa, in the Year 1792. With
u brief Notice qf the neigl^Hmring Tiibes, Soil, Productions, ^c. and some Obserra*
iions on the facility qf colomzing that Pai^t qf Afric^> ^i^h a View to Cultivation ;
mnd the Introduction qf Letters and Religion to iu Inhabitants : but more particularly
ms the means qf gradually abolishing African Slavery. By Captain Philip Bea^veb^
qf his Majesty^s Royal Navy, 4to. pp.500.
What shall I do to be for ever known^
And make the age to come my ovm}
IS the fine question which Cowley asked
<if himself, and answered, not triumph*
antly, by his poems. The projects of
Mr. Beaver's ambition were diSerent : he
once planned an excursion to the north
pole ; then a journey through the inte*
lior of Africa -, and thirdly, to coast the
vorld. He was at length induced by
circumstances to conduct an enterprize
lor the colonization of Bulama.
This volmne contains a narrative of all
the transactions relative to that under-
taking : it defines the chances of success
ind the causes of fidlure : it preserves the
hints and the warnings of experience, and
deserves to occasion a repetition of the
attempt Mr. Beaver's personal conduct
compels high admiration: he is one of
those natural heroes who wanted only
other followers to have founded, like
^neas, a permanent empire in a strange
and savage land : he ought again to be
folicited by his country to undertake a
commands of which the highest recom-
pense will be its eventual success.
The first chapter relates the proceed-
ings of the Bulama society in England.
The second chapter contains the adven-
tures of the colonists, firom their leaving
England to their arrival in the Bijuga
channel on the coast of Afirica.
The third chapter contains a summary
of the fortunes of those embarked in the
Calypso, which separated rather shabbily
from its companions at the outset, and
which denerted the expedition, on the first
pretext of difficulty, with ruinous retrac-
tation.
The fourth chapter details the proceed-
ings of the colony from their landing to
the retreat of the crew of the Calypso.
The fifth chapter preserves lieutenant
Beaver's journal on the island of Bulama.
By the progress of disease and desertion,
he is at length reduced to the oecoissity of
return : only one of the original colo-
nists remained with him to the last.
Here ends the historical portion of the
book. Six speculative chapters follow^
which treat of the advantages to be de^^
rived firom theexjperience collected during
this attempt— of^ the causes of failure
which are stated, convincingly, not to lie
in the difficulty or impracticability of the
enterprize— of the geographical charact^
of that part of the African coast betweea
the Gambia and Rio-Grrande-K)f the Bi-»
juga islands, and of Bulama especiallj^
their soil, productions, and capabilities— «
and lastly of the wisest plan for a futtire
colonization.
An appendix follows containing tho
public papers of the colony ; nautical re-*
marks 3 meteorologic journals; and other
particulars worthy of preservation, which
could not well be inwoven in the nar*
rative, are here separately chronicled.
The first difficulty opposed to this
effi)rt at colonization arose from the
antljacobinism of Mr. Secretary Dundas,
who laid an embargo on vessels which
had been purchased by voluntary sub-
scription, and were freighted with volun-
tary emigrants. The constitution of go-
vernment, forsooth, in which equal sub-^
scribers had equal rights of sufirage, and
chose a council for the management of
their affairs, had given ofi*ence. 'Thit
being cancelled, the ships were sufifered
to proceed: but whereas the colonists
originally tlunight themselves bound ta
obey the governors they had elected, they
now knew that there was no legal autho-^
rity over them ; thus the pedantry of Mr.
Dundas bestowed a practical anarchy on
the colonists, and prepared the critical re-
turn of the Calypso-party.
The colonists, it may be ni^ed^ shoiuld
have obtained a charter. There are tw0
plans of colonization equally practicable.
^he one is to go out with the connivance
of the di^ei^t European govematenta.
cjLPtinr •sATviL s a^lc^v mkvoivakda.
•Sf
p,^. u^ oegm on' a sysi
CBce, aud to preserve a strict neuti-ality
danng the wars of Europe. The other
is to gp out with the concurrence of a
^leclfic country^ and to solicit its aid :
where this is the intention, the form of
declaring allegiance and of pfomi.«iing pro-
ttcnoa, ought unquestionably to take
place ; in oSxer words, a charter ought to
be obtained. At the time of the Bulama
suhscription^ the friends of the blacks were
sufficiently numerous, both in France and
England, to have conjointly colonized a
vast tract of Africa for the purpose of cul-
tivating cotton by free labourers. The
democratic constitution of the colony was
adapted to the admission of people of all
kinds and countries: di^iiculty of any
kind would always have occasioned the
necessary deposit of authority with tlie
few leading mind A A colony from all
oatiGnSj a North- America in ^Vfrica, free^
iadependeni, at perpetual peace, and open
to the commerce of the world, might
veil hav^comprebended a larger portion
of white settlers, and have attained a
speedier civilization, than under the mo*
aopoly system of British intercourse.
Mr. Beaver's method of acquiring as-
cendancy over the negroes is thus recorded
in hj3 journal.
" Read prayers. Sent the Industry, with
Mr. Scott, to Bissao. Hierm. 88. Bennet
*' Employed as yimal till nine o*cIock, when
Beilchore, with two canoes, paid us another
Tisit JLeft ofl* work, and collected the gni-
metas witiiin the block-house, which Bell-
dure, and two attendants only, are pemiit-
ted to enter, at the gate of which they deliver
up (heir anus, and they are returned* to them
vfacQ they go out again. I'he rest of his
people, in numb^ twenty-eight, occupr the
^nuQct^s' huts. I am novr strong enough not
to care for tiiese people, tiiey can do notliiag
by open force, f had intended to have re-
proached Belichore for his treacherous con-
onct in having been here with a large armed
fox, with a view of attacking us ; to have
anored him that nothing that he had done
was unknown to me ; then to have dogged
lum, and turned ban unarmed ^m tlie
bland ; hut as we were now safe, and had no-
thing to fear from them hereafter, I thought
k more advisable, on reconsideralipn, to re-
ceive him in a friendly manner, and pretend
iSDOrance of what had passed.
'* In the evening, at the request of Bell-
chore, %e ftred several six-pound shot in va*"
lions directions, to the great admiration of
the Bjugas, particulaily one, which I had told
them, bdorc it was fired, should ccnne out of
Ihc water four or five thnes- It did so in iact
AsN. Kev. Vol. IV,
.^j-.^^y -rtx cvcianneci, clapping
"all white man witch;" tJiii,
simple as it appears to us, they could by no
means comprehend, and thought ttiat nothing
short pf witclicratt could possibly fwesee thdX,
a shot fired into the water, shouki come t^t of
if again four or five times. Another shot
they were told should go through a tree,
distant i suppose not more than two hundred
yards. It went through its centre, and they
were all astduishnient: but virjjat seemed to
stiipify them with wonder was the accideutai
circumstance of my sitting u]X)n one of tliesjp
six-pounders while' it was fired.
" It has ever been my custom, smce th^
departure of tlie Hankey, to lire a morning
and evening gun, that is, one at dawn 6i dav*,
and one at sunset. When the latter is fired
the dnuii is beat, the colonists retire to tiie
block-house, wluch Is tlien locked, and the
key put under my pillow, and no c^ie can,
after tliat time, go m or out without my per-
niission. We liad for some time left otf firing
to amuse the Bijugas, when, it being just sun-
set, I was sitting upon tlie gun tJiat was to be
fired, talking to Bellchore: as the boy ap-
proached with the match, Bellchore ran away,
for tliough they are highly delighted with the
noise of a caimon, they keep at a ve:y respect-
ful distance, vvliile it is fired ; and notwith-
standing they have so often seen my little boy,
not more than twelve years of affc, fire one, 1
suppose no consideration could Tnduce one <ȣ
these people to do so. As before observed,
I was accidentally sitting upon the gun when
the boy came to fire it : Bellchore mmiedi-
atdy ran away — I remained — the boy fired,
and 1 verily beliese they expected to see inc
dead.
"They had before a grckt idea of the
power which I possessed in common wilh all
white men, of performing miracles, or rather
of being a magician, ana they now believed
me invulnerable — a belief that I was at no
gains to undeceive them m. Themi. 86.
Bennet sick.
" As we did no work while Bellchore was
here, in the morning I amused him and hii
people, as well as myself, in shewing tlwan
many thmgs which riveted their faith in my
magic power, and which they at lagt believed
to be unlunitcdi
" I made them ffemark the north point of
my cu'cuniferenter, and then, desiring them
to turn it j-'averal times round, or put it in any
Other position, observe that they had not the
power of movme that point, because I luid
ordered it to reirfain where it was. The)' saiy
that it was so, and could not compreliend why
it wa3y unless by my power, hxed to tliat
point. The bubble in the spirit lev«l of my
thjcodolite, thev thou gl it alive; apd tlv^
distmctness with which they viewed dittanii
objecta, through a good telescope, ericreswed
their belief in my magic. But there -was on|^
tbhig yet to shew Aem, which would fufiy
convince them that nothhig v^as to me iro^
ix)ssible. It was near noon, and I was regu^
jating ri>y watch by the s wi* 1 ks yriXok Sad
D
-- u
VOVAGES AND TRAVELS, '
for some flnlff itrKcn-tTjrTww — u-_ij[^^ u;4,
they thought, as well as the spirit'levd, \vas
* alive: particularly after, (for at iir^t they
tvoiild not believe that the minute hand had
. motion, which is too slov; to be readily per-
ceived by the eye) I liad made one of them
'hold a pm, live miiuites before the minute
iiand, and then explained to him, that in a
^certain time that hand would r;o to the pin,
'and then pass it ; tor instance, wliilst another
*\vaikied to a certain tree and back again. Tliis
Hhey all perceived ; l)ut, wonderful as it was
to them, it ceased instantly, as well as every
thing else, to occupy any' of their attention,
'when I played off my last trick. M'ith my
quadrant r brought the'sun djwn upon tlie
top of the block-house, and then dt^slred Bell-
chore to look at it, which he did, and then,
"one after another, all his people ; when, plac-
ing one of his men beibre me, I told him that
I would put the sun up)n his head, llie poor
liijuga at first was frightened, and unwilling
to stand where I de-ired him ; but, on my
repeated assurances that no harm shcmld come
to him, he consented, and 1 shewed to his
iastonished countrymen the sun upon his head.
" In the cvenbig IJellchore htft me. He
had been much stnick with the strength and
magnitude of our build'mg, and will never,
hereafter, I am confident, attempt any thing
against us. Besides, what can he expect to
.atchieve against a man who can sit upon a
cannon^ " against which there is no gris-grls"
ivhile it is lired; and can put the sim upon
another man s head ? The Industry returned
this evening from Bissao with six new gru-
metas.*'
The result of Mr. Beaver^s interestins;
<ijxj)erience, which constitutes a suni of
knowledge wortli the expcnce at which it
has been purchased, is tlius very modestly
summed up.
" AVhat did we propose to ascertain?
' ^ First — ^M^hethcr we could cultivate the
tropltal productions un the Island of Bulama
ana tlie adjacent shores ?
*'■ Second — Whether we could do so by the
Dieans oifree natives f
'* I'hird — ^\Vhetlicr by cultivation and
commerce we mlAt tiot introduce afiion|
tnl 111 I'WltlZlUi'Vnf
** The first of these queries is prored ho-
yond a doubt, not only by what 1 cultivated
on the island ; but froin all tropical produc-
tions growing wild on it, or in its vicinity.
" Now then for the .second, which b by far
the most imiwrtant. It will appear by the
list of grumetas in the Appendix * that in
about one year I employee! on the island 196
of them. 1 hese grumetas ^vere not all of one
nation : neither were they only of- two ; but
they were of three, of four, of live, and even
of six,t and they were all free. Had it been
pnident, witJi my reduced force, to have em-
ployed more, I could easily at all times have
doubled or trebled their numbers. Iheso
gnnnetas cleared all the ground that was
cleared, they made the inclosurcs, and work-
ed hard and \\ilUngly, generally speaking, at
•whatever task was assigned to them. 1 have
no hesitation therefore in declaring that the
second also is proved : and the third v:ill nc-
ccssariti/follozv — ^for commerce will foll6w
cu LTiVvVTioK, and civilizatiok will re-
sult from them both.
" M'hcn the peculiar disadvantages eiiume*
rated in the former part of tJiis ciiaptcr, arc
added to those arising from the general cha-
racter of the settlers, and of some of the gru-
metas, as well as from the smallness of out
force for the last year, our having been able
to conmiand resjicct, and to accomplish what
we did, must remove from the m'md, I think,
,of all unbiassed persons, every doubt as to the
practii ability ot accomplishing all which we
nad proipised ourselves, had the exix^itioo
been planned with more wisdom, or executed
with more encTp;y. Aiid although we were
obliged to (jijit ttie Island at the, moment when
we had slielter and protection for more set-
tlers, anfl iields ready for the plough, yet I
tnist that our labour lias not been altogellier
fruitless, but that we have been pa&'ing the
way for some more fortunate enterprise. AjkI
though in this undertaking our mortality has
been great, nay dreadful indei^d, yet havo we
th(» satisfaction to say that no one ever fell by
the hand of an enemy ; J that we never had
any^quarrel with the natives ; and tliat the
English character which we found considered
by tiiem as sordid, base and cowardly, wc left
: *.No. 15..
1 1 rbgret much that 1 did not, when on the island, keep an account of the' nations to which
jny sevt?ral gri^metas b:^ionped, as, besifles beini; more satisfactory to the rc»a(lvr, it would have
enabled us to form sonie little notion of their national character. However, by far the greatest
numb'.T wer<.* Pfipels and Manjacks ; about a dozen of the whole number were Biafaras, a feW
BalantiH^s, four or/ive v?cre Naloos, but only tuo IMjugas. 1 had Biafara visitors fretjueiitly,
and with them sometiwws came Mandingos, but I nev^r had a Mandingo grunuta, though
tJiey have (retiuently come to the Island in that situation, in canoes belonging to Bissao. I
sonietimes also had yi-sits tVom lkilola,<i place alx)ut seventy mi'es.up the Kio Grande, but in
what nation t6 place its inhabitants I know not. 'I'hey ai'e I think a mixture of Biafaras,
Naloos, and Mandingov; at kast ])eople of each of tlio*;e nations reside at Bulola, and there
^s fr.ou nt intercourse by land between Kacundy on the Nunez, and Bulola on the Grande.
Moody Toorey was at t;iis time qiuynof Bulola ; ijjic oftin pri^iSL-dnie to come to her town,
hiit I ni'vcr was able to acc:;mpli.slnt.'
{ The reader \\M\ rcmeiiiber that vve had not arrived when tlic Calypso's people were at-
tacked by tlic natives.
CAPTAIK BEATS&*8 AVUCk'S, USMO&AKDA.'
35
sing on these powerfiii animals a simikr
opinion of stbe friendliness and compati-
bility of the white man? CameU, but not
yet, will be 'neouisite in these di^tric'f^.
Ants are trouOTesome tliere : the par-
tridge, which is a yoracioiis ant-eater,
might be "carried over. Swine are the
appropriate enemies of serpents.
The following hints for commencing
tlie settlement of Biilama^ deserve con*
spicuity.
" Supposing the colonization of the couutry
between the Gambia and Ihe Grande, as wiTl
as the uninhabited Bijuga isles, to be under-
taken by individuals sanctioned by govern-
ment, or else by gpvenimeut * itself, 1 should
recoiniiiend the repossessing ourselves of lu-
lama inmiediately ; and, upon the fertile ?oil
of tJiat beautiful hllle island 1 should cgpif
nience such a plan oi cultivation, which, \rith
common prudence and coiiimon success,
would, 1 doubt not, in less than twenty years
export to tlie parent cointry produce to the
value of more than a million'sterlint^ ; and, it
requires no great share of credulity to believe,,
might soon after take from (xi-eat Britain l«.r
manufactured goods to more than tliat a-
mount ; for which the colony wcnild make its
chief returns in raw materials, for Hritish in-
dustry' to work up ; and these would he. rc-
tumeii to it at an amazingly encreased price ;
which is, of all otliew, the most advantageous
conunerce that one country can carry on with
another.
" Me will therefore suppose the coloniza-
tion d' tiiese couiitries seriously intended ; and
that a certain number of persons are ajTived,
at the proper season of the year, that is to say,
jiut after the rains, on the island of Bulama ;
those persons will find an uniiJiabited and
fertile soil ; and gnunetas, or labourers, may
be readily procured in. the neighbourhood.
Six months dry weather may be certainly
reckoned upon,' if they arrive at tlie proper
time; in which they may clear theii- grounds
for cultivation ; and cotton, as the leiVst diffi-
cult and least ex[)ensive, and making the !)est
return, all things considered, I should recom-
mend to be iirst cultivated. Durmg the dry
season the colonists would also erect th(fr
houses and n\ake a public road &c. ; while
the governor should be making purchases of
land on the continent and among the Pijuga
islands for future settlers ; and in doing this
he would meet with no great dillicultv, as all
the ^ound uncultivated by thi m is of no use,
any further than as affording tbeni the n.t ans
of tlie chace. And indeed they are ever
anxious to have white peoj)le settlt*d in their
neighbourhood, as whr.n that is the case tliey
always expect a constant supply of European
* It would be better undertaken by government, on whose account all the land should b*
pirrbased, whidi 1 think mi^ht be done for less.than 5000 pounds ; and giants of certain por-
tions of it ^onld be made* to mdividuals at IDs. an acre. Now suppo^^ing the above tenito^y
to ctmtaiu only 18,000,000 of acres^ the whol^ when granted away, woukl produce to govern-
BMit 9,000 fiOOl sterling.
J)2 •
Uoved, respected, and admired ; yet its eiv-
jaiAy^ji3 :cared as nmch as its friendship was
courted. And although we have not been ^
hitherto able to reap the fruit of our labour, I '
hope that the day is not far distant,. when .
fonie enlarged and' liberal plan will be adopt-
ed to cultivate the western coast of Africa,
without interfering with the freedom of its
natives. Such a plan, pursucxl with a wise .
policy, is the surest way of introducing civili-
atioD, andat the same time of abolishing*
sliven- ; and if the preceding account shall
in the'sniallesl degree lead to such a measure,
I shall be amply repaid for all the time and
trouble I have expended, and all the diillcul-
tie» 1 have encountered.**
Vtlni remains for national considera-
t'on is the expediency of reviving a dis-
positioo to form settlements in Afripa.
This is the only quarter of the world in
•which British language and British com-
merce have struck no root ; to whicb the
advantage of our laws> tlie benefit of our
protection, the civilizing influence of our .
manners, our iutercourse, and our litera-
ture, have not been extended. It is tlie
bed of a soil, which we have not attempted
to cultivate ; the atmosphere of-a climate,
which we have not endeavoured to pu-
rify ; the home of a barbarism, which we
have not sought to dissipate -, the seat of
a slaver)', which we have not taken steps
to abolish. Let us try. The solid pyra-
mids of African antiquity attest the possi-
bility of labour in vain : let the htf)llow
warehouses of modem industry demon-
itrate the possibility of labour to advan-
tage. The first roads will only be acces-
tihk to the keel } but die next to the
camel and the elephant : to fleets will
lucceed caravans 3 to a coasting- trade^ in-
ternal traffic.
The elephant and the hippopotamos
of this part of Africa, have hitherto
been hunted down, as the foes of
mzn, for the puny recompense of their
ivory teeth. From Mr. Beaver's testi-
mony, and from that of odier zoolo-
gists, it is probable that their alliance
would be more profitable than dieir en-
mity. Both appear domesticable. The
elephant can carry burdens ; the hippo-
potamos can tow boats. Great care is
uLvely recommended to impress on the
black man an opinion of the justice and
bamanity of Europeans : ought not ana-
logous precautions to be taken for impres-
f»
TOVAGES AND TRAVEL!
C00&. - Til the fttctfi ikne, iHiile tbe cotton
£ ^gowing, sbinc small rci»m6 might be made
to the mother coitiitry ia the natiVe produce
enumerated ia page 3S1.
'* Having, in tin: fir^t year, made t\vo egta-
^1t:>hments on the island of Bulama, one at
the east, and the other at the west end of it ;
the former of which i3 to be coa^ddtTed the
capital of the colony ; I should tHe next year
lorm ooe on the Biafara shore opposite to it; ,
tnd another just to the westward of tliat
branch of the Grande which runs up to Ghi-
jiala. These would be both on land already
purchased of the natives ; but, if the govern-
ment at fiulama has been at all active, other
territcN'ies will have been purchased in the
^rst year ; in which case I should form a third
^Titablishment at Bulola,* and a fourth in the
isle of Galenas ; so that at the beginning of
the di7 season of tlie second year, wo s^liould
have six distinct establishments on this part of
the coast. At the begiiming of the third year,
diree, four, &ye or six other estabiishiu'jnts
might be foniicd on sonic of tiie Bijuga
islands, or on some of those: clo^e to the con-
tinent, or, on the continent itself, north of the
Hio Grande; and I should now consider the
colony as sufticiently strong and permanent
to require no further assistance from govern-
ment.
'< In the above outline, I have confined
myself to the soutbecn shore, but I think it
would be as weii, nay better, to begin the first
year at both ends. In which case I should
rocommend the taking posscisioa of Jamed's
island in the Gambia, and constructing on it
a considerable foit; and the second year an
cstablisbmcnt should ix: made on the Pasqua
river*
•* in establishing this cc^ony there are cer-
tain points which must not be swerved from ;
whenever they are, the^ony, if not ruined,
will be retarded ; tii:*3e arc :
" First, that no Lmd b^: ever taken from
tlie natives by force ; and that we do not ever
make a settlement witiuHit their consent. Wc
should even re-purchase the land alrrady
bought rather than our right to it be disputea
** The second is, that no [lerson can b j em-
ployed as a slave ia any of our settlements,
nor on board any sliip or ves^ belonging to
the colonuit?. At the same time tliat the em-
ployment of slaves is prohibited to the Kuix>-
pi*un colonists, these must also be forbidden
to interfere in the smaller degree Miiatever,
with the cmjjlojinent of tljem by the native
kings or chiefs, in their ouu towns or territo-
rit^. Nothing must bfj.done againsl their
independence. Tlie abolition of that ext^
crablc trade must be left to the gradual, but
sure, operation of reason, and exampts*
Should we endeavour to prevent the native
chiefs from selling slaves; so sudden, and so
violent a check to one of their immeiftoriai
customs; the reason, the policy, or the justice
of which it is impossible for them at 4irst io
comprehend, would ill dispose them toward*
us ; and make them either treachtfous friends
or open enemies to the success of our imd^a*-
takiiig ; at the same time that not one sjave
less would be annually sold, notwithstanding
our ill-advised and absurd attempts to prevent
it ; and by sudi means the slave trade never
will be abolished. Whereas if these people
are left to th«nselves, and to the operation of
reason and example, without the smallesi
shock to any of their customs or prejudices^
I question very much if a slave will ever be
seen in any native tu\ni of the colony at the
expiration of tifteen or twenty years. But if a
misguided zeal for the aboiilion of slavery be"
manifested, it will tend to prolong its contim^
aiice, and the colony never can, and never
will nourish. I'he absurdity of very well
meaning persons, in thinking that they can
overcome vices, customs, or pnjjudices, im-
memorially rooted in an unenli^htejied people,
by shocking, instead of gradually enlightening
. their understandings, has done a great deal of
mischief already, lb begb by telling a native
diief, the instant you have got into his coun-
try, that of his six wives he must put awav five,
because it is a great sin, and foroidden bv the
laws of God, to have more than one, will cer-
tainly astonish the chief, but will not induce
him to part fi-om his wive^. As to the word
sin, it is im})ossiblc that it can convey any idea
to him ; it is not within tlie limits of possibi-
lity ioT liini to comprehend the idea wiiich it
is meant to couvey ; and of tlie laws of God
he will have as little knowledge. But he will
know that it is the custom, and ever has been,
in his country, for evvry man to keep as many
wives as he can alibrd; and that he is re-
sjjectcd in projwrtion to tlie number of them
wfiich he mamlains. Now to insist U|>oi\ his
partinj^ fix)m llie cause of his res|>ect, without
assigning any comprehensible reason for his
8o doing, betrays a more barbarous mind than
the one intended to be enlightened. If, after
this, the siune ix^rson goes on, and tells the
chii'f, that druiikcmiess is also a sin, and that
he must give up drinking spirits ; in short,
tlial he v^ill not sell him any, nor suiicr any to
be sold to him for the future ; the ciiief, who
iias been accustomed to drink spirits, and to
see every one cbe do the same, when it was
• to be imKived, w^ill bt^gin to tliink this luini-
peaij a liaie unreasonable ; and will not be de-
sirous of having hbu for a nelghboiu'. But if
• Although Buloia is without Ihc boundary line of the territor)' proposed to be colonized,
.llring on the Naloo pcuinsuhi on the south side of the Grande, vet, from the character of i\A
inhabitants, and tlicT desire to have us cstab'iilitfd among them," I sliould then; form a settle-
ment, probably it might be thought wise to < xteud tlie southern boundary of the colony and
ciirry it to tlie Rio Nunc^ which is navigable iar ships of 300 tons burthen, though with two
j#r three bars, up to Kacuiid]^^ about sevcDiy miles from its mouthy between wliicu place and
#nlo)a on the G rande, tliesa is frc<iuem coinii4yiu;atioa^
•APTAIK BBAVEB*S AFKICAK MSMO&AMOA.
97
tbp Curdpean goes on, and tells him that he
must change his religion and bcx:ome a
Christian^ or else when he dies that he will be
misled like a yam, always in torment but
ncrer tboroughly done ; this chief will pro-
bably inquire what he means by being a
Christian, that he may avoid this roasting.
When his European instructor goes on from
one dogma to amither, all alike uninteliisrible
m the present intellectual state of tlie chief,
till he unishes witii the doctrine of the Trinity,
the b»»lief in which, he tells this chief, is essen-
tol to uis salvation : the latter, who tlunight
hun unreasonable at hrst, now thinks hhii *
outragoou&ly so ; and that he is either a mad
man, a fool, or an impostor ; and to get rid
of people profi*ssing such doctroies, will be
his cuttbtant endeavour. Absurd as such con-
duct must appear, I have seen conduct to-
wanK a native chief yet more so ; and much
mifchiof has already been done by the fana-
tical zeal of some misguided people. I could
giTe instances, but they are so incredibly ex-
travagant, that they would scarcely lind ci edit
among sober ni'mded people. If conduct like
this be pursut-d in the intended colony, it will
never succeed, and the condition of the natives
will never be improved.
" It these Europeans who settle there are
of mdu^rious habits, and conhne themselves
to one whe, whose offspring they bring up
with care and alTection, the very habit even
of imitation, (more particularly as it would \ye
an imitation of people acknowledged their
superiors in every thing) will in time, and that
not very distant,' introduce the same custom
ankong the native chiefs, and from them it will
di^oend to all others ; and thus what the fu-
rious zeal of a bigot would have endeavoured
to briiig about in a day, a week, a month, or
iycar, at the expence'of rudely attacking all
their prejudices, but which he would never
luve accomplished, niiirht gently and gradu-
ally be etfected, and made to appear thciit
own work, without our having in any imstance
wounded any of their feelings.
" As tp dn:ikinff ; if Europeans set them
the exaifiple of sobriety, if they will not em-
ploy a drunkard, and always considi^r a man
who has been seen in that state, as having dis-
honoured, and debased himsc^lf, they will soon
confine thai vice to a few of the fovrest and
DMst thoughtless of the people; who,, by tJie
b)-e, if ibcy hare the propensity, will not have
|he means of gratifying it.
*' As to religion ; there is nmch more dan-
g*?r of doing evil, than probability of doing
pad, by an excessive zeal for its inlroducfion.
In this, as in other p jints, exampU^ is mtrch ;
It we are constant in our attendance at divine
worship, and conduct oursrives there with de-
ronmi and reverence, this wtU have more
ctfect on tiic miads of the Africanf, towank
converting them to Christislmty, than any
thing that could be said by any fanatical
«ealot; and if we leave its operatkm to th«
diow workings of time, we shall certainly at*
tain our object; which the fpUy of an enthu-
siast might only place faither from us.
" So of slavery. Interfere not with the
natives bu}'ing or selling slaves ;' but let up
European employ one. His gmmctas, who
', till the ground for hire, must be reasonably
paid, well fed, comfortably lodged, and have
a little piece of ground to raise vegetables,
and to keep poultiy. 'i hese grumetas, unless
they have a very unreasonabke master, uili
be generally contented and happy; and if
they have a good master they will never quit
hun ; and generally speaking would risk their
lives on his account. It would be seen in a
very short time that these grumetas would
annually produce more profit to theif master,
than if they lutd been ait sold for slaves ; nay,
than if they could be all sold evxry tear,
whereas they can be sold but once,
" One great motive of the Africans in mak-
ing slaves, indeed I may say tlie only one, if
to piocure European goods ; slaves ate the
money, the great circulutii^ medium, with
which African commerce is carried on ; they
have no other If therefore we could substi-
tute another, and at the same time that other
be more certain and more abundant, the great
object in trading in slaves will be done away.
This may be done by tlie produce of tie
earth. Let the native chiefs be once convinced
that the labour of a free native ill cultivating
tlie earth, may produce him more European
goods in one year, than he could have pur*
chasc*d if he had sold him for a slave, and he
will no longer seek to make slaves to procure
European commodities, but will cultivate the
.earth tor that purpose ; and he would be a
gainer, even if the labour of one man should
procure, annually, goods only to the amount
of one half, or one fourth, of the value of a
slave; because these he will have every ycar^
the former he could have only orcc.**
By consulting captain Beaver's excel-
lent niap> an instantaneous idea may bd
formed of the magnificence of thi9 under-
taking.
Mr. Malthus*s book must have con-
vinced the British public that population
is always and every where progressive
witli the means of maintenance, and with
them alon^ ; tliat nations, which cannot
provide a drain for theic superfluous ado-
lescence, must rebarbarixe, and allow the
brutal qualities of sUrength and courage to
snatch the goods of life from the feebler
hands of the industrious, the luxurious and
(be refined ^ that colonies, fiu from being
• If 1 may be thought to have spoken too lightlv on tubjects so serious, my apology will
fce fcu«d in the contempt and UKhgnalwn 1 feel at the ill-directed etTorts of those misguided
and ftetf-appointed missionaries. The langoj^e i use is suoh as iiwist naturally suggest itself
to thtir ignf>rant ctUechisU. And tlie great trutliS of Christianity will be more exposed to r^^
4kMk than vcncnAiQn, by tbe cxeccisc of tUk " zeal without knowledge." Romaus \. ?.
38
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
exhaustive of national force, or burden-
some to public revenue, promote a whole-
some emigration, and facilitate at homo*
early marriages, manufactural demand,
and domestic thrift ; that with our power
t-Key extend our fume and influence, dif-
fusing our exemplary arts of life, our muU
tif^uious occupations of profit, our tradir
tionul and recorded experience, enlarging
the areii of existence, and distributing the
blessings of civilization.
The ancient world enrolled among its
favourite worthies the founders of states j
to their honor monumental cities- arise j
their ashes fertilize provinces,
Mr, Beaver wisely proposes to the go-
vernment to buy these districts for its own
account, and to grant the lands to indivi-
duals at a low quit-rent, increasable at de-
iinite periods. This is the best form of
colonial taxation, and less likely to pro-
duce by its augmentation a dangerous dis-
content; than those monopoly-laws and
n;ivigation-ncts, which check a direct inr
terrourse with foreigners.
A time of war i© the fittest for found-
ing a new colony : few emigrant are
wanted in tlie origin, and those not so
much of the fighting as of the industrious
class : the primary difficulties are thus
overcome against the period when the re-
dundant population of peace is ready to
ppur forth its shoals of reciiiits. A treaty
recognizes possession j whereas, during
peace, wars arc sometimes incurred by
the attempt at new acquisition. We exr
hoit the minister to put immediately at
Mr. Beaver's disposal the means of enter-
prize : \w« doubt not his success : the risk
and cost is small ; the plobabic gain vast
and lasting.
Out of deference for the practical vir-r
tues of the writer, let us not overlook the
literary imperfections of his book. It \\
too thick : it abounds with repetitions :
facts included in tlie narrative reappear in
the journal : reflections incorporated with
the history are brought out again in the
speculative chapters. A more scholastic
knowledge of natural history and botany
would have rendered' tlie .same circum-
stances more conducive to the advance-
ment of science, and also of the arts of
life. Gardening and agriculture may be
learnt by specific experience; but tlie
mamier in which they are practised being
a result of the experience of ages, it is
cheaper to follow tradition than to arrive
at the same rule by fresh experiments. Yet
in fitting out this colony no provision had
been made to hire Creole labourers in the
West Indies, who might set agoing, in the
established manner, the various processes of
tropical agriculture. We recommend to
the author some increase of library, and
some extension of his literary acquisitions.
Art. VIII. A Description of the Island of St. Helena ; containinrr Observations on ita
sinfrular Slruciure md' Information ; and an Account of its Climate j. Natural History ,.
and inhabitants. 12mo. pp. 239-
A solitary, wild, and rocky island, rising
in the midst of a vast ocean, which sepa-
ntes it from tliose continents on which its
inhabitants must depend for the prime ne-
cessaries of life, was not likely to have
enticed many settlers from more opulent,
fertile and independent regions; and al-
though tlie situation of St.. Helena, in the
honiCward track of our Indian ships, in-
vites them to anchor in its harbour, few
of the numerous visitors who touch at the
island enjoy opportunity and inclination to
examine with atte-ition, and at leisure, ita
5bil, structure, c^.nate, and productions.
Nor ha«? St. Helena, like the rock of Mal-
ta and Gibraltar, had the good-^or evil
fortune" to emblazon tlie page of history
witli hi^h deeds of vrar or feats of chi-
valry. It luK5 thus happened, that tlie
descriptions which hive been given of it
«re 'nioas;fc, and rather general than ii>
detail. ^Ir. Forster's is ^ exception.
If, however, this insulated rock allures
pot the historian by records of painful
^ud protracted sieges it has sustained, or of
hard-fought battles it hrs won, it interests
the naturalist by the Curious geological phe-
nomena presented for his examination,
and is dear to the philanthropist as being
the scene of a prosperous experiment,
"which in its issue, has utterly disproveti
the hardy and unfeeling assertion that^he
labour of the negro mu*t be enforced by
the lash, and can only -be secured in tli&
mute and sullen obedience of slavery.
Sir George Staunton, who stopped tliera
in his return fr«n China, mentions this
fact, to the honor of the East India pom-
jfany, in his account of loid Macartney's
embassy (vol. 2, p.60()). St. Helena is
chieiiy cultixatcd by blncks, vho \ver<i^
brought thither as slaves by the first Eu-
ropean settlers, the Fortugneze. They
continued under the unlimited dominior^
of ibcirowners> 'till, in consequence of _^
representation made to the- English Kasf-
India company," many regulation ;>werQ
enacted in their favour,, and they wero
placed under the immediate protection Cf£
the magistracy, Beiore these regulati^j^
A OESCtJPTIOir OP THt IStAXD OP ST. It ELENA.
td
vwe Adopted there was an annnal average
hss of ten slaves in the hundred, and
MnoB that time the race has conbiderably
enoeased in consequence of the comfort
and security they enjoy.
Besides the blacks in a st^te of slaver}',
there are some who are free : the labour
«f these latter diminishing tlie value of
the former, the free blacks became ob-
noxious to the slave-holders, who had in-
fiuence in a grand jury to represent them
as witliout visible means of gaining a live-
lihood, and consequently liable to become
burdensome to the community. On ex-
amination, however, it appeared, that
«// the free blacks of sufficient age to
work were actually employed, that not
ent of them had been tried for a crime of
•everal years, nor had any of them been
upon the parish. The English East India
company has accordingly placed them
nearly on a footing witli the other free
inhabitants j and the importation of slaves
•into (he island is prohibited,
St, Helena derives its name from the
circumstance of its having been disco-
rered on St. Helen's day by the Portu-
gueze, in 150S : tlie English obtained
possession of it in l6(50, and in 16/3 the
Dxxuii look it by surprize. It was retaken,
howc\ er, tlje following year, in a very gal-
lant manner, by captain Munden, who
also captured three Dutch Indiamen,
which were in the roads, and the island
has from that period remained in the
hands of the English East India company.
It marks the natural sterility of the
island, that, on its- discovery, it was des-
titute of human inliabitants, tliat it was
withoat quadrupeds, and almost without
birds J ' tor excepting some species of sea
fowls, which still hover about its coast,
and the man-of-war and tropic birds,
which annually resort thither to build
their nests in the cliffs, no otlier kinds
iccra to liave found tlieir way through tlie
vast solitude of the ocean to this remote
isle, which was only covered in a few
places with some indigenous shrubs and
plints, and these neither numerous in tlieir
kinds nor very abundant.*
The whole structure and composition
of St. Helena indicate volcanic agency ;
and whether or not we accede to the
theory of its origin and formation, deduc-
ed from n carefril examination of its njate*-
rials and the arrangements of tliem by the
author of this little tract, it will be im-
possible to A^'ithhold from him the praise
doe to his scientific re<»earch and ingenuity.
llie iottiest range of hills in St, Helena
rues iu gceutral Uuefrom the 90vitU»w?it lo
thenorth-east,forminganelevationfromtwo
thmisand to three thousand feet above the
level of the ocean. Throughout the island
their declivities present a stratified appear-
ance, showing at different heights a great
variety of tint and colour. The layers
consist of basaltic rock, placed alternately .
with deep beds of volcanic matter, and
layers of da) s ; they have moreover en
uniform tendency, even where the masses
of rock are most wild and irregular, to
assume the columnar form ; consisting of
perpendicular portions of rock, separated
from each other by vertical fissures, and
generally also intersected by horizontal
ones. Towards the summits tliese columns
arc sometimes oblique, and not unfre-
quejilly curved : the central parts of the
rock are compact and of an uniform tex-
ture, but at die extremities, that is to say
where it terminates, eitlier in the bed of
volcanic matter or of clay, it is commonly
scorified, flaky, and honey-combed ; the
scorified parts oftentimes presenting the
appearance of recent ignition, being quit©
black and scorched. Tliis cellular appear-
ance, tliough generally confined to the
sunmiits and bases of ilie rock, is some-
times found in the center of it : in a quar-
ry, situated in tjie interior of the island ;
the stone, when broken, exhibits large ca-
vities, containing a line and wholesome
water.
Tiie intermediate layers of clay and of
volcanic matter, which, like the strata of
rock, vary in depth sometimes abniptly,
sometimes with insensible gradation, cor-
respond in several re^^pects with the ap-r
pearanoes of tire basaltic columns : they
occasionally present the columnar form,
are found to consist of concentric lamellae,
whose interior surfaces are tinged with a
variety of rich colour?, and are oftentimes
found regularly fissured, separating into
uniform and angular portions.
A remarkable diilerence is observayo
between tlie exterior aud interior of the
island -, in the hills that border on th^ sea
tiie clays only appear in thin layers, inter-
posed at different heights between the
beds of basalt j the interior hills, which ag
has been already observed, are much
loftier, are composed principally of clay,
interspersed with some beds of the samo
basaltic rock and die same volcanic pro-
ducts as near the shore.
Among diese argillaceous hills more
particularly, it is to be observed, that be-r
sides the horizontal strata of which the
hills chiefly consist, thev are all penetrat-
ed by huge i:K?rpendicular sUata of loose
wid orgken rock, red, grey, or blue, re»
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS-
gfllarly fissured, the fnfgmefits in many
places being quite separate and distinct.
The fissures in the vertical strata are often
in the direction of the stratum itself> and
in some places separate the whole mass
int6 perpendicular columns, ivhich arc
again transversely subdivided by horizon-
tal fissures. As in the lapse of time the
softer parts h^e crumbled and fallen away,
some of these vertical strata rise to a great
height above the summits of the hills, ex»
hibiting, together with some insulated
masses of l^oken and precipitous rock, a
most wild and dismal pictyre; No sand
is found on the coast, except at one place,
which, on that account, is called Sandy
Bay ; nor did our author meet with any
granite ; but the whole surface of the
island is overspread with a vast quantity
of loose fragments, consisting of splinters
of the blue basaltic rock, intermixed with
light, spongy, porous, and honey-combed
stones, very various in their colour and
specific gravity. From all these appear-
ances he conjectures — in opposition to
Mr. Forster's opinion, that St. Helena as an
island or fragment of some ancient conti-
nent, existed above water before it became
the scat of a volcano — ^that the whole is a
volcanized mass, raised by successive
eruptions from the bed of the sea. Not
that St. Helemt ^as raised above the
waters of the Ethiopic, by the resistless
violence of one vast explosion 5 such a
supposition is incompatible with tlie regu-
larity of its appearance : we might, says
our author, as easily believe, that an earth-
quake could raise a city without throwing
down its buildings, as to imagine that the
hills of St. Helena could have been sud-
denly raised three thousand feet, without
disturbing the position of the broken,
loose, and hailing rocks, of whk:h they
consist.
" It seems not likely, that the perpcndica-
lar and oblique strata of broken and fissur-
ed rock, wliich pass through the volcanic
beds, could have existed before tlie formation
of tiie hills, which support and keep them to-
gether in their present position ; and it is im-
po^sibic to conceive, thai the parallel horizon-
tal layers, and those th;it cross them, were the
ertect of (>i)erations, co-existent and simulta-
neous. >\'hence it will follow, that the deva-
lion of the perpendicular strata, and of tlie
numerous oblique ridges of stone which inter-
sect t'^e liills, must have taken place at some
period subsciment to the elevation of the island
iV,elf.
" From all tliis, the mo«?t probable conclu-
sion S'ems k) be, that the various matters,
composln:^ tin? parallel lay-rs of the hills, have
b*» n siicce-sivi'ly aceuinulated by volcanic
criipii'jus ; thai tiiese matters, on cooling and
utodmiiig,' not eidy became nssuried tfn
cracked in the manner we tind them, but thal;^
in many places, the hills tiiemselves were af-
fected with larger rents and chasms, from the
same causes : that all these rents and chasms,
as well as the crater?, were afterwards filled up
with explosions of liquefied matter from be-
low: that this liquefied matter, which, upon
coolmg and contracting, would also naturally
become fissured and broken, as we see it, hak
formed all the perpendicular strata of rock,
SMid the oblique ridges tliat cross the hUls.
This opinion seems conformable to every ap-
pearance which we meet wnth in the island ;
For all the beds and layers, which compose the
main bulk of the hills, are unquestionably
volcanic ; and in niany places disposed, as we
should expect, by matter issuing from the
nibath of a volcano ; and on the spot where
we should naturally kx>k for a crater, we somo«
times find an angular or conical mass of stom^
or a huge vertical stratum, dividing the hill
into two equal segments. As the clays and
coloured earths would be more subject to rents
and fissures than the stoney matter, we ac^
cordingly observe, that the argillaceous hills,
more than any other part, are penetrated b^
vertical strata of rock, and intersected through^
out all the declivities with numerous oblique!
ridges of cracked and shivered stone. From
the loose texture of all these vertical strata and
oblique ridges, and of the insulated and p<fr-»
penoicular masses of stone, it sei*ms evident,
as has been previoiusly obser\'ed, that they
must have acquired all their cracks and fis-
sures, while in their present situation ; as they
could not possibly be displaced, without a total
disruption of their component parts : that corn
sequently, they mnst have been elevated, while
in a soil and liquefied state from the elfccts ai
heat ; and that afterwards, upon coolmg and
contracting, they became split and fissured ift
tiie manner in wliich we finq them."
.From whatever convtilsion of natur*
St. Helena may have been formed, no apf
pearance of any active volcano is now to
be seen; no shocks of earthquakes are
felt here, nor are any sulphureous, bitu-
minous, or infbmmable matters discover^
ed 5 whatever fires may have once exist*
ed, have for ages been extinct. The cli^
mate is salubrious, and the temperature;,
for an island witliiu the torrid zone, is mo-
derate, the medium heat being about Qg,
and the range of the thermometer, for tho
period of a year, from about 52 to 84. It
has nd wind but the trade wind ; is never
visited by hurricanes, and one may reside
on it for several years without obsen in^
tlie phenomena of thunder and lightnin.;.
Tlie hills and valleys, as they approach th^
coast, are alike sterile, while the 'loftier
summits of the central ridge arc coverei}
with tJie most luxuriant vegetation ; thus,
apparently is inverted the ordinary course
'^•hich nature is obseryed to pur*«ic» 'rh#
A vEscKtttiott oY rtiR iti^knti <sf sir. rblena.
4%
SrA, Mdwevct n» thsit ii Isrgc ptoportioli of
tie little rain which iaib tipon the isfamd
desooxb on the interior mottntaihs ; which
finMi die superior loftiness of then: sum-
oiits, are coajectared to intercept in their
coarae the lighter yapours of the trade-
vind, which accamnme till they acquire
a sufficient density to be precipitated in
the form of rain.
The author of this little tract has en-
deavoned to explain and illustrate some
ef the pecoliarities of. climate in St He-
lena, by comparing them with those which
exist on the peninsula of India. From
its loftiness oikI lonely situation, exposed
to all the exhalations of a mirrotinding
ocean, in a warm climate it might have
been supposed that St. Helena woald rather
haresTiilered from a superabundance th^
a deficiency of rain. The causes assigned
for the severe and excessive drought which
sometimes aifiicts this island, and for the
leiiend deficiency of moisture which pfe-
\^Ii there, are — 1. The great uniformity
of the temperature and the constancy
ef the trade wind. In the Carnatic several
n-iBths pass without a shower j ' during
this period the weather is serene and the
winds steady and uniform ; and so small
is the difference between tlie temperature
of the night and day, that there are no per-
ceptible dews, for the atmosphere in such
a state docs not part with its latent rnois*
ture/ Yet in this situation extraordinary
degrees of heat and closeness are invaria-
bly followed by storms and showers, as
alno are tlie concossion of opposite and
the intermission of periodical winds.
" While S^ature thus relieves the extraor-
diaan- heats of India, by the gathering and
dispersion of heavy stonns, she mitigates and
counteracts the siiltrine^w, incident to some
^rtimlar ^awni», by the effects of frequent
«bowcr«. It is surprizing how regular this
OMiRc of things is, at some periods, especially
in the ckpe montiis of April and Septembir,
vhi-Ji it is not unusual for rains to occur every
afteraoou, if the heat and suUr'mess of the day
ha^T bsen considerable. Yet rains, at this
season, never take place in a morning, and
▼cry rarely at night. The aftiTnoon showers
lecm to be the otVcct of each day's heat, and
proceed from clouds, vrhich collect and di*-
that^Q than^lvcs witliin tlie visible horizon.
For a considcmiblc time after sun-rise, no
clouds are to be seen ; but in the heat and
doscw^s of the for<!naon, sm.nll specks are
ob-^;r% «»d to gather all round the lower sky,
Jiid not ia the direction of any narticuiar
wind. Thesi* increase in size with tne iiici'ea-
•ing heat of the day, and coalescing, form a
continued belt or zone all round the horizon,
'iTiis, ia the afternoon or evetiiiig, blackens in
diderczii parls^ and fi^h in rain^ b'omet^tne^
the whole produces rain; though thas, ing»»
neral, is confined to particular quarters, front
some one of which the lightning breaks forth,
and the wind shortly after Ukiojj its direction
from the same point, blows delightfiilly cool
and refreshmg. After sun-set, these cloudt
subside befieath the horizon ; and tfie night is
bright and starry. This succession of appear-
ances frequently lasts for several weeks to-
^c^her, dunng whk:h the monunss are ahvaya
Kiir, the afternoons cloudy, the evening
showery, and the nights clear."
Thus it is in St. Helena : the rain usuallj
falls at the hottest or coolest time of thib
year, that is to say, when the temperature
varies the niost considerably from th©
surrounding sea ; tlie greater coolness of
the trade wind in the one case evolving
the latent moisture from tlie h^ted at«
mosphere ; and in the other, the greater
coldness of the summits of the hills con*
densing the exlial^tions borne to them bj
the trade wind.
A second cause assigned for the inmio*
derate dryness of St Helena, is the want
of land and sea breezes, and of regular pe-
riodical winds blowing from opposite quar*
ters. The change, or breaking up, as it
is called, of the monsoons, which prevails
in most tropical regions, is generally ao
companied with rain : the equilibrium be-
tween the temperature of the ocean and
the land is destroyed. * The destructlcnt
of this equilibrium is also ^produced by
the diurnal alternation of the sea and land
breezes: the wind from the sea blowing
cool in the evening on the exhalations and
vapours of the land, condenses and con-
verts tliem into rain ; and the land breeze,
when it blows chill towards the morning,
in .like manner produces showers on the
surface of the ocean.
A third cause is the small, size of the
island, and its distance from other lands;
and the fourth, the nakedness of its sur-
face, which had it been well-wooded,
might, from its eleration, have arrested
many passing clouds which now fly over
it, and have converted them into rain.
These causes require no illustration.
That the island of St. Helena may be
converted from its present dreariness and
desolation there is good reason to believe,
from the auspicious growth of some vege-
table productions which are indigenous
both in hotter and in colder regions.
From want of care and want of foresight,
it has happened, that in many parts of the
island where wood was formerly cut by
the inhabitants for fuel, no vestige of ve-
getation is now seen. St. Helena abounds
with excellent water, and in its liarbour
8hi|)s ma^ 4wi^ys rid^ ia safety : iu cU-
<2
VOYAGES And travels.
mate too is of such singular salubrity, that ,
the sickly crews of ships which touch there
▼cry shortly recover, and of the invalids
who are discharged from tlie different re-
giments of India, and sent home as in-
curable and unfit for service, many, du- '
ring their stay among the health-breathing
bills of this island, recover so fast as to
enlist again and enjoy a renovated consti-
tution. The atmosphere is unruffled and
aerene, and free from noxious vapours :
xoalignant and contagious fevers are un-
Kix>wn, nor has tlie small-pox ever found
its way to St, Helena.
As tlie island, therefore, is in every re-
spect of infinite importance to the inte-
rests of the East India company, it is to
he hoped they may attend to the sugges-
tions thrown out for its improvement in
, this valuable, unassuming little volume.
In what degree, duriug a lapse of years,
the aridity of the atmosphere might be
corrected by spreading vegetation over
mountains now desolate and barren, can
<xi]y be ascertained by the success of the
experhnent itself. A society was estab-
£shed in St. Helena some years ago, which
liad {(X its object the cultivation of va-
tw\3s exotics in different parts of the
island : had the resources of'this laudable
lociety been equal to the promotion of its
•views, there is every reason to infer, from
the actual success which crowned their
labours, that the consequences would have
been most beneficial. As it is, however,
the general improvement of the island is
ceglectcd: the want of inclosures leaves
j-oung i^ants unprotected against the in-
juries of goats, which nibble off the shoots,
and a scarcity of fuel induces the inhabi-
tants to employ for present necessities
those stores which ought to be preseiTed
for the future.
Of indigenous shrubs and trees there
^re not above nine or ten different species :
among these are the fern, whicli grows to
twenty or twenty-five feet, the cabbage
tree, two or three different sorts of gum
trees, the ebony, the aloe, and the .aroma-
tic string-wood tree. Of the smaller ve-
.getiible productions^ tlie principal indige-
.jious ones, besides some species of grapes,
are endive, purslane, samphire, wild ce-
lery and water cresses. Exotics from the.
mosf opposite climates, from Britain, Afri-
/ca, China, India, New Zealand, New
South Wales, and America have tliriven
here luxuriantly : the oak, chesnut, ilex,
bamboo, palm, weeping-willow, cypress,
orange and apple-trees and plantain.
Scotch firs grow vigorously : the cherry,
the j>ear aad the gooseberrj^ do not ^ uc-
iceed ; the peach, which was formerly the
most abundant fruit on the island, has been
almost entirely destroyed by the inexorable
ravages of a microscopic insect, whichiiaft
hitherto bid defiance to every attempt for
its extermination.
The first step suggested to the Com-
pany's consideration towards the improve-
ment of this island, is to secure shelter
for young planfs by enclosures, and to
obtain an artificial command of water,
much of which now runs to waste. Oi^
80 uneven a surface as that of St. Helena^
nothing can be more easy than to inter-
cept by tanks and reservoirs, those nu-
merous springs which issue from the hills,
and to distribute the fertilizing streams
over thirsty, parched-up grounds. As St.
Helena is unfit for the production of com,
and its inhabitants are of course dependent
on other countries for the prime neces-
saries of life, those trees should be culti-
vated with peculiar care, which woold
afford the surest resource against scarcity.
The various sorts of palm, (which are en-
tirely neglected) and particularly the
cocoa-nut, sheuld be encouraged: these
trees, the growth of tropical climates,
are of inappreciable value. The todda
panni, and tiie codda panni of Malabar,
are both recommended : the pith of the
former is made into bread, . and tlie
leaves are so large that one of them
plaited will protect a dozen people from
the sun or rain. The palmyra is a hardy
palm, affords a durable timber, and grows
out of the dead sand on tlie coasts of Ma-
labar and Coromandel. The bread-fhiit
tree might also be tried. The jack, or
artocarpus integrifolia is a tree which
yields a very nuu'itious, and at tlie same
time tlie largest fruit in tlic world 5 it iaf-
fords also a beautiful timber resembling
mahogany, and from its tliriftiriess in
Tanjore on a similar soil, gives reason to
believe that it might thrive on the argil-
laceous hills of St. Helena.
** It is a sin^lar circumstance respecting
this tree, which is, perhaps, not gvoerally
known, that it produces its fruit at the same
time from the boughs and stem, andfroip that
part of the trunk .which is under ground,
where the natives find it ui^on digging. The
fmit, dug up in tiiis way, is reckoned the best,
ajid the time of its maturity is known, from
the ground over it craclving and opening.
This tree, which is one of the most beautilul
and useful in the universe, has not btien lonff
known to Euroixian botanists. Its foliage is
very close and shj^y, and the leaf bears soni«
resemblance to the laurel. The fmit is of a
' most extraordinary size, and contains a whole-
some ^d sweet pulj), interspersed wiith smd
\
KOTZZBUE 6 TRAVELS THBOtTGH ITALY.
occasions displays a large and lovely gronpe
of beautiful young women. In so salu-
brious aclimatfe, longevity must prevail:
the females are prolific, their labours easj^ •
and their offspring healthful.
'* But it de?ervqs particular notice, that the
number of females bom iuTc, is said to ex- .
ceed that of males, which also happens at the
Cape of Good Hope: and, if the writer is not
greatly mistaken, in the East Indies. The
number of males born in Britain is known to
exceed that of females ; and this is probablT
the case in all nortliern countries. Nowif jt
be really true, as there seems reason to susi*
poet, that tile re is a greater number of fe*
males born within the tropics, and qf nialei
towards the polar regions, the hd Is well
worth the aUention of ])hilQBophers, as the il-
lustration of it might enlarge our views of the
order and design of nature, in discovering why
she thus varies, though by means utterly mys-
terious and unknown to us, the propoition of
male and female births in opposite circum*
stances of climate, ibr tlie purpose of perpe*
tuating t he race of jnankiud V*
It will be recollected that Mr. Bnitse
lias defended against the holy conclave i£
moralists, Mahomet's permission of poIy«
gamy on tlie principle that in eastern na-
tions more females are bom into the wor]4
than males. In the south of Mesopotamia,
Armenia, and Syria, from Mousul or
Nineveh to Antioch and Aleppo, the pro-
portion appeared to • be fully two to one.
From Latike (Laodicea, ad marc) down
the coast of Syria to Sidon, the number
was nearly three to one. It was the same
through the Holy I.and and parts of the
Delta : but from Suez to the straits of
Babelmandel, which contain the thre^
Arabias, it was four women to one man ;
this pro[x>rtion he imagined held as far
as the line, and to 30 deg. beyond it.
Although the final cause, therefore, of
such a disproportion may elude our in-
vestigations, the fact, if it is ascertained
to be one, facilitates our researches into
the national manners, and religions insti-
tutions, of fir distant countries.
After the ample notice we have taken
of this little tract, it is unnecessary to say
that it indicates in its author a cidtivated
and philosophic turn of mind ; the style
in which it i| written is perspicuous and
energetic.
Mt. IX. Travels through Italy in tJic Years ISCn and 18Q5. Bjf Av^vstv$ Yov
KoTZEBUS. 4 V0I4. foolscap 8vo.
lo«Bels called jack-nuts, of an exquisite fl»-
voBf and nutritious quality. The natives of
Fomeof the hills of India use these kernels as
brKtd.
" llie Mahwab tree, which grows in the
sandy (lesarts of Hahar.and Ori'^sa, and by
fopporting the Si'vere droughts of that climate,
suppH.s a scastinaJ^le sub^sihtonce to the inha-
bitants, «!eems well calculated to bear the less
parchintj droiidits of St. Helejia, and ought
10 be introduced here."
The tenp and the poon are also advised
to be tried here, and more particularly
that monarch of tlie vegetable world, the
banj-an ; these, together with various ar-
tificial grasses, miglit cover the surface of
the soil, and contribute to arrest the fall
of those loose crags which impend over
tie i-allies, and are oftentimes precipitated
from their parent rock.
Among the animals which have been
introduced into St. Helena — for on its
discovery it was destitute of any living
thing, except a few oceanic birds — ^are
to be mentioned horned cattle, which
are numerous and well- flavoured 5 goats
which are very abundant ; sheep, poultry,
and game. Horses are a^ hardy breed,
and well adapted to tlie craggy and
precipitous roads they have to traverse.
The inhabitants have to contend against
' a multiplying breed of rats, which, toge-
ther with caterpillars, and the insect whose
ravages are directed agniAst the peach
tree, swarm in incredible numbers, to the
great detriment of agriculture and gar-
dening.
St. Helena, the circumference of which
is only eight and twenty miles, contained
about two thousand souls some years ago,
five hundred of whom were soldiers, and
six hundred blacks. Wlnt its population
k at. present the writer of this tract had
no opportunity of ascertaining : there are
about seventy garden houses, and f^w fa-
milies are without one, in which they re-
side during the summer season, namely,
from October till April or May. There
are no professed imis on the island, but
hospitality is to be purchased at every
house : the arrival of the homeward-
bound India fleets i«, of course, a season
of the greatest festivity and joy. Plays,
fbnces, and concerts recreate the way-
worn passengers, and St. Helena on these
OF all thet40ers which it has been our
k)t to fall ID with, thi« Kotzebue is the
most egregious; his trifles, however, have
been so \vell received by the public, that
- ^ now coosidcrs himself Uxe arbiter of
taste, and supreme judge of merit in the
affairs of men. With a hop, skip, and
jump he posses from one comer of the
continent to tlie other, inspector-general of
stat^ a|ttl 6P3f ircfi sod delivers in Ua re«
44
V0YAG18 AND TRAVELS.
port to tfa^ woi'ld with the same confidence
that would have inspired him had he been
cielegated to the task by a general coi^ress
o^ £or(^)ean powers ! \\%at serves as a
preface to these voluRies commences in
as arrogant a manner as the pertest cox-
comb could have adopted. 'A list of
those who are not to read this work:
£Tst, All artists -, or judges of the arts, as
they are termed : unless they find any
pleasure in giving their shrugs of compas-
sioD Vveiy moment. For as they consider
the aits as something fixed, but /as some-
thing daily new ; tkey as tlie mere crea-
tion of fonu, but I as the ti'ansfiision of
mind } they as proving the expertness of
the eyes, but 1 as the occupation of the
BDul ; tlie/oim being with them the first,
tittt with me the Last thing,* &c. &c.
What staff this is, and how disgusting !
Kotzebne is a man of genius, and certainly
no inattentive observer : we object against
him that he Is pert and faiidiliar, and self-
sufficient, seemitig to stop his readers
ereiy now and then and say, ' Is not this
s smart thing ?' or like the old battered'
ha^ in a caricature — * John ! do the la-
dies^mira me V
, After rkiiouling the indi^riminate cus-
tom which prevails in Germany of strew-
ing fiowers hi festive and in mournful so^
kmnities, a custom, by the way, simple,
elegjuit, and of classic origin, Kotzebue
says, th^|L in Eastland and Livonia it is
usual to strew the path on which a corpse
is to be carried, with branches of fir : his
remark on this custom is, that < it i» a real
advantage fof the bearers and tlie followers
on foot : for when the streets are dirty
they are thus rendered' passable, or when
the snow lies deep their feet are at least
defended from the wet !* Such sl remark
might well have come from the mouth of
aome buffoon in one of his own plays. It
would cost us no trouble to select others
equally silly, but it is an ungrateful task
to censure — ^we take no delight in it. Let
us rather avail ourselves of what is to be
found curious and interesting on the pre-
sent state of countries, the face of which
has been completely changed within the
k3t ten years. Italy and the Tf rol are at
tliis moment the seat of war : like all
mountaineers, the Tyrolese are an active
and brave people : in their pursuit of the
diamois ffoat they scorn all danger and
all hardship, and are such admirable marks-
men that their services as sharp-shooters
ill llie last war were rewarded with tli«
lemporarv liberty of hunting with impu-
nity. The .value of this liberty can only
he estimated by those who kaow the pas*
sion ofthe Tyrolese fiir the chase ^ znat*
sion, says Kotzebue, more violet. than
that of the gamester. Neither tlireats nor
punishments can deter them from the pur^
suits of it ; gain is not the object, for the
goat, flesh and skin, does not sell for above
ten or twelve florins, and yet a man whd
had be^n many times caught in the fact
declared, that if* he knew the next tree
would be his gallows he would nevertheless
hunt. M.de^ussure records an interestirg
anecdote of a chamois hunter whom he
knewj he was a tali well-made man, and
had just married a beautiful woman > ' mj
grandfather, said he, lost his life in th^
chace, so did my father, and I am so well
assured that one day or other I siiall also lose
mine, that this bag which I always carry
with me in the hunt I call my winding-
sheet, for I shall certainly never have any
other J nevertheless. Sir, if you were to
offer me a fortune immediatelv, on con-
dition that I must relinquish the chase^ I
would not accept it.' Ve Saussure says
that he took several excursions among the
Alps with tliis man ; his strength and agi-
lity were astonishing, but his courage, or
rather his temerity, still greater than ei-
tlier : about two years afterwards his foot
slipped an the edge of a precipice, and he
met the fate he had so calmly anticipated !
At Inspruck Kotzebue witnessed the
dexterity of the Tyrolese sharp-shooters >
he says, that of ten or twelve shots, eight
at least entered the bull's eye, not a single
one missed the target ; and the man whose
business it was to mark the place where
the ball had struck, was so certain of no
one's shooting wide of the mark, that he
oflen continued standing near it during
the firings.
From Inspruck we proceed to Florence,
Rome, Naples ; at the time of Kotzebue*s
visit to the first of these cities tlie yellow
•fever raged within its walls, and of course
made him eager to flee from the pesti-
lence : he lias contrived, notwithstanding,
to ^U a few dry pages with die names oi^
churches, and of some of the pictures and
statues in tlie gallery. He says, that in
the year 1800, the Florentines had the
precaution to convey their most remark-
able statues and pictures to Sicily for
safety, but when the storm blew over they
were all returned in good condition. This
precfiutionary measure was adopted ratlier
late, for in the year 1800, if we mistake
not, they were most^f tli^o^t Paris.
A great and general outcry has been
made against the French for their plunder
of Italjs for their seizure of all tlie valu-i
4ble specimens ijf art, aad transportauoa
COVSBBUB^ fEATXtS iPHftOTTOH fTALYJ
4B
vfdieminto Frmce; as if the law of na-
tioas diew a circle of security round these
precious rdiques of antiquity ? As if the
conqueic^s did not display before the eyes
^'Europe a Boore cultivated taste than if
they had contented themselves with the
plunder of Italian coffers ? And as if the
FkdA bad not actually followed the ex-
am]^ 6f the Romans themselves^ who
adonied their capital with the spoils of
Greece, orSyracuse, of Carthage^ and, jn
short, with those of eveiy city which sub-
mitted to their arms ? From a fact inci-
dentally mentioned by Kotzebue, in his
Dotioe of the gallery, we may suspect that
the Florentines will not grieve long for
- the loss of their statues : ' Venos of Bel-
vedere formerly held an apple in her hand,
bat when Venus of Medicis went on her
iau^grimage, it was wished to comme-
JDorate her by breaking off two arms of
tills Venus^ and substituting two new ones
with the bend of the Medicean. It now
makes a droll appearance/ In such esti-
mation is a supposed work of Phidias Iield
at Florence ! This reminds one of an anec-
dote recorded of Mummius^ who^ when
be had conquered Corinth, and stripped
the city of all its choicest specimens of art,
threatened the soldiers who conveyed them
to Rome, that if they broke any they
sboold be compelled to replace tliem with
others! Who does not regret that the
Veous of Belvedere did not find an asylum
against this violation by unholy hands, in
company with her Medicean sister, at the
Louvre?
Naples. KotKbue's forU is in deW-
Af^ating living manners 3 he catches a few
ftiiking traits of character, and illustrates
them with little descriptions and anec-
dotss. Like all other travellers in Italy,
be seems to imagine that none of his readers
can possibly kiiow any thing about Roman
antiquities: the number of superfluous
pa^es devoted to architectural remains,
which have been described a hundred and
a hundred times before, makes a large pro-
portion of these volumes tiresome in die
extreme. For the relief of our readers
we shall pass these over, and advise Kot-
Z6bue*s readers to do the same : in de-
icribing the museum at Portici, which con-
tains an assemblage of those works of art
which have been recovered from the subter-
ranean cities of Pompeii andHcrculaneum,
Kotzebue has given an interesting account
of the progre^which is making (under
the munihcenP patronage of his Royal
Highness the Prince of Wales), in the de-
febpement of ancient manuscripts.
1* Xhfi aaast. wmartabk Qt9ecU ja the mu<
soira at Pordd, are ^e manuscripts found ia
two ciiambers of a* house at HcfciUaneuinu
Though they have been so fre<)uently <fe-
scnbed, they must be seen to furnish a oor»
rect idea ot them. They resemble cudgels
reduced to the state of a cinder, and in pait
petrided; are black and chesnut brov^'u; he
in many glass cases ; and unfortunately ai«
90, decayed, that under every one of them a
quantity of dust and crumbs is'to be perceived.
Being rdled up together in the manner of the
ancients, and perhaps also graduall v damaged
by the moisture penetrating tiirough tiie asheE,
k appears almost impracticable ever to de-
cypher a syllable of them. But for the in-
dustry and talent of man nothing i ■• impossiB^i^
and his cariosity impels him to the most in-
genious inventions.
** The machine by which the maauscr^
are unrolled, is of such a nature that I despair
of describing it cleariy. It resembles, yet
only in the exterior, a bookbinder's frame on
which he usually sews his books. 1 he manu-
script rests on some cotton in the bow of two
ribbands; with one end fastened above in-
cords, exactly like the curtain of a thcatrd.
Goldbeater^s-skin is then . laid on with the
white of an egg in very small htripcs, by means
of a pencil, in order to give something to hold
by. To diis skin silk threads are rastened;
which, together with <he ribband, wind above
round the peg, in the rame manner as the
string of a violin. When the workman has,
ii^itli the skin, laid hold of howe\'er small a
part of the manuscript ; and, by means of a
sharp pencil, has loosened the iinit leaf as much
as possible ; he turns the pe^ with tlie great-
est precaution, and is happy if he succeeds so
far as to imroU a ouarter of an inch : upon
which he begins tlie operation afresh, it
must not, however, be imagined that this
quarter of an inch, which was undone with
such inhnite. diflkulty, remams a connectad
whole. Not at. all: it ratlier resembles a
piece of tinder that is full of holes.
'* After the workinan has gamed thus much
of the iiimsy leaf, he caifies it, with his breath
lield in, to a table, and gives it to the copy-
ists. These men must be very expert in dis-
tinguishing the betters. Their ta^ la not only
transcribmg, but drawing: for they copy the
whole leaf, with all its vacancies, in the care-
fullest manner ; after which a man of learning
-tries to supply the parts that are wanting.
These supplements are, of course, verv arbi-
trary. 1 here is scarcely a line in which some
letters or words are not wanting ; often wbc^e
Unes, or whole periods, must be iiiled up.
"VVhat a wkle field for conjecture! What is
tlius supplied h written in red ink, between the
black; we may tlierefore instantly perceive
at first sight, how much belongs to the origi-
nal, and how much has been added. Jt is
said that the manuscri])ts are also to be print-
ed : in tliat case I anticipate how the linn;uiit3
of Europe will employ themselves in cavilling,
each in his way, at the suj^plics wiiich hav^
been thus made, or substituting others in their
room.
*' Tlu^ cadte^ ti:ouble which the wh^lo
4ft
VOYAGES AND TEAVELS.
must occasion, may he conceived. It was
9ome time ago nearly laid asicU?, as every
tiling else is here; but the Prince of \Val«
has taken it ttpon himself, and defrays the
cxpences witliout giving otfcnce to the royal
ipoFtsman of Naples. Eleven young per-
sons unfold the manuscript:}, two others co|w
them, and a meritorious and z<'alous English-
nan named Hayter, has the direction o( the
whole. He assured me tiiat tlie (x^rsons em-
ployed began to work with greater skill and
-expedition than some ycai-s ago. He by no
. means despairs of decypherinq, all the six hun-
dred manuscripts still extznt ; and dot^s not
^tbtof finding a Menaiuler and an Ennius,
1^ he flayers himself witii having already
fiwnd a Polybius, in liis work. 1 he \ cry day
before I visited the musemn, ho h\\ disco-
vered an unknown author, naiueci C olotos.
■" His business requires a ];hil()>oplii-ai tom-
per. As tlie name of the author is always put
on the last page, he carnoi know whotni work
it is till that leaf is unroll ::cl. Seven I^tin au-
thors have fallen into Mr. Ha\ tor's hands;
but unfortunately all in si5'h a >tatc tl:at it
was not possible to open tiuin whole. He
complained tlie more of this, as there appear-
ed to be among them a work of Livy'?; at
. least, it was ceilainlv an historical work writ-
ten in his style, anJ b(»gan with a speech in
which much was said ot a family of - Acilius.
Unfortunately no more could be made of it.
Mr. Hayter lamenterl that t!ie lirst person to
whom the manuscripts had been eiitmsted (a
Spaniard named Albuquertjue) had tlrrown
them all together ; for he himself tho\ight that
- they might have been of various merit in the
• diiterent chambers in which Uiey were placed.
** At present five writei-s have l>cen disco-
vered: Philodemus, of whom the most works
have been found, and among oUiers a treatise
on the vices which border on virtues — cer-
tainly a ver>' copious subject, if it has been
J discussed with ability; Epicums: Pliaxlrus;
Demetrius Phalcreus ; and now Colotos. Mr.
Hayter is not perfectly satislicd with finding
- nothing but philosophical works ; yet he says
that even in these many historical notices yet
unknown are interspersed, 'i'liere is, for ox-
amj^ie, a treatise on ajiger, coi:tainbig an in-
ftance in which Biicchus punished Cadnuis for
• indulging that pas^Jicn ; a cinuin stance of
which we were never before intbrmed. All
. travellers interested for tfie scienc; s, will catch
- (as 1 did) with eagenness every word from tlie
mouth of the meritorious Hayter, and ioin
with me in wishing him health. He Is fully
possessed of ever\' other requisite qualitica-
tiou.
" In a fresh conversation with Mr. Hayter,
I have learnt that the manuscript of Colotos
lately found contains a refiitation of Plato's
treatise on friendslnp. Mr. Hayter has also
traced the name of Colotos in Plutarch ; who
has written against him^ as he has against
Plato. Thus It was the same with tfee ancient
philosophers as with those of our times.
" A new and important discovery has been
made within these tew days. The writings of
' Epicurus iiave hith^o been found only in
detached parts, but now they have been met
witi) all together. This manuscript is in the
be&t state of pn. servation, and Hayter will no^
be a])le to rectify his own fonnersupplerisents
by the original.* it must be extremely inte-
resting for an intelligent man, to l>e able to
ascertain in such a case whether he has pro-
perly supplied the sense* — ^A hundred and
thirty manuscripts are either actually unrolled,
or unrolling."
It is impossible to be at Naples \v'ithont
visiting Vesuvius : Kotzebue had the good
fortune to witness the eruption which took
place on tlic night of Nov. 22, 1804, and
he has descrilK'd it with raucli less draiua-
tic sentimentality and parade than we ex-
pected. There had been no formidable
indicatioas of an eruption since, the year
1794, when fourteen lives were lost, and
many families were mined by the desola-
tion, until in tlie early part of this year
(1804). Three earthquakes were felt at
Somma on May 22d5 on the 31st of July
the water had visibly diminished in the
rivers and cisterns of the neighbourhood ;
on the 11th of August Vesuvius begun to
bellow, and on tlie thirteenth a stream of
lava, accompanied with flames and stones,
burst forth from a new-formed gulph.
'Since that period, Vesuvius had not been
at rest, and an approaching eruption was
apprehended, which took place Nov. 22.
No mischief of much consideration re-
sulted, except to the character and person
of St. Januarius, whose image, when the
lava threatened to overwhelm the vinej-ards,
wa.s, as usual, t*arried in procession in
Ibrre del Greco, and placed before the
lava 5 immediately the j^eople began to
kneel before his saint.ship, and pray that
he would be so good as to stop the pro-
gress of the flood — til© flood rolled on !
The saint was placed a little farther back ;
pravcrs and prostrations were repeated
with cncreased vehemence and devotion —
but tlie flood rolled on! At length the
I)eople, finding that Januarius was utterly
inexorable, begiui to abuse him j they call-
ed him an old rascal, hypocrite, and every
other name which indignation prompted.
From words they actually came to blows.
and the sides of Saint Januarius were vil-
lainously belaboured, particularly by an
old woman, who had no mercy upon hiin.
The fact however was, that St. Januarius
had previously lost credit among tlie Nea-
politans by condescending to let some of
his blood liquefy in the presence of the
French j on this occasioi| they called him
a jacobin, and it is even said that a crimi-
nal prosecution was commenced against
him for tlie offence. St. Anthony has
profited by the disgrace of his^ tiyal, aad
KOT«MUe'« THAVXtl WBOUOfl ItiLt.
47
!i now iH very high repute! It Is really
pflmfiil to dwell on such instances of in-
fatuation; these ire the debasing effects
if «^«r^rstitian, engendered by tie craft
of the priest upon the igiiuiau«<; wf tb©
people.
The manners of the Neapolitans appear
to have suflered but little alteratiou within
the memory of roan ! the only jkw feeling
vhich" possesses them is a bitter and a
looted hatred against the French. It is
entirely superfluous to remark, that where-
erer the French have set foot, this deadly
detestation has been excited. The Nea-
politans, from high to low, are ignorant,
lazy, superstitious, and debauched : |hey
are irascible and revengeful j an injury
must, if possible, be revenged on the spot,
and, iif possible, by the stiletto. Kotzebue,
however, says, that the habit of stabbing
each other in the breast witli knives on the
•lightest quarrel, no longer prevails. The
frequency of assassination has been re-
pressed by the vigorous ordinances of the
duke of Aseoli, to whom the Neapolitans
are under various other high obligations.
Nothing can exceed the stupid supersti-
tion of these people ; we have already
civen an instance of itj another is at
hand. It ia a good custom in Naples for
cows to be sent about from house to house ;
whoever wants milk sends out a servant,
and he milks the animal before his mas-
ter's door. But besides these oows, a
iiumber of calves wander about the city
belonging to the monks of St. Francis, a
*et of crafty, idle impostors, who not only
live themselves, but get a liviiig for their
stock also, upon the folly of the people.
' For this purpose they put a small square
board on the forehead of the calf, with the
figure of St. Francis painted on it : pro-
vided with this, the animals walk about
uncontrolled, devour as much as they can,
and sleep where thfey choose without any
one venturing to prevent them. On the
contrary, if one of them should happen
to enter a great house, and lie down there
to deep, the occupier thinks it a fortunate
omen !*
Gaming is carried to as great e^icess as
at Paris, and prevails as generally among
all classes of people : the dissoluteness of
the female sex seems to surpass that of
the Parisians. Infidelity does not prev^
in Paris as it does in Naples : the cicisbeo
exists no longer as a centinel to give the
Bospicioos husband notice. From Italian
jealousy the sttanger has no longer any
thing to dread« Tafa^ an instance, of con-
summate, but according to Kotzebot't
account, not uaparallelcd depravity •
"A duke who was esteemed the hand*
soniest man in Naples, married an amiable
wuiuan of unblemished reputation, and who
to his own astonishment remained when a wiie
still amiable and irrq)roachable. The duke,
however, became dissatisfied; and paid his
addresses with great fervour to a princess,
whose name, together with that of her lover, £
shall omit. He succeeded in obtaining favour
with the new object of his passion, but (Mily
on one express condition; that as long as
their connection lasted, he should live with
his young and lovely wife merely as with a
sister. He promised every thing; but he
found this more easy than obeying, for a livmg
evidence of his defalcation too soon appeared*
I'he princess raved, and would hear nothing
h& had to say. in this dilenuna he asserted
that he was not the father of liis wife's ciiild-
The princess started: for a married man to
load himself witli such a renroach, confounded
even her for a moment, let her jealousy de-
manded stronger proof; and he promised all.
* If the child is not yours,' said she, ' send it
immediately to the foundling-house.' llic
duke leit her, and sent his child thitlier ac-
cordingly ; regardless of tlie agonies of the
mother, of whose innocence aU Naples re-,
iains convinced to this day."
To crown the whole, the Neapolitans,
in tlieir revolutionary frenzy,, committed
excesses not surpassed in savageness and
atrocity by the Parisian populace > every
one, says Kotzebue, still relates with hor-
ror, that the Lazzaroni roasted men in the
streets, and begged money of the passen-
gers to purchase bread to their roast meat!
The royal library at Naples has been en-
riched, pro tempore, it is apprehended, by
MSS. from tlie Vatican, which the Nea-
politans took from the French at Rome,
Kotzebue frequently attended the librarj^
and, from his account, it seems to contain
a great variety of manuscriptSi which
would amply reward the careful examiner,
on subjects connected with history an4
science.
RoMB. A more active and voluble
Cicerone is not to be found in all Rome
than Kotzebue himself: theatres, temples,
baths, palaces, porticoes, &c. ^c. succeed
each otiier in description, till the wearied
reader begs an interval of repose. Rome
yet continues to be the resort of artists
from all parts of Europe, and notwith-
standing tlieir plunder of Italy, the French
have a great many pensionary pupils tliere.
Kotzebue nms through the galleries of
living as well as of departed artists, and
delivers his opinion on their respcciive
VOYAGES AND TBAVELS.
vieritg^ith adegree of freedom and ooo-
:^ence which somewh^ startlen ioode$t
men. At the name of Canova he is all
idn fire ; the burst of his enthusiasm is
perfectly dramatic. The woiicsiiop of
Canova is the richest in Uonie> and, not-
withstanding that * the mamifacturers qf
just proponion" shrug tlielr shoulders, he
is asserted to be the greatest sculptor that
lias existed sinoe tlie days of Phidias.
His statue of a Venus, covering herself
with a light robe, bears some resemblance,
in point of proportion, to the Medicean
Venus : our entliub^ast says tliat, in this
lespect, Canova*s statue is for superior,
and * cannot be charged with that con-
foundedly stift* position of the arms which
the other appears to have learned c^' a
dancing master !' It is a lucky thing for
tlie Belvedere Apollo that he chanced to
be at the Louvre. St. Peter s church iares
no better with this second Smelfungus :
Smollet compares the panUicon to a huge
cock-pit, and Kotzebue the chiu-ch of St.
Peter to a handsome woman of die se-
venteentli century, who has token all pos-
sible care to counteract her charms by a
iioop-petticoot and a preposterous head*
dress. He is inconsistent, however, in
his comparison, for he allows tLe hidy to
be handsome, but he denies St. Peter s to
be elegant or imposing^ more than A
dozen popes, and several dozen arci^itects^
have been busy at tlie building, mending^
ornamenting, and spoiling it ; but * all
their endeavours at producing a grand ef-
fect have proved abortive !*
The population at Uoine .doe^ not ex;-
ceed one hundred and Lvvemy tiiuu:»aud
souls, and as the city number* very nearly
three hundred diurches, ch;^els, ic. there
is ample room for tlvs excrci.se of devo-
tion. It is represented as being a most
grievous custom to biuy the dead bodie*
within the churches, ajid, from 4Jie sciw-
city of wood, it i:* the horribje practice to
inter them witliout a colli n ; they are
thrpwn headlong into die vault on a heap,
and the mouth of it is merely dosed wiilx
a loose stone. The putrid slcnch wbicii
arises iiom this dreadful <:u*toni is, of ne-
cessity, ofiensjive and deleterious in the
e^^treme.
The following account oi the chambers
of the dead is carious :
" I went into the church of the capucliins,
to see a* painting of Giiido rcprcseiitiHg the
archancor Michad holding one of tlie dcyiJs
by a chain. My plAsurc was iijrr^lly iuter-
zupted by the capuchins a^iscmbied here. A
lay-brother, the v^Itf of caidliyal Beroif, faa^
just died, leaving > consider^e property.
The monks, after having pat tiie body mto a.
capoucke and carried it hither, )tood now
round the bier, with a niimi»«» wf aioicuioixs
Gercmomes.
" My guide having mentioned the burialr
place of tSe ca^udiins as something veir ex-
txaordinary, this raised my curiosity. Yet I
Oliver thought of meeting with a scene lik«
tliat which stmck me there. I sliall never
forget the impression which it made on mc.
llie reader must expect neitlier church-yard,
nor vault, nor cellar, nor cavern. ]n a lower
story of tlie convent, not quite under ground;
there Is a ran^ of arched chambers, with sc-
vsraLwindows loolung into the garden of the
cx>nvent, and all opened. I nc»ver breathed
a purer air than here ; and certainly 1 was ia
need of it, for Uie aspect was of itself siUffi-
cieutly oppressive. A passage running down
clos^ under the windows, is allotted ibr 'tho
livmg that may wander here ; and is separ
rated by a small balustrade from the lower
vaults, the quiet regions of death. Every
ardied rpom beyond this balustrade ap{)car«
like a grotto ; and eadi is laid out with hu-
man boivis, and j^rovided with lucbes. In
e\'ery one of these nkj/^ we discover a dead
c^pudiiji, dressed in his capouche, and witii a
loiig h^d ; for tlie dead bodies buried here
do not suffer jNitrefaction, but only drj' up.
The best-preserved arc placed hi these niches.
On each of the skumy caccascs there is »
ticket, beai'ing the name, and the faoiir ai
deuth, of its iiQssessor.
" The apaitn)0iits for ti^is puipoie ane yery
small, yet liarbour hundreds of su«^ tenants.
7 hey he here till Utey arc dcied jup; wheu
they are brought to light ajgain, in order to
yield sheir fonuor spaces to theif successors.
A small plain black cross marks every grave.
The ceiling is ornamented with arabesks con-
sisting of human bones. A pre4t\'4arge cross
is composed entirdy of the small ooncs under
the throat. Several girandoles with kmg
branches, and lamps of dij^'ereiit sissos, all hang
down. 8couces of tlie same cQUipositian dc-
coraiijthe passage ruiuiing aloA^ these places.
•* These chambers arq all set out in diil'cr-
mt styles. One was decorated with skulii
only, another \^ ith hip-bones, and so on. "We
niisi^ the adpourhe of one of tlic corpses, end
didcovuced luiderncath it a skiu very luuch lik«
vdlow pai'duuont. J£ach of them carries «.
liglit in its hand, and every girandoje aiid
sconce is provided in the same nuuuicr; wtiich
must have a strange and soleum ellect at iiiglit.
No fori'ign(ir should neglect to visit those last
rdrcats of humanity, where thousands of his
fellow-creaturfs peacefully dwell near or above
each other. The emperor Josq>h has been
hert ; and I wish every pnnce who visits Rome
wouUl do the same.
" From the fourth grotto a clpor opens into
a small cha}>d, where mass for the dead is
said. It is laid out like the other rooms, but
witii A U^^ ^paling hand. The rdioctions^
PRESENT STATE OF PERU.
49
«f die 9(nmger are here mtemipted by the dis-
covery of some vary inditlerent sonnets on the
fiailtv of human life, inscribed on the waUs.
" On leavine the chambers of the dead, we
may cast a look on some tine paintings by Pe-
ter of Cortona and Dominichmo Lantranco in
the diurdi, to dispel our gloom ; and may
Ticw the ahar contahiing the remains of Justi-
mxAf a saint who is reported to have been at
mce a christian martyr and a philosopher."
The manners of the modem Romans
cannot be supposed to difier materially
from those of the Neapolitans. Gaming
is equally prevalent, and the age of mira-
cles ii not gant, although the disgrace of
St. Januarius might reasonably have been
suspected to have staggered the firmness
of credulity. A miracle was performed
on the 21st March, in the year 1803,- at-
tested by the nun who was tlie subject of
it, the superior of the convent and all the
siiters, the confessor and two learned phy-
sicians, whose medical skill in tlie restora-
tion of the patient was of no avail ; at
length her disorder was cured through the
henevolent intercession of the Madonna.
The priests of tlie church of tliis devout
nun*s benefactress have not ^iled to turn
the miracle to their advantage. The or-
thodox believers tlironged thither in
crouds ; for three days a triduo was cele-
brated, and on the third, his holiness
Pias VII., attended by twenty-one cardi-
nals, was pleased to visit the church, and
to impart his benediction !
When a foreigner, says Kotzebue^ re-
turns to Rome, after visiting Naples, he
will be more than ever struck with the
stillness and solitude of the streets.
' Rome seems as if it had been depopulat-
ed by a plague : but it is only the effect
of the pestilential dominion of the priests.
The city contains one hundred and twenty
convents for monks, and fifty-one nun-
neries.' . Rome is less filthy than Naples,
nor is beggary carried to so impudent and
offensive an excess : the wearing of of-
fensive weapons is also prohibited here^
but not so strictly as at Naples. Fatal
slabs with knives are still frequently given
in quarrels, for the Romans, although they
esteem it a vice to steal, do not regard
murder as a crime. Pius VI. suppressed
many Sanctuaries^ but the police of the
SpanUh Place is under the jurisdiction of
the Spanish ambassador, and the assassin
may here bid defiance to the ministers of
justice.
From Rone Kotzebue returns to Ber-
lin, taking in his way Bologna, Modena,
Mantua, Verona, Vienna, Prague, andDresr
den. His remarks are in the same style
of freedom and vanity : he is often amus-
ing and very communicative — but alto^
gether we have had enough of his com*
pany and conversation*
Ait. X. The present State qf Peru ; comprising its Geography, Topograph, Natural
History, Mineralogy, Commerce, the Customs and Manners of its InJiabitants, the
SiaU of Literature, Philosoplty, and tlie Arts, the modern Travels of the Missionaries
m the heretofore unexplored mountainous Territories, 6fc. dfc. the Whole drawn from
original and authentic Documents, chiefly UTitten and compiled in tlie Peruvian Capital;
and anbellisited by Twenty Engravings ofCostufnes, b^c, 4to.pp. 483.
BY the preface to this book, to which
the name of Joseph Skinner is signed, it
appears that several volumes of a periodi-
cal work, printed at Lima, entitled El Mer-
curio Pcruano (ilie Peruvian Merciu'y),
which were richly stored with intellectual
treasures, strayed from t/teir destination, and
fell into the hands of the editor. In plain
English, Mr. Skinner found these volumes
on board a Spanish prize.' From these,
and from various auUieniic sources, the
ivcsent state of Peru has been compiled,
in particular, D. Pedro d'Oribe y Vargas,
a karaed naturalist, resident in London at
the time when the book was published, is
Bieutiooed as having answered the queries
relative to certain phenomena of climate
in Peru, his native comitry. On board the
same prize, a bird's-eye view was found
of the festival in the great square of Lima,
AaiN.Riv.Voi.IV.
on the accession of his present catholic
majesty Carlos to the tlirone, and frpm
this the prints have been taken, represent-
ing the dresses of the ditfcrent inhabitants,
A map of Peru should have been added,
and might easily have been giv^, as the
splendid Spanish map of their Americaa
possessions has been copied in London.
The volume begins with an unnecessary
and uncandid depreciation of tlie old his-
torians of Pern, because they did not ' soar
to the contemplation of man in his moral
and physical relations.' Credulous they
undoubtedly were, and so much the better j
for whatever may be thought of the old
question concerning superstition and athe-
ism, it is better tliat historians and travel-
lers should believe loo much, than too
little 5 it is better that they should repeat
exaggerations or falsehoods, than suppress
It
so
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
fects becaiise they think them untrue ; it
is better that tliey should leave the reader
to exercise his own judgment, than take
tipon themselves lo decide for him. As
for soaring to the conteroplatio» of mail
in liis moral and physical relations ; gen-
tlemen who soar so high, see bin little--
tliey who write travels must not travel in
air-balloons.
The volume promises us more precise,
and, at the same fime, more novel infor-
mation concerning Peru, than any that has
hitherto been given. The first section is
entitled general idea of Peru. The politi-
cal geography of this country has been
changed, during tl\e last century, by the
tlismcmberment af the provinces on the
nortli, wliich form the kingdom of Quito;
and of those to^ ard the east,, which con-
stitute the viceroy alty of Buenos- Ayres.
The population consists of every possible
combination between Spaniards, Indians,
and Negroes. The improvement of the
human species, by crossing different breeds,
u-as a favCTU'ite subject of speculation with
major Jardinej while the colour is the
' srimc, he may he right — Spanish and
Soiilh-down do well together. But it does
»ot do to cros^ races. The mixed breeds
between European and African, and Eu-
ropean and A'^iatic, seem to have a certailS
nralish obliquMv of nature, as if the course
of nature had been perverted in the mix-
ture. fW'heiher the European and Ame-
rican succeed better we have had no ex-
perience . Thv ex peri mcnt has been made
vpon a large pcnle in Mexico and Peru,
but we do not know the result.
Sowing aiid plantiivcc, and domestic era-
pioymcnts, were, till \cry lately, wholly
performed \sy nogrotM. It i^ only, we arc
told, within t]ies»:t four years ptist, that
wfnt'j people Iin\e conde-anided to ihese
tasks> which wc*rc formerly, and by many
of their cnuntiynu-n hiill are thonc;!il in-
famous ll>r nuTi of their complexion.
Cornmorre flouri<»hes since it lias been un-
festraiijcd ; thai is, inir^^trained with the
ifiothcr f.ountry, instead of being limited
to the g.illeoiis and the fairs of P^rto-Bello
and Pan.ima. Manufactures consist almost
entirely of a few friezec, used diiefly by
the Indians and Kegroes : hats, cotton
cloths, and drinking-gla-:ses, also are ma-
nufactured here, though in small quanti-
ties. Sugar, Vicuna wool, cotton, and
Peruvian bark, are die only home-raised
articles of exportation. The miiiei are
still productive, though little industry is
en^loyed in w orking them ; as tlie com-
luerc© of the country increases, mining
speculitions will bd abandoned. The ships
of Peni trade with com to Chili, with
timber to Guayaquil, and make a few voy-
ages to Chiloe, Juan Fernandes, Valdivia,
and Panama. We. navigate, says the
writer, with economy and ease, but arc
deficient in the scientific part, deriving no
aid whatever from astronomy. After tli»
confession, we need n(»t say they are bad
sail.vrs j hut coasting-vessels are multiply-
ing, and navigation will improve, llie
tishiTies on the coast are neglected, and
the lakes are not well stored. Ihe agri-
culture is bad; and it appears that ihe
siibsisK'nce of tlie people is precarious, and
dependant upon foreign aid.
*' Knowledge i^ general throughout Perov
as well on account of the natural quickness
and pcuctratiou of its luitive inhabitants, as
througli liiuir fondness for study, lii what-s
ever does not require a meditated combina-
tion of idea*;, the tair sex has conunonly the
advantage over oui-s. The royal imiversity of '
St. Mark of Lima, and, proportionally, the
t>ther .universities of this kingdom, form %
centre of literatare, which dUlvscs an abun-
dant light to tlie wliohe of the circumference-
Uiuler their auspices, the moral and phHoso*
phinil sciences have, latterly, made an incie-
tiible iMogress, having fowncl their way into all
the schools, and tlience diffused themselves
rapidly into evcrs' order of the state. It \^
our earnest wish that this philosophical light
may, by its permanence and eflicac^, innu-
ence and ameliorate the common sj-stem of
ctlucation. it is on that score alone, in the
acceptation which embraces the whole extent
of tlie kingjloin, tliat Peru is in some measure
defective. A good taste, urbanily, and a so-
cial disnosition, are the hereditary' qualities oC
ever\' Peruvian."
. Vestiges qf the momiTMcnts of ajKiettt Peru.
There ate obelisks at ^ahuanacu, stfor-^
midable pyramid (not having an English
gradus ad Paniassum, we cau only gijcss
that this epithet is gjven as .synonimous to
large), and colossal statues of stone, toge-
ther witli a variety of human figures well
cat in stone, which point out that this
monument belonged to some gigantic na-
tion. The farts are important; the hi-
ference about as legitimate as it would be
to say that our ancestors were twelve feet
high when Gog and Magog w(?re placed
in Guildhall. In the province of Chaba^
poyas thero are coniad stone buildings^
v/hich support large busts : they are situ-
ated on the declivities ©f mountains in
spots so inaccessible, that both materials
iand workmen must have been lo«vered
from" above. It is conjectured that the
Cacifiues, v. ho erected Uiem as their mo*
PEKSK27T (TATE OP ^ZViV*
SI
^aaeau, placed them m these difficult
s:tu2auas tLat they might not be destroyed
hy aun. Mummies are found in the ca-
toLuiubs; the word miinuny should not
have been used, as it implies more than it
is here meant to imply. liow these bodies
werepresened has not been yet ascertain-
ed; some persons ha\ e conjectured by mere
exposure to tlie action of frost; but, it is
replied, that the>' are foond in the vallies,
and in the warmer parts of the country.
Many ruins are specified in proof of the
^1 of th/t Indians in civil and military
architecture j aiid of the roads cut through
the middJe of the Cordillera mountains :
it is said tliat the encyclopedists, who have
denied their existence, have only to send
5oiae one to view the splendid vestiges
which yet rema'm. Mines of the natives
are mentioned, and, what is more extraor-
dinary, fragments of aqueducts, which
prove dut tbey were acquainted with hy-
draulics. In this science, and in agricul-
ture, it is admitted tliat the Spaniiu^ds have
not only not exceeded tliem, but have
iaika short of their progress. As in
China, the Peruvians filled up the clefts
of ihek rocky hills with mould, to increase
the ^aamity of cultivated ground. Their
sepulchres still occasionally supply sped-
mens of their pamtings, manufactures,
mechanical instruments, and w^eapons.
Many remains of their poetry and music
itill exist. The shepherds still, use the
qu^ to reckon the number, increase, or
diainution of their flock, to record the
day aod hour when a sheep died, a lamb
was yeaned, or one of the flock stolen.
' Pdlare erected to point out the equinoc-
tials and sol&tices ; the names given to the
pUaeU ; the oelestiiil observations relative
to eclipses; and those by which they
ke|« their time, are aoxnany data by which
^r progress in astronomy may be calcu-
lal€d.' Ihese dau therefore exist, unless
thifilai^gua^e be wilfully inaccurate, which
a»nredly we have no reason to suspect.
How much do we regret that these very
important facts are related, in the book,
little more at length than in oxir recapita-
l>tai ! and how earnestly do^we wish that
tbey had been ^iescrajed minutely, and
that views had been added. As for the
drilization of Pferu and Mexico, there is
no doubt that both conntries were in a very
^ and extraordinary state of civiliza-
ti«i. A print 'is subjoined to this section,
^the costume of the jmcg aryl his queen,
« the modem Indians represent it in their
pocessions. This costume is so evidently
Mtious^ &at it ^ould ,xwt .fauve h«cn
copied : it if fit for OOUiipg Wt ih§ pan-
tomime of Pizarro.
Physical geogmp!iy in Peru. Fro!» the
insutierable bomb&^t of this chapter we
can collect nothing. Some queries rela-
tive to the climate follow, witii answei;?
by Don Pedro, himself a Peruvian. They
terminate in a conjecture, tliat by erect-
ing conductors si(ffici€JUl^ high aiid stifi^
cicntly numerous, the fickle atmosphere of
Great Britain may be converted into a
climate as serene, steady, and beantiful, M
that of low Peru. The iron-masters will
have no obj<5ction to the experiment.
From the section upon botany , it aps>
pears that able botanists have been senft
over by the late and by the present king ;
both monarchs will long be remembered
by the Spaniards as the benefactors of
science. Of zoology little is said : there
is a print of the Llama, and a wish express-
ed that attempts may be made to domes-
ticate the vicuna, which, as the Jndianf
hunt them for their wool, will also be de**
stroyed. The ne^t section is upon.antbcor
pology. it is said here, tliat in tlie cabi.i
net of natural history at Lima, a tooth
(one of the viqiai^) is deposited, taken
from a mummy discovered in Tarija,
which weighs a pound and a half! The
body from whence it was taken, was con-
veyed from Tarija to Cuzco by the maiv
quis of Valle-Umbroso, and shipped for
Madrid; but taken on the way by the
English and carried to London. ][f, per^
duince, tlie Pct^utian tuercury should reach
that capital, say the writers, we request to
know, tlirough the medium of the Philo-
sopliical Transactions, whether ^the giant
tlius intercepted wants the tootli in ques-
tion. Was there ever so prodigious a
fable so circumstantially related ? Another
such tooth is mentioned weigliing more
than five pounds, found in the same pro-
vince Either Garagantua, or Og the king
of Basan, who used to catch whales in
tlie mid sea, and toast them against th*
sun, must have been buried in Tarija.
An account follows of a living giant, with
amis like a Gibbon, bulkier than the Irish
giant, but not taller and worse proportion*
ed : a moderate reasonable giant, such a«
an Englishraau niiglit safely speculate
upon for a show— a monster with grin*
ders of a pcimd .and .a half weight would
eat up Mr. Pidcock.
*' Mineralogy. Fromthe statement in this
chapter it resufe,0iat in the eight intendencjes
intowhich the ?riccipyalty of Peni it divided,
there vjere, in theyear 179Uti3rty-nines«rvk:^
iri>te mi&f9 <tf .gfiU^^ifireja hiuidredaad ^khiy*
£2 -p» ^ •
52
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
four of silver, four of quicksilver, four of cop-
per^ and twelve of lead ; at the same time that
twenty-nine gold, and five hundred and
eighty-eight silver mines had, by various ac-
cident* and casualties, been rendered luiser-
viceable. In this statement the mines con-
tained in the kingdom ot Quito, and in tlie
viceroyalty of Buenos- Ayies, although tJiese
domains mav be considered as constituting a
part of the iPenivian territory, are not com-
prehended.
" During a space of ten years, from the
commencement of 1780 to tlie end of 1789,
the above mines yielded thirty-five thousand
tliree hundred and fifty-nine marks of gold,
twenty-two carats fine; and thn,*e miUioiis
seven hundred and thirty-nine thousand scvi.ni
hundred and sixtv-threemarks «C silver. * I ft
the vear 1790, tfie silver mines yielded four
hundred and twelve thousand one hundred
and seventeen marks of that metal ; being an
excess of tliirty-eight thousand one hundred
and forty-seven marks over the average pro-
duce of the ten antecedent years.
" It would appear that the mines of Mexico
are much more productive than those of Peru,
since in the above year of 1790, which was
far from being reckoned one of the best, five
thousand and twenty-four marks of gold, and
tu'o millions one hundred and seventy-nine
thousand four hundred and fifty-five marks of
silver, the produce of the mines, were coined
In the royal mint of Mexico. The propor-
tion of silver was consecjuently in the ratio of
more than five to one greater than that afiford-
«d by the Peruvian mines."
The Mexican mines flourish, while the
Peruvian decline. Two writers in tliis
magazine explain the cause of the decline.
Hiere is a want of capital : tlie money-
lenders lend small sums in small instal-
ments, for which they are to be paid in
pina, that is, the silver after it has been
freed from the mercury with which it was
amalgamated, and before it has been fused.
This they have at so low a price, that
their interest is eighteen per cent, for
three or four months. What tliQy ad-
vance la not all in specie ; a great part is
in coarse baize, and other commodities,
^orbitantly rated, with which the miner
pays his labourers in kind, and they often
run away. Another cause of decline is,
chat neither whites nor negroes can work
in^the mines ; they soon ^U victims ; die
native Indians last larger, but they are
licarce. In die royal mines they are com-
pelled to work, and it scemfthat the pri-
vate miners would very willingly be per-
mitted to enforce the same prerogative.
Commerce, Witli tliese details we s>liall
not detain the reader \ it is ot Kttltt gene-
ral interest to enter into minute accounts
of a commerce in which we can have no
participation. The facts respecting po-
jMilation are of more importance. There
are, in the viceroyalty of Peru, one tiiou-
sand tliree hundred and sixty towns, and
yet, according to the highest computation*
tlie number of inhabitants does not ex-
ceed one million ! four hundred tliousand
of diese are Indians. There has been a
grievous depopulation. In 1551 the royal
commissioners stated in their returns, that
the number of Indians amounted to eight
millions two h\mdred and fifty-fivie thou-
sand J it is tnie that the viceroyalties of
Santa Fe and Buenos- Ay res were com-
prehended in the census, still the depopu-
lation is prodigious. The small-pox, un-
known in Peru till tlie year 1588, has
been the main cause — to the American
tribes this disease has proved dreadfully
fatal J but tlioiigh this be the main caure,
a heavy load of guilt remains for Spain :
white men will not work the mines, and
they will not compel the negroes to work
them, because it kills them too soon, and
negroes cost money j but the Indians are
-grown upon tlie spot, and it is what they
are bom to— a curse which they have in-
herited from their garents. Doubtless the
Spanish casuists can trace their genealogy
to Canaan, the son of Ham, and silence
all scruples of humanity by quoting Noah'*
malediction; doubtless- the Spanish f)oli-
ticians can preve that the produce of the
mines ■ is indisi^ensable to tlie ' state, and
that human lives, when weighed against
gold and silver, are as dust in the balance.
We indeed exclaim against this systematic
inhumanity; but with what consistency
do we exclaim against it ? or why do we
deny that to be good logic for America,
which is admitted as irrefragable for Af-
rica ? While England continues the slave-
trade, she must not inveigh against Spain ;
while we consume negroes, we must not
cry out against the consumption of In-
dians.
From 1517 *o 1790, nearly eleven mil-
lions of negroes have been transported
into Peru ! and these also have been con-
sumed ! The Spanish writer plainly states,
that they are so many individuals lost to
the growth of the population, and the
rd usage, cruelty.
reasons assigned are
the rigorous labour exacted from the fe-
males during pregnancy and unmediatelv
* The mark of gold being estimated at a hundred and twenty-five piastres, and that of
silver at eight piastres, the total amount, in sterling money, o? the produce of the twt^
during tkiHiboYe ten years, will be found to have been of the vahie of 7,703,545L
PRESENT STATE OF PERU.
^
^^ parturition, and the melancholy
wiiich their miserable situation occasions.
Wlicn will this irafiic have an end; this
foul disgrace to Europe, to Christendom,
but to England in particular ! The work
ef retribution is begun in Hayti: there
the iniquity began, and there the first ac-
count has been rendered — ^who can tell
where it will stop !
The mixed descendants of the negroes
in Peru become perfectly white in the
fourth generation ; this is said to b^ so
prejudicial to the kingdom, as to have re-
peatedly called for the interference of the
legislature. What colonists arrive from
Spain seem to be so many lost to the mo-
ther country, winch ill can spare them,
and nothing added to Peru : some few
niake fortunes and return ; others remain
single, because they and their posterity
would be alike excluded from any honour-
able situations : — this should have been
more clearly expkined j nor do we under-
stand, bj' the phrase which is used ofetn-
bracing celibacy, whether it is meant that
^se persons merely remain single, or
enter into the monastic orders. This is
one i^iecimen of the miserable stj'le of the
book. A great proportion of the Euro-
pean emigrants are mere vagabond adven-
turers; of no use while they are above
ground. Hands, therefore, are wanting
in Peru, and of coiu^ every thing is
wanting in proportion; roads, bridges,
canals; there is no internal commerce in
consequence. The conclusion of tliis
essay, which thus exposes the weakness
of the country', was suppressed by autho-
rity.
Historical and Political Reflections on
the Papulation of Lima. The capital of
Peru contains three hmidred and fifty-live
Krcets, three thousand nine hundred and
forty-one houses, including one hundred
and" fifty- seven which belong to ri^igious
communities, and fifty-two thousand six
hundred and twenty-seven inhabitants.
Of these one thousand six hundred and
forty-sevcn belong to the different mo-
nastic orders, and three thousand one hun-
dred and eighty-four live in religious com-
nmnities without having made the vows ;
but dtesc also are to be considered as lost
to the state — a proportion, on the whole,
of one to eleven ! the secular clergy are
not included in this number. There are
nine thousand two hundred and twenty-
Mie slaves, two thousand nine hundred
and three free servants. The capital has
increased one-fi&h in size since the vice-
royalty of Buenos-Ayres separated fi-om
Peru.
The account of the university of St.
Mark, in this capital, is characteristic.
" The fees disbursed on the admission to
the diftcrcnt degrees, were originally very
high. Each doctor of the faculty, besides
paying a considerable sum to the rector, head
master, register, and other officers, was ob^
liged to fee all those who composed the chap-
ter, or assembly, at the time of his admission.
If he took a secular degree, he gave to each
of them a velvet bonnet ; and if the degree
was ecclesiastical, a bonnet of doth. To tliis
gift he added another, of six fjat hens, four
pounds of cold viands, and a pair of gloves,
fiiese disbursements, united with the cxpcnces
attendant on the public exhibition of a bull
ligiit, in the great square, on the day of ad-
niission, and the sumptuous entertainment
given to all who were present, were found, on
an average estimate made in 1743, to ajnount
to the extravagant sum of ten thousand pi-
astre's for each degree. To remedy this in-
convenience, it was then settled that the gra-
duate should pay into the chest of the institu-
tion the sum of two thousand piastres, to be
divided equally among the doctors; and
should prqvide a slight refreshment for those
who were present at his examination. Ho
^'as, besides, to bestow small fees on the rec-
tor, head master, register, and other persons
holding literary employments in the college.
The gross amount of the charges has been
since reduced to one tliousand and sixty-six
piastres.
" To obtain the degree of doctor, that of
bachelor is, in tlie first mstan. e, indispensably
requisite. For this purpose, the student must
be provided with a certiiicate of iiis liaving
attended live courses in the faculty to which
he aspires, together with another certificate of
his having taken the private lessons, without
which his studies would have been incomplete.
The cxp<»nces of this degree are moderate,
amountmg to twenty-five piastres only. Con-
fonnably to the spirit and tenor of the laws of
the kingdom, whenever ten degrees of bache-
lor have been < onferred, a similar degree is to
be bestowed on a poor scholar, as a btimulus
to application, and a recompense for the suc-
cessful prosecution of his studies; but this
favour has been liberally dispensed by the
academy, which, with a view to the prosperity
and cultivation of the sciences, has not limited
itself to the number of indigent students for
whom the above legislative provision was
made.
" llie ceremony of the reception of a doc-
tor in this univerhity is not uninteresting. On
the day appoint;>d, at sun-set, the interior of
the hall having been lighted, and the doors
closely barred, the examuiation commences
before the masters and doctors, who alone are
allowed to be present. Between the first and
second lc*ssons^ an oath is administered by die
i4
VOYAGJ^ AND TRAVELS.
fed^irtoeaclioftheasAsUots; and when the
second lesson is concluded, four of the doc^^
tors, tlie junior taking the lead, maintain a
controversy witli the candidate. This doea
not, hovttver, prevent any one present from
making such obsenations as he may deem
Essential to his further satisfactioii and secu-
rity. The rector, the president, the four re-
phcants, and the six most ancient doctors of
the faculty^ now proceed to vote privately ;
and by their sutlrages, the individual who has
been exammcd is either admitted or tejected.
The wliole concludes by a refresliment of
sweetmeats and jellies, substituted to the 5iU|>
^r ordered by the ancient institutions of tlie
academy.
" On the following morning, the degree is
confert^ svith every solemnity. Provided
the ceremony be not, by special favour, per-
formed in the mterior 6^the university, the
cliajjel of the blessed Virgin, belonging to tlie
great church, is splendidly ornamented ; and
thither the graduate, accompanied by the
aitiidents, collegiates, and doctors, proceeds to
nislke his profession of faith. 'iTie rector
having administered' to hnn an oath to defend
the mystery of the immaculate conception,
and to detest the execrable doctrines of ty-
rannicide and regicide, the degree is delivered
to him by the head master, at the same time
tliat the register invests him with tiie badges
of his newly acquired dignity. This bemg
done, a latui oration is pronounced in his
praise, and a theme proposed to him for the
exercise of his talents.
"The. number of doctors is not limited.
At this time (in 17§1) there Ate one hundred
and thirty-four in the faculty of theology ; in
that of lows, one hundred and sixty-four; ip
that of medicine, twelve ; and six masters of
Arts."
The university is poor, nor wonld its
rents be sulHcient, if several of the chairs
were not vacant, and if the other profes-
sors did not give up half their salaries.
The members are celebrated for their pa-
triotism.
'* It Is impossible to read without satisfac-
tion the sacrifice of life, goods, and persons,
made by the doctors, masters, and students,
m 170$), when the English, having invaded
the port of Guayaquil, excited a general panic
tfiroughoiit the kingdom. They enrolled
themselves, witiiout any exception of classes
or jconditions, for the king's service, and form-
ed themselves into companies. Dr. Martin
de ios Reyes took the coimnand of the com-
pany of the ecclesiastics who composed the
chapter ; that of the seculars was commanded
by Dr. Bartolome Romero ; and that of the
students by Dr. Tliomas Salazar. The rector,
Don isidora C^edOj to evince his attachment
and fidelity to his sovereign, took the com*
niand in chief.'' ^
It may be impossible to read this with-
out satisfaction in Lima, and it is impos-
sible to read it in England without smiling.
If we were reduced to the necesbity of arm-
ing our owTi universities, the heads of col-
leges would not be the tittest possible com-
manders. They themselves would not
think it necessary, to evince their loyalty,
that they should change their wigs for
helmets.
The charitable establishments in Lima
are many and flourishing. They have a
theatre, which is fasliionable : the writer
wishes tliat the comedies* of v hich monks»
popes, and saints, are the heroes, were
laid aside ; that the actors would declaim
with less violence ; tliat any one might be
permitted to seat himself in the pit with-
out regarding his dress or his periwig j
and that the company would not smoke.
Silence, and no smoking, is the motto ia
the theatre at Corunna. Cotfee-liouses
were first established in 17/1 ; they sue-,
ceed well.
" Tlie literary memoirs of Madrid ♦ con-
tain the provihions made by Don Mariano
(Joton, sujjerintcndant-gcnefal of jielice of
that court, with a view to the introduction of
a greater dc*corum in th(» coiliee-houses. T*he
principal enactments are as follow : ' firsts
that in all the col]ee-housi»s in which a certain
share of decency, and a corresponding neat'
ness, should not be observed. Jointed doth^
should be hung up, the walls white- waslu^d,
and the doors and iabh» coloureil. Stxonclly ,
that a clean dish should be scfved to eadi in-
dividual, notwithstandinn: three or four persons
should unite together, for this nnson, that, iu
pouring the liquor from the cup to the saucer,
it was spilled on the table, w) as, by tiio slight-,
est inattention, to stain the clotiies and majitlc»s
of the company. 'ITiirdly, that the waiters
should, on their prescntiiig tliemselves, b<?
clean, without either a net or a bonnet on the
head, and, if possible, combed, &c. &c/
What would some of our readers say if we
were to innnuate the like ?" t
The detestable amusement of cock-
fighting is permitted twice a week oa
working days, and on Suadap end festi<;
vals. There is a regular cock-pit ; seata
are paid for, and the mob admitted grati^
to stand. Not a hint is ventured 'm re*
pi^bation of this cruelty. EuU-feaste^ of
course, are fashiouable. Teymis is lepre-
sentjed as a ruinous game, m copse(j^Qi)c^
^ Vol X, pages 404 and 4Q5*
. TBfeSfilT STATE OF XlSP*
5i
«f the enarmocis bets which are made
opooit.
Customs and manners. This is the sati-
rical portion of the wurk« aud not the lea.st
valuable. In ''the form of a fragnn^ut
upon the state of the Roman colonies in
Africa, one writer insinuates that tl)e In-
dian and Negro female slaves are the mis-
tresses of the Spanish husbands, the bawds
of thdr wives, and the nurses of their
children: that they sway die fashions,
direct the education^ and contaminate tiie
morals of the youths and tliat their influ-
ence is so great, that the European wo-
men even imitate them as far as possible.
Another satirist exhibits a Peruyi.m beauty
in a dream, thcr^ to expose tlie manners
of his countrywomca.
"Observe attcnliTcJ)' : tiiat white whiel^
Birprises thee so much, is a thin coat of ar-
senic or while lead, laid on with art, and in a
jnanntf ghied to the skin. This Is a despi-
cable cuiitoni in ;^ny other nation ; but, among
the countr\ women of Eugenia, it is abso-
lutely crimiiial, seeing that, by its adoption,
the)*' injure and tamish their natural whiteness,
that surprizing whiteness w^hich excites the
envy of ail the other ladies in the wv^rld. Art
thou desirous to sec tlje mischiefs by which
this detestable paint is accompanied ? Eeuiark
the foreiieafl, which has a somewhat dispro-
portionate width : it proves that the hair has
Moi odf at the teujples, by the friction of
thijMle ingredient. Observe, now that she
«mil«: she has several decayed teeth; and
if it uca* lawful for tliee to approrxii her,
thou u-oaldest be sensible that her brcatii even
is m some measure vitiated. All these arc
consequences of the same abuse.'
^'''fhe hands,' exclahned in continuation
the scnipnlous censor, * those hands which,
pbvsically, arc beyond a doubt well shaped,
delicate, and hambH^ntc, have, in a moral
pojnt of view, several very notable delects,
ihose honourable marks which the use of tJie
needle, or of the di-stai}', occasionally leave.<,
are not to be traced ion them. Among her
countrywomen, it is considered as derogatory,
to know how to take up a Iof)p in a stocking ;
aad but few are to be fmmd who arc able to
embioida' a pair of rnliies, for the husb.aud,
cr few the boy^. Tlie discoloration wiiirh is
« pqceptible at th^ tijis of the tliumb, tore-
ft^jer, and miiidk hnger of thp right hand, is
Dving to these extremities being logularly
made to answer the purpoA2 of tlic tork, i^
t.V repasts -.-—a filthy pnictlce by' which the
strongest stomacii must be nauseated. loi:-
twat«iy, however, this indelicacy is not to be
found among certain principal nympl^ who
ait the Mower ami the ^lory of ihi4t Ifighly far
voun^d country.'^
It is carsoQ8^ that what Ben Jonspn c;ill3
' the laudable use of forks
Brought into custom here, as they are in Italy
To the sparing o' napkins,'
should not yet have become general ia
the Spanish and Portugueze colonies. Per-
haps they agree with the German diving
who preaclied against tl>e custom, and
said it was an insult against Providence
jiot to touch one's meat with one's fingers,.
*' The most conspicuous part of the cos-
tume is thcfaldtttin, or short hoop pettkroat,
more particularly worn in the carriage, and at
pulilic eulertainments. It is made of richly
embroidered cloth, velvet, &c. ; ia rendereci
Hexible by the means of wlialebonc ; and
provided with a .wadduig, to give it a greater
protuberance, so as to display the ankle mor^
perfectly. U is attended, nowever, by this in-
convenience, that, m climbing a hill, or oi|
any sudden jnotion, the wearer makes an ex-
poiiure which borders on indc^cency. Its nu^
merous plaits cause it to assume a variety o|
graceful fornis, at the same tune that they
n^nder it very costly, fifteen yards of stufi'at
the least being consumed in the 'outward co^
vering. Tiie expence of this article of dresj^
alone, is rated at between ^hree and four hun-
dred crowns ; notwitlistanding which, a mo-
di.sh female of lima seldom pays a ceremoni-
ous visit, without having previously had re-
course to ttie Bodtgoius, tlie pruitipal street
in which the fiishionmongers reside, for a^a/-
dellin of the newest taste. In tiieir jewels,
and, in general, in every part of th^:u: dress,
the ladies of the Peruvian capital are equally
extravagant,
*' One of their favourite oniame^ts is th^
puchcTO de flores, or nosegay, which, as it
may ser\'e to ilhistrate the progress of luxury
in that capital, with tiic civil history of whi(;h it
is in some degree coimected, merits a detailed
tloscription. Its basis con<h5ts of the blossom
of a small apple of llio size of a nut, of a white
lily, of one or two roee-buds, of tht^ same num-
ber of cherry-l)lossonis, and of tlie flowers of
the Seville orange ; the whoU* laid on a plane-
leaf, of tlie dimension of the cigliih part of a
siieet of paper. On the suriti- e <>f tin's plane-
leaf are cii5:i)0sed chamomile- tlowers, the
flowers of the yellow lily, violets, daisies, and
tliyme , and, over thesc'again, a small branch
ot'bazil mint, anoUier of a s^t^t pea bearing
a violet rtower intermixed with white, and,
occaisionally, a stem of hyacinth, a branch of
the odoriferous rush liaving yellow llowers
and white leaves, and the blossoms of a small
fruit, a kind of strawberry, but larger in size.
Having been sprinkled with a watei* of a com-
mon scent, or with a spiritqus solution of
amber, this pwr^ero is valued at half a real.
"The ditTerent aggregates, such as the
Ho^soHis of the little orange of Quito, of the
apricot, of tJie small apples' which have an am-
ber colour, of the larger fmits, and of the med-
lar, ^jetiier wWi tlie chir'imoya,* camations»
♦ A flower of pieao appearance, b«t of exquisite scent.— ^V/ocr.
58
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
►wers, anemones, tulips, and other
liowers in full season, being conjoined with a
puchfro of double or treble the size of the
simple one, augment its price to two or three
piastres. Its value is raised or diminished, in
proportion to the private festivities which are
on foot, and to the times of tlie public fes-
tivals.
" To the augmentation of value above-
mentioned, is to be superadded the price of
the flower named ariruma, which is so arbi-
trary, that it rises from six reals \o six or seven
piastres, accorduig to the season, or to the de-
mands of the pur hasers. Artificial flowers
of this description liaving been recently intro-
duced, have in some measure dimhiished the
value of the natural ones. It is, however, to
be noticed, that the puchcro of natural flowers
is to be procured at every season of tlie year,
there bemg simply a variation of the more
exquisite flowers, which, for want of a proper
degree of skill in the culture, are not at all
times obtainable.
"This indBpensabte luxury is purchased
by all the different classes of females, in a
street fronting the steps of the cathedral
church, from which it is distant about fifty
paces. Thence the expectants proceed, either
to seek diversion from the chances which .may
present themselves, or to wait the appoint-
incnts that have been already made. It is
needless to add, that the Cafle delPeligi^o
(Hazard-street), for so this street is denomi-
nated, on account of the dangers to which li-
bertines wei-e formerly exposed, in their in-
tercourse with the abandoned females by
whom it was freauented, still contbues to be
the rendezvous of gallantry.
*' The station occupied by the women who
deal in flowere, is divided between those whose
speculations are on a large siale, and the re-
tailers. The former have their backs to the
church; each of them confining herself to
one or two species of flowers. 1 hey are the
female gardeners ; and in their firont are rang-
ed those wlio make thepwcA^ro*, on the tables
placed before them. Thev are very intent
on this occupation, and at the same tune very
courteous.
" In private houses, the puchero, or that
which correspond^ to the pucfuro, is constant-
ly made to serve as a<iomestic and favourite
gratification. I'hc ladies select the flowers,
and free them from the sandy and seminal
particles, which are apt to soil, and are de-
void of scent ; such as the yellow at the ex-
tremity of the orange-flower, the fibrils of
which give out an amber stain, in common
with those of the daisy and rose-bud, and of
the blossoms of the mti<ilar, apple, and smaller
fruits. Having sprinkled them afresh with the
purest water, thijy are placed beneath a cry-
stal vase, into which is introduced a small
chafing-dish filled with live coals. On this
chafing-dish is poured the most exquisite per-
fume, blend- mI with di(Vere|itaix)matics, to the
end that the natural fragfancy of the flowers
xna} be heightened.
" This delicate operation havini^ been per-
for.ned, an economical distribution is made
among the ladies who are present Each
places her portion hi her bosom, and thence
presents her favourite with an orange-blossoin,
or a small bunch of flowers, which sometimes
receive a greater value from the beautiful
• hand that bestows them, tlian from that of
Nature herself."
The portrait of the men is even more
unfavourable than that of the women.
Satirists use dark colours, but even in
caricature they endeavour to preserve
some likeness. Unless those writers fouUy
belie tlieir countrymen, a detestable vice
is practised at Lima, which, to the honour
of tlie Spanish peninsula, is no more to-
lerated there than in England.
Essay on the false rel i^ion and sup^rsii^
thus customs of tfte Peruvian Indians, The
chief deities were Apuinii, the sun, the
lord and father j Uuiri Inti, son of the
sun ; Imic Vauqui, brother of tlie sun ;
and Tarigalajuray one in three and three
in one, if this interpretation is to be be-
lieved. Besides these there was the idol
Rimac, or the speaker, — who may have
been their oracle j and Pachacamac the
omnipotent, whom they regarded as above
all, the deity whom perhaps tlie priests
acknowledpd, who invented idols for the
people. For private and particular devo-
tion they had household gods called Cono^
pas or Guisicamai/ec, lords of tlie house :
Compos, stones to whom they prayed for
water ; Htiancas, other stones erected in
tlieir plantations that they might lighten
the toil of the husbandman 3 and Mama-
tcras, long cylindrical stones w4io were
to take care of the maize, and supply
abundant crops. To bestow upon these
poor idolaters, immersed as they were in
darkness and error, the intelligence diey
needed, the essayist tells us, immense
vvisdom prepared the fittest means. It
discovered to Europe this valuable part of
the globe, and transferred its dominion by
the right of concjuesl to Spain !— Happy
change for the Peruvians ! it is true that
tliose who were not put to the sword were
made slaves, and that a few millions have
been worked to death in tlie mines -, but
what is that to the incalculable advantages
communicated to their posterity ? Have
they not got nuns instead of Adlacunas,
and the trtie trinity instead of Tariga-
tqnga ; crucifixes and madonnas instead of
Guasitnacoyea at home j and crosses in tlie
fields instead of Conipas, Huancas, and
Mamateras, besides a whole array of
saints to pray to into the bargain.
Accowu of the costumes, superstitions.
rRBSEMT STATE OF PERU.
sr
€»i exercises r of die Indians qf the Pampa
id Sacramento and Andes mountains of
Pent. The country in which liars and
dreamers placed El Dorado with its capi-
tal Mansa^ is inhabited by various savage
tribes in a miserable st^ge of ignorance.
Their complexion would be almost of £a-
ropean whiteness^ if exposure and un-
guents had not made them swarthy : they
are well made and strong, because they
murder the deformed infant, and their
habits of life destroy the feeble one. To
make the body strong they bind the waist
and the joints of their male infants witli
hempen bands, and they flatten the head
before and behind to make them like the
fiill moon. Unmarried women go naked
among them, and among those tribes who
inhabit the warmer parts, aU are naked.
ITicy have no idols, but worship the maker
of the world during the time of an earth-
quake, and only then. They call him
hther, and believe that having made the
world he retired, into heaven. An evil
being is also acknowledged by them,
whom they place in the centre of the
eanh. Their conjurers represent them-
selves as his delegates, Mc/umes or ^g»-
rrros Mr. Skinner calls them, overlook-
ing that the latter word is only a Spaniard's
translation of the former. Polygamy is
only in use among the Caciques, yet they
delight in aphrodisiacs, and some circum-
stances are raentioned which indicate a
loathsome sensuality^ as degrading as that
of the Polynesians.
Their notions of a future state differ in
different tribes. Some expect a world
like their owii, with plenty of boiled plan-
tains and juf:as, where they shall %ht
with thunder and lightning, and sport in
the milky way, which is the grove of di-
versions. Others believe in transmigra-
tion, and worship the particular beast into
which they conceit their father or their
cacique has passed. They cultivate cot-
ton tor the only garments they use j and
yuca of which they make their only drink,
for the water is miwholesome. Stone
hatchets and wooden tools are tlieir only
impJements of husbandly. They use poi-
fontd weapons against wild beasts, but
never in war j an extraordinary fact, that
having such means of destruction^ a sense
of honour, or humanity, or policy, should
prevent them from exercising them. War
is the main business of their lives. Tliey
bring home tlie heads of their enemies,
make necklaces of tlie teeth, and masks
of the &kin, and hang up the skulls as
ornaments from the roofs of their dweJl-
injs. Among the Itucalis, a warrior.
whenever he carries home the tead of an
enemy, opens the skin of his own nose,
and puts in the little hiLsk of the palm
und^ it, just upon the brid|^. A nose
completely embossed from the top to the
tip in this maimer, is as honourable as a
blue ribband in England. What is most
remarkable is, that they treat their prison-
ers with great humanity, in all respects <
like brethren.
Account qf the public congi-eg^ations of
the negroes residing in the district qf Lima.
The^ negroes are divided into ten casts, ac-
cording to their original countries j each
cast lias its own chief, and two head cor*-
porals are chosen as chiefs of the whole :
each has its meetings, in which the con*-
tributions for their festivals are fixed, ac-
counts rendered, and disputes between
husband and wife, &c. settled. All tte
festivals of these poor people are connect*
ed with religion, but it is surprizing to
find that certain ceremonies, which are
clearly derived from their native super-
stitions, should still be permitted to them.
Historical and chorographical descrip^
tion qf the province of Chichas y Tat-ija.
Francisco Tarija, who left his name to Uiis
province, might serve as the hero of a
romance. Leaving Pizarro and Almagrd
to devastate Peru, and to turn their arms
against each other, he with a small band
of followers penetrated to this fertile
valley, when tlie natives who bad never .
been subject to the Yiicas, and had never
heard of the Spaniards, received him with
resi^ect and awe. Here he settled, and
peaceably began to teach the lodians the
language of Spain, and the habits of civi-
lized life. But his numbers were insuf-
ficient, and after his death they relapsed
into their former stajte, preserving no,
other relic of his language than his name,
which tfiey gave to the valley, as it is be-
lieved, in aflection to his memory. The'
larg« teeth are again mentioned in this
paper, but the .writer has too much com*
nion sense to dream that they can have
been l^uraan. A great blunder of the
translator occurs here , he says tliat the
chronicles of Flavius Dexter, &c. '* were
extracts surreptitiously made from father
Gerommo, aYonuince qf la Higuera*" The
fact is, they were fabricated by the Jesuit
Jlieroni/mo Reman de la Higuera, and Mr. '
Skinner has converted his name into a
romance !
PI ait for gaining access to, and peopling
the Andes mountains of tlie province q/
GuamalicSf proposed and set on foot by Don
Juan de Bczarcs, The projector of diis
new seltlemeut is a merchaia of Lima,
J8
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
miaatuif in a copies perspiration, le%v«
hiin free from every ailnjient. Tht few trials
of this remedy which have been made, have
been extremely successful against siphvlis;
and if the practical enquiries that have been
^ecent^y instituted should coixe^pond uith
them, cures may be effected by the means»of
one of the most surprizing simples for which
medicine is indebted to the American contt'
nen|. The production of a wonn, which the
Indiaas name susiillo, and by which a paoer,
very similar, to that made in China, is fabri-
cated, has been hitherto uiUtnowi to' all tht
naturalists.*
Bezares obtained the sanction Of the
government to form settlements here, an4
it is supposed that his plans will be pnr*
sued; — ^but however well di.^posed the
government njay be to such projects, po-
pulation is wanting; nor is there that en«,
terprize in the people which in North
America almost supplies the want of po-
pulation, and secures whole provinces of
forests and savannahs to be cultivated by
their childrens' children.
Repopulaiion qftke valUy of Vitoc. This
paper communicates sonie curious histo^
rical infbnnation. In 1^42 Juan Santos
Atahualpa fled into the mountains to
escape punishment for murder. He called
upon tiie Indians, boasting bis descent
from the Yncas,-*4ind by his n^me it ap-
pears that some such descent liad been al«
lowed by the Spaniards, took the title of
Apu-Inga Kuapiacapac, and proclaimed
himself the restorer of the empire of his
ancestors. A multitude of Indians joined
him, five and twenty towns-r-or more aci
curately speaking, establishments of the
Franciscans were demolished, and Qui^
miri, an important post. Conquered, an(l
its governor burned in it? ruins. T\\^
valley of Vitoc, which was then overruu,
* This catir pillar is bred in the facae, a tree well known in Peni, and named by the Peru-*
vian Flora, MS. mimosa inga. In ppopoKion to the vigour and majestic growth of this tjree,
U tlie number of the insects it nourishef;, and vvhicii ^re of the kind an4 si^ of the bombyx^ as
Bilk wonn. Wjien tliey aue con^jHctely satiated, they unite at the body of the tree, seeking
the part whicli is best adapttxl to tlie extension they Have to take. They there foi in, witfi ti\^
greatest sjTnmetry and logularity, a web which is 'larger or smaller, accprdkig to the number
of the operants ; and more or lesjs pliant, according to the quality of tlie l«af by which they have
been nourished, the whole of them reniaming beneath. This envelope, on which they be-
stow such a texture, cowisteticy, ami lustre, that it canndt be decomposed by any practicable
expedient, having been finished', they all of them unite, and ranging Uicmsdves in vertical aqd
even files, Ibrm in the-centre a perfect square. Being thus dis{H)scd, eacli of tl^em lualoes its
cocoon, or pod, of a /:oafse ana short silk, in which it is tran&iormed, from the grub tQto tbtt
chrifsalisy zxnX from the chrysalis into the papilio, or nioth. In propprtJAHi as tljuey 9ftenvar4
cttiit their confinement, to take wing, they detach, wiierever it is mosjit convcni«ij^ jto Ihein,
their envelope, or web, a portion of which remains suspended to the tiimk of the tnee, wher«
it waves to and fro like a streamer, and which becomes ihore or less wliite, accordii>g to th.e
air and humidity the season and situation admit. A complete nest l\as already been trans^
initted to his cattioltc majesty ; and, by the hands of his naturalist, Don Antonio Pineda, ^
piece (if this natural silk paper> nu»|suriiig a yard and a half, of dn elliptical shape, whick i^
ptxAilj^r to all of tjiepi,
who wbe^ cm the point of Fetorning to
his native cmmtry with a respectable for-
tune, met with a Spaniard who had long
led a sava^ life among these Indians, and
represented to him their docility, and the
advantages of the country. Bezares de-
voted his property to civilizing the.se
people, and i^eclaiming them to Christian-
ity, from which,' since tlie unhappy extinc-
tion of the Jesuits, they had filleu. Un^
bappy we <^1 tliat extinction, because of
all tlie moiia:ritic orders they only were
well employed. Upwards of twenty
(towns which they had established were
found ia ruias,'>-"tbe term of course has
not its. European aigni^cation, but it im«
plies fixed dwellings, and habits of do*
mestication and agriculture, the first rudi-»
raents of civilization. The tree which
yields tlie red bark grows here in great
abundance, and also the yellow bark,
neither of which had been calculated
upon. Other promising productions have
been discovered.
<* Bejrares met with a description of very
lofty trees, the wood of whkh is unknown,
but valuable, not only because, with all its
foiidity, it yields with equal suppleness to the
plane and tlie cl^isel ; but likewise op account
of its 5«)ii-violet colour, by which it appears
to he, in preference to any other wogd, adapt-
ed to the purpose of dyemg. He found ano-
ther tree which produces, m the shoots of its
hrajiches, a resinous substance in grains, of a
gieenish hue, whidi, as he pro^^ed it to be an
eilectual substitute for sealuig-wax, is appa-
rently calcufctcd for many ases. A kind of
0zk": or wiHqw, which grows in thip territory,
is de; med by the liidians a qieeific in com-
pla'unts of the bowels, and is named by them
ccUnturc, because, b employing its decoc-
ticm in cases of the most violent rheumatic
liticctions, the patient is subjected for three
&f lour hcure to a violent fever, which, ter-
HESENT STATE OF PEHU.
«
WM only beginning to be repeopled when
tbe tern ian Mercury was publihlied : the
new Yuca then possessed liis acquisitions
m peace, but Jefc no successor. An f n-
dian Toussaint might shake tlie Spanish
empire in Peru.
Periodical u^orks. Mexico supports a
gazette^ a civil tliary, and another of nj-
tural history. The Peruvians r.ow rival
this fiourishing state of hterature; a Di-
afio £oo:)&iiiico was started at Lima^ and
soon followed by this Mercurio Peruano,
which commenced in 1791. The Sema-
narioCritico fallowed this, :ind it was then
boasted that Lima had at lengtli placed
itaOif 00 a footing with Mexico, at the
time of the greatest splendour of the latter
city, by possessing a Diary, a Mercury,
anda Weekly Critic. In the same year
a periodical paper \\ as set on foot at Santa
Fe de Bogota, and o^iother at Quito, —
symptoms of improvement those, but
which also prove diat literature had d^;-
cJined in the Spanish colonies as well a in
the mother coxmtry, and that its revival
was later. Nor are these symptoms en-
couraged: die editor into rms us that the
Mercur}', after having been progressively
subjected to a variety of restraints, was
finally discoi^tinued in 1 7i)6.
Pdiiicai economy . The ccadem ical so -
cietywho published tiie Mcrciuy, offer a
gold meual of eleven ouncx^s, with a ring
and chain g£ gold for the bc^t plan for
iniprming die roads, which are in a
miserable state, and a silver piedal tor the
second best. One only was *icn i i n , w hicli
was pot thought worthy of either. The
bishop of Quito^has exerted liimself to
promote tlie same desirable object, and
ecbscribed five hundred piastres towaidfi
opening a road in his dioce<e. He al^o
offered a premium to the best baker, — a
6ct v/hich proves his own excellent wishes
«nd, iauntion?, and cKposes at di<> same
lime the sad condition of th^ colony.
JBiovrapAy. 'J his article contains bio-
graphical skctclies of P. Juan Perez Me-*
fiacho, a theologian of the siKteeuth cen«
tiiry, remarkabW for his stature and his
rtruttg memory ; of D. Antonio Lewn Pi-
neloj a useiul, hiborious, and learned
writer of the sei^irteei^th ceiittiry ; F.
Fnmcitico d^l Castello, a biimi iuipiovi-
i'iiore, not long dead ; and 1). Diego Lo-
pez, who lost hij wi%s iu ^tlenapting t^
*<j«ai>e the circk.
Lmgevit^. A single instance is given
» a DftCive SpaiifanL who lived to l)e J 33.
An article upoa imr^oroiir^' a>ncluvietf
An appendix of considerable length it
added, containing a history of tbe mis-
sions of Caxamarquilla, of the origin and
loss of those of Manoa, and the travels ot'
P. Manuel Sobreviola, by the river Hual-
laga to the lake of Gran Cocama in l/QO,
and of F. Njirciso Girbal y Barcelo by the
Marannon and Ucayali to the tribes of
Manoa in 179I, with an account by So*
breviela of the entrances into the ^noun*
tainous country made at difterent timet
by the Franciscans, whom Mr. Skinner^
according to the conmiou error of Kuglisk
wr i ters, call s monk s instead of friars . So-
brevicla's map was not in the volumes
which fell into the translator's bands.
We do aotrccoUect whethw the great
map of Spanish ^Vmerica be of a later
date than l/CjO, or if, as we rather think
it be, his survey would be included 5 but
in any case that^map should be reduced
for the subsequent edidons of this work.
A few curious circumstances respecting
the Indians and the country may bt
gleaned from this portion of the volume.
Tlieir mode of catching wild beasts might
usefully be practised wherever man it
placed among such bad neighbotirs.
" They nuke a narrow passage fomied by
stakt s of a competent thickness, and six feet in
length, well Iksteued together and fixed in the
earth. The top, and one of the .entrances,
are secured by other stakes of the s^me dc-.
scrii>lion : in the middle of the pusoage thor j
is a divisioji. At the cntraiice which is Itft
oprn, a stout plank, supported by a cod
which Is slightly secured m the ftoiit of the
paisage, is siMfa^uded. >yhen tiw bowlings of
a tiger are heaid, a dt^ l^ shut up in the m-
ner division, who, iindiiig himself in confine^
nient, begins to howl. The tyger instantly
darts forwrarcl, tliinking himself secure of hia^
pay, and bAn^ mublo to find any other pas*,
sage than the one where the plank is suspend-,
ed, enters tliat wa\ . Now entangling hmiself
in the cord, he spfaig^, throws (kAvn the plank,
and linds himself hemmed in without bein^
able to hurt llie dog, who is protected by th<£
division of boardii. A4ter having ainusc4
diemselves untiixthc animal becomes furi^us^
tlie isdians put him to death with ihch clubs
^d arrows."
Wolves are trapped in a like manner
in some paru of Europe ; diere is a pruit
of such a sn^te in one of the early volunoet
of the Gv^ntleman s Magazine. Some od4
diiugs ar4f rdated of diese American ty«
gers, that they watch for die cayman m
the \>mVM of tKe Ucayali, and fasteu tbeir
dawt in his eyes, the only part which they
can pierce ; and that when they catch a
turtle, diey imitate nian, by turoixig it on
4(6 b£H:t^ ^ tbmi »f curift^ It Fokcoof
a>
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
ve know catch eels, but when tygers turn
turtle-eaters it is time for the court of
aldermen to take alarm.
The remains of one of tlie Yncas
brifkesare still to be seen over the mouth
of the lake Lauricocha, where tlie Tun-
garagua^ one of the sources of the Maran-
Don, issues from it. They are stone py-
ramids, excellently wrought, a yard and
Iralf square, and placed a yard asunder 5
does Mr. Skinner mean pillars when he
6ays pyramids ? — his grandilocjuous style
€>*tcn obscures and sometimes destroys
his meaning. We read in this volume
of the cxplcration of America, of gratuitous
crogadons, of decorticating the trees, of
retrograding on foot, and of s fluviatic
voyage. This gentleman would have
written better English if he had not had
the misfortune of learning Latin.
The navigation of the Marannon is re-
markably inconvenient. Even English
♦ sailors would object to going under water
•n their floats in the whirlpools or pongo*.
'* These pongos are straits formed by high
and pendant clilfs, over whidi the descending
torrents force a passage with such a degree of
violence, as to occasion terrible billows, eddies,
aiui whirl^)ooltJ, by which tlie balsas are sub-
merged. The latter are composed of fifteen
logs or beams of wood, twelve }ards in length,
and somiwhat less in their united breadth,
the narro\^nessof the pongos not admitting a
greater extension. They are furnished with
aloft)' and solid tilt, formed of canes, beneath
which the cargoes are made secure with strong
cords. At the extremities, as well as at the
parts where tlie beams are united, other beams,
ialf a vard in hcaght, are tinnir attached in
' the manner of small pillars ; and by these the
navigators secure themselves, attlic time when
the balsa„ which, hotrever, speedily returns
to float on the water, is submeiged iu Uic
pongos."
The information comprized in this vo-
lume is new and highly interesting 5 a
more modest title, however, would have
been more decorous. Information con-
cerning Peru, — or Transactions of the So-
ciety at Lima. A curious book concern-
ing this country might certainly be com-
piled at Lima, from a few volumes of the
Monthly Magazine, but it would not be
accurate to call it the Present State of Eng-
land. We very much disapprove the
manner in which it is dedicated to lord
Melville : as if no information were wel-
come to government but such as could bo
subservient to mischievous pur|K)ses. It
is the dread of such buccaneering schemes
as are evidently in the writer's mind, which
has rendered Spain i^ jealous of suffering
any accounts of her colonies to be made
public, and such schemes are merely buc-
caneering. What madman dreams of sub-
duing Peru } and expeditions which end
only in plunder are disgraceful to the na-
tion that undertakes them. The Spaniards
have been forced into the war against their
wishes and against tlieir interest, — ^it is
both for the honour and interest of Eng-
land to show that she is sensible of this,
by sparing Spain as far as may be possible.
Willingly would Spain throw off the yoke
of France and become our friend, for of all
nations in Europe it is the best disposed
toward us ; every thing which weakens
that noble nation, delays the day of its
deliverance, and aids tlie policy of Bona-
parte.
Art XL A Tmr in Zealand in the Year 1 802, xvith an Historical Sketch of the Baltk cf
Copenhagen. ByaNativeqfDciwiark. Tk£ seco?id Edition, 12mo. pp. 182.
THE Danes arc a brave, generous, and
grateful j^eople ; and slight as is the sketch
here presented by a native of the manners
of his countrymen, every now and then
an anecdote occurs which gives a mo-
mentary interest to the narrative. Den-
mark has been singularly fortunate in her
ministers of state : the yoke of dej^endence
on the court of Russia, which it was the
patriotic wish of the unfortunate count
de Strucnsee -to throw off, was removed
by the more skilful genius of the younger
Bernstorff, who also completed the pro-
ject of emancipatioB, undertaken by his
illustrious uncle, the old count de Bern-
storff.
It is singular enotigh that the enfranchise-
ment of the peasants was a scheme which
Catharine, probably to weaken the power
of the nobility, endeavoured to bring
about in the Russian erhpire. To a simi-
lar manoeuvre recourse has^ been had in
most countries in Europe, and wherever
it succeeded the monarch has found a
power succeed more jealous of despotic
authority than that which it destroyed.
In England, some of our most despotic
monarchs incorporated several small towns,
and conferred on them the privileges of
royal boroughs, that tliey might send bur-
geSses to parliament, and thus counter-
balance tlie preponderating power of the
nobility : Henry the eighth gave to twelve
counties, and to the same number of bo-
rouglis in Wales, the right of sending each
a representative to parliament. Edward
▲ TOUR ISt ZEALAtYD.
61
liie sixth created thirteen boroughs, and
restored ten to the privileges which^ from
long (tisuetude^ they had fbifeited 5
Mary created ten, Elizabeth twenty-four.
The same policy was observed in France :
Louis le Gros, in the early part of the
twelfth cenfniy, was the tirst who endea-
voured to counterbalance the formidable
power of his vassals, by conferring impor-
tant privileges on the towns within his
o«-n dominion. Still fartlier to depress
the aristocrac)', Philip the Fair, in a sub-
sequent period of time, introduced tlie
deputies of free towns into the states ge-
Aeral of the nation. The emperors of
Germaoy, in order to undermine the ba-»
ronial power^ which they were not strong
enough to oppose openly, elevated tlie
clergy. Tlie consequence was fatal : pa-
pal authority rose resistless, and trampled
on the imperial insignia.
The Russian nobi^y had too many ex-
amples before their eyes to be seduced
into a measure which they feared would
diminish their opulence and authority.
Whether the present emperor Alexander
may be aWc or willing to effect what the
great Catharine failed in, time only can
unfold* The elder Benistorff, however.
Dot dismayed by the failure of a project
which, whatever might have been its im-
mediate object. Would eventually improve
tlie character and condition of a large mass
of people, sacceeded in liberating from
bondage the peasantry of Denmark. Ig-
norant people are often unacquainted with
their own interests : the author of this
Tour, whose signature, A. Andersen, is
annexed to the dedication, says, that at
first the abolition of vassalage, by which
«ery peasant became his own master,
and enjoyed the fruits of his own labour,
was considered rather as an hardship than
as a blessing. Lands were parcelled out
in lots, upon which farm houses were
erected, and those peasants only remained
in the villages where lands were conti-
guous. The others, however, were placed
in a situation in which they knew not how
to begin business : removed from a &rm
the good and bad qualities of which tliey
were acquainted with, some of tliem were
perhaps invested with a sterile part, or al-
lotment of a common. An agricultural
society, however, was formed,' which re-
warded individual exertions* in husbandry,
and activity and diligence were crowned
with merited success. The change lias
been as beneficial as the warmest philan-
thropist could have wi^^hed, or the most
e^r zealot hare anticipated.
The peasantry, nmsed from their tor^
por, have testified the sense they since ac-
quired of their ameliorated condition, and
die grateful feelings with which they are
impressed towards their benefactors, by
erecting stones in memorial of tlieir deli-
verance, and in honour of their deliverers.
Mr. Andersen has called his book the
narrative of a Tour in Zealand: by ^
plying the compasses to his scale of Ba-
nish miles, at the bottom of a neat littk
map of the island, it does not appear thalt
his peregrination at any time exceeded
half a dozen miles from Copenhagen, or
that the whole extent of his tofwr could be
five and twenty ! From th© capital he went
to Roeskilde, then proceeded north as far
as Elsineur, and coasted along Uie Sound
back again to Copenhagen.
We have said that the Danes are a ^-
lant people j henceforth let it be recorded,
to tlie honour of the north, that diey are
also a most gallant one. Several young
women, whose Itfvers were killed in the
memorable battle of the 2d of April, IBOI,
received relief from the patriotic fund
which was established on tliat occasion.
The historical sketch of the battle of
Copenliagen, which is annexed to this
tour, is full, and, no doubt, accurate.
The engagement did infinite honour to the
bravery of both parties : the Danes wem
certainly unprepared for it, and at this
time would present a far more formidable
resistance. As it was. Lord Nelson did
not hoist the white flag until two British
ships of the line, by running foul of each
otlier, got aground, and were raked by
red hot balls t'rom the battery of the three
crowns.
The day of peril and of suffering was
to tlie Danes the commencement of a new
era in their military establishment ; and
the great accession of strength which their-
navy has received since that event, testifies
the confidence they repose in its exertions
on any future emergency.
Within the space of one year afler the
battle of Copenliagen, a fund of upwards
of fifty thousand pounds was raised, the
interest of whicli is applied to tjie main-
tenance, relief, antl education of about six
hundred and fifty persons, who had suf-
fered either individually or by their con-
nections in that engagement. When any.
of these pensioners die, the portion em-
ployed in his maintenance reverts to the
capital, which is established in perpetuity
for the encouragement of the navy. On
the first of July, 1S<X), the total number
oi guns on Danish ihips, fit for service.
^
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
was one* tliouttiftd aeven hundred and thirty
«Xiand©fun«en'iccablegunseightliuiulieU
aod eighiy-two. Ca|>tain HohlcDberg bad
been apjwiuted constructor of the royal
iiavyinihe)t?ar J79(>; he travelled llirough
the prioclpal maritime countries in Eu-
rope, and i«turned to Denmark, where
hici geuius and exfcnious were inddiatigably
and successfully employed. In the year
2800 it appeiirs, from the above statement,
that very i>iarly one-third (not ab Air. An-
dersen has erroncou-ly stated more than one
iialf) of the Danish navy consisted of ships
incapable of patting to sea, being eitlier
entirely superannuated or standing in want
of repair. On the l>.t of July, 180J, tlie
•liips fit for service carried two thousand
one hundred and eit^hty-twno guns, aixl
those in an unsen'iccuble state one hun-
dred and seventy eight only, which is not
ane-tliirteenth of the w hole. If this ac-
count is convct, however, it appears that
the Danes had not yet eniployc4 all the
guns from ihiMr mv«erviceabie ships. Tiie
statement will stand tHus :
Jul\, 1800.
Ships fit for 5Jcr\Tce carried - 173G ( ogig
July, iSOJ. .
Ships fit for sorvico carried - 2 1 B J ( ,^,gQ
— - uuiitfor surviLc - 17^5 i*
258
Thus, the nnrocrical majority of guns
employed in the navy was greater by two
liundred and tifiy-eight in the year 1800
than in the year 1 BO'i.
Within the siime space of time the
ro^'al na\nl acuhMiiy doubled the number
«»*' its midshipmen, a proportion ofwiiora
make an annual excurion on board a fri-
gate to tlie Ikllvc, under tlic inspection of
a superintendant.
" A battel-^ ciill( :l Prc>pves<(»cn (Ih^Tomli-
rtone) was civilod in il\i* si'u, to th<.' south-
vard of tlii» cily, t.> prevent an enemy from
kombardinj; the doc-k-yards and otiier im-
^rtitnt pbci*<. Tl.e pLui of this battci-y was
laid before Christian \ I. and approved by
hiiu the 2d April, 174'J; a remarkable day,
as the eiltectsot tiiat r.egliqence wiiich sutlered
the buttery to go to decay, were nioat severely
felt on the same day in 1801.
" To replace tiiis battery, the Elephant, the
Sotmd, and the Princess Vilhclmiiia were cut
do^ii, Ailed wtti) ballast, and groOiKted in tJ^
ruim, to raise' a fouudatiun tor a neu* fort»
This undtirlaking is pursued most zealously,
and a few years will, 1 hojxi, cxliibit as line »
batter}' there, as that we have to the north of
the city, calhxl the M'hrce C'nmns. This last
batterv was coiiPtmcte<l at tljc distance of tw<^
milc!» from ?hore, on the plan ot our ingenious
Commodore Gerner,* wlw dying before it
was comphHed, tJie batterj- wa? sunered to go
almost to dc*cay; but in 1801 it became aa.
object of more serious attention. I'pon liic
approach of the British Heet it was hurried
uito a state of toh^.'ble defence, though un-
fiimished with eitljer bix^ast-work, or powder
magazine. However, three furnaces were
completed for heating balls, and the batterv
being foilwrjrtety made like a horse-shoe, with
a tolerable large' harbour in the centre, showers
of shell.:, which would otherwise have annoyed
the garrison very materially, only whihtied by
their ears, an. I buried themselves in the water.
" After tiie battle the East India ConijKinY
furnished govcniment with a large quantity of
cotton, in bags, and many individuals col-
lected empty ^ugar bags; they were filled
with sand, ^\hieh, with the cotton bags, made
a most excellent breast-work all rcHind the
garrison, in two days every thing was dis-
posed to meet whatever danger might occur.
" A priyect has, likewise, been attempted
for the cretlion of a.third battery on the side
hnmediat'-ly opjx)site. b'hould this ever be
accomplUlied, the Danish metropolis may be
considencl imprei^nable, as in the citadel, Vre-
derick^liavn, a line of formidable batteries
have been raised just above the water's edge,
which, together with the nim})firts, are con-^
stracted so as to cross their iire with the batn
teries iu the sea, though the distance cousi-.
dered, certa'uily with no ^^reat effect, unles»-
parlicubr circum:»tances should favour the
eat ranee of an enemy to tlie inner roads.
** New batteries have likewise been raised
onllie iit-w dock-yard and ail along the tx)ast of
Amack, so that it the cnemy,8onie years hence,"
should aitem[)t making any impression on Co-
penhag(*n by £ea, he would, upoe the smallest
c;ompi;(tition, be welcomed with upwaids of
live iiundred guns, most of which are long
tiiirly-six pounders, hidependent of mortaiN,
that throw shells of no less than one hundred
and litty pomids weiglrt.
" l^ouble ramparts have been elevated,
and fosses du^ horn the batteries on the shore
of Amack, adjoining the Baltic, down to the
western gate, a distance of one and « half
English miles.
'* Thus tlic 2d of April, 1801, surpassed t}«
uninternipted calm ol ^i eighty years' peace
in yielding substantial benehts to Denmark,
uidependeiit of the s]>eedy re-establisluBieut of
♦ Commodore Geraer died in 1784. He invented a madiine worked %7 etrht liorges^
which drains the ro>al dock in twenty-four hours ; a tjftk which formerly emploTcd ^^p^ hun-
dred sailors iiu essantly for three days. I remember once to have been in thin dock mlb tw»
Englisli sea captains, wiio paid many obliging compliments to tlie ingenuity of Gour, axd*
spoke in very i)igh tenns of tlie dock itselt, altogether the labour of art; the.tidea«aL|JOEBHl^
ting us to e$t4)lish similai docks to those in Englaud.
U^C'AhL\rU*S llEtATftLf IN tKINtDAD.
«$
that bamionT which has so lon^' tiibsistei,
and which T trust ^Almighty God will ever
pre^ffTc, bettvcen t%vo oations, to botii of
which niay, with justicej be applied the lines
of Addison :
" llappythepcoptewhbpresrrvetliw honour;
By the same duties that oblige tlieirprii €.*/'
In this devout wish we most sincerrfy
join.
Art. XII. Travels in Trinidad during the Months qf February, March, and April, 1803,
in a Scries of Letters, addressed to a Member of the Ituperiai Parliament oj Grtttt Isri-
taia. Illustrated with a Map qf'the Island, By Pierre F. M'Callum. 8v'o. pp. 354.
THE author of these travels was bom
in Scotland, and seems to have been en-
pged in commercial pursuits^ from the
lamiliar aptness with which he talks of
eveiy thing mercantile; he has resided
much in the North American republic,
visited San Domingo during the ascen-
dancy of Toussaint, and went to Trinidad
in Febraary, 1803, to reconnoitre the ca-
pabilities of the place.
Trinidad, according to our aathor, was
then governed by a Welshman, named
Ihomas Picton, who finding himself, in
his civil capacity, intrusteil by the Spanbh
laws )*nth arbitrary powers of imprison-
ment and torture, and, in his military ca-
pacity, with a despotism not less forrafd-
able, gave the re.ins to his passions, in a
inanner more resembling the administra-
tion of Paris, where lewc&ess and rapacity
are indulged without restraint, than the
tBuai government of a British province.
Among the persons confined by order
of governor Picton, was the author of
, these letters : the alleged motive of com-
mitment was a contempt of court ; but
the apparent eause was a suspicion of what
the governor called sedition, aud jacobin-
ism and disaffection. But we will borrow
the author's own narrative.
" When the signing of the preliminaries of
pcsictf was announced in Trinidad, the inliabi*
tarns, actuated by a spirit of loyalty which dif-
fii^ iuelf through all ranks, prepared a duti-
fill address to their sovereign, expressive of
their sttVMi^ attachment^ to his majesty's per-
Mi and government, and prating him to ex-
toid, in due time, the Uessings of a British
cnmilotloii to "lYinidad. The framers of
tbis address were Messrs. Sanderson, bhaw,
dad Uighani; the fbfiner a respectable phy-
sciaDy and the two latter engaged in mercan-
tile pursuits, — all of them Englishmen born,
vvmly attached to the constitution of tiieir
oative country, and of cous^iderablc experience
Id the colonies. As great pains have been
taiceD to represent this address as tlie violent
ptwfoctioD of an intemperate partv, calculate^
to distoib the peace ef the colony, and to
. render the governor theobject of public odium,
I am happy ia the opportunity of doing justice
U> 4ie irainen of it, . by furnishing an exact
Copy; and I think you will agree with me in
prcMiQdtig it ^ loyal, constitutional, and
temperate a petition as ever was framed on a
simihtf occasion.
TO THE
king's most excellent majesty.
" Most Gracious Sorerei^,
" We the principal freelwldcrs, mei*
chants, and other British inliabitaixts of the
island of Trinidad, approach your majesty's
throne with tlx; most dutihil respect aiid af-
fectionate loyalty, begging leave to present
our unfeignctl and earnest congratulations oa
the happy change which has taken place ia
the political aft'airs of Eun^c, among whose
nations none have been so clistinguislMxi as
your majesty's imperial kmgdom, for that
perseverance and success wliich have dignified
your majesty's cxHincils, and have iniprcssed
tlie world with an appropriate opinion of their
wisdom and penetration.
" That so long aiid extensive a 'war sI'.miM
be closed by such a signal series of un])aral-
leled successes, both by sea and land, and cud
in a peace so honourable in its terais, and so
valuable by its addition to your majesty s do-
minions. Is a consideration which must excite
the proudest exultation in every British bo-
som, but more particulary aflects the hetirts
of your majesty's most loyal subjects in this
island, who feel, with inexpressible gitttltude,
the immense obligation which your majesty
has been pleased to confer on tliem by your
gracious solicitude to ccnlinn this «most valu-
able conquest, and add it to the other coUiies
so happily placed under your majesty's pa-
ternal cave and protection.
*' Iji thus venturing to address your ma-
jesty, we are emboldened by that gracious
concie?cension and regard wliich it has been
your Majesty's pleasure to extend on every
occ3«5ion to your dutiful and loving subjects';
and we -niost humbly beg leave to represent,
that next to our most anxious prayers, witiciv
will be contimially offered up to heaven tor
the long life and perfect health of the best o£^
kings, aud for the continued blessing of peace,
we most earnestly hope your majesty will be
graciously pleased, as speedily as m your ma-
jesty's wisdom may seem expedient, to a)m-
plete the happiness which we already begia
to feel under the cession of this island to ouf-
motlier country, by extending to your .faith*
ful and ttffectiobate subjects in this colonjf tlie
privileges and protection of the British constw
tution,.as experieuced by a free representatioa!
in a house ot assembly, and m a trial by jury :
privileges which tv^ mherit in commou >vith
64
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
•«r countrvm^n wider your majesty's mild
and benevolent government in Great Britain
and its numerous colonies.
" We most humbly beg Itfave to lay at your
majesty's feet our warmest protestations of
loyalty and attachment to your majesty's per-
son and family, while we cnerish the recollec-
tion of the happy events which confirmed the
liberties of Englishmen, by placing }our ma-
jesty's ilhistrious ancestors on the throne.
" That tlie blessing of almighty God may
contume your majesty's health during a long
and glorious life, and prolong the happiness
and prosperous influence of your majesty's fa-
mily over your majesty's united kingdoms to
the remotest ages, is the devout and fei-vent
f rayer of your majesty's most faitliful and af-
iiectionatc subjects."
The signatures follow of one hundred
and eight British planters and merchants.
A couipt roller of the customs had signed,
but being threatened with the governor's
displeasure, obtained the erasure of his
signature. This address was left for sub-
scription at the store of Messrs. Thomas
Higham and Co.; and, after being signed
by as many as chose, was confided to
^ViUiam Harrison, esq. A meeting of tlie
addressers had nominated him as their
chairman : half tlie persons assembled
wished the address to be forwarded to a
mercantile house in London for presenta-
tion: a majority of one voice decided
that it should be given to the governor to
be forwarded. This vote marked the
persons who wished for a fresh governor.
They thought fit to dine together at
Wharton's tavern, in ortler to commemo-
rate the annexation of Trinidad to tlie
British empire. The governor heard of
it, and sent word to tlie innkeeper that he
should hold him personally responsible for
any seditious meeting tliat might be held
on bis premises. Some gentlemen went
to explain the innocence and loyalty of
their object : the governor took from them
their rank in the militia, and dismissed
the custom-house officer who had with-
drawn his signature to the address.' Mr.
Higham was arrested and led to the com-
mon prison, itself a sepulchre filthy and
unwholesome in no common degree ; and
the author, who seems to have kept a club
with tlie managers of this addrers, but
who did not sign it, was also arrested and
committed J and, after about a week's
confinement, was shipped off for New-
York.
This arbitrary banishment has not de-
terred Mr. M'Callum from accomplishing
a task for which he had been making pre-
parations in Triiiidadi- he has proceeded
to lay before the public all the otlier ty-
rannies of the governor, of which he
could collect accounts. The catalogue
of accusations is so formidable and so
horrible, tliat, if the common courts
of justice do not possess a jurisdiction
competent to tiie investigation, sotne par-
liamentary proceedings ought to be had
on the occasion, that the colonial subject
may in future know the formal meth<xl of
redress.
Beside that portion of the letters which
is devoted to the impeachment of govern
nor Picton, they contain several instruc-
tive, novel, and curious particulars of a
colony likely to becGme very important ;
being situate at the moutli of the Oi-ono-
ko, and uniting to the common sources of
tropical pros^ierity the command of a na-
vigable communication with tlie interior
of the South- American continent. Port-
Espana will consequently be a great em-
porium ) whenever the progress of settle-
ment and civilization shall invite the ship-
ping of Europe beyond the bocas (not
bocases, as this author writes, the singular
is boca) of the great river.
There is^ resemblance between the
usages of the people of Trinidad, and
those of the antient Greeks. When an
European arrives, his first care is to pur-
chase a concubine, of the black, yellow,
or livid kind, from the priest (p. 30) ; or
from the girl's mother (p. 79) ; or from
stationary slave -venders. Auctions of
naked slaves are frequent : tlie artisan
fetches more than the husbandman. A
belief in witchcraft is so prevalent, that
negroes are tried and tortured for sorcery.
The Sunday is observed like a pagan fes-
tivalj goods are sold in tlie foreiKK>n as on
a fair-day 5 in the afternoon, songs and
music, dancing and games of chance fill
up the intervals of feasting : the rites of
worship are pantomimic and idolatrous.
Trinidad produces fine grapes (p. 41);
and might rival Madeira and the Gape in
the production of dry and sweet wines.
Surely the British legislature ought to
withdraw a fourth of the present wine-
duty, upon all wir.e grown and made in
Trinidad. This will presently cover the
country with colonists, and render us more
independent of European agriculture. Be-
sides, Trinidad may in time supply North
America with an imitation of Madeira, if
the fashion should deserve adoption ia
London.
" Tlic following statement, though not
perfectly accurate, will, however, tend to git«
U'CALU^> travel's IN TRINIDAD.
'65
xm an idea of the portioii of land capable of
CtiitifolJOQ:
ACRES*
13 13 Lots saitable for sugar 420,160
943 , coffee 302,400
138 . = cotton 50,560
304 -—a cocoa 97,280
Total27JO Total 870,400 acf.
Deduct 400 lots already grant- )
ed by the 'Spanish [ 128,000
. government. 5
5320— So that the crown >
now holds - j
^42,400 acn
We wish that an increasing quit-rent,
liable to be settled afiresh by parliament
eve^ fifteen years, were demanded for tlie
giant of colonial lands. Some land-tax
ought to exist in favor of the state> as an
incleranity for the expence of protection,
and the risk of endowment. Duties on
produce, which is our present plan of in-
demaificatioD, divert mischievously the
Mtaral course of coounerce, and will at
last trauster it te that country which, by
its inteinal economy, can afford to levy
the lowest duties. Thus, tlie fms of Ca*
nada are now shipped in Philadelphia for
China j and the return cargo is smuggled
into Canada j the whole operation being
conducted by British capital and for Bri-
tish provinces.
Some words are expended (p, 79) ; on
the cttckcxia Africana, a disease of the
itomach for which negroes seek a remedy
in eating dirt. A West-Indian, with
whom we have conversed, thinks it a dis-
ease which results fro*n the excessive use
of trfacco ; an indirect debility of the
itoniach, brought on by intemperate
liinoking , a practice in which die negroes
delight, and in which they are willingly in-
dulged by their toasters, who attend more
than is imagined to the comforts of their
dependents.
Of the general face of the country the
fuliowing account is given :
" There are in this inland three distinct
'Jdjes <rf jiioUQtatns, the northern, middle,
™ southern, covered with incorruptible
woods proper for sliip-building. 'llie nvers,
u^'eral of which are inconsiderable, have been
traced 2nd examined as to wliat distance they
ijre navigable ; and a report lias been made by
Mallet, with respect to the unprovements they
"ay be capable of, bv deepening their beds,
taaking canah, &c. 6iit as tiiis man (though
i creature of Picton) never discovered any
^alefiU, except a srries of ill treatment to-
wards his amiable wife, I do not iinaguic that
Ui« surveys merit any liolice.
Axn.'Rev. Voi. iV.
*' The navigable rivers on the ^esi coast
which disembogue themselves into the gulf of
Paria, are the Caroni, Gurracara, Cuura, aufl
Siparia ; those on tlie east coast of the island
are the Ortoire, Neg, Lebnmche, and the
Oropuche.
'* Mr. Christie, a gentleman of consider-
able talents, in the siuveyor j^enerars de|>art-^
ment, is preparing lo survey the river Caroni,
a few miles distant from hence. This is the
prmcipal river of tJie island, being uavigable
from Its eatraoce to the Aripo, a branch of
the Caroni, a distance of about twenty miles.
I'iie views of govermnent are, to connect the
Aripo with tlie Guaro, a branch of the Oro-»
pucne, also navi^.iblc to the sea, which Will
open a communication from the west coast of
Paria to the east coast, or Atlantic ; and also
to clear the bed of the Caroni of the rubbish,
so as to drain the great savannah before men-
mentioned, which will be the means of not
only rendering the Port of Spain healthy^ but
of tacilita^ig an easy hitercourse with the inte-
rior of the island.' The river Ortoire, ot
Guataro, is-the principal one on the east coast,
navigable to Morne Orange, a distance <k
about twenty miles, havuig from two to five
fathoms water ; but as the mouth of tl.i'; river
is shoal wat-er, it would be requisite to cut
a navigable canal to the bay of Mayaro, which
would give the facility of exportation to the
production of an munense tract of cultivable
land.
*' In the bay of Mayaro, we find safe an-
chorage, havmg good holduig groimd, a iin»
bottom of sand and gi'avel, and may embark
and disembark at any time of tlie tide.
*' The Neg runs a short distance parallel
to the shore, fonning a sort of canal about six
miles m length, which receives the waters of
the Mangro%'e trees that spread over all this
part. The water of this river is black, and
so tainted, as to make the sea frothy all round
its mouth.
'* The Oropuche is navigable about ten
miles on the banks of tins river. A hue set**
tlcinent might be formed, containing forty-live
divisions, about 14,400 acres. Tlie rivers
Guaro, Siparia, and I-,ebranche, are insigni-
ficant, and hardly wortli noticing, Because
neither of tlieni are navigable above 6009
paces.
*' Tlierc are several marshes ; that of Ca-
roni might be drained as well as those of
Ortoire and Oropuche, but the marsh of
Lagona Grande is inaccessible, llie mar^ii
of Icaque is level with the sea, in which there
are two gulfs ; one has an elevation of about
seven feet, and the other twelve : mud and
calcareous earth are cootinually gushing from
them. In the months of March and June,
the two ptmcipal months, they emit metallic
particles, stones rounded by friction, and otliet
neterogeneous substances.
" Rio Grande is a valley belonging to the
cfown, which lies about sixty-^ight miles from
lhl5 place, containing eleven divisions of three
hundred- and iwonty a^res each, with a ^
0$
\^OYAGES AND TRAt^LS.
riva* meandaiiug through it, having good an-
choring ground; sheltered by a head-land
from the north-cast wind, and being healthy,
it is remarkably well adapted for a white psOr
pulation* Balfandra is another place I deem
cc^ually advantageous, and not more thin six
nulcs trom Rio Grande, situated on tlic south-
cast side of the island. Tlie reason why I
give the preference to these places is, notonly
their superior situation with regard to health,
but their distance from any other settlement,
which would preyent them from liaving any
intercourse whatever with the cc»Tupt society
already mentioned, as —
' Creeping in the putrid sink of vice.'
'* I have just seen a considerable quantity
of petroleum, bitumen, dA^caWedpimspiuUtos,
carabe funentin, gummi fufierum, mumia,
carabe of Sodom, fossil pitch, and Jew's. pitch,
a ;nineral sulphur, solid and light in sub-
stance, of a dusky colour on the outside, but
a deep shining bU ck within, having but little
taste or smell, except when heated, in which
case it emits a strong pitchy odour. It was
brought from Cape de la Brea, situated in the
western extremitjr of Laguna Grande, where
there is a lake of it, elevated between seventy
and cSghty feet above Uie level of tlie sea.
We are Informed by Father Gurailla, that
some little time before he came to this island
(which may be reckoned nearly about seventy
years), a spot of land on the western coast,
about half way between the capital and the
Indian village, sunk suddenly, and was imme-
diately replaced by a small lake of pitch, to
tlie great surprise and terror of the inhabi-
tants. I suppose he means by the capital,
the village of La Brea, for I do not know that
any other petroleum lake is fcwnd m the
island but the one above mentioned. The
question now remains, whether this petroleum
would not supersede the use of copper, for
9]ii()s navigating these sejis ? If it would,
what a great ex pence would be saved, not
only to the nation, but to individuals. Surely
the* experiment ought to be tried.*'
Accounts of the principal productrons
Are given in the scientiticTorm in which*
they appear in l^ooks of natural history :
the author's personal observation does not
intervene much. There are many digres-
sions which one would gkdly spare : Pope
and Pomfret, Armstrong and Goldsmidi,
could as well be quoted in a tour to
Iceland as in a tour to Trinidad: all
books are too large 5 let us have no-
thing nnnecessary. The author is over
fond of employing fine words, some of
which he misunderstands : but he displays
xnany kinds of reading, much information
and experience, and a laudable zeal for
public morality and political beneficence.
Although we have done with the travel-
ler, we have not with his island. Trini-
dad is a recent acquisition, thinly and va»
tiously peopledvwhlcfa i» §cii«itipg from the
hands of the British legislature new zxA
purer constitutional laws. Why not make
the experiment of a code more lil»eral to
the black colonists, th^tn that which 'has
hitherto prevailed m the West Indies ?
To the iitiiwrtation of slaves we are not
about to object. The lands of tropical cli-
mates cannot be cleared and cultivated,*
and made profusely to contribute tovard
the sustenance of mankind, without the
aid of that swarthy race, whiqh natore
has formed or seasoned for the hot lati*
tudes. The venal negroes are slaves at
home ; like all th^ vulgar and unedncat-
ed, their memories have tittle tenacity,
and they soon acquire as real an attach-
ment to their new as to their original
home.
But sb soon as thte imported slave is sold
by Auction, let him be termed a vassaL
Let the act of his being purchased fagr a
British land -owner better his. condition,
and confer some of the privileges of fiee*
dom. By passing fi'om the hands of the
slave-merchant to those of the planter, Wt
him become> accoxding to the apt defini-
tion of the Roman law, mscribcd to the moU^
Let him acquire a right of settlement on
the estate to which he belongs ; let th»
land which he is to cultivate be ^comj^U-^
ed to afibrd him a maintenance in the
hour of disease, and during the twilight of
decrepitude. This is West Indiao law
already in the chief point ; and it is en*
forced: a Dutdi planter of Deni^ary^
whose black peasantry were so scantily
provisioned during a scarcity that €h^
begged for food in other plantations, had
his estate taken away by tlie courts of jus-
tice for one year, and put under the cam
of tmstees, who fed his vassals properly,
and who accounted with him &x ths
surplus.
I'he right of transferring vassals from
one estete to another seems incapable of
limitation, so long as the country isunder-*
stocked with kbourers. Whenever the
number reared shall exceed the demand
ibr labourers, the claims of negroes for
maintenance on the estates to which thejr
belong will become burdensome $ ai^
then, voluntary emancipations will abcdish
vassalage, in the same manner as it has
been dropped in modem Europe. In the
mean time vassals must be saleable be-
tween the planters ; because the act of
sale, transferring a claim of maintenance
to a different tract of land, is as necessary
to authorize migration, under the West
Indian system of poor-laws> as a paritk
certificate here.
cxiFnrfts^i travels in bu&opb/asia unfoa, astd akabia.
^
SoineUiiag could be-dcxie in the new
coostitution of Trinidad to facilitate the
acqaisition of a pecn/iam, or individoal
property, by tke negro vassaJry. ' At pre-
sent, the blacks keep fowls and pigs^ and
out of savings so acquired purchase their
litde luxuries: but a specific price might
be set (m emaBcipation, so as to enable thp
industrious to buy their fiieedom : of this
price a part siiould go to the state, whicli
would thus be burdened with the mainte-
luace of the free poor. We should tind
however, as in Poland and Russia, that it
would only be worth the while of skilful
inechanica, such as carpenters or black-
smiths, to incur the precarious subsistence
flf a iiee labourer.
Trinidad has the advantage over all tlie
^oiooies of a larger proportion of female
raisaby. Hie Spanish manners have
founded a greater domestic demand for
women, than our manners : we want labor,
they want hixuiy. These manners should
not be discourrged ; -they ought rather to
be corroborated by sl poll-tax on the male
population ; the multiplication of qreole
laboorers being the radical and proper
core both for the alave-trade, and tor co-
lonial vassalage.
Some power must be conceded to the
empb)'er over his workman^ analogous t»
that of a^master over his apprentice -, but
this power ought surely to be restricted
withm narrower bounds dian the vague
bat wide stretch allotted in the Code noir,
In reforming the criminal jurispmdence
which protects the negro, the cry of li-
herty, Quality, and the rights of man, is,
^ ! still in its place. The doctrine d
equality wis originally a fiction or hypo-
thesis of the civil lawyers, put for the
purpose of ascertaining what is due to
each, what ought to be commanded for
erery one. He who reviles this doctrine
professes in the first instance to be a des-
piler of justice -, he may be a great states-
man, as Burke was^ bat he. cannot be a
man of principle In Trinidad, we will
not inquire farther, the violent death of a
negro is not avenged like the violent death
of a white; the one is but manslai^hter.;
the other, murder. In Trinidad, torture
may be applied to the negro 5 in Trinidad,
aorcery -may be punished on the negro;
in Trinidad, flagellations, at which a regi-
ment would mutiny, may be inflicted by
the civil law, or without the civil law.
Here is indeed a cruel change in the ne-
gro's condition. In his native c juntry h^
enjoys trial by jury. When the grameta
draws a knife on his employer^ a palaver
is held. The master states his case and
produces his evidences : the singry man is
then heard, and his companions pronounce
' whether he has the reason.' Tlie pur
nisbment is only inflicted if their verdict
dpes not acquit. Why are iK>t slave-dri-
vers subject to a similar control ?
This pursuit of the good opinion of
one's companions, to which the native
Africans are tremblingly sensible, is the
most powerful stimulus to human excel-
lence, and the basis of all the forms of
ambition : of the descensive benevolence
which scatters patronage, ^ud of the as-
censive benevolence which aspires to do-
mineer. Men are most easily directed by
theur equals : trial by jury is the verdict
of nature.
Under Adrian the murder of a slave
was first punished with death -, and the
master accused of cruelty was oompelled,
on conviction, to sell the complainant. The
successive extenuations of servitude be-
tween Adrian and Justinian merit tlia
consultation and imitation of those houses
of assembly, which have a similar popu-
lation to govern. The protection of fe-
male chastity and of the rights of msff-^
Tistge was the latest improvement of their
condition, and the pure gift of Christi-
anity.
The appended map of Trinidad is not
accompanied with a scale of distances. .
Art. XII TrecveU in Earofe, Asia Minor, and Arabia. By J. G&ipriTBs> M. D,
Member qf tke Royal Medical Soeiety of Edinburgh, and qf Hseral Foreign Lite*
rary Soeietiea. 4to. pp. 400.
TH£ present volume. Dr. GrifBths in-
fbnos us, is to be considered as the pre-
lude to one of more importance, as ' the
tint link of the chain of observation
whldi he has made upon men and go-
vernments.' But thi& greater work, which
'WQffid include discussions upon the whole
system of our Indian empire, and the laws
and manners of the Hindoos and Moslem
subject to it, he will not vetitore upon,
till he has ascertained the disposition of
tha public to receive his farther labours,
by the. reception which they «hali give to
this. In our last year's* v<^ntie we ad*
vanced some opinions upon the buMMta$
of periodical criticism, nifficiently appli«
^ JsLthe levieival of Tennant-s Indian RecreaHiMms, p. 559.
F3
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
cable to form a riile for condilct in the
present case. If in \aorks of iiue litera-
ture there be a defiipieiicy of taste or of
genius, the critic has a right to complaia;
if in historical and scieutiiic compilations
he discovers a want of research and a want
of industry, he is ju«tilied in rtSenting it
as a want of honesty ; in works like the
present, where an author comes forward
with an account of what he has himself
8e«n or learnt in distant countries, if he
lands any new information, instead of
cavilling at the manner in which it may
be conveyed, he ought to learir and be
thankflil.
Dfr Griffiths embarked in the summer
of 1785 for the Mediterranean, with no
other motive than his ' natural and r)Tc-
sistihle inclination to visit distant and mi-
fnquenicd countries;* an inclination, he
says, which very early persuaded him,
that, with good humour, a spirit of ac-
commodation, and an abundant share cA'
jxitience, the difficulties of traveHing might
be surmounted, and nrany of its dangers
avoided. The vessel touched at Genoa,
On- the situation of the slaves and prisoners
here Dr. Griiiklis nxikes some huiBane
and interesting remarks.
'* Humanity has reason to rejoice, that the
disgraceful system of tortiiriHg the 'lurks and
Afncaas, taken prisoners by the vessels of tlie
Genoese Republic, is no longer pui*8ued ; and
that throughout those states, now subject to
Gallic influence, the horrible j)ersrcutions to
which these luiforlunate victims were exposed
have totally ceased.
*' Amongst the first ol>jfHts 1 visitj»d, on
the morning after my arri\al, were the pri-
sons near the harbour. Here I behfhl, I
think, tlveverv k>we;^t pitch of human wretch-
edness and degrr<latioii 1 A niuuber of aged
I'urks were cluiined to tiie wall, iu stone re-
cesses, at a sliort distance from each other ;
and some still more a^ed in cells, so low that
they were never able to stand uprip;ht ! Many
of these men. of misery a})peared to have lost
all sense or recollection ; and one, who par-
ti9ularly attracted my at lent ion, had counted
no less' than twenty-seven years of captivity !
He, seemed about "sixty-live vears old — iiis
iiowtng beard was whitened f)y mistortune;
and his sullen deportment indicatetl the rooted
antipathy he so jastly entcKained against his
inliuman Christian tormentors ! buch was
liis prejudice, that he treated with contempt
the trifling assistance I was dispo>ed to otler
him ; aod allowed it to remain noon tbe
ground untouched, witliout ev«i condescend-
ing to acknowledge it by the slightest ge:r-
ture.
'* Quitting this melancholy object >vith
every feeling of humanity tipon the stretch, I
entered one of the j^alleys— ^Here was an as-
semblage of wretcliedaJss one would tluiLk
sufficient to annihilate all idleaof mepfimeni;-
yet such is tt>e accommodating spirit «ith
which we are endowed by Providence, tliat
even here I heard the sounds of joy aiul.^iong
and Uiughter.^— Turk chained to 'lurk — Chris-
tian to Christian, and, by a refmemeiit of
cruelty, C'hri,stian to 1 urt ; all were rivettcd
to the beuclies of the vessel — Here tliey
worked and ate and sle|)t ; and wnked to a
renewal of the lierrid circle of tlieir emploj-
meut ! — ^\'et so littk; di^l^e^siug to one fellow
with whom I spoke appeared tlie life of a gal-
ley slave, that he had actually comDionccti a
tliird term of seven years conlineuicnt for a
veiy trifling renmneration — He had been first
condemned to seven years i)uni>hnient fer
criminal conduct — then served seven years
for another person, and had, a few da^'s pre*
vious to my vi>it, contracted a similar engage-
ment. Tlie only answer I could obtain to the
few questions I ventured to ask him respect-
ing his state was a kind of smile, and Che
xunle ? Non mi diipitwe tanio ? U hut can I
say ^ I doiUJind it so vcnj disai^rttahlt /
■* ** I wa> afterwards informed that this was
not a very uncommon txrcurrence ; and tliat
even many of ih se poor wretches, becoming
debtors to the government for some tritiiug
assistance, or loan of money during the term
of their imprisonment, were frequently oblig-
ed, upon faikire of payment, to renew tlietr
services, and pass the remauider of their life
in all the misery of a galley slave, llie dis-
tinguishing appellation of Uiese amateurs was
JBuone voglic, whilst those conlinedfor crimes-
were Urnwd J'brzatti"
Tlie use of proxies in England is not
carried quite so far j indeed we have not
deduced all tlie advantages from the prin-
ciple which might legitimately follow.
We Mndeed permit our peers to said their
opinions upon great national subjects, and
Upon points of law which have passed
througii the inlorlor courts to their highest
tribunal, taking it for granted tliat the ar-
guments wliich might be advanced in de-
bate could throw no new light upon th^
subject, and produce no change of senti-
ment — and thaty. so the vote be given, it
matters not by whom. It is equally rea-
sonable, and even more coii\*cnient for
great men, to allow of punishment by
proxy, according to the^ custom of Genoa.
Dr. Griffitlis mentions it as a curioug
proof of inconsistent toleration, that a
^Tosque should have bc»en built for tlie
Moiiammedan slaves, and the free exer-
cise of that religion pcnnittcd tliem, for
"which they had been so unjustly deprived
of liberty. Strictly .speaking, war is not
made upon the piratical states for tlieh-
religion, but for their piracy. The moors
of Barbary ai'e the common enemies of
civilization and of the human race, not
merely of Christianity and Europe. We
<2B1PPITHS'S T&AVELS lif EUROPE^ ASIA MINOR^ AND ARABIA.
G»
'*» Bflt say this froni any wish t© extenu-
ate tlje lolly or barbarity of a mere buc-
caHeering war, but in the hope that the
cfarisikii poArers will one day, by common
couvQt,and for their common honour, ex-
(iRguLsh ihese deipicable and detesuible
gp^^mnients.
Tlie game of pallove might advantage^
OB^Iy be introduced among us by some
£i^ioaable traveller. Athletic sports are
always useful, and this might have a fair
dizixc of coming into voguCj as it would
be new and foreign.
** -\ ball of Ir at her, fill«< with air, and equal
in sizi* to a man's head, is propelled hack\Tards
aod fhrward^ by ineans of a wooden instru-
Dice* lixcd u;x>a tile arm of the striker, cuHcd
iruccitdr. At a little distance it resembles a
rouif, but is covcriitl with short wooden dia-
ni'Wti-sliaped points. The hand and arm
b-'ijjq in(i\xhiced into it, the player, by gra^jj-
^1 * P^ placed for the purpose across the
ioti-mal part of the instrument, secures it
imiS- in its situalion, .and uses it v^itli a dci»^
terity (nily admirable.
"'The parlies eni^a,T[ed generally consist of
^wchrc, six on each *«ide ; and llie object is to
drive the ball into the adversaries ground, or
2s far distint from the adversaries themselves
3s ptHsible."
The Italian hospitals ace establishments
of ^uch magnitude and liberality, tliat even
ia England we liave nothing which cnn
he set in com|iecition with them : no cer-
li^catesor recommendations are required)
sickness is a sufficient ticket of entrance :
iwr are the inc*urable ever discharged.
Ue copy^ the nemarks of Dr. Grittiths
qpon these excellent institutions, because
iucb xemarkB siiould be as widdy circu-
lated as possible.
"In dwelling upon the exrellencr of the
Itadiaa hospitals, I do not wish it to be under-
rttfxi, tbat I hold such establisbments, or the
ticiiity with which they may be entered, as a
aperCx consicieratiou* in favour of tJie poor,
to those rcgulalUms, in a gcinnal view, wliich
have been adopted under the head of the poor
hu-5 in Knglaiid ; nor am 1 unconscious that,
by the Ja.vs of England, every poor person,
vltfmit the means of subsistence, inherits a
ririit tosirpport from his parish; that every
•m^L^ralc is bound to convey to such pansii
the aHikled wretch discharged from an hos-
pital, and that such arrangements have been
«nde bv the laws of the land, as hiunauity
and justice CAjuld devise for the benefit of the
dJ«tTe«»«*d, fcb tliat piirochial assistance Should
pT.'vcnt ll:e aiserr of dying froili actual want
d fovid. i am p«ifectly aware of all these ad-
vantage? in England ; but 1 still contend, that
tbesick nt Ji, who linds his misery a sutficicnt
iex)mmeiichlk>n to en€«re the attentions of
nuKiical men., and tlie means of sup^^grt, bo
long as he shall require-them, is iufinitely more-
tbilunate than the sick man who, in conse-
(lut'nce of the probably incurable nature of
Iris complaints, is dischari^od from an Kn^';lish
hospital, to be transferred from one end ot the
island to the other upon a waggon, because
none Iwit iiis own pansii is compelled to sup-
port him.
" 1 am tend, that -those hospitals arc to be
preferred, where every day is a receiving day,
toXho^e whose gati^s are opened to tlic recoiii*
nicndatory letter ef a subs<«riiber only once in
the week ; -uid where, even on tlrat day, the
amount of the sub^xription is often consi'dt^ed
of more importance than the disease of the
patient, .provided tliat disease be not of the
mo^t serious i«ture ; in which case, 1 allow,
that the hujnlmity of our truly respectable
physicians and surgeons always ovcrbaianci^
the pecujiiiu-y interests of the establi? hnuiit.
" i am aw'are, that cases ^f accidents arc
received at all tunes, without nxroininenda-
tton, at all our hospitals ; but is John with an
int(Nmittent Jev(?r ou 'ihureda> less an object *
of compassion th:mon tlie Wednesday follow-
ing, which 1 will (iresuine, for the sakeof argu*
rount, is the established receiving day ? Is Wil-
liam with an ascitic, or 1 homas with an erysi-
pelatous uiUummation, less entitJtKl, by the
seveiity of their suti'erings, to an immediate
endeavour at rehef, than Richard, who has
been thrown from his horse, and fractured his
libula?
'* If it be pleaded, that the ftmds pf our
hospitals will not alford siich general and in-
discriminate admission of ]3atients, and that,
wi»re evfry invalid to be received without
fonnality, the establishments must be ruined,*
my observations are correct. Happy, I re-
peat, in this particular, is the country where
thi' al}Hct«*d jxwr may be at all times well pro-
vided for by the benevolence of ihericli, with-
out waiting' for a letter of recommendation, or
a rtveivhig day !*'
Having readied Smyrna, the traveller
proceeded to Constantinople. Often a^
this metropolis has beeu described, a city
so interesting on every account, must still
present something new to every traveller,
however well informed. Dr. Grilfiths
pretends jaot to have penetrated into the
seraglio, — iudeed the sight of three heads
witli labels to them signifying to whom
they belonged, lying at the gate of the
inner court, might have cured him of any
rash curiosity. Arguing from tlie impos-
sibility which existed to himself, he at-
tempts to discredit all descriptions of these
inaccessible recesses. But the old writer?
to whom he alludes were men of veracity,
and jewellers and physicians may have ob-
tained access where a young and idle
traveller would be excluded. He (bund
the prejudices of Mohammedan pride and
ignorance in full force 3 the true believers
70
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
Bad not then recciycd those salutary les-
' tons of European discipline and European
strength which have convinced them that
a horse in Egypt t& notdegraded by carry-
ing a christian on his back. The kqftan,
Which has usually been represented as a
mark of distinction, is, we are here told,
rather a mark of subjection, it being a
custom that every ambassador must be
habited in the Turkish manner before he
could be peraiitted to see Mc light of the
The dishonourable deling of the
Turkiali- traders is thus extenuated*
. i' The censure which has fallen upon the
Tai^ish and other Levantine traders, in re^
spect to their attempts to deceive or cheat, by
asking three times more than the value of the
articles they sell, deserves some moditicatkin.
— ^A Levantine trader fixes no precise price
to his merchandise ; his object is to obtain as
nvxh as he can ; not to mnch J9fr caU. per
anatun upon his capital: he is acquainted
with no price current, no rate of exchange;
and from a want of that regularity in business
to which we are accustomed, sees notliing con-
trary to propriety in demanding a consider-
able sum for an article of inconsiderable in-
trinsk vahie ; estimating its worth by the pro-
bable necessity of the buyer, and therefore
not otTendcd at any proposed dimmution. —
There does not appear to me, in this mode of
traffic, any tJiing very repugnant to honesty,
nor indeed very different from what every day
occurs in commercial countries. — The dibtinc-
tion exists merely between the wholesale ex-
tensive monopolising advance in price of any
article in demand, established upon a grand
exchange b^ very rich merchants, who all
partici|)ate m the advanta^; and the tem-
porary eflbrt at emolument of a poor huckster
m a boutique, desirous of obtaining a more
than usual profit upon an article wliich, by the
inquiry, he supposes absolutely wanted."
The defence is admissible to a certain
6xten; only. Actions considered singly
are not the same as in the gross. An ad*
Tauce upon sugars, for instance, Ls a sort*
of authoritative «ct ^-^ tax laid by the
West India merchants upon all tea-drink-
^fs, which is openly enacted, falls upon
each individual in due proportion, and ag-
grieves none. But were the grocer to ask
three times its value for a pound of sugar
to every customer, and abate in his de-
mand according to their pertinacity, thitf
would be an act of personal knavery,
which he himself would feel as such, and
by which each person whom he succeeded
in over-reaching would be personally in-
jured. It is well known that men as*
sembled in bodies will agree to actions of
which each individual Would be ashamed;'
A mob will proceed to. massacre, thea^
every man among them would shudder
at the thought of committing murden
We must distinguish between wholesale
and retail wickedness, — between Alex-
ander and the pirate. We must insist
upon private honesty, though public ho-
nesty should be out of our reach.
At Constantinople Dr. Griffiths became
acquainted with Mustapba Campbell, th©
Scotch Ghumbvagee Bashee, or general
of bofnbardiers, of whom other tra vellera
have spo^n. This gentleman, or rath^
mussulman, bore testuaony to the trsth
of baron de Tott's story of tlie canuon^ .
which has been so ignorantly and foolisbl j
ridiculed as an extravagant falsehood.
An account of the Mohammedan reli-
gion is given at some length, avowedly
abridged from D'Ohsson. Why has not
the second volume of that valuable work
been translated, or why was the first pub-.
I'nhed in a style of sikcb needless expeuce ?
The system of the Turkish government i».
better explained in Glivier's excellent tra-
vels. The state of the Turkish military
force is copied with due acknowledgment
from Mr. £ten, as is also a statement of
the ordinary revenue and expenditure ot
the Porte, with a view of its debts and
credits in 1776. As Mr. Eton's book is
so very accessible, we could well have
excused two quarto sheets of transcription
from an heneU octavo volume. But the
most valuable information in this part of
the book is that which explains tlie method
by which the Turks endeavour to secure
their projierty from contiscation. Tlie
only means of securing it, under a govern-
ment so rapacious and so arbitrary, is by
making it over to soiiie religious or cha-
ritable purpose, in which case it is callecl
a wakf.
" An estiiblished fonnality in bestowing
pro,«.Tty in wakfe reciuirini that the donor
should nominate a person, named ATootou^
wauiee, to whose niauagcmeut the revenue^
are to be entrusted ; and another called A a-
zecr, to whom the Mootoiiwaulee is compelled
to render yp his accounts once in every Six,'
or at farthest every twelve months. But as it^
is the peculiar charactcribtic of wakfs that the
founder should be at perfect liberty m the
choice of an agent or director, as well as in the
disposal o( his property, he has a right to unite
both privileges in the same person. He may
even reserve to himself the management of
the estate, or grant it to his wife, to his diil-
drt-h of either sex, or to his friend. A mode,'
therefore, presents tt^lf, by which a consider-
able portion of his fortune may be ensured ta
tiie heirs of a family, since whatever property*
is not spetifically msposed of in the act wbitH *
GSIFFITBS'S TXATtLS IN BUBOPB^ ASIA MIR«K^ ADD ARABIA.
71
eaUGMbes fhe wskf, becomes tacitly the right
of the MooCouwaulee. Tiise the term tacitty,
because it is ptresumed by the law tliat the
Mootouwaulee expends lor pious purposes^
Morcfing to the suggestions A lus wm devo-
tioD, the^Vftiole of tiie wakf, ahiiough no posi-
tive applicatioii may have been jnadk: by the
fMuxier.
^' The advantage which the most opulent of-
ficers of the Porte continued long to take Of the
fedlity witb whK*h they could evade the right
ofthe'sultaun to inhent their estates, became
at last so evident, that the laws azte now much
mcfe enforced than fonnerly ; and whenever
a person of rank dies, or, wluit is the same
tfamg as to the sultaun's privil^e, is disgraced,
the whole of his property is seized, and a ri-
fOTGus examination made rcspectins the wak&
with which it may be charged. When the
residue of the fortune accruing to the family is
found to be in a proportion not approved of,
the sukaun, wichout ceremony, conhscates the
whole estate for his own use, making it an-
swerable only for the wakfe properly authen-
ticated."
*' The produce of the wakfs, with which
mosques and other establishments are endow-
ed, usually exceeds very considerably the ex-
penditure which their maintenance reoulres ;
and the Mootouwaulee seldom scnipies to
appropriate tlie difterence to his own use.
Many of the imperial mosques Imve a revenue
of twenty or thirty thousand pounds sterling,
whilst their whole expences require not more
than half, or at most two-thirds of this sum.
llie pen|uiBites, which are therefore eno>
nxMis, are divided between the Nazeer and
Mootouwaulee, witli little risk of discovery,
as the government appears to be ignorant of
the depredations committed, and no heirs of
law are furtfacoiTiing to claim the imapi^ropri-
ated estate."
The wakfs of the mosques, which are
continually increased by legacies, new en-
dowments and good jnanagemeut, form
no inconsiderable part of the ways and
means of the Sublime Porte. The mufti,
and the grand vizier, and the kislar agah
arc nazeers to most of the mosques in the
empire -, the kislar agah's chest in parti-
cular contains many millions of piastres.
Hiisfiind is a never- failing resource. The
Buitaun htirtmjffs from it without hesitation,
and the minkterof^ nance engages to re-
turn the som so borrowed.
There is another kind of wakf still more
^nvenient.
" Formeriy the mosques, which were suffi-
ciently rich, 'were accustomed to })urcliase
estates with the* surplus of their revenuvs, for
which they paid only half of the real value ;
but as a fe'rther compensation, the seller was
permitted to enjoy the possession of the pur^
etiaied eitate for a giveu Busaber ci yeaiSy
upon allowhig to the mosque a Very trifling
rent. *
• '* The proprietorV of estates consented to
this mode ot disposing of tiieir property, as
much from a spirit of devotion as trom the
advantage of placing it beyond the grasp of
authority ; for the f^e being duly registered
with all the forms used at unequivocal wakfs,
they were regarded merely as tenants. To
ensure the tranquil enjoyment of these estates,
it was particularly spccilied that a certain sum
of money had been paid in advance, and that
another^ valued at a tenth of the annual value,
mutually agreed upon between the parties,
would be paid annually. — ^At tlie expiration
of the stated term, the property so purchased
devolved to tlie mosque ; out if the possessor
died previously to tlie date detemiined upon,
the mosque invaiiably permitted ti. heirs of
the deceased, or in default of heirs, those
who farmed the coUectioMs of intestate estates,
to enjoy the property till it became legally an
appurtenance ot die moscjue.
"In this kind of wakf the repairs of the
estate were al\frays imposed upon the mosque ;
but as this circumstance gave rise to perpetual
disputes, it frequently aupeared that pre\'aii*
cations originated witli tJic mosque as well aa
with the proprietors or their heirs ; and the
government was therefore induced to revise
the laws, and improve those which should be
found defective.
" By tlie laws now in force, it is enacted,
that the mosques, shall purchase these estates,
whenever inclined, at a iiMxlerate rate ; that
the tenants shall be responsible for all repair?",
improvements, or embellishments ; anu that
the proprietors shall have the right of posses*
sion in perpetuity. Tliese regulations are
scrupulously attended to ; and the method ot
ajrangemctit is as follo^^-s :
" The proprietor of an estate makes a ces-
sion to a mosque under the title of wakf, for
which he receives a sum of money, calculated
at most at liftcen per cent, upon the real
value of the property ; sometimes at not more
than ten per ceiit.-^Yor two thousand pounds
value, therefore, in land, the mosque pays
only two hundred or three hundred pounds ;
ana the seller, who is theii considered simply
as a tenant to the moscjue, pays an annual
rent to it, equivalent to the mterest of the
sum which he has thus received for hfe own
estate. — ^The interest is calculated as the con-
tracting parties may agree, but must not ex^
ceed fifteen per ctrit.
** This svstem will, no doubt, appear very
singular to tlie reader : impoitant advantages,
however, result, not only to tha mosque, but
also to the founder of tlie wakf ^ for by tlieso
means the property is no longer liable to the
common forms. of civil law, and is sheltered as
it were from every kind of seizure and con-
fiscation.
'** The founder esteems amongst his advan-
tages, 17770, The right of continuing master
of an estate, upon which he may reiode^ or
72.
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
by wliicli be niaj- benefit by lettm^ it to
anotlier.
" 2do, That in case of debts contracted
after the wakt* hiw been legally made, na pro-
ceedings of common law can attach it, noj-
. can any creditor pretend to claim a property
which is adjudged sacred.
" 3lio, 'i he right of transmitting to his
children of both sexes the whole of nis pio-
jerty, or rather the produce of this property,
t» equal proportions ; whUst by the laws of
the government no other property can be
Tilled to his childrcii but in the proportion of
two parts to the males and ons to lemales.
" Mo, The right to mortg^e» transfer,
*nd dispose of hia wakf by cession or othcr-
wUe as may best suit his convenience ; subject
however to a duty payable on these occasions
to the mosque.
" Sto, 'i he privilege of not conforming to the
law, which gives every proprietor of an estate
contiguous to anotlier about to be sold a pre-
fei-ence to all other purchasers
" The mosques, as may be natyrally sup-
posed, derive siu)eri()r advantages.
" lino, The timdi employed at interest
have an undeniable security in' the estate morti
gaged.
*' 2do, The rnosquo, not being any longer
compellecj to rq)air estates so purchased,
^icouomises considerably.; and tlie tenant,who
is most interested in their preservation, will
nece-isarily attend to the amelioration of the
property.
" Mio, These rej>air3 and emhclliihments,
as well as every sort «f augmentation which
the tenants may choose t-O make, belong to
tlie mosque by law.
" Mo, The enormous receipts which accnie
by the duty ajlowcd by law to be levied at
every commutation that takes place by a
transfer of the tenant's privileges, change of
Alootouwaulffc, or otherwise.
" bto, 'J 'he essential advantage of inheriting
these estates whcij cvtT the founder dies williT
out children, the property then devolving,
ipso facto, to the mosque ; and no claims of
iht heirs at law, nor even of grandchildren,
can be attended to : — ^Also of inheriting those
tfistates for which tlie stipulated annuaf rent is
neglected to be paid,"
P.'irticular care is necessary on the part
€)f the wakl-raakcr in drawing out the deed
<)f conveyance, as the law so far favours
the mosques, that even a verbal disjiosi-
tion in their favour is admitted.
From Constantinople Dr. Griffith re-
turned to Smyrna, and there met a young
Swede, who was willing to travel with
him to Aleppo. I'hey made their arrange-
rnents with the pwner of some horses
i^'hich were en singed to carry merchandize
tti the metropolis of Syri?, clothed them-
selves like Ci)mmoii Greeks, and set out
witli thp caravan, tp encounter the dif5-
oulties and dangers of an Asiatic journey,
■The mode of travelling and the accommo--
dations on the road ^re well described.
'* Caravanserais, or khauns, are most com*
monly large square buildtnga of stone and
brick', appropriated at convenient distaxxn
on each road tlirough the Ottomaun j^mptro
to the service of travellers : the)' arc frequtint-
ly the gratuitous olfering or K'gacy of the
well-disposed ; and somciimes a prot/f of pa-
ternal regard on the part of a patriotic suituim.-
They are generally rendered so far common,
dioiis, that round the inside of the qnadrai^gle
a story of chambers is built, whtTt* tlic travdit*r
may repose without dinger of those acrideritji
horn the horses, and other beasts of burthen,
to which he is exposed below. The center of
thi.s quadrangle on the ground lloor, wlrtch is
open and not covered by a roof, contains the
goods, and, when not completely filled by
then), the horses, &c. ; but it often occiira
that some of the animals' are brought upon
the elevated bank which is continued on thrt^
sidos (or on the four sides, allo\ving a space
for the door) of tiiss quadrangle, and .destined
for the travellers themselves previously to
their retirinc to their chambers. It is upon
this elevated bank of earth that the meals are
dressed, the pack-saddles, 6cc. deposited, and
where the immediate attendants of the cara-i
van remain as guards to the propeily. It ic$
here also that all accoujpan) ing passengers
must be contented to eat and Aw\i whenever
tjie chambei's above their heads <ire occupied,
or where, as it sotm:times occurs, no such
chambers liave been constructed. Fountains
of water are often in the center of the cara-t
vanserai; never at any great distance: and
these establislunent-s, though rude and unequal
to the comforts ot an inn or a p)st-hcuse, yet
bear with them the stamp of civilizaticn.
** It is usual for the caravan ba^^hee and his
myrmidons to be on the alrit before day-
light, and no time is lost in loading iHe
horses ; when the whole pivcecd during four
or live hours, then halting near a fbutilain or
rivulet for about an hour, tlie nmt is renewed
till near sun; et, or uptil some favourable >pot
is met \yith, which arrests its progre^^ for the
night. So man}' delays, however^ take place,
bv stoppbg to shift, or secure the merchan-
dise upon the saddles, to mend the miserable
tackle with which it is fa,<»tened, aad to wait
for the conductor's business in the little vil-
lager u])on or near tlie road, that the greate»t
extent of ;^round passed in one day «eldoin
exceeds tliivt>-, apd is ;nore generally under
twentv-iive m*iU»s.
" At convenient distances through all Asia
Minor, and indeed wherever 1 have halted
through the Turkish dominigns, the erection
of fountains, as well as caravanserais, denotes
tiie attention which has been paid to the ne-^
cessities of Mussulmaims. Many of the for-
mer are built with elegance, and ornamented
wUh xnscriptio;;s jti gilded letters^ allusive (u
6KIFFITH8 S TSATIX.S XK ZVKOTt, ASIA MINQR| AND AltABXA.
7a
thcfbuD^TT, as well as to the pnncipal article
of die Mahoinniedan &ith. An iron bowl^
lawBded by a chain, is always ready to
assbt tht! thir>ty, and a Hewing stream near it
to supply their 'beasts Very generaUy a hut,
at DO great distance, is provided with" coffee,
bread, ee^, and a distilled spirit they call
rakee ; or if the pious Mus>ulm un proprietor
should be scniptilous on the subject of the
labt articJe, the traveller has only to wait until
be meets with a Greek, who in every village
may be found to fiimish this pernicious,
thoM^ on 5uch occasions ahnobt irresistible
iBXury.'
On the fourth day they reached Sardis,
now called Sart ; the city of Craesus is now
a miiienible village of clay huts, and the
caravan halted amid the ruins of a palace.
Their next stage was Allah-Sheer, the
dtyof God,. the ancient Philadelphia, still
a populous place, where toarse cottons
and carpets are manufactured, and the art
of dyinj is better understood than in most
parts of the neighbouring country. The
Khauns here axe g^ierally full of mer-
chants, and tlie cotiee- houses and baths
well frequented. There are several Greek
churches, and one which, though mean,
is large, is called the episcopal; all in-
dicate the state of wretched poverty in
which the Greeks exist, and the bishop
has few other comforts than those which
he may derive from a conscious discliarge
of his duty. Here leaving Lydia they
entered Phrygia, and proceeded to A-
phiom-Kara-H«ssar, the old Apamea,
Wt on the banks of the Mafsyas, which
falLs into the Meander, The wool trade
forms the chief occupation of the inhabi-
tants, but great quantities pf poppies are
cultivated in the neighbourhopd, and much
ofHuni exported. In this melancholy
journey, Uirough a country which h^
been, and which ought to be, the garden
of the world, they saw little else than fine
lands uncultivated, and villages in riiins.
And now they were informed that the
road to Koniah was dangerous, for an Aga
\i'lth a troop of banditti had stationed
himself about ten miles from the common
route, and from rhence infested the coun-
try. This alarm was not groundless; the
handitti surprized them at their mid-day
meal, and demanded money Js duty for
passing the confines of their Aga. One
of these rufBans attempted to kill Dr.
Griffiths, who owed his escape entirely to
the protection of a hadgee in the caravan.
His share of the misfortune, however, was
Bot yet over. When supper was prepar-
ing, tha Tiurks obstinately refused to let
him and his compauion partake, unless
they indemnified them for the loss they
had sustained from the rohbers. Hh»
reason assigned for this demand was quitft
satisfactory. " You are two infidels, who
have been the cause of all our misfortunes,
on account of our having had the weak-
ness to allow you to come near us, and to
travel with us. Mohammed has in his
wrath punished us by permitting robbers
to take away our property ; and therefbra
unless you reimburse us for our losses,
you must no longer expect to eat from our
dish." Even the hadgee, who had given
them his oath of protection, thought this
a reasonable claim. They were to reach
Koniah the next day, where they had let-
ters of credit ; their purse was light, their
stomachs empty, for in the rencontre with
the banditti they had lost their dinner, and
they gave up all their stock of cash : it
proved far short of the expectations of
their companions, but they had honour
enough left to accept the will for the deed,
and allow them their share of the meal.
At Koniah, however, the travellers at^
tempted to right themselves by complain-
ing to the Turkish raerchant to whom
they were recommended from Smyrna |
he replied that it was out of his power to
enforce restitution, as t^ie Turks would
plead it was only their share of the loss,
and he very sensibly advised them to pro-
ceed without exciting murmurs against
them.
In this city is the great mosque of the
Mewlewahs, the whirling dervises, an
order instituted in the six hundred and
seventy-second year of the Hegira, A. D.
1294, by Jelaulud-dinn Mewlana. This
is the chief mosque of the order, and the
schaik is obeyed with the most profowid
respect. The proofs required from a no-
viciate are sufficiently severe. He \%
obliged to perform the lowest services of
the kitchen for a thousand and one days— -
a favoiurite number this it should seem
among the eastern nations. An order
called rufayees, from tlieir founder Said
Ahmed Rufayee, is distinguished for
more extraordinary practices. After four
scenes, as Dr. Griffiths calls them, in
which they have to all appearance com-
pletely exhausted themselves by violent
cries and motions, th^ fifth, which is cha-
racteristic of tlie order, conmiences.
** This is by far the most extraordinary,afld
cannot be witnessed without a degree ot" hor-
ror, 'llie state of inactivity to which thtf
dancers appeared to be reduced is now chang-
ed to one of ecstatic phrenzy, which they call
Hd€tk It is in the fervor of this religious de-
y»
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
Iitram that they make Oietr triab withred-bot
JftKl.
• << Ib a rece» in the waU, near the seat of
ike ichaik, cutlasses, and other sharp-pointed
instntnicnb, are suspended. Two <x the der-
vishes, as soon as the hfth scene commences,
take down ei^t or ten of these instruments,
and, after making thcni red-hot, j)resentthciu
to the superior ; who, repeating a tew prayers,
afad invoking schaik Ahmed Rufayee, the
fdimder, blows upon the heated iron, carries
tbem ligiitly to his mouth, and then delivers
them ui those who most vdiemently demand
4hcm. It B at this instant that these fanatics
appear tramported with enthusiastic joy: they
seize the irons, look upon them with exi^res-
sh'e tenderness, lick them with their tongues,
bite'them repeatedly, and at length extinguish
them in their mouths ! Those who cannct pro-
ctre any of tiic red-hot instruments grasp the
rtitlasses with fury, and wound themselves in
thf side, arms, or legs.
" k frequently luppens that they support
these esctraordinary tortures without the small-
est expression of pain ; but if they have not
power to resist, and fall under the violence of
th«r efhrii, ihcy throw themselves into the
?rms of a brother. In a few minutes the
fchaik visits them, breathy upon their wounds,
anoints them with saliva, recites prayers over
them, and promises a speedy recnveiy ; which
they pretend always taJces place in twenty-four
hom% afterwaids, frhen their wounds are no
longer visible.
^' llie ori^ of these singular customs is
said to be th^ belief that tiiefoimder, Ahmed
Sulayee, in a moment of religious transport,
thrust his leg into a fire, and was instantly
cured of his woimds by tlie virtue of tlie
breath and saliva of Jhdiil C(mdcr<k)olanee ;
fmm whom they imagine tlieir founder re-
ceived a similar power, which he at his death
transmitted to all the schaiks his successors.
" Ihe instruments made use of they call
gpoly whkh signifies a rose ; n>eaning to cop-
vey an idea, that the use to which they apply
them is as agrcecble to the shrine of their
elected chief, as the odor of tlie flower is ge-
nerally acce])table to the voluptuous of the
present age.
** It must be confessed, however, that great
mpicions have been entertained of these der-
vishes eraploving some artifice in their exhibi-
tions, as.weflas of tlieir possessing secrets,
communicated only amongst the elders of
their order : but there can be no deception
In the uncommon exertions and subse^juent
fsxhaustion from fatigue, which they publicly
exhibit in the ceremonies above described.""
Prom Kooiah they proceeded with the
caravan through Kreklee by Adana to the
^ort of &aftdash, and there embaFked for
Snediah, the ancient Seleucia, on the coast
of Syria, and from thence once mpre pro-
ceeded with the caravan. On the way to
Antioch, Dr. Griffiths and his Swedish
friend were once qiofc obliged to paydutif.
After leaving it they reached MJartavaun,
a place of which they had heard sufficient
to excite the curiosity o£ the most torpid
traveller. #
"In truth, the extraordinary customs of;
the inhabitants are so irreconcileable to our
ideas of propriety, and so diametrically oppo-
site to every thing we imagine a principle of
devotion, that were not the facts ascerta'med
beyond a doubt by many authors of respects*
bility, I should scarcely venture to expose my
veracity to the suspicions which may arise
from a detail of the occurrences witnessed.
" Upon entering the village the inhabitants
flocked around us, and, before we could dis-
mount from our horses, eagerly seized upon
some part of our doathing, and' invited us to
accompany them home. Men and women
were equally solicitous and equally loud in
endeavouring to attract our attention. A-
mongst them a well-looking man, in company
with three or four females, not less fa\ oreCl by
nature than himself, in spite of their olive-
colored complexion, whispeped into my ear
the Turkish words, '^ Keff-var, Keff-var-
geld!" — Much pleasure^ {txvaits you, come
with tne ! My companion, as well as my-
self, was well>ai8posed to enjoy the hospitable
ofler; and, resistmg the repeated attempts of
others to withdraw us from our exulting host,
we entered the doors of his mud-walled resi-
dence. The women were dressed in loose
vests, with a head-dress rising in a point, and
unlike any we had seen: they were joyous,
familiar, and vociferous. Unfortunately the
conversatkm- ^vas almost conlined to them-
selves, for of Arable I miderstood not a wonl ;
and my companion, whose knowledge of the
eastcni languages was extensive, was too re-
cently arrived to be familiar with the pronxin-
cbtion of our new associates. The house
continued a scene of hurry and activity, until \
a smoking piloh and a roasted kid engaged us
all at the same table. A spirituous liquor was
handed round, and the highest conviviality
was manifested bv all our hosts and hostesses,
pf whom we had three men and four women.
" After paying a serious attention to our
meal, coffee and jJipes succeeded. I'he men
disappeared one after the other, then returned
agam amongst ils for a few minutes ; seemtxl
amaz'mgly well pleased with the jokes whk^i
circulated among themsflves, accompanied by
gestures evidently intended to impress us with
the idea that we Were perfectly at home ; and
at la)gth we remained without interruptkxi in
the full enjoyment of the ladies' societv.
''Such a contrast to the ji'alous prohibitions
establish^ throughout tJie countries in which
we had travelled, and even to the prev^l'mg
manners of those immediately surrounding '
the village itself, was calculatedf to excite our
curiosity as much as our surprize; and to
have ascertained the reality of circumstances,
which, when reported to us, we could only
regard as the inventions of pleasantry or
fiction, was a subject of astoaishnici^t wbki^
GXIFFITHS'S TKATBLS IH BUHOVS, ASIA UINOI, ANP ARABIA.
fi
evening. Here he met with an adventnm
Aot altogether unlike the custom of sweat-t
ing in the Spectator. A party of Torkisl^
ladies meeting him alone in the gardens
upon the banks of the Kowick, joined
hands> and formed a circle round himj^
while others, who were at liberty within
the circle, pushed him on every skie^
laughing violently at the sport. Had any
Moslem come up, he wquld have been
bastinadoed, or imprisoned, tor undergoing
this diversion, to which he put an end at
last by forcing his way through,
Mr. H., one of the English residents at
Aleppo, was- at this tune obliged by busi-
ness to go to India, and wished Dr. Grif-
fitlis to accompany him^ saying, indeed,
that witiiout him he dared not undertake
it. The invitation was readily accepted,
for it was indilierent to the traveller which
way he went. Mr. H. took with him a
daughter only seven years of a«e, because
he could hot bear to leave both bis chil-
dren. It is almost inconceivable that any
man should thus needlessly have exposed.
a child to the dangers of such a jo^mey.
" Mr. H. determined to take with us a hone
of great value, to which he was oartial : fiid
a machine, cidlcd mokdffahj was tit ted up for
cotiuiion use. This is fanned of two boxes,
about four feet in length, and eighteen or
twenty inches in breadlii. One of these is
slupg on each side of- the caiuel ; and, by
means of upriglits ox posts hxed at tlie out-
side cornel's,, a canvas covering is thrown over
them, and sharks the travellers from the. tXr
trcme heat of the sun.
*' 1 o render tliis machine more commodn
ous, the boxes are nearly filled with mat**
tresses, but the movements of the camel pre-.
vent all comfort; and every time the fore-
feet of the auiraal come to the groimd, the
shock is similar to that which is experienced
in the bow of a vessel when labourmg agaictt
a heacl-sea ; and in a few hours 1 was so
bmised, that I (quitted the mohalVah, and ever
afterwards, even when the lieatwas almost
insupportable, preferred walking.
" ITie provident care of Mr. H. had in-
duced him to pack up a very exceUont tent,
some wines; liqueurs, butter, and h variety
of dried articles ; not forgetting a quantity of
vinegar, alum, and a pair of bellows, for.tlie
purpose of purifying the bad water we had
reasoi^ to expc^rt.
The alum proy^ useless : it only re-
(noved one unpleasant taste, by cammu**
nicating anotheif yriskh. was worse. Th»
journey was dreddfbl I the &'moo/r/i * It6-
quently blew, and pf the European tca^
vellers the child was th« one who sufiered
llMed us ample room for discussion during
(be rest of our journey.
" In the morning we were greeted with the
most friendly and obliging salutations, llie
voRKn as well as the men accompanied us to
die bouse where tlie horses had been ptit up ;
isA a pre«nt of a few piasters to our liberal
host do3ed their compliments and our adven-
ture.
"The history of these people is still but
litUe understood, although the Euroj)eans re*
jkient at Aleppo have fretjuently oaid a visit
to the village of Martavaun as well as to that
diiled Trfiem, which, at a few utiles distance,
is inhabited by the same race. They are said
to be a sect of the Ansarians ; a tribe whose
origin is traced to an old man, who lived in
the year eight hundred and ninety-one, at a
Tilta^e named A'awr, near Koulfa ; and,
amongst a variety of extraordinary tenets, a
]lriiicipal object of their devotion is the <lis-
tfoctive attribute of the female sex. From
htiice, as a natural consec|uence, may be de^
dooed their religious attention to a multiplica-
ftjn of its enjoyments ; and, with ^ pious re-
gard to their opinions U]x}n the subject, they
onbrace every opportnnity thrown in their
way by the arrival of strangers, without any
Ikind of attention to their age, their rank, or
toeir religion •
"They hold frequent assemblies, wjhere
l^ronitscuous connection is the conclusion of
such ceremonies as they have thought proper
fl> adopt in the fulfilment of their worship :
Imt wliat these previous ceremonies are, seems
to be uoknown, or involved in doubt and ob-
scurity'. The men arc of much darker conn
plexion than the women, and pay little atteo-
tion to the external omainL-nts of their dress;
whk'U is similar to the comiUon habit of the
Arabs. Many of th** women were not only
dean, but much mon* attractive than has been
etpresstxi by sevcfal travellers, whose reports
were rat her grounded u|X)n hearsay than po-
satire evidence. Their limbs are liuely form-
ed, as is generally the cas<* where nature is
not coniined by the trammels of dress ; and
tSeir teeth are beautifully white.*'
In this part of Syria they met two of
the sec^ called Yauzdia, who professedly
adorers their devotions to Shitaun, •Satr.n>
or the evil spirit. Dr. Griffiths observes
that there are other customs in the world
as ridiculous, and moce atrocious ; he might
have remarked that wc have Yauzdia in
Snglaod, who not ctnly worship an evil
spirit, but give hin\ tlie name of the deity j
and inve< him with all the attributes of
the deity— except justice, mercy, and
goodness.
Dr. Griffiths arrived at Aleppo in so
dirty and so populota a condition) that he
was ashamed to nsit the baths till the third
day after liis arrival, and even then in the
^ Dr. Griifiths writes the word tluis, after the excellent authority of Dr. Kusscl^ changing
only the final y into <r^ as ff^ore analogous/ ht^ says, to the Arabic pronunciaUopr
f«
VOYAGES Ai!D TRAVELS,
least. Their stock of procmions ran low ;
and the malted tongues, with which they
had absurdly provided themselves, proved
«f .DO use when water was scarce. The
thermometer varied, during the day, from
Cttiety-siz to one hundred and four de-
grees ^ the nights were frequently cooled
^ northerly winds.
At length they came in sight «f the
l^rand dome and glittering minarets of
Xtscbcd AU* 'Here Dr. Griffiths must
relate his own rash and perilous adventure.
" My friend was almost exhausted by the
naim aad Mneaaness he experienced ; nor was
1 much less sa: but a desire to expbre (at
iia as was possible for a ciuristiau) the re-
nowned tomb of the prophet Ali, held in es-
Cmation by the Persians witb a zeal equally
enthusiastic with that which the Iladcees of
!&]rcca cntcrtam (br tlie shrine of Mahom-
B>cd, Taiaquished my disposition for rest, and,
contrary to tlw a<lvice of Mr, II. I set off
alone iir the village.
'* It is seated upon an elevated ridge of
snul hiUs : a tolerably good street nsns nearly
iram south to north about three hundred
yards. The houses on each side are fiat-
jTOofed ; many of thein being so constructed
that their roofs are but little above the level
of 4he street To enter the liabitable part
of them, it is necessary to descend from the
streets down several steps ; sj that one is apt
to hnaglne the street has been formed bc-
txecB two rows of houses already built.
'• After proceeding along tlus street, aa-
<4her turns abruptly to the right ; aiul on the
left of the angle is the grand eiitrance to the
celebrated mosqua In a variety of shops,
nearthe gates of the mosque, were e»: posed
to sale water-melons and other fruits, as well
an many dried grains: but in almost all of
tliem the proprietors were reposing them-
selves ; and on account of the extreme heat
not a sin jle person appeared walking in the '
ftreets. "Being thirsty, 1 wished to purchase
part of a melon, and addressed myself to a
shopkeeper for the purpose ; but taking me
for a Greek, he loaded me with abuse, and
refused to contaminate fiimself even by sell-
rng to me ono of the articW op his shop-
board- I retired without making him any
reply ; and, unon Tny return past liis hiit, ob-
«er\'ed he han again laid hnnself down to
•li-ep. Oa apj>roaching the gate of the
mosque, I perceived that all the good Mus-
siilmauns, at each side of tlie entrance, were
in the same drowsy disposition. Stimulated
by an irresistible, yet unpardonable airiosity,
I nastily walked into the iii'st court. An ele-'
gant fountain, ornamented with coloured
tiles, and a profusion of Arabic sentences,
was constructed in the centre ; and a corridor
roimil the area afforded a shady walk to thai
part of the btiildmg, where t\^*o handsome
doors led to the ititerior of the mos(jue. I
went to that on the jeft-hand side ; and find-
ing iw one at prayers, entered it far enough
to see the whole of the apartment. The donm
is very handsome, but by no means so Jarge
as that of Saint PauPs, as colonel Capper
^ judged it to be from its apj)ea ranee at a dis-
tance. The mosque is rich 1 y ornamented with
balls of ivory, glass, ostriches oggs, and a pro-
digious nuinlK^r of lamps, not only in tiie
centre, but on every side. Very small-siztd
rich carpets covered the flooring, and two ex-
traordijiary large silver candlesticks were
placed near the Alahareb.
" Apprehension of discovery now began to
operate upon me, and 1 traced back my steps
with caution, greatly dissatisiied at liavins
found nothing extrabrdwiary ; but, bt fore I
could repass tJie gate, an old man started up,
and called to me in Persian. Not receiving
any answer, he awakened two others ; when
the)' all jumped from the elevated part where
they had been sleeping, and exclaimed moat
vehemently. One of them, anned with a
schnitar ^tortuoatcly for me not unsheathed),
and another with a short stick, made many
blows at me ; which parrying in the best man-
ner I was able, aithoui^h not so successfully a*
I could have wiahtxl, 1 da.shed through these
beanded her)es, and was assailed in my llight
by many large stones, of which, for many
days, I bore tlie marks.**
As ihtj advanced tl^eir sufferings be-
came almost intolerable. The sand was
so hot, that the horse was actually lamed
by the burning heat of his shoes. Tlie
S/nwo/ei. became more frequent and more
violent: tlie tliermomeber lose to one
hundred and sixteen degrees ; what little
■water remained was so tliick and cont*.
minated, tliat, parched as tliey were, diey
could not swallow it. For eight and forqr
hours they were in want of water, at
length tliey reached the well, but not ia
time to save the life of Mr. H. He lived
indeed to taste the water, and almu6t im- .
mediately expired.
The child, probably because she was in
the mohaffah, suffered comparatively little
from the poisonous wind. At length they
readied the Euphrates j but though many
of tlieir dangers were over, the heat coo-
tinned to increase. Pahrenheit's thenno-
meter rose to one- hundred and thirty-two
degi-ces under the tent ; and when exposed
a quarter of an l^our to the sun, to one
hundred and fifty-six degrees. On die
forty-eighth day after their departure from
Aleppo they arrived at IJassora. Here Dt,
GriAitlis consigned his little charge to tli«
commercial resident : she remained a few
months tliere, and ri'crossod the desert
under the care of captain Currie, who de-
livered her safely to her mother.
From Bassora Dr. Griffiths suded for
Bombay, and there his volume ends. W «
wish to see his remarks upon India.
DATIE^S LETTEXS 9ROU PARAGUAT*
»
This book is poblislied in a maoiKr un*-
Becessarily expensive, which we notice,
because it is becoming too much tbe prac-
tice for authors, or for booksellers^ to
nuke the public pay tor blank paper.
The three hundred axid ninety-six pages
of this quarto might have been comprised
in a thin octavo volume, or even ib a duo-
decimo, and that too in a type which
\^oidd require no spectacles to magnify it.
There is certainly no legal standard for
printers measure^ but tliere is a standard
of honesty to which evoy things ms^ be
referred.
The prints in this Toliune are aetlter
beautifial nor useful ; they serve no other
purpose than to enhance the price of Am
work. They have a bad custom, ift arbi^
trary governments, of licensing books-^
they have also a custom of fixing the suoi
at wliich they shall be sold— our Rngiigli
publishers are proving that this custom !•
not quite so bad.
Art. XIII. Letters from Pera^aoff: describing the Settlemmts rf Afonte flieo imd
BumofJ'jres ; the Presidencies of Bioja Minor ^ Nombre de Dios, St. Muryani SL
John, (Jc. ^Cv xsitkthe Manners, Customs, and religions Ceremonies, fyc. cf the Inko"
kitOHts, U'rilten during a Residence qf seventeen Months in that Country. By Johji
CossTANSE Davie, i:*^. 8vo. pp.293.
THIS book has, in some parts, a kind
t>f romantic air, which prevents us from
trusting implicitly to the information which
it contains : it is evident, however, that
the writer has described many things from
actual inspection} and, as eN'cry notice
concerning the state of Spanish America
ii highly interesting, we are. much in-
clined to give the volume before us a
welcome reception. The advertisement
infonns us^ that
•* The writer of the following letters^ a gen-
ti^nnan of liberal education and considerable
property, harlng been disappointed in his
hopes of happiness with a beloved female, to
ftiieve the distress of his miud, resolved to
travel; and leaving .this country for New
York, on his arrival aimmencetl a corres-
• Modence with his most intimate friend
Yoike, esq. of Taunton-Dean, in the county
of Somerset, his half-brother. After remain-
ing at New York a short time, he suddenly
formed the resolution of embarkmg on a tnui-
iogvoya'e to Botany Bay — ^with which tliese
letters begin.
" Soon after they had sailed, a tremendous
itanii obliged the captain to alter his course,
and make for the river Plata. They safely
reached Monte A idt^o, and afterwards went up
to Bucnos-Avres, to ri'pair the v<«sel ; whefe
VkT. lhs\& was seized with a dangerous dis-
order, which usuallv attacks Europeans upon
tbeir first landing m tliat country ; and the
aptain, having repaired his damages and
ronipleted his stock of provisions, was under
thc disagreeable necessity of leaving him in
the care of the fathers of the convent of St.
Don/uuc, by whose unremitted attention he
^covered in about three months.
I " The jealousy of the Spanish government
causini^ fahn, upon his recovery, to be coiv-
£ned to the limits of the convent, he, to ob«
t»a more liboty , took the dress 9f a noviciate ;
and, IB con!«quencc, after a short time was
permitted to vi$it in the town, and soon after
t9 attend (aUier Hcnuadei o& a visli to some
of the presidencies in the interior of thepn>-
viiKe of Paraguay, which v^ere tmderstood
to be in an unsettled state : diis enabled him
to inake many observations^ AvhieU he took,
every opportunity of communicating t» hit
friend ui this c ountry, through his agent at
Kew Y'ork, by means of the American cap-
tains trading to South America.
" After his return to Bnenos-Ayres, it it
certain that he went to Conception, ia Ciuli^
as he was last heard of from that place, in
the year 1803 : but whether he lost his life in
any insurrection of the natives, or was im-
prisoned by the government in coasequenoft
of Ills correspoudencc being detected^ is uar
known."
From tliis it is evident, that the frieal
to whom these letters are addressed is nol
the editor of them, and, of course, not re*
sponsible for tlieir authenticity in the state
ill which they appear before the public.
Another suspicious circumstanpe is, that
the latest letter in this volume is dated
May 1798, although we learn from the
Advertisement, that Mr. Davie was hist
heard of firom Conception, in Chili, ia
1803. Were no letters received during
the wbolQ of this interval, qt have thej
not come into tlie possession of the editor >
Soon after Mr. Davie's arrival at Mont»
Video, he was seized with a dangeixitia
iever, accompanied and succeeded by long-
cxmtinued delirium, during whicli he was
conveyed to Buenos-Ayres, and left at
the Dominican convent there, by 411*
.friend the American captain, who was
obliged to proceed on his vayage. From
the monks, to whose hospitality he was
entrusted, he received the kindest atten-
tions, and finally got the better of his ill-
ness by means of an Indiap remedy.
Being thus left alone amopg strangers,
and, in consequence of the war betwecB
JEp^land and Spain, being considered «s
tf^
Voyages and tRAVElis.
t prifiOner> Mr. Davie "vras induced to re-
tain the noviciate's habit, with which he
htA been clothed on his first i^eception into
the monastery^ in the hope of being al*
lowed a little more. Hberty, more especi*
idly a^ he was looked upon by tlie goCbd
fimers as a catholic^ in consequence of
the following nustake.
** These reverend fathers regard me as a
tery pious and devout catholic. This strange
prepidice I can no otherwise account for^ than
ny tJieir finduig on my neck the precious
cross worn by my lost — . I missed this
iraluable reUc immediately upon regaining
my senses, but was dilHdent ot asking for it»
as not knowing where or how I had lo;it it.
However, when 1 was, in their opinion, sui)i-
ciently recovered, the jewel was restored to
me, and in a transport of joy I seized and
carried it to mv li})s. lliis motion ^f mine
«vas attrQ»uted ]>y the brethren to a motive
of grateful piety,' and they very readily conr
ceived that I was one of their own persua*
This letter is dated June 1797, so tliat
the subsequent events related by Mr.
Davie occupy a period <^ only eleven
months. The discreet conduct of the au-»
llior, his attentions to his ecclesiastical su-
periors, and a \veIUtinied present to the.
Btonastery, procured him tiie liberty of
visiting a ^w of the principal families in
the town, and of making little excursions
into the neighbourhood. The country
taaad is, for the roost part, an immense
' sasanna, extremely fertile, especially in
those parts that are annually inundated by
the river, iind covered with luxuriant
herbage, supporting large herds of wild
cattle and horses, tlie descendants of those
formerly imported bither from Europe.
The cattle^ however, are not so numerous
as they usM to be, on account of the de-
xastation committedamong them for many
years *past by the hunters, who destroy
them by thousands metely for the sake <^
the'u: skins, tongues, and fstt.
Splendour, dissipation, idleness, and
filthy strikingly characteriae the settle-
fneat of Buenos- Ayres ; and the influ-
ence of the clergy being' very great, the
x^ligiou^festivals are solemnized with un-
usual pomp. The account of the cele-
tartion of Corpus Cluisti day deserves to
ha extracted.
'< The mocning was ushered in by the rio^-
ii^ of bells, firing of cannon, and other ami-
lar demonstrations of joy. At ten o'clock^
upon a signal given at tne ^veriior*s house,
the community prepared to join in the gene-
sal ca^vakade ; aiid now, for the first time, I
sKattoM^theotttsideflf thecanrBOU We
were arranged in order, in a large ft:|nftre,
within tlie gates : firit, the young chorister*
were divided into four bands, twelve in each 5
these are the cliildren tinder the tuition of the
fathers. The lirst division was to precede the
whole, singing a particular service appropriate
tO' the day. On either side the^e children'
walked lay-brothers, bearing ensigns, or pic-
tures representing the dilferent achievementi
of their patron sauit Then followed the
novices, amonc; whom was myself; every one
bearing some precious relic or another, en-
closed in boxes of ebony and ivory, curiously
' wrought.
" 'i b us succeed«l another band of music,
accompanied by ^i the visitors of distinctk>fl,
of which there were not a few from the dis-
tant plantations. Next came the elder la-
thers of the convent, two and two, each car-
rying something relative to the festival ; and
after them the superior, chased in all the re-
galia of his ofHce, surrounded by the young
students go'mi; to Cordova, and six lay-bro-
thers, bearing banners. ITie remainder of
tJie community, choristers, and several newly-
baptized Indiaus, brought up the rear ; every
one in this procession being arrayed in their
richest and gayc-st attire. The caralcade,
having cleared the convent-gate, entered a
iai^e Jiandsome square ; en one side of which
stands the cathedral, a very fine well-finished
edifice, crowned with a cupola, and open on
all sides to the view. Round this square were
. assembled the societies of several other or-
ders, all dressed in paraphernalia ; and a
more curious scene 1 never witnessed, it
seemed as if people from all nations of the
earth were collected together, presenting
every dillerent shade of the coinple.xion, from
the silver-haired iniiabitant of Denmark to
the sable-hued native of Guuiea.
" Among the crowd some Indian caciques
held a very conspicuous ulace. . They wore
party-Goloiured cotton haLiti;, prettily decor
rati*d with a variety of feathers, arranged in a
ver)' judiciotis and elegant nianner. Bands of
wo«j1, red, puq>le, and yellow, encircled their
heads, and supported some of the most beau-
iiiul plumes I ever beheld. Several of the
caciques wore glittering ornaments on their
chkis ; others on their necks, arms, and legs*.
But if these Indians pleased by the satety of.
their attire^. another tribe interested me ne
4ess by their simplicity. These were dad in
white cotton vestments, with no other oma^
ment than large full \riiiie feathers, rising oot
above another round the head. This dress,
contrasted with the dark copper cok>ur d
their skms, was peculiarly striking, and gave
a most singukir, though extremely pleasing
appearance to tlie whole.
" The outsides of the houses, round thf
jquans wete hung with festoons of Jewcrs,
and Ihre birds, tiaiwith strings, to prey^
thetresoape, but long enough toadmitof tJtm
.flutteringsui&ctcntly to expand iheir.i»eautifiil
plumage ; .^contrivance which J must cooSe^
Jiad a fvry picturesque .eStait The paitic^
jd tiirnhunnh vas dixoiated vntk^an juaeoinr
tiUnt a LiTTSBS fk6x Pit Aotr4^.*
fflODqiiqptity of real aod artificial flpwers, io
the dBp(»a! of which a great share of ta$te
bid been displayed. Under the principal
arch was placed' a band of musiciaiis^ who
tm^ flndpliiyed most enduBrtingly. Indeed
thefe is not a place m the world, not even
itilT, where sacred music ismore studiously
«tt«ided ta Up<ia a volley beiog fired by
naieof the soldien — who were all drawn ufp
oi one side of the square— the processtoa
Gmmenced by the military, fully accoutred,
uarchiog otT two and two, to the sound of
«lfums trumpets, and other martial music, at
ifiterrab halting, to diseharge their pieces ;
tile beBs of all the diurches ringing, and the
diips in the harbour vetun^ng the tire in the
tamu: to that altogether you may suppose the
oooGCft by no means a de^icable one. Fir$t
after the solcUers came the order of St. Fraof-
ds, airanged in nearly the same manner as
ourselves ; then followed a second division of
the mililarv, and the choristers of the cathe-
dral: to tlicm succeeded the order of St.
iaines; and, thirdly, we came in. Between
ouritar, and the advanced guard of the fourth
eBoaminity, was borne on a very high a)tar>
Ikfaly deoQiated, the elemcDtB oif the eucha-
list, 9MTouoded by a vaist number of jpeople
of the first rank and. quality ; some ot tliem
heaxins ligbted wax-candles, highly perfunt-
cd ; others incease, many banners, and not
a few relics : the whole group flanked by sol-
diers on horseback, in ttieir newest and best
attire, firing alternately to the right and left:
and wherever a cross was erected, which I
Mieve was at the end of every street, the
vhole cavakade bsdted to sing the appointed
lervicc.
" After the eucharist came aaotkei^ division
of soldiers, and after tbcra all the remalaing
rd'igious of the town ; while on either side tf
the street— for we took the middle-Hsiarched
the mobility, men, womettr and childi«n ; btrt,
notvithstaiiding their numbers, all ranged in
regular order, and observing a profound si*'
fence, except when diey iotned in the general
cfaonises, and then blessed St D^imc*
What a din was there ! Each division of the
whole procession was attended by a band of
nunc, which, halting at the crdsses^ played
aJmoat divinely ; and sorry -enough I was,
vhen the devotion of the muhifeude, break*-
iag foith into audible sounds, spoiledsuch ex*-
ceilent harmoBty.
" The decorations of the houses in mag^
aificence surpassed any thing I ever beheSi
■t Europe on the like occasion. Tlie streets
are w^ *, and most of theni in a Mraight Ime ;
the houses in general low, with here and there
a very elegant church or public buil^g,
finished accordmg to the rules of European
architecture. Every habitation was hung
cither with tapestfy or coloured cottons ctf
various djes, ornamented with feathers in a
'wy Higemous manner ; between which were
n^enoed festoons of fiowers, articles of plate,
andLe?ren jeweb, according to the riches of
tke tmifir. Across the streets^ from side tp
^
aide, were triumphal arcbds, con^)OKd of
boughs of trees artfully interwovi^n; kois^
which hun^ as at the portico of the churclu
a great vanety of living birds, aH suspoode^
in the most advantageous point of view, and
somei of them beyond description beautiiiiL
Between the arches were set out a vast quan-
tity of eatables ; such as cakes, pies, £ruits»
Sec. all disposed io a very agreeable maimeii
and I could not help feehng a kind of peculiar
EttglUh pleasure at this part of the exhihatioo.
Cfose to tlK* houses, on each nde of the street^
were likewise pkuied living animals — ^>'o<u^
' tigers, lions, wolve^ do^, and even monkeys
ot a particular large specKs — sccunedso caf^
fully as to prevent any possibility of the^
escaping, or hurting those that nugjht come
near them. From tiie windows wi^re su9->
pended baskets^ very neatly wove, ot aiovd^
green colour^ containing every lund of seei
or erain with which they mean' to sow th^
land, that the Saviour of the worlj^
might bestow "his benediction on them asiie
passes, which they tliink will undoabtedly
procure them a pleatifui harvest ; aadindeed
they are seldom, if ever, disappc^ed.
*' There is not a stieet tlirough which te
procession passes but is adorned in thb %ihstt
did manner : for on this festival the riches «f
every individual are displayed to the greater
^advantage possible, and with a peculiar dc-
,gree of ait ; which must, I should think, oo»
cupy a considerable tune m preparation;
• "In one of the streets leadmg to the great
square I saw three of the largest and Ime*
peacocks I ever bdield: ato |ttK«i6ants of an
extraordmary size and beauty, not tauch wt-
like the peacocks in point of feather, hut taUeiv
with itioiv slepder legs ; and in lieu of a long
sweeoins tail, small tufts of featliei's, coa^
posea of dark brown, bcautihilly ^ded with
green and gold ; but their ejcs and plumage^
m beauty and variety of colours, far surpassed
any of the biped kind that had ever Wore
met my iaspection. ITiey all appeared vert
tame ; and, wiUi several other large birds fas-
tened in a smiilar way, were not in tiie least
disturbed bv the firing, the shouts of the*mul-
titude, or the trampling of tiie horses. 1 he
ground was all over strewed with herbs and
flowers, so regularly disposed as to resembk, ia
many places, the most delicate Persian carpets.
fn iine, all the sweets of nature seemed col"-
lected m one spot, to honour the -sacred fes-
tival : and a greater assemblage of people «ft*
all ranks, ages, and conditions, 1 jievur wil-
nessed, even in the most populous city in Ei*-
rope ; nor so profound a suence and regiil^
rity, except wlien the pious responses were
made.
*' The governor was dressed in a rich Spa-
nish habit, tastily ornamented with goli
jewels, &C. He was stjrrounded by a nii^
merous*and very ^lendid retinue, a*? nonfc
but the sick are exempt from assistance at thJb
ceremony. i
^ " When the procession reached the'e?4liQ»
dbl, tlic air was almost rent by the m u j ti ^uip
M
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
of Tcnoes; and vvt entered the edifice during
ft heavy discbarge of artillery from the gani-
aoa and ships in the harbour^ also volleys of
.'musquetry from the soldifrs in the streets.
Here high mass was celebrated, and the sa-
crament administered; which ceremony, of
course, occupied a considerable time, and
when ended the different communities retired
in the same order to their respective convents,
^lie principal visitors and caciques are invited
to the govemor^s, where a plentiful banquet
b provided for them, composed of every de-
Jioicy the country affords. The eatables, &c.^
-with which the streets were adorned are taken*
down^ and distributed by the parish priests
among the inhabitants, who entertain all stran-
gers that clioose to partake of them. At night
viere is a general rejoicing ; when some very
ingenious fire-works are displayed, and «a»
ttonal games exhibited, such as hunting or
ludtingthe wild bull, &c. and various maitial
exercise^ in which the inhabitants of Buenos-
AjTes particuUurly excel.**
We are sorry to obser%'e that tlie op-
pression of the Indians still continues in
ail its rigour, and that this is the causdof
the comparatively good treatment experi*
cnced by the negro slaves : the cost of a
negro is considerable, and therefore his
purchaser is induced to use him weUj
out the poor native Indians, whenever
they can be caught, belong to the govern-
ment, and are consumed, without re-
^morse, in the public works and private
cnnployment, by excessive labour and
scantiness of food.
The empire established Ky the Jesuits
in Paraguay, although its destruction was
:^pQrently very complete, has by no means
yet ceased to operate : the necessary ten-
dency of this measure was to increase pro-
digiously the power of the military com-
isanders, at the expence of the influence
till that time possessed by the priests;
the consequence of which is, that the ec-
clesiastics, in the distant presidios at least,
are yerv discontented, and ate intriguing
both with the converted and unconverted
Indians, to expel the military by force,
and throw off^ their dependence on the
governor of Buenos-Ayres. Some sedi-
tious movements among the clergy, in tlie
settlements on the Uraguay and the lake
Iberi, had parfcicularly attracted the notice
of government, and it wzs thought expe-
dient to send, from tlie Dominican mo-
nastery at Buenos-Ayres, a respectable ec-
clesiastic, fatlier Hernandez, to conciliate
if possible the existing difl^irences. Mr.
Davie bad the good fortune to prevail on
the father to allow him to accompany the
nritssion as secretary, and accordingly, in
the mon^ of Seprcmber, he quitted the
capital with his associates, and commenced
his journey. They travelled by land up
tlie banks of the Plata, as far a:i the little
harbour of Rio de las Conchas ; here they
embarked on board three balsas, or cover*
ed doubk: canoes ; and crossing the Plata,
entered the Uraguay, a deep and rocky
stream, and one of the principal contri*
butors to the main river. The Uraguay
abounds in fish, and its wooded banks
swarm with game, and are infested by
tigers, not indeed so formidable as those
of Bengal, yet sufficiently fierce to exer-
cise the skill and courage of the Indian
hunters. After proceeding for some da}'s
up this river, they entered one of its tri-
butaries, the Iber, and at length r^ched
the lake Iberi, out of which the Iber
flows in one direction, and an unnamed
stream in anoiher, that falls into the Plata
at tlie presidency of Santa Lucia. The
lake is above one hundred miles long, and
forty wide : it is sprinkled with nuroe-^
rous islands, and on its fertile and wooded
shores are established several flourishing
settlements, at the principal of which »
Rioja Minor, father Hernandez and his
company took up their residence.
" This town is pretty large, and very regu-
larly built. Ihc streets, which are in the Ro-
man style, exactly parallel, are divided by
plantations of trees thick set, oranges, le-
mons, citrons, myrtles of every various 5^01!,
and scores of other odoriferous shrubs, which
as you pass' regale the senses most delightfully,
and seem to give one a foretaste of tho^e
blissful regions where our religion tells us we
shall rest for ever. little currents of tlie
purest water run witli gentle ripplings under-
neath tiie trees, over a smooth ned of small
round pebbles. The houses are mo$>tly built
of clay, one story high, and covered with
tiles; but tlu? dwellings of the commandant,
corrigidor, fiscal, anil others of note, arr
higher, inade of brick, and fitted up with
every convenience. The public storeliousc
is in die centre of the town ; it b oiu» story
high, very long and wide, divided into seve-
tal apartments, so contrived as to receive
every dilferent article for use or barter. !• or*-
nieriy this storehouse was under the sole re-
gulation of tiie rector, and by him only was
le jjroduce proportioned out to the Uittereiit
families; but now tlie Spanish com: ^ ndant
claims a share in the diiitribution.*'
The unusual alertness of the military
clearly showed that raiscliief was appre-
hended, but for some weeks no disturb-
ance took place: in January 179^» father
Hernandez, accompanied by Mr. Davie,
went, ott account of his health, to the^ mi-
neral waters of Ariciffe, near the pnesi«
dency of S;tfita Maiia, on tbe-xiver Pk-
DAT IS^S LETTERS FROM PARAQUAT.
81
tarn; from this place he was suddenly
ifcaUed to ihe suqceeding month to Rioja
3finor, where every thing was in confu-
sion. The father, on his arrival, found
ihe moDastery surrounded by a guard of
soldiers, and that two of the principal ec-
clesiastics were under arrest on a charge
of trtasQD; this disgraceful circumstance,
tc^ether with the fatigues of his rapid
joomey, afiected so severely both his
health and spirits, that he died in a few
da>'s, leaving the two parties in a state of
tbe highest irritation against each olber>
Vthidi shcnrdy concluded in the following
tragical manner.
*' Futficr Michael and father Josqjh were
phceil in confinement, until tlie balsa sliouid
be ready to convey them to Buenos- Ayr6s.
1 «as 9(> much taken up with the ilhiess and
death of our good pastor, that I never even
be!ik)VGd a thought upon these men until the
moniing after the funeral, when I scut to tlie
couiuiandant to rec|uest tiut I might be per-
mitted to return with the prisoners to the* con-
vent of St Dominic, if tliey were not already
sent off; for not a single person had oiwned
his lips to me on that or any other subject,
save the death of the superior,- whom every
•lie lamented, llie answer I received from
Don Policarpo (the governor) was, ' that he
should consider of ray request ; and in the
meantime desired I would Keep myself quiet
^wth the other two brothers in the monaster}/
round which I found the guard was still sta-
tiwied. This answer of the commandant's
somcuhat siirpHsed me; and about the
middle of the day after that on which it was
sent to me, 1 was sitting in the apartment for-
merly occupied by the venerable Hernandez,
n-decting on my situation, and wondering for
what new vicissitudes I w;as rese^^'ed, when I
was routed from my reverie by the loud con-
. filled dm of an approaching multitude. .Pre-
witW a »gnal-gun was fired, the driuns beat
to anns, and the piercing war-shout of tlie
Indians burst upon my ears. I spnmg in ter-
ror from my seat, and ran to the*window ; but
it only commanded a vieu' of the convent
garden. I was therefore hastily returning to
the door when it flew open, and the friendly.
Indiaii, who made my secret box for me,
r^ished into the room, followed by about
twenty of the town Indians. * Come with
me, father Mathias,' said he — for that is my
nrligious title — ' for with us you will be safe/
' \\ hat IS the matter >* cried I ; ' what does
ill this mean ?* ' Father Michael and fother
Joseph,* retuined he ' have been rescued fh>m
the oalsas by some tribes of the wild Chanias :
tliey have joined tiie tow^n Indians, ^ho have
ris4^ in a bodvy and are now surrounding
every Spaniard's house ; but 1 will preserve
ytju. Saying this, he threw part of a tiger's
sluD across my shoulders, and pulled me after
him out of ihe monastery, aqd towards the
maud. All we pasied was tupiult, horror,
AxK. Aey. Vol. IV.
and confusion ; the military were fljnng in all
directions, pursiuul by the Chanias, armed
with long barbed darts, which they sent
through tlie air with amazing celerity. The
townsmen had taken possession of tlie signal
post, storehouse, and arsenal, and bemg at
tlie hour of siesta, all the Spaniards had been
taken miprepared. This was the revolt which
had bedi so long dreaded, and ^-hich the
commandant too securely thought lie had
elfectually circumvented through the intel-
ligence received from the Indian. But this
pretended confession, it now .appears, was
only a deep-laid scheme to deceive the com-'
"mandant; the conspirators h^d fpreseen the
consequences, and provided accordingly. I
perceived, as I passed along from the" mo-
nastery to the water, that all who had not the
whole' or part of a tiger's skin upon their
shoulders were immediately sacrificed either
by tiie town Indians, who wore this sj-mbol,
of by the Chanias, who had theirs lied about
their waists as tJieu* common, and indeed only,
covering. When I reached the strand, the
first objects f beheld were the dead bodies of
the comnumdant and major-general^ pierced
in every part with darts and arro^i's, i have
since learned they dragged the former from
his bed, and massacred hUn ; his wife and
family were killed in much tiie s^me maimer;
and so sudden and unexpected was the blow,
tliat not a s'uigle destined victim had escai^ed."
• ** On tlie sixili day in the evening, tather
Michael came to me, and apologised for not
seeing me before, saving, that the many ma-
terial things he had had to arrange alone pre-
vented him. lie then entered into a k>ng
dissertatbn on tlie necessity the town Indians
had beenoinder of adopting the decisive mea-
sures ihcy had pursued, to obtain that liberty
the state of Spain had so long deprived them
of, and which it was their firm determination
to secure against whatever ste|w the crown
'might have recourse to, to prevent tiiem ; for
although diey respected the laws, they were
not disi>osed tp abide by any but those they
tiieinseivcs sliould frame: their oppressor^
had reigned long enough, and tliey were re-
solved to enjoy their native freedom, oif
perish in the attempt."
The insurgents offered Mr. Davie a
quiet residence among them, and even to
secure his escape to England 5 but expect-
ing to be appointed to a mission to Cliili,
he declined their offers, and was sqjU in a
balsa to Buenos-Ayres, wher« he safely
arrived in the month of May. Here the
volume terminates. Besides the events^
of which we have given a sketch, tliere
are interspersed several interesting parti-
culars relative to the manners of the In-
dians, and the police of the Spaniards 5
bat these we decline to notice, oonceiving
it to be an injusrice to the author to make
any more extracts from a iroaU hook.
VOYAGES AKD TaAVELSw
^RT- XIV. 4<Tour in America, in 1798, 1799, and 1800. Exkihiihg SJcetchcs qf Stf^
eietif and Manners, and a particidar Account of the American Syttem <jf AgrictUturef
xiith itit recent Imnrozenient^ By ViicHAnn Parkim«on, late of Orange HiU^ near
Baltimore' (AutnoY of the '* Experienced Farmer" ^'c. 2, Vols. 8vo. pp. 735,
Ma. PARKINSONt ought to have ei>
titled his work an AgricidUtral Tour; for
It lias lio pretensions to have given a satis-
factory accouat of any otiier phenomena,
than those which interest the farmer.
Jut for the very rej^son that it selects for
ijbcord and discussion such ieaUires of tlie
Qountry, as the author was peculiarly qua-
lified to give a critical account of, it ex-
ceeds ia value those superficial books of
travels, which treat of every thing, s<nd of
every thing defectively. The farmer, who
nrojects an emigration to Niorth America,
^lould fittudy this work } it will deter him
l5*oro executing the project, by the satis-
ftctory detail of causes, why me agricul-
tural profession neither ia, nor is, likely to
bocome a profitable or pleasant employ-
ibent, in any part of the United States
whfch the writer visited. His tour is con-
fined to the central provinces of the North
American States.
The author embarked at Liverpool,
landed at Norfolk in Virginia, went to
treat with General Washington for a femt
near Mount Vernon, and tin^dly settled in
the neighbourhood of Baltimore, in which
town he «old a great quantity of milk.
Concerning this sweep of district the ac-
count is ample, minute, instructive, and
decisive.
Instead of a survey of the back settle-
ments, some sliocking stories are told of*
tlie atrocious conduct of the Indians in
1782, when tliey were toid to have been
hallooed upon the western settlers by the
intrigues of the British: it is more pro-
bable that the usurpation of Indian dis-
tricts, without orderly purchase, gave oc-
casion to thi$ savage w\irfare.
The author next travels to Philadelphia,
Brunswick, and New- York, for the pur-
pose of soliciting subscriptions to his re-
printed Experienced F^mer. His social
iutrodwctious are various, and the infor-
mation collected is considerable for so
cursory a three months journey.
Hif tliird tour, is a circuit of three hun-
dred mileSff chiefly along the Chcsapeak,
through Annapolis ; ixere, if any where,
tbe author linds something to praise. The
ijorthern, the southern, tlie western states
were never inspected : but as the tide of
emigration fi'om Knglaud mostly tends to-
ward the country bet wcea New- York and
Baltiroore5 that territory b described con-
cerning which information Is most impor-
tant on this side the Atlantic.
We learn in general that the soil is every
where* bad; labour every where dear^
demand for produce every where narrow
and precarious 5 necessaries eveiy where
costly; and comforts whc^Uy uncomeat*
able : that farming on a small scale, or a
large scale, is a losing trade ; and that a
£urmer*s lamily m reality subsists^ not bji
the profits on his stock or C2^ixal em*
ployed, but by personal Egging, which,
as all men's labour is well paid, may keep
a family h-om starving. The roads are
execrable ; but the gentlemen hospitable.
The people are insolent, dishonest, and ra-
jijacious. There are no poor-laws, no pu-
nishments, no schools. Civilization, whidu
always proportions itself to tlie densi^ of
populousness, is retrogressive, and ap-
pvoach?s nearer to a Russian than an Eng^
lish level : the symptoms of culture ob-
ser^'able in the towns are due to the in-
flux of tbreign, chiefly Scottish, mer-
chants. In short, such a picture as Bu-
low of Hamburgh drew, in 1797, of th«^
commercial interest of North America,
is here drawn of the landed interest.
Both authors agree that the price of land
is on the decHne; and tliat the incle-
mency and unwholsomeness of the cli-
mate are uiiconquerable impediments to the,
higher stages of cultivation and improve-
i»ent. The country is not only bad, but
unbetterable. The inliaWtants are con-
stantly crawling westwards, and. at every
remove sink lower toward poverty, priva- '
tlon, and barbarism.
In all this delineation there is evidently
much of caricature ; and' a systematic,
wish and endeavour to ciirry favour with^
the' tories of England, by ascribing the
evils of North Aiuerica to its republican-^
ism. To the doctrine of equality is at-
tributed the insolence of the commonalty^
to liberty, tlieir improbity; to tlie wanf
of a distinct exemplary class of noblemen,
tlieir vulgarity or rudeness ; to the want]
of an established clergy, their ignorance. '
The author was pleased with Washuigtoa'
and Jefferson, and therefore omits to men-
tion what they lose by wanting a king.
Those who are curiousLCQnceniing-:\me-
ricao agriculture >vill^ of course^ consuls
^AlKlIf SOV t TWM »r AMM^itk^
U
tk book itself; vre shall indicate ovly tt
kwhcta, which may supply hints lor lm«
proTcments at home.
In Che Patowmak there are ftpsh^water
ofsters, large and &t: ** the taste ia wateiy
aad ditt^reeable to me, but not so to the
Americans.*' Supely this sort of shellfish
might be reared in the inland lakes of
Great Britain.
""There 2tt ^TBit numbers of hogs» in ge-
bI of a very interior kind. The real Anie-
ncan-bog is what is termed the wood-hos:
fbey are lone in the leg, narrow on the back,
short m the body, iiat on the sides, witii a long
samit, very lousii in their hair, in make more
Ske tfie wh caUed a perch than any thing I
can describe. You may as well think of stop-
ping a crow as those hogs, lliey will go to
aifastanceform a fence, take a nm, and leap
thmigh the rails, three or four feet from the
gnxuid, turning themselves sidewlse. These
hogs sufler sudb hardships as no other animal
GouJd endure. It is customary to keep them*
hi the woods ail winter, as there is no thrash-
ing or fold-yards; and they must live on the*
roots of trees, or something of that sort; but
ihcy arepoor beyond any creature that I ever
saw. That is probably the cause why the
ibaerican pork is so very fine. They are
something bke the forest-sheep. I am not
certain, with American keeping and treatment,
if they be not the best ; for I never saw any
animal live without food, except this ; and 1
am pretty sure they nearly do that. When
tb^ are'frd, the ifesh may well be sweet : it-
isaU vouD^ though the pig be ten years old ;
and, iikepigs in general, they only act as a
convevaoce to carry com to market. The
sort c^hogs I left in America pay the most for
faod i ever saw. 1 fed some half-bred ones,
at six months old, that weighed ten stone
each— fourteen pounds to the stone. With
^nery little food and care, tliey kept fat in their
ptjwiiig state.
" I had a sow that yielded me one hundred
and twenty-five pounds fifteen shillings in ele-
ven roooUis. I sold three hogs to general
Eidgdy for fifty-six pounds five shilUngscur-
rency. llie pigs were all sold trom the sow
at se>-en weeks old, except one. At two litters^
ibc had only twelve, to inake the sum.** -
This breed may be worth importing for
the northern shires: ^here food is pJenti-
iol, the Java hog is the quickest fatter.
A peculiar Imeed of chickoas, which hiy
<>ggs all winter, also deser\'es attention :
ii is norjced page 2g9. The sofV crab,
and the canvaa-back duck are mentioned
as delicacies, which the curious in eating
tbmki import, llie early white wheat is
4tocribed, voL 11. p. 322 : there are many
VMriciies of wheat cultivated- in Sicily
^Huch actt unlived in Amerioa, or even in
^wt Brilftin^ one so ra^d offfrowth,a»
to rield thrice in a year* * 1!o the hot
countries American £irmers shoold adf-*
dress themselves for seeds and for prec««
dents. Herd-grass, or swiamp-grass, me«
rics trial at home; and so does timothy-
grass.
'' The great advantage of herd grass li
that it grower on Swampy ground where wafaP
is liable to stand: it grows in those sort df
swamps with such luxuriance in America, as
to produce, it is said, a greater burthen than
timothy ; and is much superior in quality to
either clover or tunothy. It is a much Aner
grass than timothy, is better hay for cattle or
leep, is hardy to han'est ; and, in growing,
forms a sod, which mats the land over in suot
a manner, as to cause it to bear the pressure
of cattle, horses. Sec, though previously so sof!f
as not to bear the footsteps of a man. 'it is the
only grass that forms any kind of sod on land
in America ; for by nature I never saw a sod
in tiie country, but where the herd grass grew.
The earth is so loose as not to cause grasses to^
fonn a sod, as in England ; the swamps are
flie very same."
The twenty-fourth section contains va-
luable reflections on the management of
Aegroes, suggested by the inspection of
those belonging to general Washington,
of whom &ese curious particulars are'
give^.
'' I think a lam number of negroes to re^
quire as severe discipline as a company of
soldiers: and that may be one and the great
cause why general Washington managed hia^
negroes better than any otlier man, he being^
brought up to the anny, and by nature in-
dustnous beyond anv description, and in re*
Kularity the same. There are several anec-
dotes related of him, for bemg methodical.
I was told by general Stene that he was travel-
ling with his fomily in his carriage across the
country, and arrivmg at a ferry belonging to*
genefai Washington, he oifered the ferryman
a moidore. The man said, '* I cannot
feke it." The general asked, " Why, John?**
He replied, "1 am only a ser\'ant to general
Waslimgton ; and I have no weights to weigh
it with ; and the general will weigh it ; andif
it should not be weight, he will not only maker
me the kwer, but he will be angry with me.**-*-
*' Well, John, yoir must take it; and 1 will
lose three pence in its value :" the fen^inaa
did so ; and he carried it to general AVasiiing*
ton on the Saturday night following. The^
general weighed it ; and it was not weight : it-
wanted tJuee half-pence : general Washmgtoib
carefully lapped up the three half-pence m m
piece of paper, and directed it to general
Stone, which he received fixjm the ferryman
onhisretuin. General Stone told me anotheif
of his regularities, that, during the tune h«
was engaged in the army in. the American-
war, saijaom home, he had a plasterer from'-
Baltirooi^ to plaster a room for httn ; and th^
room was measured, and the plasterer's de*
mand paid by the stewar4^ Wiietf th^ ge**
S4
[.VOYAGES AXD TRAVEI^.
fteral returned home, he measured llic room,
and found the woik to com^ to less by iiftfeu
shillings than the man Iiad received.* Sonic
time alter the plasterer died ; and the widow
married another man, who advertised in the
newsjxipers to receive all and pay all due to
Or by her fomier hiisl>and. The general, see-
ing the pai>er, made a demand of the lilteen
■shillings, and received them. Another time,
a man came to Mount-Vemon to pay rent ;
and l^e had not tlie exact balance due to the
general : when the money was counted, the
general said " Thei'e wants four pence." The
luaft ortercd him a dollar, and clesired him to
put it to the next year's account. No, lie
must get the change, and leave the money cm
tJie table until he had got it. The man rode
to Alexandria, which is jime miles from
IMount-Vemon ; and then the general settled
the account. It was always his. custom, when
he travelled, to pay as much for his servant's
breakfast, dinner, or su])per, as for his owii.
I was told this by the keepur of a tavern
* where the general' breakfasted ; and he made
flie bill three shillings and ninepence for tlie
master's breakfast, and three sliiilings the ser-
^rAnt's. The general sent for the tavern-
keeper into the room, and desired he would
tda^e the same charge for his servants as for.
Ijimself, for he doubted not that they bad
^atcn as much. This shews he was as correct
in paying as in receiving. — It is said that he
never had any thing lx>ught for his use tjiat
was by weight, but he weighed it, or any thing
by tafe, but he had it counted : and it'he did
not find the due weight or number, he sent
the articles back again to be regulated. There
is a striking instance related of his conde-
lijcendency : he sent to a shoemaker in Alex-
andria to* come to measure hini for a pair of
shoes ; the shoemaker answered by the ser-.
\ant that it was not his cus»tom to go to any
one's house to take measure for shoes. The
general, being told that, mounted his horse,
and went to the shoemaker to be measured.
** It may be worthy the reader's notice to
observe what regularity doi*s ; since there can-
not be any other |>artlcu1av reason given for
general \\ ashingtou's Miperiiar |x>wers than his
correctness, that made hnn .fable to govern that
wild country : for it was the opinion of many
of his most ultimate fri<5iids, that his intellects,
■were not brighter than thoj^e of many other
men. To me he apj)earc*J a mild friendly
. man, in company rather reserved, in private
speaking witlj candour. His beliaviour to me
was such, that 1 shall ever revere his name.
Before he died, general Washinaiton himself,
with his own hands, closed his eves and
mouth."
At page 573 tliis author says he has re-
coromendecl to government to prevent the
emigration of uiicertifieated persons : tlie
grant of this certificnte to depend on the
clergyman and overseers of tlie parish.
The only just method of; preventing emi-
gratiou is tu diiisemuiat^ iustruciiou. Let
extracts from Mr. Parkinson's book he re-
printed ill a cheap form, and read aloud
from tlie pulpit of cfery Welsh parish, if
it be necessary to resist, by active inter-
ference, tlie roanaing tendency of the ne-
cessitous classes : but let no laws imprison
the Briton in his country. Ratlier let us
repeal those laws which already resist tli*
exportation of mechanics and artisans,
under a foolish and tyrannical pretext d
their founding elsewhere our manure-
tures. Skill and industry being more
highly recompensed in Britain than abroad
will not find tlieir account in emigrating j
ignorance and idleness may well be spar^,
their migration will be an ease to thd
poor's rate. If tliey can dispose elsewhere
of their reputation to more advantage,
they have a iiatnral right to carry it tliitlier.
Does jVIr. Parkinson secretly mistrust the
credibility of his own delineation of N<Mth
America, tlrnt he tliiuks it needful to cor-
roborate his arguments against emighitioa
J?y new legislative restrictions ?
The English farmer who wishes to re-
move, would probably>find Ireland a more
profitable resting-place than North Ame-
rica. There is much good land unculti-
vated, and still more ill-cultivated, for
want of skill and of capital, in the western
island. But the most patriotic specula-
tion seems to be the enterprize of tropical
agriculture. Trinidad is still to colonize,
and the banks of the Esscquibo. Tlie
same quantity of labour aiKi capital ap-
plied in the warm countries increases
much more rapidly tlie mass of produce
and of wealth, than ,af J)lied in the cold
countries. We much wish than some
such book as Mr. Parkinson's Experienced
Farmer were drawn up in Jamaica or De-
merary (it might be entitled tlie Tropical
Planter), containing such plain directions
for the culture of maize, cotton, coffee, in-
digo^ sugar, &c. as should facilitate in
new settlements the transfer of the agri-
cliltural arts. These things ti-avel much
too slowly. Mr. Thomas Cooper praised
timothy-grass in 179^, Mr. Parkinson con-
firms tlie eulogy : yet timothy-hay is still
to seek among the productions of BnglLsh
agriculture. A greater quantity of praise,
of coaspicuity, of noisy gratitude, must be
awarded in favour of those men, who
have the forethought and take the trouble
to bring over useful animals and plants.
Lucullus has been immortalized for in-
troducing to Rome tlio cherry tree ; and
shall we reserve no recompense, . not at
least a parsley-wreath, for the brow who
will introduce tbe Americaa. hsu, that
i COLLECTION OFMPDEKN AND CONTEMPORARY VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 85
lars eggs in the Christmas holidays ? Per-
haps Mr. Parkinson has the merit not
liierclj of obiierving, but of bringing over
KTend of these useAil articles.
This book is not neatly put together.
Some facts, as the eflect of plaster of Paris
on a turnip-crop in its early stage of ^rowtli,
tre repeatedly narrated. Softie state-
ments, as that concerning s\vapip-grass,
arc ac^Lwardly interrupted to talk about
sheep or the weather, and tlien returned
to again as unexpectedly. "Some rela-
tions, as those concerning tlie Indian war-*
fere, which do not repose on personal en--
quiries, and are disconnected wiih tlie-
chief topic, might haw been wholly omit-
ted witli advantage. The grouping of to-
pics, the treating of each thing in its pro--
per place, is as favourable to compression
as to interest. These two volumes re-
duced to one would form a Qompleter
work.
Art. XV. A Collection of Modern and Contemporary Foya^es and Travels: containing,
1, Translations from Foreign Lcmguages, oj Foyages ima Travels ntvtr before trans"
latcd; 2. Original l-'oyages and Travds never before published ; 3. Analyses tf NtSii
Voyages and Travels publisfied in England. Vol. 1, 8vo. •»
WHEN books of every kind are be-
come so extravagantly dear, any plan
^hich renders useful works more acces-
sible is sure 6f our approbation. The plan
of the present requires no explanation
fnrther than what the title-page conveys ;
ii is a collection of travels, not a compF-
Jation, printed In a fair, clear, well-pro-
portioned type, on good paper, each page
cnDtaining more than two of such quartos
as it not unfrequently falls fo our lot to
notice ; yet the page is not crouded, and
the letter not unpleasantly small. The
canteuts of the volume must be noticed
separately,
Trazeh in Istryia and Dalmatia, draxim up
from the Itinjerary of X. F. Cassas, Author
and Editor of the Picturesque Travels in
^yria, Fhitnicia, Palestine, and Lozvtr
StpWt. ity J OS E p H Lav ALLE E, Member
<^ the Polt/techmc Sotiety, of the Society
^ Arts and Sciences cf Paris, of tlie
Azriculturat Society of the Seine and
Juarne, dfc. Translated from the French.
THE first part of tliese travels, which
contained an historical account of Uie
countries through which M. Cassjis tra-
velled, has been omitted by the translator.
We do not approve of such mutilations,
but as this introduction was the work of
M. Lavallce, the French editor, not of
the author himself, it is of less conse-
quence. TTxe chapter abridged from it,
which relates to tlie manners and customs
of the Morlachians, is the most valuable
in the whole.
The origin of this people is uncertain.
Tliey arc dispersed o/cr Dalmatia, though
principally among the mountains in the
Ulterior, and extend towards Germany,
Hungary, and even Greece. Two distinct
races seem to be confounded under one
naine, the one of Celtic, tlie other of
Asidtic physiognomy and complection.
TiN^e latier are the mountaioeers^ ^d the
least civilized. They are robbers by pro-
fession, but religious enough to prefer
robbing Turks to Christians : the science
of thieving is carriod by Uiem to the
greatest possible perfection, and ihey re-
semble the Arabs in their inflexible fide-
lity when once their * faitli is pledged.
They are;, remarkable also for hospitality,
the virtue of barbarians not of savages 5
the Morlachian who has a good stock of
provisions sliares them with his neigh-^
bpurs, and partakes of their abundance in
his turn ; if he is in want he enters h^^
neighbour-s house, takes a place at the
table, and remains as long as he pleases.
. The custom of vowing friend^iip .it
very remarkable,
** Two young men, or girls, associate to»'
gether ; and their union is consolidated by a
common education, custom, uniformity of
character, and sometimes by those i mforesecr^
and sud<len emotions of sympathv, which
often arise in the liuman breast. \Vhen two
voung- pei-sons agree to live in this kind of
harmony, they repair to the church, accom-
panied by tlieiV relations ; and the priest oifers
a benediction on the union, uliich becomes in-
vioiable. Two girls. joined in this mamier,
are called posestrimo ; and two men, pobrat
timi. They are tiieii inseparable for the rest
of their lives: evei^ circumstance has a com-
mon -interest betwegi them ; pleasures, cha-
grin, dangers, injuru»s, and reverse of fortune ;
all, in short, is divided between the pobratimi
and his comrade ; and tlie posestrime and her
friend. Even the sacrifice of life has often
signalised these ardent attachments ; and, if
two pobratimi should happen to dissolve their
union, the event is regarded as a public cala-
mity, and as the forerunner of some great
misfortune with which the nation is threat-
ened."
But this singular custom is becoming of
less effect as strong liquors become more
common among them, and they get in-
fected with the despicable vices of thQ
Jtalian^.
86
VOYAGES AND TRAVEJi;:
, a p9«siim wliich needs no (os^
tMriog, is inculcated aa a duty. In case of
a murder the bloody clothes of the slam
are [deserved by his family^ and shown
to the children. Forgiveness is unknown -,
they will in some cantons accept money
as the price of blood, but otherwise ven-
geance is sure to be taken. The death of
the offender does not put an end to the
feud, his family inherit the danger. Some
follow theGreek church, some the Romish,
the priests of both sects being equally ig-
norant The superstition of Vampirism
prevails here as m Hungary and Greece ;
out th^ Morlachians, more prudent than
their neighbours, take meastu-es to prevent
tjie mi^chief• ikfore the funeral they
ham-string the corpse, mark certain cha-
racters upon it with a hot iron, drive nails
into it, repeat charms over it, and then it
ii as peaceable in the grave as an obstre-
perous English ghost when laid in the Red
Sea. What is the origin and where of
this widely-extended and most horrible
superstition ? Their paganism, whatever
It may have beep, is not altogether forgot-
ten ; the names of their andent gods are
jjways repeated in the bridal song.
They have tlieir minstrels or ballad-
singers, whom M. Cassas calls chaimters,
there is never a feast without one.
" The songs, which are in the Illyrian idi-
om, but corrupted by their transmission,
thnoqgh a number of ages, describe the his-
tory of some Sclavonian heroes, or relate to
some tragical event ; the time of which is for-
gotten, lliis heroical song b grave, heavy,
and monotonous. The instrument with which
it is accompanied, is but little calculated to
give it animation : it is a miserable monochord
guitar ;• the sound of which is dull, and with-
out modulation. The poetry, however, is
not without energy : it does not posses^ the sa-
Vage wildness of that of Ossian ; but some-
times has that august kind of simplicity, which
pinietrates to the soul. If a Morlachian lr?k-'
vel by night amongst the mountains, he ge-
nerally sings; and these antique poems are
always the songs which he prefers. A long
exclamation, or rather a barbarous and m-
longed crv, precedes each strophe. It oTtefi
happens that this song is heard a^far off by
some other Morlachian, who never fails tore-
peat, in the same tone, the couplet which the
other has chaunted ; and they thus answer
each other as long as they can be heaid. It
zs impossible to describe the species of dui-
ncss or melancholy, which thb landof muf^ical
dialogue spreads through tlie soul, the doleful
expression of which is prolonged in echos by
the desart mountahis, amidst the profoimd si-
lence and solitude of niglit."
Wiiy did not M. Cassas colkct$oine of
these songs ? Wliat a hint is here for
some Italian Macpherson I
The women are hardly used ; in this
respect tiie Morlachians are savages, not
barbarians. The wife never partakes her
busband^s bed, she is obliged to sle^ oia
the floor, and the roost disgusting dnploy*
ments and hardest labour is her k>t. The
children of course in such a state of so-
ciety receive little attention, they are suf-
fered to crawl about almost naked, and
they who survive the seasoning become
hardy and agile. Their conunoa drink
is milk made into whey with vinegar.
Wine and peppet fbrra their febrifuge |
pepper and gun-powder infused in brandy
their panacea ; it will scarcely be believed,
says the writer, that this remedy is oftea
attended with success 3 perhaps, however^
they are indebted for their cure to the
abundant perspiration which it induces.
Red ochre mixed with fat substances is
the only ointment they apply to wounds
and contusions ; and it is a fact, he says,
that from the experience of the Moiia-
chians, some men of science have ob*
tained from this oiptment, in similar cir-
cumstances, the toost favourable results.
For rheumatism, to which they are very
subject, tiiey apply a heated stone wrapp-
ed in damp linen.
The travels of M. Cassas were perform-
ed in the year 1782 ; he was sent by a so-
ciety of admirers of the fine arts to make
views of the scenery and architectural re-
mains in the vicinFty of Trieste, which
were to be engraved at Vienna, under the
patrondge of the emperor Joseph II. but
the artist, finding that the coasts of Istria
and Dalmatia abounded witli rich remains
of antiquity, resolved to extend his la*
hours. The first place of importance
which be visited was Pola, whose magni-
ficent amphitheatre is now called the Or-
landina ; so luutied, he conjectures, by ig-
norfint banditti, who admired the poem of
ArioM, and this guess is as good as any
other. His coasting; voyage was endanger^
ed not merely by the storms so frequent in
those seas, but also by pirates, from whom .
he once narrowly escaped, lying hid in
his vessel in a little creek, covered with
tfees, while the pirate boat brushed, the
veiy branches which concealed it. H«
examined the remains of antiquity at Zua
and at Asseria, now called Podgragc, a
place which strongly excited his cu-
riosity, and made a short stay at Se*
benico, next to Zara the pleasantest
town in Dalmatia. They have a cu-
rious custom here of electing a king
A COLLECTION OF If O^DERK An6 CdlTtllM'rOtAtt VOYAGBS JLND TRAVELS. Bf
it Christmas, vhosS reign lasts only a
fertnight* •
" For a length of tinio, tins panfomimkal
kmj; was cho:;en from amongst tlie Yiobk*s ;
but at present, they th'aik it beneath them le
amuse themselves witli such biitfoonery ; and
this chimerical crown ha>, then-fote, devolved
to what U called, in Italy, a man from the
dn-gs of the people. M. Cassas, who was at
iJehmico only in the sunuiier season, was hot,
ronsjquently, witness to this ceremony ; but
Fortis asert;; tJial this king, notwithstanding
the short duration of his autiiority, enjoyed
«ercTal pren^tives of sovereigniv ; such^for
example, as tltat of lading tlie "keys of the
town, ai having a distinguished place in the
cathedra], and of cfeciding upon all the diffi-
ciiities or disputes which arise amongst those
who compose his court. The town is obliged
tri provicle him with a houf^ suitable to thte^
dfg;iiity of his elevated sitoation. When he
teave« his hoose, he is always forced to Weaj*
a crown of wheat-oars ; and he cannot appear
in pubtic without a robe of puq)le. or starlet
cloth, and surrounded by a great nuinber of
officeR. The govei^Ksr, the b^oi>s, and
other dignitaries, are obliged to give him a
ieast; and aU who meet hun must salute him
^itli respect. When the fortnight is At aik
end, the king quits his [)alace> strips ofif his
crown and purple, dismisses Im court, and
returns to his hovd. On con^^idering this ce-
remony, in a certain point of view, its Iblly
might seem to have a phiiosOphidl end: it
micht fiirnjsh an annual type ot the instability
of human grandeur ; but it is doubtful whether*
those who instituted it had sttch an idea in '
tricw."
Many instances of ^nailar customs In
other parts of fisrope mi^ht be mention-
od, resemblix^ more or less the Satur*
nalia.
The cascade of Scardona is diescribed at
great length, and with much artistical en*
thnsiasm ; but mere description can give
knt very inadequate ideas of such scenery j
and here, as indeed in most parts of these
travels, we haf\'e to regret thit die original
work is not before m. We cannot form
fi &ir opinioii of M. Cassas, who is profes*
sionally an artist, v.htn we read his des-
<^lption and do not see his views. The
long account of Spalatro occasioned a si-
milar regret, for the lew aqua-tints in tliis
pablication, t&onghto the foil aii respect-
able as can be etpocted, aie of little va-
lue. In feet, this is ond of th<i books
which fheold not have befcn iheinded in
»di a collection as the present What
can be more ill-contrived than to ^t the
vohime of an artist c^ its prints ?
One remai-kable Qitract shall conchid^
«itr aecount ef these travels ; h dt^HjH
" Thisti\^Ttmsbetwe<inTQc!u Of a con-
siderabfe height, ^^hosc ruggedoesli is insur*
moitotable, even by the most ^venturous
herdsman; ^ove these rocks appear the an-
ticine and dismantled towers of the old castle
df Novoscogtio, exhibiting tiie vestiges of sa-
vage feudalit)', m the bosonl of more savage
nature. Not far from this spot is the village
of i^an-Canciano, or Saint-Kosiun, which is
likewise situated on the summit of the rocks.
At the foot of diis village, the fiuecca affords
to those who take' delight in the plicnomcia of
nature, a spectacle the like of wnich is seidOni
to be found in the world : in tliis p^rt the £s-
siu*e in the rocks is so vertical, that they ap-
pear to have been cut by the hand of man,
and this ste^ness is cverV where alike, how-
ever various may be the \incs which they fol-
l6w hfi their super-position ; but what adds stiS
more to their sin9;\ilanty^ is then* summit!^
which are ait with a sort of syinmetry, and
appear like so many square towers, that com-
mand and seem to defend thotte gigantic
walls, or they might rather be taken for bat-
tlements. At the base, that is to say, in the ^
almost uniiUliomable abyss fonned by these
natural ramparts, the Ruecca wmds land runl
with a k>rt of majestic slowtieSs, seeming tti
disdain the opposition of the blocks . witii
which Jts bed » cvclry where interspersed, till
it suddenly arnves at an immense cavity, the
frightful and sombre peristyle of a subterra-
neous gallery, ot wiiich the terrified imagiiia-
tion can neither guess nor measure the dei)tli;
In fact this gulph ihay be described as an
enormous and inconceivable precipice, in
wWch the waters of the Ruecca faU, witli a
tremendous noise, and are lost from the ob-
servance of man •, but whither they go, to
what depth they fall, or how long they have
disappe^ircd ui this .receptacle, ho has nevt- r
been able to ascertain, during thousands of
generations, and manj ages will doubtless yet
pass aWay before this mystery will bo disco-
vered. No one can conceive the dreadful
and incessant ioarihg of the waves, m the deep
cavities of this impenetrable abyss, nor the
tL*rror which ^izes on the spectator, at his
lipt view of file guiph. It is here, by his
unexpected humiliation, tliat man is compell- ^
ed to acktiowledgie th«^ Ihnited extent ot liis <
rfilnd ; and ihougn every where else he may
be proud to tliink and act like a god, he here,
jKirhaps for the first tltnO, perceives his infoi^
liiation to be .only that of a subordinate crea-
ture. But this IS not all, for the traveller, if
he pi'ocecd jio further, \yill have but an in-
complete idea of the singular destiny of the
Ruecca ; he must, if possible, pass this mounr
tdin, or rather this gigantic wall, the fractured
sides of which absorb Ihe fiver. The other
^dc affords A spectacle not less extraordinary,
and perhaps still more wild ; the samerueged*
ncss and nudity in the rocks, but more disor^
der and confusion : the masses, which are
equally vertical here, obstruct, intersect, and
pass each other hi various directions, while tlie
summits frequently come m contact, and at
oihir times appear at a considctabl6 dislan&e
7" '*
B3
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
from each oilier ; m short, the whole presents-
the most shapeless and tcrriiic chaos. It is in
the midst of these numerons blocks, that the
Riiecca, a'fter meandering throngh tlie bowels
of the mountain, issues vidlcntly fi'om a deep
and narrow fissure, and disgorges itself into a
large basin, six hundred feet below the level
of San-Cantiano, which is so shaded by the
elevation of the rocks, that it is constantly
inaccessible to the rays of the sun. It is even
pretended, that all attempts to ascertain its
depth by sounding have proved ineffectual.
In ^t, this may be considered as the tomb
of a river, so remarkable for its adventures :
the threads of water which trickle from the
ovcrtiowhig of the basin, after having nui
ior some time across the rocks that lie dispers-
ed below this kind of crater, diminish till they
At length become imperceptible^ and thus tlie
Kuecca <iisappears for ever."
The language of the translation is disfi-
gured by inflated phrases. We are told
that the Romans surrounded the town of
Pola with their omnipotence, and we read
of the anfructuX)slU€S of a rock [
Travels through Denmark, Sweden, Austria,
and Part^ of Italy, in 179S and 1799, ht/
Charles Gottlob Kuttner. Trans'-
laicdjrom tlie German, •
Kuttner is a good, sensible, plain mat-
ter-of-fact German traveller, who tells you
all he sees, which is not so much as a man
with better eyes would have seen, and all
he learns by inquiry, in which he seems
never to have been deficient. His book
would be an excellent companion for tra-
vellers following his track, as it is full of
useful information. Here again we have
to complain of mutilation. The trans-
lator has judged it proper to dispense witJi
the desultory observations on Hamburgh
and other well-known parts of Germany,
and has conducted th^ reader at once to
tlie autliofs entrance into Denmark.
The account «f Denmark is in general
very favourable — such was the order,
cleanliness, and comfort in die isle of Fu-
fien, that the traveller could have fancied
himself in Holland ; tlie smallest cottages
were comfortable, there were no traces of
opulence, and scarcely any of poverty.*
Copenhagen is described as one of the
finest capitals in Kurope. Every thing is
extremely dead there j though I should
spend more in the course of a yenr In/
London, says the traveller, yet here I coht'.
sider many articles as dcjrcr, because ,
they are so much worse. Religion, he;
Rays, appears to be out of fashion at Co- :
penhagen, as in most otlier places ; this '
it should be remembered is the remark of
a German. The royal library is one of the
most extensive in ffliftstendom ; it haJ " *
just received an accMsion of one hundred
thousand volumes. We have beard ainc©-
tliat nearly tliat number of duplicates have
been sold from it. But the most inte-
resting institution is the lying-in hospital^
where all mid wives in the Dauisli domi-
nions ought to have studied.
'* This institution is properly a kind of
foundling-hospital, in whicn mothers may not
only place their children, but where they may-
also be delivered. All pr^nant women of
what.ever condition, religion, or country, are
admitted, wiUiout being asked any questions ;
they are even allowed to come in masks and
to retain them during their residence there.
This building formerly had, in an aperture in
the wall, a machine similar to those I liave
seen at Milan, and in other foundling-hospitals^
in which a person may place the cliild, turn
the machine inwards, then ring the bell and
go away. This has iKJwever been removed ;
and the king has ordered every female wlio
presents herself to be admittcni, only wiih
certain liniitatidns as to lime. Married women
frequently apply for admittance ; and, at their
departure, are even at liberty to leave their
children behind them* Women of rank and
property frequently avail theniselves of this
general licence, because they here find better
attendance, and superior conveniences, to
what they could possibly enjoy in their own
houses ; and for which they, of course, pay.
The best accommodations for ladies of this
"description cost rifteini dollars per week. Tliere
are. other apartments for twelve, and others
again as low as eight dollars.
" 1'he lodgings of the pnmarried are sepa-
rate from those of the manicd women. In
this regulation, I thougfit 1 discovered that a
distinction \yas made between tlie children of
love and the offspring of the man iage-bed,.
which, in an institution of this nature, appear-
ed rather improper. 1 was, however, inform-,
cM, that this regulation was introduced, lest
the single ladies, by living among those who
were married, might meet with some of their
actjuaintance, and thus be discovered. Tlie
apartments for twelve and lifteen dollars are
liandsonie, and, in general, spacious and con-
venient. At my desire, I was shewn several
rooms, for the reception of those who are
gratuitously admitted into tliis institution ; and
found tiiein all clean," conmiodit)u>, and com-
fortable."
German \^ universally understood in this •
c*ipital; it is but lately that tlve Danes
have taken an>» pride in their own lan-
g^iage J all the. laws and public inscriptions
are now in Danish, and they will soon
, have their own poets and hist(xrians. On.
ithe road to l']Lsiiior lie p5i»sed through the
estate of count Bernstorf, who made all
his peasantry free ; at lirst they considered *
tiiis as no great beaclit^ but they have felt;
A €0LLECnOH ^F MODERN AND COKTEMPP^ART v6TAG£a AND TRATStS. 8§
its advantages, and have erected a monu-
me&t ID gratitude to tlieir emaucipator.
On entering Sweden an alteration was
wm risible ; the appearances of comfort
aod respectability about the cottages were
zwt to be seen. The roads are even bet-
ter than in Englaud, unnecessarily goed
aod mimerous in a country of compara«
tirely little trade^ and thin population. In
some parts nothing but Swedish was
spoken, but Kuttner confirms the obser-
Tation so often made by others, that wo-
men understand every compliment paid to
them, be it in wliatever language it may.
• At Fredericshali he visited the spot where
' Charles XII. fell ; the trophies and inscrip-
tions which marked it have been all de-
molished, and in their stead nothing is to
be seen but a wooden cross, painted white,
on which is written the sie^e, Dec. 11,
1/18. The traveller says • that the king
. vas killed by a musket-shot from the ram*
part, I have not the smallest doubt; for
in my opinion the nearest part of it is
scarcely six hundred feet in a direct line
from the spot.* Without expressing any
qunion upon this much-controverted ques-
tion, we must remark that' Xiittner has
been \ery easily satisfied. It is by no
Rieans proof enough tliat he was killed
ftom the ramparts, to tell us tiiat he was
vithin shot.
The scenery in Norway is described as
ail travellers describe it ; nothing can be
lyiore exquisitel}- picturesque. Govern-
ment, he says, endeavours to prevent the
improvement of the country 5 there seems
no proof of the heavy accusation ; if tiiey
have not thought proper to establish a uni-
Tcrsity at Christiana, it may have been
becanse tlie place v/ould not support one,
Mr. Coxe b often mentioned to be qor-
lected. .
Stockliolm is well described; the ac-
coont of the king s character is not plea-
sant, yet cannot be called unfavourable.
He is said to he uncommonly grave, uu-
natunilly it might have been said, if it be
true that he has never been seen to laugh ;
his manners are cold and austere 3 even
his former play-fellows have been severe-
ly reprimanded if they ever seemed to re-
coileci that their sovereign had once been
tiieir tiieqd. He dreads nothing so much
as the idea that any |x?rson possesses or
seeks to obtain an infineuce over him.
But, on tlie other hand, he pays due attcn-
t^^ni to the finances of aft impoverished
oonntiy, and exercise^ a strict economy,
the higlvst virtue whiclja king of Sweden
can e&erclse ^t pre^eut^ wiihoi^t t^e sli§ht<-
est derogation from a proper dignity and
splendour. . The opinion of his charactet
may be misconceived, but the favourable
account of his conduct rests upon facts
which cannot have been mistaken.
The late^ king is said to have been a
complete Frenchman in his taste. There
is in the library at Upsal a large box, on
which stands a smaller one, both secured
with strong chains and locks. They were
given by the late king to the university,
with the injunction tliat they should not be
opened for "fifty years. Thunberg has
given his beautiful collection to this uni-
versity.
The Swedish raaAufactures are not in
A thriving stata ; English goods are far
better, and even when smuggled clieaper.
From Sweden he entered G'ermany,
An account of the Hermhutt^rs merits
transcription,
" The bretlirens' house, that is the house
inhabited by the unmarried men, and where
they all worlc for the general benefit of the so-
ciety, has a mean appearance, both internally
and' externally. I'liey have their comment
donnitory and refectory ; but there are tables
at ditferent prices, wliich each is at liberty to
chiise, according to his taste and abilities.
Most of them are artisans ; and tJic excellence
of their work consists in a certain neatness,
finish, and durability. But as the articles
macle here are on the' whole better than thost
manufactured m other places, they are neces-
sarily dearer.
"In the sisters* house eveiy thing appear-
ed to me to be on a belter footing. and a more
extensive scale. 1 he exterior is more respec-
table, the acoommodatioiis are superior, and
the whole has a neater and more pleasing ap-
pearance. This is the habitation of the gu-
inarrred sisters, who are subject to regulation^
perfectly similar to those of ^he brethren.
*' What made the most impression on me
was the burying-ground, which is situated on
an eminence, conmianding the finest prospect
of any in the vicinity of licrnihutt. It forms
an extensive square, inclosed by a hedge, and
intciTscctt'd by alleys ; over each grave is
placed a ilat stone* recordiiig the name and
native country of the deccast-d, together with
the year in which he 'd'tnt home, or, as it is
more frequently expressed, fdl asktp. Th«
graves in the pnncipal Ihic, nearly in the centre
of tills ground, were particularly interesting
to me ; they contain persons from es'ery coiui-
try hi Europe, and I migiit ahuost s.ay from
every part 01 the world. On the most elevat-
ed point of this burying-ground a kmd of pa-
vilion or small w^oodeu tower has been erect-
ed, the view from which is extremely bealiliful.
" Do you know tliat the directors of
all the congregations of the evangelical
bretiiren in tlie world, reside in a vil-
lage, two miles from tUis place ! It is called-
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
Bctlwfedorf; «nd 38 by right the birth-place of
4he omereiQKtioii, for it was there that count
2iBzen&il collected the first Moravian bre-
thren. These directors are called tlie Unity's
tlders' Confercoce, whicii is generally com-
posed of from twelve to fourteeji persons, who
iiever have any fixed place of resiiVhce. These
govern the tvhole htitemity with unlimited
pavrcT during a certain number of years, at
the end of which a «ynod, composed of depu-
ties from the congregations in every part of
the world, is held, and a new Eldcrfi Coiife-
Tcnce appointed. The men^rs of this con-
ference constantly remain together, and the
affairs of the unity occupy their whole atten-
tion. In this conference the German nation
«>pears to possess the sam»j preponderance as
the Italian in the college of cardmak ; indeed,
I am informed that all the members oif tfa6
present are Germans."
' Tkb linen manufactures of lAisatra are
«n the decline. Great quantities were
Ibrmerly exported to Spain and South
America, but cotton is supersedii^ linen.
It is one proof of Bruce's wisdom that be
fccesaw this. * Cotton,' he says, • after
^rool shonld be the ^vourite maaufacture
of Gieat Britain. It will in time take
place of that isngrate^il culture flax ; will
em{>loj moie hands,, and be a more ample
field for distinguishing the ingenuity of
our manufacturers." The cloth febrlcs
flourish in Losatia, improved by the im-
portation of Spanish rams, and the in-
creased attention paid to the breed of
ibeep.
The Thefesiairam at Vienna is justly
insured by KQttner. This seminary for
the children of the nobility was founded,
is its name implies, by the empress The-
lesa, suppressed by Joseph II., and re-
establisfied by the present emperor. A
more mischierous institution never waa
conceived by the spirit of arisiscratical ab-
aurc^ty.
"The pnpils'are here separated, from in-
fency, from the rest of the world, that they
may receive an education which, at every
itep, announces to them that they are beings
6f a higher order. On viewing the interior of
the institntion, the spectator is astonished at
the degant -aiid extensive apartments of the
Abbot or prelate, who has the inspection of
the Wiole; the vast and splendid halls in'
which the pupils dine, play at billiards, receive
Company, and occasionally ijive balls; the
stables, which contain forty-six horses, and
toom for a greater number ; the large riding-
School, the spacious garden, the copious n-
hrary, a^rtd the magnificent lecture-rooms.
These young gentlemen daily have six dishes
.for dinner. Many of them will, probably, in
the course of their future lives, be obliged to
put up with less, and will here lay the fbunda-
von oif discenteat with their circ«uMascc9 a&4
situations, that will embitter the remaindo- df
their days. Many a future ofiicer will here
make a bad prepfation for the want and the
hardships which are so often inseparable from
a military life."
" The pupils in general arc never left by
themselves, they are at all times obliged to
conduct themselves like gentlemen, and ate
never sufl'ered to indulge, free from restrain^
in those childish sports aud innocent diver*
sions which constitute the deRght of boyhood.
In all the corridors, I observed attendants^
and they appear to be watched in the strictest
manner. This indeed is a methotl of prevent-
ing the extravagancies which boys in" the
English schools sometimes commit; but it
is the liberty they enjoy that gives the telkT
that independence and limmess of character,
which distinguish the English nation, and
whicii it is impossible that persons educated
in this place should possess."
The institution for the deaf and dumb ^
is said to be more successful than that of
the abbe dt TEpce. It is hot perhaps ge-
nerally known that the first person ^^'ho
carried this art to perfection, and probably
the first who ever practised it, was Fr.
Pedro Ponce, a Spanish benedictine of
the sbtteenth century. One of hfe pupils
was an excellent Latin scholar^ and had
even acquired some Greek.
The mortality in Vienna exceeds that
of any other place in Euiope : the annual
proportion of deaths is calculated at one
in twenty, and Kiittner tliinks it is under-
rated. What can be the cause of this pro-
digious consumption of life ? — Some anec-
dotes of Joseph are related, all highly fa-
vourable to his character. What is said
of the reigning emperor is also in his fa-
vour ; he follows the simple unostenta*
tious manners of Joseph, aud is -beloved
by the people. A proportionably greater
quantity of animal' food is consumed in
Vienna than in London, not that the
Austrian^ eat more, but because their
p(X)r eat mekt, and the English poor do
not. At Leebch the traveller heard dread-
ful anecdotes of the French ; tlieir atro-
cious conduct towards women exceeded
any thhig he had ever . heard before.
Throughout Styria the only complaint
against the government was that it liad
agreed to the preliminaries of peace too
floon^ whereas if it had sufiercd the pea-
santry to oppose the French and defend
themselves, it was confidently maintained
that verj' few of the invaders could hard
escaped out of the country. Kuttner
himself thinks that the French army might
•have been destroyed.
He proceeded to Trieste and Veaict,
a cit/ eadly changed from what it Was.
HICQAOX 8 TBAVBLt TO TBS AX-LEOAITr MOVKTAIlTl.
91
^ "The cotAns^ between the f<5rraer and
ment times is do where so striking as on the
grand canal, which is now very dead in com- .
vartson with what it once was. *' What b
Kcome of all the gondolas which used to
svann on this canal ?** — La rivolutione ! they
itpiy, with an Italian shrug. "But there
must ^et be a great number of opulent iauii-
lim wflo [>ay visits, or go abroad to take the
air ?"— itowio in casu — " They remain at
home,'* B the answer. — " And the numerous
boats and gondolas, which formerly rowed for
wagers, while a crowd of loiterers ran after
theBi> And the many gondoliers and boat-
men who used to sing and laugh and joke of
an erenii^?'* — Non hanno piuspirito —
•• They have no ^[Hrits, or life.' —I frequently
become impatient at such unsatisfactory an-
t«rcn; but it is certain, that in these respects
a great alteration has taken place at Venice.'^
From thence Kiittner returned by way
of Padua, Verona, thel^^^^ Munich, and
Ratisbonj to Hamburgh^ where he con-
cludes his travels. The book contains so
much good sound information, that we
ate sorry it lias been in the slightest de-
gree abridged.
Travels to the toesttoard of the AUegany
Moimteuns, Sfc. By F. A. Michaux.
A s^arate publication having been noade
AjtT. XVI. Travels to- the westward of the Allettmu Mountams^ in the States qf Ohio,
Milftiichff and Tennessee: in the Year 1802. ^^ F. A. Michaux, Af, D, translated from
.r. _. , « r . r, # I _. «... pp.350.
period of more than ten years, made nu-
of another translation of this work, we flhai)
refer the reader for an account of it to the
next article.'
The next portion of tlie volunae i? oc-
cupied by an itinerary from London to
Coastantinople in sixty days, taken in the
suite of his excellency the British ambas-
sador to the Ottoman Forte in 1/94. It
may be advantageously consulted by fu-
ture travellers, but requires no mther
notice. . *
The remaining articles are analyses of
new voyages and travels lately published
in London, a portion of the work wUch
ought to be omitted. The editor asserts
that his abstract of captain Woodward's
narrative contains in the small compass of
thirty- two pages every passage worthy of
preservation in the whole* work. How
far this may accord with the custom of
the more respectable Loudon publishers
we know not, but to us these kind of
abridgments appear little better thati pi*
racies. Tliese analyses should be dispens*
ed with, and no retrenchments made £iam
the other works — the publicatian weoU
then really be valuable.
-. the original French, hy B, Lambert, 8vo.
TH£ name of Michaux is well known
to the lovers of botany j and will ever be
Eratefblly remembered by all who know
how to appreciate the valae of an enter-
prising atKl laborious life, devoted to the
JNirsuit of natural science, with a conti-
nual regard to the general good of man-
kind. iVndr6 Michaux, the father of our
tveseot traveller, having visited England,
and traversed the mountains of Auvei^gne,
the PTrenees, and port of Spain, for the
sake of improving his botanical* know-
ledge, and as a preparation for more dis-
tant and more hazardous expeditions^ in
the year 1782 accompanied the French
consul to Persia, under the patronage of
Monsieur the present claunant of tlie
crown of France ; and spent two years in
expiodi^ the vegetable riches of that
country, from the gulf of Persia to the
Caspian sea. In 1785 he was sent by the
French government to Nortii America,
with a commission to collect tlie seeds
and roots of such plants as promised to be
eidier useful, ornamental, or cuiious, if
€uki\'ated and naturalised in France. For
thb purpose he establislied gardens in the
.Mtghb(Hirhood of New York and Charles-
Wwn ia South Carolina, and, during a
merous excursions pverdiflferent parts of
that vast continent, from the coast of the
Atlantic to the banks of the Ohio | and
from the Bahama islands and Florida to
the upper part of the river which &lls
into Hudson's bay \ and sent to hia em-
ployers, from time to time, laive quanti-
ties of seeds .and young trees which have
been propagated in France and oth6r cbun-
tries of Europe $ these also be cultivated
in his two American gardens^ witli the
addition of many plants from the eld con-
tinent, which he thought likely to flourish
and become useful in the new. The dis-
turbances occasioned by the French revo-
lution obliged him to return home in the
year 1 796. But his ardent love of science
did not permit him to rest satisfied with a
state of inaction. Disappointed in his de-
sire of a new appointment to North-Ame-
rica, he was induced to engage in a
iNjyage to the Isle of France; and, unfor-
tunately for the interests of science and
mankind, in the year 1803 died of the
country fever in the island of Madagascar.
Dr. F. A. Michaux, with whom we are
at present more immediately concerned,
appears to have Inherited tiic public spirit
#'
VOYAGES 'AND TRAVELl
Ittid intl-epidity of his father, whom he had
Accompanied in his thivels through several
parts of North America. On that account
tie was. selected by M. Chaptal, minister
of the interior, to takp another yoyage to^
Worth America, for the purpose of send-
ing to Prance the pjants whipli remained
|n the two gardeps, and of finally disposing
q{ the grpimd. The garden in the neigh-
bourhood of Charlestown, we are happyi
to learn, has been purchased by the agri-
cultural society of South Carolina, and is
still applied to the u&e for which it waa
tormed by its philanthropic founder.
; i)r. Michaux having some months, to
ifpare, availed himself of the opportunity
jo pass through tlie new western states
which, though traversed in part by his
father,, had not been visited by himself
during his -former residence in North
Aancrica. The result is the work now
befcJre us. .He modestly present^ it td the
public, not as a compleat account, but as
a relation of such particulars as occurred
^o him in a circuitous journey of eighteen
^iindred miles, through tlie countiy be-
yond the Allegany mountains, performed
In the course of three months and a half,
eometimes on foot, sometimes on horse-
\acki and for 348 ^mil!^ in a pirogue or
canoe on the Oh jo^ eitlier alone, or accom-
panied bv such travellers as he accidentally
inot with on Jhe way. ,. As a further apo-
io!Ty for the Wevity of his- narrative, he
adds^ that when he undertook the journey
he had no intention of publishing his ob-
^ervationsj and therefore omitted collect^
\ug a muhimde of facts, whicli would
4iow be pleasant to read, but which at
that time, he felt no inducement to write.
His readers, however, xyill have the satis^
f;iction to find, that though there are
niany things which they may wish had
|)een told, they will mept ^\itl^ nothing
that is trifting or of dubious autliprity,
pn Michaux possesses a mind accustomed
to accurate and extensivje observation,
vrhirh liaving taken for its iruling principle
tlie benevolent sentiment of the comic
poet, humani nihil a vie alicnmn putq, is
always awake to whatever may.be condu-
cive to die benefit. of his fellow-nien. . .In
^very part .of his travels he attends to th'e
natural advantages and disyd vantages of
the country, the direction and character
of its rivers and mountains, its spontane-
ous productions, its .population, agricul-
ture, and commerce, the manners of its
inhabitants, and the means which he
thinks' likely to beUer their situation, .and
make them more -respectable, and Iwippjc.
"His remarks are the more valuable, as
they relate, td a country which has only
just begun to be reclaimed from 9 stat^
of savage nature, ai^d is qpw advancing
with uuexan^led peleritf in the arts <$
civilized life.
From Philadelphik to Pittsburg, the
place of his fii*st destination, is three hunv
dred dnd ten miles, As fer as Shipperis-
burg, one hundred and forty miles lit»m
Philadelphia, there is the convenience of
a public caniage, of which, as that part of
the road did not promise much that woulcl
be new. Dr. Michaux availed himself. . Af
Shippensburg he joined in tlie purchase
of a horse with an American officer, who
had been a fellow-passenger in the stage,
and tliey agreed to ride and walk by turns.
After travelling ten miles they came to
Strasburg, situated at the foot of the first
chain of the blue ridges. This chain con-
sists of tfer^e piirallel ridges of equal
heiglit* sppa^ted by two small vallie$
tliinly peopled,''^nd distautjy cultivated.
Tiie ascent of the first ridge is steep j and
it cost our travellers three quarters of an
hour to reach the top. Other ridges sooi^
succeed, the intervals between which are
filled with small hills, till at length the
Juniata, one of the Streams tributary to
the Susqueliannah, forms » larger vallej,
!and afibrds room for a more numerous
population. .Beyond the Juniata are other
ridges, the highest of which is the A^e*
gany,. the boundary of the eastern and
western waters. It is ascended by a road
extremely steep^ which requued a labo«
rious marcli of two hours. On tlie west^
era <>ide the soil improves, and the tree^
in the woods are of a better kind and
greater size. The Laurel hill, a ridge
parallel to the former, derives its name
from the kalmia latifolia^ and rhododen^^
dion maxinpum, both of which are called
laurels by the inhabitants^ the former^
eight or ten ieet high, exclusively occupy-
ing every spot ahttle open, and the lattei
covering the banks of tlie torrents.
Pr. Michaux having been told that in
Ligonier's valley, on the west side of
Laurel hill, a shrub is to be found, tlie
fruit of which yields good, oil, ,his ever-
acti\ e benevolence impelled him to go in
search of a production which cannot fail
to be. of great utility, if .to the valuable
property of the. olive there be added that
of l>eing able. to be^r.the^coldof the most
northern countries. His account of .the
snccc^ of his expedition shall ,be;givex]i in
his own words, .. ••
*'-' The day after my arrhral, I proceede4
intQ the woods, .and at' mj iiist txcvnkA
found the shmb which was tne object of my
JMfCHAUX's TRAVBLS TO THB kttZQASX MQUNTAINS-
seaidi. I realized it as being the same
ufaicli my father had discovered tifteen ye^n
hdSoK ui the mountains of South Carol'uia,
and which, notwithstanding his care, he could
mK nuie succt^ed in his garden near Charles-
ton. Mr. W. Hamilton, who- had also re-
ceded seeds and shoots from this part of Peim-
j}kanb, had not been more successftil. '^i'he
skiii ba-ome so soon rancid, Jhat, in a few
dav?, tliey lose their germ'mattng property,
aoti acquire an extraordunary acrimony. Tms
shmb, which seldom rises more than tour feet
above the ground, is dioecious. It grows ex-
diisively on mountains, and is only found in
ojjI, shady places, where the soil is very fer-
tile. Its roots, wiiich are of a citron colour,
are not di\-ided : thev extend horizontally to
a ^rrat distance, and give birth to off-sets,
which seldom rise to more than eighteen inclies
li hoight. The roots and bark yield a dis-
agnreable smell on being bntised. I charged
»v host to colkt± half a busl«l of tlie seeds,
aail to send thwn to Mr. W. Hamilton, point-
ing out to him the precautions it would be ne-
c^^^ar^• to take to keep them fresh until tliey
could reach him.**
In the Deigbboarhood of Greensburgh,
thirty-two miles short of Pittsburgh, Dr.
Mlchau^L discovered unequivocal marks
of a mine of pitcoal, and was informed
diat this substance is so easily procured
as to induce some of the inhabitants both
of Greensborgh and Pittsburgh to bum it
for cheapness. Tlie road continues moun«
tainous to Pittsburg, which is situated at
the confluence of the Monongahela and
the Allegany, whose united streams con-
stitute the Ohio. The former of these
rivers rises in Virginia, at the foot of what
is there called the laurel mountain, which
forms part of the western side of the Al-
kgany chain, and is navigable to Mor-
gaa's town^ one hundred and seven miles
above Pittsburg. Tiie settlements on its
banks are numerous, and there are several
small towns in whieh commerce is car- '
ried on with great activity. The source
of the latter is fifteen or twenty miles
from lake Erie. It is navigable two hun-
dred miles above its junction with the
Monongahela, and its banks begin to be
tolerably peopled. The sugar maple,
ivhich is always a sign of a fertile soil, is
very common in all the country, watered
by the two rivers.
The Ohio at Fittsburgh is about four
bnodred yards wide, and vessels of a con-
siderable tonnage are built upon it and the
Monongaheki. Oi^e of two hundred tons
burden was launched at Elizabeth town,
twenty-three miles above Pittsburg. When
Dr. Michaux was at PitUd^urg, there was
on the stocks a three-masted vessel of two
Imodred dod Mty tofi& burden, which hf
afterwards learnt had arriv«d aak at Phi-
ladelphia, and which, before it reached th»
gulf of Mexico, had to make a river
voyage of two tliousand two hundred
miles : and eleven hundred to the junc-
tion of the Ohio witli the Mississippi, and
nearly as much to new Orleans . The
Ohio as far as Limestone, four hundred
and twenty-five miles from Pittsburgh, is
navigable for large vessels only in the spring
and autumn, that is, during the montlis
of April, . Marcli, May, October, and
December : at otlier times boats of a mo-
derate size pass with difficulty : but at
these two seasons, tlie waters are raised to
such a height that vessels of three hundred
tons burden, steered by men well ac-
quainted with the river, may descend
with perfect safety. The passage up the
river is of course difficult, and has not yet
been mucli practised. When Dr. Mi-
chaux was passing down in 1802, they
were sendiiig cotton from Tennessee by
tlie Ohio to Pittsburg for the first time,
to be afterwards, dispersed through the
back part of Pennsylvania and Virginia,
The boats were pushed up the river by
poles, and went abput twenty milQs a
day. The men who conduct the boats
from Pittsburg to . New Orleans have on
their return either a fatiguing journey of
fourteen or fifteen hundred miles by land,
in six hundred miles of which they pass no
white settlement, and pnly two or three
Indian villages, or, which is generally pre-
ferred, take their passage by sea to Balti-
more or Philadelphia. Tlie principal ar-
ticles sent down the Ohio to be exported
from New Orleaas to the West Indies are
flour, hams, and smoked pork ; and for
the consumption of Louisiana bar- iron,
coarse cloths, bottles made at Pittsburg,
whiskey, and barrelled buttfer.'
Tlie current pf the Ohio is exrremely
rapid in the spring j and the form of the
boats which navigate it is calculated, not
to accelerate their progress, but to coun-
teract the swiftness of the stream .s They
are from forty to forty^five days in mak-
ing the passage, but a canoe \\'ith two or
tliree men will accomplish it in twenty-
five. In the summer, on the otlier hand,
except in the straits formed by islands,
the current is slow. ' It was judged by
Dr. Michaux, when he went down it, to
be about a mile and half an hour. At
this season its waters, owing to the heat
of the climate arid the slowness of tlie
ciirrent, acquire so great a degree of heo.t,
that they are not drinkable till they have
been kept four and twenty hours ia tlie
shado; so that theWvigatoi: bf afresh
VCrrAGES AKt> TIAVEK.
9k tf)0 distsance of two thou*'
sand miles from the ^sea, and compared
with which our boasted Hiames is but d
bxDok^ often sufiers greatly from thirst.
Its banks^ although from twenty to
iixty feet in height^ affi}rd scarcely any
itony substance in the upper part of its
coarse. With the exception of some
]aTge» detached, soft, grey stones for ten
or twelve miles, they appear to consist
tnitirely of vegetable earth. A few miles
above Limestone a calcar^us rock of
great thickness begins to appear. Two
kinds of rounded flints are found in the
bed of the rtv^r ; one of a dark colour,
easily broken, the other of a white semi-
transparent quartz^ smaller and less beau-
tiful.
fVom Pittsburgh, for nearly three hun-
dred miles, the Ohio runs between two
ridges of hills of near equal elevation,
vluch Dr. Michaux judged to be from
three to four hundred yards. They are
sometimes undulated at their sununits,
but often seem perfectly level for several
milea^ with occasional intervals, which
afibrd a passage for the streams that fall
into the main river. Their direction is
fatallel to the great chain of the Allega-
fties, with which they are considered by
Dr. Michaux to be connected, diougk
admetimes from forty to a hundred miles,
distant from. them. Between them and'
the river there are often flat spaces Ave or
six miles broad, which ara generally
known by the name of Riven-bottoms,
They are covsered with wood, and exceed
in fertility, perhaps, every other part of the
western territory, llie greater part of
tbft large and small rivers, which ^11 into
the'Ofaio, have alao their rivers-bottoms,
but generally less rich than these on the
main river. Dr. Michaux saw a plane
ttee, platanus occidentalisj on the right
bank of the Ohio^ which at the height of
fliur feet^om the ground^ was forty-^even
flset in circumference. It appeared to
ke«p the same dimension to the height of
fifteen or twenty feet, and then divided
into several branches of a proportional
thickness. The tulip-tree, lirodendron
tuHpifcra, perversely called poplar by the
inhabitants; is, next to the plane the larg*
cif tree of North America.
The banks of the river on both sides
aiB covered with trees, which often con-
fltitute beautiful vistas. Dr. Michaux
giipes. a lively picture of one near the
xboothof the great Kexmaway.
" For fcaur.or: five miles the Ohio preserves
itr breadth, whkh is about eigiit hundred
jBxtts; soui -c^Lfaibilfrthe most perfect alignmeut
6it esK:h side; Its shelving banks, iising-fhRii
flve-and-twenty to forty feet, as in the rest of
its course, are planted at the bottom with wiI-=
k>w8, tlie pendant branches of which, and the
dear green of then* foliage, form a veiy pleas^
ing contrast with the sugar-maples, red mables,
and ash-trees, situated immec^ately aoove
'them ; and thfese, in their turn, are overtopped
by the plane, the tulip-tree, the beech, and
the magnolia^ wliich occupy the highest ele-
vation ; the lat^ branches of these, attracted
by the brighter light, and (he more easy ex-
pansion, incline towards the sides, covering
the trees situated .below them entirely, and
even stretching much faitherover the river.
This natural disposition, which prevails on
both banks of the river, forms a regular sweep-
on each side, the image of which, reflected by
the crystal of the water, embellishes this mag-
nificent pro^ject.'*
Both banks of the lower part of thai
Monongahela, as well as those of the
Ohio, till it takes a southerly direction,
belong to the state of Pennsylvania, and
are advancing fast in population. The
town of Fittsburgin 1802 contained about
four hundred houses. The remainder of
the country between the Alleganies and
the Ohio to its junction with the big
sandy river, where its- course becomes
westerly, is in the state of Virginia. ITie
greater part of it is so OAountainous^ that
it is settled only a little way up the su-
bordinate river. But the banks of the
Ohio, which till 1796 and 1797 were so
thmly peopled, that them were not more
than twenty-five or thirty femilies in a
space of near four hundred miles, have
since that time attracted so many emi-
grants, that the plantations are at present
not more than fl-om one to three miles
asunder; and some of them are always
within sight ftom thcmiddleof the river.
J>r. Michaux is persuaded that its future
pEQg^ess will keep pace with iu late rapid
inrmiiiMiii
" The poskioii olthis river, the most happy
whkh can be found in the United States, will
cause It to be considered as the centre of ac-
tivity of the commerce between the eastem
and western states: it is by it that the latter
receive the manufactured artkles furnished t9
thefir^ by £uf(^, India, said the Antilles;
and it is the only cliannel of commuriicatlon
openwith the ocean, for exporting the pro-
duce of that vast and fertile part of the United
States, comprized bet\v-een the- Allegany
mountains, the lakes, and the left bank 01 the-
" All these advantages, added to the salu-
brity of the climate, and the beauty of t^
situations, enlivenod, in the sprine> by croudi'
of loaded boats, hurried on with incredible
rapidity by the current, and by the extsaix^'
dinary specucle of vessels of heaw burden
mcHAUx's t»4ViU Taxa&ia.MQAvx vonrrAurs.
l^i pioceed directly fnwi 4he middle of
^is Ti4 coDtincui to the West Indies: sdl
tiioe advantages, I say, make me look to the
huiks of the Ohio, frgm Pittsburdi to Louia-
viile, both included, 33 being lu^ely to be,
vitkjp twenty years, the most nopujous atul
mostoMnmerctal port of the Umted States..
It is also tiiat to which !■ should not hesitate to
girc the preference, m chusmg my place of
ifekkaKe."
Of the state of Ohio, wliich has but
lately been received into the union. Dr.
Michms saw only the settlements on the
right book of tiie river, its boundary from
the states ot* Virginia and Kentucky. Ma-
rietta, situated at tb« confluence of the
great Muskingum with theOhio, one hun«
died and eighty miles from Pittsburgh by
water, is the chief establishment in this
state. It has not existed £tteen years,
«Ki the number of its houses was in 1 802
WOK than a hundred. The Muskingum
ristfs near lake Erie, is navigable two hun-
dred and. fifty miles from its Influx into
the Ohio, and is there three hundred and
forty yards broad. The seat of govern-
ment is at Chillicotte, on the great Scioto^
about 60 miles from its moQth. Hie banks
%f this river are said to be almost as fer-
tiie as those of the Ohio : but as they are
lower and mote humid, the Inhabitants
are subject to obstinate intermitting feverv
in theautunm, which do not cease till the
approach of winter. Chillicotte con-
tains about a hundred and fifly houses.
At Limestone Dr. Michaux left the
Ohio, and peoceeded by land through the
late of Kentucky to Nashville in the
itare of Tennessee. Kentucky was dis-
covered in l/fOby.some Virginia hunters.
At that time it was not occupied by any
iiatioa against all who attempted to settle
there : (hi this account.it was calkd Ken-
tucky, which in their laugoo^ signifies
the land o£ blood. No fixed estabUsh-
meot was fomwak init til}J780. In 1782
the ttomfaBrof its white inhabitants was
•bout three thousand : in 1790, one hun-
dred tbcnsand: at the gene^ census
taken in 1800, it was two hundred and
tWTOty thousand : and when Dr. Michaux
V ^^ unskiliuhiess o£ tfo smmycn.
Frankfort is the seat of govemmtot, but
is less populous than Lexington, which
contains about tl^ree dnmsand inhabitant,
and is the •Idest and most considerabla
town in the three new states. Theg^t»t-
est length of the state is four hundiieA
miles, and its greatest breadth about twa
hundred. In its whole ^tent it seems l»
rest on a bed of perfectly homogeneou*
hmestone, which in some of the deep
channels of the rivers is exposed to view
to the height of three hundred feet per-
pendicular: the vegetable earth varies in
thickness from a few inches to twelve <v
fifteen feet. There are also ^^'TOerona
explored mines of coal, but with the ex-
ception of a few iron mines, there ia,
scarcely any olher mineral substgnce ia
the country* '
The land m Kentucky, as well as m
some of die Adantic statas. is divided jotm
three classes, which are difi^rendy assess-
ed to the land-tax: but the same kiad rf
land is there put in the second class, whidi
•Mst of die mountains would belong to dve
first; and in die third, which in Georgia
and Carolina would be assigned to the
second. Thae is, mdeed, some land ia
the eastern states as fertile as a^ in th0
west; but it is not common, and is sei*
dom met with but by. die aides of rive»
and m the vallies.
^Zt^'^^'K^''^ CumberiandindepeR^
dently<if a fewtrees, M-Jch are pecuhi to
th^ cotmtnes, Uie niass of the fmesK 2
lands of the first cms, is compo^ ^f^^
east of dieinounlams, in dxe most ferti^tt^
these speaes are principiJly the OBtm^'
> nigra, cerulea, white, blik,
hricaria, black-jack oak ; OuiimdinadiJ^
locust; an^ ^fmana triloba, papair.^^
nses to the height of diirtv fet. Ih^^
ast species, in oarticuJar, denote thTrichS
lands. In cool mountakous phK«s anrf^
the sidcsx^f the riven wludtRoT^S
banks, there are also found the ^uctcusmSI
A — — — • —- ""w».^.. xTxu.iuHu^ which are as large as a hen's '^a^- n,™"!?
«» tkre m 1802.. the pqpojation was, *acclmrimm,^l>x r^Xlsa^^
etmuted at two hundred and ^ thpu- "f™. be«ct; «««ralso itpkS^dZ
and, including about twenty thousand
jepo daves. This rapid increase would
tee been still gKater> if it had not been
ar dieigioviog difficalty of ascertaining
the titks to die land^ occanoned pardy by
tb»iiii«sr^tl|»Jasid»desa«r^ andpaftly
^te and ytUow tuhp-tree ; aod the AiLSi
l^^^^mma, cucumber-tree, the. thwe*SS
r^ ^»»» to a ctrcuniference of eighteS
toed befote> grow, to a larger sac. Twl
two spea«i of tulip-tree, with white aod yd- ,
©6
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
low wood, have no external character, dither
in the leitves, or in the tiowfrs, by which they
can bii distinguished from each other, and ag
tlie yellow wood is most used, before a tree is
felled, a piece is cut out, to asccitahi whether
it is of this species.
" In the lands of the second class, are
found Fa^ut castanea, chesnut ; Quercus ru-
' bra, red oak ; fUerciis tinctoria, quercitron ;
Laurus saifsafras, sassafras; Diosptjros vir^
giniandf persiinon ; tiquidambar siyraciflud,
Ny9sa tHIosu, gum-tree, a tree which neither
yields gum, nor resin, as its name seems to
unply.
• " Those of the third class, which arc gene-
rally arid and mountainous, scarcely produce
any but the black and red oak; i\iG Qucrcux
prinus montatuif ixx;ky oak, some pines, and
sometimes Virginian cedars.
" The fuglans jxicanc is not met with
ncarci' ihali the mouths of tlie rivers Cumber-
lacd and Tennessee, from whence the fniit
is sometimes brought to Lexington market.
Neither docs this tree gmw to tlu! eastward of
the Allegany mountains. The Lobelia car-
dinalh grows abundantly in all the cool humid
filxHs, as well as the JLolfclia sphilitica ; tliis
is more common in Kentucky than in any part
of the United States which 1 liave seen. The
Laurus Benzoin, spice-\vood, is also plentiful
here. The two genera, f^accimum and ^Jn-
dromeda, which constitute a series of more
than thirty sparies, and are very abundant in
the easteni slates, seem, in some decree, ex-
cluded from those of the west, and the caka-
reous district, in which only tlie Andromeda
urborea is found."
The barrens or racadows of Kentucky
Comprize an extent of sixty or seventy
miles in length, to fifty or sixty in breadth.
• " From the signification of the word," says
Dr. Michaux, ** I expected to cross a bare
tract, with a few planl.i scattered here and
tliere upon it : ancf in this opinion, 1 was sup-
ported by the notion which tiome of the in-
habitants had given me of t]ie«>e meadows,
belbre I reached them. They told me, that,
at this season, I should perish with heat and
thirst, and that I should riot meet with any
shade tlie whole length of the loatl ; for, the
greater number of the Americans, w ho live m
woods, have no conception that countries can
exist which are entirely free from them, and
still less that they can be habitable. Instead
of lindinga coiuitry such as had be«.'n describ-
ed to me, I was agreeably sih-priz;'d to see a
beautiful meadow, well covered with giass,
of two ot tliree feet in height, wliich is used
to feed cattle. A great variety of plants also
grow here, among which the GLrurdiaJinxa,
gall of the earth, tlie Gnaphah'um dloicum,
white plantafai, and the Rucibeckia pnrjmrca,
were at this time predominant. I noticed
that tiie roots of the latter plant Jiave, in a'
^rtain degree, the acrid taste of tlio^ leaves
of the Spilanthus qlemcca. When I crossed
' tiittse meadow«^ thice-fourtiis of the'plautsjjtsi^
done flowering, and the period of the «tiafi>
rity of the greater part ot their seeds, was s»tiU
far distant ; I, however, collected about ninety
specimens, wliich I have brought to France.
\*' In some parts of these meadows, several
species of wild creeping vines are met with,
and particularly tJiat called by the inliabitants,
summer grapes. These grapes are as large,
and of as. good a quality, as those from the
vineyards hi the neighbourhood of Paris, with
this chflTerence, that they are not so close upon
the bunches.'*
'The remarkable nakedness of this and
some other similar tracts of a country,
which in its natural state is one thick fo-
rest, had before been attributed by Volney
to tlie custom of burning tlie grass every
spring, practised time out of mind by thft
Indians, and continued by the white set-
tlers. Dr. Michaux, who does not seem
to Have been acquainted with A'^olneys
conjecture, was led to form the same con-
clusion by an observation which occurred
to him incidentally, in a future part ol'bis
journey.
" At a short distance from Macby, oit the
rivei- Hoist en, lifteen miles from Knox ville, the
road, for the space of a mile or two, nms beside a
Coppice; very thickly set witli trees, the largest
clumps being twenty or twenty-five feet across,
1 had never seen any part of a forest in a simi-
lar state ; and I made this observation to the
inhabitants of the country, who infonned me
that this spot was fonnerly part of a barren, or
meadow, which had become naturally re-co-
vered with wood within the last twelve or iif-
teen years, shice the bad custom of setting lire
to them, as is jiractised m all the southern
states, had been discontinued. This example
seems to prove, that the extensive meadows of
Kentucky and Tennessee are indebted to some
contiagratiiMi, which had consumed the fo-
rests, for tlieir origin, and that they are pre*
served in that state by the custom, which still
orevails, of setting lire to them annually.
vVhen on these occasions chance preserves
any spots of them for a few years from tlie ra-
\"ages of the flames, the .trees spring up agsun ;
but, bemg extremely close, tlie fire, which at
length catches them*, burns them completely,
anil reduces them to the state of meadows
again. Hence it may 1m.' concluded that, in
tiiese countries, the meadows must continuailT
encroach upon the forests ; aiid, in all proba-
bility, this wjs the case in Up|jer Louisiana
and'New Mexico, which are only vast plaias
to wiiich the savages set fire aiinually, and
where there is not any tree."
Tlie .elks and bisons, which formerly
abounded in this country, are almost all
gone orer to tlie right bank of tlie Mis&i-
sippi: tlic only, species of wild aninuik
which are now common are the deer; the
bear^ the wolf i the grey and the r^
lftCHAUX*S THAVfiLi TO TtlE ALLB^^ANt MOUNtAtlrfl.
#
htovedfbses; tbe wild cat* which is either
the Cmadian lynx or a variety of it^ and
BiK, as has sometimes been supposed^ the
ongzD of the domestic cat of Europe ; the
racooD; the opossum^ and three or f(5ttr
ipectes of squirrels.
"The \frfld ttirkies, which begin to be very
farce in the soiitht-m stales are- plentiftil in
those to the Westu'ard. In the most luiinha-
bited parts they are so tame as to. be easily
kxikd with a pistoMiot In the oast^ on the
CDntiary, and parficularly in the neighbour-
hood of the searports, they cannot be ap*
{Moached without difiiculty: they are not
•lanBed by a noise, but they iiaveavery,
quick sight, and as soon as they discover the
hunter, fly away with such rapidity, tliat it
takes a d^ Kcveml hdnutes to come up with
them; ^nuwhen they see themselves onjhe
p:!DlM)f being caught, they escape by taking
10 flight. The wild turkies gencralljr remain
it die swamps, and by the sides of nvers and
credp> and only come out in the moniing and
eimag. 1 hey perch on the tops S[ the
highest trees, where» notwithstancUng their
bulk, it is not always easy to see them. When
they have not been frigHtcncd, they return to
Ihe same trees for several weeks in succession.
" To the east of the Mississippi, in a space
af more than eight hundrud leagues, tiiis is the
onhr species of wild turkey which is met with.*
They are larger than those reared in our pouU
try yards. In autumn and in winter tiiey feed
ciiietiy on chesnuU and acorns ; and some of
tboie 'killed at this season wei^h thirty-five or-
forty pounds. The variety ot dome'stic tur-
kies, to which the name of English tlirkies is
giTtn, in France, came origmally from this
species of wild turkey ; and when they are not
OQSKd with the common species, they retain
the primitive colour of their plumage, as well
as that of thdr legs, which is a deep red. If,
Subsequent to 1523, our domestic turkies Were
natuRlized in Spain, and from thence were in-
troduc*nl into the rest of Europe, it is probable
that the)* were originally from some of the
more soiithem parts of Anerica, where there
doubtless exists a species diHerent from that
of the United {States.'*
Many horses are bred in Kentucky
Hrhich £od a good market ih .the southern
stales, particularly South Carolina: the
number of horned cattle is also consider*
able; but very few sheep are reared. Dr.
Michaiix travelled upwards of two hun-
dred rniles in this state, and saw but four
plantations at which tliere were any.
Their flesh is not much in esteem, and the
MK>1 is of the same quality as that of the
•hecp in the eastern states.
The cultivated produce is chiefly tobac-
co, hemp, flax, and the different grains of
Europe, but principally maize and wheat.
Whisky IS distilled fit)m oats, and bnmdy
from peaches. Except a tew apple-trees,
the peach is the only friiit-tree which haj
hitherto been raised in the country. Ail
attempt, indeed, has been made by a Swiss
settler to establish a vineyard, aiid great ex-^
pectations were fbrtned concerning it 3 but
the experiment has not succeeded, in con^
sequence of the humidity 'of the atmos^
phere occasioned by the vicinity of the fo^'
rests. Dr. Michaux is of opinion that the
barrens are much better adapted to this
purpose than (he spot x^hich has been cho«*
sen on the banks of the river Kentucky. •
Tlie manufactures carried on at Lexing^
ton are fhose of writing paper, ropes, tan*'
ned leather, nails, pottery ware and gun*'
powder. The sulphur for the last is ob*»
tained from Philadelphia, but the tohpetre
is the {iroduce of Kentucky and Tennessee,
and has hitherto been fabricated iii no-
other part of the United States. Th&
earths which yield the lixivia are obtainedf
from the grottoes and caverhs, formed ott
ihe declivities bf high hillSi in the most,
mountainous parts* They are very rich:
in the nitrous principles, which is evidently
owing to the calcareous rock, firom the de-
cay of which all these excavations aror
formed, as well as from the vegetable*
substances which are accidentally driven*
into them. This, Dr. Michaux observes,
seems to show that the assimilation ot
arfimal matters is not absolutely necessary
to produce a greater degree of nitrification'
even in the fiJ^mation of artificial niti^
beds.
These manufactures are said to atiswer
notwithstanding tlie extreme high price of
labour, and the scarcity of handicraft
workmen, owing to the general preference*
pven to agriculture. To render the de-
fect of artizans in the West country more
perceptible. Dr. Michaux gives the follow-
ing comparison t
" At Charlestown in Carolina, and at Sa-
vannah in Georgia, a white workman, slich as
a joiner, carpienter, mason, white-smith, tay*
lor, shocdnaKer, &c. earns two piasters a d.iy,
and cannot live a week for less than six. Atr
Ne\7 York and Philadelphia he receives only
one piaster, and it costs him four per week.
At ^la^ictta, Lexington, and Nashville in
Tennessee, this workman receives a piaster,
or a piaster and a half per day, and can live a«
week upon one day's wages.
The state of Teimessee is bounded to the*
north by Kentucky, to the west by the.
Ohio, to the south by that nominal part of^
Georgia which is reserved for the territory
• There is one spedmen of afemalc in the coUectioti cf the MuscUm of Katuial BlstorV:
A*».Hev. VoulV. H
d»
VOiyAGE^ AND TRAVELS.
ef the Cherokee aini Chactaw Indians, and
to the east by tlie Allegany mountains^
which separate it from Virginia and North
Carolina. It ha4 not aaiuired population
enough before 1796 to be admitted into
the union as a separate state : till then it be-
longed to Nortl^ Carolina. Its principal
rivers are the Cumberland and the Ten-
nessee, botli which fall into the Ohio at
the distance of ten miles from each other,
and are separated for nearly the whole of
their course by the Cumberland moun-
tains, which are a process from the
Alleganies. Cumberland river rises in
ICentucky, among the mountains which
separate it from Virginia. It has a course
of about four hundred and fifcy miles, and
15 navigable in winter and spring as far as
three hundred and fifty miles from its af-
flux ', but in summer it cannot be ascended
tnore than two hundred and thirty, i, e.
fifty above Nashnlle. The Tennessee is
the largest river that fails into tlie Ohio.
It commences at a place called West Point,
on the south-^ast side of the Cumberland
mountains, and is formed by the junction
of the Clinch and Holstou, botli which
xise in the Allegany mountains : they are
^ach near two hundred yards wide at tlieir
confiuence, and are navigable to a great
distance. The Holston, in particular^ is
80 for neariy two hundred mile^ j so that
the Tennessee, in conjunction witli it,
would have a navigable course of about
eight hundred miles, if it were not for tlie
muscle shoals which, for #lx months in
tlie year, obstruct tlie passage about two
hundred and fifty miles from its mouth.
The greater part of the Tennessee, running
tlirough the Indian territory, has scarcely
any settlements on its banks.
The Cumberland mountains divide the
state of Tennessee into two parts, which
have so little connection -W'itli each (Hlier,
and diifer so much in their products and
interests, that tliey wijl probably. soon be-
<;ome separate states. They were origi-
nally known by.theiiames of Cumberland
and Holston. West Tennessee, or Cum-
berland, is in extent about two-thirds of
the ^ole« and though it had few settlers
before 1789> is now supposed to contain
«bout thirty tliousand white inliabitants.
Nashville, its principal and oldest town,
consists of about one hundred and twenty
' houses, of which seven or eight are built
of brick. The vegetable eailh rests cbidly
on & horizontal cj^kareous rock, but is not
«o deeg as in Kpiitucky, and partakes more
<^ an argrltaceous nature, without an
diaLtureof^tony^b^tances. Qnlhehi^ '
any
igh
banks of seme of the rivers the upp^T
rpcks cover thick beds of ferru^neout
schistus lying horizontally, the laminae of
which, on the slightest touch, break o^in
pieces a foot long, and faH spontaneously
to powder; and on such as are the leak
exposed to tlie water aad the light, there
is a white efHorescence of an extreme te«
nuity, and greatly resembling snow. la'
tliese banks there are also deep cavcms^
in which arfe found masses of an alumioow
substance, so near the degree of puifqr-
required for the operations of dying> that-
tlie inhabitants not only collect it for their
own use, but also 'send it to Kentucky.
As greater care has been taken to render
the tides to projx?rty cjear and uncontro^
vertible, this part of Tennessee b now ge*
nerally preferred to Kentucky. The sn* 1
perior warmth of the climate, moreover,
is fa\-ourable to the growth of cotton, a.
much more profitable produce than either'
grain, hemp or tobacco; stufis of a find
quality are already fabricated m the cou]i-> 1
try from the raw material.
East Tenessee or Holston is situated h^ *
twecn the Cumberland mountains and tha^
highest part of the Alleganies, . Its ltine«>^
stone appears to be deeper than in West*^
Tennessee, and the beds which incline to i
the horizon, are divided at small intenr^'j
by strata of quartz ; it is watered also bf*'
a great number of small rivers, whidi^
cross it in all directions. The best IttA
is on their banks ; the remainder is of aa 1
indifierent quality ; and as the climate i»
considerably colder than that of Wrtt-
Tennessee, none of it is favourable to tJie
cultivation of cotton. Dr. MichauK, sa-
tisfied with stating the fiict, has assigned
no reason for the latter dtfferenoAi bat
it may probably be owing to the opposi-
tion made by the Cumberland mouuuins
to the passage of tlie warm current of sir
fiom the gulph of Mexico, to which Vol-
ney has ingeniously attributed the supe-
rior temperatunfc of the countries on the
Missisippi to that of places on the sam#
parallel of latitude in the Atlantic states.
East Tennessee began to be settled as*
early as 177^* and the number of its iyia-
bitants is now estimated at about seventy
thousand, ilicluding three or four thpusaod
uegroe slaves. On accomit of the bad na-
vigation of the river, its trading concenia
are nearly all carried on by land with the
sea ports on the Atlantic 5 it is, therefore,
thought by Dr. Michoux to be the roc»t
unfavourably situated of all the parti of
the United States that are now inhabited,
being -sarroundad bj. e^ttftnsive tracts of
mCRAUX's TEA VSL8 TO TBE ALLlEOAKY MOUtTTAINS*
coonfrjwkidi yield the 6ame products,
9od are eit-her more fertile or nearer the
tea-si^. The seat of govenrnieot for tlie
yibok state is at Knoxviile, on the Hol-
stoa, wftuck ooQtaiiis about two hundred
booses*
The mouBitaiiison the east of Tenessee
are gmersUy allowed, by tiie emigrants
horn Pennsylvania and Vii^ginia, to be
liigfaer than any others to die south of
HttdMQ^f rirer. They place the great
hiba mountain in the first rank, then the
iran mountain^ the yelkVw mountain, the
hbck motrntain, and the table mountain.
In support of this o{nnion it is alleged,
that faehft-een the 10th and 20th of Sep-
tember, the cold becomes so severe on
the mountains, that the inhabitants are
obliged to have fires, which is not the case
with auy of those in Virginia, although
Ihcy are some degrees fiuther north. Dr.
Micfaaux has also seen in his father's
notes that he fi>und trees and shrubs on
the yellow .and great father mountains
which he never met with afterwards, ex-
c^ in Lower Canada. These moun- .
taifls do not tmn part of the grand chain, '
hit ave strictly within the district of the
western watexs. They have also a pecu-
liar character, and instead of forming a re-
gular ru%e with little or no undulation,
iheyaxe imiilflted mountains contiguous
«iKky at the base. The peal dividing ridge,
which is truly a oontinuance of what are
called the AJlegamcs in Pennsylvania, is
known in North Carolina by the name of
the Une cidlge. It is xaudi lower than
^T. XVIL Pamiliar LeUers from Italfj to a Friend in England. By Peter BECKro&D,
£sa. In 1 wo Volumes, Svo. pp. 004.
,the Tennessee mountains^ and was passed'
by l}r. Michaux to the east of the iron
mountain on his return to Charlestown.
In the whole of the western states thirty
years ago, there were scarcely three thou-
sand inhabitants : at present there are more
than four hundred thousand. There are
two printing presses, tx)lh at Pittsburgh and
Lexington, each of which pttblishes two
newspapers every week* At Knoxville
one is published twice a week, and at Chil-
licotte, Nashville, and at Jonesborough
and Holstou once. And so desirous is the
federal government to propagate instruc-
tion and a knowledge of the laws among
the people, that it allows the editors of tiie
periodical papers, published through the
whole extent o{ thq United States, to re-
ceive those which they exchange witli
each other, or which are directed to them^
post free.
We have endeavoured to condense and
to digest into as small a compass as pos-
sible, what appeared most important with
respect to the rising states, that it may
serve as a kind of fixed point firom which
their farther pi^ogress may be estimated.
An abundant and rich gleaning, we are
very sensible, may be gathered after us :
but ioT this, as-weU as for our author's ob-
servations on his way through North and
South Carolina to Charlestown, ^^e must
refer our reader to the work itself: and
shall only add, that the narrative is illus-
trated by a distinct map of the soutliern,
western, ^nd middle states.
rr is not very easy to throw the diarm
^novelty over a taie which lias been so*
<yto told. These letters wene, many of
them, written so kmg ago as the year 1 7S7t
tod most of them be&re the invasion of
Italy h^ the French. Mr. Beckibrd seems
^ have passed much of his time on tlie
omtineot, and to have had abundant lei-
An« to complete his memoranda*- We
*Binot, however, think that the present
work vas mnch wanted: it contains a
pw deal of unnecessary matter ; matter
^hlch presumes niudi upon the ignorance
ot die reader. What in the name of good
latteor coramon sense should an epitome
of the aoueot History of Home be intro-
doced for ? Almost every town he enters
Mr. Beckford thinks demands from him a
sketch of its classic days ! The familiarity '
of the style displeases us : Mr.- Beckford
introduces too many silly stories and jokes
from Joe Miller, many of them are coarse
and vulgar, and some of them scarcely
decent. If on the one hand, however, we
complain that tliese letters contain much
irrelevant and tiresome matter, it roust,
on the other hand, be conceded, that every
thing is described which admits of descrifn
tion : now and then a leisure boor may
be employed^ not nnprofitably, in perusing
them.
Art. XVIIL Xaufragia ; or Historiral Memoirs nf Shtpearecks, and qf the Providential
JfcHxtnmce of yt99€U. By James Stamicr Cla&ke, F. R. S. Chapiain qftkeJ^iuct^s
Housckoidf and Librarian to his B/9yul Highness, Vivoo. pp. 421.
W'£ are sorry that so osefiil a design as that of this yolunic should bare bflea
H2
100
VOYAGES AST) TRAVELS.
* executed by Mr. Stanier Clarke. Any
thiog like a judicious selection we could
Dot expect from tliis gentleman, after his
History of Maritime Discovery j but we
did expect that he would have shown more
knowledge of the subject upon which he
was writing. Not one of the most extra-
ordinary shipwrecks which have taken
place are to b« found in his collection :
but the novels of Robert A-Machin, and
Captain Richard Falconer, are unsuspici-
ously, inserted as true history j Philip
Qnarle is just as credible, aud just as au-
thentic as eitlier.
Here we might dismiss this meagre
compilation, were there not in the liri»t
section a ' Dissertation* on the real autiior
of Robinson Crusoe, which requires some
comment. Tlie following extract is tlie
whole of this dissertation : .
*' Before I conclude this section, 1 wish to
make the admirers of this Nautical Bomaiice
niindfiil of a report, which prevailed many
years ago ; that Dffoe, after all, was not tfj'e
real author of Robinson Crusoe, I'his asser-
tion is noticed in an article in the seventh vo-
lume of the Edinburgh Magazine. Dr. Towtrs
in his life of Drfoe in the Biographia, is in-
clined to pay no attention to it; but was (hat
\>Titer aware of the following letter, which also
appeared in the Gaitleinan*s Magazine* for
1788? at least na notice is taken of it in liis
LifeofZ>^bf.
" Mr. Urban, Dublin, Feb. 25.
In th^ course of a late conversation with a-
nobleman of the fit st consequence and infor-
mation in this kingdom, he assured mc,'tliat
Mr. BeruaminHotioKayi of Middleton Stonv,
assCiredhim, some time ago, that he knew tor
fact, that the celebrated romance of liobinson
Crusoe was really written by the Earl qf Ox-
ford, when conlined m the tower o. I^ondon ;
that his lordship gave the manuscript to Da-
niel Defoe, who frequently Nlsilcd him daring
his ooiiAneinent : aud that Dcfcfc, having af-
terwards added (he second vojuine, pubHshc4
tiie whole as his own })roduction.-r-This anec*
dote I would not venture to send to your va^
Uiable magazine, if I did not th'uik my infor-
mation good, aiid^ imagine it migliC be accep-
table to your numerous readcK ; ndlwitllstand-
ing the work has heretofore been generally at-
tributed to the latter."
. . ' W. W.
*« It is impossible fcfr me to enter dn a &*
ctission of this literary subject; though I
thought the circumstance ought to be mcnre
generally known. And yet 1 must .observe,.
that I always dUcemed a ver}' striking failins
off between the composition of the iirst and
second Volumes of this Romance — ^tliey seem
to bear evident marks of having been the
work oi different ^Titers."
Mr. W, W. dating from Dublin, in-
forms Mr. Urban of the Gentleman •
Magazine, that an Irish nobleman assured
him that he was assured by Mr. Benjamtn
Holloway, of Middleton Stony, that he^
the said Mr. Benjamin Holloway knew,
i\x fact, that the earl of Oxford wrote
tlie first volume of Robinson Crusoe ! Ad-
mirable evidence ! Mr. W. W. one : ibm
Irish nobleman twoj Mr. Benjamin Hol-
loway three — ^here there is a gap, and we
know not through how many generations
tliis ridiculous talsehood had passed betore
It reached Middleton Stony. And Mr-
Clarke, though it is impossible for hin»
to enter into die subject, thought this tes-
timony ought to be more generally knoun^
and adds, in supi)ort of it, that he alway»
tliought the secoud volume of Robinsos
Crusoe inferior to the first. Admirable
critic!
Nothing can more strongly charactenzer
a mean and little mind than an eagerness
to believe and propagate such idle ca-*
lumnies as this ! What would a court of
justice say to Mr. Stanier Clarke if be
were to make his appearance before them
with a st^)ry that Mr.. A. B. had written
him an anonymous letter, to say tliata wor-
tl)y friend of his had assured htm that John-
a-Nokes knew for fact that John-a-Stiles
had picked his [)ocket ! False accusation
In tlie present case is as much heavier an
biRMice as the valuie of a good name is
greater than gold. Mr. Clarke's memory
may help him to this comparisoR in verse.
Something is said oi Alexander Selkirk
\n tlijs same section, llie reader who
would wiah to know every thing that can
be known concerninvr him, may consuh a
little volume upon the subject, published*
four or five years ago, by &Ir. Isaac James
of Bri:»tol. Tlie account is authentic, and
highly curious.
Art. XIX* A'NorOiern Summer; or Trwfids Round tlie Bakic; through Dvnmnrkf
Sxveden, Russia, Prwrniu, and part of Germany j ii^ the- Y.ear. 1 &u4» Btf JloH N C akr, ^i^» •
JIuthor if the Stranger in France, S\c. 4 c. 4lo. pp. 480.
Mb. CARR gave a liglit and agreeable
itcount of his cxcursipu into IVtmce, and
he has now given us a light and agreeablt '
account of his trayel» through the ies^ ire*
* Vol. Lvai. Part I. page 208,
CARR's NoHTHRRN £trMM£ft«
101
ipfnied countries which surround the
Baiik. To atford amusement seems to
have been a prime abject with the author j
he writes, ciamUe caiatno, and enters but
sligfadj into the politics, religion^ history,
or statistics of the countries he visited.
Mr. Carr is an arti^, and the delineation
of DatioDol characteristics is congenial with
his ta^te and pursuits : his anecdotes are
numerous and oftentimes iliustrative.
The first capital town wortli stopping
at is Cc^^enhagen : ee passant, we have a
good picture at Husum. The fair was
held at the tiriie Mr. Carr was there ; the
huckraimned bosoms g(( the" women, to-
gether w ith the vast protuberant rotundi-
tit^ which they display . behind, form a
whimsical contrast to the fashionable dress
of our English beauties. ' In the even-
ing, a crazy violin and drum allured me
into a public room, in 'V^iich the merry
peasants were dancing waltzes. Heavens !
what movetncnts ! A Frenchman who re-
vokes e\iery thing into operatic eifect,
would Iiave felt each particular hair stand
erect had he contemplated the heavy so-
lemnity of the performers. The females
looked like so many tubs turning round,
and their gallant partners never moved
their pipes from their mouths.' ITiis is
not a bad picture; a Danish Jupiter making
love to some tender female, fire issuing
imm his mouth, and the god himself, * in-
^"fiiible, or dimly seen,' through clouds of
smoke that curl around him. Bunbmy
might give it to our print shops.
' Dancing is a favourite diversion with
oor northrtsm as well as our southern
neighbours : if tlie poorer classes of tkk
country meet together it is to drink!
A mdnorable day for Denmark was the
2d of April, 1801 : we claim the honours
<A that hard-eanied, if not dubious vic-
tory, and certainly In its consequences we
had every reason for triumph 9 the battle
ofi^Cc^ienhagen dissolved the confederacy
of the northern powers, and produced the
convention, in J 803, between his Brit-
laiiic M;<jesty, and the king of Sweden,
respecting the search oi neutral vessels,
and regulating wliat sliould in future be
deemed legitinoate cargoes. The Danes,
however, fought so valorously, and with
such terrible effect, that for two years they
commemorated tktir victory by an anni-
versaxj rejoicing.
" On oar return to the dty, and about a
snile from it, a turt^ hilkx± of small poplars
^tr9cted our notkre : it was the national tomb
of the heroes who fell in the memorable battle
fxf CopcBhagen roads, a» the i2d of Apri!^
1801, and stood in a meadow about two hun
dred yards from the road, and looked to-
wards the crown battery. As we approach-
ed it we saw i small monumental obelisk
which was raised to the memory of cajj-
tain Albert Thurah, by the CroMTi Prince.
It appeared by tlie iaacnprton, that during the
heat of that sanguinary battle, a signal was
made from one of the Block sliips, that all tlie
odicers on board were killed; the Crown
PriiKie, who behaved with distinguished judg-
ment and composure during the whole of that
territic and anxious day, and was giving his
orders on shore, exclaimed, * who' will take
the command ?' The gallant ITiurah replied,
' I will, my Prince,' and immediately leaped
into a boat, and as he m^is moimting tiie deck
of the block ship, a British shot numbered him
amongst the dead, which fonned a ghastly
pile before hiai, and consigned his spirit anU
nis glory to the regiofls of inunortalily."
A larger tomb is erected by their grate-
ful country qjer her fallen heroes :
** It is a pyramidal hillock, neatly turfed
and planted with saplkig |X)plars, correspond-
ing with the number ot otlicers who fell. At
the base of the principal front are tomb stones
recording the names oi each of these oihcers,
and their respective shijjs. ^ A lillle above is
an obelisk of grey nortlicm marble, raised
upon a pedestal of granite hearing this mscrip-
tion :
♦' To the mtmbrif qf those vJio fell for their
eountri/, their grateful fi Itow citizens raise
this monumcKt, j4prii 2, 1801.
" And beneath, on a white mari>le tablet,
imder a wreath of la^m*l. oak, and cypress
bound together, is inacribwl:
" The wreath which the country bestows
never ioitficrs over the grave of the fallen
tvarrior.
*' The whole is enclosed in a square pdlisa-
do : as a national monument, it is too dmiinu-
tiye/'
Tlie following anecdote is worthy to be
recorded: after the preliminaries of paci-
fication were adjusted, at the impressive
interview between lord Nelson and- the
Crown Prmce, the latter took some re-
freshment at the palace ;
** During the repast Ijord Kelson spoke in
raptures of tlie braver}' of the Danes, and par-
ticularly requested the prince to intnxluce him
to a very young officer, whom he described
as liaving pcrfonned wonders du ring the battle,
by attacking hb o^n ship immediately under
her lower guns. It proved to be the gallant
young Weimos, a stripling of seventeen ; the
British hero embraced him with the enthusi-
asm of a brother, and delicately intimated to
the prince that he buglit to make him ah ad-
miral, to which the prmce very happily re-
Eli.'d, *'If, my lord, I were to make Jill my
rave officers admirals, I should have no cap-
iiVBS or Ueuteoants in my serTice/ This he*
102
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
roic youth had Toknteered the commaiKL of
a praain, which b a sort of raft> carrying six
small caiinon» and manned with twenty-four
men, who Dutdied otf from shore, and m the
fury of tlie battle placed themselves under the
stern of lord Nelson's ship, which they most
successiully attacked, in such a manner that,
although they were below the reach, of hi»
stern chasers, the British marines made ter-
rible slaughter amongst them: twenty of these
gallant men fell by their bullets^ but their
young commander continued kuce-deep in
dead at his poiit, until the truce was an->
nounccd. He has been honmired, as he most
eminently deserved to be, with the grateful re-
membrance of his country and.of his prince,
who, as a mark of his regard, presented him
witli a medallion commemorative of his gal-
laittrv, and has appointed him to the com-
mana of his yacht, m which he mak«siiis an-
nual visit to nolstein."
Copenhagen does not present many
objects of high interest and curiosity : tlie
city is between four and five £ng]ish
miles in circumference, conta'ming about
foiu: thousand houses: the royal palace
fell a victim to the flames in the year
I7g4', it was an immense and splendid
pile of building. Its internal decorations
vere of the highest magnificence : the ritta
saal, or knight's saloon, was one hondred
and eighteen feet long, and fifty-eight feet
broad: nine windows lighted it by day,
and at night twelve hundred wax-lights,
distributed in three lustres, shed a brilliant
blaze over the room } on each side was a
gallery richly gilded, and supported by
forty-four columns of cinnamon wood,
the base and capitals of which were also
richly gilded, The paintings of Abilgoad
on subjects of Danish history embellished
the hall : the library of the king contained
one hundred and thirty thousand volumes^
and three tli<nisand manuscripts, and was
much injured by the fire. Fart of the
castle of Cliarlottenburg is devoted to tlie
royal academy of painting, architecture,
and sculpture. Those of its productions
which Mr. Carr had an opportunity of
aeeingi gave him no very high opinion of
the fine arts in Denmark. The, palace of
Fredericsberg, wliere the king resides, is
small, and the gardens are tastefully ar-
ranged ; his majesty has for many years
been unable, from the iiifirmity of his
mind, to j)erform the royal functions, which
devolve on the crown prince, who is de-
ji^rvedly beloved by all his subjects. The
"Dmes are a grateful people : a few miles
from tlie capital on one side uf the public
road is a plain and simple monument,
erected bv the peasants of the late count
Sei;tistortt; in gratitude Qf theii: liberation.
The crown battery is an interesting ob-
ject : it is square, stands about half za
English mile firom the shore, the water
flowing into it* It is undergoing altei»«
tion and enlargeaient; goverDmcnt has it
also in coiaemplation to r^se a fresh bat»
tery to tlie southward.
Among the charitable instltaUons is aa
hospital where pregnant women, who have
reason for seeking ccxicealment, are re-
ceived upon paying a small stipend : they
enter at night in masks, and are never seen
but by those who are pecessary to thdr
comfort, nor are their names ever w-
quired. This interesting asylum seems
fiir preferable to foundling hospitals, which
oifer a premium to tlie violation of ma-
ternal feelings : it is s^id to have produce^
a visible diminution in the crime of infanti-
cide. The mild laws of Demnark punish
not even the murderer with death.
Taking leave of Denmark, we cross the,
Sound, and enter into tlie Swedish terri^
tories : the sight of Cronenberg ca-itle re-
cals to mind the unhappy late of the!ami->^
able Matilda, who fell a sacrifice to the'
political jealousy of Juliana Maria, the
monster step-mother of his present ma-
jesty. The story of her niisior tunes ex-'
cited so deep an interest at the time that
Mr. Carr has introduced it. Cronenberg
castle now forms the residence of the go-;
vernor of Elsineur : it mounts three hun-
dred and sixty-five pieces of cannon, and
its subterranean apartments will hold more
than a regiment of men. Its strengths
however, is not so formidable as its ap-'
peorance : tlie British fleet under admi-
rals Parker and Nelson passed it with per-
fect impunity, and disdained to return a
shot : it stands on a peninsular spot, the
nearest to Sweden.
The next place we stop at is Stockholm,
but in travelling from capital to capital we*
must not forget the intermediate coun-
try : tlie appearance of the peasantiy and
of their cottages, indicates poverty :
**' Sweden is One continued rock of granite,
covered with lir: hence the cottagt*, ><-hich
ace only one story high, and many of the su-
perior iiouses, ar;ii constructed of wootl, the
{)lanks of which are lot into each other in a
uyer of moss, and the outside is painted of a
red colour ; the roof is formed with the l)ark
of the birch, and covered with turf, which ge-
nerally pYesonts a bed of grass sufVirieiitly high
for thescytiie of the mower. The tiooKof
the rooms are sitrewed witii tiie slips of young
fir, whicl) give them the appearaiK-e of litter
and disorder, and the smell is fur fr9m bt^uig
pleasant. Nothmg can he more dreary than
winding thioughthe tbrOsts, which every now
CARRS NOHTRERK SUMMER.
101
nd tin oment to th« weary eye little patches
0f deann ground, where tirs had been felled
i b^ lire, the stumps of which, to a considerable
hla^f were left in the ground, and, at a dis-
tant nsembied so many laige stones. In-
nkmstiMe abundance ot wood induces the
peamt to thuik it labour lost to root tiieni tip,
ttd they remain to augment the general
Ircaraieis of the scenen-.
"Tbe population in both the provinces of
Sfania and Smaland b very thinly diilbswl :
xcqrt in the very few towns between Hens-
ofg and Stoddiolni, the abode of man but
iRiWiefreBhestheeyeof the weary traveller,
^t (Bwn of day, and all day lon^, he moves
■" a forest, and'at night he sleeps m one. The
\f birds we saw were woodpeckers. The
^heck boasts
'content. 'ITieir clothes and stockmgs are
of light cloth; theikr hats raiKd in
crawn, pouited at top, with large broad
, and round theh- waist they frequently
a leathern girdle, to which are fastened
' knives in a leather case. I'he countty jq
prorhiccs appeared to be verj- sUtiIc ;
ily small portious of its rocky surtat e were
wtred witn a spriDklihg of vegetable mould.**
Tbe peasants bake, thit'ir bread only
«ce, or, at most, twice in tbe year : m
times of scarcity ihey add the bark of the
Kfch well pounded | and Mr. Carr says,^
that thus prepared, their cakes require the
ms of a stone-eater to penetrate them,
iliey are made round and flat, with a hole
io the middle, through which a stick or
nii&g is pass^« ^nd they are suspended
6oro die ceilings,
StockboIiQ IS m^der infinite obligations
to the taste and genius of the late illus*
triotu monarch 'Gustavus III. who not
merely gave encouragement to science and
tbe fine arts in his metropolis, but to
«tiiineice and agriculture throughout his
kii^doDL The manner, however, in
whih he effected the revolution of 1772,
and tbe absolute power with which he in-
vesled himself at the expence of the arig-
tooacy, are not consistent with tlie cha-
racter to which he aspired, namely, that of
« ptxiot king. The power which Gus-
tana gain^ he employed for the bepelit
of hb people; this cannot be questioned 3
*wt to effect a revolution by his sole ijn-
trigues, and In that revolution to destrqy
the legitimate, though abused power, of
the states, and make himself a despot, was
ai act of violent hostility against the prin-
ciples of liberty. Mr. Carr is dazzled by
the splendour of his genius and the ex-
|«nstl«M resources of his mind ; he is lost
ID astonishment and admiration.
Sergell the statuary, Mr. Carr saw the co«
iossal pedestrian -statue of this monarchy
in bronze, which liad just been cast, and
was then polishing. It is a present from
the citizens of Stockholm^ and will cost
forty thousand pounds ; it is^ ptfrhsps^ the
Jw5t eftbrt of tlie iirt of Sergell, who, al-
though every tribute of. honour has beep
paid to tlie sublimity of his genius, and the
delicacy of his taste, is no^'^ become in-
sensible to admiration, disgusted with himt
self, and disgusted with die World. Hia
Cupid and Psyche is qot to be 8o)d \J\\ after
his death. .
The palace at Stockholm b an elegant
itry are poorly housed and clad; yet, edifice, begun by Charles XI. and finishe4
aich discouraging appearances, their by Gustavus III ; within its walls is the
boasts the bloom of health and the smile king's museum, which Mr. Carr was for^
tunate enough to see, immediately after
the opening of severed package^ po^tain*
ing five hundred valuable paintings and
antique statues from Italy, where they
had been purchased by the latter- soe
vereign about eleven ye^rs since, and
had been prevented from reaching tlieir
destination by the French revc3ution.
They lay in great confusion, and soiq^ o^
them were much damaged. In the pa#
lace of Drottingholm there are also som«
exquisite statues in alabaster and marble,
and Etrurian vases, purchased in Italy by
Gusta\'us III. Haga was the favourite
retreat of this illustrious monarch: the
little palace, or rather chateau, which it
of wcK>d, and is extremely elegant, wa^
built after his designs, with the assistance
of Masrelier. The gardens are laid out
with great taste, and the surrounding
scener}' is remarkably picturesque. Hagif[
is about a mile and a bsdf from Stock-
holm: in the year 1791 Gustavus laid
there the foundation of a vast palace, but
the ^dertaking was discontinued at hi^
death, as being on too large a scalej atLd^
too expensive for the country.
The laws of Sweden are mild and
simple j capital punishments a^e seldon\
inflicted, and the prosecutpt sustains nq
share of the expence of prosecuting ^ cri-
minal. England would do well to adopt;
this system of indepmification, as Sweden
would to imitate from her the ac^ustment}
of costs in civil causes by reference to i|
jury, In Sweden eaph psurty psiys his owi|
costs.
Mr. Carr made an excursion to Upsala,
and paid a vbit to the mines of Danmora,
which, notwithstanding they have beea
wrought for three hundred years, yet pro?
duce a vast quantity of ore of a superio^v
i^ 9 tempofar|r buildhig at the house of quality, muct^ used in tbe firitislt fite^ '
m
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
•piaaufactories. The mipient town of Up-
aala was once the capital of Sweden, and
the jfesidence of the high-priest of Odin :
.in the cathedral/ which is a prodigious and
unwieldy pile of briok and of heteroge-
oieaus grchit|5cture, repose the ashes of
Linnaeus. The fojlpwin^ simple epitaph
jppints out the spot :
"Ossa
Caroli a Lr.vNB
cquitis aunti
niarito Optimo
filio iinico
Carolo a Lin'nb
patris succcsiiori
et
sibi
Sara Elizbkta morxa.
*' Tlie affectionate reverente of the ptipih
0f this distingiiislied^xpouijder of nature, and
the powers jof his celehratctl friend Sergei I,
have eDdeavoiired to siippiy the humility t)f
the prec€»ding tribute, by raising, in a little
recess, a monument of Swedish porphyry,
supporting a large mt^uliion of tlic head of
the illustrious naturalist, v'jhich is said to be
^1 admirable Iikenes^ of hhu ; under it is the
jbllowipg inscription:
(Jarolo a Linnk
J3otannicoruni
princ'ipi
Ainici et discipulii
In a private chapel of the cathedral is
the tomb of Gustaviis Vasa, whose effigy
is placed between that of hi^ two wi\ es,
Catherine and Margaret. Mr. Carr should
have transcribed the inscription which is
sacred to the memqry of such a hero^ such
a patriot, and such a mnn.
From the Swedish Mr. Carr proceeds
to the Russian territories : his talents for
description are pleasingly displa}'ed in the
tullowing p;^ssage :
*' At fiyeoclQck in the evening of the siyth
of July, with very little wind, wc slowly vith^
drew from Stockholm, liefore night we were
completely becalmed ; our captam rowed us
up to a rock, aiid throwing out a ^ang-board,
tied the vessel to a fir-tree tor the night. Here
wc landed, and ascended the rocks, which,
sparingly clothe^ with grey moss, rose from
the water's edge in the most grand, romantic,
aijd picturesque disorder. Before us the rich
crimson suffusion of the sun, just sunk behind
a dark undulating line of fur Crests, gave at
pncc trancjuilUty'and tone to the lake appear-
ance of this arm of the Baltic, which was en-
livened by the white-lagging sails of a few
boats, 'thj^ on the opposite side softly and
slowly ofc^pt^d through the deep shadows of
ih^ shoretjt, crowned with the woods of liston*
pottage ; whilst in the south, the ^ower of S|
Catherine's, mounted upon her airy summil
the houses, the palace, and the spires, seem
composed of light cloud and mist. The
lence of this delicious repose of natures
only feintly broken by the dashuig of the o
SLiti the carol of the distant buutmen; in tb
language of the divine Milton:
^ Now came still evening on, and twillg^i
Had m her sober livery all things clad:
Silence accompanied ; for bejist and bird,
I'hey to their grassy couch, tiiese to
nests,
Were slun k
- how glowed the iirinamealt:
I:
'theJ
With living saphirs.*
f Seated upon a roc*k, we for a long tiTne
pontemplated this exquisite scene, till at length
tlie call of sleep induced us to descend intof
our cabin, where our accommodation*^ wctq
very comfbrlable. AVith the sun, which was
an early riser, we unmoored, and advanced!
but verj"^ slowly ; as we proceeded, misery 'm^
a new shape presented Itself. From a wretch-
ed hovel, hpon one of the islands which bi
to appear ti\ clusters, hanging ovff the
9fthe waterj and ready to drop into it, anol ^
man in rags, and ne^ly blind, put off in a
little crazy boat, and'rovving towards us inir
plored our charily iii the niost touching man-
ner, and seemed very gral^fu) fof the trifle
we gave him.
" In the evening, having made but Ihfle
way, the master again moored the vessel to
another island for the nijjht: as I foundwa*
the custom, on accoujitot the danger and di^
iiculty of the ^lavigatbn. This island was i&r
deed a most enclianting scene ; upon its ro-
inantic summit of jgrey ropk \v^ found a little
cottage, embowered in trees of lir, ash, and
elder, that niight well be called ' the peasauts
nest," A fisherman, his aged mother his wife
and his children, forme(lthc population of th'^
beautiful spot. A Utile field of grass, in vhkrh
a cow was grazing, another of com, a garden,
and the waters of the Baltic, i^hicb again rer
^embled a lake, supplied iiipm with all theic
wants, and ali their nclu». Here it seemed a«
if the heart could no longer ache, as if ambir
tion might wish to be what he beheld, axK|
tliat love might ponder on the past without a
pang, llie inside of the cottage was neat and
chearfiil ; the good old lady, whh the chil-
dren in their shirts playing mund her, sat
knitting by the light of a spriglitly fire, and
under Kwks of snow presiniteU a face art peace
with all tlie world. Upon hearing that we
wbhed to have some supper, tlie hsherman*
with a couuteniuice of healtli and gaiety, de-
scended into a little creek, where his boats
were moored, for some perch, coniined in a
wicker well in the water, whilst his young
wife, who liad a pair of veiy sweet expressive
e)-es, laid tlie cloth in a detached room facing
the cottage. "Whilst supper -was preparing 1
nuubled over this little paradise. Night caiK
CA&H S irOJITHERN SUMXn.
105
p^ and afl the beauties of the proceding evcn-
ig, with some variety of new forms, letiuti-
ed ; the same bright bespangled heaven ! the
same serenity; the same silence! yielding
only to the unceasmg rippling of a little stream
of rock water, to wiiich, as'^it gushed from a
bed of long moss, and as our fair hostess pre-
sented her pitcher, thiiftily fenced with wicker,
might be applied tlic btautiml inscription erf"
BobquUlon, on the fountain ia the street of
Kotre Dame des Victoires in Paris :
" La nympihe qui donne de cette eau
Au plus creux do rocher se cache;
Snives uq exexupie si beau ;
Doouez sans vouloir qu*oii le sache.**
Or thus in English :
** Prompt to reJieve, ^kio' viewless v,'npp'd
in stone.
The nymph of waters pours her generous
streaiu :
Go, gentle reader, do as she has done ;
See while vou bless, but btemng be unseen.^*
J.C.
"It was just such a spot as the poetical spirit
flf Cowpef would have coveted : his eve would
fiaye penetrated, and his pen could afone have
painted every beauty.*
Bad as the inns are in Sweden, they
are still worse in I^assia?^poor as the pca-
»nts are in Sweden, still poorer is the
peasantry in Russia, Swedish and Rus-
£tao Finland are the confines of the two
* ixmmries^ and rival tach other in sterility,
glooTOi and wretchedness.
The capital of the Russian empire has
beoQ describe^ by so many travellers of
larioos ta^es, oountries^ and pursuits,
that we have hardly a right to expect much
novelty from a transient visit, Mr.Storch's
' Picture of Petersburg* is spread upon
fljch an ample caqvass, and executed with
M accurate a petiptl^ as to have left com-
paratively little for succeeding artists.
Oa die other hand, the imperial city,
from the unbounded power and resources
9( the monarch, is ever presenting some
pew object of admiration to tlie observer :
ia die course of the last year five hundred
noble houses wcra erected within its
^Us ! Its population has nevertheless de-
di^, whilst, as appears from the last
estimate, that of the country has en-
peased.
A metropolis is the centre from which
civilization radiates, sheddmg on the re-
moter provinces its weakened l^ms,
feinter and morq feint^ as the line of dis-
t:mcc lengthens- To the genUis of Peter
tfee Great and the late Cathei*ine, Russia
is indebted for every thing : for the crea-
e^and extent of her commerce, and for
eievation to that rank and power whic^
«he now holds among the nations of the
earth : they taught the barren wiWeroess
to smile, and formed the statue froni tho
unliewn rock. The present emperor is
treading in tlie steps of his illustrious an^
cestors, and tljere is hope that, in a long
reign, he may succeed in rubbing ott
many of the asperities which still charac-
terise his subjects. The arts are highlr
encouraged and cultivated in Petersburg;
architecuure with more success than sta-
tuary : statuaiy with more success than
pamting, which seems to demand a milder
dimate. The great obstacle to civiliza-
tion is the ignominious and grinding vas-
salage of the peasantry : the late Catherine
made some attempts to mitigate its seve-
rity, and Alexander will better deserve the
appellation of great than his Macedo-
nian namesake, if he subdues that pride
and prejudice of his nobility which ar«
nourished to the injury of his people."
A Russian peasant is in a state of the
lowest degradation :
,r ^^^ ,?! S^^ ^* ^^ ^« o^ws to him-
self ; his foibles, and they are few, originate
elsewhere : he is the absdute slave of his lord,
and ranks with the sod of his domains ; of a
lord whose despotisro is frequently more bit-
ing than die Siberian blast. Never illumined
bv education, bruised with ignoble blows, the
object and frequently tlie victim of baronial
rapacity, with a wide world before him, this
oppressed child of nature is denied the com-
mon right of raising his shed where his con-
dition may be ameliorated, Ofmzttffd only to
toil m a distant district under the protection
of tliat disgraceful badge of vas^lage, acer-
tificate of have, and upon his return com-
pellable to lay-thescanty ftiiits of his labour at
the ieet of his master ; aiid finally, he is exclud-
ed from the common privilege'which nature
has bestowed ujwn the birds of the air, and
the beasts of the wilderness, of chusing his
mate ; he must m^ry when and whom his
master orders. Yet under all this pressure,
enough to destroy the marvellous elasticity of
a Frenchman's mind, the Russian is what I
have depicted him. If the reader is not
pleased witli the portrait, the painter is in
fault"'
It is a vulgar apophthegm, ' take cam
of the pence, and the pounds will take
care of themselves :' it may be applied in
politics, ' take care of the poor, the rich
will take of themselves.' The Russians,
according to Mr.^Carr, are not bad mate-
rials to work upon : he over-rates them
however. To ' bear the curse and scorn,
and frequently die blows of his superior
with mildness,' proves only that his spirit
is broken, and his manhood mutilated j
(he individual Russian, perhaps this ' poor
106
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
Mr. Gould yet holds the office of imperii
gardener at the Taurida palace ; he &ajoiy%
a munificent salary^ and beholds diii
' little paradise, which he created from a;
mephitic bog, flourishing and exciting the
admiration of foreigners, and in the shade
of which Potemkm^ Catherine tlie Great,
and two succeeding emperors of Russia,
have sought tranquillity and repose from
the oppr€;ssive weight of public duty/
The Russian navy is supplied with several
English officers : tlie late emperor offered
tlie command of a vessel to the noted
pirate Paul )Jones j on hearing it, all tlio
Englishmen in his ser\-ice instantly sent
in their resignations. This anecdote must
be recorded to their honour.
The I'aurida palace was built by Ca-
therine II., and presented to her tavourite,
prince Potemkin : here it was that be gave
to his imi)erial nustress that costly fi^ta
which beggars all description, and even,
baffles imagination to concei^'e of. In
the gorgeous magnificence of their pa-^
laces, and the splendor of their eutertain-
ments, die Russians far surpass the feeblft
pomp of more soutliern princes : to thei
banks of the Neva seem to have been
transferred all the riches, grandevur, an4
luxury of Asia. Mr. Carr was an eyen
witness of the brilliant festivities m'hich
took place at the nuptials of the grand
duchess of Russia a^d ^e prince of Saxet
Weimar.
Within the massy walls of Michaeliskyk
palace perished tlie unliappy Paul : Mr.^
Carr has devoted a chapter to this gloomy
subject, and thrown an interest over the
fete of the emporor, which tlie violence
and eccentricities of his character and con-
duct had almost forbidden to be excited
in his favour. ' The original source of
my information,* says he, ' is from one'
Ufho beheld the catastrophe which I am,
about to relate, whom I can neitlier name
por doubt J a catastrophe which is toa
near tt^e period in which I write not to.
render, an unrestrained disclosure of all
the particulars with which I have beei^
furnished unfair, if not imprudent.'*
The caused whi^h first produced the wn-.
natimU estrangenient of Paul from h\\
mother are unknow^i : it is not unknown,
however, that, for many years past, he was
k^pt in a state of the most niortifying aixi
♦ It is to bo regretted that any considerations of delicacy or prudence should exist, suf^
ficieiitly well-grounded tojirohibft the disclosure of every particular which is known on so in-
terobtlDg an event. The tune may arrive when Mr. Carr will deem tKese restraints no longer
necessary ; in wliicli case he will no doubt supply vis with that important desideratum, tli^
name of tlie person who Uhtld the cata^tropfw, and from whom his' information is deriv^
Rfcv. ' .
slave of the north,* may have displayed
' the most heroic valour in the field, and
the most gentle moderation in success -,*
but the victortet of Suwarrow were the
indiscriminate desolations of a beast of
prey : the relentless massacre of thirty
thousand Turks at Ismael, and almost of
an equal number of Poles at Praga and
Warsaw, displayed more of ferocity than
* Jieroic valour,* and certainly evinced as
little ' moderation in success* as a natu-
ralist could have expected from any mon-
sters in tlie shape of man.
It is an encouraging trait of character,
that the Russian is mijd and humane to-
wards the animals over which he has do- ,
minion : if his horse is sluggish, h'e cheers
him by a few exhilarating sounds. If the
jaded beast proceeds no faster, still pa-
tient, he sings ; if this does not answer
the purpose, he talks to hhn, reasons with
him, but is rarely seen to strike the ani-
mal, whose services are only withholdea
when the force of nature is ei^hausted.
*' A Russian, in the ebullition of passion,
may do a ferocious thing, but never an ilhiar
turld one. No being under heaven surpasses
him in the gaiety of the heart. His little na-
tional sooR cheers him wherever he goes.
Where a German would smoke for comfort,
the Russian sin^s. There is nothing cold
about hiin biit his wintry climate ; whenever
he speaks, it is with good humour and viva-
city, aecoinpanied by the most animated ges-
tures ; and although I do not think that the
Graces would at first pull caps about him,
yet, hi the dance, for spirit and agility, I would
match and back him agahist any one of tlie
most agile sous of carelcssuetis in the Cliampt
ELysets."*
An Englishman feels the flush of ho«
nourableand patriotic pride, tliatwhithei:-
soever his countr}'men go, they are re-
ceived with cordiality and respect; in
their person a willing homage is paid to
the intellectm:! and moral character of
tlie British nation. Whoever has travel-
led on the continent knows this: Mr.
Carr relates jnany little anecdotes indica-
tive of tlie deference paid to Englishnaen
in Russia. Many are settled at Peters-
Imrg, which owes some of its architec-
tural ornaments to tlieir genius and taste :
particularly to Mr. Cameron, the present
imperial architect, who lias a superb suite
ot' apartments in tlie Michaelisky palace.
CARK*S yOSTH^RN SUMMER.
lor
ImmiliatiDg degradation . He was not only
derived of t£e honours due to his high,
lank, but even cut otf from the ordinary
idicities of life : ' the pressure of his hand
excited suspicion j peril was in his attach-
ment, and in his confidence guilt and trea-
sou. He could not have a friend without
foniishiDg a victim.*
Fiul is said, by a gentleman who had
the honour of s|x?nding a short time at
his sechided Jittk court of Gatschina^ to
have displayed ' a mind very elegantly in-
dined^ and, withont being brilliant, highly
cultivated, accomplished, and informed,
frank and generous, brave and magnani-
mous, a heart tender and affectionate, and
a disposition very sweet, though most
acutely and poignantly susceptible: his
jwraon wus not handsome, but his eye was
penetrating, and his manners sudi as de-
noted the tinished gentleman.' He loved,
c*en to indulgence, his family and ser-
yants, who, in return, were most devot-
edly attached to bun. His ardour in mi-
litary pur&uits was entliusinstic ; his ce-
lebrated challenge to the crowned heads
pf Europe was wortiiy the age of chi-
valry. •
It was the mtention of Catherine that
Paul sbould be passed over in the succes-
sion, and diat the grand duke Alexander
should mount the vacant throne on her
demise. A short time before this event,
*be had committed to count P Z
a declaration of her will to this effect, ad-
dre$sed to the senate. This last favourite
of Catherine's, however, immediately on
leamiug the death of his royal mistress,
flev to Payiovsk, where Paul then re-
sided, and delivered up to him this im-
p«rtant docninient. The new emperor
regarded tlie courtiers well-timed zeal,
b)' iftqwing him alone, of all the panders
to hiii ni^tber's loose and voluptuous ex-
t«5es, to TQp\n his honours and liis for-
tniies. * ' •'• *
Paul, hou'cver, soon ri?pented of his li-
berality : every ^pvi which had been pol-
luted T»ith Catherine's' HcenciDus orgies
fcecaaic hateful iii his eyes, and ever)' per-
son who had been associated in then) was
to the list degree di«gn«tiijg: Paul had
been elevated to the ina^rial dignity hut
« very short time before he gave alairniing
symptoms of octa^ional derangetnent : so
otter was his abhorrence against those pa«
laces which had been, tlie favourift resi-*
dences of his mother, that, in his delirium,
he had determined to level every one of
them to the gi'ound, and actually built for
himself tliat gloomy and enormous pile,
tlie palace of Michaelisky, which was
the scene of his own murder.* With
these strong feelings, it Avas impossible
that the sight of count P— Z — should
not have been odious to him : to effect
his ruin, he was denounced as a defaulter
to the imperial treasury of half a million
of rubles, and Paul proceeded to sequester
bis estates, and those of his two brodiers.
In despair, one of the latter walked bold-
ly up to the emperor on parade, and re-
presented to him the injustice of his mea-
sures :. it marks the inconsistency of Pauls
character diat he listened to him with at-
tention, and restored the property. The
original disgust soon returned, and P—
Z — was ordered to reside on his estate :
this rustication was borne with impati-
ence j and madame Che\'alier— a French
actress of resisdess fasciiiation, who had
been purjwsely introduced on the boards
of the Fi-ench theatre at Petersburg, by
Messrs. Otto, Sieyes, and Talleyrand, to
seduce the emperor, and decoy him into a
political snare — madame Chevalier waa
bribed, by a magnificent aigrette of dia-
monds, valued at sixty thousand rubles,
to intercede, in some unguarded hour of
dalliance, for the restoration of the count.
The artifice succeeded, and die count was
graciously received by his imperial ma.s-
ter, against whom, whatever private pique
the former might have cherished, Mr.
C;UT believes it was wholly lost in his re-
view of the drcadful condition of tlie em-
pire, and in those aweful measures which
were afterwards resorted to. However
that may be, it seems to have been in the
bosom of P — Z— that originated the
idea of saving the empire by destroying
the sovereign. Several noblemen, and
jxjrsons of high rank and Consequence^
among tliem was the governor of die city,
engaged in this fearful business j and, ac-
cording to the merciful and generous as-
surance of Mr. Carr, who one would sup-
pose derived his information from the
partial account of a conspirator,! none of
them was actuated by any other motive
* During hn» tnnporary ^ver^ion against the English, Paul ordered the celebrated bust of
Mr. Fox, vhich was nitKleiled from liie at iJie express desire of the late empress, to he carried
iiitu the cellar! 'i he present einpt'ixir has done him^lf the honour to place it in the magniti"
prm gardens df the 'i aurida palace, in company ^tth a great number of beautitiil statues and
Colos-a] r4sts.
' t On the burdcK^ of Poland, Mr. Carr met this idontkal count P-*- 2^— at a post-house ;
KSS
VOYAGES AND TRAVeLS.
Ifaan to prtvent the iihal ruin of their
connlTry, and for this purpose tliey deter-
mined to place in peril tlicir own lii'e^ and
fortunes.
" The pabce of St. Michael is an enor-
mous fabric : the whole is nioaled round, and,
when the stranger surveys its bat^tionf of gra-
nite, and numerous draw -bridges, he is natu-
rally led to conclude, that it was intendwl for
tiie last asylum of a prince at war with his
subjects. Fhose who have seen its massy
waits and the capaciousness and variety of its
diainbers, will easi!}' admit that an 'act of
violence might be committed in one room,
and not be heard by those who occupy the
adjoining one ; and iliat a massacre might be
|)erpretrati'd at one cud, and not known at tlie
otlier. Paul tcxili po>se>sion of this palace as
a place of strength, ami beheld it with rap-
turcy because his imperial mother had never
even seen it. Whilst his family were here,
by every act of tendcrucss endeavouring to
soothe the twnble perturbation of his nimd,
tliere were not wanting tho^e who exerted
evei-y stratagem to inllame and encrease it.
Tlicse people were constantly insinuating,
fiiat every hand was armed as^ainst him.
With this impresswn, which added fuel to
Ills burning brain, he ordered a secret stair-
case to be constructed, which, leading from
his own chamber, passed umler a false stove
in the anti-room, and led by a small door to
the terrace,
" It was the custom of the emperor to
deep in an outer apartment next to the em-
press's, upon a sopiia, in his rt^imentals and
boots, wliilst the grand duke and duchess, and
"the rest of the imperial family, were lodged
at various distances, in apart nients below the
story which he occupied. On the tenth day*
of March, O. S. 1801, tht-duy preceding the
fatal night, whether Paul's api)ri.'hension, or
•nonymous information, sujjgeited the idea,
is not known; b\it conceiving that a storm
was ready to burst upon him, he sent to
count P — , the governor of the city,- one of
the noblemen wljo had resolved on his de-
struction: ' I am informed, P-~,' said the
emperor, < that there is a conspiracy on foot
aj;auist ra? ; do you think it necessary to take
any precaution?' The count, without be-
traying the least emotion, n*plied, ' Sire, do
«ot suifer «uch apprehffn^^ions to haunt your
luind ; if there were any combinations form-
ing against your majesty's pTson, I am sure
J should be acc^uaintecl with it.' ' Then I
^m satisfied,' said the emperor, and the go-
vernor withdrew. Before Paul retired to rest,
he unexpectedly expn^ssixl th4» most tender
soli<:itpdc for the emnress and his children,
kissed them with all the warmth of farewel
, loudness, and remained with them longer than
usual : and, alter he had visited the centinels
at their dilferent posts, he retired to his chain-
they seem to have passed the evening in company, ond to have breakfasted together on the
jbllowing momingj when the count gave the p^y a cordial iavitatiim to his s<at at Moscow.
Rev.
ber, where he had not long reniaxnecl, bdbie^
under some colourable pretext that satisfied
the men, the guard was changed by" tbe offi-
cers who had the command for the night, and
were engaged in the confederacy. An hus-
sar, whom the emperor had particularly ho-
noured by hi^notice and attention, always at
night slept at his bed-room door, in the anti-
room. It was impossible to remove tini
faithful soldier by any fair means. At this
momentous period, silence rWgned through-
out the palace, except where it was distuifoed
by the pacing of tiie centinels, or at a distance
by the murnmrs of the Neva, and only a few
lights were to be seen distantly and irrv'^lariy
gleaming through tlie windows of this dait
colossal abode. In the dead of the Wf;ht,
Z— and his friends, amounting to eight or
nine pcrsions, passed the draw-bridge, easUy
ascended the stair-case wiuirh led to Paul's
chamber, and met with no resistance till thej
reached the anti-room, when the faithful hus-
sar, awakened by the noise, cliallenged them,
and presented his fusee : much as they must
have all admired the brave iidelity of the
guard, neither time nor circumstances would
admit of an act of generosity, which might
have endangered the whole pfan. Z — drew
his sabre and cut the poor fellow down. Paul,
awakened by the notfse, spnmg from h'ts sopha:
at this monient the whole party rushed into
his room ; tJie unhappy sovereign, anticipat-
ing their desi^i, at nrst endeavoured to en-
trench himselt ui the chairs and tables, then
recovering, he assumed a high tone, told them
they were his prisoners, and called upon them
to surrender. Finding that they fixed their
eyes steadily and fiercely upon h'im, and con-
tmued advancing towards nim, he implored
them to spare his life, dL*clared his consent
instantly to relinquish the sceptre, and to ac-
cept of any tenns which the^- would dictate.
In his raving, he oHered to make them princes,
and to give them estates, and titles, and or-
ders, without end. They now began to press
upon him, when he made a convulsive eflTort
to reach the window : in the attempt he failed,
and indeed so high was it from the ground,
that had he succeeded, the expedient would
only Ivave put a more instantaneotis period to
his misery. In the eflbrt he very severely
cut his hand with the glass; and, as'tiin- drew
hhn back, he graspeiia chair, >*ith wfiirh he
felled one of the assailants, and a de^jjerate
resistance took place. So great was the noise,
that, notwithstanding the massy walls, and
thiek double folding-doors whicli dividt d the
apartments, the empress was disturi)ed, and
began to cry for help, when a Wice whispered
in her ear, and unperatively told her tore-
main quiet, otherwise, if she uttered another
word, she should be put to instant death.
Whilst the cinperorwas thus making a last
struggle, tlie prince Y— struck him on one of
his temples with his fist^ and laid him iipoa
€A»^8 NOftTHBXN St7MM£t«
1Q»
Hie floor ; ftml, recovenng from the blow,
9p^ implored his life ; at this moment the
Mut of F — Z — relen^^ and Ujxm being '
obscn'ed to tiembte and hesitate, a young
Haoovefian resolutely extlaimed, ' We have
passed the rubicon: if we spare his life, be-
KK the setting of to-morrow^ sun, we shall
be his victims !* upon which he took off his
nsh^ tuned it twice round the naked neck of
the emperor ; axKl giving one end to 2^, and
holding the other himself* they pulled for a
coQsidmble time with ail their force, until their
iniserable sovereign was no more : they then re^
tired iirom tiw palace without the least moles-
tation, and returned to their respective homes..
What occurred after their departiwe can be
'bftter conceived than depicted: mescal aid
was nssorted to,, but in vain ; and upon the
Weathless body of the emperor fell the tears
of his widowed empress and diildren, and do-
L BKStics; nor was genuine grief ever more
! ixcihly or feelmgly displayed tha& by him
on whose brow this melancholy event had
planted the crown. So parsed away this night
of honor, and thus perished a prince, to
whom nature was Mcoerely bountifiil. The
accnteness and pungency of his fedmgs was
incompatible with ha^^iness: unnatural pre--
jndice pressed upon the fibre, too finely spun,
and snapped iL
" Tis not as heads that never ache suppose,
Forgwy of fancy, and a dream of woes ;
Man is a harp, whose chords elude the sight.
Each yielding harmony, dbposed aright ;
lliescrews ievers*d (a task wluch, if he please,
Ood in a moment executes with ease).
Ten thousand thousand strings at once go
loose.
Lost, till he tune them, all their power' and
use." ' CowpER.
** The suQ shone upon a new order of things.
At seven o'clock the intelligence of the de-
mise of Paul spread through the capital. The
interval of time from its brst communicatbn
to its diflusion o\'er every part of Petersburg,
was scarcely perceptible. At the parade Alex-
ander presented hmisdf on horseback, when
the troops, withlears rolling down their rugged
and suohbrowued faces, hailed hun with loud
and cordial acclamations. The young em-
peror was overwhelmed, and, at tne moment
of mount hie the throne of the most extensive
empire unoer heaven, lie was seen to turn
from the grand and alfecting spectacle, and
weep.
" What followed is of a very subordinnte
consideration; but perhaps it will be eagerly
adced, to what extremity did the avenging
arm of justice pursue the perpetrators of the
deed? Mcixry, the brightest jewel of every
crown, and a7orbm and melancholy convic-
tion, that the reigning motive was the safv«:*
tion of the empire, prevented her from being
vindictive- Never upon the theatre 'of litis
was tbere presented a sceira of more atiectiB^
magnanimitv ; decency, not revenge, govern-
ed the sacrifice. P — Z — wa;? ordered nUt
to approach the imperial residence, and the
goveraor of the city was transferred to Riga,
As soon as madame ChevaUcr was inionneii
of the demise of her imperial patron, she pre*
pared, under the protection of her brother, m
dancer, for ilight, with a booty of neariy »
million of rubles. A police otnccr was sent
to inspect and report upon Ijcr property:
amongst a pile of vahiabfe articles, he distco*-
vered a diamond cross of no great intrinac
vaKie, whkrh had been given by Peter l, to m
branch of tJie imperial family, and on tlist ao-
coimt moch esteemed ; it was to recover iStam
that the of ncer was sent, who obtained it, after*
the most indecent and unprincipled resistance
on her part. Pai»s{X)rts were then gi^anted to
madame Chevalier and her brother. llni»
terminated this extraordinary and impressive
tragedy.*'
Numerovrs are tlie anecdotes of Alex-
ander, which testily to the excelleaoe of
his understr.nding, and the benevoleooe of
his heart ; we had noted two or thnee of
thes«, with a view of presenting them to.
our readers, but we are limited by the xuh
ture of our work. Mr. Carr took leave of
Petersburg, passed through Livonia, and
skirted tlie Baltic through the Prussian
dominions till he reached Berlin. Here
he baited a short time, and, of coorso*
paid a visit to the great Fred«rick*g fa-
voorite retreat at Potsdam : the pictum
gallery at Swns Souci is a noble roooiV and '
contains a very choice and precious, ool-*
lection. Military discipline seems to hayft
relaxed notlnng of Its severity since the
days of Frederick : on the otliaT hand, it
is pleasing to reflect that, throughout the
Prussian dominions, and ^le vast empire
of Russia, complete toleration in religious
subjects i& allowed.
After having rested himself from the
fatigues of a long journev, Mr. Carr left
the delightful Linden waUc of Berlin, and
that elegant specimen of architecture, the
Brandenburg-gate, and returned to his
native la!>d. The account which he has
given of hi* travels, displays a cultivated
taste and an inquisitive mind. Several
engravings adorn this volume from draw-
ings, taken on the spot by the tasteful
pencilof Mr. Carr.
Aat. XX. Sketch qf his Majesty's Province qf Upper Canudu. By D'Arcy Bo vito^^
Barrister at Lau\ 4to. pp*. 99.
TO this volame Is prefixed a map, but
•b so small a scale^ aikl s» leantily dotted
with, towns, that not half the places or
crea subdivisions mentioned. in^he oaqra*
no
Voyages anb travem.
tivd xm therein fee found ) it ik worse
than u»less, it is perplexing: we recom-
mend, as an tmportartt luiprovemeht, at-
tachi;ig the narrative to a good tnap> and
charging half-a-gninea for the voiurrte.
Where the extension of geographical
knowledge is the chief object of a writer,
ke ought to provide the essential assist-
ance of linear description.
ITie land-surveyors of Upper Canada>
who have dissected its forests and marshes
into rectangular shires, without setting up
rtatron-staves or rattling a polechain, ar6
distributing, by the theodolite, such masses
of property, as will outmeasure the estates
dP Russian nobles, and found rivals to Bri-
tish peers. With as little ceremony as
one petitions for a clerkship in the excise-
office^ his majesty's patent is solicited for
the grant of couuties^ which will place
one's grandson among the lords of thd
world, and prepare new American wars
from the ambitious ingratitude of over-
fostered children. There is rashness in
these grants. No quit-rents are reserA'ed.
No taxes levied. The expence of protec-
tion ought progressively to be asked of the
dependent stiitej and the wisest. form of
obtaining the indemnity is not by the le-
vies of the custom-house, but by the as-
sessment of the tenantry. Let the rent
to the state amcxmt but to a shilling the
aqnare mile, while the difficulties of set-
tlement ccmtiuue j but let it be progres- .
aive with tlic produce, and comaiensuidte
with the prosperity of the country.
With the circumstances and wants of
North America a new division of human
labour has grown up; an army of wood*
clearers. 'i'hese anti-savages sell their
farms In the states of Kew York and
Vermont to Kurojxian emigrants, or agri-
cultural neighbours, and undertake to re-
duce into th^* like saleable state the un-
touched acres of Upper Canada. To them
the sway of a republican master or a dis-
tant king, is alike inditfcrcnt. Where
ptt^t comes, lies their country. They
purchase on iive }ear bonds a lot of tM o
hundred acres. I'he men come by them-
selves at first, fell or ginlle the uiconve-
nient timber, rear a log-house, harrow the
cleared intervals, sow wheat, and then re-
turn for their tamilies and cattle. The
flext year they bring tlieir stock, their
waggons, and their women, and improve
tlieir new houses into decgit residences.
In live years tliey have paid for the ike
simple of their faniis ; they have increased
their stock j they are ready to hitch witli
added ^nvers i!b Uie lepelitiiou of a siaii-
lar efiterprtse'> and they^g&in tell wltii a
lai^e profit to tlie second ordier of aet«
tiers. So many of these primary colo-
nists are now m organized nroveroent,
that some thousand families in a year will
cross the lakes which separate America
from British territory^ and re-ceounence,
bn the oppositie shore, their levelling ope-
rationsv They perforate a wilderness in
a 8um)li6r, mhide tunber into wheat-halm,
and lead bullocks to browse where the
bear growled.
Care is taken not to move beyond reach
of water-carriage, as there must be an an-
nual excliange of the supeiiluoiu produce
for the clothing, the metallic utensils, the
glass and pottery ot' £urope. Farmers of
skill and capital succeed with advanti^
to these inclosures; they combine more J
than one allotment, and place dependents ^
in the supernumerary log-houses. The
climate of Upi)er Canada is mild and in-
viting j the soil rich and productive; the
winter useless to any purpose but amuse-
ment ; and journeys are undertaken in
sleighs or sledges of four or fi\e hundred
miles to visit tlie neighbottrs. The dis-
tance between Edinburgh and London is
within the beat of regular acquaintance.
In such a country, population is con-
stantly tending to dispersipn, and no where
to accumulation. Of course, manners ar6
tending to rudeness, not to refinement.
Education is confined to the ordinary uti-
lities of milking coin's, feeding poultry,
killing sheep, flaying bullocks, ploughing
land, and buying and selling. The last
occupation has some tendency to preserve
tlie knowledge of letters and figures -, but
where the labour of the youngest is valu-
able, and tlie distance of tolerable scliools
immense, tliere is a risk of the whites re-
hilling into Mohawk ignorance, and of
having to bargain at talks for want of be--
ing able to sign a contract. Much laad
has been set apart in Canada for the
church: why not grant it under the
double tenure of j)erforming worship on
the Sunday afternoon, and keeping school
on the Sunday morning? Parents will
perhaps travel to worship, if their chil-
dren are to be taught to spell and to cy-
pher. A vernacular litiurgy, in which tlie
people take part, favours tlie difiusion'of
the art' of reading. To so much of en-
croachment on the habits, whether satho-
lic or presbyterian, of the Canadians, as
tends to secure the loud reading of the
forms of worship, ojne would wish the
exemplary classes to incline. Yet we un-
derstand that the clerical situations in Ca- .
B0TJlt6N*« EKETCH Of UMftK 6Alf AbX.
Ill
vtk ire •onDHivithig to any educated
flstt, tbat the English clergy^ who are
mostly w-ell boni^ the younger sons of oui^
eminent families^ and hence accustomtdi
to the best society^ unwillingly listen to
oSen of transatlantic preferment.
In Great Britain the press supersedes
tlie importance m£ otal instruction; but
io North Aineril;:a the antique provisions
ibr a learned olrder are not less necessary
now than during the feudal ages df £u*
rope. Nor can a profuse removal into
colonies which are just arrived at the ma*
tority to require an insertion of £uro^
pean improvement, be any way so effica*
ciouMy stimulated as by inducing the chief-
tains of petty sects to become the leaders
of migratory flocks. Whether this can be
accomplished without a repeal of the act
of onitormhy, may be contentedly aban-
doned to the discussion of parliament or
of the con vocation.
Whatever may be the objections to the
clerical order, as at present constituted in
Europe, there is no doubt that in Canada
it wcNild be an impediment not to wis-
dom and tolerance, but to ignorance and
^oatidsra: it would keep alive a pious
attachment to the mother country; it
would import and dlfiiise both knowledge
and manners. Barbarism and civilization
ate equally natural to noan, and bear a
pnetty r^olar proportion to the rari^ or
density of populousness : barbarism is the
name given to that set of manners which
prer^ where men are thinly scattered >
and civilization is the name given to that
set of manners which prevails where men
aie thickly scattered: retrogression takes
place whenever popolousness grows thin-
ner, progression whenever it grows den-
ser. European families transported to
Canada must wilder in a generation or
two : the precautions of the lawgiver ought
chiefly to be directed toward securing those
aits of life which are in danger of being
abandoned there.
An important service ipight be render-
td to Upper Canada not only by sending
pastors, but fipcks. Why not repeal tlie
laws against wAing, and permit the ex-
portation of our best breeds of sheep into
Canada? The wool would return hither
to be numu^tured, and at a price which
would ^Kalitate to our manufacturers tlie
supply of distant markets. The higher
it^ges of cultivation are incroaching on
our domestic sheep-walks; and wool is
gradually ascending to a price which en-
dangers our staple industry. Hides and
t>ilow, IS well as wool^ might be brought
fixttnGabada in greater abundance, and
80 might hemp iai^ flax. The ^ndation
of a naval arsenal in the river Saint Law-*
rence would give an expedient directieo
to the contiguous industry.
A curious delineation is that of the set«
tiling of wild land.
** Wild lands, that is, lands in a state of
nature, have been sold as low as a qliarter of
ia dollar per acre, for prompt payment ; and
mucii has been sold from that price to half a
dollar per acre. In other situations, similar
lands have produced horn one dollar to two ;
but such prices in money are rare, and can
only be obtained where a person liappens to
be settled in tUc4ieighbourhood» aud to own
adjoining land^, Bnt a new settler, or a per-
son desirous of making a purchase, can always
do it to great advantage if he can command
moncv.
'* Tlic lands are usually divided into lots of
two hundred acrt^ each, fonnin^^ a complete
farm ; that quantity of land bemg fully suf-
ficient for any one farmer^ Much land in
this country is purchased with no other view
than to sell again, a trafHc concerning wliich
I do not feel competent to decide, whether it
should be considered as advantageous to the
country or not. In many instances it has a
good tendency, in others the reverse. Thou-
sands of poor people come into this country
to settle, without being able to advance
money, not bemg possessed of any c^itaL
A person so circumstanced is of course con-
strained to purchase on credit, which he does
to great disadvantage, unless he happen to
deal with a man of peculiar honesty. TJie
tenns u^ally are, to pay the purchase money
by instalments, sometunes embracing a period
of four or five years. In such cases, tlie ven-
der usually gives the purchaser a bond, with
condition to give a deed of conveyance at a>
certain period, provided the purchaser shall
fulfil his sevenu payments. Somethne:*, in
case of non-perfomiance of these payments,
the obligee hi the bond avails himsell ol his ad-
vantage, and takes back the land with four or
five years unprovement upon it, and resells it
to a fresh purchaser to a great profit. In tnith,
any jierson capable of advancuig money may
purchase very low, and sell at an advance uf
one or even two hundred per cent, profit,
payable by instalments. This system aflbrJ.s
an excessive advantage to the municd man,
who takes security of the purchaser for tht;
purchase money, with interest, which at once
alfords him au immoderate advance.
'* The plan I here state is daily fi)lIowed ;
and I can in>1ance cases where piK)ple iiave
actually improved their interest in the cour^ie
of seven years more than one tiioesand per
cent. The local situation of Upper Cairada
is such that it will ever be the mo^t thiivihg
country in America. 'I'he Americans ar^
per]3etually removbg into this province,
which produces a regular «?> stem o\ trade in
that way. I could instance some few ca^^v^
tn
VOYAGES ANii tftAVEt*.
irikerepersons have pturdiased biid fiw ten
«r twelve dollars a jot (of two hundred 9cccs};
vhd, in the course of twelve or fourteen ye&rB»
Ibave refused three hundred pounds fur the
same land. This may be termed land spe-
culation ; but however obnoxious the system
may be to some minds, it does and ever will
r:evaU in this country ; and, upon the whole,
am much inclined to think that it is a be-
neficial traffic for the coi^try. The bulk of
the inhabitants are Americans, whose natural
turn of mind leads to variety ; for which rea-
son they no sooner improve a new farm than
they are desirous of selling it No set of
men on earth, perliaps, are so competent as
Americans to engage in the difficulties of a
new country ; and Europeans, unacquainted
vith such a course of lite, will fmd it better
policy to purchase small improvements than
to engage in such dlHicuIties. I know of no
method by which a capital can be improved
to so great advantage as by adopting this
system; but it requires some knowledge of
the country before a person can form a just
opinion either of the situation or value of
lauds. It may appear almost necessary to
say what. sort of persons, under these cir-
cumstances, can become pu'cliasers. But
my reply will be ver)' general : ahnost every
one. If a man haf great industry, and a
femily sufficiently advanced to aid instead
of encumbering him, he can, without any
money, make a purchase of a single lot of
two hundred acres ; and, to »isc a common
expression, make the land pay for itself, that
is, from its own produce. If a fanner has
three or four boys old enough to help him,
they can easily clear twenty acres of new
land ; and, if they have ordinarj' luck, the
fet crop will yieki live hundred bushels of
good wheat, wnk:h, if the market price is a
dollar, will produce one hundred and twenty-
five pounds currency, that is, double the va-
lue of the land. Many persons have become
purchasers of land, with no other view than
that of selling on credit for large profit. Many
hundreds indeed there are in this country who
own from eight himdred to two thousand
acres, yet began without any capital. I could
enumerate many instaiices of individuals hav-
ing maintained their families, and, in the
course of seven years, collected from six to
twelve hundred acres of land. Irue it is
that this cannot at present be called a large
pxroerty ; but when a parent can reflect that
he has secured for each of his family after
him a comfortable fann, how satisfied must
such a one feel. It has not been the lot of
every one to be forced to these reflections :
happy are they who have no necessity for
them ; but much more happy they who by
their industry have rendered themselves in-
dependent, and their families after them."
If geographers would pay some atten-
tion to euphony in the imposition of new
names, they would ^eatJy facilitate to fo-
seigpers tb« prominciation aind rccolkctiou.
4f such nameff. Why spell CrwiHiarfi!*^
burg : the ^ is no part of the Saxon vit"
hebn, whence the English name Williani
has been corruptly ^rmed: this initial
letter answers the double purpose of dis-
playing ignorance and puzzling utterance.
Why preserve unshortened the French
names of places ? Ijet point au galop be-
come Faint Gallop} let point au barril
become Point Band ; and point au cardi"
fUU become Point Cardtnal. Let us amal-
gamate the French topical nomenclature,
and die other remains of their language,
with our own, but so as to efface that
appearance of strangeness, of quotation^
which yet adheres to some of the phra-c
seology adopted in this sketch. To revive
the names familiar in the mother country
may be natural. When the Persians
colonized Egypt, they founded another
Babylon and another Ecbatana ; but these
double nommatioDs produce inconveni-
ence. Baltimore cannot be spoken or
written of witliout a descriptive qualifica-
tion: contiguity suggests Baltimore m
Ireland; celebrity suggests Baltimore in
Maryland. Diminutive appellations would
sometimes be more respectful at well as
more convenient; Londonetta instead of
London. Vowel terminations would suf-
fice to discriminate, and woUld preserve
every desirable recollection. The grand
subdivisions ought every where to be
named from the contiguous lakes and
rivers, for this plain reason, tliat their
situation is thus suggested by their name:
the name of a French department instantly
tells you where to look for it on the map^
A system of geographical nomenclature
might be c^ontrived, which would greatly
facilitate the reraerabrance of names and
sites, by giving to names of mountains
one termination, to names ot jrivers ano*
ther, to names of provinces a third, to
names of towns a fourth. Thus the pro*
vinoe watered by the Niagara might be
called Niagria, the chief town Niagaroui
and the mountain down which it fidls
Niagar.
At the peace of 1783 the Americans
would probably have been content with a
line of demarcation allotting the wholes /
territor}' north and west of the Qkiro to'
the owners of Upper Canada. Perhaps it
is become worth the while of the British
government to open a negotiation for ex*
changing New Brunswick and Nova See- ^
tia against tiiis unoccupied district. The- '
coast thrives better under the free trade
and maritime privileges of the United'
States: the interior settles faster under
\
PitBSBKT ST^TB OF FRANCS.
119
ftepatonagc of British capital, and the
prettKnc^ of British custom for produce.
Thc« proTiDces therefore would be served
by an excbauge, which, tor a oentury to
come, will not be of importance to either
government as a fund of taxation; dnd
before that time the Canadas will have
attained the age of emancipation.
Ait. XXr. ji Sketch (tf the present State qf France, By an English Gentleman, who
escaped from Paris in the Month qfMay 1805. 8w. pp 124.
PEACE was unfavourable to the repu-
tation of Bonaparte, and, had it lasted,
▼oold have occasioned his deposition.
He is too ignorant in literature to appre-
ciate die merit by which he is suri^ound-
cd, too religi ous to be a welcome chief-
tain for {fie philosophic world, and too
despotic to be obeyed with a disinterested
alacrity. He has not the dextrous alla-
bQity of Augustus, who could substitute
the equalizations of politeness for those of
republicanism. His internal government
was barsh^ unjust, and cruel: it united
the mistrost ot a Venetian with the seve-
rity of a Spanish inquisition.
War has restored to Bonapaijte, in thel
eyes of Frenchmen, his original and pe-
ciliar value. His superiority as a general
renders him the most desirable chieftain
for bis country. The odium which was
load against his assumption, his caprice^
and his petulance^ is become mute. Pub-
lic gratitude and public confidence have
superseded the sneers, and froAMis, and
n^ of a refined displeasure.
This writer speaks of him with the
artificial ill-will of a suiSerer, not with
the indjfi'ereuce of a mere observer. He
who determines to live free or die, will
commonly domineer : he stakes more on
bis puipose than his antagonists. Moreau
feared infamy, and feared the scalfold:
without the senate he would not begin,
arid with the senate he would have shrunk
from some gf the sine qudnons of usur-
pation. Singleness of view, however in*
compatible with the interest of mankind,
where the cosmopolitical passion is not
the ruling one, is almost a necessary ini
gradient of succisssfui ambition. This
character of greatness belongs to Bohai
parte. Whatever actions ^e essential tp
his success should be criticised tolerantly.
He is not to be compared with other men,
but with other usurpers.' To Septimius
Severus be bears a close, resemblance 'by
his personal character and his iiinovative
institutkMis; but being more adventurous
and less accommodating, he is tmiikely to
bring hii fbrtiuies to an atchor : he must
contmoe in fiill sail or be 'v^ecked.
The conquests of the ancient Aomans,
fike those of the British i^ H'lpdostan^
AHii.R«r.Voi..IV.
were rendered subservient to national
opulence : the generals and proconsuls,
like our nabobs, brought home fortune^
which adorned the metropolis with edi-
fices, and scattered a demand for luxuries.
But tlie conquests of the French, although *
accompanied with profligate extortions, •
have not sensibly increased the propor-
tion of rich residents in their metropolis,
Paris does net flourish. Bridges are built,
market-places and quays are cleared, pub-
lic monuments are erected and embellish-
ed ; but new houses, new streets, new
villas, are no where climbing. The pa-
tronage of government is parcelled out in
small shares among the civilized neces-
sitous : it is not employed to attract the
residence of provincial opulence. By the
profuse confiscations, by the breach of
entails, the consequent absolute tenure of
land, its divisibility among mor^agees>
and among heirs without preference of
primogeniture, the huge estates have beea
crumbled, and the nobility has been
minced into a yeomanry. There may be
more ease, but there is less splendor.
The country is tliriving, not the chief
city.
If Bonaparte wishes for trade, ships,
and colonies, he must transplant his me-
tropolis to Bordeaux. Conmierce c&n do
nothing for a town situate like Paris. It
is inaccessible to shipping; and inconve-
niently approached even by boats: the
Seine is. a rapid stream, and in some, de-
gree a torrent: iadry seasons the shoals
are hardly e'vitable. Many advantages
would attend the transfer of the seat of
government. Instead of tlie profligate
population of an idle metropolis, Bor-
deaitx would offer- an orderly multitude,
accustomed to maritime art<^ industrious
habits. A less vigilant ani' intolerant
polico would suflice to preserve order j
the prevalence of occupation would check
th^ tendency to revolutionary fanaticism.
In* a commercial town, public opinioa
operates habimally in favour of peace, of
justice, of respect for propert}' j not in
favour of mutalions that will supply talk.-
The tendency to French encroachment
will eventually spend itself on Spain, and
* through Spain on the .coast of 4&ica^
1X4
VOYAGES AND TIAVELS.
Bordeaux is a more coniii^^t site of
sway for an empire growing in tliat direc*
tion; and it is securer from the approach
of German or Russian armies. Paris was
built while civil arcliitecture was in its
kifom^: the priirata bouses are inconre*
nient beyond corrlgibility ; no water is
laid in to the apartments ; no stair-case is
private; no room but is a thoroughfiuv.
Hie loss of labour occasioned by the per-
terse distribution of the apartments makes
tlie diiference of a servant per family. The
Streets are as absurdly contrived as the
houses: tliey are all narrow, and without
foot-ways : there is no remedy but to re-
build. This reconstruction miglit as well
take place elsewhere. Paris might re-
main the Athens of the French empire,
ihe seat of colleges and museums, of lite-
rature and art ; but the Rome, the impe-
rial city, should be stationed on the im.
periai river, open to the ocean, should
have navigable access to the interior, and
be the natural mart of interchange for
every thing domestic with every thing
foreign. Paris has seen its acme : demo-
litions may awhile conceal the progress
of ruin and desertion, and embellish the
increasing vacancy; but commerce is be-
come so much more powerful a principle
in the creation or annihilation of cities,
tlian the expenditure of courts, that the
return of an eminent prosperity is impro-
bable to a place so ill situate for traffic
and circulation.
The state of public welfare and opinion
IS thus sketched:
" A new quay has been opened from the
Pont Aotre Dame to the Pont au Chanf:e on
thf- Isle of Paris, called the Quai Dessaix, in
memory of the general of that name, to wliom
ft nionumeJit lias also be»'n erected in the
Place Dauplnnt on a rouml pedestal, orna-
mented With the names of all the contributors
to the expencc on marble tablets.
" But these publie edifices ahd decorations
have nothing to, do with the comfo:^ of the
people, and cannot be taken for the sigss of a
pips|x!ro<is city. 'I'here arc not ten houses
now buikling m Paris and its suburbs ; and
some lately nnishcd, in the best part of tlie
town, near ihaFauxbourg (or Suburb) St. //o-
nore, on the site of the Convent of the Jaco-
bins, are without occtipicrs.
" Nearly a twelvenionlU has rfapsed ^iftce
tlie groiiad on the north side of the Carde«i
ot the Tuilleries has been cleared, from the
Place Louis Xf^- to the Carousel ; and a car*
riage-way paved, with the name R»ie de Rivati
pompouniy iixcd up on handsome stone ta-
blets.
" The ground of this intended stre«, lying
ou the side of -the garden t>f the Tuiileties^
and opposite to the imperial nalace (ihe best
and indeed the only desirable situation in
Paris), has to the present moment contintied
to be otiFered to let for the purpose of build«
ing ; yet such is the want of capital and spi-
rit, or such the apathy or doubt on the pmlc
mind, that not one stone has been laid.
*' The Morgue, an e<Mce for the recqition
and exhibition to public view of the nume-
rous bodies of nightly assassinated individuals,
and of people found dead and deposited theic
to be owned, is a well contrived in'w building,
lately opened, and is never empty of unfoi^
tunate objects.
*' Great part of Paris exhibits nothinc but
raggedness and dirt, llie inhabitants, hov-
ever, contend, that it is cleaner since tiie re
volution thwi before. They have therefore
derived one advantage from this event, and
one which they very much wanted ; but much
improvement will still be required to bring
it into a state of wholesome cleanliness.
" A project is in contemplation to bring
water to Paris, somewhat on the plan of the
New River of London ; but Paris, as it now
exists, can never be supplied, in every house
and in every family, with water.
" Hie height of the buildings, and the
number of fomilies in each house ; the dear-
ness of manual labour and of lead ; and, above
all, the tittle inclination a Frenchman has to
lay out a sum of money, unless on the cer-
tainty of immediate profit, must prevent the
distnbution o( water by pipes, cocks, and
cisterns; the first expence of which could
only be reimbursed by gradual savings, and
by. tlie comfort' and convenience of the im-
provement.
** It is not the custom in Paris to take or
grant a longer lease than for nine years: three
is the usual tenn ; and if the proprietor of a
house sells itafter luiving granted a lease, this
is immediately void between tlie tenant and
tlie landlord. 1 o guard again^st tliis pxac-
lice, it is usual to insert in the leases a fine on
t)ie landlords in case of their selling the pro-
pert v before the expiration of the term.
'•This custom otshort leases operate very
powerhiUy in aid of the natural ais{x>sifion of
the Parisians to impleaidiness in their liouscs,
an^ inattention to repair them. They justiff
the contimiance of the practice of only taking
three, six, or nine years* term, in a miUding*
by pleading the uncertainty of tluugs, and the
apijreliension of changes ui their jtciitical $}*$-
tvm aiid 'Situation, and the consequent ^hictu-
atkakis in the vahie of property.
THEATilSS.
" New Dif^Qtres -are sin adifing to thefreit
Mmib^r already ensdi^; in Batis, lo ^^mtcfy
liie taste of the hihabitsnts for dramadc ea-
tdtanments.
'* The Tkegtre Franfais, the fn»d €|M!t%
and the comic ojiera, do honour to the spcnic
art, and are perlect exhibitions in their Jiind.
Tha grand opera^ttdt Italian) is amost mag-
fUncent ^Ipcctach^.
i
YH&SSNT STAT* Of fllA^CB.
*iaog kaa e d mM f undar the contioiil
md ^iPBction of t^ scorenunent, who cootri-
htfe largely to their" support, the theatres of
has are in its hands great means of lulling
and amusing the people, and of attracting fo-
tognas to a place so dangerous to thcin in
fvery respite, but particularly so since the
vrvokition of BoDapsrte.
"The small and very mferior theatres and
show* situated in the Bouicvartb (rampart^),
mar the Gale St. Martin, many of them not
to be ranked in some respects with Sadi/er's
Wctts, an? wtU frequented by even the higher
class of the city of Paris. These places of
•amosemciit, a^ well as tJie many public danc"-
in»-nx>iTi?, the open gamhig-tabies, and the
innumTablc cofl'ee-houses, are always liMed
by this Tivacious p«ople.
" Attention to dress is more observed at
d)c theatres of Paris by the audience than it
k W5 dtfee yeafs ^o. NJen who dress well
^UflUcTiuHy adopt tbe English mode ; but the
emhroidefod liveries introduced by the aw-
fej of Bonaparte, may give for a time a ciew
wedion to liic public taste in thb respect.
•* At the theatre of the Gate St: Martiii,
ifc the representation of a piece on the taking
Pf^hgapaUun, the audience dapped on
^rcdtaiofaTery illiberal assertion put by
tteauthor into the mouth of one of his pcr-
foa^0e$ of tAe p)ay. ' The English are trai-
k«,* said the actor ; and the house applauded.
"XolwithsUndia^ this syniptoqi of prgu-
QJcc, the war with England is not popular in
France; thou^ scwne amopg die few that
think, believe it in some measure the cause
d their countrr, or at least feel that it ought
to be supported «# a war: and though they
gdiott uucm the taU-nts of Bonaparte as ^
#Mni,Ciey cortaioly do uot Wour hii^ 09
** A fittle piece is played at the theatre of
)^^ Comique, caUed rekili, in which
tbcbealihofa now-made emperor is drank
aithc staje. After the coronation of Bona-
l^te, a kind of pause seemed to be made at
tills Mssage, in order to observe whether the
peojJewoukl applaud with an allusion to the
wcent coronation of their Napoleon, but
taoe was not even a vMsper of approbation,
ff.14 P^y ^^^^ ^« title of Henry the
. ^Ih had been forbidden on account of
c^ nuiked applause which ei'cry passage al-
Aft^ ^ ^ destniction of tyrants excited.
After his coronation, BonapaVte ordered it,
and appeared himself. His impudence, how-
W, was not proof aeainst the ordeal ; for
o« hoRc rang widi redoubled aad continued
Pab of applaud at every sentence pointing
^ *2"^' ^^ fc€ quitted his box before the
^■wttsiou of the perfonnauce.'*
«f
Jitd^abQi^ tjbftipFoIfitipQ full ^ f:xm^
quoices, gives dw psitiodoiy cfGsffs^,
Vidafi^pvL, and MoEeaii, aad a scaxiQr dLetch
Of the! general state of Frw*.' He de«
scribes the coronatipn 5 ije treats of thjD
Eope and religion, an4 of tit legion of
onour. An impoh^t cliaptq?: |s that
which respects our sw^jj^ 4xxi iippn*
^oned couotiymen.
'* The peculiar situatbp of Ae E^sli^ now
detained m France ynder the name of W-
tages, ou^t to excite tlie attention of tlieir
countrymLn at home, who enjoy the privilM^e
of personal liberty, the advantages c« cH^
cising jklieir talents for the unprovjexni^t of
their Ibrtimes, and the aocic^ ojr their mends,
in a country of fiei^en. ' ijbey' were ^c«
by sui-prise by tlie Aincxamp!|[^ measure'^
ttDnapaite's aiTite for' their detention, ^hich
was put in force yiMii^ V^^J^ t)jcin were
traveling in i^fferqif parts pf france at a dis-
tance from the capital, and wlici^* they cd
not know of the dcpaj[;tufe of the i^mba&didor ;
and some of them were ac;;b»lly pnthqtt i<^
nev to leave the ixmtry. *
^' li is surdy a repi^i^ach to a neat and ^ene*
reus nation that'dicpoor amoM tK^r cbtfotryr
men, unfortunate prisoners jui m en<*ipy*s landl
shut out from even the ordinary hopes oTmoi
whom the cli«9ce of Wiiir ^tatAS, s^ld pdt
experience the ^ha^d ,of l^be^Uy all|!vja&(
the niisi^ of JtHeir h^pfcss ^uatjon, 9^P^
in the persons Qjf .the^r p^ coimtrmeh m
more easy circvuistances dctampd in pnson
like themselves, who lately poibriQed % play
for their benefit. Arc toCy forgotten?-^
too ofien happops to those' who laogutsji j4
prisons!
"Letit>nowbe Jcnownito*©lWftJ$hpfh-.
uc, that many .of ija^r co^inAT^p^gfi fftfXi0Xr
treme distress; ^djpot a ^f^^^^vfm,
militarij prisons, by military authority, fS
having incurred debts for the ordinary com*
forts of life, which they are luiabic to dis-
cliarge. Certainly our government could
not treat on this basis till alter a general
peace : but the liberatk^n of the hostages, now
so cruelly detained, might be solicited, and
in the cause of humanity, and to release such
captives, it would not be a dishonourable or
unpardonable subnassion for government t9
solicit justice as a favour, doing so tui^ dig^
la a similar nnafifected manner many
«» passing phenomena are related by
tow author, whose observations include
™ giweroment, the army, the police,
^ law, ihe m^mners, the newspapers,
« the trade of Paris. He speculates a
Till the late escape of his fleet from their
confinement, Bonaparte has waged war on
only those unfortunate men whom he has got
within his power, and on the finances of Eng-
laud. Shall the people who have, in the lat«
ter respect, so nobly sust;\ined the credit of
their ooiuitry against the attacks of an Unprin-
cipled enemy, suffer their defenceless coim«
trymen, whom mere chance, and events which,
human foresight could not guard against, have
put into his nands, to sustain in poverty the
effects ©f his anger, and the malicious sugges-
tiau<3 of his disappointments, without contri*
but'ik^ to remove the evil of Zi/ant, heaped «C|
la
116
VOYAGES AND TRAVELS.
them in addition to their other hopeless and
melancholy circumstances?
".If the etic[uette of government prevents
them fipm being an object of its attention, it
becomes more particularly the duty of spi-
rited and literal individuals to think of some
effectual measure to alleviate the misery of
their unprecedented situation.
*5 It has excited the wonder of the French
people, to whom the active benevolence of
the English character is known, that nothing
has been done on this subject; for they par-
ticularly recollect how liberally the people of
this country contributed to tlie support of the
French emigrants in the beginning of the re-
volution.
'* That there are indigent and worthy men
among them, let the circumstance of the exer-
tions made for them by their fellow prisoners
be a proof to those who have no other means
of judginij,
" No doubt can be entertained that any
sum which might 1>e contributed by the people
of England for the relief of the necessitous
part of the hostajges in France, would be well
and judiciously applied and distributed. The
care of managing it would be cheerfully un-
dertaken by some of the gentlemen of for-
tune, rank, and consequence, who are de-
tained with them.'*
In our opinion, this government ought
to offer to exchange the prisoners of re-
giilar war against the detained English^
The injustice of the detainal is a disgrace
to Bonaparte ; but it ought not, under a
notion pf protesting against such injustice,
tp be made unnecessarily grievous to the
individuals seized. The wisest revenge
for injustice is the affectation of an oppo-
site generosity : the fear of shame ac->
complishes wnat retaliation cakinot efiect.
Release without ransom^ parcAe^ or ex-
change, as many Frenchmen as there ari
Englishmen confined at Verdun -, and de-^
sire these Frenchmen, on their return, to
solicit the release of the detained English.'
Such at least, at the beginning of the con«
test, would have been the noblest and tbd
wisest course: but magnanimity conies
with ill grace as an after-thought.
There is the more reason to hope that,
if any pretext were afforded to the French
government for the release of the hos-
tages, tliey would immediately be set free,
as the real object of detention is at an end.
While the invasion of Great Britain was
in project, the English newspapers threw
out the abominable proposal to take do
prisoners among the invaders. This re*
fusal of quarter to the conquered and the I
suppliant is so contrary to the usages of '
ciiHlized war, and so outrageous to eve^
feeling of humanity, that a French arm/
refused to put it in practice when decreed
under Robespierre by -their government
Against the threatened and possible mas^
sacre of prisoners the seizure of these hos*
tages was intended as a precaution. It
was felt that few English would be taken
on land or sea, and that the guests, who
confided in the rights of hospitality, were
perhaps the only ones whom their power
could reach: they were seized, that the*
means of retaliation for any irregularity
might exist. Now that invasion is post-
poned indefinitely, a release would pro-
bablybe acceded to, especially, if aiittb
private bribery were to corrobowttf'oflS*
ciai arguments.
(• '17 )
CHAPTER II.
THEOLOGY
AND
ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS-
THE articles in tJaU department will be found less numerous and less valuable than
usual. The strength of our th^Iogians has been spent upon sermcnis; but^ we ar«.
happy to add, not spent in vain.
I. A single .work appears in our first class. Dr, Stock, whose translaticm of Isaiah
was noticed in our second volume, has undertaken a New Version qfJob, in which,
if be has not been completely success^il, l^e has continued to exhibit himself as an
able scholar in Jewish literature^
II. In sacftd criticism, Mr, Winstadey claims the first post. His Vindication qf.
efiTtaifK Passages in the common English Version, addressed to Gran, Sharp, though
short, is honourable to his character as a scholar and a divine. Mr. Nisbett appears
a^tn, with credit, in defence of the hypothesis he has long been labouring to prove
respecting tht Second Coming qf Christ, Mrs, Trinmer has published a bulky volume.
of Amtotaucms upon the Q'd and New Testament, which she has entitled, '' A Help to
the Unlearned," but which we fear will, in many respects, be found a hindrance to'
them in the proper study of the scriptures. Mr. Parker has compiled from the best
authors, and for the use of young persons, Explicatidns of remarkable Facts and Pas-^y
ssgei in the Jewish Scriptures, which have been objected to by Unbelievers; and Mr..
Granville Sharp has opened again his formidable battery against the church of Rome,
in An Enquiry whether the Description qf Billon, in tlte IQth chapter qf Jtevelaticns^
agreet perfectly with that of Rome as a city.
III. Two works only, and those of very difibrent merit, have appeared in support of
natural and revealed religion : Mr, Watsq/i's popular Evidences (^Natural Religion anA
Qristimity, and Mr. Nares's connected and chronological View of the Prophecies.
TV. Nor is our list of controversial theology, for the present year, long, or marked
bf any work of extraotdinary value. Mr. Robinson, of Leicester,, has stood fi:>rth the
champion of modern Calvinism, with three volumes, entitled, *' The Q^stian System
wffolded." A short but interesting controversy has taken place between Mr. .Smithy
and Mr. Belsham, in consequence of some reflections upon Calvinism in the sermozk
preached by the latter on occasion of the death of Dr. Priestley. An ironical writer,,
who calls himself Basamiites, has attacked the trinitarian hypothesis, in a work,
qoaintly entitled, Aipstreoov Ayara(ri$, or a neto Way qf deciding old Controversies; aqd
iHr. Wright^ of Wisbech, ali^ a unitarian writer, has published a work on the doc-
tjine of the Atonement, and which he has called ^' The Anti-soHrfactiomst."*
V. Our catalogue of sermons is larger and more valuable than u^ual. Wdlwood^
Cifpe, Kemick, Napletan, Gilpin, Toumsend, are names that will appear with honour
118 1HE0L06Y AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
amongst the most eloquent or the most instructive of English preachers. Mohkhaust,
AdamSf Motion, Partridge, wad Dore, will not be generally thought to have contri-
buted much to the large and valuable stock of this branch of theological literature,
which we already possess.
Single sermotti upon various subjects have been published by Headlam, Phillpots,
Gai'dino', Mostly, Hall, Poulter, BeUham, md p^ers^
In practic€U theology wq haVe Rawtrey's Guide to Heavoiy Oakley's Holy Family,
and an excellent little Treatise, by Mr. Fellowes, on Death,
VI. It is not yet ascertained who are the true churchmen. Dj\ Laicrcnce, in
Eight Sermons preaclied at tie Lecture founded by Mr. Bampton, has endeavoured to
vindicate that character to those who give an amainian interpretation to tlie thirty-
niite ^t$efes. An anonymom toriier has re-publtshed, from a rfespectable ncionthly
vrdrk, a " Candli Examination of Mr, Daxtbenfs Vindiciiz Ecdesid JngHcana:,"* on
the contrary side. Mr. Overton himself also has again come forward in reply to some
ccciMdrW Strictures ok his former Work in the preceding article, with irKidenttd iZr-
mArks 6n Dr. Kipling, kc.
.Ite schisnk in the Society of Firiehds fs not, nor, we fear, is it likely to be, healed^
The only tracts connected with this curious and not important part of modem ecclo-
fiifetf«tt history, which have this year come bcifbi*e us, are a Memoir by Mr. Rathbone,
^Itiot of a Kfarrative of Events in Irebnd, &rc. and Bevan'i Dtft-nce of the Christian
Mariner, iftc. Two otiicr pubKditiohs relating to the society of Friends are noticed,
iSk dfte in our ^itic&I, the other fn out miscellaneous chapter. The most impor-'
tJril ^(rcJ^rkj ho^^Met, relative to lecclesiztstical history, in our present volume, is an
JR% dh ^ BSffbiiii&ibit, by Viilars, wntteh tfriginiHy in Ffench, and of which two
S&gli^ tran^a6dAs have been published.
Ifil. To tlwite niajr be iddted the following miscellaneous articles: the Emt Report
4f ^ BH/AftiM F(i>reigH BiMe Society; Lavater's Letters qf St. Paid the Apostle:
mi 1%t Cmmtih ikirhr.
Of kll theate ,^rks \fe shall liow, according to tlie best of our jitdgment and ability,
jWWelfi % gi^ s'6ch to account as shall convey to our readers some just riotidn of
their respective value. Paying all due regard to the feeKiigs of the different authors;
iHd ifbktb&s rattier tb shfew the dpiniobs of ©tliers tlian to obtrude our own, we shall
di^fbtly teStbHti ftdfe fill tftifece^saiy censuffe, and confine ourselves as much as pos-
sible to the iftrifcdrf df *ialySs. 'tKeftre may be means of making Works of this
iitire iriore Hfiiuslog^ but n6xie, ^t are firmly persuaded, by Which the end in view
tAn He ihxkt prd^pctly and surc^^ Wi&it^. We could, perhaps, have entered intd
doritfovfer^y ixrith Abs\ ol'thfe lifers thit hivte appeared before us; we could haxe
^dbbBited mimy cBT tKdff principle, arid propose and defended cur o\<'n5 but how
ISikh ^cfd 6tir duty IraVe beAi faIflHed> "We do not consider ourj>elves as the guar-
AcrAs W" ahy pafticulaf bteed, but ai |{)!edged lo give a fair statement bf the design
end Execution of tSe tKeclfcgicid works of the year. For ourselves, we are accustomed
ib read, fd ?*S«:t, Wifl tt) Jttdgi j tfhd Mx Utfe eiercise of tliis right, ive have em^
'brticbd ^enfitaeifts vftififh ^^'t highly esfefein, aild which, on all propfer occasion^, we
aie prepi-cfd d^jenly fe kvow, afifl atfettaoiifely to defefifl. But to the public ^* is rf
^We tnoment ^p^fefffer we belong to thfe Whodl of Geric^ra, df Leyden, or cK" Cra-
eow: our priv^ fentlinertts^ ^iirhcn ^ appekt da teviex^eh, shall as iuuch ais fos-
TETU8 TESTiUBlTTUU GUMCVU, kc.
119
ttble be oonfiiied to our own breasts^ and in oo case be made Uie standard bjr which
(k jentimeots of oChenTahali be tried.
THE SCRIPTURES.
iRT. I. Fdui Tfttwmeni»m Gntatm cum variis Lcctiombui, EdiiU Robe^tu^ JJotMSS^
FUio.
AANIHA, KATA TON OEOAOTIUNA KAI RATA TOTS 0.
Daniel kttta Urn Theodotimia kai kata touM 'EiniomikoHtM,
DR. HOLMES haa long been known
in the liteiary world by a sennon on the
Eesucrection ; by his Bampton Lectures j
by 6xa Tracts ^ by an Ode to the Duke
ot Portland ; bat especially by his Epistle
to Bishop Barru^on, whichj in the ye^
l7S8,we believe, announced and intro-
dtioed his intended collation of the best
maniucript cc^ties and printed editions of
the Greek Oid Testament; and by the
subsequent but leisurely progress made
in die fiermion of that laborious task.
Whelher the oil of patronage, or the bur-
aiih of pnise kas keen wanting to over-
oonethe natoral friction of weariness pr
in d n le Bcg , we know not We r^;ret, fco:
the honour of Pritish theology, that so
i^pkndid and neritmrieus an enterprise
•QouU not animate to more active per-
severance, faitt, like a wounded saakOj
daw ita slow length along.
Even the first tome of the Vetus Tm^
■KBtaM Gntcwn cum varifs Ltciionibus
made its ^ppea^Ulce at the Clarendon
pKSB only in 1798. The general dbarac-
ter of the edition has so amply been dis*
cQssed and so wittingly commended in
those journals whidh could commemorale
its birch, that we can no longer hope to
enhanrr its celdnrity, or to influence 'its
eondoct. Tl» collators have now travel-
led on to Daniel : there will be more of
novelty in discussing tlie itness of thus
cMBpfcfaendtng thb book in the canon of
script uie^ than in transcribing from Scbar-
fenheig. Specimen imimadvgrsionum, quibus
la^ mafnmdli Dumetis et irUetpreium ejus
vOcnm frmaeriim Grrcw^m iiliutpeuUifr,
tmcmdan^. Tbtfl is tlie most u&eful sort
of conamcmtary on the sacred writings^
which enquires coaeomipg their antiquity
and their readings, with a view to their
historic value.
' The .present edition profesaQs to con-
tain the Greek translation of Daniel by
llieodotion, which is arranged liistj and
Ihe pnor Greek translation of iDaniel,
made at Alexandria, which is arranged
last. From Theedotion's version has
been lof^ped the jtoty cif Susaima ; from
i vac^n fbas been lop{ied
the song of the three holy children : fhui
neither of the promised texts are honestly
given, both having been garbled intp re-
semblance with the canonica} Daniel.
Theodotion of Sinope was bom of or*
thodox christian parents, and educated iu
their religion, which he professed awhile
at Ephesus. Having ve»d the book of his
&llow-dtizeo^ Mardpo, entitled, TheAi^
tithetea, which attempted to point out in*
consistencies and qpixtradictions betwee?^
the Old and the New Testament, he be*
came, like Marcion, a bdiiever in tho
christian jscriptures only. Afterwards,
conceiving these christian scriptures to
be the less strongly authenticated of the
two, he renounced Christianity, and tupir
ed a Jew, in which iiuth he died. His
translations from the Oid Testament are
thought to have been made about the
year 185, undor Commodus, and are said
to have been ii^possed as a penance w
expiation for his having been ojiice a
christian.
#The Alexandrian version was made nO'*
body knows when, nobody knows by
whom : the newest authorities incline to
the suspicion that it was completed dur«
ing the reign of Augustus, with die pa*
tronage of Agrippa, under the superiiv^
tendance of Philo-Judseus. Ari^^teus says
that seventy men were shut up separatfely
by king Ptolemy in seventy cells, and'that
aU the seventy translated jill the btbje pre-
cisely in the same words : irom m\\\s silly
legend results the denomination of the
Si'pinarint, or seventy men's version 5 an
appellntion, whicli only popish C!:eduli^
should condescend to Repeat, and which
we are shocked to obsexve in tlie title-
page of a protestajit publication.
To tlie curtailed texts of tliese two
Greek versions are appendjid iu this odi-
tion a laborious collection of readings, de-
rived irom various manuscripts, and edi-
tions of manuscripts, especially the Chi-
gian. We observe no citation of the
version of Daniel, edited at Strasburg iu
1784, by J. B. G. d'Anse de Villoison,
along with the Proverbs.
Some jporsous have supposed that tho
120
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
mention of Daniel the prophet, by tlie
founder of cliristianity (Mattliew xxiv.
15) confers a sanction on tlie specific ap-
plication of passages in Daniel to the tinries
of Christ. The work in question was
certainly a sacred book of the Jews, ap-
pointed or allowed to be read in synago-
gues, a national classic, and therefore
^dapted to supply the orator with allu-
sions : hut the specific application, as pro-
fessor Paulus observes (Commentar iiber
das neue Testament, vol. iii. p. 406)
amounts to no more than tliis — ut verbis
Daniditicis utar — and does not m the least
imply .any ascription of foresight to the
author, whqse phraseology is quoted.
There is no irreverence therefore in dis-
cussing the real origin of the book.
The proper canon of Jewish scripture
appears to have been clpsed by Nehemiah,
who (ii Maccabees, ii. 13) ' founding a
library, gathered together the acts of the
kings, anfl the prophets, and of David,
and the epistles of the kings concerning
the holy gifts.' . To this collection Judas
Maccabeus added some apocrj'phal books ;
for it is further said (v. 14), * in like man-
nei* also Judas gatliered together all those
things that were lost by reason of the war
we had, and they remain with us.' It is a
question of some curiosity whether the
Jbopk here published with tlic superscrip-
tion ' XJaniel* can have been extant in the
time of Nehemiah j or whether it be one
of the deutero-canonical writings first de-
positied in the temple -archives, und^r
Jui^as Maccabeus.
A short recapitulation of the leading
tircurftstances in the life of Daniel will
l)oint out those events and ideas, wliich
were most likely to be strongly impressed
on his mind, and familiarly alluded to in
his writings. The date of Daniel's birth
\s not precisely known. He was taken
captive by Nebuchadrezzar, in tlie third
year of Jehoiakim, carried to Babylon, and
brought up in the schools there. Whis-
ton, in a note to Josephus, suggefts with
probability that he and his companions
were made eunuchs ; indeed tlie fourth and
fifth verses Ivi^ Isaiah, apparently apply to
tliese captives, or hostages. As the Per-
sians were accustomed to make eunuchs
only of the immature, Daniel could
hardly be more than twelve year? of age
at the time of his translation. He was
consequently born about the twenty-eightli
or twenty-ninth year of the reign of Jo-
jslah. That he was son to this king is no
where stated ; there is even an apocryphal
#e^t whicj) p^ lus father ^b^l : ^et th«
words ascribed to Isaiah in 2nd Kings {x%.
18.) as well as the passage in Daniel (1.3.)
render it evident that it was systematic
with the Babylonian court to eictinguish
among subdued princely families tlie hope
of further posterity, fearing the rebellious
adolescence of hereditary claimants ; and
that among the children of the royal family
of Palestine were selected tlie clients of
thia mortifying patronage. Daniel (ix.
24.) was born at Jerusalem.
If Xerxes, as well as Artaxerxes, (Jo-
sephus Ant. XI. 6.) was called Cyrus among
the orientals, and if Daniel continu^
(i. 21.) until the first year of this prince,
he lived in all about eighty-six years :
twelve at Jerasalera ; thirty-seven at Ba-
bylon, Kcbatana, and elsewhere, under
Cyrus the great ; thirty-six at Susa and
Persepolis, chiefly under * Darius 1 j and
one under Xerxes.
When Cambyses undertook the inva-
sion of Palestine, it was natura) for the
court of Babylon to attach Daniel to that
army ^ as his local knowledge and power-
ful connexions in Jerusalem were likely
to facilitate essentially its success. Da-
niel does not appear to have approached
Jerusalem during tlie siege, but to have
staid at Iliblah with Cambyses.
Cyrus the great was killed in warring
against the Visigoths who then occupied
the northern skirts of the Persian empire :
his descendants had not that personal re-
putation which was necessary in his suc-
cessor. Cambyses learnt his father's deadb
in jEgypt, and hastened toward Babylc»i
to claim tlie sovereignty : he died su<jden«
ly on bis way of a wound, which was con-
veniently ascribed to accident. Merodach
the second son, or as iEschylus calls hiiu
Mardys, next ascended the tlirone j but
was hurled from it by the management
of Otanes, under tlie pretext of his being
an impostor. (Herodotus, Thalia 68),
Seven leading men declared for Darius ^
but the Babylonians, faitiifiil to the pos*
terity of Cyrus, defended their city against
Darius, in favour of Belshazzar, or Bal-
thaser, a minor son of Cambyses. The
people of Nineveh too, attempted to re-es-
tablish there an independent sovereignty
under the Nebu-saradan, or Sardanapalofii^
whom Cambyses had employed against
Jerusalem. Darius, who .was a Mcde,
took both Babylon and Nineveh, and
became sple master of the Persian eilk-.
pire.
This-success he owed principally to Da^
niel ; whoj though courted by Belshazzar
(y. 2^,) ^ye to this priqpe miw^coilii|k
TEtUS TBSTAMENTUM 6BJBCUM, &C.
121
ondes (v. 26.) and firom his immediately
subsequent promotion (vi. 2.) under the
iBQiper, must long have been a secret
^ieod of the son of Hystaspes. The new
difision of the provinces by this prince
(ri. 1.) and by Daniel^ is also noticed in
Herodotus (Thalia^ 89) who makes twenty
larger divisions^ incltiding no doubt the
ooe hundred and twenty smaller ones of
the Jewish account.
Throughout the Persian empire the fire-
^arshippers and idolaters, the monotheists
imd polytheists, had long formed two inve-
teracely hostile but nearly equiponderant
lects, who were perpetually cabaDing for
the patronage of the sovereign : as was
nearly the case also in Palestine under the
Jewish kings. With Darius the idolaters
came into disfavour 5 and the massacre of
thdr priests by] his party (Thalia, 79) was
commemorated in an anniversary festival.
The Jews (Esther ix. 15«19.) lent zealous
assistance on this occasion . Arioch , chief-
tain (Jadith I. 6.) of the £lamites^ a Jew-
ish clan (Nehemiah vii. 12.), who was
captain of the king'» guard (Daniel 11. 14.)
and intnisted with the execiltion of this
leveie measure in Babylon, appears to
hare been on very courteous terras witli
Daniel (11. 15.), and to have concerted
with him (11. 24.) various exemptions from
the proscription.
Nor was Daniel less active in securing
' the allegiance of Nineveh. Diodorus Si-
cvAas records his interference under the
same of Belesis. He was named Belte-
shazzar (Daniel v. 12.) by his sovereign :
the termioation tsar appears fronl Forster's
letter to Michaelis, to have been a Medic
title J Beltesh therefore is the name re-
presented by the Greek Belesis. After
- the suli^agation of the whole empire by
Darius, no further mention is made of
Daniel. When Darius, by taking Esther
to wife, married into the royal family of
Westine, one would have expected to
find Daniel attaclied to her fortunes, as
well as his kinsman Mordecai : perhaps
the whole revolution which overthrew
Haraan or Intapherues, which divorced
Vashti, and made empress the Jewish prin-
cess, was the woik of the powerful mind
of Daniel. The influencing ministers of
Fersia were often derived from thp schools
^ the eunuchs.
let us now turn to review the various
composition ascribed to him, which, in
the fomi given to it by Theodotion, is a
translation firom a work partly written in
Hebrew, and partly in Chaldee. If Da-
M had been drawing up a Jbook for the
people of Palestine, he would employ their
vernacular language, that is the Ghaklee
(as we absurdly call it) or Sjrriac -, if h»
was drawing up a book for the instruction
of the Persian empire, he would employ
the Hebrew, which was the language of
Babylon in his time : but he would not
employ both, that would un£t his book
for either purpose. Still less would a man
during his boyhood familiar with the one,
and during his education with the other
dialect, think of editing a book in Greek
(a language to which he was born and
bred a stranger) and then of translating it
first in to Chaldee, and next in part into He-
brew. Yet such is the history of the bib-
lical book superscribed Daniel, Not only
the Greek words ir^a;r/pot, ^Sgyjxa, xtipv^,
xYfpvG'a'siy, xi&apis, xi^xpa, (ra|u,/3yxij, tJ/aA-
rrjpioy, irstaa-os, occur in the Hebrew, cm:
rather macaronic Daniel 3 but even the
word cvif,<pwvix which cannot have pre-
sented itself to a person, who was not
translating firom a Greek text Nor
would any of these words have mingled
in the vernacular dialect of Palestine, be-
fore the Macedonian conquest. Neither
the text of Theodotion, nor the prior text
of tlie Alexandrian version, can have pre-
served the archetypal Greek Daniel 5 for
both contain marked orientalisms of -dic-
tion. The text of Thecklotion is borrow*
ed from that Daniel which is included in
the received canon 5 that of the Septua-
gint has variations, ^which indicate, that
very different editions, or copies, passed
for original in early times.
Not only . the dialect but other circum*
stances prove that ^^^ ^ioo)ii must have
been drawn up in Palestine, by a person
ignorant of the Babylonian court. Both
Cyrus and Darius were monotheists, or
fire-worshippers, like the Persians .aiid
Medes, among whom they originated.
Hie viands set on their tables were uQt
oHered to idols. But here Daniel (i. 8.)
and his companions are made to object
generally to the food on the king's table,
as if to partake it was a breach of the
Mosaic law. Had they refused only pork,
their conduct would be in costmne 3 but
they are described as refusing wine, which
could to them be unclean food. only in
case it had been partly shed in libation to
idols. This passage is symptomatic of tlje
times of Antiochus Epiphanes, and the
Maccabees, when every faithful Jew was
called on to bear halntttal testimony against
polytheism, and to abstain from meats of-
fered to heathen gods. Yet this passage^
is in the Hebrew portion of the book.
J22
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIM.
The image of gold set up by Nebuch-
adnezzar in die plain of Dura is sixty cu-
bits high and fix cubits thick : it is not a
oaiiaculoiis production, birt a work of
imman ait. Michaelis has been at the
fxiins to calculate its solid contents, and es-
timates the worth of the gold at three
thousand four hundred and eighty millions
cf dollars. There is hardly so much in
the whole world : this wonderfid effort
0f foundery cannot therefore have been
described by an eye-witness, if it has been
described by a man of veracity. It is a
statue, which, if coined iutodarics, would
more than discharge the national debt of
Great Britain. Darius was no maker of
golden statues ; the pecuniary wants of his
ambition tempted him to invade the sepul*
chies of tlie dead (Clio, 187), and the
temples of religion (Clio, 183) ; 2nd,
although he is stated to have replaced the
atatue of -Bel, which he coveted and had
ventured to remove ; yet if there be a his-
todcal basis in this extraordinary narrative,
that very seiztire of the statue of Bel,
which, according to Herodotus, was only
twelve cubits high, must be the basis.
The tnttsformation of Nebuchadnezsar
lor aeven years into a wild beast is narrat-
ed in the fourth chapter 1 this chapter of-
JeM a fine harvest of various readings:
but those only which aivct historical state-
fiients can merit discussion.
At the doae of the dfth chapter, instead
of Darius the Mede, as in the common
version, Artaxei-xes die Mede isma^ in
the Alexandrian version to acquire the
jLiDgdom 5 Darius being fkll of days. It
is tevident that the (dirase Darivs the
Mede cnonot have «come into use, until
there had been a second Darkts who was
not a Mede; and consequently that the
Ohaldaic text is subsequent to the reign of
Darius the second. It is also evident that
the author of the Alesaadrian text must
iiave flourished after the accession of Ar-
tjwterxes Memnon, who followed Darius
II ; for he makes an Artaxerxes succeed
to a Darius, an order of inanies which had
not occurred in tiic list of Bab)donian cm-
peroiji before that date. These circum-
stances however do not quite suffice to
prove that the book of Daniel was com-
posed after the time of Nehemiali's com-
piling tlie canon 3 because Nehemiah in
tiie received chronolog}' is placed too
soon.
The new^ division of the provinces of
the Persian empire (vi. 1.) is rightly as-
cribed by tlie text of Theodotion to Darius
the Mede (Herodotus^ Thalia^ 89) and
wrongly by ihe Septuagint text, as it k
here called, to Artaxerxes. The Sepfua*
gint text of the 28th verse also contain*
an historical blunder, and makes Cyroi^
succeed to Darius instead of Darius saU
ceeding to Cyrus. This verse has bea|
the real cause of that wild suppositioii
advanced by sir Isaac Newton and othei3%*
that Cyaxares and Darius are one.
The seventh chapter, like the fizBt» if
written in Hebrew 3 but its oracular all»»
sions so closely resemble those rantalng4
in the Chaldaic portion of the seoQ«i'
chapter, that one cannot well avoid m^l
cribing a common origin to them bodb
An attempt may have been made to traoi^ :
late the whole book out of the vemacobir ;
Chaldee into the sacred language, or Hfp^J
brew, which began with the seven^i
chapter, as the pr<^het is there first m»\
troduced speaking in his own person ; ant I
this attempt may next have been extendidtj
to the biographical or legendary part 4^
the book, but, have becQ brok^i off i|f^^
some accident, before two chapters we^
gone through with, Tbe Greek texts c
ceal this solution of continuity. The <
cular passages have been well comoieiwi^;^
by Gf otius, and, after him, by CoUiiisj, iitl
his scheme of literal propheqr cxynsiilcjllj
(p. 148 to 200) ; the due, or key^ ^^""'iKi
this labyrintli of hieroglyphic ioiagecj^
to be found in the 8th chapter (v. ^20-2^*)fj
which though a sufficient passport :
jpbyry^s time, is so no longa:. Mu
by a more industrious consoltarion <£ i
itfst book of Maccabees, has added 1
satisfactory elucidatk>ns to those of Grotiaf 1
and GoUins ^ but at the ninth chapter te I
abandons the literd, or natural, for a nsyt*
tical and supematuial scheme of inteipB»»
tation : he avoids to perceive the puBd^
ality with which the author of DanlJ
(ix. 24-2^.) paints the oondkioo a£ Jan*
salem under Amiocbus (1 Maccabees, i.
54.) and under tlie short but enthuaiailt
cally welcomed toleration of Lysias (1
Maccabees, vi. 58.) M'hois described as a
Messiali, who toas to be cut tiff", baHnoifat
hintsc(f (Daniel ix. 26.) ami who bt fytt
suftered (l Maccabees, vii. 2-4.) for Ifo
son of Antiochus. The author of Dankl
also alludes to the destruction of the.sano
tuary (Daniel, ix. 2(>.) which was miha*
biy accomplished by the people of JjkeBie*
trius, when they encamped before Jenisa*
lem (1 Maccabees, ix. 3.) end slew JiidaK
Thus it appears that all the aUvsioiis^
real events in this oracular conyositian
center on the times df Antiochus asid Ac
Maccabees^ and no whore tfa^txihhe^o^
r%fvs TsstAiftByttrat^ enxcw, $tc^
123
dtfiii : and this » exactly, tbat the' des-
trsdioQ of the sanctoaiy, of which Judas
Htccabeos was a witness shortly be-
fore ills death, is mentioned in Da-
nief, vhereas the death of Judas Mac*
dbeas is not meutioded* It seems
tbnefoft as if Judas Maccabeus himself,
or somebody under his immediate mspec-
tioo and dltectioni was engaged in accom-
modsting the bdok of Daniel to the events
ef his own times, iar the purpose of in-
t^ohttng that reiigiods loyalty for which
his pirtizaDs were distinguished . So con-
fidently may it be daswd as a portion of
hts secondary canon. That the book of
Daniel was in great request among his ibl-
Joweis may be further inferred from the
Second chapter (v. 59-6O.} of the first book
m Maccabees.
The commentary of Michaelis on the
CQDcinding chapters of Daniel is as satis*
fidoiy as it is learned : be apobgizes
honestly for his diffiatlties af^er die thir-
teenth Terse of the eleventh chapter,
where the narrative of Poiybius quits him.
He oonoborates the main inference that
ttexy historical allusion descends ooly to
Ihe time of Judas Maccabeus. Of Mi«
dael, (Daniel xiu 1.) Michaelis nudces an
ifeegKxical persone^e, a gnardiah angel of
Mestine : fhxxi Ouseley's epitome of the
antient hbtoiy of Persia, it may be susn
|K(ed that Aidavan became powerful at
thh sra, and supported the Jews against
the Greek sovereigns of Babylon. Mi-
chaelis conciudes his exposition with this
i^markable sentence ' in der 'That, kaum
ehic Weimt^aig Ui so wunderHchvcrstanden
vnfdeHf ais diese, so doss wir, wie ich
*d^ mtknkah ^^esagt hahe, die Erklanmg
iAm- htiien Hii§te nicht den Kirchencdeerh,
dk sk aufi vtondtrlicksie erkt&rten, sondem
n der IhuptsOcke dem Fcinde dir Religion
Porpfyriozndankenftaben,' Indeed scarce-
ly any prophiecy has been so strangely ex«
poinded as this : so that, as 1 hav^ oflen
dbaerttd, w« ateuot Indebted to the fathers
af the churcfi, tvlio expound ft most wUd-
Ifj bet to Porphyry, the foe of reli-
^00, ibr ^ inain grouadwori^ of expia-
tiat)on.*
Ha^ !9io^ thiit this decofid Daniel
ftm't be iteiinted t6 thb tithes, if not to
lie %aha of iritdas Macetbdus, it merits
tsSf&y whicft ftfto the {k)ems (hat may
^M frtMti^ hb iiscribed te^^ €rst
iU Mk DM^. 4>oubt^ *Mtf taik)Dally
te eifteftaBM ^chie^mftig "tin! t^ipfdpHa-
Mi df Bb mitMW <Mkfts. ^t«itoiak
^ ^«Mte afl^ehb 10 hAf^ ct^teofed %is
9^ tt^^ 'bdtmiKfkM kis-iatt!«s, «M
Zechariah his panegyrics. Odes ate scat-
tered among the productions of thesft
writers of loftier tone and more stndioui
composition tl^ die works which they '
intersperse.
In the time of Nebemiah all these writ-*
ings were probably deposited in arks, or
chesti, belonging to tlie temple o€ Jeru-
salem ; each on the separate napkin which
had be^n hung up for its original promul-
gation. In Arabia it was long an habitual
form of publication to suspend a new-
poem for perusal (sir W. Jones's works*
IV. 245) at the gate of some public build-
ing. Cotton doth (Arrian, 717) anl
linen cloth (Pliny, xiii. 1 1) was in early
use to write on throughout die east. - The
squareness of the Babylonian character
adapte4 it pectdiarly for nations who wrote
on a woven material : now this alphabet^
in the time of the prophets wab still ia
use 5 and consequently tlie connected prac-
tice of writing on linen. Baruch (Jere-
miah, XXX vx. 18-28.) writes with ink on a
roll, which could be burned in the kmg*6
presence, and was th^efore not of parch-
ment Isaiah, or more probably Joie-
miah, alludes (Isaiah, xxii. 25.) to the
nailing up of burdens, (X oracles. Hab-
akkuk (11. 2.) undertakes to write his ora-
cles in letters so large that he who runa
may read. A mlsarrangement of such
autographs may easily have given occasion
to erroneous superscriptions ; when these
napkins or litenny fi'agments, were fir«t
tnmscribed on continuous rolls of linen.
It remains to be enquired whether any
internal characteristics will authorize a
partial correction 'of the iteceived distri-
bution.
Whoever .reads the first twenty-foul:
chapters of £zekiel will be struck with
the identity of manner which pervades
them. The poet i^ evidently a man of
vigorous and busy imaginadon, but of low
and ignoble taste. He appe;u*s to know
Jerusalem and its neighbourhood, and die
banks of die Chebar (Chaboras) from
Carchemish to Tel-abib : with die rest of
tlic world he betrays little acquaintance.
His favourite tbrmtda is to begin with u
parable or allegory, which he leaves awhile
wholly enigraatic:iJ, and dien e5q>lains by
the narration of a cohresponding evenu
He is a ditfuse writer : not content to in-
dicate he completes all his images, des-
cribes from head to foot with needless de-
tail, and instead of selecting the £ner
^upes, parades before us the endre pro-
cession of his thoughts. Of his writings
tte t^nciur is didactic chiofiy, althou^
m
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
tlie nineteenth chapter might pass for a
fragment of Jeremiah, and they seem
intended for the perusal of fellow-cap-
tives.
From the xxvth to the xxxiind chapter
Snclnsive^ 3 distinct and loftier vein of
poetry prevails. Nothing low or spun
out here requires apology. All is dig-
nified, simple, concise, s%iblime. A pro-
fusion of geographical knowledge is sedu-
lously displayed, such as might be ex-
pected from a professed historiographer of
the campaigns of Nebuchadrezzar. These
poems all relate to one or other enter-
prize of the kings of Babylon, and are
rather adapted to metropolitan readers
than to coptive jews. They were evi-
dently written on the spur of the occa-
«on ', since, at the moment of the block-
ade of Tyre, the poet does not hesitate
<o threaten, or announce, its capture
(c. XXVII.); but in a subsequent poem
(xxix. 18.) he owns that tlie siege had
been unsuccessful, and that the king was
marched forwards to Egypt. For this
miscalculation, for this want of foresight,
the poet apologizes, and, apostrophizing
Dthbaal, the king of Tyre, says nearly :
• It is true, I called your resistan<pe proud 5.
|>ot I perceive you estimated rightly your
strength : you were wiser than L' And
cti this occasion the poet names himself
(xxvii.-S.) Daniel.
The xxxvth, the xxxviiith, and
xxxJxth chapters are composed in a simi-
lar strain: the two latter evidently relate
to some expedition against the Scythians,
and probably to that defeat of them which
Herodotus (Clio, 105.) places in the reign
of Psarametichus, or So, king of Egypt :
in which case the poem cannot well be
cotemporary with the victor)*^ celebrated.
It may have originated oa a recent view
of the whitening bones of the Gothic in-
vaders.
Again; if the first forty-five chapters
ef Jeremiah be attentively perused, the
reader will be struck with much identity
of character. An unrelenting hostility to
idolatrous rites, and an anxiety to transfer '
the allegiance of his countrymen from the
Egyptians to the Persians, distinguish th»
matter of this author : a love of para-
phrase and tautology, his manner. A
complaining, evil -boding strain charac-
terizes the whole. His finest passages are
the patlietic descriptions of occurring
miseiy during and after the siege of Je-
rusalem. The habitual want of bright
and bold imagery tallies with his unvaried
wailing cast of expostulation. Very few
exceptions ofifer. The xxiiid chapter to-
deed seems more modem than the pre-'
ceding one, and of opposite tenour, and
it brings out those trains of idea and aUu-
sion in which Zechariah delightji. The
xxvth chapter, fi-om the 15th verse oa*
wards, might be thought to form a dis-
tinct oracle. The Lamentations, which
are in the best manner of Jeremiah, par-
take closely the same general character of
composition as tliese forty-five chapters*
But from tlie 13th verse of the xx.vith
chapter, to the 58th verse of the fiity-f^rst
chapter, intervenes a spirited, vigorous,
concise vein of poetry, full of boldnesa
and sublimity, delighting in images of
war, and descriptions of conqu&st, and
occasionally borrowing decoration fi'oin !
idolatrous mytholog}\ Greographical al-. ;
hisions are profusely scattered : names of
places are accumulated witli triumphai
complacence; and the poenis all relate
(there are nine distinct odes concernii^
Egypt, the Philistines, -Moab^ AnuDon,'-
Edotn, Damascus, Kedar, £lam> and Ba-
bylon) to one or other aehievement of the
armies of the Persian emperor. Now a$,
these nine oracles occupy, in the Aiexao-
drian version, a different order and placet
in the book of Jeremiah from that assignedi
to them in the established version, it 'vf '
natural to infer that they have been-.hesi«;
tatingly and arbitrarily^ ascribed to this*
prophet by his pctsthumojis. editor, aad^
that they belong, like tlie minutely, dmi- *
lar matter scattered in Ezekiel, toDanieU
Thirdly ; of the many poems asM^nbed
to Isaiah, who flourished under tlie kings
Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, few allude,
to contemporaneous events, or to persons
of his aera. Most exliibit symptoms at' z
posterior date. Thus the xith chapter^
by mentioning the branch of the stem of
Jesse, announces itself as. firom the tinaest
if not firom the hand of Zechariah^ who
was the poet of the restoration! Tl|e
xvth and xvith chapters, which profess
to have been written within ^Arer years
(xvjth 14.) of the destruction of Moab,
must consequently be by a whole oentury
posterior to Isaiah: Moab having been
overthrown (Josephus, Ant. x. 9.) about
^ve years later than Jerusalem.. Tb^
Liiid chapter is probably a lamentation o(
Jeremiah for . the death of Zedi^uah^
Other chapters, as the.Livth.and fbllowT
ing, abound with trains of sentiment na-.
tural and- usual only to prophets who, like
Zechariah, wrote after the return of the^
jews from captivity. Here ^Iso occur
gome poems closely reseqEibling^ the warn
T£TU» nStAVMVTVU GXBCVM, tcO,
m
•cop scattered in Ezekiel and Jeremiah.
Socfa are the xiiilh to xixth chapters in«
donvc; the xxistand xxiiid chapters,
tbe xLvth chapter to the 1 2th verse of
tfae Liind chapter/ and perhaps some other
fragmeiits* These poems share more or
less that loftiness, that art, that proneness
to geographic allusion, and that concen*
tration of attention an tlie Babylonian so-
verdgn, which characterize^ it seems, the
other odes of Daniel. It is moreover evi-
dent, that the xvth and xvith chapters of
Isuah have the same author as the xLViiith
chapter of Jeremiah j and that-the xxuid
chapter of I^iah has the same autlior as
the xxvith and xxviith chapters of Eze-
kiel 5 10 great a resemblance and confor-
mity would have been avoided as plagiar
rism by two distinct writers ^ but the
lame poet may well be supposed, in a
nbsequent edition, to have indulged this
ample variation. It. follows that these
poHns may, with much confidence, be as-
cribed to Daniels
Were a chronological arrangement of
these compositions to be attempted, it
would be necessary to consult thq histori-
lad order of the events which tliey cele-
brate. . Cyrus is named in sc»ne of them,
md forms a leading hero. This prince
(Herodotus, Clio, 177), after the conquest
of Saidis, raised the army which was led
against Labynitus, leaving Harpagus, the
^edc, in Asia Minor, with the forces re-
quisite to keep^nder the newly conquered
Lydians. After the taking of Babylon
(Clio, 191.) Cyrus interfered in the a&iirs
of Egypt, and favoured the rebellion of
Am^jgainst Apries, or Hophra. Jeru-
salem b^ng at that .time a satrapy depen-
dat on £^pt^ was prot»hIy the price of
thb assistance j and hence the first siege,
in wjnch Darnel and othei^s were made
captifes, and tak^n to. the Chaldean
Kfaools. Jerusalem was first acquired by
the Babybnians in the reign of Manasseh
(u Chronicles, xxxiii. 1 1.), and was con-
Qoeied from them by. Necbo, king of
Bgypt, at the close -of Josiah^s reign
(n Kings, xxiii. 29.). After some years,
Cyras, choosing to march against the Mas-
Si^eiai, or Visigoths (Clio, 208.^, invest-
ed Cambyses with the vice-royal^ of all
the rnrion dependent on Babvlon, under
the tine apparelitly of king of the ChaU
decs* (II Chronicles, xxxvi. IJ.)- This
pripce, dissatisfied with the equivocal al-
ksiffice both of Zedekiah and of Amasis,
^uidertook the regular subjugation of Sy-
na aqd Egypt, summoning to bis ^d some
ttoopi ^uji Asia Minpr, If Ujupagus
still commanded these troefps, he most ho
the Holofemes whom Ju<Uth slew. They
will have taken Damascus in their way tor
the rendezvous at Riblah, and will thencv
have proceeded conjointly witli the troops
firom Babylon, and under the command
of Nebuzaradan (Jeremiah, ui. 30.), to
the conquest first of Jerusalem, then <£
Ammon and Moab, next of Gaza and
Ascalon, and finally of Egypt. Cambyses
joined the army in person at a more ad-
vanced period of the war, after the oom^
meucement of the siege of Tyre, and bj
a march through the Arabian desert (Tha-
lia, 7.). Many of these incidents aro
mentioned bv the prophets
First should occur among his works, if
aiTanged according to the order of event;
the xviith Isaiah, and so much of xLixth
Jeremiah (23 — 27.) as relates to the mis-
fortune of Damascus : these compositions
appear however to be considerably subse*
quent to tlie siege which forms tliebr
theme : they confirm tlie account in the
book of Judilli (11. 27.), that the plain of
Damascus was laid waste in harvest-time.
The second siege of Jerusalem is not
sung : the patriotism of the poet could not
bear to triumph, his loyalty did not dar«
to lament.
The expeditions against Ammon, Moab,
Sen:, Hazor, Bozra, £dom, and other con-
tiguous places, are noticed in tlie xvth and
xvith Isaiah, xLvinth and xxixth Jere-
miah, XXV th and xxxvth Ezekiel. The
march of Cambyses through tlie desert
(xxist Isaiah, 13 — 17.) is commemorated
as by an eye-witness and companion.
If any specific purpose invited the corn^.
position of the xxxviiith and xxxixtb
chapters of Ezekiel, it was probably that
of inflaming, by the recital of former con-
flicts, the passions of such Jewish recruits
as were to join Cyrus against t^e Scy-
thians. A newly conquered country, from
the ditninished means of maintenancei
has always aiforded numerous leviel to
tho conqueror ; and such troops are studi-
ously employed at a distance from their
original frontier.
The encampment before T)Te seems to
have lasted during the whole war, apd
eventually to have become ratlier a bazar
than a blockade. It was resorted to by,
the Persians for the sale of captive^ (Joel,
ni. 6.), and tbx the purchase of military
stores (Thalia, 19.), and was employed to
compel the co-operation of Ethbaal, then
king of Tyre (Philostratus, as quoted l^ '
Josephus, Ant. x. 11.) in various under-
ti(14ng9 of Cambyses. T« t^ intixnid^r.
na
THEOLOGY AKD ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
tery siege allode the xivith and xxviith
Siekie), the xziiid Isatah, and the
xxvnith of Ezekiel.
To tlie inarch through Gaza, Ashkelon,
and other towns of the Philistines, apply
the xxvth Ezekiei, v. 15, Ice. and the
XLviith Jereniiah.
The xixth and xmith Isaiah, the
sxixth and xxxtli, and the xxxiind Eze.
kiel, and the XL^ith Jeremiah, v. 14 — 2&,
concern the war in Egypt and Ethiopia :
these poems, like the lamentation for
T)rre> must ha\'e preceded the historical
catastrophe, as they vary from the real
eirent.
The xxxist Ezekiel is evidently an
elegy on the death of Cjttus, defeated and
killed by the Massagetas (Clio, 2\4.) :
Che 11th and 12th verges are very ap|H-e-
priate: and the wliole poem is solemn,
foblime, and worthy of die majesty of its
liero.
' On the death of Cyrus, one Smerdis, or
Mardys, or Merodach, assumed the em-
phv, while Camhyses hastened homewards
fo dairo it. The conspirators in the in .
teresC of Darius probably dispatched both
these princes ^ Camhyses at some obscnre
^ttce, where he was said to have killed
himself accidentally (Tha)ia, 64.) ; and
If erbdach later (llialta^ 70.) at Suaa.
The xivth Isaiah is another elegy, ^nd
OD the deeaaee of Camt^ses, to whose
death and burial, in a foreign land, tftie
20Ch vene alludes. It tnttac hopre been
written duriog die aupremacy of Meio*
jtfach ; as the I7<h verse cootaios an in^
direct f raiae of the lit*eration of Jefaoia-
kitn {hsnmUAkf lii. 31.). This ode is
•QMrlativcly grand.
The Babylonians, instigated by the ido-
Isltrotts priesthood, ea may be inferred
#POBi the eventual massacre of that «rder
(Thalia, 79.), determined to defend their
«ity agaioit Dah«s, m behalf of Bakha-
«ef , 4 minor son ef the prince <Baruch^
a. 11.) who had brought Daa)iel out of
Mestine, This young sove^gn was
iooin besieged by Darius in his metropo-
lis ! and, the city liavingbeen taken alter
aiaeteen months hiv«9liture (Thalia, 152.),
the king was thrust through in the streets.
To these -events ^pp^-tain the xnith
and XLViith Isaiah, and the tJk and xiaf
Jeremiah* x
Darius, after the capture, rased the lor-
tiiications of Babylon (Thalia, 159.) whiA
had been spared by Cyrus^ and augmented
by Camhyses (Berosus, as quoted by Jo-
aephus. Ant. x. 1 1 .). This circumstaw*
is accordingly specified (Jeremiah, Lr.44.J
by the Hebiew bard. The expulsion oC
supernumerary women is another pecu-
liarity of this siege of Babylon by the son
of Hystaspes ; and it rs noted by the He-
brew (Isaiah, XLvir. 9.), as weU as by the ,
Greek (Thalia, 150.) authorities- Inar-
tentiveto these two discriminating marks»
some commentators have erroneously sup-
posed that a prior siege of Babylon by
Cyrus is referred to in these poems.
In the capture of Ninevdi, as wd! as
of Babylon, Daniel must h2^e tdten an
interest which, in other similar instances,
nuide him endeavour to immortalize the
event in stmg. There are no l?istoricaI traces
of such a prophe?: as Nalium. There is as
allusion in this orade (Nah^m, in. 8.) to a
passage in the xLvith Jeremiah (v. ^5.>^
which indicates identity of autiiprship.
The internal evidence of style, tnanner,
power of mind, also favour the ascription
of tliis vision of coiisolation to Daniel.
Suppose tlie poems here enumea^ed tn
h^ve been sq^arated from the otSier scrip-
tures oa ffooDds soffidieptly convincing,
they will oe found to contain poetry of
superior quality. This Daniel would be
far the greatest of the Hebrew bards,
and worthy to have iiis odes inscribed on
the walls of ^10 palace of Persepoli^.
Nor is it ttntrkely tfcat the decypberers of
the arrow head characters tliore engrav^
are actu^flly making an addition to tbe
ckculating mass of bis pro^uctjods. Edu-
cation and inteHect o^ tliat hig!i order,
whSch distinguish Danid, were too rare in
the times q( Darius, to ^owmuc^ -nmee
of dioice in the sdection rf his panegyrist.
Enp^gh, Tvce trust, h^is beei^ said to
prore that l4ie l^ook, cpmraonly attributed
to Daniel, may with more probability ije
racked amon? those wiiich vc:ere ooinpos^
about or after tlie tiipes ^f Ae Macca-
^es, than among the older scriptures cf
the Jews.
Ube following pas^ige^ wtiich we ^haH fuote js^s one pf the mocp^eipaxkable v;^t^napc|^
of variation between the two tex^sjj^ere edited^ wQl fiiu^i^ qijir jC^ecs ^iti^iUp
PI^)artuiuty p/^pmparison.
Prom the patM Xi&TA TON &Z0^ Fkxbx dhe iOanie} SATA S10«£ |GI^
VKTCS T«9TAW»TUM O&JBCini^ &C.
v»
mr ©ew, xai wAoygyrc^ rov Kvpiov. 24.
tpas iCaMfiey Bif ro ^cw rs ary^Of wf-
^iXfj. 25. Kai stXcv 6 Pa<ri?^vs, i $e
tyv ia'A arlpa^ rs^cxpaf >^?Mpt»eYous, xou
Gspvtrxnvrra^ iv (/lscm rov vrvpof, xa*
^ix^p^s% jtc £S-t7 iv ayrw>', xai rj opao't^ rs
rerapr'iv iy^ix vm 0£». 26. Tors mcf^tr-
^}^ }^xt(/v^'i^9vo(rop mpo$ rr^y ^upav ryjf
8a TB lAfrtroy, ^f fiXS-grs xrw isvrr xai gg-
^X^w Ss^pa;^, Mio-flt;^ *Af Jgvayw, ex /x€-
ro:j TB 9Dpo^, 27* Ka< (ryvayovrou o< 0*0:-
rcatau, xai ot rpoorrfyoi, xau w rcirajp;^a/,
T9S MpoLSt. In ax eKv^iBvas ro orup rou oruD^
furs; wrran, xau r^ ^pi^ n^; xe^aXi^^ au-
TQff ix ifXcykS^f xau rot, <roLpasap%^<ic(;rujy
ix i{*^M»^, xoi oV,a^ irvpof ax 1^*/ £V av^
TUf, 28. KdEi carsxptb^ ISa^ax^Aovoa-op
fixJiXsv^, Ksu etiTBv, evXcyrjrps 6 0£O^ ri
n**AyItX£v carri, xau h^BiXaexo r8$ wou^as
mrri^ Zri hfsieoi^iicay W aiyrw' xau ro
kwL ri fixTiXiw^ T^XK^iw^ay, xau v^xpe-
Imlsot rx y«//*-ara xyrwv stg nrvp, oirojs ^m^
dXX ^ r^ ©£0? ayrwj'. 29. Kau lyji ixn^
iWflEirt ^&vfba' ^as Xa^s, ^'jXri^yXwanrxj,
^ taof tae% pXAC^yiu.iXi' xxrx rS Qsi X£^-
^X» Mio'a;^ 'AthvxyWf si$ dtcouAeixy
k^rrait xau ot uxai aurcoy Big iixpirxyrfV,
M^i wx Srt ^B0§ irspoc. Iris Suvyjprsrai
^ftnff^cu h-Qcg. 30. Tors 6 fix^iXs-JS xa-
TFj^B rov ^siaxx* ^^^X* 'A^hyxym,
^ ^X^?f Ba«vXaiyo;, xau ^v^TfCsv xuraf^
ttJ T^ix^y wiTB^ ^sicr^cu Tffo^rwy ru>¥
lK.la«By, r-jav h rr, fixo'iT^ic^ xurS, 31.
lix%wx^hy6a'op S px^iKBif^ trxtri roig
>^iU fvXaus, xoi ykMcra-xis, roig oixso'iy
h vxcj rJ yy, ^^i^ iu^iy* wXT^v^sn^
32. Ta r^£ia xoi rx r^pxrx, i hroi-^ff§
Iter Ij^ S Ssos i S^irof. r^scTBy hxyrioy
Bfii a»ayTiiXxi ituy^ 33/tif [ji^xXx xxt
h^pXTf ifixa't?\£ix avr»Vs '^xariXsix oio;-
nv^ uu { S^j^ix auri Bts yevmy kou yB-
ij ^Xog EX rTfg xa^ivtf ByBitvpt(r8 xxt aifoe-
rsivsy avroi Sb flruvsnj^^o'ay. 24. Kfla
iy^yffro Jv r^ dxatrxt rov fixriksx ujtti^ay-
r»y oun'euv, xai Irw;* k^swpsi xvrsg ^wrrxg,
rors Na?oy;^o^OKdtro^ fixa-iXBvg l^ayftato-e,
xoi fltyenj a^Bvcxf, xxi siirsy rotg ^iXoi^
xvrs, fi^t iy^pxg rpBi$ BCxXofx^sv eig fj^Bvo¥
r» vrvpoi weirtJmtEMof ; xa* siirov rev fix-
oriXBi, xXr^^usg, pxa-iXsv. 25. Kxt BiTfBv &
fixviXsvs" I^a eyw ipoj ay^pag rewxpxf
XsXvpi^vovg VBpiiexrayrag h rw wpi, xxt
f^Bpx sSsfxix sysvyj^ h xvroig, xxt ij oex-.
&iS r« rstxprov opiOi'Mji^x 'AyygXou Qte.
26, Kxi wpoo'EX^cuv fixviXBVi vpog rijv
hvpxy rrjs xau.iv» xxiop^tyyis ru) mvpi, htx-
X£frBy xvr8$ s^ iyo^xros, Is^px^, Mifrx^,
'Athyxyio, o\ "mouoBs rov ®sa rwv ^stay r»
wf/is-ovj k^sX^sre sx r» mvpcr Srtag »if
i^fXbov ol xy^psg ex ^B<ro'j row wpo^.
27. Kxi 9vyjix^,<ray ol vtrxhty roiexpyxi,
xai xp^tifxrpiwrxi, xas 01 ^iXoi rs pxrt-
Xevog, xx\ i^Ewpovv rag iy^p'jmrovg hiEtysg,
on ay ^^aro ro iffvp ra ^^^xrog xortoy,
XXI XI rpiyBg aurcav ^v xxrexxrf<rxy, xxt rx
vafx^apx xvrww ix ijXX^ioa^rprxyf 9^s Scr^yj
ra mvpog ijv iy xvrotg. il8. TifoXaJCuJv h
NaCoup^o^oyoo'o^ fix^>jevg ttvsy, coXo-
yijro^ Ku^io; r» Xe^pxx, Mura^, *AC^c-
yxyujf og doTBrsiXB rov ^AyfEXoy xvra, xxi
irw^s rsg wou^xg xvrB^ rovg iXiticwfrx^
he xvrw ryj[y yxp mpoorxyniv r» fixartXEvg
ij^finjo-oy, xati mxpB^'jjxxv rx wwxrx
xurwv stg BfiitjpivfMy, Hyx ju.^ Xttxprj^Mgri
|xi}^£ izr^oo^uvijoriuo) bBt^ mfco, aAA* ^ rw
BBwaorojy, 29. Kxi tvy eyoj %ptfm, Trx
vrxv S^og, xau vxuxu ^jXou, xau 9x^xi
yXsvc^eu, Sg A fiXxo'ffgM^ st^ rwifijptcit
roy 0Boy ^eSpx^f Mi«j6^, 'At^ipxyut, &«-
jxgAic^o-erai, xm « otxta xvns n^ci;^*
crrau, ^ton ovxsri^t^g htpg, ig ^vtryn*
rxi B^B?^r^xt vrwg. sio. Otrrwr w )3«?ri-
XEt^g rtp 'ZBhxx> M'«J2» 'Afftf^o/w, Igoo^
tnky $8g If oXtig rtfi xwp&g, uxTBrr^trsp
xvrng Spx^rrxg- 31'. Apx*^ rr,5 'EinroX^s*
NaCoi^oaovoo^^ ^xrtXsvg mart roig
Xxotg, fvXxig, xxi yXix^y^rm^, rou otxnrtr
h tffxayi ry yri, stpTiyTj vjji^w ^Xaj^w^^Eiiy,
32. Ta '^ifi^Bix xxi rx rspxrx, i fiWtTjw
lurr* ijM.8 ^tog 6 iAj«r^f, r^pgfftr Uxmoft
iLVv dyxyfsihau ipAy, 3$. '&g jueyaX* xxi
tff^jpx" wg lueyxXrj xm hrj^ypx ij SxviXux
xvra, Tf ^xTiXmx avm, fixriKtix xutan-^s, ij
i^ov^ix xvm tig yvftxst xoi y^BXt.
Verbal critics dua exftgetic virtuosos Bt Gottingen, m W]^, vhcre there, are,
viDdowell to consult fur&r theDnnlel moreover, tlxe apocryphal, or udditional
»«.
m%
tetnpbit Okrigwis Terses afjfarfizftl/ izK^Rided Ito be set W
.'OlMiatto CKiioft
masic
126
THEOLOGY AND JECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS-
Art. II. The Book of J6B : metrically arranged according to tfie Masora, and nttatg
translated into English ; with Notes critical and arplanatory : accompanied on ilie (^
posite Paee by the authorized English Fersion. By tlie Right Reverend Joseph Stock^
D. D. Bishop of Killala and M. R. L A* 4to. pp. 246.
WE congratulated our readers in a for-
mer volume, that the learned bishop of
Killala having been induced by his friend
and relation archbishop Newcome to turn
his attention to sacred criticism, had, after
the death of that eminent scholar, entered
upon the same walk of useful learning,
which he had trodden so long and with so
much honour and advantage ^ and pre-
pared himself to add to those valuable
translations which have proceeded from
the labours of some of the brightest orna-
ments of our country. The first speci-
men of Dr. Stock's abilities as a translator
has been — as it deserved, very i^vourably
received. The version of Isaiali proved
him an able successor of his venerated
friend, and raised expectations, which we
trust will be fully realized. We strongly
recommended that work to the attention
of biblical students — and a frequent use
of it has confirmed the opinion of its
merits which we at first formed, and witli-
out hesitation expressed. The work which
now claims the notice of tlie public, tliough
it be not destitute of considerable merit,
is not equally free fi-om imperfection.
Many pas:>ages, obscure in the common
English version, aie here indeed elucidated
— ^many beauties hitherto concealed are
here brought to light — ^but dark passages
still remain to perplex tlie reader, which
are capal)le of being illaminated— and
many- alterations are introduced which
have far less excellence than the passages
for which they are substituted. This has
arisen in part from the difficulties with
which, owing to various causes, the book
of Job abounds— in ji^irt also— tliough the
right reverend trai^lator will not perhaps,
upon his hypothesis allow it, from his not
having had recourse to the literature of
Ai'abia^ and in part, w^e fear, in no small
Brt, from the haste, together with the
iictive circumstances, in which this ver-
sion appears to have been made.
That the translation of the book of JolJ
is no easy task, has been admitted on all
hands.-—'' Mvlta sunt loca valde. obscura,
ftndta qua varsr ut quisquam mortalitan
satis intelligatr was the complaint of
Lowth : and Dr. Stock has hiipself enu-
pierated some causes which contributed
to the incorrectness of the old English
▼im^Sb 9ui wbiob not iTei^g yet xemoyod,
must produce their effect upon a modem
translation.
That a translator and interpreter of ihm
book of Job should be well versed in other
languages of the east, besides the Hebrew
— liat he should be a proficient in Arabic
— and deeply read in the numerous and
rich effusions of the Arabian muse — ^we
tliiiik cannot reasonably be doubted. When
it is considered tliat to whatever period
the date of this beautiful composition be ,
referred — the scene of this poem is laid in
Idumaea — ^and tliat some of its most diffi-
cult as well as its most beautiful passages
are distinguished by their allusions to the
natural history, or to the manners and
customs of tliat region. The style, we
allow, is pure Hebrew, yet many unusual
words occur in this work, and oppose very
serious obstacles to the progress of the
interpreter : and if other parts of tlie Old
Testament, known to be composed by
native Jews, and at a late period of their
monarch V, often receive considerable illus-
tration from the Arabic tongue, much
more must the book of Job. We have
reason to believe that this language is un-
known to die bishop of Killala ; aiid this
we consider as one cans^of some passages
beuig left as obscure, and as unintelligible
as he found them.
Knowing tlie book to be the most diffi-
cult in the Jewish canon, and himself
destitute of one source from which Ger-
man critics especially, have very copiously
and very successfully drawn in their ver-
sions, and in their illustrations of the ^Til-
ings of the Old Testament, it ought not,
most assuredly, to liave formed any part
of the learned prelate's ambition, that a
work of this nature had been completed in
a short time 3 and in the midst of afilic-
tions which might well have rendered him
incapable of the cool and laborious in-*
vestigation required in such an employ-
ment. It was therefore with moiled
emotions of surprize and grief that \i^
perused the following passage, with which
the admirable analysis of the poem con-
cludes.
"This (viz. a confident expectation that
the government of God will be vmdicated m
a future scene) is the impoi^t ksson to b«
Icamtd from the book ot Job. Till man ai^
nv^9 at tl^i; blessed place, whwe ke sh4
6T0CIIL*S BOOK OF JOB.
329
Inor ereo as he is known, let him lay his
juiidiipon hi^ mouth, and humbly acknow-
iedjeiys incapacity to judge of the dispensii-
tioosofdie figiituJus governor of tiie world.
-liiwUlend well at theTast with him that loves
Ui God, and trusts in him.
" Reader, 1 believe so. I am assured of
it; although 1 also have shared in the miseries
of mortality, and am at thii very moment
pittc«l through with sorrow . A few days be-
i*i: I prestTibi^d to my-^elf the task of trans-
lating iob, a disease ot the most excruciating
kind tell on a bi?loved consort, my most laith-
ful companion thn)ugh toil and peril for tiie
apace of tMenty->eveu years. While 1 pro-
ctedetl, not hef liissoluiion only svam before
my eyes : pain, the extremity of pain, which
I would mo>t gladly liave bought oft* by my
own suflVring, drew" from the most patient of
human creatures accents of woe, which I liear
now, and will speak no more of them. It was
a business of six weeks. The last line of this
tnmsiatioD was tracing tcliilt they carried lier
to lua- grave.*
" \ly God, it is thy doing ! I will lay this
good book to my heart, and be still."
p. 243, 244.
Under such circumstances, and in so
ihort a portion of time, a work of this na-
ture cocdd not be properly performed. We
ate astonished indeed that it was perform-
ed at all ; and more astonished still that
it has the merit which we very gladly
ascribe to it : but tlie cause of sacred cri-
ticism would have been better served, and
the reputation of the learned prelate
^ouy have been givatly increased, had
he been content, in that season of afflic-
tion, with deriving trom the original work
the consolation he has found in it 3 defer-
red the translation to a season in which his
mind could have been free from the per-
turbation under w hich it must have labour-
ed; and apportioned more equally the
time employed to the difficulty and im-
jiortance of the undertaking.
•In tiie preface Dr. Stock attempts, we
tfaiiik widiout succciss, to settle tlie time
at ^liich this extraordinary poem wa^
VrTitien. He observes, p. v, vi.
** The sacred critics in gtneral have been
apt to ascribe to the book of Job an origin
tiBit loses it«e!f in the sliadts of anticjuity. 1 he
o^ion, I believe, rested at first on the very
uud^ foundatkm of what is stated in the two
conchidiDg verses of the work, which ascribe
to its heru a k>ngevity tliat belonged only to
the ^fneratioDs not far distant from the tUxnl.
Of the authentkrity of those verses 1 thudt I
bai^e shewn in my note on them that we have
t^ery reason to be suspkdous.
•' But if it were ever so difficult to ascertain
the portion of time when the patriarch lived,
it may not be impossible, from internal markg
in the poem itself, to conje»:tiire with tolen»ble
certainty the era of its author. Ihis is what
1 have attempted 16 execute. The subject
Is curious ; and on a close inspection of the
work before us, certain notc»s of time have nre-
SviJited lliemselves to my observation, wnich
appear to have escaped" the diligence of all
preceding critics. The reader will allow me
to oiler them to him here in a summary* man-
ner, referring him for further satisfaction OA
the point to what I have said m the notes.
" Allusions to events recorded m five
books of Moses are to be found in this poem,
Ch. XX, 20, compared with Numb. xi. 33,
34. Ch. xxvi. 5, compared with Gen. vi. 4,
7, 19. Ch. xxxiv. 20, compared with Exod.
xii. 10. Ch. xxxi. 33, compared with Gen.
iii. 8, 12; and I shall hardly be expected to
prove, that the author of the jwem derived
nis knowledge of those events from a history
of so much notoriety as that of Moses, rather
than from oral or apy other tradition. Fact*
are not usually referred to, before the history
recording theni has had time to obtahi cur-
rency. I'he inference is clear: the writer of
the Cook of Job was junior to the Jewish le-
gislatorj and junior it is likely by some time.
" A similar mode of reasoning upon com-
parison of Ch. xxxiii. 23, with 2 Sam. xxiv.
16; 1 Chron. xxi. 15, will, if I mistake not
greatly, bring down the date of our poem be-
low the tune of king David, »
" Lastly, C'h. xii. 17, to the end, seems to
po'uit to the circumstances pnceding and at-
tending tlie llabylonish caplivity: and CIl
xxxvi. 8 — 12, has an appearance' of athiding
to the various fortunes oi Jehoiachin king of Ju-
dali, 2Kings^xiv. 12. xxv. 27; notes of time
these, which, though not so manifest as the
fore-i.Tentioned, may deserve attention ; since
they add strength to the sentiment of tlu)se
learned men, who have been inclmed to give
the honour of this celebrated composition to
Ezra."
If our readers will give themselves the
trouble to compare the above-mentioned
pas.sages, they will undoubtedly be con-
vinced that in this attempt to ascertain the
era of tlie autlior of tliis book. Dr. Stock
has not been successful. The first of
these passa^s derives all die little efficac^
it may possess, from a variation in the
version which comes not with siifticient
authoritj'. He who has not access to Dr,
Stock's translation, cannot judge of the
importance of this passage in this enquiry.
For " surely he shall not feel quietness
in his belly, he shall not save of tliat ^v|kich
he desired," Dr. Stock reads, "Bccrost
he acknowledged not the quail in hi« iito-
* Mrs. Catliafme Stock died May 5, 1805, in the 55lh year of her age: she has left tc-
hiixl her hfleeu cliildren.
Ax5. jibv. Vol.. rv. K
130
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
mach, in tlie midst of his delight he shall
not escape/' The old version is more
suitable to tlie context, and would not per-
haps have been altered by the right reve-
rend translator, had not the ambiguous
word iTfiT afforded a plausible opportunity
of supporting an hypotliesis. The next
chapter, which is thought to contain an
allusion to the deluge, rests upon no surer
foundation. In. Ch. xxxiv. 20, tliere is
very probably a reference to the death of
the first-born in Egypt, and in CJi. xxxi^
the transgression of Adam is expressly
mentioned. But such focts as these —
the former of which, it is probable, had
but recently hnppened, might be the sub-
ject of oral information only. The story
of Adam, wc have ever}- reason to believe,
was a common tradition ; and so striking
an event as the sudden destruction of tlie
first-bom, could scarcely fail of being soon
communicated to the neighbouring people,
and amongst those who were not idolaters
must have been remarked and cited as an
evidence of the power and the moral go-
vernment of God.
Of the allusions ,to the destroying and
the interceding angels in the time of
David, aud to the events attending tlie
Babylonish captivity. Dr. Stock himself
does not appear perfectly convinced ; and
no one will find them in the passages to
'which he has referred, who has not an
hypothesis to propose or to support. It is
in point here to obser\-e that the former
of these was regarded by Warburton,
whose object also it was to bring the date
of this book as far down as possible, as
•* a most circumstantial account of God's
dealing with Hezjkiah." The ques-
tion, therefore, re«[)ecting the date of this
singular and beautiful production, is not
yet settled. One thing we apprehend
must be regarded as certain — tliat if it had
been of tlie age of Ezra, tliere would have
been no occasion to explore the poem so
minutely, or to alter the version of am-
biguous words in order to find references
to the Jewish history : tliese must have
been interwoven with the whole piece,
and given • a strong and decided colouring
to tlie poem.
Two of the sources, whence the He-
brew poets drew their most striking and
2. This man.'] 1 follow the masoret distinction of the lines.
6. The bases thereof,'] lis cassoons, upon what are they sunk ?
10. I fixed:] Heb. 7^2aAe5/*or/, fixed it decidedly and briefly. *']n">U is the Chal-
dee version. Had we aiuthority of MSS. 1 should have preferred ?3C?fc^1 and { im-
nclied against it my decree. See the verb in Parkhurst. Being of rare occurrcuce,
t nwght have been changed by transcribers for a word more couunon.
beautiful imagery, were, tlie sacred ritef
of their religious worship, and the sur-
prizing occun'ences in their eventfiil his-
tory. Images derived from these abound
in the odes of David, and In the cfiiisions
of the propjie'ts. It is therefore scarcely
credible, that a long and ornamented
j>oem, in which so few of these image*
can be discovered even by the microscopic
eye of a framer of hypotheses; was com-
ix)sed a considerable time after these rite*
were established, and ,these occurrence*
recorded by tlie pen of the historian.
But it is time to proceed to the exami-
nation of the learned translator^ laboursb
In carefully colliiting this version with
that in general use, we have found nearly
five hundred variations, of w^hich more
than four hundred and thirty are mark-
ed witli an aster". w, to denote that they
* depart materially from our comnioa
English translation.' Of these variations
many are very judicious, others are need-
less } some cUe very faulty, blemishes
rather than improvements. As a fair
specimen of tlie work we present our
readers witli the following version of lh«
XXX VI nth chapter.
" CHAPTER XXXVIIlth.
" 1 . Tli(»n Jehovah answered Job out of the
whirlwind and said:
2. Who is this that darkeneth wisdom by
words,
* This man without knowledge ?
3. Gird up now, like a man, thy loins,
For I will question thee, and uiform thoa
me,
4. M'here wast thou wlicii 1 founded the
earth ?
Tell, if thou knowcst zvhat is understand-
ing.
5. A\ ho lixed the measures thereof, if thoi
kuowest ?
Or who stretchetl the line upon it ?
6. I'lwn what ar«i the ba'^es thenx)f n-sled,
Or who laid the corner stone thereof?
7. When the morning stars sung together.
And all the sons of God shouted for joy.
8. Or who shut up with d(x>rs the sea.
When it brake forth, as if it issued from ft
womb r
9. ^^'llen I made the cloud the garment
thereof,
And thick darkness its swaddling-band,
10.* Wheal lixed over it my decree.
And set bars and doors,'
STOCR*S Book OF JoMi
i^i
i\. And said, hitherto shall thou come, but
jio further,
And here shall thy proud waves be stay-
id.
7?.*Ilail thou out of thy seas commauded
the morning >
*Ha4 thou known the datfn, since it was
ap{xmiteil ?
13. Thai it might lay hold of the edges of
the earth,
*And the Hashes be set in motion from
her?
14.*She chansjdth her appeatanre, as cldy
from the s<*al,
*And they pre-^cnt themselves like a per-
son fuil-dresswl :
L5.*-Vnd firoiu the Hashes their light is with-
drawn.
And tj c high-raised ann is broken.
16. H±»t thou entered mto the mazes of tlie
sea ? .
Or iu the inmost recess of the deep hast
thou Malked ?
17. Ilavc the gates of death been revealed to
thee.
And Uic gates of the shadow of death
liast IhiHi seen ?
lS.*I)ofi thy understanding extend to the
wide stretchings of the earth ?
TfH, if Ihou knowcst it all.
to. Where is the road to zvfune light dwcll-
elh?
And dariwne^s, wliere is the place therrof ?
JO. Seeing thou canst conduct us to its bor-
der.
And seeing thou art acqiiamted with the
paths to its house.
21.*Tho*i nmst know, because thou wert born
at the time.
And in number thy days are many.
22. ?Iast thou enteretl into the treasures of
the snow.
And the treasures of the hail hast thou
seen,
23. Wliich I reserve against the time of dis^
trt*ss,
Against the day of combat and war ?
24. Where is the way to where lightning id
Strewed out ?
To whence the east wind is let loose upori
the earth?
2j. AVho hath laid out for the flood its chan-
nel.
And a way for the forked bolt of tliun-
der,
26.^ To cause rain on the earth where no
man is,
On the wilderness where mortal is not ;
27. I'o satisfy the ilesolate and waste ground j
1 o cause the issue of the grass to sprmg >
28. Hath the ram a father?
Or who hath begotten the round drops of
the dew ?
29. Out of whose womb came the ice ?
And the hoar frost of hc*aven, who hath
gendered it?
30. As with stone, do the waters cover them-^
selves,
♦And the face of the deep is taken pri*
son^jr*
11. ^stayed.] ITeb. shall one put a stop to ; verb im})er.
12. The duiL-n.'] Joining irTOTl, as in many copies. "Idp'fci, since it ivas eMb-^
hikfd, for the purposes mentioned in the next verse.
Ibid. Out of the. seas.l From M'hose bosom the first streaks of light seeni to tdkd
their rise. To prevent the equivoque of ^"^^"^D which may signify either from thjr
da)'5 or from thy seas* two copies have tlie word *7D*^D, from thy sea in tl^e singu-
lar cumber 5 but it is not necessary to write so, since tlie context explains thci
ttmse.
13. And thejlashes,'] Vulg. O^JHin, of die authenticity of which word it should
«eem that many copyists had a doubt by writing the y in a position elevated above
the level of the other letters, and that twice over in die same verse. In place of tliis
intruder we should substiiutc the letter D, and make the D^StJ'l, wliich denote*
foMkct of Ufrhfniftq, corruscations, as in P?. Ixxviii. -18. The whole passage will
theu become both consistent with itself, and elegant. Tlie flashes, or first streaks of
A?y-i«cht, are tlescribed as presenting themselves to view in the gay dress of a cour-
tier going to wait on his hovereign ; while the earth, whose edges are illuminated by
wm, changes her appearances, as the clay (the eastern .substitute for sealing-wax)
takes difterent forms according to the seal : the splendour of these flashes is diminish-^
•Bdby the .«!ujKTior lustre of tiie pliinet of day advancing in his course, till by degree.^
^ fu^ raised ann (or the projected arm) tV^"^ yi*^^ tlie ann of Shooting) which was
itrctclied across the heaven, is broken off. Of the justice of this picture of the sky
w a fine rooming every reader must be Jl judge, who has accustomed himself to the
budable practice of early rising.
. 16. Tfte mazet.'] From *nU to be perplexed comes the name, implying meanders^
■tricate passages into the abyss. — Scott. Parkh, Ipfl is the penetrate of the ocean*
20, 21. Contain a lofty irony. — Scott.
^. Li^tning.'] So we should render "1*lN herci as in chap. x;txvii. v. 3i oa ac-
«wnt of its acconipaniinenis— whid, ruin, and thundor.-— ^tfy^.
132
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTIGAL AFFAIRS.
bind
up
the
delights
of
3l.*Cmist thou
warmth,
*0r the flakes of#.cold canst thou set
. loose ?
32.*C;mst tjiou hfms; forth the biiglit iii its
Sfu^on,
*An<{ annfort corrosion over her sons ?
33. KiiowonI thou th«» Matults for heaven,
, *Canst th^Hi lay d;>wn regulations for the
earth ?
3L Can<«t thou lift up to Uie clouds thy
voice,
That A deluge of waters may cover thee ?
35. CaiLst liiou dispatch the lightnings, that
they may go,
And may siiv unto thee, Iiere we are !
3t). Who iiath settled in the inward parts
wi>doni ?
Or who hath given to the imagination
discernment >
37. AMio shall number the vvarrijig clouds by
wisdom r
*Aik1 tlie pitcbcr of heaven who shall
St0(>]) ?
38. When the dust iixeth into hardness.
And the clodi slick close to,«TKher ?
39. \N lit thou liunt down for tiie lioness her
prey Ir '
And witli animal llesli wilt thou stuff the
young litnis ?
40. AViien they couch in th(?ir dens,
*\\'hen thtj abide in the covert, their
place of ambush >
41. Who layeth out for the raven his provi-
sion,'
When his youno: ones caw unto God,
* Whi^n they are straying to where tliere is
no food ?"
All the corrections which the common
versiou has received from the hand of
Dr. S. arc not equally judicious. Impar-
tiality reciuires that we select a few to
exemplify tliis remark.
Old rcrshn — '* For now it would be hea-
viiT than the sand of tlu; sea: Uieretbrc my
words are swallowed up." Cliap. vi. v. 3.
Dr. Stock — " For now b^-ond tiie sand ' of
th<* sea it would be heavy ;
Therefore my words are swallowed up.'*
O. f\ — " C'aiist tlkui by sea/chin^ lind o\it
God ? canst thou fmd out the Ahmghty unto
perfection ?
** It is as high as heaven ; what can>t tliou
do ? de 'pvr than hell ; wliat can>t thou kiiow.*
Chap. XI. V. 7-8.
Dr. S. — " Canst thou by searching fmd out
God?
Unto perfection canst tliou find out tlu; Al-
mii^hty ?
See the heights of heaven^ what canst tboa
do .'
See a deep below hell, what canst thou
know ?"
0, /'. — *' If r wait, the grave U mine bouse:
I have made my bed in the darkness.
" I liavc said' to corruption, Thou art my
father; to the worm, Thou art my mother
and my sister." Chap. xvii. v. 13-14.
Dr.'S, — "Though i tarry, the grave is
mine house,
Ir darkness must I seek my mattra^Js :
To the pit must J .say, my father an tbou ;
My mother and my sister / mu^t call the
worm."
0. /'. — " B*»hold, I cr}' out of wrong, but
I am not heard: 1 cry aloud, but tlurrc istia
judgement." Chap. xix. v. 7.
Di\ S. — " Lo, 1 may cry murder ! but
have no answer ;
r may roar, but there is no justice.'*
O. V, — ** llie lion's whelps have not trod-
den it, nor the iierce lion passed by it.
** He putteth forth h shind upon^he rock ;
he overtunieth the mountains by the- root^"
Chap, xxviii. v. 8-9.
Dr. S. — '* The sous of the splitter trcaci it
not,
Neither passeth over it the jackal.
Into the flint he Uirusteth his hand,
He upturaeth by tlie roots the mountains.*'
In a note upon tliis passage the trans-
lator obser\-es, tliat the spliUer signities
the lion : — ^Why then, we ask, has he
3 J . Vi€ delights.'] A pleasurable sensation of warmth. — Parkh, Tlie ^akes of
cold are the spiada of frost, which penetrate the skin.
32. Comfort corrosion.'] A beautiful poetical image. Canst thou make amends iQ
' tlie destructive blast tor the loss of tlie numerous trilie of insects, to which she gave
hirtb last season, ancl Which were swept away as quickly as they came, bj giving Lrr
the opportunity of producing as many more ? For DI'STO see above. Cliap. xxxvii.
verse 2.
33. Regulations.'] For TitfittTfi read with one MS. Jll'^IOtZTtt. The common read-
ing affords no antecedent to I'^IO^P.but 0*^27, the plural to the singular.
34. Mat/ cover thee.] May form, as it were, a pavilion for tlie lord of thunder.—
Scott.
30. Discernment.'] To count the conflictingeletnenUt as Parkh. expounds D^plTW.
37. Who shall stoop,"] To discharge their contents upon tlie earth. This image is
similar to the inclined urn, which the heatlien poets place in tlie hand of a river-ged.
Scott from Schultens.
38. W^Af/i tlic dust.] When rain is most Wanted to mollify the glebe^ hardened -bj
brought.
STOC^ S BOOK OI^ JOB.
133
chaogfd the old verBion for a synouimoufj
ejpre^iony harsh and unpleasant, und
letjtiirioga marginal illustration ? This is
QupTuot cither of taste or judgement.
0. y. — *' I am a brother to dragons and a
rmnpanion to owls." Chap. xxx. vl *9.
Ih". 6\ — " A brother am 1 to drjy;ons,
AaA a comi^auion to the daughters of screech-
ing.**
AVe cite this instance as one amongst
many others tlint might be adduced to
justify the censure >»'e hii\ e passed upon
die hasty mnniior In which this version
Lis been prepared. Daughters of screech*
t»» is a literal translation of the original
pxnical phrase 71 jV^ m^H, and might
pn>piTly enough be substituted ibr oiiis,
but in a short note Dr. S. informs us lliat
it is 'a common epithet for osl riches.* In
hU haste he has unfortunately forgotten
tbat in his transhition of Isaiah, cliap. xiii.
V. 21, he hai« rendered the very same
phrase by acrrcc/i-oit/.s and, uj>on the au-
thority of tliat excellent critic Rosen-
roulier, asserted tliat it cannot mean oS"
tricfits.
All the above alterations, and many
more, we are .sorry to say, might 1x3 added,
are needless j and some of tiiem betray a
total want of discrimiualion 'and taste.
We subjoin a few yet more reprehensible,
in which the correction is not only uced-
kss but abbolutely faulty.
0. /*. — " lie is wise in heart, and mighty in
Jtrfn^h : who hath hardened himself against
^ liiiii, ajid liath pro^pTed?" Chap. ix. v. 4.
Dr. S. — " Wine in heart a-* lie is, imd
miffjity in strength,
AVho >Iiail play the sturdy with him and pros-
ji-.-r:-''
(\ y. — " He will not suffer me to take my
bfvatii, but fiUeth uie with bitterness." ibid.
T. 18.
Dr. S — " He givcth no respite . to my
breath,
Tliocjgh he stuifrth me with bitterness."
0. y. — " If 1 say I will forget my com-
pUint, I will leave oif mv heaviness and com-
Jartnivsetf." Ibid. v. 27.
Dr 'S.—*' If 1 sav I will forget mv sad
tlMUght,
I will leave mv zin/ faces, and wear a smile.' '
0. y. — " 1 uni from iiim that he may rest
I'll he shall accomplish, as an hireling, Ixis
^Jii)." Chap. xiv. V. 6.
Dr. S-^** Look anray from hun and let him
tleray
Till he has run through, as an hireling, iiis
day."
What ear is not offended by this miser-
able jingle? What cause of boasthig is
there here, that this translation was a
work of six weeks ?
0. F. — " With us are botli the gray headed
and verv ai^ed men, much elder than tii-s la-
thiT." Chap. XV. V. 10.
Dr. •i'.-7** 'fhe gray head and the chrony
are with us,
Th<? plenti.ous, more tlian Uiy father in
days."
O. y. — " M'hereas our substance is not cut
down, but the remnant of them tiie lire eon-
sumeth." Chap. xxii. v. 'iO.
Dr. a. — " As surely as our estate shall not
be carried away,
So en their savings 'shall the fire ptey."
O. /'. — " 'i'lie east windcarrieih him away,
and he deparletli." Chap, xxvii. v. 121.
Dr. a. — " The east wukI upliflelh liim and
he Is ort'."
O. y. — " Her young ones aKo suck up
blood." Chap, xxxix. v. 30.
Dr. »S'.— " And her young ones gobble up
blood."
It is no pleasant task to point out such
gross > iolations of propriety and of goo<l
taste as these, and we are sorry to observe
that the list might have been made more
extensive. Our object has been, to in-
duce the learned prelate to be more cau-
tious in any future work of this nature j
and to reperuse before he favours tlie
world with a translation of any other por-
tion of scripture, those excellent rules
which his great predecessor laid down in
his admirable ' historical view, &c.* and
to which he himself so faithfully and ju-
diciously adhered. It is with interpret-
ers in general, as with annotators : they
never know when to stop, but appem* to
estimate the value of their version by the
quantity rather than the quality of their
coiTections. We recollect scarcely a
single translator, * who has not, without
any reason, altered elegant and harmo-
nious passages in the common English
version, and utterly destroyed all sweet-
ness of sound, widiout improving tlie
sense.
Our readers may perhaps be curious to
know the opinion of the bishop of Xilkla
conceniing the much controverted passage
chap. xix. V. 25-26. It' we had not al-
ready extended this article to a more than
usual length, we would transcribe the note
upon diose verses. We can do no more
than state that Dr. S. rejects the opinion
of Peters aud others, that the bnguage of
Jtjb had fl reference to a general resurrec-
tion to etenial life, and considers it as
expressing a full ' expectation of returning
from the grave at son)e future ixMiotl, to
see his own innocence vindicated, and his
calumniators punished.'
Many short but uf^eful notes accompany
this \ersion, yet tlieir number miglit
J34
TI^EOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
vith great advantage, liave been n>uch in-
creased. Every book should be as com-
plete as possible in itself. This is a rnaxim
which has been often recommended, and
no author should be unmindful of it.
The obicure passages, of which almost
every reader of tliis version will wish tor
an elucidation, may be cxplnined !)y
Heatli or Scptt, but these valuable works
are not in every reader's possession.
We must not omit to mention that in
this work several conjectural emendations
by Dr. S. occur, in general very judicious
and happily throwing light upon difficult
passages. One of these has been already
placea before our readers in tlie e^v tract
we have made. Of the rest the following
are the most satisfactory : chap. vi. v. 7,
'»13 for *<n3 ; chap. xv. ver. 22, ^mSJO
torl^in ISn 5 verse i^9, D'^blD for
0*^730 J chap. XX. verse 7, ih^^Xl foF
•)7 /3D ; chap. xxx. verse 2, *^Sb4 for
^3M J verse 24, ]rT7 for Trh ; chap.
xxxvii. Til for '^'^5. This part of die
learned translator's labours might have
l)een extended ; and the emendations of
many eminent critics, now widely scatter-
ed, might liave been collected, and,
in many instances, advantageously intro-
duced.
The translation of Isaiah by Dr. Stock
was accompanied by the Hebrew, and
we are sorry that tlie same plan lias not
been adopted in this version of Job. ' Th«
Hebrew original,' observes the autliori
' I have not been at the pains to annex tn
tlie present work, because tlie critics
seem to have given me no thanks for my
lab<)ur in publishing Isaiah with points j
and I work for ordinary scholars, like my-
self, who do not hope to understand He-»
brew very well, witliout the assisiance of
those reprobated points.' Pref. p. viii.
We are perhaps among tliose to whom
the learned author here refers. We ven-
tured to express om* disapprobation of tlio
points that accon^panied the original of
Isaiah, but we are truly concerned and
surprized, that, because the points were
reprobated, the Hebrew text has been
in tlie present publication widiheld.—
Though we do not lay the same stress
upon these barbarous inventions thai the
bishop of Killala does, yet we should
have been glad to have seen the original
text even with the incumbrance of the
niasoretic commentary.
Wo now take leave of this version of a
very curious and im|X)rtant book of scri|>T
ture, after having endeavoured to give a
full and an impartial account of it. Wo
are happy to express our approbation of
the greater part of tlie corrections which
the common version has here received;
but we regret that it is not so perfect us it
wpuld have been had the author bestowed
upon it a larger share of uninterrupted at-
teution.
SACRED CRITICISM.
Art. III. — .4 llndicaiion of certain Passat^cs in the cnmuion English fcrsion of fhc Xczd
Testament; addressed to Granville Sharps Enq. Author of the '* Renmrks on the Cues nf
the Definitive Article in the Greek Text of the At it' TestamuU.** By the Rev. Calvin
Wfnstanley, a. M. 12mo. pp. 84.
OUR readers, \ve apprehend, cannot
have bedn inattentive to die progress of die
j.'nquiry to which this excellent litde tract
ivlatcs, and which we hope it has brought
to a conclusion. In the j'jar 1797» tliere
iippeared, in the second part of a learned
occasional work, entitled ' Museum Oxo-
^liense,' a paper written by Mr. Granville
^harp, and intencled to exhibit an argu-
inent in favour of the divinity of Christ,,
deduced from the Greek definite ardcle,
and die copulative conjunction. In die
Evidences of Christ's Divinity, hy Dr.
Whitby 3 a table iK>j to be found in his
LAsl" THoi^GiiTS, Hs Dr. Burgess well
knew, though he had not the candour to
acknowledge it. In die course of the
same )'ear appeared six letters addressed
to Mr. Granville Sharp by Mr. Wads-
worth, it was said, of Cambridge, intend-
ed to form a supplement to the ' Re-
marks,- and to corroborate the si^ecies of
evidence which had been exhibited in
diem, by numerous quotations from the
midst of erudite criticisms, not generally fathers', esjx?cially the Greek fathers. In
regarded as iipportant, it might have re
mained knovyn only to' a few scholars who
have acce3§ ):o tliat work, had not the
present bishop of St. David's, in the year
J 7t)d, urged by his great zeal for tlie or-
thodox faith, republished it in a pompous
1S03, six more letters were addressed to
jNIr. Sharp by an anonymous author, of a
very diti'erent character, and of very dif-
ferent views, who called himself Girgoiy
iBlunt. An account of this witty produc-
tion was given in our second volume.
and illiberal manner, subjoining a tabic of IJis object was, ridens diccre xxrum 3 and
IKCHBALD S TWO THEORIES OP THE FALL OF MAN.
135
in && field of grammatical controversy he
ma^ be acknowledged to have used the
we2pons of ridicule \^th great sit ill and
CiTecL Mr, Winstanley has entered last
into the lists — 3 sober champion^ cased in
die armour of Grecian literature, and at-
tacking hi^ boastful antagonist witli his
owB weapons. He has clearly proved
that the iirst suspicions which arose in
Mr. Wadsworth's mind are unjast : ' Sure-
ly/ said I, * Mr. Sharp has only not gone
10 tar in the investigation as earlier critics.
There mast be some secret fiillacy ; and
be is producing to us, as a valuable dis-
covery, that which his predecessors, after
ha^'ii^ for a time followed it, must have
foimd oat to be an empty phantom, and
ao ihey returned from their pursuit, and
sat down again, not venturing to tejl the
world how idly they had been occupied.'
See &> Letters, Sec. page 2.
This secret feliacy, which esca^>ed this
laat-mentioned author, has been detected-
by Mr. Winstanley, and clearly bronght
to light. He examines, witli care, the
se>eral mles which had been propo.sed by
Mr. Slitirp ; he ' proves some to be de-
fective, some fidlacious, and others abso-
lutely talse.' It is impossible to give any
satisfactory analysis of such a publication
as this, or to select any passage that should
do Justice to the author or his subject :
but \va recommend it to the serious re-
gard of those who, dazzled by " tlie im-
ix)sing light in which the * Remarks* have
been reconmiended to public attention,*'
have been induced to give their approba-
tion to canons of criticism Xvhich are at
variance with the genius of the Greeic
language, which tend to deform and vi-
tiate our English version of the Scriptures,
and which * exhibit the sacred penmen in
unfavourable colours, irreconcileable witlv
the uprightness and simplicity that cha-
racterise their \n ritings/
AiT. l\'. — A concise and interesting fiexv of the Ohjection of Mr. Gibhon, that our I/yrd
foretftld his second Coming in the Clouds of HtaviH in the Generation in zvhich he lived,
'^zhirhtlte Revolution of seventeen Centuries has proved not to be agreeable to Kjperienc.e:
ehirfty intended its a Specimen of the true Method of asccj^taining tiie genmne Meaning
if the Xezv Testament, By N. Nisbett, M, A. Rector of Tunstal. 8vo. pp. 39.
THIS little tract, published in the terests of our common Christianity, ^e
form of a sermon, delivered, we are told
w tke preface, before the judges of assize
at Maidstone in the year 1802, is an epi-
tome of a very valuable w^ork, reviewed
by us in a former volume. The subject,
it is well known to theological students.
will venture to confess that, from the very
day in which a^ e read the first publica-
tions of this intelligent and zealous writer,
we have been satiNded of the justness and.
high imporUmce of the principles which
he has been labouring to establish. We
has occupied the author's attention for earnestly recommend this tract, but
many years, ' from a steady conviction,
as he asserts, * that it would not only fur-
nish an unanswerable reply to Mr. Gib-
bons objection concerning the coming of
Cimst3 *>"^ 'Jiat it would lead to a more
accurate knowledge of the New Testa-
ment than has hitherto been acquired.*
As this subject does not relate to any
•pcculative doctrine, but involves the iu-
especialiy the publication to which we
have before alluded, and of which this is
only an outline, to tiie attention yt' those
who arc desirous of seeing an able illus-
tration of many very striking passages of
scripture, and a strong hold of intidelity
swept away like the house erected oh the
sand.
Avt. \.-^Brirf and impartial Ficw of the tzvo Tlieories of the Fall of Man, by the Rev.
P. Ikchbald. 8vo.
THE author of the Wisdom says in
the second chapter (v. 23 and 24), ' God
tTe4ed man to be immortal, and rnade
him to be an image of his own eternity ;
nevenheless, through envy of the devil,
eanie death into the world.* This is not
only the scriptural, but the popular opi-
ttioQ concerning the fall. Milton, who
was learaed in theology, and who aspired
to make his fablings correspond witli the
K;ceived uf>tions of the clu-istian world,
ffvfi* an analogous representation : ac-
cording to which, mortality is the heredi-
tary corruption we owe to Adam, the im-
puted penalty, the unceasing consequence,
of his conduct.
Mortality, if it be a misfortune, is how-
ever no sin. Vice is a departure from the
laws of reason, crime from tlie laws of
society, and sin from the laws of religion -
To die is not an act of disobedience to
God. The original sin of Adam, if it
produced a mortal change in his nature,
became^ by tiiat \iiry change, thenceforth
136
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
incapable of repetition. It is no more
possible t6 inherit a sin, than to inherit a
tall from One's horse. A sin is an act of
transgression, not a habit or a tendency.
What we can and do inherit is the capa-
bility of sinning, tlie power of being sti-
mulated by apj)etite, anger, vanity, and
lust, to commit actions unfavourable to
our own happiness, and to that of others.
This capability of sinning is necessarily
accompanied with a tendency to sin : for
the original propensities ot' all animals are
selfish: every creature naturally prefers
itself to others : and such preference, in a
case of collision, is sin. It is by experi-
ence and cuhure that tliose sympathies
and forecasts are evolved, which purify
our actions' into virtue, by causing them
to be performed with a view to the pro-
duction of the greatest happiness, whe-
tlier we ourselves are to partake it or no.
As far as selfishness is sinful, and self-im-
molation virtuous, we inherit peccancy
and accjuire merit : we pass, as is techni-
cally said, from a state of nature to a state
of grace. This regeneration of our ideal
associations is often brought about by the
means of religious opinions ; by in:3istiiig
on the advantages which, in a future state,
V'ill attend the sacrifice of ourselves to
others ; by insisting on the miseries which,
. in a future state, will attend the prefer-
ence of ourselves to others ; thus making
our very selfishness a motive to our bene-
volence. And thus faith mgy conquer tiie
original hereditary selfish tendency, or
pravity, of our nature, and ought in ihat
case to be imputed to us as righteousness.
These observations being, premised, we
suspect it will be found more scriptural,
and more rational, to incline toward ll>e
first, than toward the second dieory of tiie
f.dl here examined : although several of
tlie phrases in use among the cah inistic
arguers may be mere jargon. We advise
tlie author to reconsider his opinion : we
prize the learning, the clearness, and the
-sincerity, displayed in the statement of itj
but we diink its soundness likely to be
denied both by the tlieologian and the
metaphysician.
Art. VI. — A Help to the Unlearned in the Studt/ of the Holif Scriptures : beinq an Attempt
to explain the Jiihle in a familiar ff'ai/. Adapted to comiiion Apprelunsions^ and accord"
ing to t/ie Opinions of approird Commentators, By Mrs. Trimmer, Author of Sacred
History^ t^c, S^c. 8vo. pp. 8J2.
MRS. TRIMMER*s character is well
known and highly esteemed. The poor
have foimd in her a benevolent friend,
and, in some instances, a judicious in-
fitructress j but for the employment which
she has here undertaken she is by no
moans qualitietl. Odier talents than this
good lady possesses, are requisite in those
who would unfold to the uninformed the
volume of holy writ. In aiming to be
faniilinr, she is often eminently trifling :
in her condescension to the weakness of
those whom she would instmct, she some-
times derogates from the sublimity and force
of the lessons of divine wisdom'j and,
throughout this ponderous book, one great
object appears pre-eminent, the support
of the ftstablished system both in dcK-lrine
and discipline — a system to which we
have no doubt slie is sincerely attached.
Had she confined her recommendation of
this to such passages of scripture as clearly
authorized her to do sq, she would have
been in the way of her duty : but she has
twrtured many a passage to effect this pur-
pose, and advanced interpretations for
which she can shew no warrant. A few
*' Gen. XIV. ver. 18. — Observe, what is
said of Melchizedec, and the blessing he pro-
nounced upon Abram, and what Abram gave
to the priest of the most high God. From
which we leani that it is agreeable to the will
oi God that the people aiiould pay tithes to
his miiiifters. Farn^ers, tiu-rcfore, and otJien
of whom tithes are demanded, should pay
them to the clergy with a willing mind, as an
otlering to God ibr increasing the hiiits of
. th(! earth." '
"Psalm xcii. — The instruments, men-
tioned ver. 3., were always used in the tcniple
strrvice at Jerusalem ; and in many cluisUan
churches there arc organs, which are great
helps to devotion when people mind properly
what they are about ; but very often Uiey at-
tend only to the music, as an amusement,
which is a great profanation of the liord's
house and his holy worship. They should
sing to the praise and p:lory of God, as the
clerk calls ui)on them to do."
" Matt. XV 11. ver. 22. — From our Lord'?
sending Peter to catch a fish, we learn, that
in cases of necessity we should work in our
respt'ctive callings,* in order to earn money,
since God's blessing attends honest industn*.
If Peter had not found money in the mouth
of the fish, the sale of it would have fetched
him something, and by fishing on he might
short extracts will be sufficient to shew ^»^'<^ ^^^^ sullicient number of fi>h to pn>-
the character of Uiis work, and to justify 1".^*^ \^''' ,^"ij^ ^Y' '''^^i!,^' ^^r ''/ -fil uH
the rpmnrka w^ h^^^ ^rlvunV..! ^ ^ *^»»^ "\™ Ic, that our blcsscd Lord, if he had
chose it, could have got great riches for him*
the remarks we ha\'e advanced.
MRS. TKIMJfEH's HELP TO THE UNLEARNED.
137
sdf from the bottom of the sea; but he had
mwonced all tiie pomps and vanities of the
Hvrid, and submitted to a state of poverty
fcr the sike of mankind.**
** St. John, XVII. ver. 20. — ^The concluding
part of this soU^nui prayer was for all our
ijauX's falthfiil followers' to the end of the
vorid. To be €me xvifh God the Father and
n/AGod the Son, ver.i?l, must signify, to
have the Holy Spirit imparted to them. 'Ihis
was the glory which our iSaviour gave to all
hfii hithful aiM:iples, to be united with God
by means of the Holy Spirit, wliich is given
by the Fatl»er tliruugfi the Son."
Mrs. Trimmer is very reprehensible for
h.i\*ing used, in this passage, and in a man-
ner which lias the appearance of artilicc,
a phrase that does not occur in tlie scrip-
tures either of the Old or New Testa-
ment
" Acts, XIII. ver. 1, 4. — Observe, that tlie
apostles antl all the firn ministers of tht* gos-
pt"! were directed by the immediate inspira-
tion of God. There Is no occasion for this
iKAv, as every thing our Saviour and the
apostle^ taught as nece^sarj' for salvation may
be read in Uie Bible ; but as tlie sacred books
were written at first in other languages, and
tiie gift of tongues is not coulinued, it is
proper that chiistiaii ministers should be
Iramed men. The work for which Barnabas
and Paul were separated, was that of preach-
ing to the Gentiles. Observe, that tl\i;y \verc
ordained to this holy office by the laying on
of thehtmds of the apostles. Tliis rule has
been kept up in the christian church from the
lime of the apostles. The bLshoi)s, who are
BOW at the head of the dmrch, practise it,
and every clergyman is ordained first deacon,
and afterwards ylWr*^, with solemn pray«^r and
the laj-iag on of the hands of the bishops,
who are so far in the apostles' place, that it
rests witli tliein to see that no false doctrine is
taught in tlie church, and tliat its holy ordi-
naiiCi-s, amongst which is the laying on of
their hands, are c^ervtd, and an order of
i>'gular ministers kept up. John, who is men-
tioned ver. 5, was Jolui Mark, not St. John
the EiTUigeUst."
In a short introduction to the epistles
ve meet with tlie following :
*' Christians of the present day arc there-
fore under very different circumstances from
those of tlie apostles' limes. They have nei-
ther Jews nor heathens to dispute with. They
have the \\ritten scriptures for their guide ;
they know that thev are delivered from the
burden of the Mosaic law : and that they liave
nothing to do with the doctrines of tlie hea-
then philosophei^ ; and those of this happy
country are free from persecution ; they have
chwthes in which they may assemble witliout
fear or danger ; they have a r^;ular order of
ministers, which may be traced up to those
ft^ were first ordained by the layuig on of
the hands of the apostles, according to Jesus
Christ's holy institution ; and they liavc an
established tbrni of worship, in every respet:t
agreeable to the doctrines of our Saviour and
his apostles. Christians of tlie present day,
therefore,, have no reasonable causey for dis-
sensions ; they can have no occasion to as-
senil)le in fields, or to make churclies of pri-
vate houses, in order to hear the gospel.
" But unhappily there has been a great fall-
ing otf from the established church; and
there is a gr&di number of sc<:ts and parties
amongst us; still, however, the established
church, as maintained in the kingdom, is a
true branch of tlie holy universal church, built
on tlie foundation of the apostles, Jesus
Christ himseif hfhi<^ the chirj conitr-stone.
The members of the church of England llicre-
fore, that is, all wlio have been baptized in
their infancy, or at any time according to the
oftice of baptism in the Common Prayer
Book, are bound to continue finn to its ofdi-
names and doetrities to the end of their lives ;
for they cannot liiid any g(X)d, that is, any*
scriptural reason for depcirthig from it ; and
they should carefully guard against the insi-
nuations of those who would draw them away
from it; but at the same time they siioulil
also avoid giving way to a contentious and
pers(jcuting spirit."
Again :
*< I. Cor. IV. ver. 1, 7. — In these verses the
apostle teaches christians in what light they
should regard those who are ordained of Go<l
to instruct them in the religion of Christ. By
the mysttries of God, we are to understand
the great truths of revealed religion, and tlie
two sacrament:^, baptism, and the Lord's sup-
per, which it is tlie duty of the ministers of
Cfirist to explain to tlie' people, and, admini-
ster agreeably to the word of God. Those
who hold this sacred office should be reve-
renced by their peopUi, and not judged hardly
of by them. It certainly is an ollence to
God, when people set themselves agaiiLst the
ministers of tlie church; whoever is disposi-d
or persuaded to do so, should call to mind the
a])6stle*s admonition hi the fifth verse."
We shall produce but one more quota-
tion, of itself enough to shew that they
who trust themselves to Mrs. Trimmer's
guidance, may indeed learn w hat she be-
lieves, but not what the scriptures teach.
" I John, V. vet 1, 9. — From these verses
we Icam that none are the true ciiildren of
God but those who believe in his Sonj and
keep his coinmamlments ; and that this is no
difiicult task — also, that tlirongh faith in Christ
we may overcome the temptations of the
world. Ver. 6 means that Jcsus Christ, who
was baptized with water by John the Baptist,
and shed his blood for mankind, was really
the Son of God. Ver. 7. In the text we have
the doctrine of the I'rbiity, the Father, the
Son, and the Holy Ghost, three divme per-
sons in one God. How this can be, is be-
yond our power to comprehoid^ but while wc
133
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
cannot understand our own nature^ consisting
of body and soul, we must not wonder that
w(* slio'uld not be able to understand (he na-
tim* of the Godhead, so infinitely above us.
In the New Testament we n ad ot the Father
as God, of the Son as God, and of the Holy
Crhost as God, yet wo are repeatetlly told that
there is but one (jod ; (h^-si; three therefore
nnist be in that one God, which is all that
Iran be known by us."
Is it possible that Mrs. Trimmer should
undertake to comment upon tlie scrip-
tures, and not know that the most ortho-
dox divines of the established chiircli have
demonstrated that the words upon wliicli
she here lays so much stress are interpo-
lated ? If so, what is this ponderous vo-
lume but a blind guide to lead the blind
astray ? If she did know this, then a hea-
vier charge lies against her; a charge,
however, which we have too gtx)d an opi-
nion of her heart to suppose can be fairly
alleged. But every scribe should be well
instructed.
Art. VII , The Old Testament iUuJtt rated : hein^ ErpHcations of retTuirkaMe Facts and
Passages in the Jen ish. Scriptures, "jnhich have been ohjcettdto by L'ubt lievrrs, and the-
proper Lnd'.r standing of ivhich mat/ be rendered condiieive to a further yJcquutntuHce
with tli£ Chris! inn. Dispensation. In a Series of Lectures to Young Persons, By S am u ei.
Parker. Unio. pp. 37f5,
' THE design of this little compilation
is good — but Mr. Parker's apprehensions
are not unfounded, that '* critics may
probably find great imjierfection in the
execution of the work." '* His object
has -been," as he informs us, " to select
from the writings of others, and some of
them men of considerable celebrity, pas-
sages,, which have a tendency to elucidate
various parts of tlie Old Testament, and
to remove, or lessen, the objections of ini-
believers." Had this plan been executed
witli judgment, it would have proved ex-
tremely valuable. The efforts of the
present compiler will not be >^'holly lost,
but tlieir benefits would have been much
more extensive and more lasting, had the
uumerous passages which he has collected
from the most approved writers been jwo-
perly arranged, and connected by sonic
l)ertinent and judicious original ohxerva-
tions. A few reflections by Mr. Tarker
himself do indeed occur, but the wtirk
would have lost none of its value had
they been wholly suppressed. This little
work, however, may with great advantage
be put into the lunds of young jx^rsons j
it will funiish diem with many excellent
replies to the cavils of unbelievers ; and
especially will direct them to more copi-
ous sources of information.
Art. VIII. An Tnqum/y "whether the Description of Babylon, contained in the Xr/I/th
Cluipter of the Revelations, agrees perfectly ui'lh Home as a City f fyc. In a Letter to ilte
Reverend Mr. ***. //^ Granville Sharp. 12ino. pp. 'J53.
THE questions which have occasioned
this inquiry, ai*e the following : " Whe-
ther the description of Babvlon, contained
in the xviiith cliapter of the Re%elations,
agrees perfectly with Rome as a city, a
commercial city inhabited r^id visited by
merchants and traders? and whetlier it
may not be applied with propriety to some
other opulent and mercantile cities ?** p. 2.
Mr. G. Sharp decides that it applies to
Rome. Following the track which has
* been long occupied by pfotestant inter-
preters of this wonderful book, Mr. Shaip
endeavours to prove that Rome not only
lias been, but still is, notoriously guilty of
all the tliree Babylonian crimes, idolatry,
sprcery, and bloodshed ; and of her being
a trading city tliere can, lie imagines, be
no doubt, when it is remembered wliat
an extensive sale of indulgences has been
carried on in it — a traffic in tlie bodies and
souls of wen ! !
Among many curious passages whicli
occur in this curious little work, none is
perhaps more remarkable than that in
which the author speaks of the fatal en-
deavours to bring alx)Ut a war against
France. '' Of die lafe Mr. Eihnund Burke,
who was himself a real papistical jacobui,
at the same time that he accused d e
English people of having eighty thousand
jacobins among them, in order to incul-
cate the idea of a iwcessity to exercise a
power bejond tlie law, and to promote the
illegal measure of suspending iL'* r. 62.
EVIDENCES OF NATURAL AND REVEALED RELIGION.
By the Reverend
Art. IX. Popular Evidences of Natural Religion and Christianity,
Thomas Watson. 8vo. pp. 477.
THE audior of this useful work lias thought it necessary "
to ojQfer some apo-
WATSON S POPULAR EVIDENCES.
139
fcsj7 (0 the world for bringing it forward,
utilst we have in our own language so
many excellent treatises on the same sub-
ject, and especially after that most excel-
lent peri'onnance of Dr. Paley's " Ele-
roenh of Natural Theology." But no
apology can be required by any candid
reader. Derham and Ray, and others
who have entered upon tlie same argu-
ment, are too learned, as Mr. Watson
justly observes, for those who have not
some previous a<xjuaintance with the sub-
jects on which they treat. A more po-
pubr work was wanting, and ]Mr. Watson
has endeavoured, and not without consi-
derable success, to supply the defect.
In the tliree first chapters the autlior
endeavours to settle the respective claims
of religion and modern philosojjhy. He
ihews that the title of philosophy is un-
justly Usurped by infidcHty, and that jt
belongs properly to religion j he examines
vith some degree of severity tlie general
characters, the acts, the talents, and the
fe\ouiite studies, of infidel philosophers,
and ably supports llie pretensions of reli-
^on to wisdom, as being founded upon
right reason, and leading to the supreme
gooil. Here he has borne somewhat too
hard upon metaphysical pursuits. We
agree indeed with an author that " dies©
are the most uncertain of all studies j tliat
they have given birtli to wrangling and
endless disputation 3 and that they have
been perverted by mien of talents and in-
genuity to puzzle, to perplex, and be-
wilder, the world ;'* — but they ought not
to be thus indiscriminately condemned.
Metapliysics have been successfully em-
f\aj&\ in the cause of moral and religious
truth, and they present some subjects, not
merely of curious, but of important sixj-
culation. The author's inquiries are next
directed to the probability^ that there are
beings in tlic universe superior to men,
and diat die planets are peopled by such,
beings ; and from these conjectures, for
Ihey are nothing else, he deduces the pos-
sibility of the existence of a first great
and invisible cause of idl things. Happily
he has "surer words" in store to confirm
our belief in this article. He then conjec-
tures again that rational beings may pass
through different states of existence as
other animals and even vegetables are
known to do, and tlms may rise again after
death : but in the second part of this work
we meet with something better than such
imperfect analogies, upon which we may
rebi our hope of a future state of being.
Tliese observations form tlic subject of
the four first chapters, and may be con-
sidered as introductory to the chief design
of the work. After a few remarks upon
atlieism, our author proceeds to prove the
existence and perfections of a Supreme
Being; His argument is " from the ef-
fects to the cause, from the visible crea-
tion to the invisible creatot." He first
takes a general view of the universe ; tlie
union, the conn^tion, the preservation, of
all things, are adduced as evidences of the
being — the unity and tlie providence of
God. He dien descends to a more par* /
ticular examination of some of the most
important or striking parts 5 he shews
what the sun, the moon, the stars, the sea-
sons, and die great deep, depose concerning
the existence and the attributes of tlie
Supreme Uein^ Man is presented to our
notice next ; his nature, his excellences,
his imperfections, are all adduced to con-
tribute to the demonstration that there is
a God, and that he rules over the crea-
tures wljom he has formed. A few of
the most remarkable quadrupeds — and the
different provisions made for them — some
str living facts in the history of birds and
of insects, arp likewise mentioned as tend-
ing to the same conclusion, that the works
of nature arc irrefragable arguments of
the being and the providence of an ititelli-
gent first cause of all things. The various
relations which animals bear to men—
their use, their dependance, their hosti-
lity, are shewn to be illustrations of die
power, wisdom, or goodness, of the Crea-
tor. As a conclusion to this first pan of
his work, our author very properly calljr
die attention of his readers to tlie noble
powers and faculties of man, as strong ad-
ditional evidences of the existence and
perfections of the Supreme Being.
From this sketch it will be readily per-
ceived, Uiat'Mr. Watson does not in this
investigation interfere with Dr. Paley. We
subjoin an extract from die first part of
til is treatise, which will in part clearly
evince this, and aflbrd a specimen of our
author's manner. Dr. Paley thinks but
little of the evidence that astronomy flir-
nishes j it did not suit the peailiar nature
of his argument. Mr. Watson regards
the heavenly bodies as well adapted to
display the being and the excellences of
dje Creator. He has accordingly in a po-
pidar and familiar manner shewn that die
glory of God is strikingly manifested in
the firmament. He thus speidis of the
moon ;
140
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
"This light (viz. of tlie moon) is wisely pro-
portioned to the seasons and climates that
most need such assistance. 'Ihis distribution
Is so apparent, that it cannot fail to call the
attentive observer to notice the wisdom and
goodm-ss of such an appointment.
*' In summer when we have little occasion
for this additional light, the arch that the full
moon de-cribes in tliese months, is a small
portion of a large circle. Her duration is
then very short. She barely shows her full
orb, and* descends to visit climes that require
more of her friendly aid. In these nortiiern
latitudes, she makes a short rang^ above our
southern horizon, m* a rly about the same com-
pass that the Hin lakes during our shortest
day; and in many cases her stay is even
much shorter. She is then liltle wanted, and
is therefore but little seen and very little re-
garded.
*' Whilst, dMrinc;thc winter season, and our
shortest <lays, the full moon takes a wide cir-
cuit, rising far towards the north, andp ssiiig
our meridian m a high elcvat on, she d« sceuds
in our western boundary, and generally near
the same place that the sun sets in our longcrst
day. Her stay alx)ve our horizon is during
the whole night ; her duration is nearly equal
to the Sim's duratitni in otir longot day, and
sometimes mucli longer. (This depends up(m
her latitude at the time.) At this time in the
depth of winter, mankinc! most want her bc-
neiit, and therefore at this time it is shared
out to them in the greater degree.
" In the highest latitudes, and the further
Tcmovcd from the bendit of the sun, the full
moon continues the longest, endeavouring to
supply that want to the inhabitants. Jn our
norlh»»rn hemiiJphere, the further north that
any country is removed, so much a greater
share have the inhabitants of the winter's full
moon.
" What I have said here with respect to
the benefits of this planet, applies equally
to both the noilhcrn and southern hemi-
spheres. They enjoy all a share m her bene-
lits in proportion to their wants.
" Now, if we were to reverse the case, and
s\ippose the full moon in summer should take
a wide ram?e above our horizon ; and, on the
contrary, tnat in winter she should hasten her
^ departure, coming forth only to shew her full
orb, and dej^cend suddenly and leave the
world in darkness, we should' certainly censure
the wisdom of the apix)intment, * as bear-
ing in it no marks of benevolence and good-
ness. But this is not the character ot any
part of God's works ; the more they are
sought into -and the better they are under-
Stood, the more marks of beneficence do we
find.
*' It may be argued, that these benefits
arise entirely from the mechanism of the uni-
▼erse, and are governed by fix(.»d and stedfast
laws. This, most certainly, is the case ; but
who has constituted these laws ? and who
planned this \Vonderful frame* of nature? The
answer to this question leads us to the ac-
knowledgment of the wisdom and goodness
of the Great First Cause."
" During the montlis of the harvest, the
full moon continues wit ii us much longer than
during any other months of the year. At
that period she hastens her rising, as if to call
on the husbandman to collect the fruits of the
earth under her friendly assistance. During
the tirst seven or eight Jays after Uie full, you
will rind her generally up before the light of
dav has totally forsaken the skies. From tlie
first to the last of th(.'se eight days, the dilfer-
ence between the time of rising will in general
be found to be less than two houi-s. '1 liis dif-
ference, however, varies in diiVerent places ;
and there is some Variation in the &anie place
in dill'erent yeare. Th:.* principles and causes
of this appearance, this is not the place to exa-
mine and explain. A slight acqtiaintance
with the globes renders the whole pflenome-
non perfectly intelligible. It is sutlicieiU here
merely ti) state the lact, and to c^ll the atten-
tion of those, who may not have considered
this appearauf e, to the' examination of a fart,
which atiords a pleasing testimony of tJie care
and goodness ot our heavenly father.
** This becomes a piieuomenon more strik-
ing, when compared with the fi.dl moons in
the opposite seasons of the year. During
the spring season the. full moons quickly pass
away, 'i'he second or third night after the
full, she rises late, and in a night or two more
it is very near morning before she makes her
appearance. At that season the husbandman
has no great occasion to prolong his lalK>urs
in the tield. At that time, generally cold and
uncomfortable, it would be neither pleasing
nor suited to his health to expose himself to
the severity of cold damp nights. But during
the month's of harvest, when the gatliering in
of the fi nits of the earth is the imixtriant la-
bour of the husbandman; when the suste-
nance of the whole year depends very much
on his diligence at that season ; when he is
imder the necessity of usin^ every exeilion to
prevent the uncertauity ot the seasons ; and
wlien th 'Se months are generally soft and mild;
our great parent and benefactor gives them
extraordinary assistance, by sending to us
scKrfier and protracting longer the stay of the
friendly moon. All his works praise him, and
bear testimony to his providence and care.
y4nd oh ! thutjiicn would praise tlie Lordjor
his goodness, and for his zi'ondcrful n^rks to
the children of men,*'
Having in the conclusion of the first
part of diis treatise shewn that man is
formed for religion, Mr. Watson proceeds
in the second part to exhibit in the same
familiar manner the evidences of the trutli
of Christianity, He insists chiefly npon
those \\'hi«h are usually denominated in-
ternal. He shews that the evidence we
have is the best that can be desired ; and
taking the prominent parts of this evidence
as it is usually exhibited, fcc illustrates
Watson's i^opular evidences.
141
than with much ability and effect, and in
a inaDner suited to the common capaci-
ties of mankind. We cannot enter into
an analysis of this part of the work, nor is
it necessary, as Mr. Watson takes no new
ground. If he has produced any observa-
tions not usually to be found in treatises
upon tKis subject, it is in tlie concluding
chapter, in which he exiimines some colla-
teral evidences, and particularly die insti-
tution of the Lord's supper. We were
much pleased with the following very
juit and striking passage :
" In tills institution, we meet, not only with
a remarkable in^stance of his knowledge of the
heart of man, by tliat accuracy with which he
foretells their several failing^, which were
futhfuli V- accomplished, but also of his insight
into futurity, by 'assuring thcni that he would
still have a church and a peo|jle to celebrate
tin* benefits conferred by him on the world,
and to preserve the remembrance of his dyin<j
\ovQ, What other can be that command
*hich contains the essential parts of this in-
slitotioQ, Do this in remnnbrancc of mr ?
Never was there a time so unlikely for its ac-
cmiplishmenL He was the next day to be
cnicilied, and all his disciples would abandon
him: and these things he also foresaw and
fonHold. The continuance of his church was
not then an accidental circumstance, which
anise from a combination of unexpected
events, neither within tlie knowledge nor sub-
ject to the direction of men ; but an event
long foreseen and provided for by him, who
is our great lord and head.
. " Had he foretold this event a few days
before, when riding in triumph to Jcrusaleni,
vu might have considered it as a fortunate-
wedkrtion, thrown out in the enthusiasm of
his greatness and ambition ; and that it liad
bftn brought about contrarj' to aH probabi-
lity. But it is dejivered at a time when, Xo
all human appearance, he had not tiie smallest
prospecl of a church, or so much as a single
follower; at a time when he saw himself
within the grasp of his relentless enemies : it
was within a tew hours of his bemg led to
mount Calvary, to undergo an ignom'uiious
death. It was' amidst his very preparations
for this death, that he gave forth that com-
mand, to do this in reinenibranct: qfinc, 'I'lie
next day he knew he was to he crucitied, his
etMoiiies were to triumph over hhn ; and wlio,
after this, would either dare or chuse to re-
member him? After this tragical end, the
disciples do not seem to have entertained the
smallest idea of ever agaui acknowledging
Christ. Concealed in diH'erent lurking places in
Jentsalem, or wwidering dejected and solitary
b lis neighbourhood, they only thought that
it 'Xii^hf'xho should have redtemed Israel;
but meeting with this dreadfiil disappointment,
they seem totally- to liave abandoned tliis
hopeless and ruined cause.
" Their state of muid during this suspense
was singular and distressing; they never
blamed their master, they never urged thai
they had been deceived: bewildeied in the
greatness of tlieir grief, and the extraordinary
change that they had so lately seen, their love
never sinks, and yet they dare not hopcl
" They believed not iiis resurrection when
it was lirst annouiu^ed to them, and some of
tliem refused to believe even tlie testimony of
the whole disciples when they aflinned 'this
great c»vent.
"It is scarcely possible to bring the evi-
di?nce of tiie gos})el to a sev erer test. If there
had not been suinetliing extraordinary in his
character, how can we account for Uie'ir rally-
ing agiiin alter this fatal dispersion, and their
lirm adhei-ence to him ever after? Now we
have, ill this ordinance, a standing monument
to convince us of the truth of his prediction,
and all its ch-cumstances ; and the whole his-
tor)' of the worid, and botli friends and ene-
mies, must acknowledge its accomplishment
From his cross a church instantly sprung up,
it hicreased rapidly, and hath exteiided its
arms to the ditlerent quarters of the world ;
and the experience of eighteen hundred years
assures us, that he has been remembered, re-
membered in this very ordinance, and that
remembnuice must endure till Christ come
again.
*' Go back again to this imjwrtant scene :
behold the Saviour of the world, assembled
witli his disciples for tiie last time before his
sufferings ; see the father of this little family
taking his farewel of his children, delivering
to tliem his dying command, and fixing a
period for tiie duration of its observance.
Every thing corresponds exactly to this pre-
diction. '1 he scene throughout* m>t so awlul
and sublime as the wonders of nature at his
crucilixiou, yet sfieaks to us in calm but strong
language, which all nations and ages hear,
truly this xvas the son of God.*'
Upon the whole, we can venture to
promise our readers that tliey will find
great pleasure, and much valuable instnic-
tion, from tliis performance. It discovers
sound judgment and n-^tional piety"; and
in the hands of many to whom Dr. Paley's
Elements would be of comparatively little
service, may be of considerable use to
confirm their faith, and at the same time
to suggest some lessons of practical utility:
The St) le in many parts betrays a nortti
Briton : and is throughout less correct
than the value of the work required, and
less polished tlian the nature of the work
allowed.
Art. X. A connected and chronological Fiezv of the Propfiecics relating to the Christian
Church; in Twelve Sermons : Preached in Lincoln's Jnn Chapel, from the Year 1800 r*
142
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESLVSHCAL AFFAIRS.
1804, dt tJie Lecture founded by the Right Reverend William Warhurton, Lord Bishop (^
Gloucester, By Robert Nares, A, J/., h\ R. S,, F. A, S,, ArchdeacoH of Stafford,
ifc, 8vo. pp. 371.
THERE is no subject^ we believe, in
the whole compass of tlieological inquiry,
attended with so many difficulties as that
of prophecy j particularly that branch of
prophecy which is usually produced from
the Jewish scriptures, by christian writers^
ss relating to the Messiah. These diffi-
culties have been felt and acknowledged
by the soundest divines and tlie ablest cri-
tics, and several attempts have been made
to remove from so ver}' important a part
of the Old Testament the obscurities which
prevail in it, and the apparent incon-
sistencies which arise from the usual and
the reputedly orthodox mode of interpre-
tiitlon. Mr. Naies, however, has been
perplexed by no difficulties himself, and
consequently has not felt the necessity of
preventing or rejnoving such as some of
his readers may have experienced. He
enters into no investigation of those pas-
&jges which both Jews and Christians have
denied to be applicable to Jesus of Na-
zareth : he disdains to regard tlie connec-
tion in which they appear j or if he ever
tlirows out a hint tliat other events than
tliose which distinguished the life of
Christ might be originally predicted, he
removes every difficulty by the magic
touch of a type, or a double sense. There
are many inquirers whom this will not sa-
tisfy J but for inquirers the arch-deacon's
work does not seem intended. He treads
over tlie old ground, removing no impe-
diments, nor exliibiting any additional
iight.
** Prophecy may be usefully characterized,
as a miracle, of uhich the testimony reniaim
in itself. It is a miracle, because to foretel
events, to whicA no chain of circumstances
vleads, no train of probabilities points, is as
much beyond the power of human agents, as
to cure diseases witli a word, or even .to raise
the dead. But that actions of the latter kind
were ever perfonned can be proved, at a dis-
tant period, only by wiUiesscs ; against whose
testimony cavils may be raised, or causes for
doubt advanced. But the man who reads a
prophecy, and perceives the corresjignding
event, is himself the witness of the miracle :
he sees that thus it is, and that tJnis, by hu-
man means, it could not possibly have been.
" A prophecy yc»t unfuUilled is a miracle at
present incomplete; and these, if numoruus,
iHay be considered as the seeds of /uture con-
viction, ready to grow up and bear their fruit,
whenever tlie corresponding facts shall be ex-
hibited on the tlieatjc of the world. Will the
£ceptic then say tliat a man should ilisbchcve
even his own knowledge, when if b^ars wit-
ness to circumstances so extraordinary? A^
well might lie say it, as reject the testimony of
miracles, merely because it gives evidence la
facts of very unusual occurrence. Yet, in the
instance of prophecy, absurdity can hardly g#
so far.
" 'Hic Holy Scriptures are thickly sown with
the set^ds of propiiecy, from the beginning
even to tlie end ; and thtfsc have been gradu-
al ly developed throughout the history of man ;
antl will be more and more unfolded to the
eonsununatio'n of things, resj^ecting this pre-
sent world. A series of pfopliets, it has beerf
already obs€»rvcd, was given to the nation of
Israel, to preserve them tram tlie abominable
superstitions, and idolatrous divinations, of thtf
nations among whom they dwelt. But tlii?
was not tlie origin of pmplicc}-. It originated
in the earliest period of the world, from God
himself, who foretold to Adam and the Patri-
archs the distant hopes of restoration and re-
demption, jirovided for tire human race.
The propIrtHic spirit was next communicated
to the Patriarchs, and rested mofe especially
upon Moses ; wiiose inspiration had at once a
retrospect to the period of creation, and a view
to tile redemption of man ; and even to th^
most distant fates of thc'choseh people, whom
he had conducted out of Egypt. It was im-
parted, through a series of prophets, till the
completion of the canon of the ancient scrip-
tures. It was again poured out, without nn^ar*
sure, upon our blessed Saviour, and was con-
tuiued to his apostles, till the second canon of
the scriptures wa»ako closed, by the Revela-
tion given to St. John."
Upon these principles the plan of these
lectures is formed.
" Tlic great and pjeneral bond of imion be-
tween the covenants is, in (ruth, that of pro-
phecy; by which the Holy Spirit has mira-
culously coimected the' beginning and the end
of the world. W herever man is fcnrnd, there
also are the pervading rays of divin'e VKt-
SCIENCE, either tending'to our Saviour, and
marking him out as the messiah of God ; or
proceeding from him, and giving light to tlie
faithful, even till the iinal day of uuiver>al
judgment.
" Prophecy, in its mo?t intimate connec-
tion with chrrstianity, has thi'« extent and com-
pass ; and our blessed Saviour gave an ac-
count only of one division of tlie subject,
when he cn plained, in the ancient scriptures,
the prophecies liuit related to himself. 4t was,
however, as much as could at that time be t^i-
ven. His own predictions, with those of Ins
apostles, and such of tlie jewisii oracles as ex-
tend beyond the period of his tirst advent, —
all these arc to be weighed by a christian (li-
tills day, if he would contem])Ute the wlmle
KARSS*! tJBW OF TUB PI10PHBCI£S«
143
farce of piO|>hccy, as applicable to our Savi-
our, and to those wiiocall upon his name.
'• ThK, therefore, is the kind of view pro-
riH-d to hi* taken in tlie present Lectures ;
Tirst, comprehending the prophecies that
nkte tn our Sarciour, us Author andpcrpc-
tytQl fittid of tlie Christian Church: U. S<?-
cowiiy, thr^tr zihickjorett'l thef<ite of his di^
cipifi, '^'h.thcr adv. rsc or prosperous, from
the time m bis df}xirturc from thtm, to that
oj his IfhU most soltmtt advent, llicse will
farm two grand divibions of tlie subject."
In seven successive sermons the pro-
pbecies- relating, or thought to relate, to
our Saviour are enumerated. From the
book-j ol" Moses are produced the prophecy
given to Adam concerning tlie seed of the
woman ; the promiiSes made to Abraham
and to Jacob ; the benediction of this lat-
ter patriarch upon Judah ; the prophecy of
TYPES, such as the pai>sover and other ob-
itrvances amongst the Jews : the predic-
tion of Balaam, and the declaration g£
Mioses respecting a propJiet that was to be
raided from tiie midst of the Jewish peo-
ple. From the time of Moses to that of
David, no direct prophecy ccHiceming the
MessiaJi is known to have been delivered.
In tlie reign of that king it was foretold
tiiat Solomon should be settled in the
house of God, and in die kingdomj/orwcr,
and that his throne should be establisiied
for evermore. This Mr. Nares concludes
must refer to the Messiah, though he ac-
knowledges tliat •* it miglit require, per-
haps, some persuasion to convince us that
this divine oracle had in truth so exalted
a meaning and reference, were it not con-
tinned b}' other circumstances." p. 132.
The>e circumstances are deduced . from a
few passages of scripture widi which tliis
ha^ no connection ! David himself then
Comes under consideration in two points
of view: l^t, as a type of the Messiah 5-
and 2dly, as an inspired person, enabled
to foreiel iiis advent, his sufferings, his
glor)', and his everlasting kingdom.
To trace whatever may be applicable
to our Saviour in the Psalms of t)a-
vid, Mr. Nares asserts, would be to
trattbcribe a large part of those sacred
bymns. He therefore confines himself to
tho«je jxissages which are actually cited in
the New 1 estanient. The Psalms parti-
cularly, but yet briv'fly , noticed, are : . the
2d, lOtli, 22d, 4Kst, 110th, and 118th.
Upon this subject Mr. Nares has produced
an authority, which by all good christians
will uitdoubtedly be esteemed of verj'
great weight. " The apostate spirit him-
self, (he gravdy observes, p. l05.) ac-
cording to the narrative of the evangelists^
confessed that die Psalms "were prophetic
of the Son of God 3 for he said in t)ie
course of his temptation, alluding to tlie
51st Psalm, ' If diou be die Son of God^
cast thyself down: for it is written, lie
shall give his angels charge concerning
dice, and in their handsi shall diey bear
thee up, lest at any time thou dash- thy
foot against 9 stone.' Jn this, as in some
odier instances of evil spirits, reluctant
testimony was borne to the truth, by those
who were most alienated from it."
Solomon is then cited bodi as a type of
the Messiali, and likewise a prophet. His
predictioiis concerning the Messiah aire
said to be found in the 132d Psalm. Tiie
sixteen prophets then pass under a very
hasty review j and all except Jonali, Na-
hum, Zephi^iah^ and Habukkuk, arc as-
serted to ha^e prophesied of Christ.
With Malachi closed the series of pro-i
phecies under the Jewish dispensation.
Four hundred years ensued, during which
the divine oracles w6re silent. . Thea
came the fulness of time; and the subject
of prophecy appeared, and began a new
series of astonishing and important predic-
tions ; some now fultilled, odiers waiting
the time of their accomplishment.
" Messiah \^'as certainly to be a sovereign,
of whose kingdom Uierc was to be no eud :
but Jesus expressly declared, that his kingdom^
as man, was not of this world ; and that his
triumph would be hereafter, in the clouds of
heaven. Confomiahly to this riglit interpre-
tation of the ancient prophecies, our Saviour
pretlicted the treachery of one disciple, tlie
lonsteraation and dei^ertion of the rest, and
his own death upon the cross. His view, how-
ever, rested not here. He looked forward to
his resurrection and ascension ; to the etltf-
sion of the lioly Spirit upon his apostles; to
their successful preach'uig in all the world ; to
the rejection of the Jews, and the conversion
of the Gentiles ; events which, Uiough impos-
sible for human sagacity to foresee, certauilT
took place, and justiried his words. With
hiore minute exactness did he foretel that ju-
dicial visitation of Jerusalem (at tliat time in
the highest degree inr.irobable), \\ hen its state
and polity should be dcstroved, and its mag-
nificent temple levelled witli th« (hist. . lliis
prediction, strictly limited to time for its ful-
lilment, is, .of all that ever were given, the
most exact and circumstantial, and aifords,
therefore, the most perfect pr(X)f of miracu-
4ous foreknowledge ui the propliet who pro-
nounced it.
" Various other partk:i|lars, then hidden
from cvciy mortal ej-t, and discoverable by
no analogy which could be founded on ihc
course ot human events, wgre predicted by
oui: blessed Saviour. Such as the persecu-
tion of hi? di>i iples ; the fortitude of some, and
144
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
gospel; and 10th, The universal resnr* .
rection, and day of judgment.
We have thus given a ^ithfiil oatliae
of these lectures, from which our reader*
will be able to form some good judgment
of the nature and extent of the information
they convey. We are sorry that we can-
not congratulate the lecturer upon having
fully answered the intention ot the right
rev. founder, by adding to the evidence
of •' the truth tjf revealed religion in ge-
neral, and of the christian in particular."
Nor can we congratulate the inquirer after
religious trutn upon his having a rational
and a safe guide through tlie intricate
mazes of prophecy, in which so niany have
been bewildered and lost. One principle
pervades the work, which is manifestly
untbunded j that the language of the Jewish
prophets, which the writers of the New
Testament liave applied to Christ, must ne-
cessarily have been originally spoken in re-
ference to him : and frequent passages oc- .
cur to which many sincere believers will
not be able to assent, and by which the
sceptic will not be favourably impressed.
DOCTRINAL AND CONTROVERSIAL THEOLOGY.
Art. XI. 7%e Christian System wf folded, in a Course of practical Essays on the principfd
Doctrines and Duties of Christ iariity. In Three f'oltunes, 8ro. Sy Th 6 mas R o b i k s o v,
Af. A-y Vicar qf'St. Mary's, Lticesttr, pp. 453, 499, and 539.
THE author of tliis work is not unknown
even the particular fate of others; the divi-
fiionsand dissensions of chriitians among them-
selves ; and the secure pennaiienry of the
chuixh, under every circumstance ot external
or internal disadvantage. These things, which
have always been fullilling, from that time to
this, and will be to the end of the world, are
standing proofs of divine kno^\iedge, in him
by whom they were foretold ; — proofs inca-
pable of refutation or contradiction," '
The prophecies by our Lord, and his
llisciples, are then arranged by our preach-
er, under ten different heads, and very
briefly and • imperfectly discussed in tlie
tliree concluding discourses :-^l st. The
rejection of the Jews and call of the Gen-
tiles 3 2d, The preaching of the gospel
throughout the world j 3d, The persecu-
'■ tions of the apostles and their converts j
4th, The destruction of Jerusalem ; 5tli,
The fate of Rome and its conversion 5 6th,
The rise of Mahomet and tlie Saracenic
power 5 7 th, The rise and chai-acter of
Antichrist; 8th, The conversion of the
Jews 5 pth. The general prevalence of the
to the religious world. He is a person of
forae consideration in the daily increasing
class of tliose who denominate themselvfcs
* True Churchmen,* amongst the adherents
to whom he has gained celebrity, by a
large, * Treatise on Scripture Characters,'
and by some tracts of less magnitude and
importance.
*' The chief attention of his life," he infomis
us, " has been occupied upon the subjects of
the work which he has now submitted to tlie
public eye, not merely in the retirement of his
studv, but in the active performance of his
minfsterial duties. He has been labouring,
not without cflect, to establish among the
people of his charge what he conceives to be
the fundamental principles of the gospel, and
upon them as a lirm basis to erect the super-
structure of christian moralilv, of solid devo-
tion, and of vit^l holiness. And now, witli a
view to their spiritual progress, and in the hope
that his instructions may be remembered with
advantage after his personal services on earth
are terminated, he sends to them from the
press tiie substance of what he lias mvariably
delivered from the pulpit"
We carmot convey to pur readers any
information respecting the design of this
work better than in the words of the au-
thor;
" His plan has been, after considering the
strong and decisive evidences of the inspira-
tion of tlie Old and New Testament, and attemJ-
iiig to tliat state of mind with wliicli they ought
to be received, to investigate wliat is Uidr
grand object, and what tlcir most importuit
contents. They were undoubtedly designed
■to communicate tlie knowledge oV tlie true
God and of his will concerning us. They ei-
hibit his character in the varied perfections of
his nature, and call upon us to yield to him
all possible reverence, love, and obedience.
They describe his formation of tlic cartii, and
the peculiar administratibn of its goveriiniciit
by himself.
'* Man is introduced to our view as a crea-
ture of high excellence and dignity, as bear-
hig the iuTagc, and constituted tne vicegerent,
ot Jehovah. But he is also represented as
having fallen from his original cinineiKe, and
sunk uito a deplorable state of depravation and
misery.
" Here the system becomes unspeakably
interesting. To console us ni our distress, to
rescue us from, merited and impending ruin, a
di\'1ne person interposes ; and to him give all
tlie scripture's witness. He is the grand sub-
ject of revelation : ' the alpha and omeea, tlic
beginning and the ending. ' It is therefcre re-
cjuisite that we fix a large share of our aitea-
tion upon him, and enquire what arc the of-
fices he 'sustains, and by wiiat means he pro-
cures reconciliation for us. We behold nim
relinquishing tlie glories of tlic heavenly world.
MOfilNSOK S CHBISTIAV SYSTEM.
US
tnd Tslntarily submitting lo the deepest hu->
■ulobao aad siifiieriiigs upon earth. He
istf» by rarious methods ; aod in Die acconi-
pibknaA of this grtat work a distinct consi-
deraiioD is given to his teaching, ius example,
lus ligfateousne^y his atonement, his interce^
man, and his guveniment.
"Another divine person is introduced b
ttas %itst economy, co-operating with the Sa*
rknr, and fultilling his gracious purposes.
The Holy Ghost daims our adoration, aihance,
giautude^ and love^ By the most amazing
praces He recovers men to tlie knowledge^
the !iimyibide, the aer>'ice, and the enjoyment
idGod. He brings tliem to the pre.scnt pos*
sesaun of the blessings of rederoptkm; He
iorms their character ; He guides, preserves,
and cheers them; and gradually preparer
(bem for the fruition of the eternal inheritance
reserved m heaven for them.
"Our attention is then directed to this
* chosen generation/ this ' peculiar people,'
vtum the Lord has saved, lliey are*dis-
tiittittjhed, not more bv tlieir high privileges
and cunsolatians, than by their steadfast p<*r-
anreiance in moral and religious duties, i he
•fule of obedience is proposed, its extent is
^MTwn, and its excellence Yindk:ated. 1'he
am^ants of God are also men of prayer, and
are daily surrounding the throne of grace with
their importunate ^itions. Tliev are in-
ilnicted what and how they shoulo ask, and
ac assured that they shall obtain the blessing
ttey supjjTicate. They are considered also in
a cottectire capacity, are incorporated into a
ipiritiial society, and by certaui divme mstttu-
uns they maintain communion with their
heavcaK' Father and with each other. Such
k the Church of Christ on earth; and all its
6itfaful members afe in succession removed to
a better world, where the wliole company will
Aortly be assembled together, and, reccnving
their ' perfect consummation and bliss tK>th
in bodv and soul,' shall reign with their ex-
aked Head m gbry cveHasting.
" These are the outlines of the syrtem here
pfopoMd, and the author does not hesitate to
pmunce that the representation is scrip-
lonl. and contains the substance of genuine
Chmtiuut}'.'*
In fiUing up these oatltnes^ the author
hascfaoten to throw his system into the
fetm of essays, of which there aie, in the .
whole work, uineiy-eighi. The twofirst^
SR introductory, npou the holy scriptures.'
£isfat follow upon the attributes of the
J^iy. In the eleventh esss^ the subject
of the Trinity is discussed . Eleven essays
are next devoted to the consideration of
Man, his creation, hb fell, his misery, his
salvation. This leads to the consideration
of the Saviour, whose godhead, character,
ttd office, are treated upon in the nine
saoceeding essays. These are followed
by dght upon tbe personality, the divinity,
^ influences and operattoiu^ of the Spirit.
Affi..fi£v.Vox..lV. ' '
The fortieth essay is on true repent-
ance, from which, to the fiftieth, the wri-
ter is occupied upon the subject of faitli,
its nature, its consequences, its divine ori-
gin, and its necessity. Seven Essays then
claim our notice upon the nature, tlie
progress, the completion, the author and
means, the advantages and the necessity
of sanctification. The fifty-eighth essay
treats of cliristian obedience; the fifty-
ninth of tlie comfort of the Holy Ghost ;
and the sixtieth of tlie witness of the spi-
rit. In the sixty-first the writer endea-
vours to establish the necessity of keeping
the comnhandnients, meaning by them the
decalogue delivered on Mount Sinai, and
the nature and obligation of each com-
mandment are discussed iu fourteen suc-
ceeding essays ; these are followed by one
on prayer for special grace to keep tlid
commandments. From the seventy«>se«
venih to the eighty-fourtli essay, inclu-
sive, the several petitions of the Lord's
prayer form the subjects of discussion^
and these are succeeded by one on the
church of Christ, one on public worship^
hve on the christian sacraments, baptism
and the Lord's supper, one on the resur-
rection of the body, and one, which con-
cludes tlie work, odl the life everlasting.
Our readers are now able to judge of
the design of this work, and of die prin-
ciples upon which it is conducted. The
author professes ' that he has not attached
himself to any leader, however eminent
for learning, piety, or usefulness, and that «
he does not wish to raise the standard of
feotion, or establish any. Shibboleth.
Whatever appellation may be given him,
he declares that he will still maintain that
he has followed ^ no other guide than the
inspired volume.* We are not disposed to
call in question the author's veracity in
making such professions ; but we beg
leave to express our regret that he' has so
often left the guide he had chosen, to wan-
der after objects of his own imagination^
or so totally neglected the directions which
his sacred conductor afforded. We have
seldom seen in the same compass so many
passages of holy writ misinterpreted and
misapplied. No enquiry is instituted
concerning tlie connection of the most im-
pcHtant texts of scripture ; no attention is
paid to the genuine sense of the originiil
words, to the occasion on which they w^ere
written, to the sentiments which tliey
were designed at first to recommend or to
opjwse. What opinions might not thug
be discovered in the sacred volume; what
opinions might not thus be shewa to hav*
L
146
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
the sanction of God's word ? WTiile the©-
logians treat tJie scripture in so irreverent
a manner, endless controversies must ex-
ist ; various discordant and opposing creeds
must be adopted and professed. Mr. Ro-
binson very properly cautions his readers
against * setting up their own preconceived
opinions, or carnal inclinations, against the
bible. If it ha indeed the word of tiie
living God, it is an infcillible and authori-
tativc umpire in all doubts and dlsputa-
tioas. We should therefore miplicitly
$u!)uiit to its decisions, and bring all our
systems, creeds, and purposes, to be ex-
amined by it." This advice is good ; but
our author has exhibited, in his own in-
stance, the difllculty of following it. He,
lil^e rainy others, with honest and upright
intenti'Mis, have, perhaps unperceived . by
tlicmsjlwjs, examined the scriptures by
tlieir own ' systems, creeds, and purposes/
Hie ciiusc of religious truth is thus injured
amongst tiiose who profess to honour divine
revelation ; and the scriptures are brought
into disrepute amongst many persons of
discenuuent, who either^ without givkig
tlierasclves tlie trouble to enquire, imagine
that the word of God, like the oracles of
paganism, can be fairly made to utter op-
posing sentiments, or, satisfied tliat there
can be but one sense afiixed to the sacred
writings, yet despairing, amidst sucli great
variety, to discover tliat sense, leave the
important enquiry, and treat with neglect
the treasure of heavenly wisdom. We
cordially agree with Mr. fiobtnson that
the infidelity of many, and tlieir total dis-
regard of the scriptures, are chargeable
upon the evil of their deeds 5 they come
Dot to the light lest these their deeds
should be reproved. But tliis is not the
sole and universal cause of unbelief. It
has been our lot to know some men of a
sceptical disposition, but of very dilFerent
characters J not ' proud philosophers,' not
* formalists,' not • wilful and impenitent
transgressors,' but men of meek and en-
quiring minds, sincerely desirous of fulfil-
ling all their important duties in life, and
in all the fruits of virtue more to he dis-
tinguished tlian many who make a noisy
piotession of rchgion, and who call down
fire from heaven on all that worship not
with them on their Zion. They vvitlihold
their reverence from the. scriptures in cJn-
setjuence of seeing them irreverently
treated by persons who professed a vene-
tHtion for them : tliey deny their impor-
tance, because they observe that they are
fiiiployed to justify die wiliiesl fancies,
and the most absurd opiaioni, A\'e do
not vindicate such conduct; isut we cmi^
aider it, and would earnestly propose it Id
the supporters of systems, as a eautioa
not, l^ a method of quoting and applyio^
scripture which they would not adopt Ui
respect of works of less value, to give oc-
casion of oficnceto those who are not strong
in faith.
Such observations as these have bem
suggested by the- work before us; widi
what reason our readers shall judge from
a few passages which we now .select.
The following occurs in the tbirteentb
Essay.
* *' We begiD' with the understanding, and
consider whether its present state be not sudi^
as to prove that it has- lost modi of its ab-
ginal excellence. Msoi is still dtstinguisbed
by hi» intellect from all other creatures upon
earth. We mean not to decry the use rf
reason, or derogate from its importance. It
is an inestimable talent, which we should da
well to aillivate, and exert with diligence and
fidelity, in the service and for tiie gloiv of
its divine author. But, while we praise uod
for the precious gift, we should l>e aware d
its degeneracy, and the injury il has sustained
by the fall. This is, indeed, wliat few penon
are willing to admit ; for there is no endows
ment, of which we are more disposed to be
proud. So just is the observation of Zopfaar,
' Vain man would be wise, though man be
born like a wild ass^s colt.' Tiie dcscriptkn
is instructive, but very mortifying. lie as-
pires after knowledge which was never de-
signed for liiin, and of which he is utterij
incapable ; he Is conceited of his intellcdual
powers, as if they were able to discover and
comprehend the nature, the attributes, aod
purposes of Jehovah, and considers uiH, that,
m subjects of a spiritual kind, -he may4ie fitly
compared to creatures the most ignorant ain
stupid. He is bom so ;' and therefore tliis is
luiiversally the case, and results not from any
piiailiarly imfavourable circumstances, in
which certain individuals may be placed.
Like the animal here refcrretl to, lie is af
himself, or without assistance, perfectly uian-
fonnt-d, as well as altogether untractabie,
foolish, and perverse in the extreme, and not
to be taut^ht any thing but by severest disci-
pline, ^riiis, it should seem, was an acknw-
ledged tmtU in Job's time: may we sciiwislj
attend to it, and be deeply alfected by it!"
Before IVIr. Robinson ventured to by
so much stress upon this passage from
Job, he should have been au-eful to en-
quire whether our ticanslation fully ex-
presses tlie sense of the original. A
learned prelaffe has decided, tliat it does
not; and has given anew version of it,
which renders it utterly iuapphcabic to
the doctrine of tlie above quotation. We
shall subjoin that version with the note
accompanying it^ tor 4he inlermatioa if
ItOBQVSON 8 CHniSTlAN STSTEM*
147
Mr. Cobtnsorij and the benefit of those
of our readers who msy peruse the essays.
The oliservation of Zophar^ according to
Dr. Stock, is this :
"That the growing up person may gather
st'use:
And the wild colt become a man.''
And this much improved rendeniig of tlie
original passage is, by the right reverend
translator, thus justified and explained :
" The pxnsing i^ person] ^')^ part. Pahul
ot 3;^i verb. Sequent, from !I13 to ger-
miuate ; see 2^ch. ix. uit. llie iuten*
tioQ of divioe punishments is to correct
tbewildoess of youth, and to cause the
savage to become, to be bom t^ain, a
rational creature. T?!*' is used in the
tense a( becoming, or being rendered, Prov.
xvU. 17. as Scott remarks.'* See Dr.
Stock's Version of the Book of Job.
Again, p. 256, 257. Mr. Robinson ob-
serves: " Our very hearts, the fruitful
source of abominations, are offensive to
God; and therefore ills that we are '*by
tmitfft the children of wrath .^* He see»,
and ouiit see, with abhorrence, that " lust
of the fl^fa,** that *' carnal mhid/* that
" fpimryLa trasyms,'* which is enmity a-
gainst Dim. Tliis is the ianlt tod corrup-
tion of die nature of every man, that is
namraUy engendered of the o&pring of
Adam, — ^^^vhich in " every persim bom into
this vsorld dtTeroeA God^swath and dam»
nation.**
Here indeed is as^dindd somewhat of
the appearance of learning; bi4 what
good end it is to answer we are at a loss
to discover. The genuine import of
" carnal mind'* is not explained by quot-
ing the original, ^^cvijaa trlLpMS } nor is
tlie phrase by nature, as used by the apostle,
int^reted by the largef diaracters in
v'hidi It is printed, lliese expressions
are taken completely firom their connec-
tion to serve the purpose of a system,
and the sense which, acoofding to the
tenor of the apOstle*s argunient, mey tmiH
bear, is either entirely overlooked, or
carefully ccmcealed ; neitlier of which cir-
cumstances is honouttlble in a professed
teacher of christiaiVj^octrilie.
We need not go far for another ex-
ample of the faijlt which so glaringly
pervades this performance. In the very
page firom which we have made the last
extract^ it is said,
"To the transgressor even of one pre-
cept it (i. e. tlie la%) shews no mercy :
for what is its language ? '* Cursed is
every one that cotitinuetli not In all things.
which are written In the book of the law
to do them ;" nor is its sentence light.
It dooms the sinner to final and everlast-
ing misery. It declares him to be ac-
cvirsed of God: and that curse, if not
removed, must issue iu everlasting de-
struction.** And again, p. 258. " The
law discovers our true state, and pro-
nounces our doom. ' For by the law is
the knowledge of sin j it worketh wrath ;
the commandment which was ordained to
life, 1 found to be unto death j it is tlie
ministration of death and condemua'-
tion.^ "
Are the reasonings of the apostle urged
Upon the Jew to prove the wisdom and
necessity of abandoning the Mosaic dis-
pensation, and of adliering solely to the
more liberal principles of Jesus, to be
thus applied witliout any discrimination
to the state of those who were never sub-
ject to its autliority ? Is the christian
system likely to be unfolded by any one
who heaps text upon text, widiout any
consideration of their primary meaning ?
He who undertakes to explain or de-
fend opinions which are usually deemed
of high importance, should be extremely
careftil to take no ground from which
there is any danger of his being driven.
I'he success of an adversary will wcfikea
tlie confidence which it is .his object to
gain ; and the detection of one mifounded
argument will induce a suspicion of the
validity of all the rest. Mr. Robinsoa
does not appear to have considered this
when he wrote the following paragraph
in his twentv-third essay. Vol. I. p. 307.
" St. John admonished his christian
brethren to beware of idolatry ; but it is
idolatry to give divine honours to Christ,
if he b^ not God in the proper and full
sense of the word j and yet the apostle,
whilst delivering the caution, declares
with peculiar emphasis, ' This is the
tnie (rod and eternal lite.' "
A careful perusal of the whole passage^
of which this is only a part, immediately
points out the antecedent to " this** In
our common version (but not in tlie old
English versions) , an imwarrantable liberty
has indeed been taken which migJit em-
barrass a mere English reader? but Mr.
Jlobinson ought to have known what the
original really teaches in tliis passage, and
how clearly the most eminent critics,
whose orthodoxy is beyond suspicion,
have proved that the antecedent is A/w.
not Jesus Christ. Our reverend essayist,
fearful of the "subtleties of criticism,'*
see p. 306. seems vory cautiously to avoid
L2 '
148
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
that exact and scrupulous enquiry into
every passage, and into everv construc-
tion, and into every term, which is ne-
cessary in one who would teach tlie
christian system.
A few lines below the passage we liave
juKt (juoted, Jude is said to style Jesus
" the only wi.se God.'* Here the author
refers to tlie doxology in this epistle, be-
ginning thus : " To the only wise God
our sa\ iour," And is Mr. Robinson so
little versed in the language of scriptirre
as not to know that tlie epitliet " saviour"
is applied to the Father ?
We cannot refrain from laying before
our readers an instance or two more,
though the character of our author, as a
critic in scripture, may have been already
«hcwn with sufficient clearness.
" To the Philippians al,so he (i. e. Paul)
declares his linn di't*Tmination to retiouijce
ail reliance u{)on his own obedience and at-
tainments, and his fervent desin* and expec-
tation to stand conn>li?te before God, asi-oii-
siflered only in his saviour; " That I may
vin Christ," sa-d he, " and bo found in him,
not Jiaving min(? own righteousness, which is
of the law, but that which is through the faith
of Clirist, the righteousness which b of God
by faitli." I'hese are clear and incontro-
vertible testimonies, that St. Paul lookefl for
eternal life as procured for him by the merit
of Ills Lord and master, and that he taught
men every where to cherish the same liop«js.
We need not fear to follow such an example,
or to adopt his expressions, liowever un-
fasliionable they may now be, in laying down
or explaining our ^ stem of faith."
If this part of the system depends upon
the text here quoted, it must fall. Here,
qs before, no attention is paid to the mean-
ing alHxed by the apostle to the termf
laiv or righteousness, nor any account token
of the connection in which they appear,
apparently for no other reason than that en-
quiries of til is nature would have prevented
the passage from being adduced; But is it
thus, by refraining from a strict regard to
the situation as well as to the import of
the leading terms, that a knowledge of
the christian system can be obtained ?
We select the following from the essay
on the influences and operations of the
Spirit.
*' In oar lord's last solemn address to his
disciples, who were dreading his departure
from them, Jie sugge^ed to them for their
congelation, that his place W(xikl be supplied,
and his gracious jmrposes carried on, bv the
continual presence and elFeclUHl workmg of
the Holy Ghost. On this consideration, aliove
all others, he grounded his exhortation* to
theui, and his exprciilious clearly slicw, that
the promise was intended, not for dicm <nI
as individuals, but for the benefit of his chuit
in all ages. " I will pray the Father, and h
shall give you another coinfoiter, that lie ins
abide with you for ever ; even the ^irit i
troth. — ^Aml when he U come, he willi^piof
the world of sin, and of rigliteousness, aod(
jmlgment.** " The world is too extensi%'e
tenn, in whatever sense we underbtand it, I
be contined to tlie apostles, or even to tb
christians of their day ; and the whole pu
sage amounts to an engagement on the pai
of Christ, to support his f^hful poopk; at ^
times, and to wnnff men to the knmrlcd^
and experience of his salvation, by theenerg]
of the lioly Ghost, who akue contSkd it*
Is the term loorld, indeed, a leim H
extensive to .be amfioed to the christian
of the apostles' days ? How tlien did
happen diat our Lord himself applies
that very term to- the unbelieving Jewi
who had hated liim, and were to hate hi
followers ? Compare John chap, xv, Wi
19 ; also chap. vii. 7* Why then did thi^
evangelist in nis first chapter call (he Jev^
ish people the vH)rld T Chap. i. 10. Wkj
has Paul in ao many passages distinguishec
the Gentiles by that term > What ibet
is meant by that term, when in John Hi
19> it is said, *' the world is gone afte
him ?" Wliat— but why need we multiply
such questions \ They are readily answer-*
ed by any one moderately versed in di^
knowledge of language. We refer Mr^
Robinson to that excellent lexicogiapheij
Schleusner. In his invaluable lexicoo^
Nov. Test. art. Ko 0-/^0;, No. 4. jS. he wil|
find many otj^er passages than those t(|
which we have directed his attention, de^
monstrating that the term has frequentlj;
a confined or limited meanmg. " Sigoi-
ficat, observes Schl. xximundas apud I^i-
nos, magnam hominum mtdtitudinem, ex
eontexta oratione definiendain.*' But Mr.
Riibinson is one of those interpreters of
scripting who despise the eontexta oratio.
We could fill many pages with extracts
and remarks similar to thfe preceding.
But we must forbear. What we have
said, it must be evident^ proceeds from uq
wish to controvert the system which tht
lAithor believes lias the sanction of scrip-
ture ; but from a cordial desire of seeing
the word of God more reverently treated,
and of entering our pro^st against a prac^
tice so injurious t9 true religion, as that
which pervades these volumes. In a work
avowedly popular, vre do not look for
elaborate disquisition or learned criticism;
but we expect, and justly expect, diat it
should be the result of very accurate in*
vestigatiqn^ and minute enquiry^
BSLSBAM I VIKDICATION OP DA. PRI£STLET«
149
^B^ H be not encumbered with erudite
auKKations, yet, that It admit notliing
whkhasAy not be successfully vindicated.
Fnio alioost ereiy page of this perform*
aoce, we are jnstilied in the conclusion,
tbt the author has* not studied the scrip-
tfim. He has read them much, it may
he; and no sniaH portion appears to have
bcea coDfuuitted by him to memory : but
the enquiries, on what occasion, to what
persons, with what particular view3, evan-
gelists or apostles have written, he seem;
not to have instituted. With what hop^
of satisfaction then can any one apply to
this work for assistance, in examining tlie
true nature and extent of christian doc-
trine ? Mr. Robinson's system of faith,
indeed, he will find amply detailed ; but
if the remarks we have offered be just,
there is reason to doubt whether that be
in every respect such as is taught in th«
writings of the New Testament.
PrUatU-y, ami a Defence of Dr, PriettU'ifs Character and ff'ritings, in Repbf to
imadversioM qf the Her. John Pyc Smith ; in Letters to a friend. By Thomas
Aat. XII. — Letters to the Rev, Tltonuu Behham, on some Important Subjects of Tkeologi"
ea( Discussion, referred to in his Discourse on Occasion of the Death of the Rev. Joseph
Priestley, LU />. F, R. S. ifc. SfC. By John Pye I»mith. Second Edition with some
Imprsvcmenis^ 8vo. pp. 129.
Art. XIII. — A Vindication qf certain Passages in a Discourse on Occasion of the Death
of' Dr. Prici ' ■ - • - ^ - . _ .
vie Jnimadvi
BsLSHAM. 8vu. ppT 109.
IN dw discourse which has occasioned
these letters and the reply, Mr. B. spoke
•f Calvinism, as ' a tremendous doctrine,'
adding, * that had it really been taught
by Jesus and his apostles, their gospel
might truly have been denominated not
the doctrine of peace and good will, but a
message of wrath and injustice/ of terror
md despair.' He also ftuther stated, that 'Dr.
P. Tiew^ Calvinism as the extravagance
of error, as a mischievous compound of
impiety and idolatry ;' to this he himself
ssvMed, and scrnpled not in addition to
call it 'a pernicious system.' In men-
dooing the controversy that had passed
beroven Dr. Priesdey and Dr. Horseley,
^Ir. B. had likewise said that ' notwith-
standing the overbearing temper, and the
great talents and learning of his adversary.
Dr. Priesdey was completely victorious/
hnvoked by these insulting words of
AiT. XIV. — Aifs^sm Ayara«r i Or a New Way qf Deciding Did Coniroversies.
Basamistes. 8vo. pp. 194.
the Unitarian Goliath, Mr. S. (a young
tutor at a calvinistic academy, though
no calvinist himself) like anotlier David,
comes fortli to check the insolence of tlie
bold opposer of the armies of orthodoxy.
But not with the skill, the prudence, or
the success, of the shepherd youtli. He
disdains the sling and the stone, and de*
mands a panoply. Rncumbei-ed with ar-
mour which he had not sufficiently prov^
ed, his attack is hurried, his blows are
feeble, he seizes upon stations which he
cannot matntam. When Ids strength is
thus fruitlessly spent, tlie giant advances :
fewer indeed are the blows he deals, but
heavier and surer do they fall 5 and the
stripling, tlioiigh he owns it not, is van-
quished. We cannot enter into the detail
of this contest : our readers will be inter*
ested in perusing it for themselves*
By
THIS £icetioascontrover»alist has pro-
filed to his work the old motto— n'<2e»^enf
dicen tenon quid vetat f and he attempt9
to re&ie the orthodox ^ith^by^what he
deems a reductio ad absurdum.
Speakiug in the assurned character of
aa adversary of ' Unitarian heretics,' he
tbm propounds the nature and design of
bis attempt
" In this alarming period of pr^-ing re-
«Mrii, wlicn men, destitute of chivalrous
tcntimfut, rudely examine the awful fane of
txtJodox devotion, and expo% to unhallowed
rja {\it bdy fhriue of ineilable mysteries, it
^Kvmiei a moit necessary branch oi reli|^us
Fwkaice to remove our orthodoxy still &rtber
from vulgar apprehension, and to shcher it
within more mysterious folds. The manner
in which this pious work ina^r be most elfec-
tually accomplished, i» a question of considei-
able magnitude. To me it doc*s not appear
to be sa3e policy to ^ve any ground to our
adversaries,- or to coutuie ourselves to defen-
sive operations : but I apprehend, the surest
way to preserve our ortkcxioxy inviolate, is to
malce bold and unexnected advances on tlie
hereticks — ^to flash the comscation of some
new divinity against them, which, like the
xgis of Minerva, shall petrify them witli as-
tonishment. Obvious as tlie wis<^om of this
conduct appears as soon as it is mentioned, .
yet I confess it was lirst suggested to me by
tlie ndble trope, so happily applied by a late
most devoted servant to the priesthood, and
150
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
an admirer of orthodoxy -. when the vessel of
state wa8 too heavy, and ready to sink on one
aide, he ran to the opposite side in order to
preserve an equilibrium. In like manner,
since Unitarians have run into the extreme of
inculcating simplicity of worship, and since
the world is so much inclined to side with
them, that the catholic faith is m danger of
being upset ; the ortliodo?t on the contrary,
may create a counterpoise to the love of sini-
•plicity hi the human mind, by adding to the
objects of worship, and multiplying incom-
prehensible mjniteries. In courormity witli
tilts captivating idea, I am happy to tliinkthat
I can give tlieni incalculable weight, by ad-
ding one to tiie two infinite minds or pef.«)ns,
with which they have already improved our
notiop of the Dejty. By this unexpected de»
vice, I have every prospect of sudaenly turn-
ing the scale, and of exposinjj the h^^rctics
aiol't, in tiieir timi, iji a curious attitude. The
Trinity thus will be a point gained, and a
fubicct Jit rest, at least for ijiany years;
and the contest in futiu-e will be aboiit the
Quaternity, or some other nity.
"To secure this important advantai^e, most
fortimately, I have no occasion tor invention
or ingenuity: I have only to search for the ar-
guments ot the- orthodox since the -time of
Athanasius, a few of which will fully answer
my purpose. I am also confident of ;In active
support from the Orthodox, who cannot desert
thc^r own principl»!s ; thoui^li perhap;> 1 can
expect only a tardv coopcrati^.ii from some-
very pious souls, wlio are smitten with a de-
vout love for a triangle, and from some cau-
tious politicians, who may be appi'ehensive lest
they might destroy the decisiveness of a cast-
ing vote, by adding one to their odd number
of divine persone. Against the prejudice of
the former we shall find a remtjcly as we pro-
ceed ; and let me here remiml the latter cir-
cunispt'ct gentrjr of an improvement, which
has beni made in most ftf our courts of law,
in which one person has been added to the
three on the bench, with manifest advantage
to the public. But I have no great desire to
weaken their attachment to o<ld numbers,
provided they remove to a farther distance
iVom a dcistieal unitarianism, and pro^/ided
♦hey uicludo, in tlieir scheme of orthodoxy,
tluit person whoni I. shall now propose.
"The person, whose apotheo«?i8 I contend
for, is the Jewish legislator: and I shall prove
it to the astonishment of all heretics, by
s^ich arguments as the Orthodox will be proucl
to acknowledge for their own. * There are
<•( rtain attributes or perfections, which solely
b<«!ong to, and characterise the Supreme
Brin?5 : tht^e cannot be ascribed to any crea-
ture : whvjrever we find these perfectiipns as-
cribed to any being in the scriptures, we have
the fullest assurance tiiat such being is God ;
both because they are incommunicable in their
own nature, and because God hatli declared
he will not give his glory to another, Isaiah
xHi. 8. But these perfections are ascribed to'
the person whose apotiieosis 1 contend for ' in
the scriptures, therefore, he is very and etfmal
God. This I shall prove by the most clear
testimony of God's word.'* 'llie instant this
bold advance on the I'nitarian is aiuiouiKed,
all the truly Orthodox will reassume their
courage, and will anticipate a complete
triumph over our astounded adversaries. At
the outset, 1 have extricated my party from a
SiTious dilemma, in whwh the I'liitarians
vainly thought we should stick fast for ever.
Thev have continually indulged their inalicc,
bjr (femanding from us in our distre»,to mark
out piTciselv Si)mc medium between Tritheism
and Sabelllanismt- This spiteful recjuisition
is now impertinent, because we arc no lonqiT
conccrnetf about the former extreme : lessa-
ralh<i>m should henceforward be mentioned
in its place, which is infinitelv removed from
tritheism ; and betwen this infinite aca?saion
of iulinity and Sabclltanism, it will be very
hard uideed if we shall not be able to nndoiit
some medium. Many other pleasing pros-
pects Dpen huddenly u[)on us. If Unitariaus
are nor past all feeling, we may expcx:t tliat
they will discover remorse, for liaving repiy-
bated the Orthodox as polytheists and manu-
facturers of almighty }>ersons, when I shall
shew that the latter are to be blamed only for
their great moderation ux this manufacture.
Our modesty is no less conspicuous than our
moderation, since we have long enough con-
tented ourselvt^ with the title of trinitarians,
which is held in great contempt by hereties,
when wtt might easily have assumed the more
sonorous and honourable title of quatuora-
rians."
Agreeably to the purpose thus express-
ed, our author proceeds sometioies in a
delicate, sometimes in a coarse strain of
irony, to apply to Mo3es some of the
leading arguments which have been incau-
tiously advanced to prove the divinity of
Jesus Christ. Unitarians may be amused
by tills production, and contirmed in their
reputed heresy, but serious trinitarians
will be displeased at the manner, and not
convinced.
The author himself is indeed awaro—
" That the pious readier may sometimes
wish, that this argmnent might have been car-
ried on, witlioutthe fee use of the most
sacred name ; but if he should perceive a fault
* Short defence of the doctrine of thp D»vinity of Christ by an anonymous autlior, pub-
lished at LcM-cis. As 1 shall sometimes have occasion to quote this publi<-ution, which has
rc.eived the highest enconuiims from >ome of our first-rate writers, 1 shall call it infotuit^
short defrncf.
t Sabellius taught that there is a plurality of moles or cliaractcrs in the divine nature, but
aiinily pf ixrrsou.
Wright's akti-satisfactiovist^ Sec.
151
i& tliFTC^pcct, I believe he will not say that it
fM> vith mc, unless he should think h an un-
justifubK: proceeding, to repeat anfd submit to
ik rcnsure those unworthy ideas of the nature
of Godf which are expressed in a ft.»w docu-
miTiU of great notori*«ty, and which "are de-
liwled by persons, who set the greatest value
OD the form qf goidhness. On the contrary,
be will perceive, that the teal intention of my
argument is to cause tlic name of our Ihaxcn-
fy Fattier to be hallotved,"
We have little doubt of his intention,
but we hardly think it will be effected.
Tliey who cannot be reasoned out of their
trinitarian faith, will not be laughed into
tmitariamsm^
Art. XV. — Tke Anti-S<(tixfactioniitt ; or Hrc Sahcation of Sinner t by tlie Free Grace of
God : being an Atttnipt to Explode ike Protestant, cut well as Popish, Xotlon of Salva-
tion &i/ Human Merit, and to Promote the Primitive Christian Doctrine of the sufficJnict/
vf Dkine Mercy for aUv:hoarc Penitent: iti Tfuree Parts. i?y Richard Wright.
8vo pp. AVJ.
IT appear*; from an historical notice
prefixed to this work, that it is published,
chiefly, in consequence of a controversy,
' respecting the trutli or falsehood of the
notion of Christ's having made satisfac-
tion for the siiis of nseu,' which has lately
;q>peared in a uiontlily publication entitled
tlje uni\'erbalist*s miscellany, and ia whidi
Mr. Wright took a considerable part. Mn
JenaiD, a clci^'maii in the establishment,
^•as at length excited in opposition to Mr.
Wright, and in the same niiscellauy, to
defend the doctrine o£ atonement.
" I rejpHcd to Mr. Jerrani (obsen-es Mr.
AV right) in a series of letters, which were in-
ierted in tht sauie work. To my answer Mr.
Jt-nani did not think proper to ofler any reply ;
though the magazine was stiU open to him.
However he, in consecjuence of my reply,
jnade some material alterations in his letters,
tuppnssed some i>assag(S, dropped some rea-
KKimgs, and substituted otliers, &c. In this .
improved state he republished his letters ; but,
tliuugb he availed himself of my reply in cor-
nrtiiig and altering them, he carelully avoid-
ed dropping the slightest hint tiiat any reply
had bren pubiished. Hence I thought duty
called upon ine to republish my answer, tiiat
it micht nave a more general circulation, and
tljat 1 might meet my opponent's argimients
in their piesent form : but, judging it best to
tnat the subject more at large, I liave penned
the folknring work, which is now submitted to
the examinatioa of the publkr. Criticisms
and ifferenc^s to the original I have as much
as possible avoid<rci, it being my wish to adapt
mv reasoning to the common reader: I have
hid recourse to these only when justice to the
catfce of truth seemed imj)erk)usly to de-
aiandit^
The author sets oat with a few preli*-
minaiy observations, in which he takes
' a general view of tl^ way of acceptance
with God, ^ taught by Moses and the
prophets, by Christ and his apostles.* He
then eaters upon the great object of his
work; first, stating tlie doctrine of satis-
ficdoD ia the vords of its defcndersj fiuch
as Luther, Calvin, various sjTiods, con-
'fessious, and articles ; Flavell, Baxter,
Beveridge, &c. &c. 5 and placing 5n a pa-
rallel column such passages of scripture
as he conceives afford a refutation of these.
In a second chapter he attempts to re-
fiite the doctrine of satisfaction by argu-
ment He next endeavours, with the as-
sistance of Priestley's history of the cor-
ruptions of Christianity, to account for
tlie rise of the doctrine anK)ng christians,
and its continuance to tlie present day^
and in a fourth chapter, in answer to a
question which he is aware may be pro-
posed, what lie would substitute in tlie
place of this doctrine, he replies, the sal-
vation of sinners by the fiee grace of God,
and explains the terras of tliis reply.
In the second part of this treatise Mr.
Wright enquires concerning die doCUine
of atonement-: he investigates the mean-
ing c^ the term, the authority upon
which its use in tlie English version of the
new testament rests, and asserts, tbtit it
should rather be reconciliation. The doc-
trine of atonement he denies, and con-
tends for that which teaclies the reconcili-
ation of men to God by means of the
gospel. The letters originally published
in tlie universal ist's magazine, in reply to
Mr. Jerram, follow. II13 writings of the
old testament are then examined for the
purpose of discovering what they teach
concerning the death of Christ, and many
remarks are offered on the iifty-third
chapter of Isaiah -, tlie object of which
is to shew, that this, as well as every
other passage of the Jewish scriptures, is
totally silent concerning die death of
Clirist as a vicarious sacrifice. A few
general thoughts upon the sul^ect of sa^
crifices succ^, which throw no new
light upon the much agitated questions of
their origin and desjgp. All the texts of
die new testameftti usually cited by the
advocates of tj>e dpctrijie of atonement,
are dien brgught luiJder a review : the
151
THEOTX)GY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
author is not content with 'abareexhi-
^bition of them, though he thinks tliat
would be suflScient to discover to the can-
did and serious enquirer after truth, how
destitute their hypothesis is of plain and
positive proofs ;' but he gives a brief ex-
position of them according to his own
system. As several of the offices ascrib-
ed to Christ have been supposed to favour
the doctrine of atonement, our author
proceeds tooiier some remarks upon these.
, He enquires into the meaning of the terms
.mediator, surety, propitiation, advocate;
and intercessor ; he attempts to explain
wliat is to be understood by Christ's being
made sin,, and a curse; by his agony in
the garden, and his exclamation on tlie
cross ) and lastly, to prove that the phrase
for Christ" s sake is a mi^ranslation.
In the third part of his work Mr; W.
very briefly enquires into tlie nature of
the death of Christ, its design, and the
connection which that event had witli the
dispensation of the gospel and the salva-
tion of men.
We will enter into no controversy with
this autlior upon the subject whicii he lias
thus discussed. That he is an opponent
of popular creeds and confessions will be
evident from the outline we have given of
his work. Whatex'er may be the value of
his arguments, we will bear our testimony
to the general ability nnd the truly candid
temper with which they are managed.
We subjoin the following specimen :
*' Satisfaction demanded implies injury re-
ceived by him who demands it» and a capa-
bility of receiving compensation ; but Gixl is
no more capable df receiving injury than he is
of doing injury, or than he is of receKing
benetit. Job xxxv. 6, 7, 8. ' If ihou sin-
nest, vUat doest thou agraiust him ? or if thy
transgression be multiplied, what docst tiK>u
unto him ? If thou be righteous, what givest
thou him ? or what recciveth he of thine hand ?
Thy wickedness may hurt a man as thou art,
ana thy rightcotisness may profit tlie. son of
man.' Clu^. xxii. 2,3. ' Can a man be pro-
fitable unto God, as he that b wise may be
profitable unto himself ? — is it gain to him
that thou niakest thy ways perfect ?* Psa. xvL
2, 3. * O my soul, tliou hast said unto the
Lord, thou art my Lord ; my goodness ex-
tendeth not unto thee : but to the saints that
are in tlic earth.' As God is absolutely inde-
pendent, above all influence, incapable of
mistaining injury, or receiving beneiit, from
any one, it is impossible he sbooid demand
ana receive satisfaction, or aa equivalent for
bxs fsLvoT ta sinners.
*^ But it is argued that, though he cannot be
personally iniured, his justice was injured, and
that it was niS justice required satisfaction:
this affects not tlie aigument; far what is \s» i
justice separate fiom him wliose justice it hf
Can justice, viewed abstractedly, be a per-
son capable of acthig and sullering, of receiv-
ing uijur)' and compensation? I'he justice of j
any being is the rectitude of his comiuct, the i
equity of^his ways; ana, surely, the rectitude |
of tiic divuic conduct was not diniintsbed, nor {
the equity of God*s ways interrupted, by the ]
evil actions of his creatures. Justice can '
neither demand, nor axxive, any thin^ but i
as some one demands and receives it m the ]
nanic of justice ;. therefore to say that the jus- j
ticc of God demanded and received satisbc-
ti<m is, in cflect, the same thing as saying I
God iiimself demanded and mctived satisfac- i
tion. Sin is no where but in the creature, aH j
its eflects are restricted to the creature, and J
all tlic injury done by it is done to the crcarj
ture: consetiuenHy, it is in the creature thatj
reparation for the evil produced by sin ts rr
quired : and this reparaiion can only be mad
by the restoration of the sinner to purity and!
happiness : in other words, by the removal of I
the evil from those who are the subjects of it: I
this is effected, not by an innocent person 5
suffering in their place and stead, but by
their refonnation and recover}' to the paths of
rectitude.
" It may l)e said, tliough God is not injur-
ed by Our sins, yet the good of the moral
system is, the interests of our fellow creatures
are ; and consequentlv satisfaction was neces-
sary, 'lb this 1 reply, wliatever injury had
been done to the moral system it could not be
repaired by the cruel niurder of an innocent
person, which is spoken of in the new' testa-
ment ^ a gn>ss violation of moral principle :
there seems no way of repairing the injury
done to the moral sj-stcm, but hv the refor-
mation and future good conduct of those who
have done it However the interests of crea-
tures may be injured by sin, it b not possible
to compensate that injurj' by any thing but
the amendment, and future right action:s of
those who have been injurious."
" A^in, the notion of Clirist's making
satisfaction for sins establishes the doctrine ol
merit, yea even of human merit. Its sidvo-
cates are continually, talking of the merits of
Christ, and that they expect all blessincs from
God on the ground of the merits of Christ
as if God would bestow no favor unless some
one had merited it? Yet th? phrase, merits
of Christ, is not to be found in the new testa-
ment. It is fully admitted, tliat the merits of
Cluist stand very high ^^^th respect to us ; we
owe him the warmest gratitude and praise, as
the medium by whicn all tlie blessings of
grace and salvation are communicated to us ;
the favor which he manifested to us was great
indeed : though he was rich, yet for our sakes
he became poor, that we, through his poverty,
might become rich ; he sacrificed hb own iSfe
to effect our salvation, and he stiU lives to
cany on the work ; but, however gneat his
merits with respect to us, however great tlic
obligations we are under to hun, he never
/WBU.WOODS 8BRMOK8*
153
<UflKd mj thing of ^e Farther^ either for
hiatfdf or flnners, on the ground of his
mrhts, but recoved every thing as a free
ibSl Hk apostles never mentioned his hav-
M^ merited any thing at the hand of God,
either far himself or others ; but, on tlie con-
trary, they ascribe every thing he hath receiv-
ed, aad every Messing he bestows to the gift
Df hts Father ; which is uicompafible with the
doctrine of satisfoction. Our opponents talk
mudi of the merits of the death of Christ, as
the only ground on which sinners have a right
to expect salvation ; and they sing —
' Tb bv the merit*; of his death
' The Father smiles again ;'
» if God would have been eternally frowning
npoD the world if Christ by his'dymg groans
had not appeased his. wrath, and induced liim
to smile on his own works, llie merit of
Christ's dt^th must be human merit ; for it
was the man Jesus who died. Many of our
opponents admit that it was -the man, or hu-
man nature, only, that died, "^niey contend
that the same nature that sinned must make
faiBfactiop ior sin ; but it was hunum nature
only that sinned. The merits of his death
could only be the merits of him, or tliat, wliich
died, which is acknowkxlged, even by our
opixjnents, to lie merely human ; for, atter all
they say about the Godhead of Clurist, they
acknowledge tiiat the Godhead could neither
suH'er nor die. lience it appears that the
merit of Clmsfs death is, c\'en ontbe ground
of bur opjXNients, human merit : and it is by
his death, they suppose, he made satisfaction
for sins : it follows that thesatiafection scheme
changes the doctrine of salvation by grace for
that of salvatk>n by human merit."
Many like ourselves rtiay be unable to
assent to tlie interpretation which Mr. W.
has given of several passages of scripture ;
but he is entitled to the praise after whic^
every theologian ought to aspirfe, of hav-
ing scrupulously weighed tlie mean fug of
every scriptural term which he produces
in support of his system j and of having
paid a strict regard to the conne^cion and
original design of most of tlie passage*
which he has quoted.
SERMONS AND PRACTICAL THEOLOGY.
A»T. XVI. — Semumi by Sir Henry Moncreipf Wellwood, Bart. D. D. and F, R. S.
Edinka^ ; one qf the Minisicnf of St. Cuthberfs, £dinbun;k ; and Senior Chaplain im
Ordinary in Scoiland, to his Royal Highness tlie Prince qf Urales.- 8vo. pp. 480.
'WB have already remarked that our
list of sermons for the present year is
more than usually long, but at the same
time honourably distinguished by several
vahiable volomes. Among these^ the la-
bours of rhe r^v. baronet justly desene-
to be ranked ; and if tliey have not
any ' pecoliar' ' they have certainly very
pcive^* claims to tlie attention of the
puUic. And we are persuaded that they
wiU be ' neither useless nor unacceptable'
to many who have not the felicity of be*
longing to the congregation among, whom
the author has laboured thhly years, for
'«'hom these discourses were originally
prepared, and to whom they are now
chiefly addressed. *ITie character of this
volume may be easily given. The sub-
iects which the preacher has discussed are
weighty and important — the manner in
:which iliey are treated is worthy of the
p momentous topics employed — grave, dig-
'nified, impresisive — tlie style chaste, un-
encarobered with showy ornament— but
not destitute of eloquence. ' The doc-
trines and tlie duties of Christianity are
^presented as inseparably united, in the
^di and practice of those who embrace
It ;* those doctrines which are in unison
*widi the establHhed creed of the church
to which the preacher belongs, are in a
'lew pagei brou^t forwards^ but not ex*
I
tensively : throughout the volume the an*
thor appears actuated by the maxim with
which he concludes his preface — ^that
' practical religion is of much more im-
portance than the solution of difficult
questions, and the ^^ctification and sal-
vation of tliose who profess the gospel^
than the soundest opinions.*
This volume comprises fourteen ser-
mons, upon the following .subjects.: 1,
On the unequal allotments of Providence ;
2, On the minute improvement of the
blessings of Providence \ 3, On self-de-
nial J 4, On tlie form of godliness ; 5, On
christian faith and morality ; 6\ Ou the
result of good and bad affections ; 7> On
the inheritiuice of a good man's children -,
8, On tlie doctrine of grace ; 9, On the
conduct of Providence to good men ; 10,
On the general spirit and effects of Chris-
tianity 5 11,12, On the universal promul-
gation of Christianity ; 13, Prospects of
futurity ; 14, On Uie cultivation of per^
sonnl religion.
Of these sermons, if we were required
to select the most interesting and impor-
tant, we should name the second, the
third, the sixth, the seventh, tJie ninth,
and the tenth. From one or two of these
•we sliall subjoin some extracts, to justify
tlie good opinion which we have expressed
conceru'uig this ^oluiue.
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFF.imS.
]54
The subject of vthe second sermon is
deduced from these words, recorded by
John : ' Jesus said to liis disciples, gather
Tip the fragments that remain that nothing
be lost; And the preacher selects, as ex-
amples to illustrate the minute improve-
njent of the blessings of providence, sug-
gested by these words : the fragments of
the provision made for our temporal neces-
wties; the fragments of our time ; tlie
fragments of our private comfort or of
our personal advantages 5 the fragments
of our health, or of our vigour. The two
first of these are common topics, and the
merit of the preacher, in discussing these,
consists, as might have been expected,
not in introducing new thoughts, but in
placing old truths in a striking and impres-
sive point of view. The two last, though
not less important, have been, we believe,
less generally noticed^ and are here set
forth with great ingenuity and force.
Having briefly but severely rebuked tlie
temper which is generally manifested
under the loss of blessings once enjoyed,
the preaclier proceeds thus :
<« Tlicre is scarcely any situation in human
life, in which there are not many couitbrts re-
maining, wliatever the blessiiigs are, which
•fcave been taken away. This is an unques-
tionable fact, though we were not to consider
the cases, in which providence compensates
by subsequent events, the hcavit^t calamitit^
Which wc can experience. We niay have lost
what we valued a§ our best advantages, and
may regret them with a degree of tenderness
which supposes that their place cannot sooii
be supplied. We mav have nothing more
than * the fragments' of oxir most precious
blessings, which were once entire. But it is
possible, that, by the grace of God, the
liith which is purilied bv sorrow, may enable
us to make n*orc of ' tfie fragments' than we
were able to atUin by the full extent of our
advantages. We arc not to sink uito despon-
dency, whilst we are still pennitted to enjoy
many blessings, for which wc give thanks to
God : whilst Si the use of them there is still a
ihity which wc feel to be binding on us, a good
woiit which we have still the opportunity of
fullillir\g» a service which we can still perfonn
to tlwse around us, or a ^ood example, which
the l)lessings which we still possess can enable
us to shew them ; or if, wlulst ' we suffer af-
tliction by the will of God,' there is still a
.friend who helps our infirmities, whose face
we can cheer by our gratitude, or by our
•ympathy, or by our patience, or by our
trust in Godw . . , i.
" If we are still cqjable of activity and of
active duties, no deprivation of past satisfac-
tions will justify our inactivity. Much less
Cim it entitle us to indulge the desjiondency,
which looks only to the grave. On tlic other
hand, if we shall estimate at their true value
* the fragments which remain' to us of private
or personal comfort, and shall use Uiem faith-
fully, as the means of -fulhUing the dutica
which we are not pennitted to rei!nqui5ii,thcy.
will grow or will be multiplied in uur i^ossessioa
by tlie influence of God. If we sliall pere©-
vere till we reap tJie result of thcin, one satis-
faction will be added to anoth* r, and God inay
be pleased ' to bless our latter end,' Uke }iAi\
even more than the happiest paj-t of ouy ^last
tune.
" No man can have a right to r<*ject tba
advantages which are left with hhn, or to re*
hnquish tlio duties which he can still fulfil, on
account of the blessings whk:h have been
taken away. We may have good reason to
regret tliat which wc no longer possess. M
as long as our probation lasts, much will re-
main after all that wc can lose, which we ait
bound botli to value, and to enipby for dsp
charging our uid'ispensible duties."
Nor are the remarks under the last ex-
ample ' the fragments of our health or of
our vigour,* lesB forcible or important
" Every man of understanding acknow-
ledges our obligation to apply our talents to
the business of hunjan life, or to the entls of
our probation for the worid to come, as lowj
as we are capable of exercising them, li n
impossible seriously to doiibt that our persoual
duties must be indlspensible, as long as wc
have the means of fulfilling them.
" But when the doctrine is applied to prac-
tice, we are apt to take ver>' different view
of the subject. Though it is a truth fully es-
tablish*^ by experience, that it is bctA for
every man, in the present life, and most for'
his advantage as an immortal being, to perse-
vere ui the active duties of his condrtion, as
long as it is possible for liim to discharge
them ; there is notiihig whicli men more w-
jierallv allow to dwell on their thoughts
through life, than the kiea, that a time shall
come, long before tliey die, when they sluB
be able to relinquish their usual or pnrfessioial
occupations, and to spend the rest o{ their
tinw, without labour or exertion, m the enjoj-
mcnt of their private or domestic situations.
Few in companson arf ever pennitted to rea-
lise an idea, which so many allow to occuw
their imaginations. Of tliose wIk) are enabted
to relinquish their labours, if their lives arc
prolonged, the greater part have reason to
rcpeot what they have done. By tlic change
produced on their hjbits, and by want of usj.
their facnilties arc gradually impaired, as liifi
sources of their activity are diminished ; an^
they meet with chagrui and disappointmtiit,
where they expected to have found nothing
but satisfaction or tranquillity. .^,
" I do not sav that those who have retirw
from the bustle of affairs cannot employ, «»
employ faithfully, ' the (rd^eDi^ootnji
their health and of their vigour. They 1^
ccrtainlv much hi their power, if t^'?,*?®:
•crate tlieir leisure to real duties, J^ *f^
their talents occupied as tliey ought to di,
WELLWOOO S SEEMONS.
155
Bsd) ^kh rdates to the discipline of their
««D minds ; much which can be done in do-
Bu^ life, for the advantage of the old or of
the young, ta whom thev can give their atten-
I tiDDor their tinie ; much by which they can
b^ use6tl to those whose cliaracters they can
■Ulntiice, whose hands they can stren^ien ;
vbom th«7 can assist in their difiicuUies, or
comfort in then- sickness, or fiimish with the
means either of prosperity or of religion.
" Those who apply the decl'uie of life to
«orh puipoies as these, do not retire in vain
from the bustle of the world. If they em-
^ce heartily the opportunities of usefiilness
which they still possess, nothing is lost which
tht-y are capable of attamhig. ITiat which
Ibi-y do in secret for the glory of God, or for
the'ad\,antage of their fellow mortals^ is sane-
Mvd bv the prayer of faith, and shall be ac-
njunieJ io tiiein as good service, in ' thu day
of Christ/
" But though I say this, I have no hesita-
(kxi io add, that tliose who abide by their ac-
tive occupations from a sense of duty, and
who employ the la^t i)ortion of their talents
wh'Te they spent their vigour, have much
better reason to expect, that both their useful-
ne»-s end tJieir perr^onal comfort sliall be con-
tinued as lone as they five.
" No good man's conscience will suggest to
Km tliat heoughtto become wearj' of his la-
bours, fie wfio delights in the service on
vhich his duty or h'ts usefulness depend:;, can
have no wish to relinquish it. He is anxious
to* j)f rsevere in the duties which he can in
ai.y degree accomplish, even when he is con-
8.fx» of his decline. He looks up to God,
to whom he thinks he shall soon return ; and
ftough lie knows that his summons to die
eannot be distant, it continues to be the first
wish of his heart, that he may be fbimd em-
pknnng the la'^t portions of his health and life,
in the duties of nis proper place.
" A man who is able to preserve this happy
temper of mind to the end, has a fiar better
prospect, than other habits could at'ibrd
niro, of possessing the vigour of his faculties
to his last hour ; and therefore of extending
his bbours and his usefulness far bevond the
ordinary term of human activity, fte hears
(he voice of his master, urging liis duties and
his fidelity on his conscience, till his strcn^h
iSjfone: and he does not lose the unpression
of it, till the last spark of life expires.^'
In the tenth sermon preached in Edin-
fcuigh, before the directors for the asylum
for the blind, the rev. baronet very
aUy illustrates this important doctrine-—
*' That relief to the miserable, and the
general instruction of ihc poor, essential
rharacten of the Messiah's reiin)» as de-
wibed by the prophets, were leading and pe-
culiar features of the gospel of our Lord
Jesus Christ, as it was promulgated by him-
self and his apc^tles ; tnat they have univer-
»11t folkiwed its.progres8, through all the ages
»)u countries whick it has hitheito reached;
and that, as well b^ means of those who have
not believed, as ot those who have siucereiy
^nib:a ed it, they have universally produced
the most extensive and salutary eiiccts^ on the
conditions of human life."
The whole of this discourse is deserv
ing of the serious and attentive perusal of
every unbeliever, and suggests many gra-
tifying reflections to every enlightened dis-
ciple of Clirist Having shewn what was
the aspect of Christianity among the poor,
during the personal muiistry ot' our Lord^
sir Henry justly obscr^'es :
" IJefore I attempt to trace its progress for-
ther, it is necessary to retnark, tJiat both the
distinguishing characters which I have suppos-
ed to belong to it were at this period almost en
tirely new to the world, and are not to be
f )und eitiier in the history or in the institutions
of the ancient nations.
'* AVe are not to suppose men of any age
or country to have been destitute of the" ftnj
ings of hinnanity, or incapable of exercising
them. But those who are acuuainted with
human nature know well, how tnese may be
controuled or |)erverted, by their superstitiousy
by their laws, by their uiveterate prejudices,
or by their general manners.
" lliere were virtues among the ancient
nations which we read with a glowing satisfac-
tion, and relate with nride and reverends
But their compassion for the helpless or tlie
sick among the people, the kindness of the
great to the poor, then- provision for the old,
or for the dying, among the lower onlers, or
then- general sympathy with their conditions,
were certainly not among thoir virtues. SiA-
ting aside what we fuid in the history of hf
daism, there has not comedown to us one trace
or vestige of com])assion to the mis^Table, to
the sick, or to the dying, among the common
ranlys of the people, wliich was sanctioned by
the religion, or by the government, or by the
institutions, or by the general manners of any
ancient nation.
" This fact is so well established, that a se-
rious argiiment has been maintarnqd in modem
times, in defence of the ancient sj'stem of sla-
very, founded on the assertion that it held out
to the great body of the people the only ef-
fcctual seairity which they possessed, against
the miseries of sickness,' of famine, and of
age.
" If this is in any respect a just view of the
preceduig ages, it is no wonder that it sl.ould
be given us as a disthictive character of the
Messiah's reign, that, as the great deliverer
and restorer of our fallen race, he was every
where to heal the sick, and gladden the blmd,
and bind up the broken heart, and * to com ;
fort all that monrn ;* and that minrcy to the
miserable should be represented to be as
much a peculiar, as it is a universal, charactrr
of the dis])ensation, over which he presides.
'* The instinct ion of the great ma^s of tl e
people, was a circumstance not less new or pe
culiar. The wisdom of the most enli^teiied
156
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
nations of antiquity was confined to the schools
of theif philosophers. Tlicir religion was
yirnpt up in impenetrable fobles and mysteries,
which but a few individuals were allowed to
examine. The knowledge which the people
at large were permitted to actjuire, was only
calculated to. rivet cm their ramds the terrors
of the most abject, irrational, and depressing
superstitions. While the art of printing wa:^
not vet discovered, and the people wore effec-
tually excluded from all the means of infor-
mation, which have become so accessible in
Biodem times, all culture an<l all real know-
ledge were of necessity confined to tlie higher
orders of men. The* instruction of the peo-
ple could be no o^ect of attention, and never
was attempted. They were universally left ta
labour ana to ignorance.
" We may no doubt recollect, that in the
free states of Greece and Home, a certain
portion of infonnation was uiseparable from
the spirit of liberty, and from the effects of
the doauence employed to work on the pas-
sions of the multitude, either in public trials
or i)olitical contentions. But it is not difficult
to form an estimate of all the useful knoi^-
ledge, which can be traced to this source,
which, in its bat state, had certainly little in-
tluence to promote either the virtue or the
happiness of the people. And if this kind of
information is excepted, which was accessible
to a very inconsiaerable number of the hu-
man race, the people of the ancient world
were effectually excluded from every source
of instruction bcjond the perceptions or the
observations of an uncultivateid mind.
*' It was therefore no common attribute of
public teaching, that it was given universally
to all the orders of human life ; and it was, of
consequence, a character of the Messiah, as
hew as it was peculiar, tliat he preached the
gospel to all the people, * to the wise and to
the unwise,' to the priests and to the slaves ;
that he preached it through all the land ; and
preached it to tlie lowest of mankind.''
In that part of the discourse in which
it is the object of the preacher to show
that the relief of the miserable, and the
instruction of the people, have distinguish-
ed the gospel from the first age of the
gospel to the present times, we meet
with the following passage ; which we
quote, not as containing any thing new,
but as deserving of being frequently incul-
cated upon those, who, for want of due
deliberation, are accustomed to under-
value the gospel.
*' tt is impossible to calculate the effects
6i the knowledge which was rapidlv sprt^
from Judea through all the world, ' 'fhe peo-
ple who sat in darkness, and in tlie sha«kyw of
d<'ath, saw indeed a ^reat light;* and tlie
knowledge of the doctrine of salvation by the
son of Gotl, wa«i followed by a thousand
•ources of light and information, from whkrh
the peopte b^ boea effectually «xclu(kd in
all the preceding ages. Indeed, tlic effed of
the promulgation of Christianity to all order*
of men, to disseminate every citlier s|>ecies of
infonnation, as well as its own peculiar cioc-
trincs, and its immediate and general mfluciioe
on the manners and character of those who
embraced ' it, cannot be either questioned or
disguised, by those who have Inrstowcd any
attention on the history of the times. Tht:
emperor Julian, who renounced Christianity,
and who laboured, with indefatigaT)1e zt-al, to
bring back the people to the ancient supersti-
tions, saw so much of the effects of the chris-
tian discipline, and of tlie regular instructkia
given by the ministers of the gospel to the
great body of the ]x»ple, that, with a view
to give the same advantages to the heathm
supiTslitions, he proposed a fonn of diaci-
pline, a system of publk: instruction, and even
an institution for alms, after the model uf the
christian i hurches, to be ado|>ted and iiicorpo-
ratiNl in the temples of idolatr)-. No cons -
c^ucnces followed from this design; fnc before
the cxptTiment could be tried, the empeior'*
death put an end to all his frenzy. The fact,
howevcT, is a demonstratkin from the mouth
of an enemy, of the power and success,
with which Christianity was seen to have
spread a general light and knowledge anMng
the people.
" The corruptions in the christian churchy
which were imperceptibly muhiplied, till they
at last produced the monstrous usurpations of
the church of Rome, gave the lirst great check
to the general information, which Christianity
had ditlused. After the people were no loi^ri^
jiermitted to read the scriptures, and were
conlined to a worsliip peitbrmed in an un-
known tongue, the human undenstandii^ wat
soon in worse fetters, than it had ever worn ;
and the ignorance and barijarisin of the dark
agc*s followed.
" On tlie other hand, it is a fact equally
certaui, tliat the reformation and re^ ival of the
christian cluirch in the sixtiicnth century, was
the signal of light and knowledge returning to
the worid. Ihe general knowledge of the
scriptures diffused among the people — the zea-
lous and ciilightcned exhortations of the fint
reformers— the art of printing l>cgun at this
critical time — ^the books which the refonna-
tion produced and circulated— created a new
asm in the liistory of the world ; and sprnui,
niore tlian ever, the sources of substantial
information through every country.
** We have been more indebted for the su-
perior light of motleni times, and for the
modern improvements in every art and science
to the influence of Christianity, and to the
means of information which it' has created :
to the effects of its doctrines, of its spirit, and
of its pn>givss; than to all other causes what-
soever. • The gospel, preached to the poor,*
has acUlod nuich uidecd, to the resources
both of thi: rich and of the wise ; and has
done so, by presi^rving in its progress, the
same general and peculiar characters with
whk:h it was at tint pEDaMllgat«d ^ Christ
and liis apoatic-s.'^
CAPPB 6 DISCOUHSBS QN DEVOTIONAL SUBJECTf.
HieekrcQth and twelfUi sermons^ upon
the Diiiversa] proqiiilgation of the gospel^
ccidcain many valuable observations ; but
ve lev that the preacher has not accurate*
Ij intcipreted that passage of Aripture— ^
die 24th and 25th chapters of Matthew's
go^l, upon which these sermons ar^
^ndcd. The events there predicted
hare, surely, all received their accom-
pltihmeot ; and once the gospel of tho
kingdom was published l;hroughout the
ivorid. Infideli^ has taken a strong hcid
nt
amidst the concessions whidi have beeii
incautiously made on this and other sub*
jects connected with these chapters ; and
she cannot be completely dislodged till
those concessions be removed. Upon
this topic no one has treated so ably as
Mr. Nisb,^tt, and we recommend hk
writings to the attention of the rev. ba-
ronet, and to all who are desirous of un-
derstanding the history of tlie founder of
diristianity^ and the epistles of his earliest
ministers.
Abt. XVIf. — Ducmirse», ddtftij an Devntional Suhfecis. By the late Rev. NswcoMfc
Cappe. To which are prefixed, Afemoire of his Life. By Catharine Cappe. if^itk
an Afjiemdix, containing a Sermon preached at the Interment of the Author, By the Rev.
WiLUAM Wood. - Also a Sermon on occasion of ifu: death of Robert Cappe, M. D%
vntk Memoirs qfhi9 Ufe, By the Rev. C. Wellbeloveo. 8vo. pp. 484.
THE author of this posthumous vo-
fome was not altogether unknown to fame,
though he retired from the public eye,
and spent all his life in a distant proving
cial town, almost uninterruptedly occupi-
ed in the study of the scriptures. During
the American war he published several
hu, sermoDSt which oblaiined for him the
chiracter of an eloquent and faithful
preacher, and the ^niration and esteem
of many eminent persons. In the latter
part of his life, when he was disabled by
severe attacks of the palsy for performing
the accustomed duties of his station as a
aunister, he gave to the worlda series of
difiooones on the pcovidenoe and govern-
ment of God, which have been deservedly
admired for the comprehensive view tliey
take of an important subject, and the elo-
quent and energetic manner in which tlie
practice of piety is enforced, and its con-
soiatioos recoaniDended. Since the au-
thors deaths two volumes of critical re-
iDnks and ^Ussertations^ on many impor-
tant passages of scripture, have been pub-
lished, which, however variously the novel
priociples that they contain may be ap-
preciated, must be universally acknow-
ktiged to dbplay great research, and great
erudition, and to suggest, upon some to-
pics, enquiries of no trifling and iinim-
portantkind.
A more acceptable present could not
have been offered than that which the ju-
dicious editor has here made to the public.
From the memoirs of the learned author
piefixed to the Critical Bemarks, in which
naiiy extracts from manuscript sermons
«^ere inserted, as well as from former spe-
cimens of his talents as a preacher, we
yK^tte prepared to espect that, should the
editor be induced to publish a sdectitm of
discounes from tliose which his patient
industry had rescued from the oblivion In
which they must otherwise have been
buried, th^ would prove eloquent, pious,
adapted to improve the understancUng, to
amend the heart, and to enforce the prac-
tice of holiness, and virtue. Our expecta«
tions have not been disappointed. A vo-
lume, such as we ventured in the name of
the public to solicit, is now before us ; und
we will assure our readers that, although
the £ng]ish press has teemed with thc^
discourses of able and eloquent divines, it
has sent forth few tliat can claim a wipe*
riority to tliose with respect to anyextel-
lence that ought to mark a work of thm
nature.
The editor has done wisely in prefixing
to these discourses the very interesting
and improving biographical sketch, origi-
nally drawn up for the Critical Remark^i.
A few alterations have necessarily been
made, but none of them are of great im-
portance.
llie volume consists of itventy-foter dis^
courses. The three first are uponyinc^
which the preaclier, with much ingenuity^
demonstrates to be a reasonable, a desire-
able, and an important principle, not en*'
thusiastic, nor independent of evidence^
nor peculiar to religion ; but a principle
upon which the most contemptuous scoff-
ers act in the commonest concerns of
life— 4 principle suited to the wants and
imperfections of the human mind, and in-
troducing those who embrace it to the
most delightfiil entertainments. The/o«r
succeeding discourses have been selected
from a series which was composed and de«
livered by the author under the severest
pressure of domestic afilictibns, amongst
which the death of an amiable partner^
us
THEOLOGY AKTD ECCLESIASTICAL AFFiURS.
the affectionate mother of six children,
wAg not the lightest Let the reader of
these bear this information of the editor's
in mind, and the pious let^sons tliey incul-
cate will reach his heart witli greater
force. In the first we are taught tlie un-
xeasouableness and tlie folly ^of undue
anxiety respecting any future evils tliat
may arrive -, and, in die tliree tliat suc-
ceed, we are taught the duty of joining
prayer with thanksgiving, under such at-
Mictions as no anxiety has been able to
prevenL
The exclamation of the psalmist^ ' Lord
I am thine,' aflbrds the subjects of tlie
Kvctuh discourse, in which many useful
xeflecttons are suggested from this weighty
and consoling truth, that man is the pro^
perty qf God, The aghtk and niiuh dis-
courses are employed in deacribii^ the
obligations, the importance, and tlie rea-
aonableaeaft of the love of God. In a
verj ibrclble and eloquent manner, tlie
pr^cher proves that,
•* The love of God is one of the most na-
tural operations of the human heart, the most
«)bvious and self-approved direction of its sen-
timents ; for it is to admire, what is perceived
to be truly admirable ; to esteem, what is in-
finitely worthy to be esteemed ; and to che-
rish in our hearts witli complacency and de-
light, the id^a of what conffssedly deser\'cs
ciir supreme affection: it Is, to cultivate a
gratemi sense of kindness that exceeds our
tenderest thoughts, and of beneficence tliat
tfassetb knowledge. — ^To be devoid of the
love of God, not only betrays an unnatural
apposition to the dictates of self-love, and of
chanty ; but also to that other powerful and
amiable prindpte, by whatever name you cali
it, whidi recommends all moral goodness to
mu hrarts» It imj^es a strange insensibility
lb our own happiness, to the happiness of our
brethren, and to the noblest obligations ; a
criminal prostitution of our aifections, and a
perverseness and mconststency of character,
alike wretched, deplorable, and guilty.''
But reasonable as the love of God is in
itself, and essentially neces^ry to our
own happiness, and the preser\'ation of
our virtue, the preacher is aware that there
may be some d'ifHculty in preserving and
cultivating this divine affection : he there-
fi;)re extends his enquiry into the causes
firom which thia difficulty proceeds, and
the' means by which it may be best over-
come. We regret that our limits will
not allow of the copious extracts which we
could with great pleasure select from these
very valuable discourses. In some mea-
sure connected with these, are the four
s^ucceeding discourses, the most philoso-
phical, and, upon the whole, the most nn«
portant in the volume. The subject of
them is the lave qf pleasure, which is thus
accurately defined ;
" It happens that although we have names
for many of our affections, «igiitticant of their
general nature, significant abooftheatfcctibit
in its excess or its defect ; yet, in very few
instances are we provided with dUTcrcnt tenns
whereby to distmguish it when inditferent,
neitlier laudable nor blameable, from the same
afiection in its excess, in which, it is in one
way criminal, or in its defect, in whicli it is
criminal in anotJier way. Pride, and anger,
are two censurable ]>as6ioas ; tlie one being
tlie excess of that alfection tliat is naturally
excited by the consideration of what is woilhy
in ourselves ; the other, the excess of that af-
fection, which insults necessarily awaken.
But, for these afTections, in their general na-
tore, in which thrr ace indinerent ; or in their
defect, in which tney are tehy, we have no
appropriate terms. If we could speak of tibcm
accurately and usefully, we must describe
them in several temis, and carefully distin-
guish them from pride and anger, which are
the names only of^the excess.
'' From this narrowness of language arises
much confusion in our ideas, giving birth to
many prejudices, which in tiieir eflfccts may
be huilhil to the comfort, and even to the gooti
conduct of life; and hence it becomes neces-
sary, to attend closely, and distingiiisli accu-
rately, when either the nature, or the obiitra-
tions'of man, are the subjects of our medita-
tion or discourse.
" For that affection, or rather for that da^j
of aftections which we comprehend under tlie
denomination of the love ot pleasure, we have
onljTthis single term to signify its general na-
ture: we have no names to distinguish it ac-
cording to the difterent objects it embraces,
nor even to express its excesses or defects.
Unless we enter into a particular descnptlbo
of tliem, we hare nothing but this general
term by which to express all these varioos
senlimeiits, and all their different degrees.
fiiit it is obvious, that with regard to some ob-
jects of delight, our love of pleasure caimot bf
criminally weak, aUhough in regard to othens
it may beblamcably defective; in respect to
some sources of denght, it is not probable, it
is not perhaps possible, that it should nin into
excess; inrespectof others, it is very prone a^
to do;' and there i^ hardly any class of plea-
sures, in respect of which there is not sonw
degree of afiection that is innocent, becaisie i
natural and unavoidable: hence it follows, i
that what b true of any one thing, which vc i
call the love of pleoMire, b by no means tn» j
of all that we mean at any time by that name.
" The pleasures spoken of by "the apostfe^
between which and the love of God we pro-
posed to show you that there is a real opposi-i
tion, are those which we derive from seasibici
and external objects. * In respect of ih<-3C,
there are two ddfcrent species gf tlie love «f
€AFFB*« 0IBCOVaSE3 ON DBVOTIONAL «VBJ£€T8«
190
llflHire, which altKoiigh» in the higha* ranks
of Me especially, often combined, may how-
eriT sobsist apart, and when they do, they
coiuCitiite two ditf^^reni charactvrs; the one
fursaa the grattficationt of a v^ imaguia-
tian, and forms the character of tht* guldv and
ihe fpy ; the other, the gratilication of the in-
ifdor appetites, and forms the character of
the carnal and debaxichcd. llie hearts of the
one, are m scenes of dissipation and aniuse-
ment, and there is their sovereign tmjoyment ;
the debghi ami desires of the other, are in
scenes ot sensual indulgence, in makmg or en-
joying the provision they have macie, ' for
the tieih to tuUii the lusts tliereof.*
The opposition which must necessarily
fnbsist between each of tliese species of
die love of pleasure aind the love of God,
is distinctly and forcibly marked, and a
strong and afiecting appeal is then made-
to the hearer^ whether to the degrading
and the dangerous love of pleasure he can
consent to sacrifice the pure and satisfying
love of God. We cannot withhold the
following just and striking passage :
** If such solicitude, care, and attention, be
leedfol to maintain and cultivate this divine
aflection, can it llourish, can it live m Uie
ht3it» of the giddy and the gay? Will they,
to whom thought is fetigue, who ily from
amusement to amusement to save themselves
ftom their own minds ; will they be induced,
will they be able, to abstract tiieir thoughts
ftom viable and external things ; to fix them
on God who is a ^int, whom no man hath
xen or can see, and all whose excellences are
ipiritually discerned ? — But what need have we
^li PG40O OB the subject? Did ever any one ex-
pect to find a man of pleasure at his devotions ?
ddighklng in the opportunity of retiring to his
doset; uleascd to indulge the sacred seiili-
mcnts ot rel'^on, and assiduously cultivating
fte teve of God } Is it the men of pleasure tliat
crowd our rdigious assemblies ? Is it the men
«f pleaiure that adorn our sanctuaries with
^ truly decent, and serious demeanour? with
an appearance that betiavs no constraint, no
uneasiness, no impatient dissatisfaction^ or iii-
didbence? Is it the men of pleasure that
oartify the day of God? — But it is ijot neccs-
lary in belialf of the doctrine I maintain, to
miihipK' these inquiries ; even with themselves
I Diay lodge the appeal: it is no part of tMr
r pride that they are religious; this i»a charac*
ter that they are more apt to deride tlian to
affect; they do not ordinarily even pretend
to be devout — ^^'et, my friends, sufl'er not
yourselves to be deceived ; let no man con-
clude that because he hath not fully arrived
at the open contemnt, or even at the total ne-
(kct of religion ana religious ordinances, tliat
tboefore he b not a lover of pleaaues, mote
than a kner of God. True religion cannot
. aibiijt with the love of plea:iure, but the form
; of godliness may consist with and encourage
i i^ The olfices'»f devotkm^ both public and
private, may be performed, may be imhAf
and habitually perfomied from very ^ef^t
motives, and tor ver}' different ends. To noit-
rish the spirit, of devotion, to promote the lov^
of God, they caimot be pcifonned, where the
love of pleasure is the ruling principle ; — to
deceive the world, to deceive the persons
themselves, they may. Try your devotions z
do you mean to be really religious, or to ap*
pear so? In refiectmg on thoui, do you consi-
der the fruits of genuine piety that have arisen
out of them ; or, are you itiore disposed to at*
tend to the merit you think there is in them;
and under the considoratbn of this merit, to.
exaise or to conni\'e at those indulgences, of
which you have at least some suspicion that
tjiey are not right ? If it be so, your piety is
irrciiffion, and however unwilling you may be
to believe it, however averse to nave others
think so, you are indeed lovers of pleasuxe
more tlian lovers of God.^'
The author then proceeds to specify
9ome marks or signatures of that charac-
ter in which the love of pleasiu^ fatally
prevails; and the whole enquixy concludes
thus :
*' My friends, you have much to do with
Go<I; yourselves and every thing m which
Jfoii have any interest, are absolutely in hit
lands. You have far more important tians-
^ions with hhn tlian any that you are con-
scious of in this world ; it will not be very long
before the youngest of this audience will find,
it so. ITie time will come, I could tell the
day beyond which it will not be deferred, but
the . day before which it will come, I cannot
tell ; the time will come when you will find
this world vanishing away, and another open-
ing upcm you, this worlH of trial ending for
ever unto you, and a sense of everiasting n-
compence 'commencing. You know as well
as I do, would to God that you would let tlie
idea sink deep into your iiearts, that the
round of this world's pleasures will not last for
ever. The rose will fade, the eyes grow diiB^
and the heart ^row faint, and all tliat is of this
world become incapable of adihinistering, even
a momentaiy cordial or amusement. You
know as well as I do, ]^ouid to God that you
would let the thought take possession of your
souls ! that the time wiU come when the warm-
est S4>petites will be cold, whea tlie acute^t
senses will be dull, >vhen the liveliest fancy
will he languid, when the giddiest smner will
beseriou<;, and the drowsiest conscicnci^ awake.
The time will come, of which your preachers
luive so often warned you, when your bodit^
shall be undistin^vi^hable from tlfe dust tliat
ilies before the wind, and when that dust shall
have as much mterest in th<; gaieties and sen-
sualities of those upon whom it falls, as you !
Long before that tune arrives, the day may
come upon you, wheu, on a dying bed, whife
you watch tor the moment that is to stop that
beating heart, you shall look back upon the
hfe that you have spent, and forward mto the
eternity that is to receive you* In that awM
180
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRSf.
season, whence will you derive your comfoft^
To whom will you apply yourselves, to plea-
sure, orto God? I have seen devotion triiuuph
in the arms of death, but you need not wait
until that awiul period, to "be perfectly per-
suaded, that pleasure cannot triumph there;
It is not the remembrance, that you have
loved pleakife more than God, that can give
yoa conHdencc when you arc entering into his
prefiencef it is not tnis conviction that can
comfort your attending friends: if you love
them, if )tju love your own souls, let God
have your tirst attentions, let your duty regu-
late your pleasures.
** Jlie considerations that have been ad-
dressed to you, arc considerations by which
you ought to be impressed — you tnink so
yourselves. Some of yOu, perhaps, are im-
pressed by them. Cherish the nnpression.
No artifice has been employed to fix any false
impression on you. It is the simple truth that
hs» been set before you, you will iind it to
have been such, ere long. Carry the ideas^
carry tlie sentimei}ts tJiat liave been suggested
to you into every scene of pleasure into which
you go; that you may never at any timf^-he
allectedby such scenes, otherwise thaiy* you
ought to be aA'ected; that your pleasures may
never be of any other kmd, or of any other
measure, of repetition, or concurrence, than is
innocent and laudable ; but being fKcrfectly
consistent witli the spirit of devotion, and
with all that tiie Lord your God requires of
you, while you live niay be pursued witliout
remorse or suspicion, and, when you die, re-
flected on without apprehension or regret.*'
Some instances of very desirable effects
Eroduced by these excellent discourses
ave, we are told, already occurred, and
ive doubt not that they will be eminently
useful in rescuing many from the fatal
stream of lawless pleasure and of heedless
gaiety.
To these succeed two discourses of a
very ingenious and pleasing character, on
the appearance of Christ, after his resur-
rection, to Mary Magdalene. In our pro-
gress through these, the object of which
is to shew the cause's of Mary's joy upon
tlie unexpected discovery of her master
and friend, we were fully convinced of the
justness of a remark which occi^ in the
conclusion :
** That it is not a formal, careless, or cur-
sory perussd of the sacred histoiT, that can
di^over to us all its beauties, or {et in its just
impressions to our hearts. This can be at-
tained only b^ attentive meditation, and re-
iterated reflection on the scenes and circum-
stances of the events, and on the feelings and
lanouage of the agents. Without this, many
of me beauties of the sacrod story will lie hid*
den from us, and therefore many things that
might have confirmed our faith, and through
that, our virtue, as well as many things that
might have exercised the good aflcctioDS of
our hearts, will remain undiscovered.*'
The same remark is admirably il lustxafed
in tlie three following discourses upon the
words of the angel at tlie «npty tomb,
* Come seethe place where the Lord lay."
From these words Mr. C^pe has sug-
gested many new and beautiful tlioughts,
and derived no weak additional evidence
to that of which we were before in pos*
session, of the reality of that event upon
which tiie faith and hope of the christian
are built.
The nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first
Discourses are on David's Morning Hymn,
of Praise. Tlie 19th Psalm is well' ex-
plained, and the glory of God, as dis-
played by the heavenly luminaries, is pleas-
ingly illustrated. The three concluding
Discourses are of a very peculiar and \'ery
interesting kind. They are entitled. On
the Use and Impravenient to be deritedfrom
severe Illness; and were composed and de-
livered by the author, ^ on recovery
firom a fever, by which he had been con-
fined to his bed several weeks, and hts
life despaired of many days.' Many ex-
tracts were given by Mrs. Cappe, in the
first edition of her Biographical Sketch ;
it is therefore unnecessary for us to say
n;ore respecting these impressive dis-
courses. We cordially join her in tlie
hope and tlie expectation that many yet
mibom may profit by the labours and the
example of this excellent author, and thut
have cause \o join their thankfulness to
that of his family and connections, for the
recovery which enabled him to suggest
such awakening and important truths.
One excellence in this volume we oiust
not omit to mention, and to recorameod
to tlie notice of those who publish ser-
mons for the use of families : a short
prayer is added to all except the two last
discourses, suited to the general train of
thought in the discourse to which it is af-
fixed. Much pious seutiment is found in
these prayers, expressed in simple and im-
pressive language.
We cannot take leave of this volume,
by which we have been so much interest-
ed, and we hc^ improved, better than in
the words of the editor herself :
** It is tme, indeed, that a ^yhit of devotioD
is not tlie spirit of the times ; yet some per-
sons, surely- tli o re ar c^ who wish to discnmi-
nate accurately between steriing piety, which
leads to every thing great, and noble, and con-
solatory, and that wild enthusiasm which err-
ingly assumes iti honoured name — some, who
wciiild wish to keep stzictly within the bgi^
kij:RrcK*s discourse ov doctrike akd practiob.
mn herotid which*, pleasure, even innocent
lAsboiv, assumes a dinerent character— to
«^i7<- if«». 1 . KEN RiQK. /rt ^tt-o ^oitimcs, 8oo. />/>. 391 flfff/ 373.
iff I
persons such as these, the Sermons here pre-
sented to them, cannot be without their value."
THIS, like, the preceding, is a posthu-
mcus publication,. of considerable value 5
the work of a well known and very re-
jpectable character amongst that class of
protestant dissenters, which is distinguish-
ed by the title of Unitiirwn. Jt appears
m cf»nse<iuence of a recjuest preferred to
the author's widow-, by the congregation of
vhich he had been long a pastor, and
yhich, upon his uney.pocted dcntli, was
^e^.irou5 of having some durable memo-
rial of his virtues and his talents.
^J^ ohjcct (obser\'es the editor) pro-
pCKed m thtf sek^clion of the discourses which
ciBiiiJOse (he two volumes now laid before the
piolic, \a.< iK^n, not to tbrni a work \>hich
roighl recx>mmend it:?elf to any religious i)arty,
*T mourmg its s.-ntiments exclusively, but,
as lar » possible, to exhibit the opinions of
lae author, whether tlu-v concurred with those
JtothcR, or iK>t. . Kvtrv man, who thinks for
fiiaisdf, IS likely to dirti-r in some points of
anjMrtance. even from those with whose views
lib OH n may, for the most part, coincide, and
with whom he may. theretore, be commoniv
nnkwl by some discriminating a[)T)ellation'.
Mr. Kennck did thijik fur himself; nor did
ht htr<itate to declare the n-;u!t of his reflec-
tor oq all i>rop<n- occu'cic.ns. U would not
Wmfore have been to do jusUce to his cha-
wtter, to have kept back anv of hisdiscouT^es,
jLTdi/ because they were distinguished bvst n-
tan.n(, widely differing from those which
wt- embraced by the maj^Mity of christians.
ID no one instance has tliis been done.''
.J^fgPneral character of these volumes
Jul be apparent from these remarks by
the editor. The greatest part of the di/-
coOT^ are doctrinal, and the doctrines
^iMch they are intended to recommend
aresoch as are tisiially deemed heretical.
The first Discourse is enlitled ' The Va-
lue ot Truth and Danger of Error,' and
abounds with forcible and important ob-
wnations. The three following are ' On
the Stare of the Dead 5' tlie design of
^ch IS to prove that there is nointer-
JMJduKe state of consciousness between
tothand the resurrection j anS that all our
iwpesot afuture life depend upon tliat great
c^ent. The preacher's reasoning, though
olten specious, is not always conclusive;
^ in these discourses he has clearly
•hewn diat they who insist so strenuously
ttpon the necessity of a scrupnlous ad-
lierence to die exigence of the place, and
a minute examination of the genuine im-
port of the phraseology of passages of
scripture upon which any doctrine is to be
Alts. Rsy. V9L. IV.
founded, are themselves too prone to vio *
late the principles of interpretation whic'^
they wisely recommend. A dispassionate
enquirer will find many texts quoted in
these discourses without that strict regard
to tlieir terms and situation which so im-
portant a subject as is here discussed re-
quired.
In two succeeding sermons the charac-
ter of Paul is ably vindicated from tiie
charges of Mr. Paine; and in the sevegth
sermon, the epistles of that great apostle
are defended against the attacks of the
same rude champion of Infidelity. Mr.
Paine's groundless invectives against the
gospel, and its earlie:jt preachers, are now,
we hope, and believe, despised or forgot-
ten; but these discourses will be always
valuable as a vindication of a truly exalted
character, and as establishing diis fact, tiiat
' the arguments employed agauist chrfsti-
anily often betray a total ignorance of the
subject on which tliey profess to decide ;
are confident assertions without proof • or^
if they preserve any appearance of argu-
ment, are shewn, by a little examination,
to be wholly inconclusive.* (Vol. i. p. (>8.)
The destruction of the seven nations of
Canaan is explained and vindicated in the
eighdi sermon, upon the principles usually
received.
The ninth sermon, on the religious in-
stmction of children, is highly judicious
and deserving of th« serious atteniioji of
parents. Tliis is followed by one, in which
the preacher endeavours to enforce the
practice of giving the Lord's supper to
children. Mr. Pierce and Dr. Priestley
were strenuous advocates oil the same side.
A valuable part of this publication suc-
ceeds. ' An Inquiry into the best mediod
ot communicating religious Knowledge to
yo^ng Men -; witli, ' An Address to
young Men at the conclusion of a course
of Lectures upon the Evidences of natu-
ral and revealed Religion, and upon other
important Branches of religious Knov/-
ledge.' To minisiers and young persons
out of the pale of the estabhshmeut;, a se*
rious perusal of these cannot he too stre-
nuously recommended.
We gladly tianscribe the following pas-
sages from the address :
"It is a truth, which cdnnot be too strongly
mculcated upou young persons, that a rctjulaf
and frequent perfonnatice of tfie exerci^/es of
devotion is particulaily necessary for therh^
upo n this plaia priiwipie, that the kss there^
M
162
iWEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
of a devotional spirit, the more cuUivalioii it
requires. Those who have long perfonned
these exercist»8 with proper attention, who
have acquired JHSt notions of the Divine Be*
ing, and impressed them deeply \\\wh their
hearts^ may almost venture to truest them-
selves to the habits they have alrrady form-
ed : these will dictate to them such a"tcm[)er
and behaviour towards God, upon all occa-
sions, as it becomes human creatun*s to main-
tain, or at U^ast tnid to strengthen and conlirm
the dU|)ositions they have alreiidy acquired.
The occasional oniiMiou of a religious c:ver-
cise will do them comparatively little injury ;
but to young persons it may be of fatal conse-
Suence: by preventing them from forming a
evout habit of mind, and thus leavmg it to
J)e exposed, untincturcd with religion, to the
corrupting influence of the world. Be con-
stant and punctual, therefore, in observing the
exercises of devotion. Avoid the practice of
attending public worship one part of the day
only* and still more ^he pernicious custom of
spending the whole of the liord's day at home,
in business or amusirment : a custom which,
if it were to become general, vould do much
towards banishing all serious piety from the
kingdom. ' You have nci^d of all the assistance
which you can obtain, and cannot neglect any
without losing an important benefit.**
Speaking of books, Mr. Kenrick ob-
serves :
" But I iriust caution >t)u to beware of
spending much of your time m a S{>ecies of
reading, which is very captivating to yoimg
^rsons, and in which the publications of the
present da^^ afford them abundant op|x)rtu*
jkity of gratifying their inclinations. I refer to
eucb books as come umli'r the d<*scription of
novels and romances. That nctitious charac-
ters nwy be so exhibited, as to afford useful
instruction, cunnot be denied. Virtue may
fee drawn in sucti just and strong colours, as to
engage our' esteem and at! miration; and vice
jepn^aifnted «o odious, as to excite disgust and
aL>hurreucc; impressions, wliich are certainly
calculated to make us cultivate Uie one, and
avoid th«^ other. But when vicious characters
are endowed with the striking qualities of ge-
nius, courage, generosity, and pleasmg man-
ners (;is is generality done, in order to rejider
them interesting), 'tliese qualities lesscm that
horror; which we ought to feel, at the sight
of great crimes, and tend to impair rather thAn
strengthen virtuous footings and habits. 1 o
say thiit cliaracters of this kind, in wliich some
of tlic worst vices are united with many ex-
celltrncos, are natuial, tliat is, occur in real
life, is indeed to asstTt no more than what is
true ; but yet that does not destroy the force
of liiy objection ; for they are not characters
with whom atn' one, who has a regard to his
own moral iinprovnnent, would choose to have
frequent and intimate intercourse; and wliat
is injurious in real life, must l>c so, in some
degree, when exhibited in fable. If, besides
produ4.*ing tl)is evil, these writings give men
hUe ideas of humiui life> aad cucounige ex*
pectations of happiness, which ean never M
fultilled ; * if Uiey exhibit such scenes to the
imagination, as tend to inflame passions, com-
monly too violent already in young persund^
they become still more exceptionable.
" 'Hie objections )ust mentioned lioW, with
still greati*r force, against tiie entertainmeHi
of the theatre ; liecause the language and t^
cliaracters iirr more licentious, anil being i
nearer resemblance of real life, nn- belter W;
culated to make a strong impreasion npon tbt
mind. Both species of amusemenl, atthongki
capable of being employed for useful ouM
pG«es, are generally so conducted ^ to ufej
an unfavourable inHtiencc upon the TiitiieaAl
happiness of mankind. I cannot, theiefoRVi
het]) considering those who read novels, or ai
plays indiflcrtminately, as in danger of haviB|
their morals corrupted, and by 9omt of tktt
in no small degree.
" Thev# who are pleased with the histoif ;
of individuals, will And a more useful, and ■[
less agnH,'able employment, in reading ifa
lives of men, who have taken a dtstingimhd
part in the busiitess of life, and were, at til
same time, emment tor their ywty and viitiA
Partiadarly in reading the lives of those lAl
have endured great calamities, on account m
Uieir religkxM sentiments, 'llie unparaUclel
sufferings of tliesemen (excite onr oonipasaoi
and the deepest fbliorrence of those pcnv
cious principles and passions, by whkh tht)
wen; occasioned ; while the fortitude and Bia|
nanimity, the meekness and patiaice ill
which tliey were borne, fill us with admir
and preixiVe the mind for passing throuilji
scenes with the same temper ; or, alt>
similar trials should never occur to call
the exercise of these virtues, tlicy tend to «i
derate our regard to the world, to which cMl
tians are liable to be too much attached,1
seasons of tranouillity and peace. Many \
lustrious examples ot this lund you wiQ il
in the history of the puritans and noo-ca
Ibrmists in Kngland ; among the prote<^
tlirou^hout Europe ; and among the priniilii
christian martyrs, iji every part of thewoflM
Brave and generous spirits, ye were the d!
daunted advocates of truth; the omamfl
and glory of human nature ; the gn-ate^l h
nefactorsof the hmnan race; all ages wlHni
your history witl\ adjniratkn, and ycxirfl
amples will inspire the heart with virtue to!
latest generatkMis."
The thirteenth sermon treats upon
much diiiputed subject of natural
moral evil witL reference to the "
benevolence of the Deity, with whidi
vins attribute the preacher shows the pi
mission of evil is not at variance. In t
fourteenth sermon^ the scriptural pin
' remission of sins>* Is explahied, W
no little ability, upon unitarian princifJI
The four jfbllowing sermons, on * G«|
Motives,* deserve the attentive considdl
tioh of the untieliever. ITic modi
which Christ and his apostles proposed!
lieit ibewn to have been^ kve cffd
ninUW
athid
allM
&£KltCK'6 DWCOtJHSEl ON DOCl'RlKB AND PKACTICB.
I6t
tod ftar of censure J rational self-interest 5
heocfcknce to niefi) and a regard to
Cod.
« We sec then," observes our author, after
t wrr accurate examination of this important
' «bj«t, " that Clu-ist and his aposUe* recom-
I iiMaded to men their duty by motives, which
are not only ratbnal and powerfiil, and there-
AnuadapUid lo their purpose, but by such also
» U3xi to unprove and exalt the characters of
those, who arc under thWr influence, to raise
thrm faun one degree of virtue to another,
until ihi'v aiuin the peifertbn of human be-
aiws ionn the love of praise, and the pursuit
©f fetf-mterest, to the practice of benevolence,
to a Mffd to God ajui to ctuMcience. From
bodiUKJSc considerations, therelbre, we may
jwtly infer Uie excellence of the instructiong
which they delivered.
. '* If we compare the mode of instruction
pMed by them, with that whic'h was followed
I hy other leachere, we shall perceive their su-
I pcnonty. The prccepfcj of morality made no
i part ot the heathen religion, nor did their
finesft enjoio tiie practice of it as necessary in
f order to pPDcure tiie fiivoiir of tlieir divinities;
<^eO'tojn5 that was requisite they represented
; ^ coQSBtJDg m the performance of some
; tomng ceremony, which had no connection
! gghvinne. Their philosopliers, indeed, de*
! liwa some excellent sentiments on the sub-
; ject of morals'; but the motives by which they
^ISL***^!^' ^'^ founded upon present
•d^erest, the good of society, or the good
rfthw country. Tlie grand moUvc to a good
f ^ 1 *^^'"1 fro"" tJie doctrine of futiu-c
•iT Ai?? P*'"*^"™*^"*^*' ^'*^ ^™ ^« belief
« JmAhnightv Being, the present witness of
wactions and our future judge, were left out
I ci Uwr system. What feeble obstacles to the
'25" headstrong passions other motives
i a»wl, m comparison with these, I need not
attempt to prove.
" It may now be asked, how came Jesus,
w» r-s only the son of a carpenter, and him-
waa caipenter, or his apostles, several of
^toa were iishennen,. so well acciuainted
»mi human lUiture, as to know what motives
»^ calculated to reach the human heart,
»Hfto mve the greatest authority to those
«ufh deserve most weight? Or. if natural dis-
eajment taught them this, which is verv un-
nWy, considering that they had escaperl the
flj^eramcnt of the wisest philosophers ; bow
ojnctfaey, ,f they were impostors, to iiKulcate
l2«tl»-irtollowersthepraoticeof disinterested
wvolence, and to tpach them, above all
fS^'i^^^J^i ^^^ "Shts of conscience, and
21? I ^^' **^"* ^***^'* iinpostore give
'wMnscIves no concern? How came they to
2** a contempt for worldly pleasure and
fj^ and for a temporal' interest, and to
jwctusto fix our principal regards on the
fm^ of a future life, which happiness is
»conj« not like the paradise of iMihomct,
2?«s«al delights, but in the society of the
«^s, and w serving God with improved
^f When they promised honour to those
■w complied witii their precepts, why was it
honour ftom the few accompanied with dis*
■ grace ftiom the multitude? Thi* was surely
not to act the part of impostors, who endea*
vour to suit tiieir doctrine to the taste of their
hearew, and who, having in view temporal
and present rewards themselves, propose tliem
to others. This conduct can be accomited
for only upon the suppositions that the reli-
gion whicli they taught came from heaven,
and that they were instructed by God himself
m tlie motives by which it was to be enforced.
If yoii set a value u\xm the best means of
your improvement in goodness, you will not
sulfer such a religion to be easily wrested out
of your hands." .
The nineteenth sermon treats of tho
observance of the sabbath, and is distin-
^ished by its piety no less than its entire
freedom from austere and superstitious
notions : and the volume concludes witli
a brief view of wliat the author deemed
incontrovertible evidence of the humanity
of Christ. ^
The second volume opens with a ser-
mon oh Public Worship j in which that
practice is very ably defended. Many
useful observations are found in the four
following discourses : On the Fear of the
Lord J the Moral Sense; against Indif-
ference to Religious Truth ; and Christian*
the Salt of the Earth. The twenty-sixth
sermon, on the phraseolog}' of the epis-
tles, is a useful epitome of Dr. Taylor's
key to the apostolic writings. The seven
discourses which follow, are upon the
doctrine of atonement, and were delivered
originally as lectures to a class of young
men. Tiiey are entitled, Rej)entance and
Reformation only required in order to
acceptance with Grxl. On the design
and ends of tlie death of Christ, The
nature and design of the sacrifices of the
Mosaic law explained. The figurative
language applied to the death of Christ
m tlie New Testament explained. ITie
doctrine of Ciirist's atonement inconsist-
ent with reason. On the language ap-
plied in the New Testament to the death
of Christ. And inferences from the false-
hood of the doctrine of atonement. It ij|
acknowledged in an advertisement pre-
fixed to the^rst, that in various places of
these the author has closely followed the
essays on tlie death of Christ, &c. pub-
lished by Dr. Priestley, under the name
of Clemens, in theThecilogical Repository.
To these succeed seven sermons of a mis-
cellaneous nature. On the necessity of
providing a subsistence for public instruc-
tors, pr^ched in aid of a collection for
the sup[X)rt of dissenting ministers in
Devonshire and a neighbouring county.
Ai^ainst persecution for reMgious opiuiwj.
I64r
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
On the fivture existence of infants ; print-
ed before, but now published for the tirst
time. On tlie vahie of life, aiul tlie law-
fulness of wishing it terrainatiHi. On the
d'linger of bad company, which contains
several cautions tliat may prove highly
useful to tlie young. A sermon preached
liefore the western unitarian society : and
FduYs valedictory prayer explained and
improved.
Such are tlie subjects, which in tiiese
voKimes are presented to the notice of
tlie public. Their value will be variously
estimated, according to the ' measure of
orthodox faith which may have fallen to
the share of their various readers. Un-
biassed by any partiality for the author or
his opinioiLS, or any undue attachment to
such parts of our own creed as !i^ rhay
have opposed> we hehitote not to axow
that we liave found in these discour-jes
niany evidences of an enlightened under-
stiulding, an extensive knowledge of the
scriptures, and a^ spirit of rational piety.
To the unl>eliev#r they suggest many
striking proofs of the truth and value of
tlie revelation he contemns ; to tlie young
tliey ofter many salutary and inbtructive
lessons ^ to the advocate of established
creeds, they exhibit a pleasing denied*
stration, that some good thing may stUi
come out of Nazareth ^ aud in the brcart
of those whose sentiments are here viinfi-
cated, they will awaken tlie regret which
must have been felt ♦ at 'the loss of si>
zealous and able an advocate.
Art. XIX. — Sermons on ran'ous Subjtcfff. By the Reverend Joseph Townsend, M, A,
Hector of' Peii'sey, 8vo. pp. 384. ^
IT was the intention of the venerable
author, as we arc informed in the preface,
'* to have reserved the publication of
these discourses for his executors. But
lumenting to see that the progress of inli-
dolity, and tlie morals of the age, are .such
as to call loudly for die zealous exertions
of all the friends of religion, piety, and
virtue, he resolved to lose no time in
committing his dioughts and admonitions
to the press. They were composed more
than twenty years ago, but constant oc-
<'upation prevented their receiving those
i.i>t toLicIios, which were required, before
the author could venture to submit them
to rho Inspection of the public.** Pref.
T. V. vi.
The volume is small, aud the subjects
of investigation arc few 5 hut we recom-
iiitucl it as containing much important
iiibtruction, and peculiarly worthy of dia
•trious rt^gard of youth. Would they
but lihten to die counsels of age and ex-
pt-rience which are here <3fi:ered, inlideiity
v^uuld not be so prevalent, and Uie vices
^f ilie age would be checked.
The iirst .sc-rrnon is, on the being of a
God. In this the pre:i«:ljer" exposes the
absurdities of ailiclsni ; ijup^gests many
arguments to prove the exStence of an
intelligent first cause, drawn tVom the
"Vvorks' of nature; and deduces from the'
subject some good practical relleciions.
The second and diird sermons are on the
moral law. I'hey are designed to shew
ti)at diere can be no consistency of con-
duct, no stability in virtue, without re-
spect to the laws of die Most High. These
are sotVi«what 4iifu£e %Vkd decl^matoryi
In the two succeeding sermons, on th«
gospel, die preacher demonstrates by an
a]>peal to the systems both of ancient and
modern philosophers, that no satisfactory
knowledge concerning religion can be ob-
tained without the aid of revelation. These
dis( over much ability. We transcribe the
following passage from the fit'th sennoQ:
" What then is the boast of human reasoi^
and where shall philosc^phy begin her tri-
umph }
" Let the impartial judge then tell us vhat
advantage the wise and learned of this voA^
have acquiretl over die humble dk^ciples of
tiie dcispised Jesus, if they have cto advan-
tage, what occasion can there be to warn the
christian against philosophers ? Is it presum-
able that he should be plundered of his hopt
by men who have no hope to animate tbar
zeal, and no certainty to guide their steps? It
is at least possible ; and the diuiger to be ap-
prehended niav be jmputed, either to insa-
tiable thirst for knowledge, to vanity and self-
conceit, or to Inortliiiate deshe of lilenuT
fame. ** Ye sliall be as Gods, knowing goud
ajid evil," was the riret and prevalent teinpta*
tion ; and from that fatal hour, whilst the way
to the tree of life hath been almost des«*itc4
and untrodden, -philosophers have been
crowding round th«j tree of knowledge, and
contending tor its fruit.
"The desire of information cannot pioperiy
be considered as fli^ sJource oi error. But
when, impatient to be coiitined within' the
bounds wfiich the God of nature hath esta-
blisliedK men, eager in pursuit of science, quit
tlie province whicii belongs* to reason, and
follow Uieir speculations, where they can de-
rive ne ■ assistance from revelation, tney imi^
XCander widely from the trutli. As long as
they coniine their inquiries to numbers a6d U>
quantity i ks long as their researches ntialt
TOWNSENDS SERMONS.
165
oairUthow^ sciences and subjects, of which
n'jr«t« i< coiiipKifit to judge, ihev will arrive
3«rcfuJiK\'; aftid the juVtuess of their conclu-
ntKHvilibe iiuivcrsaiJy acknowIedgtHl. Jki-
ToiK this all is darkness, conjecturis and dis-
fwee. ^Vh^^p reason is compiHcnt to jud^^e,
the vlioie earth is of one language ; but when,
■ihiwt authority, men attempt to build a
loucr. whose top may reacli to heaven, all is
QontuiioD, and the wisest appeal* to be void
ufundenianding.
"Optical deceptions in the two extremes
of Y won, are not more frecmeht than those of
llie cijid, when it is stretched to the full in-
ienskfj of thought: w^hcn we are to comj)are
iilejs which are distinct and clear, we may
ttfciV draw conclusions: \ihen they are ob-
scuffi 2nd faint ; when the mind can si arcely
prasp them ; when it is either confounded at
eiery step by ill defined resemblances, or
urrhle to acquire ideas that are complete and
C0iiipr«fhpnsivc ; w.e should suspend our as-
sent, and rest sati§(i<>d with doubting. When '
the daud tluis remains u[)Oij our tabernacle,
like Israel we should (x>ntinue in our tents.
"Tarough the long period of revolving
ap's murii hath been added to tJie common
itixkoi science, innumerable facts have ber*n
a>cx.»rt4ined, and'from them, as far as relates
to f!'e ina(x:rial world, most important deduc-
liwK have been made ; yet we may venture
toa^ert, that, as to invisible antl eternal ob-
k«i<, independently of revelation, we can
wiitol no Nuch pn)!;ress, nor is one cloud re-
moved which hung over the liead of our most
nanotc progenitor."
To these succeed eight sermons on
Umptaiiofi. In these tlie progress of
tempCatioo, tlie means of avoiding, of re-
sisting, and of passing through it, supe
lepresented with much ingertnily and
fora\ ITiese di«conr>es might have lx{;fi
compressed, perhaps, with advantage, and
tlieir eil'ect wonld still be encreased were
the arrangenieat which iJie author has
with judgment adopted, more clearly
panted out to the ordinary reader ; for
the weighty trutlis they contain, and the
tbitible manner in which these truths are
proposed, they deserve imqualified com-
mendation. The following passxigc, which
exlubiis a fair specimen ot the wJiole si^ries
of these discourdcs, will prove to our rend-
ers that the judgment we have pronounced
is not erroneous :
" To avoid temptation, men of \irtuou$
prinriples must be careful upon all occuaioiis
to appear what in reality llu'v are. It is not
jecussarv that you should a»^ume pecuUiur «e«
Tttity of manners, nor that you should make a
witton dispkiy of your religious principles :
hut that, if^you arc indeed a friend to virtue,
you should never upon any account put on the •
(lisorise of cold Indffierence to its interests,
«M much kss sbculd you atfecl to be a friend
to vice. Vriulsi yoQ carefully avoid ostenta-
tion and hyptx-risy, takc^ hetnl that neither
false imxlesty nor me fear of ridicule betray
you into mischief. If religion be a cheat, re- *
nounce it ; if it be true, be not ashamed to-
own it, nor afraid to manifest the niost hivio-
lable attachment to its precepts.
" A word, a look, on some occasions, are ■
suflicieiit to encourage or to check tempta-
tion. Few men have lost all regard to ciia-
racter, nor will they venture to proceed, till-
Uiey have felt their way ; more especially if
any doubt remains upon their mind of the
teniper, principles, and disposition of the per-
son whoni they mean to gain. Guilt cannot
meet the eyes of inncx-ence, but, covereil with
confu>ion, shrinks back, when in danger of de-
tection, and then either returns to the as.-ault
with greater caution, if encouraged to proceed,
or, if confmned in the opinion, that your
virtue is not to be cormpted, makes a preci-
pitate retreat. Only tor a moment let your
conduct be inconsistent with ) our priiicii)ies ;
understand by signs, and by signs j)arley wit !i
sin ; or discover the least degree ot hesitation,
and the tejnjiter will advance with the conli- •
dencc of victory. None but the most prolli-
gate and hardened wretch, void of understand-
ing, and lost to all the feelings of luunanity,
can propose a base and dishonourable action,
without he has some reason to imagine that his
proposition will be accepted. Uut, when you
shall have lost your reputation for integrity, .
no one will take the trouble to speak darkly.
No : when inclin<?d to the commission oi a
crime^^he will without reserve or fear make .
known his p >rpose, and urge you to be a par- .
taker of his guilt. Had Joab maintainetl a
character for virtue, or had he been known to
regard his honour us a soldier, he had not been
calltKl upon to extHrute the base and execrable
purpose of his sovereign.
** A character for religious principle will be a
strong bulwark against ihe assaults of sin, not •
only as ke(»ping the wicked at a proper dis-
tanc e, but as operating on that laudable kind
of pride \vhich naturally is found in evtTy
breast, the pride of character, the sense of ,
dignity, discovered in regard to tlie good
0]»inio'n of mankind, which is only to be se»
cunxl by consistency of conduct. .Suppose
that your rejHitation stands uriimpeached ; you
must of nwesslty desire to pn^st^rve it spotless :
but if it be lost'aiid past redemption, you wiU
be indilierent to the good 0|)inion of the
world, and will bid a dieu to sliame, Hanislu^
from the society of those who*;e virtue niigl»t
reclaim you, and condemned to pass your
time in the miserable haunts of impii.ty and
vic«' ; exposed conliimally to sin, and harden-
ed by the bad examplt»s which sunvund you,
you resw-n»ble the unhappy lejjcrs of Cartha-
gena, in New Spain, who, whhout distinction
of rank or fortune, are thrust out of the city
and compelled lor ever to associate only with
those loathsome objects, who are infected by
the same disease. (UUoa, B. 16. 5.)
<* Supposiiig that your character is not past
166
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
redemption, hut only wounded; yet your
powers of resistance are thereby considerably
weakened: for how can vou at any time pU'ad
regard to conscience, when your conscience
is known to be occasionally subservient to
your evil inclinations ? Nay,* do but manifest
in a single instance ths^t you csin violate ita
dictates, and you will b« ashamed to urge it
^ a plea for not complyhig with the di^ires
of either friend or patron, from whom you
have any tiling to hope or fear."
Tlie volume concludes witli two ser-
mons on the leaven of tlie Sadducees and
Pharisees, designed as a caution agaibst
infidelity and sensuality oii the one hand,
and hypocrisy, spiritual pride, selfishness,
and other crimes of die ancieot Pliarisees,
ou the other.
In the preface to this very useful vo-
lume, we are infiirmed that, with the
same view of leading men to the practice
of virtue and tlie knowledge of truth,
the autlior is now preparing for the pre^s
Observations on the Character of Moses,
lifi an historian, as a lawgiver, and as a
prophet.
<'This work will embrace a variety of in-
teresting objects.
" As an historian, Moses displays the work
of creation in its progressive stages, till it ter-
minated in the formation of tiK* human race.
He gives an accoimt of our fall from a state
of hinocence and virtue to the most abject
conditk>n of depra\ity and vice, lie dt-
scribes an universal delug** ; he speaks of tlie
dispersion of mankind, and affirms, that, prior
to this event, the whole earth was of one lan-
guage ; he represents to us tlie sunplicity of
manners which prevailed in the jjastoral ages,
the nature of the patriarchal government, and
the introduction of sacritice, with other reli-
Sious observances universally prevalent from
le most remote antiquity.
** I'hese subjects lead to geological discus-
tkMis, and to the examination of tlie various
languages which are spoken in En^ope, AA,
Africa, and Ajiierica.
•' In his geological disaissions, the author
has examined tlie Several strata whicii appear
in every part of Europe ; but he lias paid
more particular attention to such as prevail
in Britain, and has described their usual bqcn
cession, range, tlijckness, dip, and disloca-
tion<«, the materials ol' which they are com-
posed, with their extraneous fossils, and the
Useful puriKJst^ for wliich tht^se materials are
adapted, tiie nature and extent of springs, aod
the regions to which both coals and uihieial
productions are confined.
"In his examtnatiop of languages, he hai
sclt*cted 3,600 words, in English,^ all mono*
syllabic, lus behig most aiicunit, aiid tfiese he
has compared witli corresponding expn^oos
in three score languages, in order to depioo-
strate that they all originate in one. Thit
part of his wort ma v be considered as a key ta
the languages of Euro]H*, because, to any
j^erson wlio is intimately acquainted with one
of these, it facilitates tlie acquisition of all .the
rest.
" T\\e fii-st part of his work is almost ready
for the press, and will appt-ar in one quarto
volume. It has (x-cupied twelve years of
close application and unremitting attcntioD.
Indeed, the whole bent of his studies, for
inorethan half a century, niay be cunsidercd
as having been directed to this object, because
it has4)tH^n constantly preparing hijn for the
undcrtakhig.
" Whem ver that volume shall appear, it
must not be considered as incomplete with-
out tlie succeetling volnm«% because it will
thorrnighly investigate the character of Moses
as an liistorian, which has no dependance oo
what is meant to follow, respoctmg his com-
parative merit as a legislator and a prophet.
In a word, it will stana like the principal and
central portion of a vast edilice, to which the
wings may be occasionally added to' compocie
one whole."
We look for the appearance of this
work with some degree of impatience.
Art. XX. — SertTi^om Preached to a Country Congregation. To which are added, a few
Hints for Sermons, intended chit fly for the Uae of the younger Clergif. By the late M'il-
LiAM GiLFJN, M, A, Prebendary of Saiisbury, aiul f^car of Boldre, in New Forr^f.
VoL IV, Published by his Trustees for the Benefit of his School at Boldre, 8vo. pp. 42 J.
Mb. GILPIN's character as a plain and
gerious preacher, hag been long known
and highly esteemed ; and the well earned
reputation which he enjoyed during lite,
as a faithful parish-priest, will not be di-
minished by this posthumous volume,
prepared by himself tor the presg. Regret,
indeed, will be felt that tliis has closed h\9
labours ; and an ardent wish will be ex-
cited in the breast of every reader who
wishes well to his country, and to the
(;;b8|)el of Christ, that the Lord of the har«i
vest would graciously send other such
labourers into his harvest.
The first sermon in this volume wai
preached before the bishop of Winchester
at Southampton in the year ] JSS, and has
already appeared in print. The object
which the preacher had in view was to
enforce upon his reverend brethren the
atudy pf the scriptures: and many judi*
cious and many candid remarks occur.
The following is not the least deserving
of Dotioe in au age too much distinguisbea
61L?IN*S tBlMQKS*
16;
VyiWgotedattochnient tg meUphysical
tbcolog)':
"Thus again, with regard to the other im-
port2m fubjfct, on which I touched, as there
aie many px<sages of scripture relating to the
Jmnuoitv of Christ as welh as his divinity, I
cinmrt pe»uade myself, (as some pious people
jttve doue), that an exact faith on tha head
V Mcessary to salvation. Numbers, I have .
no doubt, wii| bt- saved through the merits of
ChrBt, H-ho conceive hiin qiiIv as their law-
gifc^, aqd conseieiUiously oWy hi« laws;
though thev mav not have those ex«iUed ideal
of his divine nature, to which our Scriptural
fule, 1 think, so directly leads. If their holy
ixG iaveallained the principal end of a better
toilb, they ttught not surely to be Ivandod
^ hard nai«es, and c6nsid(»red among
thi>i n'ko dctiff Christ before metiy
♦* We arc sometimes told they ought ; be-
cause without this exalted faith in the divine
namrc of s^ s^vitwir, the mmd cannot attain
thc}>eelev^t'<l heights of love, which the gos-
pel pr(*«ribe?, — One should think so indeed :
but before we pass these harsh censuri's on
lihers, let any of us.wlio do hokl that doiv
trinp, a<k our own carnal hearts, whether it
purify thorn in this exalted manner?"
The second sermon preached at a visi-
talion, has also appeared before the public.
The republication of it is well timed, and
we a^ persuaded tliat if our clergy would
attend to the admonitions which are here
dpUveied, they would secure respect tq
theuMelveis,and lessen the influence which
ignorant aiid fanatical preachers so ^ta%
possess.
Thirteen sermons follow upon import-
ant practical subjects, all distinguished by
eittllent maxUns oif conduct, enforced
with great seriousness, and delivered in
chaste and simple language, level with the
capacity of every rustic hearer^ and adapt-
ed to make its way to the lieait. We
could select, if it were necessary, in proof
of the justness of tlie cliaracter which we
ascribe to these sermons, and for the
pleasure and improvement of our readers,
many such passages a:^ the following i
"Our aptness to deceive ourselves ipro-.
feeds eniiriHy from self-love. If it was not
thai we b%e ourselves better than our neigh-
bour, we should be as quick-sighted to our
ovn faults as we are to his. But self-love
blinds us. As parents are blind to the ble-
mishes of their cliiklren, and skreen theni
often under harmle» names, so are we bl'md
to our fiuilts, and have a tliousaiid excuses
fcr than, which neither shew their nature nor
our i^U, but merely our own self-love. —
Pt^ps all your neighbours know you lead a
wtlijh life: you spend much of your tune,,
and much of your mdney, in company and
bpor; youios« yonr businissi as few p^oE^e
care to have dealings witU a man who can be
so little depended on: your family suffers:
in short, you have made yourself a very con-
temptible felloxv. Yet still you stand high in
yo\ir own esteem. You have your excuses
always ready. Perhaps you can afford to
spend vour money} so that you injure nobody
but yourself; as if the kinder God is to you,
the more right you have to squander what he
gives. Or perhups, though you may hav.»
been sometimes guilty of a little excess, yet
it has been very si'ldom, and ne\'er without a
good reason : you were fa^tigued, and wanted
a little n-freshment ; or. you just stepjied in to
talk with a neighbour on business; or, m
short, there was something which makes your
offence ver)' tritling in your own eyes, though
the n»al cause was neither more nor less than
a love for liquor ; and every body sqj.^ it but
yo^uself.
" Again, it is suspected tliat you have not
always bc*en quite so honcsC as yoU should
have been; that your bargains have not al-
ways bexni fair and oix?n ; that you have some-
times endeavoured to over-reach a neighbour
secTetly, where you knew the law could not
touch you ; tliat you liave taken the adv»itagu
of the ignorance of a purchaser, to charge
more than you knew your commodity was
wortli ; that vou have praised the commoditjr
YQu sold for qualities which you Wvll knew it
ilid not possess.— Now, tho\igh you know all
this to be true, you will prob^ibTy lesson it m
your own eyes by a thousand little shuflling
excuses. Let the purchaser (you may sug-
gest to youTselO mind hfe business ; 1 mmd
mine: I do not im|X)se upon him, he imposes
on himself: he should examine what he buys ;
I am not to teach him his business: ,am 1 to
be both buyer and seller ?— there is an art m
every thing— there is an art ot buying, and
an art of selling ; and a man must live by his
art.— By such self-deceit you can easily im-
pose on yourself; but how are your eV^ions
overturned by one plain question, whuh an
honest conscience would suggest! Suppose a
ron should treat you In this way. Suppose
should sell you an unsound beast for a
sound one, or a piece of damagc*d goods for
what ought to have been perfect, and allege
all the excuses which you have just alleged,
would vou be imposed uiion by them?
Would you, m short, call him an honest man ;
or would not you be more ineUned, as I
verily suppose you would, to thuik him, with
all his tine excuses, an arrant knave ?
'• You sec then, my brethren, how self-love
imposes on us, ajid makes the same tlung, or
nearly the same thing, appear trifling in our^
selves, whkh appeared so offensive in our
neiRhbour. You see how difficult it ts for any
one to sav to himself. Thou art the man ;
though each of us is ready enough to condemn
an offending brother,"
Nine sermons on St. Mattliew's gospel
are published m this volume, "as a spe-
cimen of a mode of preaching which Mr,
Gilpin thought might be uscfva. to. «
ijCft
THEOLCXJY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFF-tVIRS.
country congregation/' Theae deserve
atuiuionj but they will be fcnind not
t,iirticieut!y extended. Top large a por-
ticki of scripture forms the subject of each
dkscourhe. The utility of such a plan can-
not be disputed. As Mr. Gilpin rightly
observes, " The scriptures' will be read
with more pleasure, the more each little
difficulty which now and then stops an
unlearned reader i.^ removed."
The twenty-fifth and concluding ser-
mon, following immedijtjly those on
St. Matthew's gospel, is designed to shew
fliat the words of eternal life are tlic only
safe guides we can follow in the invest i-
gation of truth, and in the government of
our conduct.
This volume contains twenty-three,
gketche^ as hints for sermons. The
younger clergy, e3pecially such as are set*
tied in country villages, cannot do beitef
either lor themselves or their tiock, than
occasionally to fill up tliese outlines, faith-
fully copying the style and colouring of
tlie^e finished pictures of this master.
Tiie volume concludes with two excel-
lent tracts ; one an analysis of Pours
epistle to the lloitta^ts ) tlie other entitled
lUusti-ations used by St. Paul in his u-n/iiig-t.
In the controversy, which is now agitatol
within the pale of the established church,
the first of these tracts may be foiuid use-
ful. We recommend it to the serious
con.sidera(i6n of those who are zealously
coiit<*ruiing {or the calvinistic doctrine^
whioJi they assert is to be found in tli©
seventeenth article of faitli..
Art, XXI. — Sermons for the UseofCoUcv^cs,.^chi)oh,andFnmilics. ^// John Xaple-
Tov, D» D, Chancellor of the Diocese, and Canon lie$idcntiartj of the Cuthedral Church
ofHtrrford. 8vo. pp. 382.
THIS second volume will ably support
the credit which the first conferred upon
the autlior, as a sound and useful preacher.
The sermons now published display a
correct taste and an enlightened judg-
ment : the discussion of mysterious and
metaphysical doctrines gives place, as it
ought, to practical theology j the style is
plain without meanness, level with the
attainments and the capacities of a nistic
dudiencc, and at the same time not un-
united to the chapel of a college. Nor
ire tiic subjects upon which the preacher
dwells unimportant, as will be seen by the
following sketch of the contents of this
volume : On setting God before us. On
not caring for religion. On faith. On
profession of faitli. On the miracles of
Christ. On prophec)'. On the uses of
the law. The great exemplar. On the
feabbath. On religious knowledge and
practice. On exemplary conduct. On
temporal happiness. On sickness. On
^e resurrection of Clirist. The divine
nature hidden. On christian mourning.
Approach towards perJection. On con-
solation. These subjects aie well diss
cussed in twenty sermons,
Tlie following extract, very important
in itself, will convey to our readers a just
notion of the style and manner of our
preacher. It is selected from the dir-
course on miracles. Having shewn iii
llie first place that the miracles of Jesus
were such as could not possibly be effected
by hiunan art or ir*du&try^ he thus piro*
ceeds:
^' Secondly, The miracles, of Jesus vere
of such a niturc, and so circumstanced, that
it was niipossihle for a witness of common sciise
to iniagmn they were eflccted if tlirv wtre
not ; or to doubt whether tht y were cifected
or no. 'i'hey were no spectre, or apparition,
presented for a moment to the eye; no
sounds, or vi >iccs, otlercd for an instant to the
ear ; passing away before tiie resiKrclive or-
gans could seize their object, and distinctly
examine it ; or before the rei)ort of oue seu>c
could be tried bv that of another; bt-tbre
reason could dci-ide upon the comjwund re-
port of hot h. They Mere no objects exhibit '^1
to the doubting senses, at undue di^tancc^. or
through df^cinng mediums : no bumini;
comets, or portentous appearances in the ^kv,
or in the air. These miracles W4n*e laid bet'ore
the witnesses in as clear a manner, and f<»r ji
lonuj a time, as the ordinary works of uaturiv
or the con)mon performances and transaciions
of mankind. 'Ihey fell mjder tiiOiie senses
wliirli ar«^ lea^t capable of being deceive<l:
they were setni, tliey were heard, they were
handled ; they had all tiio evidence*' whu h
the faculties of man can ij:ive him of the ex-
fstence of any tiling in tliis material w<irld.
If 1 see " the man sick of a jwlsy arise, take,
up his bed, and go into his house," 1 hu^e
the same assurance of his cure, as I hatl \y>
tore of his infimiity. If tiie fever, or tlie K^
prosy, deixirtat the touch ofJouSjthe healih
and soundness of the patient is as numifei?t, ai
if it had proceeded from the slow ojx^raiitKi
of medicine, or the gradually a*tnrning
healthy state of natu re. The wsten? of i^a/a-
rus, and the Jews of Bethany, had not Kettt-r
proof tliat Lazarus was bom, and liatl livi*d
among them before his death, and that he wai
dead and buried, than "that he 'returned to
them from his grave, and lived with theni
afterwards. The farts were' evident in Iheip
nature ; complete in tlie cNecution ; lasthig oi
thQi* eAecU Xaxxxsm reui^ed witl^ his '&•
MORTONS SERMONS.
169
tians," and instmcted moreover by revelations
from heaven. This people had, before the
birth of our Saviour, in consequence of their
captivities and olher circunistunpes, inter-
mixed with various other civilized nations.
Conquest and proselytisin had brought to
them divers foreigners to administer their
government, and to worship at their altarsl
They had strangers from Rome, visitors from
Africa, and from distant parts of Asia. It
was probably from this intercourse .witii fo-
reign nations, that they were become deger
neratc in their religious principles. As the
conversation of their idoiutrous neighbourdL
had fonncrly seduced them into gross and
horrid superstitions ; so now they had import-^
ed from distant countries the mOre rehned,
but- not less d^gerous, poision of infidel ity^
The creed of the early ages was now question-
ed among them by a presumptuous philoso-
phy. What holy Job believed, and what
Abniham knew by familiar experience, wai
rejected by the pretended wisdom of these
eniightent'cl tunes : for there were some among
the disciples of Moses, and even in the sanhe-
drim, who " said there was no resurrection ;
neither angel, nor human spirit." But this un-
happy prejudice, into whicli a part of tiie na-
tion (the Saddiicees) had' fallen, confinns the
incontestible n^ality of tlie miraclesx)f Jesus ;
as ft rendered them more averse from hit
person and doctrine ; more unbelieving of his
- divine character, more ouick-sightod in the
examination of his wondrous works ; more
determined, had it been possible, to disallow
them, and defeat their credit. As his reli-
gious doctrine clashed with the notions of the
Sadducee, so did the lowliness of his worldly
situation and pretensions disaj^point the ex-
pectations, and excite ilie aversion, of the
Pharisee ; who, though he believed a resur-
rection and a lifv* to come, yet could not re-
sign the temrxiral dominion and prosjjerity,
which he liad promised to himself fiom " the
redeemer of Israel.*' It ajjpears then jjlainly,
wliat was tiie scene of our Saviour's miracles,
and who were tlie spectators. ** These thing?
were not done in a comer,** nor before in^*
competent or favourable judges."
^Ekf n object of admiration to the people,
tod of ienpor to the chief pne.-<ts. M ary Mag-
4«{efl^ rescued fioui the, doininion of evil
ipm^ irred to be a sober witness of her sa-
vour's nsurrectioD. it b said also, that .many
otiier^ who had in like manner experienced
hs power and goodness, lived in the days of
the apostles to extreme old age.
" ihinlly. The miracles of Jesus were por-
fcnned in a civiKzed nation ; m an enlight-
ened age ; at public iistivals, and in other
^rge as&»emblies ; befinre witnesses of various
stations, cbamctecs, and countries. The Jews,
amcmg whom our Saviour was bom, and be-
fore whom he exiiibited his mightv works,
had long since, from the special advantages
wiuch they enjoyed, (though not always
bom the use which tiiey made of them,) de-
served the distinction of " a wise and under-
standing oeople." They were in possessbn
of an autfientic history of the world, be^n-
nin^ at the creation, carried through the lirst
ag€5, and tracing the origin of the earliest na-
tions. They liad a system of tnie religion
and soimd niorality, luiknown in the schools
of Athens, or in the palaces of Rome, 'llwy
had poetry not surpassed in any age or
rountry. XU these confessedly were written
by their anci'^tore, read in their synagogues,
tdught in their schools, revered in' their tami-
l*es. The spUfndour of their temple, the cu-
rious manulacture of its furniture, their ajipli-
Citioii of muMcal instruments and voices in
surprisii^ nuinbcTs, to high strains of elo-
iiucoice upon the noblest siiDJects, — all these,
existing a thousand years before the coming
of Christ, shew tiieir rank among the nations
of tho« primitive times in the arts and em-
bellbhiiienti of life. So that if any writer,
:.nri«it or modern, has thought proper to
>j»e.ik of tliem as an obsKJure, ignorant, or
barharuus people, he seems to have been
KUilc.1 by national or sceptical pRyudice ; or
to have been influf»nced by a partial view of
tlieir present hmnlliated state : forgetting how
fifv, ifany, of the European nations, among
vkom the providence ot God hath scatterccl
iliem, can shew any evidence of cultivation,
or^fven of existence,'at the time when '* Moses
*as learned in all the wisdom of tlic Egyp-
AiT. XXII. — Strmons on various interesting SubiecU. By the Reverend Joshua Morton,
Hear ofRistL'li/ in the Counti/ of Bedford, and Chaplain m ordimiry to his Rot^U HigJu^s0-
the Prince of '/rales, FoL 11. 8vo. pp. 385.
TO those who have approved of the
former volume, this also will be accepta-
ble ; and (hat many have approved of it,
may be reasonably concluded from the
appearance of that now before us. Or-
tuodox, coniitient, versed in a kind of
phraseology higlily pleasing to the mul-
Wude of christian bel ievers, Mr. Morton^
We have no doubt, is a popular preacher,^
and will easily find readers and admirers/
His bookseller we apprehend will never
say of his discourses, as we are informed
one of the trade said of a volume already
flQiiccd^ tliat tkey arc too good for sale.
Thirty sermons are contained in this vo*.
lume, upoir the following subjects : Di-
vine worship. The gospel the word of
life. Thd fell of man. The fall general..
All men under the sentence of tl)e law.
The redemption of man by Christ.- The*
ministry of reconciliation^^ Dearfi. ' Tha»
uncertainty of life. God chastiscth tig-
for our • good. Prayer. Perseverance in>
prayer. The strong hold, llie work of.
salvation. The tnie rest of tlie gospel.
The blessings resulting from tlie ascension
of Christ. iJelshazzar's feast. The peni-»
tout's prayer. The prodigal son, Hope,
170
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
passtonon him, and went to him and hcmni
up hU wouncky pounn^ in oil and wine. In
the obedience of fai^ lite was formi;d a periert
righteousness, satlsfiictory to all the claims vi
divBM;]ustice» inliiiitdy ssufficient ta justify ail
who believe on h'unfroin all things from which
they could never be justthcd by the law of
Moses. Would you see Je»us m the very
moment of his |tt:rfecting our ttxlemption ?
Bdiold him in the garden of Gcthsemane
8 rostrate upon the earth, and jm an agony '
[)ere, till the sweat falls as great drops oC
blood to tlie ground. Trace hini to the
courts of the Jcwiiti and Roinau judicature ;
in the one you see him bla^^phenied and
beaten, in the other, scourg<*d and crowned
with thoma; follow him a little further, ami
vou sec Jesqs suspended on the bloody tree;
his nerves trembling with the torturing nails^
bis body writhing with dreadful agon\'. Would
you sec Jesus ? look up to tlie cnMS guilty,
but penitent; look up, and sec hifibrow bcfaifi^
uig benignity and love; behold the blood
gushing from his opened side; there springs
tiic fountain of your hcfie ; ther^ tiows the
blood of Jesus Christ, the Son, of God, whicJi
cleanseth from all sin. May esvrh of our
. hearts catch tl^e healing stream, and be saved
with an everlasting salvation. Once more^
we see liim nsiiig from the bed of death, tri-
umphing over the grave, (for it was imposn
sible that the grave should hold him), ascend*
iug to heaven, there, exalted beyond all praiso
and all thanksgiving, he ever lives to niako
intercession for us, having our int«*rests still
near his lieart, possessing the same love, pity,
and tenderness, he is ready to communicate
daily to all wlio seek his a^^sist^ipce, every
grace ai)d every blessii;ig to help them in
time of need."
Art. XXIII. — Occaudnol Discourses on various Subjects, with copious Annotations^ h§
Richard Munkhouse, />. D. of HueetCs College, Oxford, and Minister of St. Jdm
Biqftist's Church, Ifakejield, In Three Volumes, 8vo. pp. 343, 379, and 402.
in GoJ, the good man's suf^ort Tho
patwnce of God with mankind. God
inarciful to the eleventh hour. Fast day
termon, 1803. Tlie excellence of the
scriptures. Tlie furnace of affliction.
Tha blessedness of faith. The interest*
iog character of Jesus. The one thing
needful. Ti» deatli of Christ and his
resurrection, llie close of FEmFs minis*
try, and his hope asserted. We subjoin
Ihe following extract as a specio^e^ of our
Utttbor's manner ;
. *' Would you have your plan of actk>n de«
<nded in the whole of your intercourse with
the wcirid, set his example always betbre you,
listen to Ins instructions who spake as never
man spoke. Had he been asked to i^ive you
his own portraiture, wure you to put the (|ues-
tion agam, •• Sir, we would see Jesus," j-ou
will see lum in his own parable of the gtjrxl
Samarltaii. Whilst the priejit and Levite
p^ far fmak the scenes at miser>', benevo-
Lnce draws near ui the person of a good Sa«
maritan, to the robbed, wounded, dying tra-
veller ; and, with all the tenderness of com-
passion, applies the healing balsam to his
wound, aud prompt relief to his necessities.
In this scene we s<% national partiality sub-
sidins, religious prejudices banished, no voice
heard but that of goodness. Nay, we see
something mon; ; we see Jesus Chnst as pos-
aessing that promptitude and that power to
save the children of men, which ought to
raise him high in our estimation, and place
him supreme in our aflections. He came
\rhen man wa^ in tliis vale of guilt and of
inisery, and when he saw him he had com-
DR. Munkhouse does not now appear
before the public for the first time. Of
the twenty-five discourses of which these
Tolumes are composed, several have been
already submitteil to the judgment of the
public, and with that judgment tlie author
16 fully satisfied. He exults in the flat-
tering reception wluch they experienced,
tnd &ls himself relieved from a part of
his apprehensions concerning the estima«
tion in which the present volunies will be
held. The style of these discourses is not
destitute of a certain degree of energy 5
and the principles which prevail throughout
discoverafirm and zealous attachment to the
civil and ecclesiastical establishments of our
country. ' Concerning the subjects of these
discourses, and his own sentiments and
principles, the author thus speaks :
•' The subjcKis that most freouenlly ocair
in the ensuing discourses, are such as natimilly
arose out of those occasional fasts and festivals,
which have, m the course of the last twelve
years, been appointed to be solemnized by
royal proclamation, 'lliese, it isliojjed, breathe
a spirit of piety and devotion, suited at all
times to the nature of the service, whether of
peniteiKC aud supplication, or of praise and
thanksgiving. Questions also of a political na^v
tiure are brought under discussk>n ; not from
any desi^i, hi the breast of the author, to in-
fusie politics into religion, but, on the same
principle bv which so close a connexion exi^its
between church and state, to iniiise religion
into politk» ; and from an anxious wish to
promote, to the extent of his abilit}-, tlie inter-
. ests of his country, and the cause of social or*
dt»r, by strenuously inculcating the virtues of
})atriotism and loyaltv, in opposition to those
plausible, but imposing and deceptious, doc«
trines of liberty and 'equality, which have of
late years been advanced with such shan»?U^
efl'roiitery, and circulated with a malevolciit
assiduity.
'' Inseparably connected with the pro^pe-
rity of our country b the preservatipn of its
political constitution, tlie "permanence of its
establishments, civil and ecclesiastical. Hence
the author's dislike of republkan tenets, be-
fitRMONS OK IMPOHTAKT SUaiSCTS*
m
eft^aftheirlKMlilitTtothe fonner; and of
t<ct]nsm»asbein2iiMre immetliatelv injurious
tetiwbttcr: whJhout a wish, natwiUistauding,
to retnin ti&e liberty of cUoicC; aad freedom
of di^'Uttioo, fi^rthcr thaii as such restriction
nax be nece»saiy to the peace of tiie church,
and to the safcty of this vniteo kingdom.
ncreaie, doubtless, virtuous characters under
cTrtT form of civil government ; and he ven-
taftft' to reckon, In the number of his friends,
naav uprigl^ conscientious, good men, whose
RKguMH tenets are very diiterent from his
In these volumes we are presented with
wmefoit samons ; three sermons on occa-
sion of public thanksgiving ; four preached
hetoie ditfprent lo^es of freemasons ;
€Mie before a friendly society 5 one on
tbc first Sunday in the year ; oue o;i
tbt sk\'e trade ; one on the opening of
AiT. XXIV. — Sermons, altered and adapted ta an EnglLih Pulpit, fron^ French fTr tier*.
Bif Samuel Pai^tridge, M, A. F. S. A. Hear "of Boston, and of ff'igtoft vjtiik
fttttdrim:, CJiaplai9 to the Right Honourable Lord Gwydir, and late Fellow qf' Mugdatt^
i^^l^CfOrford. The Second Edition. 8vo. |ip. 327.
FEW of the French sermon- writers only to assail such ordinary intrenchmentt.
St. John*s church 9 one previous to the
introduction of Merrick* s psalms ; one far
the benefit of the green-coat charity
school ) one fur the beneht of the choir
in St. John's church ; one preached apoa
the delivering the colours to the royal
Wakefield volunteers ; and one at Hona-
gate wliilst they wereupon permanent duty.
Each di<icourse,is either ** inscribed witk
the name of a friend or benefactor, or de-
dicated to some exalted personage : and
tlms the autlior professes to bav6 alifeo
indulged the fonduess of affection and the
feelings of gratitude, and paid a willing
tribute of respect and admiration to re-
splendent virtue iu high places." Pref; p,
xiv. The public prints bave lately an-
nounced tliat Dr. Alunkhouse has bcem
preferred to the vicarage qf Wakefield,
deserve translation, fiossuet ^d Saurin
have more .of thought, argument^ and of
that sort of eloquent decoration which
depends not on tlie language but the idea,
than their competitors. Flcchier is over-
rated* in his conntry. Massillon has 4
brilliant oration on the consecratioti of
colours. Boordaloqe is ingenious and
stately, but wants originality and feeling.
We hare here selections, not from the
renowned but from the secondary French
preachers; from the Cambaceres, the
Ddboses, the Lecointes, and the Do-
pespes.
For 2| patriot, it is consolatory to observe
bow iqferior ta the Jeremy 'taylors, the
Halls, the Barrows, are these continental
oiaton ; how much less of leari)ing, of
sfy\e, of argument, has satisfied, has de-
lighted, has convinced their hearers, has
httshed their doubts, has warmed their
real, has winged tlieir hopes. Well
might infidelity triumph where it had
Well might floundering piety des})air,
whe^e it had oiily such wisps of straw t<»
catch at. Better surely liad it been ta
translate those sermons of our cotempo-
rary Mercier, which have illustrated Ji
London pulpit and a Ix)ndon press.
We really cannot find a tolerable ex-
tract. So much tlie better. These ser-
mons are probably not intended to be
read, but to be preached. They are tlie
fitter for the pulpit, from being likely to
escape domesdc circulation among the
audience. Delivered by every-day men,
tliey may well pass for originaL Listened
to by every-day men, they may be staid
out without fatigue ; for they have been
abridged witliin limits which will accom-
modate a three-church curate. In tlie
doctrine there is nothing for orthodoxy to
wince, or heresy to kick at : it is e\-eTy-
d3y christiiinity witliout a specific cha-
racter, little eiu>ugh to live with, much
enough to diu wit]).
Aet. XXV. — Txpeke Sermons on important Subjects. Addressed chiefly to the middle and
lozver classes qf' Society, 8vo. pp. 3j2.
THE suljects are ; the omnipresence of
tbe Deity. The cross of Christ. The
chmtian*s glory. Christianity consistent
with reason. Christianity not seditious.
The wisdom and power of God displayed
in the redemption of the world. The
uQifersal judgment' On hearing the word
of God. The love of God. 'Hiedeceit-
Wness of tHe heart. The equality of
mankind. The divinity of Joiiu Christ.
4k|i tpiiitual worship.
"These sermons," the preacher informs
us, " have been delivered at different
times and to difJerent congregations*
They have been heard wMth deep atten-
tion, and often with considerable emotion."
We do not donbt it. All that is excellent
is- borrowed from our most celebrated
pulpit orators, witli n© more than a ge-
neral acknowledgment; and all tlie ori-
ginal matter is of a sliewy tinsel nature,
admirably adapted, if weU dttiivered, tu
i7%
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
make an impression upon the minds of
the ordinary class of hearers. Eut we
must enter our protest against, such lia-
grant peculations as this anonymous di-
vine confesses. As large portions of works
already before the public are thus again to
be carried through, the press^ they sliould
be particularly marited, that there niay be
no danger of their beir»g attributed by
tliose who have not known them hi thirir
original form, to the plagiarist in whose-
pages they are confounded with his own
matter. Cuique suum.
Art. XXVI. — Strmans on.the Existence nfthe Drill/, the immorUdihi of the Saul, the j4u^
thcnticitij of the Bibie^ and other important subjects. Btj the Heir rend), Adams, J.-M, •
Alasttr of the Academy at Putney, and Author qf several much-approved ki-^oricat Pub**'
Heat ions, Bvo. pp. 314.
IT is not very usual, perhaps, for an
OHihor to review his own productions j •
fcut as Mr. Adams is by his own confession
little else than a compiler, we will allow
him to be his own reviewer. Hear then :
'' The following sermons will be very useful
as a family hook, particularly ^vherc there are
jxjung jK^ople ; for the sooner they begin to
Iiave a veiu-ration for the Deify and the chris-
tian reliffjon, they are the more likely to be
good members of >oci. ty. They will be more
dutiful ch lichen, bi-tter servants, better nuLs-
ters, ami better aoUtiers too. " I fear Ciod,
and I have no otlier fear,*' is the celebrated
saying of a great man, who w.is dissuaded by
his friends from a dangerous undertaking in a
good cause.
" It may very naturally be remarked,
*' tliat nothing new can be said on such sub-
jects." True. But as the. classical and hU-^
torical publications^ of the aulhor liave fallen
into tlic hands of, at least, one hundred and
thirt}^ thousand persons, many will be in-
duced to read the sermons^ because tliey were
pleased with Yds other literar>' pnxluclions.
" The excellent writers consulted for ma-
terials, are Stillingtlett, Abeniethy, Addison,
Butler, Bryant, Clarke, King, Pearson, I'H-
1ot:ion, ScoU, Sharp, Baxter, Swift, Sherlock,
Porteus, - Palcy, Set^d, LanghoTDe, Stcme, ,
Mason, Grant, Burnet, 15arrow, Sherlock, i
Wjrst, Ray, Derham, Atterbuiy, Blair, and.
Leland. ^
" It may not be improper to add, thatth^re ^
is not, in the whole volume, a single senli- *'
ment contraiy to the doctrinc»s of eitua'
church established in Oreat Britain.** ']
The materials which the industrioos-
compiler has collected, are arranged under •
the following heads : On the existence of
the Deity. On the study of the work* of '
God. On the inmiortality of the .soul.
On providence. On the omnipresence
and omniscience of the Deity. On the
divine origin of tl^e scriptures. On reli- •
gious hojie. On the pleasures of religion. •
On the internal excellency of the diristiau ,
religion. On the government of the
thoughts. On religious retirement. Ojv
true wisdom. On consideration. On the •
character of Jcsn.s as a divine teacher. Oa
christian benevolence. On the advantagt>»
of prayer, and pious contemplation. On *
the resurrection. On the joys of hea\on.
On the certainty of future happiness. On
the love of God. On human life, duel*
ling, and suicide.
Art. XXVII. — Three Sermons, preaclied at the IFcdncsday Evening Ij-fiurc af Sttlter^'HafK.
London ; to zchich is added, the Siihstnnce of a Discourse delivered at Maze Pond, South-
xvar/c, in aid- of the particular Baptist Fund. By James Dore. 8vo. pp. 135.
THESE Sermons are upon the follow- peculiar excellence. The preadier adopts
ing subjects : On M»dcsty in prosecuting
Religious Enquiries. • On tlie proper U*je
of the Figurative Language of the Scrip-
tures. On the Spuitual Nature of the
Crospel, and on the Harmony of ^le Di-
vine Operations. They are not dcotitute
Df merit, though not distinguished by .any
not only the doctrine but the style of the
old school ; tlie divisions and subdivisions
artf tediously minute, and tlie studied bre-
vity of almost every sentenco produces a
monotony which no powers of delivery wc
apprehend could reUeve.
Art. XXVIII. — Tv:o^ Discourses, designed to recommend a general Observance of //«
Lord* s Supper, i?^ T. Drumaiono. 8vo. pp. 43,
THESE Discourses are 'weU composed
and adapted to answer Hhe preaclier's de--
f ign.. The origin of the simple and so*
cial service^, which .is^here recommended
to geneml observance^ is clearly and justly
stated^ and. tbe corruptione wJ^ch it iia>..
undergone are briefly but satisfurtoriJy
detailed. The information which these
discourses convey will be acceptable to
tliose who may not approve . of all the
principki o£ the author s creed.
GAKDIKBR S SEItMOK.
1^
SINGLE SERMONS,.
^uJttl/ication hy Faith, A Serjnm preached at the Primarv VisitaHon of the
William, Lord Bishop of Chester, held at Richmond
kiT XXIX. — ^»o..,.w...i... -^ . ^...
kidt K^T. Father in God, Henkv fi i^i../i>i«, x../, «, m.^^..^,. .y v.,*.o.c., «c .«. *.* ***.,*/
iMlorksUre, Aiis^uat *2'2, 1804, atid published ut his Lordship's request. By John IIead-
ULM, A. M. Rector ofJf'i/cliJ/'e, 4to. pp. 30.
TOE preacher has select^ for the sub-
ject o{ his discourse the enquiry by Job,
" How shall man bejust with God>". and
from these words ba.s taken occasion to
combat, with some ability, that large and
daily increasing schism in the church,
which calls itself the True Church qfEn-
gland, Mr. H. b^ins by stating the
orthodox 'doctrine of tlie fallen nature of
flfio, and the reiuedy which has been pro-
vided. He expresses his astonishment
ihat, at the present period, any questions
sse agitated concerning tiie justification of
the sons of Adam by faith^ and proceeds
to aiusider what the doctrine of the church
is apon this subject -, and also the nature
and ejects of some prevalent errors arising
from a dillerent interpretation. After a
very particular examination of the .nature
aud consec^uencc of iaith, the preaolier ob-
lenes;
*'Tliis sc(^«:? then to be the sum of tiie
doctrine-; oi" our church, founded upon tlie
authority of Ncripture, on this important sub-
JKi ; tiit we an." justified by faith alone ; tlidt
faith means a siinplt- but sincere belief m the
j5i>.{>f»l of Christ ; that justilication means the
cbogc which is etTected in us on our becom-
ing christians, and the difference tlieiice pro-
duced between -our fallon and our retleenwd
iiature ; that baptism is the only rite oniaia-
ed by Christ himself, as the means whereby
Wii receive Uiis gracious privilege ; tliat wliea
Nve lire thus justilied in baptism, good works
are absolutely necessary to make our caJlinc
and election sure ; that although by faitit
alone we are justiiicd, we must neverthdesi
bring tbilh fruits meet for salvatiim, and can
obtam eternal happiness only by pei'se\'eranoc
in faith, in hope, aud holiness."
In a few short observations on tlw na«
ture and effects of tlie prevalent errors,
Mr. H. charts tiiose who arrogate to
themselves the title of tnie churchmen,
with aftixing nn erroneous n\eaning to the
word justificatiou, confounding acceptance
here witli final acceptance at the day of
judgment} by this means producing an uu-
scriptural and baneful separation anKxigst
christians, aud at the same time by their
denial of die spiritual grace of baptism,
opening a door to enthusiasm and delit-
sion. This discourse is well written, and
cleiu-ly convicts the True Churchmen of er-
ror ^ but has Mr. H. himself, supported
•s he is. by Hooker, Waterland, Jones, and
Paky, discovered the truth ?
Akt. XXX. — A Sermon, preacJurd before theUni-ctrsiiy ofOjford, at St. Mary\^, mMonr
<iiy, .Vor. 5, 1804. Bif the Rrs. Henry Fhilltotts, M. yi. of St. Mary Magdakng
College, and kicar of Kilrnersdon, in the County of Somerset. 4to. pp. 18.
THE author of this -temperate and welT
vritien discourse 1ms, of the two events
by wliich, in the annals of our country,
ll:« fiflli of November is distinguished,
chosen for his subject the establishment
ofkingWilliamlll. on the English tlurone.
He first takes a retrospective \ iew of the
principal circumstances in our liistory that
Tendered some such great crisis unavoida-
ble, and shews how favotirable, above all
others, the period in which it did happen
^3* to the preservation,. both of the peace
tof the country and the integrity of its con-
stitution. He then offers some remark?
on tlie real character ot" tlie e\ent itself,"
affirming, that it was not a revolution but
a measure devised, and happily accom-
plished, to prevent a revolution of tiie very-
worst kind i an awful crisis^ in its conse-
quences but not in itself, the subject of re*
jbicing j and he concludes witli pointing
out some instruction resulting from that
view of the subject which he has taken.
The whole is well adapted to promote
that political ^ moderation wliich tends to
tlie peace and impiovement of the state.
Art. XXXI. — The Faith and Hope of the Rixliteous ; a Sermon prenclied at the OclU"
goa Chapel, Bath, on Sundai/, Dec. 2, 1804, on Occasion of the JMitti of the Rev. Archi-
JlAU>^L4CLAlKE, />./>. BytheRev.JotnsGARmnEKjV.D. 8vo. pp.39.
AFTER contrasting the righteous and
the wicked, strugsUng with adversity and
at the close of life. Dr. G. passes to tht
eulogy of the pious and learned subject «^
lU Theology and ecclesiastical affairs.
tbi* fiulesid discourse. This might, we ed td the character of the truly venerable
think, have been done wich n^re judg- • person, on occasion of whdse dcalii it W3»
ment, with more feeling, with much coaiposedk
greater eftect> and in a maimer better suit*
Art. XXXII.— ilnoc/*, or Ike Jidvmitagcs fif M^h Attainments in Heligion, A Sermon,
preached at Oranee-street Chapel^ Leiceftter-squarr, London. By William Moseleit,
Minister qf^ the Taheinacle^ Hemlay, 1 2mo. jip. 3:i.
THE author of diis discourse sends it 5«ch an indiscriminating use of scripture
into the world with a desire of promoting we have s<2ldom witnessed. The title-
personal religion. The end is important, page proclaims the class of christians to
and the means here employed likely, to a which the preacher belongs, and m whic^
certain degree, to accomplish that end. this discourse will be found most accept*
Many pious observations occur, expressed able,
ia a forcible and impressive manner^ but
Art. XXXIIL— ^ Sermon, preached before the Honourable House tf Commons, at ttt
CImrck of St. Margaret, Westmimtcr, on H^ednendatf, Feb. *iO, 1805, being ike Ifay ^p-
pointed for a Gtnvral fast. By Charljbs Henry Ball, D.D. Canon of Christ Church,
Cj^ford. 4to. pp. 133.
FROM tlie wonis of the apostle Paul surprise, though it may odr indignation,
m his epistle to tlie Romans, ch. viiL v, that in tliis part of the discourse the
31. *' If God be for us who can be preacher has omitted the mention 6f that
against us }** the preacher takes occa- abominable traffic wiiieh is still carried od
•ion to enumei^ate many of the most visi- upon the blood-stained shores of Africa,
ble and striking instances of Qod's favour This sermon is, upon the whole, well
to us as a nation. He next proceeds to written j but neither in style nor senti*
notice some spots and blemishes in our nieut differs much from the generality of
national character. It ought not perliaps, sermons on similar occasions*
ail circumstances considered, to excite our
Art. XXXrS'^. — A Fast Scrpnon^ preached at the Abbey Church, Bath, on Wednesday^ Feb.
20, 1 805. PublisJied at the Request qfthe Mayor and Corporation of Bath, and the Colonel
and otiicr Officers of the Loyal Bath l^oluiUeers, By iJie Rev> Ed m vn d Po vltbr, M. A^
Frebendary qfli^incliestcr. 8vo#pp. 33.
WITH much labour we got through cising their ingenuity in unraveling long
this uninteresting ill-written discourse ; and intricate periods^ they may here find
and^ if any of our readers are fond of e&er«- ample amusement.
Art. XXXV. The fatal Use qfthe Sword : considered in a Sermon preached in St. Philips
Cimrchf Birmingfuim, on f^'^ednesday, Feb. '20, 1805, tlie Day appointed for a General Fast.
By the Rev, Sp£ncer Madan, A» M, 8vo. pp. 20.
THE text chosen by Mr. M. is Matt, the same words, and of which an ample
xxvi. 52. ** Then said Jesus unto him, account was given in our last volume.
Put up again tliy sword into his place. These principles are here successfully
•for all tliey that take the sword shall combated» but Mr. Madan is (perfectly
penshwith the sword j" and the object right, when he observes in a postscript, that
he has in view is to confute the princi- they *^ have been noticed by more com-
pies which Mr. Warner advanced from petent examiners,"
Art.. XXXVI.— TA<f Holy Spirit, the Spirit of Truth ; a Sermon preached at the B<^Uid
Monthly Association, at Mr. Burnside's pltice of IVorslup, Red Cross-street^ Cripple*
gate, Feb. 2\, 1805. % James Dore. Publiskea at the Request qfthe Associated m-
nisters and Brethren. 8vo. pp. 42.
THE Holy Spirit, says the preacher, is flueuce. Upon the.se three topics Mr.
the spirit of truth, because he revealed the Dore has enlarged in'such a manner as «ns
truth, he authenticated the truth, and he can easily conceive was acceptable to the
^ompanioB the truth with his divine in- congregation assembled as his auditocs.
BAPTISMAL, FAiTH explained*
173
JUt. XXXVn.**-7*^ Progress 1/ Error concerning the Person of Christ ; represented in
M Sermon, dtUvcred 4U the UniUarian ChapeL in £ssex*stre€t, March 3 1, 1805. By Tho»
Mis Belsham. 8va pp. 35.
THE first part of this discourse con*
bins a very well written epitome of the
hi<tory of opinions oonceming Christ, as
It has oeen described more at large by Dr.
Priesdey. This is followed by some re-
flections arbing out of the preceding
view of what tfae preacher deems the
progress of error respecting the pef-son of
the Messiah. A prayer appropriated ta
the discourse and to the occasion on which
it was preached, i& subjoined. The preach*
er s hope ' that a double portion of the
prophet\s* spirit might rest where his
mantle falls,* aj^ars from thii discourse,
likely to be realized*
Aet. Wy^VUh-^Baptij^iiud Faith explained. .4I Sermon, preached before the University
qf' Cambridge, Aprils, ISUA. 4to. pp. ^0,
ItiE doctrine of this discourse would,
we apprehend, be better suited to the
dnpei in £sae&«street than to the church
of the oniTersity of Cambridge.
** It halh been observed, says the preacher,
in fimwr of the christian religion, that its po-
litiTeiiiitinitioDS arc not only few m number,
intt ako m their whole nature perfectly simple
and intelligibie. The obs^Tvation is certainly
ji»t in itself ; but how few christians can con-
sh>taitiy urge it against the adversaries of our
tiilh, if they are themselves sincere in the re-
presentation of these institutions which they
publicly avow > Can the Roman-catholic,
mho believes tiansubstantiation to be directly
taught in one of them ? or the protestant,
who contends that a belief of the doctrine, of
the Thnitv b expressly required by the
other?
" I mean not to insinuate any comparison
bKvcen these doctrines, or to afhrm the truth
or £iischood of either. I only mean to ailirni,
that whoever undertakes to prove the excel-
lency of the christian revelation from tiie
plainnes and simplicity of its external rites,
must be able to shew clearly tliat the doctrine
of the Trinity, as ^ted in the creeds and ar-
tJek-s of religion owned by the generality of
pratestants, hath no better foundation in tiie
^mn of words used by our' Saviour in the in-
stitutioD of one of them, than that of transub-
Hantiatiuo hath in the form of words«used by
him in the institution of the other, lliis I
>haii attempt to do in the following discourse,
Mt mMely for the sake of doin^ justice to the
vgumcut'advsoiced in fsivour ot our religioa,
Alt. XXXIX — The Use and Abuse of Re^on in Maltrrs of Faith. A Sermon, preached
ot St. ChatPs, in ShreXKsbury, at the Triennial Institution qf the Hon, and Ris^ht Rev,
Janus lord Bishop of Uchfield md Coventry, May 28, 1805. By Samuel Sutler,
A/. A, Head Master qf Shrewsbury Scfiool, and late Fello:v qf St. John's College, Cam-
bridge. 12010. pp. 22.
from the perfect simplkrity of its positive oidi*
nances, but for the higher purpose of ascec«
taining tliat faith which is made necessary bj
Christ and his apostles, to entitle a person to
the name and privileges of a christian. Tliat
some faith is necessary cannot be denied; but
what that particular faith is, hath long been
matter of great dbpute among chnitian^
themselves," *
Of this faith Mr. T. thus sums up his
account :
*' Let hs not then be ashamed of the pure
^p(?l of Christ. The belief of it consists not
in beli«*Ang any other doctrine but that of
eternal life, by the remission of sins and a re*
surrectiou from the dead, tiuough the^maa
Jesus Christ, the righteous Saviour anct dc»-^
tined- I»rd of niankmd. Neither our chrts-
tiaii privileffes nor christian duties, depend oa
any other faith. ^\'hat higher privilege can
we enjoy, than that of being children of God ?
which is secured to us by our faith in Jesus
Christ: by that faith, whether we have been
Jews or C« entiles, we are all the cliildren of
God. What higher duty is enjoined us than
that of conqueiinfi: the worid ? What nobler
victory can be gained by any faith ? * And
who,' says the apostle, ' is he that over-
cometh the worid, but he that believeth that
Jesus is tlie son of God ?"
How general must have been the ex-
clamation as the astonished gownamen re-
turned to their home?,— ' We have heard
strange tilings to-day 1*
MATTERS of ^tb, says Mr. B. may
be considered as of tliree kinds. They
ue either matters of historic fact and rea-
lon only, as that there was such a person
« Jesui Christ, the history of whose life
was written by his disciples, and is pre«
served to us ; of they are matters of fact
and revelatiin onhf, as that Jesus Christ
was the son of (iod from all eternity;
or they are matters of consequence, dedu«
,^ The Bev'. T. Lbdsey, the founder of the chapel in Essex-street
iTd
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
cible from both the former. With the
first of these learning is altogether ; with
the second, in no degree ; and witli the
third, partially concerned. Upon these
principles the preacher censures all dis-
putation upon tlie doctrines of election
tuid reprobation, and the Trinity. But he
has neglected the very important circum-
stance, that these doctrines are discnst^
and by some rejected, not becaase they
are above human reason, but because they
are not to be found in the word of God.
By tliose therefore, for whose benelit wt
suppose the discourse before us was in-
tended, the preacher's reasoning will bv
considered as altogether irrelevant.
Art. XL. —Tfie Umty qf the Christian Body stated, A Sermon preacktd in LamhtA \
Clmpel, on the 2Sth of April 1805, at the Consecration of the Right Rev. Htmrtj Bathnntf^\
LL, D. Lord Bishop of Norudch, and published at the Command of His Grace /M*^
Jj9rd Archbishop of Canterbury. By Richard Prosser, A Z>. Prebendary of Dux^ \
ham,"Ak.o, pp. 19. "
A temperate but not a ver)' forcible defence of religious establishments j from h
Sph. iv. 15, l6.
ArI*. XLI. — A Funeral Oration, to the Memory of His Rot/al Highness the late Dute tf
Gloneester and Edinburgh*, delivered at Grosvcnor C/uipel, Grosvennr Sguure, on Sundmi
the Sth of September, 1805. By the Rev. T. Baseley, A. M. Chaplain to the Rigk ^
Rev. the Lord Bishop of Lincoln, 4to. pp. 23.
COMMON place declamation, and one uniform tissue of ' pompous notliings/
Art. XLII. — The Origin of Sovereipi Poxver, and the Lawfulness of Defensive fTar. '
A Sermon preacfted in tlte Church of All Saints, If ainfteet, in the Cototty of Lincoln^ on i
Tuesday y June 4ih 1805, to tlie Ifuinjiect Corps ofToluntetr Infantry, Jiy the Rev. Pe-
ter BuLMER, A. B. 8vo. pp. 29.
WE have had occasion formerly to
•ommend Mr. BuJnier as an animated and
& patriotic preacher, and that commenda-
tion is further warranted by this discourse.
We cannot sj^eak of him with equal praisf
as a politician.
PRACTICAL THEOLOGY.
Art. XLIII.— .^ Guide to Heaven : seriously addressed to all 'who believe the Gospel to k
the irord of God, By the Rev. C. S. Hawtrey, v(. B. Vicar ofH'idston, Monmouth-
shire. 8vo. pp. 172.
THIS little work has been composed
e\'idently with the best intentions, but, we
fear, riot altogether in such a manner as to
secure tlie accomplishment of the author's
J>iou3 wishes. Feeling, as he .informs us,
an earnest desire, seconded by tbe impe-
rious call of duty, as a minister of the
gospel, to impress his fellow-creatures
with a sense of the great importaiKe of a
practical obedience to all its laws ; and
convinced that, after what has been so.
ably but so ineiFcctually written upon the
subject, no arguments which he could use,
no exhortations wliich he could utter,
would be likely to avail— he determined
to collect the numerous and urgent pre-
cepts of practical piety which the gospel
contains, and arrange them under proper
heads. In this little Volume therefore,
we have exhibited at one view the* greatest
part of what the scripture directly teaches,
concerning forgiveness. and mutual love j
the duty of prayer, cove tousness, and
wordly-mindedness j temperance and clias*
tity, humilit}^ justice, honest}', and tmtbf
swt^aring and blasphemy 3 repentnna^j
the Lord's supper ; charity to the [xwr j
fortitude in adversity ^ conjugal Jove ;
parental and filial love j masters and ser-
vants J obedience to goveriiorsi, and con-
duct of .tiie <;lerg)%
Every collection is followed by what is
called an appfication ; but this is in several
instaaces so short, and so deficient in
energ}', as to produce no effects. We are
convinced that a selection of this kind
might be made eminently usefu\, but it
should be formed by a person of judge-
ment, of taste, and, at the same time,
mighty in the scriptures. The precepts
should be arranged as much as possible in
some connected order, and closed or fol-
lowed by something more than unmean-
ing exclamations.
Akt. XIAY. --The Holy Family ; being a complete Provision of Domestic Pielv, Intchid
are Reflection^ qn £ducation, Prayer in its Public and Private Duties, and an Exhor
fiSSAY 0!( Tfie XEPOHMATtOM OF tir^HEl.
Ml
tatum to the Sacrammt as Essential to Salvation ; to xvhich are add d Morning and
EtcniMg Prayersjor I-amUies, ^c. ^c, Btj the ii^v, T. Oakley, ^. M. 8vo. pp. 116.
THE title of this strange work will give
cor readers some notion of its contents, it
is for us to shew theai the value of this
volume : we cannot do this better than by
dting the author to ^peak for hhnself :
" Christy in tlie lir>t view of his hcavehly
povers, h the ris*.'n sua oi a new world, a lii-
: mioary, uncoutined by nature, and expands
through the ioliuily of Sjiacc : 1 am come
* hght into tiic tvorid,' ui whom the morning
dawns of the everiaNting day. — p. 91.
♦" Christ is our propitiaikm, and liis niercici
tendered in the latent hour ; but the hojie of
glor}* is tlie fair penitent's, and to the inipeni-*
tent no remission of sins. p. 9^.
" Heaven is the maitiage of salvation, and
its many mansions a court where guests throng
from everv clime ; and angels hail tliL nup'
tials Oi Christ, and his sjx)U84; tlie church ;
his joys are the fallings that arc killed ; h\i
diimer, everlasting lire. — p. y8.
•• O! hallowed blood of Christ, bfuse
thy vitaP powers into my soul, and through
ever)' vein ol my body !"— p. 1 13.
This, and much more like it, issues
ftpm the university press of Oxford ! !
Arr. XLV. — A Br irf Treatise on Death, Phihs \ihicalhj. Moral fh, and PfactlcaUy con-
sidered. By KoBK&T P'ellowes, A. AL Ox on. 12mo. pp. 134.
THIS treatise is inscrllied to tlie me-
mory of the lady Harriet Fitzroy — by the
death of >vlioni, we conjecture, this va-
feabie little work was suggested. The
•entiments it contains are sucli as on dif-
ferent occasions, and by different writers,
hare been before inculcated j but tJiey
replaced by Mr. F. in an interesting and
impressive point of view, well adapted.
according to hi:s puqiose, to reclaim th«
thoughtless — to alarm the wicked — to in-
crease the hoj)e of the righ teems — to cheer
the dying — and to comfort the afflicted
mounier. To those who belong to any
of these classes of j>ersons, we earnestly
recommend this pious and instructive per*
forniance.
ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
never before printed ; twenty-eight ser-
mons 3 expo.^ition of tlie creed, the Lord's
prayer, and ten commandments f dis.
C()urses on Matt. xxii. 37, 39. ; on Heb.
viii. 10. ; and a short catechism. The
prefhce by Dr. Doddridge was originally
prefixed to an edition of the archbi^hop*9
works, publisiied at Edinburgh in 1748,
by Mr. D. \N'ilson. The life which ac-
comp.inies the pre^ent edition, written by
Mr. £. Middleton, is one of the worst ar-
titles of biography we ever perused.
ARCHBISHOP LEIGHTON was a
man of considerable note hi his day, and
Ms works have always been regarded -as
valuable, on account of the spirit of piety
that pervades them. The present collec-
tion, which professes to be complete, con-
tains his practical coimneutary on the lirst
epistle (rf Peter 5 expository lectures on
ft. xxxix.3 Is. vi. ; and Rom. xii. j several
charge*, &c. to tlie clerg}' of the diocese of
Danbhme ; seven letters on difterent occa-
Uttis } rules and inbtnic^ions for a holy
i£le^ MDoe biaitorical facts in his life,
AiT.XLVIi.— iAj:.,iff;/ on the Spirit and Influence of the Reformation of luther ; tfie
Ifork a/wcA Ol^ained the Prize on the ittujifion Proposed in 1.S02, by the National Jn^
shtiOe of J'nsHce ; ' ff'/tut has been the Jnfiuence of the Htformwion of Luther <^n the
P^ic^ situaiion qf the dijt't rent States of Europe, and on the Progress qf Knowledge r
! f^im a Sketch of the History of the Church, from its Ponnder to tfi€ Rrformation ; in-
I tejW at an Appendix to the B'orlc. By Charles \ illers. Jrunslaled, and lUus-
I tntedwith Copious Notes. By James Alilt, JSsq.
lAlT-XLYUI.— £«rfl7/ on the Spirit and Influence of the Reformation by LiUher, ^c. '
! faat&fklty Translated Jrom the tost Paris Edition. By B. Lambert.
I ACAI>EMIES may propose wiseques- wise answers. Tliey send abroad a qti«s-
l«»s, bat tbey are not likely to receive tion which requires Ions: study and hi\z
j A«».REy..VoL.IV. N •. .. *
m
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
thought, sfnd fix a day for the reply, later
than which none can be received. It is
very well for booksellers to do this> ^ose .
journeymen bring home their work as
punctually as the taylor and the shoe-
maker, but any thing better than journey*
work b rarely to be had for bespeaking it
To the solution of a great historical ques-
tion much previous knowledge and fbie-
thought is necessary ; they wiio have ac-
quire this knowledge are not likely to
give the result in a manner prescribed for
them ; they who have it not can produce
nothing that is valuable. Coll<^ essays
are one degree above school-boys' themes,
and academical essays one degree above
them : the candidates have to read for the
subject ; they are volunteers who most be
driUed, not soldien ready for service ; in-
jitead of feeding the mind th^ cram it, as
turkeys are served beting Christmas, and
all that comes forth is crude and mdigest-
ed : the understanding has had no time to
concoct and assimilate what has been
stuffed in. The Teylerian society has not «
yet decided any one of the disputed points
of theology, and all the poets who have
emulonsiy contended for the profits of
Mr. Beaton's Kislingbury estate, have not
done quite so much honour to Cambridge
as Edmund Spenser, who could not get a
fellowship there, or as John Milt(»i, who
was whipt across the buttery hatch.-—
Prize rams and prize oxen may be had at
reasonable notice, but the attempts at
rearing prize poets and prize philosophers
do not ^eem to have succeeded so well.
All rules, it is said, have the'u* excep-
tion, and we are truly pleased, that fortu-
nately in tliis case, the exception lies be-
fore us. Of all countries in the world we
should least have expected a satisfiuitory
dissertation on this subject firom France, a
land wherein rational religion seems never
to have been known, and of all times least
should we have expected it at the present,
when Bonaparte, most probably a bigoted
cathollp himself, hus restored eatholicbm,
shorn of its beams indeed, but still the
same in spirit, still with transnbstantifltion
and auricular confession, a Latin service
and a celibate clergy. But France is
liardly entitled to the credit of this work:
she sent the seed indeed, and has received
the firuit of the tree,, bat the tree itsetf
was reared and thefi:uit matnred in a bet*
SsrooontT'. ; ^. Villers is (German in his
studies*, his opinions, and his philosophy*
He isa pupil of Eickhom's schoot, and he
hSs lesmt in Chat school a theology which
no QtbvTfioaU have taught bim«
It augurs well for France that the
tional institute should have proposed
a. question, still better that ueysl
have awarded the prize to so truly lil
and enli^ten^ an essay. A very
markable sentence occurs in the
mencement of the work : M* ViUen
serves that the subject regards both
gion and politics, which he calls the
cardinal points <^ the lifo of mani '
qf ike fnt frerogad^ci t^ Uber^, i§
jwvcr'qffmaiid unconshtantd
•a thote in^cTtaM subjects, and in
cmmtry duu power is dxrcised, vfi
th€U country it free.'
With the opinions of the German
ters M. ViUers has caught a little
much of tbdr method; thdrover
tod^ for anaDgement---of their
and saoond-ii^ dividing and subdi^
sorting and separating. Order is an
cellent thing, but these which are the
remonials of order may well be "
with. There is no necessity to label
sonings if they follow in natural
He employs also too mUch tinoe in <
ing the road along which his procesacn i
to pass ; this ought to be done, hot
should be done before people are
bled to see the show. It is right that
himself should perfectly understand
limits of his subject, but it was bj
means necessary that the r^den
Walk the bounds with hiih. All that
of the first section, which is to show tk4
every cause is itself an effect of
other cause, till you arrive at a first cacnd^
is mere matter , of amplification ; M
mouthful of froth which disaj^poiflli
him who would drinker
The second section is upon the essenct
of reformations in general ; here the au-
thor speaks of what are the hopes of msn^^
kind/and he speaks rationally, religioosiy/
rightly.
** Do we th^ ||ive permlsnon folum vte^
contemplates the history of the hmnaii rMb«
to a^ of himself whither tends that aicce**
skm of tvmultuouft events, of commotkflM
and of transmutatioQS in Uiings and h €fti
nions ? Let him give free scope to hismM
in pursuing the end of so many pragroRie^
revolutions. Hecan find it only m the aibiime^
idea of a stale of things^ to which the deskiBl*.^
tioB of the whole human race being foBf j
consummated, all their physical and iiionl4
powers havng attained their hidtfAdq^reeifti
impcevenient, mankind would be as good».tt *
wise, and as happy as the original qualiiiei i
of their nature pennit. Net that ft caabeH
demoMtrated that this aoldeni^of BMii»T^
latf^ this nifllfmnim oC pjotosophji » m
28SAT OK THB RftFOSIlA^TZOy OF LUTBAR.
179
Were blended with them At last the light
burst forth anew on all sides. During three '
ages, since its appearance, it has spread, and
made a progress hitherto unexampled. 1 he
illumination of Athens and of Rome is re-
stored, not only throughout Europe, but at
Philadelphia and Calcutta. Rome, and A-
thens, which our knowledge and our arts would
astonish, would admire also the philanthropy
of Europe, which glories in the feelings of
humanity, and allows not slavery to exist on
its soil. Such are the efTects which have re*
suited fix>m the dismal itaundatioa of the bar-
barians in the fbuith centuiy; and in this
manner does time at last vindicate the ways of
Providence, whose power during the course
of one or even of several generations appears
sometimes entirely to have remitted its action.
It behoved me bo make choice of this exam«
p!e, because the apparent downfal of human
nature, during the long interval of barbarity
in th« middle ^es, is ffeneraliy the favourite
theme on which the adversaries of perfectibi*
lity descant in recommendation of their pwrn
doctrine."
The metaphysics of^this section cod«
ceming the body and spirit of human in*
stitutions m^ht well have been spared. In
the following we arrive at the real subject
of the essay : it contains a sketch of the po«
litical, religious, and literary state of Enrope^
at the beginning of the l6th century, and of
the political ef&cts which the reformation
produced, such as breaking down the
power of Austria, which would else have
destroyed the liberties of Germany, es-
tablishing the independence of Holland,
and in fact that balance of power which it
has been the object of all statesmen sinco
to preserve.
Conjectures foUow r^rding what w«uld
have happened if the reformation had not
taken place. The state of society in Austria,
in Spain, and in Italy, answers the question.
Fanaticism would every where have con*
timied to make bonfires of reformers and
as the dream of ^Qantbropy ex*
ft to our own imaginatbn. But in the
d BttOt m those of society, we cannot
[fCRdring a tendency towards the bet-
tNords an order of things more just^^
hnefioert, in which the rights of every
better ooarded, and thosie rights more"
dividea. Let us c;rant that absolute
will never be me lot of mortals ;
M the same time, let us acknowledge
Hispcrfectkn forms the ideal object of
hMe, that it is a want, a demand of
^iKelkctual nature. It is not clear that
'" ever arrive at it ; but it is certain
T' « to it. Peiadventure the phe>
the geometrical asymptote is
to be repeated in the moral world,
; we diall fc>r ever approximate tp the
vilhout being able, to touch it
iVf to oar tune the species has made
|m ; it is credible that am successors
bthe ame. Greece and Italy, barba-
SlUidr cariv agp, were fiv behind Greece
kafy in the brilliant dajys of their imjK-ove-
L Batr however enunent, in many re-
i^that improvement may have been, it
iseaTiar to each of those nations, and ex-
(ewith regard to the rest It bebixged
edtizca of Athens, to the citizen of >
Bit bdcmged not to man. All the
^ th e globe was bom to an inheritance of
inty, and slavery, of practical slavery,
tfh a few millions of men. Was im*
(Bent to be confined for ever to a few
fio a narrow comer of the earth ? .Were
likns of human beings who vegetated
fcstore-faottse of nations between me Obi
h Elbe to remain eternal stranffers to it,
b be for ever only the swor&uen or
j^ibves of the privileged orders > No ;
iSRirediy ! Among them too the dis-
IP of light was to take ^lace ; an inter-
jivas to he formed by which the spirit of
iia aad of Achaia was to be carried to the
bna Chersonese. To accomplish this
I it was accessary either that the small
Icr of people with whom improvement
Uodaed should subdue innumerable na-
Rapa penetrate to the remotest comers of
awt mrtaat re^ons ; or that the mass of philosophers, and pederasty to* walk abroad
dtrrated nations should conquer the small in purple* Bigots would have persecuted
Mr, aod become hicofporated with them, in stupid sincerity, and mitred atheists
leaativepboe of iUuminatkm. After the
sf those means bad been tried, aod the
had penetrated as &r as was oonsbt-
^a power aad a virtue worthy of eternal
Mn^tbesecood, more natural, was set
^ the mysterious Arbiter of human
the diikten of the north poured
es out upon the south of Europe, and
sittcuowndaricness along with them.
B9 SMcaied to come again. Scstcehr
Wd theie a feeble nark of fight appear-
like a^nl^t f/kim vhKh lasted the
^INpartkned to thelofsign mass which
Htved. TcnagBofferaaentation were
Id aswmjlate aio many hetemgene*
^ to the better iagredioits which
have made a common cause with them
against honesty and truth. Some valuable
facts are mentioned in this chapter which
show that though the giant Pope b by
reason of age, and also of the many shrewd
brashes that he met with in his younger
days, * crown crazy and stiff in his joints/
he doth still ' sit in his cave's mouth»
frinning at pilgrims as they* go by, and
iting hts naUs because he cannot come at
them.' The holy see has not to this hour
recogmsed the king of Prussia. £very
year the pope still doth * etcommunicate
and anathematize, on the part of God Al-
leO
nrz.JlOOY A^O) ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
a::-! .«. v^ en r»:r' csx. 'St.' i:<'tJjc T^rr.ii.t
tii:se -k.-j, f J.-*- tie iimrL- .-e. :n2> -'i',
an: i>:r^jiii^ jirrr^sj *' >L»r?-n L-tbcr,
a^ ^_i. ftad ihc >^.Ii ::' L-- %. ! >: n .-.,
carry -- *:ji ti«rn: inj c^" •/*>?> p- - f^^nr, or
c.^:i ;r::'T firi . ts. Trie bi^.--n:riii of
L^ Jr.- *, 2 / 11* CTp— ri z J* the Mi>-
riiw^i---- ,__ <r 'rce:^ ;*iril rjci is Germany
u ,.>r .-iT. iz:;.^"! Xe»er lei it be
c •-• ri T^.^ ii «i.-x-? Ds-y MeJeji were
r. J — p iije cr.trT c^i r-'ni, he wiHild
aCfci 2i> r ^_cti-tji Trrr :ii erer. M. Viiiers
sir> iz. CT* of b^ r-cnes, • a str'kla^ xnona-
ibtIjC ci the hmjor.!/ which neni.'ioeJ in
CxrboLk Gencjar at The eiul cf the eigli-
tet^ih ceacurr cs.lst< in tbe narration of
the A^v£^t:rvs of >L Si*had, which has
bcesi pcl.-ahed br iLit gentleman, profe>s-
cr of pi^lai^TCiy inth^* uniFori'tyof Jena,
viu mi K^rcierij been a Bencrdictiiie
floci^k in the <XL.%e3t of Bjnz, whence he
iGiie h-5 esc2.»e, f>nunjtely for hirn^ejf
acii i-yr piJio«vYJy, ubich he s»till cuJti-
^jirt w'.ih >:Lxcess. Yet tht^ monks of
Baaz were re^rded as the i.c'-ti of catho-
lic Ger.^iiiijy. It wo^Id be uinicult to be-
iiet-e tl« e\ce>5 of ibrir stiperntiiion, if it
were n.ic <5eNcnbeu by an eye-witno>5, and
ODe who had himself been concerned in
it.' It might be rcadering wnie servite
to thi» counbT to translate the book thus
Sfv4^ea of. B:^hop Gardiner has still his
admirers in Ei^land ; convents have been
re*e&tal>Ii>hed here in dedance of the law of
the land, and the children of protectant
puents perverted, and induced to enter
theni- Howe\er we ha\'e been accustom-
ed to hear the present time called die age
of reason, and the age of intidelity^ it is
more tnUy an age o( superstition.
With this en«]uir)' the first or introduc-
tory part of the ess:iy coiKludcs. Tlie se-
cOnii, which bears lor its general title * iu-
iijaence of the i-efvimiaiion ,-coramences with
u ch.i;>:cr upon the political situation of the
states oi Europe. ' Mens, agitat niolem* is
the motto. Almost inwiediateJy after Lu^
tKer lud raised ilie ^unJard of re\olt, tlie
po[K*> lose half the einpi/e, more than half
J>vviiir.cvli«>d, all Denmark, Sweden, Hol-
liiiui; nud England i the xi^sources n^l^iph
iLey sapplied to Rome wt-re instnntl^
off i n /r was ilic succesaor of St. '
any loiiger the trecieiidous power I
been, e\ en in those kingdoms whi«
p."esen^ their feith. Instead of j
tue hw be M-as now compelled to 1
it. he >Aai now obliged to regulate j
rtf jrm as tlje courts of Vienna or I
or L'jS a found convenient 3 and la]
ti.n^ri to d^bj!id his Janizaries,
tri<ri and disciplined band. As lujj
Grciined, the political in£ueuce ofcj
Djeii lied away also. Richelieu ;
zaiine are only exceptions. A
manners was foired upon tlie ch
the n-formation ; it lias had do
since } nor was it possible longer !
c!-. -^»' to r-*maiu in their brutal 1
i^n-^rauce ; when they could not 1
iuTCi they were compelled to tryj
men;, llic Je^uits stirted up, and t
bad its age of learning, for which asii
it is indebted to tlie reformat ion.
woiiid have been no Laynez if
been no Luther, no Baroiiius had ^
been no cenluriators at Magdenb
Bellarmine and Bossuet Jiad there I
protestants.
The reformation furnishes
parallel to the political fernienta
later times. Oi the protestant
M. Villers s.iys, * what the raost i
nent danger (^t" tlie state could nol|
obtiiined trom individuals, zeal for i
o'juined witli ease. For the artists, 1
ers, peasants, ran to arms, and no
of ihem thought of murmmmg at(
thrice as heavy as those which they^
taiucd before. In die violent ag
inti» which die danger of religion
the mind, people oftered goods and \
and they perceived not the eflbrts (
burdens widi which they would iiaye^
sidered themselves oppressed in a
calm situation :' substitute king and {
stitutiou for religion; and this is tl^i
ture of our associations, and lives-and
tunes men. Prodigious power was
thrown into die hands of those proti
pi-inces, who, like our Elizabeth, \
how to use it; and on the other had
the struggle in catholic countries betwel
the clcrg}' and the crpwn ceased for e^
and the one leagued itself wltli the ot&l
for the comiuon vbject of deceiving a
oppressing tlie people^ of enslaving thai
body and soul.
IM. Villers briefly notices the jacolniKiil
of the relbrmation. We find, he styi
among some of the extravagant secb, I
that of th^ anabaptists, the same pretd
15SAT OV THR ilEPOBMATIOW OF tUTHEJT.
I8jr
H fo absolute equality and iiberty, as
K*iiich gave occasion to all the ex-
es or ihe jacobins in France. Agra-
Jaas, the plunder of tlie rich, formed
of their doctrine also : and on their
fcrdh raighthave lieen already written,
IT with castles, and peace with cot-
C ^Ve hiu e hi t>ur pv)ssi'hsion, a rare
ciirious book, from whence the pa-
rt may be continued. * It is the very
^teofcomon people, namely of tiiese
lynes, tkit wh;ii so ever they be per-
ided nnto, agreablc to theyr;affections,
Sy shal be ready, in a sodeyn gyere, to
X>mplysh ; regardying nother daunger,
conimoditc, though sone after they
It tlieyin. And lyke as the people of
11 brought th« jeweUes x)f their
and chyldern to the makyns;e of
gvilden caltc 5 so d j-d they brynge theyr
'lies, bcades, ry'iges, outches, with
y, both gold aad sylver, to the cora-
i hutches so hai^ouudantly for this pro»-
w, ih'Jt men doubted, iu some jjlace,
icdier they had poore folke sijihcieiit to
sume so excedynge heapes of ryches.
> this dont was sone made a phi)'n
! J for within a whyle after, the ar-
te heat of theyr lyberali dviv(x:ion
Led cold J and because tliey contynued
styil in br)'ngynge in theyr oblations,
hutches and coffers were.jemptye ere
en vyst it. llien whyles ft was com-
leed what waye mygiite l>e beste taken
the preservation of tliis ordynaunce.
Bite it shuld decaye, to xheyr confusion
It began it j some gave counsell that it
ilde be neces-sarye to depryve the
g)' of theyr goodes, and to dysuibute
possessions, landes, and rentes,
ig lay people, and to throwe downe all
isteries, and churches, makying coyftc
!<rf crosses, chalesses, and other sscred
Jeveh, for the sustentation of the poore,
» they alleged.'*
M. VilJers does noj^do justice to these
Jacobins of the refoi-niation. Voltaire
msj and says truly, of tlie manifesto which
^Muncer drew up for them, that it might
''nave been signed by Lycurgus. It is a
»y«pm, says Robert Robinson, of justice,
tirtoe, and happiness ; and so equally dis-
tributed, that it is impossible to know any
thing more of the religion of tlie authors,
tiinu tliat they were christians, who held
tliemselves bound to make the holy scrip-
tures the rule of their actions. And h«
bids us cociipnrc their memoriiil with the
Augsburg confession J eacli article o' which
Jbegins with docaity and ends with damnant.
They desen-ed a niore resjx!ctful mention,
in spite of the excesses to which they were
induced by madmen, who can, in all ages
and all countries, find followers enough.
When we execrate the excesses of the
peasants in Germiuiy, and of the jacque-
rie in France, the heaviest portion ot the
curse should M upon the oppressors who
provoked them. The insun-ections in our
own country, under Wat Tyler and John
IJall, were disgraced by no such enormi-
ties. England was free from tli^e reproach
of national cruelly till tlie accursed pro--
ceedings in Ireland.
Notwithstanding, however, the war of
the peasants, Germany was infinitely in-
debted to the* reformation. It served
( 'oarles V. as a pretext for attacking those
states of the empire which were hostile to
his ambitious projects, and he probably
regarded it as a happy circumstance. But
it gave them tenfold strength ; it united
them in an indissoluble bond of union ;
the liberties of Geruiany were saved 3 and
. the consequence is — that there is now
broad sunshine in Saxony, and candle-light
in Austria — ^that wiiat Eickhorn publishes
at^Gottingen is prohibited at Vienna. This
very essay M'iJl, no doubt,, be included in
the list of prohibitions, and it \y> not our
fault if the Annual Review be not tliought
deserving of the same hououri
M. Villers asserts, that Prussia owes
much of its popularity, and nrnch of its
success, to it.H religion. In Silesia, and
in all the Austrian dominions, tlie num-
ber of secret protestants, the descendants
of those who had fought for freedom of
coiLscieuce, under Zisca and Procopius,
was very great. Prussia is every where -
held up iu this volume as the Ormuzd,
and Austria as the Mrinian, of Germany.
I'he Uanslator makes some foolish objec-
tions to this, which is the prevailing teeU
I • The little volume from which this has been extracted is entitled, ' A Dialoge, describmg
'^ ftcOngiiallGroimd of these Lutheran Faccions,and many of their abuses. Compiled by
SyrWiiliafnBarlowe, Chanon, late Byshop of Bathe. Anno 1553.'— There had been an
• tarfier editkm. I conceive this volume to be singularly rare ; it was certainly not knoMrn to
thevrtiterof Sir William's life in the * Biographia Britannica.' Possibly he himself endva-
[ jonred to suppress it, wlicn he thought lit to swun with the stream, rt?sign his house to lienry
L \ 111. lakean active part in th«; divorce, and accept one of the new bisheoricks. It is a well-
tvnitBi book; the product ipn of a cool, prudent, sensible maiv vho felt hmiself well otf,
I afid <i,(i QQ( wi$h for any clianges m the state of affairs.
282
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS^
lag throughout all the North of Germany ;
but he states truly, that Prussia, liberal
aod enlightened as its government is, is
still a tmnny, and if the sceptre of Fre-
derick-William should descend into the
hands of a fool, or of a bigot, it would be-
come, in practice^ what it already is in
theory. There is, however, this security,
that Prussia owes much of its ppwer to its
popularity, and if it cease to be the head
of the enlightened par^« it would cease to
be formidable.
In Denmark, the spoils of the cleigy
fell to the nobles. Gustavus Vasa availed
himself, in Sweden, of tlie reformation,
to strengthen his own power ^ — ^his great
successor saved the liberties of Germany ;
but Sweden lias, from that day, declined.
There is, however, something vital in the
country 3 — ^its sovereigns have always been
remarkable : — that &w of nature which
produces what the Germans call kakkerlar
kens, seems not yet to have begun its ac*
tion there^
What relates to Switzerland is admir-
ably said :
*' Republicans and ardent friends of liberty,
as were the Swiss, they should, in appearance,
have flown to meet a reformation. Seven
eantons, however, remained catholic; and
another thing remarkable is, that the cantons
Which wefe most decidedly rq>ubUcan, were
of ^that number. This pnenomenon is not
easy to explain by those who are not well
acquwnted with the local circumstances. It
has been already obserVed, that the catholic
religion neither is nor can be in all places the
same ; being modified in different situations,
by the nature and circumstances of each.
The Catholicism of the little cantons of
Schwitz, Uri, and Underwald, precisely be-
cause it was established among those moun-
taineers, naturally republican, had assumed
e form agreeable to their character, aod bent
itself to their maniters. The imagiaaUon,
besides, of the iuhabitants of mountains is
lively, and receives.a strong impression from
external objects. A worship, therefore,
clothed witb many forms and ceremonies,
must naturally please them better than one
more simple and severe. Here had lived the
foundei*i of Helvetic liberty ; and the memory
of aU the events, and of all the great charac-
ters of that epoch, were intimately associated
in their fancy with the catholic worship, and
its cerenK>ni^. The fields of famous battles,
the acts of their ancestors, were On their soil
designated, not by obelisks, but by chapels.
Who lias travelled in Switzerland, and not
been to see the chapel of William Tell ? A
species of idolatry, a national fanaticism, was
excited in the little cantons by this mixture of
the worship of liberty with that of religion.
Such, even at this day, is their Catholicism.
They do not even conceive that thpreie m
other. The abuses of the church had flcaceil
been felt among them. The Popes scanei^
exacted any tnmite tif those poor n
taineers ; aod their pri<sts, being tiie
persons ai any information in their ^ ~
and towns, acquired, and have still pre
a gp>eat ascendancy in the deliberatkait^
their assemblies, and in all their afiairs.
to this, that knowledge bad made lessf
aniong them than amon^ thdr rich a
the plains; and that, havug already 1
these, as it were, the present of liberty, i
were not in a temper to let them]
them a change in iheir religion.."
Geneva also occaston« siame ex<
remarks. " It may be truly
says M. Villers, " that this little
has had as grekt an influence cm the
tiny and improvement of Europe^ a
veral mighty monarchies.
" This is a new proof of the uninense adv
tage to human nature of little stat^ and}
the employment which is inade by their me4
of tlie concentrated pqiwer d each district i
tlie ^ globe. Tliis proof is repeated at ef^
step in Gennany ; where we meet with i
cities and principalities <rf moderate c"^"
all of which have their principle of life,
peculiar and independent. Each prides I
oh making industry, the sciences ands
flourish in its littfe capital* Universitiea I
schools ^e. multiplied; and knowledge!
comes more general in the nation. If tmtkl
persecuted by fanatician in one quarter, it|i||
only to make a step, an^ it finds a secure av^
lum on passing the next firontier. In fiii&
each state in this confederate system ^e§^
itself as something in itself; and by that sit^
circumstance becomes something. E?ay
city, of moderate size, is ^not struck with t.
paby by the idea that it is nothing; that 4
one or two hundred leagues distance is anodier
gPMter cit V, which is every thing, a gulph, n
which its labours are swallowed up ; a pbce^
where the whole glory of the empire is CGfr
centrated m one lummous point, away («b
which there is no safety; nothing butwd^-
ism, political, moral/ and literary, throngb-
out an immense country. Had Athens, M
Delphi, Cortnth, I^edemon, M^leoe^
Smyrna, not ei^oyed this individuality, and
had one sovereign city monopolised the whole
splendour of Greece, would so many asest
men, and great virtues,, have every wW
appeared ? Had not the arts and muses of
Italy every where behetd courts and floqnslir
ing republics in their nei^bourhood windi
smiled upon them ; had genius not beet
awakened by immediate celebrity and en-
couragements at Ferrara, Mantua, Venfte,
Florence, Guastalla, and Sienna, as at Romf
and Naples ; had there not been in ail Itek
but one center, one point ; one city, ^nm
that country have become, in the arti, (te
mosit cl3asy;al of ny)dem timet .'^
msSAT OH THB HBFOJIMATIOK OP tUTKBa*
X8i
HoQndwas distoxbed by contending
mta, after its independence was secured.
tt is wdl observed, that where the prince,
» well as the people, became protestant,
k Ifce old police was maintained with the
merrel^ion: an important example to
^Jitoi, who had always better lead reform-
than be overtaken by it Inthesec-
conoenuDf England, M. Viilfrs is
[wonqxletely misl^l hy Hume,
^ It is anuisii^ to iM»r M. Villers t^lk of
rife gloony and inflexible character of the
[Soglurfk Whathe skyg irf^Iidand is un-
k^aly true;
I ^' The leformatioD, which to other countries
>im beeo the source of so many blesang^ has
i^eoi to unhappy Ireland a most disastrous
piDOUTge. Treated as a conquered people, and
: |DDg at the discretion of England, the Irish
^efasdmtciy remained catholics, precisely be»
(aose then- oppressors wme protestants.
Thrir chains were, on that account, rendered
itfce heavier. Tbeir island was filled with ra-
is Englishmen, by whom nearly all pro-
was grasped, fhe despair of these
l^j--^j.orated men at last broke out with fury
SpI641. a massacre throughout the island
Wied cf more than a hundred thousand pn>-
^Ittants. CromweH afterwards took vengeance
~ tbem, and delivered up ahnost the whole
1 to bis soldiers. WUlikm III. established
a 1^1 and constitutional tyranny. The
Ucs were deprived of political existence,
property, and even of education. It
I Iwaaid to make of them a horde d
i and barbarous mendicants. It is like
tnans, accordingly, that they have tfiken
^tta^/aaux on every occasion which has pre*
[ med itself. Animosities of this n^ure re-
QUD, and axe transmitted through many ^e-
AxatkiDs. During the last war, the Irish
kare sufficiently shewn, that several reigns of
Waatkjn liave not entirety obliterated theif
oe^ resentments*"
We now come to the states of which
thegoreroments have not embraced the
reformation. Spain has been dismem-
^)ered of its possessions iiT the Netherlands ^
'vitaoal\f it has been little changed, for
tbe mqcisition is of elder date, and extir-
ptted heresy by one vigorous persecution,
^t^faich was a ipere nothing to its exploits
aganst the ^ews, M. Villenr says, " the
<iifeence between her language, and that
of tbe other nations of Europe, was one
obstacle to the new dQCtrine&." It WJis too
•light a one to deserve mention, and in
^, there is as much difierence between
SBjr other £mx)pean language, and all its
«»15M»WB. There were Spanish pro-
ftttant writers, but their books were burnt,
wd themselves too, if they were caught,
ue state of S^^in mi Portugal, so fiur aa
r^rds the freedom of eQQniry^ (andtha
consiBqnedces extend to every thing,) may,
with little hazard, be ascribed to a consti-
tutional disease, not far removed from re*
ligious madness, in Isabel of Castile, which
became hereditary in her descendants.
Such is despotism ! the state of one in«
dividual*s stomach, or gall-bladder, affects
the lives and destinies of unborn milliont.
^ranOis the Rrst hated the reformation,
because he had sense enough to see that
the principles of civil. and religiona free-
dom were closely connected, and being
a sensual and a bad man, he was of conrso"
hostile to liberty and morality. His snc*
cessors were more bloody than himself |
they disgraced their country, and their de-
testable religion, and homan nature itself^
by the massacre of St. Bartholomew's, the
foulest day in the whole histoxy of man*
kind. But that throne and that altar which
then leagued together for tliis accursed
purpose, were overlhrownjtogether by tho
ultimate consequences of that refbrmatlon
against which they had so hellishly oon»
spired. The leaven of liberty which Cal-
vinism lef^ behind it ceased not to £»*«
ment till it had produced the revolution.
Italy was little affected t it was too im-
mediately under the sword of the pope
and of the emperor; and the few reasoning
men who did not become either pagans or
infidels, retired into other countries. It
was the lot cf Po^md to receive the most
illustrious I ignorance has extinguished
all that formerly rendered that country
ilhistriousA and the sociniffiis exist no
where in any strength but in England.
Second Inqmiy. External Situation qf
the States <^ Europe in regard to one a$^
other.'^^The rdigioos struggle, produced
the balance of power, France siding at first
with the protestant princes, and calling in
thck Turk, because France has always
made religion subservient to policy. M.
Villers thus recapitulates the effects of tho
rej(bmaation, in regard to politics.
«' Europe, plunged during several centuries
into stupor and apathy, interrupted only by
wars, or rather incursions and depredations^
without an object useful to.tlie human ^ pedes,
all at once receives new life and activibr. A
mighty and universal mterest agitates the na"*
tbns ; their powers are unfolded ; and their
minds opened to new political ideas. Ttk^
ceding revolutions had thrown mto action
only the arms of men, this set their mmds
also to work. The people, who till now had
been counted oaly as cattle, pas^vely subject
to the caprice of their leaders, begin to act
from themselves, and to feel their own impor-t
taacc and utiUty. Those wb^ emhraot tbi
ttt
THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAinS.
i)p(b)*mation mdk«; ,i c oiirmon ciwse with their
spverelgiii>, aud lioiicc ari^i-N a close union, a
<Jomijiunity oLiuterc^t aud aclion between the
Srince ipia his subjects. \k>\h arc for ever
elivered from tlie t-xcessive an(l burthensomo
power of the clergy, as wtrl! as from the stn^-
^le, injurious to all Europe, and which lasted
so ion:; between the poptb and the emperors,
for the supreme doiuinion in that quarter of
the globe. 'I he social ortler is regulated and
Ijnproved. 'Ihe Austrian power is restrained
within due limits ; that ot France is raised
aiid opposes* it.; llie importance of durable
alliance^; begins to be felt ; tlie bodi.-s poli-
tic of Europe form a connected system in
<v'hich one part is balance i by aj'iother; a
whole regularly organi-sed, of which fonniTly
ijot even an if lea was conceived. States, such
as SJtveden and Turkey, which s^-arceiy till
that time exist<kl with regard to the rest, ob-
tain rank and importance in that .system.
Others, such as Iiolland, are at once pro-
ductid by the mighty siiock, and from the be-
^hining acquire preponderance. The founda-
tions are laid of the Prussian monarchy, and
0f the American republic. In politics a ge-
neral spirit is formed which embraces all Eu-
rope, llie art of negotiation is improved ;
becomes more frank and more certain ; and
Ijie cQurse of alfairs more clear and simple.
In tliis state of union and contact, commotions
find wars become more general, but they be-
come also of shorter duration, and their rigour
is softened by belter and more humane laws
of nations.
" Jn one part of Europe the church ceases
to form a foreign state within the state ;
Vheuco it is easy to foresee that this change
will every where be produced ; and that the
head of the church will be contined to the
incre spiritml sut)r^!macy. Finally the catho-
lic'clergy reform liuir conduct by the exam- "
I>le of the j^rotv^Ntants ; and they jxain in mo-
ralsj^in knowlciii^c, and esteem, what they lose
jn powtJr and riciies.
. ^' At the same time all the governments in
Jlurope increase their internal power ; thoje
vhich arc proles tant by the union wiiich they
fprm with the mass ot'the people, and by the
Wealth, prorogalive^j, and jurisdiction ol the
(*hyrch, uj)on wliirh they seize : those \vhich
^e cathoiic by placing themselves on a for-
rnidablc footing of war, by rtxkicinc; the pro-
V'stants in. their own dominions, iind thus sub-
i^uing one i^art of tiieir subjects bv the other,.
the citizens by the soldier;."
The consequent progress of knowledge
is next investigated. The church of Rome
3aid, Submit, without examination, to au-
thority ; the protestant church said. Ex-
amine and submit only to thine own con-
viction. ProtCptaniism, says Grei ling, is
tjie repulsive pow^r with which reason is
eucjowed to remove and throw off what-
ever would occupy its place. The first
and 'immediate improvement was in theo-
logical studies, yfh'ich M. Villers, after the
German school^ divides into eatechettcat
and hatniletical and exegesis, or the critical
exnraination of the text of scripture, of
whicli the kermcneutical is a part. The
translator has taken occasion here to m^
troduce a \ ery b' go ted and unnecessary .
note. The state of the pro.^stant clergy
ii then described : — * protestant theology/
.s:i}'s tlieautlior, ' rests nn a system of exa-
mination, on the unlimited use of msxm.
It regards the d*x:tnnal part reduced to pa-
rity and simplicity as only the body ot'religi-
on, the positive form which it reijuires j mi
it is .supi>orted by philosophy in the ex*» ;
minaii(jn of the Ihws of nature, of mora-
lity, and of the rela lions of man to tbft
Divine Being, Whoever wishes to be xa-
stmcted in history, in classical literatufe
and philosophy, can chuse nothing better
tlian a courre of protestant theology.'
Jn reqard to Philosophy and to the Morai
and Political Sciences. — The Romish
church has always persecuted philosophy,
as well before as afler the reformation.
Witness Roger Bacon andGalildo, Jof-
dano Bruno, and Vanini. If indeed a
philosopher would work miracles like
Thomas Aquinas, or sport problems con-
cerning the Virgin Mary, like Duns Sco-
tus, he might tlien metaphysicize as deeply
as he pleased. But the reformation nec^es-
sarily led to free inquiry j Luther might
banihh Muncer, Melancthon might ciy
out ai^ainst the fanatical anabaptists for
disbelieving the devil, and Calviu might
burn Servcius, but the flood-gates were
oponed, and wlio was to stop tlie waters?
Mnncer and Socinus, MiddietOQ and Eick-
horn, are the legitimate successors of Mar-
tin Luther, though Martin would hixe
bespattered tliem as fiiriously with his ink
as he did the devil with his ink -stand. lu
this section M. Villcrs candidly admits
that the number of lli inking men -who
have appeared in France is very limited;
and he asserts that tlie philosophical spiht
has for a course of years seemed dead in
England. This truth txcites the indigna-
tion of the translator, who talks loudly of
Ileid and lieattie. Morals have iiecessa-
rilv b<?en better understood since the ca-
suists have been laid aside, political science
partakes of the general progression, and
has been so far, and only so far, affected
by tlie reformation. The same may be
said of the physical and mathematical
sciences, fine literature owes to it the
German and English bibles^ which have
iixed tliose languages.
The fine arts have suffered every where,
and in Scotland tliey have been extirpated;
IteiAT OK T9£ RJBFOBMATJOK OP JLUTSBI.
IB&
dttt oooDdy is an exception to every thing
ii^iuch has been asserted of the bepeiits of
the leformatipa } the reformation pro-
duced Dodung there but degradation, fa-
oatkri^iD, and barbarity. John Knox \va»
the l^larat of the reformation.
€^H9eqwcnces of the events which accom-
fwaed and follaii^ed the r^ormaiion, Dis*
tarkmces and wars in the political xvorid ;
coMttvcersies in the theological world. T]ie
argument against the reformation, from
the wars which it occasioned, is nuga-
tory' and contemptible 3 it was the occasion
of these wars^ not the cau^c^and the result
has been favourable to tiie liberties and to
the happiness and virtue of mankind.
These wars produced a long exhaustion in
Germany, indeed every where. Sweden
and Spain are the only, countries which
have not recovered it. The Austrian domi-
ntons are the only part of the world which
has, in every resj^ect, suffered by these
wars, but they alone who opposed the re-
£mnalion are guilty of all the evils
which resulted from it. In like manner
it was the occasion, not the cause, of much
theok)gical controvers}' 5 by which, how-
ever, DO harm is done. It is not indeed
the best way of using white paper 3 but
they who have ever seen an income-tax
schedule, know that it is not the worst.
A curious section traces the secret so-
cieties of firee-masons, Rosycruci