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ANTHOLOGY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 


OF 


NIAGARA FALLS 


BY 


CHARLES MASON DOW, LL.D. 


Former Commissioner of the State Reservation at Niagara 


VOLUME II 


PUBLISHED BY THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
J. B. LYON COMPANY, PRINTERS 
ALBANY 
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CHAPTER VIII 
MUSIC — POETRY — FICTION 


1604 
La FRANCHISE, DE. Le Sievr de la Franchise av discovrs Dv Sievr 1604 
Champlain. (Jn Champlain, Samuel de. Des sauvages . . . Paris, La Franchise 


1604.) 


It is an interesting fact that the first book printed in Europe which 
contains a reference to Niagara Falls, should also contain this sonnet 
in which allusion is made to the Falls. The sonnet follows the dedication. 
The old spelling of the original is followed in the quotation. Research has 
not revealed any information regarding the author. 


Mvses, si vous chantez, vrayment ie vous conseille 
Que vous louéz Champlain, pour estre courageux : 
Sans crainte des hasards, il a veu tant de lieux, 
Que ses relations nous contentment I oreille. 

Il a veu le Perou, Mexique et la Merueille 

Du Vulcan infernal qui vomit tant de feux, 

Et les saults Mocosans, qui offensent les yeux 

De ceux qui osent voir leur cheute nonpareille. 

I] nous promet encor de passer plus auant, 
Reduire les Gentils, et trouuer le Leuant, 

Par le Nort, ou le Su, pour aller 4 la Chine. 

C’est charitablement tout pour l’amour de Dieu. 

Fy des lasches poltrons qui ne bougent d’vn lieu! 
Leur vie, sans mentir, me paroist trop mesquine. 


1738 
Le Beau, C. Avantures du Sr. C. Le Beau. . . . ou voyage 1738 
curieux et nouveau, parmi les sauvages de |’Amerique Septentrionale. Dans Le Beau 
le quel on trouvera une description du Canada, Amsterdam: Wytwerf. 
1738. P. 348-357, 
693 


1738 
Le Beau 


1764 
Goldsmith 


Niagara Falls 


““Ta Chute supremante de ce Saut est, me dirent mes 
Canadians, de plus de six-cens pieds perpendiculaires; La Facade 
a cent vingt toises de large. Elle est composee de deux grandes 
Nappes d’eau de deux Cascades, avec un Rocher on Ile entalus 
au milieu. Les eaux qui tombent de cette grande hauteur, 
ecument et bouillonment de la maniere du monde la plus terrible. 
Elles font un bruit si epouvantable, qu'il est impossible de 
s entendre parlor quand on en est bien proche. Forsque le vent 
souffle au Sud on entend ce bruissement effroyable a plus de 
dis-huit lienes loin.” 

A romantic story of adventure under the guise of description and travel. 
According to his own statement, the author came to Canada in 1729. He 
made his home with the Recollect Fathers in Quebec for a time, then with 
two Indians went to the woods in search of adventures. He sets the time 
of his visit to Niagara in June, 1731. It is more than probable that he 
really did visit Canada, and possibly Niagara, but it is equally certain, 
that when he came to write the story of his travels, romance ran away with 
fact. 


1764 


GoLpsmITH, OLIVER. The traveller, or a prospect of society. (Jn 
his Poetical works. Bost.: Houghton, Mifflin and Co. N.d. P. 24. 
[ British poets. | ) 

During the French and Indian wars, Niagara was the farthest point 
of English dominion in the New World, generally known in the Old. 
This accounts for the allusion which we find in this poem of Goldsmith’s. 


Have we not seen, at pleasure’s lordly call, 

The smiling, long-frequented village fall? 

Beheld the duteous son, the sire decay’d, 

‘The modest matron, and the blushing maid, 
Forc’d from their homes, a melancholy train, 

To traverse climes beyond the western main; 
Where wild Oswego spreads her swamps around 
And Niagara stuns with thundering sound? 
Even now, perhaps, as there some pilgrim strays 
Thro’ tangled forests, and thro’ dangerous ways; 
Where beasts with man divided empire claim, 


694 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


And the brown Indian marks with murderous aim; 1764 
There, while above the giddy tempest flies, pelea 
And all around distressful yells arise, 

The pensive exile, bending with his woe, 

To stop too fearful, and too faint to go, 

Casts a long look where England’s glories shine, 

And bids his bosom sympathize with mine. 


1767 


BILLARDON DE SAUVIGNY, EDME Louts. Hirza, ou Les Illinois, 1767 
tragédie. Représentée, pour la premiére fois, par les comediens ordinaires Billardon de 


du Roi, le mercredi 27 Mai 1767. Paris: Le veuve Duchesne. 1780...” 
Pp. 3-4. 


This French tragedy is a story of love and revenge with Niagara as a 
background. 


AcTE PREMIER 


On voit dans |’enfoncement le Saut di Niagara. D’un cété, 
des rochers, des cabinnes et quelques arbres; de |’autre, un tom- 
beau eleve sur des piliers mataches et décoré de chevelures en 
forme de trophée; an pied du tombeau est Défunt, ses fléches, 
son casse-téte et son manitou. NHiliaskar est appuyé et paroit con- 
sterné; les autres Guerriers, le Conseil des Vieillards, Oukea et 
plusieurs Femmes sauvages sont épars ca et la’ dans des attitudes 
de douleur et de désespoir; Hirza est au milieu. Elle regarde 
le tombeau de son pere, et laisse voir plus de colere que 
d’abbatement. 


SCENE PREMIERE 
Haskar, Hirza, Oukea Vieillards, Guerriers Femmes Sauvages 


Haskar 


Sur ta tombe, O Thomar, les IIlinois gémissent! 

Ces huttes, ces rochers de leurs cris retentissent! 

Et nos Dieux sont par nous vainment implorés! 

Ils ont vu les Francois de ton sang enivrés, 

Sans pouvoir t’arracher a leur glave homicide! 
695 


1767 


Billardon de 
Sauvigny 


1801 


he claimed to have done. 
observations of other travellers. 


Niagara Falls 


Appui du Canada, notre Chef intrépide, 

Aussi prompt que les vents, eit fait voler la mort 
Des ramparts de Quebec aux monts du Labrador. 
C’est du sang des Francois qu'il cimentoit sa gloire; 
Et le nom de Thamar vivra dans leur mémoire. 
Triste Niagara, sejour crant de nos Dieux, 

Vous, rochers menacans, et vous flots furieux, 

Qui des monts inégaux couvrant les vastes cimes, 
Tombez en mugissant d’abimes en abimes, 

Vous avez vu briser le calumet de paix, 

Par un monstre animé sous la main des Francois. 
Un vaisseau qui des flots s’elevant jusqu’aux nues 
Agitoit dans les airs ses ailes entedues, 

De longs tubes d’airain qu'il portoit dans ses flancs 
Trappoient d’un bruit affreux les monts retentissans; 
Sous tes pieds, O Thamar, tu sens trembler la terre; 
Tu cours, la flamme en main, defiant le tonnerre, 
Abimer dans les eaux ce colosse odieux, 

Qui de son poids enorme eut accable des lieux. 
Nous étions sous ta garde, a l’abri des tempétes: 
La hache des Francois vient de frapper nos tétes. 
Pleurons, amis, pleurons, notre soutien n’est plue; 
L’Europe est triomphante et nos Dieux sont vaincus. 


1801 


CHATEAUBRIAND, FRANCOIS AUGUSTE RENE, vicomte de. Atala; 
Chateaubriand oy, Jes amours de deux sauvages dans le désert. Paris: Impr. de Migneret, 


an IX-1801. 


Chateaubriand considered himself the founder of the French. romantic 
Atala is a fruit of his travels in America in 1791. Recent 
investigators have cast considerable doubt on the authenticity of many of 
his descriptions of America, but it seems reasonably certain that he did 
visit Niagara, even if he did not travel as widely through the country as 
He embodied with his own, descriptions and 


696 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


1802 
CHAUTEAUBRIAND, FRANCOIS AUGUSTE RENE, vicomte de. Atala; 1802 


or, [he amours of two Indians in the wilds of America. Lond.: For Chateaubriand 


J. Lee. 1802. Pp. 120-121. 


1804 


Moore, THOMAS. To the honourable W. R. Spencer. (Jn his 1804 
Poetical works. N. Y.: D. Appleton and Co. 10 vols. 1853, Moore 
2:313-319.) 

Whitten from Buffalo and containing in its last lines an allusion to 
Niagara. 

Even now, as, wandering upon Erie’s shore, 
I hear Niagara’s distant cataract roar, 
I sigh for home,— 


Moore, Tuomas. To the Lady Charlotte Rawdon. (Jn his Poetical 
works. N. Y.: D. Appleton and Co. 10 vols. 1853. 2:325-335.) 


This poem, written from the banks of the St. Lawrence in an epistle to 
Lady Charlotte Rawdon, contains two beautiful Niagara passages which 
are quoted below. In the second one, The Song of the Spirit, Moore 
describes Niagara in winter, as told to him, wandering on the brink of 
the Falls by an Indian spirit of the past. 

I dreamt not then that, ere the rolling year 

Had filled its circle, I should wander here 

In musing awe; should tread this wondrous world, 
See all its store of inland waters hurl’d 

In one vast volume down Niagara’s steep; 

Or calm behold them, in transparent sleep, 


Where the blue hills of old Toronto shed 


Their evening shadows o'er Ontario’s bed; 


’ Oft, when hoar and silvery flakes 
Melt along the ruffled lakes, 
When the gray moose sheds his horns, 
When the track, at evening, warns 
Weary hunters of the way 
To the wigwam’s cheering ray, 
697 : 


1804 
Moore 


1804 


Wilson 


Niagara Falls 


Then, aloft through freezing air, 
With the snow-bird soft and fair 
As the fleece that heaven flings 
O’er his little pearly wings, 

Light above the rocks I play, 
Where Niagara’s starry spray, 
Frozen on the cliff, appears 

Like a giant’s starting tears. 
There, amid the island-sedge, 

Just upon the cataract’s edge, 
Where the foot of living man 
Never trod since time began, 

Lone I sit, at close of day, 

While, beneath the golden ray, 

Icy columns gleam below, 
Feathered round with falling snow, 
And an arch of glory springs, 
Sparkling as the chain of rings 
Round the neck of virgins hung,— 
Virgins, who have wandered young 
O’er the waters of the west 

To the land where spirits rest! 


WILSON, ALEXANDER. The foresters: a poem, descriptive of a 
pedestrian journey to the Falls of Niagara, in the autumn of 1804, by the 
author of the American ornithology. Pub. by Samuel Tomlinson, Bucks 
County, Pa., Phila.: John Boyle. 1853. Pp. 71-78. 

A narrative poem describing a journey from the banks of the Schuylkill, 
through Pennsylvania and New York to Niagara Falls, published in the 
Portfolio of Philadelphia in 1809 and 1810. The pages indicated are 
a description of the sound, vapor and of the Falls themselves from above, 
below and behind. ‘The following lines show that Wilson’s fame rests 
more securely on an ornithological rather than on a poetical basis. 


Heavy and slow, increasing on the ear, 

Deep through the woods a rising storm we hear, 

Th’ approaching gust still loud and louder grows, 
698 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


As when the strong north-east resistless blows, 1804 
Or black tornado, rushing through the wood, paste 
Alarms th’ affrighted swains with uproar rude. 

Yet the blue heavens displayed their clearest sky, 

And dead below the silent forests lie; 

And not a breath the slightest leaf assailed; 

But all around tranquility prevailed. 

“What noise is that?’ we ask with anxious mien, 

A dull salt driver passing with his team; 

“* Noise! Noise! — why nothing that I hear or see, 

But Niagara falls — Pray, whereabouts live ye?’ ” 


(WiLson, ALEXANDER.) ‘The foresters; a poem, descriptive of a 
pedestrian journey to the Falls of Niagara, in the autumn of 1803. By 
the author of the American ornithology. ‘The Portfolio. March, 1810. 
3:182-187. 


1809 
BarRLow, JooLt. The Columbiad. Lond.: 1809. P. 29. 1809 
Six lines of poor poetry descriptive of the Falls and the rainbows. Barlow 
1818 


NEAL, JOHN. (O’Cataract, Jehu.) Battle of Niagara, a poem, with- 1818 
out notes, and Goldau, or the maniac harper. Baltimore: N. G. Max- Neal 
melee lOkGoup. 674) 72—73: 

John Neal was of Quaker descent but was read out of the society. 

He was a pioneer in American literature, being the first American con- 
tributor to English and Scotch quarterlies. He was an artist, a lawyer, 
traveler, journalist, athlete, and an advocate of woman suffrage in 1838. 

“The Battle of Niagara ’’ was written when the author was a prisoner, 
so he informs the reader. It has a metrical introduction with four cantos 
which tell the story of the Battle of Niagara. This story is interspersed 
with various flights of poetic fancy on the scenery and surroundings of 
the Falls. 

Niagara! Niagara! I hear 
Thy tumbling waters. And I see thee rear 
Thy thundering sceptre to the clouded skies: 
I see it wave — I hear the ocean rise, 
699 


1818 
Neal 


Niagara Falls 


And roll obedient to thy call. I hear 

The tempest-hymning of thy floods in fear: 

The quaking mountains and the nodding trees — 
The reeling birds and the careering breeze — 
The tottering hills, unsteadied in thy roar: 
Niagara! as thy dark waters pour, 

One everlasting earthquake rocks thy lofty shore! 


The cavalcade went by. The day hath gone; 
And yet the soldier lives: his cheerful tone 
Rises in boisterous song; while slowly calls 
The monarch spirit of the mighty falls. 
Soldiers be firm! — and mind your watch fires well: 
Sleep not to-night! — there comes a distant swell 
Like the approaching step of toiling steeds 
Encountering on the hills; and far behind us speeds, 
Low stooping from his arch, the glorious sun 
Hath left the storm with which his course begun; 
And now, in rolling clouds goes calmly home 
In heavenly pomp a-down the far blue dome. 
In sweet toned minstrelsy is heard the cry, 
All clear and smooth, along the echoing sky, 
Of many a fresh blown bugle, full and strong, 
The soldier’s instrument! the soldier’s song! 
Niagara too, is heard: his thunder comes 
Like far-off battle — hosts of rolling drums. 
All o’er the western heaven the flaming clouds 
Detach themselves and float like hovering shrouds: 
Loosely unwoven, and afar unfurled, 
A sunset canopy enwraps the world. 
The Vesper hymn grows soft. In parting day 
Wings flit about. ‘The warblings die away, 
The shores are dizzy, and the hills look dim, 
The cataract falls deeper and the landscapes swim. 


700 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


[Review of “* The battle of Niagara, a poem without notes, and 1818 
Goldau, or the maniac harper.” ] (N. Am. rev., Dec., 1818. 8:142-— 
149.) 

According to the reviewer, the description is “‘ of a singular character, 
as it is rather telling what things are like, than what they are.” 


1819 


WAKEFIELD, PRISCILLA. Excursions in North America, described 1819 
in letters from a gentleman and his young companion, to their friends in Wakefield 
England. 3d ed. lLond.: Darton, Harvey and Darton. 1819. Pp. 
260-275. 


Interesting for their account of the travel and living conditions of the 
period. There is a strongly adjective description of the view from Table 
Rock and from below the Falls. Hunting trips in the neighborhood with 
the Indians are also described. 


1822 


M. A. Niagara: a poem. N. Y.: Seymour, 1822. 1822 


A long poem in stilted style on the grandeur of the Falls, various M- A- 
features of the scenery, and the superiority of the Niagara to other rivers. 


1823 
Brown, J. NEwTron. The Falls of Niagara. (Jn his Emily, and 1823 
other poems. Concord: Boyd. 1840. Pp. 126-129.) Brown 


Lofty in tone and well-sustained, consisting of description of, and 
reflections inspired by, Niagara. Whitten in Buffalo, July 6, 1823, and 
addressed to a friend. 


1824 


Travels in North America. Dublin: Brett Smith. 1824. Pp. 122- 1824 
125. 


An imaginary tale of a young Irishman who visits the Falls and goes 
to Goat Island by canoe down the center of the river from Chippewa. 
The description of the Falls is brief, and includes an absurd sketch of 
the American Fall. 


1825 
(ALEXANDER, J. S.) Wonders of the west, of a day at the Falls of 4,5. 
Niagara, in 1825. A poem, by a Canadian. N. Y.: 1825. Alexander 


A poem of little merit, in which the descriptions of the scenery at 
Niagara are entirely subordinate to a romantic story told in verse. 


701 


1826 


Brainard 


1826 
Emmons 


Niagara Falls 


1826 
BRAINARD, JOHN GARDINER CALKINS. Poems . . . Hartford: 
Edward Hopkins. 1842. P. 10. 


The editor of Littell’s Living Age in 1874, pronounced this the finest 
poem ever written on Niagara, and strange to say, the author, who was 
the editor of the Connecticut Mirror from 1822 to 1827, never saw the 
cataract. It is said that one day while the printer’s devil was calling for 
copy, Brainard was admiring a picture of Niagara. Its inspiration was 
on him, and he told the boy to return in fifteen minutes. Within this 
time he dashed off these nineteen lines which made him famous. 


The thoughts are strange that crowd into my brain, 
While I look upward to thee. It would seem 

As if God poured thee from his “ hollow hand,” 
And hung his bow upon thine awful front; 

And spoke in that loud voice, which seemed to him 
Who dwelt in Patmos for his Saviour’s sake, 

**'The sound of many waters; ’’ and had bade 

Thy flood to chronicle the ages back, 

And notch His cent’ries in the eternal rocks. 


Deep calleth unto deep. And what are we 

That hear the question of that voice sublime? 

O! what are all the notes that ever rung 

From war's vain trumpet, by thy thundering side! 
Yea, what is all the riot man can make 

In his short life, to thy unceasing roar! 

And yet, bold babbler, what art thou to Him, 
Who drowned a world, and heaped the waters far 
Above its loftiest mountains > — A light wave, 
That breaks, and whispers of its Maker’s might. 


BRAINARD, JOHN GARDINER CALKINS. Niagara. (Jn Church, 
F. E., The great fall, Niagara. N. Y.: 1857. P. 3.) 


Emmons, RICHARD. The Fredoniad or independence preserved; an 
epic poem on the late War of 1812. Bost.: William Emmons. 1827. 
3 vols. Also 2d ed., Phila.: William Emmons. 1830. 1 vol. 

A poem in forty cantos dealing with the events of the War of 1812. 

702 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


Some of the scenes are laid on the shores of the Niagara, at Lewiston, 1826 
and on the heights of Queenston, and contain allusions to the cataract. Emmons 


1828 


Park, Rev. RoswELL. Niagara Falls. (J/n his Selections of juvenile 1828 
and miscellaneous poems. Phila.: Desilver, Thomas. 1836. Pp. 70— Park 
#3.) 


Park, Rev. RosweEtu. Niagara Falls. (Jn his Jerusalem; and other 
poems, juvenile and miscellaneous. . . . N. Y.: Stanford. 1857. 


Pp. 172-175.) 


Written in 1828 in remembrance of a visit made to Niagara in the 
preceding year. The author describes the river and rapids and relates the 
tale of an Indian carried over the Falls while fishing. 


1830 
DuN.LaP, WILLIAM. A trip to Niagara; or, Travellers in America. 1830 


A farce in three acts. Written for the Bowery Theatre, New York. Dunlap 
N2) Y¥:: E. B: Clayton.) 1630. 

The story of this play is mostly concerned with the incidents of the 
trip from New York to Niagara Falls. The characters are a disagree- 
able, disgruntled Englishman, his amiable and well-pleased sister and a 
cousin, a suitor of the sister, who undertakes to cure the brother of his 
rudeness. He assumes different characters in his efforts to do this. The 
last scene of the farce has Niagara Falls as a background. 


HERECLIA, JosE Maria. Address to the Niagara river. (Jn Barham, 1830 
William, Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various travellers. . . . Hereclia 


Gravesend. N.d. Pp. 174-175.) 


This poem may also be found in Johnson, R. L., Niagara, its history, 
incidents and poetry, pp. 48-49. The author was a Spanish-American 
poet and soldier born in Cuba in 1803 and died in Mexico in 1839. 


He was considered the greatest of Spanish-American poets. 


Tremendous Torrent! for an instant hush 
The terrors of thy voice, and cast aside 
Those wide-involving shadows; that mine eyes 
May see the fearful beauty of thy face. 


703 


1830 
_ Hereclia 


Niagara Falls 


Thou flowest on in quiet, till thy waves 
Grow broken midst the rocks; thy current, then, 
Shoots onward, like the irresistible course 
Of destiny. How terribly they rage,— 
The hoarse and rapid whirlpools there! My brain 
Grows wild, my senses wander, as I gaze 
Upon the hurrying waters; and my sight 
Vainly would follow, as toward the verge 
Sweeps the wide torrent: waves innumerable 
Meet there and madden; waves innumerable 
Urge on and overtake the waves before, 
And disappear in thunder and in foam. 
They reach, they leap, the barrier; the abyss 
Swallows, insatiable, the sinking waves; 
A thousand rainbows arch them, and the woods 
Are deafen’d with the roar. The violent shock 
Shatters to vapour the descending sheets; 
A cloudy whirlwind fills the gulf, and bears 
The mighty pyramid of circling mist 
To heaven. The solitary hunter, near, 
Pauses with terror, in the forest shade. 
God of all truth! in other lands, I’ve seen 
Lying philosophers, blaspheming men, 
Questioners of thy mysteries, that draw 
Their fellows deep into impiety ; 
And therefore doth my spirit seek thy face 
In earth’s majestic solitude. Even here 
My heart doth open all itself to Thee; 
In this immensity of loneliness, 
I feel thy hand upon me. To my ear 
The eternal thunder of the cataract brings 
Thy voice, and I am humbled as I hear. 

Dread torrent! that with wonder and with fear, 
Dost overwhelm the soul of him that looks 
Upon thee, and dost bear it from itself: 

704 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


Whence hast thou thy beginning? Who supplies, 1830 
Age after age, thy unexhausted springs? ie 
What power hath order’d, that, when all thy weight 
Descends into the deep, the swollen waves 
Rise not, and roll to overwhelm the earth? 

The Lord hath open’d his omnipotent hand, 
Covered thy face with clouds, and given his voice 
To thy down-rushing waters; he hath girt 
Thy terrible forehead with his radiant bow. 
I see thy never-resting waters run, 
And I bethink me how the tide of time 
Sweeps to Eternity. So pass, of man— 
Pass like a noon-day dream—the blooming days, 
And he awakes to sorrow. Ae 

Hear, dread Niagara! my latest voice !— 
Yet a few years, and the cold earth shall close 
Over the brow of him who sings thee now 
Thus failingly. Would that this my humble verse 
Might be, like thee, immortal! I, meanwhile, 
Cheerfully passing to the appointed rest, 
Might raise my radiant forehead in the clouds 
To listen to the echoes of my FAME.” 


1831 


Cooper, JAMES FENIMORE. The spy; a tale of the neutral ground. 1831 
Lond.: H. Colburn and R. Bentley. 1831. P. 403 Cooper 


Niagara is used as the background of the closing scene in the story. 


GaLT, JOHN. The early missionaries; or, The discoveries of the Falls 1831 
of Niagara. (The museum of for. lit. and sci., Oct., 1831. oo. 
(new ser. 12) 397-400.) 

A history of two missionaries who travelled westward from Boston to 
christianize the Indians and to find the vast fresh-water seas of which 
they had heard the Indians speak. In the course of their travels they come 
upon the Falls. There is no attempt at description. It is not apparent 
that the tale has any historical basis. 


45 705 


1832 
A. N.C. 


Niagara Falls 


1832 
A. N. C. Poem. (Jn Rolph, Thomas, A brief account together 


with observations, made during a visit in the West Indies, and a tour 
through the United States of America, in parts of the years 1832-33; 


together with a statistical account of Upper Canada. Dundas, N. C. 
Hackstaff, 1836. P. 196.) 


Niagara! to thee 

My spectacles I turn! 
I see the waters boil, 

ANS That eo!) 0 didi bur: 
And Satan’s imps, with ardour hot, 
Were thrusting wood beneath the pot. 


O what a deaf’ning noise 
Thy tortur’d waters make! 
The thunders of thy voice 
Kept me all night awake: 
I could but hear the lumbering sound, 
When all were sunk in sleep profound. 


And then what clouds of spray 

Bedim my weaken’d sight; 
And then, in light of day, 

Bring rainbows to my sight: 

Well might poor Snip thus make his note — 
““Mem—What a place to spunge a coat!” 


And then, O what a waste 
Of water-power is here! 

*Twould move ten thousand water-wheels, 
And run them thro’ the year! 
Well might the Yankee say — “be still — 
Oh what a place to build a mill.” 


706 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


1834 


SIGOURNEY, Mrs. Lypia H. Farewell to Niagara. (In Barham, 1834 
William, Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various travellers. . . . Sigourney 


Gravesend: n. d. Pp. 179-180.) 

My spirit grieves to say, Farewell to thee, 
Oh beautiful and glorious! 

Thou dost robe 
Thyself in mantle of the coloured mist, 
Most lightly tinged, and exquisite as thought, 
Decking thy forehead with a crown of gems 
Woven by God’s right hand. 

Hadst thou but wrapped 
Thy brow in clouds, and swept the blinding mist 
In showers upon us, it had been less hard 
To part from thee. But there thou art, sublime 
In noon-day splendour, gathering all thy rays 
Unto their climax, green, and fleecy white, 
And changeful tincture, for which words of man 
Have neither sign nor sound, until to breathe 
Farewell is agony. For we have roamed 
Beside thee, at our will, and drawn thy voice 
Into our secret soul, and felt how good 
Thus to be here, until we half implored, 
While long in wildering ecstasy we gazed, 
To build us tabernacles, and behold 
Always thy majesty. 

Fain would we dwell 
Here at thy feet, and be thy worshipper, 
And from the weariness and dust of earth 
Steal evermore away. Yea, were it not 
That many a care doth bind us here below, 
And in each care, a duty, like a flower, 
Thorn-hedged, perchance, yet fed with dews of heaven, 
And in each duty, an enclosed joy, 
Which like a honey-searching bee doth sing,— 

707 


1834 
Sigourney 


SicouRNEY, L. H. The hermit of the Falls. 


poems. 


S1icouRNEY, Mrs. LypiA H. The hermit of Niagara. 
Am. mo. mag., Feb., 1848. 32:127—128.) 


SicourRngEY, Mrs. Lyp1a H. The hermit of the Falls. 
William, Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various travellers; . . . 


Gravesend: n. d. Pp. 142-146.) 


Niagara Falls 


And were it not, that ever in our path 


Spring up our planted seeds of love and grief, 
Which we must watch, and bring their perfect fruit 


Into our Master’s garner, it were sweet 
To linger here, and be thy worshipper, 


Until death’s footsteps broke this dream of life. 


(In her Illustrated 


Phila.: Lindsay and Blakiston. 1860. Pp. 143-149) 
The story of Francis Abbott. 


It was the leafy month of June, 
And joyous nature all in tune, 
With wreathing buds were drest, 
As towards Niagara’s fearful side 
A youthful stranger prest; 
His ruddy cheek was blanched with awe, 
And scarce he seemed his breath to draw, 
While bending o’er its brim, 
He marked its strong, unfathomed tide, 
And heard its thunder-hymn. 


His measured week too quickly fled, 
Another, and another sped, 
And soon the summer-rose decayed, 
The moon of autumn sank in shade, 
Years filled their circle, brief and fair, 
Yet still the enthusiast lingered there, 
Till winter hurled its dart, 
For deeper round his soul was wove 
A mystic chain of quenchless love, 
That would not let him part 
708 


(Graham’s 


(In Barham, 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


When darkest midnight veiled the sky, 1834 
You'd hear his hasting step go by, “igenmey 
To gain the bridge beside the deep, 
That where its wildest torrents leap 
Hung’ threadlike o’er the surge, 
Just there, upon its awful verge, 
His vigil hour to keep. 


And when the moon descending low, 
Hung on the flood that gleaming bow, 
Which it would seem some angel’s hand, 
With heaven's own pencil, tinged and spanned, 
Pure symbol of a Better Land, 

He, kneeling, poured in utterance free 
The eloquence of ecstasy ; 

Though to his words no answer came, 
Save that One, Everlasting Name, 
Which since Creation’s morning broke, 
Niagara’s lip alone hath spoke. 


When wintry tempests shook the sky, 

And the rent pine-tree hurtled by, 
Unblenching mid the storm he stood, 

And marked, sublime, the wrathful flood, 
While wrought the frost-king fierce and drear, 
His palace mid those cliffs to rear, 

And strike the massy buttress strong, 

And pile his sleet the rocks among, 


And wasteful deck the branches bare 
With icy diamonds, rich and rare. 


Nor lacked the hermit’s humble shed 
Such comforts as our nature ask 
To fit them for their daily task, 
The cheering fire, the peaceful bed, 
The simple meal in season spread :— 
709 


Niagara Falls 


1834 While by the lone lamp’s trembling light, 
Sigourney As blazed the hearth-stone clear and bright, 
O’er Homer’s page he hung, 
Or Maro’s martial numbers scanned, 
For classic lore of many a land 
Flowed smoothly o’er his tongue. 
Oft with rapt eye, and skill profound, 
He woke the entrancing viol’s sound, 
Or touched the sweet guitar, 
Since heavenly music deigned to dwell 
An inmate in his cloistered cell, 
As beams the solemn star 
All night, with meditative eyes, 
Where some lone rock-bound fountain lies. 


As through the groves with quiet tread, 
On his accustomed haunts he sped, 
The mother-thrush unstartled sung 
Her descant to her callow young, 
And fearless o’er his threshold prest 
The wanderer from the sparrow’s nest; 
The squirrel raised a sparkling eye, 
Nor from his kernel cared to fly, 

As passed that gentle hermit by; 

No timid creature shrank to meet 

His pensive glance serenely sweet; 
From his own kind, alone, he sought 
The screen of solitary thought. 
Whether the world too harshly prest, 
Its iron o'er a yielding breast, 

Or taught his morbid youth to prove 
The pang of unrequited love, 

We know not, for he never said 


Aught of the life that erst he led. 
710 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


On Iris isle, a summer bower 

He twined with branch, and vine, and flower, 
And there he mused, on rustic seat, 
Unconscious of the noon-day heat, 

Or ‘neath the crystal waters lay 
Luxuriant, in the swimmer’s play. 

Yet once the whelming flood grew strong, 
And bore him like a weed along, 
Though with convulsive grasp of pain, 
And heaving breast, he strove in vain, 
Then sinking ‘neath the infuriate tide, 
Lone as he lived, the hermit died. 


On, by the rushing current swept, 
The lifeless corpse its voyage kept, 
To where, in narrow gorge comprest, 
The whirling eddies never rest, 

But boil with tumultuous sway. 

The maelstrom of Niagara. 

And there within that rocky bound, 
In swift gyrations round and round, 
Mysterious course it held, 
Now springing from the torrent hoarse, 

Now battling as with maniac force, 
To mortal strife compelled. 


Right fearful ‘neath the moonbeam bright, 
It was to see that brow so white, 
And mark the ghastly dead 
Leap upward from his torture-bed, 
As if in passion-gust, 
And tossing wild with agony, 
To mock the omnipotent decree, 


Of dust to dust. 


At length, where smoother waters flow, 
Emerging from the gulf below, 
711 


1834 
Sigourney 


1834 
Sigourney 


Niagara Falls 


The hapless youth they gained, and bore 
Sad to his own forsaken door: 

There watched his dog, with straining eye, 
And scarce would let the train pass by, 

Save that with instinct’s rushing spell, 
Through the changed cheek’s empurpled hue, 
And stiff and stony form, he knew 
The master he had loved so well. 

The kitten fair, whose graceful wile 

So oft had won his musing smile, ~ 

As round his slippered foot she played, 
Stretched on his vacant pillow laid. 

While strewed around, on board and chair, 

The last pluck’d flower, the book last read, 

The ready pen, the page outspread, 

The water-cruse, the unbroken bread, 
Revealed how sudden was the snare 

That swept him to the dead. 


And so he rests in foreign earth, 
Who drew mid Albion’s vales his birth; 
Yet let no cynic phrase unkind 
Condemn that youth of gentle mind, 
Of shrinking nerve and lonely heart, 
And lettered lore, and tuneful art, 

Who here his humble worship paid 
In that most glorious temple-shrine, 
Where to the Majesty divine 


Nature her noblest altar made. 


No, blame him not, but praise the Power 
Who in the dear, domestic bower, 
Hath given you firmer strength to rear 
The plant of love, with toil and fear, 
The beam to meet, the blast to dare, 
And like a faithful soldier bear; 

712 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


Still with sad heart his requiem pour, (1834 
Amid the cataract’s ceaseless roar, Abn Oy 
And bid one tear of pitying gloom 

Bedew that meek enthusiast’s tomb. 


SicourNEY, Mrs. Lypia H. Niagara. (/n Barham, William, 
Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various travellers; . . . 


Gravesend: n.d. Pp. 111-117.) 
Prose and poem description of the Falls. 
Up to the Table-Rock, where the great flood 
Reveals its fullest glory. To the verge 
Of its appalling battlement draw near, 
And gaze below. Or, if thy spirit fail, 
Creep stealthily, and snatch a trembling glance 
Into the dread abyss. 
What there thou seest 
Shall dwell forever in thy secret soul, 
Finding no form of language. 
The vexed deep, 
Which from the hour that Chaos heard the voice 
** Let there be light,” hath known no pause nor rest, 
Communeth through its misty cloud with Him 
Who breaks it on the wheel of pitiless rock, 
Yet heals it every moment. Bending near, 
Mid all the terror, as an angel-friend, 
The rainbow walketh in its company 
With perfect orb full-rounded. Dost thou cling 
Thus to its breast, a Comforter, to give 
Strength in its agony, thou radiant form, 
Born of the trembling tear-drop, and the smile 
Of sun, or glimmering moon? 
Yet from a scene 
So awfully sublime, our senses shrink, 
And fain would shield them at the solemn base 
Of the tremendous precipice, and glean 
Such hallowed thoughts as blossom in its shade. 
713 


Niagara Falls 


1834 This is thy building, Architect Divine! 

eles Who heav’dst the pillars of.the Universe. 
Up, without noise, the mighty fabric rose, 
And to the clamour of the unresting gulf 
For ever smiting on its ear of rock 
With an eternal question, answereth nought. 
Man calls his vassals forth, with toil and pain; 
Stone piled on stone, the pyramid ascends, 
Yet ere it reach its apex-point, he dies, 
Nor leaves a chiselled name upon his tomb. 
The vast cathedral grows, with deep-groined arch, 
And massy dome, slow reared, while race on race 
Fall like the ivy sere, that climbs its walls. 
The imperial palace towers, the triumph arch, 
And the tall fane that tells a hero’s praise 
Uplift their crowns of fret-work haughtily. 
But, lo! the Goth doth waste them, and his herds 
The Vandal pastures mid their fallen pride. 
But thou, from age to age, unchanged hast stood, 
Even like an altar to Jehovah’s name, 
Silent, and stedfast, and immutable. 
Niagara and the storm-cloud! 

To the peal 
Of their united thunder, rugged rocks 
Amazed reverberate, through depths profound 
Streams the red lightning, while the loftiest trees 
Bow, and are troubled. Shuddering earth doth hide 
In midnight’s veil; and even the ethereal mind, 
Which hath the seed of immortality 
Within itself,— not undismayed, beholds 
This fearful tumult of the elements. 
Old Ocean meets the tempest and is wroth, 
And in his wrath destroys. “The wrecking ship, 
The sea-boy stricken from the quaking mast, 
The burning tear wrung forth from many a home, 
714 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


To which the voyager returns no more, 
Attest the fury of his vengeful mood. 

But thou, Niagara, know’st no passion-gust; 
Thy mighty bosom, from the sheeted rain, 
Spreads not itself to sudden boastfulness, 
Like the wild torrent in its shallow bed. 
Thou art not angry, and thou changest not. 


Man finds in thee no emblem of himself; 

The cloud depresseth him, the adverse blast 
Rouseth the billows of his discontent, 

The wealth of summer-showers inflates his pride, 
And with the simple faith and love of Him 
Who made him from the dust, he mingleth much 
Of his own vain device. Perchance, even here, 
"Neath all the sternness of thy strong rebuke, 
Light fancies fill him, and he gathereth straws 
Or plaiteth rushes, or illusive twines 

Garlands of hope, more fragile still than they. 


But in one awful voice, that ne’er has known 
Change or inflection since the morn of time, 
Thou utterest forth that One Eternal Name, 
Which he who graves not on his inmost soul 
Will find his proudest gatherings, as the dross 
That cannot profit. 

Thou hast ne’er forgot 
Thy lesson, or been weary, day or night, 
Nor with its simple, elemental thought 
Mixed aught of discord. 

Teacher, sent from God, 
We bow us to thy message, and are still. 
Oh! full of glory, and of majesty, 
With all thy terrible apparel on, 
High-priest of Nature, who within the veil 
Mysterious, unapproachable dost dwell, 

715 


1834 
Sigourney 


1834 
Sigourney 


Niagara Falls 


With smoke of incense ever streaming up, 
And round thy breast, the folded bow of heaven, 
Few are our words before thee. 

For ‘tis meet 
That even the mightiest of our race should stand 
Mute in thy presence, and with child-like awe, 
Disrobed of self, adore his God through thee. 


“Deep calleth unto deep, at the noise of thy waterspouts.”’ 
Most appositely did the poet Brainerd, in his beautiful apostrophe 
to Niagara, quote from the inspired minstrel, “* deep calleth unto 
deep.” Simple and significant also, was its Indian appellation, 
the ‘‘ Water-thunderer.”” To the wandering son of the forest, 

“‘whose untutored mind 
Saw God in clouds, or heard him in the wind,” 
it forcibly suggested the image of that Great Spirit, who in dark- 
ness and storm sends forth from the skies a mighty voice. 

The immense volume of water which distinguishes Niagara 
from all other cataracts, is seldom fully realized by the casual 
visitant. ‘Transfixed by his emotions, he forgets that he sees the 
surplus waters of those vast inland seas, Superior, Huron, 
Michigan, and Erie, arrested in their rushing passage to the 
Ocean, by a fearful barrier of rock, 160 feet in height. He 
scarcely recollects that the tributaries to this river, or strait, cover 
a surface of 150,000 miles. Indeed, how can he bow his mind 
to aught of arithmetical computation, when in the presence of 
this monarch of floods. 

The view from the boat while crossing the Ferry is unique and 
impressive. It gives the first strong idea of the greater magnifi- 
cence that awaits you.* You are encompassed by an amphitheatre 
of towering rocks and hills. Fragments of rainbows and torrents 
of mist hover around you. A stupendous column rises, whose 
base is in the fathomless depth, whose head, wrapped in cloud, 
seems to join earth and heaven. It strikes you as a living personi- 


* That is crossing from the American side. 


716 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


fication of His power who poured it “ from the hollow of his 1834 
hand.”’ You tremble at its feet. With a great voice of thunder pe! 
it warns you not to approach. ‘The winds spread out their wings, 
and whelm you in a deluge of spray. You are sensible of the 
giant force of the tide, bearing up the boat, which like an egg- 
shell is tossed upon its terrible bosom. You feel like an atom in 
the great creation of God. You glance at the athletic sinews of 
the rowers, and wonder if they are equal to their perilous task. 
But the majesty of the surrounding scene annihilates selfish appre- 
hension; and, ere you are aware, the little boat runs smoothly to 
her haven, and you stand on the Canadian shore. 

Hitherto, all you have seen will convey but an imperfect 
impression of the grandeur and sublimity that are unfolded 
on the summit of Table-Rock. This is a precipice nearly 
160 feet in height, with flat, smooth, altar-shaped surface. As 
you approach this unparapeted projection, the unveiled glories 
of Niagara burst upon the astonished senses. We borrow the 
graphic delineation of a gentleman, who nearly forty years since 
was a visitant of this scene, and thus describes it from the summit 
of Table-Rock. 

“On your right hand, the river comes roaring forward with 
all the agitation of a tempestuous ocean, recoiling in waves and 
whirlpools, as if determined to resist the impulse which is forcing 
it downward to the gulf. When within a few yards, and appar- 
ently at the moment of sweeping away, it plunges headlong into 
what seems a bottomless pit, for the vapour is so thick at the foot 
of the precipice, that the torrent is completely lost to view. 

“Seen from the Table-Rock, the tumbling green waters of the 
rapids, which persuade you that an ocean is approaching; the 
brilliant colour of the water; the frightful gulf, and headlong 
torrent at your feet; the white column rising from its centre, and 
often reaching to the clouds; the black wall of rock frowning 
from the opposite island; and the long curtain of foam descend- 
ing fromthe other shore, interrupted only by one dark shaft, form 
altogether one of the most beautiful, as well as awful, scenes in 


1Dr. Wadsworth, Esq. 717 


1834 
Sigourney 


Niagara Falls 


nature. The effect of all these objects is much heightened by 
being seen from a dizzy and fearful pinnacle, upon which you 
seem suspended over a fathomless abyss of vapour, whence 
ascends the deafening uproar of the greatest cataract in the world, 
and by reflecting that this powerful torrent has been rushing 
down, and this grand scene of stormy magnificence been in the 
same dreadful tumult for ages, and will continue so for ages to 
come.” 

Skirting the base of the Table-Rock, you arrive at the point 
of entrance, behind the vast sheet of water, which those who 
desire to traverse, provide themselves with fitting apparel, which 
is here kept for that purpose. This magnificent cavern is often 
tenanted by rushing winds, which drive the spray with blinding 
fury in the face of the approaching pilgrim. Clad in rude gar- 
ments, and cap of oil-cloth, with coarse shoes — the most unpic- 
turesque of all figures — he approaches, staking his staff among 
the loose fragments that obstruct his way. The path is slippery 
and perilous, the round wet stones betray his footing, and some- 
times cold, slimy, and wriggling eels coil around his ancles. 
Respiration is at first difficult, almost to suffocation. But the 
aiding hand and encouraging voice of the guide are put in 
requisition, and, almost ere he is aware, he reaches Termination 
Rock, beyond which all progress is hazardous. ‘This exploit 
entitles him to a certificate, obtained at the house where his garb 
was provided, and signed by the guide. But should he fail of 
attaining this honour, by a too precipitate retreat from this cavern 
of thunders, he is still sure of a magnificent shower-bath. 

The lover of Nature’s magnificence will scarcely be satisfied 
without repeated visits to Niagara. [he mind is slow in 
receiving the idea of great magnitude. It requires time and 
repetition to expand and deepen the perceptions that overwhelm 
it. This educating process is peculiarly necessary among 
scenery, where the mind is continually thrown back upon its 
Author, and the finite, trying to take hold of the Infinite, falters, 
and hides itself in its own nothingness. 

718 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


It is impossible for Niagara to disappoint, unless through the 1834 
infirmity of the conception that fails to grasp it. Its resources ##u™«y 
are inexhaustible. It can never expand itself, because it points 
always to God. More unapproachable than the fathomless 
ocean, man cannot launch a bark upon its bosom, or bespeak its 
service in any form. He may not even lay his hand upon it, 
and live. Upon its borders he can dream, if he will, of gold- 
gathering, and of mill-privileges; but its perpetual warning is, 
“Hence, ye profane!” 

Let none, who have it in their power to change their places 
at will, omit a pilgrimage to Niagara. The facilities of travelling 
render it now a very different exploit from what it was in the 
days of our fathers, who were forced to cut away with their 
axes the branches intercepting the passage of the rocky roads. 
Those whose hearts respond to whatever is beautiful and sublime 
in creation, should pay their homage to this mighty cataract. No 
other scenery so powerfully combines these elements. 

Let the gay go thither to be made thoughtful, and the religious 
to become more spiritually-minded. Yet let not the determined 
trifler linger here to pursue his revels. Frivolity seems an insult 
to the majesty that presides here. Folly and dissipation are 
surely out of place. The thunder-hymn of the mighty flood 
reproves them. Day and night it seems to repeat and enforce 
the words of inspiration: ‘‘ The Lord is in his holy temple: 
let all the earth keep silence before Him.’”’— Hap. 11:20. 


SicourRNEY, Mrs. Lypia H. Niagara. (Jn Barham, William, 
Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various travellers. 


Gravesend: n. d. Pp. 159-161.) 


SicouRNEY, Mrs. L. H. Niagara. (Jn her Illustrated poems. 
Phila.: Lindsay and Blakiston. 1860. Pp. 134-136.) 


Flow on for ever, in thy glorious robe 
Of terror and of beauty. Yea, flow on 
Unfathom’d and resistless. God hath set 
His rainbow on thy forehead, and the cloud 
719 


1834 


Sigourney 


Niagara Falls 


Mantled around thy feet. And he doth give 
Thy voice of thunder power to speak of Him 
Eternally — bidding the lip of man 
Keep silence — and upon thine altar pour 
Incense of awe-struck praise. 

Earth fears to lift 
The insect trump that tells her trifling joys 
Or fleeting triumphs, mid the peal sublime 
Of thy tremendous hymn. Proud Ocean shrinks 
Back from thy brotherhood, and all his waves 
Retire abash’d. For he hath need to sleep, 
Sometimes, like a spent labourer, calling home 
His boisterous billows, from their vexing play, 
To a long dreary calm: but thy strong tide 
Faints not, nor e’er with failing heart forgets 
Its everlasting lesson, night nor day. 
The morning stars, that hailed creation’s birth, 
Heard thy hoarse anthem mixing with their song 
Jehovah's name; and the dissolving fires, 
That wait the mandate of the day of doom 
To wreck the earth, shall find it deep inscribed 
Upon thy rocky scroll. 

The lofty trees 

That list thy teachings, scorn the lighter lore 
Of the too fitful winds; while their young leaves 
Gather fresh greenness from thy living spray, 
Yet tremble at the baptism. Lo! yon birds, 
How bold they venture near, dipping their wing 


_ In all thy mist and foam. Perchance ‘tis meet 


For them to touch thy garment’s hem, or stir 
Thy diamond wreath, who sport upon the cloud 
Unblamed, or warble at the gate of heaven 
Without reproof. But, as for us, it seems 
Scarce lawful with our erring lips to talk 
Familiarly of thee. Methinks, to trace 

720 


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Music — Poetry — Fiction 


Thine awful features with our pencil’s point 1834 

Were but to press on Sinai. Sigoginey 
Thou dost speak 

Alone of God, who pour’d thee as a drop 

From his right-hand,— bidding the soul that looks 

Upon thy fearful majesty be still, 

Be humbly wrapp’d in its own nothingness, 


And lose itself in Him. 


SicouRNEY, Mrs. L. H. Niagara. (Jn her Select poems. 5th ed. 
Phila.: Biddle. 1847. Pp. 88-90.) 
See ‘“* Illustrated Poems.” 


1836 
DRAKE, JoSEPH RODMAN. Niagara. (Jn his Culprit fay and other 1836 
poems. N. Y.: George Dearborn. 1836. Pp. 65-67.) Drake 
NIAGARA 
I 


Roar, raging torrent! and thou, mighty river, 

Pour thy white foam on the valley below; 

Frown, ye dark mountains! and shadow for ever 

The deep rocky bed where the wild rapids flow. 

The green sunny glade, and the smooth flowing fountain, 
Brighten the home of the coward and slave; 

The flood and the forest, the rock and the mountain, 
Rear on their bosoms the free and the brave. 


II 


Nurslings of nature, I mark your bold bearing, 
Pride in each aspect and strength in each form, 
Hearts of warm impulse, and souls of high daring, 
Born in the battle and rear’d in the storm. 
The red levin flash and the thunder’s dread rattle, 
The rock-riven wave and the war trumpet’s heath, 
The din of the tempest, the yell of the battle, 
Nerve your steeled bosoms to danger and death. 
Ve 721 


1836 
Drake 


Niagara Falls 


III 


High on the brow of the Alps’ snowy towers 

The mountain Swiss measures his rock-breasted moors, 
O’er his lone cottage the avalanche lowers, 

Round its rude portal the spring-torrent pours. 

Sweet is his sleep amid peril and danger, 

Warm is his greeting to kindred and friends, 

Open his hand to the poor and the stranger, 

Stern on his foeman his sabre descends. 


IV 


Lo! where the tempests the dark waters sunder 
Slumbers the sailor boy, reckless and brave, 
Warm'd by the lightning and lulled by the thunder, 
Fann’d by the whirlwind and rock’d on the wave; 
Wildly the winter wind howls round his pillow, 
Cold on his bosom the spray showers fall; 

Creaks the strained mast at the rush of the billow, 
Peaceful he slumbers regardless of all. 


V 


Mark how the cheek of the warrior flushes, 

As the battle drum beats and war torches glare; 

Like a blast of the north to the onset he rushes, 

And his wide-waving falchion gleams brightly in air. 
Around him the death-shot of foemen are flying, 

At his feet friends and comrades are yielding their breath; 
He strikes to the groans of the wounded and dying, 

But the war cry he strikes with is, ‘ conquest or death.’ 


VI 
Then pour thy broad wave like a flood from the heavens, 
Each son that thou rearest, in the battle’s wild shock, 
When the death-speaking note of the trumpet is given, 
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Music — Poetry — Fiction 


Will charge like thy torrent or stand like thy rock. 1836 
Let his roof be the cloud and the rock be his pillow, Drake 
Let him stride the rough mountain, or toss on the foam, 

He will strike fast and well on the field or the billow, 

In triumph and glory, for God and his home! 


The note of freedom and patriotism in this poem rings strong and 
true. 


[SHELTON, F. W.] Verses written during a thunder storm in the 1836 
album at the Falls. (/n his The trollopiad; or, Travelling gentlemen Shelton 
in America; a satire by Nil Admirari, Esq. N. Y.: Shepard 1836. 

Pp. 79-81.) 


Written in the Table Rock album. 


1837 


Birp, JAMES. Francis Abbot; the recluse of Niagara, and metro- 1837 
politan sketches. 2d ser. Lond.: Baldwin and Cradock. 1837. Bird 
Pp. 1-93. 


A narrative poem based on the facts as found in Alexander’s Trans- 
atlantic sketches with variations by the author. 


Euiza. Niagara. (Soc. lit. miss., Jan. 1837. 3:21—22:) 1837 


Ate ate Air ‘ Eli 
The spirit of the torrent, the spirit of beauty, the spirit of solitude, the 


spirit of poesy, the spirit of devotion each in turn speaks. 


1838 
BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK. Hymn to Niagara. (/n Barham, 1,38 
William, Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various travellers . . . Buckingham 


Gravesend: n. d. Pp. 41-42.) 
(Written at the first sight of magnificent Falls, August, 1838.) 


Hail! Sovereign of the World of Floods, whose majesty and 
might, 
First dazzles —then enraptures— then o’erawes the aching 
sight; 
The pomp of kings and emperors, in every clime and zone, 
Grows dim before the splendour of thy glorious watery throne. 
723 


1838 
Buckingham 


Niagara Falls 


No flesh can stop thy progress, no armies bid thee stay; 

But onward — onward — onward —thy march still holds its 
way 

The rising mist that veils thee as thine herald goes before, 

And the music that proclaims thee is the thundering cataracts’ 
roar. 


Thy diadem is an emerald green, of the clearest, purest hue, 

Set round with waves of snow-white foam, and spray of feathery 
dew; 

White tresses of the brightest pearls float o’er thine ample sheet, 

And the rainbow lays its gorgeous gems in tribute at thy feet. 


Thy reign is of the ancient days, thy sceptre from on high, 

Thy birth was when the morning stars together sang with joy: 
The sun, the moon, and all the orbs that shine upon thee now, 
Saw the first wreath of glory that enthron’d thy infant brow. 


And from that hour to this, in which I gaze upon thy stream, 

From age to age — in winter's frost, or summer's sultry beam — 

By day, by night — without a pause — thy waves, with loud 
acclaim, 

In ceaseless sounds, have still proclaimed the Great Eternal’s 
name. 


For whether on thy forest banks, the Indian of the wood, 

Or since his days, the Red Man’s foe, on his father-land have 
stood — 

Whoe’er has seen thine incense rise, or heard thy torrent roar, 


Must have bent before the God of All! to worship and adore. 
Accept then, O Supremely Great! — O Infinite! — O God! 


From this primeval altar — the green and virgin sod — 
The humble homage that my soul in gratitude would pay 
To Thee! whose shield has guarded me through all my wander- 
ing way. 
724 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


For if the Ocean be as nought in the hollow of thy hand, 1838 
And the Stars of the bright firmament, in thy balance grains of Buckinsham 
sand, 


If Niagara’s rolling flood seem great to us who lowly bow — 
O! Great Creator of the Whole! how passing great art Thou! 


Yet though Thy Power is greater than the finite mind can scan, 

Still greater is thy Mercy — shown to weak dependent man, 

For him Thou clothed the fertile field with herb, and fruit, and 
seed, 

For him, the woods, the lakes, the seas, supply his hourly need. 


Around — on high — or far — or near — the Universal Whole 
Proclaims Thy glory, as the orbs in their fixed courses roll; 
And from Creation’s grateful voice, the hymn ascends above, 


While heaven re-echoes back to earth, the chorus, “‘ God is Love.” 


BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK. Hymn to Niagara. (Jn Johnson, 
R. L., Niagara, its history, incidents, and poetry, . . . Wash: 
W. Neale. 1898. Pp. 56-57.) 


Evidently the same poem as the one quoted in Barham, although the 
phraseology of the two poems differs in a number of lines. 


(The) Canadian girl, or the Pirate of the lakes, a story of the affec- 1838 
tions; by the authoress of the Jew’s daughter. Lond.: W. Bennett. 
1838. Pp. 264-267. 


An exaggerated, overdrawn and inaccurate scenic description of Niagara 
and the Niagara region. 


RICHARDSON, Major JoHN. Eight years in Canada. Montreal: 1838 
H. H. Cunningham. 1847. Pp. 22-25. Richardson 


A ‘description of the scenery, an account of the sensations and reflections 
of the author on revisiting his old home on the Niagara. Some statistics 
are also given and some remarks on the Table Rock album. 


I had expected to see the mass of water tumbling, foaming, 
from something like a height, and threatening, at every moment, 
to enshroud the spectator in one huge sheet of prismatic spray, 
and to plunge him into the vortex which formed its bed; whereas 
on gaining the table rock I remarked, a few feet below me, a 

725 


1838 
Richardson 


1839 
Grinfield 


Niagara Falls 


large flat sheet of water, that gurgled, and hissed, and lashed 
itself into fury at its immediate point of descent, but which, as far 
as the eye could reach above presented an almost unbroken 
uniformity of surface. It is this want of irregularity added to the 
absence of corresponding scenery, that robs the Falls in my esti- 
mation of much of the imposing grandeur that otherwise attaches 
to them. 
1839 
GRINFIELD, THOMAS. Hymn on Niagara. (Jn Barham William, 

Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various travellers; 
Gravesend: n. d. Pp. 176-177.) 

An anthem, * like the sound of many waters! ’ 

The prophet heard it, as in wondrous vision 

He lay entranced upon the cliffs of PATMos; 

And wouldst thou hear its emblem, go and listen, 

In deep and dread delight, to NIAGARA! 

That everlasting anthem which hath peal’d 

Nor paus’d a moment, from the birth of ages! 

And, fitting emblem of celestial chorus, 

The loud eternity of rushing music 

Disturbs not, but subdues and fills, the spirit 

With feelings of unutterable stillness,” 

And infinite tranquillity, excluding 

The world with all its dissonance of passions. 

There, too, a cloud of ever-offer’d incense 

From nature’s altar, — in the vapoury column 

On which bright rainbows beam the smiles of mercy, — 

Hath risen well-nigh six thousand years to heaven, : 

In unison with that astounding chorus 

Of multitudinous and white-robed waters, 

So glorious in the fury of their rapture 

Around their awful and mysterious centre! 

And oft, stupendous Cataract, as winter 
Comes listening to thy choral hallelujahs, 


1Charles Dickens records this impression. 


726 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


And gazing on thy pomp of rising incense; 1839 
With mimic semblance of some mighty temple Grinfield 
He loves to grace thee, and thy shaggy borders 
Fantastically silvers o’er with frost-work; 
Pranking with icy pinnacles and pillars 
The walls of thy magnificent Cathedral :' 
But ne’er Cathedral owned a crypt so dreadful 
As thine, o’er-arch’d with such a thundering deluge. 
And still the thunder of the eternal anthem, 
And still the column of ascending incense, 
Shall draw remotest pilgrims to thy worship, 
Shall hold them breathless in thy sovereign presence, 
And lost to all that they before had look’d on; 
Yea, conjur'd up by strong imagination, 
Shall sound in ears that never heard the music, 
Shall gleam in eyes that ne’er beheld the vision; 
Till the great globe, with all that it inherits, 
Shall vanish,— like that cloud of ceaseless incense,— 
In thunder,— like that falling world of waters. 
Oh peerless paragon of earthly wonders! 
Embodying, in their most intense expression, 
Beauty, sublimity, might, music, motion, 
To fix and fill at once eye, ear, thought, feeling; 
And kindling, into unknown exaltation, 
Dread and delight, astonishment and rapture! 
Sure Gob said, let there be a NIAGARA! 
And, lo, a NIAGARA heard His bidding; 
And glimmer’d forth a sparkle of His glory, 
And whisper’d here the thunder of Omnipotence! 
Clifton, Apmnil, 1839. 


1 Mrs. Jameson describes its weighty magnificence. 


1840 


CLARK, WILLIS GayYLorD. (Poem). (/n Holley, W., Niagara; 1840 
its history and geology, incidents and poetry. . . . N. Y. Buffalo, Clark 
Toronto.: 1872. Pp. 161-162.) 

727 


1840 
Clark 


1840 
Clinch 


1840 
Cooper 


1840 


1840 
M’Jilton 


1840 
Tappan 


Niagara Falls 


The author was an American journalist, the editor of the Philadelphia 
Gazette. 
Here speaks the voice of God — let man be dumb, 
Nor with his vain aspiring hither come. 
That voice impels the hollow-sounding floods, 
And like a Presence fills the distant woods. 
These groaning rocks the Almighty’s finger piled; 
For ages here his painted bow has smiled, 
Mocking the changes and the chance of time — 
Eternal, beautiful, serene, sublime! 


CLincH, Rev. JosEpH H. Niagara. (dn his The Captivity in 
Babylon, and other poems. Bost.: Burns. 1840. Pp. 77-81.) 


Ten stanzas descriptive of the author’s emotion, musings and reflections 
on the Falls and their scenery. 


CooPER, JAMES FENIMORE. ‘The pathfinder; or The inland sea. 
. . » Phila.: Lea and Blanchard. 1840. 1:47-49. 2:52-53. 


Conversation about Niagara. 


——________—_—. Legend of the whirlpool. Buffalo, N. Y.: 
Press of Thomas & Co. 1840. 


A story told in verse of a battle to the death in the waters of the whirl- 
pool between Huron and Iroquois. 


M’Jitton, J. N. Niagara. (/n his Poems. Bost.: Otis, 
Broaders. 1840. Pp. 112-115.) 


A tribute to the restlessness and might, the terror and beauty of the 
resistless and everlasting torrent. 


TAPPAN, WILLIAM B. Niagara. (Jn his Poet’s tribute; poems of 
William B. Tappan. Bost.: King, Crocker and Brewster. 1840. 
P30.) 

Niagara! — the poetry of God! 

Whose numbers tell, in everlasting hymn, 

Only of God! The morning stars that woke 

Music along their courses, early caught 

Its far off echoes, and in wild delight 

Returned them, softened, round the universe. 
728 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


Think not, think not, Earth’s triflers! that for you 
And garish Day, these melodies chime on. 

When ye, diminished, lost, are known not, Night, 
Night to the awful anthem ever hearkens, 

And ever with new joy. Oh, how sublime 

The symphony, that, under the expanse 

Of stars, peals on in unexhausted power: 
Niagara! — and the sole listener, Night! 


1841 


Alida; or, Miscellaneous sketches of incidents during the late American 
war founded on fact. With poems. By an unknown author. 3d ed. 


rev. & imp. N. Y.: Printed for the author, 1841. Pp. 183-191. 


GuRNEY, JosEPH JOHN. A journey in North America, described 
in familiar letters to Amelia Opie. Norwich: Printed for private cir- 


culation. 1841. P. 320. 


Six hundred twenty thousand tuns, each minute, is the 
measure, 
That fills thy giant bow] for us with wonder, awe, and pleasure; 
Niagara the great, the free, old Erie’s swift discharger, 
The billowy breast that banished thee, but sends thee to a larger. 
Ontario bids a welcome to thy foaming, gushing waters, 
That freshly fill her yawning caves, and nourish all her daughters. 
Sunshine and rain contend for thee, thou plaything of all 
weathers, 
Thy falling flood of glass and pearls breaks into fairest feathers; 
But where the deeper billows roll o’er the centre of thy crescent, 
Thy vest is of liquid emerald, with native snows florescent. 
Thy stream below is a floating field of winter’s purest whiteness, 
Till it melts away into green and grey, rejoicing in its brightness. 
Clouds of thy own creation rise, in wild array, around thee, 
And in her zone of magic hues, the radiant bow hath bound thee. 
Farewell, flow on —in bygone worlds thy veteran locks were 
hoary, 
And forests wild, untrod by man, have sung thine ancient glory. 
729 


1840 
Tappan 


1841 


1841 
Gurney 


1841 
Gurney 


1841 
ERED DD; 


1841 
Morpeth 


Niagara Falls 


A meaner muse of modern days, now ventures to admire thee, 
Her music thou may’st well despise — thy own shall never tire 
thee. 


H. E. D. The fugitive slave’s apostrophe to Niagara. (Jn Buck- 
ingham, Joseph T., Personal memoirs and recollections of editorial life. 


Bost.: Ticknor, Reed, Fields. 1852. 2:192-194.) 


An apostrophe, ringing and strong, to Niagara as the boundary of the 
land of liberty. 


*MorPETH, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK Howarp, Lord. 
Niagara Falls. (Jn Holley, G. W., Niagara; its history and geology, 
incidents and poetry. . . . N. Y. Buffalo, Toronto: 1872. 
P. 1625) 


Lord Morpeth, who was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1855 to 
1864, made three visits to Niagara Falls These lines were written after 
1841. 

There’s nothing great or bright, thou glorious Fall! 
Thou mayest not to the fancy’s sense recall. 

The thunder-riven cloud, the light’ning’s leap, 

The stirring of the chambers of the deep; 

Earth’s emerald green, and many tinted dyes, 
The fleecy whiteness of the upper skies; 

The tread of armies thickening as they come, 

The boom of cannon and the beat of drum; 

The brow of beauty and the form of grace, 

The passion and the prowess of our race; 

The song of Homer in its loftiest hour, 

The unresisted sweep of human power; 

Britannia’s trident on the azure sea, 

America’s young shout of Liberty! 

Oh! may the waves which madden in thy deep 
There spend their rage nor climb the encircling steep; 
And till the conflict of thy surges cease 

The nations on thy banks repose in peace. 


1Succeeded to title, Earl of Carlisle. 
730 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


1842 
APPLETON, THOMAS GoLp. Goat Island, Niagara. (Jn his Faded 1842 
leaves. Bost.: Roberts Bros. 1872. P. 33.) Appleton 


Peace and perpetual quiet are around. 

Upon the erect and dusky file of stems, 

Sustaining yon far roof, expelling sound, 

Through which the sky sparkles (a rain of gems 

Lost in the forest’s depth of shade), the sun 

At times doth shoot an arrow of pure gold, 

Flecking majestic trunks with hues of dun, 

Veining their barks with silver, and betraying 

Secret initials tied in true love knots; 

Of hearts no longer through green alleys straying, 

But stifled in the world’s distasteful grots. 

The silence is monastic, save in spots 

Where heaves a glimmer of uncertain light, 

And rich wild tones enchant the woodland night. 
June, 1842. | 


APPLETON, THOMAS GoLp. Niagara. (Jn his Faded leaves. 
Bost): Roberts Bros, ¢ 1872: .Pp. 27-30.) 
Though the dusk has extinguished the green 
And the glow of the down-falling silver, 
In my heart I prefer this subdued, 
Cathedral-like gloom on the water; 
When the fancy capriciously wills, 
Nor loves to define or distinguish, 
Ass a dream which enchants us with fear, 
And scarce throbs the heart unaffrighted. 
With a color and a voice of its own 
I behold this wondrous creature 
Move as a living thing, 
And joyous with joy Titanic. 
Its brothers in sandstone are locked, 
Yet from their graves speak to it. 


It sings to them as it moves, 
731 


1842 
Appleton 


Niagara Falls 
And the hills and uplands re-echo. 


The sunshine kindles its scales, 

And they kindle with opal and sapphire. 
It uplifts its tawny mane, 

With its undulations of silver, 

And tosses through showers of foam, 

Its flanks seamed with shadow and sunshine. 
Like the life of man is its course, 

Born far in some cloudy sierra, 

Dimpled and wayward and small, 
O’erleaped by the swerving roebuck; 

But enlarging with mighty growth, 

And wearing wide lakes for its bracelets, 
It moves, the king of streams, 

As a man wears the crown of his manhood. 
It shouts to the loving fields, 

Which toss to it flowers and perfume; 

It eddies and winds round its isles, 

And its kisses thrill them with rapture; 
Till it fights in its strength and o’ercomes 
The rocks which bar its progress. 

The earth hears its cries of rage, 

As it tramples them in its rushing, 
Leaping, exultant above 

And smiting them in derision; 

Till at length, its life fulfilled, 

Sublime in majestic calmness, 

It submits to death, and falls 

With a beauty it wins in dying, 

Stull, wan, prone, till curtains of foam enclose it, 
To arise a spirit of mist, 

And return to the Heaven it came from. 


As deepens the night, all is changed, 
And the joy of my dream is extinguished: 
732 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


I hear but a measureless prayer, 1842 
As of multitudes wailing in anguish; Appleton 
I see but one fluttering plunge, 

As if angels were falling from heaven. 

Indistinctly, at times, I behold 

Cuthullin and Ossian’s old heroes 

Look at me with eyes sad with tears, 

And a summons to follow their flying, 

Absorbed in wild, eerie rout, 

Of wind-swept and desolate spectres. 

As deepens the night, a clear cry 

At times cleaves the boom of the waters; 

Comes with it a terrible sense 

Of suffering extreme and forever. 

The beautiful rainbow is dead, 

And gone are the birds which sang through it. 

The incense so mounting is now 

A stifling, sulphurous vapor, 

The abyss is the hell of the lost, 


Hopeless falling to fires everlasting. 
June, 1842. 


H. D. M. The Falls of Niagara. (West. lit. mess’gr. Aug. 17, 4842 
ho42. ° 2:56.) H. D. M. 


An original poem from the “ album of Mr. Hooker.” 


Majestic! and stupendous! Wonder-work, 

Sublime beyond Imagination! 

Beyond expression, glorious and grand! 

Awe-struck I stand, soul-swelling with emotion 

Too powerful for thought; soul-wrapt with feeling 

Too mighty for endurance. Yet to feel 

Thus for one moment, might repay existence, 

Though life had been more darkly cast than mine, 

And mine has been — no matter: Now I’m blest. 
733 


H. D. M. 


Niagara Falls 


1842 I gaze till I am lost in what I gaze on; 
Sense flies; self vanishes; I mingle with, 

And am a part of what I see and hear,— 

The foaming torrents, and their deaf’ning roar! 
At once elated and depressed, my soul 

Drinks in the spectacle, conscious alike 

Of weakness and power. Tis glorious! 

I swear ’tis glorious! — Altar and fountain 

Of the Eternal God! — And there ye roll 

Ye volumed waters, from age unchronicled, 

To ages moveless in the womb of time! 

Forever changing, yet fore’er the same: — 

The same when broke the promise-bow of heaven, 
To diadem your awful brow; the same, 

When bent the red-man o’er your thundering fall: — 
To be the same when earth and sky shall meet 
In final wreck, and mute eternity 

Forever reign! O! ye are wonderful, 

Ye massive rocks! Ye rapids in your rush! 

Ye trembling cataracts! thou boiling surge! 

To heaven up-rising like the good man’s prayer, 
In the dark hour of tumult and dismay. 

And O! thou dread abyss in which are poured 
Those endless torrents, that thy fountains lash 
To tempest fury in their reckless fall, 

O! ye are dizzy to the mortal eye, 

And terrible — most terrible to mortal sense! 
And the loud roar of your undying thunder! 
Ah! what is Man to your surpassing might? 
And what are you, proud monuments of Time, 
To Him who called you from the depths of nought, 
And cast you careless from his plastic hand, 
The playthings of Omnipotence ? 


734 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


Omnipotence! Eternity! oh there, 1842 
Rise thou my thought! fix thou my soul on Him, dp ceiels 
Th’ Omnipotent — the Eternal! led by Him, 
Safe o’er the cataracts of time, to dwell 
Sweetly embosomed on the shores of bliss. 
1843 
Bacon, EZEKIEL. Aegri Somnia; recreations of a sick room. 1843 
N.Y.: J. Allen. 1843. Pp. 105-107. Bacon 


A poem entitled “* Niagara Falls’’; religious in tone. 
Liston, JAMES KNox. Niagara Falls; a poem in three cantos. 1843 
Toronto: Author. 1843. Liston 


This poem exalts Niagara as a monument of divine power, describes 
the Falls under various aspects, assails the wicked policy of the United 
States in aiding Bonaparte, describes the Battle of Lundy’s Lane with 
reflections on the war, discusses the Fall of Man and contains a prayer. 


CHANNING, WILLIAM ELLery. The Niagara Fall. (/n his 4843 
Poems. Bost.: Little and Brown. 1843. P. 35.) Channing 
"Tis the boom of the fall with a heavy power 
Solemn and slow as a thunder-cloud 
Majestic as the vast ocean’s roar 
Though the green trees round its singing crowd, 
And the light is as green as the emerald grass 
Or the wide leaved plants in the wet morass 
It sounds over all, and the rushing storm 
Cannot wrinkle its temples or wave its hair. 
It dwells alone in the pride of its form, 
A lonely thing in the populous air 
From the hanging cliffs it whirls away, 
All seasons through, all the livelong day. 


1844 


Bui, SARA C. (Ole Bull’s “ Niagara”) (Jn her Memoirs of 1844 
Ole Bull. Bost.: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1886. Pp. 169-172.) Bull 


An account of Ole Bull’s composition ‘* Niagara,”” which was played 
in public for the first time in New York in the winter of 1844. A 


735 


1844 
Bull 


Niagara Falls 
criticism of N. P. Willis, and one of Mrs. Lydia Maria Childs are 


included in this account. Portions of both these criticisms are quoted 
below. 

Willis says: 

We believe that we have heard a transfusion into music — 
not of “ Niagara,” which the audience seemed bona-fide to 
expect, but of the pulses of a human heart at Niagara. We had 
a prophetic boding of the result of calling the piece vaguely 
** Niagara, "— the listener furnished with no “ argument”’ as a 
guide through the wilderness of ‘‘ treatment” to which the sub- 
ject was open. . . . 

The emotion at Niagara is all but mute. It is a “* small, still 
voice’ that replies within us to the thunder of waters. The 
musical mission of the Norwegian was to represent the insensate 
element as it was to him — to a human soul, stirred in its seldom 
reached depths by the call of power. It was the answer to 
Niagara that he endeavored to render in music — not the call! 


Mrs. Childs says: 


The sublime waterfall is ever present with its echoes, 
but present in a calm, contemplative soul. One of the most poetic 
minds I know, after listening to this music, said to me: “ The 
first time I saw Niagara, I came upon it through the woods, in the 
clear sunlight of a summer’s morning; and these tones are a per- 
fect transcript of my emotions! ’’ In truth, it seems to me a 
perfect disembodied poem; a most beautiful mingling of natural 
sounds with the reflex of their impressions on a refined and 
romantic mind. ‘This serene grandeur, this pervading beauty, 
which softens all the greatness, gave the composition its greatest 
charm to those who love poetic expression in music; but it renders 
it less captivating to the public in general than they had antici- 
pated. Had it been called a Pastorale composed within hearing 
of Niagara, their preconceived ideas would have been more in 
accordance with its calm, bright majesty. 


736 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


CRANCH, CHRISTOPHER PEARSE. The cataract isle. (Jn Johnson, 1844 
R. L., Niagara; its history, incidents, and poetry. . . . Wash:; W. Cranch 
Neale. 1898. Pp. 49-50.) 


The author was an American landscape painter, a poet and translator. 
His verses have artistic and literary merit. 


I wandered through the ancient wood 
That crowns the cataract isle. 

I heard the roaring of the flood 
And saw its wild fierce smile. 


Through tall tree-tops the sunshine flecked 
The huge trunks and the ground 

And the pomp of fullest summer decked 
The island all around. 


And winding paths led all along 
Where friends and lovers strayed, 

And voices rose with laugh and song 
From sheltered nooks of shade. 


Through opening forest vistas whirled 
The rapids’ foamy flash, 

As they boiled along and plunged and swirled, 
And neared the last long dash. 


I crept to the island’s outer verge, 
Where the grand, broad river fell — 

Fell sheer down amid foam and surge 
In a white and blinding hell. 


The steady rainbow gaily shone 
Above the precipice, 

And the deep low tone of a thunder groan 
Rolled up from the drear abyss. 


47 737 


Niagara Falls 


1844 And all the day sprang up the spray 
ee Where the broad white sheets were poured, 
And fell around in showery play, 
Or upward curled and soared. 


And all the night those sheets of white 
Gleamed through the spectral mist, 
When o’er the isle the broad moonlight 

The wintry foam-flakes kissed. 


Mirrored within my dreamy thought, 
I see it, I feel it all — 

That island with sweet visions fraught, 
That awful waterfall. 


With sun-flecked trees, and birds and flowers, 
The Isle of Life is fair; 

But one deep voice thrills through its hours, 
One spectral form is there — 


A power no mortal can resist, 
Rolling forever on — 

A floating cloud, a shadowy mist, 
Eternal undertone. 


And through the sunny vistas gleam 
The fate, the solemn smile. 

Life is Niagara’s rushing stream: 
Its dream — that peaceful isle! 


1845 
1845 SIGOURNEY, Mrs. Lyp1a H. Scenes in my native land. Boston: 
Sigourney = James Munroe and Co. 1845. Pp. 3-20; 148-161; 317-318. 


Prose and poetry descriptive of Niagara Falls. Pp. 3-20, Niagara. 
Pp. 148-161, The hermit of the Falls. Pp. 317-318, Farewell to 
Niagara. 

738 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


1846 


Burroucus, Rev. CHARLES. Niagara Falls. (Jn his The poetry 1846 
of religion and other poems. Bost.: Ticknor, Reed and Fields. 1851, Burroughs 
Pp. 62-66, 67-68.) 


Composed at Niagara August 10, 1846. To the clergyman-author 
the rush of the waters was a song of rapture to God, the clouds of spray 
were incense, the rainbow was a reminder of redemption by Christ, the 
cliffs were altars, and the whole Falls an inspiration to worship. 


CLINTON, GEorRGE W. Sketches of Niagara falls and river, by 1846 
Cousin George. Buffalo: Peck. 1846. Clinton 
An imaginary conversation about the scenery between “* Cousin George ”’ 


and his two young cousins as the three walk about the Falls. 


Francis Abbott; or, The hermit of Niagara. <A tale of the old and 1846 
new world. By the author of Mattallak &c. Boston: Gleason’s Pub- 
lishing Hall. 1846. 


(The) grave of Washington; Villa of Mount Vernon, and Key to the 1846 
Bastille; and banks of Niagara. Edinburgh: William Whyte and Co. 
1846. Pp. 37-40. 


A poem of sixteen four-line stanzas. An exhortation to reverence before 
the mighty flood and reflections on human nature inspired by contemplation 


of the Falls. 


1847 
BROWNELL, HENRY Howarp. Niagara. (Jn his Poems. N. Y.: 1847 
D. Appleton & Co. Phila.: Geo. S. Appleton. 1847. Pp. 38-45.) Brewed 
Has aught like this descended since the fountains 
Of the Great Deep, broke up, in cataracts hurled, 
And climbing lofty hills, eternal mountains, 
Poured wave on wave above a buried world? 


Yon tides are raging, as when storms have striven, 
And the vexed seas, awaking from their sleep, 
Are rough with foam, and Neptune’s flocks are driven 

In myriads o’er the green and azure deep. 


739 


1847 
Brownell 


Niagara Falls 


Ere yet they fall, mark (where that mighty current 
Comes like an army from its mountain home) 

How fiercely yon steeds amid the torrent 
With their dark flanks, and manes and crests of foam, 


Speed to their doom,— yet, in the awful centre, 
Where the wild waves rush madliest to the steep, 

Just ere that white, unfathomed gulf they enter, 
Rear back in horror from the headlong leap, 


Then, maddening, plunge. A thousand more succeeding 
Sweep onward, troop on troop, again to urge 

The same fierce fight, as rapid and unheeding,— 
Again to pause in terror on the verge. 


Oft to an eye half closed, as if in solving 
Some mighty, mystic problem — half it seems 
Like some vast crystal wheel, ever revolving, 
Whose motion, earth’s — whose axle, earth’s extremes. 


We gaze and gaze, half lost in dreamy pleasure, 
On all that slow majestic wave reveals, 

While Fancy idly, vainly strives to measure 
How vast the cavern which its veil conceals. 


Whence come ye, O wild waters? By what scenes 
Of majesty and Beauty have ye flowed, 

In the wide continent that intervenes, 
Ere yet ye mingle in this common road? 


The Mountain King, upon his rocky throne, 
Laves his broad feet amid your rushing streams, 
And many a vale of loveliness unknown 
Is softly mirrored in their crystal gleams. 


740 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


They come — from haunts a thousand leagues away, 1847 
From ancient mounds, with deserts wide between, ii 
Cliffs, whose tall summits catch the parting day, 


And prairies blooming in eternal green; 


Yet the bright valley, and the flower-lit meadow, 
And the drear waste of wilderness, all past — 

Like that strange Life of which thou art the shadow, 
Must take the inevitable plunge at last. 


Whither we know not — but above the wave 

A gentle, white-robed spirit sorrowing stands, 
Type of the rising from that darker grave, 

Which waits the wanderer from Life’s weary lands. 


How long these wondrous forms, these colours splendid, 
Their glory over the wilderness have thrown! 

How long that mighty anthem has ascended 
To Him who wakened its eternal tone! 


That everlasting utterance thou shalt raise, 
A thousand ages ended, still the same, 

When this poor heart, that fain would add its praise, 
Has mouldered to nothing whence it came; 


When the white dwellings of man’s busy brood, 
Now reared in myriads o’er the peopled plain, 

Like snows have vanished, and the ancient wood 
Shall echo to the eagle’s shriek again, 


And all the restless crowds that now rejoice, 
And toil and traffic, in their eager moods, 
Shall pass — and nothing save thine awful voice 


Shall break the hush of these vast solitudes. 


741 


1847 
Coles 


1848 
Bulkley 


Niagara Falls 


CoLes, ABRAHAM. Niagara. (Jn his The microcosm, and other 
poems. N. Y.: Appleton. 1881. Pp. 219-222.) 


An apostrophe to the majesty, might, swiftness, and awfulness of 
Niagara. The author feels that 


Though this may seem, 
Type of Eternity, ‘twill pass away, 
A murmurous dream. 


1848 


BULKLEY, C. H. A. Niagara. A poem. N. Y.: Leavitt, Trow 
& Co: 16489 P55: 


The author tells us that these 3,600 lines are an attempt to answer the 
demand for a ‘‘ poem of more than ordinary length, truly American in its 
character ’’ on Niagara Falls. He says that his “* object has been not so 
much to describe at length the scenery of Niagara, in order to excite 
emotions in the reader similar to those of the beholder, for this would be 
vain endeavor, as to give a transcript of what passes through the mind of 
one who is supposed to witness so grand an achievement of nature.” The 
poem is tedious, with commonplace intervals, although it occasionally rises 
to the heights of true poetry. The analysis which follows gives an idea 
of the ambition and scope of the undertaking. 


ANALYSIS 


Introductory apostrophe — themes proposed. Aostrophe to 
the Fall as a vast form of life. The presence-chamber of God. A 
knight-errant. Restless spirits. [he streams — their lament — 
its uselessness. The Torrent like Time. A mourner over men 
and nations. The Indian — his chase — his death-song — his 
fall. Apostrophe to the Cataract as a Destroyer — an Historian 
—a warning Prophet —an oracle of Truth—a Chronicler 
undying — a tireless Laborer — and unswayed by man. The 
islands — refuge-spots —so are some hearts. Winter — the 
Fall ice-imprisoned. Spring — with a song of Liberty. Apos- 
trophe to Niagara River — passage down its banks. ‘The Cliffs 
— Death of Hungerford. The Cave of the Winds. The Pin- 


742 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 
nacle-Rock. The Whirlpool. Apostrophe to the Fall respect- 


ing its origin and early life. ‘The Fall’s Invocation to the Crea- 
tive Spirit for the Seasons. Evening and Night. The Hermit 
of the Fall —his birth-place and character — his strain — his 
melancholy and aspirations — his strife, disappointment, doom, 
fearful deed, remorse, and death. The Fall a witness of 
Redemption. Sunrise — typical of Genius. Hymn of Praise. 
Noon. The Flood’s Invocation. Poet. Musician. The Table- 
Rock. Beneath the Sheet. The Cataract’s hymn to the Creator. 
Proof of Deity. The Doom of Time, with the Flood’s death- 
dirge and fall. The Farewell to the Cataract. 


SPIRIT OF THE FALL 


What towering form erects its figure here, 
To check the footsteps of inquiring man, 
As if it were a sentry at his post, 

To guard with faithfulness the narrow pass? 
It is the Rock of Manitou, the Pinnacle 
On which the gloomy spirit of the Fall, 

Sits brooding o’er the tide below, that shows 
His fearful frowns reflected in its wave, 
Or feels the movements of his busy hand 
Searching its depths and torturing its course, 
Till its full currents reel in conscious pain! 


How high the Water-God his altar rears 

With jagged summits from a liquid base! 

How green the moss that decks its time-worn crown, 
Like youthful forms that cluster round old age! 
From yonder cliff, impending o’er the stream 
With shadowy fringes of the evergreen, 

This massive pile, like an inverted cone, 

Seems hurled in other years with giant hand, 


Upon the kindred masses dashed below! 
743 


1848 
Cooper 


1848 
Hine 


1848 
Kelsey 


1848 


Niagara Falls 


CooPER, JAMES FENIMORE. The oak openings; or, The bee-hunter. 
N. Y.: Burgess, Stringer. 1848. 2:216-217. 

In one particular, touching which we do not remember ever to 
have seen anything said, we were actually astonished at the sur- 
glory of Niagara. It was the character of sweetness if we can 
so express it, that glowed over the entire aspect of the scene. 
We were less struck with the grandenr of the cataract, than with 
its sublime softness and gentleness. 


Hine, E. Curtiss. <A night on the Niagara. (Jn his The haunted 
barque, and other poems. Auburn: Derby. 1848. Pp. 67-70.) 


The poet, who has gone down to a boat in the river to enjoy the beauty 
of the night, awakes from dreamy sleep to find himself drifting down 
stream without oars. After the most agonizing reflections, he finally saves 
himself by jumping on an island. 


KELseEy, RICHARD. Niagara. Jephthah. Remarks upon the de- 
fence of Wessex by Alfred the Great; with other compositions, in verse 


and prose. Lond.: 1848. 


A poem of extravagant apostrophe often to be found in Londen book- 
shops. 


—________—.. Niagara, a poem, by a member of the Ohio bar. 
N. Y.: Edward O. Jenkins. 1848. 
Describes the Falls from above, from below, gives the reflections inspired 
by the sight. It rises to its best in the last lines, beginning, “* Then so live — 
Even now 
When life appears most joyous, and its waves 
Take up a brisker dance, thou may’st approach 
The dreadful cataract. No power averts, 
No prayers postpone thine advent. Then so live, 
That when in the last fearful mortal hour, 
Thy wave, borne on at unexpected speed, 
O’erhangs the yawning chasm, soon to fall, 
Thou start not back affrighted, like a youth 
That wakes from sleep to find his feeble bark 
Suspended o’er Niagara, and with shrieks 
And unavailing cries alarms the air, 
744 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


Tossing his hands in frenzied fear a moment, 1848 
Then borne away forever! but with gaze 

Calm and serene look through the eddying mists, 

On faith’s unclouded brow, and take thy plunge 

As one whose Father’s arms are stretched beneath, 


Who falls into the bosom of his God! 


1849 
BABCOCK, JAMES STAUNTON. Niagara. (Jn his Visions and voices. 1849 
Hartford: Hunt. 1849. Pp. 131-132.) Babcock 


An apostrophe to the “* matchless Flood.”” A description of the Falls 
at night together with reflections on the evanescence of man and the ever- 
lastingness of Niagara. 


STREET, ALFRED BILLINGS. Frontenac; a poem. Lond.: Richard 1849 
Bentley. 1849. P. 157-158. Street 


A poem in nine cantos giving the history of Frontenac’s expedition 
against the Indians in 1696. In canto VI are found the Niagara verses, 
the last of which is quoted below: 


"Twas O-ni-ah-ga-rah there that hurled 
Its awful grandeur down its rock; 
Dim sign of that dread shape a world 
Reeling. shall see, when with fierce shock 
He'll plant His tread on sea and shore, 
And swear that Time shall be no more. 


Farther my harp is mute to tell 
Of the Sublime — The Terrible. 


WELLSTEED, J. The Falls of Niagara. (West. lit. mess’gr., July, 1849 
1849. 12:232.) Wellsteed 
All must confess who view this wondrous scene, 
That if God were not, this had never been; 
His voice here thunders in the mighty flood, 
And these rent rocks proclaim, their maker God. 
I love the dullness of the Cataract’s roar, 
And the wild grandeur of its craggy shore, 


745 


1849 
Wellsteed 


1850 
Gould 


1850 
Willis 


Niagara Falls 


I love to look upon the gulf below, 

Foaming and white like wildly-drifting snow; 

I love to watch the cloud-like mists that rise, 

To pay their weeping homage in the skies, 

And when the blazing orb of day burns low, 

I love to gaze upon the glorious bow, 

And mark the beauties of that “‘ bridge where time, 
Of light and darkness, forms an arch sublime,” 
These wonders calm the passions of the mind, 
And waken thoughts that leave the world behind. 
I love to linger till the envious night, 

Draws her dark curtain o’er the gorgeous sight, 
And when again the “ balmy hour of rest,” 
Returns, soft soother of the world distress’d, 

The Cataract’s roar shall lull me to repose, 
And slumber shut the door of mem’ry on my woes. 


1850 


GouLp, HANNAH F. Flower of Niagara. (Jn her New poems. 
Bost.: Reynolds. 1850. Pp. 150-152.) 


A moralizing poem inspired by a delicate white anemone plucked from 
a crevice in the limestone rock under the water sheet at the Falls. 


Table rock album and sketches of the Falls and scenery adjacent. 
3d. ed. Buffalo: Jewett, Thomas and Co. 1850. 


From the 1850 period and for some years, public albums were kept at 
the Table Rock and other points of interest at the Falls, for the record of 
*‘ Impressions” by the visitors. Several volumes of selections from these 
albums have been published, and while most of the would-be poetry which 
they contain is doggerel, occasionally there is a gleam of wit. The editor 
of one of these feels it is a matter of regret that ‘the innumerable host 
of visitors who have perpetuated composition in the volumes of manuscript 
now before us, should have added so little to the general stock of legiti- 
mate and permanent literature.” 

One of the best of these humorous verses is that credited to N. P. 
Willis. 


746 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


To view Niagara Falls one day, 1850 
A parson and a tailor took their way; wae 
The parson cried whilst wrapped in wonder, 

And listening to the cataract’s thunder, 

Lord! how thy works amaze our eyes, 

And fill our hearts with vast surprise; 

The tailor merely made this note — 

Lord! what a place to sponge a coat! 


Another wrote in the album: 


I have been to “ Termination Rock,” 
Where many have been before; 
But as I can’t describe the scene 
I won't say any more. 


1851 


Descent into the rapids of Niagara. An authentic narrative. 1851 
(Knicker. [N. Y.], Oct., 1851. 38:414-416.) 
The tale of a man who, moved to a frenzy of madness and forgetfulness 
by the Falls, allowed himself to float down the rapids in a skiff, which 
was fortunately shattered on a rock below Goat Island bridge, leaving the 
man to be rescued. 


SCHOOLCRAFT, HENRY R. Niagara, an allegory. (/n his The 1851 
American Indians. . . . Rochester: Wanzer, Foot. 1851. Schoolcraft 
P. 407.) 


A poem about the old gray man of the mountain and his five daughters, 
the five lakes, who ran away to look at the sea. 


(SCHOOLCRAFT, HENRY Rowe.) Western scenes and reminiscences; 
together with thnilling legends and traditions of the red men of the forest. 
. . . Auburn: Derby and Miller. Buffalo: Derby, Orton, and 
Mulligan. 1853. P. 407. 


Contains “ Niagara, an allegory.” 


1854 


McGuire, MIcHAEL. Thoughts on Niagara. (Jn Artman, William 1854 
and Hall, L. V., Beauties and achievements of the blind. Dansville, McGuire 
N. Y.: Pub. for the authors. 1854. Pp. 363-365.) 

747 


1854 
McGuire 


1854 


Brown 


Niagara Falls 


I stood where swift Niagara pours its flood 
Into the darksome caverns where it falls, 

And heard its voice, as voice of God, proclaim 
The power of Him, who let it on its course 
Commence, with the green earth’s first creation; 


And I was where the atmosphere shed tears, 
As giving back the drops the waters wept, 
On reaching that great sepulchre of floods,— 
Or bringing from above the bow of God, 
To plant its beauties in the pearly spray. 


And as I stood and heard, though seeing naught, 
Sad thoughts took deep possession of my mind, 
And rude imagination venturing forth, 
Did toil to pencil, though in vain, that scene, 
Which, in its every feature, spoke of God. 
“The poem develops a pathetic prayer for sight; and employs much 


exalted imagery attuned to the central idea that here Omnipotence speaks 
without ceasing; here is A temple where Jehovah is felt most.” 


Brown, Davip PAUL. Upon being asked to describe Niagara. (Jn 
Springs, water-falls, sea-baihing resorts, and mountain scenery of the 


United States and Canada; . . . N. Y.: J. Disturnell. 1855. 
P. 106.) 
Describe it! Who can ere describe 
The lightning’s flash — the thunder’s roll. 
Say what is Life, or what is Death, 
Or paint the portrait of the Soul? 


Describe the rainbow in the spray, 
The rapids in their wild career — 

Raging like ravenous beasts of prey, 
While all creation shrinks with fear? 


748 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


Go sketch and paint the humblest flower 1854 
That lends its fragrance to the grove; gis 
Go trace the feeblest star that gleams 
From the cerulean vaults above. 


Exhaust thyself, vain-glorious man, 
On scenes and subjects fit for thee, 

Nor dare presumptuously to scan 
The wondrous works of Eternity. 


The works of an Almighty hand 

None can depict — though all adore! 
Terrific — bold and beautiful. 

They breathe the sov’reignty of power. 


O God! it seems to me most strange 
That any man so mad should be 

To doubt, to disbelieve Thy power 
When thus, Creation speaks to Thee. 


1855 
Emily and Clara’s trip to Niagara Falls; by the editor of ** The youth’s 1855 
casket."” N. Y.: Phinney, Blakeman, and Mason. [ca. 1855.] 
Pp. 1—43.) 
A simple and interesting story giving a good idea of the different points 
of interest at the Falls. 


Table rock album and sketches of the Falls and scenery adjacent. 1855 
Buffalo: Thomas and Lathrops. 1855. 


1857 
CuTTER, G. W. Morning at the Falls. (Jn his Poems and fugitive 
pieces. Cincinnati: Moore, Wilstach, Keys. 1857. Pp. 266-268.) 
The author found it a fearful thing to look on the Falls, to feel the 
shock of the falling waters, and to see the vapor and rainbows. 


1857 


utter 


749 


1857 
Cutter 


1857 
Longfellow 


1858 
Canale 


1858 
Foster 


1858 
Gaskell 


1859 


1860 
Merritt 


1864 
Savage 


1865 
Richards 


Niagara Falls 


CuTTer, G. W. Niagara. (Jn his Poems and fugitive pieces. 
Cincinnati: Moore, Wilstach, Keys. 1857. Pp. 180-183.) 

The author describes the waters, rapids, and Falls until his muse drops 
her lyre in affright before the solemn grandeur of the scene. 


LoNGFELLow, S. Under the bridge at Niagara. (Jn his Hymns 
and verses. Bost.: Houghton, Miffin. 1894. Pp. 100-101.) 


1858 


CANALE, G. D. To Niagara. (Lit. liv. age, Aug. 28, 1858. 
58:716.) 


The translation of a short Greek lyric poem written July 10, 1858. 
** The poem is marked for its simplicity and beauty.” 


F[osteR], F[ANNY] E[L1zA]. Lines to a friend at Niagara. (Jn 
her Pebbles of poetry. Bost.: Foster. 1858. P. 20.) 


GASKELL, Mrs. An incident at Niagara. (Harp. w., June, 1858. 
17:80-82.) 


A dramatic tale, well-told, of the heroic rescue of two Irishmen from a 
small island in the midst of the rapids. 


1859 


Table rock album and sketches of the Falls and scenery adjacent. 
Buffalo: E. R. Jewett. 1859. 


1860 


MERRITT, J. P. Canada seventy years ago, or Prince E,dward’s visit 
to Niagara. 3d. ed. St. Catharines, Ont.: 1860. 


1864 


SAVAGE, JoHN. At Niagara. (Jn his Faith and fancy. N. Y.: 
Kirker. 1864. Pp. 61-63.) 


A poem in two parts describing the rapids and the feelings inspired by 
the Falls. 


1865 


RicHARDs, W. C. Niagara in spring. (Harp., Sept., 1865. 
31:428.) 
750 


re ee — A ——E ———— -_—_- ee iil 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


Oh, could I gaze forever on thy face, 1865 
Unwearied still, thou matchless waterfall, peters 
Whose twining spells of majesty and grace 
My ardent sense bewilder and enthrall! 


In all my moods thy charms, puissant sway, 
Enforce my will their master-spell to own; 
My heart leaps at thy voice — or grave or gay — 

And every chord is vibrant to thy tone. 


So many years I have come back to stand, 

With reverent awe, before thy glorious shrine — 
So close and long thy lineaments I’ve scanned — 

It seems thou shouldst grow something less divine. 


I know thy face, its shifting glooms and smiles, 
As cloud or sun upon thy bosom lies; 

Thy wrathful guise, thy witching, rainbow wiles 
Can wake no more for me the sweet surprise. 


I know thy voice — its terror and its glee 

Have in my ear so oft their changes rung, 
Nor forest winds nor anthems of the sea 

Speak to my soul with more familiar tongue. 


My feet have scaled thy storm-scarred battlements, 
And pressed the moss most emerald with thy tears, 
And still profaned thy lucent caverns, whence 
The neophyte comes pale with ghostly fears. 


Yet, as the more of God the soul perceives, 
And nigher Him is drawn, it worships more; 

So, in my heart, thy matchless beauty leaves 
Constraint, in thine, His grandeur to adore. 


751 


Niagara Falls 


1865 Within thy courts I come this vernal day, 
a Ere Fashion’s chimes invite the thoughtless throng; 
Almost alone I watch thy curling spray, 
And lose my breath to swell thy ceaseless song. 


I mark the flowers upon thy marge that blow, 
Sweet violets blue and campanule’s white bells; 
Their azure shines unblenched, unblushed their snow: 
These timid things feel not, as I, thy spells. 


And in thy woods the birds heed not thy roar, 
Where the brown thrush and painted oriole, 
All unabashed, their tides of song outpour, 
As if thy floods in terror did not roll. 


They do not know, the buds and birds around, 
How wonderful, how grand, how dread thou art; 
But I, transfixed by every sight and sound, 
Stand, worshipping thy Maker in my heart. 


I must go back where tides of commerce flow, 
And the dull roar of traffic cleaves the air; 

And in my heart sweet memories shall glow 
And to my dreams shall summon visions fair. 


Niagara! thou wilt freshen all my thought, 
And cool the breath of fevered noons for me; 

My days shall lapse with thy remembrance fraught, 
Thy voices chant my nights’ weird lullaby. 


Great torrent, speed thee to the lake and sea, 

With tireless smoke of spray and thund’rous roar; 
I bless my God, for all thy joy to me, 

Though I should see thy marvelous face no more. 


752 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


WEIDEMEYER, J. W. Niagara. (/n his Real and ideal; by John 1865 


W. Montclair. Phila.: Frederick Leypoldt. 1865. Pp. 49-51.)  Weidemeyer 


The Eden, naiades, fairy isles, magii, ice king, eternity and time all 
together. 
1866 
Over Niagara Falls. (Harp. w., Sept. 29, 1866. 10:612.) 1866 


The story of the drowning of two men carried over the Falls by the 
drawing of their boat into the rapids. 


Woop, M. Etva. Songs of the noon and night. N. Y. 1866. 1868 
P. 44. Wood 


Fourteen lines on “* Niagara,”’ in the tone “ All hail to thee Niagara! 


and all bow humble and silent before the monarch and representative of 
our Maker’s power.” 


1867 


Bicney, M. F. Visit of the sunbeams to the Falls of Niagara. (Jn 4867 
his The forest pilgrims, and other poems. New Orleans: Gresham. Bigney 
1867. Pp. 98-99.) 

A poem of forty-six lines describing the journey of the sun-beams from 
** orient realms ’’ to Niagara, “* sov’reign of streams and type of majesty,” 
to make “a rainbow-wreath to crown the Cascade King.” 


1868 
HALL, LANnsiNG V. Ode to Niagara. (/n his Voices of nature, 1868 
N. Y.: Gray and Green. 1868. Pp. 192-193.) Hall 


The author of this poem was blind. The ‘* Ode”’ is evidently intended 
to be humorous, but the humor consists largely in slang and bad grammar. 


Hymn of Niagara. (Choriambic.) (Putnam, May, 1868. 11:538.) 1868 


Here stand! here from the flood, raving unceasingly, 

Hoarse, shrill murmurs arise; shrill as the wind, when it 
Roars through the trees stripped of their foliage, 
Singing its wild anthem of liberty. 


With these come to the ear, ever at intervals, 
Quick notes, rattling and sharp; like the artillery 
Heard when a storm, driving up rapidly, 
Crashes the oaks with its thunder bolts. 


48 753 


1868 


1869 
Dewart 


1869 
Lord 


Niagara Falls 


Now rise, muffled in mist, rolling up heavily, 

Deep tones, awfully grand, shaking the earth, as they 
Swell like the low bass of the thunder-storm, 
Heard by the strained ear of the listener. 


Thus float over the mist ever in harmony 

Three tones, joyous and free, forming Niagara’s 
Anthem of praise, new every moment, yet 
Changeless as time, old as eternity. 


1869 
DEWART, EDWARD HARTLEY. Songs of life; a collection of poems. 
Toronto: Dudley and Burns. 1869. Pp. 79-82. 


A reflective poem of the emotions and thoughts stirred by Niagara. 
Religious in tone. 


LorpD, JOHN C. The genius of Niagara. (Jn his Occasional poems. 
Buffalo: Breed and Lent. 1869. Pp. 19-22.) 


A description of the proud demon of waters against whom Winter and 
Time are both powerless. 
Proud Demon of the waters — thou 
Around whose stern and stormy brow 
Circles the rainbow’s varied gem — 
The Vapor Spirit’s diadem — 
While rushing headlong at thy feet, 
The everlasting thunders meet. 


Throned on the mists, around thy form 
Is dashing an eternal storm, 

Whose ceaseless, changeless earthquake shock 
The tempests of old Ocean mock, 

And the dark Sea-King yields to thee, 

The meed of might and majesty. 


754 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


Depth, Sound, Immensity have lent 
Their terrors to thy element; 
Thy congregated waters yell 
Down caverns fathomless as Hell, 
While Heaven’s glorious hues are set 
About thy gorgeous coronet. 


Titanic winter strives in vain 
To bind thee in his icy chain, 
Which rent by resistless wave 
Finds in thy fearful depths — a grave; 
Or the torn fragments glistening lie 
In the glare of thy kingly eye. 


A silvery web among thy trees 
Unruffled by the passing breeze 
The vanquished Ice-King for thee weaves, 
And gives them gems for winter leaves, 
And rears thee columns, bright and vast, 
Their radiance through thy halls to cast. 


The giant Time hath never yet 
His footsteps in thy waters set; 
Grimly passing thy fall, he tries 
To notch his by-gone centuries 
Along the dark and devious track 
Of thy rock-crashing Cataract. 


Emblem of Power — the mighty Sun 
Hath found and left thee roaring on, 

Thou wert with Chaos, e’er his light 
Shone out upon the starless night, 

Sole relic of that awful day 

When all in wild confusion lay. 


755 


1869 
Lord 


1869 
Lord 


1870 
Edwards 


1870 
Hanaford 


Niagara Falls 
And when Air, Earth, and Sea and Sky 


Formless again together lie, 
When judgment fires are kindling o’er 
Old Nature’s wreck — Niagara’s roar, 
First echo in the ear of Time, 
Shall sing his requiem sublime. 


1870 
Epwarps, C[HARLES] R. A story of Niagara. To which are 
appended reminiscences of a custom house officer. Buffalo: Breed, 


ent) 18700 Pp =289: 
A story of smuggling on the frontier with scenes at the Falls. 


HANAForD, Mrs. PHEBE A. Niagara. (Jn her From shore to 
shore and other poems. Bost.: D.B. Russell. San Francisco: A. L. 
Banerott: & Co... 1871.) \(P:, 2154) 

This poem of Mrs. Hanaford’s is not easy to find. 


While many libraries contain some of her sermons and prose writings, 
few libraries of the present day contain “From shore to shore,” which 
is typical of the taste of an earlier generation. Several collections of 
Niagara poetry will be found to contain Mrs. Hanaford’s “* Niagara.” 


Awe-struck I stand 
Beside this avalanche of waves, and hear 
The voice of God from out these watery depths. 
Emotion-full, my soul in vain essays 
To speak the thoughts that by this scene have birth. 
Hark! to the voice of many waters here: 
Like that great voice in Patmos heard by John, 
It speaks of power, resistless energy, 
And mighty purpose unconfined by man. 
To me it speaks of God’s almighty love, 
Forever surging round the human soul: 
The rocks of sin, the shoals of ignorance, 
But bid those waves of love in tumult rise, 
756 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


In rapids like old ocean’s storm-waves, or, as here, 1870 
In one vast water-sheet, the cataract’s plunge. — 
Thus shall it flow till time shall be no more, 

And every soul is borne upon its waves, 

All cleansed by its pure waters, to the land 

Where, joyful, they shall all be moored at last. 


1871 
BaRLow, JOHN R. John’s trip; or, A visit to Niagara falls. A 1871 
serio-comic poem in four cantos. Niagara Falls: William Pool. 1871. Barlow 
By the author of the “‘ Maiden of the Mist.’”’ It tells of the tnp of 
John, Downeast Hayseed, to New York City, up the Hudson, to Niagara, 
and adventures with Niagara Falls sharpers. 
Up in the morning early 
Ere day was well begun, 
John started forth to see the sights 
E’en with the rising sun. 
But early though he took the road 
A “hack” was there as well; 
And long the driver followed him 
And great things he did tell. 


He said to John that he would show 
To him a view full rare 

For five cents, and the trip should be 
Made in that carriage there. 

John thought that that was cheap enough 
And therefore did agree; 

He jumped into the hack and down 
That rare sight went to see. 


John said I don’t see how, my friend, 
You make this business pay, 
To live at all you surely must 
Make many trips a day, 
757 


1871 
Barlow 


Niagara Falls 


Or else for making money you 
Must have some other ways. 
The driver smiled a queerish smile 

And simply said, it pays. 


John gazed with admiration deep 
Upon the rapids grand, 

Which up in seeming merriment 
Leapt high on every hand. 


The driver broke John’s rapture up 
By asking him if he 

Would like to see the Falls in all 
Their mighty majesty. 

He said no good view could be had 
Unless they went around; 


But there grand beauty unexcelled 
Could easily be found. 


John said “ all right, we'll drive around, 
I came the Falls to view, 

And hang me if I don’t intend 
To see the whole thing through.” 

Poor foolish youth, his verdancy 
Would make a cynic laugh, 

Most anyone would be content 


With seeing less than half. 


But round they went and o’er the Bridge 
And into Canada; 

I'll guarantee John ne’er forgets 
The trip he made that day. 

And here allow me to remark 
This game is often played, 

They call it ** turning,’ and God help 
You when that “tum” is made. 


758 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


They cross the Bridge then down the bank 
The Table Rock to view, 

And here is where the “* Native Sharks ” 
Commence to “ put you through.” 

Ere John had from the carriage stepped 
A chap came out to know 


If he would like a picture of 
Himself and Falls also. 


John asked the price, but not a word 
Could he get in reply, 

But round about with plates prepared 
The operators fly; 

And in a twinkling they turn out 
A sight would make you laugh, 


For which they tax poor simple John 
Four dollars and a half. 


Into the Table Rock House next 
Poor John is soon betrayed, 

And there they put him through as if 
The devil lent his aid; 

They show him Indian relics rich 
And, believe me, they were raw; 

John buys a lot of things for which 
He does not care a straw. 


John begs the driver to depart 
Ere he be ruined quite, 
But ere a dozen rods are made 
He’s doomed to re-alight. 
And now the “ Museum” minions 
Around him quickly swarm, 
And ere he’s well upon his feet 
He’s dragged in by the arm. 
759 


1871 
Barlow 


1871 
Barlow 


Niagara Falls 


They wrap him up in oilcloth robes 
Ere he be well aware, 

And o’er the street they hurry him 
To take him down the stair; 

John grabbed the railing and in words 
By desperation lent, 

Demanded of his captors grim 
What they in thunder meant? 


They told him they were taking him 
Behind the waterfall, 

And that the way was easy and 
Not dangerous at all. 

Stull hanging on he asked how much 
For this he’d have to pay; 

** Just give the guide whate’er you wish, 
That is the gen’ral way.” 


So John let go and followed them 
Along the winding way, 

But little worth for money spent 
Did he get there that day. 

His feet got wet, his boots got spoilt, 
Likewise his collar too, 

He gave the guides each fifty cents 
To see that humbug view. 


Then through the Museum he is led 
And all the wonders shown, 
Gathered from every spot on earth 
From ev'ry land that’s known. 
They lead him through the office then 
As butchers lead a calf, 
And when he starts to go they say 
Two dollars and a half. 
760 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 
‘Two dollars and a half,” says John, 


*“ Good gracious! what for now? 

I haven’t bought a single thing. 
I’m sure you will allow.” 

“Two dollars of this sum is for 
Your trip behind the sheet, 

And fifty cents the Museum through 


Just makes the sum complete.” 


“ Oh but,” says John, ‘I paid the guides, 
I cannot pay you twice.” 
*“That’s nought to us,” the “* shark ”’ replies, 
“Two dollars is our price.” 
“**'Tis robbery I swear,” says John, 
“Tl pay it if I must, 
Of all the ‘ beats’ that ever beat 
You beat the very worst.” 


Then to the Battle Ground he went, 
The Burning Spring as well, 

Another dollar from his purse, 
Which now had lost its swell. 

The forenoon now was well nigh gone 
And John had hungry grown, 

His watch proclaimed this certain fact 
Five hours had nearly flown. 


Then homeward they in haste did drive, 
They landed safe and sound; 
John searched his pockets through and soon 
A five-cent piece he found; 
Then to driver he did hand 
That five cent nickel piece; 
The driver took it — turned it o’er, 
And said “ pray what is this? ” 
761 


1871 
Barlow 


1871 
Barlow 


Niagara Falls 
** Why that is for the ride,”’ said John, 


The bargain was, you know, 
The Falls and all the views around 
For five cents you would show.” 
** Five cents be d d,”’ the driver said, 
“TT guess I’ll make you sneeze, 
Perhaps you take me for a ‘ flat;’ 
Ten dollars if you please.” 


**Oh Lord! ”’ says John, “ you heartless wretch! 
I ne’er was used so sore, 

You saw me robbed along the way 
A dozen times or more, 

But ne’er a warning you did give, 
No word for me you had, 

And now you rob me worst of all, 


This really is too bad.” 


**T saw you robbed along the way? ” 
Well, yes,” the driver said, 

** But why should I give warning when 
I got the half you paid. 

I didn’t care a cuss so long 
’S your pocket book held out, 


If I had seen it running low 
You bet I’d turned about.” 


** But don’t imagine that I take 
A cent more than is right. 

The law allows me what I ask 
I don’t overcharge a mite, 

Here are (established by the law) 
Our latest rates of fare, 

Just read them o’er and you will find 
My charge is fair and square.”’ 


762 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


John pulled his pocket-book out slow 1871 
And laid the money down, Barlow 
“From this time I will ride no more 
While I am in the town.” 
Then off to dinner he did go 
Which was made ready soon, 


Then by himself he strolled away 


To spend the afternoon.” 


HowE.yts, WILLIAM DEAN. Avery. (/n his Their wedding 1871 
journey. Boston and N. Y.: Houghton Mifflin and Co. 1888. Howells 
Pp. 139-141.) 


The hero recites these lines to the heroine as they sit on Goat Island at 
the brink of the rapids. It is a most graphic account in verse of unsuc- 
cessful attempts to rescue a man who had gone over the Fall. Since its 
first publication in Their wedding journey, it has appeared in several 
compilations of Niagara literature and verse, notably in Longfellow’s 
Poems of places. 


I 


All night long they heard in the houses beside the shore, 

Heard, or seemed to hear, through the multitudinous roar, 

Out of the hell of the rapids as ‘twere a lost soul’s cries: 

Heard and could not believe; and the morning mocked their eyes 
Showing where wildest and fiercest the waters leaped up and ran 
Raving round him and past, the visage of a man 

Clinging, or seeming to cling, to the trunk of a tree that, caught 
Fast in the rocks below, scarce out of the surges raught. 

Was it a life, could it be, to yon slender hope that clung? 
Shrill, above all the tumult the answering terror rung. 


IT 


Under the weltering rapids a boat from the bridge is drowned, 

Over the rocks the lines of another are tangled and wound, 

And the long, fateful hours of the morning have wasted soon, 

As it had been in some blessed trance, and now it is noon. 

Hurry, now with the raft! But O, build it strong and stanch, 

And to the lines and treacherous rocks look well as you launch 
763 


1871 
Howells 


Niagara Falls 


Over the foamy tops of the waves, and the foam-sprent sides, 
Over the hidden reefs, and through the embattled tides, 

Onward rushes the raft, with many a lurch and leap,— 

Lord! if it strike him loose from the hold he scarce can keep! 
No! through all peril unharmed, it reaches him harmless at last, 
And to its proven strength he lashes his weakness fast. 

Now, for the shore! But steady, steady, my men, and slow; 
Taut, now, the quivering lines; now slack; and so, let her go! 
Thronging the shores around stand the pitying multitude; 
Wan as his own are their looks, and a nightmare seems to brood 
Heavy upon them, and heavy the silence hangs on all, 

Save for the rapids’ plunge, and the thunder of the fall. 

But on a sudden thrills from the people still and pale, 
Chorussing his unheard despair, a desperate wail; 

Caught on a lurking point of rock it sways and swings, 

Sport of the pitiless waters, the raft to which he clings. 


Ill 


All the long afternoon it idly swings and sways; 

And on the shore the crowd lifts up its hands and prays: 

Lifts to heaven and wrings the hands so helpless to save, 

Prays for the mercy of God on him whom the rock and the wave 

Battle for, fettered betwixt them, and who amidst their strife 

Struggles to help his helpers, and fights so hard for his life,— 

Tugging at rope and at reef, while men weep and women swoon. 

Priceless second by second, so wastes the afternoon. 

And it is sunset now; and another boat and the last 

Down to him from the bridge through the rapids has safely 
passed. 


IV 


Wild through the crowd comes flying a man that nothing can stay, 
Maddening against the gate that is locked athwart his way. 
“No! we keep the bridge for them that can help him. You, 
Tell us, who are you?” “His brother! ’’ ‘‘ God help you 
both! Pass through.” 
764 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


Wild, with wide arms of imploring he calls aloud to him, 1871 
Unto the face of his brother, scarce seen in the distance dim; wells 
But in the roar of the rapids his fluttering words are lost 
As in a wind of autumn the leaves of autumn are tossed. 
And from the bridge he sees his brother sever the rope 
Holding him to the raft, and rise secure in his hope; 
Sees all as in a dream the terrible pageantry, — 
Populous shores, the woods, the sky, the birds flying free; 
Sees, then, the form,— that, spent with effort and fasting and 
fear, 
Flings itself feebly and fails of the boat that is lying so near,— 
Caught in the long-baffled clutch of the rapids, and rolled and 
hurled 


Headlong on to the cataract’s brink, and out of the world. 


HowEL_s, WILLIAM DEAN. Their wedding journey. Boston and 
N. Y.: Houghton Mifflin and Co. 1888. Pp. 119-171, 288-319. 


Howell’s descriptions of the Niagara scenery in this story rank with 
the artistic and sympathetic study of Charles Dudley Warner in Their 
pilgrimage. Like Warner, Howells has used the Falls as a background 
upon which to project his characters. In the edition cited, the last chapter 
contains the story of Niagara revisited twelve years after their wedding 
journey. On page 139 is found the poem entitled Avery which is quoted 
separately. 


I am not sure but the first emotion on viewing Niagara is that 
of familiarity. Ever after, its strangeness increases; but in that 
earliest moment, when you stand by the side of the American fall, 
and take in so much of the whole as your glance can compass, 
an impression of having seen it often before is certainly very vivid. 
This may be an effect of that grandeur which puts you at your 
ease in its presence; but it also undoubtedly results in part from 
lifelong acquaintance with every variety of futile picture of the 
scene. You have its outward form clearly in your memory; the 
shores, the rapids, the islands, the curve of the Falls, and the stout 
rainbow with one end resting on their top and the other lost in 
the mists that rise from the gulf beneath. On the whole I do not 


765 


1871 
Howells 


Niagara Falls 


account this sort of familiarity a misfortune. The surprise is 
none the less a surprise because it is kept till the last, and the 
marvel, making itself finally felt in every nerve, and not at once 
through a single sense, all the more fully possesses you. It is as 
if Niagara reserved her magnificence, and preferred to win your 
heart with her beauty; and so Isabel, who was instinctively pre- 
pared for the reverse, suffered a vague disappointment, for a little 
instant, as she looked along the verge from the water that 
caressed the shore at her feet before it flung itself down, to the 
wooded point that divides the American from the Canadian Fall, 
beyond which showed dimly through its veil of golden and 
silver mists the emerald wall of the great Horse-Shoe. “How still 
it is!’ she said, amidst the roar that shook the ground under their 
feet and made the leaves tremble overhead, and ‘* How lone- 
some! ” amidst the people lounging and sauntering about in every 
direction among the trees. In fact that prodigious presence does 
make a solitude and silence round every spirit worthy to perceive 
it, and it gives a kind of dignity to all its belongings, so that the 
rocks and pebbles in the water’s edge, and the weeds and grasses 
that nod above it, have a value far beyond that of such common 
things elsewhere. In all the aspects of Niagara there seems a 
grave simplicity, which is perhaps a reflection of the spectator’s 
soul for once utterly dismantled of affectation and convention. 
In the vulgar reaction from this, you are of course as trivial, if you 
like, at Niagara, as anywhere. 

. . . Emerging into the light again, she found herself at the 
foot of the fall by whose top she had just stood. 

At first she was glad there were other people down there, as 
if she and Basil were not enough to bear it alone, and she could 
almost have spoken to the two hopelessly pretty brides, with 
parasols and impertinent little boots, whom their attendant 
husbands were helping over the sharp and slippery rocks, so bare 
beyond the spray, so green and mossy with the fall of mist. But 
in another breath she forgot them, as she looked on that dizzied 

766 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


sea, hurling itself from the high summit in huge white knots, and 
breaks and masses, and plunging into the gulf beside her, while 
it sent continually up a strong voice of lamentation, and crawled 
away in vast eddies, with somehow a look of human terror, 
bewilderment and pain. It was bathed in snowy vapor to its 
crest, but now and then heavy currents of air drew this aside, and 
they saw the outline of the Falls almost as far as the Canada side. 
They remembered afterwards how they were able to make use 
of but one sense at a time, and how when they strove to take in 
the forms of the descending flood, they ceased to hear it; but as 
soon as they released their eyes from this service, every fibre in 
them vibrated to the sound, and the spectacle dissolved away in 
it. They were aware, too, of a strange capriciousness in their 
senses, and of a tendency of each to palter with the things per- 
ceived. The eye could no longer take truthful note of quality, 
and now beheld the tumbling deluge as a Gothic wall of carven 
marble, white, motionless, and now as a fall of lightest snow, 
with movement in all its atoms, and scarce so much cohesion as 
would hold them together; and again they could not discern if 
this course were from above or from beneath, whether the water 
rose from the abyss or dropped from the height. The ear could 
give the brain no assurance of the sound that filled it, and 
whether it were great or little; the prevailing softness of the 
cataract’s tone seemed so much opposed to ideas of prodigious 
force or of prodigious volume. It was only when the sight, so 
idle in its own behalf, came to the aid of the other sense, and 
showed them the mute movement of each other’s lips, that they 
dimly appreciated the depth of sound that involved them. 

Over the river, so still with its oily eddies and delicate wreaths 
of foam, just below the Falls they have in late years woven a web 
of wire high in air and hung a bridge from precipice to precipice. 
Of all the bridges made with hands it seems the lightest, most 
ethereal; it is ideally graceful, and droops from its slight towers 
like a garland. It is worthy to command, as it does, the whole 
grandeur of Niagara, and to show the traveller the vast spectacle, 

767 


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Niagara Falls 


ee from the beginning of the American Fall to the farthest limit of 
the Horse-Shoe, with all the awful pomp of the rapids, the solemn 
darkness of the wooded islands, the mystery of the vaporous gulf, 
the indomitable wildness of the shores, as far as the eye can reach 
up or down the fatal stream. 

The last hues of sunset lingered in the mists that sprung from 
the base of the Falls with a mournful, tremulous grace, and a 
movement weird as the play of the northern lights. They were 
touched with the most delicate purples and crimsons, that 
darkened to deep red, and then faded from them at a second 
look, and they flew upward, swiftly upward, like troops of pale, 
transparent ghosts; while a perfectly clear radiance, better than 
any other for local color, dwelt upon the scene. Far under the 
bridge the river smoothly swam, the undercurrents forever 
unfolding themselves upon the surface with a vast rose-like evolu- 
tion, edged all around with faint lines of white, where the air 
that filled the water freed itself in foam. What had been clear 
green on the face of the cataract was here more like rich verd- 
antique, and had a look of firmness almost like that of the stone 
itself. So it showed beneath the bridge, and down the river till 
the curving shores hid it. These, springing abruptly from the 
water's brink, and shagged with pine and cedar, displayed the 
tender verdure of grass and bushes intermingled with the dark 
evergreens that climb from ledge to ledge, till they point their 
speary tops above the crest of bluffs. In front, where tumbled 
rocks and expanses of naked clay varied the gloomier and gayer 
green, sprung those spectral mists; and through them loomed out, 
in its manifold majesty, Niagara, with the seemingly immovable 

white Gothic screen of the American Fall, and the green massive 
curve of the Horse-Shoe, solid and simple and calm as an 
Egyptian wall; while behind this, with their white and black 
expanses broken by dark foliaged little isles, the steep Canadian 
rapids billowed down between their heavily wooded shores. 


768 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


The next morning they went out as they had planned, for an 1871 
exploration of Goat Island, after an early breakfast. : Higrell 


On the bridge, they paused and looked up and down the 
rapids rushing down the slope in all their wild variety, with the 
white crests of breaking surf, the dark massiveness of heavy- 
climbing waves, the fleet, smooth sweep of currents over broad 
shelves of sunken rock, the dizzy swirl and suck of whirlpools. 

Spell-bound, the journeyers pored upon the deathful course 
beneath their feet, gave a shudder to the horror of being cast 
upon it, and then hurried over the bridge to the island, in the 
shadow of whose wildness they sought refuge from the sight and 
sound. 

There had been rain in the night; the air was full of forest 
fragrance, and the low, sweet voice of twittering birds. 


Goat Island is marvelously wild for a place visited by so many 
thousands every year. “The shrubbery and undergrowth remain 
unravaged, and form a deceitful privacy, in which, even at that 
early hour of the day, they met many other pairs. 


Our friends returned by the shore of the Canadian rapids, 
having traversed the island by a path through the heart of the 
woods, and now drew slowly near the Falls again. All parts of 
the prodigious pageant have an eternal novelty, and they beheld 
the ever-varying effect of that constant sublimity with the sense 
of discoverers, or rather of people whose great fortune it is to 
see the marvel in its beginning, and new from the creating hand. 
The morning hour lent its sunny charm to this illusion, while in 
the cavernous precipices of the shores, dark with evergreens, a 
mystery as of primeval night seemed to linger. There was a wild 
fluttering of their nerves, a rapture with an under-consciousness 
of pain, the exaltation of peril and escape, when they came to 
the three little isles that extend from Goat Island, one beyond 

49 769 


1871 
Howells 


Niagara Falls 


another far out into the furious channel. Three pretty suspension 
bridges connect them now with the larger island, and under each 
of these flounders a huge rapid, and hurls itself away to mingle 
with the ruin of the fall. The Three Sisters are mere fragments 
of wilderness, clumps of vine-tangled woods, planted upon 
masses of rock; but they are part of the fascination of Niagara 
which no one resists; 


he . . . went alone to the top of the audacious 
little structure standing on the verge of the cataract, between the 
smooth curve of the Horse-Shoe and the sculptured front of the 
Central Fall, with the stormy sea of the Rapids behind, and the 
river, dim seen through the mists, crawling away between its lofty 
bluffs before. He knew again the awful delight with which so 
long ago he had watched the changes in the beauty of the 
Canadian Fall as it hung a mass of translucent green from the 
brink, and a pearly white seemed to crawl up from the abyss, and 
penetrate all its substance to the very crest, and then suddenly 
vanished from it, and perpetually renewed the same effect. The 
mystery of the rising vapors veiled the gulf into which the cataract 
swooped; the sun shone, and a rainbow dreamed upon them. 


After dinner they drove on the Canada shore up past the 
Clifton House, towards the Burning Spring, which is not the 
least wonder of Niagara. As each bubble breaks upon the 
troubled surface, and yields its flash of infernal flame and its whiff 
of sulphurous stench, it seems hardly strange that the Neutral 
Nation should have revered the cataract as a demon; and another 
subtle spell (not to be broken even by the business-like composure 
of the man who shows off the hell-broth) is added to those suc- 
cessive sorceries by which Niagara gradually changes from a 
thing of beauty to a thing of terror. By all odds, too, the most 
tremendous view of the Falls is afforded by the point on this drive 
whence you look down upon the Horse-Shoe, and behold its three 

770 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


massive walls of sea rounding and sweeping into the gulf together, 1871 
the color gone, and the smooth brink showing black and ridgy. sicko 

But all troubles passed with the night, and the next morning 
they spent a charming hour about Prospect Point, and in saunter- 
ing over Goat Island, somewhat daintily tasting the flavors of the 
place on whose wonders they had so hungrily and indiscriminately 
feasted at first. “They had already the feeling of veteran visitors, 
and they loftily marveled at the greed with which newer-comers 
plunged at the sensations. They could not conceive why people 
should want to descend the inclined railway to the foot of the 
American Fall; they smiled at the idea of going up Terrapin 
Tower; they derided the vulgar daring of those who went out 
upon the Three Weird Sisters; for some whom they saw about 
to go down the Biddle Stairs to the Cave of the Winds, they had 
no words to express their contempt. 

Then they made their excursion to the Whirlpool, mistakenly 
going down on the American side, for it is much better seen from 
the other, though seen from any point it is the most impressive 
feature of the whole prodigious spectacle of Niagara. 

Here within the compass of a mile, those inland seas of the 
North, Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, and the multitude of 
smaller lakes, all pour their floods, where they swirl in dreadful 
vortices, with resistless under-currents boiling beneath the surface 
of that mighty eddy. Abruptly from this scene of secret power, 
so different from the thunderous splendors of the cataract itself, 
rise lofty cliffs on every side, to a height of two hundred feet, 
clothed from the water’s edge almost to their crests with dark 
cedars. Noiselessly, so far as your senses perceive, the lakes steal 
out of the whirlpool, then, drunk and wild, with brawling rapids 
roar away to Ontario through the narrow channel of the river. 
Awful as the scene is, you stand so far above it that you do not 
know the half of its terribleness; for those waters that look so 
smooth are’great ridges and rings, forced, by the impulse of the 
currents, twelve feet higher in the centre than at the margin. 

771 


1871 
Howells 


Niagara Falls 


Nothing can live there, and with what is caught in its hold, the 
maelstrom plays for days, and whirls and tosses round and round 
in its toils, with a sad, maniacal patience. The guides tell ghastly 
stories, which even their telling does not wholly rob of ghastliness, 
about the bodies of drowned men carried into the whirlpool and 
made to enact upon its dizzy surges a travesty of life, apparently 
floating there at their pleasure, diving and frolicking amid the 
waves, or frantically struggling to escape from the death that has 
long since befallen them. 


On the American side, not far below the railway suspension 
bridge, is an elevator more than a hundred and eighty feet high, 
which is meant to let people down to the shore below, and to give 
a view of the rapids on their own level. 


: . . at last they stood upon a huge fragment of stone 
right abreast of the rapids. Yet it was a magnificent sight, and 
for a moment none of them were sorry to have come. ‘The surges 
did not look like the gigantic ripples on a river’s course as they 
were, but like a procession of ocean billows; they arose far aloft 
in vast bulks of clear green, and broke heavily into foam at the 
crest. Great blocks and shapeless fragments of rock strewed the 
margin of the awful torrent; gloomy walls of dark stone rose 
naked from these, bearded here and there with cedar, and every- 
where frowning with shaggy brows of evergreen. The place is 
inexpressibly lonely and dreadful, and one feels like an alien 
presence there, or as if he had intruded upon some mood or haunt 
of Nature in which she had a right to be forever alone. The 
slight, impudent structure of the elevator rises through the solitude, 
like a thing that merits ruin, yet it is better than something more 
elaborate, for it looks temporary, and since there must be an 
elevator, it is well to have it of the most transitory aspect. Some 
such quality of rude impermanence consoles you for the presence 
of most improvements by which you enjoy Niagara; the suspen- 

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Music — Poetry — Fiction 


sion bridges for their part being saved from offensiveness by their 1871 
beauty and unreality. Howells 


“We come to Niagara in the patronizing spirit in 
which we approach everything nowadays, and for a few hours 
we have it our own way, and pay our little tributes of admiration 
with as much complacency as we feel in acknowledging the exist- 
ence of the Supreme Being. But after a while we are aware of 
some potent influence undermining our self-satisfaction; we begin 
to conjecture that the great cataract does not exist by virtue of our 
approval, and to feel that it will not cease when we go away, 
The second day makes us its abject slaves, and on the third we 
want to fly from it in terror. I believe some people stay for 
weeks, however, and hordes of them have written odes to 
Niagara.” 


The moon which is elsewhere so often of wormwood, 
or of the ordinary green cheese at the best, is of lucent honey 
there from the first of June to the last of October; and this is a 
great charm in Niagara. I think with tenderness of all the lives 
that have opened so fairly there; the hopes that have regained in 
the glad young hearts; the measureless tide of joy that ebbs and 
flows with the arriving and departing trains. Elsewhere there 
are carking cares of business and of fashion, there are age, and 
sorrow, and heartbreak; but here only youth, faith, rapture. 
I kiss my hand to Niagara for that reason, and would I were a 
poet for a quarter of an hour. 


PaLacio, Don VICENTE RivA and Mateos, Don Juan A, 1871 
La cataracta del Niagara. (Jn their Dramatic works. Mexico City, Palacio and 
1871.) Mateos 


The time of this drama, written in verse, is 1847. The first two acts 
are set in Mexico City, and the third at Niagara. 


1872 
BipDLE, Horace P. Niagara. (Jn his Poems. N. Y.: Riverside 1872 
Press. 1872. . P. 237.) Biddle 
773 


Niagara Falls 


1872 A sonnet addressed to ‘‘Almighty God” who 
Biddle Here, by these waters, in their ceaseless flow, 
Has fixed His covenant. Behold the Bow! 
And while earth trembles ’neath the mighty load, 
Man sees the promise and the power of God! 


1872 RipcEty, A. S. (Poem) (Jn Holley, G. W., Niagara; its history 
| Ridgely and geology, incidents and poetry. . . . N. Y., Buffalo, Toronto. 
1872. Pp. 164-165.) 
Man lays his sceptre on the ocean waste, 
His foot-prints stiffen in the Alpine snows, 
But only God moves visibly in Thee, 
Oh King of Floods! that with resistless fate 
Down plungest in thy mighty width and depth. 
Amazement, terror, fill, 
Impress and overcome the gazer’s soul. 
Man’s schemes and dreams and petty littleness 
Lie open and revealed. Himself far less — 
Kneeling before thy great confessional — 
Than are bubbles of the passing tides. 
Words may not picture thee, nor pencil paint 
Thy might of waters, volumed vast and deep; 
Thy many-toned and all pervading voice; 
Thy wood-crown’d Isle, fast anchor’d on the brink 
Of the dread precipice; thy double stream, 
Divided, yet in beauty unimpaired; 
Thy wat’ry caverns and thy crystal walls; 
Thy crest of sunlight and thy depths of shade, 
Boiling and seething like a Phlegethon 
Amid the wind-swept and convolving spray, 
Steady as Faith and beautiful as Hope. 
There, of beam and cloud the fair creation, 
The rainbow arches its ethereal hues. 
From flint and granite in compacture strong; 
Not with steel thrice harden’d — but with the wave 


Soft and translucent — did the new-born Time 
774 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


1872 


Chisel thy altars. Here hast thou ever poured 
Ridgely 


Earth’s grand libation to Eternity, 
Thy misty incense rising unto God — 


The God that was and is and is to be. 


Thoughts on visiting Niagara. (Jn Holley, G. W., Niagara; its 1872 
history and geology, incidents and poetry. . . . N. Y., Buffalo, 
Moronto. 1872. Pp. 157-158.) 

I wonder how long you've been a roarin’ 

At this infernal rate; 
I wonder if all you’ve been a pourin’ 
Could be ciphered on a slate. 


I wonder how such a thund’rin’ sounded 
When all New York was woods; 

I suppose some Indians have been drownded 
When rains have raised your floods. 


I wonder if wild stags and buffaloes 
Hav nt stood where now I stand; 

Well, spose — bein’ scared at first — they stub’d their toes, 
I wonder where they’d land! 


I wonder if the rainbow’s been a shinin’ 
Since sunrise at creation; 

And this water-fall been underminin’ 
With constant spateration! 


That Moses never mentioned ye, I’ve wondered, 
While other things describin’. 
My conscience! how loud you must have thunder’d 


While the deluge was subsidin’! 


My thoughts are strange, magnificent and deep, 
While I look down on thee. 
Oh! what a splendid place for washing sheep 
Niagara would be! 
775 


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Niagara Falls 


1872 And oh! what a tremendous water power 
Is wasted o’er its edge! 
One man might furnish all the world with flour 
With a single privilege. 


I wonder how many times the lakes have all 
Been emptied over here? 


Why Clinton didn’t feed the Grand Canawl 


From hence, I think is queer. 


1872 TUPPER, MARTIN FARQUHAR. Niagara. (/n Holley, George W., 
Tupper Niagara; its history and geology, incidents and poetry. . . . N. Y., 


Buffato., Voronto, \ 672.) P1632) 
By the author of Tupper’s Proverbial Philosophy. 


I longed for Andes; all around and Alps, 
Hoar kings and priests of Nature robed in snow, 
Throned as for judgment in a solemn row, 

With icy mitres on their giant scalps, 
Dumb giants frowning at the strife below. 


I longed for the sublime. Thou art too fair, 
Too fair, Niagara, to be sublime! 
In calm, slow strength thy mighty floods do flow 
And stand a cliff of Cataracts in the air, 
Yet all too beauteous, Water bride of Time! 


Veiled in soft mists and cinctured by the bow, 
Thy pastoral charms may fascinate the sight, 

But have not power to set my soul aglow, 
Raptured by fear and wonder and delight. 


1873 < 
1873 TaAyLor, BAYARD. The chiropodist; a story of the watering places— 
Taylor IJ]—Niagara. (Harp. w., 1873. 24:465—466.) 
Niagara used as the background for the happy denouement of a love 
story. 
776 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


1874 
Wines, Mary J. Niagara Falls. (/n her Infant harper and other 1874 
poems. Cambridge, Mass.: Hurd & Houghton. 1874. P. 193.) Wines 
Great God! within Thy glorious temple, mute with awe, 
We stand and listen to the pealing hymn 
Of thine Omnipotence. In all this wide, wide world 
Where can earth’s children go to learn a grander lesson 


Of Thy Majesty? 


Doubt must vanish, boasting cease, weariness and sorrow find rest and 
comfort, in this spectacle, is the spirit of the poem. 


1875 


[MoreTon, Mrs. C. J.] Niagara above the cataract. (Jn her 1875 
Miscellaneous poems. . . . [Phila.:] Porter and Coates. 1875, Moreton 
Pp. 165-169.) 


Premonition of the battling flood at the fall makes the heart leap fast 


as the traveller approaches the scene. 


[MoreTon, Mrs. C. J.] Niagara below the cataract. (/n her 
Miscellaneous poems. . . . [Phila.:] Porter and Coates. 1875. 
Pp. 165-169.) 


The Falls are compared to a temple 


a fitting place 
For solemn thought, for deep and earnest prayer; 
For here the finger of cur God I trace, 
Beneath, above, around me, everywhere; 
He hollowed out this grand and mighty nave, 
And robed his altar with the ocean wave! 


1876 
CarRPIO, MANUEL. Soneto a Ja Catarata del Niagara. (Jn Poesias 1876 
de Manuel Carpio con su biografia escrita por el Sr. Doctor Jose Bernardo Carpio 
Conto. Nuova edicion. Veracruz-Pueblo: Liberias La Ilustracion. 
Paris: A. Donnametti. 1883. P. 206.) 
E] ancho rio avazase rugiente 
Entre selvas que cubren la Ilanura, 
Vastas regiones llenas de frescura 
777 


1876 
Carpio 


1876 
Warner 


1877 
Prieto 


1878 
Bennett 


1878 
Day 


1879 
Longfellow 


Niagara Falls 


Va regando su esplendida corriente 
Pero sus grandes aguas de repente 
Se precipitan de una immensa altura 
Yse guebrantan en la roca dura, 
Yse trasforman en espuma hirviente. 


Al estruendoso golpe, espera nube 

Alla se agita en el profundo seno 

Y vagarosa del abismo sube. 

Tiembla y retiembla el barbaro terreno 
Y ante Dios arrodillase el querube 
Alando oye cerca el incansable trueno. 


WarNER, SUSAN. The rapids of Niagara. N. Y.: R. Carter and 
Brothers. 1876. P. 211. 

This ‘‘ highly moral tale’ is volume six in Miss Warner’s Say and Do 
series. The characters are brought to Niagara, and the book contains a 
full-page view of the Falls. 

1877 

PRIETO, GUILLERMO. Viaje a los Estados-Unidos. Por Fidel. 3 
vols. Mexico: Dublan y Chavez. 1878. 2:285-312. 

The author’s visit to Niagara was made in 1877. He gives us a 
poetic prose description of the Falls and the feelings and reflections inspired 
by them, and also two poems on Niagara: En El Niagara and Al Niagara. 


1878 


BENNETT, W. C. Snatched from Niagara. (Belgravia. Mid- 
summer holiday no. 1878. Pp. 90-97.) 

Story of the rescue of a man who drifted down into the rapids while 
fishing. He leaped on a rock as his boat passed, and was finally saved 
by a boat let down on cables in tow of a canoe. A graphic and well- 
written tale. 


Day, RicHarpD E. Niagara. (Jn his Lines in the sand. [Poems. ] 
Syracuse, N. Y.: John T. Roberts. 1878. Pp. 28-30.) 


1879 


LONGFELLow, HENRY W. Poems of places. Boston: James R. 
Osgood and Co. 1876-1879. 27:152-167. 


778 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


Vol. 27, America, Middle States.—Contains a selection of well-known 1879 


poems relating to Niagara, as follows: Longfellow 
BME MTAIIAVOUUNIAGATAL Vcc Wise ais Ge ables eee ec J. G. C. Brainard 
EE ID 2)" GUE SOS OURS kt nn J. M. Heredia 
OSE TRES Cs RUN CY IPO del Lord Morpeth 

Phy dhe oie Sa a ETE Sc a H. H. Brownell 
PT MR Meee Ae Ea Sena GN d Ind oi Sis cee #8 Anonymous 
LANE ae MBO RODS 9 a ie eA T. G. Appleton 
117) SST RS Sh eR Ue L. H. Sigourney 
MER a es tons Gel ebauele okeiste alee year dts, «sus W. D. Howells 
TESTS CLE Jae OAL eG eB T. G. Appleton 
MPEM CS AATACLLASIE is ateiai sie 4.6: che. gindite ner a lEie’e ese 8 C. P. Cranch 


———_——. Niagara. (Jn Longfellow, H. W., Poems of places. 1879 
Boston: James R. Osgood and Co. 27:158-159.) 


I stood within a vision’s spell; 
I saw, I heard. The liquid thunder 
Went pouring to its foaming hell 
And it fell, 
Ever, ever fell 
Into the invisible abyss that opened under. 


I stood upon a speck of ground; 
Before me fell a stormy ocean. 
I was like a captive bound; 
And around 
A universe of sound 
Troubled the heavens with ever-quivering motion. 


Down, down forever — down, down forever, 
Something falling, falling, falling, 
Up, up forever — up, up forever. 
Resting never, 
Boiling up forever, 
Steam-clouds shot up with thunder-bursts appalling. 


779 


FPN 
. 


Niagara Falls 


1879 A tone that since the birth of man 
Longfellow Was never for a moment broken, 
A word that since the world began, 
And waters ran, 
Hath spoken still to man,— 


Of God and of Eternity hath spoken. 


And in that vision, as it passed, 
Was gathered terror, beauty, power; 
And still, when all has fled, too fast, 
And I at last 
Dream of the dreamy past, 
My heart is full when lingering on that hour. 


Anonymous. 
1880-1881 
1880-81 SMITH, ERMINNIE A. A Seneca legend of Hi-nun and Niagara. (Jn 
Smith her Myths of the Iroquois. Pp. 54-55.) (Sec. ann. rep’t of the 


bureau of ethn. to the sec’y. of the Smith. inst. 1880-81. By J. W. 
Powell, Director. Wash.: Gov't. print. off. 1883.) 

A beautiful Indian maiden was about to be compelled by her 
family to marry a hideous old Indian. 

Despair was in her heart. She knew that there was no escape 
for her, so in desperation she leaped into her canoe and pushed 
it from shore on the roaring waters of Niagara. She heeded not 
that she was going to her death, preferring the angry waters to 
the arms of her detested lover. 

Now, the God of Cloud and Rain, the great deity Hi-nu®, 
who watches over the harvest, dwelt in a cave behind the rush- 
ing waters. From his home he saw the desperate launching of 
the maiden’s canoe; saw her going to almost certain destruction. 
He spread out his wings and flew to her rescue, and caught her 
just as her frail bark was dashing on the rocks below. 

The grateful Indian girl lived for many weeks in Hi-nu®’s 
cave. He taught her many new things. She learned from him 
why her people died so often — why sickness was always busy 

780 


SayUaAes 94} Ul Udye} ydessojoyd eB wol.y 


VUVOVIN] AO MALA 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


among them. He told her how a snake lay coiled up under the 1880-81 
ground beneath the village, and how he crept out and poisoned ‘s 


the springs, because he lived upon human beings and craved 
their flesh more and more, so that he could never get enough if 
they died from natural causes. 

Hi-nu® kept the maiden in til he learned that the ugly old suitor 
was dead. Then he bade her return and tell her tribe what she 
had learned of the great Hi-nu. 

She taught them all he had told her and begged them to break 
up their settlement and travel nearer to the lake; and her words 
prevailed. For a while sickness ceased, but it broke out again, 
for the serpent was far too cunning to be so easily outwitted. He 
dragged himself slowly but surely after the people, and but for 
Hi-nu®’s influence would have undermined the new settlement as 
he had the former one. Hi-nu® watched him until he neared the 
creek, then he launched a thunderbolt at him. A terrible noise 
awoke all the dwellers by the lake, but the snake was only 
injured, not killed. Hi-nu® was forced to launch another thunder- 
bolt, and another and another, before, finally, the poisoner was 
slain. 

The great dead snake was so enormous that when the Indians 
laid his body out in death it stretched over more than twenty 
arrow flights, and as he floated down the waters of Niagara it 
was as if a mountain appeared above them. His corpse was too 
large to pass the rocks, so it became wedged in between them and 
the waters rose over it mountains high. As the weight of the 
monster pressed on the rocks they gave way and thus the horse- 
shoe form, that remains to this day, was fashioned. But the 
Indians had no more fever in their settlement. 

The same legend is given with additional details in Morgan, Lewis H., 


League of the Ho-De-No-San-Nee, or Iroquots, page 158, published 
by Lage & Bro. at Rochester, 1851. 


1881 
Cotes, ABRAHAM. A Sabbath at Niagara. (Jn his The microcosm 


mith 


1881 


and other poems. N. Y.: D. Appleton and Co. 1881. Pp. 226-235.) Coles 


781 


Niagara Falls 


i Forevermore, from thee, Niagara! 
Religious Cataract! Most Holy Fane! 
A service and a symphony go up 
Into the ear of God. ’Tis Sabbath morn. 
My soul, refreshed and full of comfort, hears 
Thy welcome call to worship. 


My soul, that else were mute, transported finds 
In you, O inarticulate Harmonies! 

Expression for unutterable thoughts, 

Surpassing the impertinence of words. 


She makes 
Of this immense significance of sound, 
Sublime appropriation, chanting it anew, 


As her “Te Deum,” and sweet Hymn of Laud. 


This ends the introduction. 


Is God not here? 
‘The thunder utters, Yes! 
The trembling rocks in fear 
The truth confess; 
The assenting mountains nod, 
And all things round 
Echo one sound, 
All testify of God. 
O, let my soul exult, 
That here she may consult, 
The Oracle Divine! 
That at Jerusalem, no more, 
Is fixed as heretofore 


Jehovah's Shrine! 


‘That ancient ritual is past, 

That Temple to the ground 1s cast, 

Those symbols and those semblances sublime, 
782 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


Endured but for a time. 1881 
Their everlasting prototypes, I ween, pons 
Their patterns on the Mount by Moses seen, 

Were these, are here! 

This much, at least is clear; 

If, in th’ immensity of space, 
God makes one spot his special dwelling-place, 

That sacred spot is this. 


’ I find the witness and the sign, 


Authentic, marvelous, divine, 
Here in th’ ebullient, luminous abyss, 
Where thousand suns once bright, 
So seems, now back exhausted pour 
Their full collected light, 
In ceaseless flood for evermore. 
All through this exalted poem, the author feels himself nothingness and 
dust. In an ecstasy he describes his going to the cataract, and the tempta- 
tion that assails him to leap down. Musing on his homeward walk he 


finds that the scales have fallen from his eyes, and he sees God in all the 
common things. 


Music of Niagara. (Scrib. mo., June, 1881. 22:307—308.) 1881 


Two letters to the editor criticising the statements and opinions of Mr. 
Thayer, as expressed in his article in Scribner’s Monthly for February, 
1881, on the Music of Niagara. With these letters is published Mr. 
Thayer’s reply to the criticisms. 


PALMER, B. FRANK. Apostrophe to Niagara. (Jn Porter, Peter A., 4881 
Official guide. Niagara Falls, river, frontier. . . . Buffalo: The Palmer 
Matthews Northrup Works. 1901. Pp. 289-290.) 


This is Jehovah’s fullest organ strain! 
I hear the liquid music rolling, breaking, 
From the gigantic pipes the great refrain 
Bursts on my ravished ear, high thoughts awaking! 


The low sub-bass, uprising from the deep 
Swells the great paean as it rolls supernal — 
783 


1881 


Palmer 


article deals with the musical qualities of the sound of Niagara. The 
pitch and composition of the tone of Niagara are described, and the 
different tones of the chord which the sound conveys to the musical ear 
are given. In the course of his experiments the author investigated the 
subject from Goat Island, the Cave of the Winds,—“ under the singing 


Niagara Falls 


Anon, I hear, at one majestic sweep 
The diapason of the keys eternal. 


Standing. beneath Niagara’s angry flood — 
The thundering cataract above me bounding — 
I hear the echo: “ Man, there is a God! ”’ 


From the great arches of the gorge resounding. 


Behold, O man, nor shrink aghast in fear! 
Survey the vortex boiling deep before thee! 
The Hand that ope’d the liquid gateway here 
Hath set the beauteous bow of promise o’er thee! 


Here, in the hollow of that Mighty Hand, 
Which holds the basin of the tidal ocean, 
Let not the jarring of the spray-washed strand 

Disturb the orisons of pure devotion. 


Roll on, Niagara! Great River King! 

Beneath thy sceptre all earth’s rulers, mortal, 
Bow reverently; and bards shall ever sing 

The matchless grandeur of thy peerless portal! 


I hear, Niagara, in this grand strain 

His voice, who speaks in flood, in flame, and thunder — 
Forever, mayst thou, singing, roll and reign — 

Earth’s grand, sublime, supreme, supernal wonder. 


THAYER, EUGENE. Music of Niagara. (Scrib. mo., Feb. 1881. 


21 :583-586.) 


Written from the point of view of an organist and a musician, this 


784 


- 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


waters,’—from Luna Island, and from various points on both the 1881 


American and Canadian side of the Falls. He says in part: Thayer 


It had ever been my belief that Niagara had not been heard 
as it should be, and in this belief I eagerly turned my steps hither- 
ward the first time a busy life would permit. What did I hear? 
The roar of Niagara? No. MHaving been everywhere about 
Niagara, above and below, far and near, over and under, and 
heard her voice in all its wondrous modulations, I must say that I 
have never, for a single instant, heard any roar of Niagara. 
From the first moment to the last, I heard nothing but a perfectly 
constructed musical tone — clear, definite and unapproachable in 
its majestic perfection; a complete series of tones, all uniting in 
one grand and noble unison, as in the organ, and all as easily 
recognizable as the notes of any great chord in music. And I 
believe it was my life-long familiarity with the king of instruments 
which enabled me to detect so readily the tone-construction of 
this mighty voice of the “* thunder of waters.” 

I had been told that the pitch of this tone had been given by 
various persons. [hat were an easy task, although no two of 
them seem to have been entirely unanimous. I propose to give 
much more than this, and the reader will find not only the pitch 
of the chief or ground tone given, but that of all the accessory or 
upper tones, otherwise known as harmonic, collateral or over 
tones; also the beat or accent of Niagara, with its rhythmical 
vibrations and subdivisions, from the largest to the smallest, and 
all in such simple notation that any one who understands the 
rudiments of music may readily comprehend it. Indeed, I believe 
that all good readers may understand it clearly without any 
special technical knowledge of music to assist them. 


After the more technical details are discussed the author says: 


I have spoken only of the pitch and rhythm of Niagara. What 
is the quality of its tone? Divine! There is no other word for 
a tone made and fashioned by the Infinite God. I repeat, there 
is no roar at all — it is the sublimest music on earth. 


50 785 


1882 
Houghton 


Niagara Falls 


1882 


HouGHTON, GEORGE W. Niagara. (Jn his Niagara, and other 
poems. Bost.: Houghton Mifflin. 1882. Pp. 1-28.) 


Begins with the creation of Niagara and deals with a pilgrim who 
journeys to Niagara to seek an answer to the riddle of life. He goes to 
the rapids, the Falls, and the whirlpool each in turn but without result. 
Finally a little bird brings in song the message 


** Seek within, without is only reflection.” 
In the course of the poem the rapids, cataract, the gorge, and whirlpool are 
all described. 
THE CATARACT 


Still to thy Fall I come near, as unto earth’s grandest cathedral, 

Forehead uncovered, hands down, with feet that falter beneath 
me; 

Hearing afar, o’er the rustling grass and the rush of the river; 

Chorus triumphant, thy trumpet voice, and I tremble with weak- 
ness. 


Tall above tower and tree looms thy steeple builded of sunshine, 
Mystical steeple, white like a cloud, unyearning toward heaven, 
Till into cloud-land it drifts, uprolling in hill-tops and headlands, 
Catches the glory of sunset, then pales into rose-tint and purple. 


Slowly, through gothic aisles, I creep to the steps of thine altar, 

Halfway forgetting thy presence, though still with each step I 
draw nearer, 

Halfway forgetting thy voice, so far it sends fancy awandering 

Till, with a sudden ascent, full-face thou standest before me. 


Who, upon tiptoes straining, shall snare the fleet course of the 


comet! 

Who in bright pigments shall match the luminous sun-god at 
mid-day! 

Who shall dare picture in words the turbulent wrath of the 
tempest! 


Seeing, I can but stand still, with finger on lip, and keep silent. 
786 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


M. K.: Shooting the Falls. (Macmill., Nov. 1882. 47:42-47.) 1882 


A tale of a fisherman rescued after having gone over the Falls and M. ¥- 
brought to life long enough to tell his story. 


1883 


BoNALDI, JUAN ANTONIO PAREZ. El poema del Niagara. 2d.ed. 1883 
Meir. 1683; Bonaldi 


HowE.ts, WILLIAM DEAN. Niagara revisited, twelve years after 1883 
their wedding journey. (Atlan., May, 1883. 51:598-610.) Howells 


** An interesting and amusing story of a second visit to Niagara.” 


Rice, RosweELt. The Falls of Niagara. (Jn his Orations and 4883 
poems. Springfield: 1883. Pp. 645-646.) Rice 


A poem with a moral based on the inevitable destruction awaiting those 
who drift down stream. 


Shooting Niagara Falls. (Critic, Jan. 1883. 100:122-127.) 1883 


A tale of an Italian fisherman who was caught in the rapids and carried 
over the Falls. According to the story, he was rescued and lived long 
enough to relate his experiences. 


Shooting Niagara Falls. (Eclec. mag., Jan. 1883. n.s. 37:122— 1883 
127%) 
1884 
LorNE, JOHN GEORGE EDwarpD HENRY DoUGLAS SUTHERLAND 1884 
CAMPBELL, Marquis of. Niagara. (Jn his Memories of Canada and Lome 
Scotland; speeches and verses. Montreal: Dawson Brothers. 1884. 


P. 60.) 
A ceaseless, awful, falling sea, whose sound 
Shakes earth and air, and whose resistless stroke 
Shoots high the volleying foam like cannon smoke! 
How dread and beautiful the floods, when, crowned 
By moonbeams on their rushing ridge, they bound 
Into the darkness and the veiling spray; 
Or, jewel-hued and rainbow-dyed, when day 
Lights the pale torture of the gulf profound! 


So poured the avenging streams upon the world 
When swung the ark upon the deluge wave, 
787 


1884 
Lorne 


1884 
Owahyah 


1885 
Gilbert 


1885 


Niagara Falls 


And, o’er each precipice in grandeur hurled, 
The endless torrents gave mankind a grave. 

God's voice is mighty, on the water loud, 

Here, as of old, in thunder, glory, cloud! 


OwaAHyYAH. Birch bark legends of Niagara, founded on traditions 
among the Iroquois, or Six nations: a story of the lunar-bow, which 
brilliantly adorns Niagara Falls by moonlight; or Origin of the totem of 
the wolf. St. Cath., Ont.: Jour. Printing Co. 1884. 


Another version of the story of the sacrifice to Manitou at the Falls. 
This is a thrilling tale of love, revenge, and divine interposition, ending, 
finally, in the marriage of the hero and heroine and the death of the villain. 


1885 


GILBERT, Howarp WorcesTER. Niagara. (Jn his Aldornere 
and two other Pennsylvania idylls. . . . Bost.: Index Ass’n. 1885. 
Pp. 87-88.) 

A description of Niagara in the morning,—the mists, the rainbow, the 
play of colors, and the avalanche of water falling into the abyss. 


Goat Island, Niagara. (Jn Rhine, Alice Hyne- 
man, Niagara’ park illustrated. .° 2 . N. Y.: Niagara’ Pub..Co: 
685s eV P77.) 


Nature here in royal mood 

Built herself a pleasaunce wood; 
Built it on a frowning scaur 
High as mountain summits are, 
And around 1 made to flow 
Seas that fall in deeps below. 


Near where waters fiercest sweep, 
Bade she blue-ey’d gentians creep; 
Ferns spring up from mossy beds, 
Snow-white daisies lift their heads, 
Briar rose and golden rod 

Set she thick in grassy sod. 


788 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


Then her sovereign taste to please 1885 
Planted out great forest trees; 

Titians crown’d with myriad leaves 

Flaunting to the sun and breeze, 

Rooted them as in some scene, 

Quiet valleys roll between. 


And her fancy to complete 

In this favorite wonder-seat, 

Stole she rainbows from the skies, 
Bright with heav’ns resplendent dyes, 
Arched them o’er the raging fall 
Watch to keep above them all. 


This poem is not found in the edition of 1888, published by Wm. T. 
Hunter. 


———_ —_——. Niagara by moonlight. (/n Rhine, Alice Hyne- igg5 
man ed., Niagara park illustrated. . . . N. Y.: Niagara Pub. 
ion 1665) bc). -P:: 60.) 


Fair above all is Niagara by night, 

When the pale moon drawn from the silent sky 
Meets with the thund’ring waters, as they fly 
Over the precipice’s dizzy height; 

Making them seem a mass of silver light. 

A molten silver sea that thunders by, 

In pomp as great, and equal majesty 

As once the ancient deluge in its might 
Rush’d onwards; spilling over mountain chain, 
Plunging from scaur to bottomless abyss 
Whence tortur’d waves leapt up in spray and rain, 
Perhaps the moon fell on, as now on this; 
Mellowing the grandeur of the stormy main 
To scene of peace and perfect loveliness. 


This poem is not included in the 1888 edition of this book of Alice 
Hyneman Rhine’s published by Wm. T. Hunter. 


789 


1886 
Cowdin 


1886 
Lowry 


1886 
Marston 


1886 
Warner 


Niagara Falls 


1886 


CowDIN, JASPER BARNETT. Ripple brook, Niagara Falls; two 
poems. Brooklyn, N. Y.: 1886. P. 7. 


Solemnly, slowly, the vast weight of falling 

Waters the voice of a spirit immortal 

Drowns,— and he stands, as at Heaven’s great portal, 
Humbled in sight of his low earthly calling. 

Man hath no glory here; 
Watching in silence thy soul-waking wonder, 
O Niagara! — hearing thy thunder, 

Pride must not come near. 


There are fourteen verses in the spirit of this opening verse. 


Lowry, Aucustus N. Niagara. Revised edition. (1886 c.) 


Written for publication in the proceedings at the dedication of the 
Niagara Reservation, July 15, 1885. 


[MARSTON, FRANK.] Frank’s ranche. . . . Bost.: Houghton 
Mifflin. 1886. Pp. 76-81. 


The author makes no attempt at description. By his own account he 
did only what is usual. If we may believe him, he and his party ‘‘ were 
glad to get away from Niagara and its army of vampires.” 


WARNER, CHARLES DUDLEY. Their pilgrimage. N. Y.: Harper 
Brothers. 1897. Pp. 300-315. 

A most sympathetic study of the Falls with descriptions of their appear- 
ance at night and in the early morning, and an account of Goat Island 
and the Cave of the Winds. Used as a background for the story, these 
pages descriptive of the Falls are full of beauty of expression and thought. 


It was dark when they came into the station at Niagara — 
dark and silent. Our American tourists, who were accustomed 
to the clamor of hackmen here, and expected to be assaulted by 
a horde of wild Comanches in plain clothes, and torn limb from 
baggage, if not limb from limb, were unable to account for this 
silence, and the absence of the common highwaymen, until they 
remembered that the State had bought the Falls, and the agents of 

790 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


the government had suppressed many of the old nuisances. It 1886 
: Warner 
was possible now to hear the roar of the cataract. 

This unaccustomed human stillness was ominous to King. He 
would have welcomed a Niagara of importunity and impreca- 
tions; he was bursting with impatience to express himself; it 
seemed as if he would die if he were silent an hour longer under 
that letter. Of course the usual American relief of irritability and 
impatience suggested itself. He would telegraph; only electricity 
was quick enough and fiery enough for his mood. But what 
should he telegraph? The telegraph was not invented for love- 
making, and is not adapted to it. It is ridiculous to make love by 
wire. How was it possible to frame a message that should be 
commercial on its face, and yet convey the deepest agony and 
devotion of the sender’s heart? King stood at the little telegraph 
window, looking at the dispatcher who was to send it, and thought 
of this. Depressed and intent as he was, the whimsicality of the 
situation struck him. What could he say? It illustrates our 
sheeplike habit of expressing ourselves in the familiar phrase or 
popular slang of the day that at the instant the only thing King 
could think of to send was this: “* Hold the fort, for I am 
coming.” The incongruity of this made him smile, and he did 
not write it. Finally he composed this message, which seemed 
to him to have a businesslike and innocent aspect: ‘* Too late. 
Impossible for me to change. Have invested everything. Expect 
letter.” Mechanically he counted the words when he had written 
this. On the fair presumption that the company would send 
** everything” as one word, there were still two more than the 
conventional ten, and from force of habit he struck out the words 
“for me.”” But he had no sooner done this than he felt a sense 
of shame. It was contemptible for a man in love to count his 
words, and it was intolerable to be haggling with himself at such 
a crisis over the expense of a dispatch. He got cold over the 
thought that Irene might also count them, and see that the cost of 
this message of passion had been calculated. And with reckless- 


791 


1886 


Wamer 


Niagara Falls 
ness he added: ‘“* We reach the Profile House next week, and I 


am sure I can convince you that I am right.” 

King found Niagara pitched to the key of his lacerated and 
tumultuous feelings. There were few people at the Cataract 
House, and either the bridal season had not set in, or in America 
a bride has been evolved who does not show any consciousness of 
her new position. In his present mood the place seemed deserted, 
the figures of the few visitors gliding about as in a dream, as if 
they too had been subdued by the recent commission which had 
silenced the drivers, and stopped the mills, and made the park 
free, and was tearing down the presumptuous structures along the 
bank. In this silence, which emphasized the quaking of the earth 
and air, there was a sense of unknown, impending disaster. It 
was not to be borne indoors, and the two friends went out into 
the night. 

On the edge of the rapids, above the hotel, the old bath-house 
was in process of demolition, its shaking piazza almost over- 
hanging the flood. Not much could be seen from it, but it was 
in the midst of an elemental uproar. Some electric lamps shining 
through the trees made high lights on the crests of the rapids, 
while the others near were in shadow and dark. The black mass 
of Goat Island appeared under the lightning flashes in the north- 
west sky, and whenever these quick gleams pierced the gloom 
the frail bridge to the island was outlined for a moment, and 
then vanished as if it had been swept away, and there could 
only be seen sparks of light in the houses on the Canadian shore, 
which seemed very near. In this unknown, which was rather 
felt than seen, there was a sense of power and of mystery which 
overcame the mind; and in the black night the roar, the cruel 
haste of the rapids, tossing white gleams and hurrying to the 
fatal plunge, begat a sort of terror in the spectators. It was a 
power implacable, vengeful, not to be measured. ‘They strolled 
down to Prospect Park. The gate was closed; it had been the 
scene of an awful tragedy but a few minutes before. They did 
not know it, but they knew that the air shuddered, and as they 

792 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


skirted the grounds along the way to the foot-bridge the roar 1886 
grew in their stunned ears. ‘There, projected out into the night, aris: 
were the cables of steel holding the frail platform over the abyss 
of night and terror. Beyond was Canada. There was light 
enough in the sky to reveal, but not to dissipate, the appalling 
insecurity. What an impious thing it seemed to them, this 
trembling structure across the chasm! ‘They advanced upon it. 
There were gleams on the mill cascades below, and on the mass 
of the American Fall. Below, down in the gloom, were patches 
of foam, slowly circling around in the eddy —no haste now, 
just sullen and black satisfaction in the awful tragedy of the fall. 
The whole was vague, fearful. Always the roar, the shudder- 
ing of the air. I think that a man placed on this bridge at night, 
and ignorant of the cause of the aerial agitation and the wild 
uproar, could almost lose his reason in the panic of the scene. 
They walked on; they set foot on Her Majesty’s dominions; 
they entered the Clifton House — quite American, you know, 
with its new bar and office. A subdued air about everybody 
here also, and the same quaking, shivering, and impending sense 
of irresponsible force. Even “* two fingers,” said the artist, stand- 
ing at the bar, had little effect in allaying the impression of 
terror out there. When they returned the moon was coming up, 
rising and struggling and making its way slowly through ragged 
masses of colored clouds. The river could be plainly seen now, 
smooth, deep, treacherous; the falls on the American side showed 
fitfully like patches of light and foam; the Horseshoe, mostly 
hidden by a cold silver mist, occasionally loomed up a white and 
ghostly mass. They stood for a long time looking down at the foot 
of the American Fall, the moon now showing clearly the plunge of 
the heavy column — a column as stiff as if it were melted silver — 
hushed and frightened by the weird and appalling scene. They 
did not know at that moment that there where their eyes were 
riveted, there at the base of the fall, a man’s body was churning 
about, plunged down and cast up, and beaten and whirled, 
imprisoned in the refluent eddy. But a body was there. In the 
793 


1886 
Warner 


Niagara Falls 


morning a man’s overcoat was found on the parapet at the angle 
of the fall. Some one then remembered that in the evening, just 
before the park gate closed, he had seen a man approach the angle 
of the wall where the overcoat was found. The man was never 
seen after that. Night first, and then the hungry water, swal- 
lowed him. One pictures the fearful leap into the dark, the mid- 
way repentance, perhaps, the despair of the plunge. A body 
cast in here is likely to tarry for days, eddying round and round, 
and tossed in that terrible maelstrom, before a chance current 
ejects it, and sends it down the fierce rapids below. King went 
back to the hotel in a terror of the place, which did not leave 
him so long as he remained. His room quivered, the roar filled 
all the air. Is not life real and terrible enough, he asked himself, 
but that brides must cast this experience also into their honey- 
moon ? 

The morning light did not efface the impressions of the night, 
the dominating presence of a gigantic, pitiless force, a blind pas- 
sion of nature, uncontrolled and uncontrollable. Shut the win- 
dows and lock the door, you could not shut out the terror of it. 
The town did not seem safe; the bridges, the buildings on the 
edge of the precipices with their shaking casements, the islands, 
might at any moment be engulfed and disappear. It was a thing 
to flee from. 

I suspect King was in a very sensitive mood; the world seemed 
for the moment devoid of human sympathy, and the savageness 
and turmoil played upon his bare nerves. ‘The artist himself 
shrank from contact with this overpowering display, and said 
that he could not endure more than a day or two of it. It needed 
all the sunshine in the face of Miss Lamont and the serenity of 
her cheerful nature to make the situation tolerable, and even her 
sprightliness was somewhat subdued. It was a day of big, 
broken, high-sailing clouds, with a deep blue sky and strong sun- 
light. The slight bridge to Goat Island appeared more pre- 
sumptuous by daylight, and the sharp slope of the rapids above 
it gave a new sense of the impetuosity of the torrent. As they 


794 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


walked slowly on, past the now abandoned paper-mills and the 1886 
other human impertinences, the elemental turmoil increased, and V2" 
they seemed entering a world the foundations of which were 
broken up. ‘This must have been a good deal a matter of impres- 
sion, for other parties of sight-seers were coming and going, 
apparently unawed, and intent simply on visiting every point 
spoken of in the guide-book, and probably unconscious of the 
all-pervading terror. But King could not escape it, even in the 
throng descending and ascending the stairway to Luna Island. 
Standing upon the platform at the top, he realized for the first 
time the immense might of the downpour of the American Fall, 
and noted the pale green color, with here and there a violet 
tone, and the white cloud mass spurting out from the solid color. 
On the foam-crested river lay a rainbow forming nearly a com- 
plete circle. The little steamer Maid of the Mist was coming 
up, riding the waves, dashed here and there by conflicting cur- 
rents, but resolutely streaming on — such is the audacity of man 
— and poking her venturesome nose into the boiling foam under 
the Horseshoe. On the deck are pigmy passengers in oil-skin 
suits, clumsy figures, like arctic explorers. “The boat tosses about 
like a chip, it hesitates and quivers, and then, slowly swinging, 
darts away down the current, fleeing from the wrath of the 
waters, and pursued by the angry roar. 

Surely it is an island of magic, unsubstantial, liable to go 
adrift and plunge into the canon. E-ven in the forest path, where 
the great tree trunks assure one of stability and long immunity, 
this feeling cannot be shaken off. Our party descended the 
winding staircase in the tower, and walked on the shelf under 
the mighty ledge to the entrance of the Cave of the Winds. The 
curtain of water covering this entrance was blown back and forth 
by the wind, now leaving the platform dry and now deluging it. 
A woman in the pathway was beckoning frantically and calling 
to a man who stood on the platform, entirely unconscious of 
danger, looking up to the green curtain and down into the boiling 
mist. It was Mrs. Stubbs; but she was shouting against Niagara, 

795 


1886 
Warner 


Niagara Falls 


and her husband mistook her pantomime for gestures of wonder 
and admiration. Some moments passed, and then the curtain 
swung in, and tons of water drenched the Englishman, and for 
an instant hid him from sight. Then, as the curtain swung back, 
he was seen clinging to the handrail, sputtering and astonished 
at such treatment. He came up the bank dripping, and declaring 
that it was extraordinary, most extraordinary, but he wouldn't 
have missed it for the world. From this platform one looks down 
the narrow, slippery stairs that are lost in the boiling mist, and 
wonders at the daring that built these steps down into that hell, 
and carried the frail walk of planks over the bowlders outside the 
fall. A party in oil-skins, making their way there, looked like 
lost men and women in a Dante Inferno. The turbulent waters 
dashed all about them; the mist occasionally wrapped them from 
sight; they clung to the rails, they tried to speak to each other; 
their gestures seemed motions of despair. Could that be Eurydice 
whom the rough guide was tenderly dragging out of the hell of 
waters, up the stony path, that singular figure in oil-skin trousers, 
who disclosed a pretty face inside her hood as she emerged? 
One might venture into the infernal regions to rescue such a 
woman; but why take her there> The group of adventurers 
stopped a moment on the platform, with the opening into the 
misty cavern for a background, and the artist said that the pic- 
ture was, beyond all power of the pencil, strange and fantastic. 
There is nothing, after all, that the human race will not dare 
for a new sensation. 

The walk around Goat Island is probably unsurpassed in the 
world for wonder and beauty. The Americans have every rea- 
son to be satisfied with their share of the fall; they get nowhere 
one single grand view like that from the Canada side, but 
infinitely the deepest impression of majesty and power is obtained 
on Goat Island. There the spectator is in the midst of the war 
of nature. From the point over the Horseshoe Fall our friends, 
speaking not much, but more and more deeply moved, strolled 

796 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


along in the lovely forest, in a rural solemnity, in a local calm, 
almost a seclusion, except for the ever-present shuddering roar 
in the air. On the shore above the Horseshoe they first compre- 
hended the breadth, the great sweep, of the rapids. “The white 
crests of the waves in the west were coming out from under a 
black, lowering sky; all the foreground was in bright sunlight, 
dancing, sparkling, leaping, hurrying on, converging to the angle 
where the water becomes a deep emerald at the break and plunge. 
The rapids above are a series of shelves, bristling with jutting 
rocks and lodged trunks of trees, and the wildness of the scene is 
intensified by the ragged fringe of evergreens on the opposite 
shore. 

Over the whole island the mist, rising from the caldron, drifts 
in spray when the wind is favorable; but on this day the forest 
was bright and cheerful, and as the strollers went farther away 
from the Great Fall, the beauty of the scene began to steal away 
its terror. [he roar was still dominant, but far off and softened, 
and did not crush the ear. The triple islands, the Three Sisters, 
in their picturesque wildness appeared like playful freaks of 
nature in a momentary relaxation of the savage mood. Here 
is the finest view of the river; to one standing on the outermost 
island the great flood seems tumbling out of the sky. They con- 
tinued along the bank of the river. The shallow stream races 
by headlong, but close to the edge are numerous eddies, and 
places where one might step in and not be swept away. At 
length they reached the point where the river divides, and the 
water stands for an instant almost still, hesitating whether to take 
the Canadian or American plunge. Out a little way from the 
shore the waves leap and tumble, and the two currents are like 
race-horses parted on two ways to the goal. Just at this point 
the water swirls and lingers, having lost all its fierceness and haste, 
and spreads itself out placidly, dimpling in the sun. It may be a 
treacherous pause, this water may be as cruel as that which rages 
below and exults in catching a boat or a man and bounding with 


797 


1886 
Warner 


1886 
Warner 


Niagara Falls 


the victim over the cataract; but the calm was very grateful to 
the stunned and buffeted visitors; upon their jarred nerves it was 


like the peace of God. 


The relief from the dread of Niagara felt at this point of 
peace was only temporary. The dread returned when the party 
approached again the turmoil of the American Fall, and fell 
again under the influence of the merciless haste of the flood. And 
there every islet, every rock, every point, has its legend of terror; 
here a boat lodged with a man in it, and after a day and night 
of vain attempts to rescue him, thousands of people saw him take 
the frightful leap, throwing up his arms as he went over; here a 
young woman slipped, and was instantly whirled away out of 
life; and from that point more than one dazed or frantic visitor 
had taken the suicidal leap. Death was so near here and so 
easy ! 

One seems in less personal peril on the Canadian side, and has 
more the feeling of a spectator, and less that of a participant in 
the wild uproar. Perhaps there is more sense of force, but the 
majesty of the scene is relieved by a hundred shifting effects of 
light and color. In the afternoon, under a broken sky, the rapids 
above the Horseshoe reminded one of the seashore on a very 
stormy day. Impeded by the rocks, the flood hesitated and even 
ran back, as if reluctant to take the final plunge! ‘The sienna 
color of the water on the table contrasted sharply with the emerald 
at the break of the fall. A rainbow springing out of the centre 
of the caldron arched clear over the American cataract, and was 
one moment bright and the next dimly seen through the mist, 
which boiled up out of the foam of waters and swayed in the 
wind. Through this veil darted adventurous birds, flashing their 
wings in the prismatic colors, and circling about as if fascinated 
by the awful rush and thunder. With the shifting wind and the 
passing clouds the scene was in perpetual change; now the 
American Fall was creamy white, and the mist below dark, and 
again the heavy mass was gray and sullen, and the mist like 

798 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


silver spray. Perhaps nowhere else in the world is the force of 
nature so overpowering to the mind, and as the eye wanders 
from the chaos of the fall to the far horizon, where the vast rivers 
of rapids are poured out of the sky, one feels that this force is 
inexhaustible and eternal. 

If our travellers expected to escape the impression they were 
under by driving down to the rapids and whirlpool below, they 
were mistaken. Nowhere is the river so terrible as where it rushes, 
as if maddened by its narrow bondage, through the cafon. Flung 
down the precipice and forced into this contracted space, it fumes 
and tosses and rages with vindictive fury, driving on in a passion 
that has almost a human quality in it. Restrained by the walls 
of stone from being destructive, it seems to rave at its own impo- 
tence, and when it reaches the whirlpool it is like a hungry 
animal, returning and licking the shore for the prey it has missed. 
But it has not always wanted a prey. Now and again it has a 
wreck or a dead body to toss and fling about. Although it does 
not need the human element of disaster to make this canon grew- 
some, the keepers of the show places make the most of the late 
Captain Webb. So vivid were their narratives that our sympa- 


thetic party felt his presence continually, saw the strong swimmer 


tossed like a chip, saw him throw up his hands, saw the agony 
in his face at the spot where he was last seen. There are several 
places where he disappeared, each vouched for by creditable 
witnesses, so that the horror of the scene is multiplied for the 
tourist. The late afternoon had turned gray and cold, and 
dashes of rain fell as our party descended to the whirlpool. As 
they looked over the heaped-up and foaming waters in this eddy 
they almost expected to see Captain Webb or the suicide of the 
night before circling round in the maelstrom. They came up 
out of the gorge silent, and drove back to the hotel full of nervous 
apprehension. 

King found no telegram from Irene, and the place seemed 
to him intolerable. The artist was quite ready to go on in the 
morning; indeed, the whole party, although they said it was 

799 


1886 


arner 


1886 
Warner 


1886 
Warner 


1887 
Bodenstedt 


Niagara Falls 


unreasonable, confessed that they were almost afraid to stay 
longer; the roar, the trembling, the pervading sense of a blind 
force and rage, inspired a nameless dread. The artist said, the 
next morning at the station, that he understood the feelings of 


Lot. 


WARNER, CHARLES DUDLEY. Their pilgrimage. (Harp., Oct., 
1886. 76:677.) 


1887 


BoDENSTEDT, FREDERICK. Niagara. (/n Ott, Adolph and 
Palmer, Hans, Nordamerika. Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika. 


Bern. Rydegger und Baumgart. 1887. P. 503.) 


In addition to this quotation from Bodenstedt, the three pages immedi- 
ately preceding contain information concerning railroad, hotels, history 
and scenery of Niagara Falls. 


Nie erschien mir ein Strombild an Wundern so reich, 
So sturmisch im Wechsel, doch immer sich gleich 

In bezaubernder Macht urgewaltigen Seins 

Und hehrer Gebilde des Schalles und Scheins. 

Trib war der Himmel, als ich zuerst dich sah, 

In deiner wilden Grosse, Niagara, 

Und die Sonne war schon im Unteregh’n, 

Als ich kam, dich zum letzen Male zu seh’n. 

Und du hiessest mich selbst tief hmuntersteigen, 

Um dich mir in voller Grosse zu zeigen. 

Im tiefen, gewundenen Felsenbette. 

Dich umragt keine schimmernde Bergeskette, 

Deine Ufer sind flach und ode ganz, 

Doch do brauchst keines prangenden Rahmens Glanz: 
Deine eigene Gult, deiner Wellen Klang 

Wird mir leuchten und klingen mein Leben lang. 


BoDENSTEDT, FREDERICK. Niagara. (See Michigan Central 
Railroad Company, From city to surf. . . . Chicago: Rand, 
McNally. 1888. Pp. 67-68.) 


800 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


CHARLES, EmiLy THORNTON. An address to the body of a manin 1887 
the whirlpool. Niagara. (Jn her Lyrical poems. Phila.: Lippincott, Charles 
1887. Pp. 110-111.) 


Not a great poem, but written in an interesting and buoyant style. 


1888 
FRECHETTE, Louis. Le Niagara. (See Michigan Central Railroad 1888 
Company, From city to surf. . . . Chicago: Rand, McNally, Frechette 
1888. P. 63.) 
1889 


SLADEN, DouGLAs BROOKE WHEELTON. To the American fall 1889 
at Niagara (/n Sladen, Douglas, ed., Younger American poets Sladen 
1830-1890. . . . With an appendix of Younger Canadian poets; 
ed. by G. B. Roberts. Lond. and Sydney: Griffith, Farran, Okeden 
and Welsh. 1891. Dedicatory sonnet.) 


This sonnet is dated Niagara, October 18, 1889. 


Niagara, national emblem! Cataract 
Born of the maddened rapids, sweeping down 
Direct, resistless from the abyss’s crown 
Into the deep, fierce pool with vast impact 
Scarce broken by the giant boulders, stacked 
To meet thine onslaught, threatening to drown 
Fach tillaged plain, each level-loving town 
"Twixt thee and ocean. Lo! the type exact! 


America Niagarized the world. 
Europe, a hundred years agone, beheld 
An avalanche, like pent-up Erie, hurled 
Through barriers, to which the rocks of eld 
Seemed toy things — leaping into godlike space. 
A sign and wonder to the human race. 
Younc, Mrs. Jutia Ditto. Adrift: a story of Niagara. Phila.: 1g89 
Lippincott. 1889. Young 
A tale of a summer flirtation. 


51 801 


1890 
Chandler 


1891 
Dexter 


1891 


Imrie 


1892 
Van Duzee 


1892 
Williams 


Niagara Falls 


1890 
CHANDLER, HENRY. The nymph of Niagara gore. Buffalo: 
1890. 
A poor attempt at poetry in seven eight-line stanzas. ‘The scene is laid 
at Foster Flats. 
1891 


DEXTER, CHARLES. Niagara. (Jn his In memoriam, versions and 
idle measures. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co. 1891. P. 186-191.) 


A little love story with Erie, Niagara, and Ontario as dramatis 
personae. 


IMRIE, JOHN. Niagara Falls. (Jn his Songs and miscellaneous 
poems. Toronto: Imre and Graham. 1891. Pp. 26-28.) 


Eight stanzas religious and patriotic in tone. 


1892 


VAN DuzEE, L. D. Niagara. (Jn his By the Atlantic, later poems. 
Bost.: Lee and Shepard. 1892. Pp. 247-250.) 


Another poet who saw the hand of God in the Falls and in their 
presence felt the insignificance of man. 


Wituiams, Espy. Niagara. (/n his Dream of art, and other 
poems. N. Y.: Putnam. 1892. P. 70.) 


Before — the bright green waters 
In listless madness fly, 

Leap shouting smoothly downward, 
Mount mistful, white to sky. 


Above — the bright sun shining, 
Kisses the dancing spray, 

Till smiling it blushes all colors 
And in gladness melts away. 


O heart! with your tireless torrent 
Of doubt, and cataract fears, 
Love’s sunshine still kisses to blushes, 
And scatters your mist and tears. 
802 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


1893 
Becc, Mary Mitiar. Niagara. (Jn her My mother’s marriage easy 
ring and other poems. Glasgow: Bryce. 1893. P. 100.) BS 


Two stanzas addressed to the “* majestic torrent’’ and ‘* overpowering 
force ’’ of Niagara. 


LovEMAN, RosBertT. Niagara. (/n his Poems. Tuscaloosa: 1893 
Barton 1693; P.. 17.) Loveman 
Some vast despair, some grief divine, 
Doth vigil keep, 
Forever here; Before this shrine 
The waters weep. 


Methinks a God from some far sphere, 
In sportive part, 
In ages past wooed Nature here, 


And broke her heart. 


1894 
BakKER, NAAMAN R._ An ode to Niagara. (Jn his Constancy and 1894 
other poems. Mt. Morris. 1894. P. 48.) Baker 


A brief poem dealing with the short span of man’s life as compared 
with the everlastingness of Niagara. 


CoMMELIA, ANNA OLcoTT. Niagara. (Jn her Of such is the king- 1894 
dom, and other poems. N. Y.: Fowler and Wells. 1894. Pp, Commelia 
17-20.) 


Addressed to Niagara as the marvel, monarch, pride, and wonder of 


the West. 


GILDER, RICHARD WATSON. At Niagara. (Jn his Poems. Bost. 1894 
& N. Y.: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1908. Pp. 215-216.) Gilder 


I 


There at the chasm’s edge behold her lean 

Trembling as, ‘neath the charm, 

A wild bird lifts no wing to ‘scape from harm; 

Her very soul drawn to the glittering, green, 
803 


1894 
Gilder 


Niagara Falls 


Smooth, lustrous, awful, lovely curve of peril; 
While far below the bending sea of bery] 
Thunder and tumult — whence a billowy spray 


Enclouds the day. 


I] 


What dream is hers? No dream hath wrought that spell! 
The long waves rise and sink; 

Pity that virgin soul on passion’s brink, 

Confronting Fate — swift, unescapable,— 

Fate, which of nature is the intent and core, 

And dark and strong as the steep river’s pour, 

Cruel as love, and wild as love’s first kiss! 


Ah, God! the abyss. 


H. E. J. ‘*A poem of the elements,”’ an appreciation of Niagara: 


August, 1891. (Critic, Sept. 22, 1894. 25:181.) 


A critic of Niagara descriptions. The author found noble dignity 
and repose but nothing of awe, terror, desolation, or death in the Falls. 
The deafening roar did not exist for him. In his own words, “* the fullest 
and most buoyant life, the sprightliest animation, the gayest colors and the 
loudest song—these are the language of that poem of the elements we 
call Niagara.” 


McCann, JOHN EARNEST and SALTUS, FRANCIs S. Niagara. 
(McClure, Oct., 1894. 3:436.) 


A short poem, written in 1888 and reprinted by special request. Has 
real literary menit. 


Since the first dawn, thro’ vague and unknown ways, 
Between the icy north and where I fall, 
From lands beyond the pole, from where brooks call, 
And sing responsive to the cold birds’ lays, 
I glide, I leap, I bound, thro’ nights and days; 
I rush, I rave, I roar, and I appall — 
Ay! to the very heights of heaven’s wall — 
The hosts that reverential glances raise. 


804 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


And puny men who walk the earth ne’er dream 
Of the great force beneath my glassy face; 
And, so, from my brown bed up to the sod, 
I seem in all my majesty supreme 
Defying time and earth, and fate and space, 
To be the tumult of the tears of God! 


TRUMBULL, WILLIAM. ‘The legend of the white canoe. N. Y. and 
Lond.: Putnam. 1894. 


A story told in verse of the ancient Indian custom among the tribes in 
the vicinity of Niagara, of a sacrifice to the Spirit of the Falls. In a 
white birch-bark canoe was sent over the Falls the fairest maiden of the 
tribe, surrounded by ripe fruits and blooming flowers. ‘The sacrifice was 
supposed to propitiate the Spirit of the Falls and gain for the tribe pros- 
perity and abundant crops. 

PROEM. 
Mid the rush of mighty waters, in the thundering cataract’s roar, 
Where Niagara’s streaming rapids down in headlong torrent pour; 
When the serried waves like chargers madly leaping to the fray, 
Fling aloft their snowy crests and toss their manes of flying spray, 
Rearing, plunging, onward urging — Nature’s glorious cavalry! 
Where the eternal sweep of waters like the unending surge of time, 
Pulsing, throbs in rhythmic measure to a wondrous strain sublime: 
Dwells, so ancient legends say, the mighty Spirit of the Falls, 
Who, from out the tumult, hoarsely, for unbounded homage calls. 
Here the children of the forest, spellbound by that deafening roar, 
‘Stopped to gaze with listening wonder, in the simpler days of yore; 
Awe-struck, gazed in silent worship, well beseeming Nature’s 
child, 
As in chase they roamed the plain, or tracked in war the path- 
less wild; 
And as often as they listened, on the voices of the flood 
Deep were borne the Spirit’s mutterings, calling fierce for human 
blood; 
Ay, and sacrifice more cruel in that cry, they understood: 
Gift of Nature’s choicest treasure, peerless budding womanhood! 
805 


1894 


McCann 
& Saltus 


1894 
Trumbull 


1895 
Allis 


1895 


Thomson 


1895 
Young 


1896 


Scanlan 


1896 
Tabb 


1896 
Thayer 


1898 
Johnson 


Niagara Falls 


1895 
A.LLis, ALMON TRASK. Uncle Alvin at Niagara. (Jn his Uncle 
Alvin at home and abroad. Hbornellsville. 1895. Pp. 112-134.) 


Uncle Alvin and Nancy Jane take a day off for an excursion trip to 
Niagara. ‘The poem consists of descriptions of and reflections on sights 
and scenes at Niagara in pleasant vein. 


THOMSON, EDWARD WILLIAM. John Bedell, United States loyalist. 
(/n his Old Man Savarin and other stories. N. Y. and Boston: T. Y. 
Crowell & Co. (c. 1895.) Pp. 251-270.) ‘ 


The scene of this story of love and death is laid at the Falls. A father 


gives his life to save his daughter and her lover. 


Younac, Davin. Historical facts and thrilling incidents of the Niagara 
frontier. Niagara Falls, N. Y.: (1895.) 


Among others are the accounts of the hermit, Webb, the Maid of 
the Mist, and the poem of Avery. 


1896 


” 


SCANLAN, WALLACE. “ Dirty”: a story of Niagara. (The reminder. 
Lockport, N. Y.: August, 1896. 1:1.) 


A story of an unknown wronged man who heroically gives up his life 
to save the woman who had deserted him, from going over the Falls. 


Tass, JoHN B. Niagara. (Atlantic, Sept., 1896. 78:403.) 
A little poem — thoughts suggested by Niagara. 


THAYER, EUGENE. Music of Niagara. (Sci. Am. sup., Mar. 7, 
1896. 41:16837.) 


A brief extract reprinted from the Trinity Record. 


1898 
JoHNSON, RicHARD Lewis. Apostrophe to Niagara. (/n_ his 
Niagara; its history, incidents and poetry. . . . Wash.: Neale. 


1898. Pp. 35-41.) 


Cyclopean torrent, this thy throne, 
Which man but yesterday hath known, 
Through all thy countless ages flown, 
Creation’s masterpiece. 
806 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


How wonderful and vast thou art! 

Grand Pantheon of Omniscient art! 

Thy flood-gates demonstrate thou art 
** Without a parallel! ” 


Awe-struck I hear the passing crowd 

Of heaving storm waves thundering loud, 

And see them writing here the proud 
Grand Autograph of God. 


A thousand waves on dress parade 

Urge on the crowding cavalcade, 

Which pauses on the brink, afraid 
The awful plunge to take. 


See yon gigantic wave command 

The myriad troopers, as they stand 

Erect, with flashing sword in hand, 
To charge the host below! 


Adown they charge, that mighty force, 

Resistless in its downward course; 

The rider and the foaming horse — 
Brigade Victorious! 


Thy grand facade, with curtains down, 
Presents no monster’s ugly frown, 
But like a maiden’s bridal gown, 


A robe of beauty is. 


Its elevation reaches high, 
And fain would touch the changing sky, 
Its falling waters ever cry, 
Rejoicing as they leap. 
807 


1898 
Johnson 


1898 


Johnson 


Niagara Falls 


Majestic fleets that float their flags, 

And brave Old Ocean’s rocky crags, 

Dare not approach our rugged snags, 
Nor Titian-fashioned front. 


Some noble bards have done their best 

To praise Mt. Etna’s blazing crest, 

Yet, we could flood the monarch’s nest 
And crop his golden curls, 


And challenge heaven’s bright sentry stars 
To find beneath his lavic bars 
A spark, to light their gilded cars, 

Before the blaze of morn. 


Primeval tribes no more shall roam 

Thy banks to pitch their tented home, 

Whose fairest daughters made thy foam 
Their willing sepulchre. 


For here they gathered once a year, 
With festive dance and savage cheer, 
And sacrificed, without a tear, 

The fairest of the tribe. 


Thy organ notes with thunderous roar, 
Sound thy Creator’s lofty score 
Of Love and Mercy evermore, 

In grand diapason. 


Beyond this temple vast and dim, 
Methinks thy anthem, psalm, or hymn, 
Floods in sweet melody to Him 

Who waits the grand Amen! 


808 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


Sheets of sunfire blaze and quiver 
On thy waves, O boistrous river, 


As they leap to foam and shiver, 
Adown this gulf of death! 


Deep undercurrents night and day, 

An everlasting power display, 

Exhaustless, unconfined, they play, 
Unfathomed, unrestrained. 


Take in the sight around — about, 


And know, Vain Man! beyond a doubt, 
God’s power is here past finding out — 


Eternal mystery. 


Oft have I sat, in quiet hour, 

Beside this emblem of God’s power, 

And fancied Eden’s sacred bower 
No symbol had like this. 


Emotionful our souls should know 
He placed that graceful radiant bow 
To span the hurricane below, 

In token of His love. 


Thou Sacrilegious Man — go hence! 

How futile is thy vain pretence 

To scoff and doubt Omnipotence, 
Arrayed in glory here! 


Ere Cheop’s Pyramidal pile 
Stood reared upon the classic Nile, 
Was cut thy rough, rock-ribbed defile 
' By ante-glacial flood! 

809 


1898 
Johnson 


1898 
Johnson 


Niagara Falls 


From yonder tower view Queenston’s height, 
Hennepin was denied the sight, 
From whence thou struggled in the night 

Of primeval dawn. 


The windings of thy crystal shoe, 
Church faithfully portrayed, ’tis true, 


The canvas shows a bygone view. 
Pride of the “ Corcoran.” 


When Winter steps upon the stage, 
White-cowled and solemn as a sage, 
Thou dost display an ample page 

Of glistening ice-moss bright. 


Then icy apples moonlit shine 

On evergreens at midnight time, 

And then thou seemest most sublime, 
In snowy satin robed. 


Translucent columns, purest white, 
Glisten in the morning light; 
Prismatic scene of rare delight, 


Of hues Elysian; 


Here snow-capped mountains block thy flow, 
While crystal diamonds crown the show, 
And icy bridges form below, 


To span a Paradise. 


The flower is pledged unto the bee, 

‘The tidal wave unto the sea; 

Our northern floods are pledged to thee, 
Thou thundering watersheet! 


810 


C/Q| Lnodv LNIOg LoadSO¥g AO NOILIGNOD IWYALYN 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 
And yet, O Thunderer, what art thou 


To Him with iridescent brow, 
Who guides thy grand retreating prow, 
The whispers of His might; 


And notches on these walls of stone 

His hieroglyphics, yet thine own, 

To make thy soundless ages known. 
Through glyptic monographs. 


Who wrote his name, “ The Unseen God,” 


In burning letters, fiery shod, 
On Terrapin Tower, once trod 
By bold adventurers; 


When lo! ’twas hurled from heaven to hell, 


The tottering, grand old sentinel, 
Where oft I went to view the well, 
Above thy plunging floods. 


God gave thee queenly sisters three, 
Faith, Hope and glorious Charity, 
And placed the Iris Isle to be 

A brooch to pin thy veil. 


He sent the morn with rustling wings, 

And filled the vales with babbling springs, 

And gave the birds their color’d wings 
And sweetly charming notes, 


To praise thy cascades most sublime, 
Thro’ every land, thro’ every clime, 
Whose opalescent rainbows shine 
To prove his promise true. 
811 


1898 
Johnson 


1898 
Johnson 


Niagara Falls 


He heaved the snow-clad mountains up, 

To fill old Erie’s vine-clad cup, 

With waters sweet for thee to sup, 
Majestic Orator! 


He listeth in thy cave sublime, 

And speaketh in that voice of thine, 

And rideth on the storms of Time, 
Which lash the Island’s home. 


A spectacle personified, 

May here be seen at midnight tide; 

And lovers with the greatest pride 
May view a modest beau. 


He courts the Queen of Night by day, 

At evn song he tints the spray; 

At peep of dawn he fades away — 
The opal lunar bow. 


For the lost Eden, search no more, 
In myth or prehistoric lore; 
That question's settled, ever more, 


On this the Sacred Isle, 


Whose ferns and mosses scent the breeze, 
Where east and west each soul agrees, 
The Tigris and the Euphrates 

Flow swiftly, gladly on. 


How bright and grand to thee did seem 
This world arrayed in living green, 
While Luna, robed in silvery sheen, 
Her nightly vigils kept, 
812 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


With gleaming light and lunar bow, 1898 
Thy phantom flood of joy and woe, iaene 
A milky stream of ceaseless flow, 

A phosphorescent dream; 


"Till paler man, with selfish soul, 

Held in his hand a parchment scroll, 

And taxed his neighbors, ev'ry soul — 
Infinite Oracle! 


Who came to list thy voice so true, 

And view thy waters, green and blue, 

And marvel at thy emerald shoe 
Whose hoof an empire is! 


Seated on the “ Rock of Ages,” 
While musing o’er the sacred pages, 
Indited by inspir’d sages, 

I heard a spirit say: 


Let lions roar and people sing, 

And eagles flutter on the wing, 

While all the bells in steeples ring 
For thee, Niagara. 


A jubilation loud and grand, 

From frigid zones to torrid strand, 

For Dufferin ope’d, with lordly hand, 
Thy flood-gates free. 


Now may thy incense heavenward soar, 
And thy tempestuous billows roar 
Their solemn protests, o’er and o’er 


Thy crest, Niagara. 
813 


1898 
Johnson 


Niagara Falls 


"Till Justice, with concordant hand, 

And Liberty with outstretched hand, 

Shall welcome pilgrims as they land 
On Freedom’s happy shore. 


And guard with zealous care for aye, 

Thy mighty organ, night and day, 

That all the world may hear it play, 
With unvexed harmony. 


Until discordant war’s alarms, 

And conflicts of contending arms, 

Are silenced by thy mad’ning charms, 
Plunge on, Niagara! 


Nor let thy eyelids ever close, 

In Neptune’s arms in sweet repose, 

"Till all the nations shall disclose, 
Like thee, Niagara, 


A charity as broad and deep 

As is thine own encircling steep, 

Or as thy vortex where we peep 
Thro’ azure mists to heaven. 


Methinks the Grecian bard would find 
Meet inspiration for his noblest song. 
And not in Trojan wars; 


For here dwells Liberty. 


814 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


While myriad sunlit, liquid pearls 1898 
Obscure thy bubbling pools and whirls, Johnson 
Our Goddess stoops, with golden curls, 

To sip thy hydromel. 


Proud Bedloe’s Isle may sound her horn — 
Bartholdi’s gift her coast adorn; 
But tll her birthday’s final morn, 

Here dwelleth Liberty. 


In search of gain and worldly pelf, 
The robber here hath shown himself, 
And like the ox amid the delf, 

He would his figure break. 


Let press and voice at once condemn 
The spoiler who would steal a gem 
From off the glittering diadem 

Of this majestic stream. 


Though “ Hope’s bright star” is sometimes pale, 
Let Hope, not Fear, in man prevail, 
The misty Ghost within the veil 

Proves life’s resurrection. 


Alas! Niagara, what are we 
Frail creatures when compared to thee? 
Yet, what art thou to Deity ? — 

But insignificance. 


MEISTER, WILHELM. Creation’s pride. (Jn Johnson, R. L., Niagara 4 398 
its history, incidents, and poetry. Wash.: W. Neale. 1898. P. 55.) Meister 


Niagara’s canon, swept by waters grand! 
No gorge like thine, nor depths, the mighty hand 
Of time hath wrought. 


815 


1898 
Meister 


1898 


Severance 


1898 
Porter 


Niagara Falls 


Thy cataract stupendous is, and fierce; 
No human voice or sound can ever pierce 
Its deaf’ning roar. 


Thy seething currents rend with awful might 
Great rocks, that nature in chaotic might 


Did rear on high. 


A whirlpool deep within thy walls doth hiss, 
And raging ’round, sinks down in dark abyss 
‘To unknown depths. 


Around Ontario’s blue and wide domain, 
No mountains check, nor lofty barriers chain, 
Thine outlet vast. 


In the great ocean’s infinite expanse 
Thy volumes rest, and with their powers, enhance 
The vasty deep. 


These verses are from the pen of a German poet, who signs himself 


Wilhelm Meister. 


SEVERANCE, FRANK Haywarp. Niagara and the poets. (Jn his 
Old trails on the Niagara frontier. Ist ed. Buffalo: 1899. 2d ed. 
Cleveland: 1903. Pp. 221-260.) 


PorTER, PETER A. [Lines in a young lady’s album.| (/n Johnson, 
R. L., Niagara, its history, incidents and poetry. Wash.: W. Neale. 
1898. Pp. 49-50.) 


Whiten by Colonel Porter in a young lady’s album, in which he also 
drew a sketch representing the Falls in the distance with Father Hennepin, 
La Salle, and an Indian chief in the foreground. The touch of humor in 
the verses is very pleasant. 


An artist, underneath his sign (a masterpiece, of course) 
Had written, to prevent mistakes, ‘‘ This represents a horse ”’; 
So ere I send my Album Sketch, lest connoisseurs should err. 
I think it well my Pen should be my Art’s interpreter. 

816 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


A chieftain of the Iroquois, clad in a bison’s skin, 1898 
Had led two travelers through the wood, La Salle and Porter 
Hennepin. 
He points, and there they, standing, gaze upon the ceaseless 
flow 


Of waters falling as they fell two hundred years ago. 


Those three are gone, and little heed our worldly gain or 
loss — 

The Chief, the Soldier of the Sword, the Soldier of the 
Cross. 

One died in battle, one in bed, and one by secret foe; 

But the waters fall as once they fell two hundred years ago. 


Ah, me! what myriads of men, since then, have come and 
gone; 

What states have risen and decayed, what prizes lost and 
won; 

What varied tricks the juggler, Time, has played with all 
below; 

But the waters fall as once they fell two hundred years ago. 


What troops of tourists have encamped upon the river’s 
brink; 

What poets shed from countless quills, Niagaras of ink; 

What artist armies tried to fix the evanescent bow 

Of waters falling as they fell two hundred years ago. 


And stately inns feed scores of guests from well replenished 
larder, 

And hackmen drive their horses hard, but drive a bargain 
harder; 

And screaming locomotives rush in anguish to and fro: 

And the waters fall as once they fell two hundred years ago. 


52 817 


Niagara Falls 


1898 And brides of every age and clime frequent the island’s 
Porter bower, 
And gaze from off the stone-built porch — hence called the 
Bridal Tower — 
And many a lunar belle goes forth to meet a lunar beau, 
By the waters falling as they fell two hundred years ago. 


And bridges bind thy breast, O stream! and buzzing mill- 
wheels turn, 

To show, like Samson, thou art forced thy daily bread to 
eam; 

And steamers splash thy milk-white waves, exulting as they 
go, 

But the waters fall as once they fell two hundred years ago. 


Thy banks no longer are the same that early travelers found 
them, 

But break and crumble now and then like other banks 
around them; 

And on the verge our life sweeps on — alternate joy and 
woe 

But the waters fall as once they fell two hundred years ago. 


Thus phantoms of a by-gone age have melted like the spray; 

And in our turn we too shall pass, the phantoms of today: 

But the armies of the coming time shall watch the ceaseless 
flow 

Of waters falling as they fell two hundred years ago. 


1898 Ripcery, A. S. (Poem.) (Jn Johnson, R. L., Niagara, its history, 
Meely incidents and poetry. Wash.: W. Neale. 1898. Pp. 54-55.) 
This poem also appears in Holley’s “‘ Niagara; its history and geology, 
incidents and poetry,’ published in 1872 and has been already quoted 
earlier in this chapter. 


1898 WENDELL, HARVEY. Niagara in winter. (Leslie’s w., Mar. 24, 
Wendell 1898. 86:186.) 
A descriptive poem of Niagara “‘a frozen poem.” 
818 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


1899 
ZANGWILL, ISRAEL. Noah’s ark. (/n his They that walk in dark- “wat 
ness. N. Y.: Macmillan Co. 1899.) Zangwi 


In this story, which was also published in Lippincott’s in August, 1899, 
is a fairly accurate account of Major Mordecai Manuel Noah’s proposed 
plan for a City of Refuge for Jews on Grand Island. 


1900 
AusTIN, Henry. Niagara. (Indep., Nov. 29, 1900. 52:2827.) 1900 


Austin 
Splendor supreme of constant majesty, 
Of towering passion, overpowering charm, 
At last, mine eyes behold thee as thou art — 
In all the lightness of thy moving grace; 
In all the whiteness of thy soaring spray; 
In all the brightness of thy might! 


At last, 
Mine ears drink in thy voice miraculous, 
O plunging mountain full of thunder-songs 
Defiant or triumphant, echoing aye 
Through vasts of day and night! 


O Shape beyond 
All wingéd imagery of magic words 
Most musical, by ancient bards bequeathed 
To spell the hearts of ever-coming men, 
At last, I grasp, I clasp thee; and my soul, 
Struck speechless in thy Cavern of the Winds, 
Breathlessly burns with sharp, voluptuous ache 
To dash herself against thy torrent breast 
And join the awful Angels of thy fall 
Perpetual on the crags of Agony — 
Victorious Agony of glorious doom! 


819 


Niagara Falls 


1960 O perilous bridge ’mid gusts of dazzling pearl, 

came Or where a diamond storm enshrouds the way, 
Thou seem’st like Life a span “twixt Day and Night; 

| For tho eternal rainbows crown the rocks, 
| Halos of Hope, charmed circles of high Faith, 
Commanding entrance through the chasms of Doubt 
To deeps of nobler knowledge and soul-strength, 
Yet all this beauty overwhelms the mind 
By clash of contrast with our littleness. 
Alas! for Man, the Universal Dwarf, 
Slave of Heredity, Waif of Circumstance, 
Cringer to Custom, Toy of Temperament, 
| Rock-chained by Self, a vain Promethean child! 
Een in his loftiest hour, Niagara, 
Facing thy vastness, Nature’s most sublime 
Picture and Poem, can he read a line 
Or track a tint back to its hidden source 
Or catch the secret meaning of one tone 
"Mid the melliflous thunders which arise 
Eternal from thy flowers of prismy foam; 
Fadeless, though falling ever — never quite 
Lost in the looming, luminous Infinite? 
Hush! Let us not be shadowed or dismayed 
| By aught of greatness in the outer sphere, 
| By sense of Man’s collective littleness, 
| Or any conscious nothingness of self! 
In Life, e’en as in Art, Perfection, Size, 
Is of all sizes: — and the first, firm step 
In true development and lasting strength 
Must ever be the brave acknowledgment 
Of weakness or of lack. 


So, Heart of Mine, 
Oh! Heart of All, stand up and take the sun! 
Seize, for ’tis thine, thy Sovereignty of Light! 
820 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


Night with her pale Infinitude of Stars, 190@ 
Nor Ocean, nor the Mountains, nor e’en Thou, one 
Niagara, with all thy loveliness, 

Can match, in possibilities of growth 

To Power, to Beauty, to Sublimity, 


That noblest mystery, the Soul of Man. 


——__.. Niagara. (Jn Porter, P. A., Goat Island. Niagara 1900 
Falls, N. Y.: 1900.) 


This poem by an unknown author appears as an introduction to the 
account of Goat Island. It is also found in the reprint of Mr. Porier’s 
work in the Sixteenth Annual Report of the Commissioners of the State 
Reservation at Niagara. 


Great Fall, all hail: 

Canst thou unveil 

The secrets of thy birth; 
Unfold the page 

Of each dark age, 

And tell the tales of earth? 


When I was born 

The stars of morn 

Together sang — twas day: 
The sun unrolled 

His garb of gold 

And took his upward way. 


He mounted high 

The eastern sky 

And then looked down on earth; 
And she was there, 


Young, fresh, and fair, 
And I, and all, had birth. 


821 


1900 


Niagara Falls 


The word of power 

Was spoke that hour: 
Dark chaos felt the shock ; 
Forth sprung the light, 
Burst day from night, 

Up leaped the living rock. 


Back fell the sea 

The land was free, 

And mountain, hill, and plain 
Stood forth to view, 

In emerald hue,— 

Then sang the stars amain. 


And I — oh thou: 

Who taught me how 

To hymn thy wondrous love 
Deign to be near 

And calm my fear, 

O Holy one above. 


I caught the word 
Creation heard, 

And by thy power arose; 
His goodness gave 

The swelling wave 

That ever onward flows. 


By his command 

The rainbow spanned 

My forehead and his will 
Evoked the cloud 

My feet to shroud, 

And taught my voice to trill. 


822 


PorTER, PETER A. A legend of Goat Island ascribed to Father 
Louis Hennepin, who visited Niagara in 1678. . . . Niagara Falls: pote 


(1900.) 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 
And who is he 1900 


That questions me? 

From whom hast thou thy form, 
Thy life, thy soul > 

My waters roll 

Through day, night, sunshine, storm. 


In grateful praise 

To him, I raise 

A never ceasing song 
To that dread one, 

To whom stars, sun, 
Earth, ocean, all belong. 


Thou too adore 

Him ever more 

Who gave thou all thou hast; 
Let time gone by 

In darkness die 

Deep buried in the past. 


And be thy mind 

To him inclined 

Who made earth, heaven, and thee — 
Thy every thought 

To worship wrought,— 

This lesson learn of me. 


1900 


A long poem telling the story of a priest who by disproving the Indian 
tradition that none but warriors could reach Goat Island and live, succeeded 
in winning the Indian chieftain and his tribe to the true religion. 


823 


Niagara Falls 


1801 


1901 Bruce, WaLLace. Niagara. (Jn Michigan Central R. R. 
Bruce Chicago: | 1901) Page: 


Proud swaying pendant of a crystal chain, 
On fair Columbia’s rich and bounteous breast 
With beaded lakes that necklace-like retain 
Heaven’s stainless blue with golden sunlight blest! 
What other land can boast a gem so bright! 
With colors born of sun and driven spray — 
A brooch of glory, amulet of might 
Where all the irised beauties softly stray. 
Ay, more — God’s living voice, Niagara thou! 
Proclaiming wide the anthem of the free; 
The starry sky, the crown upon thy brow, 
Thy ceaseless chant a song of Liberty. 
But this thy birthright, this thy sweetest dower, 
Yon arching rainbow — Love still spanning Power. 


1901 Carus, PAUL. The chief’s daughter: a legend of Niagara. Chicago: 
Carus c. 1901. 
The legend of the last sacrifice of the Oniahgahrah Indians. Accord- 


ing to the tale the chieftain’s daughter gives herself as a sacrifice in spite 
of all of Hennepin’s arguments. Her father follows her over the Falls. 
In the words of the author, the “‘ Ruler of the Cataract ’’ and the “* Maid 
of the Mist”’ are at home in a crystalline grotto “in the unfathomable 
depths of the Horseshoe Falls, but on moonlight nights they visit the 
Three Sister Islands or the Cave of the Winds and their figures may be 
seen hovering over the rapids or round that beautiful white sheet of water 
called the Bridal Veil.’’ The two characters mentioned are symbolical 
of the powerful grandeur and chaste beauty of the scene. 


1901 FULTON, Mrs. LINDA DE K. Nadia, the maid of the mist: a story 
Fulton of Niagara. Buffalo: 1901. 


1901 PRITCHARD, Myron T. comp. Poetry of Niagara. . . . Com- 
Pritchard piled by M. T. Pnitchard. Bost.: Lothrop Pub. Co. (1901.) 
One of the later collections of Niagara poetry from various sources, 
comprising 128 pages. 


824 


| 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


1902 


BLancuarp, Amy Ea. A loyal lass, a story of the Niagara cam- 1902 
paign of 1814. Boston & Chicago: W. A. Wilde Co. (1902.) Blanchard 
In the first chapter, the scene of the story is set on the Niagara river 
within sound of the roar of the cataract. 


SHARPE, WILLIAM. Niagara and Khandalla, and other poems. 1902 
Lond.: H. A. Copley. 1902. Sharpe 


Written by a retired army surgeon, who gives his general reflections 
on the Falls, the points of vantage for viewing Niagara, and the best 
season for seeing them. ‘The poem is well-wnitten, and its restraint is a 
relief after some of the more extravagant effusions. 


STRATEMEYER, EDWARD. Marching on the Niagara; or, The soldier 1902 
boys of the old frontier. Boston: Lee and Shepard. (Colonial series IJ.) Statemeyer 
1902. 

In this story a battle takes place near the Falls; there is a struggle 
between an Indian and the white hero on the banks of the rapids, and 
the story of a rescue from the rapids. 


1903 
Cook, JOSEPH. Overtones; a book of verse. N. Y.: Knickerbocker 1903 
press. 1903. Pp. 85-86. Cook 
NIAGARA. 


I hear the thunderous thud, the muffled roar 

I see the blinding, wheeling, smiting mists, 

The greens, the grays, purples and amethysts, 
From Heaven’s wide palm thy frightened cataracts pour, 
And I look up beneath them and adore. 

Above me hang chain lightnings on the wrists 
Of summer tempests. In the awesome lists 

Of contests are the thunders and thy shore. 
Beneath thy quivering riven cliff I lie 

And gaze into the lightning and the sky 

But I hear only thee and touch and see 

A hand which undergirds immensity. 

Thou speakest much, but speaketh most of him; 


God, God, God walks on thy watery rim. 
825 


1903 
Saunders 


1904 
Copeland 


Niagara Falls 
SAUNDERS, J. E. Niagara. Lond.: Partridge. 1903. 


A moralizing poem about 


“* Nature’s unequalled masterpiece : — 
Sublimest of sublimities.” 


1904 
COPELAND, BENJAMIN. Niagara, and other poems. Buffalo: 


thews—Northrup. 1904. Pp. 11-12. 


Majestic symbol of eternal power! 
Dread oracle of sons all unknown! 

Before thy presence Pomp and Passion cower,— 
All men are equal at thy awful throne. 


Abashed, the eager babble of the mart,— 
To silence shamed, the vulgar greed for gain; 
No more ambition goads the weary heart, 
And Toil forgets its unrequited pain. 


Stern type of Truth’s inexorable law! 
No room remains for envy or for pride; 
Here prince and pauper stand in common awe, 
Swayed by the spell of thy resistless tide. 


A rushing, seething Sinai,— thou dost pour 
On sluggish consciences the solemn sense 

Of justice infinite: — thy thunder’s roar 
Declares to Wrong relentless recompense. 


Against our arrogance thy strength doth plead; 
Deep unto deep imperiously calls; 

Impartial annalist! the nations read 
Their transient glory on thy ageless walls. 


Yet dost thou deign to dower the moment’s need,— 
Our dreams exceeding by thy bounteous sway; 
With power unrivalled thy proud flood shall speed 


The New World’s progress toward Time’s perfect day. 


826 


Mat- 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


O mighty monitor! O seer sublime! 1904 
, : Copeland 
The soul’s surpassing grandeur thou dost show; — 
The fountains of thy immemorial prime 


Through man’s immortal being freely flow. 


Twain, Mark. Extracts from Adam’s diary translated from the 1904 
original Ms. N. Y. and Lond.: WHarper and Brothers, 1904. Twain 


A fanciful tale, placing the creation of Man and the Garden of Eden 
at Niagara. There are many humorous hits on the Falls and the park 
management. 


1905 


Rour, Matuias. Am Niagara. (Jn his Gedichte. Miinchen. 1905 
[1905] Pp. 6-8.) Rohr 


The lure of the Falls, the cave of the winds, and the mist. 
Rowr, Matuias. Das Opfer des Niagara. (Jn his Gedichte. 
Miinchen. [1905] Pp. 56-59.) 


The familiar Iroquois legend of the sacrifice to Niagara, but in this 
case the maiden is rescued by a priest and her folk converted to 
Christianity. 


Roy, CAmMIL_e, L’abbé. Etude sur l’histoire de la litterature canadi- 1905 
enne. 1800-1820. (Proc. and trans. of the Roy Soc. of Can. 2d ser. Rey 
May, 1905. 11:127-130.) 


The author ascribes to J. D. Mermet, soldier and poet, the authorship 
of a poem entitled, “‘ Tableau de la Cataracte de Niagara,” apres la 
bataille du 25 juillet 18/4, which appeared in le Spectateur, May 9, 
1915. The poem is quoted at some length. 


N’est-ce pas encore Mermet qui a dessiné ce large et puissant 
tableau de la cataracte de Niagara, longue poésie souvent belle, 
pittoresque, précise, parfois animé du meilleur souffle et qui est bien 
le plus puissant effort qui ait été accompli, en ce temps-la, pour 
peindre Ja nature canadienne. 

C’est aprés une bataille livrée prés de Niagara, ow les 
Canadiens furent vainqueurs. Nos troupes sont campées a 
quelque distance de la cataracte; la plus vive animation régne au 


827 


Niagara Falls 


eer milieu des soldats, et au “bruit belliqueux”’ |’on entend so joindre 


le bruit des flots mugissants. Nos héros étonnés s approchent des 
chutes fameuses, et ils apercoivent et ils admirent. 


Ces rapides torrens dont la pente fougueuse 
Rend de Niagara la chute merveilleuse. 


Et le poéte décrit longuement le spectacle: 


Un gouffre haut, profond, de ses bouches béantes, 
Gronde, écume et vomit, en ondes mugissantes, 
Deux fleuves mutinés, deux immenses torrens; 
Plus altier, plus fougueux que ces rochers ardens 
Qui renferment la flammie, et lancent de leur gouffre 
Les flots empoisonnés du bitume et du soufre, 
Le premier des torrents, et le plus irrité, 
Des rayons du soleil réfléchit la clarté. 
Mille cercles d’émail qui s agitent sans cesse 
Glissent en tournoyant sur l’onde qui se presse. 
Le torrent étincelle, et |’oei! tremblant, surpris, 
Se fatigue d’y voir les cent couleurs d’Iris. 
Le second sous les rocs, sous les cavernes sombres, 
Roule sa masse d’eau dans le cahos des ombres. 
Entre les deux torrents, une ile suspendue 
De l’abime des eaux couronne | étendue. 
Lisle parait mouvante, et ses bords escarpés 
Par les flots en courroux sont sans cesse frappés. 
Des chénes, des sapins sans écorce et sans cime 
Se penchent de vieillesse et tremblent sur |’abime. 
Les rocs rongés et creux, et les troncs inégaux 
Aux timides Aiglons présentent des berceaux, 
Tandis que I’ Aigle fier des ailes qu’il déploie 
Plane sur les torrents ou fond sur une proie. 
La chute impétueuse entraine dans son cours 
La carcasse du pin, le cadavre de !’ours, 

828 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


1905 


Que du lac Erié les vagues menacantes w 
oy 


Enlévent en grondant sur ses rives tremblantes, 
Et qui parfois lancés hors des flots orageux, 
Offrent 4 mes regards des fantomes hideux. 


A ce premier tableau ot il a voulu rendre le mouvement des 
eaux qui se divisent en deux fleuves, en deux torrents, enserrent 
une isle suspendue au-dessus de |’abime, entrainent des débris de 
toute sorte, roulent avec fracas pendant que l’aigle tournoie et 
plane au dessus du gouffre, le poéte oppose le spectacle tranquille, 
et pour cela grandiose encore et saisissant que |’on peut voir au 
pied de la cataracte. Ce spectacle contraste violemment avec le 
premier, car des paysages gracieux y encadrent des flots couverts 
d’écume qui s apaisent déja, glissent et s’endorment. 


Je descends, je m’avance aux pieds de la cascade: 
Le flot n’y poursuit plus la craintive Naiade. 
L’onde des deux torrents semble s’y réunir, 

Pour oublier sa chute et cesser de gémir. 

C’est un tapis de mousse ow la riche nature 

Sur des flocons de neige étale sa parure. 
L’écume en murmurant sur le flot épuré 

S’étend, glisse et se perd dans le fleuve azuré; 

Et sur les bords fleuris, l’onde toujours limpide 
Offre un calme enchanteur prés d’un torrent rapide. 
C’est ainsi que j’ai vu, sous les pieds de |’Etna, 
Les tapis émaillés des champs de Démona. 


Or le poéte a visité Niagara a l’heure ot le soleil couchant 
répand sur les eaux la flamme rouge de sa pénétrante lumiere; et 
voici donc comment, du pied de la chute ow il observe, lui apparait 
cette grande nappe d’eau qui se déroule et s’abime: 


La masse qui s écroule offre de longs rideaux 
Ou l’émail pétillant proméne ses tableaux: 
J’y vois sur le saphir les perles les plus belles 
Se suivre, tournoyer comme des étincelles. 


829 


1905 
Roy 


Niagara Falls 


C’est le miroir ardent dont le cristal épais 

De l’amant de Thétis refléchit les attraits. 
Au-dessus de l’abime on voit rougir |’écume; 
L’esprit comme enchanté croit que I’isle s’allume; 
I] croit que les sapins s embrasent par degrés; 
D’un horrible incendie il croit voir les effets. 
C’est du couchant en feu la chaine rayonnante 
Dont tout |’éclat s’attache a la scéne frappante, 
Et ce tableau trompeur offre 4 mes yeux charmés 
Au lieu des torrents d’eau des torrents enflammés. 


Comme une touriste curieux et avisé, le poete visite la chute, et 
il raconte par le menu tous les accidents de cette nature 
tourmentée: 


Entre deux vieux débris une glissante route 
Guide mes pas errants sous une immense voite. 
Des flots et des rochers je vois l’horrible choc; 
Je frémis avec |’eau, je tremble avec le roc. 

Le cristal varié de la pierre et de |’onde 
I]lumine, enrichit cette grotte profonde. 

La cascade bruyante en recourbant son eau, 
Avrondit sur ma téte un liquide berceau; 

Et les rocs élancés en forme de fantéme, 

De ce temple mouvant environnent le dome. 


Mais voici la nuit; la cascade n’est plus qu'une masse sombre 
dont le roulement lugubre inspire la terreur. Le poete s éloigne, 
emportant en son ame l’impression profonde qu’y laisse le 
spectacle des grandes ceuvres de Dieu: 


Je méloigne a regret de la scéne sublime 

Ou la grandeur de Dieu se peint dans un abime. 
Dans cette solitude ot tout parait néant, 

L’ame voit du Trés-Haut le chef-d’oeuvre étonnant. 
Cette votite d’azur, ces nombreuses étoiles 

Qui de la nuit jalouse ont traversé les voiles, 


830 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


Ce calme que fatigue un murmure éternel, Sia 


Ce colosse des eaux, phénomeéne immortel, 

De ces torrents fougueux l’orageuse surface, 
Ce météore errant dans le céleste espace, 

Ces antiques sapins, ces rochers sourcilleux, 
Tout ici parle a |’ame et la met dans les Cieux. 


A\insi se termine en une méditation qui est une hymne et un élan 
vers Dieu l’une des meilleures poésies qu’ait inspirée, au com- 
mencement du siecle dernier, notre nature canadienne. 


1906 
WILKINSON, FLORENCE. Niagara. (Outl., Feb. 24, 1906. 1906 
82 :432-433.) Wilkinson 
THE WATER TALKED TO THE TURBINE 
AT THE INTAKE’S COUCHANT KNEE: 
Brother, thy mouth is darkness 
Devouring me. 


I rush at the whirl of thy bidding; 
I pour and spend 
Through the wheel-pit’s nether tempest. 
Brother, the end? 
Before fierce days of tent and javelin, 
Before the cloudy kings of Ur, 
Before the Breath upon the waters, 
My splendors were. 


Red hurricanes of roving worlds, 
Huge wallow of the uncharted Sea, 

The formless births of fluid stars, 
Remember me. 

A glacial dawn, the smoke of rainbows, 
The swiftness of the cafoned west, 
The steadfast column of white volcanoes, 
Leap from my breast. 

831 


1906 
Wilkinson 


Niagara Falls 


But now, subterranean, mirthless, 
I tug and strain, 
Beating out a dance thou hast taught me 
With penstock, cylinder, vane. 
I am more delicate than moonlight, 
Grave as the thunder’s rocking brow; 
I am genesis, revelation, 
Yet less than thou. 


By this I adjure thee, brother, 
Beware to offend! 

For the least, the dumbfounded, the conquered, 
Shall judge in the end. 


THE TURBINE TALKED TO THE MAN 
AT THE SWITCHBOARD’S CRYPTIC KEY: 
Brother, thy touch is whirlwind 
Consuming me. 


I revolve at the pulse of thy finger. 
Millions of power I flash 

For the muted and ceaseless cables 
And the engine’s crash. 

Like Samson, fettered, blindfolded, 
I sweat at my craft; 

But I build a temple I know not, 
Driver and ring and shaft. 


Wheat-field and tunnel and furnace, 
They tremble and are aware, 
But beyond thou compellest me, brother, 
Beyond these, where? 
Singing like sunrise on battle, 
I travail as hills that bow; 
I am wind and fire of prophecy, 
Yet less than thou. 
832 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


By this I adjure thee, brother, 1906 
Be slow to offend! Wilkinson 
For the least, the blindfolded, the conquered 
Shall judge in the end. 


THE MAN STROVE WITH HIS MAKER 
AT THE CLANG OF THE POWER-HOUSE DOOR: 
Lord, Lord, Thou art unsearchable, 


Troubling me sore. 


I have thrust my spade to the caverns; 
I have yoked the cataract; 

I have counted the steps of the planets. 
What thing have I lacked? 

I am come to a goodly country, 
Where, putting my hand to the plow, 

I have not considered the lilies. 


Am I less than Thou? 


‘THE MAKER SPAKE WITH THE MAN 

AT THE TERMINAL-HOUSE OF THE LINE: 
For delight wouldst thou have desolation 

O brother mine, 
And flaunt on the highway of nations 

A byword and sign? 


Have I fashioned thee then in my image 
And quickened thy spirit of old, 

If thou spoil my garments of wonder 
For a handful of gold? 

1 wrought for thy glittering possession 
The waterfall’s glorious lust; 

It is genesis, revelation,— 


» Wilt thou grind it to dust? 


53 833 


Niagara Falls 


1906 Niagara, the genius of freedom, 
Peace A creature for base command! 
Thy soul is the pottage thou sellest; 
Withhold thy hand. 
Or take him and bind him and make him 
A magnificent slave if thou must — 
But remember that beauty is treasure 


And gold is dust. 


Yea, thou, returnéd to the fertile ground 
In the humble days to be, 
Shalt learn that he who slays a splendor 
Has murdered Me. 
By this I adjure thee, brother, 
Beware to offend! 
For the least, the extinguished, the conquered, 
Shall judge in the end. 


WILKINSON, FLORENCE. Niagara. (Cur. lit, May, 1906. 


40:559-560.) 
WILKINSON, FLORENCE. Niagara. (Wld’s work, May, 1906. 
12:7479.) 
1907 
1907 BiaKE, Henry T. Ode to Niagara Falls. (Jour. Am. hist., Jan., 
Blake 1907. 1:141-142.) 
1907 LocAN, JoHN D. Over-song of Niagara. (Can. mag., Sept., 1907. 
Logan 29:440.) 


Why stand ye, nurslings of Earth, before my gates, 
Mouthing aloud my glory and my thrall > 
Are ye alone the playthings of the fates, 
And only ye o’ershadowed with a pall? 
Turn from this spectacle of strength unbound — 
This fearful force that spends itself in folly! 
Turn ye and hark above the organ sound 
My Over-song of Melancholy! 
834 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


“IT rush and roar 1907 
Along my shore,— i 
I go sweeping, thundering on; 
Yet my days, O Man, 
Are but as a span, 
And soon shall my strength be gone. 
My times are measured 
In whose hand I am treasured, 
(Think not of thy little day!) 
Though I rush and roar 
Along my shore, 
I am passing away — 
Passing away!” 


Then stand not, nurslings of Earth, before my gates, 
Mouthing aloud my glory and my thrall: 

Not ye. alone are playthings of the fates, 
Nor only ye o’ershadowed with a pall! 


But hark to my song 
As I sweep along, 
Thundering my organ-tone — 
**O vain is all Life 
O vain is all Strife, 
And fruitless the years that have flown! 
As the Worst; so the Best — 
All haste to their rest 
In the void of the primal Unknown.” 


1908 


BARLOW, JOHN RICHARD. The maiden of the mist; an Indian legend 1908 
of Niagara: (origin of the great paintings the Red man’s fact and the Barlow 
White man’s fancy.) Niagara Falls, N. Y.: Niagara Courier Press. 


A story in verse of Indian punishment and love. An indian maiden 
follows over the Falls her lover, who has been condemned to death by 
being lashed in a canoe and sent over the Falls. Her form may still be 
seen in the mist at the foot of the Falls. 


835 


ee 


—— z — 


1908 
Young 


1909 
Deuther 


1909 
Ward 


Niagara Falls 


Younc, Rev. W. Montcomery. Rushing waters and deep sea 
pearls. 2ded. Buffalo. Ulbrich. 1908. 


Two poems in reminiscent mood and rather halting meter. 


1909 
DEUTHER, CHARLES GEORGE. Canticles of Niagara, and other 
poems. (Buffalo, 1909.) 


Attempts at descriptions of the Canadian seasons in 1600 and of the 
river and Falls. 


Warp, Mrs. HUMPHREY. Marriage & la mode. N. Y.: Double- 
day, Page and Co. 1909. Pp. 247-291. 


A story of marital infelicity and the laxness of American divorce laws 
which brings a group of its characters to Niagara, and keeps them there for 
two chapters. Interspersed through these two chapters are bits of descrip- 
tion of the sound of the Falls at night through a heavy fog, as well as 
some more cheerful descriptions of their appearance on bright summer days. 
This story appeared in England under the title of Daphne. 

Only a few yards from her the vast sheet of water descended. 
She could see nothing of it, but the wind of its mighty plunge 
blew back her hair, and her mackintosh cloak was soon dripping 
with the spray. Once, far away, above the Falls, she seemed to 
perceive a few dim lights along the bend of the river; perhaps 
from one of the great power-houses that tame to man’s service the 
spirits of the water. Otherwise — nothing! She was alone with 
the perpetual challenge and fascination of the Falls. 

A light wind had risen and the fog was now break- 
ing rapidly. As it gave way, the moonlight poured into the 
breaches that the wind made; the vast black-and-silver spectacle, 
the Falls, the gorge, the town opposite, the bridge, the clouds, 
began to appear in fragments, grandiose and fantastical. 

The first days of June broke radiantly over the great gorge al 
the woods which surround it. 

The invalid had just asked that her couch might be drawn as 
near to the window as possible, and she lay looking towards the 


836 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


dawn, which rose in fresh and windless beauty over the town 
opposite and the white splendour of the Falls. “The American 
Fall was still largely in shadow; but the light struck on the fresh 
green of Goat Island and leaped in tongues of fire along the edge 
of the Horseshoe, turning the rapids above it to flame and sending 
shafts into the vast tower of spray that holds the centre of the 
curve. Nature was all youth, glitter and delight; summer was 
rushing on the gorge; the mingling of wood and water was at its 
richest and noblest. 


1910 


BATES, KATHARINE LEE. The song of Niagara. (Can. mag., May, 
1910. 35:58.) 


An alien song. Though day by day I listen, 
No syllable of that majestic chant 

May my adoring passion comprehend. 

With many a lucent evanescent hue 

The plunging torrents glisten. 

Far-seen, colossal plumes of spray ascend, 
Their dazzling white shot through and through 
With quivering rainbows, until every plant, 
Each hoar, blue-berried cedar loved of bird, 
Fach fine fern tracery, the cold mists christen 
To spirit grace. The frosted branches bend 
With sparkle of such jewels as transcend 
All fantasy of elfin-craft. Yet who 
Interpreteth the great enchantment’s word? 


Ye primal Sibyls, if eyes hardly bear 

The glory of your opalescent robes, 

Your diamond aureoles and veils impearled, 
May the stunned ear divine 

Your awful oracle? August, yet wild, 

Do your tremendous paeans still prolong 
Creation’s old, unhumanised delight, 


The laughter of the Titans? Were ye there 
837 


1909 
Ward 


1910 
Bates 


y 


1910 
Bates 


1910 
Guthrie 


1910 
Humphrey 


Niagara Falls 


With your deep diapason answering 
The Archangelic, chanting, golden globes, 
What time they chorused forth their crystalline, 
Exultant welcome to the stranger world? 
Or is it, tolling cataracts, the doom, 
The unrevealable, forbidden thing, 
Your antiphonic, solemn voices boom? 
Or peradventure do your peals proclaim 
Some all-triumphal Name 
That could it once be won 
By mortal ear 
Would ecstasy the griefs we suffer here 
And charter love to wing 
Her radiant flight beyond oblivion? 
Dread Sisters, ye who smite 
The senses with intolerable roar, 
Is there no meaning in your ceaseless song, 
No word of God in all your mighty throng 
Of multitudinous thunders evermore ? 
GUTHRIE, WILLIAM NorMAN. Niagara twice seen, and other verse. 


(Sewanee, Tenn.); Univ. Press; Cincinnati: Clarke. (c. 1910.) 
pl 32) 

Begins with a prelude and after dealing with the Falls from all points —- 
the gorge, the whirlpool, the upper rapids, etc.— and under all aspects of 
mist, sun and storm, closes with a view of the Falls from afar and a 
farewell. 


Humpnreey, Lucy H. comp. ‘The poetic new-world. N. Y.: Henry 
Holt and Co., 1910. Pp. 334-342. 


Contains Hawthorne’s appreciation of Niagara, and three poems, The 


Cataract Isle, by C. P. Cranch; Niagara, by Florence Wilkinson; and 
At Niagara, by R. W. Gilder. 


1911 
PoPHaM, WILLIAM LEE. Niagara Falls romance. Louisville, Ky.: 
The World Supply Co. (c. 1911.) 


An involved love story, in which all the characters finally marry their 
real loves. 
838 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


1913 
Wyatt, EpitH. Niagara. (Lit. dig., Sept. 27, 1913. 47:544.) 1913 


A nature poem. Wyatt 


Cool the crystal mist is falling where my song is calling, calling 
Over highland, over lowland, fog-blown bluff and bouldered 
shore: 
Proud my snow-rapt currents leaping from Superior’s green 
keeping. 
Down from Michigan’s gray sweeping toward the Rapid’s 
eddied floor. 


Rain, hail, dew and storm-cloud swing me; from the heights the 
hollows wring me; 
Filtered clay and field silt bring me silent through the dark- 
breathed loam, 
Down the thousand-terraced highlands till the skyland lake-beds 
wing me — 
Flying down and down in beauty through the chasm’s flocking 
foam. 


Down from Huron, down from Erie, tho the wild duck’s wing 
grow weary, 
Tribe and nation part and vanish like the spin-drift haze of 
morn, 
Fresh my full-fold song is falling and my voice is calling, calling 
Down from far-poured lake and highland as I sang when I 
was born. 


South, North, East and West untiring speak my brother seas in 
splendor, 
Tell their dominant desiring, claimant over coast and main, 
Mine the choiring of a woman’s chord immortal, of surrender — 
Of the splendor of desiring, deep to give and give again. 


839 


1913 
Wyatt 


1913 


Zaremba 


Niagara Falls 


Chord of star-fused loam and silver-surgent lake cloud’s 
generation, 
Here I sing the earth’s still dreaming down my green-poured 
currents’ length, 
Voice of river-rocking valleys, rich heart plains and heights’ 
creation, 
Clear-veiled chord that locked in you your mother’s life, your 
father’s strength. 


Cool the fog-flocked mists are swinging. Soar my dream; and 
silver winging, 
Call my air-hung music ringing, toward the crystal-buoyed 


morn — 
Full-fold music from the highlands, where my splendoyr’s voice is 
singing, 
Fresh from flooded shores and skylands as I sang when I was 
born. 


ZAREMBA, EDWARD. Niagara captive; a poem. (Metal. and chem. 
eng., March, 1913. 11:120.) 
Niagara captive! And by nbbons led! 
His mighty force with that of toiling head 
And hand to join. So changed since ancient days 
When red men chanted hymns of praise; 
In flower-laden white canoe 
Each spring their fairest maiden sent into 


The Thunder of the Waters. 


Niagara an adult and to Effort bred — 
No more to play the livelong day, 

But proudly share the sweat and grime 
Of stalwart manhood’s laboring prime. 
The evergrowing purpose runs; — 
Earth’s wealth is measured, not the sun’s; 
The stewards of great treasure may 

Not waste Tomorrow’s dire need 


For Pleasure’s or for Profit’s greed. 
840 


Views oF NIAGARA 


Showing the commercial buildings as they existed in the eighties before 


took it over as a_ reservation 


the 


State 


| 
| 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


Oh, Hercules, still at thy labors keep! 1913 
Canst take the raging current from the flood Zaremba 
And swiftly, silent ‘round a cable sweep? 

Ye Seven Wonders of the ancient world, 

Long since into oblivion hurled, 

Your kings and gods born to commemorate — 

"Tis to the people do we dedicate 


The Wonders of Today. 
1915 
CRUIKSHANK, JULIA. Whirlpool heights: the dream-house on the 1915 
Niagara river. Lond.: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 1915. Cruikshank 


A story of the making of a home on land overlooking the whirlpool on 
the Canadian side of the Niagara river. It is written in the form of a 
diary, interspersed with many charming bits of description, sometimes 
of the Falls, sometimes of the river, and again of the rapids or the whirlpool. 


1893 


BickForp, E. L. T. Harris. The Falls of Niagara. (Jn his Gold 1893 
—the god and other poems. Camborne: author. n.d. Pp. 113-117.) Bickford 


THE FALLS oF NIAGARA. 
Imagination ever kind, 
Nursling of the poets’ mind, 
Imps her wings, and soars afar 
To where Niagara’s waters are, 
And there, whilst throned on towering steep 
Beholds its rumbling torrent sweep! 


Tremendous, stupendous, romantic, gigantic, 
Gymnastic, fantastic, elastic, and plastic, 

It splashes, and crashes, and lashing down-dashes, 
It rumbles and roars, and plunging it pours, 

It rolls and uprises, it swells and surprises, 


841 


Niagara Falls 


1893 It hissingly seethes, and it writhingly wreathes 
Bickford A watery chaplet of feathery foam, 
It flutters, it sputters, it cleaves and it weaves 
A mystical mantle as on it doth roam; 
Ay, onward for ever, and silent-voiced never, 
But headlong it rushes, it gurgles, it gushes, 
Through years and thro’ ages it riots and rages, 
"Tis as old as the sun, yet its race is not run, 
It shimmers, it glimmers, 
It baffles all swimmers, 
It quivers, it shivers, the grandest of rivers, 
Like ship-bearing oceans majestical motions, 
*Tis ever resounding, 
Rebounding, 
Confounding, 
*Tis ever astounding 
The senses of man] 
It ever up-leapeth 
O’er-heapeth 
On-keepeth, 
And swelling o’er-sweepeth 
The rocks sparry span! 
Vibrating, gyrating, elating nor ‘bating, 
It rideth, collideth, and slideth, and glideth, 
And hurleth and whirleth, and purleth, and curleth, 
And waileth, and traileth, then raileth, and quaileth, 
It frowneth, 
It drowneth, 
It boundeth, 
It soundeth, 
Till tree, crag and rock 
Re-echo the shock, 
Till valley and hill 


Give answering shrill, 
842 


t= 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


O’er-powering, o’ertowering, spray-showering and scouring 1893 
It trips, and it slips, and it grips, and it rips, mr: 
It muffles, and shuffles, and ruffles, and scuffles, 

Portrays, and delays, and dismays whilst it sways, 

And spangles, and tangles, and angles, and wrangles, 

It beats, and it cheats, and it fleets, and retreats, 


and so forth. 


1886 


Warp, JAMES WARNER. To Niagara. (Jn Niagara river and 1886 
Falls. Buffalo: Thos. F. Fryer. 1886. Plate CIII. Also in The Ward 
poets and poetry of Buffalo, ed. by Ina Russelle Warren. Buffalo: 
Charles W. Moulton. N. D. P. 24.) 

Rapt and amazed, midst scenes of rarest loveliness, 

Stand I alone, entranced, in awe and ecstasy 

Gazing in silence o’er the cliffs precipitous, 

Whence, with united front, thy waters ponderous 

Tranquilly take their giant leap, Niagara! 


Forward declining, wreathed in conscious majesty, 
Shimmering spray and jewelled drop, tossed back from thee, 
Wave pressed to wave in serried ranks, as, steadily, 

Man against man, sweeps on a line of infantry,— 

Into the vertex rolls thy flood intrepidly. 


In the fierce rapids, many a sharp rock, secretly, 
Under thy foaming current lay in wait for thee, 
Gashing and tearing thy rent bosom wantonly; 
Loveliest of Rivers, sad and dire similitude, 

So in life’s breakers strives man’s heart with destiny. 


Tossed in the raging stream by waves impetuous,— 
Glamor of hope and youthful dreams deserting it,— 
So have we seen,— ah River wild and beautiful, 
Art thou not here of “ fortune’s buffets ”’ typical ? — 
Under life’s chaos sinks heart-broke humanity. 

843 


1886 
Ward 


Niagara Falls 
Hither and thither whirled in eddies infinite, 


Leaping in lambent jets and cascades showery, 
Over the sunk rocks pourest thou unceasingly,— 
So in life’s drift and swirl man writhes defiantly, 
Only in wreck, at last, to end, disastrously. 


Cometh a change to Life and River, presently ; 
Out of its perils Life emerges, jubilant, 

Een as thy waters seek in calm serenity, 

Under this arched and rainbow broidered canopy, 
Torrent immortal, rest an instant in thine agony. 


Haste is there none, but eagerness and promptitude; 
Frivolous things are cast aside disdainfully ; 

Nothing the brink can pass but heaven-lit purity ; 

As on thy emerald crown, we see, Niagara, 

Naught but the gem-like gleams from the blue sky over thee, 


Out of the far off past emerging regally, 

Stately in step, thy grandest.one now daring thee,— 
Axchitect fine and subtle, never loitering, 

Minute by minute, frost and whirlwind aiding thee, 
Toilest thou deftly, thine own highway channelling. 


Onward proud River! — many a voiceless century 
Into the shadow past had vanished recordless, 

Did not the lines and chinks of thy shrewd chiselling, 
Scarring the polished tablets of thy cenotaph, 

Tell us the mystic story of thy genesis. 


SUMMARY 
POETRY 
This chapter under the heading of Music-Poetry-Fiction, will 


reveal the absence of any Niagara verse from the pens of the most 
of the great poets. Goldsmith and Thomas Moore are two excep- 
tions to this rule. Yet strangely enough many of the great singers 
have written exalted and poetic prose descriptions of the cataract. 


oy 


Music — Poetry — Fiction 


The first Niagara verse of which we have any record appeared 
in the dedicatory sonnet of Champlain’s “ Des Sauvages,” 1604, 
and the amount has steadily increased until the present day, 
probably the most prolific period being in the first half of the nine- 
teenth century. Naturally American poets predominate in the 
list, but the greatest of our Americans are conspicuous by their 
absence. Mrs. Sigourney is probably the best known of the 
American verse-writers, but the poems of several obscure Ameri- 
can poets are much more pleasing to modern critical taste. As 
might be expected there are several collections of Niagara poetry, 
the best of these being contained in Longfellow’s Poems of 
Places, where under the Niagara heading may be found the 
choicest of this verse. 


Music 


The sound of Niagara has been such a fruitful subject of 
discussion that it is surprising that more musical literature on 
the subject does not exist. “The Niagara composition of Ole Bull 
provoked some writing on the subject, but very little of it was 
in the form of permanent literature. In 1881 Eugene Thayer 
investigated the music and tone of the Falls and the articles which 
he wrote on this subject, together with the varying opinions called 
forth by these articles, comprise the only other literature on the 
subject which research has revealed. However, many of the 
writers of general descriptions have recorded their observations 
and views concerning the sound and music of the Falls. 


FICTION 


It was the fashion with a type of fiction writers about the 
time of the War of 1812 and an even earlier period to use the 
region of Niagara as a background for their stories. “These, with 
the Indian myths and legends, and the adventurous travels which 
belong rather to the realm of romance than fact, comprise the 
greater part of the early fiction connected with Niagara. In later 
years the’ region appears but seldom in fiction but modern 

845 


Niagara Falls 


romance has given us two of the finest pieces of prose in Niagara 
literature. One is contained in Howells’ “ Their Wedding 
Journey,” and the other in Charles Dudley Warner’s “ Their 
Pilgrimage.” Both of these American novelists use the Falls as 
a background for the weaving of a portion of their stories, and 
the descriptions of the Falls under various aspects are sympathetic 
and satisfying. 


CHAPTER IX 


cn, 


! ; 


Ne 
i 


ah 


CHAPTER IX 
MAPS AND PICTURES 


1632 


CHAMPLAIN, SAMUEL De. Champlain map, 1632. (Jn Oeuvres 1632 
de Champlain publiées sons le patronage de L‘Université Laval par Champlain 
L’Abbé C.—H. Laverdiére. 2d ed. Quebec: 1870. Vol. II. Opp. 

p. 1385.) 


Wavy lines are marked, 90”. Page 1390 says of 90” — “ Sault 
d’eau au bout due sault Sainct Louis fort hault, ou pluisieurs sortes de 
poissons descendens s’estourdissent.”” “The map is accompanied by “ Table 
pour cognoistre les lieux remarquables en ceste carte.’’ ‘“* This is the first 
map of Niagara, and a very clear and marked outline of the river is given.” 


Carte de la nouvelle France, augmentée depuis la derniére seruant a la 1632 
navigation faicte en son vray Meridien par le S’r de Champlain, Capitaine 
pour le Roy en la Marine, le quel depuis, ]’an 1603, jusques en |’année 
1629; a descouvert plusiers costes terres; lacs rivieres et Nations de 
sannoges por cy diuant incognues comme il se voit en ses relations qui’l a 
faict. Imprimer en 1632. (Jn O'Callaghan, E. B., Documentary his- 
tory of the state of New York. Albany: 1849. Vol. III. Frontispiece 
pel3:) 

** Very high waterfall at the head of Sault (Lake) St. Louis; descend- 


ing which various sorts of fishes become dizzy.”’ [ Niagara. ] 


1656 
Sanson, N Le Canada, ou Nouvelle France. . . . Par N. 1656 
Sanson d’Abbeville Geographe ordinaire du Roy. A Paris: Chez Sanson 
Pierre Mariette Rue S. Jacque a l’Esperance. Avecq Privilege du Roy, 
pour vignt ans. 1656. 


“ Ongiara Sault” indicated by a break. 


1656 
Sanson 


1657 


Sanson 


1664 
Creuxius 


1669 
Sanson 


1671 


Meursium 


Niagara Falls 
Sanson’s map of Canada. (Ann. archaeological rep’t, 1897-1898, 


being part of appendix to the report of the minister of education, Ontario. 
Toronto: 1898. Pp. 47-49.) 

Sanson’s map, 1656, was the first to show Ongiara Sault. Another 
map of about a hundred years later shows “‘ Jagara, car. place.” 


1657 
SANSON, N Canada of Niew Vrankryk. Getroken mit 
verscheide Fransche, Engelsche en Hollandische Beschryvingen enz. Door 


N. Sanson de Abbeville. [1657.] 8x12. 


SANSON, N Le Canada, ou Nouvelle France. . . . Tirée 
de diverses Relations de Francois, Anglois, Hollandaiss . . . Par 
N. Sanson d’Abbeville. 8'%x12. (Jn his L’Amérique en plusieurs 
cartes. Paris: L’autheur. 1657. No. 2.) 


** Ongiara Sault.” 


1664 
CREUXIUS, FRANIScUS. (S. J.) New France in 1660. (Reduced 
facsimile from his “* Historia Canadenses.”” Paris: 1664.) 


** Ongiara catarractes ’” indicated. 
g 


CREUXIUS, FRANcISCUS. New France in 1660. (Reduced facsimile 
from his Historia Canadenses, Paris.) (/n Thwaites, R. G., Jesuit rela- 
tions. Cleveland: 1900. Vol. 46. Frontispiece.) 

Marks “* Ongiara catarractes ’’ between Lakes Erie and Ontario. The 
proportions are poor. 


1669 


SANSON, N . and G Amérique Septentrionale. Far N. 
Sanson. Reveué et changée en plusieurs endroits suivant les mémoires les 


plus récents. Par G. Sanson. 1514x22. A Pans. Chez Pierre 
Mariette. 1669. 


No name but break indicates the Falls. 


1671 


Meursium, JACOBUM. Novissima et accuratissima totius Americae 
descriptio per Jacobum Meursium. 17x20. (Jn Montanus, Armoldus, 
De nieuwe en onbekende wereldt. Amsterdam: J. Meurs. 1671. 
Frontispiece. ) 

850 


Maps and Pictures 


1674 


JoutieT, Louis. Nouvelle découverte de plusieurs nations dans la 1674 
Nouvelle France en l’année 1673 et 1674. Gaston Morel lith. (Reduc- Joliet 
tion facsimile.) Imp. E. Cagniard 4 Rouen. 16x211%4%. (Jn Mag. of 
Am. hist. Ed. by John Austin Stevens. N. Y.: A. S. Barnes. 1882. 
cat.) 


“Sault ”’ indicated. The map is from the same source as the one pub- 
lished in the “‘ Jesuit relations’ in 1900, noted below. 


JoLiET, Louis. Nouvelle découverte des plusieurs nations dans la 
Nouvelle France, en l’année 1673 et 1674. 21x1534. (/n Thwaites, 
R. G., Jesuit relations. Cleveland: Burrows Bros. 1900. Vol. 59. 
186.) 

““ Reproduced in facsimile from Revue de Geographie, for February, 
1880.” . . . “Sault” indicated. The map is the same as the one 
published in the Magazine of American History for 1882, volume 9, 
page 273. 


PorTerR, PETER AucustTus. How lake commerce began; La Salle’s 1674 
visits to the Niagara. Niagara Falls, N. Y.: n.d. P. Il. Porter 


The La Salle map in this volume is founded on the map of 1674. 


1682? 
Carte pour suivre la relation des voyages de cavalier de La Salle, 1682? 
1669-1682. 7x61. (In Société de géographie. Bulletin. 6 serie. 
Paris: 1880. Vol. 20. At end.) 
Shows the “* River Niagara” but not the Falls. 


1684 


FRANQUELIN, JEAN BAPTISTE Louts. Carte de la Louisiane ou des 1684 
voyages du sr. de la Salle & des pays qu’il a découverts depuis la Nouvelle Franquelin 
France jusqu’au golfe Mexique, les années 1679, 80, 81, & 82. 
20Y4x16. Paris: 1684. (Jn Thwaites, R. C. ed., Jesuit relations. 
Cleveland: Burrows Bros. 1900. Vol. 63. Opp. title page.) 

A reduced facsimile copy of this map of Franquelin’s (made in Paris 
for Francis Parkman) is in the Library of Harvard University. The 
original, formerly in the Archives de la Marine, Paris, has been lost. 

“Saut de Niagara” is indicated halfway between Lac Frontenac and 
Lake Erie. The map is good. Franquelin was hydrographer to Louis XIV, 
851 


1687? 
Homanno 


1688 


Franquelin 


1688 


Coronelli 


1689 


Coronelli 


Niagara Falls 


1687? 


HomANNO, J. B. Complissimae Regionis Mississippi; Seu Provincae 
Ludovicianae 4 R. P. Ludivico Hennepin Francise Miss. in Amerique 
Septentrionale Anno 1687, detectae nunc Gallorum Colontis et Actionum 
Negotiis toto Orbe celeberrimae. Nova Tabula edita 4 Jo. Bapt. 
Homanno S. C. M. Geographo Norimbergae. Cim Privilegis Sac. Cas. 
Mig. 

A break shows the ‘‘ Saut de Niagara de 500 pieds,” and there is a 
view inset of the “ Catarrhacta ad Niagara.” 


1688 


FRANQUELIN, JEAN BAPTISTE Louis. Map of 1688 of North 
America. (/n Marshall, Orasmus H., Historical writings. Albany: 
Munsell & Sons. 1887. P. 93. 


“This map indicating Niagara ‘saut’ was ‘drawn in 1688 by order 
of the Governor and Intendent of New France, from sixteen years observa- 
tions of the authors.’ It is five feet long and three feet wide. Lakes 
Ontario and Erie, with the adjacent country, are for that early day remark- 
ably well delineated. The Niagara river and falls are distinctly repre- 
sented with a portage road around the latter, on the American side. A 
facsimile of that portion of the map which embraces the Niagara river 
reproduced from a careful tracing over the original, is given on the follow- 
ing page.” (93.) 


CoroNELLI, [M. V.] Partie occidentale du Canada ou de la Nou- 
velle France ou sont les nations des Ilinois, de Tracy, les Iroquois, et 
plusieurs autres peuples; avec la Louisiane nouvellement découverte. 
Dressée sur les Memoires les plus Nouveux Par le P. Coronelli Cosmo- 
graphe de la Ser’me Republique de Venise. Corrigée et augmentée Par 
le S’r. Tillemon; et Dediée a Monsieur |’Abbé Baudrand. A Paris. 
Chez J. B. Nolin sur le Quay de I’Horloge de Palais Vers le Pont Neuf 
a l’Enseigne de la Place des Victoires. Avec Privilege du Roy. 1688. 


““Saut de Niagara de 100 tois en perpindiculaires.”’ 


1689 


CoRONELLI, [M. V.] |’Amérique Septentrionale, ou la Partie Septen- 
trionale des Indes occidentales. Dressée sur les Nouveaux Corrigée et 
augmentée Par le Sr. Tillemon; et Dediée a son Excellence Monseigneur 
Pierre Venier, ambassadeur ordinaire de la Serenissime Republique de 


852 


Maps and Pictures 


Venise, pres di sa Majesté tres Christienne Louis le Grand. Par le P. 1689 
Coronelli, Cosmographe de la Ser’me Republique de Venise. A Paris: Coronelli 
Chez J. B. Nolin sur le Quay de |’ Horloge des palais, Vers le Pont Neuf, 
a l’Enseigne de la Place des Victoires. Avec Privilege du Roy. 1689. 


A break shows the “Saut Niagara.” 


CoronELLI, [M. V]. Partie orientale du Canada ou de Ja Nouvelle 
France ou sont les Provinces, ou Pays de Saguenay, Canada, Acadie. 
Les Peuples, ou Nations des Etechemins, Iroquois, Attiquomeches. 
avec la Nouvelle Angleterre, La Nouvelle Ecosse, la Nouvelle 
ack, et la Virginie, les Isles de Terre Neuve, de Cap Breton. 
Dressé sur les Memoires le plus Nouveaux par le P. Coronelli cosmographe 
de la Serenis’me Republique de Venise. Corigée et augmentée par le S. 
Tillemon et Dediee a Monsieur |’Abbe Baudrand par son tres humble 
Serviteur J. B. Nolin. A Paris. Chez J. B. Nolin. 1689. 


A break indicates the ‘ Saut Niagara.” 


1691-1693 
AnziI, CoNTE AurRELiO Dexci. Nuova Francia e Luigiana. 1691-93 
834x114. [Jn Zani, Valerio, I] genio vagante. Biblioteca curiosa di Anzi 
cento a pill relazioni di viaggi [fetc.] raccolta dal signor conte Aurelio 
delgi Anzi, (pseud.) Parma per I. & F. M. Rosati, 1691-1693. Pt. 2. 
bet. pp. 422-423.) 


“Tl gran salto di Niagara” 


1692 


ROuILLARD, I . Carte généralle de la Nouvelle France ot est 1692 
compris la Louisiane, Gaspésie et le Nouveau Mexique avec les mémoires Rouillard 
les plus nouveau 1692. I. Rouillard delineavit. L. Boudan sculp. 

13 x 19. Qn Le Celareq, Christian, First establishment of the faith in 
New France. N. Y.: 1881. Vol. Ii. P. 8.) 

Note.— “* Some copies of the map are said to bear the date 1692. 
The last figure has something of the appearance of a 2, but seems to be 
really 1, and has probably been read differently.” The “Sault de 


Niagara ”’ is indicated. 


1695 


CorRoNELLI, [M. V.]. La Louisiana, parte settrionalle scoperta sotto eae 
la prottettione de Luigi XIV. Re di Francia. . . . Dal. Coronelli. Coonelli 
(Atlante Veneto. Venice: 1695. 1:28.) 


Indicates “ Saut di Niagara.” 
853 


1696 
Allard 


1697—-187— 


1697 
Hennepin 


Niagara Falls 


1696 
ALLARD, CAREL. Recentissima novi orbis, sive Americae Septentrio- 
nalis et Meridionalis tabula. (Jn his Atlas minor. . . . Amstelo- 


dami. Ex officina Caroli Allard. [1696]. No. 138.) 
** Saut de Niagara.” 


1697—187— 
Grosvenor Library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls, taken 


from various sources. 1697—187-. 


These views are mounted on twenty-six large mats and annotated in 
chronological order. Each view is cited separately in this chapter, in its 
chronological order, reference in each case being made to the Grosvenor 
Library and the number of the mat on which the view may be found. 


1697 


HENNEPIN, Louts. Carte d’une tres grand pais nouvellement 
découvert dans |’Amerique Septentrionale entre le Nouveau Mexique et la 
Mer Glaciale. 1414x17. (In his Nouveau voyage. A Utrecht. 
1697.) 


“*Saut de Niagara de 100 Toises.”’ 


HENNEPIN, Louis. Carte d’un tres grand pays entre le Nouveau 
Mexique et la Mer Glaciale. 1614x20. (Jn his Nouveau voyage. 
A Utrecht. 1697.) 


“* Saut de Niagara.” 
HENNEPIN, Louis. Chute d’eau de Niagara. 5x6!4. (In his 


Nouvelle découverte d’un trés grand pays situé dans |’Amérique. Utrecht. 


G. Broedelet. 1697. P. 44.) 


This first picture of Niagara Falls set the type which was followed by 
engravers and artists for upwards of one hundred fifty years. It is 
so drawn that there appears to be a third fall, and Goat Island shows as 
a pile of rock. The island and shores are covered with unnatural fir 
trees, and in the foreground are Indians pointing out the wonders of the 
Falls to Europeans who appear overcome with astonishment and wonder at 
the stupendous grandeur of the Falls. This picture does not appear in the 
Paris edition of 1683, but persisted with variations through several genera- 
tions as the European idea of the Falls. 


854 


Maps and Pictures 


(HENNEPIN, Louis.) A fac-simile view of Niagara Falls. (Grosvenor 1697 
Library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—187—. Hennepin 
Mat 1.) 


HENNEPIN, Louis. Hennepin and variations. (Hennepin, First 
picture of Niagara Falls. Utrecht, 1697.) 

Black and white prints all founded on Hennepin’s first picture of the 
Falls, published at Utrecht in 1697. ‘The second one with the third fall 
on the American side, is entitled “* Wasserfall von Niagara,’ and the 
third published in London by Thomas Kelley, 17 Paternoster Row, 
“* Waterfall of Niagara.” 


1698 


HENNEPIN, Louis. A map of a new world between New Mexico 1698 
and the frozen sea newly discovered by Father Louis Hennepin. Hennepin 
. .. (Un his A new discovery of a country greater than Europe; situated 
in America, betwixt New Mexico and the frozen sea. Lond.: Bentley, 
Tonson, Bonwick, Goodwin & Manship. 1698.) 


The frontispiece 10!4x17 shows the ‘‘ Great Falls of Niagara.” A 


view faces page 28. 


HENNEPIN, Louis. Carte d’une nouveau monde entre le nouveau 
Mexique et la Mer Glaciale. 11x18. (/n his Nouveau voyage. A 
Utrecht. 1698.) 


“Le grand Sault de Niagara.” 


1700 


(The) Falls of Niagara. (Grosvenor Library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views 1700 
of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 1.) 


This gives a front view of the Canadian Fall and part of the American. 
Goat Island and Luna Island are shown as straight rocky cliffs, with three 
small islands between Goat Island and the American shore. Both shores 
are wooded and some plum trees are evident on the islands. Some small 
figures can be seen on the Canadian side below. 


Le CLERC, SEBASTIAN. Chute de la Riviére de Niagara. Elie énléve 417909 
dans un Char du Feu. Engraved about 1700. Le Clerc 


This print is a copy of a very rare plate, bearing the double legend 
given in the title. The Falls are fully as high and straight as shown in 
the Hennepin picture, which was probably printed a few years earlier. 
Elijah is shown in a chariot of fire with a pair of prancing steeds above 
the cataract. The combination of natural and spiritual wonder is unusual. 

: 855 


1700 
Le Clerc 


1700 
Dember 


1700 
Luken 


1702 
Campanius 


Holm 


1702 


Niagara Falls 


Le CiLerc, SEBASTIAN. (Elie énléve dans un Char de Feu.) 
Grosvenor Library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. 
Mat 1.) 


DEMBER, GEORGE. Map of Niagara river or the straights between the 
Lakes Erie and Ontario, by Geo. Dember, 60th Reg’mt. (Jn 
O’Callaghan, E. B., The documentary history of the state of New York. 
Albany: 1849. Vol. II. P. 458.) 


** Latitude from Mr. Elliott. . . . Falls 43° 47 25”. Height 150 
feet.” 
LUKEN, Caspar. Niagara. (1697.) - 


A copy of this quaint old engraving may be seen in the New York 
Public Library. It is dated 1697, but that is probably an error, as it is a 
copy of the Hennepin view, which was not published until 1697. 


1702 
CAMPANIUS Hox~m, THomas. (View of the Falls of Niagara.) 
T. Ch. (se.) 514 x 534. (ln his Kort beskrifning om provincien Nya 


Severige uti America, som nu forjden af the Engelske kallas Pennsylvania. 


Steckholm: S. Wankyfs. 1702. Opp. P. 4.) 


A Hennepin view with the left-hand figures and the trees omitted. 
Opposite page 52 is a map “ Virginiae N. Angliae, N. Hollandiae nec no 
Novae Sueciae Delineatio.”” ‘‘ Sault de Niagara” indicated by a break 
in the river. 


The cataract of Niagara. (1702.) (Pnint.) 

“Some make this waterfall to be half a League while others 
reckon it no more than a hundred Fathom.” 

** A view of ye Industry of ye Beavers of Canada in making 
Dams to stop ye Course of a Rivulet, in order to form a great 
Lake, about which they build their Habitations. To effect this: 
they fell large Trees with their Teeth, in such manner as to make 
them come cross ye Rivulet, to lay ye foundation of ye Dam; 
they make Mortar, work up and finish ye whole with great order 
and wonderful Dexterity.” 

“The Beavers have two Doors to their Lodges, one to the 
Water and the other to the Land side, according to French 


accounts. 
856 


Maps and Pictures 


Fer, N DE. Le Canada, ou Nouvelle France, la Floride, la 1792 
Virginie, Pensilvanie, Caroline, Nouvelle Angleterre et Nouvelle Yorck, Fer 
I’Isle de Terre Neuve, la Louisiane et le Cours de la Riviere de Misisipi. 

Par N. de Fer. Geographe de Monseig. le Dauphin. A Paris: Chez 
Peuteur. \ S44, 1202. 


** Sault d’une demie Lieue.”’ 


1703 


De L’IsLe, GUILLAUME. Carte de la Louisiane et au cours du 4793 
Mississippi dressée sur un grand nombre de Memoires entr’ autres sur ceux De I'Isle 
de M’r le Maire. Par Guillaume Del’Isle de |’Academie R’le de 
Sciences. (/n his Atlas nouveau. Amstedam: N. d. Chez Jean 
Covens et Corneille Mortier. No. 98.) 


** Saut de Niagara de 600 pieds de haut.” 


De L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du 
Mississippi. (Grosvenor Library, Buffalo, N. Y.: Maps, historical and 
miscellaneous. No. 80.) 


De L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. Carte du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France 
et des découvertes qui y ont été faites. A Paris: 1703. (Maps of 
Am. Vol. I. No. 10.) 


“* Niagara le Saut.”’ 


De L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. Carte du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France 
et des Decouveries qui q ont ete faites dressée sur plusieurs Observations 
et sur un grand nombre de Relations imprimées ou manuscrites. Par 
Guillaume De I’Isle de |’Academie Royale des Sciences et Premier 
Geographe du Roy. A Paris: 1703. 


“* Niagara le Saut ” too near Ontario. 


De L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. Carte du Mexique et de la Floride, des 
terres Angloises et des isles Antilles, du course et des environs de la 
riviére de Mississipi. Dressé sur un grand nombre de mémoires, prin- 
cipalmt. sur ceux de mr d’Jberville et Le Seur. Par Guillaume 
De |’Isle. Geographe de |’Academie Royale des Sciences. A Paris: Chez 
Auteur. 1703. 


A break indicates the “‘ Saut de Niagara.” 


DE L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. Carte du Mexique et de la Floride, des 


terres Angloises et des isles Antilles, au course et des environs de la 
857 


1703 
De I'lsle 


1705-20 
Chatelain 


Niagara Falls 


riviere de Mississipi. Paris: Chez |’auteur. 1703. (Maps of Am. 
Vol. I. No. 8.) 


“* Saut de Niagara.” 


De L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. Nouvelle Carte particuliére de |’ Amerique, 
ou sont exactment marquées une partie de la Baye d’hudson, le pays des 
Kilistinons, la Source de la grande riviere de Mississippi, le pays des 
Illinois. . . . (Qn his Atlas nouveau. Amsterdam: N. d. Chez 
Jean Covens et Corneille Mortier. No. 92.) 


Shows the “ Fall of Niagara 100 feet high,” three-fourths of the way 
from Lake Ene to Lake Ontario. 


De L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. [View of Niagara Falls in the early part 
of the 18th century.] (Jn his Atlas nouveau, Amsterdam: N. d. 
Chez Jean Covenes et Corneille Mortier. P. 96a.) 


The regular Hennepin view, with the dog, savages, explorers, and priest 
on one side, and numerous figures on the winding pathway on the other. 
The third falls and the fir trees are in evidence. 


1705-1720 


CHATELAIN, H. A. Carte contenant le royaume du Mexique et la 
Floride, dressée sur les meilleures observations et sur les memoires le plus 
Nouveaux. (J/n his Atlas historique. [anon.] fol. Amsterdam: 1 705- 
1720.) Vole VI Nos2Z72 P1001.) 


Indicates “‘ Saut de Niagara.” 


CHATELAIN, H. A. Carte de la Nouvelle France oti se voit le cours 
des grandes riviére de S. Laurens et de Mississipi, aujourd’hui S. Louis. 
(Un his Atlas historique. [anon.] fol. Amsterdam: 1705-20. Vol. 
VIEWNor23;"P. 91) 


Indicates “* Saut de Niagara.” 


CHATELAIN, H. A. Carte trés-curieuse de la Mer du Sud, contenant 
des remarques nouvelles & trés-utiles non seulement sur les ports & iles de 
cette mer, mais aussi sur les principaux pais de |’Amérique tant Septen- 
trionale que Méridionale. . . . (Jn his Atlas historique, [anon.] fol. 


Amsterdam: 1705-20. Vol. VI. No. 30, P. 117.) 


The map “le Saut de Niagara est une Chute d’eau du lac Erie dans 
le lac Ontario d’une demie Lieue de Haut.” 


858 


Maps and Pictures 


An inset shows the Saut de Niagara with “‘ Menage et industrie des 1705-20 
Castors” in the foreground. ‘The view is a modified Hennepin picture, Chatelain 
the third fall quite low, and the American and Horseshoe Fall straight 
across as they so often appear in these old views. 


CHATELAIN, H. A. Saut ou chute d’eau de Niagara. 444x5. (Jn 
his Atlas historique. f[anon.] fol. Amsterdam: 1705-20. Vol. VI. 
No. 24, P. 94.) 

The Hennepin view with a brief description. It shows the third fall 
but says — “* Elle est compose de deux grandes nappes d’eau et de deux 
avec une ile entalus au milieu.” 


1710 
SENEX, JOHN. A new map of the English empire in America; . . . 1710 
revised by John Senex. 1710. (Jn A new general atlas. Lond.: See 
Daniel Brown. 1721. P. 237.) 


“The great Fall.” 


SENEX, JOHN. North America. Corrected from the observations com- 
municated to the Royal Society at London, and the Royal Academy at 
Paris, by John Senex. 1710. 


“* Niagara Cataract, its fall 600 feet.” 


SENEX, JOHN. North America, corrected from the observations com- 
municated to the Royal Society at London and the Royal Academy at 
Paris, by John Senex. 1710. (Maps of Am. Vol. III. No. 14.) 


1710-1720 


Mott, HERMAN. A catalogue of a new and compleat atlas or set of 1710-20 
twenty-six two-sheet maps. All composed and done according to the eel 
newest and most exact observations, by Herman Moll, geographer. 


(Buff. hist. soc. Buffalo, N. Y.) 


Moti, HERMAN. A new and exact map of the dominions of the king 
King of Great Britain on ye continent of North America. . . . accord- 
ing to the newest and most exact observations. (Jn his The world 
described. fol. Lond.: 1710-1720. No. 8.) 

** The Great Fall of Niagara.” 

The inset of the Falls gives the picture of the industrious beavers with 
the legend which accompanies it. 

859 


) 
| 
! 
' 


1712 
Moll 


1713 
Joutel 


Niagara Falls 


1712 


Mo i, HERMAN. Map of North America according to ye newest and 
most exact observations. . . . [1712.] (Maps of Am. Vol. I. No. 
26.) 


“The Great Fall of Niagara.” 


Moti, HERMAN. A map of New France containing Canada, 
Louisiana, etc., in North America according to the patent granted by the 
King of France to Monsieur Crozat, dated the 14th of September, 1712, 
N. S. and registered in the Parliament of Paris the 24th of the same 
month. (/n his Atlas geographicus: or compleat system of geography, 
(ancient and modern) for America. Savoy. Eli Nutt for John Nichol- 
son ls 7 Vole Ve O70.) 


“The Great Fall of Niagara.” 


1713 
JouTEL, Henri. Carte nouvelle de Ja Louisiane, et de la nviére de 
Mississippi, découverte par feu mr. de la Salle. . . . (Jn his Journal of 


La Salle’s last voyage. . . . Chicago: The Caxton Club. 1896.) 
There were two hundred and six copies of this edition, which contains a 
facsimile of the map from the original French edition published in Paris 
in 1713. This map indicates the “*Saut de Niagara,” and the inset 
shows “‘ Le fameux Saut de Niagara ou la Riviére de St. Laurent tombe 


de plus de 100 Toises de Haut.’’ 


JouTEL, HENRI. Carte nouvelle de la Louisiane, et de la Rivére de 
Mississippi, découverte par feu mr. de la Salle. . . . Dressee par le 
S’r Joutel qui etoit de ce Voyage. 1713. (ln his Journal of La Salle’s 
last voyage, 1684—7. . . . Neweed. Albany: J. McDonough. 
1906.) 

There were five hundred copies of this edition printed. The map indi- 
cates the ““Saut de Niagara ”’ as in the Caxton Club edition of 1896, and 


the same inset is shown. 


JouteL, Henri. A new map of the country of Louisiana and of ye 
river Missisipi in North America discover'd by monsr de la Salle in 
ye years 1681 and 1686, as also of several other rivers before unknown. 
. . . by the Sr. Joutel, who perform’d that voyage. 1713. (dn his 


860 


Maps and Pictures 


Journal of the last voyage perform’d by Monsr. de la Salle. 
Lond.: Printed by A. Bell [etc.] 1714.) 

The ‘‘ Cataract of Niagara”’ is indicated and there is a view inset 
showing “‘ The famous Fall of Niagara, where ye River of St. Laurence 
casts itself down from a height of above 100 fathoms.’’ This view shows 


the third fall on the left. 


1715 
Mo tt, HERMAN. A new and exact map of the dominions of the king 


1713 


Joutel 


1715 


of Great Britain on ye continent of North America, containing New- Moll 


foundland, New Scotland, New England, New York, New Jersey, 
Pensilvania, Maryland, Virginia, and Carolina. According to the newest 
and most exact observations. Dedicated to the Honourable Walter 
Douglas. 


This map is the one having the large oblong inset of the “ cataract of 
Niagara, some make this Water-Fall to be half a league while others 
reckon it no more than a hundred Fathom.” ‘This well-known inset is 
called —‘** A view of ye Industry of ye Beavers of Canada in making 
Dams to stop ye Course of a Rivulet in order to form a great lake, about 
which they build their habitations. To Effect this: they fell large Trees 
with their Teeth, in such a manner as to make them come Cross ye Rivulet, 
to lay ye foundation of ye Dam; they make Mortar, work up and finish 
ye whole with great order and wonderful Dexterity. The Beavers have 
two Doors to their Lodges, one to the water and the other to the Land 
side, according to ye French Accounts.” 

We are fortunate in having such wonderful “industry ’’ preserved to 
us in this remarkable picture. 


Moti, HERMAN. To the Right Honourabel John Lord Sommers, 
Baron of Evesham in ye county of Worcester, President of Her Majesty’s 
most honourable Privy Council etc. This map of North America accord- 
ing to ye newest and most exact observations is most humbly dedicated by 


your lordship’s humble servant. (Buff. hist. soc. Buffalo, N. Y.) 
The Great Fall of Niagara. 


1718 


De L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du 
Mississipi. Dressée sur un grand nombre de mémoires entrau’tres sur 
ceux de mr le Maire. Par Guillaume Délisle de |’académie des 
Sciences. [1718].? 

861 


1718 
De I'Isle 


1719 
Chatelain 


1719 
Moll 


1720 
Willday 


gin 
De I'Isle 


1729 
Vander Aa 


Niagara Falls 


1719 


CHATELAIN, H. A. Carte du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France, & 
des découvertes qui y été faites. (Jn his Atlas historique. [anon.] 


fol. Amsterdam: 1705-20. Vol. VI. No. 20. P. 82.) 
Indicates “* Le Saut.” 


Mo ti, HERMAN. A new & correct map of the whole world. 1719. 
(In his The world described. fol. Lond.: 1710-20. No. 2.) 

** Shewing ye situation of its Principal Parts, Viz., the Oceans Kingdoms, 
Rivers, Capes, Ports, Mountains, Woods, Trade-winds, Monsoons, 
Variation of ye Compass, Climats, etc., with the most Remarkable Tracks 
of the Bold Attempts which have been made to Find out the North East 
and North West Passages. 

** The Projection of this map is call’d Mercator’s, the Design is to make 
it Useful both for Land and Sea. And it is laid down with all possible 
care, according to the newest and most Exact Observations.” It shows the 
** Great Fall of Niagara.” 


1720 
WiILuLpay, GEorGcE. Map of North America. H. Terasson delin. et 
fecit. [1720?] 
*“* Niagara cataract, it falls 600 feet.” 


1722 
DE L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. Tabula geographica Mexicae et Floridae. 
; Carte du Mexique et de la Floride. . . . dated 1722. ( In 
his Atlas nouveau. Amsterdam: N. d. Chez Jean Covens et Corneille 
Mortier. P. 99.) 
“* Saut de Niagara.” 
1729 


VANDER AA, PIERRE. Canada ou Nouvelle France, suivant les 
nouvelle observations de Messrs. de |’Academie Royale des Sciences. . . . 
Augmentées de Nouveau. A Leide: Chez Pierre Vander Aa. (/n La 
Galerie agréable de monde. Leide: P. Vander Aa. [1729?] Vol. I. 
Amerique. 

** Niagara le Saut.” 

VANDER AA, PIERRE. L’Amerique selon les Nouvelles observations 
de Messrs. de |’Academie des Sciences. . . . A Leide. Chez Pierre 
Vander Aa. [I. Goeree, delin. J. Baptist sculp.] (/n La Galerie 

862 


Maps and Pictures 


agréable du monde. Leide: P. Vander Aa. [1729] Vol. I. 1729 
Amerique. ) Vander Aa 


** Niagara—Sault d’une demie lieue.”’ 


VANDER AA, Prerre. L’Amérique septentrionale suivant les nouvelles 
observations de Messrs. |’Academie Royale des Sciences. . . . Aug- 
mentées de nouveau. 834 x 1134. A Leide: Chez Pierre Wander Aa. 
(In Hooge, Romein de, Les Indes orientales et occidentales et autres 
lieux. Leide: Pierre Vander Aa. [1680?] PI. 9.) 

Fort Niagara is indicated — so — ‘*‘O'’ —but there is nothing to 
show the location of the Falls. 


VANDER AA, PIERRE. Nouvelle cartedel’Amerique. . . . dressée 
suivant les plus nouvelles découvertes par les plus habiles géographes, et 
tout nouvellement mise en lumiere par Pierre Vander Aa. (Jn La Galerie 
agréable du monde. Leide: P. Vander Aa. [1729?] Vol. I. 
Amerique. ) 

** Sault d’eau.” 


1730? 


Mo.i, HERMAN. A new and exact map of the dominions of the 1730? 
king of Great Britain on ye continent of North America . . . accord- Moll 
ing to the newest and most exact observations. [17302] (Maps of Am. 
Wolel No: 12.) 


“The Great Fall of Niagara,” also the beaver inset. 


1733 
Falls of Niagara. [View. 5! x 11. Inset to Popple, Henry, A 1733 
map of the British empire in America. fol. Lond.: W. H. Toms 
& R. W. Seale, 1733.] 


The Hennepin view of the Falls. 


North America according to the latest observations. (/n Gordon, 1733 
Patrick, Geography anatomiz’d: or the geographical grammar. Lond.: 
Knapton, Knaplocke, and Co. 1733. Opp. 343.) 


A break shows the location of the Falls, but no name is given. 


PoppLe, Henry. America Septentrionalis. A map of the British 4733 
empire in America with the French and Spanish settlements adjacent Popple 


thereto. By Henry Popple. (Am. maps, Vol. II, No. 8.) 


The “ Fall of Niagara’’ is shown on the map, and there is a small 
inset of the Hennepin view of the Falls with the usual figures and trees. 
This is a duplicate of No. 9 of American maps. 

863 


1733 
Popple 


1737 
Bernard 


1739-42 
La France 


1740-50 
De I'Isle 


Niagara Falls 


PoppLe, Henry. Map of America; Mariland, Pensilvania, New 
Jersey, New York, and the western part of Connecticut. N. d. 
“The Fall of Niagara 600 feet high.” The Hennepin view is also 


inset on this map. 


PoppLe, HENrRy. A map of the British empire in America. fol. 
Lond.: W.H. Toms & R. W. Seale. 1733. 


Contains also the Hennepin inset. 


PoppLe, HENry. A map of the British empire in America with the 
French and Spanish settlements adjacent thereto. (Maps of Am. I. 
No. 17.) 


The Hennepin inset. 


PoppLe, HeENry. A map of the British empire in America, with 
the French, Spanish and Dutch settlements adjacent thereto. Certified by 
Edmund Halley. Amsterdam: Covens and Mortier. N. d. 

“* Falls of Niagara ’’ are shown as too near Lake Ontario. The Henne- 
pin inset is very small. 


1737 


BERNARD, J. F. Le cours du fleuve Mississipi, selon les relations les 
plus modernes. Amsterdam: Chez J. F. Bernard. 1737. 


1739-1742 


La FRANCE, JOSEPH. A new map of part of North America from 
the latitude of 40 to 68 degrees. 12'% x 1814. (Jn Dobbs, Arthur, 
Remarks upon Capt. Middleton’s defence. Lond.: 1744. Opp. 
p. 1.) 


“as descrived by Joseph L France a French Canadese Indian, who 
traveled thro those Countries and Lakes for three uears from 1739 to 
1742.’ The “‘ Great Fall of Niagara” is indicated by name, but the 


map is not a good one, the proportions being poor. 


1740-1750 


De L’IsLE, GUILLAUME. Carta geografica del Canada nell’ America 
Settentrionale. (Atlante Novissimo Del Sig’r Guglielmo de L’Isle. 
Venezia: Giambatista Albrizzi I. Girol. 1740. [1740-1750.] Vol. 
I-II. [No. 40.]) 


** Niagara il salto ”’ indicated. 


864 


Maps and Pictures 


1743 


. Carte de l’Amérique Septentrionale. 1743. (Jn 1743 
Bellin 


BELLIN, N 
Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de, Histoire de la nouvelle France. 


A Paris: Chez Nyon fils. 1744. Vol. I. Frant.) 


A break indicates the Falls, but no name is given. 


BELLIN, N Carte de |’Amérique Septentrionale. 1743. (Jn 
Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de, History and general description 
of New France, ed. by J. G. Shea. N. Y.: Harper. 1900. Vol. I. 
PP; 100:) 


A break indicates the Falls. 


1744 


BELLIN, N Carte de la Louisiane, cours du Mississipi et pais 1744 
voisins. Dediée a M. Le Comte de Maurepas, Ministre et Secretaire Bellin 
d’Etat Commandeur des Ordres du Roy. Par N. Bellin. Ingenieur 
de la Marine. 1744. 


Sault de Niagara. 


BELLIN, N Carte de la Louisiane, cours du Mississipi et pays 
voisins. 1744. (Jn Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de, Histoire et 
description générale de la Nouvelle France. A Paris: Chez Nyon fils. 
1744. Vol. II. Front.) 


** Sault de Niagara.” 


BeELLIn, N———-. Carte de la Louisiane, cours du Mississipi et pais 
voisions. 1744. (Jn Charlevoix, Pierre Francois, History and general 
description of New France, ed. by J. G. Shea. N.Y.: Harper. 1900. 
Vol. VI: Pp: 10-11.) 


** Sault de Niagara.” 


BELLIN, N Carte des lacs du Canada. (Jn Charlevoix, 
Pierre Francois Xavier de, Histoire de la Nouvelle France. A Paris: 


Chez Nyon fils. 1744. Vol. III. Pp. 276-277.) 
** Sault de Niagara de 250 pieds au plus.” 
BELLIN, N——-. Carte de |’ocean occidental et Parite de |’Amerique 
Septentrionale. 1744. (Jn Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de, 


Histoire de la Nouvelle France. A Paris: Chez Nyon fils. 1744. 
Vol. III. Front.) 


“Chute de Niagara.” 
55 


865 


| 
f 


1744 
Bellin 


1746 
Anville 


1746 
Boehmio 


1746 
Southack 


1747 
Kitchin 


Niagara Falls 


BELLIN, N Karte des abendlaendischen weltmeeres, und eines 
theils von dem mitternaechigen America: gezeichnet zum néahern verstandniss 
der im jahr 1720 gethanen reise des ehre: vaters de Charlevoix priesters 
der gesellschafft Jesu, in die lander Canada, Louisiana und San Domingo: 
durch N. Bellin. 1744. 814.x 1414. (In Schroter, Johann Friederich, 
Allgemeine geshichte der lander und volker von America. Nebst einer 


vorrede Siegmund Jacob Baumgartens. (anon.) Halle: J. J. Gebauer. 
1753.) Vol... Is) Pa47s) 


** Sault de Niagara ”’ indicated. 


1746 
ANVILLE, JEAN BAPTISTE BOURGUIGNON D’. Amérique Septen- 
trionale. 1746. (Jn his Atlas général. 1727-80. No. 10.) 
**Saut de Niagara.” 


BoEHMIOo, AuGuUST GOTTLIEB. Americae mappa generalis secun- 
dum legitimas projectionis stereographicae regulas relationesque recentissi- 
mas et observationes socioru acad. reg. sequae Parisiis est aliorumque 
auctorum nec non secundum mentem D. I. M. Hasii m. p. p. in partes 
suas methodicas divisa nunc concinnata et delineata ab Aug. Gottl. 


Boehmio. Phila. mag. istro. (Maps of Am., Vol. I, No. 18.) 
A break shows the cataract. 


SOUTHACK, ————. A new chart of the British empire in North 


America; with the distinct colonies granted by letters patent from cape 
Canso to St. Matthias river. 1746. 


** The Great Falls ’’ indicated. 


1747 
KiTcHIN, THomMAs. A map of the French settlements in North 


America. 7 x 7. (Jn the London mag. Lond.: For R. Baldwin. 
Dec. 1747. 16: Opp. p. 543.) 


A break indicates the site of the Falls, but no name is given to them. 


KITCHIN, THomAs. North America, wherein are particularly dis- 
tinguished the British dominions, the United States, and the adjacent 
Spanish territories. (Jn Mills, David. A report on the boundaries of 
Ontario. Toronto: 1873.) 

This map by Kitchin ‘‘hydrographer to His Majesty ’’ shows the 
“* Great Fall of Niagara 175 feet.’ 

866 


Maps and Pictures 


1749 


BowEN, EMANUEL. A map of the British American plantations, 1749 
extending from Boston in New England to Georgia, including all the back Bowen 
settlements in the respective provinces as far as the Mississipi. 8! x I]. 

(/n the London mag. Lond.: For J. Astley. [1749] July, 1749. 
18: Opp. p. 308.) 
“Fall of Niagara 600 feet.” 


SANSON, N and G . L’Ameérique Septentrionale et Méri- 1749 
dionale divisée en ses principales parties par les srs. Sanson . .  . Sanson 
rectifée suivant les nouvelles découvertes . . . aux observations astrono- 


miques par le sr. Robert. 1749. (Am. maps. Vol. II, No. 19.) 
**Saut de Niagara.” 


1750 


Kam, PETER. A letter from Mr. Kalm, a gentleman of Sweden, 1750 
now on his travels in America, to his friend in Philadelphia, containing a Kalm 
particular account of the Great Fall of Niagara, September 2, 1750. 
(Gentleman’s mag., Jan., 1751. 21:15—-19.) 


The view of Niagara Falls, which was designed to accompany Mr. 
Kalm’s letter, was not published in the Gentleman’s Magazine until the next 
month after his article appeared, namely in February, 1751. Although 
Kalm himself may have had nothing to do with the actual making of 
the picture, it is quite evident that the engraver founded his work on the 
author’s description. It is the first picture after Hennepin’s to be founded 
on an actual sight of the Falls. 


(Kam, PETER.) <A view of the famous cataract of Niagara in 
North America. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara 
Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 2.) 


Taken from the Gentleman’s Magazine of February, 1751. 


1751 
De berugte Waterval van Niagara in New York. (Grosvenor library, 1751 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls, 1697-187 Mat. 2.) 
No information is obtainable as to where this view was published or 


when, but it is quite apparent that it is founded on the plate illustrating 
Kalm’s letter published in 1751. 


867 


1751 
Kalm 


1752 


Bowen 


1753 


1754 


1755 
Anville 


Niagara Falls 
Kam, PETER. Facsimile from Kalm, A. D. 1750. “KX.” 


Engraved for Ingraham’s “ Description of Niagara.” 

This print after Kalm shows three feathery trees on Goat Island, and 
others on the main shores. On the American side are seen explorers and 
the usual dog, and on a pathway on the Canadian side are to be seen a 
number of persons. ‘There is a ladder on the face of Goat Island, and 
waterfowl are shown in the rapids above the Falls. The legend of the 
picture tells us: 

a. “* The place where a piece of Rock was broken from, which while 
standing turn’d the Water obliquely across the Falls as in Popple’s map.” 

b. ‘‘ Two men passing over the east stream with staves.” 

c. ‘‘ The Indians reascending their Ladder.” 


1752 


BowEN, EMANUEL. A new and accurate map of Louisiana with part 
of Florida and Canada. (Jn his Complete atlas, or distinct view of the 
known world. 1752. No. 57.) 


* Fall of Niagara.” 


1753 


A map of the British and French settlements in North America (part 
the first); containing Canada, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, New Eng- 
land, part of New York, with the lakes, six nations, and all the countries 
westward in the same parallels so far as discover’d; exhibiting the just 
boundaries, and the French encroachments: laid down from authentic 


surveys. [17532] /\(Amsimaps.) 112 Non 0) 


Shows the “* Fall of Niagara, 150 feet” in height. Taken from the 
General magazine, 1754. 


1754 


(An) accurate map of the English colonies in North America bordering 
on the river Ohio. 8x91. (Jn the Universal mag. Lond.: J. Hinton. 
7b aeoriboe 5241) 


* Fall of Niagara 160 feet.’ 


1755 


ANVILLE, JEAN BAPTISTE BOURGUIGNON D’. Canada, Louisiane 
et terres Angloises. (Jn his Atlas général. 1727-80. No. 32.) 


** Saut de Niagara.” 
868 


Maps and Pictures 


BowEN, EMANUEL, and Gipson, JOHN. An accurate map of North 4755 
America, describing and distinguishing the Britsh and Spanish dominions. Bowen 
. . also all the West India Island. . . . (Am. maps. II. = & Gibson 
No. 26-27) 

“Falls of Niagara 140 feet.” 

BowEN, EMANUEL, and G1BsoN, JOHN. Ahn accurate map of North 
America. Describing and distinguishing the British, Spanish and French 
dominions on this great continent, exhibiting the present seat of war and 
the French encroachments; also all the West India islands. 


[17552] (Am. maps I. No. 20.) 
“Falls of Niagara, 140 feet.” 


Evans, Lewis. A general map of the middle British colonies, in 1755 
America: viz., Virginia, Mariland, Delaware, Pensilvania, New Jersey, Evans 
New York, Connecticut and Rhode Island, of Aquanishuonigy, the 
country of the confederate Indians . . . comprehending their beaver 
hunting countries, of Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Champlain. . . . Care- 
fully copied from the original published at Philadelphia. . . . Lond.: 
Printed for John Bowles. (/n Evans, Lewis, Geographical, historical, 
political, philosophical and mechanical essays. . . . Phila.: Printed 
byebe Pranklin and) Dy Hall: 1755.) P. 32.) 


The first of these essays contains “*‘ an analysis of a general map of the 
middle British colonies in America, and of the country of the confederate 
Indians: a description of the face of the country; the boundaries of the 
confederates; and the maritime and inland navigations of the several rivers 
and lakes contained therein.” 

On page 18, we read that ‘“* The streight of Oghniagara between the 
lake Ontario and Erie, is easily passable some five or six miles with any 
Ships, or ten miles in all with Canoes; then you are obliged to make a 
Portage up three pretty sharp Hills about eight Miles, where there is now 
cut a pretty good Cart-way. This portage is made to avoid that stu- 
pendous fall of Ozhniagara, which in one Place precipitates headlong 
five or six and twenty Fathoms, and continues for six or seven Miles 
more to tumble in little Falls, and run with inconceivable Rapidity, and 
indeed the Streight for a Mile or two is so rapid, above the Fall, that 
it is not safe venturing near it.” 


A map of the Bnitish and French settlements in North America. 1755 
11x 15. (dn the Universal mag. Lond.: J. Hinton. 1755. 17: 
P45.) 


A break shows the location of the Falls. 
869 


1755 


1755 


1755 
Ottens 


1755 


1755 


1755-60 


Overton 


1756 
Anville 


Niagara Falls 


A map of the five great lakes, with part of Pensilvania, New York, 
Canada and Hudson bay territories, etc. [anon.] 8x 10. (ln 
the London mag. Lond.: ’ For R. Baldwin. Sept. 1755. 24: opp. 
p. 432.) 


A break shows the “ Fall of Niagara.” 


A new and accurate map of the English empire in North America, 
representing their rightful claim as confirm’d by charters and the formal 
surrender of their Indian friends; likewise the encroachments of the French, 
with several forts they have unjustly created therein. By a Society of 
antigallicans. Sold by W. Herbert and Robert Sayer. Lond.: 1755. 
(Am. maps. II. No. 21.) 


** Falls of Niagara.” 


OTTENS, R. and J. Carte des possessions Angloises et Francoises du 
continent de |’Amérique Septentrionale.— Kaart van de Engelsche en 
Fransche bezittingen in hets vaste land van Noord America, 1755. 


A Amsterdam: Chez R. et J. Ottens. 
** Saut de Niagara.” 


Sault du Niagara de 135 pieds de haut. Vue. [From “ Recueil des 
plans de |’Amerique Septentrionale. A Paris: chez le sr. Rouge. 1755 
at end. | 


The Hennepin view with no dog. 


Sault du Niagara de 135 pieds de haut. [Paris, 1755.] (Grosvenor 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls, 1697—187-.) 


1755-1760 
OvERTON, HENRY. A map of the Bnitish plantations on the con- 
tinent of North America, according to the notes and improvements of mr. 
Bolton, made in the onginal of mr. Danville with the history of each 


colony in the margin. . . . [1755—1760.] 
“Fall of Niagara, 168 feet.” 


1756 
ANVILLE, JEAN BAPTISTE BOURGUIGNON D’. America Septen- 
trionalis a domino d’Anville in Galliis edita nunc in Anglia coloniis in 
interiorem Virginiam deductis nec non fluvi Ohio. . . . geographicis 
et historicis illustrata sumptibus Homannianorum Heredum Noribergae ao 
1756. 
** Fall of Niagara.” 
870 


THE AMERICAN 


Fatits, Goat IsLAND AND THE HorsEsHOE FALLS 


Taken just below Prospect Point 


Maps and Pictures 


1758 


Evans, Lewis. A general map of the middle British colonies in 1758 
America; . . . carefully copied from the original published at Phila- Evans 
delphia in 1755, with some additions by J. Gibson. 

This map showing “* Ochniagara Falls ’’ was published in London in 
1758 by Jefferys from the edition of 1755. 


HARREVELT, E VAN. Wasserfall von Niagara. 7x 10. (/n 1758 
his Allgemeine histoire des reisen zu wasser und lande. Leipzig. Arkstee Harrevelt 
und Merku. 1758. 16:684.) 

Opposite page 680 is a “* Karte von den Seen in Canada, von M. B.” 
which indicates Niagara, and on pages 683-685 is a description. In the 
Hennepin view given with this map, the view of the Falls is reversed, the 
trees are smaller, and the little dog is missing. 


1759 


PALAIRET, I Carte des possessions Angloises et Francoises du 1759 
continent de |’Amérique Septentrionale. Londres: 1759. (Am. maps. Palairet 
Volt. No. 23.) 


**“Saut de Niagara.” 


ANVILLE, JEAN BAPTISTE BOURGUIGNON D’. North America, from 4759 
the French of mr. D’Anville. Improved with the back settlements of Vir- Anville 
ginia and course of Ohio. . . . (Jn Jefferys, Thomas, The natural 
and civil history of the French dominion in North and South America. 
Eond:; 1760: Pt. I.) Opp. p. 134.) 


“Fall of Niagara.” 


1760 
Davies, THOMAS. An east view of the great cataract of Niagara. 4769 
Engraved on copper by J. Foregeron. 1760. Davies 


“To his Excellency Lieut. Gen. Sir Jeffrey Amherst, Knight of the 
Most honourable order of the Bath, . . .” 

** Drawn on the spot by Thomas Davies, Capt. Lieut. Royal Reg’t of 
Artillery.” 

This peculiar view shows a little of the Canadian rapids, both islands, 
the whole of both Falls and a rainbow like a cartwheel. The river below 
the Falls is like a pond and on the left are two savages painting. With 
all its crudities, the drawing comes nearer the real Niagara than the 
Hennepin view which preceded it. 


871 


1760 
Jefferys 


1761 
Seale 


1762 
Jefferys 


1763 
Anville 


1763 


1763 


Sayer 


1763 


Niagara Falls 


JeFFERYS, THoMAS. A map of Canada and the northern part of 
Louisiana with the adjacent countrys. (Jn his The natural and civil 
history of the French dominion in North and South America. Lond.: 
1760. Pt. I. Front.) 

** Niagara Fall.” 

1761 

SEALE, R. W. (del. & sc.) An accurate map of Canada, with the 
adjacent countries, exhibiting the late seat of war between the English & 
French in those parts. [anon.] 10x 13144. (In the Universal mag. 
Lond.:\J.imtone eb. 1761. 28:" Opps ps o7.) 

*“‘Niagara Fall ’’ indicated. 


1762 
JEFFERYS, THomMAS. A map of Canada and the northern part of 
Louisiana with the adjacent countrys. I1Y%x 15. (Un Mills, David, 
A report on the boundaries of Ontario. Toronto: 1873.) 
A map by Jefferys “ Geographer to His Majesty,” 1762, published 
in London. It shows “* Niagara Falls.” 


1763 
ANVILLE, JEAN BAPTISTE BOURGUIGNON D’. North America from 
the French of mr. D’Anville. Improved with the English surveys made 
since the Peace. 1763. (Jn Mills, David, A report on the boundaries 
of Ontario. Toronto: 1873.) 


“Fall of Niagara.” 


(A) new map of North America from the latest discoveries. 1763. 
(anon.) 11x 15. (/n the London mag. Lond.: For R. Baldwin. 
Feb., 1763. 32: Opp. p. 64.) 


Break shows ‘** Niagara Fall.” 


SAYER, ROBERT. An accurate map of North America, describing and 
distinguishing the British and French dominions on the great continent 
according to the definitive treaty concluded at Paris, 10 February, 1763. 

“Fall of Niagara.” 


A new and accurate map of North America, laid down according to 
the latest, and most approved observations and discoveries. [anon.] 
10 x 13. (Qn the Universal mag. Lond.: J. Hinton. Mar., 1763. 
32): (@pp.’ p. 1133) 

**Fall of Niagara 100 feet.” 

872 


Maps and Pictures 


TERRENI, G. M. Caduta di Niagara. G. M. T. (sc.) 914x74%4. 1763 
(/n Il Gazzettiere Americano. Livorno: M. Coltellini. 1763. Vol. 3. Terreni 
cd.) 

A Hennepin view with the dog. There is also a brief encyclopaedic 
description giving the height, swiftness (animals carried over), the dividing 
islands, and an account of the mist. 


TERRENI, G. M. Caduta di Niagara. G. M. T. fecit. (Grosvenor 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—187—. Mat 2.) 

From “ I] Gazzettiere Americano.” 

TERRENI, G. M. Caduta de Niagara. 9'4 x 7. (Jn Atlante dell’ 


America. [anon.] Liverno: Presso Gio Tomasso Masi e comp. con 
approvazione. 1777. No. 6.) 


View of the fall of Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 1763 
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 2.) 


Hennepin type. No third fall. 


1764 
BELLIN, J. N. Carte des cing grands lacs du Canada. (/n his 1764 
Le petit atlas maritime. . . . 1764. Vol. 1. No. 6.) Bellin 


plger Sault: 


BELuIN, J. N. La nouvelle France ou Canada. (Jn his Le petit 
atlas maritime. Receuil de cartes et plans des quatre parties du monde. 


Par le S. Bellin. 1764. Vol. I. No. 4.) 
** Sault de Niagara.” 


1766 


RoBeERT, SR. A part of North America comprehending the 1766 
course of the Ohio, New England, New York, New Jersey, Pensilvania, ‘*°°* 
Maryland, Virginia, Carolina and Georgia. From the Sr. Robert with 
improvements. (/n Brookes, R., General gazetteer, Lond.: For J. 


Newberry. 1766.) 


Shows a ‘‘ Niagara Fall 140 feet,” with a brief encyclopaedic notice. 
“In this river there is a large cataract which has been reported to have 
been the greatest in the world, and that the mist which this occasions, may 
be seen at 15 miles distance; but this is a great mistake; however, the 
waters fall from a rock 140 feet high, make a noise like thunder heard at 
a great distance.” 


873 


1767 


1768 
Anville 


1768 
Bowen 


& Gibson 


1768 


1768 
Evans 


1768 
Jefferys 


Niagara Falls 


1767 


Niagara. (J/n Billardon de Sauvigny, Edme Louis. 
Hirza, ou Les Illinois, tragedie. Paris: Le veuve Duchesne. 1780. 
Frontispiece. 


A “Niagara” unrecognizable except for the legend beneath is used 
as a background for a rocky tomb and a number of warlike aborigines. 


1768 


ANVILLE, JEAN BAPTISTE BOURGUIGNON D’. North America. From 
the French of mr. d’Anville. Improved with the back settlements of 
Virginia and the course of the Ohio. Illustrated with geographical and 
historical remarks. (Jn Jefferys, Thomas, General topography of North 
America and the West Indies. . . . Lond.: Printed for Robert 
Sayer and Thos. Jefferys. 1768. No. 7.) 


** Fall of Niagara.” 


BowEN, EMANUEL, and GIBSON, JOHN. An accurate map of North 
America. Describing and distinguishing the British, Spanish and French 
dominions on this great continent; according to the definitive treaty con- 
cluded at Paris 10 feb. 1763. (Jn Jefferys, Thomas, General topog- 
raphy of North America and the West Indies. Lond.: Printed for 
Robert Sayer and Thomas Jefferys. 1768. No. 9.) 


“Falls of Niagara 140 feet.” 


De Waterval van Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Views at Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 3.) 


A copy of Pierie, but the figures in the foreground are slightly different. 


Evans, Lewis. A general map of the middle British colonies in 
America: viz. Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pensilvania, New Jersey, 
New York, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, of Aquanishuonigy the 
country of the confederate Indians. . . . Corrected and improved with 
the addition of the line of forts on the back settlements by Thos. Jefferys. 
Cn Jefferys, Thoraas, General topography of North America and the 
West Indies. Lond.: Printed for Robert Sayer and Thomas Jefferys. 
1.768%'No:,32") 


JEFFERYS, THOMAS. Chart of the Atlantic ocean, with the Bnitish, 
French, & Spanish settlements in North America, and the West Indies; 
as also on the coast of Africa. (Jn his General topography of North 


874 


Maps and Pictures 


America and the West Indies. Lond.: Printed for Robert Sayer and 1768 
Thomas Jefferys. 1768. No. 13.) Jefferys 


** Niagara.” 


JoHNson, Guy. Map of the frontiers of the northern colonies with 1768 
the boundary line established between them and the Indians at the treaty Johnson 
held by S. Will Johnson at Fort Stanwix in nov. 1768. (Jn O’Callaghan, 

E. B., Documentary history of the state of New York. Albany: 1850. 
1 :376.) 

This map “* was corrected and improved from Evans’ map by Guy John- 
son, Department Agent of Indian Affairs.” | Great Fall” is indicated 
only by a break in the rocks. 


Jounson, Guy. Map of the frontiers of the northern colonies with 
the boundary line established between them and the Indians at the treaty 
held by S. Will Johnson at Ft. Stanwix in nov. 1768. (Jn Mills, 
David, A report on the boundaries of Ontario. Toronto: 1873.) 

Like the map in O’Callaghan’s *‘ Documentary history” this is also 
** corrected and improved ” from Evans’s map by Guy Johnson. 


‘PIERIE, WILLIAM. View of the cataract of Niagara, from a draw- 4768 
ing taken on the spot by Lt. Pierie of the Royal Artillery. Richard Wil- Pierie 
son Pinx. William Byrne (sc.) 1768. 


This is the first picture of the Falls which gives anything like an accurate 
representation of their real appearance. The point of view is from the high 
land on the Canadian side and includes both falls. The shores are shown 
as level and true to nature, and the outline of the Horseshoe is approxi- 
mately as it is today, with perhaps a little less water, and changes in con- 
tour which a hundred and fifty years might easily bring about. 


To the Right Hon.be Lady Susan O’Brien, this view of the 
cataract of Niagara, with the country adjacent is most humbly 
Inscribed by her Ladyship’s most obed’t and Obliged he Serv’t 

William Pierie. 

This stupendous cataract is near a mile wide, and falls over a 
perpendicular Rock of 170 Feet high, which interrupts the 
Passage of the River Niagara for some miles, between the Lakes 
Erie and Ontario, on the Frontiers of the Province of New 


York in North America. 
875 


1768 


Pierie 


1768 
Schumann 


1768 
Wilson 


1771 


Evans 


1771 
Johnson 


1774 
Harrevelt 


Niagara Falls 


Published according to Act of Parliament, 28th February, 
1774 by the Author and sold for him at Mr. Dodsley’s, Pall 
Mall, and Mr. Knox’s in the Strand. 


SCHUMANN, I (sc.) Total Anblick des Niagara Falls. 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697— 
187—. Mat 3.) 


Copy of Pierie. 


WILSON, ROBERT. Niagara Falls — Horseshoe. 15x21. Eng. by 
William Byrne. 1768. 

An old-time engraving. Another copy published in 1774 by the author 
has the text in the margin. 


1771 


Evans, Lewis. A general map of the middle British colonies in 
America. . . . Carefully copied from the original published at Phila- 
delphia. Lond.: For John Bowles. 1771. (Am. maps, Vol. V, 
No. 16.) 


“Ochniagara Falls.” 


JoHNson, Guy. The country of the six nations proper, with part of 
the adjacent colonies. (Jn O'Callaghan, E. B., Documentary history of 
the state of New York. Albany: 1849. Vol. IV. P. 660.) 


The “* Great Falls ’’ are indicated but are rather too far down the river. 
JoHNson, Guy. Map of the country of the six nations. (Jn Pouchot, 


M , Memoir upon the late war in North America. . . . Roxbury, 
Mass.: W. Elliot Woodard. 1866. Vol. II. P. 148.) 


This map of Johnson’s made in 1771 shows the “‘ Great Falls” as too 
near Lake Ontario. 


1774 


HARREVELT, E VAN. Cataracte de Niagara. N. v. d. Meer 
juns. 7x10. (ln his Histoire générale des voyages. A. Amsterdam: 
1774. 21:456.) 

“This map differs somewhat from the one published in the German 
translation entitled ‘ Allgemeine historie der reisen zu wasser und lande, 
1758’ Vol. 16, P. 684.”’ The French version contains also a Hennepin 
view, and on pages 456—457 is a description of the Falls. 


876 


Maps and Pictures 


HarreVELT, E VAN. Carte de la Nouvelle Angleterre, Nouvelle 4774 
York et Pensilvanie. (Jn his Histoire générale des voyages. A. Amster- Harrevelt 


dam: 1774. 21:263.) 
** Sault de Niagara” indicated. 


HarREVELT, E VAN. Carte des lacs du Canada. (Jn his 
Histoire générale des voyages. A. Amsterdam. 1774. 21:452.) 


1777 
BEAURAIN, CHR. DE. Carte de l’Amerique Sept’le pour servir a 1777 
l’intelligence de la guerre entre les Anglois et les Insurgents Dediée a Mer. Beaurain 
de Sartine, Ministre de la Marine par M. le Chr. de Beaurain. Geographe 
du Roi, et son pensionnaire. 1777. 


** Sault de Niagara.” 


Carta della nuova Inghilterra, Nuova York, e Pensilvania. (Jn Atlante 1777 
dell’ America. [anon.] Liverno: Presso Gio Tomasso Masi, e comp. 
con approvazione. 1777. No. 2.) 


Indicates the location of the Falls. 


Carta rappresentante i cinque Laghi del Canada. (Jn Talante dell’ 1777 
America. [anon.] Liverno: Presso Gio Tomasso Masi, E. comp. con 
approvazione. 1777. No. 5.) 


Indicates the location of the Falls. 


1779 


MIDDLETON, CHARLES THEODORE. The great cataract or waterfall 1779 
of Niagara in North America. 6144x1014. (In his A new and Middleton 


complete system of geography. fol. Lond.: For J. Cook. 1779. Vol. 
ese 505:) 


1782 


(The) most surprising cataract of Niagara in Canada. Engraved for 1782 
Millar’s New and complete universal system of geography. (Grosvenor 


library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—187-. Mat 3.) 
This work was published by George Henry Millar in 1782. The 
engraving is a Kalm. 
1783 
HEATH, JAMES. (eng.) The Falls of Niagara. (Grosvenor library, 4793 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 3.) Heath 
877 


1783 
Heath 


1783 
Metz 


1785 


Crévéceour 


1790 
Anville 


1790 
Ellicott 


Niagara Falls 


This picture by James Heath, the celebrated English engraver (Metz. 
del.) was probably taken from the “* Novelists’ magazine’ published in 
London, 1780-1788 by Harrison and Co. It is of the Hennepin type. 


METz, (del.) The Falls of Niagara. Heath (sc.) Pub- 
lished as the Act directs by Harrison & Co. Apmil, 1783. 


1785 


CrREVECEOuR, HEcTor ST. JOHN DE. Description of Niagara Falls 
in a letter to his son under date of July, 1785. (Mag. of Am. hist., 
Oct. 1878. 2: part 2. 606-613.) 


The author made an excursion to Niagara Falls in 1785, and described 
the cataract in a letter to his son Alexander, then 14 years old. Copies 
of the narrative and the map illustrating it were furnished by his great 
grandson. He gives a “ graphic description of the cataract as it appeared 
in its primeval grandeur,” and his chart of the river from Lake Erie to Lake 
Ontario is “* remarkably correct.’’ “* He must have been a skilfull engineer 
and draughtsman to have produced so accurate a map without actual sur- 
vey.” At the time of his visit, there was already a saw-mill by the rapids 
on the American side. 


1780 


ANVILLE, JEAN BAPTISTE BOURGUIGNON D’. A particular map of 
the American lakes, rivers, etc. Par le Sr. d’Anville de |’ Academie R’le 
des Inscriptions de Belles Lettres et de celle des Sciences de Petersbourg. 
Secretaire de M’gr. le Duc d’Orleans. Lond.: Drawn and engraved for 
Jochn Harrison, June 25, 1790. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Maps historical and miscellaneous. No. 82.) 


. . . Reputation and merit of this work chiefly depended upon the 
Labour of D’Anville and expense of the Duke of Orleans.”’ ‘* The Saut 


de Niagara ”’ is marked. 


ELuicott, ANDREW. View of the Falls of Niagara. Thackera & 
Vallande (sc.) 1790. 


This print in black and white is the earliest known picture of Niagara 
by an American. ‘The drawing is inaccurate. The country around the 
Falls is shown as hilly and there in no indication of Luna Island. The 
proportions of the American and Horseshoe Falls are so drawn that the 
American Fall looks broader than the Horseshoe. Although an improve- 
ment on the Hennepin and Kalm views, this picture is inferior to Lieut. 

878 


Maps and Pictures 
Pierie’s of a much earlier date. The drawing accompanies the various 1790 
publications of Ellicott’s letter to Dr. Rush, dated December 10, 1789. Ellicott 


EL.LicoTT, ANDREW. View of the Falls of Niagara. 334x7. (S. 
Hill, eng.) (Mass. mag. Boston: I. Thomas. July, 1790. 2:387.) 


E.uicott, ANDREW. View of the Falls of Niagara. (Columbian 
mag., June, 1790. 4:331.) 


ELLicoTT, ANDREW. View of the Falls of Niagara. (Mag. of Am. 
hist., July, 1880. 5:55.) 

Hit_t, S——. View of the Falls of Niagara. (Grosvenor library, 1790 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—-187-. Mat 3.) Hill 


This plate was taken from the “* Massachusetts magazine’ 1790. Vol. 
2, page 388. 


1792 
SimcoE, Mrs. E. G. P. Niagara paintings. (Jn her Diary of Mrs. 1792 
John Graves Simcoe. . . . Toronto: Briggs. 1911.) Simcoe 


These pictures illustrating Mrs. Simcoe’s account of her residence on 
the Niagara are interesting for their historical details. 


1794 
Hancock, R . The waterfall of Niagara. Published by Laurie 4794 
& Whittle, 53 Fleet St., Lond.: 12 May, 1794. Hancock 


This most surprising cataract of nature is 137 feet high and 
its breadth about 360 yards. The Island in the middle is about 
420 yards long and 40 yards broad, at is lower End. The 
Water, on its approaching the said Island, becomes so rapid as 
almost to exceed an Arrow in swiftness till it comes to the Fall; 
where it reascends into the Air, foaming as white as Milk, and 
all in motion like a boiling Cauldron: Its noise may be heard 
15 Leagues off, and in Calm Weather, its Vapours rise a great 
hight into the air, and may be seen like thick Smoak at 30 miles 
distance. 

This print is based on Hennepin (1697) and Kalm (1750). Rocks 


and firs are shown, and the familiar little dog appears as well as groups of 
savages on both sides of the Falls. 


A new map of North America, with the West India Islands. Divided 1794 
according to the preliminary articles of peace, signed at Versailles, 2 
879 


1794 


1794 


1798 
Weld 


Niagara Falls 


January, 1783, wherein are particularly distinguished the United States 
and the several provinces, governments, etc. which compose the British 
dominions, laid down according to the latest surveys, and corrected from 
the original materials, of Governor Pownall, member of Parliament. 


Lond.: Laurie & Whittle. May 12, 1794. 
Shows the “Falls of Niagara, 170 feet.” May be found in the 


Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y., in Maps, historical and miscellaneous. 
No. 64. Same map as No. 36~39 in American map series. II. 


A new map of North America, with the West Indies. . . . Laid 
down according to the latest surveys, and corrected from the original 
material of Governor Pownall. Lond.: Laurie and Whittle. 1794. 
(Am. maps. II. No. 36-39.) 


1798 


WELD, Isaac. An eye sketch of the Falls of Niagara. (Jn his Travels 
through the states of North America and the provinces of upper and lower 
Canada, during the years 1795, 1796, and 1797. Lond.: Stockdale. 
1799. P. 303.) 


WELD, Isaac. View of the Falls of Niagara. Published by I. 
Stockdale, Piccadilly, December 22, 1798. 


General view of the Falls. May be found on page 315 of the 1799 
edition of Weld’s ** Travels.” 


WELp, Isaac. (delt.) View of the Falls of Niagara. Published 
December 22, 1798 by I. Stockdale. Piccadilly. (Grosvenor library, 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 4.) 


WELD, Isaac. View of the Horse-Shoe Fall of Niagara. Neagle, 
(sc.) Published by I. Stockdale. Piccadilly, December 3, 1798. 


This view may be found on page 313 of the 1799 edition of Weld’s 
** Travels through the states of North America.” 


WELp, Isaac. (delt.) I. Scott, (sc.) View of the Horse-Shoe Fall 
of Niagara. Lond.: Jones and Co. September 1, 1824. (Grosvenor 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 4.) 


WELD, Isaac. (delt.) Neagle, (sc.) Wiew of the Horse-Shoe Fall 
of Niagara. Published December 5, 1798 by I. Stockdale. Piccadilly. 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697- 


187-. Mat 4.) 
880 


Maps and Pictures 


WELp, Isaac. View of the lesser fall of Niagara. I. Scott, (sc.) 1793 
Published by I. Stockdale. Piccadilly. December 22, 1798. Weld 


Shows the American Fall and may be found on page 314 of Weld’s 


** Travels.” 


WELD, Isaac. (delt.) I. Scott, (sc.) View of the lesser fall of 
Niagara. Published December 22, 1798 by I. Stockdale. Piccadilly. 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-—187-. 
Mat 4.) 


WELD, Isaac. Mariage (sc.) Wue de la Chute du Fer a Cheval, 
also Ensemble du Saut de la Riviére de Niagara (scarce) and Vue de la 
petite Chute. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara 
Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 5.) 


Weld, Isaac, Jr. (1744-1856) was an Englishman, a landscape 
painter by profession, who traveled in America in 1795-97 accompanied 
by a faithful servant, sometimes on horseback, sometimes on foot or in a 
canoe. His travels, published in 1799, met with great success, and went 
through several editions. The French version from which most of the 
above plates were taken was published with reduced copies of the original 
plates. 


It seems that there must also have been an Italian editon in which the 
artists adorned the landscape with pale trees. 


1799? 


Fall des Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of 1799? 
Niagara Falls. 1697—187-. Mat 4.) 


A Weld. 


FUMUGALLI, P . Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N..Y. 1799? 
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187~—. Mat 5.) Fumugalli 


A beautiful thing in delicate color, after Weld. Shows palm trees. 


Grande Chute du Niagara. (163 P. de Haut.) (Grosvenor library, 1799? 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 5.) 


A Weld, looks like a water color. 


Petite Chute du Niagara. (162 P. de Haut.) (Grosvenor library, 1799? 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 5.) 


Another Weld, which looks like a water color. 


1799 
Rossi 


1800 


Barralet 


1800 


1800 
Maude 


1800 


1800 


1800 
Volney 


Niagara Falls 


Rossi, L. A. (inc.) A. Biasoli (acq.) Two views — one of 
Horseshoe and one of American Fall. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
1697=2187=. Mats) 


These two views in color look like water colors and are after Weld. 


1800 
BARRALET, JOHN JAMES. (del.) Lawson, (sc.) Views of the 
Falls of Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara 
Falls. 1697—187—. Mat 7.) 


This was drawn by Barralet who was of French extraction, although 


born in Dublin. He came to America in 1795, where he died in 1812. 
Death of Washington, with Niagara as a back- 


ground. (1800?) 
An aquatint. 


Maupe, JOHN. Visit to the falls of Niagara in 1800. Lond.: 
Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. 1826. Pp. 131-159. 


The copper plate engravings of the author which illustrate the Niagara 
portion of his narrative are attractive, if not notable for their accuracy. 
There is ““An Engraved Title, with a Vigneete View of the Falls of 
Niagara, as seen from a Cavern;’’ ““A View of the Falls of Niagara, 
with the Rapids, and Goat Island, from the Canada side of the River.” _ 
“*A View of Niagara with Goat Island and Rapids, frora the United States 
side,’ and the ‘‘ Great Horseshoe Fall of Niagara with Table Rock, as 
seen from below.’ All these illustrations show the banks much more 
heavily wooded than we see them today. 


Veduta della Cascata a ferro de Cavallo, etc. Berniere (inc.) 1800? 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697— 
187—. Mat 5.) 


Veduta Generale della Cascata di Niagara. Berniere. (inc.) 1800? 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697— 
187—. Mat 5.) 


VOLNEY, CONSTANTIN FRANCOIS CHASSEBOEUF Comte de. Section 
of Niagara at the middle of the stream and course of the St. Lawrence at 
Niagara taken from ‘* Views of the climate and soil of the United States 
of America in 1804.” (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of 
Niagara Falls. 1697-187-—. Mat 6.) 


882 


Maps and Pictures 


This French savant (1757—182-—) visited Niagara in 1796, the year 1800 
Great Britain relinquished her hold on the American side of Niagara and Volney 
the lakes. 

1801 

“ BonFILs.” Vue d’une partie des deux Branches de Ja Cataracte de | 1891 _ 
Niagara; and Vue d’une partie de la Branche Occidentale de Ja Cataracte Bonfils ” 
de Niagara. (/n Crevecouer, H. St. John de, Voyage dans la haute 
Pensilvanie et dans l’etat de New York, par un membre adoptif de la 
nation Oneida. . . . Paris: De Crapulet 1801. Vol. II. Pp. 
148-193.) 


**“ BoNFILS.” Vue d’une partie des deux Branches de la Cataracte de 
Niagara; and Vue d’une partie de la Branche Occidentale de Ja Cataracte 
de Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara 
Falls. 1697-1187-. Mat 7.) 


HERIOT, GEoRGE. View of the Falls of Niagara, from the bank near 1801 
Birche’s Mills and view of the Falls of Niagara from beneath the bank Heriot 
on the Fort Schlausser side. F.C. Lewis (sc.) Printed for Richard 
Phillips, London. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of 
Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 6.) 


These are poor copies of the original plates which were published in 


1807 in Heriot’s ‘Travels through the Canadas.” 


1802 
Deminc, A Falls of Niagara in Canada. Engraved by Scott 1802 
for the Gallery of nature and art. 1802. Deming 


This picture, which is taken from Vanderlyn, shows the Horseshoe Fall 
with the rainbow, the Canadian shore, and a suspicion of the upper rapids. 


GosMaN, Rosert. Narrative of John Vanderlyn’s tour to Niagara 1802 
in 1802. (Pub. Buff. hist, soc. 15:159-173.) Gosman 


The narrative of that tour was taken down in later years from the 
artist’s dictation, by the late Robert Gosman, son of the pastor of the old 
Dutch church in Kingston, New York, Vanderlyn’s native town. 


The cloud of mist from Niagara greeted the pilgrims 
some eighteen miles from the cataract and its roar was heard two 
miles. Vanderlyn remained at Niagara twelve days, having 


883 


1802 


Gosman 


Niagara Falls 


reached [there] about mid October. After a day of needed rest 
at Chippewa the artist took up his comfortable quarters at Bur- 
den’s farm house hard by the cataract —so near in fact — say 
800 yards — that a constant tremor pervaded the house and all 
its belongings, rendering a new comer rather nervous till custom 
caused it to be unnoticeable. A fork stuck into the floor would 
quiver like an aspen. 

In 1802 there was no crossing for miles above and below the 
Falls, and all Vanderlyn’s sketches were therefore taken from the 
Canada shore. The only descent to the water was by “ the 
Indian Ladder,”’ thus perilous enough to deter the timorous from 
its trial. “* Table Rock,’ which is so noticeable a feature in 
Vanderlyn’s views, was then unmutilated by the wear of the ele- 
ments, and the gunpowder experiments which have at length 
destroyed it. Nature had then no divided empire with art, for 
save an occasional clearing, and a farm house or log cabin here 
and there, Niagara doubtless appeared very much as it did when 
Father de Smet, in 16—, stood upon its banks, and the glories 
and magnificence of the scene were revealed to the first intelligent 
European to whom they were revealed. 

The companion engravings afterwards given as the fruits of this 
tour by Mr. Vanderlyn were a “* General View,” and a “ View 
of the Great Fall.’ The first was taken three fourths of a mile 
below the cataract near the Indian Ladder, which is directly 
opposite “ the American Fall.” From the semi-circular sweep of 
the shelf, this General View gives a surpassing idea of the mag- 
nitude and proportions of Niagara. “The sketch for the Great, 
or Horse Shoe Fall, was taken from Table Rock. 

A day or two elapsed before the artist employed his pencil. 
He said it required that time at least to give him any idea of the 
proportion of the elements of the scene. The absence of grand 
scenery, of towering rocks or mountain heights as standards of 
comparison, rendered it impossible at first to seize an idea of the 
magnitude of the scene. He said that in truth he was dis- 
appointed — a feeling which is confirmed by most who see 

884 


Maps and Pictures 


Niagara at first, the reality not coming up to the imagination all 1802 
indulge. Added to this, the tremor of the rocks, and the roar S%™" 
and motion of the mighty waters had a confusing effect, distract- 

ing, dizzying and bewildering, for a time. [he man overcame 

the artist. He forgot his errand; sitting several hours as if under 

a spell, lost to himself, taking in no distinct idea of the scene, and 

only conscious of an arena of overwhelming grandeur and power 

in full and turbulent vigor. 


VANDERLYN, JOHN. A view of the western branch of the Falls of 1802 
Niagara, taken from the Table Rock, looking up the river, over the rapids, Vanderlyn 
Engraved by F. C. Lewis. 1802. 


To the Society of Fine Arts of New York this Print is respect- 
fully Inscribed by their most obed’t humble Serv’t 


John Vanderlyn. 


This print was from the first painting of Niagara by an American artist. 


It was painted by Vanderlyn in 1802, and published in London in 1804. 


Bye, J (sc.) The Falls of Niagara with the adjacent country. 41802 
614 x 14. Lond.: J. Johnson. 1804. (Jn Volney, C. F., View of the Bye 
climate and soil of the United States. Lond.: for J. Johnson. 1804. 

Pl. 3. P. 99. Also Phila.: Conrad. 1804. P. 80.) 


The Falls are marked straight across the river, and there is also a 
™ Section of the Fall in the middle of the River.” 

In the French edition ‘* Tableau du climat et du sol des Etats-Unis 
d’Amerique”’ . . . published in Paris in 1803 by Courcier, this map is 
found in volume I, page 112. ‘There are also editions in German and 
Italian. 


Craic, W. M. (del.) Falls of Niagara; on the river St. Lawrence 1802 
in Canada. T. Wallis. (sc.) Published as the act directs by C. Craig 
Brightly and T. Kinnersley, Bungay; Nov. 1804. 


There is a hilly background to this picture and land is visible on the 
left and in front. The Horseshoe Fall is apparently on the left. Savages 
are seen on the left in the foreground, and a streamer of mist is shown 
across the Falls from left to right. The whole picture looks like an improve- 
ment on and a transposition of Ellicott. 


885 


1802 
Vanderlyn 


1809 
Gray 


1809 


1810 
Wilson 


1812 
Maverick 


1813 
Eddy 


Niagara Falls 


VANDERLYN, JOHN. View of Niagara Falls from the Canadian side. 
1804. 
Shows both Falls. 
1809 
Gray, HucH. “ Map of Canada, etc.” (Jn his Letters from Canada, 
written during a residence there in the years 1806, 1807, 1808. 
Lond.: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. 1809.) 


“Falls of the Niagara, 137 feet” are indicated. 


Western New York in 1809. (/n O'Callaghan, E. B., Documentary 
history of the state of New York. Albany: 1849. Vol. II. P. 690.) 


** Falls 150 feet’’ in height are indicated. 


1810 


WiLson, ALEXANDER. View of the great pitch taken from below 


and General view of the Falls of Niagara, eng. by George Cooke. (Port- 
folio, March, 1810. 3: No. 3, 182-187.) 


These two engravings are from sketches by Wilson to illustrate his poem 
of ‘‘ The Foresters ’’ which appeared in this same issue of the Portfolio. 
The first, the ‘view of the great pitch shows the Horseshoe with the cliff 
much conventionalized and flattened. The second, the general view of 
the Falls, is drawn from the Canadian side, and shows the rainbow. The 
drawing in this is somewhat better although the cliff still appears flattened 
and the front of Goat Island is apparently a straight wall. 


WiLson, ALEXANDER. General view of the Falls of Niagara. 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-— 
187-. Mat 7.) 

1812 


MAVERICK, PETER. (sc.) Niagara from below. (Grosvenor library, 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 8.) 


This engraving of about the date 1812, is by Peter Maverick (1780- 
1831), a skilful line engraver who worked principally for book pub- 
lishers and bank companies. 

1813 


Eppy, I. H. Map of the straights of Niagara from lake Erie to lake 
Ontario. 15x7. N. Y.: Prior & Dunning. 1813. (/n Smith, 
D. W., A gazetteer of the province of upper Canada. N. Y.: Prior & 
Dunning. 1813.) 


886 


Maps and Pictures 


An inset shows a “ vertical section of the great slope which occasions the 1813 
Falls’’ On pages 31—33 is a short description of the Falls. Eddy 


Falls of Niagara, in Canada. Engraved by Scott from a drawing. 1813 
Published by R. Wilks, January, 1813. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, 
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 8.) 


From the “* Gallery of Nature and Art.” 1813. 


MELIsH, JOHN. View of the country round the Falls of Niagara. J. 1813 
Vallance. (sc.) 614x4. (In Melish, John, A military and topo- Melish 
graphical atlas of the United States, including the British possessions and 
Florida, etc. Phila.: G. Palmer. 1813. Opp. P. 11.) 


A brief description of the Falls and the river is found on page 13. 


Grand Niagara, sometimes called Manchester, is a small 
village on the east bank of the Niagara river, immediately above 
the falls, and nearly opposite to Chippeway. It was laid out for 
a town a few years ago, and contains a number of dwelling- 
houses, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and several mills and machinery 
are projected. “The water is brought out of the river above the 
rapids, and as the source is inexhaustible and the fall above fifty 
feet, mills and machinery to a very great extent can be erected 
here, and this will probably become a very large settlement. 


1814 


Riper, ALEX. Geisler, Fr. (sc.) Niagara Wasserfall in seinem 1814 
gegenwartigen Zustande, von der Seite von Canada angesehen. Von Alex Rider 


Rider nach der Natur. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of 
Niagara Falls. 1697—-187-. Mat 8.) 


Published in 1814. 


1815 


MELIsH, JOHN. View of the country round the falls of Niagara. 1815 
614 x4. (/nhis Travels through the United States. Phila.: G. Palmer. Melish 
foto: ) Vol. TI.” ‘Opp. p. 318.) 


The Falls are merely indicated. 
In the Belfast edition published by Smyth in 1818 on page 506-508 


is a view (map) giving a “‘ General view of the Falls of Niagara.”” The 


887 


1815 
Melish 


1816 
Wilkinson 


1817 


1817 
Hall 


1817 
Montule 


1818 
James 


Niagara Falls 


view is from the Canadian side and shows the curve of the Horseshoe as 
very deep, almost a semicircle. This same view is found in the London 


edition of 1818 published by Cowrie. 


1816 


WILKINSON, JAMES. Map of the straights of Niagara from lake Erie 
to lake Ontario. 7 x 15. (Jn his Diagrams and plans illustrative of the 
principal battles and military affairs treated of in ‘‘ Memoirs of my own 


times.” Phila.: Abraham Small. 1816. No. 15.) 


This map gives incidentally a map and a vertical section of the Falls. 
William Darby in his ‘‘ Tour to Detroit,’’ published two years later than 
Wilkinson’s ‘‘ Memoirs,’ considers it ‘‘the best delineation of this 
phenomenon ”’ which he has seen. 


1817 


(The) Great Falls of Niagara. [Engraving on map of the northern 
provinces of the United States drawn and engraved for Thompson’s New 
general atlas, 1817.] (Jn Maps, historical and miscellaneous. Fol. 89. 
Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y.) 

The view in this map scrap book is a very pretty little picture showing 
the American and Horseshoe Falls. “Two savages are shown on what is 
apparently Prospect Point. The American Falls looks like a horseshoe — 
shape, and Goat Island has a fall in front of it. The whole effect is to 
make the view too narrow. 


Hatt, Francis. The Niagara frontier. 7!4x10. (Jn his Travels 
in Canada and the United States in 1816-1817. Lond.: Longman, 
Hurst, Rees, Orme and Browne. 1818.) 


Falls 150 feet high are indicated but there is no detail. 


MoNnTULE, EDoUARD DE. A voyage to North America and the West 
Indies, in 1817. Lond.: Phillips. 1821. P. 94. 

A plate of a small portion of the Canadian Fall. It shows only a thin 
sheet of water and the space behind the Falls is much emphasized, not to 
say exaggerated. 


1818 
JAMEs, WILLIAM. Map of the straits of Niagara from lake Ene to 
lake Ontario. 7x 15. (Jn his A full and correct account of the military 
occurrences of the late war between Great Britain and the United States. 
Lond.: For the author. 1818. Vol. I. Frontispiece.) 
888 


Maps and Pictures 


MILBERT, J.-G. Cascata del Niagara and Saut du Niagara. Myon 


1818 


(sc.) (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls, Milbert 


1697-187—. Mat 8.) 


MILBERT, J.-G. Chiite du Niagara prise du cété Américain. Deroy 
Lith. (/n Milbert, J., Itineraire pittoresque du Fleuve Hudson et des 


parties Jaterales |’Amerique du Nord d’aprés les dessins originaux pris sur 
les lieux. Paris: chez Henry Gaugain et Cie. Editeurs. No. 36.) 


MILBERT, J.-G. Chite général du Niagara,coté du Canada. Adam 
et Jacottet Lith. (Jn Milbert, J., Itineraire pittoresque du Fleuve Hud- 
son et des parties laterales |’Amerique du Nord d’aprés les dessins originaux 
pris sur les lieux. Paris: chez Henry Gaugain et Cie. Editeurs. No. 


9) 


MILBERT, J.-G. Fer a cheval de la chiite du Niagara cote de Canada. 
Sebatier, Lith. (Jn Milbert, J., Itineraire pittoresque du Fleuve Hudson 
et des parties laterales |’Amerique du Nord d’apres les dessins originaux 
pris sur les lieux. Paris: chez Henry Gaugain et Cie. Editeurs. No. 


34.) 

These drawings of Milbert’s, now almost a hundred years old, were from 
sketches made on his visit to the Falls in 1818, and published as part of a 
folio volume which accompanied his “* Itineraire pittoresque.”” The folio 
drawings are printed in tint, are well drawn and have a delicacy of color 
which makes them both pleasing and attractive. The titles of the subjects 
are given in French, English, German, and Latin. 


1819 


Darsy, WILLIAM. The straits of Niagara. 614x13. (/n his A 
tour from the city of New York to Detroit in the Michigan territory. 
N. Y.: For the author. 1819. Opp. p. 155.) 


1820 


(The) Falls of Niagara. 1820. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 26.) 


Both falls are pictured from the Canadian side from a point about oppo- 
site the American Fall. 

Part of the Fall of Niagara, on the side of Canada. (Grosvenor 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—187-. Mat 8.) 


Taken no doubt from a volume of the ‘‘ New voyages and travels” 


edited by Sir Richard Phillips, between 1820 and 1823. 
889 


1819 


Darby 


1820 


1820 


1820 
Wentworth 


1822 
Melish 


1823 
Prior 


1824 
Darby 


1825 
Vanderburch 


1827 
De Roos 


Niagara Falls 
WENTWorRTH, T. H. View in 1820. ‘‘ XXI.” Engraved for 


Ingraham’s ** Description of Niagara.” 


1822 


MELIsH, JOHN. View of the country round the Falls of Niagara. 
614x4. (Jn his Geographical description of the United States with the 
contiguous countries including Mexico and the West Indies. New ed. 


Phila.: By the author. 1822. P. 188.) 


1823 
Prior, SAMUEL. Nagara Falls woodcut. (Jn his The universal 
traveller. . .  . Lond.: 1823. Pp. 579-582.) 
The account of Niagara Falls is embellished by a woodcut which places 
the ‘ Canadian Fall on the American side of Goat Island.” 


1824 
DARBY The straits of Niagara, from a map by Mr. Darby. 
6144x1\%. (Un Blane, W. N., Travels through the United States and 
Canada. Lond.: Baldwin & Co. 1828. Opp. p. 404.) 


1825 
VANDERBURCH, (del.) Voute sons la Chute du Niagara. 


Boreda por debajo de la Catarata del Niagara. (Grosvenor library, 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 8.) 


1827 
DeE Roos, F. F. (delt.) American Falls of Niagara. (Grosvenor 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 
10.) 


De Roos, F. F. (delt.) The crescent seen from below the circular 
ladder. Printed by C. Hullmandel. (1827.) (Grosvenor library, 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 10.) 


De Roos, F. F. (delt.) River Niagara. Cloud of the Falls. 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697- 
187-. Mat 10.) 

These drawings are delicate, and have fully caught the spirit of the 
Falls. The one of the cloud of the Falls is taken from a point about fifteen 


miles distant. 
890 


Maps and Pictures 


HALL, Captain Basit. I. Niagara from below. II. Niagara from 1827 
above. III. Niagara on the American side. IV. Bridge across the rapids Hall 
at Niagara. V. A general view of the Falls of Niagara. VI. The river 
Niagara flowing into Lake Ontario. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—187-. Mat 11.) 


HALL, Captain Basi. Forty etchings, from sketches made with the 
camera lucida, in North America, in 1827 and 1828. 4th ed. Edin- 
burgh and Lond.: 1830. No. I-VI.) 


I. Niagara from below. (Horsechoe Fall.) 
II. Niagara from above. (Horseshoe Fall.) 
III. Niagara on the American side. (From Goat Island.) 
IV. A general view of the Falls of Niagara. 
V. Bridge across the rapids at Niagara. 


VI. The River Niagara flowing into Lake Ontario. 

These views were made in 1827-28 with the camera lucida. The one 
showing the river flowing into Lake Ontario was taken from the top of 
General Brock’s monument. 


1828 
Falls of Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of 1828 
Niagara Falls. 1697—187-. Mat 16.) 
The steel engraving by H. Adlard, London, published by J. Duncan, 
1828. 
1829 


Warren, H Falls of Niagara. Inset to map of west Canada; 1829 
engraved by Robert Wallis. (Jn Martin, R. M., The British colonies. Warren 
Lond. and N. Y.: J. F. Tallis. [1829.] Div. 1.) 


1830 
BLoueET, A (del.) General view of the Falls taken from the 1830 
Canada shore. (Print.) Blouet 


These Niagara drawings of Blouet form the basis of a series of litho- 
graphs published in Paris in the thirties. 


BLovet, A——. (del.) View of the central Fall taken from Goat 
Island. (Print.) 


BLouetT, A (del.) View of the great Horseshoe Fall taken 
from Goat Island. (Print.) 


891 


1830 
Blouet 


1830 
Vivian 


1831 
Bennett 


Niagara Falls 


BLouET, A (del.) View of the passage under the great 
Horseshoe Fall taken from the shore on the Canada side. (Print.) 


Shows the under side of Table Rock and the entrance to the passage. 
BLovuET, A (del.) Wue de la chute de Schlosser prise de la 
rive |’etat de New York. (Print.) 


This view of the Schlosser Fall taken from the New York shore shows 


the shack on Prospect Point and the upper end of the stairs to the foot 
of the Falls. 


VIVIAN, W——. American Fall from a ravine opposite. Engraved 
on stone by T. M. Baynes. Published by C. Hullmandel. 183-. 

This print gives the view from between the Falls to high hills in the 
foreground. 


VIVIAN, W British or Horseshoe Fall. Engraved on stone by 
T. M. Baynes. Printed by C. Hullmandel. 183-. 

VIVIAN, W——._ Horseshoe Fall from the Canada bank. Engraved 
on stone by T. M. Baynes. Printed by C. Hullmandel. 183-. 


VIVIAN, W Niagara. Engraved on stone by T. M. Baynes. 
Printed by C. Hullmandel. 183-. 


Print of the American Fall from the bank above. 
VIVIAN, W. Side of the American Fall and Horseshoe Fall in 


the distance. Engraved on stone by T. M. Baynes. Printed by C. 
Hullmandel. 183-. 


This print gives the view of the Falls from below, and shows the sides 
as almost smooth rocky walls. 


1831 
BENNETT, W. J. Niagara Falls. View of the American Fall, taken 
from Goat Island. Published by H. I. Megarey. (1831) 


BENNETT, W. J. Niagara Falls. Part of the American Fall, taken 
from the foot of the stair-case. Published by H. I. Megarey, N. Y. 
(1831>) 


BENNETT, W. J. Niagara Falls. View of the British Fall, taken 
from Goat Island. Published by H. I. Megarey, N. Y. (1831 >) 


BENNETT, W. J. Niagara Falls. Part of the British Fall taken 
from under the Table Rock. Engraved by J. Hill. Published by H. I. 
Megarey. N. Y. (1831?) 

892 


Maps and Pictures 


Cote, THomas. A distant view of the Falls of Niagara. From an 1831 
original picture in the possession of Joshua Bates, Esq. Painted by T. Cole 
Cole, Esq. Engraved and printed by Fenner Sears & Co. 444x5V. 
Lond.: I. T. Hinton and Simpkin and Marshall, 1831. (Jn Hinton, 

J. H. ed., History and topography of the United States. 3d ed. Lond.: 
J. Dowding. 1842. Vol. II. Opp. p. 484.) 


Cole made many drawings of Niagara on his first visit there in 1829, 
but the exact date when he painted his great picture is not definitely 
known. In its day the picture was acclaimed a masterpiece, and has a 
special interest for us today, as a view of the virgin Niagara surrounded by 
forests. The same view is found in ‘* Our Globe”’ listed below, and 
Malte-Brune’s ‘‘ System of universal geography.” 


CoLe, THomas. A distant view of the Falls of Niagara. From an 
original picture in the possession of Joshua Bates, Esq. Painted by T. 
Cole, Esq. London: Published Apmnl 1, 1831, by I. T. Hinton and 
Simpkin and Marshall. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of 
Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Méat 9.) 


Taken from Hinton’s ‘‘ History and topography of the United States.” 


CoLe, THomas. A distant view of the Falls of Niagara. Painted 
by T. Cole. Engraved on steel by T. S. Woodcock. 514 x 734. Bost.: 
S. Walker, 1832. (/n Malte-Brune, Conrad, A system of universal 
geography. Bost.: S. Walker, 1834. Vol. II. P. 199.) 

The book in which this engraving is found is a translation of the author’s 
** Precis de la geographie universelle,’’ Paris, 1810-1839. Another edi- 
tion was published in Philadelphia by Finlay in 1837. Both editions 


contain a description of the Falls. 


CoLe, THomas. A distant view of the Falls of Niagara, painted by 
T. Cole, Esq. Engraved on steel by T. S. Woodcock. Boston: Pub- 
lished by S. Walker, 1832. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views 
of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 9.) 


From Malte-Brune’s ‘‘ System of universal geography,” 1834. 
Cote, THomas. The Falls of Niagara. (Twenty years ago.) 


334x6. (Jn Our globe; a universal picturesque album, ed. by the North 
American bibliographic institution. Phila.: 1840. Vol. I. P. 9.) 


The Falls of Niagara. (Twenty years ago.) (Grosvenor library, 1831 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 9.) 
Taken from “‘ Our globe,’’ Philadelphia, 1840. 
893 


1831 
Noble 


Niagara Falls 


Nose, Louis L. The course of empire, Voyage of life, and other 
pictures of Thomas Cole, N. A.: with selections from his letters and 
miscellaneous writings; illustrative of his life, character and genius. N. Y.: 


Cornish, Lamport, and Co. 1853. Pp. 104-106. 375-377. 


An account of Cole’s disappointment at his first view of Niagara, and 
his feeling that even after close acquaintance Niagara was far less than 
the mountains, that its greatness consisted in its loneliness. Account is 
given of the various studies that he made. His reflections after his second 
visit in 1847 are also given. 


September 4, 1847.— On Tuesday last, Maria and I returned 
from an excursion to Niagara. Niagara I have visited before. 
Its effect on my mind was perhaps as great as when I first saw it. 
But I am convinced that, sublime and beautiful as it is, it would 
soon cease to excite much emotion. ‘The truth is, that the mind 
dwells not long with delight on objects whose main quality is 
motion, unless that motion is varied. Niagara, stupendous and 
unceasing as it is, is nevertheless comparatively limited,— limited 
in its resources and duration. ‘The mind quickly runs to the 
fountain head of all its waters; the eye marks the process of its 
sinking to decay. The highest sublime the mind of man compre- 
hendeth not. He stands upon one shore, but sees not the other. 
Not in action, but in deep repose, is the loftiest element of the sub- 
lime. With action waste and ultimate exhaustion are associated. 
In the pure blue sky is the highest sublime. There is the illimit- 
able. When the soul essays to wing its flight into that awful pro- 
found, it returns tremblingly to its earthly rest. All is deep, 
unbroken repose up there — voiceless, motionless, without the 
colours, lights and shadows, and ever-changing draperies of the 
lower earth. There we look into the uncurtained, solemn serene 
—jinto the eternal, the infinite— toward the throne of the 
Almighty. 

The beauty of Niagara is truly wonderful, and of great 
variety. Morning and evening, noon and midnight, in storm and 
calm, summer and winter, it has a splendour all its own. In its 
green glancing depths there is beauty; and also in its white misty 

894 


Maps and Pictures 


showers. In its snow-like drifts of foam below, beauty writhes in 1831 
torment. Iris, at the presence of the sun, at the meek presence of N°" 


the moon, wreathes its feet with brighter glories than she hangs 
around the temples of the cloud. Yet all is limited. It cannot 
bear comparison with that which haunts the upper abysses of the 
air. There is infinity in the cloud-scenery of a sunset. Men see 
it, though, so commonly, that it ceases to make an impression upon 
them. Niagara they see but once or so, and then only for a little 
while; hence the power it exerts over their minds. Were there 
Niagaras around us daily, they would not only cease in most 
cases to be objects of pleasure, but would, very likely, become 
sources of annoyance. But great, glorious, and sublime Niagara 
— wonder to the eye of man — I do not wish to disparage thee. 
Thou hast a power to stir the deep soul. Thy mighty and 
majestic cadence echoes in my heart, and moves my spirit to many 
thoughts and feelings. Thy bright misty towers, meeting the 
vault on high, and based upon the shooting spray beneath, are 
images of purity. —Thy voice — deep calling unto deep, with a 
might that makes thy hoary cliffs to tremble, leads back the soul 
to Him, speaking upon Sinai’s smoking summit. Thy steep-down 
craggy precipices are the triumphal gate through which, in grand 
procession, pass the royal lakes and captive rivers. The soul is 
full of thee. Favoured is the man who treads thy brink. Thank- 
ful should he be to God for the display of one of His most won- 
derful works. But they are blessed who see thee not, if they 
will accept the gift which God vouchsafes to all men,— which, 
in beauty and sublimity, does far surpass Niagara — the sky. 
O that men would turn from their sordid pursuits, and lift their 
eyes with reverential wonder there. 

(The) Falls of Niagara. (View.) 314x414. (dn The lumiere, 


containing a variety of topographical views in Europe and America. 


Niny.s He Re Pierey & Co. 1831: ‘P. 52. 


A view of the Falls from the Canadian side and a description written by 
some one who had been there in 1797 and again after the Goat Island 
bridge was built. The writer saw the Falls in summer and winter, and 


tells of the ‘* myriads of wild ducks ’’ in winter. 
895 


1831 


1831 
Oakley 


1832 
Burford 


1832 
Vigne 


1833 
Cockburn 


Niagara Falls 


OAKLEY, G Rapids and bridge above the Falls of Niagara. 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697- 
167=.) Mat 23.) 


This painting by Oakley was engraved and printed by Fenner, Seats 
and Co., London, 1831 and by I. T. Hinton and Simpkin and Marshall. 


1832 
BurForpD, RosBert. Description of a view of the Falls of Niagara, 
now exhibiting at the Panorama, Leicester square, painted by the proprietor, 


Robert Burford, from drawings taken by him in the autumn of 1832. 
Lond.: Brettell. 1833. 


The folding sketch which accompanies this pamphlet, contains the main 
features of Burford’s panorama of the Falls, painted from his drawings 
made at the Falls in 1832. The folding sketch is historically valuable 
since it indicates the location of buildings now gone. 


VIGNE, GODFREY T. Six months in America. Lond.: Whittaker, 
Treacher. 1832. Vol. II. Frontispiece. 


The frontispiece of the Falls was drawn by the author. 


1833 
CocKBURN, Lieut.-Col. JAMES PATTERSON, R. A. Chute du Niagara 
and Entrance to the Cave of the Horseshoe, Niagara, on the English side. 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697- 
187 Matiz) 


Lieut.-Col. Cockburn was a British army officer and a very accomplished 
artist. His drawings supplied the scenes for the illustrated editions, annuals, 
eic. These drawings are taken from the “‘ Drawing room scrap-book,” 


London, 1844. 
CocKBuRN, Lieut.-Col. JAMES PATTERSON. Falls of Niagara. 
Lond.: Ackerman & Co. 1833. 


This colored view is from a drawing ‘‘ from the upper bank, English 


side,” and ‘is by special permission dedicated to His Most Excellent 
Majesty, William the Fourth, 1833.’’ It shows the long island off the 


main shore, since by filling a part of the mainland. 


CocKBuRN, Lieut.-Col. JAMES PATTERSON. The Falls of Niagara. 
Engraved by C. Hunt. Lond.: Ackerman & Co. 1857. 


** This view of Table Rock and Horseshoe Fall, is by special permis- 
sion dedicated to Her Most Excellent Majesty, Queen Victoria.” 


896 


Maps and Pictures 


Hervieu, A . Indians at Niagara. (/n Power, Tyrone, Impres- 1833 
sions of America, during the years 1833, 1834, 1835. Lond.: Richard Hervieu 
Bentley. 1836. Vol. I. Pp. 391-411.) 


In these etchings of “Indians at Niagara,”’ the Falls are used as a 
background. 


PENDLETON, Niagara; Niagara Falls. (Grosvenor library, 1833 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 12.) Pendleton 


Lithograph of Pendleton’s taken from the “ Traveller’s guide ’’ pub- 
lished by G. M. Davidson, N. Y., 1833. 


ARCHER, J——.- Niagara Falls. As seen from below. Painted by 1833 
Wall. 6 x 914. (Jn Hinton, J. H., History and topography of the Archer 
United States. New ed. Boston: Samuel Walker. 1834. Vol. I. 

Opp. p. 348.) 


Fine for masses of water on the American Fall, which looks dispro- 
portionately broad because of the great distance of the Horseshoe. 


WALL, ——. Niagara Falls as seen from below. (Grosvenor library, 1833 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 12.) Wall 
This view “painted by Wall, engraved by Archer,”’ is taken from 
Hinton’s “* History and topography of the United States,’” Boston, 1834. 
Vol. II. P. 348. Although not painted as a winter scene the Falls 


have a frozen look. 


1835 


BRADFORD, THOMAS GAMALIEL. Niagara Falls and vicinity. 1835 
2x 2%. (In his Comprehensive atlas, geographical, historical and com- Bradford 
mercial. Bost.: Am. Stationers Co. 1835. P. 56.) 


Too small to be satisfactory. 


1837 


CALLINGTON, W. R. Birdseye view of the River Niagara from 1837 
Lake Erie to Lake Ontario; showing the situation and extent of Navy Callington 
Island and the towns and villages on the banks of the river in Canada and 


the United States. . . . from an actual survey made in 1837. 
Bost. 


: . Niagara Falls. (Chutes du Niagara.) Paris: 1837 
1857; 
These plates are from sketches made from nature in March, 1837. The 
large atlas size contains six plates and text and is very rare. 
57 897 


1838 
Miller 


1838 
Steele & Co. 


1838 
Tattersall 


1838 
Wyld 


1840 
Bartlett 


Niagara Falls 


1838 


MILLER, CrosBy. Niagara Falls, No. 2. View of the Horseshoe 
Fall from Goat Island. Published by O. G. Steele. Buffalo: 1838. 


Gorgeous color in the trees. 

STEELE & Co. Lithographs of the American Fall from Goat Island 
and of the Horseshoe Fall from Goat Island. 1838. 

Colored. The bridge across the central falls shown. 

TATTERSALL, O. The destruction of the Caroline steamboat by 
fire, or the Falls of Niagara, Upper Canada, on the night of Friday, 


the 29th Dec., 1837. Engraved by J. Harris. Lond.: R. Ackmer- 
mann. 1838. 


The boat in flames is shown at the apex of the Horseshoe. 


Wy Lp, JAMEs. Sketch of the Niagara river. 11 x 7. Lond.: J. 
Wyld. 1838. 


1840 
BARTLETT, W. H. The Horse Shoe Fall, Niagara— with the 
tower. 7x414. (Jn American scenery. From drawings by W. H. 
Bartlett. The literary department by N. P. Willis. Lond.: G. Virtue. 
184024 Voll P32) 


BARTLETT, W. H. The landing on the American side. (Falls of 
Niagara.) 7x 434. (Jn American scenery. From drawings by W. H. 
Bartlett. The literary department by N. P. Willis. Lond.: G. Virtue. 
1840.: “Well P2975) 


BARTLETT, W. H. Niagara Falls. (From near Clifton house.) 
Chutes de Niagara vues prés de Clifton house-— Der wasserfall Niagara 
vom Cliftonchen hotel gesehen. 7 x41%. (Jn American scenery. From 
drawings by W. H. Bartlett. The literary department by N. P. Willis. 
Lond.: G. Virtue. 1840. Vol. I. P. 45.) 


BARTLETT, W. H. Niagara Falls from the ferry, 7x44. (ln 
American scenery. From drawings by W. H. Bartlett. The literary 
department by N. P. Willis. Lond.: G. Virtue. 1840. Vol. I. 
P. 4.) 


BARTLETT, W. H. Niagara Falls. (From the top of the ladder on 
the American side.) 714x434. (Jn American scenery. From draw- 
ings by W. H. Bartlett. The literary department by N. P. Willis. 
Lond.: G. Virtue. 1840. Vol. II. P. 12.) 

898 


Maps and Pictures 


BARTLETT, W. H. The rapids above the Falls of Niagara. 7x41. 1840 
(Jn American scenery. From drawings by W. H. Bartlett. The literary Bartlett 
department by N. P. Willis. Lond.: G. Virtue. 1840. Vol. I. 
Ph6.) 

The Niagara drawings of Bartlett form an important part of his notable 
art work ‘‘American scenery.”’ ‘They are taken from various points of 
view of the Falls and rapids and are of the greatest value historically. 
Especially valuable is the view of the ferry landing on the American side, 
showing the stairs, etc., by which the ascent to the top of the cliff was 
made. ‘The text describing the drawings is written in a charming literary 
style. 


BarRTLETT, W. H. Views of Niagara Falls (Grosvenor library, 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 13 and 
13a.) 


The pictures shown on these two mats are as follows: 

13 — The landing on the American side (Falls of Niagara). J. C. 
Bentley. 

The rapids above the Falls of Niagara. (R. Brandard.) 

Niagara Falls (From near Clifton House). (J. Cousen.) 

The Horse Shoe Fall, Niagara with the Tower. (R. Brandard.) 

13a — The Horse-Shoe Falls (from the Canadian side). (J. Cousen.) 

View below Table Rock. (J. Cousen.) 

The banks of the River Niagara (below the Falls). (R. Brandard.) 


The outlet of Niagara River (Lake Ontario in the distance). (H. 
Adlard.) 


The Whirlpool (on the Niagara). (E. Radcliffe.) 
LANGHEIM, F———. Daguerreotypes of Niagara. (1840?) 1840 
Langheim 
1841 


De VEAUX, SAMUEL. Map of Niagara Falls and guide table. 1841 
12x 16. (Jn his The traveller’s own book, to Saratoga Springs, Niagara De Veaux 
Falls and Canada. . . . Buffalo: Faxon & Read. 1841.) 


1843 
BopMER, CHARLES. View of Niagara Falls. (Jn his Atlas of 1843 
eighty-one plates to accompany Wied-Neuwied, M. A. P. von Prinz. Bodmer 
899 


1843 
Bodmer 


1844 
Holley 


1844 


1845 
Hamilton 


Niagara Falls 


Travels in the interior of North America. Lond.: Ackermann & Co. 
1843. Plate No. 39.) 
1844 
Ho.ieY, ORVILLE LUTHER. Chart of Niagara falls, the shores 
and islands. 4'1/2x2'%4. (In his The picturesque tourists. N. Y.: 
Disturnell. 1844. Opp. p. 174.) 


“View from Prospect Point showing the stairs”” — ‘‘ Niagara Falls 
from Prospect Point.” 


A fine chart which shows all the islands around the Falls and the points 
of interest around Goat Island. 


Ho.ey, ORVILLE LUTHER. Map of Niagara strait and parts adja- 
cent. 5x3. (Im his The picturesque tourists. N. Y.: J. Disturnell. 
1844. Opp. p. 176.) 


Steele’s Niagara Falls portfolio, containing eight new views of Niagara 
Falls taken from the most striking points. Also a facsimile of a view 
taken by Father Hennepin, in 1678. Lithographed by Hall and Mooney. 
Buffalo: Steele’s press. 1844. 

Some of the views are very good, being based apparently upon 
Bartlett. 

1845 


HAMILTON, Niagara Falls, American side. 11x24. Eng. 
by J. M. Butler. Phila. (1845.) 


HamILtTon, J Niagara Falls. (American side.) (Grosvenor 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—187-. 
Mat 19.) 


This view, which was painted by J. Hamilton from a sketch by T, 
Taylor, and engraved at J. M. Butler’s establishment in Philadelphia, gives 
a broad, low view of the Falls, and shows the stairs on the American side. 


HamMILTON, . Niagara Falls, Canada side. 11x22. Eng. 
by J. M. Butler. Phila.: (1845.) 
HaMILTon, J———. Niagara Falls (Canadian side). Grosvenor 


library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—187-. 
Mat 20). 


Another painting by Hamilton, from a sketch by T. Taylor and 
engraved at the establishment of J. M. Butler, Philadelphia. It is another 
low, broad view of the Falls which shows the Maid of the Mist at the 
foot of the Falls. 

900 


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Rel es lal SM q STAY OY FO prey] ,, SL NOE Mat yt 1°4 fe) MIE, 


STIVJ (NVIGVNVD) FOHSaSYOH{ AHL GNV ‘GNVIS] LVOD ‘STIV] NVOIMaWY FH] 


en ~~ 
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~~ 


Maps and Pictures 


HAVELL, RoBERT. Niagara Falls. Painted from the Chinese pagoda. 1845 
Point View Gardens. Sing Sing: 1845. Havell 


Painted from Prospect Park; shows Iris Island, the ferry house on 
Prospect Point, the ferry, the Horseshoe Fall and the stairs on the 
Canadian side. ‘The view is colored from a painting. 


FRIEND, WASHINGTON. Views of Niagara Falls. (Jn Falls of 1845 
Niagara; a complete guide. . . . T. Nelson & Sons. Lond.: Edin- Friend 
burg, N. Y. & Toronto: 1846. 


This guide contains six colored views of Niagara, among them one of 
the Horseshoe Falls, the whirlpool near Niagara, and Brock’s monument 
which are credited to Washington Friend. 


FRIEND, WASHINGTON. General view of Niagara Falls. View of 
the Canadian Fall. 1846. 

These two large paintings of the Falls are in the possession of the 
Royal Family of Great Britain. The artist, an Englishman, made a num- 
ber of studies of the Falls, which formed a part of his panorama of 
American scenery, widely exhibited through England. Some of these 
Niagara studies may be found reproduced in colors in English guide-books. 


HAVELL, ROBERT. Panoramic view of the Falls of Niagara. 1846. 1845 


Colored view of the Falls by Havell, who was both painter and  avell 
engraver. 


VAUDRICOURT, A———. Views of the cataract. 1845-6. 1845 

These views were used by various lithographers. Vaudricourt 
1848? 1848? 

Davis, Major HENRY. “ Great Horseshoe Fall.” (1848?) Davis 
1849 

[BREWER, .] A description of the Mammoth Cave of Ken- 149 


tucky, the Niagara River and Falls, Mount Vernon, etc., etc., to illustrate Brewer 
Brewer's panorama. Phila: U. S. Job Printing office. 1849. 
Pp. 8-12. 
A brief description of all points of interest, historical and scenic, on both 
sides of the river. Brewer’s panorama was shown in American cities in 
the early fifties. 


901 


1849 
Johnson 


1850? 
Groome 


1851 


1851 
Prescott 


Niagara Falls 


Jounson, H. G. A map of Niagara river, four miles above and three 
miles below the Falls. [1849c.] 


Notes, scenic and historical. 


1850? 


GROOME, W.—GrRAHAM, A. W. Niagara. (Grosvenor library, 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 16.) 


This view of the Horseshoe Falls apparently taken from Goat Island 
is small, colored, shows the rainbow and two Indians in the foreground. 


1851 


C. R. (del.) Niagara Falls. (Horseshoe Fall.) John Poppel (sc.) 
Published for Herman J. Meyer. N. Y.: 1851. 


Fine view, showing the Tower and the Maid of the Mist in the river 
below. 


C. R. (del.) John Poppel (sc.). Niagara Falls. (Horseshoe Fall.) 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697- 
187-. Mat 16.) 


PRESCOTT, WILLIAM H. Letter to the Earl of Carlisle regarding a 
Niagara picture by Lebron, under date of January 27, 1851. (Pub. 
Buf. hist. soc. 15:141-143.) 


Boston, U. S., January 27, 1851. 


My Dear CARLISLE: I wrote you from the country that, 
when I returned to town, I should lose no time in endeavoring to 
look up a good painting of the Falls of Niagara. I have not 
neglected this; but though I found it easy enough to get paintings 
of the grand cataract, I have not till lately been able to meet with 
what I wanted. I will tell you how this came about. When Bul- 
wer, your Minister, was here, I asked him, as he has a good taste 
in the arts, to see if he could meet with any good picture of Niag- 
ara while he was in New York. Some time after, he wrote me 
that he had met with “ a very beautiful picture of the Falls, by a 
Frenchman.” It so happened, that I had seen this same picture 
much commended in the New York papers, and I found that the 
artist’s name was Lebron, a person of whom I happened to know 


902 


Maps and Pictures 


something, as a letter from the Viscount Santarem, in Paris, com- 1851 
mended him to me as a “ very distinguished artist,” but the note P'=*°* 
arriving last summer, while I was absent, I had never seen Mr. 
Lebron. I requested my friend, Mr. ————, of New York, on 
whose judgment I place more reliance than on that of any other 
connoisseur whom I know, and who has himself a very pretty col- 
lection of pictures, to write me his opinion of the work. He fully 
confirmed Bulwer’s report; and I accordingly bought the picture, 
which is now in my own house. 

It is about five feet by three and a half, and exhibits, which is 
the most difficult thing, an entire view of the Falls, both on the 
Canada and American side. The great difficulty to overcome is 
the milky shallowness of the waters, where the foam diminishes 
so much the apparent height of the cataract. I think you will 
agree that the artist has managed this very well. In the distance a 
black thunderstorm is bursting over Goat Island and the American 
Falls. A steamboat, the “* Maid of the Mist,” which has been 
plying for some years in the river below, forms an object by which 
the eye can measure, in some degree, the stupendous proportions 
of the cataract. On the edge of the Horseshoe Fall is the frag- 
ment of a ferry-boat which, more than a year since, was washed 
down to the brink of the precipice, and has been there detained 
until within a week, when, I see by the papers, it has been carried 
over into the abyss. I mention these little incidents that you may 
understand them, being somewhat different from what you saw 
when you were at Niagara; and perhaps you may recognize some 
change in the form of the Table Rock itself, some tons of which, 
carrying away a carriage and horses standing on it at the time, 
slipped into the gulf a year or more since. 

I shall send the painting out by the “ Canada,” February 12th, 
being the first steamer which leaves this port for Liverpool, and as 
I have been rather unlucky in some of my consignments, I think it 
will be as safe to address the box at once to you, and it will await 
your order at Liverpool, where it will probably arrive the latter 
part of February. 

903 


1851 
Prescott 


1851 


1851 
Dana 


1853 
Frankenstein 


Niagara Falls 


I shall be much disappointed if it does not please you well 
enough to hang upon your walls as a faithful representation of 
the great cataract; and I trust you will gratify me by accepting it 
as a souvenir of your friend across the water. I assure you it 
pleases me much to think there is anything I can send you from 
this quarter of the world which will give you pleasure. 

And believe me, dearest Carlisle, 


Ever faithfully yours, 
W. H. Prescott. 


Panoramic view of Niagara. c 1852. 


This colored view is taken from the Canadian side, and shows the 
edge of the Canadian shore in the foreground. 


DaNA, CHARLES A. Niagara Falls (general view from Clifton 
house). 4x 6. (Jn Dana, C. A. ed., The United States illustrated. 
2 vol. inone. N. Y.: H. J. Meyer. [1853.] Vol. I. P. 13.) 


A pretty view looking full into both falls from below and showing the 
rainbow. ‘There is also a description, pages | 3—18. 


1853 


(FRANKENSTEIN, G. N.) Niagara. (Harp., Aug., 1853. 7:289- 
305.) 


The Falls described in the form of running commentary on sketches by 
G. N. Frankenstein, made as studies for his “‘ Panorama of Niagara Falls.” 
** The artist from whose labors we have so largely borrowed, has made 
the study of the Great Cataract a labor of love. He summered and 
wintered by it. He has painted it by night and by day; by sunlight and 
by moonlight; under a summer sun, and amid the rigors of a Canadian 
winter, when the gray rocks wore an icy robe, and the spray congealed 
into icicles upon his stiffened garments. ‘The sketches from which we have 
selected have grown up under his hands for a half score of years; and we 
can not doubt that many to whom Niagara wears the face of a familiar 
friend will find themselves transported to it in imagination, as they look 
upon the results of his labors; and many who may never behold the Falls, 
will gain some just though inadequate conception of their magnificence and 
beauty.”’ 


904 


Maps and Pictures 


FRANKENSTEIN, G. N. Niagara Falls. (Jones sc.) E. Ferrett & 1853 
Go... Phila.:, (1833). Frankenstein 


A general view of the Falls taken from Hennepin’s point. 


GeiL, SAMUEL. Map of the vicinity of Niagara Falls. Phila.: aes 
James D. Scott. N. d. of 


GEIL, SAMUEL and Dep, J. L. Map of the vicinity of Niagara 1853 
Falls. From actual surveys by Samuel Geil. Colored. 22x28. Phila.: Geil & DFP 
[1853.] 


GUERNSEY, ALFRED H. Niagara. (Harp., Aug., 1853. 7:289-— 1853 
305.) Guernsey 


Noteworthy because of its illustrations which were selected from over 
a hundred views painted by G. N. Frankenstein as studies for his Pano- 
rama of Niagara Falls. 


I. Niagara Falls from the Ferry. II. Aus Fluss des Niagara. III. 1853 
Outlet of the Niagara. IV. Below Table Rock (Niagara). V. Niagara 
Falls (central view from Clifton House). (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, 


N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 14.) 


These views, which resemble Bartlett, are taken from the ‘* United 
States illustrated” edited by C. A. Dana, and published by H. J. Meyer, 
NevY 6 €1855.) 


1854 


Buttre, J. C. Niagara Falls. (Lit. liv. age, May 27, 1854. 1854 
41 :385.) Buttre 


A very fine view of the Falls from under Table Rock, “* engraved from 
an original sketch.” Somewhat suggests Bartlett’s treatment of the same 
subject. 


JupaH, T. D. (Civil engineer.) Map of the villages of Bellvue, 1g59 
Niagara Falls and Elgin. 30x42. Buffalo, N. Y. Lith. of Compton Judah 
and Gibson. [1854.] 


The details show a “section of strata along the Niagara River from 
Lake Ontario to Lake Erie,’ and a “ section of the Falls abreast.” 


Niagara Falls. (General view from Clifton House. 1859 
Pub. for H. J. Meyer. N. Y. [1854.]) 

Rapids of the Niagara above the Falls for the pro- 
prietor H. J. Meyer. Pub. for Paul Bernard. N. Y.: [1854.] 


1859 


905 


1854 


1855 
Bornet 


1855 
Ferguson 


1857 
Church 


Niagara Falls 


Witmer, Tosias. Map of the town of Niagara. Drawn from sur- 
veys and authentic records by Tobias Witmer, surveyor, 1854. 24x50. 
Buffalo, N. Y.: Lith. by W. Berggoetz. [1854.] 


An inset gives a general view of the Falls from the landing on the 
Canadian side, about where the steamer docks now. 


1855 
BorneET, JOHN. Niagara Falls, American side. Published by Goupil 
& Co., 772 Broadway, N. Y.: 1855. 
This is an imposing colored view showing a steamer and a rowboat in 
the lower river. 


FERGUSON, WILLIAM. America by river and rail, or Notes by the way 


of the new world and its people. Lond.: James Nisbet. 1856. 
Pp. 441-458. 


This is one of the first descriptions from a distance. The frontispiece 
shows the Horseshoe Falls from the Canadian side. 


1857 
CHURCH, FREDERICK Epwarp. Niagara. 1857. 


This painting of Niagara, hailed in 1857 as the most wonderful repre- 
sentation of the great waterfall, still stands in the front rank. Ten years 
after it was painted the picture won a prize at the Paris Exposition. After 
being widely exhibited in Europe, it was returned to this country and is 
now in the Corcoran Art Gallery in Washington. In the National Gal- 
lery of Scotland at Edinburgh, there is another Niagara by Church. 


CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWARD. The great fall, Niagara. Painted 
by Frederick Edward Church. N. Y. Williams, Stevens, Williams & 
Co. A'857. 


A pamphlet of fourteen pages giving press opinions of the great paint- 
ing. The pamphlet is prefaced by Brainard’s ‘‘ Niagara.” 


From the New York Daily Times. 


Church’s Niagara. . . . What proposition has been more 
universally accepted as an axiom in American landscape art than 
this — that Niagara could not be reproduced on the canvas? 
Everybody has echoed the remark — everybody has believed it 
—nobody could question, because nobody had disproved it. 

906 


Maps and Pictures 


And now there comes a quiet artist quietly forward, who calmly 
puts his work down before gazing Broadway, and begs leave to 
differ from the critics and the public — and in the twinkling of 
an eye wins all the world over to his side! People go and look 
at Mr. Church’s Niagara and come away only wondering that 
anybody who tried to do it every failed to paint the Cataract. It 
seems the simplest thing in the world, for it has been done simply 
— with the simplicity of power, and the wonderful, convincing 
truth of simplicity. 

You pass from the bustle of the street into the small back room 
of the Messrs. Williams and Stevens, . . . and behold! there 
is the marvel of the Western World before you. The broadening 
river sweeps curving to the plunge —the beryl green of the 
central watery masses charms their else awful night into delicious 
beauty — the vaporous white veils of mingling spray and mist 
float lightly and tenderly up, smitten through and through with 
the glory of the diffusive daylight and the splendor of the glitter- 
ing rainbow — far away, far as the eye can follow the dreaming 
fancy, the distant landscape glows and mellows through every 
hue of purple, gold and amethyst — and overhead the sky bends, 
warm and light, and soft — a heaven worthy of the scene. 

To write of this picture is like writing of the Falls themselves. 
You think of it, and your pen hangs idly in your hand, as your 
imagination brings back to you the grandeur and the grace you 
gazed upon. The painting of such a picture marks an era in the 
art of our country. 


From the Courier and Enquirer. 


Fine Arts. . . . It is a view of Niagara Falls which will 
cause all others ever painted to be forgotten. We know of no 
American landscape which unites as this does the merits of com- 
position and treatment; for in painting such a picture the choice 
of a point of view may justly be called composition. We have 
yet to see the modern landscape of any school which surpasses in 
its faithful presentation of the characteristic facts of nature. The 

907 


1857 
Church 


1857 
Church 


Niagara Falls 


picture has no foreground, to speak literally. It is water to the 
base line, and water everywhere. The only land that appears is 
in two strips of shore in the far distance; which, by the way, are 
most delicately and truthfully painted. “The view is from a point 
on the Canada side, a little above the Fall, the whole curve of 
which, except of course the small segment next to the spectator, is 
taken in at once by the eye. The point of view being elevated, 
the Fall opposite to the spectator is seen at its full height, and 
just above it the river stretches away into miles of broken surface. 
A few light diffusive clouds in the sky ; and just above the horizon 
peep one or two peaks of heavy cumuli. The rainbow glows 
with luminous color, as if it were cast by a prism. Its grand char- 
acter is given to the picture by the skilful presentation of the great 
mass of water; and the marvel of its treatment is the expression of 
mobility which every part of it conveys. There is not a line’s 
breadth upon it that does not seem in motion; not an outline in it 
that does not appear to be just passing into some other form. One 
of its marvellous passages is the view up the river, where the dis- 
tance of miles is clearly expressed in a space of half a hand’s 


breadth.” 


From the New York Daily News. 
Church’s Painting of Niagara Fallsa— . . . Mr. Church 


has shown himself the great artist in the judicious selection of his 
point of view, and the scope embraced in his picture. The 
Horse-Shoe Fall, viewed from the Canada shore a few rods above 
Table Rock, is taken in at one sweep of the vision from the shore 
to the island; while the tower, the rocks below, and the rapids 
receding into the distance contribute to make this view the most 
eminently characteristic. 

Building up his composition upon the true principles of the 
sublime, he has not marred the simple grandeur of his subject by 
the introduction of any extraneous forms or objects of animal life. 
He has even excluded the shore from his ‘‘ foreground,” and 
makes the moving mass of waters — as they go rushing madly at 

908 


Maps and Pictures 


his feet over angry looking rocks here and there revealed amid the 1857 
snowy-crested breakers — serve him for his only, and the most “'"* 
appropriate, foreground. 

In some respects it is as difficult to describe this picture as the 
subject of it. Where sound and motion overwhelm the spectator, 
as in beholding Niagara, earth and sky are forgotten. So in this 
painting, we have no earth for a foreground, and a sky that is so 
fleecy and palpitating for a distance, that until a section of a 
rainbow (which seems to counterfeit nature) paints itself upon 
the rising spray, and the deep emerald of the falling waters carries 
your eye upward, you have been scarcaly conscious that the pic- 
ture had any sky at all: but you now feel that it has, and the most 
admirable which could have been given it; for who ever thinks of 
the sky when viewing Niagara? 

There is the warm glow of an October afternoon reflected back 
from the zenith upon the waters: and with this delicate amber 
tint, flickering between sunlight and shade — foam crested waves 
and their deep green caverns, this picture presents the most truth- 
ful representation of water, in all the phases of color and motion, 
that we have yet seen upon the canvas. Your eye and mind 
wander up the “ Rapids ’”’ until lost in contemplation; and you 
only return with the rush of waters, to leap madly into the chasm 
below, to be lost again in the most sublime reverie! 

The picture makes you feel this; and, if you have imagination, 
much more. It is the great painting of the grandest subject of 
nature! It is the chef d’oeuvre of Niagaras upon any canvas, 
and must give to its painter a fame as imperishable as his 
subject. 


From the Boston Weekly Traveller. 


Church’s Painting of Niagara— . . . This Niagara of 
Church’s is so calm and satisfactory that ordinary praise is imper- 
tinent. To say, “ How beautiful it is! ”’ is like saying the same 
thing of a perfect June day. A thousand pictures have been 
painted of the same great scene; everybody has been to gaze upon 

909 


1857 
Church 


Niagara Falls 


it, and to listen to it, and remember it forever. But when you 
see this, you feel at once, this is Niagara; the eye that could com- 
mand the hand has seen it at last, and the future pictures of the 
Cataract may be different — they cannot be superior to this. 

The view selected is the simplest and most comprehensive. 
The spectator stands a little above Table Rock, and the eye looks 
along the level of the rapids, seeing them toss and curl against 
the sky and horizon, and the spectator understands why it is called 
an ocean pouring itself away. The foreground is the swift, 
shattered water of the shallow shore — rapids gliding to the brink 
of the Fall which forms the Canada side of the Horse-Shoe, and 
the middle of the canvas is filled with the plunge of the main sheet 
into the abyss. It is all water, except a shore of Goat Island upon 
the left, and the long, low, woody Canada shore upon the right. 
Over all shines a transparent summer sky, with a dull, distant 
thunder mist beyond Goat Island, and soft, peaceful clouds over 
Canada. A rainbow springs from the abyss; but it is only frag- 
mentary, for the vapor is wafted aside and broken. ‘This rainbow 
is the purest light I ever saw in painting. Turner, whose later 
life was a long effort to produce light, and a marvellous success 
in doing it, has nothing which seems to me so wonderful as this 
broken rainbow of Church’s. It is hard to believe that it is not a 
reflection thrown upon the canvas from a prism. 

Will you not be surprised to hear, too, that if the young 
American has rivaled Turner's light, he has also equaled the pre- 
Raphaelite detail> Not as the pre-Raphaelites, but with a con- 
scientious finish of minuteness, which does not in the least clash 
with the broad beauty of the whole. ‘The stones in the little 
round tower upon the American side of the Great Fall are per- 
fectly made out, if you will look to see; and far away upon the 
northern shore of the rapids, the details of a country yard are 
visible. 

But the calmness and simplicity of the picture are its charms. 
Everybody remembers how tranquil his remembrance of the scene 
is, and how simple its grandeur is. Niagara makes no appeal to 

910 


Maps and Pictures 


your admiration; and art is true to its sympathy with nature, 1857 
when, as I said, it almost scorns your approval. A rose is beauti- Chu" 
ful for its own beauty, not for our praise; and this picture makes 
no points, has no rhetoric, and takes no postures; but challenges 
your homage as Sabrina fair challenges it, under the glassy wave, 
or as the water’s own transparency compels it. 

{Church’s Niagara.] (Lit. liv. age, Oct. 24, 1857. 55:254-255. 1857 


- « «But Mr. Church has painted the stupendous cataract 
with a quiet courage and a patient elaboration, which leaves us, 
for the first time, satisfied that even this awful reality is not 
beyond the range of human imitation. 

Mr. Church’s picture is an oblong of some seven or eight feet 
by three and a half, if our eyes have not deceived us. The view 
is taken from the Canadian side, a little above Table Rock, and 
it includes the whole sweep of the Horseshoe Fall, to the corner 
of Goat Island. There is no foreground or shore. The spectator 
looks right along the Canadian rapids, as their swirls converge for 
the tremendous leap. A shattered tree trunk is caught in the 
opposing eddies, which churn and chafe into foam over the layers 
of brown rock, the sunlight striking their edges into transparent 
green where they fling themselves over the lips of the ledges, in 
their hurrying course to the plunge of the mighty river. About the 
center of the picture the bend of the barrier enables us to watch 
the downward leap of the river, not in a sheet, but in innumerable 
cascades from every projecting point, shivered into fine fringes of 
foam, and losing themselves in the spray to which the mass of 
water is churned by its fall. Across the wet air of this spray cloud 
the rainbow flings its prismatic arch. Beyond we see the distant 
lines of foam that mark the rapids, and further still the terraces 
of the Chippeway shore flushed with the rich hues of American 
Autumnal forest. The time is towards evening. . . . It 
bears throughout unmistakable evidence of the most close and suc- 
cessful study. To paint running water is always difficult. But 
when the running water is the expanse of a mighty river, broken 

. into countless eddies by rock ledges, and hurrying to such a fall, 
911 


1857 
Church 


1857 
Fairbanks 


1859 


Niagara Falls 


it may well be conceived, what labor has been necessary to 
apprehend the bewildering facts, what patient mastery to repre- 
sent them, so as to leave the spectator impressed, as by the 
presence of the stupendous reality, with the abstraction of motion 
and sound. . 


FAIRBANKS, J. H. A map of the vicinity of Niagara Falls. Drawn 
from actual survey for Tunis’ guide. 16x21. Buffalo, N. Y.: E.R. 
Jewett & Co. 1857. 


Shows Gull Island, and various points on the American and Canadian 
shores are indicated — the Pavilion, Prospect House, etc. There are two 
small views of the Falls. 


1859 
Gignoux’s Niagara. (Harp. w., July 9, 1859. 3:436.) 


An engaving of ‘‘ Gignoux’s Niagara — The Property of August Bel- 
mont.” 


We have the pleasure of laying before our readers an engrav- 
ing of M. Gignoux’s Niagara, one of the noblest works of 
American art. It will be remembered that M. Gignoux executed, 
some eighteen months ago, a painting of Niagara, which was 
exhibited together with a painting on the same subject by Mr. 
Church. Both became the property of a firm of print-sellers. 
Mr. August Belmont, the well-known banker and millionaire, 
who expected to purchase M. Gignoux’s picture, was so much 
disappointed at losing it that he gave the artist a commission to 
execute a new Niagara for him. The result of that order is the 
admirable work which we now engrave. . . . M. Gignoux 
has painted Niagara by moonlight, the point of view being from 
Goat Island, and the main scene the Horseshoe Fall. Words 
fail to describe the beauty of the original work. It is one of 
those delicious scenes on which the eye can feast for hours 
together. One almost fancies, in gazing into the soft summer 
night-air which envelops the scene, that the ear hears the roar of 
the cataract as the eye sees the floating moonbeams which dance 
over the broad rushing stream. 

912 


Maps and Pictures 


Beside the Falls the picture shows a bit of Goat Island and the Henne- 1859 
pin Tower in the foreground, the bend of the Horseshoe and the dim 
distant Canadian shore. 


RICHARDT, FERDINAND. ‘The great international railway bridge. 1859 
Engraved by D. E. Glover. 1859. Richardt 


The Falls are visible in the background. 


RICHARDT, FERDINAND. Niagara Falls. (From the American 
shore.) A. H. Payne (sc.). (1859.) 


This print shows Prospect Park and the old railings of wood. 
RICHARDT, FERDINAND. The Tower. A. H. Payne (sc.). (1859.) 


Hess, B——. The Falls of Niagara, from the Canada side. 1859. 1859 


This beautiful colored view shows the angle of the Horseshoe, the i 
tower, Goat Island and part of the American Fall, with the rainbow by 
the Horseshoe. 


. View of Niagara Falls. (/n Engleheart, Gardner, 1859 
D., Journal of the progress of H. R. H. the Prince of Wales through 
British North America; and his visit to the United States, 10th July to 
15th November, 1860. Privately printed. 1860. Pp. 63-66.) 

This brief journal of three days spent at the Falls and in their vicinity 
is embellished by a handsome view of the Falls from Goat Island showing 
the tower, and the angle of the Horseshoe. 


= 


1860 


BIERSTADT, FE: American Falls from Goat Island. (Grosvenor 1860 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—187-. Bierstadt 
Mat 18.) 


An artotype. 


BircuH, T. Falls of Niagara from the American ladder. 1860? 1860 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697— Birch 
187-. Mat 16.) 


This drawing by Birch was engraved by J. D. Steel. 


Birdseye view of Niagara Falls and surrounding country. 1860? 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697— 
187—. Mat 18.) 

58 913 


Niagara Falls 


1860 Cataract house, Niagara Falls. [18602] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, 
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 17.) 
A letterhead. 


Cataract house, Niagara Falls. [1860?] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, 
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 17.) 


Clifton house, Niagara Falls. [1860>] (Grosvenor library, Buf- 
falo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 17.) 


Fall of Niagara, Canada. [1860?] Grosvenor library, Buffalo, 
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 16.) 
Taken from the Canadian side, some distance down stream from the 


Falls. 


1860 HALL and Mooney. Niagara Falls from near the head of the ferry 
Hall ae stairs. (18602) Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara 
Falls. 1697—-187—. Mat 17.) 


HALL and Mooney. View from the pagoda. (1860?) (Grosvenor 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. 1697-187-. Mat 17.) 


Both the above are lithographs. 


1860 Ho.ioway, F American Fall from the ferry and the Horse- 
Holloway —_— shoe Fall from Table Rock. 1860. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-1870. Mat 15.) 


These two views were drawn by F. Holloway about 1860. 
1860 J. V. C. (del.) View of Niagara River and Lake Ontario from the 


J. V. ¢. top of the mountain at Lewiston. Jewett, Thomas & Co., printers. 
[1860>] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 
1697-187-. Mat 16.) 

Stereotyped view. 
1860 KRAUSSE and ELTINER (sc). Ejisenbahn Hangerbrucker 


ee. me uber den Niagara. [18602] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 


tiner 


Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 17.) 


1860 (Niagara frontispiece) and Niagara Falls from the American shore. 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697- 
187-. Mat 15.) 
The first of these two pictures looks like a Washington Friend produc- 
tion. Both of them are taken from the “ Historical and_ statistical 


914 


Maps and Pictures 


gazetteer of New York State’’ by John H. French, published by R. P. 1860 
Smith, Syracuse. 1860. 


NoEL, J (del.) Outhwaite (sc.). Les cataracts du Niagara. 1860 
[18602] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. Neel 
1697-187-. Mat 16.) 


A view of the Horseshoe Fall from Goat Island showing the tower 
and the Maid of the Mist. ‘Three figures and a dog appear in the fore- 
ground on the left and the Canadian shore is seen in the distance. 


NoEL, J——. (del.) Outhwaite (sc.). Pont suspender sur le 
Niagara. [1860?] Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of 
Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 22.) 


Printed by Ch. Charden, Paris. 
SAINSON, DE . (del.) Chute du Niagara. (1836.) Grosvenor 469 


library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-—187-. Sainson 
Mat 16.) 


SHRADE, (sc.). Chute du Niagara. (1860?) (Grosvenor 1860 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—187~-. Shrade 
Mat 18.) 


Published by Furne of Paris. 

Suspension bridge at Niagara Falls. (1860?) (Grosvenor library, 1860 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 16.) 

This was engraved for the Family Circle and Parlor Annual. 

Three views in colors from the “Falls of Niagara” (guide-book) 1860 


1860. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 
1697-187-. Mat 15.) 


The Table Rock and Terrapin Tower and the Horseshoe Fall from 
Goat Island taken from photographs, and one of the Horseshoe Fall from 
a drawing by Washington Friend. 


WINCKELMANN, , and SCHUE, Aussicht auf den 1860 
Niagara Fall. (18602) (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views Vo 
of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 17.) une 


This lithograph, made in Berlin, gives the view from an open window 
overlooking the Falls. 


915 


1864 
Dore 


1868 
Church 


Niagara Falls 


1864 


Dore, GusTAVE. Atala album, photographs of twelve illustrations to 
Chateaubriand’s Atala. Phila.: Frederick Leypoldt. N. Y.: F. W. 
Christem. 1864. 


Contains photograph of Dore’s splendid view of the Falls with several 
others showing the gorge and the rapids. 


1868 


Mr. Church’s new picture of Niagara. (Lit. hv. age, May 15, 1868. 
97 :441-443.) 


so he has painted the Falls a second time, and now 
ae the opposite side of the St. Lawrence. 


Our readers may remember that Mr. Church’s former picture 
of the Falls of Niagara was an oblong, whereas this is an upright 
one; the other also was in great part a study of the rapid just 
before the fall, whilst this is mainly a study of the fall itself and 
of the basin below it. If asked which of the two pictures we 
should most care to possess, we should be much embarrassed, for 
each illustrates and supplements the other. The two together are 
a splendid proof of what landscape-painting may do in a direc- 
tion which, though secondary to poetical or creative art, is never- 
theless equally important, and far more likely to be of service to 
the generality of mankind. 


The present picture has what is usually considered a disad- 
vantage, in an exceedingly high horizon. It is, in fact, almost a 
bird’s-eye view of the basin under the fall, the spectator being on 
the level of the rapid above; . . . 

The effect is much the same as that of the preceding picture. 
The sky is of a dull dusty warm gray, with warm white clouds 
low on the horizon. The woods on the distant Canadian shore 
are obscured by the mist rising from the fall, which adds 
immensely to the artistic availableness of the subject. The reader 

916 


Maps and Pictures 


will remember that the falls are divided by a mass of rock which 1868 
is crowned by a dense wood; this wood is also obscured by mist, “P¥" 
but partially, and much less so than that in the distance; and the 
effects of mist on these woods are full of interesting study, and 
surprisingly truthful. Let us now follow the fall from the 
Canadian shore to the American, from which we see it. First, 
we have three or four white cascades like a Swiss fall, then a 
rather broader mass, and then for a space we see no water at all 
on account of the rising mist. A little to the left of the mist, 
however, there is a broad sheet of pure emerald, whose translucent 
beauty, though it really covers only a few square inches of canvas, 
leads the imagination to give an ideal splendour to the whole 
waterfall. . . . This transparent passage is followed by one 
of dull, opaque white, and then we come to the rocks in mid- 
stream, whose thick vegetation is watered by the ever ascending 
mist and trembles at the eternal thunder. From here to the spec- 
tator is nothing but the rippling rapid above, and the ragged sheet 
of heavily falling water, losing itself below in masses of rolling 
cloud. In the way of immediate foreground we have a cliff to 
the left, and before us its scattered debris. 

The most original passage remains to be described. Below 
every waterfall there is a pool, whose motion is in great part 
determined by the continual rising from below of the water which 
the force of the cascade has driven down to the very bed of the 
river. A fall like Niagara actually dives and strikes the bottom, 
from which it continually rebounds. The effects on the surface 
of the pool are amongst the most curious of all the phenomena of 
water. One very remarkable result is that, although there may be 
nothing like what we are accustomed to call a wave, the water is 
not level; it often perceptibly rises into gentle eminences, flowing 
away from these in all directions. Sometimes the whole pool is 
visibly, though slightly domed, and this, from Mr. Church’s 
record, appears to be the case with Niagara. There was no great 
technical difficulty in rendering this appearance, but Mr. Church 
has achieved a very great feat in his interpretation of the surface- 

917 


1868 
Church 


1870 


Currier 


1870 
Endicott 


1870 
Glover 


1870 
Kellogg 


Niagara Falls 


markings; we have never seen the lines of currents and the 
stretching streaks of foam more thoroughly studied than in this 
picture. The difficulty of painting such a large space of water 
would have been great under any circumstances, but in this case, 
when it is covered with elaborate markings, every one of which is 
a result of motions and forces exceedingly difficult to analyze and 
comprehend, and seen from such a height that all these markings 
must be thoroughly mapped out, the difficulty is so tremendous 
that nothing but very extraordinary powers of observation and 
memory could have overcome it. 


1870 


CurRIER, N . Niagara Falls from Table Rock. [1870>] 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697— 
hOZ— Mat 22/1) 


Lithograph published by N. Currier. 

Der Niagara Fall. [18702] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-1870. Mat 25.) 

In colors, after Weld. 


Die Schnellen des Niagara. [18702] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, 
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 22.) 


ENDICOTT, American Fall of the Niagara. [1870?] 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697— 
187-. Mat 23.) 


Gover, H. J. The great international railway suspension bridge 
over the Niagara river in full view of the Falls, connecting the United 
States and Canada, the New York Central and Great Western Railways. 
[18702] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 
1697-187—. Mat 17.) 


KELLOocc, E. B. and E. C. Niagara and its wonders. [1870?] 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697- 
187-. Mat 26.) 

A lithograph published in Hartford, Conn., showing suspension bridge 
surrounded by ten small views of the Falls from various points of view. 


918 


Maps and Pictures 


(Large view of terrapin tower and Horseshoe Fall.) [18702] 1870 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697— 
187—-. Mat 27.) 


Map of North America with Niagara Falls inset of Kalm-Hennepin 1870 
type. [1870?] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara 
Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 22.) 


Ontario and St. Lawrence steamboat company. Inset of Horseshoe 1870 
Fall. [1870?] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara 
Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 22.) 


This inset appears in “ Routes from Albany to Niagara Falls, Buffalo, 
and Montreal.” 


Rapids of the Niagara Fall. [1870?] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, 1870 
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 25.) 


A poor view, apparently of the lower rapids. 


SCHLITZER, FRANK CECIL. ‘Two views of the Falls from the Ameri- 1870 
can shore below. Lithographed by Sage, Sons & Co. Buffalo: 1870,  Schlitzer 


These two colored views taken from paintings, are apparently of 
different dates. They show the inclined railway structure and other 
buildings on the slope on the American side, but the terminals are different 
in the two pictures. 


ScHUSTER, S Niagara Falls. [18702] (Grosvenor library, 1870 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 21.) Schuster 


Both falls are shown from the Canadian side. A very poor picture. 


The three sisters, Niagara river above the Falls. [18702] (Grosvenor 1870 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. 
Mat 23.) 

This very pretty view by J. H. Bufford and Sons, lithographers, Bos- 
ton, shows the rapids and the river above the Falls. 


1872 
FENN, Harry. Niagara. S. V. Hunt. (sc.) D. Appleton and Co. 1872 
1873. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. Fenn 
1697-187-. Mat 15.) 
Taken from “‘ Picturesque America ”’ edited by William Cullen Bryant. 
1872. 
919 


1872 


Fenn 


1877 


1878 
De Haas 


1880 


1880 


1885 
Hatton 


Niagara Falls 


FENN, Harry. Niagara. S. V. Hunt (sc.) N. Y. D. Apple- 
ton and Co. 1873. 

In this view from above the Horseshoe Fall on the Canadian side the 
water effects are fine, but the details are inaccurate. A bridge is shown 
from the Canadian side to Goat Island in the rapids with suspension 
bridge and the American city in the distance. 


1877 


The season at Niagara Falls — (Photographic visitors drawn by J. 
Wells Champney). (Harp. w., Aug. 18, 1877. 21:645-646.) 


1878 

De Haas, Mauritz FREDERICK HANs. The rapids above the 
Falls: (C1878) 

The painter of this picture was a Dutch artist, who was closely identified 
with American art from the time of his arrival in this country in 1859. 
He was a winner of many medals in this country, and a member of the 
National Academy of Design. This superb picture of the rapids was 
exhibited at the Paris Exposition in 1878 and was the subject of much 
comment in the press and various art journals. 


1880 
Falls of Niagara, reprints of Hennepin, Lahontan, newspaper 1764, 
Ellicott, Rush, C. Williamson. (Mag. Am. hist., July, 1880. 5:47-56.) 


New York State. Reservation Commission at Niagara. Map and 
guide of the New York State Reservation at Niagara. Buffalo: 
(188->) 


A folded map with a description on the reverse side. 


1885 
FENN, ALICE Maup. Niagara. (Art jour. 1885. 38:237-241.) 


Describes the beauties of Niagara and is illustrated from drawings by 
Harry Fenn. 


HaTTON, JosEPH. Niagara illustrated. (Art jour. 1885. 
37:13-14.) 

A criticism and description of the picture of Niagara by Her Royal 
Highness the Princess Louise. ‘This picture illustrates the article. 


920 


Maps and Pictures 


WITTEMAN, ADoLPH. New bond paper map of Niagara Falls and 1885 
vicinity. 7!14x13. N. Y. A. Witteman. 1886. Witteman 


1886-1889 


SANGSTER, Amos W. Niagara River and Falls from Lake Erie to 1886-89 
Lake Ontario: a series of one hundred and fifty-three original etchings, "28%" 
etched on copper, from his own drawings; ed. by James W. Ward. 
Buffalo: Fryer. 1886-89. 


Some fifty plates and vignettes of Falls scenery. The whole work is 
accompanied by a descriptive text. 


1888 


PHILOPPOTEAUX, PAUL. Cyclorama of Niagara. 400x500. 1888 
@ 888.) Philoppoteaux 


This cyclorama was painted by the same artist that painted the ‘‘ Battle 
of Gettysburg.” Associated with him in the painting of the gigantic 
** Niagara” were other artists of repute. The ‘ Cyclorama of Niagara ’’ 
was opened to the public in London in 1888. ‘The painting, so those who 
viewed it tell us, had decided artistic merit, and the arrangements for light- 
ing were so superior that the exhibition was a great success, for a time. 
It was afterward brought to America, and exhibited with discouraging 
results at Chicago. Its present whereabouts is unknown. 


1889 


Buffalo: Some representative views collected under the direction of the 1889 
Buffalo merchants’ exchange, for presentation to the delegates of the 
International American conference as a souvenir of their visit to the city 


on October 14, 1889. 


Views of the Falls from Prospect Point, from the Canadian side, and 
of the Cave of the Winds. 


Hii, J. HENry. (Horseshoe Fall from Goat Island.) 1889. 1889 
An etching. Fill 
1891 
Hayes, JAmes. A note on Niagara literature. (The bookworm. ee 
(Lond.:) 1891. 4:337.) Bia 


Contains a reference to what the author believed “‘ the earliest engraving 
of the Falls.” 
921 


1893 
Bamburgh 


1893 
Flynne 


1893 
Hopkins 


1893 
Mignot 


1894 
Du Mond 


1899 
Waldron 


1900 


Niagara Falls 


1893 
(BAMBURGH, WILLIAM CUSHING). Niagara Falls from uncommon 
points of view. N. Y.: Phoenix Art Pub. Co. 1893. 


Contains eighteen views of the Falls — photographs pasted in with brief 
appreciative comments preceding each. 


FLYNNE, P. C. Niagara Falls. 8x15. 1893. 


This large picture was painted for the state of New York for exhibi- 
tion in the New York Building at the Chicago Fair in 1893. It embraces 
both the American and Canadian Falls. In 1894, Mr. Flynne presented 
it to the State of New York, and since then it has hung on the wall of the 
Senate lobby in Albany. 


Hopkins, G. M. Atlas of the vicinities of the cities of Niagara Falls, 
North Tonawanda and Buffalo, N. Y. Phila.: G. M. Hopkins. 1893. 


Of the thirty-three plates, numbers 3 and 5 show the Falls and the 


Reservation. 


MicnoT, Louis R. Niagara. (A painting.) 1893. 
This study of Niagara was exhibited at the Columbian exhibition in 
1893. 


1894 
Du Monp, F. V. Niagara illustrations. (/n Trumbull, William. 
Legend of the white canoe. N.Y. and Lond.: Putnam. 1894.) 


These illustrations are photogravures from the designs of F. V. Du 
Mond, to illustrate this Indian legend of the sacrifice of a beautiful maiden 
to the Spirit of ‘the Falls. 


1899 
Wavpron, Ho_mMan D. With pen and camera at Niagara Falls. 
Portland, Me.: Chisholm. c 1899. 


Some views of the milling district and of Niagara in harness. 


1900 


International waterways commission. Message from the President of the 
United States transmitting the final report of the international waterways 
commission upon the proposed dam at the outlet of Lake Erie. (63d Cong. 
Ist sess. Sen. Doc. 118.) 


Contains a map of the Niagara river. 
922 


Maps and Pictures 


JoHNsTon, W. . and A. K. Quebec, Niagara, Montreal. 1900 
10x 714. (Un their World-wide atlas of modern geography, etc. 5th ed. Johnston 
fol. Edinburgh and Lond.: W. and A. K. Johnston. 1900. P. 116.) 

This small map of the river indicates the points of interest on the 
reservation. 


1901 


CUTTER and Koonz. Panoramic views of Niagara Falls. Niagara 1901 
Falls: Cutter and Koonz. 1901. Catter and 


Koonz 
Among other views a very good one of the old iron bridge to Goat 


Island. 


UNDERWOOD and UNDERWOoD. Map of Niagara Falls. 8x9!4. 19091 
1901. Unde ee 


an 
1905 Underwood 


SPENCER, JOSEPH WILLIAM WINTHROP. A map of the gorge of 1905 
the Niagara River, to accompany a report on New discoveries in the physics SPe"¢et 
of the Falls. 1905. (Jn back of his ‘* Outline of the evolution of the 
Falls of Niagara: contrast with the Falls of Zambesi’’: for the Inter- 
national Zoological Congress. ) 


1908 
Brown, JAMEs FrRANcIS. The red man’s fact. (1908?) 1908 
BROWN, JAMES FRANCIS. The white man’s fancy. (1908?) et 


These two paintings preserved at Niagara Falls illustrate Indian legends. 


MATHEWS, CATHARINE VAN CORTLANDT. Andrew Ellicott, his life 1908 
and letters. N. Y.: Grafton. 1908. Pp. 72-76. Mathews 


Contains on pages 72—76 a report to President Washington of his dis- 
agreeable treatment by the British commandant at Fort Niagara. ‘There 
is also a map of the Straight of Niagara to be handed to General Wash- 
ington on his return. 


1909 
KELLER, Major CHARLES. Niagara River from above the Falls 4999 
to Lake Ontario; prepared under the direction of Major Charles Keller. Keller 
Corps of Engr’s, U. S. Army. 1909. 
This map is a part of a “ survey of the northern and northwestern lakes 
made in obedience to acts of Congress and orders from Headquarters of 
the Corps of Engr’s, U. S. Army.”’ It shows the Falls, the power houses, 


etc., incidentally. 
923 


1911 
Pennell 


No date 
Beck 


Coxe 


Day 


Delarochette 


Niagara Falls 


1911 

PENNELL, JosEPH. Niagara Falls. (Cent., May, I9I11. 
82:77-82.) 

Six lithographs by Joseph Pennell sketched from nature in the autumn 
of 1910: I. View from the railway station overlooking the Falls on the 
Canadian side; II. Building the power house on the Canadian side — the 
American Falls, below; III. Rainbows over the Canadian Falls, as seen 
from the Canadian side; IV. The Rapids below the upper steel arch bridge 
— the American power house on the left; V. The rapids below the steel 
arch bridge from the Canadian side; VI. The upper steel arch bridge from 
the Canadian side looking down stream. In these views the emphasis is 
laid upon the industrial aspects of the scene. 


No Date 
Beck, RAPHAEL. Niagara Falls. (Painting.) 


This painting, similar to Thomas Cole’s in point of view and treatment 
of the cataract as primitive Niagara, hangs in the Buffalo Historical 


Society Building in Buffalo, N. Y. 
CoxE, REGINALD. The Luna Fall. 


Coxe, REGINALD. Study of the rapids. 
Both these modern canvases hang in the Historical Building at Buffalo. 


Day, W——. (Lith.) Great Horseshoe Fall. On stone by A. 
Picken, Jr. 

This print shows the Falls from below, as a broad straight line, then 
an angle with the mist rising. Below there are wild stereotyped waves, 
and figures are seen on the rocks by the stream on the left. 

These stupendous falls (the largest yet discovered) may be 
heard at the distance of 40 miles, the cloud of spray continually 
overhanging them is distinctly seen at the distance of 70 miles 
with the naked eye. 

There are 113,510,000 gallons, or 672,000 tons of water per 


minute precipitated over these Falls. 


DELAROCHETTE, L Bowle’s new pocket map of North America 
divided into its provinces, colonies, etc., by J. Palairet, lately revised and 
improved with many additions, from D’Anville, Mitchell, and Bellini, by 
L. Delarochette. Lond.: N. d. 7 


** Niagara Fall, 140 feet.” 


924 


Maps and Pictures 


Der Niagara fluss. Verlag d. Englishen Kinstantalt v. A. H. Payne. No date 
Leipzig and Dresden. 


This print shows a bridge across the upper river and the American Fall 
as a great smooth sheet. Goat Island is also visible. 


Epwarops, ERNEST. Niagara; photo-gravures from originals. Troy: Edwards 
Nims and Knight. N. d. 

Exquisite. 

LoTTER, MATTHIEU ALBERT. Carte nouvelle de |’Amerique Angloise [ otter 
contenant tout ce que les Anglois possedent sur le Continent de |’ Amerique 
Septentrionale savoir le Canada, la Nouvelle Ecosse ou Acadie, les treize 
Provinces unies. . . . avec la Floride. Gravée exactment d’aprés les 
determinations geographiques dernierement faites par Matthieu Albert 
Lotter 4 Augsburg. 


SUMMARY 


It may be truthfully said that no natural wonder of our world 
has been more universally pictured than Niagara Falls. The 
views have taken a multiplicity of form — maps, panoramas, 
engravings, wood-cuts, aqua-tints, paintings, lithographs. The 
earliest view, which was accepted as the correct conception of 
Niagara for one hundred fifty years was the famous Hennepin 
picture of 1697, known to all students of Niagara, and it is a 
curious fact that the inaccuracies of this picture persisted as a 
model for other artists, long after Lieutenant Pierie’s more real 
conception had been presented to the world. 

Many of the old maps of the eighteenth century, drawn for a 
world anxious and interested to know something of the new 
hemisphere, contain a record of Niagara Falls, although in many 
cases this is only a break in the river with not even the name 
attached. Some of these old maps contain curious and interest- 
ing insets giving the popular views of the Falls. 

In the nineteenth century, the popularity of the panoramic 
views of the Falls in England and the United States gave the 
most widely disseminated knowledge as to their real appear- 
ance. In our own day, in books and magazines, views of the 
Falls under all aspects are usual and common. There are many 

925 


Niagara Falls 


private collections of Niagara pictures. An especially rare col- 
lection of Niagara aqua-tints is that of Judge Alphonso T. Clear- 
water of Kingston, New York, a Commissioner of the State 
Reservation at Niagara. 

Many artists have painted the Falls with varying degrees of 
success. Up to the present time the palm easily goes to Mr. 
Frederick E.. Church’s picture of Niagara which hangs in the 
Corcoran Gallery in Washington. The waters of Niagara are 
so vital, vibrant, and changing that their representation on canvas 
presents unusual difficulties, and it is not surprising that so many 
artists have tried in vain to picture its beauty of form and color. 


926 


CHAPTER X 


CHAPTER X 
INDUSTRIAL NIAGARA 


1799 


LIANCOURT, DUKE DE LA ROCHEFOUCAULT. ‘Travels through the 1799 
United States of North America, the country of the Iroquois, and upper Liancourt 
Canada, in the years 1795, 1796, and 1797; with an authentic account 
of lower Canada. 2 vols. Lond.: R. Phillips. 1799. Vol. I. 

Pp. 221, 223,.224. 


Chippaway was formerly the chief place of an Indian tribe, 
which now inhabits the borders of Virginia. 

About a mile above the falls, two corn-mills and two saw- 
mills have been constructed in the large bason, formed by the 
river on the left. We examined, with peculiar attention, the 
most distant of them. It is the most remarkable chiefly on this 
account, that the logs are cut here into boards, thrown into the 
Chippaway creek near its mouth, and by means of a small lock 
conveyed into a canal, formed within the bed of the river by a 
double row of logs of timber, fastened together and floating on 
the water. The breaking of these is prevented by other large 
balks floating at a certain distance from each other, which form, 
as it were, the basis of this artificial canal. The water retains 
in this canal the rapidity of the current, and conveys the logs into 
the lower part of the mill, where, by the same machinery which 
moves the saws, the logs are lofted upon the jack and cut into 
boards. Only two saws at a time are employed in this mill. The 
power of the water is almost boundless, but the present wants of 
the country do not require a greater number of saws. The very 
intelligent owner of the mill has constructed it on a plan, which 
admits of the addition of a greater number of courses, according 

59 929 


1799 


Liancourt 


1857 


Niagara Falls 


as these shall be required by an increased consumption. On the 
same principle he has built his corn-mill which has at present only 
four courses. The miller’s dues for grinding, as fixed by the 
legislative power, amounts to a twelfth throughout all upper 
Canada, and for sawing logs to a moiety of the wood sawed. 


e e 


An iron-mine, too, has lately been discovered near Chippaway 
creek. A company has associated for the working of this mine 
and resolved on erecting an iron-forge in the vicinity of the falls. 
But this they dare not establish without the governor’s permission; 
for the mother country still persists in supplying all its colonies 
with its own manufactures; and refuses to relinquish a monopoly, 
that has already cost it that part of America, which composes 
the United States. But the company hope to obtain the desired 
permission. 


Throughout this whole tract of country, labourers are not 
easily procured; and they receive, besides their board, from five 
to six shillings per day. The winter continues only from the 
middle of December to the beginning of April. 


1857 


Articles of incorporation, together with the by-laws of the Niagara 
Falls Water Power Co., as amended April 11, 1857. N. Y.: Baker 
and Godwin. 1857. 

The subscribers have associated, and do associate themselves 
together for the purpose of carrying on and conducting manufac- 
turing, chemical and mechanical business, at the village of 
Niagara Falls, in the State of New York, by means of water 
power drawn from the Niagara river immediately above Niagara 
Falls, pursuant to the act of the Legislature of the State of New 
York entitled, ‘‘ An Act to authorize the promotion of corpora- 
tions for manufacturing, mining, mechanical, or chemical pur- 
poses,” passed February 17, 1848, and the several acts passed in 

930 


STIV JOHSASHO}{ FHL 4O aGIG ISVY FHL 4O MIA 


Industrial Niagara 


addition thereto; and they do hereby, for themselves and their 
successors and assigns, enter into the following covenants and 
agreements, to wit: 


ARTICLE I. 


Sec. |. The name to distinguish the Company, and to be 
used for its dealings, shall be ‘ The Niagara Falls Water- 
Power Company.” 

Sec. 2. The objects for which this Company was formed, 
are for carrying on such manufacturing, chemical and mechanical 
business as may be carried on and conducted by means of water- 
power to be obtained from the water of the Niagara river, 
immediately above the great cataract, at the village of Niagara 
Falls in the State of New York; and also, the construction of a 
suitable and sufficient navigable hydraulic canal with its gates, 
bridges, wharves, and other appurtenances, including the opening 
and improving the shore and channel of Niagara river as to 
navigable width and depth, so far as the same may be necessary 
for the purposes aforesaid, together with the exercise of all such 
other powers as are or may be connected therewith, or incident 
to the conducting of the business of the said Company, in con- 
formity to the aforesaid act of the Legislature, and several other 
acts supplemental or amendatory thereof. 

Sec. 3. The amount of the capital stock of the said Com- 
pany shall be Five Hundred Thousand Dollars, with power to 
diminish the same or increase it to any amount not exceeding one 
million of dollars, and also to extend or change the business of 
the Company in the manner provided by law, subject to the pro- 
visions of the act aforesaid. 

Sec. 4. The term of existence of the said Company, shall 
be fifty years from the date hereof, unless sooner dissolved 
according to law. 

Sec. 5. The capital stock of the said Company shall con- 
sist of five thousand shares, and each share shall be of the sum 
of one hundred dollars. 

931 


1857 


1877 


Siemens 


Niagara Falls 


1877 


SIEMENS, Sir CARL WILHELM. Inaugural address; delivered at the 
annual general meeting of the iron and steel institute held in London, 


March, 1877. Newcastle-upon-Tyne.: Lambert. 1877. Pp. 12-13. 


WASTED WATER POWERS. 


Take the Falls of Niagara as a familiar example. The 
amount of water passing over this fall has been estimated at one 
hundred millions of tons per hour, and its perpendicular descent 
may be taken at 150 feet, without counting the rapids, which 
represent a further fall of 150 feet, making a total of 300 feet 
between lake and lake. But the force represented by the prin- 
cipal fall alone amounts to 16,800,000 horse-power, an amount 
which if it had to be produced by steam, would necessitate an 
expenditure of not less than 266,000,000 tons of coal per annum, 
taking the consumption of coal at 4 lbs. per horse-power per 
hour. In other words, all the coal raised throughout the world 
would barely suffice to produce the amount of power that con- 
tinually runs to waste at this one great fall. It would not be 
difficult, indeed to realize a large proportion of the power so 
wasted, by means of turbines and water wheels erected on the 
shores of the deep river below the Falls, supplying them from 
races cut along the edges. But it would be impossible to utilize 
the power on the spot, the district being devoid of mineral wealth, 
or other natural inducements for the establishment of factories. 
In order to render available the force of falling water at this and 
hundreds of other places similarly situated, we must devise a 
practicable means of transporting the power. . . . Time will 
probably reveal to us effectual means of carrying power to great 
distances, but I cannot refrain from alluding to one which is in 
my opinion, worthy of consideration, namely, the electrical con- 
ductor. Suppose water power to be employed to give motion to 
a dynamo electrical machine, a very powerful electrical current 
will be the result, which may be carried to a great distance, 
through a large metallic conductor and then be made to impart 

932 


Industrial Niagara 


motion to electro-magnetic engines, to ignite the carbon points of 1877 
electric lamps, or to effect the separation of metals from their >°™™* 
combinations. A copper rod 3 inches in diameter would be 
capable of transmitting 1,000 horse-power a distance of say thirty 

miles, an amount sufficient to supply one-quarter of a million 
candle power which would suffice to illuminate a moderately 

sized town. 

1881 


Niagara Falls as a source of energy. (Am. jour. sci., Nov., 1881. 1881 
122 :397.) 

The conclusions of Sir William Thompson quoted from Nature, Sep- 
tember 8, 1881, page 435. 


1885 
McE roy, SAMUEL. Water power at Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am. 1885 
supp., Nov. 14, 1885. 20:8217-8218.) McElroy 


The hydraulic power has been utilized by the hydraulic canal, 
Witmer’s grist mill, the upper and lower races and the paper mill 
on Bath Island; below the falls by Witmer’s grist mill at the 
Suspension Bridge. 


RuHopEs, BENJAMIN. Electrical transmission from Niagara. (Trans. 1885 
A. S.C. E. May, 1885. 14:205—211.) Rhodes 

The object of this paper, which was read at the annual convention 
June 10, 1884, is “*to show what has been done or what may be done 
toward the utilization of Niagara for electrical purposes.’” Some account 
of the power already developed is given, and the future development, 
especially with its application to electricity at a distance, is studied and 
forecast. 

Enough, however, has been said to show that the power of 
Niagara can be transmitted to a distance of 25 miles, with a 
great saving over the power of steam, and that with improvements 
in storage-batteries and electro-motors, this distance can be 
increased, with economy, to 100 or 150 miles. With further 
improvements in dynamos and insulating material to permit the 
use of currents of higher intensity, such as may be confidently 
looked for, the economical distance may be still further increased, 

933 


1885 
Rhodes 


1885 
Trowbridge 


1887 


1889 
Long 


Niagara Falls 


until some of the present generation may see the prophecy of Sir 
William Thomson literally fulfilled and the power of Niagara 
used in all the large cities of this country. 


TROWBRIDGE, JOHN. Niagara Falls considered as a source of elec- 
trical energy. (Sci., May 15, 1885. 5:401-—403.) 

The author comes to the conclusion that the facility with which energy 
in the shape of coal can be transported from place to place counterbalances 
at present the cheapness of a very remote source of energy in the shape of 
a waterfall. 


The reasons for and against the utilization of the energy of 
Niagara Falls as a source of light apply also to the question of 
the electrical transmission of power, with this exception, that the 
electrical transmission of power has not reached even the per- 
fection which systems of electric lighting have attained. 


1887 


Utilizing Niagara. . . . (Industries of Buffalo. Buffalo: Elstner 
Pub. Co. 1887. Pp. 66—71.) 


A review of the prospectus of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Tunnel 
Power and Sewer Co. together with the report of Thomas Evershed on 
the undertaking and a letter of Elnathan Sweet, State Engineer and Sur- 
veyor, endorsing Mr. Evershed’s views. The review calls the project “* one 
of the most daring and colossal, yet practical, of modern enterprises.” 


1889 


Lonc, Exvias A. An acre in the city. A brief treatise on land, 
millionaires, fortunes in real estate, Buffalo, Niagara power. No. pub. 


N.d. Pp. 24-30. 


A brief, crisp exposition of “* Niagara power, electric power as revolu- 
tionizers in the industrial world.”” The author’s message is summed up in 
the following: ‘‘ Let but the (1) vastness and (2) cheapness of the 
power, coupled with the (3) limitless raw materials of the lake regions, 
attainable here at (4) a saving of millions of dollars yearly on freight, and 
then the (5) cheap distribution to the world’s markets be considered, and 
who can fail to be startled at the aggregate advantages presented by 
Niagara.” 

934 


Industrial Niagara 


Lone, Exvias A. Niagara power; the utilization of the world’s greatest 1889 
waterfall for power purposes. . . . Buffalo: The Wemborne-Sumner Long 


Co. (1889.) 


(A) scheme for the electrical utilization of Niagara. (Elec. wld., 1889 
Feb. 9, 1889. 13:71-72.) 


A description of a plan for erecting vertical pipes behind the Falls to 
catch the water and carry it downward to turbines directly connected with 
lines of shafting in chambers excavated under the Falls. By this means it 
was hoped to get the power without disfiguring the scenery. 


Uulizing Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld., Aug. 10, 1889. 14:88.) 1889 


A short description of the plan of the Niagara River Hydraulic Tunnel, 
Power and Sewer Company for the construction of a subterranean tunnel 
around the Falls from the upper river to the lower river. 


Utilizing the power of Niagara. Nation, Aug. 8, 1889. 1889 
49:104-105.) 


The author holds that “* the question of utilizing Niagara is one for 
the skill of the engineer and not for the ingenuity of the inventor.’’ He 
points out that the “head ”’ system is the only practicable one for Niagara 
and discusses plans for securing head. 


Watts, H. F. The Hamilton’ plan for utilizing Niagara. (Elec. 1889 
wid., Mar. 2, 1889. 13:133-134.) Watts 


“A criticism of Mr. Hamilton’s plan, together with suggestions for the 
improvement of its electrical points.”’ 


1890 


Business men’s association of Niagara Falls. The water-power of 1890 
Niagara applied to manufacturing purposes; the hydraulic tunnel of the 
Niagara Falls Power Company; an accurate description of one of the 
greatest industrial undertakings of the age. (Buffalo: Matthews, 
Northrup. 1890c.) 


Niagara, scenic, historical and industrial. 


The great tunnel at Niagara. (Power, Sept., 1890. 12:1-2.) 1890 


A description of the tunnel scheme and a bit of Niagara ancient 


geological history. 
935 


Niagara Falls 


1890 Map and section of canals and tunnel proposed by Cataract construc- 
tion company. (Eng. news, May 17, 1890. 23:462. May 24, 
1890. 24:484.) 


Contains also a description of the geological formations to be encountered 
in the development plans. 


1890 Niagara Falls power company. (Eng. news, Nov. 8, 1890. 
24:418.) 
Gives the details of tunnel construction then in process of building. 
1890 The utilization of Niagara. I. (Eng. (Lond.), Sept. 26, 1890. 
50:355-358.) 
Plans of the Cataract Construction Company and its efforts to procure 
information. 
The utilization of Niagara. II. (Eng. (Lond.), Oct. 17, 1890. 
50:449-451.) 


A history of the discovery and geology of the Falls together with a 
discussion of their advantages for manufacturing purposes. 


The utilization of Niagara. III. (Eng. (Lond.), Oct. 24, 1890. 
50:473-475.) 

A discussion of the volume and drainage area of the Falls and of the 
facilities for the development and use of power. 


1891 
1891 BocaART, JOHN. Letter as to the diversion of water near Niagara Falls. 
Bogart (Ann. rep’ts of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1891. 7:118.) 


This letter from the State Engineer and Surveyor gives it as his opinion 
that the amount of water that could be diverted through the tunnel of the 
Niagara Falls Power Company would not affect the depth of the water 
flowing over the Falls to any visible extent. 


1891 Lona and Lonc. Niagara power. Niagara shore real estate. 
Long and (Buffalo, N. Y.: 1891.) 


"8 Account of the power development at Niagara, of the best residence and 


business sites, and the advantages of the use of Niagara power. 


1891 SELLERS, COLEMAN. The utilization of the power of Niagara Falls 
Sellers and notes on engineering progress. (Jour. Frank. Inst. July, 1891. 
132:30-53.) 


936 


Industrial Niagara 


An amplification of an address delivered before the Institution, May 20, 1891 
1891, and dealing with the reasons why Niagara was not used sooner, the Sellers 
development of the Niagara project, the advantages of the tunnel scheme 
and the transmission of the power to be generated. 


The utilization of Niagara. VII. (Eng. (Lond.), Jan. 2, 1891. 1891 
51:14, 19-21.) 


A discussion of the recession of the Falls. 


The utilization of Niagara. VIII. (Eng. (Lond.), Feb. 27, 1891. 
51:235-236.) 


Letters on the volume of the Falls and the award of prizes in the Niagara 
competition. 


The utilization of the power of Niagara Falls. (Eng. rec., Aug. 15, 1891 
1891. 24:174-175.) 


The tunnel and its advantages, the central station, the advantages of 
Niagara for power development, and the transmission of the power 
generated. 


1892 
Bac te, L. L’utilisation de la force hydraulique des chutes du Niagara. 1892 
(Le Genre Civil. Sept. 24, 1892. 21:342-—345.) Baclé 


Gives an account of the early uses of the power at Niagara, and 
describes the Niagara Falls Power Company’s project. 


Forses, GEorGE. The utilization of Niagara. (Jour. soc. arts, 1892 
Dec. 16, 1892. 41:90-97.) Forbes 


A discussion showing “ generally the character of the work which had 
to be undertaken, the objects to be fulfilled, and the extent to which these 
plans have been completed up to the present moment.” 


HERSCHEL, CLEMENS. Ublization of the Falls of Niagara. (Eng. 1892 
news, Jan. 23, 1892. 27:74-76.) Herschel 
A discussion of the advantages of water power, the physical and legal 
difficulties which had to be met at Niagara Falls, the capacity of the pro- 
posed construction, and the plan of the works in progress. 


The new hydraulic works at Niagara Falls. (R. R. gaz., Dec. 23, 1892 
1892.) 
This article is reprinted from the Iron Age of December 8, by per- 
mission. It describes the general plan, the first steps, the general aspects 
937 


| 1892 
Herschel 


1892 


1892 


1892 


1892 
Pritchard 


1892 


1892 


1892 
Szuts 


1892 


1892 
Werner 


Niagara Falls 


and the 5,000 horse-power turbine of the Niagara Power Company’s 
development. 
The Niagara Falls tunnel. (Elec. rev., Feb. 20, 1892. 19:352.) 
A description of the shafts, the boring and the machinery used. 


Niagara mastered. (Eng. (Lond.), Oct. 14, 1892. 74:319.) 


Describes the scheme of the Niagara Falls Power Company and the 
uses of the development. 


Niagara power plant. I. (Eng. rec., Sept. 24, 1892. 26:266~-268.) 
General plans for the utilization of the Falls. 


PRITCHARD, F. E. Power transmission at Niagara. (Elec. wld., 
Apnil 16, 1892. 19:258.) 

“That rope drive is to figure conspicuously in the development of 
power at Niagara in the future remains no longer a doubt in the minds of 
those who have given it a fair and impartial trial.” 


Projects for water power development about Niagara Falls. (Eng. 


news, Nov. 24, 1892. 28:489.) 


Schemes for the development of power on the lower Niagara 
at Queenston and Lewiston. 


The utilization of Niagara. (Eng. (Lond.), Dec. 23, 1892. 
54:787.) 


A description of the turbines of the Cataract Construction Company. 


Szuts, BELA. The utilization of Niagara Falls; scheme by Messrs. 
Ganz. (Eng. (Lond.), Feb. 19, 1892. 53:228-230.) 


A discussion of a design submitted for the Niagara competition. 


The utilization of Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld., Sept. 24, 1892. 
20:193-194.) 


A discussion of modifications made in the original plans for the tunnel, 
of methods of securing power available at Niagara Falls, and of steps 
toward Canadian development. 


WERNER, CHARLES H. The Niagara Falls tunnel. (Cass., June, 
1892. 2:73-94.) 


A historical sketch of power development at the Falls and an account of 
the chief features of the Niagara Power Company’s development and its 
efforts, through investigation and competition to get the latest and best 


devices. 
938 


Industrial Niagara 


TROWBRIDGE, JOHN. Niagara, the motor for the World’s Fair. 1892 
(Chaut., Jan., 1892. 14:441-445.) Trowbridge 


A glance at previous methods of transmitting power by electricity over 
long distances, and the plan by which a German electrician proposed to 
transmit 5,000 horse-power from the Falls of Niagara to the World’s Fair 
at Chicago. 


1893 


Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. I. (Eng. rec., 1893 
Jan. 140693.) 27132-1136.) 


Test boring, surveys, monuments, tunnel power sites, best railway, etc. 


Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. II. (Eng. rec., 
March 11, 1893. 27:293-294.) 

A map and description of the equipment at shaft no. 2, the arrange- 
ment of the power house, connections of pressure mains, and operation of 
air compressors. 


Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. III. (Eng. rec., 
April 22, 1893. 27:415-416.) 


The hoisting engine, shaft cage, hoisting bucket, and system of col- 
lecting water. 


Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. IV. (Eng. rec., 
May 20, 1893. 27:490-491.) 


Tunnel construction, method of drifting, system of drilling, electric 
battery, exploder, suspended track, air pipe, and drill column. 


Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. V. (Eng. rec., 
July 8, 1893. 28:87-88.) 


Continues the description of the tunnel construction; describes the 
timbering and pumps and gives a diagram. 


Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. VI. (Eng. rec., 
Aug. 19, 1893. 28:183-184.) 


Describes the tunnel brick-work with a diagram. 


Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. WII. (Eng. rec., 
Sept. 30, 1893. 28:280-281.) 

Describes the power plant at the inlet canal, the air compressors, coffer- 
dam, and ice-boom. Contains a diagram. 


939 


1893 


1893 


1893 
Grimshaw 


1893 
Herschel 


1893 


Munro 


Niagara Falls 


Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. VIII. (Eng. rec., 
Oct. 21, 1893. 28:328-329.) 


Describes with a diagram the stationary and traveling derricks and rock 


drills. 


Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. IX. (Eng. rec., 
Nov. 4, 1893. 28:360.) 


Describes the dump cars, the wheel pit, shaft, etc., with a diagram. 


The five thousand horse-power turbines for the Niagara power plant. 


(Eng. news, March 30, 1893. 29-294.) 


The conditions under which designs were prepared and plans submitted 
to the International Niagara Commission, together with a description of the 
turbines and their method of regulation. 


GRIMSHAW, RoBERT. Three million horse-power in winter. (Cass., 
Tan. 18935: 32173=179.) 


Illustrated by some fine photographs of winter scenery at the Falls. 


HERSCHEL, CLEMENS. The Niagara turbines. (Cass., March, 
1893. Pp. 387—389.) 


This article contains detailed diagrams as well as descriptions of the 
wheels. 

It is but natural that a work of the magnitude and novelty 
appertaining to the utilization of the first lot of 100,000 horse- 
power at the Falls of Niagara, should have given rise, in the 
course of its construction, to many new methods and structures. 
Some of these, as for example, its most noted characteristic, the 
tunnel tail-race, lined with brick, and the special construction of 
the portal of the tunnel; the wheel pit slot of the Central Power 
Station, instead of the usual single wheel-pits; the setting of the 
wheels directly over their branch tail-race, and deepening the 
slot to form this branch tail-race and other features of the work, 
have already been referred to and described in this magazine. 


Munro, J. Electricity from Niagara. (Chambers’ jour., March 25, 
1893. 70:177—180.) 
A historical survey of power development at the Falls with special 
reference to the Niagara Falls Power Company’s project together with a 
940 


Industrial Niagara 


discussion of the problems encountered, and the advantages of Niagara 1893 
Falls as an industrial center. unro 


Seyric, WILLIAM. L’Utilisation du Niagara. (Le Genre Civil. 1893 
Feb. 4, 1893. 22:224-226.) Seyrig 


Account of the Niagara Falls Power Company’s plan and equipment. 


STILLWELL, LEwis BUCKLEY. Electric power generation at Niagara. 1893 
(Cass., July, 1895. 8:253-304.) Stillwell 


The author, an electrical engineer and assistant manager of the West- 
inghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, had under supervision the 
installation of electric apparatus at Niagara Falls. The ‘‘apparatus con- 
stituting the system’ adopted is described, a detailed description of the 
generators is given, and an account of the ‘‘ means adopted for delivering 
these currents to the supply circuits which convey them from the power- 
house to the premises of the users of power.” 


Electricity as an agent for transmitting and distributing power 
has received its most weighty endorsement in its adoption by the 
Cataract Construction Company, of New York, for their great 
project at Niagara. No enterprise of modern times, involving 
special and extraordinary engineering problems, has been more 
carefully, more patiently, more systematically or more intelligently 
studied than has the utilization of this, the greatest water power 
in the world. ‘The officers and directors of the company, con- 
trolling financial means ample for their purpose, have, for five 
years, energetically and persistently endeavored to avail them- 
selves of the best resources of modern engineering science. Con- 
fronting a problem without precedent in its magnitude, and 
almost without parallel in its significance, they have attacked it 
with energy and ability of the highest order, studied it with keen 
insight and sound judgment and, in solving it with success, have 
contributed a chapter of rare interest and meaning to the history 
of industrial progress. 

The utilization of Niagara for industrial purposes imposes 
upon those undertaking it a responsibility far beyond that which 
is measured by the capital invested. Science is cosmopolitan; 
she recognizes no boundary of race or nation; and engineering 

941 


1893 
Stillwell 


Niagara Falls 


science of the twentieth century, in passing judgment upon the 
methods and apparatus employed, while not failing to take into 
consideration the difficulties and limitations imposed by the 
boundaries of our present knowledge, will allow no excuse for 
failure to find out and use the best means known to our age. 

It is, therefore, a source of profound gratification that, from 
the outstart, the policy of the company has been characterized 
by a breadth of view commensurate with the far-reaching 


- importance of the enterprise. “The directors have allowed no 


local or even national prejudice to bias their judgment. “They 
early threw the lists wide open and in the original competition 
which they inaugurated, the international commission passed upon 
no less than twenty-two plans covering practically the whole 
known range of electric, hydraulic and pneumatic distribution of 
power, and originating from places as far east as the city of 
Buda-Pesth, and as far west as San Francisco. 

It must be gratifying to Americans that under these conditions 
a system developed by an American company has been adopted, 
but for the recent rapid advancement in engineering science which 
has made this work possible, America is in no position to claim 
exclusive credit, if she would. In the plans for the hydraulic 
plant, Switzerland, the land of water powers, shows the way, 
while in the design of the great electric generators, the most 
powerful as yet produced, Great Britain is represented directly in 
the excellent general form of construction adopted, which was 
proposed by Prof. Geo. Forbes, and indirectly in the work of 
Hopkinson, Kapp, Thompson, Mordey and others, whose careful 
study of the principles underlying the construction of electrical 
machinery has done much to make it possible to design a machine 
so far beyond the range of actual experience, in full confidence 
that the results predicted from theory would be realized in 
practice. Perhaps no country is more largely or more creditably 
represented in the great Niagara installation than Smiljan Lika,— 
that sturdy little province on the Adriatic, which has honored 
itself by producing Mr. Nikola Tesla, and were it possible to 

942 


Industrial Niagara 


trace to its true source each one of the great number of ideas 1893 
embodied in the complete installation, it is probable that we °"!¥é!! 
should find nearly every civilized nation represented — England, 
America, Switzerland, France, Germany, Italy, some in greater 
degree, some in less, but all co-operating to achieve what is, 
beyond question, one of the most significant triumphs of nineteenth 
century engineering skill. 


The utilization of Niagara. (Dub. rev. sci. not. Apnil, 1893. 1893 
112:435.) 


The advantages of the Falls as regards engineering facilities are cited. 
Estimates are given of the volume of the Falls, and an account of the 
Niagara Falls development, and the views of Professor Forbes are 
exploited. 


1894 


Brown, Curtis. The diversion of Niagara. (Cosmop., Sept., 1894 
1894. Pp. 526-545.) Brown 


A historical account of power development on the Niagara, an 
untechnical description of the Niagara Falls Power Company’s plant, 
other developments on the Niagara and the transmission of power to great 
distances. 


(The) Falls of Niagara and its water power. (Nature, March 22, 1894 
1894. 49:482-486.) 


A technical description of the works of the Niagara Falls Power 
Company. 


Epwarps, E. Jay. The capture of Niagara. (McClure, Oct., 1894 
1894. Pp. 423-435.) Edwards 


A discussion of the purpose of the power plant, the organization of the 
power company, the difficulties of the work, the various constructions, the 
commercial problem, and the transmission of the power generated. 

It was the first intention of the engineers to carry the electric 
current from the water-house by means of wires stretched through 
a subway conduit, whose beginnings may now be seen at a point 
near the power-house. But it has been discovered that the con- 
struction of such a conduit will be too costly, and the electricity is 
to be transmitted by overhead wires. 

943 


1894 
Geyelin 


1894 
Gillette 


1894 


1894 
Johnson 


1894 
Le Sueur 


Niagara Falls 


F. C. H. Ubilisation des chutes du Niagara. (La Genre Civil. 
Aug. 4, 1894. 25:216~217.) 

Describes the canal, the wheel pit, the tunnel, the turbines and the 
dynamos. 


GEYELIN, EmiL. Geyelin-Jonval turbines in the plant of Niagara Falls 
Paper Company. (Eng. news, April 5, 1894. 31:278-279.) 

A discussion of the problem and how it was met by the designing 
engineer. 


GILLETTE, Kinc C. The human drift. (Bost.: New Era Pub. 
Co. 1894. Pp. 87-89.) 


Description of a scheme for the formation of a “ United Company” 
consisting of all the people and having for its object the control of produc- 
tion and distribution of the necessities of life. “The wniter takes the posi- 
tion that ‘‘ under a perfect economical system of production and distribution, 
and a system combining the greatest elements of progress, there can be 
only one city on a continent, and possibly only one in the world.”” The 
city in question would, because of power possibilities, be located on both 
sides on Niagara Falls. The Falls would be protected from desecration 
by developing the power on pipe lines laid between Lakes Erie and 
Ontario, west of the Falls. | 


Inverted Geyelin-Jonval turbines at Niagara Falls. (Eng. rec., April 
7, 1894. 29:297!) 


The wheel pits, turbines and superstructure gears. 


JOHNSON, WALLACE C. New development of power at Niagara. 
(Cass., Feb., 1894. 5:326-330.) 


The use of waste water for the development of power by the Cliff 
Paper Mill. 


JoHNSON, WALLACE C. The pulp mill of the Cliff Paper Company 
of Niagara Falls, New York, and discussion. (Trans. A. S. C. E. 
Aug., 1894. 32:214-230.) 

The paper deals with the use of waste water and gives numerous views 
and diagrams. 


Le Sueur, ERNEsT A. Commercial power development at Niagara. 
(Pop. sci. mo., Sept., 1894. 45:608~-630.) 

A technical description of the methods employed by various commercial 
interests in the application of Niagara power. 


944 


Industrial Niagara 


That this situation is the finest in the world for developing 
mechanical power has long been realized, but the local demands 
at Niagara were comparatively trifling, and only lately have our 
facilities for transmitting power over distances become sufficiently 
developed to warrant such an undertaking as is now in hand. 
The power company does not, however, look entirely to distant 
points for consumers of their output; on the contrary, a very large 
amount will be used almost on the spot by manufactures which are 
now moving to Niagara. The variety of purposes to which this 
power will be put may be gathered from the fact that they are as 
diverse as the manufacture of “‘ mechanical ’’ wood pulp and the 
smelting of aluminum. 

There are already at the falls a few establishments using 
power developed by turbines, and which have been quietly at 
work for years. There is a canal known as the Hydraulic Canal 
on the American side, skirting the city of Niagara Falls, and 
terminating on the cliffs, half a mile below the cataract. There 
are a number of mills here which, for the most part, however, 
utilize only a fraction of the total fall available, probably for the 
reason that when they were built there were not in existence the 
high-grade water wheels suitable for great head that are on the 
market to-day. 

People in general have the idea that the Niagara water power 
is inexhaustible, and so it probably is, so far as human require- 
ments go. ‘There are, however, some tolerably close data on 
which to figure the total horse power. The Lake Survey Board 
and Mr. R. C. Reid, examining the matter independently, have 
come to a very fair agreement in their conclusions on this point. 
From their figures it would appear that the average flow is about 
270,000 cubic feet per second, and this is almost exactly the 
same as the almost unthinkable quantity of 1,000,000,000 pounds 
per minute. A horse power of work is the equivalent of 33,000 
foot pounds per minute, and as the weight above mentioned falls 
161 feet, the horse power of the total is expressed as follows: 
161 X 1,000,000,000 = 33,000 = close on five million. 

60 945 


1894 


e Sueur 


1894 
Le Sueur 


Niagara Falls 


Owing to the lack in full efficiency of even the best commercial 
turbine wheels, we may take the limit of power that could be 
developed as about 4,000,000 horse power. 

The average power is not departed from to any great extent at 
different seasons, as is the case with other water powers, because 
the spring thaws and summer droughts affect hardly at all the 
level of Lake Erie, from which the falls get their supply. 

The system of Great Lakes above Ontario would require a 
year in order to have their level reduced by three feet and a 
half by even the enormous drain of a thousand million pounds 
of water per minute above referred to, supposing the system to be 
entirely cut off from its normal supply. A paper by Mr. R. C. 
Reid before the Royal Scottish Society of Arts in March, 1885, 
gives the following data: Total water-shed area down to 
Niagara, 290,000 square miles; total lake surface, 92,000 square 
miles; average rain-fall in the lake district, thirty-six inches — 
and that we may assume twenty inches annually of evaporation 
and absorption, leaving sixteen inches over the whole area finding 
its way to the lakes. From the lake surface proper, there occurs 
evaporation to the extent of twenty-four inches per annum. 
Further, in reference to the enormous storage capacity of the 
system, he shows that “it would take six months for the full 
effect of a flood in Lake Superior to be spent at Niagara Falls.” 
It is easy, therefore, to understand how little fluctuation of level 
there can be due to seasonal variation in rainfall. “Thus we see 
that quite apart from the fact of the vast volume and head avail- 
able, and of there being no necessity for building a dam to back 
up the water, the situation is peculiarly favorable to the develop- 
ment of a constant power all the year round. 

In spite of the generally equable level of Lake Erie, there are 
sometimes very considerable fluctuations, not of volume, but of dis- 
tribution, due to high winds sweeping the length of the lake and 
causing a considerable banking of water at the end blown into. 
Sometimes such storms have lasted for days, and have had a very 
noticeable effect in increasing or diminishing the volume going 

946 


Industrial Niagara 


over the fall. A more serious cause of low water is an ice jam at 1894 
the head of the Niagara River. It is on record that in March, Le Sueur 
1847, the water practically ceased to flow, “ not enough going 
over to turn a grindstone,” as a local paper had it at the time. 
These two circumstances do not, however, affect the evenness of 
the flow to any extent worth mentioning compared with the 
seasonal variations ih rivers in general. 

The total fall between Lakes Erie and Ontario is three hundred 
and twenty-nine feet, and is made up as follows: From Lake 
Ene to the head of the falls, seventy feet; the falls, one hundred 
and sixty-one feet, and below to Lake Ontario, ninety-eight feet. 
Consequently, the total power running to waste ‘is more than 
double the five million horse power on the falls. An idea of the 
proportion that this total bears to what may be called the world’s 
consumption of power may be had from the fact that it is com- 
puted to be equal to the total of all the steam-generated power in 
the world. 

The geographical situation of the falls with respect to nearness 
to the at present great power-consuming centers is, as hinted above, 
not quite all that could be desired; but there are, nevertheless, 
several cities within reach, electrically speaking, which will use an 
enormous amount. Buffalo may be said to be next door, and 
Rochester is within easy reach. In the not too distant future we 
may expect to see the great electrical manufacturing works in 
Schenectady operated, as is meet, by electrical power from 
Niagara. 

The power company has, however, made branch track connec- 
tions between the territory owned by it and three important rail- 
way lines which all pass within a few miles of the property. 
These connections and the good freight rates which have been 
contracted for in various directions, together with the cheapness 
of power, will in all likelihood attract to the spot manufactures 
besides those which have already undertaken to go there, to an 
extent that will make it the foremost power-consuming center in 
the world. 

947 


1894 
Le Sueur 


Nuagara Falls 


The chief piece of work in connection with the power installa- 
tion has been the construction of what, in almost any other situa- 
tion, would be termed the tailrace. In this case the head utilized 
is so great that what is ordinarily understood by a tailrace would 
be an artificial chasm of abysmal proportions that would almost 
require illumination other than the natural to be visible to the 
bottom at midday. Instead, a tunnel has been excavated, of 
which the dimensions are so remarkable as to make it unique 
among engineering exploits of the kind. 

The location of the power house, on account of difficulty in 
acquiring sufficient adjacent lands and rights of way and for 
other reasons, is not very close to the falls. “The Cataract Con- 
struction Company has established itself about a mile and a half 
above the American Fall, and has dug a canal of considerable 
width, of a depth of twelve feet, and length fifteen hundred feet. 
Along its edge for a distance of at present one hundred and forty 
feet is dug a great trench or slot one hundred and sixty feet down, 
with arrangements in the form of gates in the masonry wall 
separating it from the canal, by which water may be admitted to 
penstocks placed vertically in the slot and supplying the turbine 
wheels. A penstock, as many of our readers are aware, is a great 
tube, usually, in these days, of boiler plate, of a diameter running 
up, it may be, to thirteen feet, conveying water under head into 
the wheel case in which the turbine revolves. 

In the present instance the penstocks, which are seven and a 
half feet in diameter, seem very small, considering that they each 
supply a pair of wheels of five thousand horse power, but that is 
on account of the enormous pressure under which the wheels 
work, giving a greater power for a given volume of water than 
with the smaller heads more commonly used. 

The turbines discharge their waste water into the tunnel above 
referred to, which is no less than six thousand seven hundred feet 
long, and which discharges into the chasm below the falls just 
past the Suspension Bridge. 

The details of this tunnel, which was excavated through three 

948 


Industrial Niagara 


shafts, one in the face of the cliff and two vertical ones, are as 
follows: Length, six thousand seven hundred feet, and sectional 
area three hundred and eighty-six square feet throughout, the 
average height and width being about twenty-one and nineteen 
feet respectively. [he cross-section somewhat resembles a horse- 
shoe. The excavation was much larger than the finished inside 
dimensions, on account of the subsequent lining with four courses 
of brick. The mouth of the tunnel has, besides, a lining on the top 
and sides of iron. [he work has been done most substantially 
and is built to stay. The tunneling was done through strata of 
limestone and shale, and harder material was met with than had 
been expected in the beginning, so that the three million cubic 
feet of excavation has cut a very important figure in the total cost 
of the power plant. The tunnel has a grade of 0.7 per cent 
(seven feet fall per thousand length) and runs directly under the 
city of Niagara Falls to the lower river level. 

The work of excavation was carried on on three benches, 
dividing the total height of twenty-six feet about into three equal 
portions. ; 

The whole undertaking has been so entirely novel in many 
ways that the engineers in charge have had their resources taxed 
to the utmost in overcoming the various difficulties that presented 
themselves during the design and construction of the power house, 
electrical and hydraulic apparatus, and tunnel. The power-house 
building is as yet of comparatively small proportions, but is 
intended to be enlarged as the number of dynamos and turbines 
is increased. It might be thought, and was thought at first by 
some of the projectors of the scheme, that the great amount of 
power that was to be developed would admit of considerable 
subdivision, not only of the units of power production (each unit 
consisting of a turbine and generator), but also of the ways in 
which the electrical power would best be sent out to consumers. 

As already mentioned, a number of manufacturing establish- 
ments are locating themselves on the property owned by the 
Cataract Construction Company, and to these it would at first 

949 


1894 
Le Sueur 


1894 
Le Sueur 


Niagara Falls 


sight seem natural and best to deliver electrical power straight 
from the power-house generators to their motors, seeing that this 
could easily be done without much loss of voltage on the carrying 
line; and, on the other hand, for distant work, as at Buffalo and 
Rochester, to use a high potential on the line with transformers 
at the consuming end or at both ends. It has, however, been 
decided not to thus take advantage of the mechanical subdivision 
of the plant to use different types of generators for different kinds 
of work, but to adopt as a standard one good form of machine 
and use it throughout, at least until the plant is increased. 
Perhaps the most remarkable consequence of this step will be 
that the Pittsburg Reduction Company, which manufactures 
metallic aluminum by the action of electricity upon certain com- 
pounds of that metal in a state of fusion, and which expects to 
use some thousands of electrical horse power when established 
at the falls, will receive it in the form of an alternating current, 
which will be passed into an alternating-current motor driving a 
direct-current, low-voltage generator furnishing at last the desired 
electrolyzing current. It has seemed best to submit to this com- 
plication of apparatus in order to gain the advantage of entire 
uniformity and interchangeability of power units in the generating 
plant. Of course, if the power company were to put in a direct- 
current dynamo for the benefit of the Reduction Company, all 
that would be necessary would be to send the current over a wire 
straight to its work; and it seems remarkable, in view of the 
thousands of horse power required, that the extra expense of a 
motor and dynamo to transform this quantity appears preferable. 
The electrical power unit which has been decided on after the 
most exhaustive and presumably competent, expert examination 
of the requirements of the situation, will be of a capacity for 
continuous work of five thousand electrical horse power (or three 
thousand seven hundred kilowatts), and will be directly con- 
nected with a pair of turbines of similar power. All the gen- 
erators will be mechanically identical in construction and have 
parts interchangeable with each other. The advantage of this, 
950 


Industrial Niagara 


besides the obvious one of having a single set of spare parts 1894 
suffice against the breakdown of any machine in the station, is ness 
that, from a point of view of the electrical aspect of the case, of 
the machines being able all to be put in parallel, as it is called. 
The expression may not be a familiar one to some of our readers, 
and the following hydraulic analogy may be of service in leading 
to an understanding of what is meant by it. Let us assume that 
we have several pumping engines of equal power, and that we 
are using them all to pump water from one reservoir into another 
at a higher level. Obviously the total amount of water pumped 
will be what a single machine handles multiplied by the number 
of them. Had, say, one of the pumps been weaker than the 
others — had it, that is, not been strong enough to force water 
up to the height that the others did — the result would be that, 
instead of doing any work when put, as we may say, in parallel 
with the others, it would have been unable to withstand the head, 
and water would have forced itself back through it into the lower 
reservoir. [he same way with dynamos, or generators as they 
are usually called when referring to the machinery in a power 
as distinct from a lighting station. [he advantage of working 
in parallel is, that if we have, say, six machines all “* pumping ” 
current into the same mains and one breaks down, we may take 
it out of circuit, and, by temporarily overloading the other five, 
which can always be done for a short time with good machines, 
keep on supplying full current to consumers. Should the power 
company have decided to put in a special machine for aluminum, 
and other special ones for other local work, and still more for 
distant work, each would have its own circuit, and, if it broke 
down, the whole dependent system would be idle until repairs 
were completed. One of the great aims of the company appears 
to be to insure the permanence and continuousness of their power 
service — which is, of course, of the utmost importance to manu- 
facturers. 

A remarkable method of construction—not, however, unique— 
is employed in the generators to secure means for direct 


coupling to the turbine shafts. These latter are vertical, and 
951 


1894 
Le Sueur 


Niagara Falls 


come up over one hundred and forty feet out of the wheel pits 
from the rotating water wheels, which make two hundred and 
fifty revolutions per minute. In order to obtain direct driving — 
that is, without the intervention of toothed or friction gearing, or 
belt or rope driving —the revolving portions of the generator 
are arranged to rotate in a horizontal instead of, as is usual, a 
vertical plane. 

A dynamo of any type whatever consists, as is well known, 
essentially of two portions, one of which possesses motion with 
respect to the other, viz., the armature and the field magnets. 
Since the field magnets are almost invariably much heavier and 
much less compact than the armature, the latter is usually chosen 
as the moving part. In the case under discussion the contrary 
has been decided on, the armature being fixed and the field mag- 
nets rotating. [his gives certain advantages in the matter of less 
complicated electrical connections and of dispensing with the 
armature’s rubbing collectors altogether; it also gives the advan- 
tage — much more important in this case than with smaller 
machines — that, since the revolving magnets are arranged on a 
ring and point inward, the attraction between them and the arma- 
ture core tends toward neutralization of the strains of centrifugal 
force. ‘The greatest advantage, however, attained by this method, 
and again one which is of far greater value in the present case 
than in ordinary practice, is the high degree of insulation possible 
with fixed armature coils and connections. “The requirements 
that had to be met in the way of limiting the centrifugal strains 
were that the product of the sum of the weights of the revolving 
parts in pounds and the square of their velocities in feet per second 
should not exceed eleven hundred million. The weight of the 
moving parts of each dynamo was also limited to eighty thou- 
sand pounds, while the weight of the turbine and its shaft amounts 
to seventy-two thousand pounds. 

This whole weight of seventy-six tons acts in one vertical 
line — 1. e., that of the turbine shaft — and revolves two hundred 
and fifty times per minute. It would have been very difficult to 

952 


Industrial Niagara 


construct thrust bearings to take up the whole of this strain, and 
a hydraulic balancing piston has been resorted to for supporting 
it. ‘This device is simply a circular piston fast on the vertical 
turbine shaft, set in a vertical cyclinder. ‘The supporting force 
consists of hydraulic pressure admitted to the under side of the 
piston. ‘This pressure is derived simply from the water in the 
penstock supplied to the turbine, and when the latter is working 
under full gate — that is, is taking water to its full capacity — 
the pressure in the penstock is decidedly less, just as the pressure 
in a water pipe is partly relieved by the opening of a faucet. 
This causes the supporting force on the under side of the piston 
to materially decrease, and a thrust bearing — that is, a bearing 
adapted to withstand either pressure or pull, so as to hold the 
shaft against the tendency to end play — has to be resorted to 
in order to take up the difference. As a matter of fact, the differ- 
ence between the supporting force when the flow is a minimum 
and that when the gate 1s wide open is about two tons in the 
seventy-six. [he way this is handled is to arrange the area of the 
piston and the depth below the upper water level so that at mini- 
mum flow the supporting pressure will be about one ton more than 
the total weight, and at full gate about the same amount less. 
At the normal rate of working there is very little to be taken up 
by the thrust bearings. 

An idea of the magnitude of the proportions of the generators 
may be gathered from the fact that the designers were limited 
in the size of base plates that they could use by the inability of 
the railways to transport, even by specially large and powerful 
cars, pieces of proportions originally designed from the factories 
to the falls. 

It is stated that, had it not been for the tariff restrictions 
imposed on the importation of electrical machinery, the generators 
would probably have been purchased abroad. As it was, they, 
as well as the motors which will operate on their circuits, are the 
work of a great Pittsburg company. In the case of the turbines 
the design was by a Geneva firm, and the construction mainly 

953 


1894 
Le Sueur 


1894 
Le Sueur 


Niagara Fails 


done in Philadelphia. Certain of the fittings were French, and 
the governors Swiss. 

One of the details in the power house is a traveling crane 
capable of handling pieces weighing up to fifty tons, which com- 
mands every portion of the floor of the building. The presence 
of this piece of apparatus is of the greatest importance in the case 
of anything going wrong with one of the generators or turbines. 
With its assistance any portion of either of these ponderous pieces 
of mechanism which may need repair can be moved with the 
greatest expedition, and a spare interchangeable part put 
in its place. Frequently in an installation of heavy machinery, 
although perhaps much less ponderous than these in question, a 
break occurs which may cause a shut-down of many hours, when, 
if sufficiently powerful means of moving heavy parts were at 
hand, the damaged piece could be replaced in a comparatively 
short time. A traveling crane of this description, as most of our 
readers are aware, consists of a long carriage having a pair of 
rails on which runs the crane truck carrying the lifting machinery. 
The long carriage, which is supported a suitable height above the 
floor, stretches across the width of space to be commanded, and 
itself has a sideway movement on several supporting rails which 
run the length of the space to be operated over. “Thus by a com- 
bination of the two movements the crane truck commands the 
whole floor. 

During the work of assembling the penstocks, wheel cases, 
turbines, etc., at the wheel pit, a view of this great slot with its 
contents was wonderfully impressive in giving an idea of the 
vastness of the whole enterprise. “The great depth of this long, 
narrow pit, which made it impossible to see to the bottom except 
with the assistance of lamps in the lower part, the mysterious- 
looking pipes (the penstocks) rising vertically, new sections being 
constantly added much in the same way that a stovepipe is put 
together, except for the permanence given by the heavy riveted 
seams, and the enormous power and flexibility of operation of 
the immense traveling crane which rapidly conveyed in every 

954 


Industrial Niagara 


direction great masses of iron and steel obedient to the turn of a 1894 
switch, made a combination of impressive effects not quickly be Sue" 


forgotten. 

It may be mentioned that, to withstand the very considerable 
hydraulic pressure at the lower part of the penstocks, these tubes 
are built of thicker and thicker plates from the top downward. 

There has been very little criticism of the mechanical details 
of construction so far referred to; on the contrary, very little can 
be said except in praise of the fertility of resource and high gen- 
eral competence of the engineers who have had this work in hand. 
With regard, however, to the particular design of the generators 
from an electrical rather than a mechanical standpoint much and 
lavish criticism, if not condemnation, has appeared in various 
quarters. Whether the grounds for this criticism are well founded 
or not it would be presumptuous at this time to attempt to declare, 
but we may say that where, as in this case, one man has had 
practically the entire control of the design of the electrical 
apparatus, we may usually look for, rather than be surprised at, 
a great amount of setting up of individual opinion against the 
views which he may embody in practice, often a good deal irre- 
spective of the probably cogent reasons which may have induced 
him to adopt the course in question. 

Without attempting to decide between the various views which 
are plentifully to hand in criticism of certain electrical details in 
the design and proposed method of utilizing the current of the 
generators, we may glance at what has been decided on, and 
review the more important points raised in connection therewith. 

In the first place, the use of an alternating as opposed to a 
direct current was decided on, as was to have been expected. 
The development within the last year or two of alternating- 
current motors has rendered possible the distribution of electricity 
for power (as opposed to lighting) purposes over distances before 
almost out of the question. It has been for a number of years 
past possible to transmit large quantities of electrical energy for 

955 


1894 
Le Sueur 


Niagara Falls 


lighting which was not suitable for running the then known 
motors. [he method of electrical distribution for lighting pur- 
poses that is used in cities is available also for transmission to 
considerable distances. It consists, as is well known, of a dynamo 
supplying current at a high voltage to the street lines, and a system 
of transformers each taking a portion of this current at high 
voltage and giving in return a current of greater amperage or 
volume and of lower voltage for house consumption, the object 
being simply to avoid loss of voltage or pressure by transmitting 
a heavy current over a light wire. Ass this may not be quite 
clear to every reader, it may be as well to say a little more about it. 

The energy of any current is determined by and is equal to 
the product of two of its properties, its volume or amperage and 
its pressure or voltage. Letting C represent the amperes and 
V the voltage, we have that the energy = CV. In passing any 
current over any wire there is a loss of voltage determined by and 
equal to the product of two things —1. e., the amperage of the 
current and the resistance of the wire; so we have loss of 
voltage == CR. Now, if we have two currents — one, say, of 
ten amperes and one volt, and the other of one ampere and ten 
volts — the energy will be the same, or ten watts as it is called. 
If we pass both through a given resistance, R, we shall have a 
loss of voltage (== CR) ten times greater in the first than in the 
second case. But a given loss of voltage amounts to only one 
tenth as much energy (CV) in the second case with C = one 
ampere as it does in the first with C = ten amperes, so that with 
only one tenth the given loss of voltage the energy lost will be only 
one one-hundredth that lost in the first case. What it amounts to 
is that the loss in passing a given amount of electrical energy 
through a given resistance is proportional to the square of the cur- 
rent, or amperage, and consequently inversely proportional to the 
square of the pressure, or voltage. 

If, therefore, current is used in a house at fifty volts and trans- 
mitted to the house at one thousand volts, the loss will be only 
one four-hundredth as much over a given wire as it would be if 

956 


Industrial Niagara 


transmitted at fifty volts. [he advantage that alternating cur- 1894 
rents have over direct for long-distance transmission is that they /* SY" 
may easily be transformed up or down — that is, their voltage 

at the generating end may be increased (at the expense, of course, 

of their amperage) and reduced at the consuming end. In point 

of fact, it is frequently and usually unnecessary to employ such 
devices at the generating end, for the reason that the generators 
themselves can work perfectly well at the high voltage requisite 

to transmit. The objection to using the same high voltage on 

the consuming machinery is simply that there is more danger of 
accident with numerous small motors scattered in various places 

and in the hands of unskilled persons than in a power station 
containing only two or three highly guarded machines attended 

by trained operatives. 


In connection with the Niagara Falls work there is the further 
advantage which the alternating current has over the direct, and 
that is what may be termed the “ flexibility,” commercially, of 
the former. The alternating-current machines operated in parallel 
at, say, two thousand volts, may have a portion of their current 
taken from them at that voltage for use in the immediate neigh- 
borhood and the rest transformed up for distant transmission. 


Lately, and particularly owing to the brilliant work of a young 
man, a native of Smiljan Lika, a border country of Austria- 
Hungary, by name Nikola Tesla, there have been devised forms 
of apparatus, generating as well as consuming, by means of which 
alternating currents may be economically used for operating 
motors. ‘lo express it very roughly, his method amounts to 
arranging an armature within a magnetic ring and causing oppo- 
site magnetic poles to revolve around the ring so as to cause 
rotation of the armature. 

The operation of these devices is preferably by means of a 
polyphase alternating current — that is, a flow of electricity hay- 
ing more than one pulsating current. 

957 


1894 
Le Sueur 


Niagara Falls 


Before finally deciding on what system of transmission to use, 


- the Cataract Construction Company asked for plans for a system 


for the purpose from a number of electrical engineering estab- 
lishments. “[Wwenty-four distinct ones were submitted, more than 
one of the tendering companies having sent several different plans 
to be chosen from. No individual one was, however, accepted 
in toto, but instead a design was adopted embodying such points 
of value as could be assembled in one suitable type of machine, 
and the Westinghouse Company received the contract for it. 
The system on which the generators work is the Tesla two-phase, 
and is notably peculiar on account of the low periodicity of 
alternation. 

The number of pulsations of commercial alternating currents 
is usually over one hundred per second and is frequently double 
that amount. ‘The reasons for this high frequency are mainly 
two: The first, that with any given alternating-current dynamo 
the number of alternations depends directly on the speed, and, 
as this must usually be high in order to get as much work as pos- 
sible out of the machine, the periodicity is also high. The second 
reason is that in lighting work it is, of course, highly undesirable 
to employ a current of which the pulsations are so slow as to 
leave the incandescent filament or the arc visibly dimmer between 
separate beats, as we may call them, than during the passage of 
the full current strength. In the case in hand one is impressed 
with the effort that has been made to steer a middle course in 
the design of the generators so as to obtain a portion of the advan- 
tage of the direct current for motor work and of the alternating 
for transformation. The periodicity for the first portion at least 
of the electrical equipment is to be as low as twenty-five per 
cent, and this at once limits the scope of the use of the current 
in the matter of electric lighting. Prof. Forbes states that light- 
ing by the current direct is a comparatively small portion of the 
work in contemplation, and that the plant is rather to be regarded 
as essentially for power distribution. The expression, “ lighting 
by the current direct,” is used because a very important branch 

958 


Industrial Niagara 


of the power work will be the lighting of the city of Buffalo. 1894 
This is at present done by the ordinary direct-current arc machines cea 
operated by engines of some three thousand horse power. In 
changing over to the Niagara Falls power the whole electrical 
system will be untouched, but the engines will be replaced by 
motors operated by current from the falls station. : 

The voltage at which the first installation of generators is to 
operate is somewhat over two thousand. Considering the per- 
fection to which European practice has been carried in the con- 
struction of alternating-current machines for much higher elec- 
trical pressures than the above, it seems strange that this voltage 
should have been decided on in a situation where one would 
expect the very highest degree of perfection to be attained. It is 
stated, however, that it was largely on account of the compara- 
tively backward condition of that branch of electrical engineering 
construction in America that the voltage had to be placed so low. 

In a case like the present one, where the power station will be 
under the supervision of skilled engineers, and not merely of men 
whose chief qualifications are those of sobriety and an ability to 
stay awake at night, there appears no sufficient reason why the 
generators should not be operated at five times the voltage named. 
The fact of the armatures in these machines being fixed gives, 
moreover, additional security against danger consequent on such 
high voltage on account of the very much more perfect insula- 
tion possible. 

The advantage, of course, of using a very high electrical 
pressure lies in the principle stated above of the loss in sending 
a given amount of energy over a given wire being inversely pro- 
portional to the square of the voltage. 

Intimately associated with this question is the problem of how 
to convey current at this tremendous potential of twenty thousand 
volts to distances. An idea of what it means may be had from 
the facts that two thousand 1s relied on to be sufficient to instantly 
kill a human being, and that the energy of a current given up in 

959 


1894 
Le Sueur 


Niagara Falls 


passing through any given resistance varies as the square of the 
voltage. | 

The chief difficulty to be met in such line construction is that 
of efficiently insulating the wires. If any one attempted to use 
a line insulated merely as an ordinary telegraph line is, there 
would be an enormous loss, amounting practically to the whole 
of the transmitted current, in moist weather, by leakage over the 
damp surface of the glass or other insulators. The remedy for 
this leakage would, however, be a comparatively simple matter 
by means of well-known oil-holding arrangements for the insu- 
lators were it not for the further fact that it is imperatively neces- 
sary not to have the two wires, the going and return ones, farther 
apart than can not be avoided on account of what are known as 
the effects of self-induction. The wires strung on telegraph poles 
would have to be so far apart in order to insure their never, by 
any possibility, coming in contact, that the self-induction losses 
would make that method impracticable. 


The evil effects of self-induction are directly proportional to 
the number of alternations of the current in a given time, and 
consequently the twenty-five-period current adopted for the 
Niagara Falls work is highly advantageous from this point of 
view. 

The so-called “ skin-resistance ” of an alternating current cir- 
cuit is, in brief, due to the fact that an alternating current pene- 
trates only a short distance into the body of the metal of which 
the carrying wire is composed, instead of, as in the case of a 
direct current, flowing across the whole cross-section of the wire 
in an even manner. ‘This also is less serious the lower the 
periodicity. 


The form decided on in which to construct the conveying lines 
is that of a conduit or subway of large proportions. One which 
has been already constructed for a length of half a mile is as 

960 


See? 
MO]2q pue eaoge spidey ey pue S|[P A UBOLIOUIY et ‘s|[e 9OYSISIOL] 10 ueIpeue-) oyi Suimoys aueldinyy AWAY URSTIOWY ue woud usyze | 


STIV-] VYVOVIN| JO MAIA ANVTddIY’ 


$010Ud PHOAA OPE 


oe ee ee ee Oe ee Sa bee ee eee pb ee 


Industrial Niagara 


follows: The walls are arched, and the width is greatest at 1894 
about two thirds of the height. The conductors are carried on) ““"" 
insulated brackets along the sides, spaced at intervals of thirty 
feet. [he subway is lined with concrete, and manholes at inter- 
vals allow of access; besides, there are small pieces of pipe let in 
at the bottoms of the manhole ducts for the purpose of inserting 
such wires as may from time to time be required to tap the line 
conductors. The subway is five and a half feet high and three 
feet ten inches wide. A track runs along it, and the line 
inspectors will make their trips on an electrically propelled car; 
heavy wire screens the height of the subway, extending on both 
sides of the track, protecting the occupants from any possible 
discharge from the main conductors. 

The Cataract Construction Company expect to be able to 
deliver power in Buffalo at a cost per horse power, for twenty- 
four hours a day yearly, greatly below the cost of steam power 
as now produced in Buffalo with coal at one dollar and a half 
per ton. ‘The generators are expected to operate at five thousand 
horse power each, with an efficiency of ninety-eight per cent on 
the power delivered to them by the turbines, and there will be 
only three and a half per cent drop of pressure in transmitting 
at twenty thousand volts to the northern part of Buffalo. This 
last appears wonderful when we consider that it is less than the 
drop from the generators of an electric railway system to the 
motors of cars within as short a distance as half a mile, quite 
apart, moreover, from the extra losses in the latter case due to 
imperfect trolley contacts. It is hoped also to transmit power 
before long to the Erie Canal, on which at the close of last season 
there was an interesting development in the line of electrical 
canal-boat propulsion. 


Limits to the profitable development of water power. (Eng. news, 1894 
Oct. 4, 1894. 32:276-278.) 
The plans of the Niagara Power and Development Company for a 
tunnel and model city. Remarks on the speculative nature of investment 
in power development for which there is no immediate market. 
61 961 


1894 


1894 
Suplee 


1894 


1895 
Abbott 


1895 
Abbott 


1895 


Niagara Falls 


The power stations at Niagara. (Sci. Am. supp., Feb. 3, 1894.) 


A guotation from Power dealing with the Niagara Falls Power Com- 
pany’s development. 


SUPLEE, HENry H. An interesting hydraulic power plant. (Cass., 
Nov., 1894. 7:85.) 


A description of the Niagara Falls Paper Mill, the unique features of 
its machinery, wheels, penstocks, transmission capacity, etc., with views and 
diagrams. 


Recent work of the Cataract Construction Company. (Nature, May 
3, 1894. 50:11.) 


Gives an account of the uses of the power with a description of the con- 
struction and unique features of Forbes’s dynamo. 


1895 


ABBOTT, ARTHUR VAUGHAN. Industrial Niagara. (R. of R., 
Sept., 1895. 12:295—299.) 


A description of the Niagara Falls Power Company’s plant together 
with a brief discussion of the industrial utilization of the power developed 
by that company. 


ABBOTT, LYMAN. Niagara Falls in harness. (Outl., Nov. 16, 1895. 
52:788.) 


A popular account of power development at Niagara Falls. Dr. 
Abbott came away from the works of the Niagara Falls Power Com- 
pany ‘‘ with a new sense of awe in the contemplation of the powers of 
nature, which we are but just beginning to understand and use; with a new 
sense of admiration for the skill of man, who is just beginning to take 
possession of the earth and to subdue it; and with a new and larger respect 
for the energy, enterprise and public spirit of at least some American 
millionaires.” 


Cassier’s magazine. Niagara power number. July, 1895. 8:173-384. 


‘““A complete story of the great Niagara power enterprise, comprised in 
ten articles, with nearly two hundred illustrations, including portraits of the 
officers and directors of the Cataract Construction Company, the members 
of the International Niagara Falls Commission, and the engineers under 
whose supervision the work was carried out.” 


962 


Industrial Niagara 


Harnessing of Niagara. (Cassier mag. co. N. Y. & Lond.: 1895.) 1895 
A publication in book form of Cassier’s power number of July, 1895. 
Contents : 


Use of the Niagara Water Power. Francis Lynde Stetson. 

Mechanical Energy and Industrial Progress. Prof. W. Cawthorne 
Unwin. 

Some Details of the Niagara Tunnel. Albert H. Porter. 

Construction of the Niagara Tunnel, Wheelpit and Canal. George H. 
Burbank. 

Niagara Mill Sites, Water Connections and ‘Turbines. Clemens 
Herschel. 

Electric Power Generation at Niagara. Lewis Bulkley Stillwell. 

The Industrial Village of Echota at Niagara. John Bogart. 

Notable European Water Power Installations. Colonel Thomas Tur- 
rettini. 

Distribution of the Electric Energy from Niagara Falls. S. Dana 
Greene. 

The Niagara Region in History. Peter A. Porter. 


Dun.ap, Orrin E. (The) Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and 495 
Manufacturing Company’s new work. (Elec. eng., Dec. 4, 1895..Dunlap 
20:537—39. } 


A brief description of the new station and its machinery. 


Flectrical Niagara. (Power. Feb., 1895. 15:12.) 1895 


Photographs and description of the actual condition of the power work 
at Niagara. 


Forbes, GEORGE. Harnessing Niagara. (Blackwood, Sept., 1895. 1895 
Pp. 434-444.) Forbes 

A collection of personal experiences, and information concerning the 
problems met at Niagara. 


GREENE, S. DANA. Distribution of the electrical energy from Niagara 1895 
Falls. (Cass., July, 1895. 8:333-362.) Greene 


The author states that it is the purpose of his article ‘‘ to point out some 
of the applications to which the electric energy generated at the Falls has 
already been put, and to discuss other applications which suggest them- 
selves as probabilities.” The article deals with the transmission and use of 
electric motive power, and discusses the advantage of electrically trans- 
mitted water power over steam power furnished by fuel, 


963 


1895 
Herschel 


Niagara Falls 


HERSCHEL, CLEMENS. Niagara mill sites, water connections and 
turbines. (Cass., July, 1895. 8:227-250.) 


This is another article in Cassier’s ‘‘ Niagara Power Number.” 


One of the present series of articles must evidently treat of the 
power producing plant, and its installation,— two essential ele- 
ments in the series of mechanisms that convert the flow of the 
Niagara river over the Falls, into other forms of energy,— finally 
represented by a revolving shaft in the factory, by the speeding 
car in the street, or by other of its manifold forms of utility. 
It is this part of the description of the manner of utilizing Niagara 
Falls that is to fall to the lot of the present article. 

The standard American method of utilizing a large amount of 
water-power, has hitherto been, to distribute the water to the 
several consumers, or mill-owners, by means of a system of head- 
races, so-called, with facilities for its discharge at a lower level, 
to be utilized as the owner or lessee saw fit, and generally on his 
own premises. ‘This led to long head-canals, and to insignificant 
tail-races, whereas, as we shall presently see, the Niagara plant 
consists of a common tail-race, a mile and a half long, with com- 
paratively insignificant head-races. ‘The old-time water-power 
company sold or leased the right to draw a definite quantity of 
water, at defined times, with the privilege of discharging it at a 
lower level, and the mill-owner did the rest; whereas, at Niagara 
Falls, the right is leased to discharge a definite quantity of water 
into the tail-race tunnel, with the privilege of drawing this quan- 
tity from the head-canal, or from the river. But over and above 
this the product,— power,— may be contracted for at Niagara 
Falls, delivered on the shaft. 

To create a large group of mill-sites of the older sort, there 
was necessary, in the first instance, a large continuous body of 
land, properly located for the purpose. If this could not be 
bought up secretly, and in large blocks, the whole water-power 
enterprise would fail to come to fruition. In Europe, however, 
several such enterprises came into being in spite of the inability 
of the projectors to primarily buy tracts of land such as have 
been described. This was done by establishing central power 

964 


Industrial Niagara 


stations near the dam, or head canal, and then transmitting the 


power produced, instead of water to produce it, to the consumers, 
or mill-owners. Up to within say five years, this had always 


been accomplished by means of wire-rope transmissions of power, 
and it is easy to see that the invention of the electrical transmission 
of power would give this form of the utilization of a large water- 
power a great impetus. Many such plants are, therefore, already 
in existence, many are building, but among them all, no one is 
probably so celebrated, and is attracting the attention of all 
intelligent men as this at Niagara Falls. 

The work at Niagara is designed to be utilized in both of the 
methods above described, and examples of both methods of dis- 
tributing power are built. The plant of the Niagara Falls Paper 
Company is an example of the first and older method of power 
utilization, while the Central Power Station of the Niagara Falls 
Power Company is the grandest example yet undertaken of the 
second described, and the later method of power distribution. 
The Niagara Falls Power Company also owns some 1200 acres 
of land adjoining the Central Power Station and the present head 
canal, all of which can be utilized for the sites of manufacturing 
establishments by one or the other of the methods described. 
This has been laid out in streets and blocks, with a freight rail- 
road, to be spoken of presently, connecting the mill sites with all 
the trunk lines that pass Niagara Falls, and adjoins the residential 
district being developed by the Niagara Development Company, 
whose first fruits are the village called Echota, and the adjoining 
wharf and other property. But over and beyond all this, a trans- 
mission of power to Buffalo, only 20 miles off, and possibly still 
further, is within the scope and design of the Central Station now 


building. 


One of the neatest and most valuable attributes of the Niagara 
Falls Power Company’s mill sites is the road of the Niagara 
Junction Railway Company. Niagara Falls is already, or is 
destined to be, one of the great railroad centres of the United 

965 


1895 


erschel 


1895 
Herschel 


Niagara Falls 


States. Two railroad bridges cross the river there, each used by 
several East and West trunk lines, and other such bridges are 
already talked of. Railroad freight rates are in competition with 
each other, and with lake and canal rates, and are to-day no 
greater from Niagara Falls to New York and to Boston, than 
they are from the established manufacturing centres of the East 
to these cities, while they are, on the other hand, very materially 
less from Niagara Falls to the great cities of the West, Southwest 
and South than they are from these same older manufacturing 
centres. The present favorable conditions will bring more manu- 
facturing into the Buffalo and Niagara Falls district, and, as such 
things always operate, will also bring in still other trunk lines of 
railroad. 

It is for the purpose of enabling the occupant of any mill-site 
of the Niagara Falls Power Company to receive cars shipped 
to him by any line of railroad entering the Buffalo—Niagara Falls 
district, and of delivering cars directly to any such railroad, that 
the Niagara Junction Railway Company was organized and the 
road built. It is an allied enterprise of the Niagara Falls Power 
Company and will do no little in furthering the growth and busi- 
ness of the new city, benefiting, in turn, all the trunk lines that 
do now or will, eventually, traverse the Niagara Falls neck of 
land between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Lake transportation, 
and transportation on the Erie canal are, however, also available 
to the occupants of these mill-sites. Many of them front directly 
on the Niagara river, where it is navigable, and none of them are 
any great distance from it. 

Tt will not be necessary to say much more on the subject of 
water connections at the Niagara mill-sites. The Niagara Falls 
Paper Company has a square wheel-pit, which is connected with 
the main tunnel tail-race by a branch tail-race, 7 feet in 
diameter. All dimensions of underground work are kept as small 
as possible at Niagara Falls, to economize rock excavation, as, for 
example, the branch tail-race just mentioned. Fall beng a com- 
modity of less than the usual value on these sites, it is economy 

966 


Industrial Niagara 


to spend some of it toward reducing cross sections. This pro- 1895 
duces high velocities. but the tail-races are built of first-class rs"! 
materials, and are set in a rock excavation. [he water used 
carries no sand, and experience has already shown that the tail- 
races line themselves with a layer of slime in spite of the great 
velocity in them. So long as this slime adheres to the brick and 
to the cement joints, there can evidently be no wear of the brick 
masonry lining. 

The wheel-pit of the Niagara Falls Power Company is a long 
slot cut in the rock, instead of a group of small wheel-pits, and 
to save excavation, though at the cost of some fall wasted, the 
wheels are set on plate-girder bridges spanning the slot, and so 
as to leave a tail-race beneath the plate girders. This tail-race, 
or bottom of the slot, is connected by a short curve with the main 
tail-race tunnel. 

The fashionable turbine of the present day, in the United 
States, is, no doubt, the twin turbine, with horizontal axis, this 
axis projecting from the wheel case, at one or both ends, and 
either driving its attached machine directly, or carrying a pulley, 
to belt from. Several attempts were made to fit this general form 
of motive power for the case in hand. 


(The remainder of the article is largely taken up with a very technical 
discussion of the turbines used at Niagara, and a comparison with turbines 
used for water power purposes in Euorpe.) 


Le Sueur, ERNEsT A. Professor Forbes on “‘ Harnessing Niagara.”” 1895 
(Pop. sci. mo., Dec., 1895. 48198-204.) Le Sueur 


A scathing review of Professor Forbes article on “Harnessing Niagara.” 
Nikola Tesla and the electrical outlook — the new development in power 1895 
transmission. (R. of R., Sept., 1895. 12:293-294.) 


An account of Tesla’s discovery of the “* rotating magnetic field.” 


. . . ~The rotating magnetic field,’ which opened the 
way to the conversion (by means of alternating, as against the 
direct current) of electrical into mechanical energy and the 
economical transmission of power through long distances. ‘This 
discovery forms the basis of the Niagara Company’s attempt to 


utilize on a large scale Niagara Falls river. 
967 


1895 
Perkins 


1895 
Pope 
& Pope 


1895 
Porter 


1895 


1895 
Stetson 


Niagara Falls 


PERKINS, FRANK C. The Niagara power transmission plant. (Elec. 
wid., Feb. 9, 1895. 25:165-167.) 


A detailed description of the transmission plant and apparatus. 


Pope, FRANKLIN LEONARD, and Pope, RALPH R. The distribution 
of electric power at Niagara. (Eng. mag., Dec., 1895. 10:407-417.) 

‘“‘A summary of some important contributions recently made to the 
problem of electrical transmission of power with special reference to the 
case of the Niagara plant.” 


PoRTER, ALBERT H. Some details of the Niagara tunnel. (Cass., 
July, 1895. 8:203-210.) 


66 


Mr. Porter was the resident engineer for the Cataract Construction 
Company until the completion of the tunnel and the preliminary work was 
done under his immediate supervision.” 

This article describes how the surface alignment for the tunnel was 
obtained, how the alignment and grade of the tunnel were maintained, the 
system of blasting used, the solution of the drainage difficulties, the timber- 
ing and lining of the tunnel. : 


Power plant of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing 
Company. (Power, Dec. 17, 1895. 15:17.) 


This description of the lower plant and equipment of the Hydraulic 
Power and Manufacturing Company is taken from the Canadian Journal 
of Commerce. 


STETSON, FRANCIS LYNDE. The use of the Niagara water power. 
(Cass., July, 1895. 8:173-192.) 

To most, the first impression, and to many the enduring impres- 
sion, is that of awe, in which the subjective mood prevails and a 
certain sense of personal danger dominates all other thoughts of 
this mighty moving flood, pouring resistlessly down through the 
gorge. . . . Danger there certainly is, and death in this resist- 
less, remorseless tide has been found and also has been sought by 
hundreds; but notwithstanding its appalling aspect, it is through 
this very sense of resistless power that the Falls speak to minds of 
great dignity and self-restraint, and lead them to observe as did 
Mr. Carter of New York, in his characteristically fine oration at 
the opening of Niagara Park, that the “ sense which responds to 
this magnificent motion ” is the “ sense of power.” 

968 


Industrial Niagara 


And why should it not be so? Nearly 6000 cubic miles of 
water, pouring down from the upper lakes with 90,000 square 
miles of reservoir area, reach this gorge of the Niagara river at a 
point where its extreme width of one mile is by islands reduced 
to two channels of only 3,800 feet. Here, in less than half a 
mile of rapids, the Niagara river falls 55 feet, and then, with a 
depth of about 20 feet at the crest of the Horse Shoe Falls, 
plunges 165 feet more into the lower river. The ordinary flow 
has been found to be about 275,000 cubic feet per second, and in 
its daily force, equal to the latent power of all the coal mined in 
the world each day — something more than 200,000 tons. 

‘This natural comparison at once suggests, as through the cen- 
tury it has invited, an estimate of this power in the terms of 
mechanics, and it has been computed by Professor Unwin that 
these falls represent theoretically seven million horse-power 
(others think more), and for practical use, without appreciable 
diminution of the natural beauty, several hundreds of thousands 
of horse-power. ‘The idea of subjecting to industrial uses some 
part of the enormous power of Niagara Falls has, since the loca- 
tion of the pioneer saw-mill in 1725, occupied the minds and 
stirred the inventive faculty of engineers, mechanics and manu- 
facturers. Early in the century, the pioneers in the locality, to 
which they then gave the name of Manchester, contemplated 
the probability, but were unable to demonstrate the practicability, 
of reducing this mighty force to obedient and useful service. 
They dwelt upon, and to some extent exploited, the idea; but 
before the development or adoption of any method promising 
satisfactory returns, steam and steam engines had _ properly 
attained such a place in the favorable estimation of manufac- 
turers that water-powers in general, and especially those incon- 
veniently situated and variable in quantity and quality, fell in 
comparative disesteem. 


No one needs much persuasion to admit that, except for the 
decided merits of water-power even in competition with steam, 
969 


1895 
Stetson 


1895 


Stetson 


Niagara Falls 


the names of Manchester, Lowell, Lawrence, Holyoke, Paterson, 
Cohoes and Minneapolis, in the United States, would possess 
nothing like their present significance. 

In view of the obvious advantages offered by water-powers 
such as these, Augustus Porter, one of the principal proprietors at 
Niagara, in 1842 proposed a considerable extension of the system 
of canals or races then employed, and in January, 1847, in con- 
nection with Peter Emslie, a civil engineer, he published a formal 
plan, which became the subject of negotiations with Walter 
Bryant and Caleb S. Woodhull, formerly Mayor of New York. 
An agreement was finally reached with these gentlemen by which 
they were to construct a canal, for which they were to receive a 
right of way, 100 feet in width, together with a certain amount 
of land at its terminus. After various interruptions, in 1861, their 
successor, Horace H. Day, completed a canal, about 35 feet in 
width, 8 feet in depth, and 4400 feet in length, by which the 
water of the upper Niagara river was brought to a basin or 
reservoir at the high bluff of the lower river, 214 feet above the 
water below. Upon the margin of this basin have been con- 
structed various mills, to whose wheels the water was conducted 
from the canal and discharged by short tunnels through the bluff 
into the river below, so that in 1885, about 10,000 horse-power, 
substantially the available capacity of the canal, was in use. 

In that year there happened to be at Niagara an able and 
experienced engineer, engaged in the State’s service in laying out 
a proposed reservation, just as nearly fifty years before he had 
been there engaged in assisting the State Geological Survey of 
Prof. James Hall, who, in his report on the Niagara river district 
for 1843, specially mentions the services of Thomas Evershed. 
During this very long interval. Mr. Evershed had been engaged 
as a public engineer, usually upon the Erie canal in that vicinity, 
and it was natural that he should be called upon to devise a 
system for the development of hydraulic power from the river 
with which his whole professional career had been associated, 
his last great work being in connection with the effort to protect 

970 


Industrial Niagara 


Niagara, in its principal character as the most magnificent and 1895 
impressive terrestrial natural object, from vandalism and utilitarian big 
desecration. ‘This protection of the natural beauty of Niagara 
was the underlying idea in his conception and development of 
his plan, which contemplated the taking of water and the develop- 
ment of power in a district more than a mile above, and out of 
sight of the Falls, with an outlet tunnel discharging inconspicu- 
ously at the river's edge below the Falls, involving the diversion 
of less than four per cent of the total flow of the river, and a 
reduction of the depth of the water at the crest of the Falls by 
less than two inches. 

After conference with Mr. Evershed, Capt. Charles B. Gaskill, 
the oldest user of power on the hydraulic canal, with seven other 
gentlemen of Niagara Falls, obtained from the Legislature of 
the State of New York, a special charter, passed March 31, 
1886, which has since been amended and enlarged by several 
successive acts. Upon July 1, 1886, Mr. Evershed issued his 
first formal plan and estimate, which was considered worthy of 
discussion in Appleton’s Cyclopaedia for 1887, where it is 
described in general terms. But, of course, the publication of 
this plan invited and encountered the demonstration of its absolute 
impracticability, as well as the improbability of the use of the 
power if developed. 


For three years the originators of the Niagara water-power 
project were engaged in convincing capitalists that it would be 
commercially profitable to undertake and complete the develop- 
ment of Mr. Evershed’s plan, and the first step necessary to be 
taken was to demonstrate the advantage of the locality. It was 
shown that the capacity of the original tunnel, about 120,000 
horse-power, would exceed the combined theoretical horse-power 
of Lawrence, Lowell, Holyoke, Turners Falls, Manchester, 
Windsor Locks, Bellows Falls and Cohoes, and would very 
largely exceed the actual developed power of all these places, 
and Augusta, Paterson and Minneapolis in addition. Consider- 


ing the further right to construct an additional tunnel of 100,000 
971 


| 


1895 
Stetson 


Niagara Falls 


horse-power on the American side, and to develop at least 
250,000 horse-power on the Canadian side, it was readily recog- 
nized how vastly this local development promised, in extent, to 
surpass the combined water-powers of almost any American 
State or section. 


e e ° 


The question of the practical importance of the Niagara power 
being settled, Mr. Atkinson’s next question arose as to the advan- 
tages of Niagara as a locality, and to this, answer was readily 
made by pointing out that there in the very heart of densest popu- 
lation, touched by nearly all the East and West trunk-lines, 
within a night’s journey of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, 
Washington, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Chicago, 
Toronto and Montreal, was a naiural port of the great lakes, 
sustained by a salubrious and fruitful country and protected by 
the orderly and established institutions and traditions of the most 
opulent and populous of the states of the Union. The existence 
of manufacturing establishments sufficient to exhaust all of the 
power then supplied by the hydraulic canal, and the subsequent 
applications for the new power, were and are the complete 
answer to the question whether, as a locality, Niagara would be 
attractive to users of power. 

But the question still remained whether water-power could be 
used successfully in competition with steam, and there are few 
places in respect of which this question can be asked with more 
deadly effect; for, in the city of Buffalo, and indeed through the 
entire length of the district lying north of Pittsburgh, good steam- 
ing coal can be obtained at less than $1.50 a ton. With coal at 
this price, it would, at first, seem impracticable to establish any 
power plant capable of operating in competition with steam. But 
a careful examination has satisfied me, at least, that with coal 
furnished free at the furnace yard, it would still be economical 
for the manufacturer to employ water-power such as that at 
Niagara. 

(The remainder of the article describes the establishment of the Cataract 
Construction Company, the formation and purposes of the International 

972 


Industrial Niagara 


Niagara Commission, and the electrical and mechanical problems 1895 
encountered in the transmission of Niagara power. ) Stetson 


THomSON, SYLVANUS P. Ublizing Niagara. (Sat. rev., Aug. 3, 1895 
1895. 134-135.) Thomson 


A sketch of pioneer work in electrical transmission, the power 
machinery, and the uses and price of Niagara power. 


Unwin, W. CAWTHOoRNE. . . . Mechanical energy and industrial 1895 
progress. (Cass., July, 1895. 8:195-200.) Unwin 


The author is “one of the best known engineers, authors and teachers 
of engineering science in England, as well as in America. He was a 
member of the International Niagara Falls Commission.” 

“Writing however on the European side of the Atlantic, it will be 
wisest,— not to say most modest,— to avoid details and to deal, in prefer- 
ence, with some general considerations bearing on the question of utilizing 
and distributing power.” 

So the author says and so he does. ‘The article is a very brief account 
of the cost of power as an item in the cost of production, and the economic 
advantage of water power over steam. According to Professor Unwin, 
“‘in the best steam engines the limit of possible economy has been nearly 
reached. . . . Nor is there much hope of considerable economy from 
the improvement of other heat engines. Short of going to Iceland, there 
is only one widely distributed, easily utilizable source of mechanical energy, 
and that is water power.” 


BURBANK, GEorRGE B. The construction of the Niagara tunnel, wheel 1395 
pit and canal. (Cass., July, 1895. 8:213-224.) Burbank 
A detailed description of the masonry lining of the tunnel, wheel pit, 
and canal by the resident consulting engineer and later chief engineer of 
the construction company. 


1896 
Cor, BEN F. Evolution of Niagara power. (Coll. w., May 28, 1896 
1e9Gr Pps h1—12.) Coe 


Sketches of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing 
Company and the Niagara Falls Power Company developments, and of 
some of the concerns using the power. 


Dumas, A. L/utilisation des chutes du Niagara pour la production de 1896 
l’energieelectrique. (Le Genre civil. Feb. 8, 1896. 28:225-228.) Dumas 


973 


1896 


Dumas 


1896 
Dunlap 


Niagara Falls 


Gives the general plan of the Niagara Falls Power Company, describes 
the system of distribution, the general electric installation, tells how the 
power developed is used near the Falls and at a distance. 


DuNLapP, ORRIN E. Calcic carbide plant at Niagara Falls. (W. elec., 
Jan. 18, 1896. 18:28—29.) 

This is a description of the first plant of its kind in America. Its 
product is used for the manufacture of acetylene gas. 

** One important feature of this plant is that an alternating current 
furnace is to be used, whereas all the other electric manufacturing plants at 
Niagara Falls use direct current.” 


DUNLAP, OrRIN E. Conveying the roar of Niagara by telephone to 
New York. (W. elec., May 30, 1896. 18:265.) 


A brief statement of the process by which the roar of Niagara Falls 
was transmitted to an electrical exposition in New York by telephone. 


DuNLapP, ORRIN E. Electric power transmission at Niagara. (W. 
elec., Feb. 8, 1896. 18:61-62.) 


An excellent popular account of the rapid progress in power develop- 
ment. 


DuNLAP, ORRIN E. The manufacture of carborundum. (Elec. 
power, Jan., 1896. 9:1-5.) 

An interesting nontechnical description of the process of making car- 
borundum in electric furnaces with Niagara power. 

DuNLapP, OrRIN E. The manufacture of chemicals by Niagara 
power. (Elec. eng., Sept. 9, 1896. 22:248-249.) 

A description of the plant and processes of the Chemical Construction 
Company. 

DUNLAP, ORRIN E.. More power at Niagara Falls. (W. elec., 
March 21, 1896. 18:133-134.) 

Whitten at the time of the erection of the third 5,000 horse-power 
generator in the central station of the Niagara Falls Power Company. 

DuNLapP, OrRIN E. New power development at Niagara Falls. 
(Cass., March, 1896. 9:484—487.) 

Description of the installation of the new plant of the Niagara Falls 
Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company. 


974 


Industrial Niagara 


DuNLap, OrrIN E. Niagara model for the electric exposition. (W. 1896 
elec., April 18, 1896. 18:181-182.) Dunlap 
A description of the model made for the electric exposition at New 
York of the upper Niagara, the city, the gorge, the Canadian shore, and 
the Niagara Power Company plant. 


DUNLAP, ORRIN E. Nikola Tesla at Niagara Falls. (W. elec., 
Aug: |, 1896: 19:55.) 


An account of Tesla’s first visit to the plant of the Niagara Falls 
Power Company and his impressions. 


DUNLAP, ORRIN E. Old hydraulic canal plant at Niagara Falls 
transformed for electric transmission. (W. elec., Dec. 5, 1896. 19: 
273-274.) 

‘An account of the changes and improvements made in the canal prop- 
erty by the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Com- 
pany, especially during the construction of its new plant at the water's 
edge. 


DUNLAP, ORRIN E. One year of electric power transmission at 
Niagara Falls. (W. elec., April 4, 1896. 18:163.) 


A review of the achievements of the first year. 


DUNLAP, ORRIN E. Transmission of Niagara power to Buffalo. 
(Elec. eng., Oct. 28, 1896. 22:413-415.) 


A description of the construction of this important transmission line. 


The gorge road at Niagara. (Sci. Am., March 28, 1896. 74: 1896 
193-199.) 


Account of this road being run by Niagara power from the Niagara 
Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company. 


MArTIN, THomMAS COMMERFORD. Niagara on tap. (Jour., Frank. 1896 
inst. Oct. & Nov., 1896. 142:287-302 and 354-366.) Martin 


A lecture delivered before the institute January 3, 1896. 


Martin, THoMAS COMMERFORD. ‘The utilization of Niagara. 
(Printed in Proc. of Royal Inst. of Gr. Br. 15:269-279.) 


““ Read at extra evening meeting of Royal Institution of Great Britain, 
June 19, 1896.” From the extract quoted below are omitted some of 
the purely technical descriptions. 

975 


1896 
Martin 


Niagara Falls 


The broad idea of the utilisation of Niagara is by no means 
new, for even as early as 1725, while the thick woods of pine and 
oak were still haunted by the stealthy redskin, a miniature saw- 
mill was set up amid the roaring water. The first systematic effort 
to harness Niagara was not made until nearly one hundred and 
fifty years later, when the present hydraulic canal was dug and 
the mills were set up which disfigure the banks just below the 
stately falls. It was long obvious that even an enormous extension 
of this surface canal system would not answer for the proper 
utilisation of the illimitable energy contained in a vast stream of 
such lofty fall as that of Niagara. 

Niagara is the point at which are discharged, through two 
narrowing precipitous channels only 3,800 feet wide and 160 feet 
high, the contents of 6,000 cubic miles of water, with a reservoir 
area of 90,000 square miles draining 300,000 square miles of 
territory. The ordinary overspill of this Atlantic set on edge has 
been determined to be equal to about 275,000 cubic feet per 
second, and the quantity passing is estimated as high as 100,000,- 
OOO tons of water per hour. 

Between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario there is a total 
difereees of level of 300 feet (fig. 1,), and the amount of 
power represented by the water at the falls has been estimated 
on different bases from 6,750,000, horsepower up to not less 
than 16,800,000 horsepower, the latter being a rough calcula- 
tion of Sir William Siemens, who, in 1877, was the first to sug- 
gest the use of electricity as the modern and feasible agent of 
converting into useful power some of this majestic but squandered 
energy. 

It may be noted that the water passing out at Niagara is 
wonderfully pure and “ soft,” contrasting strongly, therefore, 
with the other body of water, turbid and gritty that flows from 
the north out through the banks of the Mississippi. The annual 
recession of the American Fall, of 7! inches, and of the Horse- 
shoe, of 2.18 feet, would probably have been much greater had 
the water been less limpid. 


976 


Industrial Niagara 


It was Mr. Thomas Evershed, an American civil engineer, 1896 
who unfolded the plan of diverting part of the stream at a con- Mattia 
siderable distance above the falls, so that no natural beauty 
would be interfered with, while an enormous amount of power 
would be obtained with a very slight reduction in the volume of 
the stream at the crest of the falls. . . 

The time honored plan in water-power utilisation has been to 
string factories along a canal of considerable length, with but a 
short tail race. At Niagara the plan now brought under notice is 
that of a short canal with a very long tail race. The use of elec- 
tricity for distributing the power allows the factories to be placed 
away from the canal, and in any location that may appear 
specially desirable or advantageous. 

The perfected and concentrated E:vershed scheme comprises a 
short surface canal 250 feet wide at its mouth, 114 miles above 
the falls, far beyond the outlying Three Sisters Islands, with an 
intake inclined obliquely to the Niagara River. This canal 
extends inwardly 1,700 feet, and has an average depth of some 
12 feet, thus holding water adequate to the development of about 
100,000 horse-power. The mouth of the canal is 600 feet from 
the shore line proper, and considerable work was necessary in its 
protection and excavation. The bed is now of clay, and the side 
walls are of solid masonry 17 feet high, 8 feet at the base, and 
3 feet at the top. The northeastern side of the canal is occupied 
by a power house, and is pierced by ten inlets guarded by sentinel 
gates, each being the separate entrance to a wheel pit in the power 
house, where the water is used and the power is secured. The 
water as quickly as used is carried off by a tunnel to the Niagara 
River again. 

The massive canal power house is a handsome building, 
designed by Stanford White, and likely to stand until Niagara, 
spendthrift fashion, has consumed its way backward, through its 
own crumbling strata of shale and limestone, to the base of it. 
This building is outwardly of hard limestone and inwardly of 
enamel brick and ordinary brick coated with white enamel paint. 


62 977 


1896 
Martin 


Niagara Falls 


It is 200 feet in length at present, and has a 50-ton Seilers elec- 
tric traveling crane for the placing of machinery and the handling 
of any parts that need repair. 


It is a curious fact that the proposal to transmit the energy of 
Niagara long distance over wire should have been regarded with 
so much doubt and scepticism, and that the courageous backers 
of the enterprise should have needed time to demonstrate that they 
were neither knaves nor fools, but simply brave, far-seeing 
MEDS a esos 
We must not overlook some of the fantastic schemes proposed 
for transmitting the power of Niagara before electricity was 
adopted. One of them was to hitch the turbines to a big steel 
shaft running through New York State from east to west, so that 
where the shaft passed a town or factory all you had to do was 
to hitch on a belt or some gear wheels, and thus take off all the 
power wanted. Not much less expensive was the plan to have a 
big tube from New York to Chicago, with Niagara Falls at the 
center, and with the Niagara turbines hitched to a monster air 
compressor, which should compress the air under 250 pounds 
pressure to the square inch in the tube. 

So far as actual electrical long-distance transmission from 
Niagara is concerned, it can only be said to be in the embryonic 
stage, for the sole reason that for nearly a year past the Power 
Company has been unable to get into Buffalo, and that not until 
last year was it able to arrive at acceptable conditions, satisfactory 
to itself and to the city. Work is now being pushed, and by June, 
1897. power from the Falls will, by contract with the city be in 
regular delivery to the local consumption circuits at Buffalo. 
Recent official investigations have shown that steam power in 
large bulk costs today in Buffalo £10 per year per horsepower 
and upward. Evidently Niagara power, starting at £2 on the 
turbine shaft or say less than £4 on the line, has a good margin 
for effective competition with steam in Buffalo. 

What this enterprise at Niagara aims to do is not to monopolise 

978 


Industrial Niagara 


the power but to distribute it, and it makes Niagara, more than it 1896 
ever was before, common property. After all is said and done," 
very few people ever see the falls, and then only for a chance 
holiday once in a lifetime; but now the useful energy of the 
cataract is made cheaply and immediately available every day in 
the year to hundreds and thousands, even millions of people, in an 
endless variety of ways. 

We must not omit from our survey the Erie Canal, in the 
revival and greater utilisation of which as an important highway 
of commerce Niagara power is expected to play no mean part. 
In competition with the steam railway, canals have suffered greatly 
the last fifty years. In the United States, out of 4,468 miles of 
canal built at a cost of £40,000,000 about one-half has been 
abandoned and not much of the rest pays expenses. Yet the canals 
have enormous carrying capacity, and a single boat will hold as 
much as twenty freight cars. “he New York State authorities 
have agreed to conditions by which Niagara energy can be used 
to propel the canal boats at the rate of £4 per horsepower 
year. Where steamboat haulage for 242 tons of freight now 
costs about 6!/od. a boat mile, it is estimated that electric haul- 
age will cost not to exceed 514d., while with the energy from 
Niagara at only £4 per horsepower per year it will cost much 
less. Some two years ago the first attempt was made in the 
United States on the Erie Canal with the canal boat “F. W. 
Hawley,” when the trolley system was used with the motor on the 
boat as it is on an electric car, driving the propellor as if it were 
the car wheels. Another plan is that of hauling the boat from 
the towpath, and that is what is now being done with the electric 
system of Mr. Richard Lamb on the Erie canal at Tonawanda, 
near Niagara. Imagine an elevator shaft working lengthwise 
instead of vertically. There is placed on poles a heavy fixed 
cable on which the motor truck rests, and a lighter traction cable 
is also strung that is taken up and paid out by a sheave as the 
motor propels itself along and pulls the canal boat to which it is 
attached. If the boats come from opposite directions they simply 

979 


1896 
Martin 


1896 


1896 


1896 


Niagara Falls 


exchange motors, just as they might mules or locomotives, and go 
on without delay. 

The American company has also preempted the great utilisa- 
tion of the Canadian share of Niagara’s energy. ‘The plan for 
this work proposes the erection of two power houses of a total 
ultimate capacity of 125,000 horsepower. Each power house is 
fed by its own canal and is therefore an independent unit. Owing 
to the better lay of the land, the tunnels carrying off the water 
discharged from the turbines on the Canadian side will have 
lengths respectively of only 300 and 800 feet, thus avoiding the 
extreme length and cost unavoidable on the American side. With 
both the Canadian and American plants fully developed, no less 
than 350,000 horsepower will be available. The stationary 
engines now in use in New York State represent only 500,000 
horsepower. Yet the 350,000 horsepower are but one twentieth 
of the 7,000,000 horsepower which Professor Unwin has esti- 
mated the falls to represent theoretically. If the 350,000 horse- 
power were estimated at £4 per year per horsepower, and should 
replace the same amount of steam power at £10 the annual saving 
for power in New York State alone would be more than 


£2,000,000 per year. 


MarTIN, THOMAS COMMERFORD. The utilization of Niagara. (Ann. 
rep ts Smith. inst. 1896. 51:pt. 1, 223-232.) 


The new water power development below Niagara Falls. (Eng. news, 


Mar. 26, 1896. 35:201.) 


A description of the new plant of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power 
and Manufacturing Company. 


Niagara Falls hydraulic power plant. (Sci. Am., Apmil 4, 1896. 
74:215.) 


Description of the turbine water wheels. 


Power interests at Niagara Falls. (W. elec., Mar. 14, 1896. 
18:127.) 
Editorial on proposed legislation in favor of the power companies and 
regarding power transmission from Canada. 
980 


Industrial Niagara 


RepPLOGLE, Mark A. Electricity and water power and their inter- 1896 
relations; a popular treatise. N. Y.: Elec. Rev. Pub. Co. 1896. Replogle 
Pp. 132-146. 


‘The whole book is wnitten in popular style and contains one chapter on 
* The Greatest of Electric Water Power Propositions, Niagara Falls.” 


RICHARDSON, ALEX. Niagara Falls and water-power. Good words, 1896 
(Lond.) Mar., 1896. Pp. 183-189.) Richardson 


A brief description of the Niagara works. There is much digression 
about the small power developments in various parts of Great Britain. 


Trolley to cross Niagara. (St. ry. rev., Feb. 15, 1896. 6:109.) 1896 


The writer of this article believes this railroad project to be the ‘ most 
marked effect yet seen of the electric development at Niagara.” 


Tutte, W. E. Electricity at Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld., Mar. 7, 1896 
1896. 27:256.) Tuttle 


A description of a new plant under construction by the Niagara Falls 
Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company which it was thought 
would produce the cheapest power for the money invested of any plant 
in this country. 


Woop, DE Voxtson. A turbine of the Niagara power company. 1896 
(Am. mach., Jan. 23, 1896. 19:106—-107.) Wood 


The possibilities of a large turbine of the Fourneyron type based upon 
data supplied by Professor Coleman Sellers. 


(The) Niagara Falls electric power plant. (Sci. Am., Jan. 25. 1896 
1896. 74:55.) 


*“A description of the power house with its water connections and 
electric plant. The illustrations show the relation of the surface canal, 
which takes water from the Niagara River above the falls, to the power 
house.” 


Niagara power for the Buffalo railway system. (St. ry. jour., Dec., 1896 
1896. 12:772-775.) 

A description of the methods by which Niagara power is supplied to 
the Buffalo railway system. 


1897 
AUBERT, F. Transport de force par |’électricité des chutes du Niagara 1897 
4 Buffalo. (Le Genre Civil. July 24, 1897. 31:201-202.) Aubert 


Description of the transmission line, the transformers, etc. 
981 


1897 
Blanchard 


1897 


Cazin 


1897 
Dunlap 


1897 


1897 


Niagara Falls 


BLANCHARD, FRANK LERoy. Niagara power at Buffalo. (Harp. 
w., June 5, 1897. 41:569-570.) 


An account of “ how the electric current is brought over the twenty-six 
miles of wire to Buffalo.” 


Cazin, F. M. F. Niagara power. (Elec. wld., July 17, 1897. 
30:72-74.) 

According to the author, the purpose of his paper “is to discuss the 
features of power absorption from the falling waters as actually prac- 
tised, and to indicate a line for improved methods and machinery.” 


DUNLAP, ORRIN E. Additional power facilities at Niagara Falls. 
(CW. elec., Nov. 27, 1897. 21:299-301.) 


Account of the enlargement of the existing plants on the American side, 
and the Canadian projects. 


DuNLapP, ORRIN E. The extension of the power plant of the Niagara 
Falls power company. (Eng. news, Oct. 14, 1897. 38:242.) 

The extension of the wheel pit and erection of the new power house 
described with special reference to new methods employed. 


DUNLAP, ORRIN E. Lord Kelvin and the Niagara power trans- 
mission. (Elec. eng., Aug. 26, 1897.) 


An account of an interview with Lord Kelvin, the president of the 
International Niagara Commission. 


DuNLAapP, ORRIN E. Power transmission from Niagara Falls. (Cass., 
Jan., 1897. 11:197—204.) 


An account of the Niagara—Buffalo transmission line. According to 
Mr. Dunlap, “‘it is probable that no pole line was ever better constructed 
than that from Niagara Falls to Buffalo.” The article, which is non- 
technical, descriptive and historical, may also be found in the Journal 
of the Western Society of Engineers, January, 1897, vol. 2, pages 80-84. 


(The) Electric features of Niagara. (Elec. wld., June 5, 1897. 
29:719-734.) 


Contains a number of articles and views on transmission, power and 
its applications. 


(The) Electric railways of the Niagara river region. (St. ry. jour., 
Oct., 1897. 13:585-611.) 


A full account of the way in which Niagara electric railways are using 
Niagara Falls power. 
982 


Industrial Niagara 


Electrical development at Niagara Falls. The new wheel-pit. (Elec. 1897 
rev., April 14, 1897. 30:169-170.) 


Account of the Niagara Falls Power Company’s extension. 


Electricity at Niagara Falls. (Am. elec., June, 1897. 9:211-219.) 1897 


“A profusely illustrated article on the present state of the various elec- 
trical industries at Niagara. 


** The subject of this article is perhaps the most hackneyed in the entire 
range of periodical literature; indeed, it would be difficult to find a com- 
mercial development in any branch of industry which has been more 
exhaustively described. In what follows therefore, no attempt will be 
made to give the usual journalistic descriptions, but instead a brief and 
concise review will be presented of the present situation at Niagara with 
respect to electrical development, with particular reference to the newest 
applications and to details of operation.” 


Electro-chemistry at Niagara Falls. (Pub. opin., July 22, 1897. 1897 
23:111.) 


An excerpt from an article on this subject by Frederick Overbury in 
the July number of Cassier’s Magazine. 


(The) Falls harnessed. (St. ry. jour., Oct. 15, 1897. 7:660-668.) 1897 


A historical study of two of the power companies at the Falls. 


FITZGERALD, FrRANcIs A. ‘The manufacture and development of 1897 
carborundum at Niagara Falls. (Jour. Frank. inst. Feb. 1897, Fitzgerald 
143:80-96.) 


An interesting lecture by the chemical engineer of the carborundum 
works, delivered before the Franklin institute, December 11, 1896, and 
dealing with the evolution of the carborundum furnace, the process, and 
the uses and advantages of carborundum. According to Mr. Fitzgerald 
the carborundum industry “stands as a conspicuous illustration of the 
possibilities of the electric furnace as the source of hitherto unknown and 
valuable products.” 


HAskIN, J. R. The Niagara Falls and Lewiston railway. (Elec. 1897 
wid., June 5, 1897. 29:725.) Haskin 


An account of the building of the road, the difficulties encountered, the 
equipment, and the use of Niagara Falls power. 


983 


1897 


1897 


1897 


1897 


1897 


1897 


Niagara Falls 


Local distribution of the cataract power at Niagara Falls. (Elec. eng., 


Feb. 10, 1897. 72321539 


Contains a map showing the location of factories using the Niagara 
Falls Power Company’s power at Niagara Falls. 


New uses for Niagara power. (Elec. eng., June 23, 1897. 23:729.) 


Account of power from Niagara used for elevators in Buffalo. 


(The) Niagara—Buffalo transmission line. (Elec. rev., June 23, 
30, 1897. 30:298—310.) 


Read before the National Electric Light Association June 9, 1897, 
by J. G. White. 


(The) Niagara—Buffalo transmission line. (Elec. rev., July 7, 14, 
1897." 31-4; 16217.) 


Read before the National Electric Light Association June 9, 1897, 
by J. G. White. (Concluded from vol. 30, p. 310.) 


Niagara Falls hydraulic power and manufacturing company. (Elec. 


wid., June 5, 1897. 29:730.) 


The tremendous impetus that has been given to the operations 
of this company by the installation of electrical apparatus is worthy 
of note. For nearly forty years, nothing was done with the 
gigantic power available at the point where their works are 
located other than the grinding of flour, and the manufacture of 
paper by the Cliff Paper Company. Now that electric trans- 
mission has added a new means to those at the disposal of 
engineers this plant has increased greatly in size and is already a 
formidable competitor to the Niagara Falls Power Company, 
which operates the hydraulic tunnel. 


(The) Niagara Falls power company. (Elec. wld., June 5, 1897. 
29:721-723.) 


Perhaps no plant has ever been so much and so fully described 


as that of the Niagara Falls Power Company. ‘The colossal 
hydraulic developments which were undertaken to supply power 


for the generation of electric current on a scale hitherto unknown, 
the enormous machinery which was installed, the serious attempt 


984 


!ndustrial Niagara 


to transmit a very great power to a considerable distance, and the 
discussion by electricians the world over of the problems involved 
in its construction, have all contributed to make it the most inter- 
testing development of the electric arts. 


Niagara power. (Elec. rev., July 7, 1897. 31:10.) 


A lecture delivered before the National Electric Light Association at 
Niagara Falls June 9, 1897, by L. B. Stillwell. He calls Niagara “a 
great solar engine,” and deals with the actual and potential types of trans- 
mission and its limitations. 


Niagara power in Buffalo. (Elec. rev., Dec. 29, 1897. 31:309.) 


Two of the largest grain elevators in the world, built in 
Buffalo, New York, during the summer, at a cost of nearly 
$1,000,000 are now successfully using vast quantities of the new 
Niagara Falls power, and within a few weeks, and as soon as 
the necessary electric machinery can be installed, the wheels and 
machinery of the Union Drydock, one of the leading shipbuilding 
plants on the Great Lakes, will also be turned by the Falls cur- 
rent. . . . The Great Northern Elevator receives 1,000 
horse-power and the new Electric Elevator 450 horse-power, 
while the Union Drydock Company will use between 500 and 
1,000 horse-power. 


Calcium carbide. (Elec. wid., June 5, 1897. 29:733-734.) 


A feature of peculiar interest in connection with this process 
for the manufacture of the so-called rival to the incandescent 
light is that the calcium carbide, upon which its commercial 
manufacture largely depends, is the product of the electric 
furnace, and can only be commercially manufactured by the aid 
of electricity. 


KENNEDY, WILLIAM, JR. Canadian water powers. With special 


1897 


1897 


1897 


1897 


1897 


reference to the utilization for electrical purposes. (British assoc. for the Kennedy 


advancement of science. Toronto meeting, 1897. Handbook of Canada. 


Toronto: 1897. Chap. 8, pp. 385-387.) 
A bnef consideration of the charter and equipment of the Canadian 
Niagara Power Company projects. 
685 


1897 


1897 
Overbury 


1897 
Rankine 


1897 
White 


1898 
Dunlap 


1898 
Foster 


1898 
Knight 


Niagara Falls 


Lord Kelvin’s views on Niagara development. (W. elec., Aug. 21, 
1897. 21:109.) 


Lord Kelvin visited the Falls in August, 1897, and this article is the 
summary of the views he expressed at that time, as prepared for the West- 
ern Electrician by its Niagara correspondent. 


OVERBURY, FREDERICK. Electro-chemistry at Niagara Falls. (Cass., 
July, 1897; ° 122227=230) 


Has special reference to the Chemical Construction Company, manu- 
facturers of chlorate of potash. 

RANKINE, WILLIAM B. The accomplished utilization of Niagara. 
(Elec. eng., Jan: 6,°1697. | 23:21.) 


Written by the secretary of the Niagara Power Company. It calls 
for more power and gives a list of contracts for power up to November, 


1896, totaling 25,625 horse power. 
Wuite, J. G. The electric power transmission line between Niagara 
Falls and Buffalo. (St. ry. jour., July, 1897. 13:425-427.) 
A popular account of the construction of this famous power trans- 
mission line. 
1898 


DUNLAP, ORRIN E. Developing power of lower Niagara. (W. elec., 
June 18, 1898. 22:360.) 


Five plans for the development of power at the rapids of the lower river. 


Foster, Horatio A. Niagara power in Buffalo. (W. elec., Jan. 8, 
1898. ‘22:26—-27.) 


A discussion of the development, distribution, and cost of Niagara 
power together with other questions. 


(A) Great power house at Niagara. (Sci. Am., June 18, 1898. 
78:393-394.) 


A full and rather technical description of recent power developments 


at the Falls. 


KNIGHT, S. S. The new twenty-five hundred horse power turbines at 
Niagara. (Sci. Am., Dec. 10, 1898. 79:373-374.) 


A description of the Geyelin—Johval horizontal axis turbines which had 
just been installed. 


986 


Industrial Niagara 


1899 
(The) Power of Niagara. (Pub. opin., Sept. 7, 1899. 27:303.) 1899 


Editorial comment on figures from the London Times showing the 
amount of power drawn by factories served by the Niagara Falls Power 
Company. 


BIRKINBINE, JOHN. Proposed water-power improvement in the gorge 1899 
of the Niagara River, New York. (Proc. eng. club, Phila. Jan., Birkinbine 
1899. 16:38—45.) 

Outlines of a plan for diverting a portion of the river into a canal to 
deliver 10,000 cubic feet per second at a moderate velocity for the pro- 
duction of 35,000 horse power. 


(The) Birkinbine plan for utilizing Niagara gorge power. (Elec. eng., 1899 
N. Y. Feb. 9, 1899.) 


(The) Canadian power plant. (Elec. wld. Jan. 14, 1899. 1899 
33:47-49.) 

A description of the installation of the plant with views of the machinery. 
The article states that “ on the Canadian side of the river there is but one 
hydraulic power plant in operation, supplying power to the lines of the 
Niagara Falls Park and River Railway Company and equipped also with 
two generators belonging to the Canadian—Niagara Power Company.” 


Henry, GEorGES. Utilisation des chutes du Niagara. Etat actual 1899 
des installations hydro-électriques. (Le Genre Civil. June 17, 1899. Henry 
S5)101=105.) 

Description of the building, the wheel pit, the turbines, lubrication, elec- 


trical matters, the capacity and the conclusions to be drawn. 


(The) Hydraulic features of Niagara power. (Elec. wld., Jan. 14, 1899 
1899.) 


Editorial summary of various plans for the hydraulic equipment. 


JOHNSON, WALLACE C. Power development at Niagara Falls other 1899 
than that of the Niagara Power Company. (Jour. ass’n eng. soc. Aug., Johnson 
1899. 23:78-90.) 


A paper read in 1896 and dealing with early power developments. 


(The) Power plant of the Niagara Falls hydraulic power and manu- 1899 
facturing company. (Elec. wid., Jan. 14, 1899. 33:43-46.) 


987 


1899 


1899 
Rafter 


1899 
Woodbridge 


Niagara Falls 


Description of the machinery and system of this plant, which “‘is laid 
out on more conservative lines than that of its neighbor up the river, and 
is certainly subject to far lower fixed charges per kilowatt output.” 


RAFTER, GEORGE W. Water resources of the State of New York. 
Pt. 2. (Water-supply and irrigation papers of the U. S. Grolegics: sur- 
vey, No. 25. Wash.: 1899. Pp. 135-143.) 


A short discussion of the history of power development at Niagara Falls, 
with special reference to the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manu- 
facturing Company and the Niagara Falls Power Company. _ Illustrated 
with views and diagrams. 


WooppripceE, J. E. The Niagara Falls power plant. (Elec. wld., 
Jani7 51899.) 33-3257) 


Gives a full description of the plant,—the superstructure, the wheel 
pits, the hydraulic passages, the turbines, the oiling system, the governors, 
the electrical generators, the switchboards, the exciters, the lines, the 
transformers, and the loads. 


No better proof of the success of the original installation from 
a mechanical and electrical standpoint can be offered than the 
absence of any important changes in the recent additions. “These 
have been made, as the above description shows, with only detail 
modifications, not for the purpose of rendering the whole installa- 
tion uniform but solely because the original general plan was 
found to be the best one. A consideration of the state of the 
art at the time the main features of the original plant were settled, 
namely, 1890 and 1891, will show the remarkable foresight of 
the members of the original commission. Multiphase work was 
absolutely unknown in this country; the only alternating-current 
apparatus consisted of small single-phase belted machines, never 
run in parallel and never running motors. There were no records 
of experience from which to draw conclusions as to the relative 
merits of two-phase or three-phase systems, as to the proper 
frequency within limits of 10 to 100 cycles per second; there 
was no available data on the difficulties to be anticipated with 
high voltages other than that of the Lauffen-Frankfurt test 
transmission which carried, comparatively speaking, a very small 


988 


Industrial Niagara 


amount of power and that with considerable trouble. The size 
of the units adopted was far greater than anything ever before 
attempted. The type was absolutely new, the peripheral speed 
was extremely high, the weight of the rotating parts was many 
times greater than that of any machinery previously built on ver- 
tical shafts, and the speed of rotation was high. The daring 
nature of the undertaking was only equalled by the care with 
which the best expert advice to be obtained the world over was 
considered and made use of. One remarkable feature of the 
plant as a whole is the fact that the changes in the electrical equip- 
ment have been, as a rule, far less than those of the hydraulic, 
and in the two new machines which will soon be contracted for 
there will be absolutely no changes from the last five, while the 
new turbines will be subject to several modifications. 


1900 
Cheap electricity for all. (Conservation Commission of the State of 
New York. N. d.) 


A tiny pamphlet on the undeveloped hydraulic power in the State of 
New York, including that at Niagara, pointing out the advantages which 
would accrue from vesting the water powers of the State in the hands of a 
commission similar to the Hydro-Electric Commission of Ontario. 


G. H. Installation Hydro-électrique des chutes du Niagara. Nouveaux 
développements. (Le Genre Civil. Mar. 3, 1900. 26:280-302.) 

Describes the changes in development and in the mode of exploitation. 

Niagara Falls industrial number. (Sci. Am. supp., Mar. 3, 1900. 
49 :20207-—20220.) 

A number devoted to the history, geology and industries of Niagara 
Falls. 


La nouvelle fosse aux turbines d |’usine hydro-électrique de Ja Niagara 
Falls power company a Niagara Falls. (Le Genre Civil. June 16, 1900. 
3721235) 

Niagara power. (Cur. lit, Aug., 1900. 29:127-128.) 

A brief but lucid article abridged from the New York Evening Post, 


explaining how the use of Niagara power became possible. 


989 


1899 
Woodbridge 


1900 


1900 
GH: 


1900 


1900 


1900 


1900 


1900 


1900 
Woodbridge 


1901 
Andrews 


1901 
Buck 


Niagara Falls 
Pioneer work at Niagara. (Am. elec., Jan., 1900. 12:38.) 


Editorial on new problems presented and solved. 


Power of the flood. (Cur. lit., Aug., 1900. 29:127-128.) 

An editorial on the utilization of Niagara power and the futility of 
trying to popularize electrical science. 

WooppsripcE, J. E. The development and extension of the Niagara 
power system up to date. (Am. elec., Jan., 1900. 12:1-20.) 


An account “replete with valuable illustrations and information on 
the most advanced developments of polyphase work.” 


1901 
ANDREWS, WILLIAM C. How Niagara has been “harnessed.” 
(R. of R., June, 1901. 23:694-697.) 


A clear and interesting sketch of the history of the Niagara Falls Power 
Company together with a description of its equipment, the difficulties and 
problems of power transmission, and the uses of the power developed. 


Buck, Harotp W. Niagara Falls power. (Cass., May, 1901. 
20:3—20.) 

In this article Mr. Buck gives the history of power development at 
Niagara since 1895, the present capacity of the power house of the 
Niagara Falls Power Company, the classes of service, the various indus- 
tries supplied, the amount and kind of power used and the probable future 
lines of development. In a word, the status of power distribution from 
the power house of the Niagara Falls Power Company in 1901 and the 
probable lines of development in the future. 


Probably more has been wirtten about electric power develop- 
ment at Niagara Falls than about any other power plant in the 
world, partly because it is the largest electric plant in operation, 
involving. remarkable features of hydraulic and electrical engineer- 
ing, and partly also because the power is furnished by the most 
famous waterfall in existence. Few, however, are familiar with 
the remarkable growth, during the past few years, of the indus- 
trial system which receives its supply of energy from the Niagara 
generators, and it is the purpose of this article to outline the many 


990 


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Industrial Niagara 


uses to which the power has already been applied and the 1901 
engineering methods by which it has been accomplished. Bach 

In electrical engineering to-day a polyphase alternating-current 
system is considered the only rational system to install for general 
power distribution. “Ten years ago, however, at the beginnings 
of the Niagara power enterprise, the application of energy to 
industrial uses was on a basis quite different from that of to-day, 
and the only factories which could be considered available as 
customers for such a power development were those who required 
on their premises mechanical, and not electrical, power. Conse- 
quently, schemes suggested then, which now seem somewhat fan- 
tastic, for transmitting power from the Falls by compressed air 
and various other means, deserved, at that time, more serious con- 
sideration. ‘The arts of electric lighting, electric traction, and, 
above all, electro-chemistry, were only just beginning, and had 
not assumed the vast proportions of the present time, so that trans- 
mission of Niagara power by electrical methods did not have the 
arguments in its favor that it has now. To-day the large majority 
of the users of Niagara power are those who require on their 
premises not mechanical power, but electrical current for lighting, 
smelting, electrolysis, or traction. 

Considering this, it is remarkable that, at that time, in spite of 
the undeveloped state of electrical engineering and the prejudice 
existing against the alternating current, the engineers connected 
with the Niagara enterprise should have had foresight enough to 
select for the power plant the polyphase system, which stands 
to-day as modern and meets every requirement of the latest 
developments in the application of energy to industry. Every 
user of Niagara power requires his current delivered in some 
special form, and it is here that the flexibility of the low fre- 
quency, polyphase, alternating-current system demonstrates its 
value. 


DUNLAP, ORRIN E. The wonderful story of the chaining of Niagara. 1901 
(Wld’s work, Aug., 1901. 2:1052-1054.) Dunlap 


. 991 


1901 
G. H. 


1801 


1901 
Hartt 


1961 


1901 


1901 


1901 


Stillwell 


1901 
Weeks 


Niagara Falls 


G. H. La nouvelle fossé aux turbines de la Niagara Falls power 
company. (Le Genre Civil. May 11, 1901. 39:26.) 
Describes the existing installation and the new installation after an 


account in the Engineering Record. 


General Electric Company. Niagara power on the street railways of 
Buffalo and vicinity. Schenectady: 1901. 

The largest utilization of water power for street railway pur- 
poses in the world is that of the International Traction Company, 
of Buffalo, New York. 

Practically all this system is now operated by electric power 
derived from the power plant of the Niagara Falls Power 
Company. 

Hartt, Roiuin Lynpe. The new Niagara. (McClure, May, 
1901. 17:78—-84. 


An interesting and graphic account of the significance of Niagara power 
in industry telling how the Falls made vassals of the producers of the 
West and turned what had been a market into a factory. 


The new power transmission line. (Eng. news, Jan. 17, 1901. 


45:51.) 

Details in which the second Niagara Falls—Buffalo line differed from 
the old one. 

The new wheelpit of the Niagara Falls power company. (Eng. rec., 
Feb. 16, 1901. 43:150-151.) 

A description of the wheel pit, tunnel and cofferdam. 


Niagara River development. (Sci. Am., Oct. 12, 1901. 85-230.) 


Preparations for Canadian power development. 


STILLWELL, Lewis B. The electric transmission of power from 
Niagara Falls. (Trans. Am. inst. elec. engrs. Buffalo: Aug. 23, 1901. 
17:445-544.) 


The problems presented, the system adopted, the apparatus used, the 
new pole line and the terminal house and its equipment. 


WEEks, ARTHUR B. Recent developments at the Niagara Falls 
power plant. (Sci. Am., Apr. 13, 1901. 84-229.) 


992 


Industrial Niagara 


“A rather technical description of the most important mechanical devices 1901 
in use at the Niagara Falls power plant,’’ with special reference to the Weeks 
aluminum transmission line by which electric current will be sent to the 
Pan-American Exposition. 


1902 
BARTON, PHitip P. Niagara Falls power. (Cass., Jan., 1902. 1902 
21:179-205.) Barton 


A\n interesting article by the superintendent of the operating department, 
describing the organization of the operating department, the problems and 
principles involved, and the importance of the work. 


Bowman, A. A. Power development at Niagara Falls. (Can. eng., 1902 
Nov., 1902. 9:295—297.) Bowman 
Description of the Niagara Falls Power Company’s plant and that of 
the Canadian—Niagara Power Company. 


Buck, Haro_p W. ‘The new generating plants of the Niagara Falls 1902 
power company. (Trans. Am. inst. elec. engrs. Great Barrington, Buck 
Mass.: June 18, 1902. 19:765-780.) 

Account of the generators, exciter plant, and main switchboard of the 


Canadian plant. 


Buck, Haro_p W. The new generating plants of the Niagara Falls 
power company. (Eng. news, July 3, 1902. 48:9-11.) 


Canadian—Niagara power company’s development. (Can. eng., Nov., 1992 
1902. 9:290-292.) 

Description of the tunnel, canal, cofferdam, penstocks, wheel pit and 
power house. 


DuNLapP, ORRIN E. The new plant of the Canadian Niagara Falls 1902 
company. (Sci. Am., Dec. 6, 1902. 87:375-376.) Dunlap 


Description and views. 


DuNLaP, ORRIN E. Power development on the Canadian side of 
Niagara Falls. (Eng. news, Dec. 11, 1902. 48:490-491.) 


The work of the Canadian-Niagara Power Company and the develop- 
ment of the Ontario Power Company described. 


FAWCETT, WALDEN. ‘The new Niagara. (Am. mf. and ir. wid., 1902 
Dec. 25, 1902. Pp. 717-720.) Faweett 


63 993 


1902 


Fawcett 


1902 


1902 


1903 
Brush 


1903 
Buck 


Niagara Falls 


That the eyes of the engineering world are now turned upon 
the “new Niagara’”’ as it has been appropriately designated, is 
due in great measure to the fact that electric power transmission 
at Niagara Falls has been the largest and most conspicuous of its 
kind anywhere and moreover the operations on the Niagara 
frontier are in every respect typical of those conducted in other 
sections of the country where water power is abundant. 


Considered in the aggregate the power development in the 
vicinity of the great cataract is impressive in its magnitude. 
Already the capital invested amounts to $32,500,000, and a 
number of the projects are yet far from consummation. 

Further development of Niagara Falls power. (Sci. Am., Oct. I1, 
1902. 87:234.) 

Editorial notice of the Canadian—Niagara Power Company’s develop- 
ment and of station no. 2 of the Niagara Falls Power Company. 

Niagara Falls as an electro-chemical center. (Cur. lit., June, 1902. 
32:728-729.) 

An abstract of a lecture by Joseph W. Richards giving a brief history 
of electro-chemical enterprises at the Falls. Taken from the Age of 
Steel. 

1903 


BrusH, HARLAN W. Development of Niagara power. (Consular 
rep'ts. Mar., 1903. Vol. 71, No. 270, pp. 448-450.) 


The author, who was United States consul at Niagara Falls, Ontario, 
takes up especially the Canadian enterprises. . He gives evidence to show 
that the flow is not affected by the power plants. 


BrusH, HARLAN W. Electric power at Niagara. (Sci. Am. supp., 
Jan. 24, 1903. 55:22633-34,) 

A reprint from the United States consular reports. 

Buck, HaroL_p W. Recent developments in Niagara power. (Cass., 
Dec., 1903. 25:104—115.) 


An illustrated description of the plants and a list of the customers of 
the Niagara Falls Power Company by the company’s electrical engineer. 


994 


Industrial Niagara 


Canadian electrical development at Niagara. (Eng. (Lond.), Aug. 7, 1903 
1903. 96:136~139.) 


Gives plans and views of the three companies with diagrams of the work. 
DUNLAP, ORRIN E. Developments at Niagara Falls for the utilization 1903 
of its power. (Elec. rev., Sept. 12, 1903. 43:344-349.) Dunlap 


Account of the “ progress being made on both sides of the Niagara 
River.”’ Illustrations of the plants, construction, work and machinery 
are given. 


DuNLAP, ORRIN E. New power house at Niagara Falls. (Sci. 
Am. supp., June 13, 1903. 55:22941-42.) 

Description and illustrations. 

DuNLAP, ORRIN E. Prospects of Niagara power on the Canadian 
side of the Falls. (Sci. Am., Mar. 7, 1903. 88:176.) 

A summary of the terms under which the three Canadian companies 
received their franchises. 

FRASER, JOHN FosTeErR. America at work. Lond.: Cassell. 1903. 1903 
Pp. 177-188. Fraser 
_A bright and original article in journalistic style giving an interesting 
account of the development and uses of Niagara power. 

Hydraulic features of the plant of the Niagara Falls power company. 1903 
I. (Eng. rec., Nov. 21, 1903. 48:616-619.) 

General considerations, canal, and intakes. 

Hydraulic features of the plant of the Niagara Falls power company. 
II. (Eng. rec., Nov. 28, 1903. 48:652-655.) 

Wheel pits, tunnel, turbine and equipment. 

Hydraulic features of the plant of the Niagara Falls power company. 
III. (Eng. rec., Dec. 5, 1903. 48:691-693.) 

Oiling system, governors. 

Hydraulic features of the plant of the Niagara Falls power company. 
IV. (Eng. rec., Dec. 19, 1903. 48:763-—767.) 

Exciter plant, utilization of power and Canadian turbine. 

La nouvelle usine hydro-electrique des chutes du Niagara. (Le Genre 1903 
Civil. Jan.93, 1903. 42:149-153.) 


995 


1903 


1903 


1903 


1903 
Perkins 


1903 
Van Cleve 


Niagara Falls 


A description of the new installations of the Niagara Falls Power 
Company and the development of the Canadian—Niagara Power Com- 
pany with special reference to the turbines and generators. Contains also 
a detailed diagram. 


The new Niagara. (Harp. w., Jan. 3, 1903. 47:pt. 1, 11, 31.) 


A discussion of existing and contemplated projects on both sides of the 
river. According to this author, “the utilization of Niagara below the 
Falls is in reality something to be discouraged, from the aesthetic stand- 
point, as it leads to the placing of buildings and plants at some of the 
most picturesque spots in the gorge. ‘The utilization above the Falls, a 
mile or two back, offends no one’s eye and cannot be detected save by 
the white foaming tide that shoots out from the portal of the long tunnel 
just under the first bridge.” 


Niagara Falls power company’s new turbines. (Eng. rec., Oct. 18, 


1903. 68:443-644.) 


Ten 5,500 horse power waterwheels with 45-inch diameter runners 
and cylinder gate speed control to replace original installations. 


PERKINS, FRANK C. Six Niagara power installations under way — 
a million horse-power to be developed at Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld. & 


eng., Apr. 11, 1903. 41:601-604.) 


Gives the plans, and describes the construction, electric equipment and 
capacity of the six companies installing new plants and making prepara- 
tions for installation. 


VAN CLEVE, A. Howey. Uiiilization of water power at Niagara 
Falls. (Bulletin of the Buf. soc. of nat. sci. Vol. 8, No. 1.) 


An address delivered before the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, 
March 13, 1903. 


Of all the water power developments that marked the close of 
the last century none was on so large a scale, none has attracted 
such world-wide interest, and none is of such importance to citi- 
zens of Buffalo and its vicinity as the utilization of the power of 
Niagara Falls. It is true that the power of this river was used as 
early as 1725 when the settlers operated a saw mill on the rapids 
above the Falls, but it was not until after the year 1890 that 
power development at Niagara assumed more than a local 

996 


Industrial Niagara 


interest. With the success of electrical generation and transmis- 1903 
sion there commenced a new phase in the history of industrial Y°" “eve 
Niagara and it is with this later form of power utilization that we 
are concerned tonight. 

There is of course nothing new in the idea of utilizing 
Niagara’s energy. Every man of a mechanical turn of mind who 
ever contemplated the resistless force of its falling water has been 
impressed with the fact that vast industrial progress would result 
from the diversion of even a small proportion of this power into 
useful channels. Among those who many years ago felt the 
mighty power of the falling waters and contemplated the results 
of using it to produce useful mechanical power was the famous 
Dr. Siemens, who in a lecture delivered in 1877 before the Iron 
and Steel Institute of Great Britain referred to his impressions of 
Niagara and stated that all the coal raised at that time throughout 
the entire world would be required to produce energy equal to 
that produced by the falls alone, without considering the force of 
the rapids. This statement may have been somewhat exaggerated 
but the following figures are believed to be accurate. The total 
difference in level of Lakes Erie and Ontario is 328 feet. The 
minimum flow in the Niagara River, as observed by the govern- 
ment engineers is 178,000 cubic feet per second. ‘The total 
energy represented by this amount of water in passing from one 
lake to the other therefore equals 6,635,000 H. P. or in pass- 
ing from the upper river above the rapids to a point above 
the lower rapids equals 4,380,000 H. P. But such figures 
are like those representing the capital of the steel trust, (although 
this is not entirely a “water” power), or the distance to the 
nearest fixed star — they convey but little meaning. But take, 
as an example, the energy produced by a single cubic foot of 
water per second in dropping from the upper river to a point 
below the falls, which is 25 H. P. That does not seem a large 
amount in these days of large numbers, but what does it repre- 
sent? A force sufficient to raise a one pound weight 2!4 miles 
in one second, fo raise a large sized passenger locomotive to the 

907 


1903 
Van Cleve 


Niagara Falls 


height of a man’s head in one minute, or to raise an audience of 
500 people from the floor to the ceiling of an ordinary room in 
one minute. And this is done by a bucket of water. Perhaps 
this may give us some idea of the power that has carved the his- 
tory of the ages on the rocky walls of Niagara’s gorge. 

The first company to engage in the development and sale of 
power on a large scale was the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power 
and Manufacturing Co. The plan under which this com- 
pany is working was outlined by Augustus Porter of Niagara 
Falls in 1847. Previous to that time a few water wheels had 
been operated from a canal above the falls and a paper mill had 
been built on Bath Island, but Mr. Porter sought for some 
method of development that would not mar the scenic features of 
the falls and therefore proposed that a canal should be cut from 
the upper river, just above the rapids, to a point on the top of 
the high bank of the river below the falls, the water from such 
canal to be discharged into the lower river after operating wheels 
set below the level of the ground surface. The almost level sur- 
face of the ground between the points of entry and discharge and 
the substantial character of the rock through which it would pass 
made the project an ideal one. Nevertheless Mr. Porter failed 
to interest capital in this project and it was not until after his 
death that work was commenced. Even then the excavation of 
the canal was carried on intermittently by various parties until in 
1861 Horace H. Day completed a canal 4,400 feet long, 36 
feet wide and 8 feet deep. At the lower end of this canal was 
constructed a basin or forebay, parallel with the face of the cliff 
and about 350 feet from it, the present size of this basin being 70 
feet by 600 feet although it was, of course, much smaller at first. 
Even then the opportunities of the power do not appear to have 
been appreciated and it was not until 1870 that the first mill was 
built to use water from this canal. In 1877 the canal and the 
property and rights belonging thereto were purchased by Mr. 


998 


Industrial Niagara 


Jacob F. Schoellkopf and Mr. A. Chesborough who organized 1903 
the present company. The number of mills utilizing this source Y°" “'*"° 
of power has steadily increased until at the present time the 
various industries in the lower milling district (so called) develop 
about 7,500 H. P. including that in use in the lower mill of the 
Cliff Paper Co. Most of these factories have constructed their 
own wheelpits and installed their own wheels. 

A good indication of the progress made in hydraulic develop- 
ment in the last few years is the fact that the original grants of 
the Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Co. did not include 
the slope of the bank between the bottom of the vertical cliff and 
the edge of the lower river, giving a right to excavate only 100 
feet below the top of the bank, as it was considered that wheels 
would never be constructed to operate under a greater head than 
this, and it was not until 1886 that the Hydraulic Co. secured 
deeds for this lower slope. As a matter of fact none of the 
mills thus far mentioned utilized a head of more than 50 or 60 
feet and many of them used a still lower fall. “The consequence 
is that an engineer when looking at the cliff below these mills and 
seeing the large amount of water falling from the outlets of the 
various wheelpits is impressed with the vast amount of power 
going to waste. At least 10,000 H. P. is thus lost, or enough 
to supply all the industries of many a good sized city. 

In 1881 the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manu- 


facturing Co. installed their first plant for supplying power. 


In 1892 the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manu- 
facturing Co. commenced to enlarge their canal to a width of 
70 feet and a depth of 14 feet. In the same year a change 
was made in the plan of development and a system inaugurated 
which was in many respects similar to that now employed. The 
Cliff Paper Mill desired additional power for grinding pulp and 
as the capacity of the original canal was exhausted and they were 
not willing to wait for the completion of the canal extension, it 


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was determined to use the discharge water from the wheels then 
installed in the wheelpit above described. Accordingly a new 
tunnel was driven from the face of the cliff to connect with the 
bottom of the wheelpit and the discharge water was thus led to a 
steel penstock 8 feet in diameter laid on the same slope as the 
talus. In case sufficient water is not discharged from the upper 
wheels an arrangement is provided for admitting water from the 
basin directly into the upper tail race. 5 

The plant for the Cliff Paper Co. was the fore-runner of 
the present electrical power plant of the Hydraulic Co. As 
soon as the company saw that electrical generation and trans- 
mission was an assured success and that Niagara Falls was 
destined to become one of the great electro chemical centers a 
line of pipe was laid from the basin to the edge of the lower river 
and water under a head of 210 feet thrown from a giant nozzle 
or “ Monitor ’’ commenced to wash away the rock that for ages 
had fallen from the bank above to the shores of the gorge below. 
A level strata near the waters edge was cleared, the fallen 
boulders were used for masonry and a power house 100 feet wide 
was built immediately below the old mills, being located a short 
distance above the upper steel arch bridge. 


. . . a figure to be carried away with you tonight is that the 
wheels now installed by the Hydraulic Power and Manufac- 
turing Co. and its customers have a total capacity of 38,000 
H. P., an amount approximately equal to the total power at 
Holyoke. Very important is the announcement that a new power 
house with a capacity of 50,000 H. P. is about to be commenced. 
This power house will contain high voltage dynamos and will be 
used for supplying new industries in the district just mentioned. 
Niagara Falls will then contain three great factory districts using 
an amount of electrical power far exceeding that of any city in 
the world which employs water as its motive force. 


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Industrial Niagara 


In the year 1885 there came to Niagara Falls in the course 
of his professional services for the State of New York an engineer 
whose name should ever be remembered by those interested in the 
commercial prosperity of the Niagara Frontier, Thomas Ever- 
shed, the man with the idea. Engaged in plans to prevent the 
spoliation of one of the most sublime of nature’s spectacles, he 
saw that such plans were not inconsistent with the utilization of a 
part of the enormous power represented by Niagara’s falling 
waters. He believed that by driving a tunnel from the lower 
river to a point above the mouth of the Hydraulic Power Com- 
pany’s canal such tunnel could be used for the discharge of water 
from the upper river after it had done its work in the generation 
of power. ‘This idea of a discharge tunnel was not entirely a 
new one, as it had previously been employed at St. Anthony’s 
Falls on the Mississippi, but the application of this principle to 
Niagara had apparently never been suggested until it was advo- 
cated by Mr. Evershed. Having the courage of his convictions 
he soon interested local business men in his scheme and a com- 
pany of eight was formed which on March 3 Ist, 1886, obtained 
from the State of New York a special charter which permitted 
the diversion of sufficient water from the upper river to generate 
250,000 H. P. On June Ist, 1886, Mr. Evershed issued his 
first formal plan and estimate to which the attention of capitalists 
was soon attracted and in 1889 was formed a strong combination 
of men whose financial reputation was world-wide. They organ- 
ized the Cataract Construction Co. to build the plant of the 
Niagara Falls Power Co., the parent Co. The Cataract Con- 
struction Co. has now practically gone out of business, the 
investors who formerly composed it having acquired a control- 
ling interest in The Niagara Power Co. and continuing operations 
in its name. ‘The plant of this company, especially in its earlier 
stages, has been so fully described in both the engineering press 
and in the local papers that its principal features are familiar to 
you all and it is the intention of the present lecture to call ‘atten- 


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Niagara Falls 


tion to only the more unusual or interesting of its details with such 
a brief description of its general plans as may be necessary to an 
understanding of such details. 

In the first place consider the main conception,— a tunnel 114 
miles long, 200 feet beneath the surface, with an area of 335 
square feet, designed to carry water at the rate of 29 feet per 
second, an aqueduct such as was never before built in the history 
of man —a conception such as could come only to a man with 
an imagination, an imagination touched by the inspiration of the 
great cataract within whose sound he had toiled so long. Its 
immensity may impress us more when we think that when run- 
ning to its designed capacity such a tunnel will carry enough 
water In one minute to supply a city of 10,000 inhabitants with 
drinking water for a year and a quarter. 

Mr. Evershed’s plan was no sooner formulated than it received 
severe criticism and eminent men condemned it as impracticable. 
Fortunately for Buffalo the results have amply proven the incor- 
rectness of such criticism. The faith of the investors was not 
shaken and the preparation of working plans was immediately 
begun. In order that such plans might be as perfect as possible 
an International Niagara Falls Commission was formed June 
1890 composed of five noted engineers from America, England, 
France and Switzerland. Competitive designs for power develop- 
ment were invited, prizes amounting to 22,000 dollars were 
offered and by January first 1891 22 designs were received from 
engineers dwelling from Buda Pesth to San Francisco. From 
these designs that of Faesch & Piccard of Geneva, Switzerland, 
was considered worthy of first prize and they proceeded with the 
design of the turbine wheels. 


Before the commencement of their operations the Niagara 
Falls Power Co. and Cataract Construction Co. had purchased 
tracts of land on which their future tenants could locate, such 
holdings embracing 1581 acres or 2!4 square miles, most of 


1002 


Industrial Niagara 


which is now within the city limits of Niagara Falls. A part 
of these holdings were taken over by the Niagara Development 
Co. for a model town and by the Niagara Junction Railway 
Co. for a terminal railway to transport raw material and finished 
products to and from the several factories, connections being 
planned with all trunk railroads entering the city. The Power 
Company’s property has a river frontage of about two miles and 
the acquisition of lands under water gives dockage facilities for 
this entire length. A railway dock was built in 1893 and 
material can thus be transported by water and the Niagara 
Junction Railway to the doors of any tenant. Ample land and 
transportation facilities were thus provided by the company for 
all factories using their power. 


To revert to the history of the plant,— the power furnished 
was so satisfactory and the demand for such power increased so 
rapidly that on January 22nd 1897 a contract was let for five 
additional units of 5000 H. P. and on January 25th, 1899 
a further contract was made for two additional units, making a 
total of 50,000 H. P. As this amount of power still proved 
insufficient to serve the purpose of local tenants and of the Buffalo 
load a still further installation became necessary and the important 
question arose as to where such additional power should be 
developed. As the tunnel was originally built with a capacity 
of 100,000 H. P. the water from the future wheels to the extent 
of 50,000 H. P. would of course be discharged into the tunnel, 
but the question was whether additional wheels should be placed 
in an extension of the first wheelpit or in a new wheelpit placed 
on the opposite side of the canal. After careful consideration, 
the latter plan was adopted and on November 3rd, 1899, a 
contract was let to excavate a new wheelpit 468 feet long, 20 feet 
wide and about 178 feet deep, an extension of the tunnel, 650 
feet long, being made to connect such wheelpit with the old 
tunnel. The plan adopted has many advantages, among them 


being the opportunity to build a power house which should 
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Niagara Falls 


embody the results of the experience gained in operating the first 
power house, the distribution of current between the two sides of 
the canal, and the added security against interruption of service. 
In other words, the eggs would not all be in one basket. . . 
This second wheelpit has now been completed and six 5500 
H. P. turbines with their shafting and generators are now | 
installed in it. Five additional units are ordered and their installa- 
tion has now commenced. By next fall such units will be com- 
pleted and the Niagara Falls Power Co. will thus have a total 
of 110,000 electrical H. P. for sale. 

Time forbids more than a brief reference to that most inter- 
esting problem, the manner in which electric power is transmitted 
to Buffalo. ‘The current from the generators flows to the switch- 
board where the controlling devices are situated and thence to 
the largest transformers ever manufactured where the voltage or 
intensity, of current is raised from 2200 volts to 22,000 volts. It 
then passes over bare copper wires through the intermediate towns 
to the terminal house in this city where the voltage is reduced to 
2200 volts for local distribution to the various sub-stations. “Three 
separate and distinct transmission lines of three wires are now in 
use and if any of these lines is interrupted the current can be 
transmitted on the other two lines. These lines are daily patrolled 
and constant watchfulness is exercised to prevent such interruption. 

But while power development on the American side has thus 
been advancing by leaps and bounds, the Canadian shores have 
not escaped the attention of capitalists anxious to utilize a part of 
Niagara’s energy. ‘The material features of the problem there 
presented are quite similar to those already described, but the 
business aspects of the case are somewhat different. ‘The. 
Province of Ontario has set aside for park purposes a large tract 
lying between the upper Suspension Bridge and the Dufferin 
Islands and in addition control a strip of land 66 feet wide extend- 
ing from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. As the works of any water 


power plant must necessarily cross under or over, or be situated 
1004 


Industrial Niagara 


upon such park lands it is evident that all Canadian water power 1903 
development must be subject to the control of the Park Com- V2 Cleve 
missioners and in turn to the Ontario Legislature. It was evident, 
however, that a power house located in Queen Victoria Niagara 
Falls Park whether on the upper or lower river would be much 
nearer the falls than would be possible on the American side 
as the State of New York would permit no power development 
within the boundaries of its property. Being desirous of securing 
an opportunity for so favorable a development, a number of 
American and Canadian capitalists organized the Canadian 
Niagara Power Co., with the late Albert H. Shaw as Presi- 
dent, and on April 7th, 1892 entered into an agreement with 
the Park Commissioners whereby upon the payment of certain 
rentals such company was authorized to develop one hundred 
twenty-five thousand horse power within the park lands in their 
first power house. This agreement was confirmed by the Ontario 
Legislature April 8th, 1892 and a charter issued to the company. 
But in 1892 electrical generation on a large scale was com- 
paratively new and long distance transmission was in its infancy. 
As a number of the same men were interested in both The 
Niagara Falls Power Co. and the Canadian Niagara Power 
Co. they desired to obtain the benefit of the experience to be 
gained from the American plant before building the costly struc- 
ture required for their development. Accordingly a new agree- 
ment was made with the Park Commissioners July 15th, 1899, 
and an extension of time secured for the beginning of power 
development. The plan for utilizing the power is similar in gen- 
eral principles to that of The Niagara Falls Power Co. The 
power house will be situated at the foot of the slope forming 
the former river bank and just below the old Carmalite Mon- 
astery and south of the Falls View Station. To the power house 
thus beautifully situated water will be conducted from the rapids 
by a symmetrically shaped canal spanned by a stone bridge of 5 
50 foot arches. The discharge water from the turbines will be 


conducted to the lower river by a tunnel having the same horse- 
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shoe form as the American tunnel, but four feet greater depth. 
The most interesting feature of the plant is the size of the units. 
The original plans contemplated the use of 5000 H. P. machines, 
but it was found that both the turbine designers and the 
electrical manufacturers were willing to undertake the building of 
units of double that size, although nothing of the kind had ever 
been done successfully. The advantages of the plan are evident 
as a reduction of nearly 50% is made in the length of the wheel- 
pit, canal, and power house per given amount of power develop- 
ment. ‘The result of the designers skill will be machines of mon- 
strous size. Imagine if you can, a single machine capable of 
generating 114 times the entire amount of electricity employed 
for all purposes at the late lamented Pan-American Exposition. 
A penstock 10’ 2” diameter conducts the water to a wheel case 
13 feet diameter and 14 feet high, discharging water through two 
Jonval type turbine wheels with draft tubes, the total head being 
136 feet. This monster when fully loaded will use four times 
the quantity of water in a given length of time that is supplied to 
the entire city of Buffalo from all its enormous pumps. 


The next company to engage in power development on the 
Canadian side was the Ontario Power Co. in which Buffalo 
capital is so largely interested. ‘This company entered into an 
agreement with the Park Commissioners April 11th, 1900, by 
which they were given rights for two forms of development. The 
first method was to bring water through an open canal from the 
Welland River near its junction with the Niagara River to the 
top of the high bluff west of the park, where a fall of about 50 
feet was available upon wheels in a power house located within 
the Park at the foot of the bluff. The discharge water was to 
be at first conducted to the upper river but at a later time to flow 
in a canal to the high bank of the lower river near the Table 
Rock House, where it would enter penstocks and there be led 
to wheels in a power house situated in the gorge on the bank of 


the lower river. The powers of the Ontario Power Co. have 
1006 


Industrial Niagara 


since been increased and its plans have been somewhat changed. 1903 
A large temporary coffer dam of timber and puddle has Ven ore 
been constructed in the upper river near the Dufferin Islands, 
thus cutting off the flow of water around these islands for 
the first time in history. While this coffer dam is in place a 
permanent stone wing dam will be constructed with its top below 
the surface of the water. The bottom of the river will be 
dredged and there will be built an entrance forebay with 
regulating devices from which an underground pipe 18 feet in 
diameter will be laid to a point just north of the Table Rock 
House. Provision will be made for three pipes, one of which will 
supply the first installation. Upon the completion of the head 
works it is the intention of the Co. to remove the coffer dam 
and to restore the natural features at the Dufferin Islands to prac- 
tically their original condition. None of the works of the Ontario 
Co. will appear above the surface of the ground in the Park 
proper. . . . Plans still continue for the utilization of power 
from water to be brought from the Welland River, but these 
plans will probably not be carried out until the first project is 
completed. Considerable work has already been done in blast- 
ing away the rock for the power house and preparations are com- 
pleted for active work at the entrance. 

A third company has recently entered the field of power 
development on the Canadian side. This Company, composed 
of Toronto capitalists and known as the Toronto and Niagara 
Falls Power Co., have obtained rights for the development of 
125,000 H. P. Their plans are not yet worked out in detail 
but they include in general a power house on the upper river 
shore supplied with water from a forebay created by building 
a wing dam into the upper rapids. “The wheels will be situated 
in a wheelpit and water will be discharged by a tunnel at a point 
beneath the horse shoe falls. 

Power development at Niagara Falls, present and proposed, 


may be summarized as follows: 
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Niagara Falls 


The Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Co. have 38,000 
H. P. developed, are commencing a power house for 50,000 
H. P. additional and can make a total development of 125,000 
H. P. The Niagara Falls Power Company have 80,000 H. P.. 
ready for service, are installing 25,000 H. P. additional, which 
will be completed next fall, and have rights for an additional 
125,000 H. P. The Ontario Power Company contemplate 
usmg 300,000 H. P. and are at work on the installation of 
50,000 H. P. The Toronto and Niagara Falls Power Co. 
have obtained rights for developing 125,000 H. P. and are com- 
mencing the installation of 50,000 H. P. The following are the 
totals; now developed, 118,000 H. P.; in process of develop- 
ment, 225,000 H. P.; rights secured for 1,150,000 H. P. 
Please remember that the total water power developed in the 
United States in 1900 was less than 2,000,000 H. P. 

Such is the history of water power utilization at Niagara in the 
past and its condition at present. But what of the future and 
of the influence of that future on the prosperity of Buffalo? And 
by Buffalo we mean the greater Buffalo. Must we leave to our 
real estate friends all the roseate views of Buffalo future great- 
ness? I think not; I believe that as scientific men and women we 
may look forward with all confidence to a marvelous growth in 
our city. That water power generating electricity is to be the 
power of the 20th century needs but little argument. Wood as 
a source of heat and power need not be considered and it needs 
no prophet to foresee the time when the coal mines of the 
U. S. will be exhausted. Long before that time the price of 
coal will be so high as to prohibit its use for the generation of 
large blocks of power. You are all aware of the marked increase 
in the normal, (not strike), prices of soft coal in the last ten 
years. [he exhaustion of the natural gas fields is so rapid that 
gas is not a factor in the problem. Look which way we may 
the inevitable conclusion is that recourse by the great factories 
must be had to the water powers of the country. Of all the - 


hydraulic developments that the 20th century will witness, which 
1008 


Industrial Niagara 


is best situated, which is on the grandest scale, which is most 
unfailing? Without question that at Niagara Falls. With a 
reservoir capacity in the Great Lakes of 90,000 square miles, 
(twice the area of the Empire State), unaffected by the droughts 
of summer or the freshets of winter, Niagara will stand through 
the centuries as the emblem of mighty, unfailing, never ceasing 
power. With this mighty giant delivering the fruits of his labors 
at her very doors, with unsurpassed railroad facilities, with the 
iron of Messaba, the copper of Michigan, the grain of Dakota 
transported by water to her wharves, what city in the world can 
offer to manufacturing interests such inducements to locate within 
her boundaries? Buffalo’s future greatness rests on no vain 
product of the imagination but on solid, scientific facts which 
cannot be belittled or gainsaid, and only the fleeting passage of 
time brief as the days of a man is needed to make Buffalo the 
great manufacturing center of the land. . . . The fable of 
the rainbow has come true and the shimmering bow that ever 
spans Niagara’s gorge holds at either end the hoarded wealth of 
the ages which will be poured into the lap of the Queen City of 
the nation. 

WEEks, ARTHUR B. Canadian power development at Niagara Falls. 
(Elec. rev., June 6, 1903. 41:961.) 

The tunnels, wheel pits, forebays, and other construction work of the 
Canadian companies described. 

WHITE, EucENE R. Niagarics, the new force. (Munsey, Apr., 
1903. 29:29-30.) 


A story of the “ remarkable things that have been done by harnessing 
the vast power of great waterfalls and the still more wonderful things that 
will probably be accomplished in the near future.” 


1904 
(The) Institution of civil engineers at Niagara Falls, September 27, 
1904. Presented by the local committee of the Canadian society of civil 
engineers. Niagara Falls, Canada. 
An illustrated pamphlet descriptive of the American and Canadian 
power enterprises at Niagara Falls. 
64 1009 


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Niagara Falls 


(The) Niagara Falls electrical handbook. Being a guide for’ visitors 
from abroad attending the international electrical congress, St. Louis, Mo. 
September, 1904. Published under the auspices of the Am. inst. of elec. 
engrs. Niagara Falls. 1904. 


A well-written little book, profusely illustrated with views and dia- 
grams of the scenic and industrial features of the Niagara region. The 
first thirty-six pages are given up to an account of the history and geology 
of the Falls and the various points of interest on both sides of the river. 
The remainder of the book is devoted to a detailed and scientific account 
of power development, American and Canadian, and a brief but clear 
account of each of the various industries using the power in question. 


The utilization of the power of Niagara Falls has for years 
been the dream of engineers and of all those interested in indus- 
trial development. In the past many schemes for this purpose 
have been suggested by engineers and inventors, but never, until 
the advent of the modern era in electrical engineering, has the 
proposition, on a large scale, been able to stand upon a basis 
attractive to the capitalist. The difficulty in the past has not 
been to apply the waters of Niagara for the turning of a water 
wheel, for many of the schemes then suggested would have 
accomplished this successfully; but what to do with the power 
when thus developed at the water wheel shaft was the problem 
before the engineer. Obviously here the question of transmission 
arose as of prime importance. 

Among the numerous early plans suggested will be found 
extensive systems of pneumatic tubes operated by turbine driven 
air compressors, the air pipes leading therefrom to factories 
located in the vicinity of a power house, each factory having its 
own air motors thus operated. It may be of interest to note that 
one of these early plans contemplated the transmission of power 
to Buffalo by this means. 

Another plan consisted in lines of countershafting bracketed 
on columns, extending radially from a central power station, this 
long shafting to be driven by water wheels at the power station 
through a system of gearing. Factories were to be located along 


1010 


Industrial Niagara 


these lines of shafting and were to receive their power by clutches 1904 
connected to these shafts. 

Still another plan involved the construction of a network of 
surface canals fed by a common intake from the upper Niagara 
River. Factories were to be established along these canals and 
take water from them for the operation of individual turbines; the 
dead water to be discharged in branch tunnels connected to a 
main trunk tunnel leading to the lower river. 

These plans now look grotesque, but twenty years ago or so 
they were seriously considered by good engineers. “They were 
discarded largely for financial reasons, the systems showing low 
efficiency and high cost of construction and maintenance. The 
final solution of the problem by electrical methods is almost ideal 
in its simplicity and efficiency as a means of transmitting the 
energy of Niagara to the consumers. 

In the electrical distribution of Niagara power an essential 
advantage has resulted which was not fully recognized at the 
time of its first adoption. As the uses of this power have devel- 
oped it has been found that not only was power wanted for 
industrial purposes but primarily electric power. This is 
especially true in the case of the electrochemical and electric 
lighting applications. If pneumatic, hydraulic or mechanical 
power had been supplied for use, it would have been necessary 
for all the electrochemical plants to convert the power into elec- 
tric current, before they could use it, with all the loss in power 
which would result from this conversion. So also with the 
electric lighting and electric railway applications, where power 
is wanted in form of electric current. 


When the first power house at Niagara Falls was proposed 
for a capacity of 50,000 horse power, with an ultimate tunnel 
capacity of 100,000 horse-power, many people wondered how 
it would be possible to dispose commercially of such a large 
amount of electric power. 


1011 


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Niagara Falls 


Since that time, however, great developments have taken place 
in the electrical arts which have made possible the present 
realization of such a demand for power. The developments 
which have created this demand have been, first of all, in electro- 
chemistry, though the output of the Niagara plant is not con- 
fined to electro-chemical applications, as is generally supposed. 
Large blocks of its power are in use for electric railway pro- 
pulsion, electric lighting, and mechanical power application. 
One of the recent and important factors in the growth of this 
power system has been the introduction of the electric motor drive 
for factory appliances. The evolution of economical methods 
in power transmission has made the delivery of Niagara power 
commercially possible to a widely scattered market. 

As a result of these developments in the application of elec- 
trical energy the first power house has reached the limit of its 
capacity of 50,000 horse power and the second plant, having a 
capacity of 55,000 horse power is well along toward its limit. 


The Niagara Falls Power Company’s distributing system now 
covers a very large territory; thousands of people are dependent 
upon it in their daily lives, and commercial interests of great 
importance are involved in it. The industrial world has learned 
that the Niagara power enterprise is no longer an experiment, and 
that it has already become an important factor in the manufac- 
turing status of this continent. 


When the Canadian plant is completed the Niagara Falls 
Power Company and the Canadian Niagara Power Company 
will have available three large independent power houses for the 
operation of their system and will be the only power companies 
having more than one power house for the protection and assur- 
ance of continuous supply of power. ‘This is a matter of great 
importance to customers. In case of some unforeseen accident 
to any one of the plants, interconnections can at once be estab- 


1012 


Industrial Niagara 


lished so that the most important users of power supplied normally 
can be supplied with power from the other two without interrup- 
tion. ‘This is especially important where the public utilities are 
involved, such as the electric railways and electric lighting com- 
panies. As the manufacturing arts advance, the element of 
power becomes more and more important and cheap power there- 
fore more demanded. Electro-chemistry is a new art, and one 
which has great possibilities ahead of it. “The high temperatures 
obtainable in electric furnaces have opened up a new field to 
chemical synthesis, and it is likely that many as yet undiscovered 
processes which will require large amounts of electrical power for 
their operation, will be brought to light. The supply of power 
for electro-chemical purposes is especially desirable in a water 
power plant where large investment is necessary, for the power 
used by these processes is practically constant for twenty-four 
hours of the day, thus tending to reduce load “‘ peaks’ on the 
total station output. 

The economical distance to which power can be transmitted 
extends every year as the general demand for power increases 
and methods of handling high voltages improve, and the electric 
equipment of steam railway systems, which is certain to come in 
time, will open up a further field for the long distance trans- 
mission of large amounts of power from a central point. 

All these tendencies in industrial conditions, which have been 
mentioned, result in an accelerating demand for power from 


Niagara Falls. 


Power development of the Toronto and Niagara power company. 
(Eng. rec., Feb. 13, 1904. 49:180-183.) 

A description of the general features and construction methods of this 
development. 

Buck, Harotp W. Utilization of Niagara power. (Jour. ass’n 
eng soc. June, 1904. 32:344~351.) 

An outline of the existing status of the Niagara Falls Power Com- 
pany’s system, describing the plants, and reporting the principal applica- 
tions of the power generated. The author takes the view that the bulk 
of the power will be used near Niagara. 

1013 


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Industrial Niagara 


WILLIAMS, ARCHIBALD. The romance of modern engineering. . . . 
2d ed. Phila.: Lippincott. Lond.: Pearson. 1904. Pp. 11-33. 

A history of power development at Niagara with special reference to 
the plants on the American side, and a discussion of the uses to which 
Niagara power is applied. 

With power so abundant it may well be cheap. In how many 
regions of the world would you, for the sum of $8 (£1 12s) 
obtain from year’s end to year’s end, without a break, energy 
representing one horsepower? MHiaving these figures before us 
we can understand why the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, 
which controls the aluminum industry of America, left Pitts- 
burgh, where good coal costs but 68 cents (2s. 10d.) a ton, and 
migrated to Niagara; and how it comes about that many manu- 
facturers can here save enough on power in one year to pay for 
building and cost of removal. 

Great factories are springing up for the manufacture of car- 
bide of calcium and other chemicals. 

Paper, silver-nitrate, graphite, lamp, cloth, and steel factories 
are rapidly rising within sound of the Falls. Electricity heats 
the ovens in the huge establishments of the Natural Food Com- 
pany. At Tonawanda electricity saws and planes vast sticks 
of timber; at Lockport it whirls heavy trains; at Buffalo it runs 
the street cars, prints one of the leading newspapers, handles 
thousands of tons of cereals, helps in the creation of steel bridges, 
operates refrigerators, supplies the motive power for great dock- 
yards, tanyards, breweries, and pumps. 


(See “* The Wonders of Modern Engineering’’ by the same author.) 


(The) works of the Ontario power company. I. (Eng. rec., Oct. 8, 
1904. 50:420-422.) 


A history of this development and a description of the head works. 


(The) works of the Ontario power company. II. (Eng. rec., Oct. 15, 
1904. 50:460—462.) 


The head works and pipe line. 
1014 


Industrial Niagara 


(The) works of the Ontario power company. III. (Eng. rec., 
Oct. 22, 1904. 50:480-482.) 


The penstocks, power house and its equipment. 


(The) works of the Ontario power company. IV. (Eng. rec., 
Oct. 29, 1904. 50:504—505.) 


A description of construction methods. 


1905 


Apams, ALTON D. Niagara power at Goat Island. (Sci. Am., 
Apr. 15, 1905. 92:299.) 


The author thinks that ‘if Niagara Falls is abolished, Goat Island 


will become the greatest power site in the world.” 


Apams, ALTON D. Pipe line power in Niagara gorge. (Cass., 
Dec., 1905. 29:126—131.) 


According to Mr. Adams, ‘‘ so much water has already been granted 
for power purposes above the cataract, that further concessions must be 
limited mainly to the gorge and lower rapids if the American Falls are 
to be saved.’’ The author discusses the possibilities and advantages of 
pipe line power development in the gorge. 


Apams, ALTON D. Power sites about Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am., 
Aug. 26, 1905. 93:155.) 


A proposal for canals back from the river and a discussion of the 
advantages of the American side with a notice of existing plants. 


ApaAms, ALTON D. Utilizing the power of the Niagara rapids. (Eng. 
mag., June, 1905. 29:381-387.) 


Mr. Adams’s paper “‘ proposes a way by which the probably inevitable 
continuance of the power demands may be fully met with a minimum of 
loss to the natural beauty of the region.” 


Apams, ALTON D. Wheel pits and tunnels for Niagara power. 
(Elec. rev.. May 20, 1905. 46:805-809.) 


Gives the capacity and cost per horse-power of excavating on the 
American and Canadian side, and the heads under which the wheels are 
operated. “‘ On the Canadian side of the Falls a great saving has been 
effected in the excavation of wheel pits, through the adoption of electric 
generators of fully twice the individual capacity of those in the plant of 
the Niagara Palls Power Company.” 


1015 


1904 


1905 
Adams 


1905 


1905 
Clark 


Niagara Falls 


Canadian—Niagara power to-day. (Elec. wld. and eng., Jan. 7, 
1905. 45:17-20.) 

Development of the Canadian-Niagara Power Company’s plant; its 
capacity and its connection with the American plant. 


CLARK, GEoRGE L. Niagara Falls power, different types of 
development. (Cass., May, 1905. 28:79-81.) 


Nearly every type of water power development known to the 
art may be seen about Niagara Falls. There we find a deep, 
vertical shaft or pit near the intake, with water wheels at the 
bottom, and a long horizontal tunnel for carrying off the tail 
water to a point in the river gorge below the falls. ‘There, too, 
is the open surface canal that leads water from the intake to a 
forebay at the top of the cliff at one side of the canon, and 
delivers it to steel penstocks that drop to a power house at the 
edge of the river below. 

In a third case a long steel pipe line takes the place of a 
canal for leading the water from an intake above the falls to a 
point at the top of the cliff, whence it drops through steel pen- 
stocks to a generating station in the gorge. Still another plan 
is that by which a power canal, several miles long, draws water 
from the Welland Ship Canal, expands at several points into 
large storage reservoirs, and finally terminates at the top of the 
Niagara escarpment, whence steel penstocks run to a power sta- 
tion near the Lake Ontario level below. 

Besides these existing plants, there is the proposal to dig a 
long open canal from the upper Niagara River, and conduct 
the water to a point in the gorge below the whirlpool. ‘There is 
also the plan to excavate a tunnel with its head below the water 
level in the gorge above the Whirlpool Rapids, and its mouth 
below the whirlpool, about one and one-half miles down stream, 
where the power house will be located. 

Even the underground type of electric water-power station is 
to have an example at Niagara Falls, if the proposal of one 
engineer should materialize. ‘This is to sink a vertical shaft near 
the upper river to a depth approximately equal to the height of 

1016 


Industrial Niagara 


the falls, and at the lower end to excavate a room in the shale 1905 
and limestone large enough for the generating machinery. From Bes 
this underground power station, a nearby horizontal tunnel would 
carry the tail water from the wheels to some point near the foot 
of the falls. 

Perhaps the most interesting suggestion in the way of new 
power developments at Niagara, is that to sink a vertical shaft 
at the upper end of Goat Island, and then to excavate a nearly 
horizontal tunnel from the foot of this shaft to the lower 
end of the island, near the water level in the gorge. “The power 
plant in this plan may be located either at the upper end of the 
island and have an equipment of vertical shafts, wheels and 
generators, or at the lower end of the island and near the tail 
water level. 

Among the types of power development now represented at 
the falls, that with the vertical shaft or pit near an intake, the 
wheels at the bottom of this pit, and the generators at the tops of 
vertical shafts in a power house above, is the most common. 
This plan, first executed by the Niagara Power Company at their 
two generating stations on the American side of the great cata- 
ract, has since been followed by the Canadian Niagara Power 
Company and the Toronto & Niagara Power Company, whose 
plants are both located on the Canadian side of the falls. 

Prior to the developments with deep wheel pits and long dis- 
charge tunnels, came that of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power 
and Manufacturing Company with its open surface canal extend- 
ing from the intake above to the cliffs below the falls, and its 
power house at the foot of the cliff. This type of plant has its 
latest development in the works of the Ontario Power Company, 
whose generating station is being built in the gorge near the foot 
of Horse Shoe Falls; in this case, however, a long line of steel 
pipe, instead of a canal, brings water from the upper river. 


In each of these types of development, whether it be the pit 
and tunnel with power house at the level of the upper river or 


1017 


1905 
Clark 


Niagara Falls 


the canal or pipe line with a power house in the Niagara gorge 
at the foot of the long line of escarpment that faces Lake Ontario, 
the general problem is the same. Namely, to utilize more or less 
of the total fall of about 327 feet made by the discharge of 
Lake Erie before it reaches the Lake Ontario level. 

In order to render any great part of this fall effective at 
water wheels, they must be located near the lower level. ‘This 
being so, a main distinction between the two general types of 
development is that in one the hole or pit in which the wheels 
are located must be excavated in existing rock, while in the 
other type the work of excavation has been done by nature, either 
in the Niagara Gorge or at the foot of the escarpment. ’ 

Where the level at which the wheels are placed is a natural 
one, the tailrace requires little or no excavation; this is the case 
in the Niagara Gorge, or at the foot of the escarpment. If 
the wheel pit is excavated to a great depth, then the tailrace 
takes the form of a long tunnel through the limestone or shale 
that underlies the Niagara region. When the power house is 
located in a natural depression like the gorge, or on the plain 
at the foot of the escarpment, a channel must be excavated on a 
pipe line laid near the natural ground level to bring water from 
the upper river. 

Other things being equal, the location of the water wheels 
and power house at some natural level, instead of in and partly 
above an excavated pit, saves at the start most of the cost of 
such a pit. In a given case the length of the water conduit, 
whether canal, pipe line or tunnel, must be substantially the 
same, but a canal or pipe line is quite sure to have a materially 
lower cost than that for a tunnel of equal capacity. With a given 
head of water on the wheels, the length of steel penstocks must 
be about the same whether these wheels are in an excavated pit, 
in the gorge, or at the foot of the escarpment. The pit with 
wheels at the bottom and a power house at the top has the 
further disadvantage that the length of shaft connecting each 


1018 


Industrial Niagara 


1905 


ar 


generator with its wheel must be about equal to the head of 
water, and that the weight and cost of the shaft and of its sup- 
ports must be correspondingly great. 

For these reasons, the plants now under construction about 
Niagara Falls have either their generators and wheels in pits as 
close as possible to the falls, so as to reduce the amount of 
excavation in both pits and tunnels, or else have them located 
in the gorge or at the foot of the escarpment and supplied with 
water through a canal or pipe line. For future plants designed 
to develop power with water from the upper river, canals or pipe 
lines are quite certain to have the preference. 

(The) Conclusions of the Niagara power companies regarding 1905 
Niagara. (Elec. rev., March 25, 1905. 46:494.) 


The Ontario Power Company’s summary of power available at 
Niagara and the courses open to municipalities in relation to its develop- 
ment. 


DEWEESE, TRUMAN A. How Niagara is “harnessed.” (R. of R., 1905 
July, 1905. 32:58-64.) DeWeese 
A discussion of power development in progress on the Canadian side, 
taking up the problems presented, the difficulties to be met, the engineering 
features of the various constructions, the uses of the power developed, and 
the effects of diversion. The author thinks that ‘‘ the real danger to the 
falls will come from the granting of additional franchises in the future.” 


DUNLaP, ORRIN E. Canadian electric power stations at Niagara. Deen 
(Nature, Dec. 14, 1905. 73:161-162.) 


A brief description of the plans of the three Canadian companies. 


DuNLaP, OrRIN E. The Canadian Niagara Falls development. 
(Elec. rev., May 5, 1905. 56:737.) 

A review of the 19th Annual Report of the Queen Victoria Niagara 
Falls Park Commissioners on electrical development on the Canadian 
side. 


DUNLAP, ORRIN E. Curious engineering feat at Niagara. (Sci. Am., 
Nov. I1, and 25, 1905. 93:382—423.) 


An account of the concrete column which was erected on shore and then 
tipped over into the river in order to act as a dam and raise the water in 
the power company’s intake. 


1019 


1905 
Dunlap 


1905 


1905 


1905 


1905 


Niagara Falls 


DUNLAP, ORRIN E. Electrical development at Niagara Falls, Canada. 
(Elec. rev., Feb. 10, 1905. 56:231.) 


A description of the plans and plant of the Ontario Power Company. 


(The) Electric power development at Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am., Aug. 
12, 19052 293 V0 7184) 


Editorial comment together with a bird’s-eye view of Niagara Falls and 
vicinity showing the location of the three great power plants under con- 
struction on the Canadian side. 


(The) Electro-chemical industries of Niagara Falls. Electro-chem. 
and metal. ind. July, 1905. 3:253-255.) 


““An address on this subject, delivered on June 22, by Mr. Francis 
A. J. Fitzgerald of Niagara Falls at the Buffalo meeting of the American 
Chemical Society, was highly interesting and suggestive in two respects; 
firstly, for the reason that Mr. Fitzgerald treated the subject from an 
evolutionary point of view, observing the effects of those most important 
factors in evolution, the struggle for existence, the influence of environ- 
ment, etc., in the development of the Niagara electro-chemical products 
made commercially at Niagara Falls were here publicly discussed for the 
first time.” 


Hydraulic features of the latest Niagara power plant. (Eng. news, 
Nov. 30, 1905. 54:577-578.) 


Deals with the special features and the boldness of design of the Ontario 
Power Company in comparison with the older companies. Especially 


interesting from the point of view of the hydraulic engineer. 


Hydro-electric developments of the Ontario power company. I. 
(Elec. wld. and eng., Aug. 26, 1905. 46:342-345.) 


Gives the general plan, describes the intake works, in detail with views 
and diagrams. 


Hydro-electric developments of the Ontario power company. _ II. 
(Elec. wld. and eng., Sept. 2, 1905. 46:387-389.) 


Describes the pipe line and the power station. 


Hydro-electric developments of the Ontario power company. III. 
(Elec. wld. and eng., Sept. 9, 1905. 46:440—-441.) 

Deals with the distribution and control of the current, the distributing 
stations and the transmission line. 


Niagara power in the gorge. I. (Elec. wid. and eng., Nov. 18. 
1905. 46:857-859.) 
1020 


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Industrial Niagara 


A historical study of the power situation in the gorge with special 1905 
reference to the lower plant of the Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing 
Company, and-the uses of the power so developed. 


Niagara power in the gorge. IJ. (Elec. wld. and eng., Nov. 25, 
1905. 46:899-900.) 

Account of the development of the Hydraulic Power and Manu- 
facturing Company with a description of the new station and equipment. 


Niagara power in Toronto. (Elec. wld. and eng., June 24, 1905, 1905 
46:1167-1170.) ; 


Description of transmission lines and stations. 


NuNnN, Pau. N. The development of the Ontario power company. 1905 
(Presented at 22d ann. conv. of the Am. inst. elec, eng’rs. Asheville, Nunn 
N. C. June 19-23, 1905.) 


New departures at Niagara Falls. 

Nunn, Pau. N.  Hydro-electric enterprise in Canada. (Can. eng., 
March, 1905. 13:72-88.) 

Ontario power company’s plant at Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am., Feb. 1905 
1 9052/97): 126.) 


A description of the forebay, flumes, generators, and capacity of the 
plant. 


Ontario power plant at Niagara. (Elec. wld. and eng., March 18, 1905 
1905. 45:508.) 


Progress and development of the plant. 


Opening of the Niagara Canadian power company’s plant. (Sci. 1905 
Am., Feb. 4, 1905. 92:104—-105.) 


A discussion of the capacity and units of the new plant and its relation 
to the American plant. 


Kenyon, O. A. Ublization of Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld. and eng., 1905 
June 3, 1905. 46:1038.) Kenyon 


Letter to the editor on the economic value of Niagara Falls. 


Rise of Niagara power. (Elec. wld. and eng., Oct. 14, 1905. 1905 
46:654-656.) 


This clear and concise account of the rise and development of Niagara 
power is both readable and accurate. 


Hydraulic developments for power purposes about Niagara 
Falls represent neither an invention nor a revolution, but a growth. 


1021 


1905 


Niagara Falls 


Substantially every type of hydraulic construction in the great 
plants now nearing completion has had a forerunner on an 
humble scale. Wheel pits and tunnels, canals and pipes, hori- 
zontal wheels and vertical shafts, stations above the falls and 
stations in the gorge below, have been repeatedly constructed on 
different scales as the engineering arts and the methods of power 
distribution have advanced. 

Perhaps the first industrial application of Niagara power was 
that in the sawmill built by the French in 1725, on the New 
York bank of the river near the upper rapids, for the purpose 
of making lumber to be used in Fort Niagara. From the date 
just named down to about 1800 sawmills appear to have been 
constantly in use along these rapids. Augustus Porter built a 
sawmill on the New York bank of the upper river in 1805, and 
two years later Porter and Bacon erected a gristmill near the 
same location. It seems probable that small heads of water were 
obtained at these mills by means of short canals approximately 
parallel with the nver bank. From about 1822 to 1885, in 
which latter year the mainland opposite Goat Island was taken 
as a part of the New York State Park, a canal ran from near 
the head of the upper rapids down toward the American Falls, 


and mills were built between this canal and the river. In these 


rapids there is a fall of about 50 feet, and a part of this head 
was utilized by taking water from the canal to the wheels, and 
then discharging it into the river above the falls. Bath Island 
lies between the New York bank and Goat Island, and was the 
site of a paper mill as early as 1825. ‘This mill, destroyed by 
fire in 1858, was replaced by another which met a like fate in 
1882, and the third mill seems to have been in operation on this 
island when it was taken for the state park in 1885. Five tons 
of paper was the daily production of the second mill. The third 
mill had turbines of 400 hp capacity. The head of water for 
these wheels could have been no more than the fall of the rapids 
along the sides of this small island. As late as the year last 


named there was standing between a canal and the river, a little 
1022 


Industrial Niagara 


above the Cataract House, a gristmill of Witmer Brothers, built 
in 1822, which operated with three turbine wheels. Not far 
ffom the Cataract House a wing dam ran out into the rapids and 
diverted water into a short canal, as late as 1882, and between 
this canal and the river were several mills with turbine wheels 
that had an aggregate capacity of at least 525 hp. The largest 
of these mills was that of Hill & Murray, where 10 tons of wet 
pulp were manufactured daily with the aid of turbines of 400 hp 
capacity. From this same canal, in 1879, water began to be taken 
to operate a Brush arc dynamo with a capacity for twenty 4,000 
cp lamps. The dynamo was driven by a 33-in. turbine wheel of 
36 hp capacity under the water head of 12 ft. Prospect Park 
and the Falls were lighted by arc lamps equipped with reflectors 
and connected to this dynamo. ‘Thus it seems that before 1885, 
when the state park displaced most of these mills, the rapids above 
the American Falls were operating turbines with a total capacity 
of about 1,000 hp, at heads much less than the 50 ft., which these 
rapids might have been made to furnish. Water used for this 
power development was returned to the river above the crest of 
the Falls. Meantime the diversion of water above the Great 
Cataract, and its discharge into the gorge below for power pur- 
poses, had already begun. As early as 1842 Augustus Porter 
proposed a canal to lead water from the upper Niagara River to 
the gorge, and in 1853, the Porter family granted the Niagara 
Falls Hydraulic Co. a plot of land having a frontage of 425 ft. 
on the upper river, extending for nearly a mile along the Gorge 
below the Falls, and with a width of 100 ft. in a strip 4,400 
ft. long between these river frontages. The object of this grant 
was to secure the construction of a canal from a point above to 
one below the Falls, so that mills might locate at the lower end 
of the canal and have a high head of water. Excavation of this 
canal began with a celebration in 1853. 

Completion of the work was delayed for lack of funds, but 
Horace H. Day secured the property in 1860, and, on July 1, 


1861, finished the canal with a length of 4,400, a width of 36, 
1023 


1905 


1905 


Niagara Falls 


and a depth of 8 ft. This canal terminates in a basin near 
the top of the Gorge with a water surface of 210 ft. above that 
of the river below. Further development was arrested at this 
time by the Civil War, and it was 1870 before any of the great 
power thus made available was utilized. About that time the 
Gaskill gristmill was built at the lower end of the canal. This 
mill appears to have been equipped with turbines of 100 hp 
capacity under not less than 25 ft. head. In 1877 the canal 
just mentioned and the river frontages at its upper and lower 
ends were purchased by the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power 
& Manufacturing Co. and Schoellkopf & Matthews began 
the erection of a flour mill to utilize a part of the power in 
the same year. This mill was located at the top of the cliff 
near the lower end of the canal, was 64x126 ft. on the 
ground in its main part, six stories in height, and was equipped 
with two American turbine wheels with a combined capacity 
of 900 hp under a head of 50 ft. Water was carried down 
to these wheels through a boiler-iron pipe 9 ft. in diameter, 
and this development had the highest head and the greatest 
power capacity of any that had been made at Niagara Falls 
up to that time. The original Gaskill mill, that of Schoellkopf 
& Matthews nearby, and all those erected at the end of the 
canal in question for about twenty years utilized the water 
power by sinking wheel pits in the cliff and then excavating 
a nearly horizontal tunnel from the bottom of each pit to 
the face of the cliff in the Gorge. Turbine wheels were 
located at the bottoms of these pits, the water from the canal 
after passing through the wheels was discharged from the tunnels, 
and a vertical shaft from each wheel delivered its power at the 
top of the cliff. All of these wheel pits were excavated before 
turbine wheels for heads of 100 ft. and over could be readily 
procured, and the depths of the pits ranged approximately 
between 25 and 90 ft. Water being thus discharged into the 


Gorge high up on the face of the cliff, the greater part of the 


1024 


Industrial Niagara 


power that might have been obtained from it was wasted. In 
1881, one of the wheel pits in question was sunk to a depth of 
86 ft. below high water level in the canal, and was given an 
area of 20x40 feet. From the bottom of this pit a tunnel 
160 feet long and 10x 6 ft. in cross-section was cut to the face 
of the cliff. In the pit three 45-in. turbine wheels were placed, 
and each of these wheels, rated at 1,000 hp, was supplied 
with water through an iron penstock seven ft. in diameter. 
About one year earlier than this, in 1880, the Cataract Manu- 
facturing Co. installed a 48-inch American turbine in a pit 
of sufficient depth to give a water head of 83 feet to furnish 
1,300 hp for the manufacture of wood pulp. The two 
wheels first installed quickly broke under the head just named, 
but the third was of much greater strength and able to withstand 
the pressure. For this 48-in. wheel a circular pit 8 ft. in 
diameter was excavated through the rock, and from the bottom a 
tunnel 6 ft. in diameter was cut to the face of the cliff. The 
wheel was placed on the ledge at the bottom of the pit, which 
filled with water during operation, and the vertical shaft was 
braced at intervals by stays across the pit. A distinct advance 
in the use of high water heads at Niagara Falls was made in 
the two pits last named, and what was there done has been 
repeated on a larger scale in some of the recent power work. A 
number of pits besides those named were sunk from time to 
time along the top of the cliff at the lower end of the canal, and 
the discharge from their tunnels creates a miniature Niagara 
even to this day. 

During the winter, water falling from the tunnel outlets 
freezes before it reaches the river, and forms a small mountain 
of ice in the Gorge. In 1899 the aggregate capacity of the water 
wheels supplied by the canal and mechanically connected to the 
machinery of manufacturing plants along the cliff was 7,523 hp. 

Among these plants was that of the Cliff Paper Company, 
especially notable as the first to utilize substantially the entire 


65 1025 


1905 


1905 


Niagara Falls 


head of Niagara Falls and the first to be located in the Gorge. 
This company operates a paper mill at the top of the cliff, and a 
pulp mill at its foot, at the edge of the river. After passing down 
a wheel pit in the cliff and driving turbines under a head of 75 
ft. the water for the pulp mill goes into an iron penstock and 
drops another 125 ft. to horizontal Leffel wheels that develop 
about 2,500 hp. From the tail race of these wheels the water 
flows directly into the river. This pulp mill in the Gorge 
was erected and operated before either of the great electric 
stations at Niagara Falls were built, and prior to 1895, only 
two of these stations, one on the American and another on the 
Canadian side of the river, have since followed it to the foot of 
the cliffs. One of these stations, that of the Niagara Falls 
Hydraulic Power & Manufacturing Co. close to the pulp mill of 
the Cliff Paper Co. began to generate electric power in 1896, 
with horizontal turbines operating under a water head of 210 ft. 
from the canal above. ‘This was the first electric station to locate 
in the gorge. 

During the previous year another plan for the development of 
power with the combined head of the Falls and upper rapids 
had been carried to completion in the plant of the Niagara Falls 
Power Company. Between 1883 and 1885, Thomas E:vershed, 
an engineer engaged in the survey of the Niagara Falls Park 
Reservation, proposed a tunnel running beneath the city of 
Niagara Falls, and a system of canals and wheel pits, for the 
purpose of power production. ‘The tunnel was to have a length 
of about 2.5 miles, was to connect with smaller tunnels, 
and was to vent at water level in the Gorge, just north of the 
reservation. Main and branch canals were to divert water from 
Niagara River above the upper rapids, and to deliver it in wheel 
pits along the lines of tunnels, for turbine wheels located on the 
pit floors. AA company was formed to carry out this idea in a 
revised form, under which the wheel pits were brought close 
together and electric distribution of power was to take the place 
of branch canals and tunnels. For the development of electric 

1026 


Industrial Niagara 


energy the generators were to be mounted at the tops of vertical 
shafts that rose from turbine wheels near the bottom of each pit. 
The plan finally adopted included a surface canal 250 ft. wide 
at its head on the river front, 1.25 miles above the American 
Falls, 1,700 ft. long in a direction approximately at right angles 
with the river, and 12 ft. deep. On either side of this canal a 
wheel pit was to be excavated to a depth of 178 ft., and a tunnel 
7,436 ft. long was to connect the bottoms of the pits with the 
river, in the gorge below the Falls. The tunnel width was 18.82 
ft., its height 21 ft., and its area in cross-section 386 sq. ft. 
Ground was broken for this development on October 4, 1890, 
and the first sale of electric energy was to the Pittsburg Reduction 
Co. for the production of aluminum on August 26, 1895. The 
canal and tunnel were designed for a capacity of 120,000 hp., at 
the head of 136 ft. utilized in the first wheel pit. In the great 
wheel pit and tunnel of 1895 may be seen an extension of the 
plan followed in the hydraulic development for the Gaskill mill 
more than twenty years earlier. Each plant included a canal to 
bring the water from the upper river, a wheel pit with turbines 
at the bottom, a vertical shaft rising from each wheel to the 
ground level and a tunnel to discharge the tail water into the 
gorge. In the later development, however, the tunnel is more 
than a mile instead of only a few feet in length, the head in 136 
ft. to 150 ft. instead of 25, and the capacity is 120,000 instead 
of 100 hp. 

The plant of the Niagara Falls Power Company set the pat- 
tern for electric stations with wheel pits and tunnels, and the 
Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power & Manufacturing Co. by 
locating its generating equipment at the foot of the cliff, in 1895, 
fixed a type for those who run pipes down into the Gorge 
and connect them with horizontal turbine wheels for the opera- 
tion of electric generators. Both of these examples on the 
American side of Niagara River have been followed on the 
Canadian bank. In Queen Victoria Park the generating plants 


1027 


1905 


1905 


1905 


1905 
Smith 


1905 


Niagara Falls 


of the Canadian Niagara Power Co. and the Toronto Niagara 
Power Co. are reproductions of the electric stations with tunnels, 
wheel pits and vertical shafts on the New York bank, with such 
minor improvements as experience has dictated. 
In the Gorge, close to the foot of the Horseshoe Falls and 
diagonally across the river from its American prototype of ten 
years ago, is the new plant of the Ontario Power Co. This plant, 
like that of the Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Co. 
across the Gorge, takes water above the upper rapids, leads it 
from the top to the foot of the cliffs in steel pipes, passes it 
through horizontal turbines that are direct connected to their 
electric generators, and discharges it into the lower river. While 
the much larger and later plant of the Ontario Power Co. 
presents many modifications’ of detail, perhaps its most striking 
departure from its prototype is in the use of a steel pipe line 
instead of a canal to bring the water to the top of the cliff. 


Significance of the hydro-electric developments at Niagara Falls. 
(Elec. rev., Feb. 11, 1905. 46:224-225.) 

An editorial on the amount of power in use and prospective. Power 
development in the United States is compared with that in other countries. 


SMITH, CEcIL B. Construction of Canadian Niagara power com- 
pany’s one hundred thousand horse-power hydro-electric plant at Niagara 
Falls, Ont. (Trans. Can. soc. c. e. Jan., 1905. 19:62-82.) 

A description of the construction work, buildings, and machinery. An 
abstract of the article may be found in the Electrical Review, New York, 
New York, December 2, 1905. 


SMITH, CEcIL B. MHydro-electric power plants in the Canadian 
Niagara district. (Eng. mag., Feb., 1905. 28:727-752.) 

A comprehensive survey of the advantages of the district and of the 
various plants and their distinctive features by one ‘most intimately 
familiar with the entire scheme of development of the Niagara water 
power. 


Turbines of the Ontario power company, Niagara Falls. (Elec. 
wld. and eng., April 11, 1905. 45:652.) 


Describes the turbines of the horizontal type, of the largest capacity 
ever built, 


1028 


Industrial Niagara 


Electric power development at Niagara Falls. I. (Sci. Am., Aug. 1905 
2.91905. 93:125-126.) 


A general survey of the power situation, in which it was shown 
that at the present time there are in operation, or under construc- 
tion, on both sides of the Niagara River, electric power plants 
whose combined horse-power is about 500,000 and that if to 
this amount be added the total amount of power for which charter 
rights have been granted, the total development at Niagara, when 
the full limit of these charters has been reached will be about 
9,000,000 horse-power. 

Electric power development at Niagara Falls. II. (Sci. Am., Oct. 
21,1905. -93::320-321.) 

A description of the 125,000 horse-power plant of the Electrical 
Development Company. 

(The) Waste of Niagara. (Indep., March 16, 1905. 58:618-620.) 1905 

An editorial in humorous and sarcastic vein on the wastefulness of 
Niagara as a scenic spectacle merely. 


1906 
Apams, ALTON D. Proposed dam for Lake Erie. (Sci. Am., Feb. 1906 
10, 1906. 94:127.) Adams 


A scheme for insuring a more constant volume at Niagara Falls. 


Buck, Harotp W. Niagara Falls from the economic standpoint. 1906 
(Outl., May 19, 1906. 83:133-136.) Buck 
An argument in defense of commercial utilization of the Falls. For 
editorial comment, see pages 106-107. 
“The author of this article is an electrical engineer of standing, who 
has had a long and authoritative experience in the scientific development 
of electric power at Niagara Falls.”-—Ed. note. 


There is another side to this question, however — the economic 
one — which has been forced to the front by the developments 
in science, engineering, and industry during the past ten years, 
and this phase of the situation cannot be set aside without careful 
consideration. "The development of power at Niagara to-day is 
not the result of vandalism. It is not a manifestation of the greed 

1029 


1906 
Buck 


1906 
Dunlap 


Niagara Falls 


of the capitalist for further wealth, nor is it the evidence of the 
granting by legislatures of monopolistic privileges to the few. 
Broadly speaking, it is solely the physical expression of the law 
of supply and demand. 

The water is being diverted for power purposes solely because, 
in the economic and industrial development of the country, the 
power is needed. ‘This demand, like all commercial demands, is 
the net result of the actions and desires of all the individuals of 
the country. 


The author goes on to state that the capitalists are not the only ones 
benefited by the development of the Niagara power, but that the real 
benefit goes to the manufacturer and purchaser of the products cheapened 
by the use of electricity. 


The economic side of the Niagara problem is a serious one, 
and it cannot be set aside as secondary to that of the scenic 
interests. It must be cleared of the prejudices which now dis- 
credit it, and its importance to the country at large must be recog- 
nized. Niagara Falls is a great continental asset, not only as a 
scene, but also as a source of power, and any fair adjustment 
between the two interests must be made upon the basis of a rea- 
sonable compromise. The wave of exaggerated sentimentalism 
now passing should not be allowed to sweep aside all reason, nor 
be the only thing considered. 


_ Dunwap, ORRIN E. The crime against Niagara. (Harp. w., April 
7, 1906. . . . 50:pt. 1. 474-476.) 

“Tt has been estimated,’ says Mr. Dunlap, “* That should all the 
power companies which have authority to use water from the Niagara 
river, carry out their undertakings upon anything like the scale adopted 
by the companies whose works are now under construction, the falls of 
Niagara, considered as a scenic spectacle, would be most grievously 
impaired, if not entirely destroyed.” 


DuNn.LaP, OrrIN E. A great concrete retaining wall. (Sci. Am., 
May 12, 1906. 94:395-396.) 

This wall, supposed to be the highest concrete wall in existence, was 
built by the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Com- 
pany to face the cliff and protect its power station. 

1030 


Industrial Niagara 


DuNLAP, OrrIN E. A new 130,000 horse-power plant at Niagara 1906 
Falls. (Sci. Am., Oct. 6, 1906. 95:244-245.) Dunlap 
A description of the lower plant of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power 
and Manufacturing Company. 


Electric power development at Niagara Falls. III. (Sci. Am., March 1906 
24, 1906. 94:248-249.) 


A history of the development of power on the Niagara and a discussion 
of the advantages of the Canadian side together with a description of the 
distinctive features of the Canadian Niagara plant. 


Electric railway development at Niagara Falls. (Elec. rev., July 28, 1906 
1906. 40:234.) 


According to the article, a widely known engineer has said that “ in his 
belief, the day was not distant when every locomotive between Syracuse 
and Cleveland, and in all that territory not more than 100 miles from 
Niagara Falls, would be operated from power generated there.”’ 


Houston, Epwin J. Half a decade of progress in electricity and 1906 
magnetism. (Cass., Feb., 1906. 29:286—288.) Houston 


A brief description of industrial processes depending on the Niagara 
Falls Power Company. 


International waterways commission. (U.S. & Can.) Report upon 1906 
the existing water power situation at Niagara Falls, so far as concerns the 
diversion of water on the American side, by the American members of 
the International waterways commission and Cap’t Charles W. Kutz, corps 


of engineers, U. S. A. Wash.: Gov’t printing off. 1906. 
Contains a description of the plants, estimates of water needed, and 


recommendations for permits for the power companies. 


International waterways commission. (U.S. & Can.) Second interim 
report of the Canadian section and first joint report of the commission. 


Ottawa: 1906. 


The Niagara Falls question is fully taken up in this report and the one 
cited above, the dangers from diversion are considered, limitations are urged 
for the use of the water power, and recommendations are made. 


Niagara Falls power developments. (Elec. rev., Aug. 17, 1906. 1906 
59:265.) 


Permits under the Burton law. 


1031 


1906 


1906 


1906 
Rankine 


Niagara Falls 
Niagara power schemes. (Eng., Feb. 16, 1906. 81:218~-220.) 


A review of a lecture by Professor Unwin before the Institution of 
Mechanical Engineers (London) giving an account of Niagara develop- 
ments and problems and the effect of diversion on the Falls. 


(The) Power of Niagara. Niagara Falls Power Company. Niagara 
Falls,.N. Y.: 1906. 


An attracive and compact advertising pamphlet setting forth the 
capacity of the plants named, the cost of and advantages in using Niagara 
power. 


Many plans were devised for the harnessing of Niagara, but 
it was not until 1888 that a feasible one dawned upon the horizon 
of the world’s work. Then it was that the United States granted 
a series of patents covering the generating and distributing of 
what were termed polyphase electrical currents. “The invention 
embodied in these patents made possible the transmitting of elec- 
trical energy over great distances. With such a_ possibility 
reasonably assured, the Niagara Falls Power Company began on 
October 4, 1890, the construction of its first great hydro-electric 
generating station. Not quite five years later electrical power 
for commercial purposes was delivered from that station, and on 
November 15, 1896, the same power was first used commercially 
in Buffalo, twenty-five miles away. 

Beginning with the modest number of three generators and 
the small output capacity of 15,000 electrical horse-power, the 
first generating station grew to a capacity of 50,000 electrical 
horse-power; and then a second station close by was completed, 
with an additional capacity of 50,000 electrical horse-power, 
whilst across the river in the Dominion of Canada, a third station 
was being built, which to-day has available 50,000 electrical 
horse-power out of an ultimate output of 110,000 horse-power. 


RANKINE, WILLIAM B. National cyclopedia of American biography. 
N. Y.: White, 1906. Vol. XIII. Pp. 286-287. 

Brief history and description of the exploitation of Niagara water-power 
with special reference to the developments of the Niagara Falls Power 
Company and the Canadian-Niagara Power Company. 

1032 


Industrial Niagara 


WELLS, H. G. “ The end of Niagara.”” (Harp. w., July 21, 1906. 1906 
50:pt. 2. 1018-1020.) Wells 


A description of the power development at Niagara in characteristic 
fantastic style. 


Everywhere in the America I have seen the same note sounds, 
the note of a fatal gigantic economic development, of large pre- 
vision and enormous pressures. 

I heard it clear above the roar of Niagara — for, after all, I 
stopped off at Niagara. 

As a waterfall, Niagara’s claim to distinction is now mainly 
quantitative, its spectacular effect, its magnificent and humbling 
size and splendor, were long since destroyed beyond recovery by 
the hotels, the factories, the power-houses, the bridges and tram- 
ways and hoardings that arose about it. It must have been a fine 
thing to happen upon suddenly after a day of solitary travel; the 
Indians, they say, gave it worship; but it’s no great wonder to 
reach it by trolley car through a street hack-infested and full of 
adventurous refreshment-places and souvenir-shops and the tout- 
ing guides. ‘There were great quantities of young couples and 
other sightseers, with the usual encumbrances of wrap and bag and 
umbrella, trailing out across the bridges and along the neat paths 
of the reservation parks, asking the way to this point and that. 
Notice boards cut the eye, offering this and that for twenty-five 
and fifty cents, and it was proposed you should keep off the 
grass. 

After all, the gorge of Niagara is very like any good gorge in 
the Ardennes, except that it has more water; it’s about as wide 
and about as deep, and there is no effect at all that one has not 
seen a dozen times in other cascades. One gets all the water one 
wants at Tivoli; and one has gone behind half a hundred down- 
pours just as impressive in Switzerland; a hundred tons of water 
is really just as stunning as ten million. A hundred tons of water 
stuns one altogether, and what more do you want? One recalls 
“ Orridos”’ and “‘ Schluchts ” that are not only magnificent but 


lonely. 
1033 


1906 
Wells 


Niagara Falls 


No doubt the falls, seen from the Canadian side, have a 
peculiar long majesty of effect; but the finest thing in it all, to my 
mind, was not Niagara at all, but to look up-stream from Goat 
Island and see the sea-wide crest of the flashing sunlit rapids 
against the gray-blue sky. That was like a limitless ocean pour- 
ing down a sloping world towards one, and | lingered, held by 
that, returning to it through an indolent afternoon. It gripped 
the imagination as nothing else there seemed to do. It was so 
broad an infinitude of splash and hurry. And, moreover, all the 
enterprising hotels and expectant trippers were out of sight. 

‘That was the best of the display. The real interest of Niagara 
for me was not in the waterfall, but in the human accumulations 
about it. They stood for the future, threats and promises, and the 
waterfall was just a vast reiteration of falling water. “The note 
of growth in human accomplishment rose clear and triumphant 
above the elemental thunder. 

For the most part these accumulations of human effort about 
Niagara are extremely defiling and ugly. Nothing — not even 
the hotel signs and advertisement boards — could be more 
offensive to the eye and mind than the Schoellkopf Company’s 
untidy confusion of sheds and buildings on the American side, 
wastefully squirting out long tail-race cascades behind the bridge, 
and nothing more disgusting than the sewer-pipes and gas-work 
ooze that the town of Niagara Falls contributes to the scenery. 
But, after all, these represent only the first slovenly onslaught of 
mankind’s expansion, the pioneers’ camp of the human-growth 
process that already changes its quality and manner. ‘There are 
finer things than these outrages to be found. 

These dynamos and turbines of the Niagara Falls Power 
Company, for example, impressed me far more profoundly than 
the Cave of the Winds; are, indeed, to my mind, greater and 
more beautiful than that accidental eddying of air beside a 
downpour. ‘They are will made visible, thought translated into 
easy and commanding things. ‘They are clean, noiseless, and 
starkly powerful. All the clatter and tumult of the early age of 

1034 


Industrial Niagara 


machinery is past and gone here; there is no smoke, no coal grit, 
no dirt at all. The wheel-pit into which one descends has an 
almost cloistered quiet about its softly humming turbines. These 
are altogether noble masses of machinery, huge black slumbering 
monsters, great sleeping tops that engender irresistible forces in 
their sleep. They sprang, armed like Minerva, from serene and 
speculative, foreseeing and endeavoring brains. First was the 
word and then these powers. A man goes to and fro quietly in 
the long clean hall of the dynamos. ‘There is no clangor, no 
racket. Yet the outer rim of the big generators is spinning at 
the pace of a hundred thousand miles an hour; the dazzling clean 
switch-board, with its little handles and levers, is the seat of 
empire over more power than the strength of a million disciplined, 
unquestioning men. All these great things are as silent, as won- 
derfully made, as the heart in a living body, and stouter and 
stronger than that. 

When I thought that these two huge wheel-pits of this com- 
pany are themselves but a little intimation of what can be done 
in this way, what will be done in this way, my imagination 
towered above me. [I fell into a day-dream of the coming power 
of men, and how that power may be used by them. 

For surely the greatness of life is still to come; it is not in such 
accidents as mountains or the sea. I have seen the splendor of 
the mountains, sunrise and sunset among them, and the waste 
immensity of sky and sea. I am not blind because I can see 
beyond these glories. To me no other thing is credible than 
that all the natural beauty in the world is only so much material 
for the imagination and the mind, so many hints and suggestions 
for art and creation. Whatever is, is but the lure and symbol 
towards what can be willed and done. Man lives to make — in 
the end he must make, for there will be nothing left for him to do. 

And the world he will make — after a thousand years or so! 

I, at least, can forgive the loss of all the accidental, unmean- 
ing beauty that is going for the sake of the beauty of the fine 
order and ‘intention that will come. I believe — passionately 

1035 


1906 


ellis 


1906 
Wells 


Niagara Falls 


as a doubting lover believes in his mistress —-in the future of 
mankind. And so to me it seems altogether well that all the froth 
and hurry of Niagara at last, all of it, dying into hungry canals of 
intake, should rise again in light and power, in ordered and 
equipped and proved and beautiful humanity, in cities and palaces 
and the emancipated souls and hearts of men. 

I turned back to look at the power-house as I walked towards 
the falls, and halted and stared. Its architecture brought me 
out of my day-dream to the quality of contemporary things again. 
You know, it is such an inconceivably dull piece of building — 
a box of bricks exterior for these engineering splendors —a 
shock, a scandal like a bowler-hat on the king of kings. What 
an architect! I’d almost as soon have had one of the Schoellkopf 
sheds. 

For a time my prophetic mood was altogether damped. 

A community that can produce such things as those turbines 
and dynamos, and then cover them over with this dull exterior, 
is capable, one feels, of a feat of bathos. One feels that all the 
power that throbs in the copper cables below may end at last in 
turning great wheels for excursionists, stamping out aluminum 
fancy-ware, and the illumination of night advertisements for drug- 
shops and music-halls. I had an afternoon of busy doubts. 

There is much discussion about the question of Niagara at 
present. It may be some queer compromise, based on the pretence 
that a voluminous waterfall is necessarily a thing of incredible 
beauty, and a human use is necessarily a degrading use, will 
“save” Niagara and the hack-drivers and the souvenir-shops for 
series of years yet, ‘‘ a magnificent monument to the pride of the 
United States in a glory of nature,”’ as one journalistic savior puts 
it. Itis, as public opinion stands, a quite conceivable thing. This 
electric development may be stopped after all, and the huge fall 
of water remain surrounded by gravel paths and parapets and 
geranium-beds, a staring-point for dull wonder, a crown for days’ 
excursion, a thunderous impressive accessory to the vulgar love- 
making that fills the surrounding hotels, a Titanic imbecility of 

1036 


Industrial Niagara 


wasted gifts. But I don’t think so. I think somebody will pay 1906 
something, and the journalistic zeal for scenery abate. I think the Wel! 
huge social and industrial process of America will win in this 
conflict, and at last swallow up Niagara altogether. 

It will receive that, as it has reecived so much, to return us — 
what? 


U. S. War DEPARTMENT. Hearings in the matter of the granting of 1906 
permits for the transmission from the Dominion of Canada into the United U-S- War 
: ; Departmeat 
States of power from the Niagara river, before the Secretary of War 
at Washington, D. C. Nov. 26, and 27, 1906. Wash.: Gov’t print. 
off. 1906. 


Included are the statements of J. Horace McFarland, A. K. Potter, 
F. W. Stevens, F. D. Deberard, Henry E. Gregory, Dr. John M. Clarke, 
Clinton Roger Woodruff, Hon. Charles M. Keep, Francis Lynde Stetson, 
W. Caryl Ely, Gen. Francis V. Greene, Morris Cohn, Jr., Paul D. 
Cravath, John G. Johnson, and Frank A. Dudley, representatives of 
various interests connected with Niagara Falls, U. S. Engineers, etc. 


Unwin, W. CAWTHORNE. The Niagara Falls power stations. 1906 
Proc. inst. M. E. Lond.) 1906. Pp. 135-148. Unwin 


This is the epitome of a lecture delivered at the graduates meeting on 
February 12, 1906, and contains eighteen beautiful plates. The early 
utilization of the Falls is described, and the development of the different 
American and Canadian power companies discussed. The possible 
destruction of the scenic effect of the Falls is dealt with and the author 
says, “Obviously when the works are complete there will be a serious 
alteration in the appearance of the Falls.” 


1907 


(The) Burton bill and its effects on electric developments at Niagara 4997 
Falls. (Elec. wld. and eng., June 29, 1907. 49:1291-1294.) 


Discusses the provisions and restrictions of the bill and permits granted 
under it, its general effects, and the effect on the Canadian company and 
on the market for power. 


Canadian-Niagara power company’s transmission to Buffalo. (Elec. 1907 
wid. and eng., June 29, 1907. 49:1299-1302.) 
Description of the lines crossing the river and of the terminal station B 
of the Cataract Power and Conduit Company. 
1037 


1907 
Dunlap 


1907 


Greene 


1907 
Mershon 


1907 


Niagara Falls 


Dun_ap, OrrIN E. Illuminating Niagara with its own power. (Sci. 
Am., Oct. 19, 1907. 97:273-274.) 


A description of the machinery used for the illumination and the effect 


on the Falls. 


GREENE, FRANCIS V. Niagara Falls in 1907. Ontario Power 
Company of Niagara Falls. 


A paper read before the American Civic Association at the annual 
convention, Providence, R. I., November 19, 1907. A  stereopticon 
lecture illustrated by seventy-five diagrams and views. ‘The author is 
the vice president of the Ontario Power Company. Says Mr. Greene: 
“*T trust that I have reassured you as to any fears you may have that, 
under the law and the conditions as they now exist, there is any danger 
of Niagara Falls being destroyed. We are not now, and never have been, 
parties to any plans which would im any way endanger this sublime 
spectacle. The works of all the companies which have been partially 
constructed will not, when carried to completion on plans already approved, 
take out of Niagara enough water to change its appearance.” 


MERSHON, RALPH D. The transmission plant of the Niagara, Lock- 
port and Ontario Power Company. (Trans. Am. inst. elec. eng’rs. 


N. F. June 26, 1907. 26:pt. 2, 1273-1317.) 


** This event,” says the author, speaking of the opening of the Niagara, 
Lockport and Ontario transmission line, “ marks the inauguration of one 
of the first undertakings in the matter of distributing Niagara power over 
a large section of country, and the beginning of an enterprise which is one 
of the most important, and in some respects the most important of its 
kind anywhere in the world.’”’ He then goes on to describe in detail 
the capacity, length and construction of the line. 


Niagara. The Niagara Falls Power Company, Niagara Falls, N. Y., 
and the Canadian Niagara Power Company, Ontario, Apnl 1, 1907. 
Bensler Press Company. Buffalo: n. d. 


A pamphlet containing information for visitors, an account of the har- 
nessing of Niagara, a description of the plants of the two companies, 
together with views and diagrams and maps of the developments, trans- 
mission lines and distributing stations. 


That Niagara Falls represented a natural source of tremen- 
dous power was known, but the mere recognition of a possible 
source of power is not the real problem in its commercial develop- 

1038 


Industrial Niagara 


ment. ‘Two other factors require even greater consideration — 
first, some means must be provided for converting the forces of 
nature into some useful and marketable form of energy, and 
second, when it is converted into a useful form of energy, a suffi- 
cient demand for the power must be created to justify its develop- 
ment upon a large and practical scale. 


(The) Niagara dispute. (Elec. wld. and eng., Jan. 5, 1907. 
49:13.) 


Note on the power of the federal government under the Burton act. 


(The) Niagara Falls power question. (W. elec., Jan. 26, 1907. 
40:93.) 


Discusses the permits for transmission of power from Canada issued by 


Secretary of War Taft. 


Niagara power at Syracuse. (Ry. and eng. rev., June 1, 1907. 
47 :458-459.) 

Electric current generated from the large power plants at 
Niagara Falls has recently been made available at points further 
distant from the source of supply than even were supplied before. 

. . The system as already constructed reached half way 
across New York State in the direction of its greatest length. At 
these remote distances from the central station the power is being 
put to many uses, perhaps the most important of which are for the 
operation of various electric railway systems. The Erie Railroad 
in the electrification of its Rochester division is using, as its source 
of power, current from the lines of the Niagara, Lockport and 
Ontario Power Company. . . . Still more remote from the 
Falls is the city of Syracuse, and the Syracuse Rapid Transit 
Company, which operates the street railways in that place, has 
recently arranged to receive a large part of its current from the 
long distance transmission lines. 


Ox.Ley, J. MacponaLp. Niagara under yoke. (Wd. to-day, 
Sept., 1907. 8:298-306.) 

The article deals particularly with the Canadian situation. To quote: 
““Nowhere the world over may you find a more convincing illustration 


1039 


1907 


1907 


1907 


1907 


1907 
Oxley 


1907 
Oxley 


1907 
Urban 


1908 
Amot 


1908 


Behrend 


1908 


1908 


Greene 


1908 


Niagara Falls 


of the hard, practical spirit of the age than on the Canadian side of the 
most famous of cataracts. [hose who are prone to value none but pay- 
ing facts have verily had their triumph here, and the votaries of the 
sublime and beautiful have been put to utter rout.” 


Urpan, Henry. Uiilisation des chutes du Niagara. (Societe Belge 
d’electriciens. Feb., 1907. 24:33-—48.) 


An account of the development and distribution of the Niagara Falls 
Power Company and the Ontario Power Company. ‘The article also con- 
tains some diagrams. 


1908 


ARNOT, RaymMonp H. The industries of Niagara Falls. (Pop. sci. 
mo., Oct., 1908. 73:306-318.) 


A simple and interesting study of Niagara Falls as an electro-chemical 
center. 


BEHREND, B. A. A large new generator for Niagara Falls. (Trans. 
Am. inst. elec. eng’rs. Atlantic City, July 1, 1908. 27:pt. 2, 
1057-1068.) 


A technical and detailed description of machinery for the new plant of 
the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company. 


Electric power in Ontario. (Power, Nov. 3, 1908. 29:754.) 


Discussion of hydro-electric power in Ontario with special reference 
to the situation at Hamilton by the consul in Hamilton. (Quoted from 
the Consular and Trade reports.) 


GREENE, FRANCIS VINTON. ‘The equities at Niagaraa . . . 
Wash. (1908.) 


A statement submitted on behalf of the Lower Niagara River Power 
and Water Supply Company of New York; the Niagara, Lockport and 
Ontario Power Company of New York, and the Ontario Power Company 
of Niagara Falls, Canada. The statement is a plea for the removal of 


the prohibitions of the act of June 29, 1906. 


(The) long distance transmission record. (Elec. wld., May 2, 1908. 
51:888-889.) 

An editorial on Niagara power in Auburn, New York, 163 miles 
away, ‘ probably the longest twenty-four-hours-a-day transmission yet in 


use. 


1040 


Industrial Niagara 


MERSHON, RALPH D. Losses and critical voltages of high tension 1908 
transmission lines. (Eng. dig., Sept., 1908. 4:256-257.) Mershon 


This paper “ has mainly to do with the results of the work carried on at 
Niagara Falls, but in the treatment of these results the work at Telluride 
(Colorado) and that of Professor Ryan will necessarily be referred to and 
discussed.’’ The article is a condensation of a paper entitled, ‘‘ High 
Voltage Measurements at Niagara’ read before the American Institute of 


Electrical Engineers, Atlantic City, June 29, 1908. 
Niagara power. (Elec. wld., June.13, 1908. 51:1721.) 1908 


A digest of the report of the International Waterways Commission. 


Wi.uiams, ARCHIBALD. How it is done, or, Victories of the engineer, 1908 
(N. Y. Nelson. 1908c. Pp. 467-484.) Williams 
A discussion dealing with the waste of energy at the Falls, the history of 
the use of Niagara, the modern power companies and their plants and 
methods. 


1909 
KoESTER, FRANK. Hydro-electric developments and engineering. 1909 
N. Y. D. Van Nostrand Co. 1909. (See index.) Koester 


Among the references in the index are 327 of the power plant and 
transmission system of the Ontario Power Company, and also some dealing 
with the architectural features of the Niagara Power Company. 


1910 


The development of electric power at Niagara Falls. (Nature, April 1910 
7, 1910. 83:173—-176.) 
From a paper entitled, ““An account of a visit to the power plant of 
the Ontario Power Company at Niagara Falls,’’ read before the Institu- 
tion of Mechanical Engineers, January 7, 1910, by Mr. C. W. Jordan. 
The article describes the intake, conduits, spillway and weir, power house, 
and machinery of the company. 


Niagara Falls power company and Canadian-Niagara power com- 4919 
pany. Information for visitors. Apmnil 1, 1910. 

Historical and descriptive. 

THOMPSON, SYLVANUS PHILLIPS. Life of William Thompson, baron 1910 
Kelvin of Largs. Lond. Macmillan. 1910. 2 Vols. (See index to Thompson 


volume 2 under Niagara.) 


66 1041 


1910 
Thompson 


1911 
Canada Com- 


mission of 
Conservation 


1911 


1912 
Agassiz 


Niagara Falls 


On his visit to Niagara in 1897 to investigate the industrial develop- 
ment, Lord Kelvin said to the press, ‘“ 1 do not myself believe that any 
such limit will be found to the use of this great natural source. I look 
forward to the time when the whole water from Lake Erie will find its 
way to the lower level of Lake Ontario through machinery, doing more 
good for the world than even that great benefit which we now possess 
in contemplation of the splendid scene which we have before us in the 
waterfall of Niagara. I wish I could live to see this grand development. 
I do not hope that our children’s children will ever see the Niagara 
cataract.” 


1911 


CANADA COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION. Water powers of Canada, 
by Leo G. Denis and Arthur V. White. Ottawa. The Mortimer co. 
1911. (See index.) 


The portions of the book devoted to Niagara deal with the esthetic 
value of the Falls, the power possibilities, the existing situation, and the 
conditions governing development, as well as considerable data respecting 
the various companies. 


The suggestion regarding the diversion of the waters of Niagara is 
quoted: 

It would be a wise precaution, when granting water privileges 
on a river, say, like the Niagara river, if the governments inter- 
ested reserved the power to demand that waters diverted from a 
river must, if so required be temporarily returned to the river. 
Such a course would increase the flow and thereby assist in 
averting critical conditions that might arise as, for example a 
dangerous ice-jam which might be broken up by the agency of 
an increased flow of water taking place during the formative 
stages of the jam. 


(The) Power of Niagara Falls. Taking stock of the energy utilized. 
(Sci. Am. supp., Sept. 23, 1911. 72:208.) 


This article is a quotation at length from Art in Engineering Supplement 
of the London Times, by Dr. J. W. Spencer. 


1912 


Acassiz, GARNAULT. Niagara—the “‘ Mighty Thunderer.” A 
reprint from the National magazine for September, 1912. 
1042 


Industrial Niagara 


A description of the Falls, with an estimate of their power potentialities, 1912 
and an account of the influence of that power on various industries. Agassiz 
Gone is the Indian’s superstition, the red man’s impotency — 
terrible no more is the “ Spirit of Niagara,’”’ ominous no longer 
is its voice. Where stood the Indian maid we now see in phan- 
tom a thousand temples of industry ; where rode the mist, a cloud 
as of smoke wafted toward the setting sun; where rested the 
rainbow, the bridge that points man across the great divide. The 
“Mighty Thunderer’’ that for untold centuries has run _ his 
relentless way, checked only by the martial legions of King 
Winter, still hurls his troubled waters down the awful abyss; his 
voice still speaks forth from the unfathomable depths; his relent- 
less spirit is still unassuaged, his pristine omnipotence still unchal- 
lenged; but these waters have been trained to another task, that 
voice finds echo in the whirr of myriad wheels, that power is 
reflected in a million ways; the “‘ unconquerable one”’ is still 
unconquered — he has become a mighty ally in the upbuilding of 
civilization. 


But the total power potentialities of the ““ Mighty Thunderer ” 
will not be available for man’s use for many generations to 
come, for conservative legislation on the part of the governments 
of Great Britain and the United States will hold in reserve so 
much of it as competent engineers deem essential to preserve the 
scenic beauty of the cataract until such time as its development 
shall have become an economic necessity of the hour. 


Already, it might be said, the people of Ontario, with peculiar 
acumen and foresight, have created, in what is officially known as 
the Hydroelectric Power Commission, a government-controlled 
body, whose purpose is to distribute Niagara-developed power 
throughout the Province at cost, thus superinducing her indus- 
trial upbuilding. 

This commission already has constructed 565 miles of trans- 
mission lines, to what effect can be best seen by a study of the 

1043 


1912 
Agassiz 


Niagara Falls 


wonderful manufacturing growth of Western Ontario in the past 
five years. Such thriving communities as Toronto, Hamilton, 
London, Guelph, St. Thomas, Woodstock, Brantford, and 
Stratford have already made marvellous progress in the few short 
years that they have been no longer dependent on American- 
mined coal as their one source of fuel supply, while the city of 
Welland alone has grown from 1,800 to 6,000 in the past three 
years, a record only excelled by Niagara Falls, New York, 
which has increased its population in the past decade from 20,000 
to about 35,000 people. 

The industrial growth of Canada, consequent to some extent 
at least on the Burton Acct, is well illustrated by the fact that in 
1907 Canada was taking less than one per cent of the power 
generated on the Canadian side, while today she is consuming 
almost as much as is the United States. 

Few questions are fraught with more importance to the nation 
than the one involved in the industrial upbuilding of the Niagara 
frontier, which should become one day the greatest manufacturing 
region of the world. It is an economic problem that statesmen 
will have to work out with great care and conservatism. 


Anomalous as it may seem, the hydro-electric development 
of Niagara Falls constitutes in itself one of the most remarkable 
chapters in the history of American conservation, aside altogether 
from the direct saving of fuel the utilization of this wonderful 
store of natural energy effects. For out of it has been evolved 
the modern electric furnace, which, with its products entering into 
every field of human endeavor, is now playing such an all- 
important role in the industrial upbuilding of the world. 

Without Niagara and the electric furnace, indeed, the really 
marvellous progress that has been made in the arts and sciences 
in the past two decades would have been well-nigh impossible. 


What Niagara Falls’ power has accomplished for man’s 
upbuilding through the electric furnace abrasive, is so stupendous 
1044 


Industrial Niagara 


as to be almost unbelievable. The remarkable development of 1912 
metallurgy in recent years has been made possible only by the “2° 
modern grinding wheel, this being especially true of the copper, 
bronze, brass and aluminum industries. “The automobile indus- 
try also has been greatly benefitted by it, for the cranks, shafts, 
special alloy steels and the roller and ball bearings for this 
intricate latter-day invention could never have been perfected 
without it. In dentistry it has been a wonderful factor, having 
made filling a comparatively easy art. Its importance will be 
realized when it is stated that it is now manufactured in sizes 
ranging from a pin’s head to six feet in diameter. 

The uses of modern abrasives are so multitudinous, in fact, 
as to defy enumeration. ‘They are used in the sharpening of 
saws and knives in the lumber industry; in the manufacture of 
porcelain, cut glass, agate ware, fine lenses, tumblers, boots and 
shoes, car wheels, and steel rails; wagons, plows, harvesters, and 
other farm implements; radiators, tools of every character; 
phonograph and graphophone needles; paper pulp; fountain pens 
and combs; surgical instruments; typewriter rolls; leather goods; 
German silver, rubber, celluloid and mother-of-pearl! articles; in 
the polishing of granite, marble, onyx and terrazzo; in the cut- 
ting of carbon and graphite; in the hulling of rice; in the grinding 
of rollers for the manufacture of the best qualities of chocolate 
and cereal foods; in the tanning trades; in smoothing concrete 
and cleaning cement; in the finishing of automobile tires, and in a 
myriad other ways. 


e 


The influence of Niagara Falls’ power on the production and 
price of electric storage batteries is too well known to need 
repetition, the price notwithstanding the enormously increased 
demand having decreased twenty-five per cent in the last five 
years. At Niagara Falls is located in the United States Light 
and Heating Company’s establishment, the largest electric stor- 
age battery plant in the world. What more striking evidence of 

1045 


1912 
Agassiz 


Niagara Falls 


the part Niagara power is playing in conserving the natural 
wealth of the nation? 


But it is in the field of electro-chemistry that Niagara hydro- 
electric power seems destined to find its most important province. 
Electro-chemistry is essentially a child of Niagara. Fifteen years 
ago this rapidly developing branch of science was in the labora- 
tory stage, its possibilities unrealized, its potentialities practically 
unconceived, and it was only when Niagara endowed the 
electro-chemist with the power that permitted him to put to prac- 
tical test the experiments of the laboratory that any real progress 
was made. 

What has been accomplished in the last decade in the field of 
electro-chemistry belongs really to the category of the marvelous. 
Ten years ago the United States depended for its supply of 
chemicals wholly on foreign importations. Today things have 
changed. Such important chemicals as chlorate of potash, caus- 
tic potash, bichromate of soda, muriate acid, liquid chlorine, 
carbon tetrachloride, tin tetrachloride, bleaching powder, phos- 
phurus, caustic alkali, metallic sodium, and cyamanid, are now 
manufactured either in whole or in part through electrolytic 
processes, increasing the efficiency of the product and very materi- 
ally decreasing the price. 

There is apparently no limit to the possibilities of Niagara- 
developed power. It has been shown that paper can be manu- 
factured at Niagara Falls more economically than anywhere, 
because Niagara paper mills are never affected by water drought, 
a condition foreign to any other locality in the world. In the 
firmg of china the Niagara electric furnace should also have a 
considerable future, for it has been demonstrated that with it 
china can be fired in as many hours as it now takes days, and 
the electric furnace has none of the discoloring qualities of coal. 

Niagara is indeed the greatest of all conservators; and in 
serious contemplation must we not ask ourselves — Was this 

1046 


Industrial Niagara 


wonderful storehouse of natural energy placed here merely as a 1912 
tribute to the omnipotence of the Creator, or as a vital factor in “8**” 
the upbuilding of civilization? If the former, then we stand with 

the Indian and prehistoric man; if the latter, then we have a 
bounden duty as a nation to utilize this God-given gift. 


Two aspects of “‘conservation.”” (Metal. and chem. eng., Sept. 12, 41912 
POUZ. 1035.74.) 


An editorial on the importance of electro-chemical industry at Niagara 
Falls and an expression of regret over the waste presented by the restric- 
tions on power development. 


In a few days our visitors will be at Niagara Falls. Much 
is there of which we are proud — the magnificent group of elec- 
trochemical industries, without a parallel of its kind in diversity 
and magnitude, and economically of importance only to be meas- 
ured by a realization of what the artificial abrasives, aluminum, 
artificial graphite, caustic soda and chlorine, the ferro alloys, and 
its other products mean to industry in its larger aspect. A bold 
directness is perhaps the characteristic virtue of American engi- 
neering; and a better example could scarcely be found of that 
simplicity which is the truest efficiency than this group of electro- 
chemical plants. 


WILLIAMS, ARCHIBALD. The wonders of modern engineering. 1912 
Bias Phila.: Lippincott. Lond.: Seeley, Service. 1912. Pp. Williams 
| ee 


The chapter on “‘ The Harnessing of Niagara ”’ is from the ‘’ Romance 
of Modern Engineering’ by the same author. 


1913 


Aluminum company of America. (Harp. w., June 14, 1913. 57: 4913 
pt. 15.25:) 


A description of ‘* one of the greatest industries in this country.” 
BoLTON, REGINALD PELHAM. An expensive experiment; the hydro- 1913 


electric power commission of Ontario. N. Y.: Baker & Taylor Com- Bolton 
pany. 19{3, 


1047 


1913 
Bolton 


1913 


1913 


1913 


1913 


1913 


Niagara Falls 


In answer to the fallacy that the Falls are wholly a source of gain 
and profit to the community Mr. Bolton says, “* In other words, Niagara, 
like other water-falls is economically utilizable only to a limited extent, 
and so long as any fuel, either coal, oil, gas, lumber, peat, vegetable 
matter or extracts, is available as fuel, water power will continue to afford 
a restricted field of usefulness, bounded by strictly limited expenditure 
upon development. . . . The real value of the product must be 
measured by competition with other sources of energy.” 


Effect of power development on the Canadian Falls at Niagara. 
(Metal. and chem. eng., June, 1913. 11:307.) 

Letter by P. McN. Bennie to the editor questioning the impression 
given by the photograph in Bolton’s “* Expensive Experiment.” 


The faith and courage of the pioneer. (Harp. w., June 14, 1913. 
57-pt. ls 24-25) 
A history of power development and its extension with special reference 


to the Niagara Falls Power Company, together with the discussion of the 
effective diversion and legislation affecting the power company. 


More aspects of conservation. (Metal. and chem. eng., March, 1913. - 
11:117-118.) 


An editorial on Secretary Stimson’s plea for more efficiency in the 
development of power. A plea by the editor for efficiency in consumption. 


New York hydro-electric development. (Metal. and chem. eng., June, 
(913. 42306; 


Letter to the editor on Reginald Pelham Bolton’s arguments and state~ 
ments in “An Expensive Experiment.” 


New York hydro-electric development and Niagara Falls. (Metal. and 
chem. eng., July, 1913. 11:370-371.) 


Letters by Reginald Pelham Bolton, P. McN. Bennie and F. Austin 
Lidbury in regard to photograph and statements in Bolton’s ‘‘ Expensive 
Experiment.” 


Niagara’s oldest power plant. (Harp. w., June 14, 1913. 57:pt. 1, 
16.) 

A description of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing 
Company’s plant together with a discussion of federal legislation, the treaty 
with Great Britain, the effect of diversion, and its achievements for human 
comfort. 


1048 


Industrial Niagara 


(Review of Bolton, Reginald Pelham. An expensive experiment.) 1913 
(Metal. and chem. eng., July, 1913. 11:302.) 


This book is an amplification of the author’s evidence before 
the New York State Committee on the subject of the activities, 
operation and results of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission 
of Ontario. ; 

Less satisfactory are those portions of the book which deal with 
the general subject of the ‘development, transmission and utiliza- 
tion of hydro-electric power. 

We deplore these blots on the work all the more since there 
is no question but that the author has rendered a useful public 
service in throwing a clear light upon the Ontario Hydro-Electric 
Commission’s position and in dispelling to a considerable degree, 
by definite figures, the secrecy surrounding its financial operations. 


U. S. Concress. House committee on foreign affairs. Diversion of 41913 
water from the Niagara nver. . . . Hearings before the committee U. S. 
Jan. 24, Feb. 15 and 17, 1913. Wash.: Gov't print. off. 1913. Congress 
Statements of the Secretary of War and Mr. Frederick L. Lovelace, 
Secretary of the Niagara Falls Power Company revised. 


U. S. ConcrREss. House committee on foreign affairs. Diversion of 1913 
water from the Niagara river. Hearings before the committee Jan. 22, 
[24,] on bill proposed by the sub-committee on Niagara Falls legislation 
dated Jan. 15, 1913. Pt. 1, [2] Wash.: Gov’t print. off. 1913. 


A discussion of state and federal rights by the representatives of the 
interests involved. 


WILLIAMS, Epwarp T. Niagara in romance and commerce. (Harp. 1913 
w., June 14, 1913. 57:pt. 1, 29.) Williams 
“* Glimpses of the pioneer days and of the twentieth century development 
at Niagara frontier.” 


Wituiams, Epwarp T. Using Niagara’s power. (Harp. w., June 
Laat lS. 57 =pt.’ 1,’ 28:) 

An article by the city industrial agent of Niagara Falls on the possi- 
bilities of power development, the effects of diversion and the Burton law. 


1049 


1914 
Hubbard 


Niagara Falls 


1914 


HUBBARD, ELBERT. Power; or The story of Niagara Falls. 
East Aurora, N. Y. 1914. 


A history of the power development with special reference to the 
Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company. The Falls are cited as 
an ideal manufacturing district and many arguments advanced for the use 
of water power for industrial purposes. “The future of the Falls is con- 
sidered and many interesting facts concerning the region are given. 


U. C. ConcreEss. House committee on foreign affairs. . . . Diver- 
sion of water from Niagara river. 63d Cong., 2d sess. . . . Report to 
accompany house report 16,542. Wash.: Gov't print. off. 1914. 


The chief subjects considered in the accompanying bill are 
the amount of water that may safely be taken from the Niagara 
river, to whom it should be given, the amount of power that ought 
to be generated from the water used, the amount of power that 
may be imported from Canada, who shall grant the permits, and 
what limitations and restrictions should be placed in such permits 
for the diversion of water and the importation of power. 


U. S. ConcrREss. House committee on foreign affairs. Diversion of 
water from the Niagara river. Hearings. . . . 63d Cong., 2d sess. 
Jan. 16, 1914. Wash.: Gov’t print. off. 1914. 


Statements of Hon. Henry P. Velte, George F. Thompson, James W. 
Kelly, George E. Van Kennan, all of New York State, that they want 
4,400 cubic feet of water in control of New York State so that Niagara 
may be protected from monopolistic control. 


What we want is that this limitation under the Burton Act be 
set aside in any proposed legislation, and any additional water 
power granted shall be granted so that it shall be subject either 
to the approval of any of the governmental departments, of the 
Federal Legislature jointly with that of the State of New York. 
This is one of the propositions. 

Another proposition is that the State of New York shall have 
the opportunity to say to whom the diversion shall go.—Senator 


V elte. 
1050 


STIV- AHL aAOdV SdIidvy 


Industrial Niagara 


1915 


Dunn, E———. Intermittent water-fall. (Sci. Am., Dec. 4, 1915. 1915 
113:492—493.) Dunn 


An account of Professor Norton’s project for the utilization of the Falls 
without impairing their beauty. The article is written by a coworker of 
Professor Norton’s and embodies the ideas for the intermittent use of the 
fall which appear in Professor Norton’s article in the Popular Science 
Monthly of February, 1916. 

1916 
Niagara on) taps s(t dig,, -Apnl,; 1916, i196 
52 :963-964.) 
A review with extracts of the article of Professor Thomas H. Norton in 


the Popular Science Monthly for February, 1916. 


Norton, THomas H. Niagara on tap. (Pop. sci. mo., Feb., 1916. 1916 
88: 180-184.) Norton 


“* Professor Thomas H. Norton, in a paper which he read before the 
American Electro Chemical Society, outlined a scheme whereby it would be 
possible to satisfy those who see only the beauty of Niagara, and those 
who see only power going to waste. The following article by Professor 
Norton is an abstract from the paper in question especially revised for this 
issue of the Popular Science Monthly by its author.— Editor.” 

The article seems worthy of quotation as embodying the latest scheme 
for a compromise between the power interests at Niagara, and the efforts 
to preserve its scenic beauty. 

There must be some practicable, workable thesis, according to 
the terms of which, on our own continent for example, the rights 
of its inhabitants shall suffer no material diminution in the oppor- 
tunity to fully enjoy the splendor of Niagara, while conditions 
are created which permit the utilization, on a satisfactory scale, 
of the tremendous source of power — one of the nation’s grandest 
assets. 

The principle of an intermittent waterfall would appear to 
offer a simple, but thoroughly practicable solution. It may be 
briefly formulated as follows: 

During somewhat more than half of the twenty-four hours, 
especially during the night time, a waterfall is completely har- 
nessed. E-very kilowatt which it is capable of creating is devoted 

1051 


1916 


Norton 


Niagara Falls 


to the service of industry. During a shorter period — from ten 
A. M. to eight P. M.—the cataract resumes its normal activity, 
contributing to the esthetic enjoyment of all who behold it. 


One-quarter of a mile above the western extremity of Goat 
Island, where ripples betray the beginning of the upper rapids, 
a dam would be constructed at right angles to the axis of the river. 
The length would be about four-fifths of a mile. Niagara River 
at this point is exceedingly shallow. .. . 

The dam would possess the necessary architectural features to 
harmonize with the environment. The water impounded by the 
closing of the gates could be led by huge canals, on both sides of 
the gorge, to the edge of the bluff overlooking Lake Ontario. 
From this point a multitude of penstocks and rock tunnels would 
conduct the entire volume of water to the level of the river near 
Queenston on the Canadian side and Lewiston on the American 
side, where battalions of power-houses can easily be located. 


Once provided with the mechanical means to control the vast 
volume of water, ordinarily sweeping over the crest of Niagara, 
the daily program would be as follows: 

At 8 p. M. the entire series of gates on the dam would simul- 
taneously close. AA few minutes later and the American Falls 
would falter. The volume of water would swiftly diminish. 
Soon the grand curtain would be rent and gashed as if by 
invisible knives. A minute or two more, and rivulets here and 
there pour over the brink. The gloomy, cavernous recesses 
beneath the overhanging edge are revealed to the eye. Another 
minute and the rivulets have changed to drops. 

From Goat Island to the apex of the great Horseshoe the same 
sequence of transformation begins. It creeps steadily along the 
crest until it reaches the Canadian shore. ‘The deafening roar of 
the cataract sinks to an agonizing groan, a reproachful sigh, a 
dying murmur. Niagara is silent! 

A few minutes later and the rage and fury of the long stretch 

1052 


ee 


Industrial Niagara 


of rapids in the picturesque gorge falter and slowly subside. 1916 
The vast volume of water between the foot of the falls and N'™ 
Queenston gradually drains away. A quiet lake remains between 
the railroad bridges and the base of the falls. Its surface is about 
eighty-six feet below the normal level, and the enclosing cliffs 
gain that much in height. It would be somewhat narrower than 
the present river, and frequent rocky islands would appear near 
the temporary banks. 

For three-quarters of a mile the relatively narrow and shallow 
bed of the whirlpool rapids would be laid bare. The whirlpool 
itself would remain a somewhat restricted and motionless sheet 
of water, forty feet below its normal level, at the head of a quiet 
fjord, extending inland from Lake Ontario. 

Synchronously with the vanishing of the falling tons of water, 
in thousands of workshops scattered over the fruitful territory of 
Ontario and New York, a million, perhaps many million, work- 
men begin their daily task. For fourteen hours the world’s great- 
est beehive of industry is filled with the busy hum of activity, 
keyed to the highest pitch, banqueting, as it were, on the corpse 
of a murdered Niagara! One shift of seven hours is succeeded 
by another of the same length. Al the energy of the seven mil- 
lion, four hundred thousand horsepower is devoted to the welfare 
of the nation. 

It is 10 A. M. As the signal is flashed from the National 
Observatory the gates of the great dam shoot upward. The 
hum of spindle and loom, the clang of the triphammer, all the 
many-toned gamut of sound which forms the orchestral accom- 
paniment of a busy, happy people shaping, fashioning, creating 
the objects of convenience or luxury destined for each other’s com- 
fort or enjoyment,— all sink to a whisper,— vanish! 

A minute later and the crest of a vast billow sweeps over the 
brink of the American Fall. In an instant, almost, with a deaf- 
ening roar of exultant joy, the cataract has sprung into full activ- 
ity. Swiftly the falling curtain spreads from Goat Island along 
the crest of the semi-circle, until Niagara, in full panoply of 

1053 


Niagara Falls 


power and might, hurls her defiance at the assembled multitudes 
gathered to witness the most wondrous sight on the face of the 
globe — the rebirth of a cataract. The spectacle would combine 
all the swiftness of movement and stupendous grandeur offered by 
the sweep of the Johnstown flood, of the tidal wave of Galveston, 
free from the tragic terrors and horrors of those cataclysms. The 
gloomy, beetling cliffs disappear behind the sheet of foam and 
spray ; rainbows hover in the clouds of mist; the gray walls of the 
gorge echo back the roar of the proud cataract! 


When used for motive power on railways, street-car lines, etc., 
in many branches of electro chemical industry, continuity of cur- 
rent is imperatively necessary. . . . It is, however, perfectly 
feasible to rescue a very large proportion of the power, ordinarily 
going to waste during the shorter period of the day, when the 
cataract resumes its normal activity, without affecting, to any 
noticeable degree, any elements of its scenic beauty. 

In the deep recesses behind the falling sheet of water at 
Niagara, the Cave of the Winds, etc., a gigantic system of scaf- 
folds could be erected. These would serve as the supports of a 
series of overshot wheels or endless chain-bucket wheels. By 
careful disposition a considerable fraction of the available power 
— possibly thirty or forty per cent— could be utilized and 
directed to electro chemical or transportation centers without 
revealing any portion of the mechanism to the eye of the beholder 
gazing at the cataract. [here would be a noticeable increase in 
the volume of the spray, which could tend only to heighten the 
scenic beauty of the waterfall. 


It is scarcely necessary to state that during the fourteen hours 
of enforced quiet and rest, while the waters of the Great Lakes 
are diverted through a maze of penstocks, to dash upon thou- 
sands of turbines, the sight of a serried array of mechanical 
devices, lining the cliffs of Niagara, would be sadly out of har- | 
mony with the otherwise gloomy grandeur of the gorge. 

1054 


Industrial Niagara 


Although this period covers the time ordinarily devoted to 
slumber, still in the evening and during the early forenoon, tour- 
ists and others would constantly gaze upon Niagara at rest. 

To remedy this feature, one per cent or less of the river’s 
volume would be allowed to pass the dam and flow over the 
brink. It would generate a thin curtain of water just enough to 
hide the massive scaffolding and the maze of wheels. By simple 
hydraulic devices, this small amount of water could be largely 
transformed into spray. A delicate lace-like “* bridal veil ’’ would 
screen cliffs and every trace of commercialism. 


It would mean the creation of an industrial metropolis, sur- 
passing any now existing on the face of the globe. No cinders 
or soot would pollute its atmosphere; no towering chimneys would 
rise against the sky-line. Industries of the most varied nature, 
carbides, carborundum, aluminum, cynamid, chlorine, alkalies, 
steel, copper, and many minor branches — all dependent upon 
the electric current — would gravitate to this point. It would 
become in very truth — perhaps in name — the electropolis of 
America! 


SUMMARY 

The history of Industrial Niagara is the history of one of the 
most vital economic developments of the age. More than one 
important industry has been entirely revolutionized by the appli- 
cation of Niagara power. 

The first sawmill was built on the Niagara in 1725, and from 
that time traveler’s accounts of the Falls contain many references 
to the mills seen there and the potential possibilities of such a 
waterfall, but it was not until 1880 that the real literature of 
Industrial Niagara had its beginning. From then on to the 
present day this aspect of Niagara has developed a tremendously 
interesting literature. Much of it is technical in presentation, 
the greater portion of it has appeared in periodicals, but it is easily 


obtainable in most communities. 
1055 


1916 
Norton 


Niagara Falls 


The bibliographical list on this subject is so large, that if 
all the titles had been included within the confines of this chap- 
ter, it would easily have made a volume of itself. “Those omitted 
on account of duplication of subject matter will be found in the 
alphabetical list at the end of the book. Neither was it possible 
to quote fully from many of the articles cited in the chapter, 
but from the notes and resumés any student of the subject may 
easily inform himself as to the context of any article cited. 

In the longer quotations which are given, an effort has been 
made to choose those which present the broader aspects of the 
subject, in a manner appealing rather to the general reader than 
the technical student. With such a wealth of material from 
which to choose, the difficulty lay rather in elimination than 
selection. The subjects range from the earlier articles dealing 
with the potential power of Niagara, the history of the early 
power developments, the struggle to market the power, the solu- 
tion of the transmission problem, the application of electric power 
generated at Niagara to various industries, down to the contro- 
versy waged between those advocates of an unlimited use of 
Niagara power regardless of the grandeur of the Falls, and those 
who, while believing in a proper use of this power for economic 
purposes still hold for restrictions which shall preserve the Falls 
for the future. The esthetic side of the controversy is more 
fully dealt with in the chapter on the “ Preservation of Niagara.” 


1056 


67 


CHAPTER XI 


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» te tn enn ee ar at gee ee 
' win - i ae & 
1-4 4 . iy ye nee ae ak eg fi 
i = eat ———— oe =P - Fe ee 
i ee rs . “ . . 


CHAPTER XI 
PRESERVATION OF THE FALLS 


1832 


CoxE, E. T. A subaltern’s furlough: descriptive of scenes in various 4839 
parts of the United States, upper and lower Canada, New Brunswick, and Coke 
Nova Scotia, during the summer and autumn of 1832. Lond.: Saunders 


and Otley. 1833. Pp. 292-311. 


The author spent four days at the Falls. His calm, well-written account 
contains some excellent paragraphs on the preservation of the Falls. 


The hotel, and 400 acres of ground, have been lately pur- 
chased by a company (of which, I believe, the British Consul at 
New York is the head), who purpose founding a city, which is to 
be commenced immediately, under the name of the “* City of the 
Falls,” or ‘ Clifton ’* — I forget which. 

The company of speculators intend erecting grist-mills, store- 
houses, saw-mills, and all other kinds of unornamental buildings, 
entertaining the most sanguine hopes of living to see a very 
populous city. The die then is cast, and the beautiful scenery 
about the Falls is doomed to be destroyed. Year after year will 
it become less and less attractive. Even at this time they were 
surveying and allotting, and proprietors were planning one front of 
their house upon the Falls, the other upon Lundy’s Lane, and 
meditating the levelling some of the rock, so as to form a pretty 
little flower-garden. It would not surprise me to hear, before 
many years have elapsed, that a suspension bridge has been 
thrown across the grand Horse-shoe to Goat Island, so that the 
good people of Clifton may be the better enabled to watch the 
pyramidical bubbles of air rising from the foot of the cataract. 
"Tis a pity that such ground was not reserved as sacred in per- 
petuum; that the forest trees were not allowed to luxuriate in all 

1059 


1832 
Coke 


Niagara Falls 


their wild and savage beauty about a spot where the works of 
man will ever appear paltry, and can never be in accordance. 
For my own part, most sincerely do I congratulate myself upon 
having viewed the scene before such profanation had taken place. 
The small manufacturing town of Manchester (what a romantic 
name and what associations!), upon the American Bank, at 
present detracts nothing from the charm of the place, the neat 
white-washed houses being interspersed with trees and gardens; 
but when once the red and yellow painted stores, with their 
green Venetian blinds, tin roofs, and huge smoking chimneys 
arise, farewell to a great portion of the attraction Niagara now 
possesses. 

A ferry-boat, half a mile below the Canadian Fall, crosses to 
Manchester, landing the passengers within fifty yards of the 
American one, where the water is precipitated over a flat: per- 
pendicular rock 300 yards in breadth. The prosperity of this 
village has been much retarded by two causes, one from its lia- 
bility to destruction, being a frontier settlement; and the other — 
by no means an uncommon cause in the United States,— the 
extravagant price demanded by an individual, the great pro- 
prietor, for a grant of the water privileges allowed by the Rapids. 
Two or three hundred yards from the bank above the Ferry, 
and at the entrance to the village, a wooden bridge has been 
thrown over the Rapids to a small island on which there is a 
paper mill, and connected with Goat Island, which is of con- 
siderable extent, and divides the two falls. ‘Truly the men who 
were employed in the erection of this bridge must have been in 
full possession of Horace’s aes triplex, for a more perilous situa- 
tion could scarcely be imagined. A slip of a workman’s foot 
would precipitate him into the Rapids, whence he would pass 
with the rapidity of lightning over the Falls. It was constructed 
at the expense of General Porter, an American officer of dis- 
tinction, during the late war, and appears strong and firmly situ- 
ated. The piers are of loose stones, confined together by a 
wooden frame or box, and the floor of planks twelve feet in 

1060 


Preservation of the Falls 


width. There was one erected previously at the upper end of 1832 
the island, and out of the great power of the Rapids, but it was © 
continually subject to injury from the drift-ice, whereas in its 
present situation the Rapids render the ice harmless, by break- 

ing it before it arrives so low as the bridge. 


1832-1833 


RoipH, THomas. A brief account, together with observations made 4832-33 
during a visit in the West Indies, and a tour through the United States of Rolph 
America, in parts of the years, 1832—3; together with a statistical account 


of upper Canada. Dundas, U. C.: Hackstaff. 1836. Pp. 193-204. 


This account is clear, pointed, self-restrained, and the details described/ 
are well-chosen. 


I stood by Niagara. The grandest image of Power that 
nature has produced was before me. Of Power, I say, for with 
that are associated all my ideas of the sublimity of Niagara. 
It is the volume of waters that it pours, and not the height from 
which they fall —it is the accumulation of the mighty mass, 
and not the position in which accident has placed it, that strikes 
and overwhelms you — it is the fact of whole oceans being 
brought before the eye at one glance, and not the circumstance 
of their changing their level, that gives its majestic character to 
this stupendous scene. It is to the image of Almighty Power — 
it is to the type of Him who holdeth the waters in the hollow 
of his hand, that the soul bows in humility or lifts itself in sub- 
limated awe. Here is the spot of all others upon the broad earth 
—and I have travelled it widely — where the nothingness’ of 
human pride comes home upon the heart; where its hopes and its 
struggles — its aspirations after good and its conflicts against 
evil — its dreams of distinction and its repinings at obscurity — 
its hard wrestlings with the doom to which it is fated, sink into 
their native insignificance, when compared with the operations of 
the immortal Mind that is forever developing itself around 
Meh die iente 
Only a few buildings are yet seen peering from among the 


trees and shrubbery, and they have just begun to be a drawback 
1061 


Niagara Falls 


1832-33 on the stern simplicity and unstudied grandeur of the scene. I 


Rolph 


1833 
Latrobe 


fear, however, they are destined to become a positive nuisance, 
unless they are abated by the adoption of a more considerate 
course by visitors. This giving every other person who accosts 
you a few shillings to show some trumpery which you care not a 
straw for, may be the easiest way of ridding yourself of his 
intrusive company and the interruption which it occasions to some 
cherished train of thought; but it is a riddance at the expense 
of the next comer, and directly calculated to ensure the perpetual 
and harrassing annoyance of all future visitors. I wish it were 
\provided by law that no building should be erected within sight 
of the little plot of ground immediately adjoining the cataract. 
As matters are now conducted, another twenty years may see the 
whole amphitheatre filled with grog-shops, humbug museums, etc., 
etc..— Who knows but it may be profaned by cotton factories? 
The country from Niagara to the Falls, a distance of eight 
miles, is well cleared; there are several large farms with excel- 
lent houses on them, and orchards containing the choicest kinds 
of peaches, pears and plums. In the summer months stages are 
continually running between Niagara and the Falls — Queens- 
ton stands nearly semi-distant between them.— From Queenston 
there is a coach to Hamilton, by St. Catherines, through a thickly 
settled and fertile country. 


1833 


LATROBE, CHARLES JosEPH. Niagara. (Jn Barham, William, 
Descriptions of Niagara, selected from various travellers; with original 


additions. Gravesend. n.d. Pp. 105-111.) 


Account taken from Latrobe’s Rambles in North America; may be found 
in 2d edition. 1836. 1:72-80. 


You may recollect my juvenile weakness, that of being a 
notorious cascade hunter. There was something in the notion 
of a waterfall which always made my brain spin with pleasure. 
Impelled by this passion, as a boy, I ransacked the moorland 
and mountain districts of the north of England, in quest of the 


1062 


Preservation of the Falls 


beautiful but diminutive specimens of this variety of natural 
scenery with which they abound; and at a later period, there 
was not an accessible waterfall within my range of travel, from 
the Rhine Fall to Tivoli, that I did not contrive to approach, 
gaze upon and listen to with infinite pleasure. So you may well 
ask what impression was made upon me by Niagara. 

I am glad that the position and the general features of this 
celebrated scene are too well known to need description, and 
that you will require none from me. 

At the commencement of the present century, Niagara, diffi- 
cult of access, and rarely visited, was still the cataract of the 
wilderness. The red Indian still lingered in its vicinity, and 
adored the ‘ Great Spirit’ and * Master of Life,’ as he listened 
to the ‘ Thunder of the waters.” The human habitations within 
sound of its Fall were few and far apart. Its few visitors came, 
gazed, and departed in silence and awe, having for their guide 
the child of the forest, or the hardy back-woodsman. No staring, 
painted hotel rose over the woods, and obtruded its pale face 
over the edge of the boiling river. The journey to it from the 
east was one of adventure and peril. The scarcely attainable 
shore of Goat Island, lying between the two great divisions of 
the cataract, had only been trodden by a few hardy adventurers, 
depending upon stout hearts and steady hands for escape from 
the imminent perils of the passage. How is it now? ‘The forest 
has everywhere yielded to the axe. Hotels, with their snug shrub- 
beries, outhouses, gardens, and paltry embellishment, stare you 
in the face; museums, mills, staircases, tolls, and grog-shops, all 
the petty trickery of Matlock-baths, or Ambleside, greet the 
eye of the traveller. Bridges are thrown from island to island; 
and Goat Island is reached without adventure. A scheming com- 
pany on the Canadian side have planned a ‘ City of the Falls,’ 
to be filled with snug cottages, symmetrically arranged, to let for 
the season; and, in fine, you write to your friend in Quebec, 
giving him rendezvous at Niagara for a certain hour, start your- 
self from Richmond, in Virginia, for the point proposed, with a 

1063 


1833 
Latrobe 


1833 
Latrobe 


Niagara Falls 


moral certainty of meeting at the very day and hour specified, 
by taking advantage of the improvements of the age, and the 
well-arranged mode of conveyance by steamers, railroads, canals, 
and coaches. In short, Niagara is now as hacknied as Stockgill 
Forge, or Rydal-water, and, all things considered, the observa- 
tion of an unimaginative “Eastern man’ is said to have made, 
addressing a young lady-tourist, who was gazing breathlessly for 
the first time at the scene, was not so far out of keeping with it: 
*“Isn’t it nice, Miss?” Yes, all is nice, that that active little 
biped man has done, or is doing. 

But do not suppose that we grew peevish at the sight of the 
blots upon the landscape to which I have alluded, and departed 
in wrath and disgust. We soon found that there is that in and 
about Niagara which was not to be marred by busy man and 
all his petty schemes for convenience and aggrandisement; and 
I may truly say, with regard to both our first and second visit, 
and stay within its precincts, that we were under the influence of 
its spell. While within the sound of its waters, I will not say 
that you become part and parcel of the cataract, but you find it 
difficult to think, speak, or dream of anything else. Its vibrations 
pervade, not only the air you breathe, the bank on which you sit, 
the paper on which you write, but thrill through your whole 
frame, and act upon your nervous system in a remarkable, and it 
may almost be said unpleasant, manner. You may have heard 
of individuals coming back from the contemplation of these Falls 
with dissatisfied feelings. To me this is perfectly incompre- 
hensible, and I do not know whether to envy the splendid fancies 
and expectations of that class of travelers, to whom the sight of 
Niagara would bring disappointment, or to feel justified in doubt- 
ing whether they have any imagination or eye for natural scenery 
at all. How blank the world must be, to them, of objects of 
natural interest! What can they expect to see? 

As to expectations, ours were excited and warm, and I shall 
never forget the real anxiety with which we looked out, on our 


1064 


Preservation of the Falls 


ascent from Lewiston, for the appearance of the object of our 


1833 


visit. The broad fathomless blue river, streaked with foam, Lb 


which, deeply sunk in a colossal channel, hurried to our rencontre, 
and appeared at every glimpse as we advanced swifter and in 
greater commotion, was to us a guarantee that the scene of its 
descent from the upper country could be no common one. When 
about three miles from the village on the American side, you 
gain your first view of the Falls, together with the river, both 
above and below — the island which divides them — and greater 
part of the basin at their feet. 

I will not say but that the impression of that first glance was 
heightened afterwards by our nearer and reiterated survey of 
every portion of the cataract in detail; yet we all agreed that we 
could even then grasp the idea of its magnitude, and that all we 
had seen elsewhere, and all we had expected, was far surpassed 
by what was then shown to us. And when, the following year, 
two of us turned aside by common consent to pay a second visit 
to Niagara, after having in the interval, visited many of the great 
Falls of Lower Canada,— cataracts in comparison to which all 
European Falls are puerile — and we felt our curiosity excited 
to divine what impression a second visit would make; far from 
being disappointed, we felt that before Niagara, in spite of its 
inferiority of elevation, all shrunk to playthings. It is not 
the mere weight and volume of water that should give this 
far-famed cataract the first rank. Every surrounding object 
seems to be on a corresponding scale of magnificence. The wide 
liquid surface of the river above, with its swelling banks, con- 
trasted by the deep blue floods below, as boiling up from their 
plunge into the unfathomed basin, they shock against one another, 
and race down towards the distant lake; the extreme beauty of 
the forested defile, with its precipices and slope; the colouring 
of the waters, which in the upper part of its descent is that of the 
emerald; the mystery and thick gloom which hide the foot of the 
Falls, and add to their apparent height, and the floating clouds 
of vapour, now hurried over the face of the landscape, as though 

1065 


1833 
Latrobe 


Niagara Falls 


urged by the breath of a hurricane, and then slowly ascending, 
and hovering like a cloud in the blue sky, all combine to form a 
scene in which sublimity and picturesque beauty are enchantingly 
blended. There is here none of that stiffness, either in the 
scenery, or the form and appearance of the particular object of 
interest, which engravings too frequently give you the idea of. 

Among the innumerable points of view, that from the precipi- 
tous shore of the river, about the distance I have alluded to, is 
the most satisfactory, if not the most striking. In the immediate 
vicinity of the Falls, the points of interest are so various, that if 
you would require a sketch, I should not know which to select. 
The grandest, doubtless, is from the Canadian shore, near the 
Horse-shoe Fall; but you pass from one to the other, and every- 
where the picture presented has no compeer or rival in nature. 

Many things combined to make us prefer choosing the village 
on the American shore for our halting-place, in preference to the 
garish hotel on the opposite site. [he greater monotony of the 
right-hand division of the cataract, was counterbalanced by the 
grand distant view of its neighbour, and by the practicability of 
a near approach to both from Goat Island, to which an easy 
access Is afforded by a boldly constructed bridge over the rapids. 
Besides, we agreed that the position of the village and its inns 
was not only more rural and secluded, but that better taste was 
exhibited in its details. 

What a glorious scene! to sit upon the summit of the impend- 
ing precipice of the island, and see, as we did the morning after 
our first arrival, the summer mist begin to rise and disengage itself 
from the heavy white cloud of spray which rose from the depth 
of the boiling basin of the great Fall beneath us. By degrees, 
the curtain was partially removed, revealing the wall of slowly 
descending water behind, now dimly descried,— as confounded 
with the floating sheets of foam and spray which the wind of the 
mighty cataract drove backward and forward over it like innu- 
merable clouds of thin floating gauze,— it mocked us with its 
constantly varying shape and position; and then appearing 

1066 


Preservation of the Falls 


unveiled with its sea-green tints brilliantly illuminated by the pass- 
ing sunbeam. An hour after, and the mist had disappeared; the 
Falls were sparkling in the bright sunshine; and a brilliant iris 
was resting on the body of vapour which the wind carried away 
- from the face of the descending columns. ‘The scene at sunset, 
day after day, was no way less majestic, when the sun, glancing 
from the Canadian shore, lit up the precipices and woods of Goat 


Island, and the broad face of the American Fall, which then 
glowed like a wall of gold; while half the Fall of the Horse- 
Shoe, and the deep recesses of the curve, were wrapped in shade. 
Morning, noon and night found us strolling about the shore, and 
on the island, which is an earthly paradise. 

I remember the quiet hours spent there, when fatigued with the 
glare of the hot bright sun, and the din of the Falls, with peculiar 
delight. We loved, too, to escape from all those signs of man’s 
presence and busy-bodying, to which I have alluded, and, bury- 
ing ourselves in the fresh dark scarce-trodden forest still covering 
a great part of its area, to listen to the deadened roar of the vast 
cataracts on either hand, swelling on the air distinct from every 
other sound. 

There, seated in comparative solitude, you catch a peep across 
a long vista of stems of the white vapour and foam. You listen 
to the sharp cry of the blue jay, the tap of the red-headed wood- 
pecker, and the playful bark of the squirrel; you scan the smooth 
white boles of the beech or birch, chequered with broad patches 
of dark-green moss, the stately elm and oak, the broad-leaved 
maple, the silvery-white and exquisitely chiselled trunk of the huge 
chestnut, garlanded with creepers; but you will hardly ever lose 
the consciousness of the locality. The spell of Niagara is still 
upon and around you. You glance again and again at the white 
veil which thickens or grows dim beyond the leafy forest: the 
rush of the nearer rapids, the din of the falling waters, the mur- 
mur of the echoes answering the pulsations of the descending 
mass, fill your ears, and pervade all nature. 

1067 


1833 
Latrobe 


1833 
Latrobe 


1833 
Power 


Niagara Falls 


Everything around and about you appears to reply to the 
cataract, and to partake of it, none more so than the evergreen 
forest, which is bathed from year to year in the dew of the 
river. These noble trees, as they tower aloft on the soil, are sus- 
tained from youth to age by the invigorating spray of the mighty 
Falls. Their leaves are steeped, summer after summer, in the 
heavy dew; their trunks echo the falling waters, from the day 
they rise from the sod, to that in which they are shaken to the 
ground; and the fibres of the huge moss-grown trunk on which 
you sit, prostrate and mouldering on the rich soil beneath, bedded 
in the fresh grass and leaves, still vibrates to the sound of its 
thunders, and crumbles gradually to dust. But all this proves 
nothing — as a matter-of-fact man might say —but I am 
Niagara-mad. We have much before us, and many sublime 
scenes, though none may vie with that, before which we have 
been lingering: — allons! 


Not so well known as some others, perhaps, but well worth reading. 


Power, TYRONE. Impressions of America, during the years 1834, 
and 1835. Lond.: Richard Bentley. 1836. 1:391-411. 

From this house [Chippewa] the eternal mist caused by the 
great fall may be plainly seen curling like a vast body of light 
smoke, and shooting occasionally in spiral columns high above the 
treetops; but not a sound told of its neighborhood, although we 
were not five miles distant from it, and the day was calm and 
clear. At about three miles from this, as the vehicle slowly 
ascended a rise, I heard for the first time the voice of the waters, 
and called the attention of my friends within the carriage to the 
sound. 


It was at the moment we struck the foot of the hill leading up 
to the hotel [Clifton House] that the rapid and the great horse- 
shoe fall became visible over the sunken trees to our right, almost 
on a level with us. I have heard people talk of having felt 
disappointed on a first view of this stupendous scene: by what 

1068 


Preservation of the Falls 


process they arrived at this conclusion I profess myself utterly 
incapable of divining, since, even now that two years have almost 
gone by, I find on this point my feelings are not yet to be 
analyzed; I dare not trust myself to their guidance, and only 
know that my wildest imaginings were forgotten in contemplating 
this awful reality. 


I found no sensation equal to a long quiet contem- 
plation of the mass entire, not as viewed from the balconies of 
the hotel, but from some rocky point or wooded shade, where 
house and fence and man and all his petty doings were shut out, 
and the eye left calmly to gaze upon the awful scene, and the 
rapt mind to raise its thoughts to Him who loosed this eternal 
flood and guides it harmless as the petty brook. 

There never should have been a house permitted within sight 
of the fall at least. How I have envied those who first sought 
Niagara, through the scarce trod wilderness, with the Indian for 
a guide; and who slept upon its banks with the summer trees for 
their only shelter, with the sound of its waters for their only 
réveille. 

Now, one is wakened here by a bell, which I never can liken 
to any other than a dustman’s, and can hardly find a spot whereto 
parasols and smart forage-caps intrude not. 

I would even include in my denunciation the tower which is 
now erected upon the piece of rock that abuts upon the great 
fall, and standing in whose gallery you actually hang suspended 
over the abyss; not but that the tower is in itself rudely simple, 
and in good taste perhaps, but that one feels this place needs 
no such accessories, and, instead of deriving advantage from them, 
is degraded into a mere show by their presence; and, in saying 
this much, I feel as though the application of the term was a 
profanation. 


1069 


1833 


Power 


1833—34 
Abdy 


1834 
Reed & 
Matheson 


Niagara Falls 


1833-1834 


Aspy, EDWARD STREET. Journal of a residence and tour in the 
United States of North America, from April, 1833, to October, 1834. 
Lond.: John Murray. 1853. 1:286~-294. 


The author, who is a good observer, seriously objected to the desecra- 
tion of the Falls. 


I could not, on recrossing the ferry, but lament, as I had done 
before, that a barbarous and sacrilegious hand had been per- 
mitted to outrage every feeling of taste, congruities or common 
sense, by placing a wooden bridge and a circular building, like 
a shot-tower, directly over one of the falls. Every person who 
has the slightest pretension to anything like susceptibility of tender 
or lofty emotions from the view of external objects, should have 
protested against the wild schemes of a “* money-changer,” that 
have marred the simplicity and purity of this “ solemn temple ”>— 
interrupting the devotion of the worshipper, and mingling with his 
admiration of the Divine architect disgust at the arts and con- 
trivances of unfeeling trade and avaricious speculation. The 
name of this Vandal is, I believe, Porter. It is to him that the 
island, with its appurtenances, belongs; and it is for the sake of 
extracting a few additional dollars from the pockets of the curi- 
ous, that this vile sacrilege has been committed. 


1834 


REED, ANDREW and MATHESON, JAMES. A narrative of the visit 
to the American churches by the deputation from the Congregational union 


of England and Wales. Lond.: Jackson & Walford. 1835. 
1:116-129. 


Written in the form of letters. 


I am sorry, in closing, that I cannot say much for the taste 
either of the visitors or inhabitants of this spot. The visitors 
seemed to regard the Falls rather as an object of curiosity than 
otherwise, and when they had satisfied their curiosity (which in 
most cases was very quickly done), and could report that they 
had seen them, the duty was discharged. Such persons drove in 


1070 


Preservation of the Falls 


on the morning, explored for a couple of hours, dined, and hur- | 1834 
ried away. Or, if they stayed, they had had enough of Niagara, Pra 
and they made an excursion to see the burning springs. The 
album here, too, is full of miserable trash; it is a sad contrast to 
the album at Chamouni. 

With the residents I am half disposed to be angry. On the 
American side they have got up a shabby town, and called it 
Manchester. Manchester and the Falls of Niagara! A proposi- 
tion has been made to buy Goat Island, and turn it into a botani- 
cal garden, to improve the scenery — and such scenery! On the 
Canadian side, a money-seeking party have bought up 400 acres, 
with the hope of erecting ‘ The City of the Falls; ’’ and still 
worse, close on the Table Rock, some party was busy in erecting 
a mill-dam! One has hardly patience to record these things. 
The universal voice ought to interfere, and prevent them. 
Niagara does not belong to them; Niagara does not belong to 
Canada or America. Such spots should be deemed the property 
of civilized mankind; and nothing should be allowed to weaken 
their efficacy on the tastes, the morals, and the enjoyments of 


atheson 


all men. 


1837 


DAUBENY, CHARLES. Journal of a tour through the United States 1837 
and in Canada, made during the years 1837~38. T. Combe, ptr. Daubeny 
Oxford: 1843. Pp. 44-48. 


The author, who was professor of chemistry and botany in the Uni- 
versity of Oxford, visited the Falls in the fall of 1837. He gives detailed 
descriptions of the points of interest and laments the evidences of ‘“* human 
ingenuity ’’ so near the Falls. He also examined the mineral springs near 
the Falls to determine their composition. 


Thus I had imagined, that the fury of the waters, after they 
had been launched over the cataract, would have been more 
terrific, and was surprised at seeing the ease, with which an insig- 
nificant ferry-boat crossed the stream within a very short distance 
below. The noise also, produced by the waterfall itself, I had 
conceived would have been more stunning, and it was with a 

1071 


1837 
Daubeny 


1841 
Carlisle 


Niagara Falls 


feeling nearly allied to what one might entertain at hearing a 
person of solid weight and character talked down by a noisy 
upstart of yesterday, that I found the roar of this stupendous 
natural phenomenon overpowered by the hissing of a locomotive, 
which was letting off its steam at the railroad station adjoining. 

The presence of these evidences of human ingenuity was, in 
other respects, likewise very unpropitious to the feelings which the 
scene itself was calculated to inspire, and though no enemy to 
rail-roads or factories in their proper places, I could have wished 
all vestiges of the one and of the other banished from a spot 
where nature ought to have been allowed to reign undisturbed 
and alone. 


1841 
CARLISLE, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK Howarp. ‘Two lectures 
on the poetry of Pope, and on his own travels in America. Delivered to 
the Leeds Mechanics’ Institution and Literary Society, December 5th 
and 6th, 1850. Leeds. 1850. Pp. 25-26. 

The first view neither in the least disappointed, or 
surprised, but it wholly satisfied me. I felt it to be complete, 
and that nothing could go beyond it; volume, majesty, might, are 
the first ideas which it conveys; on nearer and more familiar 
inspection | appreciated other attributes and beauties — the emer- 
ald crest — the seas of spray — the rainbow wreaths. Pictures 
and panoramas had give me a correct apprehension of the form 
and outline; but they fail, for the same reason as language would, 
to impart an idea of the whole effect, which is not picturesque, 
though it is sublime; there is also the technical drawback in paint- 
ing of the continuous mass of white, and the line of the summit 
of the Fall is as smooth and even as a common mill-dam. Do 
not imagine, however, that the effect could be improved by being 
more picturesque; just as there are several trivial and unsightly 
buildings on the banks, but Niagara can be no more spoiled than 
it can be improved. You would, when on the spot, no more think 
of complaining that Niagara was not picturesque, than you would 
remark in the shock and clang of battle that a trumpet sounded 

1072 


Preservation of the Falls 


out of tune. Living at Niagara was not like ordinary life; its 1841 
not over loud, but constant solemn roar, has in itself a mysterious ©!i*! 
sound: is not the highest voice to which the Universe can ever 
listen, compared by inspiration to the sound of many waters? 
The whole of existence there has a dreamy but not a frivolous 
impress; you feel that you are not in the common world, but in 
its sublimest temple. 
1842 

LYELL, Sir CHARLES. Life, letters and journals of Sir Charles Lyell, 1842 

Bart. Lond.: Murray. 1881. 2:61. Lyell 


A brief paragraph in a letter to Leonard Horner, dated Lewiston, 
June 13, 1842, commenting on the strange effect of locomotives, tourists, 
and traffic on one absorbed in sky, wood, and water. ‘The distinguished 
scientist thought Goat Island a perfect fairyland but longed for a view of 
the Falls in their aboriginal setting. He speaks with apprehension of the 
approaching intrusion of factories on the scene. 


1847 


WARBURTON, GEORGE DROUGHT. Hochelaga; or England in the 1847 
new world. Lond.: Colburn. 1847. 1:230-244. Warburton 


Impressions of the Falls are interspersed with anecdotes of casualties. 


By painting and by description, Niagara had been familiar to 
me for many years, as no doubt it has been to every one else; so 
much has been said and written on the subject that any attempt 
to throw new light upon it is hopeless. I, therefore, mean, with 
simple egotism, to give the impressions it made upon myself. 

The sight was precisely what I expected — the sensations it 
caused, totally different. I did not start with an exclamation of 
awe, neither did I only look upon it as “an everlasting fine 
* water-privilege.’’’ I thought it a magnificent cataract, far 
grander than anything I had before seen, and more beautiful. 
T sat down on the turf near Table Rock, whence there is the best 
view, with something approaching to disappointment on my 
mind, that, after all, it should be only a “ magnificent cataract.” 
But as I looked and listened, the eye and ear, as it were, matured 
into the power to fit perception; then, admiration and astonish- 


1847 
Warburton 


Niagara Falls 


ment, and, at last, almost confusion, came upon me; sight and 
sound seemed to have joined their strength and merged into a 
vague impression — vague, but of mighty force. A passing 
stranger addressed some question to me, which aroused me; | 
found that, unconscious of the lapse of time, I had been for 
hours staring at the great wonder. 

I got up reluctantly, and proceeded to the nuisance of sight- 
seeing, but looked back every now and then as though fearing 
that I should lose the rest of the grand spectacle; for I could not 
but fancy that it was some strange and transient phenomenon, or 
a display got up by some enormous effort for the moment. When 
night came, it seemed reckless waste to keep it going still, while 
its glorious beauty was hidden from mortal view. 

It was not till increasing distance freed me from its influence, 
and when thought returned, that I knew it had been going on 
yesterday, last year, for a century, for tens of centuries — back 
to that deep abyss of the past, on which sceptic science—pre- 
sumptuous though feeble — has dared to shed a dim and sinister 
light, of only sufficient strength to show, that the depths must 
remain forever — inscrutable as profound. 

Now, the neighborhood of this great wonder is overrun with 
every species of abominable fungus — the growth of rank bad 
taste: with equal luxuriance on the English and American sides, 
Chinese pagoda, menagerie, camera obscura, museum, watch- 
tower, wooden monument, tea-gardens, “ old curiosity shops.” A 
boy handed me a slip of paper on which were printed some 
stanzas of astounding magnificence, signed “Almira,” much in 
the favorite style of the poet laureate to “ Moses and Son.” I 
cannot refrain from giving a short quotation: 

“Would ye fain steal a glance o’er life’s dark sea, 
And gaze though trembling on eternity? 


Would ye look out, look down, where God hath set 
His mighty signet? Come — come higher yet, 

To the PAGopa’s utmost height ascend, 

And see earth. air, and sky in one alembic blend! ” 


1074 


Preservation of the Falls 


‘Pagoda is now open to visitors and perfectly secure. . . . Admit- 1847 
tance 25 cents. . . . Ist April, 1845.” Warburton 
1849 
BonnycasTLeE, Sir RICHARD HENRY. Canada and the Canadians. 1849 
New ed. Lond.: Colburn. 1849. 1:233-244. Bonnycastle 


But, gentle reader, although it be a well-worn tale, I had 
not seen the Falls for five years, and I wish to tell you whether 
they are altered or improved; and most likely you will take 
some little interest in so old a friend as the Falls of Niagara; 
for you must have read about those before you read Robinson 
Crusoe, and have had them thrust under your notice by every 
tourist, from Trollope to Dickens. They say, on dit, I mean, 
which is not translatable into English, that this is the age of 
Materialism and Utilitarianism. By George, you would think 
so indeed, if you had the chance of seeing the Falls of Niagara 
twice in ten years. They are materially injured by the Utilitarian 
mania. The Yankees put an ugly shot tower on the brink of the 
Horseshoe at the beginning of that era, and they are about to 
consummate the barbarism, by throwing a wire bridge, if the 
British government is consenting, over the river, just below the 
American Fall. But Niagara is a splendid ‘‘ Water Privilege,” 
and so thought the Company of the City of the Falls — a most 
enlightened body of British subjects, who first disfigured the 
Table Rock, by putting a watermill on it, and now are adding 
the horror of gin-palaces, with sundry ornamental booths for the 
sale of juleps and sling, all along the venerable edge of the preci- 
pice, so that trees of unequalled beauty on the bank above, trees 
which grow nowhere else in Canada, are daily falling before the 
monster of gain. 

What they will do next in their freaks it is difficult to sur- 
mise; but it requires very little more to show that patriotism, taste, 
and self-esteem, are not the leading features in the character of 
the inhabitants of this part of the world. 


1075 


1849 
Bonnycastle 


Niagara Falls 


If the Colossus of Rhodes could be remodelled and brought 
to the Falls, one leg standing in Canada, and the other in the 
United States, there would be a company immediately formed 
for hydraulic purposes, to convey a waste pipe from the tips of 
the fingers as far as Buffalo; and another to light the paltry vil- 
lage of Manchester, all mills and mint-juleps, with the natural 
gas which would be made to feed the lamp. A grog-shop would 
be set up in his head; telescopes would be poked out of his eyes, 
and philosophers would seat themselves on his toes, to calculate 
whether the waters of the British Fall could not be dammed out, 
so as to turn a few cotton mills more in Man-chester, as it is called, 
which scheme some Canadian worthy would upset, by resorting 
to Mr. Lyell’s proof that the whole river might once have flowed, 
and may again be made to flow, down to St. David’s — thus, 
by expending a few millions, cutting off Jonathan’s chance. 

But it is of no use to joke on this subject; Niagara is, both to 
the United States and to England, but especially to Canada, a 
public property. It is the greatest wonder of the visible world 
here below, and should be protected from the rapacity of private 
speculations, and not made a Greenwich fair of; where pedlars 
and thimble-riggers, niggers and barkers, the lowest trulls and 
the vilest scum of society, congregate to disgust and annoy the 
visitors from all parts of the world, plundering and pestering therm 
without control. 

The only really pretty thing on the British side is the Museum, 
the result of the indefatigable labors of Mr. Barnett, a person 
who, by his own unassisted industry, has gathered together a most 
interesting collection of animals, shells, coins, &c., and has added 
a garden, in which all the choicest plants and flowers of North 
America and of Britain grow, watered by the incessant spray of 
the Great Fall. In this garden I saw, for the first time in Can- 
ada, the English holly, the box, the heath, and the ivy; and 
there is a willow from the St. Helena stock. 

It requires unremitting watchfulness, however, to keep all this 
together, for loafers are rife in these parts. He had gathered a 

1076 


Preservation of the Falls 


very choice collection of coins, which was placed in a glass case 1849 
in the Museum. Bonnycastle 


He is now forming a menagerie, and also has a collection of 
fossils and minerals from the neighborhood, with a camera 
obscura. He is, in short, a specimen of what untiring industry 
can accomplish, even when unassisted. 

There are some tulip-trees near the Falls, but this plant does 
not grow to any size so far north; and, although native to the 
soil, it is, perhaps, the extreme limit of its range. The snake- 
wood, a sort of slender bush, is found here, with very many other 
rare Canadian plants, which are no doubt fostered by the con- 
tinual humidity of the place; and, if you wish to sup full of 
horrors, Mr. Barnett has plenty of live rattlesnakes. 

To wind up all, the Americans are going to put up another 
immense gin-palace on the opposite shore; and, as a climax to 
the excellent taste of the vicinage, they are about to place a 
huge steamboat to cross the rapids at the foot of the Manchester 
Falls. The next speculation, as I hinted above, must be to turn 
the Niagara into the Erie, or into the Welland Canal, and make 
it carry flour, grind wheat, and do the duty which the political 
economists of this thriving place consider all rivers as alone 
created for. 

One traveller of the Utilitarian school has recorded, in the 
traveller's album at the Falls, the number of gallons of water 
running over to waste per minute; and another writes, “* What 
an almighty splash! ”’ 

I went once more to see the Burning Spring, and have no 
doubt whatever that the City of the Falls, that great pre-eminent 
humbug, if it had been built, might have easily been lit by 
natural gas, as it abounds everywhere in the neighborhood, the 
rock under the superior Silurian limestone being a shale containing 
it, as may be evidenced by those visitors, who are persuaded to go 
under “the Sheet of Water,’ as the place is called where the 
Table Rock projects, and part of the cataract slides over it; for, 

1077 


1849 
Bonnycastle 


Niagara Falls 


on reaching the angle next to the spiral stair, a strong smell is 
plainly perceptible, something between rotten eggs and sulphur; 
and there you find a little trickling spring oozing out of the 
precipice tasting of those delectable compounds. 

A Yankee, with the soaring imagination of that imaginative 
race, proposes to set fire to the Horse-shoe Fall, and thus get up 
a grand nocturnal exhibition, to which the Surrey Zoological 
pyrotechny would bear the same ratio as a_ sky-rocket to 
Vesuvius. 

There is no great impossibility in this fact, if it was “not a 
fact’ that the rush of the Fall disturbs the superincumbent gases 
too much to permit it; for there can be but little doubt that there 
is plenty of materiel at hand, and, some day or other, a light- 
house will be lit with it to guide sleepy loons and other negligent 
water-fowl over the Falls. I wonder they do not get up a Car- 
buretted Hydrogen Gas Company there, with a suitable engineer 
and railway, so that visitors might cross over to Goat Island on 
an atmospheric line. There are plenty of railway stags on both 
shores, if you will only buy their stock to establish it; and, at all 
events, it would improve the City of the Falls, which now exhibits 
the deplorable aspect of three stuccoed cottages turned seedy, and 
a bare common, in place of a magnificent grove of chestnut trees, 
which formerly almost rivalled Greenwich Park. 

But the crowning glory of “the City” is the Reflecting 
Pagoda, a thing perched over Table Rock bank, very like a 
huge pile engine, with a ten-shilling mirror, where the monkey 
should be. Blessings on Time! though he is a very thoughtless 
rogue, he has touched this grand effort of human genius in the 
wooden line slightly, and it will soon follow the horrid water- 
mill which stood on that most singular and indescribable freak of 
Nature, the Table Rock. I would have forgiven Lett, the sym- 
pathizer, if instead of assassination and the blowing-up of Brock’s 
Monument, he had confined his attentions to a little serious Guy 
Fauxing at the Mill and the Reflecting Pagoda. 

1078 


Preservation of the Falls 


Niagara — Ne-aw-gaw-rah, thou thundering water! thy 1849 
glories are departing; the abominable Railway Times has driven Eom eae 


along thy borders; and, if I should live to see thee again ten years 
hence, verily I should not be astounded to find thee locked-up, 
and a station-house staring me in the visage, from that emerald 
bower, in thy most mysterious recess, where the vapour is rose- 
coloured, and the bright rainbow alone now forms the bridge 
from the Iris Rock! 

I was so disgusted to see the spirit of pelf, that concentration 
of self, hovering over one of the last of the wonders of the world, 
that I rushed to the Three Horse Railway, and soon forgot all my 
misery in scrambling for a place; there was no alternative. “There 
were only three carriages and one open cart on the rail; the three 
aristocratic conveniences were full; and the coal-box — for it 
looked very like one — was full also, of loafers and luggage; so 
I despaired of quitting the Falls almost as much, by way of 
balance, as I rejoiced when they once again met my ken. 


1850 


Houston, Mrs. M. C.  Hesperos; or, Travels in the west. Lond.: 1850 
Parker. 1850. 1:122-139. Houston 
The author, who laments the nearness of the town, would have the Falls 
and scenery “one glorious natural temple, dedicated to the God who 
formed it from the foundation of the world,’ and all artificial structures 
hurled into the rapids. 


1853 
CHAMBERS, WILLIAM. Things as they are in America. Lond. and 1853 


Edinb.: William and Robert Chambers. 1854. Pp. 102-112. Chambers 


In thinking of this marvellous work of nature, it is unfortunate 
that the mind is disturbed by mean associations connected with the 
works of man. On the British side, it is environed by a series of 
paltry curiosity-shops; and there, at the ledge on which I had 
seated myself, a labourer was busied in wheeling rubbish into 
the cataract. On the American side, runs of water have been 
led off to move the machinery of a saw and paper mill; and at 

1079 


1853 
Chambers 


1853 
Kingston 


Niagara Falls 


present there is a proposition before the world to turn the whole 
force of the river to profitable account in some kind of mechanical 
processes! Why, of all conceivable names, Manchester should 
have been selected for the village, or infant city, now in the 
course of erection near the American fall, it would be difficult 
to understand on any other principle than that of imparting a 
manufacturing character to the spot. 

Manchester, if it must be so called, consists of several streets 
in skeleton, with a large railway-station in the centre, and a 
number of hotels stuck about for the accommodation of visitors. 


KINGSTON, WILLIAM H. G. Western wanderings; or, A pleasure tour 
in the Canadas. Lond.: Chapman and Hall. 1856. 1:265-311. 


Tn his general description the author takes occasion to express his opinions 
of the unsightly and “* incongruous buildings ’’ about the Falls. 


As soon as our luggage was arranged, the porters dismissed, 
our dresses dusted, and our hands washed, we opened the 
Venetian blinds with reverential awe, and stepped out together 
into the broad verandah, where a full and perfect view of the 
Falls appeared before our eyes. “There were the very waters on 
which for days past we had floated, so calm and placid generally, 
now leaping, foaming, spouting, and dashing over a lofty cliff, 
from a wide and liquid plain, about level with our eyes, and plung- 
ing into a deep chasm far down below our feet. We were, how- 
ever, very much more struck with the beautiful and picturesque 
view than with the grandeur of the spectacle, so totally different 
to what all prints, sketches, and models, had led us to expect. 
We were delighted with the form of the cliffs, the varied tints of 
the trees, the unique combination of wood and water, but we 
were not overwhelmed with awe. The roar even was neither 
loud nor deep, nor was it necessary to speak at all in a higher 
key than usual to make ourselves heard. Every now and then 
an eddy of wind would bring a light shower of spray towards us, 
to prove to us the reality of the waterfall. Even in spite of this, 
our feeling was for some time, till we had gone over, and under, 

1080 


STIV4 FHL AAOdV SdIidVy 


Preservation of the Falls 


and on either side, and touched the foaming waters of the 1853 
cataract, that we were gazing on some strange and wonderful *#™ 
picture rather than on an actual object in nature. My wish is to 
make my readers understand what Niagara really is, as far as 
pen and pencil can do so, rather than to fly into ecstatic raptures 
and to utter oft-repeated notes of admiration on its grandeur and 
sublimity, or to enlarge on our own sensations of wonder and awe. 


An excellent road runs along the top of the cliff, as far as the 
end of the Horseshoe Fall, and along this we bent our 
BEEPS 6 su. 9 

The road we took is lined with a collection of 
museums, curiosity shops, refreshment booths, and raree-shows, 
where guides and cicerones congregate; but fortunately, as the 
season was over, most of the tribe had taken their departure, and 
we were but little persecuted by their offers of service. A number 
of Chinese pagoda-looking edifices and other incongruous build- 
ings have been erected on the Canada bank, and others are rear- 
ing their ill-shaped forms wherever a spot can be found whereon 
to perch them. But it matters little; the puny efforts and bad 
taste of man, in his attempt to adorn nature, can do little towards 
spoiling Niagara. Its might and majesty can scarcely be 
blemished by his Lilliputian efforts 


October the 8th was a lovely day, and late as was the period 
of year, the air still retained the genial warmth of summer, 
at the same time that it was pleasantly mixed with the briskness 
and freshness of autumn. Not to give cause of offense to the 
American side of Niagara, we had determined to devote the fore- 
noon to an inspection of its beauties; as soon, therefore, as break- 
fast was over, with waterproof cloaks on our arms, we descended 
by the winding-road which leads down the cliff from the hotel to 
the ferry directly facing the American Fall. 

1081 


| 
| 
| 
} 


1853 
Kingston 


Niagara Falls 


The bank on our right was covered with the richest foliage of 
every tree, from the deepest red to the faintest yellow, and with 
every variety of green and brown which Nature’s brush can pro- 
duce. Beyond this highly-coloured framework were seen the 
Falls, with their green and blue and whitened waters. A neat, 
well-built boat, about sixteen feet in length, lay drawn up on the 
rocky beach. In attendance on her stood a most uncouth-looking 
lad, whittling to keep his fingers from being idle. As we gazed at 
the white mass of raging foam hurtling down the cliff before us, 
and the whirling, eddying waters which must be crossed before 
we could reach the opposite shore, we felt that had we not seen 
the same slight lad rowing backwards and forwards many times 
in the day, we should have hesitated long indeed before we had 
ventured within the power of their fearful vortex. 


A back eddy enabled us to get up the stream towards 
the great fall without difficulty, and then thrusting forth into it, 
we were whirled downwards again many fathoms in the direction 
of the whirlpool; while clouds of spray, driven by the wind from 
both falls, showered down upon our waterproofs, till we looked 
as if we had been diving under the very cataracts themselves. 
Our surly Charon pulled right sturdily across the troubled tide, 
when, much to our satisfaction, another eddy caught our boat, 
and took us up to a rough stage at the foot of a perpendicular 
cliff, up which it was difficult to discover how we should manage 
to ascend. It was grand to look upwards through the mist, for 
not fifty yards from our heads came thundering down the Ameri- 
can cataract, with a fury which made us content not to approach 
it nearer. [he boat was now urged up a slide, and landing in a 
dense shower of spray, we found ourselves at the foot of a long 
wooden tunnel, with a railway and a flight of steps within it 
leading to the top of the cliff. As we had no fancy to perform a 
labour which would be looked on as a highly satisfactory penance 
by a pious Romanist, we took our seats in a car; and a bell being 
rung by our boatman, we were speedily drawn upwards into the 

1082 


Preservation of the Falls 


interior of a large shed, which we found stood on the summit of 1853 
the cliff. Dismounting, we paid sixpence to a man who, pointing *ié*'°" 
to a door, said, “ There are the Falls.” 

The show-like look of the place, and the man’s indifferent tone, 
were dreadfully unromantic, and almost made us fancy that we 
were going to see a painted panorama instead of the reality. 
However, on passing through a garden, and finding ourselves on 
the very edge of the Fall, we instantly forgot the vulgar method 
by which we had reached the spot. In a succession of the wildest 
foaming billows the waters come rushing down a steeply-inclined 
plane, till they glide in a compact mass over the cliff, where they 
burst instantly into sheets of foam. 

Passing along the edge of these whirling, giddying rapids, we 
crossed a small stream, a modest contribution to the waters of 
Niagara; then through a lumber-yard, belonging to one of many 
saw-mills with which the American Falls are adorned; and finally 
taking the way over a long wooden bridge to the right, thrown 
from rock to rock, we crossed the very rapids themselves to Goat 
Island. Looking upwards from the centre of this bridge, the 
spectacle is indeed curious. From so much greater a height do the 
waters of the rapids come than that on which we were standing, 
making it impossible to see the land beyond them, that literally 
they seem to be leaping, rolling, and tumbling, in long wreaths of 
foam out of the sky itself. On our left, bordering the river, were 
flourishing rows of saw, corn, cotton, and paper mills; while 
others, in their lust of gain, had boldly encroached into the very 
rapids themselves. “Truly Jonathan has made good use of the 
unrivalled water-power at his disposal; though we, in our romantic 
mood, felt a high-souled contempt for the sordid minds which can 
make Niagara turn their mill-wheels on the very verge of his own 
cataracts, like a captive prince chained to mean labour in the 
palace of his fathers. We were glad that the Canadian side was 
free from such incongruous ornaments, but we agreed not to make 
too minute inquiries as to the cause. The pagodas and temples, 


1083 


1853 
Kingston 


Niagara Falls 


eating-booths and museums, show that refined taste has not much 
to do with the matter. 


The first bridge ends in a small island decorated with a 
pavilion, containing Indian curiosities, walking-canes, and refresh- 
ments, as also the residence of the custos of Goat Island, to whom, 
by payment of one shilling for each person, we were made 
free of the insular territory, the property of a private individual, 
during our stay in the neighbourhood. Behind the pavilion a little 
wooden bridge led us to another small island, on which grow 
several writhing twisted cedars. Hence the rapids appeared even 
to greater advantage than from the bridge; and more terror- 
inspiring, for, rushing towards us, they seemed about to sweep the 
plot of ground and our cwn precious persons to destruction over 
the Falls. Another stout plank-bridge, passable also for car- 
riages, carried us over the rapids to Goat Island; in which, by 
keeping to the right, we discovered every point of interest without 
difficulty, and free from the tiresome race of guides. 

We followed the shore of the island some way, bordering the 
rapids, till, descending a flight of steps in the bank, we found our- 
selves close to Young America [the Central Fall], with a 
magnificent view down the river, terminated by the suspension- 
bridge, including the larger American fall on one side, and the 
Clifton House, an object of no little interest, on the other. 

Crossing Young America by a wide plank, we stood on a 
little island, or rock, not ten yards in circumference, with a roar- 
ing cataract on either side of it. As we saw the foaming water 
rushing round us, it required no little mental exertion to recollect 
that, as probably the rock on which we rested had there remained 
for centuries, we need be under no immediate alarm of its being 
hurled down over the cliff before we could escape from it. 


Returning up the steps, we continued along the top of the 
cliffs till we came before a most picturesque view of the Horseshoe 
1084 


Preservation of the Falls 


Fall, with a fine foreground of richly tinted trees on broken banks, 1853 
and the frothy stream below, while the little tower came in appro- #78 
priately on the left overlooking the cataract. The whole island 
is beautifully wooded with a great variety of trees, and is as 
romantic and interesting a spot as the most enthusiastic of medita- 
tive poets could desire. 

Descending a winding path, we reached the south end of the 
Horseshoe Fall, where a wooden bridge, some forty yards long, 
or more, resting on a succession of small rocks parallel with the 
very brink of the Fall; but three or four feet from it carried us to 
the foot of the little tower, whence we ascended a spiral stair to a 
platform on its summit, surrounded by a light iron railing literally 
overhanging the great cataract itself. Here the sight is grand and 
awe-inspiring. We stood where thousands had stood before; but, 
as we looked up the river at the wide-spreading rapids, and 
watched the fiercely-foaming mass come rushing down towards 
our resting-place, and whirling under our feet, then taking its 
tremendous plunge down into the caldron on the brim of which 
we stood, and sending up clouds of vapour which kept circling 
round our heads, already somewhat confused by the din and 
roar, a more than usual exertion of mind was required to feel the 
reality of the security we were enjoying. Not that we experienced 
anything akin to fear, more than the trained soldier does in the 
raging battle-field. After we had encountered the first shock of 
this novel existence, though the wind blew strong round the 
tower — though the frail fabric shook beneath our feet — though 
the whirling spray blinded our eyes, and the roar of the cataract 
— for here indeed it did roar — almost deprived us of the sense 
of hearing, such only tended to excite and strengthen our nerves, 
all other feelings were absorbed in the wild grandeur of the 
scene. 


1085 


1853 
Kingston 


Niagara Falls 


In the evening we took a stroll, by the pale light of a young 
moon, to Table Rock, where we stood indelibly impressing on 
our minds the scene before us. Beautiful and grand as it is, I 
cannot at all enter into the feelings of those (supposing people to 
feel as they write) who speak of Niagara as showing the great- 
ness and power of the Almighty; who describe it as drawing 
them nearer to heaven by its sublimity, and talk of it as impress- 
ing them with a sense of the insignificance of man, the littleness 
of human affairs, and very much in a similar strain. Such terms, 
we agreed, are not only inappropriate and often ridiculous, but 
approaching even to blasphemous. ‘The creative power of the 
Almighty is shown as much in the smallest of the creatures which 
crawl the earth as in the largest animal which has life; and it 
appears to me, that instead of fancying we hear His voice in the 
roar of the cataract, in the rattling of the thunder, in the raging 
of the tempest on the billowy ocean, we might rather consider, on 
such occasions, He has thought fit to relax His omnipotence over 
the elements. Justly we may pray to Him for aid against the 
injuries they may inflict; but, looking on Him as we ought as a 
God of mercy and love, we cannot associate strife, and tumult, 
and disorder, with His attributes. Surely He created rivers to 
irrigate the land and to afford easy means of communication to 
those dwelling on it. Niagara is an exception to the ordinary 
rule. It was allowed to exist, perhaps, as an ornament on the face 
of nature, or to test the ingenuity of man to counteract the impedi- 
ment offered to the free navigation of those inland seas. It is no 
wonder, surely. A poet may describe it as his fervent imagina- 
tion may dictate, but, in earnest unexaggerated prose, it consists 
simply of a good-sized river falling over a very ordinary-sized 
cliff, and very, very inferior in grandeur or in terror-inspiring 
power to a storm on the ocean when lightnings dart from the 
lowering sky, the wind howls, and the waves, lashed to fury, 
threaten the labouring ship. Let us give Niagara its due. It is a 
very beautiful sight, and more worthy of a visit than most sights 


1086 


Preservation of the Falls 


(though defend me from living long near it), and Cousin 
Jonathan finds it very useful for turning his mills, and it has 
afforded ample amusement for sketchers, and will afford subjects 
for the painter’s brush as long as the world lasts. 

We crossed again the next morning to Goat Island. . 

We stood long in a shower of spray, watching a magnificent 
iris formed on the mist rising from the American fall. 
Then we went to the top of the tower, once again looked into 
the foaming caldron, got almost drenched with the dense white 
showers which came flying over, and looked at a still more 
beautiful and curious iris. “Three portions of a bow appeared on 
as many different clouds of spray, altogether forming an entire 
bow. ‘The part on the left was formed on the spray of the great 
Fall, the centre on that of the American Fall, and the right on 
that which ascends from the water projected to the right of the 
tower close to Goat Island. Dark clouds gathering rapidly in the 
west gave a more purely malachite tint to the edge of the Falls, 
and brought out the white foam in greater relief, so, warned by 
the signs of approaching rain, we hurried home. It came in a 
pelting shower, but after dinner we were able to pay a visit to 
Table Rock, when we watched a number of wild fowl sporting 
on the edge of the Fall. Now and then one would pitch on the 
hurtling waters, when down it would be carried amidst the mass 
of foam; but, though we narrowly watched several thus treated, 
we could not discover whether they ever again rose, or were 
destroyed in the vortex below. Others were flying rapidly back- 
wards and forwards in the mist, seeming to enjoy themselves, 
though I have some doubts whether they were not more frightened 
than amused. The boys in the ferry-boats shot those within their 
reach, and several of the slain were floating in the eddy. Our 
young Charon requested leave to pull off into the very centre of 
the boiling current in order to pick up one he had just killed, on 
which proceeding, however, I put my veto till we were safe out of 


his boat. 
1087 


1853 
Kingston 


1853 
Moodie 


1853 
Murray 


Niagara Falls 


Moonie, Mrs. SUSANNA STRICKLAND. Life in the clearings. Lond.: 
R. Bentley. 1853. Pp. 330-371. 


A sympathetic description of the beauties of Niagara, interspersed with 
bits about people and hotel gossip. 


** Chained to the spot, 
Mute with admiration.” 


The removal of all the ugly mills along its shores would 
improve it, perhaps, and add the one charm it wants, by being 
hemmed in by tasteless buildings,— the sublimity of solitude. 

Oh, for one hour alone with nature, and her great master- 
piece Niagara! What solemn converse would the soul hold with 
its Creator at such a shrine, and the busy hum of practical life 
would not mar with its discord this grand “thunder of the 
waters! ’’ Realities are unmanageable things in some hands, and 
the Americans are gravely contemplating making their sublime 
Fall into a motive power for turning machinery. 

Ye Gods! What next will the love of gain suggest to the 
gold-worshippers>? ‘The whole earth should enter into a protest 
against such an act of sacrilege — such a shameless desecration 
of one of the noblest works of God. 

Niagara belongs to no particular nation or people. It is an 
inheritance bequeathed by the great Author to all mankind,— an 
altar raised by his own almighty hand,— at which all true wor- 
shippers must bow the knee in solemn adoration. I trust that 
these free glad waters will assert their own rights, and dash into 
mist and spray any attempt made to infringe their glorious liberty. 


Murray, AMELIA M. Letters from the United States, Cuba, and 
Canada. New York: Putnam & Co. 1856. Pp. 109-115. 


The author is impressed by the exorbitant fees charged at Niagara. 


The English are accused of being a grasping nation in requiring 
fees for sights, but nothing I ever met with equals the charges 
for the contemplation of Nature here. The possessor of Goat 
Island makes one thousand pounds a year of those strangers or 
visitors who land on its shores; but this day we were actually 

1088 


Preservation of the Falls 


charged one shilling each for only going into the wood, from 1853 
whence a good view of the whirlpool can be obtained! As ap sie 
ground is becoming of great value in this neighbourhood, it may 

be necessary to require payment for keeping any part of it free 

from the desecration of taverns and saw-mills; but a more 
moderate fee would answer better to the proprietors, and not act 

as a prohibition to a large class who have not many spare shillings 

in their pockets. . . . It is certainly worth crossing the 
Atlantic for Niagara alone. 


New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to incorporate the 1853 


Niagara river hydraulic company. (Laws of 1853, chap. 116.) eee 


The act passed, April, 1832, creates the corporation, gives the name 
and powers of the corporations, and makes general provisions thereof. 


WELp, CHARLES RicHaRD. A vacation tour in the United States 1853 
and Canada. Lond.: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. 1855. ae 
Pp. 159-179. 


The author visited the Falls 55 years after his half-brother Isaac Weld. 
He gives a good description of all the points of interest at the Falls. He 
viewed them at dusk, in the morning and by moonlight. 


The scene (from Brock’s monument) towards the Falls is 
very remarkable, consisting principally of a boundless expanse of 
table-land covered by a dense forest, through which the river has 
cut a passage. Of the falls themselves, seven miles distant, not a 
trace is visible; and the dark-blue waters of the great river flow 
so smoothly at the bottom of the deep gorge, as to give no idea 
of their having passed over a mighty precipice. . . . 

. . . Resuming my seat, I drove along a sandy road through 
the partially-cleared bush, my excitement increasing as the dis- 
tance to the falls diminished. When about three miles from 
them, I ordered the driver to stop; and as soon as the carriage 
ceased to move, a deep booming noise was heard, issuing from 
the depth of the forest. It was the eternal voice of the falls. My 
impatience increased, but it found no sympathy in my young 
Yankee driver, who, “ guessing” he had driven hundreds of 


1089 
69 


1853 
Weld 


Niagara Falls 


people to the Clifton House, treated my proceedings with perfect 
indifference. A\s all things, however, come to an end, so did the 
drive. At the end of seven miles the road, hitherto level, sud- 
denly dipped, and I beheld immediately before me the mighty 
cataracts, illuminated by brilliant sunshine. To the question 
** Were you disappointed by the first view? ”’ which is generally 
asked, I answer “‘ No; ”’ but it is right to add, I had been careful 
not to raise my expectations too high. Indeed, remembering how 
many persons have expressed themselves disappointed by the 
height of the falls appearing so insignificant in proportion to their 
great breadth, I had dwarfed my ideal view too much; and now, 
when the reality was before me, it exceeded my expectations. 
This was a pleasing disappointment. . . . With an alacrity 
which made the numerous drivers surrounding the hotel aware I 
had just arrived, hastened to the Table Rock. ‘To my surprise, 
beyond the mere offer of their vehicles, I was left to pursue my 
way unmolested; and I have to add, that during my abode at 
the falls, I was never annoyed in any way by guides; nor, indeed, 
did I see any persons practising the generally officious and to the 
tourist distressing office of showman. I mention this, because I 
have frequently seen and heard it asserted, that the visitor at 
Niagara is sorely plagued by guides, who start up at all points to 
the distraction of his peace and enjoyment. A walk — or rather 
a run — of a few minutes brought me to the Table Rock; from 
whence I gazed on the descending sea before me with feelings of 
awe and wonder, tempered by a feeling of gratitude that I was 
permitted to look upon a scene whose stupendous majesty is 
identified with my earliest knowledge of the wonders of the world. 


How long I remained spell-bound to the spot where I had 
seated myself, I know not; but as a proof of the entire concentra- 
tion of all senses on the scene, I was entirely ignorant of the fact 
that I had been sitting some time in a pool of water formed by the 


spray. 


1090 


Preservation of the Falls 


. . . I spent an entire day on Goat Island, happily left in 1853 
its primeval state of wildness. From this lovely isle A Wieie 
endless views of the two falls are obtained. “That of the Horse- 
shoe Cataract from the gallery of the Terrapin Tower is the most 
imposing. Here you look upon the long water-curve of exquisite 
green, forming the lip of the fall, which in the most concave part 
is said to be twenty feet thick, and down into the abyss boiling 
with mist and foam. The solemn and slow majesty of the descent 
of the water is very remarkable, presenting vast green curtain-like 
folds, from which burst globes of compressed air. The prodigious 
quantity of mist and spray renders the bottom invisible, and gives 
infinite variety to the scene, which, when lighted by the play of 
innumerable vivid rainbows, possesses a witching beauty unsur- 
passed and unequalled. 

A flock of large gulls were sporting amidst these quivering 
hues, rejoicing in their power; now dashing downwards until lost 
in the blinding spray, now soaring aloft in the deep blue heavens. 
Amidst such sights and sounds, it was an inexpressible relief to 
find the horrible American creation of “* Manchester,” with its 
cotton mills, does not yet destroy the magnificence of the Ameri- 
can cataract. The present buildings are far above the fall, but 
it may be, that triumphing over all difficulties — for there are 
none too formidable to check Yankee enterprise — the rapids on 
the verge of the descent may be made to do cotton-spinning duty, 
and the fall itself be diverted into innumerable mill-dams. 
Already numerous daring projects are contemplated to “‘ use up 
the almighty water privilege’ of Niagara, which is stated to 
exceed in power the entire steam force employed to drive 
machinery in Great Britain; but as half the falls belong to Eng- 
land, it is to be hoped the Horseshoe Cataract is not included in 
the scheme. I could not help wishing that the influence which 
will, I trust, prevent any attempt to perpetrate such barbarity, 
would sweep away the frippery curiosity-shops and museums now 
deforming the Canadian side of the river. 


1091 


Niagara Falls 


Far different was the vicinity of Niagara at the time of my 
brother’s visit. Dense woods then occupied the banks. Not a 
house was near; and on one occasion the provisions which his 
party had concealed were stolen by the Indians, who resided at 
Niagara for the sake of feeding on the wild animals which were 
precipitated over the falls. 


On the last morning of my sojourn at the falls, anxious to see 
as much of them as possible, I rose before the sun. On looking 
out, the landscape was still dim, but towering high above the 
Great Fall rose the column of mist, crested by a roseate hue. The 
effect was enchanting. Not a cloud obscured the heavens; and 
so tranquil was the air, that the vapour-pillar seemd a gigantic 
shaft of white marble surmounted by a rose-coloured capital. A 
friend, whom I called to witness the beautiful spectacle, agreed 
with me that the column was at least 800 feet high. I no longer 
doubted that a faint cloud to which my attention had been drawn 
when standing on the roof of the Court House at Toronto, was 
the mist over Niagara. The distance is fifty miles, but it has 
been seen farther off. 

As the sun ascended, the pillar became more rose-hued; pre- 
sently the crest of the falls caught the glowing tints, and the 
rushing waters were a sheet of burnished gold. 

A brisk trade in Indian ornaments and curiosities is carried on 
at Niagara. Daguerreotypes of the American fall are in great 
request; the proper thing, according to Yankee notions, being for 
the purchaser to stand prominently in the foreground while the 
impression is taken. Until I visited Niagara, I was at a loss to 
understand why all daguerreotype views should generally repre- 
sent the American fall; but the ground is so violently agitated on 
the Canadian side as to render the operation of the camera 
extremely unsatisfactory,— at least all the results I saw were 
very poor. Recent improvements in photography will, however, 


I have no doubt, give better effects. 
1092 


Preservation of the Falls 


1859 


ENGLEHEART, GARDNER D._ Journal of the progress of H. R. H. 1859 
the Prince of Wales through British North America; and his visit to the Engleheart 
United States, 10th July to 15th November, 1860. Privately printed. 

(1860.) Pp. 63-66. 
A brief journal of three days spent at the Falls and in their vicinity. 


A view of the Falls from Goat Island shows the tower and the angle of 
the Horseshoe Fall. 


1871 
James, Henry. Niagara. 1871. (Jn his Portraits of places. 1871 
Boston. Osgood. 1884. Pp. 364-376.) James 


This paper was originally published in the Nation. 


My journey hitherward by a morning’s sail from Toronto 
across Lake Ontario, seemed to me, as regards a certain dull 
vacuity in this episode of travel, a kind of calculated preparation 
for the uproar of Niagara —- a pause or hush on the threshold of 
a great impression; and this, too, in spite of the reverent attention 
I was mindful to bestow on the first seen, in my experience, of 
the great lakes. It has the merit, from the shore, of producing a 
slight ambiguity of vision. It is the sea, and yet just not the sea. 
The huge expanse, the landless line of the horizon, suggest the 
ocean; while an indefinable shortness of pulse, a kind of fresh- 
water gentleness of tone, seem to contradict the idea. What 
meets the eye is on the scale of the ocean, but you feel somehow 
that the lake is a thing of smaller spirit. Lake-navigation, there- 
fore, seems to me not especially entertaining. ‘The scene tends to 
offer, as one may say, a sort of marine-effect missed. It has the 
blankness and vacancy of the sea, without that vast essential swell 
which, amid the belting brine, so often saves the situation to the 
eye. I was occupied, as we crossed, in wondering whether this 
dull reduction of the main contained that which could properly 
be termed “ scenery.”’ At the mouth of the Niagara River, how- 
ever, after a sail of three hours, scenery really begins, and very 
soon crowds upon you in force. The steamer puts into the narrow 

1093 


1871 
James 


Niagara Falls 


channel of the stream, and heads upward between high embank- 
ments. From this point, I think, you really enter into relations 
with Niagara. Little by little the elements become a picture, rich 
with the shadow of coming events. You have a foretaste of the 
great spectacle of colour which you enjoy at the Falls. The 
even cliffs of red-brown earth are crusted and spotted with 
autumnal orange and crimson, and, laden with this gorgeous 
decay, they plunge sheer into the deep-dyed green of the river. 
As you proceed, the river begins to tell its tale — at first in broken 
syllables of foam and flurry, and then, as it were, in rushing, 
flashing sentences and passionate ejaculations. Onwards from 
Lewiston, where you are transferred from the boat to the train, 
you see it from the edge of the American cliff, far beneath you, 
now superbly unnavigable. You have a lively sense of something 
happening ahead; the river, as a man near me said, has evidently 
been in a row. ‘The cliffs here are immense; they form a 
vomitorium worthy of the living floods whose exit they protect. 


‘This is the first act of the drama of Niagara; for it is, I believe, 


one of the commonplaces of description, that you instinctively 
convert it into a series of “ situations.’’ At the station pertaining 
to the railway suspension-bridge, you see in mid-air, beyond an 
interval of murky confusion produced at once by the farther 
bridge, the smoke of the trains, and the thickened atmosphere of 
the peopled bank, a huge far-flashing sheet which glares through 
the distance as a monstrous absorbent and irradiant of light. And 
here, in the interest of the picturesque, let me note that this 
obstructive bridge tends in a way to enhance the first glimpse of 
the cataract. Its long black span, falling dead along the shining 
brow of the Falls, seems shivered and smitten by their fierce 
effulgence, and trembles across the field of vision like some 
enormous mote in a light too brilliant. A moment later, as the 
train proceeds, you plunge into the village, and the cataract, save 
as a vague ground-tone to this trivial interlude, is, like so many 
other goals of aesthetic pilgrimage, temporarily postponed to the 
hotel. 
1094 


Preservation of the Falls 


With this postponement comes, I think, an immediate decline 1871 
of expectation; for there is every appearance that the spectacle James 
you have come so far to see is to be choked in the horribly vulgar 
shops and booths and catch-penny artifices which have pushed 
and elbowed to within the very spray of the Falls, and ply their 
importunities in shrill competition with its thunder. You see a 
multitude of hotels and taverns and stores, glaring with white 
paint, bedizened with placards and advertisements, and decorated 
by groups of those gentlemen who flourish most rankly on the soil 
of New York and in the vicinage of hotels; who carry their hands 
in their pockets, wear their hats always and every way, and, 
although of a stationary habit, yet spurn the earth with their heels. 
A side-glimpse of the Falls, however, calls out your philosophy; 
you reflect that this may be regarded as one of those sordid fore- 
grounds which Turner liked to use, and which may be effective as 
a foil; you hurry to where the roar grows louder, and, I was 
going to say, you escape from the village. In fact, however, you 
don’t escape from it; it is constantly at your elbow, just to the 
right or the left of the line of contemplation. It would be paying 
Niagara a poor compliment to say that, practically, she does not 
hurl away this chaffering by-play from her edge; but as you value 
the integrity of your impression, you are bound to affirm that it 
suffers appreciable abatement from such sources. You wonder, 
as you stroll about, whether it is altogether an unrighteous dream 
that with the slow progress of taste and the possible or impossible 
growth of some larger comprehension of beauty and fitness, the 
public conscience may not tend to confer upon such sovereign 
phases of nature something of the inviolability and privacy 
which we are slow to bestow, indeed, upon fame, but which we 
do not grudge at least to art. We place a great picture, a great 
statue, In a museum: we erect a great monument in the centre of 
our largest square, and if we can suppose ourselves nowadays to 
build a cathedral, we should certainly isolate it as much as pos- 
sible and expose it to no ignoble contact. We cannot enclose 
Niagara with walls and a roof, nor girdle it with a palisade; but 

1095 


1871 
James 


Niagara Falls 


the sentimental tourist may muse upon the contingency of its 
being guarded by the negative homage of empty spaces and absent 
barracks and decent forbearance. The actual abuse of the scene 
belongs evidently to that immense class of iniquities which are 
destined to grow very much worse in order to grow a very little 
better. The good humour engendered by the main spectacle 
bids you suffer it to run its course. 

‘Though hereabouts so much is great, distances are small, and 
a ramble of two or three hours enables you to gaze hither and 
thither from a dozen standpoints. The one you are likely to 
choose first is that on the Canada cliff, a little way above the 
suspension-bridge. ‘The great fall faces you, enshrined in its own 
surging incense. he common feeling just here, I believe, is one 
of disappointment at its want of height; the whole thing appears 
to many people somewhat smaller than its fame. My own sense, 
I confess, was absolutely gratified from the first; and, indeed, I 
was not struck with anything being tall or short, but with every- 
thing being perfect. You are, moreover, at some distance, and 
you feel that with the lessening interval you will not be cheated of 
your chance to be dizzied with mere dimensions. Already you 
see the world-famous green, baffling painters, baffling poets, 
shining on the lip of the precipice; the more so, of course, for 
the clouds of silver and snow into which it speedily resolves itself. 
The whole picture before you is admirably simple. The Horse- 
shoe glares and boils and smokes from the centre to the right, 
drumming itself into powder and thunder; in the centre the dark 
pedestal of Goat Island divides the double flood; to the left 
booms in vaporous dimness the minor battery of the American 
Fall; while on a level with the eye, above the still crest of either 
cataract, appear the white faces of the hithermost rapids. The 
circle of weltering froth at the base of the Horseshoe, emerging 
from the dead white vapours — absolute white, as moonless mid- 
night is absolute black — which muffle impenetrably the crash of 
the river upon the lower bed, melts slowly into the darker shades 
of green. It seems in itself a drama of thrilling interest, this 

1096 


Preservation of the Falls 


blanched survival and recovery of the stream. It stretches away 1871 
like a tired swimmer, struggling from the snowy scum and the James 
silver drift, and passing slowly from an eddying foam-sheet, 
touched with green lights, to a cold, verd-antique, streaked and 
marbled with trails and wild arabesques of foam. ‘This is the 
beginning of that air of recent distress which marks the river as 
you meet it at the lake. It shifts along, tremendously conscious, 
relieved, disengaged, knowing the worst is over, with its dignity 
injured but its volume undiminished, the most stately, the least 
turbid of torrents. Its movement, its sweep and stride, are as 
admirable as its colour, but as little as its colour to be made a 
matter of words. ‘These things are but part of a spectacle in 
which nothing is imperfect. As you draw nearer and nearer, on 
the Canada cliff, to the right arm of the Horseshoe, the mass 
begins in all conscience to be large enough. You are able at last 
to stand on the very verge of the shelf from which the leap is 
taken, bathing your boot-toes, if you like, in the side-ooze of the 
glassy curve. I may say, in parenthesis, that the importunities 
one suffers here, amid the central din of the cataract, from hack- 
men and photographers and vendors of gimcracks, the simply 
hideous and infamous. ‘The road is lined with little drinking- 
shops and warehouses, and from these retreats their occupants 
dart forth upon the hapless traveller with their competitive 
attractions. You purchase release at last by the fury of your 
indifference, and stand there gazing your fill at the most beautiful 
object in the world. 

The perfect taste of it is the great characteristic. It is not in 
the least monstrous; it is thoroughly artistic and, as the phrase is, 
thought out. In the matter of line it beats Michael Angelo. One 
may seem at first to say the least, but the careful observer will 
admit that one says the most, in saying that it pleases — pleases 
~ even a spectator who was not ashamed to write the other day that 
he didn’t care for cataracts. There are, however, so many more 
things to say about it — its multitudinous features crowd so upon 
the vision as one looks — that it seems absurd to begin to analyse. 

1097 


1871 
James 


Niagara Falls 


The main feature, perhaps, is the incomparable loveliness of the 
immense line of the shelf and its lateral abutments. It neither 
falters, nor breaks nor stiffens, but maintains from wing to wing 
the lightness of its semicircle. This perfect curve melts into the 
sheet that seems at once to drop from it and sustain it. The 
famous green loses nothing, as you may imagine, on a nearer view. 
A green more vividly cool and pure it is impossible to conceive. 
It is to the vulgar greens of earth what the blue of a summer sky 
is to artificial dyes, and is, in fact, as sacred, as remote, as impalp- 
able as that. You can fancy it the parent-green, the head-spring 
of colour to all the verdant water-caves and all the clear, sub- 
fluvial haunts and bowers of naiads and mermen in all the streams 
of the earth. The lower half of the watery wall is shrouded in 
the steam of the boiling gulf — a veil never rent nor lifted. At 
its heart this eternal cloud seems fixed and still with excess of 
motion — still and intensely white; but, as it rolls and climbs 
against its lucent cliff, it tosses little whiffs and fumes and pants 
of snowy smoke, which betray the convulsions we never behold. 
In the middle of the curve, the depth of the recess, the converging 
walls are ground into a dust of foam, which rises in a tall column, 
and fills the upper air with its hovering drift. Its summit far over- 
tops the crest of the cataract, and, as you look down along the 
rapids above, you see it hanging over the averted gulf like some 
far-flowing signal of danger. Of these things some vulgar verbal 
hint may be attempted; but what words can render the rarest 
charm of all — the clear-cut brow of the Fall, the very act and 
figure of the leap, the rounded passage of the horizontal to the 
perpendicular? To say it is simple is to make a phrase about it. 
Nothing was ever more successfully executed. It is carved as 
sharp as an emerald, as one must say and say again. It arrives, 
it pauses, it plunges; it comes and goes for ever; it melts and shifts 
and changes, all with the sound as of millions of bass-voices; and 
yet its outline never varies, never moves with a different pulse. It 
is as gentle as the pouring of wine from a flagon — of melody 
1098 


Preservation of the Falls 


from the lip of a singer. From the little grove beside the Ameri- 
can Fall you catch this extraordinary profile better than you are 
able to do at the Horseshoe. If the line of beauty had vanished 
from the earth elsewhere, it would survive on the brow of 
Niagara. It is impossible to insist too strongly on the grace of the 
thing, as seen from the Canada cliff. The genius who invented it 
was certainly the first author of the idea that order, proportion 
and symmetry are the conditions of perfect beauty. He applied 
his faith among the watching and listening forests, long before 
the Greeks proclaimed theirs in the measurements of the 
Parthenon. Even the roll of the white batteries at the base seems 
fixed and poised and ordered, and in the vague middle zone of 
difference between the flood as it falls and the mist as it rises you 
imagine a mystical meaning — the passage of body to soul, of 
matter to spirit, of human to divine. 

Goat Island, of which every one has heard, is the menagerie of 
lions, and the spot where your single stone — or, in plain prose, 
your half-dollar — kills most birds. This broad insular strip, 
which performs the excellent office of withholding the American 
shore from immediate contact with the flood, has been left very 
much to itself, and here you may ramble, for the most part, in 
undiverted contemplation. The island is owned, I believe, by a 
family of co-heirs, who have the good taste to keep it quiet. 
More than once, however, as I have been told, they have been 
offered a “ big price” for the privilege of building an hotel upon 
this sacred soil. They have been wise, but, after all, they are 
human, and the offer may be made once too often. Before this 
fatal day dawns, why should not the State buy up the precious 
acres, as California has done the Yo-Semite? It is the opinion 
of a sentimental tourist that no price would be too great to pay. 
Otherwise, the only hope for their integrity is in the possibility of 
a shrewd provision on the part of the gentlemen who know how to 
keep hotels that the music of the dinner-band would be injured by 
the roar of the cataract. You approach from Goat Island the 
left abutment of the Horseshoe. The little tower which, with the 

1099 


1871 
James 


1871 


James 


Niagara Falls 


classic rainbow, figures in all “‘ views ’’ of the scene, is planted at 
a dozen feet from the shore, directly on the shoulder of the Fall. 
This little tower, I think, deserves a compliment. One might 
have said beforehand that it would never do, but, as it stands, it 
makes rather a good point. It serves as a unit of appreciation of 
the scale of things, and from its spray-blackened summit it admits 
you to an almost downward peep into the green gulf. More here, 
even, than on the Canada shore, you perceive the unlimited 
wateriness of the whole spectacle. Its liquid masses take on at 
moments the likeness of walls and pillars and columns, and, to 
present any vivid picture of them, we are compelled to talk freely 
of emerald and crystal, of silver and marble. But really, all the 
simplicity of the Falls, and half their grandeur, reside in their 
unmitigated fluidity, which excludes all rocky staging and earthy 
commixture. It is water piled on water, pinned on water, hinging 
and hanging on water, breaking, crashing, whitening in shocks 
altogether watery. A\nd yet for all this no solid was ever so solid 
as that sculptured shoulder of the Horseshoe. From this little 
tower, or, better still, from various points farther along the island- 
shore, even to look is to be immersed. Before you stretches the 
huge expanse of the upper river, with its belittled cliffs, now mere 
black lines of forest, dull as with the sadness of gazing at per- 
petual trouble, eternal danger. Anything more horribly desolate 
than this boundless livid welter of the rapids it is impossible to 
conceive, and you very soon begin to pay it the tribute of your 
own suddenly-assumed suspense, in the impulse to people it 
with human forms. On this theme you can work out endless 
analogies. Yes, they are alive, every fear-blanched billow and 
eddy of them — alive and frenzied with the sense of their doom. 
They see below them that nameless pause of the arrested current, 
and the high-tossed drift of sound and spray which rises up 
lamenting, like the ghosts of their brothers who have been dashed 
to pieces. They shriek, they sob, they clasp their white hands 
and toss their long hair; they cling and clutch and wrestle, and 
above all, they appear to bite. Especially tragical is the air they 
1100 


Preservation of the Falls 


have of being forced backward, with averted faces, to their fate. 


Every pulse of the flood is like the grim stride of a giant, wading J 


huge-kneed to his purpose, with the white teeth of a victim fast- 
ened in his neck. The outermost of three small islands, inter- 
connected by short bridges, at the extremity of this shore, places 
one in singularly intimate relation with this portentous flurry. To 
say that hereabouts the water leaps and plunges and rears and 
dives, that its uproar makes even one’s own ideas about it 
inaudible, and its current sweeps those ideas to perdition, is to give 
a very pale account of:the universal agitation. 

The great spectacle may be called complete only when you 
have gone down the river some four miles, on the American side, 
to the so-called rapids of the Whirlpool. Here the unhappy 
stream tremendously renews its anguish. [wo approaches have 
been contrived on the cliff — one to the rapids proper, the other, 
farther below, to the scene of the sudden bend. The first consists 
of a little wooden cage, of the “ elevator ’’ pattern, which slides 
up and down a gigantic perpendicular shaft of horrible flimsiness. 
But a couple of the usual little brides, staggering beneath the 
weight of gorgeous cashmeres, entered the conveyance with their 
respective consorts at the same time with myself; and, as it thus 
carried Hymen and his fortunes, we survived the adventure. You 
obtain from below — that is, on the shore of the river — a speci- 
men of the noblest cliff-scenery. The green embankment at the 
base of the sheer red wall is by itself a very fair example of what 
they call in the Rocky Mountains a foot-hill; and from this con- 
tinuous pedestal erects itself a bristling palisade of earth. As it 
stands, Gustave Doré might have drawn it. He would have 
sketched with especial ardour certain parasitical shrubs and bosk- 
ages — lone and dizzy witnesses of autumn; certain outward- 
peering wens and warts and other perpendicular excrescences of 
rock; and, above all, near the summit, the fantastic figures of 
sundry audacious minor cliffs, grafted upon the greater by a mere 
lateral attachment and based in the empty air, with great slim 

1101 


1871 


ames 


1871 


James 


1871 
Macaulay 


1871 
Marshall 


N iagara Falls 


trees rooted on their verges, like the tower of the Palazzo Vecchio 
at Florence. The actual whirlpool is a third of a mile farther 
down the river, and is best seen from the cliff above. From this 
point of view, it seems to me by all odds the finest of the secondary 
episodes of the drama of Niagara, and one on which a scribbling 
tourist, ineffectively playing at showman, may be content to ring 
down his curtain. The channel at this point turns away to the 
right, at a clean right-angle, and the river, arriving from the rapids 
just above with stupendous velocity, meets the hollow elbow of 
the Canada shore. The movement with which it betrays its sur- 
prise and bewilderment — the sudden issueless maze of waters — 
is, I think, after the Horseshoe Fall, the very finest thing in its 
progress. It breaks into no small rage; the offending cliffs receive 
no drop of spray; for the flood moves in a body and wastes no 
vulgar side-spurts; but you see it shaken to its innermost bowels 
and panting hugely, as if smothered in its excessive volume. 
Pressed back upon its centre, the current creates a sort of pivot, 
from which it eddies, groping for exit in vast slow circles, 
delicately and irregularly outlined in foam. The Canada shore, 
shaggy and gaudy with late September foliage, closes about it like 
the rising shelves of an amphitheatre, and deepens by contrast 
the strong blue-green of the stream. ‘This slow-revolving surface 
— it seems in places perfectly still — resembles nothing so much 
as some ancient palace-pavement, cracked and scratched by the 
butts of legionary spears and the gold-stiffened hem of the gar- 
ments of kings. 


Macau.ay, JAMES. Across the ferry; first impressions of America 
and its people. Lond.: Hodder and Stoughton. 1871. Pp. 186-197. 


An account of a September visit by the editor of the “* Leisure Hour.” 
The Falls ‘‘ grew on him,” but he was disturbed by the crowds, the 
obtrusiveness of the guides, and other distractions. 


MarsHALL, CHARLES. The Canadian Dominion. Lond.: Long- 
mans Green. 1871. Pp. 85-92. 


1102 


Preservation of the Falls 


Niagara I. (Nation, Oct. 12, 1871. 13:238-239.) 

Niagara II. (Nation, Oct. 19, 1871. 13:254-—255.) 

A letter from Niagara, under date of September 28, deploring the abuse 
of the scenery and approving of “* the most beautiful object in the world.” 


The letter was evidently written by Henry James. It is reprinted in his 
** Portraits of Places.”’ 


The pure beauty of elegance and grace is the grand character- 
istic of the Fall. It is not in the least monstrous. It is supremely 
artistic — a harmony, a conception, a masterpiece; it beats 
Michael Angelo. One may seem at first to say the least, but 
the delicate observer will admit that one says the most, in saying 
that it is pleasing. There are, however, so many more things to 
say about it — its multitudinous features crowd so upon the vision 
as one looks — that it seems absurd for me to attempt to handle 
details. “The main feature, perhaps, is the incomparable loveli- 
ness of the immense line of the river and its lateral abutments. 
It neither falters, nor breaks, nor stiffens, but maintains grandly 
from wing to wing its consummate curve. This noble line is 
worthily sustained by mighty pillars of alternate emerald and 
marble. ‘The famous green loses nothing, as you may imagine, 
on a nearer view. A green more gorgeously cool and pure it Is 
impossible to conceive. It is to the vulgar greens of earth what 
the blue of a summer sky is to our mundane azures, and is, in 
fact, as sacred, as remote, as impalpable as that. You can fancy 
it the parent-green, the head-spring of color to all the verdant 
water-caves and all the clear, sub-fluvial haunts and bowers of 
naiads and mermen in all the streams of the earth. The lower 
half of the watery wall is shrouded in the steam of the boiling 
gulf — a veil never rent nor lifted. Att its core, this eternal cloud 
seems fixed and still with excess of motion — still and intensely 
white; but, as it rolls and climbs against its lucent cliff, it tosses 
little whiffs and fumes and pants of snowy smoke, which betray 
the furious tumult of its dazzling womb. In the middle of the 
curve, at the apex of the gulf, the converging walls are ground 


1103 


1871 


1871 


Niagara Falls 


into finest powder, and hence arises a huge mist-column, and fills 
the upper air with its hovering drift. Its summit far overtops the 
crest of the cataract, and, as you look down along the rapids 
above, you see it hanging over the averted gulf like some far- 
flowing ensign of danger. Of these things some vulgar verbal 
hint may be attempted; but what words can render the rarest 
charm of all — the clear-cut brow of the Fall, the very act and 
figure of the leap, the rounded turn of the horizontal to the per- 
pendicular>? To call it simple seems a florid over-statement. 
Anything less combined and complicated never appealed to the 
admiration of men. It is carved clean as an emerald, as one must 
say and say again. It arrives, it pauses, it plunges; it comes and 
goes for ever; it melts and shifts and changes, all with the sound 
as of a thousand thunderbolts; and yet its pure outline never 
lapses by a bubble’s value from its constant calm. It is as gentle 
as the pouring of wine from a flagon — of melody from the lip 
of a singer. From the little grove beside the American Fall you 
catch superbly — better than you are able to do at the Horse- 
shoe — the very profile of this full-flooded bend. If the line of 
beauty had vanished from the earth elsewhere, it would survive 
on this classic forehead. It is impossible to insist too strongly on 
the prodigious elegance of the great Fall, as seen from the Canada 
cliff. You fancy that the genius who contrived it was verily the 
prime author of the truth that order, measure, and symmetry are 
the conditions of perfect beauty. He applied his faith among 
the watching and listening forests, long before the Greeks pro- 
claimed theirs in the shining masonry of the Acropolis. Rage, 
confusion, chaos, are grandly absent; dignity, grace, and leisure 
ride upon the crest; it flows without haste, without rest, with the 
measured majesty of a motion whose rhythm is attuned to 
eternity. Even the roll of the white batteries at the base seems 
fixed and poised and ordered, and in the vague middle zone of 
difference between falling flood and rising cloud you imagine a 
mystical meaning — the passage of body to soul, of matter to 
spirit, of human to divine. 
1104 


Preservation of the Falls 


Goat Island, of which every one has heard, is the great 
menagerie of lions, and the spot where your single stone — or, in 
plain prose, your half-dollar — kills most birds. This broad 
insular strip, which performs the excellent office of withholding 
the American shore from immediate contact with the Fall, has 
been allowed to remain a very proper piece of wildness, and 
here you may ramble, for the most part, in undiverted contempla- 
tion. The island is owned, I believe, by a family of co-heritors, 
who have the good taste to preserve it intact. More than once, 
however, as I have been told, they have been offered a large 
price for the privilege of building a hotel upon this sacred soil. 
They have been wise, but, after all, they are human, and the 
offer may be made once too often. Before this fatal day dawns, 
why shouldn’t the State buy up the precious acres, as California 
has done the Yo-Semite? It is the opinion of a sentimental tourist 
that no price would be too great to pay. Otherwise, the only 
hope for their integrity is in the possibility of a shrewd prevision 
on the part of the gentlemen who know how to keep hotels that 
the music of the dinner-band would be injured by the roar of the 
cataract. You approach from Goat Island the left abutment of 
the Horseshoe. The little tower which, with the classic rainbow, 
figures in all “views” of the scene, is planted at a dozen feet 
from the shore, directly on the shoulder of the Fall. This little 
tower, I think, deserves a compliment. One might have said 
beforehand that it would never do, but, as it stands, it is incon- 
testably picturesque. It serves as a unit of appreciation of the 
scale of things, and from its spray-blackened summit it admits 
you to an almost downward peep into the green gulf. More 
here, even, than on the Canada edge, you perceive how the great 
spectacle is wrought all in water. Its substantial floods take on 
at moments the likeness of walls and pillars and columns, and, 
to present any vivid picture of them, we are compelled to talk 
freely of emerald and crystal, of silver and marble. But really, 
all the simplicity of the Falls, and half their grandeur, reside in 


70 1105 


1871 


1871 


Niagara Falls 


the fact that they are built clean of fluid elements, and that no 
rocky staging or earthy commixture avail to complicate and vulgar- 
ize them. They are water piled on water, pinned on water, hing- 
ing and hanging on water, breaking, crashing, whitening in mutual 
masses of water. And yet for all this no solid was ever solid like 
that sculptured shoulder of the Horseshoe! From this little 
tower, or, better still, from various points further along the island- 
shore, it seems indeed a watery world. Before you stretches the 
huge expanse of the upper river, with its belittled cliffs, now mere 
black lines of forest, dull as with the sadness of gazing at eternal 
storm. Anything more horribly desolate than this boundless livid 
welter of the rapids it is impossible to conceive, and you very 
soon begin to pay it the tribute of your terror, in the impulse to 
people it with human forms. On this theme you can spin endless 
romances. Yes, they are alive, every fear-blanched billow and 
eddy of them — alive and frenzied with the sense of their doom. 
They see below them that nameless pause of the arrested current, 
and the high-tossed drift of sound and spray which rises up 
lamenting, like the ghosts of their murdered brothers. They 
shriek, they sob, they clasp their white hands and toss their long 
hair; they cling and clutch and wrestle, and, above all, they bite. 
Especially tragical is the air they have of being forced backward, 
with averted faces, to their fate. Every portion of the flood is 
like the grime stride of a giant, wading huge-kneed to his purpose, 
with the white teeth of a victim fastened in his neck. The outer- 
most of three small islands, inter-connected by short bridges, at 
the extremity of this shore, places one in singularly intimate rela- 
tion with this portentous flurry. To say that hereabouts the water 
leaps and plunges and rears and dives, that its uproar deadens the 
thunder, and its swiftness distances the lightning, is to say all that 
we can, and yet but a tithe of what we should. Nowhere surely 
in the wide world is water handled with such a masterly knowl- 
edge of effect. 


1106 


Preservation of the Falls 


The great spectacle may be called complete only when you 
have gone down the river some four miles, on the American side, 
to the so-called rapids of the Whirlpool. Here the unhappy 
stream tremendously renews its trouble. “Two approaches have 
been contrived on the cliff — one to the rapids proper, the other, 
further below, to the scene of the sudden bend. The first con- 
sists of a little wooden cage, of the ‘‘ elevator’ pattern, which 
slides up and down a gigantic perpendicular shaft of horrible 
flimsiness. But a couple of the usual little brides, staggering 
beneath the weight of gorgeous cashmeres, entered the convey- 
ance with their respective consorts at the same time with myself; 
and, as it thus carried Hymen and his fortunes, we survived the 
adventure. You obtain from below — that is, on the shore of 
the river — a specimen of as noble cliff-scenery as the continent 
can afford. The green embankment at the base of the sheer red 
wall is by itself a very fair mountain-slope; and from this starts 
erect, rugged and raw, a grandly spacious lateral section of 
mother earth. As it stands, Gustave Doré might have drawn it. 
He would have sketched with especial ardor certain parasitical 
shrubs and boskages — lone and dizzy witnesses of autumn; cer- 
tain outward-peering wens and warts and other perpendicular 
excrescences of rock; and, above all, near the summit, the 
fantastic figures of sundry audacious minor cliffs, grafted upon the 
greater by a mere lateral attachment and based in the empty air, 
with great lone trees rooted on their verges, like the tower of the 
Palazzo Vecchio at Florence. The actual whirlpool is a third 
of a mile further down the river, and is best seen from the cliff 
above. ‘Thus seen, it seems to me by all odds the finest of the 
secondary episodes of the Niagara drama, and one on which a 
scribbling tourist, ineffectively playing at showman, may be con- 
tent to ring down his curtain. The channel at this point turns 
away to the mght, at a clean right-angle, and the river, arriving 
from the rapids just above with stupendous velocity, meets the 


1107 


1871 


1871 


1872 
Dufferin 


1873 
Medley 


1874 
Whetham 


Niagara Falls 


hollow elbow of the Canada shore. The movement with which it 
betrays its surprise and bewilderment — the sudden issueless maze 
of waters —1is, I think, after the Horseshoe Fall, the superbest 
thing in its progress. It breaks into no small rage; the offend- 
ing cliffs receive no drop of spray; for the flood moves in a body 
and wastes no vulgar side-spurts; but you see it shaken to its inner- 
most bowels and panting hugely, as if smothered in its excessive 
volume. Pressed back upon its centre, the current creates a sort 
of pivot, from which it eddies, groping for exit in vast slow circles, 
barely outlined in foam. The Canada shore, shaggy and gaudy 
with late September foliage, closes about it like the rising shelves 
of an amphitheatre, and deepens by contrast the strong blue-green 
of the stream. ‘This slow-revolving basin resembles nothing so 
much as some ancient palace-pavement, cracked and scratched by 
the butts of legionary spears and the gold stiffened hem of the 
garments of kings. 
1872 


DUFFERIN, THE MARCHIONESS OF. My Canadian journal, 


1872-78. Extracts from my letters home written while Lord Dufferin was 
governor-general. New York: 1891. Pp. 39-40; 450. 


Give the author’s impression of the Falls and a trip through the cave 
of the winds, and a paragraph dealing with Lord Dufferin’s part in 
suggesting the Niagara Reservation scheme. 


1873 


MEDLEY, JULIUS GEorcE. An autumn tour in the United States 
and Canada. Lond.: H.S. King. 1873. Pp. 86-88. 


1874 
WHETHAM, J. W. BoppamM. (Western wanderings; a record of 
travel in the evening land. Lond.: Bentley. 1874. Pp. 20-27.) 
Guides and touts of all descriptions pressed their services upon 
us; urged us to take carriages, though the distance was only a few 
hundred yards, and generally proffered assistance, which, having 
no need of, we resolutely declined. Then, conscious of having 
1108 


Preservation of the Falls 


brought on ourselves the utter contempt of the crowd of would-be 1874 
showmen, yet remaining firm in our determination not to be Whetham 
** done,” we were all the more prepared to enjoy the magnificent 
spectacle awaiting us. 


The stupendous grandeur of the scene that met my gaze far 
surpassed all I had imagined. 

Niagara has been regarded with various feelings and from 
various mental points of view. Men of business have thought 
it has a good site for building; John Bull has pronounced it 
“a very nice waterfall, and a bigger stream than the Thames.” 
Sentimental girls have gazed into its misty splendours with super- 
stitious awe, and fancied they saw their fates there. The 
Yankee calls Niagara ‘* some, in the way of water power.” The 
Red Indian prays to it, ““ Oh, Father of mighty waters, grant a 
blessing on your child.”” But with whatever feeling the traveller 
from the East may view the Falls of Niagara, his eyes can have 
looked on no grander picture; and far as he may wander towards 
the setting sun, he cannot hope to see another so splendid. 

All this time we have been looking at the Great Horse-shoe 
Fall, over which the enormous mass of water pours with tre- 
mendous force. ‘Till it reaches half-way down, the water seems 
to hang like a green curtain as it rolls over the cliff; then, gradu- 
ally breaking, the mighty mass spreads out in foam and falls 
into the gulf below. It is not its rapidity but its slowness which 
is sO awe-inspiring: 

Wie das Gestern, 


Ohne Hast 
Aber, ohne Rast. 


But no words can describe the grandeur of such a scene. 


We retraced our steps a short distance towards the American 
Fall, which is smaller than the Horse-shoe or Canadian Fall, but 
equally impressive. 

1109 


1874 
Whetham 


1875 


Morris 


Niagara Falls 


This Fall had a greater charm for me than the Horse- 
shoe Fall, perhaps because we were so much closer to it and 
were able to look straight down into its misty depths. 


The minor drawbacks to visiting Niagara are the great num- 
ber of tolls and the numerous touts. Regarding the former, if 
they would only charge so much on arrival, instead of giving you 
the trouble of putting your hand in your pocket every time you 
look at the Falls, it would be pleasanter; as for the latter, not 
one of them ought to be allowed near the place. If there is one 
thing more wanted than another, it is a pleasant drive or ride 
without a toll-gate at every mile, and this could be easily made 
along the shore of the Niagara river towards La Salle. The 
Goat Island toll is right enough, as keeping up the bridges and 
other expenses are incurred; but all other tolls are wrong, being 
wholly unnecessary. 


We saw a great many beautiful birds, both in the surrounding 
woods and on the islands. “There were two or three sorts of 
orioles, blue-birds, cardinal grosbeaks, and numbers of the 
American robins; birds as ubiquitous as our sparrows, and about 
the size of a large blackbird. Unfortunately, they are consid- 
ered good eating, and therefore, as they are very tame, become 
an easy prey to every little wretch who carries a gun. 


1875 

Morris, WILLIAM. Letters sent home. Out and home again by way 
of Canada and the United States; or, What a summer’s trip told me of the 
people and the country of the great West. Lond.: F. Warne. N. Y.: 
Scribner, Welford and Armstrong. (1875.) Pp. 202-235. 

It was very early in the morning when I left Toronto to cross 
Lake Ontario in one of the river steamers —a floating town. 
But the weather was beautiful, and the air most bracing. The 
distance across the lake is thirty miles, which brings us to the 


1110 


THE Fatts IN WINTER WITH AN ENorMous “Cone” oF Ice ForRMED IN FRONT 


Preservation of the Falls 


mouth of the Niagara River, connecting Lake Ontario with Lake 1875 
Erie. The river is by no means wide, and the country on either Moe 
side is somewhat low and monotonous. Entering the river, we 
have Fort Massauga, a Canadian fortress, on the right, and Fort 
Niagara, an American fortress, directly opposite, on the left. 
Passing up the river, the banks on either side have more the 
appearance of a canal than of a river, being of a generally uni- 
form slope. Six miles up the river we came to Lewiston, where 
we landed, and for the first time I here set foot on American 
soil. Having been discharged by the Custom House officer, who 
was stationed here to examine our baggage, we were taken by 
’bus for about a mile to a railway station, and after another ride 
of about six miles along the top of the rocky and precipitous left 
side of the river, we arrived at the Falls railway station. “The 
ride to this place was a most exciting one. In front there were 
the Falls, seen as yet only by the mind’s eye, but we were making 
our way toward them through a rock-cut track, the sides of which 
sometimes seemed as though they would topple over and crush us, 
occasional breaks or opening in the rocks on the right affording 
glimpses of the river as it danced and ran madly on, and let in 
upon us, as with a great rush, the sound of troubled and rushing 
waters, and a half-suppressed “din,” struggling as it were for 
mastery over the hissing of the engine and the rumbling of the 
carriages. . . ~ It would seem that the very pick of the 
touts and rascals of the world had assembled here. We could 
not move a yard without having some fellow at our heels descant- 
ing on the excellence and cheapness of the dinner he was at 
that very moment of time having placed on his table, and pro- 
testing by all that was good, that if we went further we should 
fare worse. Then the trinket sellers ran after us with their hands 
full of samples of the wares they had on offer inside their respec- 
tive establishments, assuring us in the most earnest manner that 
we should never regret “ walking in.” As for the cab drivers, 
if they only worried their poor horses as they worried us, I can 
pity the poor horses from my heart. 

1111 


1875 
Morris 


1875 
Offenbach 


Niagara Falls 


In due course, I was taking my first view of the Falls. We 
had passed by the ticket office, and had paid our toll; we had 
escaped from the importunities of bazaar keepers, and were out 
of sight of their wares; we had passed over bridges and between 
rocks and had lost ourselves amidst shrubs and flowering plants 
on Goat Island, and had surprised a party of Indian squaws 
arranging their bead trinkets for sale when the later hours of the 
day should bring the fashionable visitors to the place; when, as 
in an instant, I was standing on a projecting rock in the river’s 
bank, from whence the full grandeur and majesty of the scene 
was brought within the range of vision. Overhead, the sky was 
without cloud or speck, and the sun shining most brilliantly. In 
front, there were the boiling seething waters, sending up clouds 
of spray, amongst which the sunbeams played and formed rain- 
bows, arching each other. To the right of us there were the 
American Falls, and to the left of us the Horseshoe Falls. In the 
distance there was the suspension bridge crossing the river. In 
the back ground there were wooded heights, the foliage of the 
trees seeming to intensify the color of the water, as in one com- 
pact mass, many feet thick, and like a huge crystal, it hung over 
the precipice, the spray from the chasm below ascending as 
though it were incense playing its part in one grand and never 
ceasing act of worship, in which the utmost resources of nature 
had been gathered together to do honour and homage to the God 
of Nature. 


OFFENBACH, JACQUES. America and the Americans. Lond. : 
William Reeves. (1877. Pp. 74-75.) 


After having looked a long time at the fall, I crossed the bridge 
and set foot on Canadian territory. 

“You would like to see the Indians,” they said. 

I expected to find savages, but they showed me pedlars, men 
who produced articles de Paris. I was frightened at their 
ferocious attitude. I still recollect them. But were they really 
Indians? I rather doubt it. 

1112 


Preservation of the Falls 


Indians or not, they surrounded me, pertinaciously offering me 1875 


b 
bamboos, fans, cigar-cases, and fusee cases of doubtful taste. 0f™>8 


They recalled to my mind the Indians of the forest of Fontaine- 
bleau who sold penholders and paper knives. 

Nevertheless, I made a few purchases, but I verily believe I 
carried back to France some trifles which had been picked up at 
a Parisian bazaar which had been “ selling off.” 


1878 


MarsHALL, W.G. Through America; or, Nine months in the United 1878 
States. Lond.: Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington. 1881. Marshall 
Pp. 71-84. 

Excellent description of the view from the Clifton House and a full 
account of the abuses prevailing at Niagara. The account contains four 
photographic views. 


1879 


[Governor Robinson’s message.] (Nation, Feb. 6, 1879. 28:101- 1879 
] 02.) Robinson 


A discussion of Governor Robinson’s message proposing the reservation 
of Niagara Falls and giving arguments in favor of the plan. 


New YorK STATE SuRVEY. Special report on the preservation of the 1879 


scenery of Niagara Falls, and fourth annual report on the triangulation cc Ba 
. ate urve 
of the state for the year 1879. James T. Gardner, Director. Albany: yi 


Charles Van Benthuysen and Sons. 1880. Pp. 1-42. 


Special report of the Commissioners on the preservation of the scenery 
around the Falls; report of the director on the plan for a proposed State 
Reservation at Niagara; notes by Frederick Law Olmsted; Father Hen- 
nepin’s description of Niagara; fac-simile of the first London edition; 
memorial to the governor of the State; extract from the message of Gov- 
ernor Robinson to the Legislature in 1879. The report is beautifully 
illustrated. Under the headings cited above it takes up a description of 
the beauties of Niagara, the description of the natural scenery, the argu- 
ments in favor of the proposed State Reservation, and suggestions as to 
limits of the territory to be set aside and the policy to be pursued in regard 
to the land set aside. 

1113 


1880 
Berry 


1880 


1881 
Norman 


1882 
Harrison 


1882 
Hudson 


1882 
Lombardo 


Niagara Falls 


1880 
Berry, C. B. The other side: how it struck us. Lond.: Griffith 
and Farran. 1880. Pp. 170-183. 
The author found ‘‘two drawbacks to Niagara Falls — guides and 
gratuities.” He describes the Maid of the Mist’s trip through the whirl- 
pool and his own crossing of the ice-bridge. 


The preservation of Niagara Falls. (Harp. w., May 15, 1880. 
24-315.) 

A digest of the State Survey Report of 1879. Discusses the dis- 
figurement of the Falls and gives arguments for the preservation of the 
scenic effects. 

1881 

[NorMAN, HEnry.] The preservation of Niagara. (Nation, Sept. 1, 
1881693170217 1.) 

A letter from Niagara Falls under date of August 22d, describing 
various abuses at the Falls, the destruction of the Falls as a summer resort, 
and appealing for the preservation of the Falls and their scenery and dis- 
cussing the advantages of such a course. 


1882 

HARRISON, JONATHAN BAXTER. The condition of Niagara Falls, 
and the measures needed to preserve them. N. Y.: 1882. 

Eight letters published in the New York Evening Mail, the New York 
Tribune, and the Boston Daily Advertiser, during the summer of 1882, 
and written in the interests of the propaganda for a State Reservation at 
Niagara. 

Hupson, T. S. A scamper through America, or, Fifteen thousand 
miles of ocean and continent in sixty days. Lond.: 1882. Pp. 230-237. 

The author has the not unusual first impression that the Falls fall short 
of expectation, but later grows on one. He laments the prevalence of 
devices for extracting coin; he thinks it a pity that the two governments 
have not taken over the territory about the Falls. 


LOMBARDO, ALBERTO. Los Estados—Unidos. (Notas y Episodios 
de Viaje.) Mexico. 1884. Pp. 176-182. 

The book contains a chapter on the Falls of Niagara. The author 
with a friend made the round of the various points of interest, Canadian 
and American, and was duly impressed with the scenic wonders of the 
place, and also plagued by vendors of curios. 

1114 


Preservation of the Falls 


[Preservation of Niagara Falls.] (Harp., Dec., 1882. 66:151- 1882 
152.) 


An appeal for the preservation of the Falls by the reservation of a strip 
of land on both sides of the river. 


SHARPE, WILLIAM. The international temple of Niagara. Reprinted 1882 
from Modern Thought, Mar., 1882. Lond.: Modern Press. n. d. Sharpe 


A glorification of Niagara as a natural temple and an appeal for its 
preservation. 


1883 
The destruction of Niagara. (Spec., June 30, 1883. 56:831-832.) 1883 


A review of the American agitation concerning conditions at the Falls 
together with the history of the reservation movernent. According to this 
author, “* a common error is to suppose that the Falls themselves constitute 
the chief interest of Niagara.”” He goes on to say that “* nothing could 
be more mistaken; the Falls are merely one of the constituent parts of the 
whole spectacle. The rapids, the islands, the cataract, the chasm below 
the cataract, the whirlpool rapids, the basin of the whirlpool — all these 
are included in the word ‘ Niagara.’ ”’ 


LoRNE, JOHN GEORGE EDwarp HENRY DouGLas SUTHERLAND 1883 
CAMPBELL, Marquis of. Canadian pictures drawn with pen and pencil; Lorne 
with numerous illustrations from objects and photographs in the possession 
of and sketches by the Marquis of Lorne, Sydney Hall, etc., engraved by 
Edward Whymper. N. Y.: n.d. Pp. 66-69. 


Shows desirability of making a park around the Falls; gives summer as 
the best season for seeing the scene. The article is illustrated by a view 
of the Falls from the American side. 


LorNE, JOHN GEorcE Epwarp HENRY DouGLas SUTHERLAND 
CAMPBELL, Marquis of. The governor-general’s reply to addresses from 
the royal academy and the Ontario society of artists, Toronto, June, 1883. 
(Jn Memories of Canada and Scotland: speeches and verses. Montreal: 


Dawson Brothers. 1884. Pp. 334-335.) 


. . There is only one other subject I would like to men- 
tion, though it has no direct connection with Art. But it is one 
mooted by Lord Dufferin, I think, in this very place, at all events 
in Toronto, some years ago. He asked me when | came not to 


1115 


1883 
Lorne 


1883 
New York 


Legislature 


1883 


1883 


1883-85 
Welch 


1884 
Griffin 


Niagara Falls 


lose sight of it, but to push it upon all possible occasions. I allude 
to the formation of a national park at Niagara. I believe I am 
correct in saying that on the American side the suggestion origi- 
nated with a mutual friend of Lord Dufferin’s and mine, Mr. 
Bierstadt. 


New YorK (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to authorize the 
selection, location and appropriation of certain lands in the village of 
Niagara Falls for a state reservation and to preserve the scenery of the 


Falls of Niagara. (Laws of 1883, 106th sess., chap. 336, p. 603.) 
Amended in Laws of 1884, 107th sess., chap. 109, p. 107. 


[Preservation of Niagara Falls.] (Critic, Feb. 17, 1883. 3:71-72.) 


An editorial appeal for the preservation of the Falls and the passage of 
the reservation measure. 


A view of Niagara as it may be a few years hence. (Harp. w., 


Jani 13) 1683.) 127532.) 


Mills and factories in the gorge below and on the banks above. 


1883-1885 


WELCH, THomas V. The state reservation at Niagara. Niagara 
Falls, N. Y.: 1885. 


Speech of Hon. Thomas V. Welch of Niagara, in the Assembly of 
the State of New York, March 2, 1883, and his address before the 
joint committee of the Senate and Assembly, February 26, 1885. The 
first is in favor of the bill to authorize the selection and location of the 
reservation lands and the second in favor of the appropriation for payment 
of awards for the lands to be taken. 


1884 


GRIFFIN, Sir LEPEL HENRY. The great republic. Lond.: Chap- 
man and Hall. 1884. Pp. 22-30. 


The author evidently derived but little pleasure from his visit to the 
Falls for he rails against the disfigurement of the scenery by paper mills 
and other industries, is annoyed by the “ all-pervading presence of brides,”’ 
and oppressed by the Falls. 


1116 


Preservation of the Falls 


/ 


1884? 
(The) State Reservation at Niagara Falls; testimony in appraisement 1884? 
proceedings. 2 vols. No. pub. n. d. 
Spring and summer of 1884. 


1885 
MarsH, LuTHER R. Niagara’s emancipation. Remarks of Mr. 1885 
Luther R. Marsh, November 3, 1885, before the New York Historical Marsh 
Society, on reporting to it, as one of its committee, appointed to attend 
the opening ceremonies at the inauguration of the Niagara Reservation, 


July 15, 1883. New York: Martin B. Brown. 1885. 


The address describes the opening ceremonies, the promoters of the 
reservation project and the emotions inspired by Niagara; and dwells upon 
the significance of the establishment of the reservation as the proclaiming 
of a new principle and a milestone in the progress of public sentiment to 
higher planes. 


New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to provide for the 1885 
maintenance and management of the state reservation at Niagara. (Laws New York 


of 1885, 108th sess., chap. 286, p. 490.) Legislature 


New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to provide for the 
payment of the awards made for the lands selected and located by the 
commissioners of the state reservation at Niagara. (Laws of 1885, 108th 


sess., chap. 182, p. 337.) 


Niagara Falls; quotation from the report of Luther R. Marsh on the 1885 
reservation of Niagara Falls. (Mag. Am. hist., Dec., 1885. 14:610- 
611.) 


This report is an endorsement of the reservation act and its significance. 
** However considered, whether from a low plane or a high one, this act 
of consecration was judicious and wise.” 


Nracara FALts AssociATION. Report of the executive committee. 1885 
Jan., 1885. Privately printed. 1885. Niagara Falls 


Association 


(The) attempt to save Niagara. (Cent. Apr., 1885. 29 (new ser. 1995 
7) :954-955.) 
A brief article calling attention to the recommendation of the Niagara 
Falls commissioners for the purchase of Niagara Falls lands by the state 
and the establishment of a state reservation as a means of preserving the 
scenery. 
1117 


1885 
Barker 


1885 
Carter 


Niagara Falls 


BARKER, GEORGE. The redemption of Niagara.— Views near the 


cataract.— From photographs and sketches by George Barker, Niagara 
Falls. (Harp. w., July 18, 1885. 29:460-461, 466.) 


Three large views: (1) The rapids above the Falls; (2) The Horse- 
shoe Fall; (3) Whirlwind Bridge, at the Cave of the Winds. Page 466 


contains a brief history of the establishment of the reservation. 


CARTER, JAMES C. Oration at the dedication of the state reserva- 
tion at Niagara, July 15, 1885. (19th Ann. rep’t of the com’rs of 
the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1903. Pp. 263-277.) 


The occasion upon which we are assembled has a peculiar 
interest which needs no aid from speech. A great commonwealth 
is here by her official representatives, with the Chief Magistrate 
at her head, to perform a solemnity; not, as sometimes, to dedi- 
cate a structure to some great purpose of public utility or charity 
—not to consecrate a monument to the virtue or valor of her 
sons — not to celebrate a great event in her annals; but to make a 
solemn public acknowledgment — to declare that the awful sym- 
bol of Infinite Power, in whose dread presence we stand — 
these visions of Infinite Beauty here unfolded to the eye, are 
not a property, but a shrine — a temple erected by the hand of 
the Almighty for all the children of men; that it cannot be dese- 
crated without her permission, nor, therefore, without her crime; 
that she confesses the duty of guardianship imposed by her empire 
over the place; that she marks out the boundaries of the sanctuary, 
expels from the interior all ordinary human pursuits and claims, 
so that visitors and pilgrims from near or far may come hither, 
and be permitted to behold, to love, to worship, to adore. 

It is now some two hundred years since the Falls of Niagara for 
the first time burst upon the gaze of civilized men. These were 
La Salle and his associates, then engaged in a bold exploration 
westward towards the Mississippi. One of the company, Father 
Hennepin, a Catholic priest, had journeyed from the Old World, 
and was familiar, at least by report and description, with the 
cataracts of Europe. In his account of his travels and discoveries 
he sought to convey an adequate idea of this great wonder; but 

1118 


Preservation of the Falls 


apparently felt, what all others since have felt, the utter insuffi- 
ciency of language. He could but do little more than say, “* The 
Universe does not afford its parallel! ’’ But in the days of Father 
Hennepin the greater part of the earth was still a sealed book. 
Since that time every quarter of it has been explored. Rivers, 
mightier far than the Niagara, have been discovered. The Nile 
has been made to yield up his well-kept secret. “The courses of 
the great rivers of Central Africa, interrupted by mighty cata- 
racts, have been followed. Humboldts have penetrated the 
interior of the South American continent. The region of the 
Yosemite and the valley of the Yellowstone have been scrutinized 
by thousands of visitors. "The world contains no undiscovered 
cataract; but the sentence of Father Hennepin, in describing 
Niagara, still remains true as when he uttered it, “* The Universe 
does not afford its parallel! ”’ 

The profound interest with which Niagara is beheld and 
remembered, and which gives it the first place among the great 
spectacles of nature, is due to a variety of elements, nowhere else 
to be found united. It is not owing chiefly to the sublimity of 
the scene, for the great mountain summits in many parts of the 
earth far surpass it in all the elements of the sublime. The love- 
liness of foliage and flower is displayed in more enchanting forms 
elsewhere in our own and in other lands. Finer examples of mere 
picturesque beauty in falls or rapids may be found amid the won- 
ders of the Yosemite and Yellowstone valleys, and in other parts 
of the world. | 

Undoubtedly the master feature of the scene is the near exhibi- 
tion of overwhelming power. Nowhere else among the works of 
nature is such an amount of physical energy concentrated within 
sO narrow acompass. But the mere spectacle of power — power 
pitiless, remorseless, resistless, like that of the volcano, or the 
tornado — could never impart the pleasure, or create the exalta- 
tion which the visitor experiences here. Here the beholder, con- 
founded and bewildered by the overwhelming sense of resistless 
power, has but to return for an instant and find recovery and 

1119 


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Niagara Falls 


relief in the spectacle of that same power, no longer let loose for 
destruction, like the wrath of the hurricane, but eternally flowing, 
restrained, obedient, beneficient, and arrayed in every robe of 
the beautiful. It is this combined appeal to every sense and every 
faculty, exalting the soul into a higher sphere of contemplation, 
which distinguishes this spot over all others. 

There is in man a supernatural element, in virtue of which he 
aspires to lay hold of the Infinites by which he is surrounded. In 
all ages men have sought to find, or to create, the scenes or the 
objects which move it to activity. It was this spirit which con- 
secrated the oracle at Delphi and the oaks of Dodona; reared the 
marvel of Eleusis, and hung in the heavens the dome of St. Peter. 
It is the highest, the profoundest, element of man’s nature. Its 
possession is what most distinguishes him from other creatures, 
and what most distinguishes the best among his own ranks from 
their brethren. Surely, it must be allowed that everything which 
tends, on the one hand, to indulge this sentiment, or on the other 
to disparage or obstruct it, is matter of the deepest human 
concern. 

It is a characteristic of this sentiment that it cannot endure a 
discord. ‘The rapt soul, borne aloft in visions, cannot sustain its 
elevation in the presence of intrusions which recall it to earth; 
and so the visitor to this natural temple, like the worshipper in a 
great cathedral, cannot feel the best inspirations of the place, nor 
receive its high teachings, if disturbed or disconcerted by incon- 
gruous sights or sounds. 

The peril thus suggested is one to which Niagara has long been 
exposed. The noble forest growths which once crowned these 
banks have in large measure disappeared. ‘The tender draperies 
of foliage and flower which everywhere concealed the nakedness 
of the rocks, have, in many places been rudely stripped away. 
Unsightly structures, erected for what may be fitly called, in such 
surroundings, merely sordid purposes, everywhere meet the eye. 
And in addition, the ordinary accompaniments of places of pub- 
lic resort, the showmen, the venders of small wares, the guides 

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Preservation of the Falls 


and other obtruders of petty and often needless services, with their 1885 
small, but continual exactions, make up a sum of disturbing and ©" 
irritating influences which tend to supplant with resentment and 
disgust, the high emotions which the scene would otherwise inspire. 

It was this degradation of the surroundings of Niagara which 
induced the effort of which we celebrate to-day the successful 
accomplishment. The residents of this neighborhood, justly proud 
of the possession of a great natural spectacle of sublimity and 
beauty which drew to them visitors from every part of the civilized 
world, the fond votaries of the scene, long accustomed to resort 
to it; and to study its features until they had 


“*Got by heart 
Its eloquent of proportions ’’"— 


took alarm at the progress of the devastation. They knew, 
indeed, that the mighty floods from those inland seas could never 
be arrested, nor the thunders of the cataract silenced by human 
power: 
** Man marks the earth with ruin — his control 
Stops with the shore.” 


But they saw that the glorious framework of the divine picture 
was fragile as a web of gossamer, and that although the scene 
itself could never be destroyed, it might be disenchanted. They 
had learned also that much of the rare beauty of leaf, tree and 
flower, which seems to cling as if by some preference around the 
cataract, springs from conditions created by itself, and is, there- 
fore, if I may borrow the fine language in which the thought has 
been expressed, “a part of its own majesty,” and that to strip 
it of these glorious robes would be a dismemberment, leaving the 
great image a colossal deformity. 

The circumstances which have thus tended to excite regret and 
even to arouse resentment in the hearts of the lovers of this great 
spectacle all over the world, could not, indeed, be imputed to the 
community which inhabited its neighborhood. They are such as 


1121 
71 


1885 
Carter 


Niagara Falls 


necessarily arise in connection with every place of great public 
resort, where they are not checked and restrained by the pres- 
ence of a general superintending authority, and probably exist 
here in a less degree than in many other places to which large 
numbers are attracted. We are, indeed, indebted to the kindly . 
care of these residents, and especially to that of the family so 
long the proprietors of a most beautiful part of these banks, and 
whose name is not more closely associated with this place than 
with the patriotic annals of the nation, that so much of their 
native beauty remains untouched; and the promised restoration 
of the scene to its original grandeur is welcomed by none with 
greater delight than is felt by those whose lives have been passed 
in its great presence. ‘This joyous festivity in which we are 
hospitably invited to share, is the demonstration of their high 
satisfaction with all the measures which have been taken to 
achieve so important a work. 

To those who were thus led to consider in what way the fur- 
ther degradation of Niagara might be arrested, there was but one 
measure which seemed adequate. ‘The real source of the evil 
was perceived to lie in the circumstance that the surroundings of 
the scene and its approaches had been suffered to become the 
subject of private ownership. Private proprietors, ordinarily at 
least, are not at liberty to devote their possessions, of whatever 
nature, to any other purposes than those of profitable use. The 
mistake was that the fair territory which lies along these banks 
should ever have been allowed to become private property. It 
was once the noble possession of the people of the State. Would 
that it had always so remained. The plain remedy was a 
resumption by the State of its former dominion and a movement 
was set on foot to bring about this result. 

A suggestion tending in this direction was made in the summer 
of 1878 by the then Governor-General of Canada, Lord Duf- 
ferin, himself a well-known admirer of the great scenes of nature, 
to Governor Lucius Robinson, who made it the subject of a 
special communication to the Legislature of 1879, in which he 

1122 


Preservation of the Falls 


warmly recommended the concurrence of this State in the propo- 1885 
sition of Lord Dufferin for the appointment of commissioners by ©"! 
the two governments respectively for the purposes of conference. 
Governor Robinson in his message expressed, in language worthy 
of his enlightened character, the real duty of governments whose 
territory embraces great natural spectacles. He said: “* The 
civil jurisdiction over the Falls of Niagara, as well as the shores 
and waters of the Niagara river, is divided between this State 
and the Province of Ontario in Canada. But, in one sense, the 
sublime exhibition of natural power there witnessed is the prop- 
erty of the whole world. It is visited by tourists from all quarters 
of the globe, and it would seem to be incumbent upon both gov- 
ernments to protect such travelers from improper annoyance on 
either side.” 

The recommendation of Governor Robinson was met by a 
joint resolution of both branches of the Legislature, directing the 
Commissioners of the State Survey to inquire and report what 
measures it might be expedient to make in order to carry out the 
purposes mentioned in the Governor’s communication. 

The movement thus initiated was reinforced by an appeal, in 
1880, in the form of memorials, addressed respectively to Gov- 
ernor Alonzo B. Cornell and to the Governor-General of Canada 
by citizens of the United States and Canada, together with many 
others, residents of other lands. Among them are included the 
names most distinguished in the Church, in the State, in poetry, 
in letters, and in art. They bear the illustrious names of Carlyle, 
Emerson, Longfellow, Whittier, Holmes, Lowell and Ruskin. 
Rarely, indeed, has such a company of eminent men in different 
lands united in a common object. 

The Commissioners of the State Survey discharged the duty 
devolved upon them by the joint resolution of the Legislature, by 
causing a careful examination to be made of the present condition 
of Niagara Falls and its surrounding scenery, and of the opera- 
tion of the perils to which they were exposed. This examination 
was made by the accomplished director of the Commission, Mr. 

1123 


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Niagara Falls 
James T. Gardner, and Mr. Frederick Law Olmstead, whose 


ardent interest in the beauty of landscapes, natural as well as 
artificial, had long before inspired him with the deepest concern 
for the future of Niagara Falls. 

The conclusions of the Commissioners, founded upon the 
examination thus made, were expressed in a report to the Legis- 
lature, drawn up in a manner altogether worthy of the subject 
and of themselves. They set forth in convincing terms the extent 
of the deterioration already reached, and the inevitable results 
of further neglect, and recommended the acquisition by the State 
of a limited area of land along the banks of the river, sufficient 
to enable the work of protection and restoration to be prosecuted 
with effect. 

The Legislature, in 1883, passed an act adopting these recom- 
mendations, and providing a method for carrying them out. By 
this act a board of commissioners was constituted, to be appointed 
by the Governor, with authority to survey and lay out such parts 
of the land adjacent to the falls as it should, in their judgment, 
be expedient for the State to acquire, and to take the necessary 
judicial proceedings for ascertaining the value of the lands. 

Of the character of the gentlemen appointed upon this com- 
mission I need not speak. ‘They were selected by Governor 
Cleveland with wise discernment, and with reference only to their 
qualifications for a task so important. They at once proceeded 
with the discharge of their duties, and the entire work of select- 
ing and surveying the lands and prosecuting the proceedings 
requisite to ascertain their value was accomplished so as to enable 
them to make their report early in the present year. 

It was indeed necessary, in order to render these measures 
entirely effective, that an appropriation of public money should 
be made to pay the ascertained value of the lands and the attend- 
ant expenses. That crowning act was performed by the Legis- 
lature of 1885, and the present Governor of the State, who does 
us the honor of his presence to-day, is to be congratulated upon 
the opportunity which has fallen to him of closing, by his signa- 

1124 


Preservation of the Falls 


ture, the series of most honorable executive acts in this movement 1885 
for the restoration of Niagara Falls. The transfer of title has @"'* 
now been completed, and we have been called to witness its 
public recognition. No longer is Niagara, at least upon this bank, 
the property of men. The formal title does, indeed, rest in that 
great corporation composed of the people of the State in their 
sovereign capacity; but they assert no ownership. ‘They rever- 
ently acknowledge a trust. In the allotment among different 
races and nations of the majestic displays of natural beauty or 
power, this chief example has fallen under their dominion. But 
its great purpose and essential use are not thereby changed. It 
is theirs only to restore, protect and preserve — theirs only, in 
common with all lovers of the sublime and the beautiful, to revere 
and enjoy. 

The State of New York has done many memorable things 
which illumine her annals. She has erected great structures 
dedicated to charity. She has established a great system of uni- 
versal education. She has raised and sent into the field vast 
armies to defend liberty and perpetuate the great nation of which 
she forms a part; but in no single act has she shown herself 
more worthy of her renown, or of the place she fills in the nation 
and in the world, than by avowing, as she does to-day, her inten- 
tion to forever guard and secure this spot against all profanation, 
for the delight, the elevation and the improvement of mankind. 

The effort has not passed into successful accomplishment 
wholly without a challenge. Minds accustomed to scrutinize 
narrowly the objects to which it is proposed to devote the public 
revenue have questioned whether our civil Constitution permitted 
such an expenditure for the mere purpose of indulging a senti- 
ment. The question and its decisions are alike honorable. We 
cannot appropriate public moneys to anything but a public use. 
But public uses should certainly be deemed broad enough to 
embrace the gratification of the noblest aspirations of which 
human nature is capable. Pitiable, indeed, would be the spec- 
tacle of a people who had paralyzed themselves against the 

1125 


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Niagara Falls 


indulgence of a sentiment. It is in their sentiments that the life 
of a people is most truly manifested. Are we to teach at vast 
expense in our schools the methods and the order of nature, the 
ideals in poetry and art, and yet not cherish the majestic teacher 
that exalts all our ideals? It is our sectarian dissensions alone 
which prevent us from devoting any part of the public wealth to 
the highest of all: public uses — religion; but in the worship 
inspired by this place we are all of one faith. 

The sentiments of men are oftentimes more powerful than their 
interests even, and history furnishes some interesting proofs of 
the depth of the feelings, closely akin to those the triumph of 
which we celebrate to-day, which connect the sentiment of rever- 
ence in man with great natural objects. The superstition of 
early Greece asserted the existence at Delphi of a miraculous 
cleft in the earth, from which bursts forth a divine afflatus capable 
of inspiring the awful responses of Apollo; but this mere fable 
could scarcely have sufficed to render the spot the principal shrine 
of the favorite god. Situated in the most picturesque valley of 
Greece, at the foot of the lofty summit of Parnassus, it was the 
beauty and sublimity of the scene which enhanced the fame of 
the oracle. It was the surrounding scenery, exalting the imagina- 
tion and kindling the religious emotions, which attracted the multi- 
tude of votaries and rendered the place the center of the Hellenic 
world. But the devout sentiments of the pilgrims were offended 
by the petty exactions of the neighboring seaport of Cirrha, and 
the fertile plain around the temple excited the cupidity of the 
neighboring husbandmen to make continual encroachments upon 
the sacred precincts of the god. The evil was endured for a 
time; but in the end Greece arose in resentment at the profana- 
tion, and in a devastating conflict of ten years, fitly styled the 
** Sacred War,”’ destroyed the offending town and choked up its 
harbor; swept from the Circassian plain all evidences of human 
ownership, and thus vindicated the insulted majesty of the god, 
and asserted the right of worshippers from every land to approach 
the great oracle unmolested. 

1126 


Preservation of the Falls 


It was a characteristic trait of the poetic superstitution of 


Greece to personify the visible forms of nature in a spirit of © 


peculiar sympathy and tenderness. Into what a sublime Pantheon 
would Greek imagination have converted a scene like Niagara! 
An abode for every divinity, with the Great Thunderer himself 
in the midst shaking “ his ambrosial curls! ’’ A more spiritual 
as well as philosophic faith has dispelled these fond illusions; 
but poetry is still left to sing her sweet lament over a disenchanted 
world. 
“The intelligible forms of ancient poets, 

The fair humanities of old religion, 

The power, the beauty and the majesty 

That had their haunts in dale or piny mountain, 

Or forest by slow stream or pebbly spring, 


Or chasms and watery depths, all these have vanished, 
They live no longer in the faith of reason.” 


The modern world, with its restless industrial activities, may, 
perhaps, be less responsive to the inspirations of nature; but it 
is for the reason that the sensibilities are less awake, not that the 
voices are silenced. Nature addresses all ages in the same lan- 
guage, which the heart of man can understand without the aid 
of a mythology. 

“The word unto the prophet spoken 
Was writ on tables yet unbroken. 

The word by seers or seraphs told 
In groves of oak or fanes of gold, 


Still floats upon the morning wind, 
Still whispers to the willing mind.” 


Our work to-day is to restore a neglected oracle; to manifest 
our sense of the pre-eminent importance of this miracle of nature 
as a teacher —a source of every softening and elevating influ- 
ence — to leave its own creative powers to reproduce its original 
majesty, and to throw wide open its beautiful gates, that all, of 
whatever race or clime, may enter in. 


1127 


1885 
Carter 


1885 


Greene 


1885 


1885 


Niagara Falls 


But, though the immediate task of New York is accomplished, 
the whole work is not yet finished. ‘The great and friendly 
nation which occupies the opposite bank holds in her hands a 
matchless part of the glories of Niagara. We are not to doubt 
that she is fully sensible of the duty which her dominion imposes, 
nor that that duty will be fully discharged. Our own endeavor 
had its origin, in part, in a suggestion proceeding from one of her 
distinguished chief magistrates. Our example cannot but stimu- 
late her to decisive action. And what better pledge of ever- 
lasting amity could be given than a mutual and peaceful guard- 
ianship over these beautiful banks? ‘The tumult of contending 
armies engaged in deadly strife was once drowned by the roar of 
the cataract. Does not that great voice forever say, ““ Peace, be 
still!” to the passions by which such strife is engendered ? 

‘**Oh! may the waves which madden in thy deep, 
There spend their rage, nor climb the encircling steep, 


And til the conflict of thy surges cease 
The nations on thy banks repose in peace.” 


GREENE, J. W. Free Niagara. Buffalo: Matthews, Northrup and 
Co. (1885.) 


Conditions under private ownership compared with those after the 
** freeing ’’’ of Niagara, the story of ‘‘ New York’s imperial gift to man- 
kind,” by the editor of the Buffalo Express. 

History of the reservation movement to date, arguments in favor of 
reservation, treasurer’s report, text of law of 1883 authorizing selection of 
lands, address by association in favor of reservation, articles of association 
of the Niagara Falls Association, list of officers and members. 


The preservation of Niagara. (Nature, June 11, 1885. 32:131- 
132.) 


A history of the movement for the preservation of the Falls quoted from 
Science. 


The preservation of Niagara. (Sci., May 15, 1885. 5:398—399.) 


A history of the movement leading to legislation. 


1128 


Preservation of the Falls 


QUEEN VicTorRIA NIAGARA FALLS PARK CoMMISSIONERS. Annual 1885 
reports, 1885 to date. Queen 


Victoria 


Much valuable material on the origin of the park, the policy and pay 
activities of the commissioners, the development of the state’s property, Commissioners 
the diversion controversy and the power situation, supplemented by con- 
tracts, legislative acts and special reports. 


Saving Niagara. (Critic, Mar. 7, 1885. 3 (new ser.) :109.) 1885 
A brief history of the movement to save the Falls. 


WeEtcH, THomAs V. How Niagara was made free. The passage jgg5 
of the Niagara reservation act in 1885. (Pub. Buf. hist. soc. 5:325- Welch 
329.) 


History of the movement for the reservation by one active in securing 
the measure, and who was afterwards superintendent of the reservation. 
The same article may be found in Publication II of the Niagara Frontier 
Historical Society reprinted from the Buffalo Historical Society. 


1886 
Bicot, CHARLES. De Paris au Niagara; Journal de voyage d’une 1886 
delegation. Pans: A. Dupret, Editeur. 1887. Pp. 140-156. Bigot 


Notre visite a duré quatre longues heures qui ont passé aussi 
vite qu'une seule. Quand j’essaye de résumer l’impression de 
cette matinée, je ne trouve qu'un mot qui l’exprime bien: c'est 
le mot terreur. Le Niagara n’est pas seulement grand, imposant, 
magnifique: il est terrible, il est formidable, il est effroyable. 
Plus on visite, plus on s’arréte, plus on regarde, plus le sentiment 
de |’effroi va croissant. C’est une puissance de la nature 
déchainée, auprés de laquelle |’homme n’est rien. 


HARRISON, JONATHAN BAXTER. The movement for the redemption 4886 
of Niagara. (New Princeton rev., Mar., 1886. 1:233-245.) Harrison 


This article, as it were, supplements Mr. Robb’s article. To quote: 
“The movement to save Niagara is of peculiar interest, because it was 
the first effort made in this country on so large a scale to use the machinery 
of government for an object of this kind, that is, for a purpose belonging 
so entirely to the realm of elevated sentiment and noble spiritual emotion.” 


1129 


Niagara Falls 


1886 LaTTimorE, S. A. (A letter on the advantages of state ownership. ) 
Lattimore (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 


1886. 1:18-21.) 
Senate document 35, February 17, 1885. 


1886 New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to incorporate the 
New York Niagara river hydraulic tunnel power and sewer company of Niagara Falls, 


Gr) New York (laws oF UBBO) (Ou were lehan eagle Lose 


This grant for the construction of a tunnel or sewer was amended by 
the Laws of 1889, 110th sess, chap. 109, p. 112, so that water 
could be taken from the Niagara river for power purposes, and another 
amendment — Laws of 1891, 112th sess., chap. 235, p. 472,— dealing 
with the financial and business management of the corporation recognizes 
the Niagara Falls Power Company as successor of the Niagara River 


Hydraulic Tunnel and Sewer Company of Niagara Falls, New York. 


New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to incorporate the 
Lockport water supply company. (Laws of 1886, 109th sess., chap. 
106, p. 187.) 


This grant to take water from the Niagara river was repealed in the 
Laws of 1906, 129th sess., chap. 269, p. 570. 


1886 [Onginal resolution describing the proposed limits of the Niagara 
reservation.] (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 


Albany: 1886. 1:11-15.) 
Senate document 35, February 17, 1885. 


1886 Ross, J. HAMPDEN. Buying Niagara. (Cent., Dec., 1886. 20: 
Robb 815-823.) 


A story of the movement to preserve Niagara, its significance, and the 


difficulties overcome. According to Mr. Robb, the buying of Niagara was 
** another instance of the power of mere sentiment among men.” 


1887 


1887 New York STATE RESERVATION AT NIAGARA. By-laws of the 
Rew, York — commissioners, together with the ordinances, rules and regulations for the 
Reservation government of the reservation. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state 


reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1887. 2:25-28.) 
1130 


Preservation of the Falls 


OLMSTEAD, FREDERICK LAw, and VAUX, CALVERT. General plan 1887 
for the improvement of the Niagara reservation. Niagara Falls, N. Y.: Olmstead 
1887. & Vaux 

The keynote of the plan is . . . ‘to restore and conserve the 
natural surroundings of the Falls of Niagara, rather than attempt to add 
anything thereto, is the true policy for the State to pursue. Not park, 
nor pleasure ground, but “ Reservation’’ is the name affixed by the 
Legislature to the property now happily recovered to the people. It is a 
spot reserved, and sacred to what divine power has already placed there, 
rather than a proper field for the display of human ingenuity or art.” 

This plan may also be found in the Supplemental Report of the Com- 
missioners of the State Reservation at Niagara. Albany. 1887, 
pp. 9-50. 


STRATHESK, JOHN, pseud. Bits about America. Edinb.: Oliphant, 1887 
Anderson and Ferrier. 1887. Pp. 116-129. Strathesk 


An account of a winter visit early in 1887. The author was offended 
by the utilitarian public works around the Falls. 


1888 


New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to incorporate the 1888 
Lewiston water supply company in Niagara county, New York. (Laws New York 
of 1888, 111th sess., chap. 561, p. 918.) Legislature 


This grant, which permits water to be taken from the Niagara river, 


was repealed by the Laws of 1906, 129th sess., chap. 267, p. 569. 


1389 


New York (STATE) LeEcIsLATURE. An act to incorporate the 4889 
Buffalo and Niagara power and drainage company. (Laws of 1889, New York 
112th sess., chap. 366, p. 484.) Legislature 


This act is repealed in the Laws of 1906, 129th sess., chap. 268, 
p. 570. 


New York STATE RESERVATION AT NIAGARA. Resolutions and 41g89 
correspondence relating to a roadway from the state reservation at Niagara New York 


to Lake Ontario. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs. Albany: 1889. 5:51- a . 
55.) eservation 


1131 


1889 
New York 
State 
Reservation 


1890 


Green 


1890 
Kroupa 


Niagara Falls 


The correspondents are Andrew H. Green, president of the commis- 
sioners, John Bogart, State Engineer and Surveyor, and C. S. Gzouski, 
chairman of commissioners, Q. V. N. F. Park. 


The papers may be found in Assembly document 22, February 6, 
1889. 


1890 


GREEN, ANDREW H. Letters concerning the diversion of waters from 


Niagara Falls. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 
Albany: 1890. 6:57—60.) 


Assembly document 23, January 22, 1890. 

The Hon. Andrew H. Green, who was president of the Board of Com- 
missioners from 1888 to 1903, was particularly active in opposition to 
diversion schemes. It was he who first suggested international action. 

Letters addressed to the Legislature; to Hon. Samuel Frederick Nixon, 
chairman of the Assembly committee on internal affairs; Hon. George 
B. Sloan, Senate. These letters voiced the opposition of the Commission 
to the bill entitled ‘“‘An act to authorize the Niagara Hydraulic Electric 
Company to erect machinery under the Falls. . . .” 


Kroupa, B. Aan artist’s tour; gleanings and impressions in North and 
Central America and the Sandwich Islands. Lond.: Ward and Downey. 
18902) Pp, 327-930. 


I had seen the Falls several times during my previous stay in 
Canada. They are no doubt sublime, and the scenery around 
is wild and grand, but the land in the vicinity of and including 
the Falls, was then private property, and thrown open to the 
public at such ridiculously high charges that the cost of seeing all 
around and below the Falls was very expensive. I could hardly 
divest my mind of the idea that I was not “ doing” Niagara, 
but that Niagara was “ doing’’ me. The latter conjecture was 
ever present in my thoughts, for after I had been there for a 
few minutes during my first visit, I began to lose money, and 
after a couple of days I was almost beggared in trying to get 
near the cataract. “There were so many fees and gratuities to be 
paid at the various “ entrances’ to the Falls, under the Falls, 
to the caves, and over the bridges, that after all the worry and 
expense one could have readily sympathized with the man who, 


1132 


Preservation of the Falls 


on being politely requested by his cicerone to come again at 1890 
some future time, asked to be thrown in rather than return to *'°"?* 
see them. One gets accustomed, however, to everything. I 
walked and paid almost mechanically until I went about with my 
pockets inside out. Although I refused the aid of several guides 

who followed at my heels, as is the custom of that fraternity, 

I paid in less than two days more than eight dollars in admission 

fees, including those at every bridge. 

Let us imagine a pater-familias going to see the Falls accom- 
panied by his better half, and say half a dozen of children. 
Arrived there, he would read: Entrance to the Falls, twenty- 
five cents each person; further on: Entrance to the Cave of the 
Winds, fifty cents, etc., etc. Seeing that he would have to pay 
such a heavy ransom, he would most naturally explain to his 
wife and offspring how much grander the Falls look when seen 
from a distance. All this, however, is changed now, as all the 
land adjoining the Falls on the American side has been bought 
by the State in which they are situated. 


After this comparison of the unpleasant conditions at the Falls on his 
earlier visit with the improved conditions at the present time the author goes 
on to give the impression of active and irresistible power conveyed by the 
Falls at all times, and to give a slight sketch of their beauty in winter. 


1891 


GREEN, ANDREW H.; Bocart, JoHN; Kippe, Aucust S. Letters 1891 
concerning surveys and appropriations. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the Green 


state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1891. 7:81-88.) 
Assembly document 45, January 29, 1891. 


New YorK (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to incorporate the 1891 
Niagara county irrigation and water supply company. (Laws of 1891, New York 
114th sess. chap. 259, p. 483.) as 


Grants the corporation the right to take water from the Niagara river 
to supply the towns of Niagara, Lewiston, or Porter in the county of 
Niagara. 

1133 


Niagara Falls 


1891 The utilization of Niagara. VII. (Eng. (Lond.), Jan. 2, 1891. 
51:14, 18, 19-21.) 
Discusses the recession of Niagara and gives a quotation from Dickens’s 
description of the Falls. 


The utilization of Niagara. VIII. (Eng. (Lond.), Feb. 27, 1891. 
51:235—236.) 

An account of the investigations of Mr. John Bryant as to low water 
at Niagara Falls and the effects of diversion. “The awards of the Inter- 
national Niagara Commission are also given. 


1892 
1892 New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act relating to the Niagara 


New York Falls power company. (Laws of 1892, 115th sess., chap. 513, p. 
Legislature 1041.) 


Section 2 grants the right to the corporation to take and use water of the 
Niagara river upon condition of furnishing free light, power and water 
to the Niagara reservation. This condition was the subject of controversy 
between the Commissioners of the State Reservation and the company for 
many years, the Commissioners refusing to accept this free light, heat and 
power for fear of involving the state of New York in a contractual obligation 
with the power company. 

Under this grant the company is not permitted to obstruct the navigation 
of the Niagara river, nor “‘ to take therefrom more water than shall be 
sufficient to produce two hundred thousand effective horse-power.”’ 


1893 
1893 New YorkK (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act concerning the Niagara 


New York Falls power company. (Laws of 1893, 116th sess., chap. 477, p. 973.) 


ih “4 s 5 ° s 
Sue w Grants the corporation the right to furnish power, heat or light to any 


person or body, and to obtain rights from individuals, corporations or bodies 
to cross any lands, public or private, for the purpose of furnishing such 
power. 


1893 New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to incorporate the 
~ Model town company, to define its rights, powers and privileges and for 
other purposes. (Laws of 1893, 116th sess., chap. 707, p. 1753.) 
Section 14 grants the right to “‘ take water from Lake Erie, and except 
for motive power for factories from Niagara river and by separate systems 
of pipes, ditches, canals, aqueducts or syphons, may carry said water to 
and into any town site it may require in Niagara county.” 


1134 


Preservation of the Falls 


1894 


GreEN, ANDREW H. Letter to Walter Q. Gresham, secretary of 1894 
state, Washington, concerning the diversion of water at Niagara Falls, Green 
under date of October 17, 1894. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state 
reserv. at Niagara, 12:49-50.) 


An appeal for international action. 


GREEN, ANDREW H. Letter to J. W. Langmuir, chairman of the 
commissioners of Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park, under date of 
October 19, 1894, concerning the diversion of water at Niagara Falls. 
(Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 12:51.) 


An appeal for cooperation to secure international action for the protec- 
tion of the Falls. 


GREEN, ANDREW H. Letter to Theodore E. Hancock, attorney gen- 
eral of the state of New York, under date of July 17 and 18, 1894, 
concerning the diversion of water at Niagara Falls. (Ann. rep’ts of the 
com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 12:52-53.) 


Request for an opinion on the right of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic 
Power and Manufacturing Company to enlarge its canal. 


New York (STATE) CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION, 1894. 1894 
Revised record of the constitutional convention of . . . New York, New York 
Constitutional 


May 8, 1894, to September 29, 1894. Rev. by W. H. Steele. Albany, Convention 
N. Y.: The Argus Printing Co. 1890. 


For the debates on the constitutional provision to limit the diversion of 
water from the Niagara river, see especially vol. 3, pp. 808-873; vol. 4, 
pp. 164-173, 612-615, 627-641, and vol. 5, pp. 727-728. 


New YorK (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to amend chapter 707 1894 
of the laws of 1893 entitled ““An act to incorporate the Model town New York 
ans Bs Legislature 
company, to define its rights, powers and privileges and for other pur- 


poses.” (Laws of 1894, 117th sess., chap. 605, p. 1370.) 


This amendment changes the Model Town Company to the Niagara 
Power and Development Company and grants power to “‘ purchase or lease 
the franchise, improvements and all rights of the Niagara County Irrigation 
and Water Supply Company ’”’ which was incorporated in the laws of 
1891, 114th sess., chap. 259, p. 483. 


1135 


Niagara Falls 


1894 New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to incorporate the 
any Cees Niagara, Lockport and Ontario power company. (Laws of 1894, 117th 


sess., chap. 722, p. 1806. 


Section 10 gives the conditions under which water may be taken from 
the Niagara river and distributed for water supply or power purposes. 


1894 QUEEN VIcTOoRIA NIAGARA FALLS Park. Official documents 1894. 
aan Legislative acts and papers relating to the park together with the first 
Park annual reports of the commissioners of the park. 

1894 ScHENK, M. Report on roadway from the reservation to Lake Ontario. 
Schenk (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1894. 

10:55-56.) 
Recommends steps looking toward preliminary legislation. 
. 1895 

1895 BARHITE, JOHN A. Report to the constitutional convention of the 

Barhite subcommittee of the committee on legislative powers relative to the diversion 


of the waters of Niagara. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. 


at Niagara. Albany: 1895. 11:61-73.) 


Document No. 60. An examination of existing water rights and privi- 
leges at Niagara, with respect to fact and law. Grants already made are 
reviewed, dangers to the Falls pointed out, the legal right of the state in the 
river discussed, and a constitutional amendment recommended which pro- 
vided for the restriction of grants to certain specified purposes and proposed 
to put companies already organized under the direction and control of the 
Commissioners of the State Reservation at Niagara. 


1895 HaNcock, THEODORE E. Opinion concerning the diversion of water 
Hancock at Niagara Falls, under date of November 16, 1895. (Ann. rep’ts of 
the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 12:53-61.) 


1896 


1896 DuNLaP, OrRIN E. Water supply of Niagara. (W. elec., Feb. 8, 
Dunlap 1896. 18:63.) 


A discussion of the danger of drawing off so much water for power pur- 
poses as to ruin the beauty of the Falls. 


1896 New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act confirming and defin- 
ey Ms ing certain riparian rights of the Niagara Falls hydraulic power and 
Ac tacharh manufacturing company. (Laws of 1896, 119th sess., chap. 967, p. 
1393.) 
1136 


Preservation of the Falls 
The Niagara reservation. (Critic, Mar. 21, 1896. 28:203.) 1896 


A protest against the proposal to abolish the Reservation Commission 
and transfer its functions to the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission. 


UNITED STATES CONGRESS. Report of the deep waterways com- 1896 
mission prepared at Detroit, Michigan, December 18-22, 1896, by the 
commissioners, James B. Angell, John E. Russell, Lyman E. Cooley, 
accompanied by a report on technical work and several topical reports 
and drawings pertaining thereto. Washington: 1897. H.R. doc. 92. 
54th Cong., 2d sess. 

1897 

D. W. The glory of Niagara. (Life & health (N. Y.), Aug. 1897. 1897 
Pp. 264-266.) ae 

Need of time for due comprehension of the wonders and appreciation of 


the “beauties of Niagara: improvements at hotels and elsewhere since pre- 
reservation days. 


Davis, REBECCA Harpinc. The passing of Niagara. Indep., Nov. 1897 
25, 1897. 49:1527-1528.) ie 

A fanciful imagination of the danger to be faced of Niagara being 
sacrificed to the dollar. 

[Electrical review.] Editorial comment on the “* alleged destruction’? 1897 


of the Falls. (Nov. 3, 1897. 31:216.) 


MerepITH, E. A. The Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park. (Can. 1897 
mag., July 1897. 9:228-239.) Meredith 


A review of the report of the Canadian commissioners for 1895, dealing 
with the origin of the park, its area, the improvements which had been 
made, the finances, and the scenery. 


1900 


The discharge of the Niagara river. (Eng. mag., April, 1900. 1900 
19:129-1 30.) 
A condensation of an elaborate account of recent measurements of flow 
in the Niagara under the U. S. Board of Engineers on Deep Waterways, 
as given by Mr. Clinton W. Stewart in a paper before the Western 
Society of Engineers. 
9 1137 


United State 


Congress 


Niagara Falls 


1901 


1901 Hartt, Mary B. The passing of Niagara. (Outl., May 4, 1901. 
paartt 68:21-28.) 


An account of the desecration of the scenery at the Falls, the practical 
considerations involved, the effect of diversion, the struggle for preservation, 
and the dangers from natural causes. Says the author: ‘‘ Niagara together 
with scores of other beautiful and picturesque things in this prosaic world of 
ours, is passing. Saved from the hands of the catch-penny sharper, it has 
fallen into the hands of the catch-million capitalist. Rescued from the 
toils of a commercial conspiracy, it will but vanish under the pitiless 
processes of Nature.” 


1902 
1902 The creation and development of the state reservation at Niagara. 
(Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 1902. 


19:14-84.) 


A history of the reservation movement, the establishment of the reservation, 
the restoration and preservation of the scenery, the cost of the reservation, 
the problems presented, and the policy of the commissioners. 


1902 INTERNATIONAL WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Documents relatiag to. 
International (Ann, rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 19: app. 


Waterways 255-061.) 


Commission 
Resolution for the appointment of a commission, report of the Committee 
of Commerce thereon, and the opinion of the War Department, amended 
act. 


1902 New York (STATE) LEcIsLATURE. An act to incorporate the 
New York lower Niagara river power and water supply company. (Laws of 1902, 


Legislature | 25th sess., chap. 539, p. 1288.) 


1903 
1903 GREEN, ANDREW H. Last public address of the late Hon. Andrew H. 
Green Green, concerning the state reservation at Niagara. (Ann. rep’ts of the 


com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 20:91-104.) 

A history of the establishment of the reservation and some reasons 
justifying the setting aside of the Falls property as a public park. Read 
before the convention of the American Park and Outdoor Art Association 
of Niagara Falls, July 7, 1903. 

1138 


Preservation of the Falls 


GREEN, ANDREW H. Saving Niagara. (In American park and out- 41903 
door art association. General addresses of the 7th annual meeting. Buf- Green 
falo, July, 1903. 7: pt. 4, 12-18.) 

Mr. Green’s address deals with the lesson of Niagara and its significance, 
gives the history of the reservation and an account of its administration at 
the time the address was made. 


[Preservation of Niagara Falls.] (Eng. news, Apr. 16, 1903. 1903 
49 :347.) 
An editorial suggested by the New York Tribune’s agitation. 


1904 

BurRNE-JONES, Puitip. Dollars and democracy. With numerous 1904 
illustrations from original drawings by the author. N. Y.: 1904. Pp, Burne-Jones 
234-238. 

The author saw the Falls in spring between seasons. He apparently 
appreciated the Falls, but was so indignant over the desecration of the 
scenery and the commercialization of the cataract that he says almost 
nothing about them. 


CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. Report of the subcommittee on 1904 
proposed constitutional amendment. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state Constitutional 


reserv. at Niagara. 1904. 21:149-167.) Convention 
A history of privileges already granted and the rights of the state in 

the premises, together with a proposed amendment restricting the granting 

of water rights and controlling diversion under existing franchises. 


DALE, STEPHEN M. Seeing Niagara Falls for the first time. Ladies 1904 
home jour., June, 1904. 21:9-10.) Dale 
The author tells us where Niagara is and how it came to be, gives some 
of the amusing comments heard there, and the number of annual visitors, 
describes the “ chaining’’ of Niagara, the gorge ride and the moonlight 
view of the Falls, with some tales of the troublesome cabmen. 


Dow, CHARLES M. Letter to Governor Odell, requesting him to veto 1904 
the Niagara, Lockport and Ontario power company bill. (Ann. rep’ts Dow 
of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 21:215-229.) 

The letter cites the dangers threatening the Falls, the arguments 
economic, esthetic and legal, against the bill in question and the arguments 
for the preservation of the Falls. 


Memorandum concerning the jurisdiction, powers and proceedings of 1904 
the commissioners of the state reservation at Niagara with respect to the 
1139 


1904 


1904 
New York 
State Reser- 
vation 


1904 


1905 
Adams 


Niagara Falls 


preservation of the Falls and scenery of Niagara. (Ann. rep’ts of the 
com'rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 21:59-80.) 


The following memorandum has been prepared with a view to 
collating facts concerning: 

First. The jurisdiction and powers of the Commissioners of 
the State Reservation at Niagara with respect to the preserva- 
tion of the Falls and scenery of Niagara; 

Second. What the commission has done to prevent the impair- 
ment of the beauty of the Falls and the environment; and 

Third. The course of legislation with respect to charters to 
private corporations affecting directly or indirectly the Falls and 
their environment. 


New YorK STATE RESERVATION AT NIAGARA. Official correspond- 
ence and opinions. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at 
Niagara. 21:117-148.) 

Concerning the diversion of water at Niagara Falls, and the efforts of 
the commissioners of the State Reservation to prevent it. 


New YorK STATE RESERVATION AT NiAGARA. Extracts from 
annual reports. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 
21:81-116.) 

Concerning the diversion of the waters of the Niagara river at the 
Falls and the efforts of the commissioners of the State Reservation to 
preserve the integrity of the Falls. 


Resumé of legislation concerning Niagara power corporations. (Ann. 
rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 21:185-213.) 


Stages of legislation and votes on charter of Niagara power corporations. 


1905 

Apams, ALTON D. The destruction of Niagara Falls. (Cass , Mar., 
1905. 27:413-417.) 

According to Mr. Adams, ‘* Niagara Falls are doomed. Children 
already born may yet walk dry-shod from the mainland of the New York 
State Reservation to Goat Island, across the present bed of the Niagara 
River. Certain economic, industrial, and political forces are working 
strongly toward this result, and their course can be staid only by the strong 
hand of the government.” 

1140 


p2[quiesse a}doad AuewW YIM aouR\sIp ay} Ul Uses 9q Aew yoryM yUulo pedsoig Mojaq ysnf uaye 7 


YWALNIAY NI STIVA FHL 


Preservation of the Falls 


Apams, ALTON D. How to save Niagara Falls. (Tech. wld., Oct., 1905 
1905. 4:161-167.) Adams 


The possibility of enormous water power development without affecting 
the Falls by damming the river below. 


CLARKE, JOHN M. The menace to Niagara. (Pop. sci. mo., Apr., 1905 
1905. 66:489-504.) Clarke 


An article by the New York State Geologist on the impending destruc- 
tion of the Falls and the remedy. According to Dr. Clarke, the American 
fall is in danger of becoming ‘‘ as dry as bone.” He thinks it is too late 
to find out how much may be safely withdrawn. “In taxation of the 
power product, not necessarily for revenue but for protection,” seems to 
Dr. Clarke, ‘‘ to lie the sole means of control of the problem, the only way 
of saving our national pride before the bar of the world.” 


The destruction of Niagara Falls. (R. of R., Apr., 1905. 31:490.) 1905 


A review of an article by Alton D. Adams in the March number of 
Cassier’s Magazine. 


Dow, CHaRLES M. Address to the international commissioners 4995 
appointed to investigate concerning the conditions and uses of the waters Dow 
adjacent to the boundary lines between Canada and the United States, at 
Niagara Falls, New York, September 14, 1905. (Ann. rep’ts of the 
com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara, 22:67-—75.) 


Deals with the economic and esthetic considerations for the preservation 
of the Falls and the effects of further diversion, together with a plea for 
international protection. 


DUNLAP, ORRIN E, Is Niagara doomed? (Tech. wld., July, 1905. 1905 
3:557-568.) Dunlap 


This article deals with the wonderful power developments which are 
transforming the environs of the cataract. 


International waterways commission organized. (Ann. rep’ts of the 4995 
com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 22:16—30.) 


A history of the movement for an international waterways commission 
to consider the question of diversion of Niagara waters, the establishment 
of the commission, the enlargement of its powers, the protection of Niagara 
by legislation and constitutional amendment, and discussion of the question 
as to where the power of protection lies. 


1141 


————— 


1905 
McFarland 


1905 


New York 
Legislature 


* 1905 
Potter 


1905 


1905 


1905 


Thunstrom 


1905 


1906 
Adams 


Niagara Falls 


McFarRLAND, J. Horace. Shall we make a coal pile of Niagara? 
(Ladies’ home jour., Sept., 1905. 22:19.) 


New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to amend the public 
lands law, by including certain lands of the state as a part of the state 
reservation at Niagara. (Laws of 1905, 128th sess., chap. 508, 
p. 1166.) 

This act added to the State Reservation at Niagara certain lands deeded 
to the state by the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing 
Company. 


Potter, ALVAH K. Address to the international commissioners 
appointed to investigate concerning the conditions and uses of the waters 
adjacent to the boundary lines between Canada and the United States, at 
Niagara Falls, New York, September 14, 1905. (Ann. rep’ts of the 
com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 22:77-81.) 

A brief address devoted to the legal and practical aspects of the question 
in its national and international relation. 


(Outl., Oct. 14, 1905. 81:348.) 

An editorial on the resolution of the American Civic Association based 
on the provision of the ordinance of 1787 which made “ carrying places” 
between the Mississippi and St. Lawrence common highways. 

Save Niagara Falls. (Outl., Nov. 25, 1905. 81:696.) 

A brief appeal to the public. 


Preserve Niagara. 


THUNSTRoM, Louis L. How to save Niagara. (Sci. Am., July 8, 


1905. 93:27.) 
A letter proposing a dam above the Falls to regulate the flow. 


(Sci. Am., Apr. 15, 1905. 92:298.) 


Editorial protest against the sacrifice of Niagara Falls to a few. 


Vandalism at Niagara Falls. 


1906 


Apams, ALTON D. Diversion of water from Niagara. 
eng., Apr. 28, 1906. 47:875-876.) 

An effort to show that only a small part of the water diverted by power 
plants in Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park could have found its way 
to the American Falls. 


(Elec. wld. & 


1142 


Preservation of the Falls 


Apams, ALTON D. Niagara Falls already ruined. (Tech. wld., 
Apr., 1906. 5:115-124.) 


The author points out that the concessions already granted are sufficient 
to use all the water. 


AMERICAN Civic AssocIATION. Preservation of Niagara Falls: 


1906 
Adams 


1906 


memorandum submitted on behalf of the people of the United States, at American 


the hearing held Nov. 26, 1906, before the Hon. W. H. Taft, secretary . 


of war, in the matter of the admission of electric power generated in 
Canada from the water of the Niagara river. (1906). 

Opposition to admission on the ground that it would endanger the Falls 
by encouraging diversion on the Canadian side. 

[The bill for the preservation of Niagara Falls.] (Eng. news, June 
7, 1906. 55:642.) 


The Burton bill and its provisions. 


The desecration of Niagara. (Ladies’ home jour., June, 1906. 
23—27:) 


Urges the writing of letters to Representatives and Senators in Congress. 


Diversion of Niagara river. (Sci. Am., Mar. 17, 1906. 94:226.) 


An editorial on the prospect of international control and the ethics of 
the preservation question. 


Dow, CHARLES M. How to protect Niagara Falls. (Outl., Jan. 27, 
1906. 82:179-189.) 

““We commend this article, which reviews in order the encroachment 
upon Niagara Falls, and also the work which has been steadily carried 
forward for a score of years to check these encroachments. The con- 
clusions which Mr. Dow arrives at are clear and specific. The most 
important of these conclusions is the necessity for ‘joint action of the 


government of the United States and the proper British authorities.’ ”’ 
Outl. 82:150. 


The situation, then, as it appears to the writer, may be reca- 
pitulated as follows: 


1. The authorized diversion of the waters of the Niagara 
River, when exercised to its full extent, will seriously but not 
wholly impair the Falls. 

2. That further suggested diversion should be prevented, if 


possible. 
1143 


ivic Asso- 
ciation 


1906 


1906 


1906 


1906 


Dow 


1906 


ow 


1906 


1906 
Dunlap 


1906 
Gregory 


1906 


1906 


Niagara Falls 


3. That the transfer of the State Reservation at Niagara Falls 
from the State of New York to the Federal Government would 
be valueless as a remedy against the proposed evil. 

4. That this diversion can be absolutely prevented by the joint 
action of the Government of the United States and the proper 
British authorities. 

5. That it is desirable that the Legislature of the State of 
New York should revoke all charters for the diversion of water 
under which operations have not been commenced in good faith. 


6. That an amendment to the Constitution of the State should 
be adopted providing for the perpetual protection of the waters 
of Niagara River. 


7. That the Congress of the United States should exercise at 
once all the powers it may possess to prevent such diversion. 


Dry as Niagara. (Outl., Nov. 24, 1906. 84:690-691.) 


An editorial urging pressure on the secretary of war to prohibit all 
encroachment upon the Falls. 


DUNLAP, ORRIN E. The crime against Niagara. (Harp. w., Apr. 7, 
1906. 50:474-476.) 


Grecory, HENRY ELLSworTH. Legal status of the Niagara river. 
N. Y.: 1906. 

A brief on international law governing the Niagara river furnished the 
American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society and transmitted to 
Hon. T. E. Burton, chairman of committee on rivers and harbors, by 
Edward Hagaman Hall, secretary of the American Scenic and Historic 
Preservation Society. 


The Hearing at Niagara Falls. (Outl., July 21, 1906. 83:632-633.) 
Help to save Niagara Falls. (Outl., Apr. 21, 1906. 82:865-866.) 


How the power companies beautify Niagara. (Ladies’ home jour., 
Och, 1906. 732395) 
Urging letters to Secretary of War Taft and to Sir Wilfrid Laurier, 
Prime Minister of Canada. 
1144 


Preservation of the Falls 


Industrie (L’) Americaine fera-t-elle-disparatrie les chutes du Niagara. 1906 
(Le tour du monde-a travers le monde. n. s. annee 12 [1906] Paris: 


1906. Pp. 289-292.) 


An article on the spoliation of Niagara by the overdevelopment of its 
power facilities. The article contains three illustrations showing some of 
the most disfiguring effects of the power installations. The art of pre- 
serving and increasing natural beauty is so well understood in France, that 
this article is interesting as giving us the French point of view. 


International protection of Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am., Apr. 21, 1906. 1906 
94:322.) 


Editorial comment on Senator Burton’s suggestions. 

Kutz, Capt. CHARLES W. Reports upon the existing water power 1906 
situation at Niagara Falls, so far as concerns the diversion of water on the Kutz 
American side; by the American members of the International Waterways 
Commission and Captain Charles W. Kutz, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A. 
Wash.: Gov’t. print. off. 1906. 


LANIER, RoBERT S. International aid for Niagara. (R. of R., Apr., 1906 
1906. 33:432-439.) Lanier 


An appeal for the preservation of the Falls and a review of the efforts 
to save them. To quote: ** The public feeling behind these movements is 
not necessarily insensible to the glory of having at Niagara ‘the power 
center of the world,’ or blind to the fascination of unique hydraulic prob- 
lems magnificently executed. But it finds a glory and magnificence in 
the sight of what nature has done here which, compared with the success 
of a few industrial enterprises, is vastly for the greater good of the greater 
number. . . . Mournful indeed would be a mechanical triumph over 
this international inspiration! ”” 


NATIONAL SocIETY OF COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA. Preserva~ 1906 
tion of Niagara Falls. [Washington: Gov. print. off. 1906.] National 


Society of 


Petition from the National Society of Colonial Dames of the District Colonial 
of Columbia praying for the preservation of Niagara Falls with endorse- yeni 
ments of several states. 

Presented by Mr. Gallinger and referred to the Committee on Forest 
Reservations and Protection of Game, February 13, 1906. The plea is 
made on the ground of historical and patriotic sentiment. 


Niagara again. (Outl., May 19, 1906. 83:106-107.) 1906 


Editorial comment and review of the article of H. W. Buck, “* Niagara 
Falls from the economic stand-point; ”’ an answer to Mr. Buck’s economic 
argument. 1145 


1906 


1906 


1906 


1906 


1906 


Niagara Falls 


it appears to us that the case of the power companies 
cannot be put more clearly and forcibly than he states it. 

With the frankness and exactness of a man trained to deal with 
scientific problems, Mr. Buck strips the controversy of its inci- 
dentals and non-essentials and goes right to the heart of the 
question. The transformation of Niagara Falls from a spectacle 
of natural beauty known and admired all over the world into a 
huge electrical engine whose sole function shall be to run dynamos, 
turn machinery, and produce metals and chemicals, ** broadly 
speaking, is solely the physical expression of the law of supply 
and demand.’ At present the demand is such that only a part 
of the water of the Falls is necessary to supply it. But Mr. Buck 
frankly admits the indisputable fact that, if the American people 
decide to treat Niagara Falls merely as an economic water power, 
the power plants will eventually divert all the water to their use 
rather than fail in supplying the needs of the country for 
aluminum, carborundum, calcium-carbide, and other valuable 
products of electro-chemical processes. 


Niagara and the nation. (Outl., Apr. 14, 1906. 82:828-830.) 


An editorial calling attention to the importance of government action 
and pointing out that the people are ‘‘ the real owners of Niagara’ and in 
duty bound to see to the preservation of the Falls from commercialization. 


The Niagara campaign. (Outl., Jan. 27, 1906. 82:150.) 
Editorial urging national and international action for the preservation 


of the Falls. 


Niagara power. (Elec. rev., July 13, 1906. 59:80.) 
Notice of the Burton law then pending. 


Niagara problem under legislation. (Pop. sci. mo., May 1906. 
68 :473-475.) 


A brief review of proposed legislation. 


Preservation of Niagara Falls. (Outl., Apr. 7, 1906. 82:772.) 


A summary of the report of the International Waterways Commission. 


1146 


Preservation of the Falls 
Preservation of Niagara Falls. (Outl., July 21, 1906. 83:632-633.) 


Report by the international waterways commission on Niagara Falls. 


(Eng. news, Apr. 5, 1906. 55:394-395.) 
A digest. 


[A report on Niagara Falls.] (Eng. news, May 17, 1906. 55:555.) 


A notice of the International Waterways Commission’s report. 


[Saving Niagara Falls.] (Sci. Am., Feb. 24, 1906. 94:171.) 


A letter from an engineer opposing the preservation of Niagara for 
merely sentimental reasons. 


STROTHER, FRENCH. Shall Niagara be saved? (WhHds. work, 
May, 1906. 12:7524-7535.) 

An able article setting forth the existing power situation at Niagara, the 
effects of the industrial development on the scenery, the origin of the danger 
from the power companies, the control of the Vanderbilt-Astor-Morgan 
group in the power situation, the fallacy that the people are profiting from 
the power franchises, the need of an international treaty to remedy matters 
since the economic forces of the movement toward destruction have passed 
out of the power of the companies to stop them. 


(Two letters to the editor on the Niagara problem.) (Sci. Am., Mar. 
31, 1906. 94:271.) 

Suggestion that the water be turned back for scenic purposes at stated 
intervals. 


UniTED StaTEs.— ForREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE (SENATE) 
: . Preservation of Niagara Falls . . . Hearings before the com- 
mittee on foreign relations . . . (April 11, 1906.) (Washington: Gov’t 
Print. Off., 1906.) 22 p. 8°. (U. S. 59th Cong., Ist sess. Senate 
doc. 393; serial 4015). 


UNITED STATEs.— ForesT RESERVATIONS AND PROTECTION OF 
GaME CoMMITTEE (SENATE). Preservation of Niagara Falls. Report 
by Mr. Brandegee from the committee on forest reservations and the 
protection of game, favoring H. J. res. 83, similar to S. J. res. 24, for 
report upon the preservation of the Falls. March 9, 1906. 8 p. (U.S. 
59th Cong., Ist sess. Senate rept. 1611; serial 4904.) 


UniTep STATEs.— PRESERVATION OF NIAGARA FALLs CONFER- 
ENCE COMMITTEE. Preservation of Niagara Falls. Conference report 
on H. 18024, for control and regulation of waters of Niagara river 

1147 


1906 
1906 


1906 


1906 


1906 
Strother 


1906 


1906 
United States 


Congress 


1906 
United States 


ongress 


1907 


1907 


Niagara Falls 


[and] preservation of the Falls. (June 25, 1906. 2p. (U.S. 59th 
Cong., Ist sess. House rept. 5005; serial 4908.) 


UNITED STATES.— RIVERS AND HaARBorRS COMMITTEE (House). 
Control and regulation of waters of Niagara river. Preservation of 
Niagara Falls, etc. Report by Mr. Burton from the committee on rivers 
and harbors, amending by substitute H. 18024, for control and regulation 
of waters of Niagara river [and] preservation of the Falls. June 2, 1906. 
(U. S. 59th Cong., Ist sess. House rept. 4654; serial 4908.) 


UNITED STATES.— RIVERS AND HaARBoRS COMMITTEE (House). 
Preservation of Niagara Falls. Report by Mr. Burton from the com- 
mittee on rivers and harbors, favoring H. J. res. 83, for report upon the 
preservation of the Falls. Jan. 31, 1906. (U.S. 59th Cong., Ist sess. 
House rep’t 695; serial 4906.) 


UNITED STATES.—RIVERS AND Harsors COMMITTEE (House). 
Preservation of Niagara Falls (H. R. 18024). Hearings [April 
12-May 8] before the committee . . . 59th Cong., Ist sess. . 
Wash.: Gov’t Print. Off., 1906. iv, 325 p. 8°. 


UnITED STATES.— WAR DEPARTMENT . . . Preservation of 
Niagara Falls. Message from the president . . . transmitting a letter 
from the secretary of war, submitting additional information concerning the 
operation of the United States Lake Survey from June 29,1906, to June 
29.199 es Wash.) Gov't (Print: (One 1911) i 22apeuplapae: 
(U. S. 63d Cong., 2d sess. House doc. 246.) 


Includes reports from the chairman of the Niagara Falls committee, 


F. D. Millet, dated Sept. 20, 1907, and Oct. 2, 1911. 


1907 
The Burton bill and its effects on electrical developments at Niagara 
Falls. (Elec. wld. & eng., June 29, 1907. 49:1291-1294.) 
The provisions of the law in regard to diversion and importation and the 
permits under it. 


The government and Niagara Falls. (Outl., Feb. 16, 1907. 85: 
335.) 

Editorial comment on Mr. Stetson’s letter concerning private rights in 
Niagara Falls. To quote: ‘* When public rights and private rights come 
into collision, the inevitable limitations of the latter cannot be called 
spoliations.”” 1148 


Preservation of the Falls 


Government regulation of Niagara power. (Sci. Am., Feb. 16, 1907. 1907 
96:146.) 


Editorial notice of the Taft decision under the Burton law. 


Kocu, FELIx J. Fleecing tourists on the grand tour at much-threat- 1907 
ened Niagara. (Overland mo., May, 1907. 49:417-419.) Koch 


Not Atlantic City in all its glory fleeces the novice more completely 
than does this Grand Tour. 


LancmurrR, J. W. Address before the American civic association at 1907 
its annual general meeting held in Providence, Rhode Island, 19th Novem- Langmuir 
ber, 1907. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs for the Queen Victoria Niagara 
Falls park. 1907. 22:app.B.) 


A brief history of the establishment of the park together with a dis- 
cussion of the policy and activities of the commissioners, especially with 
reference to the question of power grants and their effects upon the Falls. 


Niagara: a mischievous bill. (Outl., Feb. 23, 1907. 85:388-389.) 1907 


Editorial comment on the Alexander bill. It is argued that the only 
safety for the Falls lay in keeping the Burton law and continuing agitation 
for such international action as will insure permanent protection. 


Niagara preservation number. (Chaut., Aug., 1907. 47:260, 1907 
277-379.) 


Recession of Niagara. (Elec. wld. & eng., Mar. 2, 1907. 49:421.) 1907 
Editorial notice of G. K. Gilbert’s work in U. S. Geological Survey 


(Bulletin 306), accompanied by a report on the survey of the crest by 
W. Carvel Hall. 


The secretary of war’s decision on Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld. & 
eng., Mar. 2, 1907. 49:414.) 


Editorial on the economic and esthetic value of the Falls. 


STETSON, FRANcIs LynpE. Private rights in Niagara Falls. (Outl., 1907 
Feb. 16, 1907. 85:378-379.) Stetson 


A letter to the editor on the object of the Taft commission, the real 
purpose of the Burton act, and the effect of federal legislation on power 
company rights. 

A wise decision. (Outl., Feb. 2, 1907. 85:236-237.) 1907 

An editorial on the Taft decision. 

1149 


1908 


American 
Civic Asso- 


ciation 


1908 


1908 


1908 


‘International 
Waterways 
Commission 


1908 
New York 


Legislature 


1908 
Randolph 


Niagara Falls 


1908 
AMERICAN Civic AssocIATION. Niagara again. [1908.] 


A letter to association members urging opposition to power grants at the 


Whirlpool rapids. 


AMERICAN Civic ASSOCIATION. [Preservation of Niagara Falls.] 
(Clipping sheet, 2d ser., no. 6, Apr. 18, 1908.) 


A second campaign to save the cataract. Esthetic considerations and 
other arguments for preservation presented by President McFarland of the 
association and Frederick Law Olmsted. Opposition urged to a projected 
bridge between the Falls and the upper steel arch. 


The beauty of Niagara and its power. (Elec. rev., June 27, 1903. 
41:1098.) 


A quotation from the 17th Annual Report of the Commissioners of 
Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park defending power development in the 
park. 


Canadian-Niagara power. (Elec. wid. & eng., Apr. I1, 1908. 
51:756.) 


A review of the report of the Canadian park commissioners favoring 
cancellation of power franchises not yet developed. 


INTERNATIONAL WATERWAYS COMMISSION. Report of the Ameri- 
can section to the secretary of war, December 1, 1908. (Ann. rep’ts of 
the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 25:]7—24.) 


Extended extracts from the report. 


New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to amend the public 
lands law, in relation to sewer through lands of the state reservation at 


Niagara. (Laws of 1908, 131st sess., chap. 243, p. 702.) 

This amendment to the Laws of 1894, 117th sess., chap 317, sec. 
92, adds to the previous powers of the commissioners of the state reserva- 
tion at Niagara by granting them authority to permit the construction of a 
sewer in, through, under and along the lands of the state reservation, upon 
such conditions as the commissioners may prescribe. 


RANDOLPH, ISHAN. Review of the report of William Spencer, M. A. 
Ph. D., F. G. S., on the physics of the Niagara river. (Ann. rep’t of 
the com’rs for Queen Victoria Niagara Falls park. 1908. 23:5059.) 


A very technical discussion. 


1150 


Preservation of the Falls 


After a review of the “conditions in that portion of the 1908 
Niagara River between the point where it receives the effluent ®a7do!ph 
waters of Lake Erie and the first of the cascades over which it 
tumbles in its headlong course to the Falls,” the author says 
“Not all of Dr. Spencer’s faulty reasoning is embodied in the 
quotations made, but enough is quoted to bring out the fallacy 
of his conclusions and to enable me to demonstrate the facts to 
be counter to his statement of them.” . . . “I have set 
forth the habits of obedience to the laws of hydraulics universally 
found among rivers. Dr. Spencer substitutes the speculations of 
a geologist for the deductions of the hydraulician, and reaches 
conclusions which do violence to all hydraulic law.” 

The facts set forth herein and illustrated by the exhibits prove 
beyond contradiction that the works of the Ontario Power Com- 
pany do not tend to lower the water above the first cascade. 
This being true, the only water extracted for power purposes 
which tends to lower the water above the first cascade is taken 
by Niagara Falls Power Company and the Niagara Falls 
Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company on the New 
York side. ‘The volume taken by the first of the companies is 
8,500 cubic feet, and by the second 4,000 cubic feet or a com- 
bined volume of 12,500 cubic feet; somewhat less than the 
44,750 cubic feet per second upon which Dr. Spencer predicated 
his argument. 

That the water taken from the river for power purposes above 
the falls must to the degree of taking diminish the volume tumbling 
over the precipice is indisputable. This diminution has not as 
yet marred the scenic beauty of this wonderful work of nature, 
but the volume of diversion can not be much increased without 
marring that beauty. It is within the range of accomplishment 
to greatly increase the volume of water to be converted into power 
and still preserve the sublimity, grandeur and beauty of the falls 
and the expenditure necessary would be amply justified by the 
results. This is an idea which need not be amplified here but it 
leads up to the great question of the conservation of the waters 

1151 


Niagara Falls 


1908 in the drainage areas of the Great Lakes. This conservation 
Randolph alls for international co-operation. In these lakes we have our 
seasons of surplus water and our seasons of deficient flow. The 
surplus is allowed to run to waste and when the low period comes 
there is no relief. ‘These lakes are capable of storing all of the 
surplus waters and it is for man to build the works which will 
bring that capability into play. . . 
The author goes on to advocate the construction of controlling works 
at the head of the St. Mary’s river and at the head of the Niagara river 


which would make possible absolute control of the waters so that there 
would be no low stage and constant mean flow could be maintained. 


1908 Review of article of J. W. Spencer — ‘‘ The Spoliation of the Falls 
of Niagara.”” (Nature, Nov. 5, 1908. 79:18.) 


This article of Dr. Spencer’s appears in the Popular Science Monthly 
for October, 1908. 


The spoliation of the Falls of Niagara, on account of the 
abstraction of water for electrical and other works, forms the 
subject of an exceedingly interesting article in the October num- 
ber of the Popular Science Monthly, by Dr. J. W. Spencer, who 
has devoted much attention to the study of rivers generally. After 
referring in more or less detail to the various power-stations con- 
nected with Niagara, the author notes the very great lowering 
of the water-level above the falls as the result of this tapping. 
As an‘example of the enormous amount of water taken by these 
works, it is stated that when in June last a single company 
temporarily stopped its take of 8,000 cubic feet per second, the 
water in the basin rose no less than 6 inches, and at the edge of 
the American Falls 1-2 inches. ‘“* The preservation of the falls,” 
continues Dr. Spencer, “ is now a question of inches. Under the 
conditions as set forth (i. e. as regards further tapping) the whole 
of the Horseshoe Falls will have shrunken from a crest-line 
of 2,950 feet to 1,600 feet, and their diameter will have been 
reduced from 1,200 to 800 feet. ‘They will then be entirely 


within Canadian territory, as the boundary line will become 


1152 


Preservation of the Falls 


uncovered, leaving a narrow strip of rock between Goat Island 1908 
and the great cataract. If the full franchise be used, the 
American Falls, which are 1,000 feet across, will have their 
southern half drained, and will be further broken up into narrow 

sheets or strings of water.” ‘The preservation of the falls, it is 
added, now depends entirely upon the governments of Washing- 

ton and Ottawa; it is sincerely to be hoped that they will so regu- 

late matters as to retain the world-renowned falls for all time. 


Scenic Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld. & eng., Feb. 22, 1908. 51:1908.) 1908 


Suggestions made by Frederick Law Olmsted to Chairman Burton of 
the House rivers and harbors committee. 


SPENCER, JOSEPH WILLIAM WINTHROP. Spoliation of the Falls of 1908 
Niagara. (Pop. sci. mo., Oct., 1908. 73:289-305.) Spencer 


An address before the American Association for the Advancement of 
Science, June 30, 1908, dealing with the physics of the river and empha- 
sizing the importance of the ‘“‘rim.”” According to Dr. Spencer, ‘* the 
preservation of the Falls is now a question of inches,” and dependent upon 


the action of the governments at Washington and Ottawa. 


UNITED STATES.— RIVERS AND Hargors CoMMITTEE (HOUSE). 4994 
Preservation of Niagara Falls (H. R. 16086 and H. R. 16748). United States 
Hearings . . . [Feb. 17, 1908, and appendix] Wash. Gov't Print. Congress 
Gi erovoun apit. 19-50 ps'8°; 


1909 


AMERICAN Civic AssociATION. A Niagara emergency message for 1909 
American 
Civic Asso- 


ciation 


instant consideration by every member of the American civic association. 


(Harrisburg, 1909.) 


A circular letter under date of February 25, 1909, urging the extension 
of the Burton bill. 


BroaDHursT, WILLIAM G. A dry Niagara — February 14, 15, _ 1909 


16, 1909. (Eng. news, Mar. 4, 1909. 61:227.) Se 
A discussion of the effect on the power companies. 
1153 


73 


1909 


1909 


1909 
International 
Joint Com- 
mission 


1909 


1909 
United States 


Congress 


1910 
Dow 


Niagara Falls 


The continued protection of Niagara. (Outl., Feb. 6, 1909. 91; 
274-275.) 


An editorial urging the re-enactment of the Burton law and commenting 
on the principle of restriction and the situation in Canada and America. 


Fourth progress reports of the international waterways commission. 
(Eng. news, Jan. 21, 1909. 61:84-86.) 

A digest and review of the commission’s report to the secretary of 
state. 


INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION. Rules of procedure of the 
International joint commission. Adapted pursuant to article XII of the 
treaty between the United States and Great Britain, signed January 11, 
1909. Promulgated February 2, 1912. Wash.: Gov’t print. off. 1912. 

Includes the text of the treaty and laws designed to carry its provisions 
into effect. 


The waterways treaty; the Burton law, etc. (Ann. rep’ts of the 
com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 26:16-41.) 


The treaty with Great Britain for the protection of the Falls, the 
extension of the Burton law, the report of Brigadier General Marshall to 
the secretary of war, September 29, 1909, on the control and regulation 
of the waters of the Niagara river and the preservation of Niagara Falls. 


UNITED STATES.— RIVERS AND Harsors CoMMITTEE (House). 
Control and regulation of the waters of Niagara river, etc. Report by 
Mr. Burton from the committee on rivers and harbors to accompany 
H. J. res: 262. Feb. 23, 1909... Pp. ° (U.S. 60th Cong, 2d sess: 
House rept. 2265; serial 5384.) 


UNITED STATES.— WarR DEPARTMENT. National park at Niagara 
Falls. Letter from the secretary of war, submitting, with copy of a report 
of a special committee, a recommendation for the establishment of a 


national park at Niagara Falls. Dec. 21, 1909. 10p.,5 pl. (U.S. 
61st Cong., 2d sess. House doc. 431; serial 5834.) 


1910 
Dow, CHARLES M. Hennepin memorial address. (Ann. rep’ts of 
the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 27:10-16.) 
An address on the policy of the Niagara State Reservation commis- 


sioners in regard to the erection of memorials and monuments within the 
1154 


Preservation of the Falls 


reservation, delivered on the occasion of the dedication of the Hennepin 1910 
memorial tablet on the state reservation, May 11, 1910. Dow 


Effect of water diversion for power purposes on Niagara Falls. (Eng. 1910 
news, Mar. 17, 1910. 63:306~307.) 


A discussion of the facts as shown by the observations and measure- 


ments of the United States Lake Survey in 1907 and 1908. 


A treaty for the control of international waterways. (Eng. news, June 1910 


9, 1910. 63:661-662.) 


A review and digest of the provisions of the treaty. 


1911 
Niagara Falls from a nzw point of view. (Sci. Am., Sept. 9, 1911. 1911 
105 :227.) 


Editorial comment on the hysteria over the supposed wanton destruction 
of the Falls. To quote: ‘* It seems strange to me that in all this dis- 
cussion we hear nothing whatever of the good to come to humanity from 
allowing this immense falls to work out its board and lodging.” 


Niagara Falls again. (Outl., Feb. 25, 1911. 97:381.) 1911 


An editorial urging the extension of the Burton law. 


Niagara Falls again threatened. (Sci. Am, May 27, 1911. 1911 
104:518.) 


Editorial comment on the changes due to diversion and on the extension 
of the Burton law. 


Niagara in danger again. (Outl., May 20, 1911. 98:88.) 1911 


Editorial comment on bills before Congress. 


Preservation of Niagara Falls. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the 1911 
state reserv. at Niagara. 28:10-15.) 

Letter of President Taft to Congress, August 21, 1911; letter of Sec- 
retary of War, Hon. Henry L. Stimson; letter from the Chief Engineers 
of the United States Army, Brig. Gen. W. L. Marshall, briefly sum- 
marizing the extended reports of Major Charles Keller and others. 


UNITED STATES.— RIVERS AND Harsors CoMMITTEE (House). 1911 
Preservation of Niagara Falls. Hearings on the subject of H. R. 26688, United States 
sixty-first Congress, second session, relating to the control and regulation = 
of the waters of Niagara river and the preservation of Niagara Falls, held 


1155 


1911 


Niagara Falls 


before the committee on rivers and harbors of the House of Representa- 


ase States tives of the United States, sixty-first congress, third session. Wash.: 
meres? Gov't Print. Of. 1911. 2p. 1., 537-624 p,, 2 pl. 8°. 


1911 
White 


UNITED STATES.— WaR DEPARTMENT . . . Preservation of 
Niagara Falls. Message from the president . . . transmitting informa- 
tion relative to scientific investigations made by certain officers of the War 
Department, for the preservation of Niagara Falls . . . Washington: 
[Gov’t Print. Off.] 1911. 173; diagr., maps., pl. 4°. (U.S. 62d 
Cong., Ist sess. Sen. doc. 105.) 

Reports by Major Charles Keller, Francis C. Shenehon and Sherman 
Moore. 


WHITE, ARTHUR V._ The water-powers of Ontario. (Jn the Com- 
mission of conservation, Canada, Report on the water-powers of Canada. 
Ottawa: Mortimer co. 1911. P. 35-100,113, 354-361.) 

Pp. 35-100. Deals with the establishment of the Niagara Power 
Union, the powers and activities of the Hydro-Electric Power Commis- 
sion, the rates and amounts of power supplied under agreements made by 
it, discusses in detail power development at Niagara Falls and on the lower 
river,— its esthetic and commercial aspects, national and _ international 
legislation governing development, the franchises of the various companies, 
Canadian and American, the amount of power being actually developed, 
the general conditions governing power development on the Niagara river, 
its power possibilities, the power of the lower Niagara river. 

Pp. 113-114. Table on power conditions at Niagara. 

Pp. 354-361. Bibliography of reports relating to the Niagara river 
and Falls, and Index to official documents relating to Queen Victoria 


Niagara Falls Park. (Pp. 357-361.) 


Power Development on the Niagara River 


Since 1905, the general situation regarding the development 
of water-power on the Niagara river, and at Niagara falls in 
particular, has acquired a very different status from what it had 
before. For years the supply of Niagara’s waters for power pur- 
poses was regarded as practically inexhaustible. To acute 
observers, however, it was evident that, even up to 1906, under 
the powers and privileges which had been granted to various com- 
panies in the United States and Canada, it might have become 


1156 


Preservation of the Falls 


possible for them to drain the Niagara river, and, in addition, to 
draw upon the waters of lake Erie. As the true state of affairs 
at Niagara, and the consequent possibilities became better appre- 
hended, public opinion began to take definite form in favor of the 
preservation of the scenic grandeur of the great cataract. Another 
factor was that, in many instances where water-powers had passed 
into private or corporate control, there was a disposition to sell 
the developed hydro-electric power at a small fraction under the 
cost of steam, thus depriving the people of the benefits of one of 
their greatest natural heritages. 

Members of the American Civic Association, the American 
Scenic and Historical Society, the Colonial Dames of America, 
and other organizations were zealous in their efforts to secure the 
preservation of the scenic grandeur of the Falls. The efforts of 
such organizations in the United States and in Canada were the 
immediate influences which resulted in definite action being taken 
to preserve the Falls and the scenic beauty of the Niagara river. 


General Conditions Governing Power Development at Niagara 


From an economic standpoint the power possibilities of the 
Niagara falls and river constitute to-day the most important 
hydro-electric power site in the world. The process of depletion 
of the known coal fields of the United States — especially the 
anthracite coal beds of Pennsylvania — will tend, in the near 
future, to cause the aesthetic claims made on behalf of the scenic 
beauty of the Niagara falls and rapids to yield before possible 
aggressive demands made by companies to utilize the waters dis- 
charging from lake Erie. It is noteworthy that many of the 
charters already granted companies for power development are 
kept alive, even though, as yet, no construction works have been 
begun. 

Marvellous is the regulated flow of water from the Great 
lakes, as it exists under the laws of the Creator. Referring to 
this natural regulation of flow, the Joint International Waterways 
Commissioners, in 1910, reported that “no work of man ever 

1157 


1911 
White 


1911 
White 


Niagara Falls 


approached, or ever will approach, this perfection of regulation,” 
and they add that man “ may disturb it, making it less uniform.” 
The conservation, therefore, of this natural uniformity of flow is 
a matter for national concern, and the public at large should have 
an intelligent appreciation of the menace that exists in unduly 
utilizing the waters of the Great Lakes system whether at 
Niagara, the Long Sault rapids, Cedar rapids, or elsewhere, for 
purposes of power development. 

The time is coming when people will see that the amount of 
water which would naturally course the entire length of Niagara’s 
bed, and which may, even temporarily, be diverted for power 
purposes without proving to be a serious menace to Nature’s 
balancing of the levels of the Great Lakes, is much smaller than 
is popularly supposed. Some exceptional phenomena already 
seem to be manifesting themselves in the Great Lakes system. 
What may be the results when even all the water already author- 
ized for diversion is in service, the future alone will disclose. It 
would be a wise precaution, when granting water privileges on 
a river, say, like the Niagara river, if the governments interested 
reserved the power to demand that waters diverted from a river 
must, if so required, be temporarily returned to the river. Such a 
course would increase the flow and thereby assist in averting 
critical conditions that might arise, as, for example, a dangerous 
ice jam which might be broken up by the agency of an increased 
flow of water taking place during the formative stages of the jam. 

The Niagara river drains an area, including lake surface, of 
254,708 square miles. The lake surface area is 87,845 square 
miles, making the ratio of lake to drainage area as | to 2.9. 

In the Great Lakes system there is a regular annual variation 
in levels due to difference in rainfall, evaporation, and run-off, 
the water level being highest in mid-summer and lowest in mid- 
winter. The levels are affected also by the greater or less severity 
of the winter and by the consequent greater or less decrease in the 
discharging capacity of the outlets by ice. “The interval of time 
required for an increasing supply to show its effect upon the level 

1158 


Preservation of the Falls 


of lake Erie is about 76 days, and for a decreasing supply it is 4914 
about 132 days. White 
The extreme variation of level of lake Erie during the period 
1860-1907 is 3.89 feet, with a maximum range in one year 
(1892) of 2.28 feet, a minimum range in one year (1895) of 
.87 feet, and an annual average of 1.56 feet. The amount of 
water which lake Ene discharges through the Niagara river is a 
variable quantity and depends upon the elevation of the water 
surface, or, as it is termed, the stage, of the lake. For the Great 
Lakes system it is customary to give the stages of the respective 
bodies of water above a fixed datum. Mean tide water at New 
York is the datum usually selected. 
Consider an illustration. A variation in the stage of lake Ene 
of a single foot, at Buffalo Lighthouse, Buffalo, corresponds to a 
difference in the rate of discharge from the lake of from twenty 
to twenty-five thousand cubic feet of water per second. The 
increments of discharge per foot change in stage vary for different 
sections of the river. They are expressed in cubic feet per second, 
at Buffalo Lighthouse, as follows: 


STAGE INCREMENT IN C. F. S. 
DAZGL.Ummeath) iy sey ee arate Aloe 23,400 
2) AO SES Yl Re Rae eT AIG OE nH Ni AHO a 19,600 
Cf PECTED Bea aR AIO MCs a ASE NET 21,400 
Ee) AMT rule Mette ne cee 23,200 
UR eis k Act Riche naiee eens hes it 25,100 


The knowledge such data conveys is, that if the water level of 
lake Erie, at Buffalo Lighthouse, for example, is 570 feet above 
mean tide level at New York, and the level rises to 571 feet, then, 
the Niagara river will discharge at the rate of 19,600 cubic feet 
of water per second more than it was discharging at the 570 foot 
stage. If, next, the stage rises from 571 to 572 feet, then the 
discharge rate becomes 21,400 cubic feet per second greater than 
it was at the 571 foot stage. 

1159 


1911 
White 


Niagara Falls 


The bearing which such facts have upon the question of power 
development is, that the horse-power available at any specified 
time, at, say, Niagara falls, depends upon the quantity of water 
flowing in the Niagara river at that time, and, as has just been 
pointed out, this quantity depends upon the stage, or level, of the 
water in lake Ene. 

In addition to the monthly, yearly or other periodic changes, 
variations in the level of the lake’s surface, due to winds and to 
change of barometric pressure, are frequent and irregular, and at 
times violent. Variations of more than 6 inches are very common, 
often occurring hourly for many hours in succession, while varia- 
tions of 2 or 3 feet within an hour are not uncommon. It some- 
times happens that the stage varies as much as 7 or 8 feet in one 
day. Storms raise the water level at Buffalo several feet higher 
than normal, and lower it at Amherstburg, by a like amount; the 
difference of level between the two ends of the lake in extreme 
cases having been as great as 15 feet. 

Discharge of Niagara River.— The discharge of the Ni- 
agara river has been determined by measurements taken at the 
International Bridge located at Buffalo, N. Y., and at a point 
about 1,800 feet down stream at the ““ Open Section.”” Measure- 
ments were begun in 1897 and are being carried on by the 
engineering staff of the United States Lake Survey. The 
maximum monthly mean discharge from lake Erie, 257,800 
cubic feet per second, equivalent to a depth of 2.44 feet on the 
lake, occurred in June, 1876. The minimum, 168,700 cubic feet 
per second, equivalent to a depth of 1.60 feet on lake surface, 
occurred in March, 1896. The average discharge of the Niagara 
river during the period 1860-1907 is 212,200 cubic feet per 
second. 

From 1860 to 1907 the greatest excess average for any one 
month was for June, 1876, being 45,600 c. f. s., or twenty-one 
per cent; the greatest excess average for any one year was for 
1876, being 26,500 c. f. s., or twelve per cent; the greatest 
deficiency average for any one month was for March, 1896, 
being 43,500 c. f. s., or twenty-one per cent; the greatest 

1160 


Preservation of the Falls 


deficiency average for any one year was for 1895, being 31,800 1911 
c. f. s., or fifteen per cent. White 

Power Possibilities of Niagara Falls—— Many statements 
of a misleading character——no doubt, sometimes, through 
ignorance — have been published regarding the water-power pos- 
sibilities of Niagara Falls. Theoretical quantities of available 
horse-power have been presented to the attention of the public, 
while quantities of actually developed horse-power have been the 
units in which power companies have required their concessions 
from the government. Comparisons should be made with cor- 
responding units. 

Under conditions of average discharge the Niagara river, from 
lake Erie to lake Ontario, with its total fall of about 325 feet, 
would, theoretically yield about 8,000,000 horse-power. ‘The 
fall in the Niagara river from lake Erie to the surface of the 
water below the Falls is about 226 feet, and from the head of the 
rapids above the Falls (forebay of the Ontario Power Company’s 
head works) to the foot of the Falls, about 212 feet. The 
Ontario Power Company operates under a normal head of about 
180 feet; consequently this company utilizes about eighty-five 
per cent of the available head of 212 feet. This is a larger per- 
centage of the total head than is utilized by other companies at 
Niagara. The combined efficiency of the turbines and generators 
constituting the large units at the Falls is about eighty per cent, so 
that only eighty per cent of the eighty-five, which is sixty-eight per 
cent, of the possible development, is available as developed elec- 
trical horse-power. Hence, one of the first things we have to do 
is to cut the theoretically possible horse-power down over thirty 
per cent. 

Again, in estimating possible available horse-power, it is cus- 
tomary to base the estimates upon the minimum discharge, or flow. 
Such is the basis employed for the estimates given in the Hydro- 
Electric Power Commission and many other reports. Now, if the 
power at Niagara falls is considered on this basis of minimum 
monthly discharge, then, a further reduction of twenty per cent 

1161 


1911 
White 


Niagara Falls 


must be made from the horse-power totals customarily given for 
the Falls based upon average conditions of flow. Hence, reducing 
our sixty-eight per cent by twenty per cent, we find that the 
developed horse-power possibly available at the Falls will be 
about fifty-five per cent, of the total theoretical horse-power esti- 
mated for average conditions. 

It must not be forgotten, either, that it would never be possible 
to use all the water of the river. The ice must go by way of the 
Falls and not by way of the water-wheels. Just how much water 
must be reserved to go over the Falls in order to prevent the ice 
from lodging above the Falls and creating disastrous ice jam con- 
ditions, would be difficult to state. Possibly the diversions of 
water at present authorized may yet be found, when all is in 
service, to encroach upon the limits of safety. 

Considered, therefore, in the most favorable light of the facts 
just mentioned, and from the viewpoint of the amounts of power 
obtained from present Niagara developments, all the mean low- 
water discharge, with the 212 feet available at Niagara falls, 
would give an estimated amount of about 2,765,000 H.P. 
Canada’s share of this would be 1,382,500 H.P. 

Let us, however, view the situation from another standpoint. 
It has been ascertained by special investigations made of existing 
Niagara plants by the United States Government, that it takes 
about .075 of a cubic foot of water per second, to actually 
develop one horse-power; even on this basis, the low-water dis- 
charge of 168,700 cubic feet per second would yield at the Falls 
about 2,250,000 H.P., of which Canada’s share would be 
1,125,000 H.P. Franchises have already been granted, and 
plants partially completed, for the development on the Cana- 
dian side of the river of about 450,000 H.P. In other words, 
instead of “ millions’’ of horse-power being available, as has 
been sometimes stated, it appears that about half, and by all 
odds the better half, of Canada’s usable share of Niagara falls 
power has already been placed under private control; and, 
as just intimated above, circumstances attendant upon the use of 

1162 


Preservation of the Falls 


all the waters now authorized may show that ice, and other con- 1911 
ditions, preclude the use of a further proportion of Canada’s White 
equity in the waters at Niagara falls. 

We have not been dealing with theoretical quantities nor with 
estimates of possible actual quantities, but with quantities based 
upon measurements of flow and upon the percentage of the avail- 
able power which the companies, who have installed operating 
power plants, have used under the best expert engineering advice 
obtainable. 

Power of the Lower Niagara River.— Let us briefly con- 
sider the power possibilities of the lower Niagara river. From 
the head of the rapids below the Falls to the mouth of the gorge 
in the river there is a fall of about 94.5 feet. This is about forty- 
five per cent of the head available at the locality of the Falls. 
Assuming that as great a proportion of the available power of the 
rapids is used as of the power theoretically available at the Falls, 
and assuming further that all the water of the river is diverted, 
then we would have about 1,000,000 theoretical H.P. In 
the portion of the river in which the fall is greatest, viz., from 
the head of the rapids below the Falls to the foot of Foster’s flats, 
there is a drop of 78.5 feet. ‘This is thirty-seven per cent of the 
head available at the Falls. Upon assumptions corresponding to 
those just made above, the river would yield about 830,000 
H.P., of which Canada’s share would be 415,000 H.P. 

Obviously the rights to the first 10,000 or 20,000 cubic feet of 
water diverted from the lower Niagara river are very much more 
valuable, considered from the physical standpoint, then the rights 
appertaining to any diversions that may subsequently be 
authorized. 

The Lower Niagara River Power and Water Supply Com- 
pany, incorporated under the laws of the State of New York 
and empowered by the State “ not to take more water than shall 
be sufficient to produce 200,000 effective H.P.,”’ has applied 
to the United States Federal Government for authority to utilize 
an amount of water not exceeding 40,000 cubic feet per second 

1163 


Niagara Falls 


1911 from the lower Niagara river. Reporting upon this application, 
White the International Waterways Commission, in its report to the 
United States Secretary of War, states that 


“Tt is our opinion that about 40,000 cubic feet per 
second can be diverted without perceptible injury to the 
rapids, and that any amount greater than that will approach 
the danger line more and more nearly, according to its 
volume. We therefore recommend that no more than 


40,000 cubic feet be diverted on both sides of the river taken 
together.” 


Theoretically, this recommended diversion of 40,000 cubic feet 
per second with the head of 94.5 feet would yield about 430,000 
H.P., of which Canada’s share would be 215,000 H.P. With 
a total head of 78.5 feet to the foot of Foster’s flats, 20,000 
cubic feet per second would yield, theoretically, about 180,000 
H.P. Owing to the difficulties of hydraulic construction and 
the large fluctuations in head which occur in the lower river, it 
would be difficult to determine just what proportion of the theo- 
retical quantities could be obtained from a diversion on the 
Canadian side of 20,000 cubic feet per second. 

Power sites on the rapids below the Falls are much inferior to 
the power sites in the vicinity of the Falls. "The Commissioners of 
the Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park had a report made as to 
the possible power sites on the Canadian side of the lower Niagara 
river. This Report shows a number of possible power sites using 
the shortest possible tunnel routes, but the estimated total of all 
the reported sites is considerably under 50,000 H.P. 

Summary.— In conclusion it may be said that under present 
mehods of development, and assuming all the water passing over 
the Falls to be diverted for power purposes, Canada’s share of the 
power may be under 1,000,000 H.P. Below the Falls, using 
all the water and the total head of 94.5 feet, the lower river 
would yield for Canada’s share about 450,000 H.P. ‘These 
quantities are for the mean low-water discharge; for average con- 

1164 


Preservation of the Falls 


ditions of flow they might be increased about twenty-five per 1911 
White 
cent. 

If either Canada or the United States should first exercise its 
right to generate 500,000 H.P. from its share of the Niagara 


waters, then physical conditions might probably prevent the other 
country from actually developing all told half a million horse- 
power from the remaining available waters at Niagara falls. 


Wituiams, C. T. [Letter on the preservation of Niagara Falls.] 1911 
(Sci. Am., June 24, 1911. 104:619.) Williams 

The author is industrial agent of the city of Niagara Falls. His letter 
cites facts and authorities to the effect that diversion has not injured the 
Falls. 

1912 

The destruction of Niagara Falls. (Metal. & chem. eng., Dec., 1912. 1912 
10:770.) 

Editorial on two editorials in the New York Evening Sun of October 
25, and November 4. These two editorials call attention to the destruction 
of the Falls by ‘‘ scenic features’ and “ thrillers’ as compared with the 
destruction caused by power development. 


FULLERTON, AUBREY. Repairing Niagara Falls. (Tech. wld., 1912 
June, 1912. 17:435.) Fullerton 
Advocates the filling of the V of the Horseshoe Falls to restore its 
former outline. 


HAMMOND, CLARK H. State development of water power. N. Y. 1912 
state conserv. dept’t. Albany: 1912. Hammond 
Statement of Clark H. Hammond, corporation counsel, city of Buffalo, 
at the joint hearing of the Senate and Assembly judiciary committees. 


The “horrible waste’? at Niagara. (Lit. dig., Oct. 12, 1912. 1912 
45:618.) 

Editorial comment on and quotation from an article in Metalurgical and 
Chemical Engineering on the economic waste of restrictions on diversion. 


New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to amend the public 1912 
lands law relative to constructing and operating water main along the lands New York 
of the state reservation at Niagara. (Laws of 1912, 135th sess., chap. Legislature 
236, p. 451.) 

This amendment extends the power of the commissioners as defined in 
Laws of 1909, 132d sess., chap. 50 (Consolidated Laws) giving them 

1165 


Niagara Falls 


1912 authority to grant license to the city of Niagara Falls to construct and 
New York operate water mains and hydrants in, through, under and along lands of the 
Legislature state reservation upon conditions prescribed by the commissioners. 


1912 The preservation of Niagara Falls. (Outl., Feb. 3, 1912. 100: 
2I70=250)) 
Reasons why the Burton law should be reenacted. 
1912 YEIGH, FRANK. The Queen Victoria Niagara Falls park. (Can. 
Yeigh mag., Oct., 1912. 39:541.) 


The value and significance of the park, and the financial policy and 
achievements of the commissioners. 


1912 UNITED STATES CONGRESS — COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS. 
United States /tearing: Preservation of Niagara Falls. Jan. 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 26 
Congress and 27, 1912. Wash.: Gov’t print. off. 1912. 


1913 


1913 Burton act to be extended. (Elec. wld. & eng., Feb. 22, 1913. 61: 
391.) 


Editorial notice. 


Control and regulations of Niagara river. (Elec. wld. & eng., Feb. I, 
1933) 6122352) 


Hearings of January 22 and 23 before the House committee. 
The control of navigable streams. (Elec. wld. & eng., Feb. 15, 1913. 
61 :329.) 


Editorial comment on the power of the federal government. 


Governor Sulzer urges state control of Niagara water power. (Elec. 


wld. & eng., Apr. 12, 1913. 61:768.) 


Editorial notice of the special message of the governor to the state 
legislature together with a digest of Attorney General Carmody’s opinion. 


1913 Hands off Niagara. (Outl., Mar. 29, 1913. 103:702-703.) 


An editorial urging popular pressure on representatives for the extension 
of the Burton act. 
1913 Niagara again in danger. (Cent., May, 1913. 86:150-151.) 


A brief discussion of the fight of the federal government to save the 
Falls from commercialization. 


1166 


Preservation of the Falls 


The regulation of Niagara Falls approved. (Elec. wld. & eng., Feb. 8, 4933 
1913. 61:281.) 


Editorial notice of federal action. 


Status of the Niagara Falls bill. (Elec. wld., Feb. 15, 1913. 61: 1913 
336.) 


Editorial comment on the power of the government to set a standard 
of efficiency in terms of horsepower per cubic foot. 


Use vs. beauty at Niagara. (Lit. dig., Jan. 11, 1913. 46:71.) 1913 
An editorial quoting from the New York Sun. 


@ 
1914 
CAPARN, HaroLp A. Present status of Niagara Falls. (Landscape 4944 
architecture. April, 1914. 4: No. 3, 81.) Capamn 


An argument for the preservation of the Niagara Falls both as a great 
scenic wonder ‘and a factor in the commercial development of Lake Erie. 
** Nowhere, accessible to ordinary men, does so much water descend so far, 
producing a sight, a sound, and a splashing whose effect on normal and 
properly constituted people is beyond description and superior to adjectives.” 


Dow, CHARLES M. The State Reservation at Niagara: a history. 


Albany. J. B. Lyon Co. 1914 ee 
Contents 
PAGE 
BBPERUCAMIOTE ans Jar ere ciaac ay ae) Soe a al es or aite rots fo acfe eat tele tayaitah ee 3 
Exe ordeals Intractuctioniars itches cite a one Saas eyoremuahe ee) diel ih 
A History: 
Chap. I. The History of the Establishment of the State 
Reservation at. Niagalasdcicisc ales sioveps stereos 9 
Chap. II. The Policy of the Commissioners of the State 
Resenvation: ab Nid@ards..}. 3 ia sis ceelcc res 6 4 alec 39 
Chap. III. The Administration of the Reservation in_ its 
Physical and Financial Straits.............. 52 
Chap. IV. The Reservation Past and Present..............- 62 
Chap. V. Some Legal Questions Which Have Arisen in Con- 
nection With the Establishment and Management 
GE they EReSeTU ANON. ehsg2 iy sterg) sence oles, 5) Wao! ae 74 
Silat le Ouving Niagara balls .).\o)2 0502 cya cho, 3 e svsiein eo. ci0 102 


Chap. VII. The Existing Power Situation—Effects of Diversion 136 
1167 


1914 


Niagara Falls 


Chap. VIII. Legal Questions Which Have Arisen in Connection 


Wath the Diversion Controversy............ 147 
Chap. IX. The Men Who Have Made the Reservation...... 175 
Chaps, \\ ) ks, he Canadian vParks 3.3) ena eis ee 183 
Chaps (20Gb iConehisiony 0.782). Sinn stare i een cron ee 197 


We quote the final chapter of the book as giving a general idea of the 
story and spirit of the reservation movement. 

After having read a story of achievement such as that which 
has been detailed in the foregoing pages, at least two questions 
inevitably come to mind. In the first place, one can hardly help 
asking whether the effort put forth has, after all, been worth while. 
In other words, we ask ourselves, has the work of the past justified 
itself in the present? And this is no sooner answered than we 
turn our faces the other way and ask what it is that-the future has 
to offer. It is very natural, after having read what has been 
accomplished, to ask what there is still to be done, and what 
likelihood there is that it will be done. So a brief discussion of 
these questions may be in order. 

It is more than a third of a century — nearly the length of an 
average human life — since public sentiment began to call for the 
reclamation of Niagara Falls from a condition which had become 
a reproach to the State. In the preceding pages we have described 
something of the strenuous campaign which was necessary to 
secure legislation authorizing the preservation of the natural 
scenery of Niagara for the benefit of the people, the long hard 
tug of war to secure the appropriation for its purchase, the 
perennial struggle to get adequate appropriations for the work of 
rehabilitation and maintenance, the watchful care exercised to 
prevent commercial intrusion, and the hard fought fight to preserve 
the integrity of the Falls themselves. 

It is impossible to say how much money, time, and energy the 
preservation of Niagara Falls has cost the nation these last thirty 
years. Mere figures cannot measure the price. In the previous 

1168 


Preservation of the Falls 


pages we have tabulated the sums expended by the State; but 1914 
these do not take into account the many thousands of dollars Pw 
spent by the original Niagara Falls Association in the campaign 
which culminated in the creation of the Reservation at Niagara; 
nor do they include the money spent by individual commissioners 
of the Reservation since its establishment and by organized bodies 
like the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, the 
American Civic Association, commercial associations, and other 
bodies in their vigorous defense of the Falls, to say nothing of the 
countless private citizens who have joined in the work. 

Was it, is it, worth while? Worth while to spend so much 
money for the preservation of a waterfall? Worth while for the 
members of the Niagara Commission — all men of extensive 
affairs and pressing responsibilities in other directions — to give 
gratuitously to the defense and administration of the Reservation, 
time and attention which might otherwise be employed to their 
personal advantage? ‘The answer is an unqualified affirmative. 
The reasons are not far to seek. 

In the first place, all these sacrifices of time and money by the 
Commissioners and the army of citizens who have co-operated 
with them, have been made in response to a natural and irre- 
pressible human instinct of the highest order, the love of the sub- 
lime and the beautiful for its own sake. Most convincing proof 
of this is the fact that over a million and a quarter persons go to 
the Falls annually — not as they go to a great city to visit 
museums and art galleries; not as they go to the mountains or to 
the seashore, to recuperate their health; not as they go to the cities 
and storied ruins of the old world; but simply to see the wonderful 
downpouring of waters which constitutes the grandeur of Niagara. 
The very simplicity of the fact is eloquent. That the Falls have 
the power to attract more than a million persons a year, not 
because they supply anything to educate the intellect, but just 
because they appeal to the human soul in a manner which, while 
it cannot be described, can never be forgotten — this alone is a 
sufficient justification for all the labor and pain and sacrifice that 


74 1169 


1914 


Niagara Falls 


have gone into the making of the State Reservation at Niagara 
and the preservation of the integrity of the Falls. 

Another evidence of the “* value ” of the expenditure of money 
and labor in the interests of Niagara is to be found in the very 
character of the work that has been done. It has been educational 
work in the highest sense of that term, for it has involved not 
merely the establishment of an entirely new principle in the 
United States but the development of a sentiment as well. Cer- 
tainly, if it was worth while to blaze the way in the matter of the 
public preservation of scenic beauty, as the State of New York 
did in the establishment of the Niagara Reservation, it was even 
more worth while to arouse and educate public sentiment up to its 
present lively appreciation of that beauty. This is exactly what 
the fight for the preservation of Niagara Falls has very largely 
helped to do. How universal the appeal of Niagara is, is evi- 
denced by the fact that never, since the establishment of the 
Reservation, has the expenditure made by the State been criti- 
cised. In fact, the creation of the Niagara Reservation was 
undoubtedly one of the most popular things the Legislature of the 
State of New York ever did. 

The third answer to the question as to the “value” of past 
endeavors to protect Niagara is found in the universal uprising of 
sentiment against the depletion of Niagara among all classes 
except the commercial interests which would derive pecuniary 
gain from the impairment of the Falls. ‘This evidence is entirely 
different from that which has thus far been adduced. The 
absence of protests against the expenditure of money might pro- 
ceed from indifference and, in a sense, is a negative argument; but 
the open and vigorous protest against the depletion of the Falls 
is an active and positive argument. ‘The attendance of so many 
visitors a year might be explained on the ground of a certain 
degree of self-interest or self-gratification — albeit of a very high 
order; but the outcry of people throughout the whole land, the 
majority of whom never saw, and, in all probability, never will 

1170 


dejung ‘4 ‘oO Aq +061 parystuddosy “ydessojoyd eB WOd | 


YALNIA\ NI STIVA 


Preservation of the Falls 


have the indescribable pleasure of seeing, Niagara Falls, is 1914 
entirely distinct testimony to the popular appreciation of the Dow 
unique value of the great scene as a national possession. 

To the satisfaction that comes from the consciousness of work 
well done and well approved may, in this case, be added the 
satisfaction arising out of the very importance of the trust imposed. 
The Commissioners of the State Reservation at Niagara, as 
servants of the people of New York, are trustees not merely for 
New York and the United States but for all mankind. The 
realization of the extent of this trusteeship was very forcibly 
impressed upon the author by an incident which occurred when 
the Imperial Chinese High Commissioner, the Viceroy, Tuan 
Fang, visited the Falls several years ago. ‘The distinguished 
oriental statesman viewed the various scenes about the Falls with 
apparent interest, but for some time with no more evidence of 
enthusiasm than courtesy might dictate. When, however, he came 
to the head of the Second Sister Island which commands a sweep- 
ing view of the tumultuous rapids above the Horseshoe Fall, his 
stoical reserve vanished. His emotions seemed to overpower him. 
He shook his own hands, raised himself several times on tiptoe, 
all the while uttering exclamations of the greatest delight. Asked 
later to write his name and a sentiment in a visitors’ book, he 
wrote in ancient classical characters, “‘ This is the most beautiful 
water landscape under the heavens.” 

When we compare this with the similar expression of the dis- 
tinguished American author, Henry James, who said, “* You 
stand steeped in long looks at the most beautiful object in the 
world; ” and with the remark of another equally distinguished 
American author, Charles Dudley Warner, who said, “ The 
walk about Goat Island at Niagara Falls is probably unsurpassed 
in the world for wonder and beauty,” we realize that Niagara 
appeals to something which exists universally in the human breast 
and that it speaks in a language equally understood by all peoples. 

Though the past has contributed much, it must not be supposed 


1171 


Niagara Falls 


that the good work is completed. It is true, the principle of the 
public preservation of scenic beauty has been permanently estab- 
lished, public opinion has been quickened and elevated, and many 
permanent improvements of a more material character achieved; 
but there is, nevertheless, still a great deal to do. On the Reser- 
vation itself the work of preservation and maintenance must 
always go on while beyond the Reservation there is still a large 
field for endeavor. Only when the last untidy factory site has 
been harmonized with its natural setting, and every power interest 
has been brought to restrain itself that Niagara may be preserved, 
when the “ Reservation idea” has been extended to include all 
the beauties of the Niagara river, will the work even approach 
completion. 

It is, of course, vain to forecast the future and we shall not 
attempt it. It is sufficient for our purposes to point out hopeful 
beginnings which have been made. Preservation of the Falls is 
assured to the extent of the provision made by the treaty with 
Great Britain. The work of restoring the disfiguring sites held 
by the manufacturing interests along the river has also been begun. 

All plans for further action are interesting chiefly for the elo- 
quent testimony which they bear to the virility of the Niagara 
preservation idea which was first effectively voiced thirty years 
ago in the establishment of the State Reservation at Niagara. In 
the persistence of that idea rather than in any particular scheme, 
State or national, lies the hope of the future. The State Reserva- 
tion at Niagara will have amply justified its continued existence 
and total cost, in whatever terms that cost may be measured, if it 
contributes ever so slightly to keep alive this Niagara sentiment, 
and serves as an exemplar of what disinterested and efficient public 
service and consistent and unselfish devotion to an ideal can bring 
to pass. 

SUMMARY 

Early in the literature of the Falls observant travellers noticed 

with concern the increasing tendency to permit the use of the 


1172 


Preservation of the Falls 


power to interfere with and destroy the grandeur of the cataract 
and the natural beauty of its surroundings. In the second quarter 
of the nineteenth century these aspects became a common theme, 
and were soon accompanied by more or less indignant accounts of 
the annoyances heaped upon travellers by the hackmen and guides 
for the various viewpoints about the Falls. The charges of these 
men at this period and later were regarded as an outrage upon 
the travelling public. Many writers longed with regret for the 
days when Niagara was an inaccessible wilderness. 

In the year 1879, Governor Robinson sent a message to the 
New York State Legislature urging the Reservation of Niagara 
Falls, and the New York State Survey of that same year con- 
tains the report of the special commissioners on the preservation 
of the scenery around the Falls. From that time on until the 
establishment of the New York State Reservation in 1885, the 
literature of the day — books, periodicals and newspapers — 
shows a concerted effort for the reservation and preservation 
movement at Niagara. 

Travellers to Niagara after the work of the reservation was 
well under way, noted with approval the changed conditions. 
Disfiguring structures were removed, extortionate hackmen and 
guides gradually disappeared, necessary charges were regulated, 
and in so far as was consistent with its use as a public park the 
scene was restored and preserved in its natural beauty. 

The laws granting and regulating the use of Niagara power 
are included in this chapter rather than in that on Industrial 
Niagara, because the state and federal regulation of such grants 
seems most properly a phase of the movement for preservation. 

The history of the struggle between the Commissioners of the 
State Reservation together with various societies working always 
for the preservation of the Falls — with due regard for the 
economic interests dependent upon the power — on the one hand, 
and the advocates of unlimited and unrestricted use of the power 
on the other hand, forms a literature of its own. Enthusiasts in 

1173 


Niagara Falls 


the development of power even at the expense of grandeur are 
found among the writers of the last twenty years, but they are 
not so numerous as the advocates of preservation. The trend of 
public opinion shows clearly. E.ach time that privileges menacing 
the Falls have been sought through legislation a flood of protest 
has filled our newspapers and periodicals. 


1174 


CHAPTER XII 


CHAPTER XIl 


OPEN ROAD — GUIDES — RAILROADS — CANALS — 
BRIDGES 


1755-1760 


PoucnHoT, M Memoir upon the late war in North America, 1755-60 
between the French and English, 1755-60; followed by observations upon Pouchot 
the theatre of actual war, and by new details concerning the manners and 
customs of the Indians; with topographical maps. Translated and edited 
by Franklin R. Hough. Roxbury, Mass.: W. Elliott Woodward. 1866. 
2:153-156. 


The passage by way of the Niagara, is the most frequented on 
the continent of America, because this tongue of land commu- 
nicates with three great lakes, and the navigation leads all the 
Indians to pass this place, wherever they may wish to go. 
Niagara is therefore the centre of trade between the Indians and 
Europeans, and great numbers come thither of their own accord 
from all parts of the continent. 

Vessels cannot winter in the Niagara River, because they are 
continually cut by the ice coming from Lake Erie, from the month 
of December to the beginning of March. There might, however, 
be made a port of shelter on the west side at Mascoutin Point. 

The river from its mouth, to a distance of three leagues above, 
to the place named Le Platon, has a channel about four hundred 
toises wide; the current is gentle, and it has a depth sufficient to 
bear a frigate as far as to the Platon, and to anchor any where 
along this distance. It has three bends in this course, each of a 
league, which gives a fine view to Niagara. ‘The river flows for 
three leagues between two rocks, almost perpendicular and two or 
three hundred toises high, with such great force that it cannot be 
navigated between the Platon, and the basin under the 
falls. 

There is a wagon road from Fort Niagara to the Platon, but 
they generally go by water in summer. In winter they are always 

1177 


1755-60 
Pouchot 


1760? 


Severance 


Niagara Falls 


obliged to go by land, on account of the ice. The road from 
Platon to the fort at the portage, is about three leagues, which 
they travel in three hours. As it passes through the woods, it is 
sometimes muddy. If it were properly drained it would be very 
fine. 

They have at the bottom of the banks on the Platon, three 
large buildings to serve as an entrepot for goods that are being 
transported. The shore where they land is at least sixty feet high, 
and is very difficult, for they have never built anything to accom- 
modate the landing. 

The banks are three curtains, whose height from the Platon to 
above the banks, is equal to that of Mendon, and not steeper. 
There are two roads for going up; one for wagons, which is a 
quarter of a league longer. It has two very moderate slopes. 
The other is a foot path, which comes directly down the banks. 
This is very steep, and travelers and others who carry packs, 
always pass that way. They never stop to rest, although it takes 
half an hour to get up. There is a building for storage at the top 
of the banks. 

The memoir of M. Belin represents this place as if it were one 
of the most difficult passes of the Alps, although above and below 
these banks there are large plains. 

The fort at the foot of the portage, is only an enclosure of 
upright posts. They had there built some buildings for goods in 
transit, and for the service of the fort. It is here that they embark 
for Lake Erie. From this place, the river is not navigable more 
than a quarter of a league, and it is still necessary to be cautious 
not to be drawn into the current of the falls. The land around 
this fort is level and very good. This place is capable of having 
such a work as is needed. 


1760? 

SEVERANCE, FRANK Haywarp. The achievements of Captain John 
Montresor on the Niagara, and the first construction of Fort Erie. (Pub. 
Buf. hist. soc. 5:1—-19.) 

An account of the conditions on the Niagara portage. 

1178 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


1789 


PriNGcLE, J. F. Lunenburgh or the old eastern district, its settlement 1789 
and early progress: with personal recollections of the town of Cornwall, Pringle 


from 1824; . . . Cornwall. 1890. Pp. 112. 165. 


Extracts from the journal of Miss Ann Powell who visited the Falls 
in 1789 and from the travels of the Duke de la Rochefoucault as quoted 
in Gourley’s “* Statistical Account of Upper Canada.”” On page 165 are 
described the postal arrangements of one hundred years ago, when not 
much facility was afforded for correspondence. The mail between Montreal 
and Niagara was sent by couriers, who travelled most of the way on foot, 
and took six months to make the round trip. 


1791 
CLarRK, JOHN. Memoirs of Colonel John Clark, of Port Dalhousie, 1791 
C. W. (Ontario hist. soc. Papers and records. 7:173-175.) Clark 


Written in 1860 when the writer was in his seventy-eighth year. A 
brief account of the visit of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, and father of 
Queen Victoria, to the Falls in 1791. 


I recollect my brother, Peter Clark, then in the Naval Depart- 
ment at Kingston in 1793, accompanied Prince Edward, Duke 
of Kent, and father to our present Queen Victoria, across Lake 
Ontario on his way to the Falls. “They sailed in his boat, fitted 
up a little extra for the purpose, from the Government stores. 
They arrived safe at Niagara and were welcomed by Governor 
Simcoe, who paid the prince every attention his limited accommo- 
dation would allow. 

From thence the party proceeded on horseback by the River 
Road, then partly opened by the troops. 


On referring to my memorandum I find a further account of 
the Duke of Kent’s visit to Upper Canada. 

Our beloved Queen Victoria’s father, and grandfather to the 
Prince of Wales, who paid us a visit in 1860, arrived from 
England at Quebec in the year 1791, a short time before the 
division of the Province of Quebec into Upper and Lower 


Canada. 


1179 


1791 
Clark 


1792 
Ingraham 


Niagara Falls 


As soon as horses, with saddles and bridles, could be mustered, 
the Royal party wended their way, by narrow river road, on the 
high banks of the Niagara to the Falls. 

The only place of accommodation, was a log-hut for travellers 
of that day to refresh themselves. There the Royal party 
alighted, and partaking of such refreshments as the house 
afforded, followed an Indian path through the woods to the Table 
Rock overlooking the Falls. 

There was a rude Indian ladder to descend to the rocks below 
— 160 feet — which our traveller availed himself of, and after 
having satisfied his curiosity, the party again remounted their 
steeds and pursued their course back to Niagara. 


1792 


(INGRAHAM, DUNCAN.) Extract from a letter from a gentleman 
upon his return from Niagara. (Buff. hist. soc. 15:387~393; or 
O’Callaghan, E. B., Doc. hist. of the state of New York. Albany: 
Weed, Parsons, and Co. 1849. 2:1108-1110.) 

The account given in these two sources is the same although the title is 
different. The one in the collection of the Buffalo Historical Society 
describes the trip from Boston to Niagara, and the other begins the account 
at Albany. The extract which follows is the same in both authorities. 
The same letter is also cited in the collection of the Massachusetts Historical 


Society for 1792. 


After I had reached the Genesee river, curiosity led me on 
to Niagara, ninety miles —not one house or white man the 
whole way. The only direction I had was an Indian path, which 
sometimes was doubtful. ‘The first day I rode fifty miles, through 
swarms of musquetoes, gnats, &c., beyond all description. At 
eight o’clock in the evening I reached an Indian town, called 
Tonnoraunto — it contains many hundreds of the savages, who 
live in very tolerable houses, which they make of timber and cover 
with bark. By signs I made them understand me, and for a little 
money they cut me limbs and bushes sufficient to erect a booth, 
under which I slept very quietly, on the grass. The next day I 
pursued my journey, nine miles of which lay through a very deep 

1180 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


swamp; with some difficulty I got through, and about sun-down 1792 
arrived at the fort of Niagara: Here the centinel inquired from ee 
whence we came; upon his being told, he called the sergeant of 
the day, who escorted us to the captain of the guard, he asked 
our names (a Mr. ~ OF , was with me) and said he 
supposed we came upon our private business, &c.—he sent 
us to the commandant who entered our names, and offered us a 
pass to go over to the British side, which we accepted. Quite 
fatigued, we were happy to find a tavern, and something to eat; a 
few hours’ sleep brought me again to myself. This fort is now 
garrisoned by the 5th regiment, commanded formerly by Earl 
Piercey, and had the honour of dancing yankee doodle on the 
plains of Cambridge, 19th April, 1775. The commander of the 
fort is a Col. Smith. The day after our arrival we crossed the 
river Erie to the town of Niagara where probably the British fort 
will be built, when the present one is given up. We met Col. 
B[utler]. This is the man who did so much execution in the late 
war with the Indians, upon the Mohawk river, Schohary and 
Cherry Valley. We found him holding a council with a body 
of the chiefs who were at Philadelphia in April last, informing 
him what they had done there. A Mr. Johnson, some relation 
of the famous Sir John Johnson, interpreter to the Indians, was 
also present; and I have no doubt remaining but they effaced 
every favourable impression made on their minds by presents 
from Congress. I see enough to convince me of the absurdity of 
our endeavours to hold the savages by presents, while the British 
are situated at Detroit, Niagara, &c. They have all their 
clothing, cooking utensils, ammunition, &c. served almost as 
regularly as the troops on garrison; if they want provisions they 
get it free. 

Those tribes called the Six Nations we are at peace with and 
take much pains to cultivate a good understanding, but we deceive 
ourselves. The old men, the women, and the children remain at 
home inactive, while all the young warriors join the fighting 
powers against us — this is all they could do, if we were at open 

1181 


1792 


Ingraham 


1798 
Weld 


Niagara Falls 


war with them. An Indian becomes a- miserable being when 
deprived of his hunting ground, and surrounded with cellars of 
rum or whisky. The whole Six Nations live on grounds called 
the State Reservations, and are intermediate spaces settled on 
both sides by white people; this has a tendency to drive off the 
game, and if by chance they kill a bear, or a deer, his skin goes 
at once for rum; in this way they are become poor enervated 
creatures. “They cannot keep together a great while, and I expect 
they will quit all this part of the country, and retire over the lakes 
Ontario and Erie. Their whole number is about 6,000, of which 
1,000 are warriors— how contemptible compared with their 
former greatness! The leading men of these Six Nations, or 
what they call Chiefs, were on the road with me going to Buffaloe 
Creek, to hold a council; their object I was informed was to use 
their influence with the hostile tribes to make a peace... . 

Col. B. told me that the only way to make a peace with the 
Indians was to apply to Lord Dorchester, or the commander in 
chief at Quebec, and let him appoint some of the Commanders 
of the garrisons, say Detroit, Niagara, &c., to meet on the part of 
the British, to draw a line that shall be deemed right and reason- 
able between the Americans and Indians, and have the treaty 
guaranteed to the Indians by the British. I spurned at the idea, 
and told Col. Butler, that it was my wish, whenever Americans 
became so contemptible, that the whole country might be 
annihilated. 

I visited the great curiosity, the Falls, and must refer you to 
Mr. Ellicott’s account of them in the Columbian Magazine for 
June, 1790. 

1798 


WELD, IsAac. Travels through the states of North America, and 
the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, during the years 1795, 1796, 


and 1797. Lond.: Stockdale. 1799. Pp. 308-329. 
For fuller extract, see chapter II. 


After we had gratified our curiosity in regard to the wondrous 
objects in the neighbourhood, at least as far as our time would 
1182 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


permit, we were obligingly furnished with a bateau by the officer 4798 
of Fort Chippeway, to whom we carried letters, to convey us to Weld 
Fort Erie. My companions embarked in it with our baggage, 
when the morning appointed for our departure arrived; but 
desirous of taking one more look at the falls, I staid behind, 
determining to follow them on foot in the course of the day; I 
accordingly walked down to the falls from Fort Chippeway after 
breakfast, spent an hour or two there, returned to the fort, and 
having stopped a short time to rest myself after the fatigues of 
climbing the steeps about the falls, I set out for Fort Erie, fifteen 
miles distant from Chippeway. . . . The day was by no 
means favourable for a pedestrian expedition; it was intensely 
hot, and we had not proceeded far before we found the necessity 
of taking off our jackets, waistcoats, and cravats, and carrying 
them in a bundle on our backs. Several parties of Indians that I 
met going down the river in canoes were stark naked. 

The banks of Niagara River, between Chippeway and Fort 
Erie, are very low, and covered, for the most part, with shrubs, 
under whose shade, upon the gravelly beach of the river, the 
weary traveller finds an agreeable resting place. For the first few 
miles from Chippeway there are scarcely any houses to be seen; 
but about half way between that place and Fort Erie they are 
thickly scattered along the banks of the river. The houses in this 
neighbourhood were remarkably well built, and appeared to be 
kept in a state of great neatness; most of them were sheathed with 
boards, and painted white. The lands adjoining them are rich, 
and were well cultivated. The crops of Indian corn were still 
standing here, which had a most luxuriant aspect; in many of the 
fields there did not appear to be a stem less than eight feet in 
height. Between the rows they sow gourds, squashes, and 
melons, of which last every sort attains to a state of great perfec- 
tion in the open air throughout the inhabited parts of the two 
provinces. Peaches in this part of the country likewise come to 
perfection in the open air. . . . The winters here are very 
severe whilst they last, but it is seldom that the snow lies longer 

1183 


1798 
Weld 


1798 
New York 
Legislature 


1799 
Ogden 


Niagara Falls 


than three months on the ground. The summers are intensely hot, 
Fahrenheit’s thermometer often rising to 96°, and sometimes 
above 100°. 

As I passed along to Fort Erie I killed a great many large 
snakes of different sorts that I found basking in the sun. 
Amongst them I did not find any rattlesnakes; these reptiles, how- 
ever, are very commonly met with here; . . . 

The Seneka is one of the six nations which formerly bore the 
general name of the Iroquois Indians. Their principal village is 
situated on Buffalo Creek, which falls into the eastern extremity 
of Lake Erie, on the New York shore. We took the ship’s boat 
one morning, and went over to visit it, but all the Indians, men, 
women, and children, amounting in all to upwards of six hundred 
persons, had, at an early hour, gone down to Fort Niagara, to 
partake of a feast which was there prepared for them. 


New YorkK (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act for opening the naviga- 
tion between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, passed April 5, 1798. (Laws 
of 1798, chap. 93.) 


The preamble states that this law is passed in response to the representa- 
tions to the legislature that the construction of a canal paralleling the Falls 
is practicable and that it will greatly advance commerce and serve the 
convenience of the people of the state. 


1799 
OcDEN, JOHN CoseNs. A tour, through Upper and Lower Canada. 
By a citizen of the United States . . . Litchfield. 1799. Pp. 110-112. 


The author was especially interested in the Niagara portage, but attempts 
no description of the Falls. 


The noble river St. Lawrence supplies this country for an 
extent of two thousand miles, with commercial advantages inferior 
to none on this side of the Atlantic— Conceive to yourself 
vessels of six hundred tons burthen, unloading all kinds of British 
goods at the port of Montreal, five hundred miles from the sea, 
and again receiving in return, furs from the interior parts of the 
country as far as the Mississippi is known to the westward, and 

1184 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


the waters emptying into Lake Superior from the northward.— 
This town, when the banks of the different lakes and rivers are 
settled by husbandmen, which is at no distant period, must have 
a vast increase of trade, for without doubt all British manufac- 
tures, thro’ these vast water communications, will come much 
cheaper, through the whole course of its windings, than can be 
afforded from any other quarter. Goods on importation being 
liable to no duty, which will undoubtedly give this country a vast 
advantage over the new settlements that I have described in my 
former letters; indeed nature points out this place as the emporium 
of trade for the people inhabiting both sides of these lakes and 
rivers emptying into them as far as they extend to the west. From 
Montreal, boats called by the Canadians batteaux, containing 
twenty-five barrels bulk, are worked by four men to Kingston, a 
distance of nigh two hundred miles up the river in the course of 
six or eight days, and again return in three, loaded with furs, pot- 
ash, and other produce of the country.— Vessels, generally 
schooners, receive the goods at Kingston, and convey them in a 
short time, to the landing at Queenston, below the great falls of 
Niagara. Here the portage gives employment to a number of 
teams in transporting them to Chipawa as before described; — 
they are again received at Fort Erie in vessels of the same burthen 
as formerly, which navigate all Lake Erie, Huron, and Michigan. 
The expences incurred during all this rout are comparatively 
trifling, as you will observe there is but one portage, and that only 
ten miles in the course of this communication. And when one 
reflects on the temperate climate, rich soil, and other natural 
advantages of this interior country, you anticipate a great popula- 
tion in a short time.— The streights of Niagara, from its peculiar 
situation, being the channel through which all the produce of the 
vast country above must pass, is looked forward to as a place of 
the first consequence, and where a farmer will at all times find a 
market for his produce, the transport being easy from thence to 
the Atlantic. 


75 1185 


1799 
Ogden 


1799 
Williamson 


Niagara Falls 


WILLIAMSON, CHARLES. The Falls of Niagara. 1799. (Mag. of 
Am. hist., July, 1880. 5:54-56; or O’Callaghan, E. B., Doc. hist. of 
the state of New York. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co. 1849. 2: 
1165-1167.) 


The author was an English land agent in Western New York. His 
account is especially interesting for the light it throws on travel conditions 
at the close of ‘the eighteenth century, and the difficulties attending a trip to 
Niagara Falls. 


1800 


MaupeE, JOHN. Visit to the Falls of Niagara in 1800. Lond.: 
Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. 1826. Pp. 159-165. 


The Niagara is not navigable higher than Queenstown, con- 
sequently there is a portage from this place to Chippawa, which 
employs numerous teams, chiefly oxen; each cart being drawn by 
two yoke of oxen, or two horses. I passed great numbers on the 
road taking up bales and boxes, and bringing down packs of pel- 
tries. Fourteen teams were at the wharf. waiting to be loaded. 
Here were also three schooners. 


The Whirlpool abounds in fish; never freezes; and has gen- 
erally its surface covered with logs, trees, ice, and such other float- 
ing substances as it draws within its vortex. 


Queenstown contains from twenty to thirty houses, whose fronts 
are E. and W. the worst possible aspect, but which has been 
regulated by the course of the River, which is from S. by E. to 
N. by W. very rapid, and full of eddies. 

On the side of the River opposite to Queenstown, the Govern- 
ment of the United States design to establish a Landing; or 
rather, renew the old Portage to Fort Schlusser. ‘There are at 
present only two houses there, one of which is the Ferry-house; a 
road being opened from this place to Tannawantee, distant only 
thirty miles. 

Another scheme of the Anglo-Americans is, to do away the 
necessity of a Portage, by substituting a Canal in its place: this 
object can be best explained by a quotation from Captain 

1186 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


Williamson’s Account of the Genesee: — “* The Fall was found 1800 
to be three hundred and twenty feet from Steadman’s Landing M*¥4 
(Fort Schlusser) above the Falls, to Queenstown Landing 
below: the distance to be cut (for the proposed Canal) did not 
exceed four miles, nearly three of which is on a level with the 
navigable part of the River above the Falls.” 

To judge from Captain Williamson’s description, the construc- 
tion of this Canal would be a trifling labour: he has, however, 
forgotten to mention, that these four miles are to be cut through a 
limestone rock, full of fissures, which would make it necessary to 
line the Canal with tarred plank, or other materials impervious to 
the water. 


For more extended extract by same author, see chapter II. 


1807-1808 

SCHULTZ, CHRISTIAN. ‘Travels on an inland voyage through the 1807-8 
states of New-York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky and Schultz 
Tennessee . . . 2 vols. N. Y.: Isaac Ripley. 1810. 1:58-59. 

From Niagara we proceeded up the river to Lewis Town, on 
the left bank, a new settlement of about a dozen houses, so called 
in honour of his exexcellency Governor Lewis; but, as his sun of 
glory has set, the inhabitants talk of petitioning the legislature 
for leave to change its name! Immediately opposite to it lies 
Queen’s Town, a village of Upper Canada, containing about a 
hundred houses, and a small garrison of twenty-eight men. Both 
these towns are situated at the head of the navigation of Niagara 
River, and each has a carrying place round the falls; that on the 
American side, however, is the best, and two miles the shortest. 
The freight and passage are the same, whether you land here or 
at Niagara. 

The rapids commence about a quarter of a mile above these 
towns, and continue with increasing and irresistible force for 
nearly eight miles, up to the foot of the falls. 

The State of New-York has granted the exclusive right to 
Porter, Barton & Co. for a term of years, of the site of old Fort 
Schlosser, which is the landing place on the American side, upon 

1187 


1807-8 
Schultz 


1808 
(|e G8 


Niagara Falls 


condition that they should build store-houses at Lewis Town, Fort 
Schlosser and Black Rock, on Lake Erie, which they have done. 
The portage for salt and other articles was formerly principally 
upon the British side; but, since the present arrangement, the 
whole of the portage is on the American side. Add to this, that 
there is now much greater security in transporting goods than 
formerly, as this company are bound not only to have all perish- 
able articles housed and stored, but are even answerable for the 
safe delivery of whatever is committed to their care. The portage 
is thirty-seven and a half cents a barrel to Fort Schlosser, and 
merchandise at the rate of twenty-five cents per hundred. The 
distance is seven miles. 


1808 
T. C. Anrideto Niagara. (The portfolio, July, Aug., Sept. 1810.) 


This excellent account of a trip from Williamsport, Pennsylvania, to 
Niagara in the year 1809 is also bound as a pamphlet in the Marshall 
Collection of the Buffalo Historical Society. It contains much valuable 
information not only of the conditions of travel for that time but also 
accurate knowledge of the conditions of the country and the towns through 
which the author passed. It also contains a good map showing the roads 
and the settlements. 


Mr. Oldschool, 

Finding myself at Williamsport, in Lycoming county, about 
the beginning of May, 1809, and having a month to spare, I 
determined to take a ride to the Falls of Niagara. I had visited 
the Genesee country and the Falls of Genesee in the year 1796, 
but notwithstanding the four years’ exertions of captain William- 
son, the Genesee was at that time almost a wilderness, and I was 
not tempted to go further westward than the mouth of the river. 
It is now a very populous and well cultivated country, consider- 
ing the short period of its settlement, and every year lessens the 
inconveniences attending so interesting a jaunt. ‘Travellers, who, 
like myself, ride post through a country, have seldom much accu- 
rate information to give; but as I think the tour will yearly 
become more fashionable, because it deserves to become so, I send 


1188 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


you the observations that occurred to me on the route. Even 


the designation of stages and the names of taverns, will not be !° 


without their use to persons in this state, who have leisure and 
curiosity to visit an object so remarkable as Niagara Falls. At 
any rate, the following notes will form a tolerable register of the 
present state of the country. I wish we had such, imperfect as it 
is, of every part of the United States. 

A Bie & 


Itinerary. 


I set out from Williamsport on Saturday the sixth of May, 
1809, in the afternoon, and went to (14 miles) Reynold’s, a 
good tavern. Here the tolerable road ends. 

15° Sunday 7th, to Higley’s at the block house, along a 
villainous road, nearly impassable for a pleasure carriage. 

10 ‘To Bloss’s at Peters’s Camp: a very bad road through a 
very improvable country. Iron ore and bituminous coal found 
within a mile and a half of his house; the iron ore not rich, nor 
the vein of coal thick. A miserable habitation, but civil people. 

9 To Jenyns’s: a house to bait at only. 

10 To widow Berry’s: tolerable accommodation. The 
bottom lands of the Tioga are almost all of them in the incipient 
stage of improvement. They are as yet chiefly settled by half 
share intruders, who are gradually becoming tired of their illegal 
and precarious title. ‘The flats are not wide, but the land is 
very rich. 

8 Monday, may eighth, crossed the Tioga and the Canisteo 
or Canister, to judge Linby’s, about a mile over the state 
line: at the state line the road, from being execrable through 
Pennsylvania, from Reynolds’s, (I may indeed say from Will- 
iamsport, considering the frequent crossings of Lycoming Creek) 
to the boundary line of the state, becomes suddenly pleasant and 
good. I do not now recollect how many times a traveller has to 


1 The figures at the beginning of the paragraphs denote the number of 
miles from the place mentioned in the preceding, to that in the paragraph at 
which the figure is placed. 

. 1189 


1808 
C. 


1808 
Tc: 


Niagara Falls 


pass Lycoming Creek, and Trout Run, and the Tioga, and the 
Canister in the last fifty miles; but there cannot be less than 
between forty and fifty fordings altogether; I believe the latter 
number is nearest the truth. And yet the greater part of the 
road passes through or in sight of very good land. Between 
Reynolds’s and judge Linby’s, I met with no hay. 

12 To Irwin’s at the painted post: through a good country, 
along a good road, to a tolerable tavern. 

12 To doctor Falkner’s, who keeps tavern at Mud 
Creeks ik ii). 

6 To Bath, to William Spring’s tavern. This is the county 
town of Steuben. It was the scene of the Genesee speculations 
so much encouraged by captain Williamson. It is situated in a 
high cold climate; almost surrounded by mountains; on a meagre, 
barren, siliceous soil. It contains even now, although the first 
town built by and the favorite residence of captain Williamson, 
but thirty houses. Captain Williamson’s old house, a mile 
before you reach Bath, with eight hundred and forty-six acres 
of land, four hundred of which were cleared and improved, and 
sixty of them meadow, sold lately to a Mr. Hopkins for nine 
thousand dollars. “The buildings alone cost captain Williamson 
at least fifteen thousand. Goods are purchased here chiefly from 
Newyork, which, as a market, is upon the average about one- 
sixteenth cheaper than Philadelphia. The price of carriage 
hither is about the same, viz. two dollars and twenty-five cents 
per hundred weight; but the road to and from Newyork is much 
the best. I staid here on business part of Tuesday, May ninth, 
and in the afternoon went on to Terples’s (twenty miles). He 
is the sheriff of the county, and keeps a tolerable tavern. Very 
bad road from Bath hither. 

Wednesday ninth, rain. In the afternoon to Rice’s (eleven 
and a half miles) at Snell’s town, nicknamed Pen Yang, from 
its being originally settled by Pennamites and Yankees in about 
equal proportions. This is a poor place and a very middling 
tavern. It is on the outlet of the Crooked Lake where there 

1190 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


is an excellent mill-seat. I heard of limestone about nine miles 
from Terples’s near to the bank of the Seneca Lake, but I saw 
not a particle of that stone on the whole road from the mouth 
of Loyalsock till I came here: an extent of ninety-four miles. 

Thursday May 11. To Powel’s at Geneva (fifteen miles). 
About one hundred houses; a place of much trade. A delightful 
street on the bank of the lake: the houses of frame, well painted, 
clean, cheerful, with a full view of this charming lake in front. 
Geneva is built on limestone, which I suspect extends all the way 
up the Seneca Lake to Catharine’s Town, if not in a continuous 
stratum, in hills and nodules. Powel’s tavern was built by cap- 
tain Williamson. It might be kept cleaner and neater than it is. 
I guessed it at fifty feet square withinside. . . . Instead, 
therefore, of going the direct turnpike road to Canandaigua, 
(pronounced Canadarque) sixteen miles, I went the Sulphur- 
spring road. 

9 To Sterne’s tavern: walked to Dickson’s mill and 
Houses et ds.s3 
31% To Powel’s at the Sulphur-springs. This is the brother 
of Powel at Geneva, a civil obliging man. The place is dreary, 
but the house large, though unfinished. It was intended as a 
kind of watering place, . . . There are twoor three sulphur 
springs hereabout, but Powel’s is the largest and most saturated. 

F I gave for a bottle of London porter (so called) at 
Powel’ s five shillings York money: probably the people, who 
would otherwise resort here, find the living somewhat too expen- 
sive. A\n assessor here informed me that the lands of that town- 
ship were rated one with another in the tax books, at twenty-two 
shillings and six pence, York currency, per acre. 

10 To Taylor’s at Canandaigua: a good tavern. Canadarque 
consists of one street extending from the lake. It contains from 
ninety to a hundred frame houses, generally speaking, neat and 
elegant in their external appearance; a meeting house and a 
court house. It is indeed a very handsome town. There are 
two potash works here. About eight lawyers, for this is the 

1191 


1808 
Te: 


1808 
rc. 


Niagara Falls 


county town of Ontario. The agriculture of the neighborhood 
is probably improving, for I observed in one of the newspapers 
(there are two published here) forty halfblooded Merino lambs 
to be disposed of at Palmyra by William Howe Cuyler. The 
house and lot of forty acres in this town formerly owned by 
Mr. T. Morris, sold to the present occupant, Mr. Clarke, a 
tanner, for seven thousand dollars. In the time of Mr. Morris 
it was, in good truth, a hospitable mansion; and then, the only 
house in the place of genteel appearance. Att present there are 
twenty as good. 

10 Friday, twelfth, to Eccleston’s. 

2 To Hall’s; the more frequented of the two. 

12 To the widow Berry’s, about half a mile on this side the 

Genesee river. ‘This is in Hartford. From Canadarque hither, 
you pass through Bloomfield and Charlestown townships. It is 
one village all the way from Canadarque; at least you are 
scarcely ever out of sight of a house. In Bloomfield I saw two 
brick houses, one brick store, and one brick meeting house. My 
memory does not serve me to recollect any other from Williams- 
port hither, but log and frame buildings. In Pennsylvania, on 
this route, you see log houses; in Newyork state, frames. 
From Canandaigua hither the stone on the road is round siliceous 
pebble, siliceous grit, chert, chert-flint, flint occasionally by itself, 
and sometimes imbedded in limestone, chert intermixed with lime- 
stone, and here and there limestone, in proportion of perhaps 
one-fourth of the whole number of stones. For a mile before 
you come to the Genesee river, the road is made chiefly of 
gravel formed of compact siliceous stones. 

4 Across the Genesee river. Passed the Indian village of 
Canewagas. ‘This tribe has reserved about two miles square on 
the river. It began to rain, and I was compelled to put up for 
the night at a tolerable tavern kept by a major Smith. 

12 Saturday, May thirteenth, to Marvin’s; tolerable house. 
Very poor cherty land for five miles from Smith’s. 

8 To Keys or Kyes at Batavia. Excellent land and well 

1192 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


settled for the last eighteen miles. The road tolerably good. 1808 
Limestone and chert all the way. The country is very level, and! © 
as well fitted for a Batavian as any I know of. 

Batavia contains two taverns, (another is fitting up in the court 
house) two stores, and about a dozen houses. One of them is 
the land office of the Holland company for the disposal of the 
three millions of acres purchased of the late Robert Morris. 
This is under the care of Joseph and Benjamin Ellicot, brothers 
to Andrew Ellicot of Lancaster, one of whose sons has a mill 
here in the town upon the Tonnewanta creek. 

All the Holland company’s lands hereabouts (ninety-four 
miles one way by about as much in the broadest part the other 
way) have been accurately surveyed under the direction of the 
Ellicots, who have laid down connectedly on a large scale every 
tract, on one large map divided into three parts. E:ach part is 
attached to rollers and inclosed within a glass sash frame, so that 
by turning backward or forward the roller containing the survey 
required, you find in a minute's time any particular tract, its 
courses and distances, and a reference to the field notes containing 
the quality of the land and its timber. All the field books are 
half bound and numbered, and the notes appear to be judiciously 
taken; so as to enable the company to judge of the comparative 
value of each tract. The rollers appear to me to be about eight 
or ten feet long each, and the tracts very neatly and accurately 
laid down. 

The common selling price of land in the Holland purchase is 
from two to four dollars an acre, long credit. At first they took 
payment of the instalments in wheat, at present they demand cash. 
Mr. Joseph Ellicot, I hear, means to remove his office to Buffaloe, 
recently named Newamsterdam. ‘The company has erected, at 
their own expense, at Batavia, a court house, a gaol, and a hotel, 
all under one roof. The outside is airy and neat, but the inside 
is neither elegantly nor commodiously distributed for any of the 
purposes intended. They make good beer in Batavia, at five 
dollars the thirty-three gallons; chiefly from wheat. 


1193 


1808 
Re: 


Niagara Falls 


10 To Goss’s, to feed: a poor place. Ruchardson’s, a mile 
further, seems somewhat better. 

3 Carr’s saw-mill on Murder Creek. ‘The stone all chert. 
The limestone appears to decrease in quantity. 

5 To Van Deewinder’s, a frame house, the only place 
between Batavia and Buffaloe where you can sleep, and bad 
enough it is. [he road from Batavia hither is very full of stumps 
and swamp holes; three-fourths of it consists of log causeways. 
There is a log cabin about every mile or two. It is much the 
worst road I have met with from the state line hither: it is much 
the same as the road from Lycoming Creek past the block house 
and Peters’s Camp to Tyoga, only the Holland company have 
taken somewhat more pains than the state of Pennsylvania. 

14 Sunday, May fourteenth, to Ransom’s for breakfast; 
fried veal: the only fresh meat, except some beef at Canadarque, 
that I have seen since I left Williamsport. Nor has my horse 
had hay more than once since I left Reynolds’s, the first stage 
from Williamsport. ‘They attribute the want of it to a winter 
unusually protracted. 

8 To Landen’s at Buffaloe, a village of about sixteen houses 
near the outlet of Lake Erie on the lake. From Van Deewinder’s 
here nothing but chert along the road, but Landen says they 
have plenty of limestone upon the hills about three miles off. 
Landen’s is but an indifferent tavern, though the best in the place. 
Buffaloe appears very well situated for business with Erie, 
Detroit and the western part of upper Canada, but there are, as 
yet, no symptoms of industry. Landen tells me that the whole 
road round the lake to the town of Erie in Pennsylvania, ninety 
miles off, is well settled except about nine miles. I asked him 
where was the market for the produce of that part of the 
country > he replied, New Orleans, by the Chatangue Lake, there 
being but nine miles of land carriage from Lake Erie to New 
Orleans, to wit, the Chatangue portage, which is true. But, in my 
opinion, the market will be Montreal, for there are not more 
than nine miles portage from Lake Erie to Montreal, to wit, at 


1194 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


Queenstown, and, as I think, the navigation is not only very much 1808 
shorter, but much easier. For when the lake salt is four dollars ? ©: 
and fifty cents at Buffaloe, it sells at ten dollars at Pittsburgh; 
hence, allowing a dollar per barrel profit, the carriage from 
Buffaloe to Pittsburgh will be five dollars by water. I believe 
land carriage is now about six dollars per hundred weight from 
Philadelphia to Pittsburgh. The ice was very thick in Lake 
Erie. 

3 To Millar’s ferry along the bank of the lake. If it be no 
object to call at Buffaloe, there is a road turning to the night, 
about two miles from Buffaloe, which leads directly to the ferry, 
and saves that distance. The stone that bounds the river here is 
a mass of black chert. I arrived about twelve o'clock, but the 
ice was so thick in the river Niagara that it was impassable tll 
three. ‘There were three wagons of emigrants waiting to cross 
to the British side from Shoharie in Newyork state, and Buffaloe 
in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania; they were chiefly 
Germans. They expected two hundred acres of land to cost them 
about fifty dollars; I understand the British government sells 
it at forty dollars per two hundred acres. The American emi- 
grants to Canada generally complain, as I heard, of the violence 
of party politics in Newyork state and in Pennsylvania. The 
taxes in Canada are very light, but unequal. The crossing here 
is three-fourths of a mile over; price half a dollar for man and 
horse. They catch abundance of fish in the spring with a seine. 
The family were dining on pickerell and salmon trout, each about 
four pounds weight. 

15 To Chippeway: a house every three or four hundred 
yards all the way. An excellent road through good land. Chip- 
peway contains about ten houses. There are two good taverns, 
one kept by Stevens, the other by Fanning. Stevens being the 
nearest and the newest I stopt there. They are of equal repute. 
Each has a new part connected with the old building, and each 
has eight windows in front. The diningroom at Stevens's is 
twenty feet by thirty, carpetted. The attendance good, and the 

1195 


1808 
an (Cc. 


Niagara Falls 


people civil. For a pint of tolerable Teneriffe, a gill of rum, 
supper, breakfast, bed, and feed for my horse, I paid only thir- 
teen shillings and six pence York money. ‘There had been a 
handsome bridge over the Chippeway, but the middle part was 
broken down, and they now ferry across. On the opposite side 
to the taverns, is a fort with a lieutenant’s guard. The waters of 
Chippeway are dark coloured owing to its running for near 
thirty miles through aswamp. . . . But my landlord, Stevens, 
could give me no information; nor would he take the trouble of 
giving me any particular directions as to the proper means of 
seeing the falls to the best advantage. ‘* They are by the road 
side, you cannot miss them.”’ 

Monday, May 15, to the falls of Niagara. Opposite Chip- 
peway, the river seems to be about a mile and a half across. At 
the falls it is contracted and divided by an island into two main 
cataracts, the one near the British, the other near the American 
side. The road runs along the brow of a hill, and as you pass 
along at about two miles distance from Chippeway, you observe 
a wagon road descending to the right into some flats washed 
by the rapids of Niagara. The descent may be eighty or 
ninety feet. The flats are very narrow, but there are four or 
five buildings on them, a mill, a tannery, &c. At any of these 
you can procure a person to walk with you half a mile to the 
Table Rock, over a part of which the river rushes and makes 
the great fall. Ten dollars would make this a good horse road; 
at present you have to wind through the bushes very uncomfort- 
ably. The tavern-keepers at Chippeway ought to feel it their 
duty to make the walk as comfortable for the ladies as possible, 
and a trifle would make it so. When you get on the edge of 
this limestone flat called the Table Rock, you have before you 
a full and complete view of an amphitheatre of about half a 
mile in circumference; comprehending close to your right two- 
thirds of the river Niagara, after rushing along in broken and 
foaming rapids, precipitating itself into a chasm beneath your 
feet, exactly one hundred and fifty feet deep. The falling 

1196 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


water projects far enough to admit you to see a considerable 1808 
way between the rock and the main sheet, and affords room !: © 
enough for those who wish to descend, to go behind it. This is 
owing to a projecting ledge of the rock over which the water is 
precipitated. Opposite to you, at the distance of somewhat less 
than a quarter of a mile, you see the river broken by a finely 
wooded island; and the rest of this immense body of water, 
rushing down into the farther part of the chasm below, on the 
American side. 

The roaring and foaming of the rapids for near a mile in full 
view before the river arrives at the precipice; the green tint of 
the water, edged all the way down by curling folds of snow white 
foam; the immediate chasm of boiling snow into which the 
river pours; the mist that eternally hovers over the gulf below, 
and through which you see at intervals the turbulence of the 
bottom; the trees of the island which divides the falls, and which 
seem to descend even below the edge of the precipice itself; 
the immense interminable mass of wood, which fills the whole of 
the surrounding country, and borders to the very edge, every part 
of the watery prospect; and the rapidity with which the green 
and white current below drives along as if in haste to escape from 
the horrible chasm in which it had been ingulfed, form altogether 
a scene of grandeur and of beauty, unrivalled. I felt content that 
I had taken the journey. It was worth the trouble. 

After having sufficiently contemplated the scene before me, I 
was satisfied that I could well dispense with my intended tour 
to the American side; and also with the troublesome descent 
down an unsafe ladder half a mile off, and a walk of near a 
mile over the rough rocks at the bottom, to get at the view below, 
and behind the sheet of water. It appeared to me that every 
thing that was worth seeing, might be seen in safety and in comfort 
from the Table Rock; but those who have more youth, more 
leisure, and more curiosity than I had may like to see all that 
is to be seen. It is unpardonable in the tavern-keepers at Chip- 
peway, whose establishments are to be maintained by the con- 

1197 


1808 
Mia: 


Niagara Falls 


course of travellers, who come expressly to see the falls, that 
they do not provide at least a sound and safe ladder, and expend 
twenty or thirty dollars in laying the stones at the bottom in such 
a manner as to enable the female part of the visitants to contem- 
plate the scene under the Table Rock, if they wish so to do: at 
present it is an undertaking too arduous and fatiguing for the 
female sex. 

Those who wish to descend will be directed to a house about 
half a mile from the flats, where a ladder is kept for the pur- 
pose. When I was there nobody had gone down it since the 
preceding season, and I was advised not to try; an advice which 
I readily complied with. From the flats where the habitations 
are, you can ascend again into the main road, which [| think is 
about eighty or ninety feet perpendicular above the edge of the 
water. ‘This, therefore, is the descent which forms the rapids of 
the river, before the perpendicular fall of one hundred and fifty 
feet commences. 

When you have again got upon the high road by an ascent 
at the further end of the flats, you see about a hundred yards 
before you a house, with a field before it, fenced with a worm 
fence. It is now occupied by Charles Wilson, but has lately 
been sold to a Mr. Shannon. Do not go so far as the house, 
but skirt round the fence, and in about one hundred and fifty or 
two hundred yards, you will see two or three knolls or promi- 
nences on which you may again take your stand, and have per- 
haps a still more complete view of the whole scenery than from 
the Table Rock. ‘There is an oak tree on the best brow that I 
found for the purpose, on which about four feet high I cut a 
small blaze with my penknife. A small island in the river on 
the American side, in the midst of the falls on the American 
side; a mill seat in the distance; and the beauty of the smaller fall 
which is made by that island, are objects worth noticing, as adding 
to the picturesque of the scenery, after you have sufficiently con- 
templated the grand whole. I gave the man who went with me 
from Hardie’s, the tanner, half a dollar, with which he was well 

1198 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


content. He told me that land thereabout, unimproved, sold 1808 
from three to four pounds sterling an acre, not far from the road, '* © 
prime land. Hardie (a civil man) emigrated fifteen years ago 
from Lewistown, on the Juniata, before Mifflin county was struck 
off from Cumberland. I mention this because I saw neither actual 
improvement in his situation, nor any means of improvement that 
might not have been made or obtained in the place he left. 

I intended originally to have gone from Buffaloe up the 
American side, to Schlosser’s, but Landen at Buffaloe informed 
me, the road was impassable. However, persons had been 
appointed to put it in order, and he was one, and about to set to 
work the next day, so that in a week or two it would be good. 
From Schlosser’s northward to Lewistown there is a road, which 
forms the portage on the American side round the falls of seven 
miles, and thence from Lewistown to Niagara fort, a tolerable 
road of six miles. The river makes a bend toward the British 
side, so that the portage round the falls there is nine miles. The 
country on the American side is good and will admit of thick 
settlement, but there are very few settlers from Niagara fort south- 
ward to Buffaloe. I cannot help thinking it would be well worth 
while to force a settlement along that frontier. 

414, Inquire for John Thompson’s house; it is a mile and a 
half off the road. You go past one Bateman’s on the left hand of 
the road, where you may get some person not merely to direct, but 
to go with you to Thompson’s, which is a good stone house near 
the river. At the back of his house there is a stony field, full of 
cedars and white pine; go to the bank, and you see a place they 
call the whirlpool, which is a truly picturesque scene. The river 
seems at least one hundred and fifty feet below you; narrow, 
rapid, foaming; in its haste it drives against a bay which forms 
nearly a cul de sac; this occasions an eddy, which they call the 
whirlpool. On some days it is comparatively still; on others it 
roars as loud as the great falls, and may be well heard at three 
and four miles distance. It is an object not to be passed on such 
a tour. Volney notices it, but I had not Volney with me, and 

1199 


Niagara Falls 


1808 I had forgotten it. I heard of it by chance, from my conductor 
at the Table Rock telling me of some one who lived near the 
whirlpool. A traveller must inquire for himself, he can not 
count upon being told of anything worth seeing at Chippeway. 
The man who conducted me was a German; he had lived for 
some years thereabout as a farming servant, at six dollars per 
month and board, which I mention as an item of the price of 
labour. 

114 Returned from Thompson’s to (three miles) Queens- 
town. ‘This is situated at the bottom of the hill; that is from 
one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet below the road which 
leads from Lake Erie. This road has a gentle descent all the 
way from Lake Erie hither; but here it falls abruptly into a 
bottom thus much below its own level. It is highly probable that 
at some far remote period, the great falls were at this place; for 
here is the commencement or the termination (call it which you 
will) of the higher level. The river here begins to widen, and 
admits of being ferryed; but even the ferrying place has several 
eddies in it. 

Queenstown is a pleasant village of about sixteen or eighteen 
houses. I stopped at Banister’s, a civil man, from Massachu- 
setts. I got a pint of excellent port, which more majorum I find 
to be the fashionable wine among the Anglo Canadians. 

This is a place of trade, being the commencement of the 
portage round the falls. Banister pays about twelve shillings 
sterling a year for direct taxes of all kinds. The military and 
judiciary are paid by the crown. Judge Hamilton, who died 
lately, and had very large property, was assessed at no more. 
The imported goods come by way of Montreal. For tea they 
give one dollar and a half per pound, loaf sugar three shilling 
(Newyork currency). For my wine he charged me five shillings, 
but it was good. At Batavia I got Mr. Ellicott to change my 
Pennsylvania notes, for the notes current in Newyork state; but 
I found notes of no kind current in Canada. They trade for coin. 
‘They have no bank; and they dislike our notes. No wonder. 

1200 


CAVE OF THE WINDS 


Beneath the Falls in winter 


< 
a ee yrs 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


After dinner I rode (eight miles) to Newark, Fort St. George. 1808 
The road excellent. The ride along the Niagara beautiful. The 7: © 
country well settled. In fact it may be regarded as a continued 
village from the ferry opposite the Black Rock for thirty-three 
or thirty-four miles down to Newark. I stopped at Emery’s, a 
very good tavern. I wished to see Captain Lee who is collector 
at the American port of Niagara; but no ferry is kept at either 
place. I hired a boat for the purpose. . . . I was sorry to 
see the American town and fort of Niagara, so inferior in external 
appearance, at least, to the British town of Newark and Fort 
St. George. 

This being the extent of my proposed journey outward, I 

returned (eight miles) to Banister’s at Queenstown, where I slept. 
By his persuasion, and it being also a new route, I determined to 
go by Lewistown, (a shabby American settlement opposite 
Queenstown.) I arose, therefore, at five o'clock, and crossed the 
ferry to Lewistown. 


1811 
MELIsH, JOHN. ‘Tvavels through the United States of America in 4911 
the years 1806, 1807, and 1809, 1810, and 1811 . . . with corrections Melish 
and improvements till 1815 . . . Phila. and Lond.: 1818. Pp. 503- 


509. 


The road (on the Canadian side) proceeds along the bank of 
the river, and is elevated above the water seven or eight feet. 
On the British side there are rich settlements, all the way down, 
and I learned that the inhabitants are chiefly Germans, from 
Pennsylvania. On the American side are very few settlements, 
but they have commenced, and it is supposed they will go on 
very rapidly. 

The account is accompanied by a queer stereotyped general plan of the 
Falls of Niagara. 

1814 


WRIGHT, FRANCES. Views of society and manners in America: in a 1814 
series of letters from that country to a friend in England, during the years Wright 
1818, 1819, and 1820. lLond.: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and 


%6 1201 


1814 
Wright 


1816 
New York 


1817 
Langslow 


1818 
Howland 


1821 


Niagara Falls 


Brown. 1821. Pp. 237-246. Also N. Y.: E. Bliss and E. White. 
1821. Pp. 173-180. 


An exceedingly interesting account of the journey from Lewiston to 
the Falls. Even more illuminating, perhaps, is the account of the stage 
trip from Rochester along the ridge road to Lewiston. Miss Wright was 
observant of the country and the condition of the people. 

The cataract is graphically described, the language is well chosen, the 
description sympathetic without being rhapsodical. 


1816 


New York (STATE). Memorial of the citizens of New York in favor 
of a canal navigation between the great western lakes and the tide-waters of 


the Hudson. N. Y.: Samuel Wood and Sons. 1816. 


A discussion of the Hudson River and St. Lawrence routes. Objections 
to a Niagara canal. Drafted by De Witt Clinton. 


New York (StTaTE). Memorial of the citizens of New York in 
favour of a canal navigation between the great western lakes and the tide- 
waters of the Hudson. (Pub. Buf. hist. soc. Vol. XIII. 1909, See 
index for references. ) 


1817 


LANGSLow, RICHARD. A Niagara Falls tourist of the year 1817. 
(Pub. Buf. hist. soc. 5:111-133.) 


The journal of Captain Richard Lanslow of the Honorable East India 
Service, giving a full itinerary of the journey. There is no attempt to 
describe the Falls, but there is much concerning the travel conditions of the 
time. 


1818 


How.anpb, Mrs. SARAH Hacarpb. Extracts from the tour of Sarah 
Howland, and some of the poetry, letters, and other papers preserved by 
her, together with some account of her family compiled by her great grand- 


son, Howland Pell. (N. Y.>) 1890. 


An account of a journey from New York to Niagara Falls by carriage 
in 1818. ‘The trip took two months. There is a chronicle of various stops 
on the journey, but no detailed description of the Falls, which were 
visited on July 15 and 16. 

1821 

The fashionable tour; or, A trip to the Springs, Niagara, Quebeck, and 

Boston, in the summer of 1821. Saratoga Springs: G. M. Davison. 


1822. Pp. 99-110. 
1202 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


1822 
PooLe, STANLEY LANE. The life of the Right Hon. Stratford 1822 
Canning, Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe . . . Lond.: Longmans, Pole 
Green. 1888. Vol. 1. Pp. 331-334. 
No description of Niagara, no word about it, in fact, except that it is 
there, but much interesting detail concerning the journey thither, the progess 
of settlement, and the opening of the country. 


1823 
New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to incorporate the 1823 
Niagara canal company. (Laws of 1823, chap. 132.) New York 
: : Legislature 
Regular act of incorporation. 
1825 


The fashionable tour in 1825. An excursion to the springs, Niagara, 1825 
Quebec and Boston. Saratoga Springs: G. M. Davison. 1825. Pp: 
119-124. 


GiLpIn, T. A northern tour . . . Phila.: Carey. Pp. 145-150. 1825 
Gilpi 
(A) northern tour; being a guide to Saratoga, Lake George, Niagara, ae 
Canada, Boston, etc. . . . Phila.: Carey and Lea. 1825. Pp: /147— 
150. 


Little resemblance to a guide-book. Interesting and sympathetic descrip- 
tion. A discussion as to the correct pronunciation of the word “‘ Niagara.” 


1826 


(The) northern traveller: containing the routes to Niagara, Quebec, 4826 
and the Springs, with the tour of New England, and the route to the coal 
mines of Pennsylvania. 2d ed. imp. & ext. N. Y.: A. T. Goodrich. 
1826. Pp. 80-95. 
A guide to points of interest, scenic and historical. A view of Niagara 
from below, engraved by Peter Maverick, one of the best of the early 
engravers. [he view in question is of the Horseshoe Fall at Table Rock 
and very much emphasizes the distance behind the sheet of falling water. 
In the edition of 1834 the account of the Falls is found on pages 69-70. 
On page 70 is the following description of the ‘‘ Sorcerer’s Cave.” 


A very singular cavern was discovered, in 1825, about a mile 
below the falls, which is reached by descending the old Indian 
1203 


1826 


1827 


1828 
Stuart 


Niagara Falls 


ladder, a steep path-way, rendered passable by roots, rocks, etc. 
The cave is about 80 yards below the ladder. The way to it is 
difficult; the passage is barely large enough to admit a man, and 
in it are found stalactites, and specimens of something that seems 
like petrified moss or wood. About 20 feet above is a beautiful 
spring, issuing from a rock, in a singular rocky position; and 
there is another cave near by which is also worthy of a visit. 


1827 


A tnp to Niagara. By a Washingtonian. (Soc. lit. miss., Nov. 
1827. 3:657-664.) 


An account of the journey to the Falls, with a description of the cataract 
and the effect of the spectacle upon the feelings of the beholder. 


1828 

STUART, JAMES. Three years in North America. 3d ed. rev. Edin.: 
Robert Cadell. Lond.: Whittaker and Co. 1833. Vol. I. Pp. 138, 
140-141. 

From Black-Rock we had a very pleasant ride, by a level 
road along the river side sixteen miles, to Chippewa, the battle- 
ground of a severely contested action between the Americans and 
the British in 1814, and to Niagara Falls, three miles farther. 
The country we passed through was entirely level, greatly over- 
cropped, and there was very little appearance of industry or 
exertion to reclaim it. Wherever the stage stopped to water the 
horses, the doors were crowded with children offering apples 
and plums for sale; and we saw, for the first time on this side 
of the Atlantic, several beggars. 

We distinctly heard the sound of the cataract, about ten miles 
from the falls; but it is often heard at a far greater distance in 
favourable states of the wind and atmosphere, even, it is said, 
thirty miles from them. The spray, appearing like a cloud of 
smoke, was visible at the distance of more than two miles. 


The best points of view are from the Table Rock and from 
the boat, from which the falls, as well on the American as on the 
1204 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


Canada side, are seen. But the rapids are seen to the greatest 1828 
advantage from Goat Island, to which a very ingeniously con- Stuart 
structed and strong rough bridge has been thrown on the Ameri- 

can side, over great blocks of rock and rapids. 

There is no difficulty in getting to these stations. To Table 
Rock, the way across the field from the hotel is without any 
difficulty; and there is a winding path to facilitate the descent 
of about 300 feet to the boat. The water is a good deal agi- 
tated at the point, about 1,200 yards in width, where the boat 
crosses, but the boatman’s knowledge of the eddies enables him 
to pass with perfect safety in ten or fifteen minutes. Passengers 
must, however, lay their account with something like a drenching 
from the spray of the falls in crossing, and should be well pro- 
vided with great coats. There is a steep wooden stair from the 
landing-place, to the top of the bank on the American side. . . . 


1829 

STONE, WILLIAM LEETE. From New York to Niagara. Journal 1829 
of a tour, in part by the Erie canal, in the year 1829, (Pub. Buff. hist, Stone 
soc. 1910. 14:238-24/1.) 

We left Lockport in a mail coach at half past 1. Our tra- 
velling companions hence to Lewiston, were a boisterous gang of 
Universal Suffrage Jackson men, on their way to attend the 
exhibition got up by the hotel-keepers at the Falls, to collect a 
crowd of customers in a dull season. Our road was across to 
the “ Ridge Road,’ which we did not reach until within two 
miles of Lewiston, was over a new country, some of the way 
almost entirely unsettled. “The land was higher than for the 
last hundred miles, and the soil apparently somewhat inferior. 
But the forests were yet more lofty and imposing. Oaks and occa- 
sionally sycamores of immense size, now mingled with the tower- 
ing maples and elms. We passed through a section of the Indian 
reserved lands, partially settled by a portion of the Tuscarora 
tribe of Indians. ‘These improved lands, with a very few excep- 
tions, appeared in a sad state of neglected cultivation. For several 


miles, while traversing the northern verge of this mountain ridge, 
1205 


1829 
Stone 


Niagara Falls 


our admiration was engrossed by the prospect of one of the most 
glorious uncultivated landscapes upon which the eye of man ever 
reposed. Beneath our feet on the north, and extending from east 
to west as far as the eye could reach, was stretched a belt of 
woodland, apparently perfectly level, from the base of the moun- 
tain to the southern shore of the lake. Although the whole of 
this tract of land is sparsely settled, yet the forest so far predomi- 
nates over the occasional spots of cultivation, that the latter were 
entirely merged in, and lost in the former. ‘To the eye, the tops 
of the trees presented the even surface of a parlour floor; and 
the forests having changed the verdant foliage to those number- 
less bright and beautiful hues which are the peculiar mark of our 
American autumn, rendered the whole surface far more beautiful 
than the most gorgeous carpet ever imported. All the colors and 
hues which Nature can paint, were here blended together in the 
sweetest harmony; and had the whole extent been covered by a 
grand collection of all the blossoms that ever bloomed since the 
gates of Paradise were closed, glowing in their richest and bright- 
est tints, they could not have constituted a richer flower garden. 
But “. . . expression cannot paint the breath of Nature 
and her endless bloom! ” 

Beyond this, the most delightful region that “fancy’s foot- 
steps ever trod,” rolled the dark waters of Ontario, bounded on 
the north by the azure hills of Upper Canada, which rose dimly . 
in the distant horizon! Soon after we descended upon this lovely 
plain, we came in sight of Lewiston beyond which the monu- 
ment which Canadian patriotism has erected to the memory of 
Gen. Brock, upon Queenston Heights, rose loftily in view. 
Lewiston is a very pleasantly situated and pretty town. We did 
not stop at the spacious and inviting hotel, but as the sun was 
yet shining brightly upon us, we rode directly down to the ferry. 
And here, for the first time did I behold the troubled waters of 
the Niagara — the mighty river, the name of which of all others 
was the most deeply implanted in my memory in my school boy 
days! the grand outlet of the great inland seas of the still greater 


1206 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 
West! The banks on either side above and on either hand, on 1829 
the American shore, were high, rocky and precipitous; and the S'r¢ 
river itself is confined by its massive barriers, to a narrower space 
than I had supposed. ‘The current is rapid, and it boils and 
whirls, and in some places breaks into a surf, as though not yet 
restored to tranquility after its angry leap over the great cata- 
ract seven miles above. None but a small row-boat was plying 
upon the ferry, in which we should, as strangers, scarcely have 
ventured, had we not seen it safely rowed across the river by a 
single hand, for our accommodation. We passed over the dark 
and troubled current, however, speedily, and in safety; and for 
the first time I found myself in a foreign country, and under the 
power of one who “ a kingly crown has on.”” I am as decidedly 
a Republican in principle, as any man. But I am no Jacobin — 
no democrat. I hate the mob: and I have such an utter loathing of 
the character of Jackson — such a thorough and hearty detesta- 
tion of his scurvy administration, that it was a relief to me to 
get beyond his jurisdiction. I seemed to breathe a purer air; 
and although I love my own country best, and its institutions, yet 
I regretted that my circumstances were such as to compel me to 
return within the United States, until the people shall have 
returned to their senses, and this disgraceful state of things ter- 
minated. Att the tavern, near the ferry, I was detained nearly 
an hour, for the want of a carriage, to take us over to the 
Falls. shi 

The village of Queenston stands at the foot of the heights, 
and is not a town of much consequence, though rendered mem- 
orable during the last war with England, by the brilliant, though 
in the end unfortunate, expedition of Gen. Van Rensselaer, in 
1812. I gazed for some time upon the heights, and upon the 
steep ascent up which the gallant Solomon Van Rensselaer Jed 
his troops, cutting his way through a line of British troops, with 
his sabre, as he fell covered with wounds. I gazed also, but 
with feelings of mingled shame and indignation upon the oppo- 
site shore, Where our own recreant militia stood, refusing to pass 

1207 


1829 


Stone 


1830 


1830 
Ferrall 


1830 
Fowler 


Niagara Falls 


over and secure the victory which Van Rensselaer and the brave 
Col. Fenwick had won—refusing to cross even to save their 
brethren, who had gallantly carried the heights. 


1830 


The fashionable tour: a guide to travellers visiting the middle and 
northern states and the provinces of Canada. 4th ed. enl. and imp. 


Saratoga Springs: G. M. Davison and N. Y.: G. and C. and H. Carvill. 
1830. Pp. 262, 268-275. 


Full information is given as to stage routes. There is a matter-of-fact 
description of the Falls, on both the Canadian and American sides. We 
also learn that at that period, ‘‘On Bath Island ’’ mills had been erected, 
** contiguous to what is termed the race-way which divides Bath from 
Goat Island. The latter, which is 330 yards broad, is principally a 
wilderness.” 


FERRALL, S. A. A ramble of six thousand miles through the United 
States of America. Lond.: Effingham Wilson. 1832. Pp. 28-35. 


Beside the description of the walk from Tonawanta to the Falls there 
is an account of the Falls themselves, which is not very satisfactory. Con- 
siderable space is given to the queer characters seen in the hotel. 

The distance from Tonawanta to the village of the Falls, 
now called Manchester, is about eleven miles. “The way lies 
through a forest, in which there are but a few scattered habita- 
tions. A great part of the road runs close to the river Niagara; 
and the occasional glimpses of this broad sheet of water, which 
are obtained through the rich foliage of the forest, added to the 
refreshing breeze that approached us through the openings, ren- 
dered our pedestrian excursion extremely delightful. 


FowLerR, JOHN. Journal of a tour in the state of New York in the 
year 1830 . . . Lond.: Whittaker, Treacher and Arnot. 1831. Pp. 
131-147. 

From Buffalo, the approach may be made either on the 
American or Canadian side of the river. I preferred the latter, 
and getting into a stage about eight o'clock, was conveyed three 
miles to Black Rock, a small, but increasing village on the east 
bank of the river, and upon the line of the canal; like Buffalo 

1208 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


destroyed by the British in 1814. The river here is about a mile 
in width, running with a very moderate current, and twenty-five 
feet deep. Over this we were ferried in a boat, with paddles 
worked by horses. On the Canada side, just as you land, are a 
few houses, christened ‘* Waterloo,” very near the site of old Fort 
Ernie, the scene of desperate engagements between the Americans 
and the British, during the last war, as was, in fact, nearly the 
whole extent of the river from lake to lake. 

Continuing along the banks of the stream, we shortly came 
opposite Grand Island, which is twelve miles long, and from two 
to seven broad, and was ceded to the State of New York by the 
Seneca Indians in 1815. We were about twelve miles distant, 
when looking in the direction of the falls, I saw the spray, which 
I at first mistook for smoke, rising in columns to a very consider- 
able height, and the whole horizon around skirted with light 
clouds; I also began to hear the sound of them very distinctly. 
Besides Grand Island, the river contains a number of other small 
islands, and independent of the influence of that excitement by 
which, at every progressive step, the mind and feelings become 
more deeply aroused, the ride itself, the whole distance, is one of 
singular beauty and interest. Until we reached Chippewa, the 
stream had been gliding along with a smoothness which left you 
wholly unprepared for the ruffled and tumultuous scene it was so 
soon to present. 

The Terrapin Rocks are approached by a rudely constructed 
bridge from Goat Island. They extend about 300 feet from the 
shore to the Horse Shoe Fall, and, at their farthest verge, abso- 
lutely overhang the vast abyss into which the torrent rolls with 
all its thrilling and majestic grandeur. 

I confess the impression was awful, but to me, if I may so say, 
it was awfully enchanting; my excitement was raised to a pitch 
which seemed to dispel the idea of danger, and I verily believe if, 
at that moment, I had known it to be imminent, I should have 


1209 


1830 


Fowler 


1830 
Fowier 


Niagara Falls 


retreated from the position with some hesitation and reluctance. I 
was dumb with high and enthralling amazement. 


From the Table Rock I next passed under the fall. The 
descent is by means of a spiral stair-way which is inclosed, and on 
arriving at the bottom of which I had to doff every vestige of 
clothing, and was furnished by the guide, who was about to 
accompany me, with a waterproof garment in lieu of it: the 
necessity of this exchange I full soon discovered, being com- 
pletely enveloped in a cloud of spray. The path is a very 
rugged one, under awfully overhanging rocks, and as we 
approached nearer and nearer, the roar, the tumult, and the agita- 
tion which encompassed us “ around, above, below,” was appall- 
ingly, grandly terrific. “The violence and density of the spray, 
too, increased at every step, so that we were obliged to carry our 
heads down to respire at all; and in one part, where there is a 
considerable projection, it was driven against us with such almost 
incredible vehemence that it required no trifling effort to keep on 
our feet. I can compare it to nothing better than the most violent 
of thunder rain, which, instead of falling vertically, is propelled 
horizontally, with the fury of a tornado. The walking, too, is 
rendered more difficult by the number of small eels, which are 
twisting about under your feet in all directions. At length, how- 
ever, staggering and stumbling on, we reached what is called 
Termination Rock, 153 feet from the commencement of the 
volume of water, and beyond which there is no proceeding, the 
descent being nearly perpendicular. Few, I believe, evince any 
inclination to explore thus far, though tales are told of persons 
taking a meal underneath, and so on; which, for the mere say-so, 
certainly might be done, as any one, if so disposed, might treat 
himself to dinner in a shower-bath, nor fear having to complain 
of a dry morsel; but be assured the inconvenience of such a cere- 
mony under the Falls of Niagara would, if possible, be an hun- 
dred-fold greater. After remaining some time seated on the 
farthest projection of rock, contemplating the wildly majestic and 

1210 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


novel character of the scene around, I| returned to the stair-way, 
and on reaching the little building which has been erected at the 
top of it, and casting off my drenched surtout, I was presented 
by my guide with a printed form of certificate, in testimony of the 
performance, in the following words: To wit,—‘“* This may 
certify that Mr. John Fowler has passed with me behind the 
Great Falling Sheet, under the Falls of Niagara, to ‘Termination 
Rock.’ Given under my hand, at the office of the General 
Register of Visitors, at the Table Rock, this 30th day of August, 
1830.— (Signed) W. D. Wright, G. N. F.” 

Continuing from this along the bank, about a quarter of a mile 
lower down, is a man in attendance with a small boat to ferry 
across the river. To a stranger it would appear altogether impos- 
sible for a boat to live in such a water, and certainly the impetu- 
osity and strength of the current, together with its numerous 
eddies, are not quite pleasant; but I had every confidence in my 
ferryman, apparently grown gray in the service, and was right 
little disposed to indulge in any groundless apprehensions of 
danger. He even told me, but this he esteemed a feat, that his 
son, a boy of twelve years of age, had, more than once, swam 
across. 

I ascended from this place [foot of the American Fall] by a 
long flight of stairs, which has been constructed to the top of the 
bank, and passing along the shore about a quarter of a mile, came 
to a bridge which has actually been carried across the rapids to 
Bath Island, and upon which, (will it be believed?) there is a 
large paper mill, as well as other mills, in operation; there is also a 
house where the weary traveller may find most comfortable 
refreshment, and where I partook of all the dinner — it was a 
very slight and hasty one, to be sure —I either had or needed dur- 
ing the day. My feasting was of another character, but the 
richest, the noblest, the most sumptuous banquet I ever did, I 
ever can enjoy. 


1830 
Fowler 


1830 
Fowler 


1831 


1833 
Butler 


Niagara Falls 


From Bath Island I passed by another bridge on to Goat 
Island, which is perhaps about a mile in circumference, overgrown 
with trees and shrubs of different kinds . . .  buthere, in my 
opinion, is obtained decidedly the finest view of the rapids, and 
the principal fall, which is to be had from any situation around 
them. I allude, of course, to the Terrapin Rocks. . . . There 
is another very small island adjoining Goat Island, called J/ris 
Island, from which a stair-way has been constructed to the foot 
of the falls, affording an excellent position for contemplating them 


from that part. 
1831 


(The) tourist or pocket manual for travellers on the Hudson river, the 
western canal, and stage road, to Niagara Falls . . . 2d ed. enl. and imp. 


N. Y.: Ludwig and Tolefree. Pp. 59-61. 
In edition of 1838, see pages 55-60. 


1833 


BUTLER, FRANCES ANNE. Journal. 2 vols. Phila.: Carey, Lea 
and Blanchard. 1835. Vol. II, Pp. 215-218. 

The visit of this author, better known to the world as Fanny Kemble, 
was made in July, 1833. She describes her journey to the Falls and the 
approach to them, but does not attempt any description of the cataract. 

At nine o’clock we started from Lockport: . . . The road 
between Lockport and Lewistown is very pretty; and we got out 
and walked whenever the horses were changed. . . . We 
reached Lewistown at about noon, and anxious inquiries were 
instituted as to how our luggage was to be forwarded when on the 
other side; for we were exclustve extras — and for creatures so 
above common fellowship there is no accommodation in this 
levelling land. A ferry and a ferry-boat, however, it appeared 
there were,— and thither we made our way. . . . Lhe ferry- 
boat being at length procured, we got into it. The day was 
sultry; the heat intolerable. The water of this said river Niagara 
is of a most peculiar colour, like a turquoise when it turns green. 
It was like a thick stream of verdigris, full of pale, milky streaks, 
swirls, eddies, and counter-currents and looked as if it was running 

1212 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


up by one bank, and down by the other. I sat in the sun, on the 1833 
floor of the boat, revising my verses. Butler 


Arrived on the other side, i. e. Canada, there was a second 
pause, as to how we were to get conveyed to the falls. My 
father, , and D, betook themselves to an inn by the 
road-side, which promised information and assistance; and 
and I| clambering up the heights of Queenston, sat ourselves down 
under some bushes, whence we looked towards Lake Ontario, 
and where he told me the history of the place; how his country- 
men had thumped my countrymen upon this spot, and how the 
English general Brock had fallen, near where we sate. A monu- 
ment in the shape of a stone pillar had been erected to his memory, 
and to the top of this—betook himself to reconnoitre, which 
ambitious expedition I felt no inclination to share. After he had 
been gone some time, I thought I perceived signs of stirring down 
by the inn door; I toiled up the hill to the base of the pillar to fetch 
him, and we proceeded down to the rest of the party. An uneasy- 
looking, rickety cart, without springs, was the sole conveyance 
we could obtain, and into this we packed ourselves. 
brought me some beautiful roses which he had been stealing for 
me, and gave me a glass of milk, with which restoratives I 
comforted myself, and we set forth. As we squeaked and creaked 
(I mean our vehicle) up the hill, I thought either my father’s 
or *s weight, quite enough to have broken the whole down, 
but it did not happen. My mind was eagerly dwelling on what 
we were going to see; that sight which said was the only one 
in the world which had not disappointed him. I felt absolutely 
nervous with expectation. The sound of the cataract is, they say, 
heard within fifteen miles when the wind sets favourably: to-day 
however there was no wind: the whole air was breathless with the 
heat of midsummer; and though we stopped our wagon once or 
twice to listen as we approached, all was profoundest silence. 
There was no motion in the leaves of the trées, not a cloud sailing 
in the sky, everything was as though in a bright warm death. 

1213 


1833 
Butler 


Vets33 


Davison 


1833 
Shirre ff 


Niagara Falls 


When we were within about three miles of the falls, just before 
entering the village of Niagara, stopped the wagon, and then 
we heard distinctly, though far off, the voice of the mighty cataract. 
Looking over the woods which appeared to overhang the course of 
the river, we beheld one silver cloud rising slowly into the sky — 
the everlasting incense of the waters. A perfect frenzy of impa- 
tience seized upon me. I could have set off and run the whole 
way, and when at length the carriage stopped at the door of the 
Niagara House, waiting neither for my father, D , hor : 
I rushed through the hall, and the garden, down the steep foot- 
path cut in the rocks. I heard steps behind me, — was following 
me; down, down I sprang, and along the narrow foot-path, 
divided only by a thicket from the tumultuous rapids, I saw 
through the boughs the white glimmer of that sea of foam — “ Go 
on, go on, don’t stop,” shouted , and in another minute the 
thicket was passed. I stood upon Table Rock. seized me 
by the arm, and without speaking a word, dragged me to the 
edge of the rapids, to the brink of the abyss. I saw Niagara — 
Oh, God! who can describe that sight!!! 


Davison, G. M. Niagara Falls: the traveler's guide through the middle 


and northern states and the provinces of Canada. Saratoga Springs: 1833. 
Pp. 264-272. 


SHIRREFF, Patrick. A tour through North America; together with 
a comprehensive view of the Canadas and United States as adapted for 
agricultural emigration. Edinb: 1835. Pp. 88-94. 

This literary farmer gives us his general impressions of the river and 
Falls; the hotel on the American side; an account of his trip across the 
ferry to Canada, behind the sheet,— the air currents, eels, and toads; the 
beauty of the rapids; tells us the best side from which to take a first view 
of the Falls; describes the city building on the Canadian side, and tells of 
the agricultural state of the country around. 


Immediately after dinner we set out for the Pavilion House, a 
celebrated hotel in Canada, a porter conveying our luggage in a 
barrow to the ferry, which we reached by descending a wooden 
spiral staircase. The river is 1,200 yards broad. The agitated 

1214 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


state of the waters conveys an idea of danger, and we were 
landed safely on the opposite beach in 14 minutes, having been 
drenched in crossing by the spray of the falls. Mr. D 
remained with the luggage, while we went in search of assistance 
to transport it. Two men of colour were met carrying trunks to 
the ferry, who brought ours on their return. 


1834 


Report on the location and expense of a ship canal around Niagara 
Falls; also, from the Illinois river to Lake Michigan. With a report of a 
select committee to the assembly April 14, 1834, relating to the connection 
from Oswego to the Hudson. N. Y.: Office of the R. R. jour. 1834. 
Pp. 1—7, 

This report was collated from the report of N. S. Roberts, C. E., 
made in January, 1826, for an association of gentlemen residing in Man- 
chester and Lewiston. It was published in pursuance of a resolution of 
the Chamber of Commerce of New York, September, 1834. A state 
convention was held at Utica September 11, 1834, to consider the project 
for a canal around the Falls. This movement was inspired by jealousy of 
Canadian canal development, and the projects of other states, and by the 
fear of the loss of the upper lake trade, and the inadequacy of the Erie 
canal as well as a desire for southern and western trade. 

The following report, . . . iscollated . . . with the 
view of ascertaining the location and expense of a Canal, of the 
dimensions stated in the accompanying estimate. It has been 
published at this latter day with a view to disseminate the only 
information as yet possessed on this subject. It serves the pur- 
pose, however of proving the practicability of the project, and 
guide by which to judge of the comparative expense of a con- 
struction on a larger scale. 

This improvement, so decidedly national in its character, should 
be proportioned to the largest class of steamboats and schooners 
navigating the lakes, and correspond with the Ship or Steamboat 
Canal on the St. Lawrence, with locks 55 feet wide, 10 feet 
deep, and 200 feet long; by which vessels from the ocean can 
be passed to our upper lakes. 

1215 


1833 
Shirre ff 


1834 


1834 


1834 


1834 
Tanner 


1834 


1835 


Parsons 


1835 


Niagara Falls 


It was this magnificent work, now in successful progress, under 
the patronage of the British government, to be finished by contract 
within two years, and the completion, by the State of Pennsyl- 
vania, of her communication with Pittsburg, on the Ohio, which 
induced the call of a State Convention at Utica, the 11th of 
September last, “ to take into consideration the project of a Ship 
Canal around the Niagara Falls, and one from Oswego to the 
Hudson ”— the proceedings of which are hereunto annexed. 


Steele’s Niagara guide book: being a synopsis of Steele’s book of 
Niagara Falls . . . Buffalo. Steele. 1840. 


** Steele’s Book of Niagara Falls, first published in 1834, and which 
was the first work of any extent or accuracy ever published on the subject 
of this great wonder of the world.” 


TANNER, HENRY S. The American traveler or guide through the 
United States. Phila.: Author. 1834. Pp. 86-87. 


The height of the Falls, places of interest in the vicinity, routes from 
Niagara. An engraving of the Falls as seen from the American ladder 
forms the frontispiece of the book. ‘There is also a small view of the Falls 
from Table Rock. 

Another edition in 1836, 


(The) western traveller’s pocket directory and stranger’s guide; exhibit- 
ing distances on the principal canal routes in the states of New York and 
Ohio, in the territory of Michigan, and in the province of Lower Canada, 
etc. Schenectady: S. S. Riggs, Ptr. 1834. Pp. 32-34. 


Some figures on distances and dimensions are given. ‘There is no 
attempt at description. ‘There is a quotation from an English writer for the 
trip under the Falls. “The points of interest are indicated in passing. 


1835 
Parsons, Horatio A. A guide to travelers visiting the Falls of 
Niagara, containing much interesting and important information respecting 


the Falls and vicinity, accompanied by maps. 2d ed. greatly enl. 
Buffalo: Oliver G. Steele. 1835. 


[VANDERWATER, ROBERT J.] The tourist or pocket manual for 


Vanderwater travellers . . . N. Y.: Harper. 1835. Pp. 67-74. 


1216 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


Wituiams, W. G. Report of a survey around the Falls of Niagara 1835 
with a view to the construction of a ship canal, made during the year 1835. Williams 


(H. R. doc. 214, 24th Cong., Ist sess. ) 


1836 


Parsons, Horatio A. The book of Niagara Falls. 3d ed. care- 1836 
fully rev. and enl. and accompanied by maps. Buffalo: Oliver G. Steele. Parsons 


1836. 
Another edition in 1838. 
. 1839 
De VEAUX, SAMUEL. The Falls of Niagara, or tourist’s guide to 1839 
this wonder of nature, including notices of the whirlpool, islands, etc., and De Veaux 
a complete guide through the Canadas. Buffalo: William B. Hayden. 
1839. 
1840 
Haw ey, JessE. Memorial against ceding to the United States the 1840 
right to construct the Niagara ship canal and in favor of retaining it as the Hawley 


property of the state. (N. Y. state sen. doc. 108. April 11, 1840.) 


(The) New York state tourist. Descriptive of the Mohawk and Hudson 1840 
rivers. N. Y.: Goodrich. 1840. Pp. 75-82. 


Steele’s book of Niagara Falls. 7th ed. carefully rev. and imp. Buffalo: 1840 
Oliver G. Steele. 1840. 


** The work was originally prepared by Mr. H. A. Parsons, who was 
for a long time resident at the Falls, and familiar with the whole scenery 
at all seasons of the year, as well as with all the interesting localities in the 
vicinity ; who omitted no means of obtaining accurate information in relation 
to the various facts stated, and his work was the first on that subject, of any 
extent or accuracy ever published.” 


Other editions in 1846, 1847, 1848. 


1841 

BONNYCASTLE, Sir RICHARD H. The Canadas in 1841. Lond.: 
Henry Colburn. 1842. Vol. I. Pp. 215-216; 241-247. 

A short journey of seven miles from Newark, or, as it is now 
generally termed, Niagara, takes you, either by the steam-boat 
or coach, to Queenston. By the former you stem this beautiful 
and rapid stream, having the most delightful scenery on either 

77 1217 


1841 
Bonnycastle 


1841 


Bonnycastle 


Niagara Falls 


shore, and come suddenly, near Queenston, under the shadow of 
the rocky barrier which there hems in the mighty river, with a 
wall of rock almost perpendicular, and severed, as if by an earth- 
quake, into a dreadful chasm only five or six hundred feet in 
width, up which neither steam, sail, nor oar will ever navigate; 
for from Queenston to the Falls, seven miles more, the angry river 
rushes between these aged walls, in a succession of rapids, whirl- 
pools, and rushings without affording even a continuous edge, 
whereon the human foot may tread, to behold these mysterious 
strugglings of the pent-up Father of Rivers. 

If you go by stage to Queenston and the Falls, almost the 
whole line of journey, for fourteen miles, reminds you of dear 
England, being a succession of fine fields, farms, and orchards, 
interspersed with noble groves of chestnut, whose dark foliage 
adds sublimity to the swift and deep current that rolls, in cease- 
less course, so frequently within your view, for the first seven 
miles of the journey. 


I attempted to make a road from the Clifton Hotel towards 
the Whirlpool, but found so many conflicting interests, that I had 
not the success which a longer residence might have afforded me. 
At present the road is somewhat difficult to follow along the top 
of the high, rocky precipitous wall which hems in the stream; but 
an active adventurous person may achieve it, and well he is repaid. 
A succession of magnificient rapids, caverns, and precipices are 
presented to his view; and the road itself, as it exists, is not bad 
for the first distance, or about a mile down to the Devil’s Cavern, 
which is a large excavation, or natural hole, in the face of the 
precipice, about one-third of the way down. Rattlesnakes’ Den 
is another on the opposite side. ‘This road is a military reserva- 
tion, and should be opened. It has not to contend with the diff- 
culties which avarice otherwise threw in the way of the military 
reserve at the Falls being made free to the public. 

Sir John Colborne, and his predecessor Sir Peregrine Mait- 
land, attempted to make the Falls available to all visitors with- 

1218 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


out expense. Sir Peregrine was resisted by an American, who 1841 
kept the great hotel, and took possession of the public property ; Bonnycastle 
and finding he could pocket a dollar or so for each person passing 
down to the Table Rock, fought the government a long time with 
success; and, owing to the engineer officer having employed an 
unarmed working party of soldiers to level the obstacles this per- 
son had purposely made in the paths, a most lucrative and excel- 
lent case of grievance was got up, which fed the traitor Mackenzie 
for years, and, I believe, is scarcely yet ended. ‘The juries of 
the district, however, did not agree with the American hotel- 
keeper and ultimately gave a verdict in favour of the government. 

Sir John Colborne, desirous to open the Falls to the travelling 
world, gave a license of occupation revocable at pleasure, to 
Messrs. Clarke and Street, merchants of some wealth residing at 
the Falls, with the express understanding that they were to offer 
no obstacles to the public, were to keep the staircases and roads 
in order, and to plant and beautify the banks. They had a 
great interest in the locality; and having, with others, planned 
the construction of a pleasure city, if I may use the term, at the 
Falls of Niagara, which should become the most fashionable 
place of British North America, and having commenced a rail- 
road to bring the American travellers and produce from Buffalo, 
they began erecting baths, a museum, etc., on the military reserve, 
and contrary to the express articles of the agreement which had 
been made with them — probably because they were the parties 
who had most strenuously resisted the American hotel-keeper in 
his endeavours to make Niagara a closed raree show. 

The lieutenant-governor immediately took active measures to 
put a stop to the proceedings of these worthy merchants, one of 
whom was a Scotchman, the other originally from the United 
States. With this view, he employed the officer of engineers in 
charge of the reserve, to require them to desist from enclosing and 
building and that officer warned by the fate of his predecessor, 
taking care not to employ the military in any shape, caused one 
small stone to be removed publicly from the walls. On this, the 

43219 


1841 
Bonnycastle 


1841 
De Veaux 


Niagara Falls 


very persons who had obtained the license of occupation, with the 
full understanding that it was granted to them in order to prevent 
the possibility of such another attempt as that of the American 
inn-keeper, now turned, full of grievance against the government, 
brought two actions of trespass against the officer of engineers, 
and, mirabile dictu! although one of them had sat on the judg- 
ment seat when the jury punished the American for his covetous- 
ness, they, by their great influence in the neighborhood, were able 
to obtain a decided verdict, with damages of five hundred pounds 
against the crown; and either they, or their heirs, now remain in 
actual possession of land of which they had humbly begged the 
temporary occupancy ? 

The City of the Falls proved, as any sensible person might 
have anticipated, a thorough failure, and the public have still 
access to the Table Rock, and staircase, owing to Messrs. Clarke 
and Street being unable to eject the government from a space of 
one chain, or sixty feet in width, along the upper edge of the 
precipice. 

Travellers may, therefore, without paying toll to the miller 
proceed as far as the mill, constructed by one of the parties on 
the rapids above, and may also go down the staircase for nothing; 
though such is the profit derived from this staircase, that the bar- 
room, through which you must pass to descend, pays these people, 
I am told, two hundred a year. 

You must also pay for going under the sheet of water, which 
is fair enough, as you must have a guide and water-proof dress. 

But enough of this, which would not have been mentioned, 
were it not that the travelling public from all parts of the world 
is interested in it; and if the local government will put the case 
in Chancery, as I intended to do, there is but little fear that the 
beautiful banks of the Falls will not long remain at the mercy of 
private speculators. 


De VEAUX, SAMUEL. The travellers’ own book, to Saratoga Springs, 
Niagara Falls and Canada, containing routes, distances; . . . Buffalo: 
Faxon and Read. 1841. Pp. 95-258. 

1220 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


Written in colloquial form. Sketches are made in a tour round the 1841 
Falls and vicinity, put into the form of four jaunts. Description, history, De Veaux 
anecdotes, advice to travellers, fishing, etc., Part III, “* The Falls of 
Niagara, description of this wonder of nature, of the whirlpool, islands, a 
jaunt to Canada, Table Rock, Brock’s monument, etc.” 


Another edition in 1845. 


DwicHT, THEODORE, Jr. The northern traveller; containing the 1841 
routes to the springs, Niagara, Quebec, and the coal mines; . . . 6th ed, Dwight 


N. Y.: John P. Haven. 1841. Pp. 49-58. 


A clear, concise description of the points of interest. Figures given are 
inaccurate. Brief account of the battles of the War of 1812’ in the vicinity 
of the Falls. 

In edition of 1830, see pages 80-104. 


1842 


Pictorial guide to the Falls of Niagara; a manual for visitors . . 


Buffalo: Salisbury and Clapp. 1842. 

Throughout the book, which is divided into three parts, are directions for 
visitors to the Falls. The first part deals with the Niagara strait and the 
shores, the second describes the Falls and the remarkable scenes in the 
vicinity, and the third gives the history of the region and various anecdotes. 


1842 


1843 

HutettT, T. G. Every man his own guide to the Falls of Niagara, 1843 
or, The whole story in a few words. By T. G. H., a resident at the Falls. Hulett 
3d ed. . . . Buffalo: Faxon and Co. 1843. 

Another edition in 1844. 

On pages 110 to 124 is to be found Lyell on ‘‘ The Recession of 
Niagara Falls”’ from his Lectures on Geology, and on pages 125-126 
are the Hennepin and La Hontan descriptions of the Falls. 


1844 
Houtey, ORVILLE LUTHER. The picturesque tourist; being a guide 1844 
through the northern and eastern states and Canada; ...N. Y.: J. aaciey 
Disturnell. 1844. Pp. 174-176. 
The tourist is referred to Orr’s Pictorial Guide to Niagara Falls, pub- 
lished in 1842, for detailed description. A brief account of points of 
1221 


Niagara Falls 


1844 interest and a list of the principal hotels are given, supplemented by a poem 
Holley from the pen of Willis Gaylord Clark, two views and a detailed map or 
chart of the Falls, islands, etc. 
1845 
1845 Peck’s tourist’s companion to Niagara Falls, Saratoga Springs, the 
Lakes, Canada, etc. . . . Buffalo: William B. and Charles E. Peck. 
1845. 
1846 
1846 (The) American guide-book; being a hand-book for tourists and 


travellers through every part of the United States . . . Phila.: George S. 
Appleton. 1846. Pt.i. Pp. 145-156. 


Itinerary to places of scenic and historical interest. Two charts and a 
view of the Falls from the Canadian side are included. 


1846 Cousin GeorGE. Sketches of Niagara Falls and river. Buffalo: 
Cousin George William B. and Charles E. Peck. 1846. 


A juvenile sketch which contains a description and guide to the Falls 
with maps and views. 


1846 De Tivo, J. A guide to the Falls of Niagara, with a splendid 


De Tivoli —_]ithographic view by A. Vaudricourt from a daguerreotype of J. Langheim. 
N. Y.: Burgess, Stringer and Co. 1846. 


1847 


1847 Appleton’s railroad and steamboat companion. N. Y.: D. Appleton 
and Co. Phila.: Geo. S. Appleton. 1847. Pp. 185-193. 


1848 
1848 Album of the Table Rock, Niagara Falls, and sketches of the Falls 
and scenery adjacent. Buffalo: Jewett, Thomas. 1848. 


Visitors’ inscriptions quoted from the registers. 


1848 BARTON, JAMES L. Address on the early reminiscences of western 
Barton New York and the lake region of the country. Delivered before the 
Young men’s association of Buffalo, February 16, 1848. Buffalo: 

Jewett, Thomas and Co. 1848. Pp. 15-18, 61-64. 


Account of the portage road and portage business before the War of 
1812. 


1222 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 
(The) Niagara Falls guide. With full instructions to direct the 


traveller to all the points of interest at the Falls and vicinity . . . Buffalo: 


A. Burke. 1848. 
Another edition in 1849, 


1849 
(The) Canadian guide book . . . Montreal: Armour and Ramsay. 
1849. Pp. 1-9. 
1850 


Appleton’s new and complete United States guide book for travellers. 
N. Y.: D. Appleton and Co. Phila.: Geo. S. Appleton. 1850. Pp. 
209-217. 


New and revised edition 1854, pp. 209-217. 


1851 


Burke’s descriptive guide; or, The visitor’s companion to Niagara Falls: 
its strange and wonderful localities. By an old resident. Buffalo: 


Andrew Burke. 1851. 
Other editions issued in 1852, 1854, 1855, 1857, and 1858. 


(The) Niagara Falls guide with full instructions to direct the traveller 
to all points of interest at the Falls and vicinity. . . . 5th ed. rev. 
Buffalo: James Faxon. 1851. 


1852 
Jounson, F. H. Every man his own guide at Niagara Falls without 


1848 


1849 


1850 


1851 


1851 


1852 


the necessity of inquiry or possibility of mistake; including the sources of Johnson 


Niagara, and all places of interest, both on the American and Canada 
side. . . . Rochester: D. M. Dewey. (1852) Pp. 1-93. 

Besides presenting many interesting facts regarding the Falls themselves, 
the author includes descriptions of the several routes from the Falls to other 
points. 


Other editions in 1853, 1854, 1856. 


Jounson, F. H. A guide for every visitor to Niagara Falls. Includ- 
ing the sources of Niagara, and all places of interest, both on the American 


and Canada side . . . Buffalo: Phinney and Co. (1852) 
Other editions in 1853, 1856, 1865, 1868, and 1871. 


1223 


1853 


1853 


New York 
Legislature 


1854 


Fowler 


1854 


1855 


Niagara Falls 


1853 
Hackstaff’s new guide book of Niagara Falls; . . . Niagara Falls, 
N. Y.: W. E. Tunis and Co. 1853. 


Earlier editions were issued in 1850 and 1851 respectively. 


New York (STATE) LEGISLATURE. An act to incorporate the 
Niagara ship canal company. (Laws of 1853, chap. 595.) 


This act which was passed July 21, 1853, is a general act of incor- 
poration. It was amended by chapter 772 of the Laws of 1866. 


1854 


FowLer, REGINALD. Hither and thither; or, Sketches of travels on 
both sides of the Atlantic. Lond.: Daldy. 1854. Pp. 204-213. 


We crossed the stream again to Manchester on our way to 
Buffalo. . . . The mode of conveyance to Buffalo was by 
railroad, a distance of about twenty-one miles. The line, is 
merely a slip of iron nailed along a stout wooden rail, and was 
in many places broken and uneven. It would be perfectly unable 
to bear the weight and friction of an English locomotive, but 
answers tolerably well, where neither speed nor weight of the 
carriages is great; at any rate it is an improvement on the heavy 
“stage,” plunging at every yard into a mud hole. A slightly 
open fence alone separated it for a considerable distance from the 
high road; there was nothing else. 


(The) Ontario and St. Lawrence steamboat company. Hand-book for 
travellers to Niagara Falls, Montreal and Quebec, and through Lake 
Champlain to Saratoga Springs. Buffalo: Jewett Thomas and Co. Pp. 
36-49. 

Stereotyped views. 


1855 


Springs, water-falls, sea-bathing resorts, and mountain scenery of the 
United States and Canada; . . . N. Y.: J. Disturnell. 1855. Pp. 
106-113. 


Poem of David Paul Brown, Upon Being Asked to Describe Niagara. ; 


descriptions of the various points of interest and other guide-book matter. 
1224 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


Tunis’s topographical and pictorial guide to Niagara; containing also 1855 
a description of the route through Canada, and the great northern route, 
from Niagara Falls to Montreal, Boston, and Saratoga Springs. 
Niagara Falls: W. E. Tunis. 1855. 

Other editions published in 1856, 1857, 1869, 1870, 1873, and 1874. 


1856 


ENSIGN, BRIDGMAN AND FANNING. Guide to the western rivers and 1856 
lakes with engravings and railroad routes. N. Y.: Ensign, Bridgman and Eien 
Fanning. 1856. 

Plenty of figures but not very complete information as to points of 
interest. The Cave of the Winds is located on the Canadian side. The 
account is accompanied by a view of the Horseshoe Falls from the Canadian 
side. 


International topographical railroad guide between the Atlantic sea~ 4g56 
board and the Missouri river. W. E. Tunis. Niagara Falls, N. Y.: 
M. Wallace. Chicago: 1856. Pp. 52-58. 


Compact and accurate account of Niagara Falls and vicinity, with 
special attention to the Suspension Bridge two miles below the Falls. 


1857 
ALLEN, STEPHEN M. Address on the occasion of the opening of 1857 
navigation to Niagara Falls, July 4, 1857. Niagara Falls, N. Y.: Pool Allen 
and Sleeper. 1857. 


A history of the Niagara portage. 


DISTURNELL, J. comp. (A trip through the lakes of North America.) 1857 
N. Y.: Disturnell. 1857. Pp. 206-217. Disturnell 


HUNTER, WILLIAM S. Jr. Hunter’s panoramic guide from Niagara 1857 
Falls to Quebec. . . . Boston. J. P. Jewett and Co. 1857. Pp, Hunter 
1-18. 

Profusely illustrated. Another edition in 1860. 


Tourist’s guide to Niagara Falls, Lake Ontario, and St. Lawrence 1857 
Rive =... Ne Ye Disturnell. -1857c.. Pp. 1-26. 


(A) trip through the lakes of North America. . . . N. Y.: J. 1857 
Disturnell. 1857. Pp. 206-217. 


1225 


1857 


1859 


1859 


1859 


1860 
Nelson 


1860 
Roebling 


1861 
Barlow 


Niagara Falls 


Complete guide to the Niagara river, its rapids, falls, islands, and 
romantic scenery, interspersed with quotations of prose and poetry relating 
to the Falls. 

1859 


(The) Falls of Niagara: being a complete guide to the points of interest 
around and in the immediate neighborhood of the great cataract; with 
views taken from sketches by Washington Friend, esq. and from photo- 
graphs. Lond.: T. Nelson and Sons. 1859. 


The views are fine and beautifully colored. Another edition in 1860. 


(The) new world in 1859, being the United States and Canada, 
illustrated and described. . . . Lond.: (1859) Pp. 72-76. 

** With these preliminary remarks (figures) we shall proceed to describe 
the most important objects of interest, addressing ourselves as if the reader 
were on a visit there.’’ The description, which is illustrated, begins on the 
American side and makes the “‘ rounds.” 


Niagara; its falls and scenery. . . . N. Y.: Harthill. (1859c) 
Ppt 17: 
1860 
NELSON, T. AND Sons. The Falls of Niagara; being a complete 
guide to all the points of interest around and in the immediate neighbor- 


hood of the great cataract; with views taken from sketches by Washington 


Friend and from photographs. Lond.: Nelson. 1860. 


Gives colored views of the Falls. 


RoEBLING, JOHN A. Report on the condition of the Niagara railway 
suspension bridge, 1860. (Jour. Frank. inst. Dec. 1860. 70:361—372.) 

This report was made after an absence of two years, and Mr. Roebling 
says ‘After a thorough examination of all parts of the work, I am unable 
to report any change.” 

1861 

Bartow, PETER W. Concluding observations and deductions on 

the Niagara bridge. (Jour. Frank. inst. Mar. 1861. 71:160—165.) 


BarLow, PETER W. Observations on the Niagara bridge. (Jour. 
Frank. inst. Jan. 1861. 71:16—22.) 


Deals with the deflection, strength and durability of the Roebling 
bridge. 


1226 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


Bartow, PETER. Observations on the Niagara railway suspension 41861 
bridge. (Jour. Frank. inst. Feb. 1861. 71:237-238.) Barlow 


This article, taken from the London Builder No. 927, deals with the 
suggestion of two London suspension bridges as a result of Barlow’s 
observations on the Niagara bridge. 


BarRLow, PETER W. On the mechanism of bridges. (Jour. Frank. 
inst. Feb. 1861. 71:89-93.) 


Deals with the construction and cure of the undulation of suspension 
bridges. 


1863 


JoHNSON, F. H. Guide to Niagara Falls and its scenery. . . . 4863 
Phila.: Childs. 1863. Johnson 


A descriptive guide to all points of interest on both the American and 
Canadian sides with some account of the geology and recession of the 
Falls by Sir Charles Lyell. 

Other editions in 1864, 1867, and 1868. 


NATIONAL SHIP-CANAL CONVENTION. Proceeding of the cone 1863 
vention held at the city of Chicago, June 2 and 3, 1863. Chicago: National 
Tribune Co. 1863. Pp. 111-114. PE 


Convention 


Abstract from Captain W. G. Williams’s report on a Niagara ship 
canal, made in 1835, showing the proposed routes. 


1864 


New York (STATE). Report of the committee on commerce and 4264 
navigation on the bill for the incorporation of the Niagara ship canal com- New York 
pany, transmitted to the legislature January 22, 1864. Albany: Comstock 
and Cassidy. 1864. (Sen. doc. 21. January 22, 1864.) 


Discusses the national character, military characteristics, commercial 
importance, and history of the Niagara ship canal project, with the scale 
of navigation and cost of transportation. 


Niagara Falls. A guide and souvenir with a new series of views from 4964 
photographs taken on the spot. Buffalo: Sage Sons and Co. 1864. 
Itinerary separated from explanatory and anecdotal matter. 
(A) souvenir of Niagara Falls, with a series of views in oil colors, 
from photographs taken on the spot. Buffalo: Sage. 1864. 
1227 


1864 


1864 


1865 
Hayes 


1865 
Woodman 


1866 


1866 
Cutting 


1866 
Miles 


1866 


Niagara Falls 


Descriptions of the points of special interest, of the river, below and 
above, with an account of some of the legends connected with the Falls. 
There is also a guide in English and French. 


1865 


Hayes, J. D. ‘ The Niagara ship canal;’’ and “ Reciprocity,” 
papers written for the “* Buffalo commercial advertiser,’’ together with the 
speech of Hon. Israel T. Hatch, in the convention at Detroit, July 14, 
1865. Buffalo: Matthews and Warren. 1865. Pp. 1-21. 


These papers, which were published by the resolution of the board of 
trade, discuss the commercial, political, and military necessity of another 
ship canal around the Falls of Niagara. Arguments against the proposed 
improvement are also given. 


WoopMAN, CHARLES C. Argument in favor of a marine railway 
around the Falls of Niagara, addressed to the committee on military 
affairs of the senate of the United States. February, 1865. 

Includes extracts from Memorial of the National Canal Convention, 
assembled at Chicago, June 1863, and a proposed act for the marine 
railway in question. 


1866 


(The) Canadian handbook and tourist’s guide, giving a description of 
Canadian lake and river scenery and places of historical interest with the 
best spots for fishing and shooting. Comp. by H. B. Small, ed. by J. 
Taylor. Montreal: Longmore and Co. 1866. Pp. 170-184. 


Describes the view from Prospect Point before any improvements were 


made. Another edition in 1867. 


CutTtTinc, H. S. The Erie canal vs. the Niagara ship canal. Argu- 
ment of Hon. H. S. Cutting before the assembly committee on commerce 


and navigation, March 6, 1866. 
Arguments against the Niagara ship canal. 


Mires, Hiram. Address before the assembly committee on com- 
merce. March 6, 1866. 


Opposed to the Niagara ship canal as a dangerous experiment. 


Railway time tables and traveller’s guide through central New York, 


Niagara Falls, Saratoga Springs, etc. Buffalo: Felton and Brother. 
1866. Pp. 91-100. 


Three views by J. W. Orr. 
1228 


Open Road —- Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


Traveler’s guide, and illustrated description of central New York, 1866 
Niagara Falls, Saratoga Springs, etc., together with railroad time tables. 
Buffalo: Felton and Brother. 1866. Pp. 43-52. 

Besides a brief well-written account of the history of the Niagara 
frontier, there is a most interesting, not to say entertaining and half jocular 
account of all points of interest in order. It is written in an unusually 
good style. Advises escape from the hackmen and ample time for a 
leisurely survey. Of unusual literary merit for a guide book account. 

There are two views of the Falls, one from the American shore and one 


from Goat Island, neither of them very good. 
Another edition in 1886. 


Drive first to Table Rock; now but a ruin, with hardly a trace 
of its former glory. In July, 1818, it lost forty feet of its width 
and one hundred and sixty feet of its length. In 1828 three other 
pieces fell off. In 1829 another body broke away, and on the 
twenty-sixth day of June, 1850, a huge mass, two hundred feet 


long, sixty feet wide, and one hundred feet thick, was precipitated 


down the bank. 
1867 


HuntTER, WILLIAM S. Hunter and Chisholm’s panoramic guide from 1867 
Niagara Falls to Quebec. Montreal: Chisholm. 1867. Pp. 1-18. Hunter 


The authors have endeavored to give a ‘‘ panoramic or picture map of 
all the most celebrated and picturesque points along the noble river.” 


(SMALL, H. B. comp.) The Canadian handbook and tourist’s guide. 1867 
Montreal: Longmore. 1867. Pp. 170-185. Small 


1869 


HumpuHreyY, JAMES M._ Speech in the house of representatives, 1869 
January 14, 1869, on bill No. 1212, to provide for the construction of a Humphrey 
ship-canal around the Falls of Niagara. 

Proposed to substitute another bill providing federal aid for the enlarge- 
ment of the Erie and Oswego canals. 


1870? 


BARHAM, WILLIAM. Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various 1870? 
travellers: with original additions. Gravesend: n. d. Pp. 102-105; Barham 
157-159. 


1229 


1870? 
Barham 


Niagara Falls 


Pages 102-105 — Description of ‘Summer and Winter Scenery.— 
River below the Falls.”” One of the original additions apparently. 

The surrounding scenery on both sides of the river is in good 
keeping with the magnificence of the Falls. It is just what it 
should be,— grand, striking, and unique. By most visitors it is 
only seen in summer. But in the winter it is also inimitable and 
indescribably beautiful. ‘The trees and shrubbery on Goat and 
other islands, and on the banks of the river near the Falls, are 
covered with transparent sleet, presenting an appearance of “ icy 
brilliants,”” or rather of millions of glittering chandeliers of all 
sizes and descriptions, and giving one a most vivid idea of fairy- 
land. 

“For every shrub and every blade of grass, 

And every pointed thorn, seems wrought in glass; 
The frighted birds the rattling branches shun, 
Which wave and glitter in the distant sun.” 


The scene presents a splendid counterpart to Goldsmith’s 
description of the subterranean grottos of Paros and Antiparos. 
The mist from the Falls freezes upon the trees so gradually and 
to such thickness, that it often bears a most exact resemblance to 
alabaster; and this, set off by the dazzling colours of the rainbows 
that arch the river from twenty different points, seems by natural 
association to raise the imagination to that world, where the streets 
are of pure gold, the gates of pearl, and night is unknown. 

“* Look, the massy trunks 
Are cased in the pure crystal; branch and twig 
Shine in the lucid covering; each light rod, 
Nodding and twinkling in the stirring breeze, 
Is studded with its trembling water-drops, 
Still streaming, as they move, with coloured light. 
But round the parent stem, the long, low boughs 
Bend in a glittering ring, or arbours hide 
The glassy floor. Oh! you might deem the spot 
The spacious cavern of some virgin mine, 
Deep in the womb of earth, where the gems grow! 
And diamonds put forth radiant rods, and bud 
With amethyst and topaz, and the place 


1230 


A WINTER SCENE AT NIAGARA 


icinity 


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Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


Lit up most royally with the pure beam 

That dwells in them; or, haply, the vast hall 
Of fairy palace, that outlasts the night 

And fades not in the glory of the sun; 

Where crystal columus send forth slender shafts, 
And crossing arches, and fantastic aisles 
Wind from the sight in brightness, and are lost 
Among the crowded pillars.”’ 

The winter scenery about the Falls is peculiar, a sight of which 
is worth a journey of thousands of miles. Myriads of wild ducks 
and geese spend the day in and above the rapids, and regularly 
take their departure for Lake Ontario every night before dark; 
though some are often found in the morning with a broken leg or 
wing, and sometimes dead, in the river below the Falls. This 
generally happens after a very dark or foggy night; and it is sup- 
posed that, as they always have their heads up stream, while in 
the water, they are carried down insensibly by the rapids, till they 
find themselves going over the precipice, and then, in attempting to 
fly, they dive into the sheet of water, and are buried for a time 
under the Falls, or dashed upon the rocks. : 

Dead fish too, of almost all sizes and descriptions, and weigh- 
ing from one to seventy pounds, are found floating in the eddies 
below the Falls, forming a dainty repast for gulls, loons, hawks, 
and eagles. The splendid gyrations of the gulls, and their fear- 
less approaches, enveloped in clouds of mist, up to the boiling 
caldron directly under the Falls, attract much attention. But the 
eagle, fierce, daring, contemplative, and tyrannical, takes his stand 
upon the point of some projecting rock, or the dry limb of a 
gigantic tree, and watches with excited interest the movements of 
the whole feathered tribes below. Standing there in lordly pride 
and dignity, in an instant his eye kindles and his ardour rises as 
he sees the fish-hawk emerge from the deep, screaming with 
exultation at his success. He darts forth like lightning, and gives 
furious chase. The hawk, perceiving his danger, utters a scream 
of despair, and drops his fish; and the eagle instantly seizes the 
fish in air, and bears his ill-gotten booty to his lofty eyrie. 

1231 


1870? 
Barham 


1870? 
Barham 


Niagara Falls 


Sometimes during a part of the winter, the ice is driven by the 
wind from Lake Erie, and poured over the Falls in such immense 
quantities as to fill and block up the river between the banks, for a 
mile or more, to the depth of from thirty to fifty feet, so that 
people cross the ice to Canada, on foot, for weeks together: the 
river itself is never frozen over, either above or below the Falls, 
but it affords an outlet for vast quantities of ice from the upper 


lakes. 


Pages 157-159—‘ The Village of Niagara Falls— Number of 
visitors.” 

The country in the immediate vicinity of the Falls on both sides 
of the river presents many powerful attractions for a permanent 
residence. For salubrity of air and healthfulness of climate, it 
yields to no spot in the United States. Here, 

** Nature hath 
The very soul of music in her looks, 
The sunshine and the shade of poetry.”’ 

The latitude here is forty-three degrees six minutes north, and 
the longitude two degrees six minutes west from Washington. The 
winters are generally much milder than in New England, owing, 
as supposed, to the action of the two neighbouring lakes, that lie 
on either side. 

In a pamphlet published in London in the year 1834, written 
by Robert Burford, Esq., who spent the summer and autumn of 
1832, in taking a panoramic view of the Falls, it is stated that this 
place is ‘*‘ without all question, the most healthful of any on the 
continent of North America. The heat of summer can there be 
borne with pleasure, while at the same time, the annoyance of 
musquitoes and other insects is unknown. Various are the con- 
jectures whence arises the remarkable salubrity of this region; but 
the most natural is, that the agitation of the surrounding air pro- 
duced by the tremendous Falls, combines with the elevation and 
dryness of the soil, and absence of swamps, to produce this happy 
result.” 

1232 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


In the summer of 1832, when the cholera raged in all the 
villages around, as Buffalo, Lockport, Lewiston, &c., not a single 
case occurred here. Again, when this disease visited many villages 
of the vicinity, in the summer of 1834, this place was wholly 
exempt. 

The village of Niagara Falls on the American side, formerly 
called Manchester, contains about 500 inhabitants. 

There are two spacious hotels in the village, the Eagle and 
the Cataract, which will accommodate a large number of per- 
manent guests. . . . The village also contains a Presbyterian 
Church, and a “* Union House,” for the use of all other denomi- 
nations when they choose to come to it.— It has a Paper Mill, a 
Flouring Mill, and a few Mechanics’ shops; and there is an 
opportunity of using water here to an unlimited extent. 

Canal boats and sloops come from the Erie Canal and the 
Lake to Porter’s store-house, a short distance above the Falls. 
There are three railroads now finished, which terminate at Niagara 
Falls. One from Buffalo, distant twenty-two miles — one from 
Lockport, and one from Lewiston. Stage-coaches run from the 
Falls in all directions, and the mail passes regularly twice every 
day. The roads from Buffalo, Lewiston, and Lockport are now 
very good; equal to any in this region, and afford to travellers 
many delightful views of the river, the Falls, and the rapids; — 
especially as the road from Buffalo to Lewiston passes very near 
the bank of the river the whole distance. The steamboat 
Red Jacket also runs daily from Buffalo to the landing, two 
miles above the Falls, and thence across to Chippewa, and returns 
daily by the same route. This is a perfectly safe and very 
pleasant route to the Falls. At Lewiston, seven miles below, 
steamboats from Lake Ontario are daily bringing and receiving 
passengers. Near Lewiston commences the celebrated Ridge 
Road,— formerly, without doubt, a sand-bank on the margin of 
Lake Ontario,— and runs east to Rochester, and thence nearly 
to Oswego, a distance of about 140 miles. 


1233 
78 


1870? 
Barham 


1870 


1872 
Alberger 


1872 


1872 
Hadfield 


1873 


Faxon 


1874 
Chapin 


1874 


Horner 


1876 


Niagara Falls 


National commercial convention, Detroit, Mich. Dec. 13, 1871. 
Proceedings of the National commercial convention to consider the ques- 
tion of increased transportation facilities from the West to the seaboard, 
held in Detroit, December 15 (i. e. 13), 1871. Published by order of 
the convention. Detroit: The Daily Post Book and Job Printing Estab- 
lishment. 1872. 


Advocated the building of a canal around the Falls of Niagara. 


1872 
ALBERGER, F. A. Speech on the Niagara ship canal bill, before the 
house of assembly, March 20, 1872. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co. 
1872. 


Believes the bill dangerous to the commercial interests and welfare of 
the state. Includes the report of the Canal Board on the Niagara ship 
canal. 


(The) Clifton suspension bridge at Niagara Falls. . . . Niagara 
Falls, N. Y.: Brundage. 1872. 


HADFIELD, ROBERT. Memorial as to the proposed Niagara ship 
canal, the course of commerce on the lakes, etc. See, Statistics and 
information relative to the trade and commerce of Buffalo for the year 
ending December 31, 1871. . . . Reported by William Thurstone, 
Secretary. Buffalo: Warren, Johnson, and Co. 1872. Pp. 109-120. 


Arguments against the proposed ship canal. 


1873 
Faxon’s illustrated hand-bock of travel by the Fitchburg, Rutland and 
Saratoga railway line, ...,.., Bost.:, Faxon. | 1873.) Pp) 1042112: 


Webster’s description, written in 1825, is quoted at length. 


1874 
CuHaPIN, J. R. Niagara Falls and how to see them. Buffalo: 
(1874.) 


Horner’s Buffalo and Niagara Falls guide and encyclopedia of 
useful knowledge. Buffalo: Horner. 1874. Pp. 63-86. 


1876 


How to see Niagara. . . . Buffalo and N. Y.: Matthews, North- 
rup and Co. _ 1876. 


Profusely illustrated. Other editions in 1889 and 1890. 
1234 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 
1877 


New guide to Niagara, with descriptions of its scenery, casualties, 1877 
narrow escapes, etc. Niagara Falls: Gazette printing establishment. 
1877. 
1879 
Tunis’ illustrated guide to Niagara. Rev. and pub. by H. T. Allen. 1879 
Buffalo: Courier. 1879. Tunis 
1880 
People’s guide to Buffalo, Niagara Falls and Chautauqua lake. 1880 
Buffalo: 1880. Pp. 71-82. 
1881 
ALLEN, H. T. Allen’s illustrated guide to Niagara; rev. and pub. 
by H. T. Allen. Buffalo: 1881. oy 
Other editions issued in 1882 and 1883. 


DELANO, F. R. The water power of Niagara. N. Y.: Banker’s 1881 
pub. assn. 1881. P. 4. Delano 

In this connection it may not be inappropriate to mention a 
plan which was matured some years since for establishing a second 
Manchester in the County of Niagara. It was known as the 
Niagara ship canal project, and was the revival of a similar one 
which had been entertained some years before, and for which a 
survey had been made by authority of the War Department of 
the United States. “Topographical Engineers under the charge of 
Capt. W. G. Williams. In 1853 Mr. G. W. Holley, then a 
member of the Legislature from Niagara, . . . presented a 
bill which was passed, authorizing the construction of a ship canal 
from some point on the river above the Falls into the river below 
them, or into Lake Ontario. The reports to the Canadian authori- 
ties of the operations of the Welland Canal for some years pre- 
vious to that date showed that three-fourths of the business of 
that canal was done by Americans, and there was a strong desire 
manifested that a ship canal should be constructed on the Ameri- 
can side of the river, which would be much shorter and more 
safely navigated that the long Welland Canal. The idea was 
so favorably received and supported by individual capitalists and 

1235 


1881 


len 


| 
} 


1881 
Delano 


1881 


1881 


Sweetser 


1882 
Holder 


Niagara Falls 


by friends and officers of the Government, especially by Con- 
gressional representatives in the United States Congress from the 
Western and Northwestern states that a bill, with liberal pro- 
visions, authorizing the work was passed by a large majority of 
both branches of the Legislature of the State of New York. 
There was also a reasonable prospect that a donation of public 
land would be made in aid of the project. But the exciting 
political questions which engaged the attention of the people from 
1854 to 1860 prevented further action on the question. Since it 
is supposed that Capt. Eades has started a new idea concerning 
the transportation of ships by rail across the Isthmus of Panama, 
it may be mentioned here that, in connection with the Niagara 
Ship Canal, it was proposed, if it should be constructed, to trans- 
fer ships of the largest size from the level of the Niagara river 
to that of Lake Ontario by rail, in floating docks or tanks. 
Another part of the plan was to furnish an inexhaustible water 
power to be used at the Lewiston ridge, below which a city of 
fountains was to be built. It is not impossible that the project 
may be consummated as a work of necessity for the following 
reason, if for no other, namely: that all the great water courses, 
east of the Mississippi, are gradually shrinking in capacity, so that 
in dry seasons like those of the last four years they cannot answer 
the demands made upon them. 


(The) Middle states: a handbook for travellers. . . . Bost.: 
Osgood. 1881. Pp. 177-184. 


SwEETSER, M. F. ed. The middle states; a handbook for travellers. 
Ath ed. Bost.: Osgood. 1881. Pp. 177-186. 


1882 


'HHoLpER, THomas. A complete record of Niagara Falls and 
vicinage, being descriptive, historical and industrial . . . Niagara 


Falls: Published for the author. 1882. 


Polite advertising schemes, illustrated. 


1236 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


1883 
Buffalo Saengerfest guide and pocket companion; also guide to Niagara 1883 
Falls. Buffalo: Hahn and Schelle. 1883. 
The complete illustrated guide to Niagara Falls and vicinity. Gazette 1883 
printing house. Niagara Falls: (1883) 
Illustrations and map. 


[PorTER, PETER Aucustus] The complete illustrated guide to 1883 


Niagara Falls and vicinity. Niagara Falls.: Gazette printing office. Porter 
1883. 


Descriptive and scenic account of the Falls with some information 
regarding its history and geology. 
1884 
Cantilever bridge over Niagara. (Knowl., April 4, 1884. 5:227.) 1884 
The description of the bridge is taken from the Scientific American and 


contains no reference to the Falls. 


KincsBuRY, J. ADDISON. Pleasure and travel made easy. A better 1884 
way to see old sights or new . . . Vol. I. Pittsburgh: Kingsbury. Knebury 
1884. 


An expense book of the Allegheny Valley R. R. 


LEsPINASSE, R. The great cataract illustrated, and complete guide 1884 
to all points of interest at and in the vicinity of the Falls of Niagara. . . . Lespinasse 


Chicago: R. Lespinasse. 1884. 


Quotations, pictures and general notes. 


1885 


RHINE, ALICE HyNEMAN, ed. Niagara Park illustrated; original 1885 
and selected descriptions, poems and adventures. . . . N. Y.: Niagara Rhine 


Pub. co. 1885c. 

Points of interest, geography, history, geology, literature and legends. 
SCHNEIDER, CHARLES C. The cantilever bridge at Niagara Falls 1885 
and the discussion. (Trans. A. S.C. E. Nov. 1885. 14:499-606.) Schneider 

This paper was read at the meeting of March 4, 1885, and is valuable 


technically with the discussion as embodying the views of expert engineers. 


Tuapy’s illustrated guide to Niagara Falls. . . . Niagara Falls, 1885 
N. Y.: Thomas Tugby. 1885. Tugby . 


1237 


1886 


Grand Trunk 
Railway 


1886 


1887 


Severance 


1887 


1887 
Welch 


1888 
Bogart 


1888 


1888 


1888 


1888 


Niagara Falls 


1886 


GRAND TRUNK RaILway. Excursion routes and rates from Buffalo and 
Niagara Falls via Grand trunk railway and Richelieu and Ontario navi- 
gation company’s steamers. Buffalo: 1886. Pp. 1-3. 


Grand Trunk tourist’s guide. Buffalo: Matthews, Northrup and co. 
(1886) 


1887 


SEVERANCE, FRANK Haywarp. Niagara in London: a brief study 
from many standpoints. Buffalo: 1887. 


A very interesting study, embodying some of the material later pub- 


lished in more ample form in “* Studies of the Niagara Frontier.” 


Views of Niagara Falls and vicinity. 1887. [Photographs] no 
imprint. 


WELCH, JANE MEADE. The neighborhood of the international park. 
(Harp., Aug. 1887. 75:327-343.) 


A charming account of Niagara river and Falls, from the point of 
view of the artist, the historian, and the man of science and with special 
reference to points of interest to the tourist. 


18838 


BocarT, JOHN. Feats of railway engineering. (Scrib. mag., July, 
1888. 4:1-34.) 


Includes accounts of the suspension and cantilever bridges at Niagara 


Falls with illustrations and drawings. 


Grand trunk railway system. (Summer resorts reached by the Grand 


trunk railway and its connections. . . . [Buffalo, 1888.] Pp. 47-51.) 


Michigan central railroad company. From city to surf. . . . “ The 


Niagara Falls route.” Chicago: Rand, McNally. 1888. Pp. 1-78. 
_ Niagara Falls illustrated. N. Y.: Albertype co. [1888] 
Niagara Falls sketch book. Buffalo: Sumner. 1888c. 


Innumerable scratchy little sketches illustrating every phase of a visit 
and of the scenery. Interesting for inklings of conditions at the Falls at . 
that period. 


1238 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


SEVERANCE, FRANK Haywarp. How to see Niagara. Railway 1888 
guide and illustrated handbook of Buffalo, Niagara Falls and vicinity. Severance 
Matthews, Northup and Co. June, 1888. Pp. 35-37. 

Brief and clear. 

1889 


(The) great cataract of Niagara: its wonders, past and present. 1889 
Buffalo: Matthews, Northrup and Co. 1889. 


1899 
Dun ap, P. E. comp. Sheldon and Hawley’s illustrated guide to 1890 
Niagara Falls and points of interest. 1890. Dunlap 


Fine photographic views of the Falls and suspension bridge from 
various points of view. 


[Gruck, J. F.] A little guide to Niagara Falls. . . . By anold 1890 
resident. Buffalo and N. Y.: Matthews, Northrup and Co. 1890. Glick 


Advertisement of hotel keepers at the Falls, but well written with but 
little of an advertising nature and that unobtrusive. Mostly quotations 
from prominent visitors and writers. ‘Takes up the beauty and grandeur 
of the Falls, their moral influence, the length of time which one should 
spend there, the climate, the best season for a visit, and the cost of the 
trip. ‘There are many fine views. 


Guide to Niagara Falls: historical, descriptive and short sketches from 1890 
many authors. Buffalo: J. C. Prescott, excursion manager, Erie Railroad, 


n. d. 
Composed largely of advertising matter. 


Jupson, WiLttiaM Pierson. From the west and north-west to the 1890 
sea by the way of the Niagara ship canal. N. Y.: 1890. Judson 
The military and commercial advantages of a Niagara ship canal, 
accompanied by the report of Captain Carl F. Palfrey, Corps of Engi- 
neers, U. S. A. On possible routes and cost of such a canal. 


LEAGUE OF AMERICAN WHEELMEN. Eleventh annual meet, Niagara 1890 


Falls, N. Y. August 25, 26, 27, 1890. Niagara Falls bicycle club. Pp. mee oF 
17-24. oa 


Wheelmen 
Niagara Falls. [Buffalo and N. Y.: Matthews, Northrup, 1890.] 1890 


Description of the Falls with quotations and illustrations. Gives also 


1239 


1890 


1891 


Newton 


1892 
Long 


1892 


Severance 


1893 
Hopkins 


1893 


Niagara Falls 


the cost of a visit, with various details as to the best time for the trip, length 
of stay and so forth. 


1891 


[NEWTON, SAMUEL B.] Niagara and Chautauqua. Compliments 
of Western New York and Pennsylvania railroad. Buffalo: Wenborne- 


Sumner. (1891.) 


A descriptive guide to the Falls containing numerous sketches and 
photographs interspersed with advertisements. 


1892 


Lonc, Exvias A. Niagara as it is. A complete guide. N. Y.: 
Rural pub. co. 1892. 


A systematic guide providing for the most economical and advantageous 
use of the visitor's time. Tours are suggested, descriptions, general 
information, anecdotes, ‘‘ impressions of visitors,’ with charts and views 
are given. 


[SEVERANCE, FRANK Haywarp.] A new guide to Niagara Falls 
and vicinity. . . . Chicago and N. Y.: Rand, McNally. 1892. 
Pp. 1-124. 

Gives an itinerary for the trip to the Falls, with descriptions of the 
scenery, history and other information. 


© 


1893 


Hopkins, G. M. Atlas of the vicinities of the city of Niagara Falls, 
North Tonawanda and Buffalo, N. Y. Phila.: 1893 c. 


Plates 3 and 5 show the Falls and islands. 


The Niagara book, a complete souvenir of Niagara Falls; containing 
sketches, stories and essays . . . by W. D. Howells, Mark Twain, 
Prof. Nathaniel S. Shaler, and others. Buffalo: Underhill and Nichols. 
1893. 


A book written to supply the lack of a “ good souvenir’ of Niagara 
Falls. It consists of “* original stories, sketches, and essays — descriptive, 
humorous, historical and scientific — dealing directly with Niagara Falls.” 


A new and revised edition in 1901. 
1240 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


Contents: 

Part I. Almy, F. What to see. Dunlap, O. E. Dramatic incidents. 1893 
Porter, P. A. ‘Historic Niagara. Shaler, N.S. The geology of Niagara Hopkins 
Falls. Day, D. F. The flora and fauna of Niagara Falls. Sellers, C. 
Utilization of Niagara’s power. 

Part I]. Twain, Mark. The first authentic mention of Niagara Falls. 
Howells, W. D. Niagara first and last. Martin, E. S. As it rushes by. 

Slicer, T. R. Famous visitors at Niagara Falls. 
Part III. Buffalo and the Pan-American Exposition. 


[SEVERANCE, FRANK Haywarp.] The Columbian year book. 1893 
Niagara Falls and Buffalo, N. Y. Pub. by J. C. Prescott, excursion Severance 
manager, Erie lines. Buffalo: 1893. 

Mostly advertising matter. Directions as to how to see Niagara, 
together with some statistics. 

1894 

New York‘central and Hudson river railroad company. What can] 1894 

see? and how much will it cost me in two days at Niagara Falls? . . . 


NewewIN. Y. Coand H.R: R. RR. Co. (1894.) 


Itinerary and other information for visit to the Falls. 


1895 
Michigan central railroad. Niagara Falls from different points of 1895 
view. Chicago: Knight Leonard and Co. 1895. 
Quotations, information, colored views. Altogether a very pretty little 


booklet. 


Niagara Falls park and river railway. Niagara River from the rapids 1895 
above the falls to Lake Ontario. (Buffalo: Matthews, Northrup. 1895.) 


1896 
DUNLAP, ORRIN E. The new steel arch bridge over Niagara Falls. 1896 
(Eng. news, Jan. 2, 1896. 35:13-14.) Dunlap 


“* One of the great engineering feats of the coming year.” 


LutTarpD, AuGuUsTE. Aux Etats-unis. Deuxiéme édition. Paris: 1896 
Société d’éditions scientifiques. N. Y.: Brentano. 1896. Pp. 196-205. Lutard 


The author tells us the purpose of his “* guide’ when he says: 

** Je me contenterai donc de décrire le Niagara tel que je l’ai vu en 
1894, c’est-a-dire depuis la création des nouveaux parcs, et depuis |’éstab- 
lissment du chemin de fer électrique . . . En un mot, je vais essayer 

1241 


1896 
Lutard 


1896 


1896 
Morse 


1896 


1896 
Paul 


1896 


1897 


1897 
Cutter 


Niagara Falls 


d’étre un Guide utile pour le voyageur francais qui sera tenté de visiter cette 
merveille qui vaut, a elle seule, le voyage en Amérique.” 


Michigan central railroad company. Niagara Falls in miniature. 


Chicago: Rand, McNally. 1896. 


A very neat little booklet, well illustrated, consisting for the most part 
of quotations from famous visitors and literary lights Anthony Trollope, 
J. M. Heredia, Edwin Arnold, James A. Garfield, J. J. Audobon, 
William Black, Lady Duffus Hardy, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Bayard 
Taylor, etc. 


Morse, Mrs. S. D. Greater Niagara. Tourist’s edition. Niagara 
Falls. 1896. 

*“‘Tts parks, its drives, its railways, its hotels; All the beauties of this 
great watering place an dhow to see them.” Points of interest, scenic and 
historical, are described. 


New York central railroad. Two days at Niagara Falls. Published 


by the passenger department of “‘America’s greatest railroad.” 1896. 


Paul’s dictionary of Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Tonawanda, and vicinity. 
Buffalo: Peter Paul Book Co. (1896.) Pp. 170-256. 

** This complete guide” to ‘‘ Niagara as it is”’ gives suggestions for 
tours, with accounts of the principal points of interest. Some impressions 
of travellers are given, and information concerning the geology of the 
district. 


Pen and sunlight sketches of scenery reached by the Grand trunk railway 
system and connections, with routes and rates for summer tours. 1896. 
Pp vi6—25) 

Dickens’s descriptions, together with information regarding access to the 
Falls and river. 


1897 


Across Niagara’s gorge. (Battle Creek, Mich.: W. C. Gage and 
Sons. 1897). (No title page, title taken from cover.) 


A small guide to Niagara. 


CUTTER’S guide to Niagara Falls, and adjacent points of interest. 
Cutter’s guide pub. co. 1897. 


Takes up not merely the usual scenic and historical material, but has two 
very good articles on the power development at the Falls. All phases are 
very well illustrated. 

1242 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 
Features of the Falls. (St. ry. rev., Oct. 1897. 7:644-646.) 


A description of the Falls and suggestions for visitors. 


Grand trunk railway system. (Gateways of tourist travel. Pen and 
camera pictures of scenery reached by the Grand trunk railroad system 


and connection. N. d. 1897. Pp. 9-16.) 


1898 


The new bridge at Niagara Falls as it looks now. (Illus. Am., Sept. 
23, 1898. 24:233.) 
1899 


The bridges of Niagara gorge. (Sci. Am., June 17, 1899. 80:296- 
297.) 

DUNLAP, ORRIN E. The romance of Niagara bridges. (Strand 
mag., Nov. 1899. 18:430-433.) 

No matter what caused the formation of the Niagara gorge, 
the fact remains that its existence has forced a wonderful demon- 
stration of man’s skill. “The romance of the Niagara Bridges is 
the most marvellous and interesting story of its kind in the history 
of the world. 

It is, indeed, a strange coincidence that as the current of the 
river cut its way through the canyon, it was separating what were 
to be sections of two nations — the river being the boundary 
between New York State and the Dominion of Canada — which 
were later to be brought into mutual rejoicing over the connection 
of the mighty cliffs by such a tender bond as that of a boy’s 
kite-string. 

In the early days, before the Niagara gorge had been spanned 
by a bridge, the only means of crossing was by a ferry operated 
close to the foot of the Falls — that great natural spectacle which 
has for centuries commanded the admiration of the people of the 
world. Then the Niagara locality was deemed quite a distance 
west, but ambitious man kept plunging still farther westward to 
open up the new country beyond. ‘The gorge of Niagara lay 
across the direct pathway. It was evident that this obstacle to 
travel must be overcome, and the necessary money was secured to 
construct a bridge. The style of structure decided upon was of 
the suspension type, and the site was at the point where the edges 

1243 


1897 


1897 


1898 


1899 


1899 


Dunlap 


1899 
Dunlap 


Niagara Falls 


of the cliffs were over 800 feet apart, and this right above where 
the terrible whirlpool rapids begin. . . . 

The success met with by the promoters and builders of the 
railway suspension bridge created a demand for a bridge two 
miles farther up stream, close to the Falls, where the scenic feature 
was more pronounced. After much opposition a charter was 
obtained, and in the winter of 1867-68 a rope was carried across 
the river at the site of the proposed new bridge on an ice bridge, 
and thus connection was made between the cliffs at this point for 
another structure which was to develop many interesting incidents 
in bridge destruction and bridge construction. ‘The bridge first 
built on this site was a wooden structure, opened tc the public on 
January 2nd, 1869. It was only about 10 ft. wide, and carriages 
were unable to pass one another on it. This led to long waits at 
either end, and no doubt many readers of this artic] > will remem- 
ber the long lines of carriages moving in one direciion across the 
bridge in caravan form, while many others were waiting for the 
line to pass in order that they might secure the right of way. Those 
were the days when the Niagara hackman was in his prime, and 
the locality had not been revolutionized by the electric trolley. 
In 1872 steel supplanted wood in the bottom chord, and in 1884 
the wooden towers, in which elevators were operated on the 
Canadian side, gave way to towers of steel. In October, 1887, 
the work of widening the bridge was commenced, and it was com- 
pleted June 13th, 1888, without any suspension of traffic. ‘This 
gave an entire new steel structure from bank to bank, with a span 
of 1,268 ft. As a suspension bridge, it was the admiration of 
all who visited Niagara, but it was doomed to an untimely fate. 

On the night of January 9-10th, 1889, the Niagara locality 
was visited by a terrific hurricane, and when daylight came in the 
morning not a single inch of the bridge proper remained, it having 
been torn away from the cliffs as though cut out by a knife, and 
the entire mass of steel lay bottom up in the gorge below. On the 
slopes of the bank on each side of the river the ends of the fallen 
mass were visible, while beneath the deep, silent waters of the 

1244 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


river the greater portion of the wreck was hidden, and there it 1899 
remains to this day. Dunlap 

While they mourned the loss of their bridge the controlling 
companies were equal to the occasion, and at once ordered it to be 
duplicated. This rebuilding of the bridge was a feat of surprising 
rapidity ; but as the iron-mills had all the patterns, the steel parts 
were quickly at hand. On March 22nd, 1889, the duplicate 
bridge was started, and on May 7th, 1889, it was opened for 
travel, thus accomplishing one of the most notable feats of bridge 
construction ever witnessed on the Niagara frontier. ‘This 
structure had a width of 17!/y feet, and when it was built the men 
behind it believed they were building for all time. 

Not so, however. In 1889 they little realized that the ensuing 
decade would bring forth such wonderful changes in the Niagara 
region as to demand a voluntary destruction of the handsome 
structure they had built, in order that it might give way to a more 
modern and a better bridge. But all this was to be and has now 
taken place. With the development of great units of electrical 
power at Niagara Falls there was a revolutionizing force of won- 
derful power set free. The horse-car lines of the region and 
other new roads were electrically equipped, and a new force. was 
set to work developing the Niagara surroundings. With the con- 
struction of electric roads on both sides of the gorge for scenic 
purposes there came a demand for international connection 
of the lines, in order that a belt-line trolley service might be 
operated about the gorge. The modern electric car is heavily 
weighted, and it was found that none of the bridges were sufh- 
ciently strong to furnish the required service. ‘This led to the 
determination to replace the upper and new suspension bridge with 
an all-metal arch. 

This arch was built in 1897-98, and has the distinction of 
being the greatest steel arch in the world. The abutments stand 
close to the water’s edge on both sides of the river, and the length 
of the main span between them is about 840 ft. This arch has 
but one floor, on which room has been provided for double tracks 

1245 


1899 
Dunlap 


1899 


1899 
Keyes 


1900 


1900 


1900 


1901 
Almy 


1901 
Cutter 


Niagara Falls 


for the electric car service, the road being the first international 
line between the United States and Canada. There is ample 
room for carriages, and walks are also provided for pedestrians. 
As the bridge practically stands nght in front of the Falls, a grand 
view of the cataract is obtainable. In the grace of its lines this 
arch is surpassingly beautiful, and is today classed as one of the 
wonderful things to be seen at Niagara. The method of erection 
was very similar to the arch first erected across the gorge, the 
suspension bridge being removed after the arch had been erected. 
It is the fourth bridge built on this site. 


Great gorge route. Niagara Falls and the Niagara gorge: being photo- 
graphs by C. D. Arnold and G. E. Curtis; with text explanatory of the 
views. Niagara Falls. 1899. 


Keyes, Monroe JAMES. Tourists’ illustrated guide book to the 
islands, peninsulas, and cities of Lake Erie and Niagara Falls. Bucyrus, 


O.: News pub. co. 1899. Pp. 78-79. 


Facilities indicated for quick trip. 


1900 


Passenger department of the Richelieu and Ontario navigation company. 


Official guide. 1900. From Niagara to the sea. ...N.p. Pp. 5-9. 


Rebuilding Niagara’s reservation bridges. (Sci. Am., Sept. 22, 1900. 
83:187.) 

An account of the construction of the concrete arch bridge between 
the mainland and Goat Island. 


Strengthening the cantilever bridge at Niagara. (Sci. Am., Oct. 20, 

1900. 83:249-250.) 
1801 

Amy, FREDERIC. What to see. (/n The Niagara book. N. Y.: 
Doubleday, Page and co. 1901. Pp. 3-28.) 

“A consecutive description for visitors’ taking up the various points 
of interest, scenic and historical, on both sides of the river, mapping out a 
program for one day at Niagara, and giving various statistics of interest. 


CuTTER, CHARLES. Pan-American, Buffalo and Niagara Falls: 
a picturesque souvenir. 190Ic. 


Some fine photographs of the Falls from various points of view. 
1246 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


DuNLAaP, ORRIN E. New concrete arch bridges at Niagara. (Sci. 1901 
Am., Nov. 23, 1901. 85:327.) Dunlap 


An article on the bridges which connect Goat Island with the mainland. 


Handbook to the Pan-American exposition, Buffalo and Niagara Falls. 1901 
Chicago: Rand, McNally. (1899-190Ic). Pp. 182-237. 


Michigan central railroad. General passenger department. Niagara 1901 


Falls. Chicago: Rand, McNally. 1901. 


A well-arranged guide — How to see Niagara. The cost of the trip 
is given with a description of the infinite variety of the scenery. There 
is some account of the geology of the Falls and quotations from both prose 
and poetry. The book is also illustrated. 


JUuDSON, WILLIAM PIERSON. History of the various projects, reports, 1901 
discussions and estimates for reaching the great lakes from tide-water, Judson 


1768-1901. N.p. N.d. Pp. 10-12. (1901.) 

A natural sequence of the many projects for canals of various 
sizes from the Hudson to Lake Ontario, was the consideration of 
a canal from Lake Ontario to Lake Erie, and projects for such a 
canal were made in connection with and closely following the 
ones already described. 

The first action was taken in 1798 when a company was char- 
tered by the State of New York to construct around Niagara 
Falls, a canal capable of passing boats of eighty tons; which canal 
was to be completed within ten years, but which was never begun. 
On the expiration of this term, the Legislature directed the Sur- 
veyor-General of the State of New York to explore a route for a 
canal from the Hudson to Lake Erie and under this direction 
James Geddes, C. E., made survey for a canal around Niagara 
Falls from Schlossers to Lewiston. The results of this survey 
were published under date of January 9, 1809, as a Senate reso- 
lution, in which it was stated that goods were taken from Lake 
Erie to Lake Ontario: by a 28-mile portage for which the charge 
was $10 per ton for the Niagara transfer only. 

In 1826 another and more accurate survey was made by private 
individuals, where the matter rested until 1835, when Captain 
William G. Williams, of the United States Topographical 

1247 


Niagara Falls 


Engineers was detailed to make survey for a ship canal to connect 
Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Surveys were then made of five 
different routes, the results of which are published in seven large 
sheets, with report and estimates showing a canal with 10 feet 
depth of water. These are published as Doc. 214, H. R. 24th 
Congress, Ist session, 1836. This matter was again published as 
H. R. No. 201, 24th Congress, 2nd session, 1837, and also again 
published as part of H. R. Rep. 1430, 51st Congress, Ist session, 
1890. 

No further action was taken until 1853 when surveys, maps 
and estimates for a canal with 14 feet depth of water were made 
under New York State Commission by Charles B. Stuart, C. E., 
and Edward W. Serrell, C. E. 

In 1863 President Lincoln appointed Charles B. Stuart, C. E., 
to make report and estimates for a gunboat canal of 12 feet depth 
and this report was published as H. R. Doc. No. 51, 38th Con- 
gress, Ist session, 1864. No action was taken until 1867, when 
surveys were made for the United States during that year by 
James S. Lawrence and Stephen S. Gooding, C. E. Six different 
lines were surveyed; three from Lewiston on the Niagara River, 
and three from Lake Ontaio; all being for a depth of 14 feet. 
These were published, with maps and profiles in report of the 
Chief of Engineers, U. S. A., pages 217 to 287, 1868, and again 
as part of H. R. Rep. 1430, 51st Congress, Ist session, 1890. 

In 1889 a revision of former estimates and surveys was made 
by Captain Carl F. Palfrey, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., for a 
21-foot canal on two routes from Lake Ontario to Niagara river. 
These were published, with profiles and estimates, in the annual 
report of the Chief of Engineers, U. S.. A., for 1889, at page 
2434. 

In 1889 a bill was introduced in Congress by Representative 
Sereno E. Payne as H. R. 582, 51st Congress, Ist session, under 
date of December | 8th, providing for a Commission to select one 
of these routes and appropriating $1,000,000 for construction 
upon it. No action was taken by Congress. 

1248 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


In 1890 a report, with maps, profiles, and revised estimates was 1901 
made by William Pierson Judson, M. Am. Soc. C. E., and was Je 
published as part of H. R. No. 283, 52nd Congress, Ist session, 
1892, and as part of Senate resolution of the 54th Congress, Ist 
session, 1896, and was also published separately under title of 
“From the West and Northwest to the Sea by Way of the 
Niagara Ship Canal.” These estimates were for two routes from 
Lake Ontario to Niagara River and for 21 feet depth of water. 

Reports were also made to Congress in 1890 by Representative 
Sereno E. Payne, and in 1892 by Representative C. A. Bentley, 
and in 1896 by Representative C. A. Chickering, and by Senator 
Calvin S. Brice, in each of which the commercial and engineering 
aspects of the case were fully presented and favorably discussed. 

In 1895, under Senate resolution 130, which became a law on 
March 2, 1895, the President, in November, 1895, appointed a 
United States Deep Waterways Commission, consisting of James 
Angell, John E. Russell and Lyman E. Cooley, M. Am. Soc. 
C. E. The report made to the Commission by Mr. Cooley con- 
tains a large amount of valuable information on this subject and 
is accompanied by profiles of all the routes, giving information 
not before published. The report of the Commission was pub- 
lished under date of 1897 as H. R. Doc. 192, 54th Congress, 
2nd session. 

In 1898 the United States Board of Engineers on Deep 
Waterways elsewhere referred to, caused Charles L. Harrison, 
M. Am. Soc. C. E., to make surveys and estimates for canals 
21 feet and 30 feet deep, connecting the waters of Lake Ontario 
and Lake Erie; the results of which surveys form a part of the 
report of this Board which was submitted to Congress on 
December 1, 1900. 

In 1900 the State Engineer of New York, Edward A. Bond, 
M. Am. Soc. C. E., caused estimates to be made for canals 
around Niagara Falls as a part of the barge canal project on the 
basis of 11 feet depth in the locks, and 12 feet depth in the water- 
ways as given in the report of 1901. 

79 1249 


1901 
Porter 


1901 
Rand- 
McNally 


1901 


Reid 


1902 
Bishop 


Niagara Falls 


PorTER, PETER A. Official guide. Niagara Falls, river, frontier; 
scenic, electric, historic, geologic, hydraulic. With illustrations by Charles 
D. Arnold. (Buffalo: The Matthews-Northrup Works. 1901.) 

A complete guide, covering every aspect of the subject. Accurate, 
interesting, well written, and with fine views. 


RaNnD-MCcNALLy. Hand-book to the Pan-American exposition, 
Buffalo and Niagara Falls . . . Chicago and N. Y.: Rand, McNally. 
(1901). Pp. 182-237. 

Tells the traveler how to get to the Falls, the expense of the trip, and 
suggests tours in the vicinity. Gives also something of the history of the 
Falls and a description of the scenery. 


Reip, RoBerT A. One hundred views of the Pan-American exposi- 
tion, Buffalo, and Niagara Falls . . . Buffalo. 1901. 


1902 

BisHoP, IrRviNG. The red book of Niagara. A comprehensive guide 
to the scientific, historical and scenic aspects of Niagara. For the use of 
travellers . . . Buffalo: 1902. 

An interesting and well-written guide describing the city of Niagara 
Falls, telling in detail how to see the Falls to best advantage, enabling the 
visitor, ‘‘ whether his tastes be for the scenic, the scientific or the historical, 
to see Niagara from his own point of view, with the minimum outlay of time 
and money."’ ‘The book gives a clear and concise account of the history, 
geology, power developments and industries at the Falls. It closes with a 
brief account of the fishing and hunting on the river, and differs from most 
guides in including a short list of references on the subjects treated. 


In 1861, Joel Robinson, with an engineer and assistant, piloted 
the Maid of the Mist, one of the earlier steamers of that name, 
through the rapids to Lewiston. The trip was accomplished in 
safety, although the boat suffered some injury. On August 28, 
1887, C. A. Perry of Suspension Bridge, N. Y., made the 
passage of the Rapids to the Whirlpool in a life-boat of special 
construction which he had himself made. R. W. Flack, of Syra- 
cuse, attempted the same feat in July following, but was drowned. 
A successful passage was made July 12, 1900, by Capt. Nissen 
of Chicago. His boat, “* The Fool Killer,” had a length of 24 
feet with a 4-foot beam and was provided with six air compart- 

1250 


Open Road — Guides — - Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


ments. His idea of the boat seems to have been a misnomer. 1902 
Several people have also safely passed through the rapids in strong Bishop 
casks built specially for the purpose. 

In July, 1883, Captain Matthew Webb, who had previously 
swum across the English channel, lost his life while attempting 
to swim the Rapids. His body was recovered a few days later 
at Lewiston. A Bostonian named Kendall, in 1886, managed 
by the aid of a life preserver, to get though alive, though much 
exhausted. 

Blondin came to Niagara in 1859 with his business manager, 
Harry Calcourt. He gave his first performances on a wire cable 
which was stretched across the Gorge from White’s Pleasure 
Ground, about where the car-sheds of the Gorge Road now 
stand. Ata subsequent exhibition, the cable was stretched across 
the Whirlpool Rapids, just north of the present Lower Arch 
Bridge. Among some of his feats were walking across the rope, 
chained hand and foot; making the passage in the evening; cross- 
ing with his feet encased in butter tubs; crossing without a 
balancing pole; carrying a cooking stove to the middle of the 
rope, where he stopped and cooked an omelette; turning hand- 
springs, standing on his head, or sitting down sideways on the rope 
two hundred feet above the water, and many other equally 
daring acts. His greatest exploit was performed in 1860, when 
he carried Calcourt across the Whirlpool Rapids on his back, 
in the presence of the Prince of Wales. Four times in the course 
of the trip Blondin stopped to rest, each time setting his burden 
down upon the rope and resuming it to continue his journey. 

Since Blondin’s day other rope-walkers have imitated his feats 
with more or less success. In 1873 Bellini crossed on a rope 
stretched from Prospect Park to the opposite side near the Ferry 
Road. Stephen successfully crossed on a wire rope above the old 
Suspension Bridge, in 1878, and also jumped from the wire to 
the water. Samuel Dixon also crossed on the same wire. 
Madame Spellerini and others have made the passage safely at 

1251 


1902 
Bishop 


Niagara Falls 


various times, but no one achieved the reputation attained by 
Blondin. 

On October 24, 1901, Mrs. Annie Edson Taylor passed over 
the Horseshoe Fall in a barrel and survived — a feat never before 
accomplished by anyone. ‘The barrel in which Mrs. Taylor 
made the trip was strongly built of oak and weighted at the lower 
end with an anvil weighing 100 pounds. An opening at the top 
large enough to admit the body was closed by a valve. The 
barrel containing Mrs. Taylor was towed by two men in a row- 
boat over to the Canadian channel and released. It passed over 
the Horseshoe Fall about 200 feet from Table Rock, and was 
recovered in an eddy near the Maid of the Mist landing on the 
Canadian side. Except for a cut upon the head and a few 
bruises Mrs. Taylor was uninjured. 


The principal fish caught with the hook in the Niagara River 
are yellow perch, yellow pike (the pike perch), blue pike, white, 
rock and black bass, and muskallonge. The best perch fishing 
begins about the middle of May and lasts until July. The fall 
run begins early in August and may continue till the middle of 
October, although the earlier part of the period is considered the 
best. Blue pike bite voraciously for a few days early in May, 
and are likely to be caught afterwards in fishing for perch. 
Yellow pike are readily caught either with bait or by “ chuggin,” 
from August | to September 15, although they may be taken in 
small numbers after May 1, especially with minnows. Black 
bass may be taken between June 16 and December 31. White 
bass may be taken in May on the American side of the river, 
but are protected on the Canadian side until later. Muskallonge 
are sparingly caught in Buffalo harbor and around Grand Island 
about June |, and in the latter region in August and September. 
Sturgeon are speared in the river below the Whirlpool in May. 
Eels are caught in great numbers below the Falls, where they 
sometimes crawl out among the wet stones in their endeavor to 
pass up the river. 

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Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


The best places for fishing in the lower river are at Lewiston or 1902 
Queenston and at Youngstown. Bishop 

Above the Falls perch and rock ‘ah fishing may be had at 
Schlosser’s dock and at La Salle. . . . The fish do not run 
as large here as at Lewiston, but the fisherman is reasonably sure 
of a fair catch in the proper season. At Buffalo there is much 
fishing at the Ferry Street dock but the fish are small and few. 
Yellow pike and blue pike are caught during August in the early 
evening on the breakwater above Ferry Street. . 

Duck hunting is good along the river in many places. Favorite 
spots for this sport are the upper reach of the Niagara where it 
leaves Lake Erie, in the vicinity of Grand Island, and between 
Grand Island and the head of the rapids. In the autumn of 
1900 ducks were quite numerous between the Upper Arch 
Bridge and the Falls. During the winter they frequent the open 
water above the rapids, where they are shot in large numbers. 

Michigan central railroad company. Niagara Falls. Chicago. 1902. 1902 


1903 
American library association, twenty-fifth annual conference. Niagara 1903 
Falls, June 22-27, 1903. Buffalo: Matthews, Northrup and Co. 1903. 
A handsome booklet, well written and illustrated. Contains a history 
of the Falls and reservation together with an account of power development 
on the river. 
1904 
American institute of homeopathy. Sixtieth annual conference. Niagara 1904 


Falls. June 20-25, 1904. 


Deals with the scenic, historical and industrial aspects. 


BurK’s guide of Niagara Falls: directions as suggested by a resident. 1904 


Niagara Falls: C. E. Burk. 1904. Burk 
1906 
SEVERANCE, FRANK Haywarp. The story of Joncaire, his life and 4996 
times on the Niagara. Buffalo. 1906. Passim. Severance 


The following chapters are portions of an extended study,’ as 
yet unpublished, of the operations of the French on the Lower 


1 Published in 1917 under the title An Old Frontier of France,” 2 vol. 
1253 


1906 


Severance 


Niagara Falls 


Lakes, with special reference to the history of the Niagara region. 
The sources from which the narrative is drawn are almost wholly 
documentary, both printed and in manuscript. The most impor- 
tant printed sources are the “ London Documents,” and “ Paris 
Documents,” which constitute volumes five and nine of the 
‘Documents relative to the Colonial History of the State of New 
York.” . . . Some examination of the manuscripts themselves 
has been made in various depositaries, especially the Public 
Record Office and the British Museum in London, the Canadian 
Archives Office at Ottawa, and in the manuscripts office of the 
New York State Library, at Albany. Some facts have been 
gleaned from the Provincial Records of Pennsylvania. . . . 
With the exception of the short but precious “Histoire du 
Canada ” of the Abbé de Belmont; the “ Histoire de |’ Amerique 
septentrionale”” of De Bacqueville de la Potherie (Paris 1722) ; 
the works of Charlevoix and one or two other chroniclers who 
were contemporary with the events of which they wrote, the fol- 
lowing narrative is based entirely on the documents themselves. 
In June, Alphonse de Toaty left Montreal for Detroit, at 
which post he had been granted the privilege of trade, on condi- 
tion that he would confine his operations to the jurisdiction of 
Detroit, nor send goods for sale to distant tribes. In crossing 
Lake Ontario, on his way to Niagara, he met nine canoes, all 
going to Albany to trade. Three were from Mackinac, three 
from Detroit and three from Saginaw. Tonty endeavored to 
head off this prospective trade for the English and succeeded so 
well, heightening his arguments by substantial presents, that they 
all agreed not to go to Albany, but to go with him to Detroit. 
Two days later, when this imposing flotilla was within six miles 
of Niagara, they fell in with seventeen canoes, full of Indians and 
peltries. In reply to his inquiries, these also admitted that they 
were going to Albany to trade, though they added that they were 
coming to Detroit afterwards. ‘Tonty was equal to the emer- 
gency. Inspired by self-interest as well as loyalty to his govern- 
ment, “he induced them also to abandon their design, by the 


1254 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


promise that the price of merchandise at Detroit should be 1906 
diminished, and he would also give them some brandy.” There 5*¥et@"°* 
followed a judicious distribution of this potent commodity. 

One is tempted to conjure up the scene. Here were twenty-six 
laden canoes, not counting Tonty’s own boats. They had come 
long journeys from remote and widely separated points, and their 
one objective point was the Englishman’s trading place on the 
Hudson. But no sooner do they come under the blandishments 
of the Frenchman, and scent the aroma of his brandy-kegs, than 
these long-cherished plans so arduously followed, are thrown to 
the winds. ‘They beach their canoes at or near the point of 
Niagara. A cask of liquor is broached, and Tonty permits the 
thirsty savages “to buy two or three quarts of brandy each, to 
take to their villages. But they first agreed that it should be care- 
fully distributed by a trusty person.” 

In spite of these reassuring precautions, the transaction seems 
somewhat to have burdened his mind, for he thought it well to 
explain that “ he hoped the council would not disapprove of what 
he had done, nor of the continuance of the same course, as he 
had no other intention than merely to hinder the savages from 
going to the English.” 

He succeeded fairly well in that purpose. After the distribu- 
tion of brandy, they all reembarked, seven of the canoes promising 
to go to Montreal. ‘Tonty sent back with them his trusty inter- 
preter, L’Oranger, to keep them from changing their minds as 
they paddled down the lake. “* He was only able to conduct six 
of them to Montreal; the seventh escaped and went to Orange.” 

Meanwhile ten canoes joined the commandant’s own retinue; 
all paddled swiftly up the Niagara to the old landing, made the 
toilsome portage around the falls and pushed on together for 
Detroit, where they arrived July 3d. It was a typical move in 
the game that was being played, and France had gained the 
point. 

This expedition was notable for its use of the Niagara route. 
Only a few years before we find Vaudreuil explaining to the 


1255 


1906 


Severance 


Niagara Falls 


Minister that he dispatched the Sieur de Lignery to Mackinac, 
and Louvigny to Detroit, by the Ottawa-river route, because the 
Senecas had warned him that a band of Foxes lay in wait fot 
plunder at the Niagara portage, or on Lake Erie.’ If this were 
not duplicity on the part of the Senecas, it shows that war parties 
from the West foraged as far east as the Niagara; notwithstand- 
ing the supposed jealousy with which the Senecas guarded it. 
One of the first legislative acts passed under Burnet had aimed 
to put a stop to the direct trade between the English and the 
French. It had long been the custom for Albany traders to carry 
English-made goods to Montreal, while selling them to the 
French, who in turn traded them to the Indians. The English 
could supply certain articles which were more to the savage taste 
than those sent over from France; and they could afford to sell 
them at a lower price. Having stopped the peddling to the 
French Governor Burnet made strong efforts to draw the far 
Western Indians to Albany for trade direct with them. In these 
efforts he was fairly successful. Bands of strange savages from 
Mackinac and beyond, accompanied by the squaws and papooses, 
presented themselves at Albany, where their kind had never been 
seen before. "They had come down Lake Huron, past the French 
at Detroit, and through Lake Erie; and paddling down the swift 
reaches of the navigable Niagara had made the portage, reem- 
barking below the heights and at the very doorway of the French 
trading-house; with some interchange, no doubt of jeers and 
imprecations, but none of furs for the French goods; and follow- 


ing the historic highways for canoes they skirted the Ontario 


* Vaudreuil to the Minister, Oct. 15, 1712. In a subsequent letter, 
Nov. 6, 1712, Vaudreuil speaks of the band of Otagamis (i. e. 
Outagamis, otherwise Foxes or Sacs), led by one Vonnere, who lay in 
wait at the Niagara portage, so that an expedition for Detroit led by 
M. de Vincennes was sent by the Ottawa River route, “‘ not only to avoid 
those savages, but to prevent the convoy from being pillaged by the 
Troquois,”” etc. The name “‘ Vonnere’’ is found elsewhere in the more 
probable form “* Le Tonnerre,”’ i. e. ‘* Thunderbolt.” 

1256 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


shore to the Oswego, then passed up that river, through Oneida 1906 
Lake and down the Mohawk until they could Jay their bundles 5*¥"""°* 
of beaver skins before the English, on the strand at Albany. 

This was, indeed, a triumph of trade. They spoke a language 
which the traders there had never heard, but they brought many 
packs of furs; and, with perhaps, a double interpretation, the 
business sped to the entire satisfaction of the English. These 
people came in various bands; about twenty hunters, in the spring 
of 1722; and in the spring of 1723, over eighty, besides their 
numerous train of women and children; with sundry other parties 
following. They traveled over 1,200 miles to get to Albany. 


There developed in England at this time a considerable outcry 
against the monopoly enjoyed by the Hudson’s Bay Company; 
and an ingenious advocacy of free trade in North American fur- 
gathering. . . . Arthur Dobbs, who combined with the 
natural British hostility to the French a bitterly critical attitude 
towards the Hudson’s Bay Company, set forth at length in his 
book views which no doubt met the approval of many of the 
British public of his day. Curiously enough, one of his strongest 
arguments was based on a map-maker’s blunder. On the large 
map which accompanies his work, the Great Lakes are shown, 
with “the great fall of Niagara’’ properly indicated at the outlet 
of “Conti or Errie Lake.” The whole region of the Lakes is 
shown, as accurately on the whole as on many another map, up 
to that time; but running into Lake Erie, a few miles south of the 
present site of Buffalo, the unknown geographer had added a 
stream of considerable size, and named it “ Conde River.”’ Its 
real prototype, in the annals of earlier explorers, may have been 
the Cattaraugus or Eighteen-Mile Creek; but here we have it, 
shown unduly large, as the only stream entering Lake Erie, its 
head-waters coming from vague mountains to the southeast. 

Contemplating this stream, and the exigencies of the fur trade 
in the region, Mr. Dobbs saw a great opportunity for the British, 
““ by forming a Settlement on the River Conde, which is navigable 

. 1257 


1906 


Severance 


Niagara Falls 


into the Lake Errie, which is within a small distance of our 
Colonies of Pennsylvania and Maryland, and being above the 
great Fall of Niagara, and in the neighborhood of the Iroquese, 
who are at present a Barrier against the French, and a sufficient 
protection to our Fort and trading House at Oswaga, in their 
Country upon the Lake Frontenac, who by that Trade have 
secured the Friendship of all the Nations around the Lakes of 
Huron and Errie. We should from thence, in a little Time, 
secure the navigation of these great and fine Lakes, and passing to 
the southward, at the same time, from Hudson’s Bay to the Upper 
Lake, and Lake of Hurons, we should cut off the Communication 
betwixt their Colonies of Canada and Mississippi, and secure the 
Inland Trade of all that vast Continent.” Further on we have 
more details, heal and imagined, of our region: “* The Streight 
above Niagara at the Lake is about a League wide. From this to 
the River Conde is 20 Leagues South-west; this River runs from 
the S. E. and is navigable for 60 Leagues without any Cataracts 
or Falls; and the Natives say, that from it to a River which falls 
into the Ocean, is a Land Carriage of only one League. This 
must be either the Susquehanna or Powtomack, which fall into 
the Bay of Chisapeak.”’ He further argues the wisdom of mak- 
ing a settlement on this wonderful river Conde, of building proper 
vessels there to navigate these lakes, so that “‘ we might gain the 
whole Navigation and Inland Trade of Furs, etc., from the 
French, the Fall of Niagara being a sufficient Barrier betwixt us 
and the French of Canada,” etc. It was alleged that the British 
Government might easily induce colonists from Switzerland and 
Germany “‘to strengthen our settlements upon this River and 
Lake Erie.” Another suggestion was that disbanded British 
troops be sent on half pay to Lake Erie, where they would “* make 
good our possessions, which would be a fine retreat to our Sol- 
diers, who can’t so easily, after being disbanded, bring themselves 
again to hard Labour, after being so long disused to it.” The 
more Mr. Dobbs dwelt upon it the more important this particular 
project appeared. ‘The French were to be cut off from com- 
1258 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


munication with the Mississippi; Canada was to be “ made insig- 
nificant for the French.” The entire free trade of North America 
was to fall into the hands of the English. And finally, with a 
burst of sentiment which recalls the devout aspirations of the 
French missionaries, but is an anomaly in the plans of British 
traders, he exclaims: ‘“‘ How glorious would it be for us at the 
same time to civilize so many Nations, and improve so large and 
spacious a country! by communicating our Constitution and Lib- 
erties, both civil and religious, to such immense Numbers, whose 
Happiness and Pleasure would increase, at the same Time that 
an Increase of Wealth and Power would be added to Britain.” * 


To the period we are now considering, belongs — if it belongs 
to history at all —the Niagara visit of the Sieur C. Le Beau, 
““avocat en parlement,’ romancer and adventurer at large. 
According to his own testimony, this young man, a native of 
Rochelle, went to Paris in 1729, and in the same year was drawn 
from his legal studies into a voyage to Canada. Shipwrecked in 
the St. Lawrence, he arrived at Quebec, in sad plight, June 18, 
1729. He found employment as a clerk in the fur business 
(“bureau du castor”) where he continued, making his home 
with the Recollect Fathers, for more than a year. He ran away 
from sober pursuits, in March, 1731 . . . and under sufficiently 
fantastic conditions. He was accompanied, with other Indians, by 
his mistress, an Abenaki maiden, with whom he had exchanged 
clothes. He had resorted to this and other disguise to avoid 
arrest by the French as a deserter. A long story is made of his 
encounter with soldiers from Fort Niagara, and of his final sanc- 
tuary in Seneca villages. He says that letters were received from 
Montreal, by the commandant at Fort Niagara, ordering his 
arrest, if he appeared in the neighborhood. 

Needless to say, no mention of Le Beau is found in the official 
correspondence. His book has for the most part the air of truth; 


1See “An account of the Countries adjoining to Hudson’s Bay,” 
etc., by Arthur Dobbs. Lond, 1744. 
1259 


1906 


Severance 


1906 


Severance 


1907 


1907 


1909 
Buffalo 
Historical 
Society 


1909 
Severance 


Niagara Falls 


he is precise with his dates, and in his account of Indian customs 
shows much accurate knowledge. Among the things that tell 
against him are his allusions to a Jesuit priest, Father Cirene, 
among the Mohawks; but this name is not found in all the Rela- 
tions of the order. His account of Niagara Falls is dubious; he 
says they are 600 feet high. This is La Hontan’s figure of many 
years before. Le Beau has much to say of La Hontan and his 
misrepresentations, but the indications are that he accepted one of 
that gay officer’s wildest exaggerations, and that he may never 
have seen Niagara at all. He probably came to Canada, and 
had some experience among the Indians; and when he wrote his 
book, chose to so enlarge upon what he had really seen and experi- 
enced, still holding to a thread of fact, that the result has little 
interest as fiction, and no value whatever as history. 


1907 
Niagara, and how to see it. Meetings of the S, A. F. and O. H. 
1907. Pp. 33-34. 
Rebridging Niagara. (Harp. w., July 31, 1907. 41:756—762.) 


With special reference to the new upper steel arch bridge just below the 
Falls. 
1909 


BuFFALO HisToricAL Society. Publications. Vol. XIII. 1909. 
(See index for references to Niagara ship canal and effect of opening of 
Erie canal on the Niagara portage.) 


SEVERANCE, FRANK Haywarpb. Historical sketch of the board of 
trade, the merchants exchange, and the chamber of commerce of Buffalo. 


(Pub. Buff. hist. soc. 1909. 13:311-313.) 

Opposition to the Niagara ship canal. 

On one subject which came up time and again, championed by 
many boards of trade and individuals, both in and out of Con- 
gress, the Buffalo Board of Trade was uniformly and consistently 
obdurate. That was the Niagara Ship Canal. Ship canals 
around the falls had been proposed in very early days; and advo- 
cated, after surveys and elaborate reports, from 1835, at intervals 
through nearly four decades. In December, 1871, a Niagara 

1260 


AywustA ayy ul saa4y uo Aeids uazo1y ayy Jo yaya ayy Buimoys 


VUVOVIN LY ANIOG YAILNIAY VW 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


Ship Canal convention was held at Detroit. The Buffalo Board 1909 
of Trade did not send delegates, but prepared instead an able °°v"@" 
argument against the proposed construction. ‘This argument, in 
printed form, was laid before the convention. ‘The Buffalo 
Board, while expressing a deep interest in all feasible projects for 
cheapening transportation, pronounced the Niagara Ship Canal 
unnecessary and useless in the attainment of that object. It pro- 
tested against any Federal appropriation therefor, holding that the 
national finances did not warrant such an outlay, and — an even 
stronger argument — that if built, the canal would benefit foreign 
commerce at the expense of our own. It claimed that the true 
solution of the question which the Detroit convention had under 
discussion, was the improvement of the Erie Canal, and the 
cheapening of transportation from the West by that route. 

The outcome of the convention, in view of the wide attention 
which it attracted, and the heat which marked its deliberations, 
suggests the “ridiculous mouse” of old AXsop. Resolutions 
were adopted asking ‘* Representatives in Congress to do all in 
their power to procure an appropriation’’ to build the canal. 
Nothing followed; and although the Niagara Ship Canal scheme 
is almost perennial in its cheerful reappearance, it is apparently as 
far from realization as it was in 1871, 1863, or 1835. 


Symons, THomas W. The United States government and the New 1909 
York state canals. (Pub. Buff. hist. soc. 1909. 13:131-133.) Symons 


An account of federal action on a canal around Niagara Falls. 


1910 
FERNALD, FREDERICK ATHERTON. The index guide to Buffalo and 1902 
Niagara Falls . . . Buffalo, N. Y.: F. A. Fernald. 1910. Fernald 


Arranged on the dictionary or encyclopedia plan. Excellent articles 
on the Falls, the town and its industries, and all points of interest, scenic 
and historical, with several views. 


1913 
CUMBERLAND, BaRLow. A century of sail and steam on the Niagara 1913 


river. Toronto. 1913. Pp. 31-32; 99-101; 121; 169. Cumberland 
, 1261 


1913 
Cumberland 


Niagara Falls 


Though devoted to the history of the Niagara river ports and especially 
to the rise of the Niagara Navigation Company, this volume incidentally 
contains interesting material, here and there, on travel conditions to, from 


and around the Falls. 


The “ Railroad Cars” were those of the “ Buffalo and Niagara 
Falls Railroad ’’ opened in 1836, then running two trains a day 
each way between Buffalo and the Falls, leaving Buffalo at nine 
in the morning and five in the afternoon. Manchester was the 
name of the town laid out in the neighborhood of the Falls, where 
from the abundance of water power it was expected a great manu- 
facturing centre would be established. 

An advertisement in a later year (1844) mentions the steamer 
“Emerald” to “ leave Buffalo at 9 a. m. for Chippawa, arrive 
by cars at Queenston for steamer for Toronto, Oswego, Rochester, 
Kingston and Montreal.” 

The “cars” at Queenston were those of a horse railroad which 
had been constructed along the main road from Chippawa to 
Queenston, of which some traces still remain. The rails were long 
wooden sleepers faced with strap iron. 


It was in this season of 1878 that the converging railways in 
the districts spreading from the south and southwest towards 
Buffalo, began a system of huge excursions for three days to 
Niagara Falls and return, on special trains both ways, and at 
rates for the round trip not far from, and often less, than single 
fare. Most of these separate railways have since been merged into 
some one or other of the main Trunk Lines, but then they were 
independent and each sending in its quota on its own account to 
make up a * Through Special.” ‘The most successful excursions 
of these were the series which came every week from the then 
Wabash District, from Indiana and the southwest, and were 
known as the “ Friendly Hand” excursions. The name arose 
from a special trade mark which appeared in all the Wabash 
folders and announcements, of an outstretched hand with the 
thumb and fingers spread, on each of which was shown the line 


1262 


jo See ee 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


and principal stations of each one of the contributing railways 
that fed their excursions into the main stem. ‘The excursionists 
were energetic, and although the “ Falls ’’ was the focus of their 
route, we induced large numbers of them to cross over to Toronto. 
A prevailing slogan was: 


** One day to Falls, 
One day to stay, 


Next day Toronto 
And then * get away.’””’ 

In those early days, before the ‘‘ Park Commissioners ”’ on both 
sides of the river had taken public possession of the surroundings, 
there were few places at the Falls from which either the river or 
the rapids could be seen without paying a fee. The proprietors of 
these places issued tickets in little books, containing coupons for 
admittance to all, or to a selection, of these “points of interest,” 
and put them all in the hands of the managers of the excursions. 
The advertisement ‘‘ dodgers” announced: 


Special Inducement for this Excursion to the Falls 
Suspension Bridge and Return.. 25c. 


Pe Replay’ Prices for Prospect) barks seins, Ueaalariinesce: 25¢. 
Ane Are Gallery \uedign eho tues ae, 25¢. 
ron are:te Museum and Operators....... 50c. 
Garden of Living Animals..... 25¢. 


One ticket purchased on the train for $1.00 
Admits the Holder to all these regular prices. 


A good round commission on these sales was a helpful “‘ find” 
or “side cut”’ to the energetic young railway men who personally 
accompanied these excursions, through their trains, on the way 
to the Falls, carrying large satchels with their selections of 
“Points of Interest’ and other tickets, and answering the multi- 
tude of enquiries made by their tourist patrons. An extension 
ticket to “Toronto and Return” was a pleasant addition to 
their wares, and a satisfactory introduction to us. . . 


1263 


1913 
Cumberland 


1913 
Cumberland 


1914 


1916 
Person 


Canal Board 


Niagara Falls 


Under the hill there can be discerned beneath the shadow of 
the Height the old road leading up from the lower level of the 
dock to the upper level upon which, what is left of the Town of 
Queenston stands. It is marked and scarred with the ruts of 
many decades and full of memories. Upon these slopes the 
Indian made his way to the waterside at the Chippewa creek. 
Here came the trappers with their bales of furs brought down 
from the far North-West. Here came the vovageur traders of 
France with beads and gew-gaws for barter with the Indians, and 
later the English with blankets and firearms. 

In the earliest days two portages were available, one on each 
side of the river, but during the French period and for long, long 
after the one on the east side from Lewiston was mainly used, its 
terminus at Lake Erie being called Petite Niagara as distinctive 
from the great Fort Niagara at its lower end. 


1914 
Greater Buffalo and Niagara frontier. Commercial and industrial . . . 
Publicity committee of the Buffalo chamber of commerce. 1914. 
“* Some pertinent facts regarding industrial Niagara Falls.” 


1916 

Person, C. W. Over the whirlpool by aerial cable. (Sci. Am., 
March 25, 1916. 114:330.) 

A description with illustrations of an aerial scenic railway recently con- 
structed over the whirlpool at Niagara. 

The following titles contain no information in their imprints which makes 
it possible to assign even an approximate date for the publication. Under 
these circumstances it seemed best to list these together at the close of this 
chapter, with no attempt at a chronological arrangement for them. 


No Date 
CANAL Boarp. Proceedings. Report of the canal board on the 
Niagara ship canal. 
Advocates enlarging the Erie canal in place of building a new and rival 
route around the Falls. 


(The) Falls of Niagara depicted by pen and camera. Buffalo and 
N. Y.: Matthews, Northrup and Co. N.d. 
1264 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


A handsome book. The views are fine and the descriptions of the 
Falls are taken from those of various literary lights and famous visitors. 


Grand trunk railway system. Across Niagara’s gorge. (Battle Creek, 
Mich. N.d.) 


A neat little booklet, beautifully illustrated, designed to serve as a 
souvenir of the steel arch bridge and of the Falls. 


Guide to Niagara Falls. Niagara Falls: Niagara Falls Gazette. 
N.d. 


Hooker, SAMUEL. (Handbill advertising himself as guide to Niagara 
Falls.) Buffalo. N.d. 


A list of minerals to be found at the Falls together with the specimens 
of animals and Indian antiquities to be seen there. 


Michigan central railroad. Niagara Falls from many points of view. 


Chicago: Knight Leonard and Co. N.d. 


Impressions of visitors and information for visitors. 


New York central and Hudson river railroad company. “Two days at 


Niagara Falls. (Four track ser. No. 9.) N.d. 


Descriptive guide giving quotations and views. 


New York central and Hudson river railroad, passenger department. 
Health and pleasure on “‘America’s greatest railroad.’’ (Four track 


series.) Pp. 159-162. 

Niagara in summer and winter. No imprint. 

Niagara (photographic views). No imprint. 

(The) Niagara river from the rapids above the Falls to Lake Ontario. 
Buffalo and N. Y.: Matthews, Northrup and Co. N.d. 

Advertisement of the Niagara Falls Park and River Railway showing 
the advantages accruing to the tourist from using the route in question. 

(The) North American tourist. N. Y.: Goodrich. N.d. Pp. 
85-92. 

Descriptions of the various points of interest together with the best 


possible positions from which to view them. 


Pocket guide to Niagara Falls. The complete illustrated guide to 
Niagara Falls and vicinity. No imprint. 


80 1265 


Niagara Falls 


SUMMARY 


In no phase of Niagara literature is a more complete change 
in conditions portrayed than in the writings cited in this chapter. 
To this generation, accustomed to the comforts of rapid transit, 
the accounts of horse-back and stage-coach trips of many miles 
to view the greatest natural wonder of this continent are most 
interesting. The earliest accounts dealing especially with the 
conditions of travel to the Falls are largely written from the point 
of view of possible trade with the district and contain information 
concerning roads and portage. The narrative of T. C. published 
in the Portfolio in 1810 is especially valuable for its accurate and 
clear account of the country traversed, the conditions of agricul- 
ture and trade, and the characteristics of the surrounding country 
and people. 

Early in the nineteenth century the trip to the Falls became 
fashionable not only for European visitors, but also for the 
well-to-do class of our own country. ‘This period gives us a 
number of personal reminisences taken from letters and diaries. 
The growing popularity of the trip also brought forth the publi- 
cation of guide books describing the various routes to the Falls, 
and the sights to be seen there. From these early days of the 
nineteenth century down to the present time, the publication of 
guides to Niagara has been steady and continuous. In the earlier 
accounts we find mention of the trip by boat from one side of 
the river to the other, and in later years the descriptions of the 
bridges in accordance with the rapidly developing science of 
engineermg. We also find interesting accounts of the first steam- 
boats on the river, and the first railroads, with information about 
the beginnings and progress of the Niagara excursion movement. 

The Niagara ship canal project was also productive of much 
writing in the shape of legislative documents, petitions of citizens, 
discussion of the engineers and boards of trade and the like. 
Along with the economic development of Niagara has arisen a 
species of advertising literature, some of it giving valuable 

1266 


Open Road — Guides — Railroads — Canals — Bridges 


information regarding the cataract in conjunction with its details 
of power, situation, railroads, and accessibility. 

It seems appropriate that after the gathering together of the 
description and discussions of Niagara comprised in the preced- 
ing chapters of this book, the work should close with those 
accounts which picture for us the difficulties and hardships 
encountered by early visitors to this great wonder of our world, 
the gradual improvement of travel conditions with the advance 
of science and transportation facilities, until now the opened road 
has made Niagara a universal goal for travellers. 


1267 


PART OF THE AMERICAN FALL 
From the foot of the Stair Case 
Painted by H. (sic) J. Bennett (1831?) 

Engraved by J. Hill Published by Henry I. Megarey, New York 


“~ 
a 


ALPHABETICAL LIST 
Bibliography 
Explanation of Signs and Abbreviations 


When the name of the author has been unobtainable the title has been 
put in according to the initial letter of the first word, excluding the article, 
which is put in parentheses at the end of the title. If published under 
initials and the name of the author cannot be determined it has been placed 
in the order of the first letter of the initials. Brackets indicate material 
which has been supplied by the author for the purpose of filling out names, 
titles or words. Parentheses indicate material supplied by the author so 
as to make the information conveyed in the title more complete. They 
are also used to indicate the fact that the article or work indicated in the 
title appears in a periodical or collection of other material. Where na 
place or no date of publication is given it has been impossible to determine 
the same. ‘The large Roman numerals at the extreme end of the title 
indicate the chapter of the Anthology in which a selection from the work 
is to be found. 


A. N. C. Poem. (/n Rolph, Thomas, A brief account together with 
observations, made during a visit in the West Indies, and a tour through 
the United States of America, in parts of the years, 1832—33; together 
with a statistical account of Upper Canada. Dundas, N. C.: Hackstaff, 


SIBLa 12 oo PSE) RS 2 See Ae aCe ee VII 
Abbott, Arthur Vaughan. Industrial Niagara. (R. of R., Sept. 
Dia Yrs reste I Outta et cere luls lao wm leudew ig rare cbets Xx 
Abboti, Lyman. Niagara Falls in harness. (Outl., Nov. 16, 1895. 
be Ne ee Ma rae eae loo eh usta a at c/avare Neha, bole ia ao Reta x 


Abdy, Edward Street. Journal of a residence and tour in the United 
States of North America, from April, 1833, to October, 1834. Lond.: 
JobuelViurrays MGo5:))) W286=294 5 6 os aes cheer Sdrc go hee eas XI 

Abercromby, Ralph. Seas and skies in many latitudes; or, Wander- 
ings in search of weather. Lond.: Stanford. 1888. Pp. 19-22. .IV 

Accurate map of the English colonies (An) in North America 
bordering on the river Ohio. 8 x 9'4. (Jn the Universal mag. Lond. : 
| Re UEC TL EMD SY” 3 [HAR Saar cg IX 

Acetylene searchlights proposed for Niagara Falls. (W. elec. July 
10, 1897. g21 :22.) 


1269 


Niagara Falls 


Across Niagara’s gorge. [Battle Creek, Mich.: W. C. Gage and 
Sons. (1897)] (No title page, title taken from cover.)...... XII 

Adams, Alton D. The American and Canadian channels of Niagara 
Falls. (Elec. rev. Nov. 11, 1905. 47:739-742.) 

The destruction of Niagara Falls. (Cass., Mar. 1905. 27: 


AD SAT eae a Tn aes LUA NO a Uy a ae a XI 
—— Diversion of water from Niagara. (Elec. wld. & eng., Apr. 28, 
1906). 1 47567528762) oh ce ope Sake ci ee ele lean eee ene XI 
—— How to save Niagara Falls. (Tech. wld. Oct. 1905. 4: 
KOTETG 72) aus ac Bact aie Sucka coveted Ghetto Nee ae rena XI 
—— Niagara Falls already ruined. (Tech. wld., Apr., 1906. 5: 
VEST LAZY seal aa Whine ashen) BS: eee a Ge XI 
— Niagara power at Goat Island. (Sci. Am. Apr. 15, 1905. 
OD DOO Wei c Sicmc orld esd erie lat caile th a RIOR ale unt al ceases te ee ean xX 
—— Pipe line power in Niagara gorge. (Cass., Dec. 1905. 29: 
Cen ET Ma ee peg TAN Mie MMO ARAN x 
—- Power sites about Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am., Aug. 26, 1905. 
D3 1 DDE)! i falta at iota ela ala phlei etna sate ate ae oine tear he cena ae eee xX 
— Proposed dam for Lake Ere. (Sci. Am., Feb. 10, 1906. 
OB NDT you's aia gle Ga ital wlelealloloulles at ain eer ele OLE Cee Ee x 
—— Recession of Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am., Sept. 2, 1905. 93: 
hs) Wie RDO eeaen mane nnrt nr MAN ier AMINO EY ARIAL ay aN ser VII 
——  Uilizing the power of the Niagara rapids. (Eng. mag., June, 
19052); (2938 TA98 72) oe eo ciepe te col ke els jevasee chs vee Cane ca xX 
—— Wheel pits and tunnels for Niagara power. (Elec. rev. May 
20,5) 1905." 46605 BOO et sie re isha s aver ake ore ees netes ieee e eeu xX 
Adams, John Quincy. [Speech on Niagara Falls.] (Jn A souvenir 
of Niagara.’ (Buffalo: Sage.” 11664. oF. 120.) 24. eee IV 
Additional Niagara power for Buffalo. (W. elec. Dec. 4, 1897. 
Zi 3d): 


Aesthetic versus the economic value of the Falls (The). 
(Sci. Am. sup., July 7, 1906. 62:25506~-25507.) 

Agassiz, Garnault. Niagara — the “Mighty Thunderer.” A 
reprint from the National magazine for September, 1912......... xX 

Agassiz, Louis. Lake Superior; its physical character, vegetation, and 
animals, compared with those of other and similar regions. With a 
narrative of the tour by J. Elliot Cabot. ... Bost.: Gould, Kendall 
and; Lmncaln’ 1850.84 P py 22 0 tee ar ee ee VI 

Age of Niagara (The), (Pub. opin., Oct. 29, 1896. 21:560.). VII 

[A review of Spencer’s * Duration of Niagara Falls.”] (Geog. 

jours: (Lond):): Feb. 1895.) 5 122217352). ee ee ee VII 

1270 


Alphabetical List 


Age of Niagara (The), (Nature, Nov. 1898. 59:16.)...... VII 
Alberger, F. A. Speech on the Niagara ship canal bill, before the 
house of assembly, March 20, 1872. Albany: Weed, Parsons and 
METI err ee Pi x Brats shatelaiw cw aids een ea ate es XII 
Album of the Table Rock, Niagara Falls, and sketches of the Falls 
and scenery adjacent. Buffalo: Jewett, Thomas. 1848........ XII 
Alec-Tweedie, Mrs. E. America as I] saw it; or, America revisited. 
heey pviacmillan. ©1913; Ppt 347=356. 6s a ccd ec vee IV 
Alexander, James Edward, Captain. Transatlantic sketches, 
comprising visits to the most interesting scenes in North and South 
America, and the West Indies. Lond.: Richard Bentley. 1833. 2: 
LEC] STIG) He ie Sa CITT RECURS SEAL 8 AE alana pend a a III and VII 
(Alexander, J. S.) Wonders of the west, or a day at the Falls of 
Niagara, in 1825. A poem, by a Canadian. N. Y.: 1825....VIII 
Alida; or, Miscellaneous sketches of incidents during the late American 
war founded on fact. With poems. By an unknown author. 3d. ed. 
rev. & imp. N. Y.: Printed for the author. 1841. Pp. 183- 
EU ope SERINE TAC oats: Sine apy Meade SUIS. Re Se pen See VIII 
Allard, Carl. Recentissima novi orbis, sive Americae Septentrionalis 
et Meridionalis tabula. (Jn his Atlas minor. . . . Amstelo-dami. 


Exvoticina Carol, Allard. [1696]. No. 138.) e208) 2. csks IX 
Allen, H. T. Allen’s illustrated guide to Niagara; revised and pub- 
lehedpyelt. oL s Allen.” Duftalo:. [681i ): eos. 8 oi as 6 ald XII 


Allen, Stephen M. Address on the occasion of the opening of navi- 
gation to Niagara Falls, July 4, 1857. Niagara Falls: Pool and 
SER PIE Ta MM Ne RRR ated on acl: sap rans efic fants: o: Lek abe NENG Swe aula) heed XII 

Allis, Almon Trask. Uncle Alvin at Niagara. (Jn his Uncle Alvin 
at home and abroad. Hbornellsville. 1895. Pp. 112-134.).. VIII 

Almy, Frederic. What to see. (/n The Niagara book. N. Y.: 
Doubleday ace angio. 1901.) (Pp. 3-283)... oo ol 2 eae « XII 

Along the Niagara-Toronto transmission line. (Elec. wld. & 
eng. Sept. 16, 1905. 46:470-481.) 

Aluminum as a conductor of electricity. (Jour. soc. chem. ind., 
Jan. 30, 1897. 16:73.) 

Aluminum company of America. (Harp. w., June 14, 1913. 
Bod ADEE MEMO Hin Lhthe sade’ oct b\e clcvat metus. oieed's eng hendnns xX 

American civic association. The impending destruction of Niagara 
Falls. Statement submitted to President Roosevelt. . . . Phila.: 
1905. 

Beemer IN FT a aga or [Eh OES fea) xcc sky Sw Gidea halves oe ae BON XI 


Niagara Falls 


American Civic Association. A Niagara emergency message for 
instant consideration by every member of the American civic association. 


DHarrisburgy 909 Ye SS a SR Re eu ent ae XI 
—— _ [Preservation of Niagara Falls] (Clipping sheet, 2d ser., no. 
62 Apee hOB SO08) cut he ihn Cee Apia eae ate etme a XI 


Preservation of Niagara Falls: memorandum submitted on behalf 
of the people of the United States, at the hearing held Nov. 26, 1906, 
before the Hon. W. H. Taft, secretary of war, in the matter of the 
admission of electric power generated in Canada from the water of the 
Niagara ‘River? JR906) bce HGR ee ee See eee XI 

American Gazetteer (The). Containing a distinct account of the 
New World . . . Lond.: A. Millar and J. and R. Tonson. 1762. 
Wt TB oi ap Eee eis a hha ae Abe a i A a V 

American guide-book (The); being a hand-book for tourists and 
travellers through every part of the United States. . . . Phila.: 


George S. Appleton. 1846. Pt. 1, Pp. 145-156........... XII 
American institute of homecpathy. Sixtieth annual conference. 
Niagara Falls. June'20=25) 1904w os oii erage aie game XII 


American library association. Twenty-fifth annual conference. 


Niagara Falls, June 22-27, 1903. Buffalo: Matthews Northrup 


Tito (Go am Bol Obs UmINeR US enone I ManE STA UAT MM MRL Ce ME EAL ie NA ae XII 
American sketches, by a native of the United States. Lond: John 
Mitler..; (Pip, 2 332249 yo ea ee reals os REO ae ITI 
Ampere, Jean Jacques Antoine. Promenade an Amérique . ‘ 
Paris: Michel Lévy freres.. 1855.) 121622170. 52.40.00. oe. IV 
Andrews, William C. How Niagara has been “* harnessed.”” (R. of 
Rey June: 19017232 6942697 ee Mee kn en tes oe ee x 
Annotated time table of the tour through Canada of their Royal 
Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York : 
October;  N9O: Hayes OE, RRO Pe wes i en ee ae cr IV 
Annual register . . . of the year 1759. 4th ed. Lond.: 
Je Dodsley. )) VZ165.). Le B25 % aiceryes sens let aera ne ge V 


Another development of Niagara power planned. (Elec. wld. 
Jan. 14, 1899. 33:49.) 

Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d’. Amérique Septen- 
trionale. 1746. (Jn his Atlas général. 1727-80. No. 10.)...1X 

—— America Septentrionalis a domino d’Anville in Galliis edita nunc 
in Anglia coloniis in interiorem Virginiam deductis nec non fluvii 
Ohio cursu austa notio geographicis et historicis illustrata sumptibus 
Homannianorum Heredum Noribergae ao 1756.............-. IX 

1272 


Alphabetical List 


Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d’. Canada, Louisiane et 
terres Angloises. (/n his Atlas général. 1727-80, No. 32.)...1X 
North America, from the French of mr. D’Anville. Improved 
with the back settlements of Virginia and course of Ohio. ; 
(In Jefferys, Thomas, The natural and civil history of the French 
dominion in North and South America. Lond.: 1760. Pt. I. Opp. 
vi, UPS EOL ela hake aa CS SR Se SOA 8 iO Bs ao igre IX 
—— North America. From the French of mr. d’Anville. Improved 
with the back settlements of Virginia and the course of the Ohio. 
Illustrated with geographical and historical remarks. (/n Jefferys, 
Thomas, A general topography of North America and the West Indies. 

. . Lond.: Printed for Robert Sayer and Thos. Jefferys. 
1768. IGP e ees heehee ic ia ayartiny oe cle plies, GIRL eel a site Yar 1X 
—— North America from the French of mr. D’Anville. Improved with 
the English surveys made since the Peace. 1763. (Jn Mills, David, 
A report on the boundaries of Ontario. Toronto: 1873.)....... IX 
—— A particular map of the American lakes, rivers, etc. Par le Sr. 
d’Anville de l’Academie R’le des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres et de 
celle des Sciences de Petersbourg. Secretaire de M’gr. le Duc 
d’Orleans. Lond.: Drawn and engraved for John Harrison, June 25, 
1790. (Grosvenor library. Buffalo, N. Y. Maps, historical and 
PMIEEC AMEOUSe ws NOs G2: ) sus esi ce bie are Meus ersueterateleramera eve siecle IX 
Anzi, Conte Aurelio Delgi. Nuova Francia e Luigiana, 834x111. 
(In Zani, Valerio, Il genio vagante. Biblioteca curiosa di cento a 
piu relazioni di viaggi [etc.] raccolta dal signor conte Aurelio delgi 
Anzi, (pseud.) Parma per I. & F. M. Rosati, 1691-1693. Pt. 2. 
[chi pores ic 2 Ree: A ie RS ht Oa rR ne SAE atc Pg a ed IX 
Appleton’s new and complete United States guide book for travellers. 
N. Y.: D. Appleton and Co. Phila.: Geo. S. Appleton. 1850. 


Fema PT eee mec castrate or yk utente hiatal Chatea: Ekta a alse XI 
Railroad and steamboat companion. N,. Y.: D. Appleton and 

Co. Phila.: Geo. S. Appleton. 1847. Pp. 185-193........ XII 
Appleton, Thomas Gold. Goat Island, Niagara. (Jn his Faded 
Jeaves.; poste. troperts) bros. «1672. P33.) $2025. aed VIII 
Niagara. (Jn his Faded leaves. Bost.: Roberts Bros. 1872. 

er on a rater a Se cl ealtten este esd cre wischia a epee eek aa ie VIII 


Application of Niagara power to the work of the Inter- 
national Traction Co. (The). (St. ry. jour. Feb. 3, 1900. 
16:103-109.) 

Applications of the Niagara power. (Eng. news, Aug. 1, 1895. 
34:64.) 

1273 


Niagara Falls 


“Aquarius.” Thoughts at Niagara. (Knick mag. Sept. 1843. 
QP NOS FOG). is cle eRe SI thy ta) Lad a ae) Re ME 
Archaelogia Americana. (Worcester, Mass.: 1820. 1:67—68.). .I 
Archer, J . Niagara Falls. As seen from below. Painted by Wall. 
6 x 914. (Jn Hinton, J. H., ed., History and topography of the 
United States. New ed. Boston: Samuel Walker. 1834. 1: 
OPD: FAG): He ee yeveuel hee AL! Woercallgwsinalia et abetted ot alae kesy SMe ct Came a nea Em IX 
Arfwedson, Carl David. The United States and Canada in 1832, 
1833, and 1834. Lond.: Richard Bentley. 1834. 2:312-326. .III 
Argyll, Duke of. First impressions of the new world. (Lit. liv. age, 


Jan..'3! 1880.)) 14423640 ae ey a IV 
Arnold, Sir Edwin. Seas and lands. N. Y.: Longmans, Green. 
POST) Pip ae ie I NS is 8 ara ee ae IV 
Arnot, Raymond H. The industries of Niagara Falls. (Pop. sci. 
Oct; 1908.) 732306316 yo eas pve iis eyelet ates Gene eee xX 


Art on Niagara Falls; quotes description of Horatio Gates Strafford, 
in his gazetteer of New York of 1824, at length. Albany. 1842. 
Pp. 289-291. 

Articles of incorporation, together with the by-laws of the Niagara 
Falls water power co., as amended April 11, 1857, N. Y. Baker 


and’ Goodwins, | f VES 7 ya icis lusts wie Gia ot ede Re ae ne rae penne peas x 
Atkins, Barton. The river Niagara: descriptive and historical. Pan- 
American edition: Buffalo: 1899 ojo ie unease eee eee V 
Attempt to save Niagara (The). (Cent. April, 1885. [new ser. 
TB 26D AAO D DY) colle care ve a aheheh es smite ele weit ele Lae eae neon 
Aubert, F. Transport de force par I’électricité des chutes du Niagara a 
Buffalo. (Le Genre civil. July 24, 1897. 31:201-202.)..... xX 


Audubon, John James. Audubon and his journals, by Maria R. 
Audubon; with notes by Elliott Coues. N. Y.: Scribner. 1897. 


Ze2ZBOo 268) Ne oe. atta tas aia ky cy Nas ULB ene a VI 
—— Ornithological biography. Edin.: Adam Black. 1831. 1:362- 
BS Ea 8 0 LSU cola Nd ga ut ter eRe EL UM te ate gc RCL NAS VI 
Austin, Henry. Niagara. (Indep, Nov. 29, 1900. 52: 
11.01 37 Eat HARON OU EASA AL TNO SUM Die ad ME URI Con NAN NUM) Ch VIII 


Avary, Harper L. Niagara as a dynamo. (Illus. Am. Dec. 26, 
1896. 21:7-8.) 


Babcock, James Staunton. Niagara. (Jn his Visions and voices. 


Flartford: Fant: 1849. (Pp ts (2132) ks oe eee VIII 
Baclé, L. Lutilisation de la force hydraulique des chutes du Niagara. 
(Le Genre civil. Sept. 24, 1892. 21:342-345.)............ xX 


1274 


Alphabetical List 


Bacon, Ezekiel. Aegri Somnia; recreations of a sick room. N. Y.: 
ENE NAA Sy) ee, POS SEOT eo kc cic cules See nies da ves VII 


Baird, Robert. Impressions and expressions of the West Indies and 


North America in 1849. Edinb. and Lond.: Blackwood and Sons. 


Peete POS dee ee We watt a ars, 2 Cle. «bo asda mala Boe es ne IV 
Baker, Naaman R. An ode to Niagara. (J/n his Constancy and other 
PEST IVICHIVIGEDIS:: POO Ai SE tA Os ii dicts urdu Rivard ole) area ete VIII 


Bakewell, Robert, Jr. Observations on the Falls of Niagara, with 
reference to the changes which have taken place and are now in progress. 


Craeipub Sek LOST 4) 2 3tB IO) cw kde e tis misao oe Bowes VII 
Observations on the whirlpool and the rapids below the Falls of 
Niagaras, (Am. jour. sci: 2d ser, 1847. 4:25-36.)......... VII 


On the Falls of Niagara and on the physical structure of the 
adjacent country. (Loudon’s mag. of nat. hist. Jan,. 1830. 3:117- 


TRIE err NR a es CARON NL cl aoa sg) Glavele a. we aeeishand © VII 
Ballou, Maturin M. Footprints of travels; or, Journeyings in many 
Pee OSts Vint seh Fat be 2.0. 0) crates cates ee tebe oveleiec a tats IV 
Ballou, William Hosea. Niagara river. (Sci. Am. sup. Jan. |, 
Pee NOPD OFO ie haat. chins haleladarakarelatele ¥ a0 6ieln obs VII 
[Bamburgh, William Cushing]. Niagara Falls from uncommon 
pots. of view. N. Y.: Phoenix art pub.:co. »1893...5.2....46. IX 


Banks, George Linneaus ed. Blondin, his life and performances. 
Lond.: Routledge, Warne and Routledge. 1862. Pp. 32-41. 
Barber, John W. and Howe, Henry. Historical collections of the 
State of. New York. N. Y.: S. Tuttle.’ 1841. - Pp. 352-357. 2... V 
Barham, William. Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various 
travellers: with original additions. Gravesend: n. d. Pp. 102-105; 
DE Peary I A a UR MAR woe ge agian Merah Seo! 2 ele abe XII 
Barhite, John A. Report to the constitutional convention of the sub- 
committee of the committee on legislative powers relative to the diversion 
of the waters of Niagara. (Ann. rept’s of the com’rs of the state 
Teselv.at Niavarae | Albany: 1895. 11: 61-73.) 2.2.2.6... XI 
Barker, George. The redemption of Niagara.— Views near the 
Cataract.— From photographs and sketches by George Barker, Niagara 
Falls. (Harp. w., July 18, 1885, 29: 460-461, 466.)........ XI 
Barlow, Jool. The Columbiad. Lond.: 1809. P.29....... VII 
Barlow, John R. John’s trip; or, A visit to Niagara Falls. A serio- 
comic poem in four cantos. Niagara Falls: William Pool. 1871. VIII 


1275 


Niagara Falls 


Barlow, John Richard. The maiden of the mist; an Indian legend of 
Niagara: (origin of the great paintings the Red man’s fact and the 
White man’s fancy.) Niagara Falls, N. Y.: Niagara Courier Press. 
ho 6 1c IRAN eaters SD Bre ONT Sa RECON ici ugk eRe IY Ly VIII 

Barlow, Peter W. Concluding observations and deductions on the 
Niagara bridge. (Jour. Frank. inst. Mar., 1861. 71:160-165.) . XII 

Observations on the Niagara bridge. (Jour. Frank. inst. Jan. 


Ken DERN Al Gs He VAR) BACON eC Un ED Metal wiht ih. XII 
Observations on the Niagara railway suspension bridge. (Jour. 

Frank: inst Feb., fOOL: "is tr 2oe—2 36-) + ee econ ree XII 
On the mechanism of bridges. (Jour. Frank. inst. Feb., 1861. 

TI OIF D5) er ataiais: & ie eheie ate aee CRETE A ee one reee er Ta eae XII 
Barlow, W.H. The upward jets of Niagara. (Jour. Frank. inst., 
Oct, TS772 1042 275-297.) 28 RR dey ie ee ae VII 


Barralet, John James (del.) Lawson (sculpt.) View of the Falls 
of Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara 
Faller) POO 7 SVS 7 IV ERENT MD) tO) ae Ny eave eke rea eae IX 

Bartlett, W. H. The Horse Shoe Fall, Niagara — with the tower. 
7x4!'4. (Jn American scenery. From drawings by W. H. Bartlett. 
The literary department by N. P. Willis. Lond.: G. Virtue. 1840. 
| eats F720) eae ana AME hee rn eee Mam Fr yl oS YORU Kh Day IX 

The landing on the American side. (Falls of Niagara.) 7 x 434. 

(In American scenery. From drawings by W. H. Bartlett. The 

literary department by N. P. Willis. Lond.: G. Virtue. 1840. 

RES Yaa) MRO ey ier Meee CMe RR UN nUS MOHAN E Nets) atu aii Oa NE Ad TIS Li: IX 

Niagara Falls. (From near Clifton house. )—- Chutes de Niagara 

vues prés de Clifton house.-— Der wasserfall Niagara vom Cliftonchen 

hotel gesehen. 7x 414. (Jn American scenery. From drawings by 

W. H. Bartlett. The literary department by N. P. Willis. Lond.: 

GeMVartues SAG 4.) cis cis ence 6 ele mic kane ance ee rene ea IX 

Niagara Falls from the ferry. 7 x 414. (/n American scenery. 

From drawings by W. H. Bartlett. The literary department by W. P. 

Wialliss, Lond .2\Gs Virtue) (O40) 0 12 An) eae ise ease era IX 

Niagara Falls. (From the top of the ladder on the American 

side.) 714 x 434. (Jn American scenery. From drawings by W. H. 

Bartlett. The literary department by N. P. Willis. Lond.: G. Virtue. 

PG4O) De he pos 8 Chey Bee NAL Rae so 0 REN ph Leech CU ee cer IX 

The rapids above the Falls of Niagara. 7x44. (Jn American 

scenery. From drawings by W. H. Bartlett. The literary department 

by’ N..P) Willis. ond:="G)) Virtues, 164057 16). IX 


1276 


Alphabetical List 


Bartlett, William H. Views of Niagara Falls. (Grosvenor library, 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 13, 
cuit og yore: Lee ce Ra OS RO Pe cn Rn IX 

Barton, Benjamin Smith. Description of the Falls of Niagara. 
(Phila. med. and phy. jour. Phila.: J. Conrad and Co. 1804. 
Bee We oa Pde eet) aa eselie, Giulio aie SIMs Syeda Ue! m ave 6s aha sieeve’ s Vil 

Barton, James L. Address on the early reminiscences of western New 
York and the lake region of country. Delivered before the Young 
men’s association of Buffale, February 16, 1848. Buffalo: Jewett, 
‘thomas and Go, 1648; -Pp.. 15—1'8), 61-64. ios ec. ok XII 

Barton, Philip P. Niagara Falls power. ‘The organization of the 
operating department of the Niagara Falls power company. (Cass. 
Te Md eR PST OOD Meare. .isbcereie ia cle tedie teics'er'e tae. ee Sole! xX 

Bartram, John. Observations on the inhabitants, climate, soil, rivers, 
productions, animals, and other matters worthy of notice. Made by Mr. 
John Bartram, in his travels from Pensilvania to Onondago, Oswego and 
Lake Ontario, in Canada. To which is annex’d, a curious account of 
the cataracts at Niagara. By Peter Kalm . . . Lond.: Whiston and 
White. 1751. Pp. 79-94. 

Bates, Katharine Lee. The song of Niagara. (Can. mag. May, 


NEmEDR EN PT le praliet uh ict oa ters Sitvete aloe. ManGeen er ona Ra e cee” rated es: 3% VIII 
Bauer, W.C. Niagara in winter and Niagara in summer........ IX 
Baxter, W. E. America and the Americans. Lond.: George Rutledge 

ANAT COSMO I DE pe LL I-LLOS salenaisonshahenatelerst at hale @ « IV and VI 
Beardsley, Levi. Jeminiscences. .. N. Y.: C. Vinten. 1852. 

ere ee Lec a age As jane he eiSomte (te codes Pata RG ME tae rar eile ake Bae V 


Beaurain, Chr. de. Carte de |’Amerique Sept’le pour servir 4 l’intelli- 
gence de la guerre entre les Anglois et les Insurgents Dediée 4 Mer. de 
Sartine, Ministre de la Marine par M. le Chr. de Beaurain. Geographe 


dusionrenconupensionnawes: “W277. <i aigsis dD otee os cw be he's IX 
Beauty of Niagara and its power, (The). (Elec. rev., June 27, 
SUS aren temO Ge ens Sop. a's SA oars C aicle Ubi Sa seared se ese XI 


Beck, Adam. The public interest in the Niagara Falls power supply; 
speech in the Legislature, May, 1905. Embodying the views of the 
government of Ontario. Toronto: Cameron. 1905. 


Beck, Raphael. Niagara Falls. (Painting.)............0-- IX 
Beers, J. H. History of the Great Lakes. Chicago: Beers. 1899. 
Die he Pere Pe Gk hae SN ate ee oe yw OOS V 
Begg, Mary Millar. Niagara. (Jn her My mother’s marriage ring 
and other poems. Glasgow: Bryce. 1893. P. 100.)...... VIII 


1277 


Niagara Falls 


Behrend, B. A. A new large generator for Niagara Falls. (Trans. 
Am. inst. elec. engrs., Atlantic City, July 1, 1908. 27, pt. 2:1057- 
HOGB2) Fee MER Gr ne bie e Gaklanat em elena 2 erat oh ace eee ae xX 

Bell, Louis. Two aspects of ‘‘ Conservation”’ and the Niagara power 
situation. (Metal. & chem. eng. Nov., 1912. 10:714.) 

Bellin, N Carte de |’Amérique Septentrionale. 1743. (Jn 
Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de, Histoire de la Nouvelle France. 
A Paris:\Chez Nyon fils... 174425 TdF sont) sai ai syepeiooe acta IX 

Carte de |’Amérique Septentrionale. 1743. (Jn Charlevoix, 

Pierre Francois Xavier de, History and general description of New 

France, ed. by J. G. Shea. N. Y.: Harper. 1900. 1:100.)..IX 

Carte de l’ocean occidental et Partie de |’Amerique Septentrionale. 

1744. (Un Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de, Histoire de la Nou- 

velle France. A Paris: Chez Nyon fils. 1744. Vol. III, Front.) . .1X 

Carte de la Louisiane, cours du Mississipi et pais voisins. Dediée 

a M. le Comte de Maurepas, Ministre et Secretaire d’etat Commandeur 

des Ordres du Roy. Par N. Bellin. Ingenieur de la Marine. 1744.1X 

Carte de la Louisiane, cours ou Mississipi et pays voisins. 1744. 

(In Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de, Histoire de la Nouvelle 

France. A Paris: Chez Nyon fils. 1744. Vol. II. Front.)....IX 

Carte de la Louisiane cours du Mississipi et pais voisins. 1744. 

(In Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de, History and general 


description of New France, ed. by J. G. Shea. N. Y.: Harper. 1900. 


34k Ih 1) NSN rm ine UMMA UT VR Rva TINA oc Shag Sha MAAR her 80 IX 
——— Carte des cing grands lacs du Canada. (Jn his Le petit atlas 
maritime 30 PZ GAG Oy a ne os ae IX 


Carte des lacs du Canada. (Jn Charlevoix, Pierre Francois 
Xavier de, Histoire de la Nouvelle France. A Paris: Chez Nyon 
fils) A744) | Si 20 O27 7) Ud seripokyece dh ene ee ae IX 

—— Karte des abendlaendischen weltmeeres, und eines theils von dem 
mitternaecheigen America: gezeichnet zum nahern verstandniss der im jahr 
1720 gethanen reise des ehrw: vaters de Charlevoix priesters der gesell- 
schafft Jesu, in die lander Canada, Louisiana und San Domingo: durch 
N. Bellin. 1744. 814 x 1414. (In Schroter, Johann Friedrich, 
Allgemeine geschichte der lander und vélker von America. Nebst einer 
vorrede Siegmund Jacob Baumgartens.— (anon) Halle: J. J. Gebauer. 
L753. (ZEA 7S Wee ee A CMU ein a ee hn ean a aaa IX 

—— La nouvelle France ou Canada. (Jn his Le petit atlas maritime. 
Receuil de cartes et plans des quatre parties du monde. Par le S. 


Bellia. 17645)! Voki TNs} yew enya Sa ree IX 
1278 


Alphabetical List 


Belt, Thomas .. . Niagara: glacial and post-glacial phenomena. 


(Quarterly jour. sci. Lond.: April, 1875. Pp. 135-156.)...... VII 
Bennett, W. C. Snatched from Niagara. (Belgravia. Midsummer 
PVN s NOS CEsD. GU—97e ) nla: wie e's bis d's sieved eae ae VIII 
Bennett, W. J. View of the American Fall. Published by Megarey. 
Mare ayia, es SPE ee a ets ala oo 'of asta Sindh: «ox veinsel dc) a sym, aio dee lena IX 


—— Part of the American Fall. Published by Megarey. (1831?) .IX 
—— View of the Bntish Fall. Published by Megarey. (18312) .IX 
Part of the British Fall. Published by Megarey. (1831?) .IX 
Benwell, J. An Englishman's travels in America, with observations. 

ont, sCroodWit WehOD Se) pe GIA wi olela hy a deub eo wieceve eee a 0, IV 
Bernard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar Eisenach. Travels through 

North America, during the years 1825 and 1826. Phila.: Carey, 


Meme ance Caregen Oe Gn A D7 Os. oc esis oi ee cit oie 6 oroiere eo 5.0 5 III 
Bernard, J. F. Le cours de fleuve Missisipi, selon les relations les plus 
modernes. Amsterdam: chez J. F. Bernard. 1737........... IX 
Berry, C. B. The other side: how it struck us. Lond.: Griffith and 
Sarees diese Oy By ore 1 C0 is 1S Eo XI 
Bianchi, Alberto G. Los Estados Unidos. Descripciones de Viaje. 
Editor, N. Lugo Vina. Mexico. 1887. Pp. 146-158........ IV 


Biart, Lucien. A travers |’Amérique, nouvelles et recits . . . Paris: 
Bibliothéque du Magasin des Demoiselles. 1876. Pp. 89-94...IV 
Bickersteth, M. Extract from “ Japan as we saw it.” (Ann. rep’t 
of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany. 1895. 
DUPRE men ee See REIL LE BOR, Che RCN SSE as OS ea ole V 
Bickford, E. L. T. Harris. The Falls of Niagara. (Jn his Gold — 
the god and other poems. Camborne: author. n.d. Pp. 113- 


LEER es a SSA ee Ba ee OE VIII 
Biddle, Horace P. Niagara. (Jn his Poems. N. Y.: Riverside 
Bierce ae 7) sei cha ated ard lle He, stlote sate eie eA raacare VIII 


Bierstadt, E American Falls from Goat Island. (Grosvenor 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. 
PUT EAG MNS NCPR ee RC J 5e, Ons cota hj s1a avokcgieie & Sig Grouse eS. oer s eataveraly s IX 

“‘ Big Falls” (The). (Once a wk. July 19, 1873. 29:50.)...V 

Big power station at Niagara Falls. (W. elec. Dec. 18, 1897. 
21: 342.). 

Bigelow, Timothy. Journal of a tour to Niagara Falls in the year 
1805. Bost.: John Wilson and Son. 1876. Pp. 56-68...... III 

Bigney, M. F. Visit of the sunbeams to the Falls of Niagara. (J/n his 
The forest pilgrims, and other poems. New Orleans: Gresham. 1867. 
Ee ee en es ote tccale Fo Sc atid pee be 5 VIII 

1279 


Niagara Falls 


Bigot, Charles. De Paris au Niagara: Journal de voyage d’une 
delegation. Paris: A. Dupret, editeur. 1887. Pp. 140-156. .XI 
Bigsby, John J. The shoe and canoe . . . Lond.: Chapman and 


Plalls 185 Oo Zeb B oe cues Me ARE eae ee IV 
[Bill for the preservation of Niagara Falls, The.] (Eng. 
news. Janec7 (906i) (552642) Oc ken ccna etre nee ee XI 


Billardon de Sauvigny, Edme Louis.  Hirza, ou Les Illinois, 
tragédie. Représentée, pour la premiere fois, par les comediens ordi- 
naires du Roi, le mercredi 27 Mai 1767. Paris: La veuve Duchesne. 
HIVES ORUBY a ovis P=: Aarne NO Ps OLR DE Rub TEE Se TI sti 6 VIII 

Bingley, William. ‘Travels in North America, from modern writers. 
With remarks and observations, exhibiting a connected view of the 
geography and present state of that quarter of the globe. Designed for 
the use of young persons. Lond.: 1821. Pp. 37—40.......... V 

Birch, T. Falls of Niagara from the American ladder. (Grosvenor 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 
BED ROSS TIL 2) et is Ri ER RR a aa IX 

Bird, James. Francis Abbot; the recluse of Niagara, and metropolitan 
sketches. 2d ser. Lond.: Baldwin and Cradock. 1837. Pp. 
BS oars aol bNete park la dhick oh ee ale Haale Fetes cgi ae are aa aT a Waal ae a VIII 

Birdseye view of Niagara Falls and surrounding country. 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697- 
1G 75! NEABATIB.) circ tees aut tele Uh eB ACM ea IX 

Birkinbine, Jchn. Proposed water-power improvement in the gorge 


of the Niagara River, New York. (Proc. engrs. club, Phila., Jan., 


1G9 9. TO 3B 45 hissed sikuicaes cata er Be a ucebenaneegn  enyeneties Cea ete Belp Steaua xX 
Birkinbine plan for utilizing Niagara gorge power (The). 
(Elec.ieng:: Nei YuiFieb! 91899) oe OAS eee eee xX 


Bishop, Irving. The red book of Niagara. A comprehensive guide to 
the scientific, historical and scenic aspects of Niagara. For the use of 
travellers’. 2 4 /Buftalose TOO 2 Nhe hc cit mone eel nea XII 

Blackwell, E. R. and Allen, Z. On the volume of the Niagara river, 
as deduced from measurements made in 1841 by Mr. E. R. Blackwell 
and calculated by Z. Allen. (Am. jour. sci., (Oct.-Dec., 1843) 46: 


G77 Bie aes other ta RN AVORUO LL cue NMae NA) NOH CULLES Neath SOS nea aa VII 
Blake, Henry T. Ode to Niagara Falls. (Jour. Am. hist. Jan., 
1907.0) ST APA a alia Re NCR MgC ey rec gee ee VIII 
Blanchard, Amy Ella. A loyal lass, a story of the Niagara campaign 
of 1814. Boston & Chicago: W. A. Wilde Co. (1902)..... VIII 


1280 


Alphabetical List 


Blanchard, Frank Leroy. Niagara power at Buffalo. (Harp. w., 
SPT Ge SD 7 ahs ils DOO LOM pris isl slaie ele: 6.6 Shorvivun eleleleie.w eee xX 


Blane, William Newnham. An excursion through the United States 
and Canada during the years 1822-1823. Lond.: Baldwin, Crad- 
dock and Joy. 1824. Pp. 393-406, III; also pp. 405-406...VI 

Blouet, A (del.) General view of the Falls taken from the 
PEAR ANOTE eT CE Hintiy id cic to eres tes heh Walle e's ie eieleaidie eens IX 

—— View of the central fall taken from Goat Island. (Print.)..IX 

—-—— View of the great Horseshoe Fall taken from Goat Island. 


GED ISUS) teat ae GL Cg NOT SCAT Loh Ma Ala oN ie ange CR IX 
View of the passage under the great Horseshoe Fall taken from 
thersnore onthe \Ganaaga side. ’CP rink). oo fis dies bee's 9s ee oss IX 
Vue de la chute de Schlosser prise de la rive de l’etat de New 

BYrGr Ke Hie CET TintS Peer & (et RUT Gi thes fol wile to es eilereile elie: aie eee IX 
Blume, Justice Jarvis. Across Niagara on a man’s back. No 
RMD SHEE MEIN CEM ear raN e are ctertr keys cieaic evel eieig iow e@ls ess le 81 Ve 


Boddam-—Whetham, J. W. See Whetham, J. W. Boddam. 


Bodenstedt, Frederick. Niagara. (See Michigan Central Railroad 
Company. From city to surf . . . Chicago: Rand, McNally. 1888. 
Pov) fe eo) RAEI OR AEP ARIES SHR PT OU RU an VIII 

—— Niagara. (/n Ott, Adolph and Palmer, Hans, Nordamerika. 
Vereinigte staaten von Amerika . . . Bern: Rydegger und Baumgart. 
HISTS 8 BAGGY RS BRR ORT RR RDN ELD Be ae ea VIII 

Bodmer, Charles. View of Niagara Falls. (Jn his Atlas of eighty- 
one plates to accompany Wied-Neuwied, M. A. P. von Prinz. Travels 
in the interior of North America. Lond.: Ackermann & Co. 1843. 
| ELEN ZOSIN Gy Be 2 a ent ara ee aa ee IX 

Boehmio, August Gottlieb. Americae mappa generalis secundum 
legitimas projectionis stereographicae regulas relationesque recentissimas 
et observationes socioru acad, reg. sequae Parisiis est aliorumque 
auctorum nec non secundura mentem D. J. M. Hasii m. p. p. in partes 
suas methodicas divisa nunc concinnata et delineata ab Aug. Gottl. 
Boehmio. Phila. mag. istro. In lucem proferentibus Homannianis 


Heredibus. A. 1746. (Maps of Am. I, No. 18.)............ IX 
Bogart, John. Feats of railway engineering. (Scrib. mag. July, 
Lots thf 82 9) FS EY ATE Ope RA a XII 


— [etter as to the diversion of water near Niagara Falls. (Ann. 
rep'ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1891. 
SPU SL OTT ee EE Ra ne SRW) bene a SL CR ee xX 

81 1281 


Niagara Falls 


Bogart, John. Report on the outline of the crest of the falls of Niagara 
in 1890, and the recession of the falls since 1842. (Am. rep’ts of the 
com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1891. 7:89-94.) . VII 

Bolton, Reginald Pelham. An expensive experiment; the hydro- 
electric power commission of Ontario. N. Y.: Baker & Taylor co. 


POE ea ile ie a eager ei thaw take Bie GUA cia Uae ete Te es ee x 
Bonaldi, Juan Antonio Parez. E! poema del Niagara. 2d ed. 
Ne We PGBS. ee iad eis AT he SL es VIII 


‘* Bonfils.”? Vue d'une partie des deux Branches de la Cataracte de 
Niagara; and Vue d’une partie de la Branche Occidentale de la 
Catarcte de Niagara. (/n Crévecouer, H. St. John de, Voyage dans 
la haute Pensilvanie et dans l’etat de New York, par un membre adoptif 
de la nation Oneida . . . Paris: De Crapulet. 1801. 2:148- 
VOB) iiss Sie saela elena a8 ake sek SNe ia tas TELE Ten aaa ee Ge eee IX 

Vue d’une partie des deux Branches de la Cataracte de Niagara; 
and Vue d'une partie de la Branche Occidentale de la Cataracte de 
Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara 
Falls.) 1697210875.) MiaE Fs) cee uel trata ia a 1®.4 

Bonnécamps, Joseph Pierre de. Account of the voyage on the 
Beautiful river made in 1749, under the direction of Monsieur de 
Celoron, by Father Bonnécamps. (Thwaites, Jesuit Relations, LXIX, 
De TI) sere Re ate Ae Cee wn elie ia hy ees aon NS ae gee I 

B[onnefons], J. C. Voyage au Canada dans le Nord de |’Amerique 
Septentrionale fait depuis l’an 1751 a 1761. Quebec: Imprimerie 
Léger Brousseau. 1887. (Abbé H. R. Casgrain, ed.) P. 57- 


Gye Oe Se a TANGY STAUBLI Ah] ML VLCC EA ce I 
Bonnycastle, Sir Richard H. The Canadas in 1841. Lond.: 
Heary Colburn.) }'1642.-) 1:215=260. 3 Sooo re a IV, XII 
Canada and the Canadians. New ed. Lond.: Colburn. 1849. 
UAE io S07. UO ARN AUN ANUP EM MP MANS LGA RRL NOE AEA A, XI 
Bornet, John. Niagara Falls, American side. Published by Goupil & 
Cos 772) Broadway iN. OY VBS ea ea aa a eee IX 


Borrett, George Tuthill. Letters from Canada and the United 
States. Lond.: Printed for private circulation by J. E. Adlard. 1865. 
Ppe 252262 i Se ee ae RS ES CRT DS CaO RCA te IV 

Bouchette, Joseph. The British dominions in North America; or 
a topographical and statistical description of the provinces of Lower and 
Upper Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, the islands of New- 
foundland, Prince Edward and Cape Breton, including considerations 
on land-granting and emigration . . . Lond.: Longman, Reese, Orme, 
Brown, Green, and Longman. 1832. 1:138-147.......... VII 

1282 


Alphabetical List 


Bourne, Edward G. The recession of Niagara gorge. (Nature, 

ORL PASS aes pi ab Seatelel x: cid slide aide © achierey alpvaie ble bse VII 
Bowen, Emanuel. A map of the British American plantations, extend- 

ing from Boston in New England to Georgia, including all the back 

settlements in the respective provinces as far as the Mississipi. 81 x 11. 

(/n the London mag. Lond.: For J. Astley. [1749] July, 1749. 

Cita ee Ue NY RIC TOT CE Ee Op Pe ee Oem IX 
A new and accurate map of Louisiana with part of Florida and 
Canada. (J/n his Complete atlas, or distinct view of the known world. 
eR IMMIN OES een ete eles acdid a ipa rn ah oaiel oles esd los o-duane’e IX 
and Gibson, John. An accurate map of North America. 
Describing and distinguishing the British, Spanish and French dominions 
on this great continent; according to the definitive treaty concluded at 
Paris, 10 feb. 1763. (Jn Jefferys, Thomas, General topography of 
North America and the West Indies. Lond.: Printed for Robert Sayer 
pudwihomastleiteys, ) 1.7060: NOw9 jac ees ois oe ian! IX 
An accurate map of North America. Describing and distinguish- 
ing the British, Spanish, and French dominions on this great continent, 
exhibiting the present seat of war and the French encroachments; also 
all the West India Islands . . . (17552?) (Am. maps, I, No. 
PARA) A Gio Ce USE SD SX AR Me ey ee as ea IX 
An accurate map of North America, describing and distinguish- 
ing the British and Spanish dominions . . . also all the West India 


Fea ecm maps. ING. 26-27.) 2c ssishs aie orale wre eaels IX 
Bowman, A. A. Power development at Niagara Falls. (Can. eng. 
POV OID D7 ciatain, Lis athe desis Atk Lom eigtat a eral ee « xX 


Bradford, Thomas Gamaliel. Niagara Falls anl vicinity. 2x 2%. 


(Jn his Comprehensive atlas, geographical, historical and commercial. 


Bost Stationers; Cony 16554) )) Ps 5G: Fs. gectowiesle aes ote es IX 
Brainard, John Gardiner Calkims. Niagara. (Jn Church, F. E., 
‘bhevereat rally INiagaras IN.) Ys 3) 18576 Py 3:)\s sire a deo aye aee VIII 


Poems . . . Hartford: Edward Hopkins. 1842. P. 10. VIII 
Brandenburg, Broughton. Carnival of ice at Niagara. (Harp. w., 


Ce Fe SOP as PO TOO) iii, isis Sead & tiie ee o'es'e)e lw bobs lane’ V 
Bremer, Frederika. The homes of the new world. Lond.: Hall, 
Mirtie an earn HOS oe O42 702 fo. a hanes Nhe che, all ats IV 


Bressani, Francesco Giuseppe. A brief account of certain missions 
of the Father of the Society of Jesus in New France, by Father Francesco 
Giuseppe Bressani, of the same Society, to the most eminent and reverend 
signor, Cardinal de Lugo. At Macerata, by the heirs of Agostino Grisei. 
1653. (Thwaites, Jesuit Relations, XXXVIII, pp. 235-237.)...1 

1283 


Niagara Falls 


[Brewer, .] A description of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, 
the Niagara River and Falls, Mount Vernon, etc., etc., to illustrate 


Brewer’s panorama. Phila.: U. S. Job Printing office. 1849. P. 


BaD bode cite eta Beek Bei AE a I RAN Ua Se IX 
Brewer, William H. Earth tremors at Niagara Falls. (Yale sci. 
mo.) May 1696.) 2: 32923540) ibis) OM ala eM ee teen Vil 
Brice, Andrew. Universal geographical dictionary . . . Lond.: 
Robinson ‘and Johnstons) ):1759)) sPv2600 eck oe cee ene Vv 
Bridges of Niagara gorge (The). (Sci. Am. June 17, 1899. 
BO 296297 ial oe ev chadealehel anna cam a llciedeile eater caren et ne na XII 


Brief history of the power development at Niagara (A). 
(Cutter’s guide to Niagara Falls, and adjacent points of interest. 
Cutter’s guide pub. co. 1897. Pp. 65-75.) 

British Canadian (A). The tour of H. R. H. the Prince of Wales 
through British America and the United States. Montreal: John 


ovell!)\\i6602)) Pp l87=1G66 5 Meee i tae ae IV 
Broadhurst, William G. A dry Niagara. February 14, 15, 16, 
1909. (Eng, news, Mar.'4) 1909. 612227.) 300 6 ky ae XI 


Brookes, R. The general gazetteer; or, Compendious geographical dic- 
tionary, in miniature . . . Now much improved, and brought down to 
the present time, under the direction and inspection of the Rev. Jedidiah 


Morse.) Iondse\(}.iNewberryen) MF G2 vite cian a ee nie ceo ere tne V 
Brown, Curtis. The diversion of Niagara. (Cosmop., Sept. 1894. 
| 4 oats 4 oe fo Fn) VMN EI MRP OVA PEE MD IIa AIS AIDS hi) eh x 


Brown, David Paul. Upon being asked to describe Niagara. (Jn 
Springs, water-falls, sea-bathing resorts, and mountain scenery of the 
United States and Canada ...N. Y.: J. Disturnell. 1855. P. 
106.) 

Brown, J. Newton. The Falls of Niagara. (Jn his Emily, and 
other poems. Concord: Boyd. 1840. Pp. 126-129.)...... VIII 

(Brown, James Bryce.) Views of Canada and the colonists, embrac- 
ing the experience of an eight years’ residence; views of the present 
state, progress, and prospects of the colony; with detailed and practical 
information for intending emigrants. 2d ed. Edinb. A. and C. Black. 


184485) Pip. GO29 2 Ven OS NA RRR URINE NLA es td ac te okt Ln a Vv 
Brown, James Francis. ‘The red man’s fact. [1908?]...... IX 
he ‘whiteman's: fancy?!) NGOS 2ST sieeve Ge co aeveee eaepenes IX 


Brownell, Henry Howard. Niagara. (/n his Poems. N. Y.: 
D. Appleton & Co. Phila.: Geo. S. Appleton. 1847. Pp. 38- 
MEDS) sos ial sided ae seh RNR NUN NON ars, SLOR\ 2 2 Grae AS Rt a VIII 


Alphabetical List 


Bruce, Dwight H. (ed.) The empire state in three centuries. N. Y.: 
The century history co. nd. 2: 297-298. 


Bruce, Wallace. Niagara. (/n Michigan Central R. R. Chicago: 


OUD OUI RAT AS (SED Deh ee GU sale i 1 oR UR AN a VIII 
Brush, Harlan W. Development of Niagara power. (Consular repts., 
Mar., 1903. V. 71, no. 270, pp. 448—450.)........... Gy, 4 
—— Electric power at Niagara. (Sci. Am. sup., Jan. 24, 1903. 
ae ACES Steyn Crete Neh Sao wy Sa ai wedi obl dial aS eva Weal wpa vaca coly: « levene ae ete xX 


Bryant, Henry G._ Extract from Century magazine for September, 
1892, describing an expedition made to the Grand Falls, Labrador. 
(Am. rep’t of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany. 


Hes PMO OU Mate e sine wictehs, slel'eh teens) ale wie senayisy oor ole Wl wid alate V 


Buck, Harold W. The new generating plants of the Niagara Falls 
power company. (Trans., Am. inst. elec. engrs. Great Barrington, 


Niaseene Ow bou2: 198765 —7605)i. .).).:50d)s 0 e0ee be ecs es, eres xX 
The new generating plants of the Niagara Falls power company. 
(Eupsnewss july (3 NOO2) ABS 9A) oie oe. eo eelekls oe we xX 
Niagara Falls from the economic standpoint. (Outl., May 19, 

HOS PSION aia aie ad ghar ig RY opie Gigiee dhetlo s) adeieas siecst xX 
—— Niagara Falls power. (Cass., May, 1901. 20: 3-20.)....X 
— Recent developments in Niagara power. (Cass., Dec., 1903. 
EOE cierate ees ic eie Sleek teks) 8G Shotale Sepa a edisve arateioree @ X 
—— Utilization of Niagara power. (Jour. ass’n eng. soc., June, 
Aare Sores MLNS Cots Ga aig lobar sie suanavacal sitehanaia ecbhaidoneses X 
Buck, L. L. A few remarks about the Niagara gorge, and discussion. 
(Trans. As MiS.'C. Es ‘Aug. 1894:: 32+ 205-213.) oe0s.' VII 
Buckingham, James Silk. America historical, statistic and descrip- 
Gye uieondeseFisnersy (C1S41.)) 2496-534) 2s 5 bs ia aes III 
The eastern and western states of America. Lond. and Paris: 

Pisce Ou DRO Ant i hana ID OTP heya ee tet ei's ieee a orgies. oy eters III 
The Falls of Niagara. (British and foreign institute, trans- 

aehons. | fonds 1G45. 1401405) iiss eo cars ac a bic oie'ee & aces III 


Hymn to Niagara. (/n Barham, William, Descriptions of 
Niagara: selected from various travellers; . . . Gravesend: n. d. 


Bree eke ee veloc cs Cie Neb deine te mtcla\e manele b\n ace VIII 


Niagara Falls 


Buckingham, James Silk. Hymn to Niagara. (Jn Johnson, R. L., 
Niagara, its history, incidents and poetry . . . Wash.: W. Neale. 
1698s. Pips SOE A) Ne ak OS A DN En a VIII 

The talk of Niagara. (British and foreign institute, transactions. 
Lond.: 1845. 1:401-403. 

Buckingham and Chandos, Duchess of A. A. Glimpses of four 
continents, letter written in 1893. Lond.: Murray. 1894. Pp. 273- 
QTD Se FON Se DON Me OO: SORRY era IV 


Buettner, Johann G. Briefe aus und iiber Nordamenka; oder, 
Beitrage zu einer richtigen kenntniss der Vereinigten Staaten und ihrer 
Bewohner . . . Dresden and Leipzig: Arnoldische Buchhandlung. 
is. 17 RAGAN IR ol = 0} PRB AAR EONAR EMRE ARBRE W OAR MIE III 


Buffalo and Niagara power. no imp. [1895.] 

Buffalo (N. Y.) board of trade. . . . Report of the committee 
to be presented to the commercial convention at Detroit, to be held 
December 13, 1871, relative to the Niagara ship canal project 
[Buffalo, 1871.] 


Buffalo bridge question (The). [Remonstrance of citizens of Erie 
and Niagara counties, New York, against the passage of any law 
authorizing the construction of a bridge across the Niagara river.] 
(Niagara Falls Gazette extra.) 

Buffalo historical society. Annual report of the board of managers, 
January 12, 1886, and the society proceedings, with an appendix con- 
taining a report of the proceedings at Niagara Falls, July 15, 1885, 
dedicating the New York State Reservation, of “‘ Free Niagara,’ to 
the world. Buffalo: 1886. 

Publications. Vol. XIII. 1909. (See index for references to 

Niagara ship canal and effect of opening of Erie canal on the Niagara 


DOTLAEL) (hel arses ahal gts) aca hete me dbslet eoireee al SiAslaNee Tee eieenen ties pe XII 


Buffalo-Niagara power celebration (The). (Elec. eng., Jan. 
20, 1897. 23:85-87.) 

Buffalo Saengerfest guide and pocket companion; also guide 
to Niagara Falls. Buffalo: Hahn and Schelle. 1883........ XII 

Buffalo: Some representative views collected under the direction of 
the Buffalo merchants’ exchange, for presentation to the delegates of 
the International American conference as a souvenir of their visit to the 


city'on ‘October: 14) \PEBO se eae dene Steels Cen ee ke trae IX 
Bulkley, C. H. A. Niagara. A poem. N. Y.: Leavitt, Trow & 
OF MI Roy cc HAMM acim > WUE nes MOM SUPIGRE ZAIRE Mie gun Das WIL oO) VIII 


Alphabetical List 


Bull, Sara C. [Ole Bull’s “ Niagara”] (Jn her Memoirs of Ole 
Bull. Bost.: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1886. Pp. 169-172.) . VIII 
Bullock, W. Sketch of a journey through the western states of North 
America from New Orleans, by the Mississippi, Ohio, city of Cin- 
cinnati and Falls of Niagara, to New York, in 1827. . . . Lond.: 
John Miller, 1827. Pp. xxiti-xxvi. (Thwaites, Early western 


PEM Pe ANN a he tila: Garcia stern oye wield ayeleveceleve iow eee III 
Bunn, Alfred. Old England and New England. Lond.: Bentley. 
ere aC NU ema erick, anes. isis &. simvei'e wis dioiel mse. d! 6 os vee IV 
Burbank, George B. The construction of the Niagara tunnel, wheel 
pit,and canal, \(Cass, July, 1695. 6:213-224.) 2.20. 60. as > 


Burford, Robert. Description of a view of the Falls of Niagara, now 
exhibiting at the Panorama, Leicester square, painted by the proprietor, 
Robert Burford, from drawings taken by him in the autumn of 1832. 
eS BN CATT AN) [F516 78 | 2 SE ee IX 

Burke’s descriptive guide; or, The visitor's companion to Niagara 
Falls: its strange and wonderful localities. By an old resident. 


aioe SEC ACME es) OD Lied cain oh di sh.o. 6) oi's, ee ahere \ocalereie: oh anesd XII 
Burk’s guide of Niagara Falls: directions as suggested by a resident. 
INiedcan alc Meme burke! | FOF i. ss a aad era a evavas treeless XII 


Burne-Jones, Philip. Dollars \and democracy. With numerous 
illustrations from original drawings by the author. N. Y.: 1904. Pp. 
ee Oy ey Ue Ce ke oiieaeibe tare wala eee ee XI 

Burroughs, Rev. Charles. Niagara Falls. (/n his The poetry 
of religion and other poems. Bost.: Ticknor, Reed and Fields. 1851. 


Bases CUES EE 242 co) che) bie. Cox acesetier é eleaeta where ate E VIII 
Burton act to be extended. (Elec. wld. & eng., Feb. 22, 1913. 
SR ae eae BIR oi Sak oe chee wid cws 6c a. Wo rspetansears ahs Chew ui talebens XI 


The Burton bill and its effects on electrical developments 


at Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld. & cas June 29, 1907. 49: 


[2 EELIALE (a) ct biel Al GRA OR Oy Soa X and XI 
Busch, Moritz. Wanderungen zwischen Hudson und Mississippi, | 851 
und 1852. Stuttgart und Tubingen. 1854. 2:1Z1.......... IV 


Business Men’s Association of Niagara Falls. The water-power 
of Niagara applied to manufacturing purposes: the hydraulic tunnel of 
the Niagara Falls power company: and accurate description of one of 
the greatest industrial undertakings of the age. [Buffalo: Matthews, 


INGethralpay wae Wha aamnies Ca iti ettitha ark ee eee a ely Ho's ote MBH > Gan 
Butler, Frances Anne. Journal. 2 Vols. Phila.: Carey, Lea and 
Blanca Voda wee SOO es cio benisin ces vide gdcaes . XII 


Niagara Falls 


Butler, W. F. The great lone land; a narrative of travel and adventure 
in the north-west of America. Lond.: Low, Marston, Low, Searle. 


[OFZ Pe 2S i We ANT PMNS Oe ote Pt ee a IV 
Buttre, J. C. Niagara Falls. (Lit. liv. age, May 27, 1854. 41: 
BO Dey hs Satna eh antells (kc UU TATUM Ben AA SALAH nove IX 
Bye, J (sc.) The Falls of Niagara with the adjacent country. 


614 x 14. Lond.: J. Johnson. 1804. (/n Volney, C. F., View 
of the climate and soil of the United States. Lond.: for J. Johnson. 
1804. Pl. 3. \ P./99., ‘Also’ Phila.: Conrad: 1804. P)'80.). /1X 


C. R. (del.) Niagara Falls. (Horseshoe Fall) John Poppel (sc.) 
Published for Herman J. Meyer. N. Y.: 1851.............. IX 


John Poppel. (sc.) Niagara Falls. (Horseshoe Fall) (Grosve- 
nor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. 
15%) Ean oR) te eNO a MPRA ea URINE ALC E MAMAS AS di IX 

Cable bridge at Niagara replaced by conduit. (W. elec. Aug. 
1, 1903. 33:74.) 


Cableway over Niagara’s whirlpool. (Lit. dig. May 13, 1916. 
52:1365.) 


Cabot, J. Elliot. see Agassiz, Louis. 


Caine, W. S. A trip round the world in 1887-1888. Lond.: Rout- 
ledge:'andSons:\\\" 1886.) Pp\27--S2 ees a eer ae IV 


Calcium carbide. (Elec. wld. June 5, 1897. 29: 733-734.)..X 


Calendar of N. Y. col. mss., indorsed land papers; in the office 
of the secretary of state of N. Y. (1643-1803) Albany: Weed, 
Parsons & Co. 1864. P.\653.. Sept.'7;'1 784.) 3727435 Se V 


In the office of the secretary of state of N. Y. (1643-1803) 
Albany: Weed, Parsons & Co. 1864. P. 865. Dec. 1, 1791. 
SY DADA Sean D NOE HIS AUR VLU PATNA UDR peau nh yd V 


In the office of the secretary of state of N. Y. (1643-1803) 
Albany: Weed, Parsons & Co. 1864. P. 866. Dec. 12, 1791. 
AC, oA ANNO UN AMICON AS RRR OU UE MS SR a Vv 
In the office of the secretary of state of N. Y. (1643-1803) 
Albany: Weed, Parsons & Co. 1864. P. 908. Feb. 4, 1793. 
1015) 174] RL CE EN RCT OEM HAM RA R ttaTOse A i cae V 


In the office of the secretary of state of N. Y. (1643-1803) 
Albany: Weed, Parsons & Co. 1864. P. 910. Mar. 14, 1793. 
DO TOD ei ey Pi Gea cUa LUIS BEML Masi en as Cac A V 


Alphabetical List 


Callington, W. R. Birdseye view of the River Niagara from Lake 
Erie to Lake Ontario; showing the situation and extent of Navy Island 
and the towns and villages on the banks of the river in Canada and the 
United States, . . . from an actual survey made in 1837. Bost. .[X 

Cameron, P. Calderon. Niagara Falls in winter. 

Cameron, Rederick. Catalogue of plants which have been found 
growing without cultivation in the park and its outlying territories. . . . 
(Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs for the Queen Victoria Niagara Falls 
Pea T MTS SAID actu olds ie ierte ee) aunt cliches rls hod, ae oe VI 

Catalogue of plants which have been found growing without cul- 
tivation in the park and its outlying territories. . . . (Ann. rep’ts 
of the com’rs for the Queen Victoria Niagara Falls park. 1895. 
HUD RASE EA rer tore cla a Navies Grec a a mtatien al LSC /Ser Uae ale: Wi actewaiaild, ay eisile VI 

Campanius Holm, Thomas. [View of the Falls of Niagara.] 
T. Ch. (sc.) 514 x 534. (In his, Kort beskrifning om provincien Nya 
Severige uti America, som nu forjden af the Engelske kallas Pennsyl- 
vania. Stockholm: S. Wankyfs. 1702. Opp. p. 4.)......... IX 

Campbell, John Francis. A short American tramp in the fall of 
1864. Edinb.: Edmonston and Douglas. 1865. Pp. 228-264. VII 

Campbell, Patrick. Travels in the interior inhabited parts of North 
America. In the years 1791 and 1792. . . . Edinb.: Guthrie. 
Megaman Ene EA ire saints esha ak Oieiace rere tasane nate aye ucbieuai eis chat opens lf 

Campbell, Thomas. The emigrant. (Jn Descriptive: catalogue of 
the Gluck collection in the Buffalo Public Library. Buffalo, N. Y.: 
1899.) 

Campuzano, D. Juan Bustamente y. Del Atlantico al Pacifico; 
Apuntes e Impresiones de un Viaje a traves de los Estados Unidos. 
Nigdresmiloeoan sep S460“S64 en tr Ah NS Ge Sia IV 

Canada — Commission of conservation. Water powers of 
Canada; by Leo. G. Denis and Arthur V. White. Ottawa: The 
WMorumer cos ei uit, ) (See ander) oskinis cmos diisbelsiaegice as aie xX 

Canada seventy years ago. 3d ed. St. Catherines, Ont.: 1860. .V 

Canadian electrical development at Niagara. (Eng. (Lond.:) 
uae eee oO eG sh SO IOs etic te ed ome awa an aalte xX 

Canadian girl, or the Pirate of the lakes (The), a story of the 
affections; by the authoress of the Jew’s daughter. Lond.: W. Bennett. 


Reser ne Ot ogee. Melo a cia Voie ciate alec’ s Dacatane VIII 
Canadian guide book (The). . . . Montreal: Armour and 
t RSTTTCE Sipe bE: cabot] By ony EELS It Mua Cars LO pe See ee PPE XIl 


Niagara Falls 


Canadian handbook and tourist’s guide (The), giving a descrip- 
tion of Canadian lake and river scenery and places of historical interest 
with the best spots for fishing and shooting. (Comp. by H. B. Small, 
ed. by J. Taylor. Montreal: Longmore and Co. 1866. Pp. 170— 


OA sass sie eB wee ele 00 fo a Nett eel ea geh ete cide AA Ges MS Mists eR A earn XII 
Canadian-Niagara power. (Elec. wld. & eng., Apr. 11, 1908. 
22 BY 0 A NRE MN MASS OM iGH EME AL CAwL SUM Da ADA Leys WN AI as XI 


Canadian-Niagara power company (The). (Elec. wid. May 
27, 1899. 33:707.) 

Canadian-Niagara power company’s development. (Can. 
eng. Novy 1902") 9 290=2920)) ee eee ian a CiNae Aen A era ee xX 

Canadian Niagara power company’s transmission to Buf- 
falo. (Elec. wld. & eng., June 29, 1907. 49:1299-1302.)...X 

Canadian-Niagara power league (The). (Elec. rev. Nov. 24, 
1897. 31:251.) 

Canadian-Niagara power to-day. (Elec. wld. & eng. Jan. 7, 
1905. 45:17—20.) 

Canadian power plant (The). (Elec. wld. Jan. 14, 1899. 
BRAT AAO.) ior eeu higce 8 Se Le ep a alienate SOs REESE eee XxX 

Canadian tourist (The). . . . Montreal: Hew Ramsay. (cop. 
1856.) 

Canal board. Proceedings. Report of the canal board on the Niagara 


Ships "Cama ia) ee hirey peg aie ae ne hE eI VG Md ne et a ec XII 
Canale, G. D. To Niagara. (Lit. liv. age, Aug. 28, 1858. 58: 
TUG Ve ned aes a caly Hee aa ahh a ens Cone oo alec RE a Nena Ota he ela VIII 
Cantilever bridge over Niagara. (Knowl. April 4, 1884. 5: 
0129) MAU I PUG PLR aT UENO Abe See Apa BITE XII 
Caparn, Harold A. Present status of Niagara Falls. (Landscape 
architecture.) "April, :1914. 4-No:\3. 16 i.) ch ewan eee seme XI 


Captivity and sufferings of Benjamin Gilbert and his family, 
1780-83 (The). Reprinted from the original edition of 1784 with 
introduction and notes by Frank H. Severance. Cleveland. 1904. 
Pps ZOE TSO ee his OI Ne eI Ke REN CHCA he ue Atos Vv 

Carborundum company (The). (Elec. wid. June 5, 1897. 
29:731—732.) 

Carlisle, George William Frederick Howard. ‘Two lectures on 
the poetry of Pope, and on his own travels in America. Delivered to 
the Leeds Mechanics’ institution and literary society, December 5th and 
Gth@1 850.) eeds.; 1650. Pp: \25—2O 0 ancien eat eta XI 


1290 


Alphabetical List 


Carpenter, William Lant. The falls of Niagara in winter. (Nature, 
LaCie AP URI R eo 65) LEAL Dd c'shs c olMaield Sel aterailt eles abeie eh s Vv 
Carpio, Manuel. Soneto a la Catarata del Niagara. (Jn Poesias de 
Manuel Carpio con su biografia escrita por el Sr. Doctor Jose Bernardo 
Conto. Nuova edicion. Veracruz-Pueblo: Liberias La Ilustracion. 
Panic: As Donnamett. 1663.) P2206.) 60. oe ee. VIII 
Carta della nouva Inghilterra, Nuova York, e Pensilvania. (Jn 
Atlante dell’ America. [anon.] Liverno: Presso Gio Tomasso Masi, 
@eamp.conbapprovazione.,  lie770) No. 2a)isei. vb. ava dil oe IX 
Carta rappresentante i cinque Laghi del Canada. (/n Atlante 
dell’America. (anon) Liverno: Presso Gio Tomasso Masi, e comp. 
BONPAUPLOVAZIONes LLL Fen INGE Di) iale winicvoteversya ‘aie Qvetey Ad plsid woke IX 
Carte de la nouvelle France, augmentée depuis Ja derniére seruant a 
la navigation faicte en son vray Meridien par le S’r. de Champlain, 
Capitaine pour le Roy en la Marine, le quel depuis, l’an 1603, jusques 
en l'année 1629; a descouvert plusieurs costes terres; lacs rivieres et 
Nations de sannoges por cy diuant incognues comme il se voit en ses 
relations qui’l a faict. Imprimer en 1632. (Jn O'Callaghan, E. B. 
Documentary history of the state of New York. Albany: 1849. 
3: Frontispiece P. 13.) 
Carte pour suivre la relation des voyages de cavalier de La 
Salle, 1669-1682. 7x 64. (Jn Société de géographie. Bulletin. 
SSE GIe Me Pearse POGUs UAE ends Fevers eins odie: os ented ould ack IX 
Carter, James C. Oration at the dedication of the state reservation at 
Niagara, July 15, 1885. (19th ann. rep’t of the com’rs of the 
state reserv. at Niagara.) Albany: 1903. Pp. 263-277.)..... XI 
Carus, Paul. ‘The chief’s daughter: a legend of Niagara. Chicago: 


Carus-Wilson, Charles A. The Niagara spray clouds. (Nature. 
March 2, 1893. 47: 414.) 
Carver, Jonathan, captain. Travels through the interior parts of 


North America, in the years 1766, 1767, and 1768. Lond.: J. 


AVS ey GL TTTSb  Saa Soars Woh Bed 0 0 AR a Re II 
[Cass, Lewis.] France, its king, court and government. By an Ameri- 
cans Nowy cu Wiley and Putnam. (1840: Pp. 127-130... ... II 
Cassier’s magazine. Niagara power number. July, 1895. 8:173- 
eG ELL ee fis ET ARG OR a i xX 
Cataract of Niagara (The). (1702) (Print.)........... IX 
Cataract house, Niagara Falls. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. 
Y. Views of Niagara Falls, 1697-187—. Mat 17.)....... IX 


1291 


Niagara Falls 


Cataract House, Niagara Falls. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, 
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 17.)....IX 

Cataract power company’s transmission plant (The). (Elec. 
wid. July 2, 1898. 32: 3-4.) 

Cazin, F. M. F. Niagara power. (Elec. wld., July 17, 1897. 30: 
IPOS E. 3 TO ESTE eM RANE 8) ae ORE Ah OOC URN UMAR ANE NIL X 

Central station campaign at Niagara Falls (A). (Elec. wld. 
& eng. Nov. 16, 1905. 46: 863.) 

Chamberlin, John. [Letter to editor by John Chamberlin of Buffalo 
on “ The Niagara Reservation’ and its remarkable and various plant 
life.], -. (Garden’ and: forest; Nov: 3018925 52/575) hee eee VI 

Chambers, William. Things as they are in America. Lond. and 
Edin.: William and Robert Chambers. 1854. Pp. 102-112....XI 

Champlain, Samuel de, Champlain map, 1632. (Jn Oeuvres de 
Champlain publiées sons le patronage de L’ Université Laval par L’ Abbé 
C.—H. Laverdiére. 2d ed. Quebec: 1870. 2: opp. 1385.)..IX 

Des Savvages, ov, Voyage de Samvel Champlain de Brovage, 

fait en la France Novvelle, l’an mil six cens trois: contenant les moeurs, 

facon de viure, mariages, guerres, & habitation des sauuages de Canadas 

. . . A Paris, Chez Clavde de Monstr’ceil. [1604.] Pp. 42, 45-46, 

47, (CEuvres de Champlain, publiées sous le patronage de |’ Université 

Laval par l’abbé C.-H. Laverdiére. Quebec: Imprimé au Séminaire 

par G.-E)))Desbarats. ’ 1870.) 12106, 109-110) TUL) oe eae I 

Voyages. Translated from the French by Charles Pomeroy Otis. 
With historical illustrations, and a memoir by the Rev. Edmund Farwell 
Slafter. Boston: Prince Society. 1878-1882. 1:271, 274-276. .1 

Chandler, Henry. The nymph of Niagara gorge. Buffalo: 
11512) 0 eMC RIE ROB eI NGA oD TDRSS NA ES IE MEN ih re NS VIII 

Changes in the Buffalo-Niagara Falls power transmission 
line. (St. ry. jour., Dec., 1897. 13: 860.) 

Channing, William Ellery. The Niagara Fall. (/n his Poems. 
Bost. >) Little aad) Brown: 1843.) (Pasa. a doe eine VIII 

Channing, William H. Niagara. (Jn his Leaves of spring gathered 
in autumn. [Poems] Phila.: Press of J. B. Lippincott and Co. 
1883. Pp. 66-79.) 

Chapin, J. R. Niagara Falls and how to see them. Buffalo: 
Gc) SMR SDN AIP. THEATAR Pay Ue MEARS ALE U ceaialaa” ICCA (oe XII 


Alphabetical List 


Chapter on Niagara (A). (Am. month. mag. June, 1838. 11 
PSO OO aly oh Ralphs ole G m's, o’a drei viajb whole ntareralie Wins aca Ill 
Charles, Emily Thornton. An address to the body of a man in the 
whirlpool. Niagara. (/n her Lyrical poems. Phila.: Lippincott. 
Maa a eRe CSIP at bnchahard cligr titer ale. as wie! ciite 'e'ebe\celeheanela ere eve ca VIII 
Charlevoix, Pierre Frangois Xavier de. Histoire et description 
generale de la Nouvelle France, avec le Journal Historique d’un voyage 
fait par ordre du roi dans |’Amerique Septentrionale. Paris: Chez la 
Veuve Ganeau. 1744. 5:335-336, 343-347........00000. I 
Journal of a Voyage to North-America. Undertaken by order of 
the French King. Containing the geographical description and natural 
history of that country, particularly Canada . . . Ina series of 
letters to the Duchess of Lesdiguiéres. Translated from the French. 
London: R. and J. Dodsley. 1761. 1:345—356............. I 
Chateaubriand, Frangois Auguste René, vicomte de. Atala; ou, 
Les amours de deux sauvages dans le désert. Paris: Impr. de Migneret, 


GU, LEST FOTIA EIS ca WN Di UT AIG BAU Ra ann RD Rene VIII 
Atala; or, The amours of two Indians in the wilds of America. 
lEonda- hor ie meen i tOO2. Pp T2021 2 Wins cae oie wales VIII 
Travels in America and Italy. Lond.: Colburn. 1828. 
SL) SORE IE A at Rie CURIE NY Oa OOD RUAN re ean OM eRe TLS II 


Chatelain, H. A. Carte contenant le royaume du Mexique et la 
Floride, dressée sur les meilleures observations et sur les memoires les 
plus Nouveaux. (Jn his Atlas historique [anon.] fol. Amsterdam: 
PAT Z OL Ney Gi ING: 27 SOU. Siiiale alae danas ciate sna ara mua te atalle IX 

Carte de la Nouvelle France ot se voit le cours des grandes 

riviére de S. Laurens et de Mississipi, aujourd’hui S. Louis. (Jn his 

Atlas historique. [anon.] fol. Amsterdam: 1705-20. V. 6, No. 

72S NI] AVY Mies ACROSS Ne eI RE PEO a AA EA RR ENP EHEC Pra ee MEP REA IX 

Carte du Canada ou de Ja Nouvelle France, & des découvertes 

qui y ont été faites. (Jn his Atlas historique. [anon.] fol. Amsterdam: 

BAO —=2U ety OSING ZOOL) cers arson sues wreak hehe a ated sae te IX 

Carte trés-curieuse de la Mer du Sud, contenant des remarques 

nouvelles & trés-utiles non seulement sur les ports & iles de cette mer, 

mais aussi sur les principaux pais de |’Amérique tant Septentrionale 
que Méridionale . . . (/n his Atlas historique. [anon.] fol. Am- 

sterconrs, 1a Go--20.) Wi 6: Ne? 30st 17.) ik ee eo ee IX 

Saut ou chute d’eau de Niagara. 414 x 5. (Jn his Atlas 

historique. [anon.] fol. Amsterdam: 1705-20. V. 6, No. 24: 

SEE” Lobe Med dobby, MAM ania RRS saris 1 ise Mean ce Reon a PEA eae IX 


Niagara Falls 


Cheap electricity for all. (Conservation commission of the state 
of ‘INew.) York: )\. : mideeiie isi vatey sat aye etselictenie ehieuettte ene ere name > 

Chemical plant at Niagara (A). (Jour. soc. chem. ind., Jan. 30, 
16972 162:73:) 

Chester, Greville John. Transatlantic sketches in the West Indies, 
South America, Canada and the United States. Lond.: Smith, Elder. 
18692) Pp 279-22 see oe ai ie EU NN Te eer nee tne IV 

Chisholm, Hugh J. Niagara. Chisholm’s complete guide to the 
grand cataract. [Portland, Me.: Chisholm Bros. 1891.] Bound 
with: New album of Niagara Falls. N. Y. [Portland, Me.: 
1891 >] 

Christmas, H. Canada in 1849. Pictures of Canadian life; or, The 
emigrant churchman. By a pioneer of the wilderness. Edited by the 
Rev. H. Christmas. Lond.: Richard Bentley. 1850. 1:131— 


1) ee er eR Rai cM R MUA IRmIuNiS MEARE AUN UML) oxo) IV 
Church, Frederick Edward. Niagara. 1857............. IX 
The great fall, Niagara. Painted by Frederick Edward Church. 

N. Y.: Williams, Stevens, Williams and Co. 1857............ IX 
[Church’s Niagara.] (Lit. liv. age, Oct. 24, 1857. 55:254- 
ES) ENO EURO UNG emit MAMMA SAM OTE, AULA RIENL AS olb& 8. ga) IX 
Church’s new picture of Niagara (Mr.). (Lit. liv. age, May 
15,) 18685) 97 4444S) oo SSE EAR ua IX 
Clark, George L. Niagara Falls power, different types of develop- 
ment. |! (Cass. May, 19050) 262796 le nie ae nn ele ate xX 


Clark, John. Memoirs of Colonel John Clark, of Port Dalhousie, 
C. W. (Ontario hist. soc. Papers and records. 7:173-175.)..XII 
Clark, Lewis Gaylord, editor. The literary remains of the late 
Willis Gaylord Clark, including the Ollapodiana Papers, the Spirit 
of Life, and a selection from his various prose and poetical writings. 
N. Y.: Burgess, Stringer and Co. 1844. Pp. 154-172...... III 
Clark, Willis Gaylord. (Poem.) (Jn Holley, George W., Niagara; 
its history and geology, incidents and poetry . . . N. Y., Buffalo, 


Woronto. 1872) Wp Ole G22). si ie ee saat Meena VIII 
Clarke, John M. The menace to Niagara. (Pop. sci. mo., Apr., 
1905.) "GO:489=504 2) sai ie a EON ear OU IT V/s ae ie ase XI 


—— A scientist’s view of Niagara. (Harp. w., Nov. 21, 1903. 


AT spt 2s) TEGO Dy LOe Ne ae RG ROC Ta die ne alan VIL, 


Claypole, E. W. The eccentricity theory of glacial cold versus the 


facts. (Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc. 1888. 5:534-548.)...... VIL 


1294 


hana 


Alphabetical List 


Claypole, E. W. Falls of rock at Niagara. (Nature. Feb, 14, 1889, 


MUU A TSN BPMN IETS Gre fe ol) Gur eiick ofiih:'s Ws) aye el a:lee vj OUatM ew letedie 8 VII 
—— The old gorge at Niagara. (Science ns. Aug. 13, 1886. 
Pee SCI aR CHL c Hierren eet crerc ultie) s aict's, bi's' dialtqbe Mtaranebeiune Wie O's VII 
Clifton house, Niagara Falls. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat. 17.)......ecee. IX 
Clifton suspension bridge at Niagara Falls (The). . . . 
Diamar lb alisINinY. > orunagage: “1G72.6 60646 deme biece epeaine XII 
Clinch, Rev. Joseph H. Niagara. (Jn his The captivity in Babylon, 
and other poems. Bost.: Burns. 1840. Pp. 77-81.)........ VII 


Clinton, DeWitt. The life and writings of DeWitt Clinton by William 
W. Campbell, (N. Y.: Baker and Scribner. 1849. Pp. 130- 
OLS Me tieas te RS eR EDI DRS ARI RP NO VI 

Clinton, George W. Journal of a tour from Albany to Lake Erie by 
the Erie canal in 1826. (Pub. Buf. Hist. Soc. 14:292-293.)...VI 

Sketches of Niagara Falls and river by Cousin George. Buffalo: 
ee MOANA NEE ic lyne aso) ails telois «elcid aie tee ecalecs V and VIII 

Cockburn, Lieut.-Col. James Patterson, R. A. Chute du Niagara 
and Entrance to the cave of the Horseshoe, Niagara, on the English side. 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697- 


Hes eee ayer iste cies ose) de esate, 8 avehat Bhoparettosema neve ebiesaveveee IX 
—— Falls of Niagara. Lond.: Ackermann & Co. 1833...... IX 
The Falls of Niagara. Engraved by C. Hunt. Lond.: Acker- 

RRP CAAE eS MMLC JIA Coe ete e355), seve, Um ave wshevecel dette dia luiehate ors IX 
Coe, Ben F. Evolution of Niagara power. (Coll. w. May 28, 1896. 
PE eR Pa Nie nil ste sta kee tats ati Nei iay MeL eh eto Aum re X 


Coke, E. T. A subaltern’s furlough: descriptive of scenes in various parts 
of the United States, upper and lower Canada, New Brunswick, and 
Nova Scotia, during the summer and autumn of 1832. Lond.: Saunders 
SHEN ONS PVP OL SUT ec ste da leia halite eck mein XI 

Cole, Thomas. A distant view of the Falls of Niagara. From an 
original picture in the possession of Joshua Bates, Esq. Painted by T. 
Cole, Esq. Engraved and printed by Fenner Sears & Co. 414 x 54. 
Lond.: I. T. Hinton and Simpkin & Marshall, 1831. (/n Hinton, 
J. H. ed., History and topography of the United States. 3d ed. 
Lond: J.Dowding (G42: 2: opp, 484.) O28 es IX 

A distant view of the Falls of Niagara. Painted by T. Cole. 

Engraved on steel by T. S. Woodcock. 514 x 734. Bost: S. 

Walker. 1832. (Jn Malte-Brun, Conrad, A system of universal 

geography. Bost.: S. Walker. 1834. 2:199.)..........00- IX 

1295 


Niagara Falls 


Cole, Thomas. The Falls of Niagara. (Twenty years ago.) 334 x 6. 
(In Our globe; a universal picturesque album, ed. by the North 
American bibliographic institution. Phila.: 1840. 1:9:)....... IX 

A distant view of the Falls of Niagara. From an original picture 

in the possession of Joshua Bates, Esq., painted by T. Cole, Esq. 

Lond.: Pub. April 1, 1831, by I. T. Hinton and Simpkin & Marshall. 

(Grosvenor library. Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697— 

VO 72.7 Mat Qs eae en ORR NOES VE FRSC uei a Re ea IX 

A distant view of the Falls of Niagara, painted by T. Cole, Esq., 
engraved on steel by T. S. Woodcock. Boston: pub. by S. Walker, 
1832. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 
69787." Mat Oe ee eres eh Caney e ket aye Alec eee IX 

Coles, Abraham. Niagara. (/n his The microcosm, and other poems. 
NOY; Appletons) 1 68 spi 2192222 nee a evereeieustaae VIII 

—— A Sabbath at Niagara. (/n his The microcosm and other poems. 
N.Y. D: Appleton ‘and ‘Co. y 1681.00 Pp: 226-235 iene ee VIII 

Colt, Mrs. S. S. ed. ‘The tourist’s guide through the empire state. 
Albany. 1871. Pp. 188-196. 

Colton, C. Tour of the American lakes, and among the Indians of the 
North-west territory, in 1830 . . . Lond.: Westley, Davis. 1833. 
DeeM eM Tee ihe oan, Crap stone ene Pas Caetter Cre cane RUAU AE Daren Cana aE Ill 

Combe, George. Notes on the United States of North America during 
a phrenological visit in 1838-9-40. Phila.: Cary and Hart. 1841. 
PA fo | 0 RU eR RAG MMe VAM NEI Pere CEIN, EMAAR A AEN ALD NE 9s III 


Comettant, Jean Pierre Oscar. Voyage pittoresque et ancedo- 
tique dans le Nord et le Sud des Etats-Unis d’Amerique. Paris. 
18668). Pp VAG 1 LO sire hecaele vekceneteeNe le etesioee eat Cie oa OF a ape IV 

Commelia, Anna Olcott. Niagara. (€/n her Of such is the kingdom, 
and other poems. N. Y.: Fowler and Wells. 1894. Pp. 17- 
VA OR URS Aa at y ROMA ESA Us SPOUT E RORUIN RACE OATS 5 PUR Imei aes VIII 

Complete illustrated guide to Niagara Falls and vicinity 
(The). Gazette printing house. Niagara Falls: (1883). 

Comstock, John Lee. Outlines of geology. Hartford: D. F. Robin- 
sone 183400.) SO 23 Gee eee NC UY EN dal ee VII 

Conclusions of the Niagara power companies regarding 
Niagara (The). (Elec. rev. Mar. 25, 1905. 46:494.)..... x 

Continued protection of Niagara (The). (Outl., Feb. 6, 1909. 
GR ZIAKZT DG) SLs 5 PS Spaiel ee BONA Bie fel ER Cana lean nee XI 


Alphabetical List 


Constitutional convention. Report of the subcommittee on pro- 
posed constitutional amendment. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the 


state reserv. at Niagara. 1904. 21:149-167.)............. XI 
Construction of the Niagara Falls hydraulic plant. I. (Eng. 
Pe lanka Ooo 27s OZ=( SO). 6 bees Sala Re ee 4 
aie Eneerec. var. tt, U8952 2722932294 )iee ei xX 

—— I[]I. (Eng. rec., Apr. 22, 1893. 27:415-416.)........ xX 
—— IV. (Eng. rec., May 20, 1893. 27: 490-491.)........ xX 
—— V. (Eng. rec. July 8, 1893. 28:87-88.)............ X 
u— VI. (Eng. rec., Aug. 19, 1893. 28:183-184.)........ xX 
—— VII. (Eng. rec., Sept. 30, 1893. 28: 280-281.)........ xX 
—— VIII. (Eng. rec., Oct. 21, 1893. 28: 328-329.)....... xX 
EX) Cine recs) Novi 401893. 26: 360:))s os. foes xX 
Control and regulation of Niagara river. (Elec. wld. & eng., 
Repeal ere IF levercnaieie 6 sieves vibe vsbe'e ee 0 os sito XI 
Control of navigable streams (The). (Elec. wld. & eng., Feb. 
(IIS lg Ts i066 12 19) oe i aC ae ee XI 


Cook, Joel. Niagara. (Jn his America, picturesque and descriptive. 


Phila.: Coates. 1900. Vol. II. Pp. 379-386). 
Cook, Joseph. Overtones; a book of verse. N. Y.: Knickerbocker 


PSL TM OD =O e's. cvaie' aie sie. si shel deda-abe eisiwyeveitrs ‘el cue VIII 
Cooke, Henry. An excursion to Niagara and Canada. (Colburn’s 
new monthly, mag. 9) 649. 67 %358=3605) ooo. iin, etree ieneiel IV 
Cooper, James Fenimore. ‘The oak openings; or The bee-hunter 
~ wel ¥.: Burgess, Stringer: 1848: -2:216—217 60. 5 VIII 
The pathfinder; or The inland sea . . . Phila.: Lea and Blan- 

Chard) PICTOU Tea 495 (25 D2 ole’ scot cies ccaieve chelate VIII 
—— The spy; a tale of the neutral ground . . . Lond.: H. Colburn 
BBG Rsenteve: LOS. be AU So aic e cisps elatecceat aie aus & whee oie VIII 
Copeland, Benjamin. Niagara and other poems. Buffalo: Mat- 
shewe-Nortardpsy hGO4, © Pp blot os oie caidicvote sates casters VIII 


Cornish, Vaughan. The travels of Ellen Cornish; being the memoir 
of a pilgrim of science, with sixty-five plates from photographs by the 
author, maps and plans. Lond.: W. J. Ham-Smith. 1913. Pp. 
DAE EEN So 8 AIG DO Tes RR ae Oe ERO PND @ > ANE eC VII 

Cornwallis, Kinahan. Royalty in the New World; or The Prince 
of Wales in America. New York: Doolady. 1860. Pp. 145- 
Ge Ee lyesy SUE Gee Sa neta AD ib” EERO a 8 Roe eee tC & IV 


Niagara Falls 


Coronelli, [M. V.]. L’Amérique Septentrionale, ou la Partie Septen- 
trionale des Indes occidentales. Dressée sur les Nouveaux Corrigée et 
augmentée Par le Sr. Tillemon; et Dediée a son Excellence Monsiegneur 
Pierre Venier, ambassadeur ordinaire de la Serenissime Republique de 
Venise, pres di sa Majesté tres Christienne Louis le Grand. Par le 
P. Coronelli, Cosmographe de la Ser’me Republique de Venise. 
A Paris: Chez J. B. Nolin sur le Quay de I’Horloge des Palais, Vers le 
Pont Neuf, a l’Enseigne de la Place des Victoires. Avec Privilege du 
FRoy:) 1G69 2 ik ke oie, Oe ais eT, ot pu act ibaa Re a IX 

La Louisiana, parte settrionalle scoperta sotto la protettione de 
Luigi XIV, Ré di Francia. Dal. Coronelli. (Atlante Veneto. Venice: 
1695. D528.) ra a ae Ca ne ceed ca tee ct ee IX 

—— Partie occidentale du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France ou sont 
les nations des Ilinois, de Tracy, les Iroquois, et plusieurs autres peu- 
ples; avec la Louisiane nouvellement découverte . . . Dressée sur les 
Memoires les plus Nouveaux Par le P. Coronelli Cosmographe de la 
Ser’me Republique de Venise. Corrigée et augmentée Par le S’r. 
Tillemon; et Dediée a Monsieur |’Abbé Baudrand. A Paris. Chez 
J. B. Nolin sur le Quay de |’Horloge de Palais Vers le Pont Neuf 
a l’Enseigne de la Place des Victoires. Avec Privilege du Roy. 
Wololc MAP ee PL ReMi ea UUM MOC AM iii R OL IX 

—— Partie orientale du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France ou sont 
les Provinces, ou Pays de Saguenay, Canada, Acadie . . . Les 
Peuples, au Nations des Etechemins, Iroquois, Attiquomeches . . . 
avec la Nouvelle Angleterre, la Nouvelle Ecosse, la Nouvelle York, et 
la Virginie, les Isles de Terre Neuve, de Cap Breton . . . Dressée sur 
les Memoires les plus Nouveaux Par le P. Coronelli cosmographe de la 
Serenis’me Republique de Venise. Corrigée et augmentée par le S. 
Tillemon; et Dediée a Monsieur ]’Abbé Baudrand par son tres humble 
Serviteur J. B. Nolin. A Paris. Chez J. B. Nolin. 1689...... IX 

Cortambert, Louis Richard. ‘‘ Excursion aux cataractes du Niagara. 
Juin, 1833.” (In his Voyage au pays des Osages. Un tour en 
Sicile:+;Paris::A);Bertrand.."16374) Pp. 6o-GO ick ee eee Il 

Cost of Niagara. (Lit. dig., Sept. 23, 1916. 53:742.) 

Cost of power at Niagara (The). (Jour. Frank. inst., June, 
1895. 139:477-478.) 

Cousin George. Sketches of Niagara Falls and river. Buffalo: 


Wim; iB. and’ Chas) Es\Peck. (:l846a20 oe weaniine an eeieieee XII 
Cowdin, Jasper Barnett. Ripple brook, Niagara Falls; two poems. 
Brooklyn, N: .Y¥.:/ 1686.) Pe7eisiccs telecon ele cea VIII 


Alphabetical List 


Coyle, William H. Falls of Niagara, as seen from the Table rock. 
October, 1834. A poem . . . Jacksonville: Calvin Goudy, Ptr., 
1835. 

Cox, F. A. and Hoby, J. The Baptists in America; a narrative of 
the deputation from the Baptist Union in England, to the United States 
and Canada. N. Y.: Leavitt, Lord. 1836. Pp. 207-209... III 

Goxe, Reginald: The Luna’Fall. wi... cee eee IX 

VICE en Cie TAICIS ech Ges ance a, a. hel whee: wei ella’s «aleve a Gara IX 

Craig, W. M. (del.) Falls of Niagara; on the river St. Lawrence in 
Canada. T. Wallis. (sc.) Published as the act directs by C. Brightly 
and T. Kinnersley, Bungay; Nov., 1804...............ee00. IX 

Cramer, Charles. Etwas iiber die Natur Wunder in Nord America. 
Zweiter Alschnitt. St. Petersburg: Gretsch. 1840. Pp. 6-9....V 

Cranch, Christopher Pearse. The cataract isle. (Jn Johnson, 
R. L., Niagara; its history, incidents, and poetry. . . . Wash.: W. 
rel esn ah RO Tere pe teeter = Os Jie! atera! 60:24 Giardia dial ela eters; aleve s VIII 

Creation and development of the state reservation at Ni- 
agara (The). (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv: at 


DNR R HEA OnE SAO pr «aes war d's, ohayiev tere ‘are: brave+ahete'® 6 XI 
Creuxius Franciscus (S. J.). New France in 1660. (Reduced 
facsimile from his *‘ Historia Canadensis.” Paris: 1664.)...... IX 


New France in 1660. (Reduced facsimile from his Historia 
Canadensis. Paris: 1664.) (Jn Thwaites, R. G., Jesuit relations. 
Cleveland: Burrows Bros. 1900. 46: frontispiece.).......... IX 

Crévecouer, Hector St. John de. Description of Niagara Falls in a 
letter to his son under date of July, 1785. (Mag. Am. hist., Oct., 
LOZOR AV Ob olisepts app: 605-6132) oo ee ek as II and IX 

[Crévecouer, Hector St. John de.] Voyage dans la haute 
Pensylvanie et dans |’état de New York, par un membre adoptif de la 
nation Oneida. ‘Traduit et publié par l’auteur d’un cultivateur 


Américan. Paris: De Crapelet. 1801. 2:148-193.......... II 
Crowley, Mrs. Richard. Echoes from Niagara: historical, qpolitical, 
personals Buffalo: Moulton, | 1'690)).Pp. 1-19. 2. ood. ce. V 


Cruikshank, Julia. Whirlpool heights: the dream-house on the 
Niagara river. Lond.: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd. 1915....VIII 


Cumberland, Barlow. A century of sail and steam on the Niagara 


river. Toronto: 1913. Pp. 31-32; 99-101; 121; 169...... XII 
Currie, P. W. On the ancient drainage at Niagara Falls. (Geog. 


lObr OE OU hOGA e heh eee Pa lhe ee VII 
1299 


Niagara Falls 


Currie, P. W. On the ancient drainage.of Niagara Falls. (Trans. of 
the Can. inst. Aug., 1901. 7: pt. 1. No. 13:7-14.)....... VII 
Currier, N. Niagara Falls from Table Rock. (Grosvenor 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. 


1) CRA Bp er Se na Se ae AAS UE ae LD OR MBAR Carey al Woy ENE ST | IX 
Curtis, George William. Lotus-eating. A summer book. N. Y.: 
Flarper’ Bros.) 16522 Ppsi7 ao lO2 sie ye ene eee eee nae IV 
Cutter, Charles. Pan-American, Buffalo and Niagara Falls: a 
picturesque,-souvenir.}) POO Tie. fale eee Gee ee ae eee ge XII 
Cutter and Koonz. Panoramic views of Niagara Falls. Niagara 
Falls: Cutter and\Koonz: (190M ieee chee Oat oe ath ee eee IX 


Cutter, G. W. Morning at the Falls. (Jn his Poems and fugitive 
pieces. Cincinnati: Moore, Wilstach, Keys. 1857. Pp. 266— 


715 oA) MANO aCe ey OT em TH oy Mee apn ANU lpr Rinne VAG. VIII 
—— Niagara. (J/n his Poems and fugitive pieces. Cincinnati: Moore, 
Wialstach!: Keys, 18372 Pp. 00-183:.) sae sie eee ee eee VIII 
Cutter’s guide to Niagara Falls, and adjacent points of 
interest. Cutter’s guide publishing co. 1897.............. XII 


Cutting, H. S. The Erie canal vs. the Niagara ship canal. Argument 
of Hon. H. S. Cutting before the assembly committee on commerce 
and ‘navigation, Mareh 6, G66.) Saco eee tnrede ee eee XII 

D. W. The glory of Niagara. (Life and health, Aug., 1897. Pp. 
PA OE: PEAS) GF) Mae Marne APE RA RT AUER QR nara aba) 1 IV and Xl 

Dale Stephen M. Seeing Niagara Falls for the first time. Ladies’ 
home jour? June, 1904." 121) 9200.) ie erence cio ice eterna eee XI 

Dalton, Willam. Travels in the United States of America and part 
of Upper Canada. . . . Appleby. (Eng.): R. Bateman. 
RSA WS ene eC aS VPM ara AU PUA REAL RS OSe LS Hernia NANI So III 

Dana, Charles A. Niagara Falls. (General view from Clifton 
house.) 4x6. (Jn Dana, C. A. ed., The United States illustrated. 
2' vol in‘ one. NYY J Meyer. [165 3) wbst Sie iin rea IX 

Darby, - The straits of Niagara, from a map by Mr. Darby. 
64n1Y. Un Blane, W. N., Travels through the United States 
and Canada. Lond.: Baldwin & Co. 1828. Opp. p. 404.)...IX 

Darby, William. Brooke’s universal gazetteer, or new geographical 
dictionary: . . . 3d Am. ed. Phil.: Bennett and Walton. 1820. 
Py aa Be sei Reg ar ORR A) I A a Sa a Vv 

The straits of Niagara. 61x13. (Jn his A tour from the 

city of New York to Detroit in the Michigan territory. N, Y.: For 

the ‘author! F8194) Oppiipy M5 5.) hee ee cee tie a ete cea ete IX 

1300 


Alphabetical List 


Darby, William. A tour from the city of New York, to Detroit, in 
the Michigan territory, made between the 2d of May and the 22d of 
September, 1818 . . . The tour is accompanied with a map upon 
which the route will be designated; a particular map of the Falls and 
river of Niagara, and the environs of the city of Detroit. N. Y.: 
Kirk and Mercein. 1819. Pp. 160-169. 

View of the United States, historical, geographical, and statistical ; 
exhibiting, in a convenient form, the natural and artificial features of 
the several states. . . . Phila.: Tanner. 1828. Pp. 209-216.V 

Darton, Nelson Horatio. Catalogue and index of contributions to 
North American geology, 1732-1891. (U.S. geol. survey. Bull. 
No. 127. Wash.: 1896. Pp. 686-702.) 

Data on electric baking with Niagara power. (Elec. wid. & 
eng. Aug. 12, 1905. 46:268.) 

Daubeny, Charles Giles Bridle. Journal of a tour through the 
United States and Canada, made during the years 1837-1838. 
Oxford: T. Combe, ptr. 1843. Pp. 44-48......... VII and XI 

Davenport, Bishop. A new gazetteer, or geographical dictionary, of 
North America and the West Indies. . . . Balt.: M’Dowell. 1833. 


EI assert eh ala anc al-eletovohjei Seta ek aeald one wwe the tenaitia V 
Davies, Thomas. An east view of the great cataract of Niagara. 
Engraved on copper by J. Foregeron. 1760.........00ssc00: IX 


Davis, Major Henry. “Great Horseshoe Fall.” (1848>)..IX 
Davis, Rebecca Harding. The passing of Niagara. (Indep. Nov. 
PB). 9 [fe S17 IN S278 His A Aa Bs Lc a er ne ee XI 
Davison, G. M. Niagara Falls: the travelers’ guide through the middle 
and northern states and the provinces of Canada. Saratoga Springs. 


He Sera MA OA AIL iid Oe sr ak RE SS Ra a ok Hn XII 
Day at the Falls (A). (Colburn’s new mo. mag., 1838. 4: 
AIPM en NONEeN ENT Ra tale ca ar deci Gila ee Whaat aly wey el ace isl 66 III 


Day, David F. A catalogue of the flowering and fern-like plants 
growing without cultivation in the vicinity of the Falls of Niagara. 


(Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 1898. 
EL: Be Sali 2) sv es a ad ER ae ie OP a VI 


Catalogue of the Niagara flora. A catalogue of the flowering 


and fern-like plants growing without cultivation in the vicinity of the 
Falls of Niagara. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at 


LEAST SAAN] RS 1S YIN: CA OAPs 1 2) YOR AGES VI 
' 1301 


Niagara Falls 


Day, David F. Catalogue of the Niagara flora. <A catalogue of the 
flowering and fern-like plants growing without cultivation in the vicinity 


of the Falls of Niagara. (Troy:) The Troy Press. 1888...... VI 
The flora and fauna of Niagara Falls. (The Niagara book. 

Ny ¥.2 190!) Ppyd SES 77 ee Oe es a cae ae VI 
The plants of Buffalo and its vicinity. Cryptogamae. (Bull. 

of the Buf. Soc. of Nat. Sci. 1882. 4:No. 4, 153—290.)....VI 
The plants of Buffalo and its vicinity. Phaenogamae. (Bull. 

of the Buf. Soc. of Nat. Sci. 1882. 4:No. 3, 65-152.)...... VI 
Day, Richard E. Niagara. (Jn his Lines in the sand. [Poems] 
Syracuse, N. Y.: John T. Roberts. 1878. Pp. 28—-30.)..... VIII 


Day, Samuel Phillips. English America; or, Pictures of Canadian 
places and people. Lond.: T. Cautley Newby. 1864. 2:211- 


VA | aan ee URS ae Pym IO Aone eye MUS A UM) ne at IV 
Life and society in America. Lond.: Newman. 1880. 2d 

$68: Pips LOA Gy a) Wehete habe peel aulclole Aue deer eee EI ee IV 
Day, W——. (Lith.) Great Horseshoe Fall. On stone by A. 
Prelkeena, Preis) oie oh as aeeite tater eho bated eee ne tolen wena vet aes eRe Ca eae ena IX 


De berugte waterval van Niagara in New York. (Grosvenor 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. 
MBE 2a )or heh ADU NS! RMR ALIS Tah Ooh eRe etn ee de IX 

Dearborn, Henry A. S. Memorandum of a journey to the Niagara 
frontier for the purpose of negotiating treaties with the Seneca & 
Tuscarora tribes of Indians. (Buf. Hist. Soc., pub., vol. VII. See 
Tis a eRe ERPS naD PMA SESE Mea a Ee V 

Death of Washington, with Niagara as a background. 

Deedes, Henry. Sketches of the south and west; or, Ten months’ resi- 
dence in the United States. Edinb. and Lond.: 1866. Pp. 8-11.IV 

De Haas, Mauritz Frederick Hans. The rapids above the Falls. 


CNBZB): ois Bees dete Me ae Ce setae tenor ie inl ta ei ence ue IX 
Delano, F. R. The water power of Niagara. N. Y.: Banker’s pub. 
ssn, ROG TPs A acceso eeu eat ctte ep cater Nan ee a XII 


Delarochette, L——. Bowle’s new pocket map of North America, 
divided into its provinces, colonies, etc., by J. Palairet, lately revised 
and improved with many additions, from D’Anville, Mitchel, and 
Bellini, by ‘IL: Delarochette:,|))\ Lond): "Node cnc eine IX 

De l’Isle, Guillaume. Carte de Ja Louisiane et du cours du Mississipi. 
Dressée sur un grand nombre de mémoires entrau’tres sur ceux de mr 
le Maire. Par Guillaume De’lisle de |’Académie des Sciences. 


PU ZUG) asia ia aN Mees ANA See WUE, era a ae eee IX 


Alphabetical List 


De l’Isle, Guillaume. Carte de Ja Louisiane et du cours du Mississippi 
dressée sur un grand nombre de Memoires entr’ autres sur ceux de M’r. 
le Maire. Par Guillaume De I’Isle de l’Academie R’le des Science. 
(Un his Atlas nouveau. Amsterdam: n. d. Chez Jean Covens et 
SEPEIE TV LOL UCIT. IN Gch; DO.) ist asia \etalioiele Yo wi ere Gna le labatserwid eipi-eie) Broce IX 

Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du Mississippi. (Grosvenor 

library, Buffalo, N. Y. Maps historical and miscellaneous. No. 


Carte du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France et des Decouvertes qui 
y ont été faites dressée sur plusieurs Observations at sur un grand 
nombre de Relations imprimées ou manuscrites. Par Guillaume De 
Isle de l’Academie Royale des Sciences et Premier Geographe du Roy. 
Ch TEE i dt VO 1S SU MON No a AT Metis IX 
Carte du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France et des découvertes qui 
y ont été faites. A Pars: 1703. (Maps of Am. 1:No. 10.)—IX 
Carte du Mexique et de la Floride, des terres Angloises et des 
isles Antilles, du course et des environs de la riviere de Mississipi. 
Dressé sur un grand nombre de mémoires, principalmt. sur ceux de 
mr d Iberville et Le Seur. Per Guillaume Del’Isle. Geographe de 
l’Academie Royale des Sciences. A Paris: Chez |’Auteur. 1703.1X 
Carte du Mexique et de la Floride, des terres Angloises et des 
isles Antilles, au course et des environs de la riviére de Mississipi. 
Paris: Chez |’Auteur. 1703. (Maps of Am. 1: No. 8.)...... IX 
Carta geografica del Canada nell’ America Settentrionale. (Atlante 
Novissimo Del Sig’r Guglielmo de L’Isle. Venezia: Giambatista 
Albrizzi I. Girol. 1740. [1740-1750] Vol. I-II [No. 40]).IX 
Nouvelle Carte particuliére de ]|’Amerique, ou sont exactment 
marquées une partie de la Baye d’Hudson, le pays des Kilistinons, Ia 
Source de la grande riviére de Mississippi, le pays des Illinois. . . . 
(In his Atlas nouveau. Amsterdam: n. d. Chez Jean Covens et 
Bare em IVIOLET oe INGA eae ec rola ata i kiae) a ay chats eels ca vhic Was IX 
Tabula geographica Mexicae et Floridae. . . . Carte du 
Mexique et de la Florida. Dated 1722 . . . (Un his Atlas 
nouveau. Amsterdam: n. d. Chez Jean Covens et Corneille Morctier. 
| EARS SIE ARTE MRR ES Ds de ASH a eRe Pa a IX 
[View of Niagara Falls in the early part of the 18th century. ] 
(In his Atlas nouveau. Amsterdam: n. d. Chez Jean Covens et 
@orucilevigraehay |b VOC ces Se we sce se 6 eles IX 
Delivery and distribution of Niagara power in Buffalo 
(The). (Elec. wld. Jan. 21, 1899. 33: 76-82.) 
1303 


Niagara Falls 


Dember, George. Map of Niagara river or the straits between the 
lakes Erie and Ontario, by Geo. Dember, 60th Reg’mt. (Jn O'Cal- 
laghan, E. B., The documentary history of the state of New York. 


Albany 284932545 8U) Me seen Er ASE NIG dad Ix 
Deming, A Falls of Niagara in Canada. Engraved by Scott 
for the Gallery ‘ofnature and art,> (1602 se sni9 3 Se eet IX 
Der Niagara Fall. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of 
Niagara: Falls;)) 16975187. Mat.) 25.) Suave nner eee IX 
Der Niagara fluss. Verlag d.Englishen Kunstanstalt vy. A. H. Payne. 
Deeipzig) aid Dresdens sis eins Gk. TNS) SR ARS ea Eee IX 


De Roos, F. F. American Falls of Niagara. Printed by C. Hull- 
mandel. (1827.) 
De Roos, F. F. (delt.) American Falls of Niagara. (Grosvenor 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. 
Dat BOS) oka © Sheree ee ARIS Oc CT BA Cone al Aor ee IX 


The crescent seen from below the circular ladder. Printed by C. 
Hullmandel. (1827) (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of 


Niagara’ Falls 6971879 Mar 10.) ee eee IX 
River Niagara. Cloud of the Falls. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, 
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 10.)...... IX 


De Roos, John Frederick Fitzgerald. Personal narrative of 
travels in the United States and Canada in 1826. Lond.: W. H. 


Amsworths 18270) (Pps ola nye ae tare aera el eater eee a III 
Desecration of Niagara. (Ladies’ home jour. June, 1906. 
VAG a A A) aaa RELATOR EU RUE PITFALL UAL SPARE SuRP Ey CM I bath hae XI 
Descent into the rapids of Niagara. An authentic narrative. 
(Knicker. [N2“Y2] Oct.) 1851.) 38: 414-416.) . oe ce ss es VIII 


Description of a view of the Falls of Niagara. . . . Boston: 
Perkins & Marvin, ptrs., 1837. 

Descriptions of the Falls of Niagara. (Mag. of Am. hist., July, 
1880. 5: 47-56.) 

Desor, E. ‘The falls of Niagara and their retrograde movement . . . 
tr. by J. D. Meredith. (Pottsville scientific association. Pottsville, 


Penn: Bulletins Janie Rebs. 0555 ep. oO) se ree ree VII 
(Ueber Niagara Falls.) (Geologische gesellschaft. Seitschrift. 

Sept:; 1853. Fide 5...) Pp.y64 3-044.) ) [Abstract] ini aye VII 
Destruction of Niagara (The). (Spec., June 30, 1883. 56: 831- 
Xe A MOU Mera ea ae RR Y CTO MMR SUAS URN RAD NE SECURE LT AMUN NA XI 
Destruction of Niagara Falls (The). (Metal. & chem. eng. Dec., 
19126 VO FIFO) io Ge dais Os Ws Oral iecr al er ataniede het aaa eee XI 


Alphabetical List 


Destruction of Niagara Falls (The). (R. of R., Apr., 1905, 
BAD a Un seeiet UATE Oe wie Shes ay teal fe) s'-eh'd-s. clMPsl siial ele(wigi mal ahold a/e\'e-s) 0 XI 
De Tivoli, J. A guide to the Falls of Niagara, with a splendid litho- 
graphic view by A. Vaudricourt from a daguerreotype of J. Lang- 


heim. N. Y.: Burgess, Stringer and Co. 1846............. XII 
Detmers, Arthur. The Devil’s hole massacre. (The Niagara 
frontier landmarks ass’n. Buffalo. 1906. Pp. 47-52.).......... V 


Detroit (Mich.) board of trade. Niagara ship canal. ‘The 
necessities of the great west require a depth of not less than fourteen or 
fifteen feet. An unanswerable argument on the subject. [Detroit, 1866.] 

Deuther, Charles George. Canticles of Niagara, and other poems. 
PG GO OGN i oue bel rape ts aes asobee) abate ta eay ates uke 8.8 geedld o VIII 

De Veaux, Samuel. The Falls of Niagara, or tourist’s guide to this 
wonder of nature, including notices of the whirlpool, islands, etc., and a 
complete guide through the Canadas. Buffalo: William B. Hayden. 
EMME pelle By ale Bite hy kok SOO UIRY ag Gach ny SONA Bee Steel g big XII 

Map of Niagara Falls and guide table. 12 x 16. (Jn his 

The traveller’s own book, to Saratoga Springs, Niagara Falls and 

@anaaa.). «+. buttalo:: Faxon, &. Read.) 18412) c)o26.0 ois oa win IX 

The travellers’ own book, to Saratoga Springs, Niagara Falls and 

Canada, containing routes, distances; . . . Buffalo: Faxon and Read. 


Pe DIG. caters oot Stata teas anceome ie gnarare: atuieiene ea XII 
Development of electric power at Niagara Falls (The). 
Garures pts 75 Fo Ws OSA 5— [7 Gs ia syauereen bos Oem sieliavs allele oc »4 


Development of Niagara Falls power on the Canadian side 
(The). (Elec. rev. May 12, 1897. 30:223.) 
Devoy, John, comp. A history of the city of Buffalo and Niagara 


Falemeaeeest xual NOOO int medi eeaLy PS Ni aN Se V 
Dewart, Edward Hartley. Songs of life; a collection of poems. 
Toronto: Dudley and Burns. 1869. Pp. 79-82........... VIII 
De waterval van Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Wiews of Niagara. Falls: .697—16/——. ‘Mat 3.) 200. 6 eS. IX 
DeWeese, Truman A. How Niagara is “* harnessed.”  (R. of R., 
alee aT SOF) ke aieresarsvohtectatstene ed OIG. we ce adie eee xX 
Dewey, Mary E., editor. Life and letters of Catharine Sedgwick. 
INGek see e dampers ALOT ban Wepe. ESOT SO oo Re oe aes eae III 


Dexter, Charles. Niagara. (Jn his In memoriam versions and idle 


measures. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co. 1891. P. 186~— 


SILI) FOR ERB E BG ES SP a Phe A et VIII 
Dickens, Charles. American notes for general circulation. Lond.: 
Shapmamends late, 1842.4) 22176-180) 53 sk a IV 


1305 


Niagara Falls 


Die Schnellen des Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Views of Niagara Falls, | 11697-187——.) Mat \22.) i. 0 oe IX 
Dilke, Charles Wentworth. Greater Britain. A record of travel in 
English-speaking countries during 1866-7. Phila.: Lippincott. 1869. 


Bs G96) ha aces CN NRE Ria RNY AR ALT OND A OS I Be cr ee a IV 
Discharge of the Niagara river (The). (Eng. mag. Apmil, 1900. 
Kode! WAS 2s ft PD era Re STEROL R Cre alec mile 6% XI 


Distant electric power transmission. (Eng. mag., July, 1900. 
19: 586-587.) 

Distribution of Niagara energy in Auburn. (Elec. wid., May 
2, 1908. 51: 899-902.) 

Distribution of Niagara power at Buffalo. (W. elec. June 27, 

will896: 1823205 

Disturnell, J. comp. (A trip through the lakes of North America. 


NiO Y se; Disturnells)) 1657 Pps) 206221 72) ohn a cera XII 
Diversion of Niagara river. (Sci. Am., Mar. 17, 1906. 94: 
PACS) RE EDS ME EI a RAL MeL AWAD. Mit Beh 8 ts XI 


Dixon, James. Personal narrative of a tour through a part of the 
United States and Canada: with notices of the history and institutions 
of Methodisma in America. N. Y.: Lane and Scott. 1849. Pp. 110- 
DD cere a MUR MRTLNG vse Ned tvaiee Sch gt eat atts es aL Es eetied age naa IV 

Dog goes over Niagara Falls alive (A). (Knowledge. 1882. 
1:574.) 

Dollar, George. The Niagara fools. (Strand, Sept, 1897. 14: 
SIZES 3. yi i\ialerstetonanene eetels: a) Waste aires aah Cohn Rete schol Aue ah Mate eS V 

Donohoe, Thomas. The Iroquois and the Jesuits. The story of the 
labors of Catholic missionaries among these Indians. Buffalo: Catholic 
Publication\Go.’!) 18955) Pp. S2,02Z07 ik icias elee ie ae eee Vv 

Dore, Gustave. Atala album, photographs of twelve illustrations to 


Chateaubriand’s Atala. Phila.: Frederick Leypoldt. N. Y.: F. W. 


Christe) | (WEG ee Se ic OS WS ace ae eer een IX 
Dorr, Eben P. Niagara’s historic environs. (Four-track news. Feb., 
1904. Pp. LOATH i ee UA egy AS ese Bn ee V 


Dow, Charles Mason. Address to the international commissioners 
appointed to investigate concerning the conditions and uses of the waters 
adjacent to the boundary lines between Canada and the United States, 
at Niagara Falls, New York, September 14, 1905. (Ann. rep’ts of 


the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara, 22:67-75.).......... XI 
The State Reservation at Niagara: a history. Albany. J. B. 
Tayon ‘Coy! OVA eR Te RORY cchavetetabalers Rete ike Beaten XI 


Alphabetical List 


Dow, Charles Mason. Hennepin memorial address. (Ann. rep’ts of 


the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 27:10—16.)........ XI 
How to protect Niagara Falls. (Outl., Jan. 27, 1906. 82: 
BMPR CAMP CHEE Para ate) wicsi0s Ua ee" alex) al 6 oy'nj.0j a ahaha NaN Reman U a AMS aie XI 


—— Letter to Governor Odell, requesting him to veto the Niagara, 
Lockport and Ontario power company bill. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs 


of the state reserv. at Niagara.; 21: 215-—229.).........%00.-. XI 
Drake, Joseph Rodman. Niagara. (J/n his Culprit fay and other 
poems. N. Y.: George Dearborn. 1836. Pp. 65-67.)..... VIII 
Dry as Niagara. (Outl., Nov. 24, 1906. 84:690-691.)....XI 


Dudley, Paul. An account of the falls of the river Niagara, taken at 
Albany, October 10, 1721, from Monsieur Borassaw, a French native 
of Canada. (Royal Society of London, Philosophical transactions. 
CS TEL EES WEARS) rao Hoe 52 ED I 

Dufferin, The marchioness of. My Canadian journal, 1872-78. 
Extracts from my letters home written while Lord Dufferin was gov- 
ernor-general. New York: 1891. Pp. 39-40; 450.......... XI 

Dumas, A. Lutilisation des chutes du Niagara pour la production de 
energie electrique. (Le Genre civil. Feb. 8, 1896. 28:225- 
NNR! Soh eet ANI cheats ch aa aut Nee Oe, ahi MAR EP Aliyah rat's. ishoda ioars Xx 

DuMond, F. V. Niagara illustrations. (Jn Trumbull, William, 
Legend of the white canoe. N. Y. & Lond.: Putnam. 1894.)..IX 

Duncan, John M. Travels through part of the United States and 
Canada in 1818 and 1819. Glasgow. 1823. 2:52-57..... VII 

Travels through part of the United States and Canada in 1818 

and 1819. N. Y.: W. B. Gilley; New Haven: Howe & Spalding. 


[ENS [pe tdS ES 5 Rr Te Oat Rn ee ean a Ill 
[Duncan, Mrs. M. G. Lundie.] America as I found it. Lond.: 
DMisgeeesoet fp S65-S36004 ae La wekoe see ene IV 


Dunlap, Orrin E. Accident to a ten thousand horse power alternator 
at Niagara. (Elec. rev., May 15, 1908. 62: 823.) 
Additional power facilities at Niagara Falls. (W. elec. Nov. 


COT mre eto 9 SOO. SON) seas ele wee eleve Ghee wre eos wets arqvene xX 
—— Calcic carbide plant at Niagara Falls. (W. elec. Jan. 18, 
Pee SIS Pett ier PS Lc icta dra's en ou bj wyous X 


—— California and Niagara power transmission compared. (W. elec. 
Dec. 19, 1903. 33:459-460.) 
Canadian electric power stations at Niagara. (Nature, Dec. 14, 


Lie SIV Ee ALLEN 6 a AA ER: Sl a X 
1307 


Niagara Falls 


Dunlap, Orrin E. The Canadian Niagara Falls development. (Elec. 
rev. May (Se 1905) (SOs 737.) ee cule re ate else rates rear te teense anal »4 

Canadian Niagara [power company]. (Elec. rev., Feb. 10, 
1905. 56: 233.) 

—— The Canadian Niagara power development. (Elec. rev. Jan. 
3, 1903. 42:12-15.) 

Conveying the roar of Niagara by telephone to New York. (W. 


elecs/ "May 30;) 18964) 822650) ey Aiea On eben en atote x 
The crime against Niagara. (Harp. w., Apr. 7, 1906. 50: 
ALAA TB.) i Sid gee Gale ea RCM tle SATA SUCH AE IE SRP RAM X and XI 
—— Curious engineering feat at Niagara. (Sci. Am., Nov. 11 and 
25s 1905S) "OBS SEZ 42 Bie ire ens cave ey ele ete hee eee X 
—— Developing power of lower Niagara. (W. elec., June 18, 1898. 
ZB SOO): bene vstan ied aees Cob Ose ic ke taller a teeta etic rake toe ileal Ne anne aoa xX 
—— Developments at Niagara Falls for the utilization of its power. 
(Elec. rev. Sept. 12, 1903. 43:344-349.)....... 0.00 ce eee x 
— Dynamiting the Niagara ice jam. (Sci. Am., May 8, 1909. 
OO: 34923 SO )istie iis Ae ae eee AU ote A Ss es eee ee a Vv 


—— Electric heaters in the great Niagara power house. (Elec. engr., 
Apr. 14, 1897. 23: 396-397.) 


—— Electric power transmission at Niagara. (W. elec. Feb. 8, 


VS9G8 ASP OIRO Zins ok Se AAs Ue: i i de ea a Ree xX 
Electrical development at Niagara Falls, Canada. (Elec. rev., 
Heb) LO SV905 56s 23M) ccleaner edie aa Mee ceo xX 


Electrical matters at Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld., Jan. 4, 1897. 
27: 8-9.) 

Extension of the Niagara Falls hydraulic power and manufac- 
turing company’s plant. (Elec. engr., Nov. 25, 1897. 24:508.) 
Extension of the Niagara Falls power company’s plant. (W. 
elec. July 31, 1897. 21: 60-61.) 

Extension of the Niagara power house. (Elec. eng., Sept. 16, 
1896. 22:269-271.) 


The extension of the power plant of the Niagara Falls power 


company. | (Eng. news, ‘Oct.14,-1897. 38: 242.)\. 02 02.35.02) x 
Foolhardy attempts at passing the whirlpool rapids of Niagara. 
(SeuAm)) Sept: 262 1901655 2012024) eri hie enneas V 


The frost-king at Niagara. (Booklover’s mag. Dec. 1903. 
2: 645-651.) 

—— A great concrete retaining wall. (Sci. Am., May 12, 1906. 
OS 50 FOG ei Ns Nl Pn Cee a et ha e xX 


Alphabetical List 


Dunlap, Orrin E. Heroes of Niagara. (Royal, May, 1902. 8: 
57-66.) 
—— The ice bridge in the Niagara gorge. (Eng. news, Feb. 9, 1899. 


SPS Teta Pa eT ONS otal al cs atateN he S)eve/ o''oy af ails wa henapa eeh el ae ohare s 1. V 
—— The ice condition at Niagara river. (Sci. Am., Feb. 7, 1903. 
Pee Rai Mater aric) Marae aia Aaa ie tone: ei or'a wate. 6 aie ahaa, Mtabee sarees Vv 
—— Illuminating Niagara with its own power. (Sci. Am., Oct. 19, 
De iSO AS Wala artrere) aatcite ia) {202 Ra al Sracaratiaigiel dha een a eunete x 


—— Illumination of Niagara Falls. (W. elec. July 24, 1897. 21: 
43-44, 

— Is Niagara doomed? (Tech. wld. July, 1905. 3:557- 
BART EMNN AR ELL Bt PRN aI 1a TRet ella aries otal ate a ok acute RUA GS Tak a teh otal Wide! olin eas ah XI 

—— The latest hydro-electric power house at Niagara Falls. (W. 
elec. Mar. 23, 1907. 40: 250.) 

——— Lightning strikes the Niagara power plant. (Sci. Am., Feb. 14, 
1903. 88:111.) 

- Lord Kelvin and the Niagara power transmission. (Elec. eng., 

ENE OE HAE ie satay cl cee ata erate ots ch a aVarey a paharte LEEKS toed a'dntanibe xX 

Making sodium peroxide at Niagara. (Elec. eng., June 23, 
1897... 23: 701.) 

—— Manufacture of calcium carbide. (W. elec. May 16, 1896. 
18: 233-235.) 


—— The manufacture of carborundum. (Elec. power. Jan., 1896. 


EUR ar coe he GT ata oak atlarfented Seok atid seea va ey Sees 8 / Sal oher eal eS oot xX 
The manufacture of chemicals by Niagara power. (Elec. eng., 

POE GOGO NOL 2 2 AAO 2 FOU A silty sie ole pareve slanoia ciate, oats « xX 
More power at Niagara Falls. (W. elec. Mar. 21, 1896. 

[if SES US ay ANT at OSU g rates ith t SEEPS REC NA et ee xX 
—— New concrete arch bridges at Niagara. (Sci. Am., Nov. 23, 
Ue Te is ks tee hs co athe, aah Rites Ill oles late wiera crete Wodiarne XII 
—— A new 130,000 horse-power plant at Niagara Falls. (Sci. 
Pirie h Gro. i Dos 244248 GS Molesey acute iota btee eevee xX 
—— The new plant of the Canadian Niagara Falls company. (Sci. 
Pint PCCNG FUTURO NOU ASR 5d Os ieee sch uta Ao edia Mahle 3 X 
— — New power development at Niagara Falls. (Cass. Mar., 1896. 
Ee) toe A (570) 1 See st RN 2 RITE it see Ree alee SOMES LG? Ae DPI GRE a a x 


—— The new power house at Niagara. (Elec. rev., June 12, 1903. 
52:1023.) 

— New power house at Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am. sup., June 13, 
T9OSs ome 22041 229482.) Nee ae aid 5 ane xX 


1309 


Niagara Falls 


Dunlap, Orrin E. The new steel arch bridge over Niagara Falls. 
(Ens, ‘news; Jan.) 2, 1696;,°) 351 B=P4y oie os eis oc cteae XII 

New wheel-pit of the Niagara Falls power company’s power 

plant at Niagara Falls, New York. (Eng. news, Apr. 5, 1900. 

43: 229-230.) 

New work at Niagara Falls by the hydraulic company. (Elec. 

eng., July 28, 1898. 26: 73-75.) 

Niagara and its notoriety-seekers. (Cosmop., Mar. 1902. 32: 
bio Jo ee te Bn RMU EMS URS oe Oe OS Uiey Tee HERR Mtncrg tents cu, aA V 

—— Niagara-Buffalo transmission line. (W. elec. Dec. 25, 1897. 
24357.) 

—— Niagara Falls as an electrical center. (W. elec., June 12, 1897. 


20: 3252327.) 
(The) Niagara Falls hydraulic power asa manufacturing com- 
pany’s new work. (Elec. eng., Dec. 4, 1895. 20:537-539.)....% 


Niagara Falls power supply interrupted by fire. (Eng. news, 
Feb. 5, 1903. 49:129.) 

—— Niagara in winter. (Cosmop., Apr. 1900. 28:593-604.).V 

—— Niagara model for the electrical exposition. (W. elec., Apr. 
18s) 18965" TSslOlHtB 25) eee ies Se aR ae ae xX 

Niagara power development on the Canadian side. Ww. elec. 

July 25, 1903. 33: 55-56.) 

Niagara — the scene of perilous feats. (Cosmoy., Feb. 1902. 


BD: SHB BAO! \ii i x WG ia wm were la te viat te BITS wee ie eke VW; 
— Nikola Tesla at Niagara Falls. (W. elec., Aug. 1, 1896. 
|e TSS a) RAE re eC ae regan eM enue ns gain fb eit be D< 


Novel features of the Niagara Falls lighting plant. (W. elec., 
Aug. 15, 1896. 19: 73-74.) 

Old hydraulic canal plant at Niagara Falls transformed for 
electric transmission. (W. elec., Dec. 5, 1896. 19:273-274.)..X 


One year of electric power transmission at Niagara Falls. (W. 


elec. April 4, 1896.. 18:163.)....... A ON AN ee a x 
Power development on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls. 
(Eng. ‘news, ‘Dec: Tt, 1902!) 48: 490-491) tine ei ane xX 
Power transmission from Niagara Falls. (Cass., Jan., 1897. 
VT EZO AY i 5 ile ei a eek RIAL Fei ee Tas Fare Re oe SFG NA Oe ea x 
Prospects of Niagara power on the Canadian side of the Falls. 
(Sei Am?)"Mar.'7,119035."88 7G.) se eae ee eee ee xX 
The recent subsidence of Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am., Mar. 6, 
1909: MOOS TY POZE iee beac oie tc pecan ay eterna a ee Vv 


1310 


Alphabetical List 


Dunlap, Orrin E. Remarkable diversion of Niagara’s waters. (Sci. 


eA AUS) GO DAA pc iiiael oie d ie eyaneiieny aeale Uleyélimsie;iee abe V 
—— The romance of Niagara bridges. (Strand. mag. Nov., 1899. 
ra Tate ae Dh eee) tin tae hata aech ow cctiand sate ocak al eammentae sibs XII 


—— A short circuit at Niagara. (Elec. rev., Mar. 31, 1905. 
20: 535.) 

Transformer equipment for street railway service at Niagara 
Falls. (W. elec. Jan. 25, 1896. 18:37.) 

—— Transmission of Niagara power to Buffalo. (Elec. eng., Oct. 
SO a eet 4 Leeds sts ch id Swoon che totevabek eis os Uiaky ola wnt’ Xx 

m— (The) Use of Niagara power by the Buffalo general electric 
company. (Elec. eng., Jan. 5, 1899. 27:17-22.) 

Water supply of Niagara. (W. elec. Feb, 8, 1896. 18: 


BRR MR eS eTcPa yh eek creeks fo ok erie sal'siiaa baie ar atatets. a s(abalitaeit XI 
The wonderful story of the chaining of Niagara. (Wld’s. work, 

Pe oe aibee OA SODA), ka uists hetsrs wile a bea Gockel e deb xX 
Dunlap, P. E., cornp. Sheldon and Hawley’s illustrated guide to 
Niagara Falls and points of interest. I1890...........0ce000> XII 


Dunlap, William. A trip to Niagara; or, Travellers in America. A 
farce in three acts. Written for the Bowery Theatre, New York. 
eee Ean tty tort iO 5 Olxs whe) aneiets Steholarwlele Glare avgeece gists VIII 

Dunlop, William. Recollections of the American war, 1812-14. 
Toronto: Historical Publishing Co. 1905. Pp. 56-58........ V 

Dunn, E——. Intermittent water-fall. (Sci. Am. December 4, 
PAOLA De) yo ciao kde atevacgo1o'e wire, Sesletnne oie wile iabenaG xX 

Duty on Niagara current. (Elec. wld. & eng. Jan. 12, 1907. 
49:92.) 

Dwight, Theodore, Jr. The northern traveller; containing the 
routes to the springs, Niagara, Quebec, and the coal mines; . . . 6th 
eat) 2 John Pb. Maven.) (641%) Pp49-58 7 oo a ck XII 

Dwight, Timothy. Travels; in New-England and New-York. New 
Haven: Timothy Dwight. S. Converse, printer. 1821-1822. 4: 
ESD UTE gee SNM SU ROS Oa 2 a VII 

E. Falls of Niagara. (Portfolio. May, 1811. 5:450—452.)...III 

E. S. C. A legend of the Manitou rock. Containing also Professor 
Lyell’s lectures upon the recession of Niagara Falls. Buffalo: Faxon. 


eee ih wb. Prey pee oe 4 SI ES 0 Si V 
Early history of the falls and city. (St. ry. rev., Oct., 1897. 
aI Ee ST Ses tarte sd CAC e Be ca hele, a a}e'd & 0/Stegale V 


Niagara Falls 


Eastman, F. S. A history of the state of New York from the first 
discovery of the country to the present time. N. Y.: Bliss. 1828. 
Pps DHOOs a bigs eas ST HAE OS CAEN aI NAC UR TS ca V 

Eaton, Amos. An index to the geology of the northern states, with 
transverse sections, extending from Susquehanna river to the Atlantic, 
crossing Catskill mountains; to which is prefixed a geological gram- 
mar.» 2d edso" Troy, 4 Nay s71820.4" Pow 24-2 see cee VII 

Ebelings, Christoph Daniel. Erdbeschreibung und Geschichte von 
Amerika. Die vereinten Staaten von Nordamerika. Hamburg: Carl 
Emst -Bohn.’  1793=1796.') 2:/634-639) 0. 20 Oyen ee Vv 

Eddy, I. H. Map of the straights of Niagara from Lake Erie to Lake 
Ontario. 15 x 7. N. Y.: Prior & Dunning. 1813. (/n Smith, 
D. W., A gazetteer of the province of upper Canada. N. Y.: Prior & 
Dunning’) POTS is iieico evel his ic cal ar aC icrehe eat oil ame IX 

[Editorial comment on Cassier’s Niagara power number. ] 
Outl., July 27, 1895. 52:128.) 

Edmands, I. R. and others. Niagara Falls power and American 
industries; a symposium. (Trans. Am. electro-chem. soc. April, 
1916. 29:59-97.) 

Edwards, C[harles] R. A story of Niagara. To which are appended 


reminiscences of a custom house officer. Buffalo: Breed, Lent. 1870. 


Pps ZB Oi ie eis RNS OTR RIE a ae aia ahora Set ON CEN Nees VIII 
Edwards, E. Jay. The capture of Niagara. (McClure, Oct., 1894. 
|S OA Ae oo Sh) Vr Me LAMBS Meee r amateur ret re xX 
Edwards, Ernest. Niagara: photo-gravures from originals. Troy: 
Nims) and (mighty NG oe eh pene so Ua ao oa oe 1X 
Effect of power development on the Canadian Falls at 
Niagara. (Metal. & chem. eng. June, 1913. 11:307.)..... xX 
Effect of water diversion for power purposes on Niagara 
Falls. (Eng. news, Mar. 17, 1910. 63: 306-307.)........ XI 
Electric features of Niagara (The). (Elec. wld. June 5, 1897. 
VAS AY fl Ko Sy (7. Ve AT PE ry SCURRY ENA UC A a IAs xX 


Electric machinery at Niagara (The). (Dub. rev. sci. not. April 
1, 1894. 114:421.) 

Electric manufacture of sodium (The). (Elec. wld. June 5, 
1897. 29: 733.) 

Electric power at Niagara. (Harp. w. Jan. 3, 1903. 47: 
5135) 

—— (Sci. Am. supp. Jan. 24, 1903. 55: 22633.) 

1312 


Alphabetical List 


Electric power development at Niagara Falls (The). (Sci. 


Sr AUNT UM C8 0 eam 2 19 Ao) a Pt x 
Electric power development at Niagara Falls, I. (Sci. Am., 
ee Oe NZI SNAG ies iisld. are cit Calal aletclaiaiphaereelen.e3 xX 
Electric power development at Niagara Falls, If. (Sci. Am., 
hy VEN aNd IST OTS PRM i Ee (0 TES 19.1 1) i A OA ae Xx 
Electric power development at Niagara Falls, HE. (Sci. Am., 
Re ae W906: 194 ZAG 2 4O eel cles « adie wha tae ee as xX 


Electric power from Niagara Falls. (Elec. rev., Nov. 20, 1896. 
39: 673.) 

Electric power in a nut and bolt factory. (Elec. wld. Jan. 30, 
1897. 29:183.). 

Electric power in Ontario. (Power. Nov. 3, 1908. 29: 
EMIS re take wt eee NEN ata ad Deda Shay ge AL IN iS Ur xX 

Electric railway bridge in Queen Victoria park railway. 
(W. elec. Sept. 5, 1903. 33:171.) 


Electric railway development at Niagara Falls. (Elec. rev. 


Beet OUGs LAO 2 SA eens etstenavads, oval gtelapetedeneree/arele alaycneiene xX 
Electric railways of the Niagara river region (The). (St. 
RIGHT OCE OSL al Se DO O-Olls aka tia a oie Asie ate efoaie« xX 


Electric scintillator may illuminate Niagara Falls. (W. elec. 
June 22, 1907. 40:555.) 


Electrical development at Niagara Falls. The new wheel pit. 
Pelee revs) April) 14)2 1697), 30: 169-070) er. os. ee x 

Electrical features of Niagara (The). (Elec. wld. June 5, 
1897. 29: 719-734.) 


Electrical Niagara. (Power. Feb., 1895. 15:12.)........ xX 
[Electrical review.] Editorial comment on the “ alleged destruction ”” 
Gutnecbalissin( Nove o, LOO. Sis ZUG). oo sted os oe ccs ete XI 


Electrical transmission plant of the Niagara, Lockport, and 
Ontario power company. (Ry. & eng. rev. Jan. 4, 1908. 


48: 9-12.) 
Electricity at Niagara Falls. (Am. elec. June, 1897. 9:211- 
Phe A) COREE ANE COLI CS TAI Li Xx 


—— (Elec. rev. June 9, 1897. 30: 269-270.) 
(Eng. (Lond.:) June 26, 1903. 95: 646-650.) 
Electro-chemical industries of Niagara Falls (The). (Electro- 
chem. & metal. ind. July, 1905. 3:253-255.)..........-:- xX 
a 1313 


Niagara Falls 


Electro-chemistry at Niagara Falls. (Pub. opin., July 22, 1897. 
ZO MAY es Ge RW EOC MUN Gk 1 SE a X 


Electrolytic generators at Niagara Falls. (Elec. rev. Nov. 


3, 1897. 312219.) 


Electrolytic production of chlorate of potash (The). (Elec. 
wld. Jan. 14, 1899. 33:46.) 


Eliza.’ ‘Niagara. (Soc. ‘ht. miss..Jan:)) 1837." '3:2-—-227) VIII 


Ellicott, Andrew. Description of the Falls of Niagara. (Columbian 
mag.) June, 1790.) 44931-3320) oe Wai ccieiee cece eee II 
—— View of the Falls of Niagara. Thackera & Vallance (sc.). 
LF 62, 0 Dae eMac arr BACK NIU  MAHTN iN US OAM AM AN Ao IX 
—— View of the Falls of Niagara. (Columbian mag. June, 1790. 
Be SOL) P28 codes eietevsabie winiere angie etal cle bie ioe tele elsteleue het er e ere IX 
—— View of the Falls of Niagara. (Mag. of Am. hist. July, 1880. 
STS FD MRR Gene ene Staion co mcee me cab Aa AIS MLE EG A As IX 
—— View of the Falls of Niagara. 334 x 7. (S. Hill, eng.). 
(Mass. mag. Boston: I. Thomas. July, 1790. 2:387.)...... IX 
Emily and Clara’s trip to Niagara Falls; by the editor of “‘ The 
youth’s casket.” N. Y.: Phinney, Blakeman, and Mason. (c. a. 
1855.): Poids AB ee eve SS Bn oe ied haar VII 
Emmons, Richard. ‘The Fredoniad or independence preserved; an 
epic poem on the late War of 1812. Bost.: Wiliam Emmons. 1827. 
3vol. Also 2d ed. Phila.: William Emmons. 1830. 1 vol. . VIII 
Endicott, . American Fall of the Niagara. (Grosvenor library, 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 23.)..IX 
Engleheart, Gardner D. Journal of the progress of H. R. H. 
the Prince of Wales through British North America; and his visit to the 
United States, 10th July to 15th November, 1860. Privately printed. 
1860." Pps GB266 we eee COR aT ae Ree rar ea eee XI 
Ensign, Bridgman and Fanning. Guide to the western rivers and 
lakes with engravings and railroad routes. N. Y.: Ensign, Bridgman 
and Fanning. |! AGS Ge bien ays hee ea rete inn eee ae XII 
Enys, Captain. Visit to Niagara. Journal of Capt. Enys, 29th regi- 
ment, 1787. (Rept. on Can. archives, 1886. Pp. cexxvi—ccxxxiii. ).II 
Erosion at Niagara. (Nature. April 25, 1907. 75: 607.) 
Evans, Estwick. A pedestrious tour, of four thousand miles, through 
the western states and territories, during the winter and spring of 1818. 
Concord, N. H.: Joseph C. Spear. 1819. Pp. 76-81. (Thwaites, 
Early western travels, 1748-1846. 8:174-177.)............ {Il 
1314 


Alphabetical List 


Evans, Lewis. A general map of the middle British colonies in 
America; viz., Virginia, Mariland, Delaware, Pensilvania, New Jersey, 
New York, Connecticut, and Rhode Island; of Aquanishuonigy, 
the country of the confederate Indians . . . comprehending their 
beaver hunting countries, of Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Champlain. . . 
Carefully copied from the original published at Philadelphia . . ~ 
Lond.: Printed for John Bowles. (Jn Evans, Lewis, Geographical, 
historical, political, philosophical and mechanical essays . . . Phila.: 
Printed by B. Franklin and D. Hall. 1755. P. 32.)......... IX 

A general map of the middle British colonies in America . . . 

Carefully copied from the original published at Philadelphia. Lond.: 

For John Bowles. 1771. (American maps, V, No. 16.)...... IX 

A general map of the middle British colonies in America, viz., 

Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pensilvania; New Jersey, New York, 

Connecticut, and Rhode Island, of Aquanishuonigy, the country of the 

confederate Indians . . . Corrected and improved with the addition 

of the line of forts on the back settlements by Thos. Jefferys. (Jn 

Jefferys, Thomas, General topography of North America and the 

West Indies. Lond.: Printed for Robert Sayer and Thomas Jefferys. 

MCMRING aay ee LUM Grunt cei a ieianetmeber ovate anera eae /erels IX 


—— <A general map of the middle British colonies in America . . . 
carefully copied from the original published at Philadelphia in 1755, 


Wi EEGINE AOCIONS' Dy) 2 GaDSONs\'s's1@ «cola tosslevale eiaislele de afees bie IX 
Everest, Robert. A journey through the United States and part of 
Canadas: tond.:Jobn. Chapman.) 1655. Pp: 40.....43)5.2.~. IV 
Eyre, John. The beauties of America. Buffalo: Steele. 1836. 
BaD arate sabia ie alia S85. 6 216 Grav ehateterese oie S Srehevenet Slanwiond ete. III 


Extension of the Niagara power plant (The). (Eng. mag., 
Nov., 1897. 14: 305-306.) 

Extract from H. W. Buck in Cassier’s magazine on Capture 
and uses of electrical development at Niagara Falls. 
(Sci. Am. sup. Dec. 19, 1903. 56:23386.). 


Extraordinary ice jams at Niagara Falls. (Eng. news, Apr. 29, 


PSUS Alans Bie a han ae Se ae a Vv 
F. C. H. Ulilisation des chutes du Niagara. (Le Genre civil. Aug. 
oe ANSE Oe iV Es Et) 1 Se 7) a BP Se ee ee x 


Facts and figures about Niagara. (Elec. wld. June 5, 1897. 
29: 720.) 
1315 


Niagara Falls 


Fairbanks, J. H. A map of the vicinity of Niagara Falls. Drawn 
from actual survey for Tunis’ guide. 16x21. Buffalo, N. Y.: E. R. 


Jewett ise Cost (PGS 7 Oe CR eres i si De re ieee aris (na eee IX 
Fairchild, Herman Leroy. Glacial waters in central New York. 
(N. Y. state museum. Albany: 1909. Bull. 127.)......... VII 
Fairholme, George. Geology. Lond.: 1837.............. VII 


New and conclusive physical demonstrations, both of the fact 
and period of the Mosaic deluge, and of its having been the only event 
of the kind that has taken place upon the earth. Lond.: James Ridgway 
and Sons: #1037.) ships ay —2 OB 2. aha entoieie tel a cuerene: tie aera VII 
On the falls of Niagara with some observations on the distinct 
evidence which they bear to the geological character of the North 
American plains. (London & Edinburgh phil. mag. 1834. 5:11- 


DN iow cies Cialelpaeiecete te Geedela ete inane etc ea nae a VII 
Faith and courage of the pioneer (The). (Harp. w., June 14, 
VOUS 57. pe As LASZ Rinks see ie oe cue rete cena reane euneeoe ot eee x 
Faithfull, Emily. ‘Three visits to America. N. Y.: Fowler and 
Wells. | 1884... Pps 395-396. 5 steve hers un neeee ae ee IV 
Fall des Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of 
Niagara: Falles: 697=167=2 Mat 4: ) ss oan eet ne eaen ye ee IX 
Fall of Niagara, Camada. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 16.).:........... IX 
Falls harnessed (The). (St. ry. jour., Oct. 15, 1897. 7: 660—- 
16) 0) EA aA eer neu UA MR SAM AnD SARE ANSE MEE ACI nei os > 


Falls of Niagara. N. Y.: Fless & Ridge Printing Co. (1891>). 
(Leisure hour. Sept. 28, 1854. 3:615-619.). 
Falls of Niagara (The). 1764. From a newspaper of the day. 


(Mass.mag:,) 1790: 2 SOQ Do oa ark a ee II 
Falls of Niagara and its water power (The). (Nature, Mar. 
22, 1894s) APSAB2Z—ASG ii ites Hee Al ARC ad) LS lee a nee xX 


Falls of Niagara (The): being a complete guide to the points of 
interest around and in the immediate neighborhood of the great cataract; 
with views taken from sketches by Washington Friend, Esq., and from 


photographs. Lond.: T. Nelson and Sons. 1859............ XII 
depicted by pen and camera (The). Buffalo and N. Y.: 
Matthews, Northrap and ‘Cot; WANide oy oss eee ase ee XII 
(The). (In Glimpses of the wonderful. N. Y.: Wiley and 
Putnam: |) 18475) Pei 7 5262 nice Bel eerie usc ta hae eee ea V 
(The). Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara 
Falls, 16972168 7=)) Welat 1) Gr 8 eee ee es ee eee IX 


1316 


Alphabetical List 


Falls of Niagara (The). Grosvenor library. Buffalo, N. Y. Views 


of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 16.).........cceeeee IX 
—— (The). (Harp. w. Sept. 11, 1875. 19:139-141.)....1V 
—— (The). (Home friend. Lond: 1852. 1 no. 22:510- 

RON RSMMC Petts ece, er etone/ cake ancy aNsy ial c leis c's: Siradenetens tee ale aiate: eiieibe my < V 


—— in Camada. Engraved by Scott from a drawing. Pub. by R. 
Wilkes, Jan., 1913. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of 


Puraearatrialise 1697167) Miati6:)-.3.) oe « Ua ok bole lela seis IX 
—— (The). 1820. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of 
Pingara, Falls.) ) 1697=167—.. Mat 26) 0% ees wclgace dee « IX 
mem (The). (Penny mag., Oct. 15, 1836. 5:405-406.)..... V 
——— reprints of Hennepin, Lahontan, newspaper 1764, Ellicott,-Rush, 
C. Williamson. (Mag. Am. hist. July, 1880. 5:47-56.)....IX 
eet Sat. mage Deci i TOSL:, 9 ls LOO 2D De) oh 8 Se ih ele wvel'eye Vv 


sketches by the way: a poem. By an author for the first 
time. N. Y.: 1829. 
—— (The). (Twenty years ago.) Grosvenor library, Buffalo, 
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 9.)...... IX 
—— (The). [View.] 314x414. (n The Lumiere, containing a 
variety of topographical views in Europe and America. N. Y.: H. R. 
RRC VCC Osan FO Sa Wik Dee) Neal ticity Gramatelstetar gy chedtace Wah ak ae IX 
—— [View.] 514 x 11. [Inset to Popple, Henry, A map of the 
British empire in America. Fol. Lond.: W. H. Toms & R. W. 
SSE S725) (ile ge ae PN Mein Ae eae i IX 
Farley, Rev. Frederick A. A visit to Niagara. (Lynch, Anna C., 
The Rhode Island book. Providence: Fuller. 1841. Pp. 69- 
SUE Sy ORR RE, RIE LECCE SRS) SUEY BAS OP A a IV 
Faris, R. L. Digest of paper by Spencer on ** Soundings under Niagara 
Falls and in gorge’”’ later published in his ‘* Evolution of Falls of 
Niagara... Gocis, Apr. 10) 1908. 27: 587—589:).. 2.5 bee VII 
Fashionable tour (The): a guide to travellers visiting the middle 
and northern states and the provinces of Canada. 4th ed. enl. and imp. 
Saratoga Springs: G. M. Davison; and N. Y.: G. and C. and H. 
arvle ml OoGen tt pee Olu LOO 20D o cecctats ord esc ea ce s'6/0)s « XII 
Fashionable tour in 1825 (The). An excursion to the springs, 
Niagara, Quebec and Boston. Saratoga Springs: G. M. Davison. 
SSE ag EST Ta 1S oa 2 Tg sage ae AY Rone XII 
Fashionable tour (The); or, A trip to the Springs, Niagara, Que- 
beck, and Boston, in the summer of 1821. Saratoga Springs: G. M. 
Bierce eee eps Som PO oe cae la lig oe etc mce'e die Ries XII 
1317 


Niagara Falls 


Fawcett, Walden, The new Niagara. (Am. mf. & ir. wld. Dee. 
25 L902. eo NPps DETSIZO2) ae oi ORS Ae aE Me ee Xx 
Faxon’s illustrated hand-book of travel by the Fitchburg, Rutland and 
Saratoga railway line, . . . Bost.: Faxon. 1873. Pp. 104— 
18 aaa ae rear Wr rr a ah er We Ne iat Ur RN AS Ud ik XII 
Featherstonehaugh, G. W. On the ancient drainage of North 
America, and the origin of the cataract of Niagara. (Mon. Am. jour. 
of-geol. and nat} isci:« July, 1631. WT 1S=21 ee oe ee ee VII 
Features of the Falls. (St. ry. rev., Oct. 1897. 7: 644-646.) . XII 
Fenn, Alice Maud. Niagara. (Art jour, 1885. 38: 237- 


LADY ae ORS OR a Oe WIR eee ODE Au EU ae, Se IX 
Fenn, Harry. Niagara. S. V. Hunt (sc.). N. Y.: D. Appleton 
Bi Cor STS iis PO eae ile ie eae ae ate er IX 


—— S. V. Hunt (sc.). Niagara. N. Y.: D. Appleton and Co. 
1873. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 


1697-18 7——.)) Matto ie Ol ee ee RO eae IX 
Fenning, D., Collyer, J., and others. New system of geography. 
Lond); Crowder.) 1:765: "72 OF 12.5 Loney 3G Eee 4) Seneca ae V 
Fer, N de. Le Canada, ou Nouvelle France, la Floride, la 


Virginie, Pensilvanie, Caroline, Nouvelle Angleterre et Nouvelle Yorck, 
I’Isle de Terre Neuve, la Louisiane et le Cours de la Riviére de Misisipi. 
Par N. de Fer. Geographe de Monseig. le Dauphin. A Paris. Chez 
Veatentns 17020 8 Shai Siete k eta ROUGE I AU SOR oa IX 
Ferguson, William. America by. river and rail; or, Notes by the way 
on the new world and its people. Lond.: James Nisbet. 1856. Pp. 


Fernald, Frederick Atherton. The index guide to Buffalo and 
Niagara Falls. . . . Buffalo, N. Y.: F. A. Fernald. 1910... XII 
Ferrall, S. A. A ramble of six thousand miles through the United 
States of America. Lond.: Effingham Wilson. 1832. Pp. 28-— 


Be IO Ei ORE ATS SUNN De Bey BACCO Te ae RL a a ea XII 
Ferree, J. W. The falls of Niagara and scenes around them. N. Y.: 
ALS.) Barnes and Co.2 167640 on atte eas oie ci ee eae IV 


Fidler, Isaac. Observations on professions, literature, manners, and 
emigration, in the United States and Canada, made during a residence 


there in 1832. Lond.: Whittaker, Treacher. 1833. Pp. 209- 


DAA ie EER LIC SP NR OO ND SS RECEND SER NSN 30 9 SUB nL Ill 
Fields, Annie, ed. Life and letters of Harriet Beecher Stowe. 
Bost. and N. Y.: Houghton, Mifflin. [1897.] Pp. 89-90..... Il 


1318 


Alphabetical | List 


Finch, I. Travels in the United States of America and Canada. . . . 
laondes Longman. Hees, 18332) Pp. 328-331. 2 ie. eo ee VII 

Fire at the Niagara Falls power company’s plant. (Elec. rev. 
Feb. 7, 1903. 42: 202.) 

First impressions of America. (Leisure hr., June 3, 1871. 20: 
SP MERE GE My Weal ah Yes c ay aial ace wud’ ey racers aC eeaokes Ss: ah ee eee ke V 

Fisher, Richard Swainson. A new and complete statistical gazetteer 
of the United States of America. N. Y.: J. H. Colton. 1853....V 

Fitzgerald and Bennie laboratories in Niagara Falls (The). 
(Metal. & chem. eng. Sept., 1912. 10: 535-536.) 

Fitzgerald, Francis A. Manufacture and development of corborun- 
dum at Niagara Falls. (Jour. Frank. inst., Feb., 1897. 143:81- 
MPU MEAS ich ieee Melty LAS A cells ae aS il xX 

Five thousand horse-power turbines for the Niagara power 
plant (The). (Eng. news, Mar. 30, 1893. 29:294.)...... xX 

Fleming, William. Four days at Niagara Falls, in North America. 
Manchester: Love and Barton. [840.0 ..006...0.. ccc adeons Ill 

Flint, James. Letters from America, containing observations on the 
climate and agriculture of the western states, the manners of the people, 


the prospects of emigrants. . . . Edinb.: W. and C. Tait. 1822. 
Pp. 290-294, (Thwaites, Early western travels, 1748-1846. 9: 


Beret ferent yal as en aici c (acetates: a iatanel a a emai wie III 
Flint, Timothy. History and geography of the Mississippi valley. . . 
2d ed. Cincinnati: Flint, Lincoln. 1832. 1: 443-445....... V 
—— [Niagara Falls in 1828.] (Western monthly review. Cincinnati. 
REPT N  ceer ae Ronis ye) etl as o arrad terion ene) erate gel wake eratmoke tates Ill 
Plyadesr. ©... Niagara ‘Falls,’ 8) x 15.9 W893... sven s geese IX 
Folly and courage at Niagara. (Knowl. Sept. 7, 1883. 4: 
Beemer r cl ith oko OES hark a towed ole ees o Wike emer ete rele ee ele a ate V 


Food factory (A). Harp w. June 14, 1913. 57:pt. 1, 15.) 

“Fool Killer” taking soundings (The). (Sci. Am., Oct. 5, 
US ah ASB EG I) 1) ORME AE URS Ba aN Pe i i re aS VII 

Foot, Lyman. Notices of geology and mineralogy (of Niagara Falls 
region.) - (Ami, jour..of scr. (822. 4:.Neo., 1, 35=37.): 3 6035. VII 

Forbes, George. MHarnessing Niagara. (Black. Sept., 1895. Pp. 
EEE GOA) Mohan ANG AE ddl gee eon NS OS EB a aR EE xX 

Harnessing Niagara. (Critic, Oct., 1895. 125:507-518.) 

Forbes, George. ‘The utilization of Niagara. (Jour. soc. arts, Dec. 
Ge PE Ot i lindiic a -spctar tude 8 bse ee de seota tsb Neo aha tele X 

1319 


Niagara Falls 


Forster, John. Life of Charles Dickens. Phila.: J. B. Lippincott. 


1672-1874, |): 404-405; 33433) Seo Cae ene eee IV 
F[oster], F[anny] E[liza]. Lines to a friend at Niagara. (Jn her 
Pebbles of poetry.. ‘Bost.2'Foster. 1658) (\P.\Z0))r ee VIII 
Foster, Horatio A. Niagara power in Buffalo. (W. elec., Jan. 8, 
198 6s 22526227.) oe) Ea CREE A Bn Cee Se ee oe X 


Four Kings of Canada (The), being a succinct account of four 
Indian princes lately arriv’d from North America, with a particular 
description of their country . . . with several other extraordinary 
things worthy of observation, as to the natural or curious productions, 
beauty, or fertility of that part of the world. London. 1710. 
Reprinted by J. E. Garratt and Co. London. 1891. Pp. 41-42..I 


Fourth progress report of the international waterways com- 
mission. (Eng. news, Jan. 21, 1909. 61:84-86.)........ XI 
Fowler, John. Journal of a tour in the state of New York, in the year 
1830. . . . Lond.: Whittaker, Treacher and Arnot. 1831. Pp. 
21) EE) BRON PRR ean (mney MRUobe MURA HNL Us sl OS ies arcana Gai XII 
Fowler, Reginald. Hither and thither; or, Sketches of travels on both 
sides of the Atlantic. Lond.: Daldy. 1854. Pp. 204-213....XII 
Fowler, Thomas. The journal of a tour through British America to 
the Falls of Niagara . . . written during the summer of 1831. 
‘Aberdeen: Sinith. °1832;),7 Pp. "214231 os cee III 
Francis Abbott: or, The hermit of Niagara. A tale of the old 
and new world. By the author of Matallak &c. Boston: Gleason’s 


Publishing lal W646. ecole oie) are eisteietoiote teliere ievemeeeepeter VIII 
[Frankenstein, G. N.] Niagara. (Harp. Aug., 1853. 7:289- 
BOD ica tere alche at sitet ii b)ieele'tetaite Me ie lee ae Guan Mts ene to kt Te ereeen tee net IX 
—— Niagara Falls. (Jones sc.) E. Forrett & Co. Phila: 
CUBS Beye re tials whee hehe Wee Neca lacie titel iene chia Re crane Ras ie nent eM IX 


Franquelin, Jean Baptiste Louis. Carte de la Louisiane ou des 
voyages du sr. de la Salle & des pays qu'il a découverts depuis la 
Nouvelle France jusqu’au golfe Mexique, les années 1679, 80, 81 & 
82. 2014 x 16. Paris: 1684. (Jn Thwaites, R. G. ed., Jesuit 
relations. Cleveland: Burrows Bros. 1900. 63: opp, title page.) .IX 

Map of 1688 of North America. (Jn Marshall, Orasmus H., 
Historical writings. Albany: Munsell & Sons. 1887. P. 93.)..IX 

Fraser, J. Malcolm. Niagara in winter. (Pearson’s mag. Dec. 


TE9Z. )) 45099), eiseiteysyaioiiess) els) alelie! prei'n eal tokens hotelshonelts tateite te celle V 
1320 


Alphabetical List 


Fraser, John. Canadian pen and ink sketches. Montreal: Gazette 


Taptafiicee COMM NOU | Diy Waa WO se: «iis: «toy aby elie te oder eiehe: aed a's IV 
Fraser, John Foster. America at work. Lond.: Cassell. 1903. 
PPMMBUES 7 LO Aas be te taved cect: &: ose era card fue san o' < @'al at cada syrah) IAT ad. tide a xX 


Frechette, Louis. Le Niagara. (See Michigan Central Railroad 
Company. From city to surf. . . . Chicago: Rand, McNally. 1888. 
PORNO ese ude BARC d och atebatie ie acelanalic ss) Sa ardleder eters VIII 

Freeman, L. R. Big four in water power. (Tech. world. March, 
1915. 23:24-27.) 


French, Benjamin Franklin. Louisiana historical collections. 


N. Y.:.Wiley and Putnam. 1846. 2: 249—250............%. V 
French, J. H. Gazetteer of the state of New York. . . . Syracuse: 
SOOO). Ape AS9— AO se NA cea cso woke ld cee ea tates V 
Friend, Washington. General view of Niagara Falls. 1846. .[X 
Wiewaoietne: Canadian alba sictaeie. cae ese saieis adie ahalesden ood IX 


—— Views of Niagara Falls. (/n Falls of Niagara: a complete 
guide. . . . T. Nelson & Sons. Lond., Edinb., N. Y. & Toronto. 
SUTRA HAS TENABLE setae diets a Doe eae ae Bg aM IX 


Frizell, Joseph Palmer. Water-power, an outline of the development 
and application of the energy of flowing water. N. Y.: J. Wiley & 
Sons. Lond.: Chapman & Hall. 1900. 

[Frontispiece of vicinity showing development and editorial on electrical 
power development at Niagara Falls.] (Sci. Am., Aug. 12, 1908. 
93:117-118.) 

Fryer, Thomas T. A catalogue of books, pamphlets, engravings, 
etc., relating largely to Niagara Falls. Buffalo, N. Y.: T. T. Fryer. 
1894. 

Fullerton, Aubrey. Repairing Niagara Falls. (Tech. wld. June, 


UE aT DS SS FR ae ET a XI 
Fulton, Mrs. Linda de K. Nadia, the maid of the mist: a story of 
Punamaraa WRisU AOS s LOO Ns tice occ laid ste ante) fetal lac atk Ga ds VII 
Fumugalli, P. Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Miewsol Niagara, Falls,’ 1697=167——. | Mat 5.) 35 oe. oe os IX 
Further development of Niagara Falls power. (Sci. Am., 
ctor icloUme LOR wean hs aman ler cea ited xX 


Future of Buffalo, Tonawanda, Niagara Falls and the tun- 
nel; the great power (The). Buffalo: Niagara printing Co. 
n.d. 

1321 


Niagara Fails 


G. A. G. C. Erosion at Niagara; [Review of Gilbert’s “* Recession of 
Niagara Falls and report of Carvel Hall in Bull. of U. S. geol. surv. 
No..:306:, 19072): (Natures) 190720) 75: GOT) ethan eee VII 

G. H. Installation Hydro-électrique des chutes du Niagara. Nouveaux 
développements. (Le Genre civil. Mar. 3, 1900. 26: 280—302.).X 

La nouvelle fossé aux turbines de la Niagara Falls power com- 
pany. Le Genre civil. May 11, 1901. 39:26.)............ xX 

Galinee, René Brehan de. Exploration of the Great Lakes, 1669- 
1670, by Dollier de Casson and De Bréhan de Galinée. Galinée’s 
narrative and map, with an English version, including all the map 
legends. Translator and editor, James H. Coyne. Toronto: the 
Society. 1903. (Ontario Historical Society, papers and records. 


fs FO AN) ei shovel aystateas Aileleiave se & Aa) ebLaneirerame Heche iby ahaa ea I 
Galt, John. The bachelor’s wife. Edinb.: Oliver and Boyd. 1824. 
Pp: 28922974 Be ee te one cae 2 af kia Halt poet xe tee ee enotte V 


—— The early missionaries; or, The discoveries of the Falls of Niagara. 


(The museum of for. lit. and sci., Oct., 1831. 19: (new ser. 12), 


SOT AOD!) cic ssitaepo vine tesehosa daemon e le Rualgiete camenaiene earetoaene Caran VII 
Garbett, E. L. Recession of Niagara Falls in one hundred thirty-three 
years. (Nature, July 16, 1885. 32:244-245.)........... VII 


Garczynski, R. E. Niagara (/n Bryant, William Cullen ed.  Pic- 


turesque America. N. Y.: Appleton. [1872] 1:432-451.)....V - 


Gaskell, Mrs. An incident at Niagara. (Harp. w., June, 1858. 
| BYE >| 0 cA) HREM ENR tu APE YAlEM RUG RUR Gann NAM UE ie e Cary VIII 
Gazetteer of the province of Upper Canada (A): to which is 
added an appendix, describing the principal towns, fortifications and 
rivers in Lower Canada. N. Y.: Prior and Dunning. 1813...... V 
Gazzetiere Americano. .. . Livorno: Coltellini. 1763. 3:5-6.V 
Geddes, James. Observations on the geological features of the south 
side of the Ontario valley in a letter to F. Romeyn Beck. (Am. jour. 


Of sci) Octi, 1OZ6.), T2132 0B) ee ce eat ee ae VII 
Geikie, Cunningham. Life in the woods. Lond.: Strahan. 1873. 
Pp SATB TT os ee ei ccale He Nl epaleten nictocee ate aie eculc’ Clete plea ae IV 
Geil, Samuel. Map of the vicinity of Niagara Falls. Phila.: James 
BD: Scott. IN adres 2evGn aire ie ane tees abet h haters esis ale nea eeaeeinae IX 


Geil, Samuel and Delp, J. L. Map of the vicinity of Niagara Falls. 
From actual surveys by Samuel Geil. Colored. 22x28. Phila: 
A Kolo 35 I AR ICN WASP EOD RAL DAIS STEN NS ls Sour IX 


wm 


Alphabetical List 


Gendron, Le Sieur. Qvelqves Particvlaritez dv pays Des Hvrons en 
la Novvelle France Remarquées par le Sieur Gendron, Docteur en Medi- 
cine, qui a demeuré dans ce pays-la fort long-temps. edigées par Jean 
Baptiste de Rocoles, Conseiller et Aumosnier du Roy, & Historiographe 
de sa Majesté. A Troyes, & A Paris, chez Denys Bechet, . .. et 
Lovis Billaine, . . . MDCLX. Pp. 7-8. Colophon: Achevé 
d’imprimer & Albany, N. Y., par J. Munsell, ce 25 Adut, 1868... .] 

_ General electric company. The industrial value of Niagara Falls. 

[ Washington: 1906.] (United States.— Rivers and harbors com- 

mittee, House doc., 59th cong., Ist sess. No. 4.) 

Niagara power on the street railways of Buffalo and vicinity. 
Tha (Aya RO hy ITO DSM AS a a ea OM AO et RR xX 

Geographical, historical, commercial and agricultural view 
of the United States of America. . . . Lomnd.: Edwards and 


ere errs Wane Onis. were. dara aes ak webohe kideiaealins mele we. V 
Geology of Niagara. (Sci. Am. sup. March 3, 1900. 49: 
Re O NR OUR TG nk lr IY SN 5ce gO StaRRS Caddo stat wath eo: Sala VII 
Geology of Niagara Falls (The). (Chambers’ jour., Oct. 9, 
ON RS OU AEA 8 BA 1 (8) Te CUPRA 2 GO ee VII 


Geyelin, Emil. Geyelin-Jonval turbines in the plant of Niagara Falls 
paper company. (Eng. news, Apr. 5, 1894. 31:278-279.)....X 
Giacosa, Giuseppe. Impressioni d’ America. Milano: Cogliati. 1908. 


PMS ere A pe CAP ete 5s a, th gy ates teh es one elie ao ote ar dlaMel a akik sete IV 
Gibbes, L. R. On some points which have been overlooked in the past 
and present condition of Niagara Falls. Charleston: 1857...... VII 
Remarks on Niagara Falls. (Proc. A. A. A. S. (Aug., 
PMO MO DE 2 O97 Os) siccats are. o'e Garcia Wel srel aeons VII 
Gibson, John. Great waterfalls, cataracts, and geysers. Lond.: 
Whoa Nelconvana sons: 1687, Pp:"16251.. 7266... . oc V 
Gignoux’s Niagara. (Harp. w., July 9, 1859. 3:436.)..... IX 
Gilbert, Grove Karl. Evolution of Niagara Falls. Review of 
Spencer's book. (Sci., July 31, 1908. 28:148-151.)....... VII 
The history of the Niagara river. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs 

of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1890. 6:61-84.)....VII 
The history of the Niagara river. (Ann. rep’ts of the Smith. 

Mate HOSOY NGensraDp ee pe (251-290) ware lice ones ewes VII 
Niagara Falls and their history. (Nat’l geographic monographs. 
Senta, | Lenda Wibe saa e heiccsice sda eee os e's a cls sabe VII 
Niagara river as a geologic chronometer. (Nature, May 17, 

PSI MPP Ne a wae a Acc Oh RIAD a Shak ben clarce d's ete Was VII 


1323 


Niagara Falls 


Gilbert, Grove Karl. The place of Niagara Falls in geologic history. 
[Abstract] (Proc. A. A. A. S. Aug., 1886. 35: 222-223.)...VII 


—— The rate of recession of Niagara Falls —I. (Sci. Am. sup., 


Apr.’ 20) 19075 "6352615 7=—26000)) shoe a a ee ae VII 
—— The rate of recession of Niagara Falls—AII. (Sci. Am. sup., 
Apr 27219072 “632 2679-26 183s) soo ay ee ee VII 


Rate of recession of Niagara Falls. Accompanied by a Report 
of survey of crest line of Niagara Falls, by W. Carvel Hall. U. S. 
geol. survey, Bull. 306. 1907. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the 
state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: J. B. Lyon. 1907. 23: 
Le BY fi ee a Ao LARD AMOUR Nie it, 8 VII 
Recent earth movement in the great lakes region. Extract from 
the 18th annual report of the United States geological survey. 1896— 
97. Pt. 2. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 
B99 45 2 GO TB ry Paitin ahs wie ee Me cherie ancl otae a eae Tae VII 
Gilbert, Howard Worcester. Niagara. (Jn his Aldornere and two 
other Pennsylvania idylls. . . . Bost.: Index Ass’n. 1885. Pp. 


Co fos oo 9) MRM Nae RRR NL StS Mee OV Sp arly SLAIN LCS 8 VIII 
Gilder, Richard Watson. At Niagara. (Jn his Poems. Bost. & 
N. Y.: Houghton Mifflin & Co. 1908. Pp. 215—216.)..... VII 


Giles, Charles. Pioneer; a narrative of the nativity, experience, 
travels, and ministerial labors of the Rev. Charles Giles. . . . with 
incidents, observations, and reflections. N. Y. G,. Lane and P. P. 


Sandford: "1644s oeie o'oeccc eae ae es ons Re ne SER roe eco III 
Gillette, King C. The human drift. Boston: New era pub. co. 
ne. \CUB94) oP 87 BO et AN Seon se Niet ere ed a ee X 


Gilman, Caroline. The poetry of travelling in the United States. 
With additional sketches, by a few friends; and A week among auto- 
graphs, by Rev. S. Gilman. N. Y.: S. Colman. 1838. Pp. 106— 


|B cPar ean arr iPay RnssOrteant oie nage Tim Ney Vi aN gC Oe III 
Gilpin, T. A northern tour. Phila.: Carey. 1825. Pp. 145- 
Pe) O RA HERA ARM re mMpE MOR gray rR Mn AN, Nigualle AA Lt ls XII 


Glover, H. J. The great international railway suspension bridge over 
the Niagara river in full view of the Falls, connecting the United States 
and Canada, the New York Central and Great Western railways. 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697- 
BO 7! | Ma Uaioe iis jo eos ee a ane a IX 

Goat Island, Niagara. (Jn Rhine, Alice Hyneman, Niagara 

park illustrated. . . N. Y.: Niagara Pub. Co. 1885. c. P. 77.) 

1324 


Alphabetical List 


(Gluck, J. F.] A little guide to Niagara Falls. . . . By an old 
- resident, Buffalo and N. Y.: Matthews, Northrup and Co. 1890. . XII 
Goat Island, Niagara. (/n Rhine, Alice Hyneman, Niagara park 

illustrated. . . . N. Y.: Niagara Pub. Co. . 1885. cc. P. 


PME Re shee ic Oe Nek oh Rater ed eres a Wieser adaWece so. one die abs aleve VIII 
Godley, John Robert. Letters from America. Lond.: Joha Murray. 
EMT Seah eens Lilt s aaa ravoh ah aneheiaietarelaitel Mta/starate IV 


Goldsmith, Oliver. The traveller, or a prospect of society. (Jn his 
Poetical works. Bost.: Houghton, Mifflin and Co. N.d. P. 24. 


PES TSUMETOCESIN YM Series a dar arte aly ere tscill acd! etal aiboe'@ oraie eile. ate VIII 
Golovine, Ivan. Stars and stripes; or, American impressions. Lond. 
RErMINe es Oar petro LO os eiorsteaia Ure wtciate aoe te ede arnere IV 
Goodrich, S. G. A pictorial geography of the world. . . . Bost.: 
Miucseroacderss) G40.) Eps Zat=2OGe oi, uly sla ca tlereleleeocies 3 V 
Gordan, Thomas F. Gazetteer of the state of New York. . . . 
Ene Le oGu Ook Abb pe Us Zi. 'h ccs a alates arglsele «ei suelevelersrs V 
Gorge road at Niagara (The). (Sci. Am. Mar. 28, 1896. 74: 
PTO NVme artes ery are aia ara eat cae eh heh! 3 Putt RAINS aes >< 
Gosman, Robert. Narrative of John Vanderlyn’s. tour to Niagara in 
ROU eC ube hist soce) 15): | S917 Ss) sje eve e sereie si t's IX 


Gosselman, Karl August. Resa i Norra Amerika. Itvenne Delar 
Nykoping: (P. E. Winge.) 1835. Forra Delen. Pp. 174-224. . III 
Gould, Hannah F. Flower of Niagara. (Jn her New poems. 
porreiieynolds. hox0s ups. PIONS 2.) sls cules ot sacleievapet eves VIll 
Gourlay, Rebert Fleming. Statistical account of upper Canada. 
. . « Lond.: Simpkin and Marshall. 1822. Vol. I, Pp. 63-77.) 
Government and Niagara Falls (The). (Outl., Feb. 16, 1907. 
853555.) 
Government regulation of Niagara power. (Sci. Am., Feb. 
[oss FIRELOGS Fo: STE 008) sent ee ae aE ea Ae i a XI 
[Governor Robinson’s message.] (Nation, Feb. 6, 1879. 28: 
101-102.) 
Governor Sulzer urges state control of Niagara water 
power. (Elec. wld. & eng., Apr. 12, 1913. 61: 768.)..... XI 
Grabau, Amadeus W. Guide to the geology and paleontology of 
Niagara Falls and vicinity, with a chapter on postpliocene fossils of 
Niagara by Elizabeth J. Letson. (Bul. of the N. Y. state museum, 
April, 1901. 9: No. 45. Also Bul. of the Buf. Soc. of Nat. Sci. 
ap, Hamer MG Se Rese SN os ih ke SOM oes EN hh as VII 


1325 


Niagara Falls 


Guide to the geology and paleontology of Niagara Falls and 
vicinity. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 
Albany: 1901. 18: app. 1-152.) 

Grand Trunk Railway. [Excursion routes and rates from Buffalo 
and Niagara Falls via Grand trunk railway and Richelieu and Ontario 


navigation company’s steamers. Buffalo: 1886. Pp. I-3...... lO 
Grand Trunk Railway system. Across Niagara’s gorge. [Battle 
Greek: Michi aie Poe oo chi ei i tanger en ee ete Ae . XII 


(Gateways of tourist travel. Pen and camera pictures of 
scenery reached by the Grand Trunk Railroad system and connections. 
med. 1897, Pps: 9-1G.): heats scaccieus a tie ceeh ee eee Xil 
(Summer resorts reached by the Grand Trunk railway and its 
connections. . . . [Buffalo, 1888.] Pp. 47-51.).......... XII 
Grand Trunk tourists’ guide. Buffalo: Matthews, Northrup and 
Coz KCIBEGY ei eesve cal hte Sa cal ate acta teenie tals eae ee XII 
Grande chute du Niagara. (163 P. de Haut.) (Grosvenor 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. 
144) EN Sa) Mee AYA TAR ICINne PROMI aN OR TIN I Ne: IX 
Granger, James N. and Paine, Barker R. The great tunnel at 
Niagara Falls. . . . Rochester, N. Y.: Union and advertiser press. 
1893. 
Grant, G. C. Niagara Falls as an index of time. (Hamilton Scientific 
Assn. jour: and proc. 1909) 0173: 78-83.) 0 3.) old cis oes VII 
Grave of Washington (The); villa of Mount Vernon, and key to 
the Bastille; and banks of Niagara. Edinburgh: William Whyte and 


Coo 184607 Pa S37 a a wikia oe ieee aie cuentas eee VI 
Gray, David. Letters, poems and selected prose writings. Buffalo: 
Counter''Go.\ 1888." (Pp. 1347-950 oe ae mine eiesehae cnet ete eee IV 


Gray, Hugh. ‘ Map of Canada, etc.” (Jn his Letters from Canada, 
written during a residence there in the years 1806, 1807, 1808. .. . 


Lond.: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. 1809.)........... IX 
Great cataract of Niagara; its wonders, past and present 
(The). Buffalo: Matthews, Northrup and Co. 1889........ XII 


Great continental as well as national enterprise (A). Con- 
tinuous water and steam navigation, from the valley of the Mississippi 
to the Atlantic ocean. Des Moines: Mills and Co. 1871. 

Great Falls of Niagara (The). [Engraving on map of the northern 
provinces of the United States drawn and engraved for Thompson’s 
New general atlas, 1817.] (Jn Maps; historical and miscellaneous. 
Fol. No. 89. Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y.).........0.. IX 

1326 


Alphabetical List 


Great Gorge Route. Niagara Falls and the Niagara gorge: being 
photographs by C. D. Arnold and G. E. Curtis; with text explanatory 


Getne views; Niagara Falls:, 1899)... 60:6. Satie cle dels eee as XII 
Great Lakes and Niagara (The). (Geog. jour. (Lond.), Feb., 
BE Fa 4 eae IO) eves Giase avase eliesera 4, ong wheharn te sdehacwe ate SCAM & VII 
Great power house at Niagara (A). (Sci. Am., June 18, 1898, 
TAC) Hu ehesala Alea dld'd oY wkd a8 ae ad 88 abide steht lores xX 
Great tunnel at Niagara (The). (Power. Sept., 1890. 12: 
SEUSS PA eh atara Ci) Pata nter ake sAGre a Ae hdl etela wd ee ob aelmandels xX 


Greater Buffalo and Niagara frontier. Commercial and indus- 
trial, . . . Publicity committee of the Buffalo chamber of commerce. 
Rea eae eI n Bera tera vwiccale Cie ec idia ov. sielaneke: ties ta y« XII 

——— Niagara Falls, the Tonawandas, Lockport and Depew, com- 
mercial and industrial. . . . [Buffalo] Buffalo chamber of commerce. 
1914. Pp. 70-72. 

Greater Niagara. Niagara Falls; Mrs. S. D. Morse. 1896... .1V 

Green, Andrew H. Communication . . . relative to the state reserva- 
tion at Niagara. [Albany: 1896.] 

Last public address of the late Hon. Andrew H. Green, concern- 

ing the state reservation at Niagara. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the 

Staterreserv. at Niagara. ) 20. 91-104.) 2... ccc ce cee vce eae XI 

Letters concerning the diversion of waters from Niagara Falls. 
(6th ann. rep’t of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 
RNR EEN. ce eS ur arch ates aaho us etad Cie) eel san sh'aceie Weis see staid XI 

—— Letter to J. W. Langmuir, chairman, commissioners of Queen Vic- 
toria Niagara Falls park, under date of October 19, 1894, concerning 
the diversion of water at Niagara Falls. (Ann. rep’t of the com’rs of the 
BateureseEV at INTAG ata 25 ils) ccc e S eed d waste eed bumhaoarotece riers XI 

Letters to Theodore E. Hancock, attorney general of the state of 

New York, under date of July 17 and 18, 1894, concerning the 

diversion of water at Niagara Falls. (Ann. rep’t of the com’rs of the 

States reccevoaty Niagaras 12552-9352) hee k cetsne Oth abe edb XI 

Letter to Walter Q. Gresham, secretary of state, Washington, 

concerning the diversion of water at Niagara Falls, under date of 

October 17, 1894. (Ann. rep’t of the com’rs of the state reserv. at 

Niagara. (12: 49-50.) 

Saving Niagara. (/n American park and out-door art associa- 


tion. General addresses of the 7th annual meeting. Buffalo, July, 
BROS. AM aS Ee Is) ck ew SGeieee oh ee kieieelca Da 20 XI 


1327 


Niagara Falls 


Green, Andrew H.; Bogart, John; Kibbe, August S. Letters 
concerning surveys and appropriations. (Ann. rep’t of the com’rs of 
the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1891. 7:81-88.)...... XI 

Greene, Charles E. The cantilever bridge at ee (Sci. May 
9, 1884. 3:572-574.) 

Greene, Francis Vinton. The equities at Niagara . . . [Wash.] 
CPQOS i rice ei e re Ce Ne Ze aru Chane A Ne ee xX 

=—— Niagara Falls in 1907. Ontario power co. of Niagara Falls. .X 

Greene, J. W. Free Niagara. Buffalo: Matthews, Northrup and 


Co. i CBSE), 8.5 ee ee tN Ee, BE cen AN a iat et ee XI 
Greene, S. Dana. Distribution of the electrical energy from Niagara 
Falls;,:\(Cass) July, 18956 (62333362 ona xX 


Greenleaf, James L. Report on the water-powers of the drainage 
basins of Lakes Huron and Erie, in the United States, with report 
on the water-power of the Niagara river. (Final reports, 10th census. 
16: 487-512.) 

Also in U. S. 47th cong., 2d sess. H. Misc. docs., v. 13, No. 42, 
Pt. 16; serial 2146. 

Greenwood, Francis William Pitt. Falls of Niagara. (The 
monthly repository and library of entertaining knowledge. Sept., Oct., 
Nov., 1832. 3:111-116; 149-152; 186-188.) 

——— Miscellaneous writings. Bost.: Crosby and Nichols. [1846] 


Pp 200 SOB ee ere RV OTN L OI sen ti R25 AT AMSLE Se aa a oe III 
Greenwocd, Thomas. A tour in the states and Canada. Out and 
home in six weeks. Lond.: Gill. 1883. Pp. 69-73.......... V 
Gregory, Henry Ellsworth. Legal status of the Niagara river. 
IN YS TG OG sey ae Sere URL. STU SU CM ge ICS ea XI 
Gregory, J. W. Niagara as a geological chronometer. (Nature, 
Now?!) 19085) FOAMS ie ee TS SHOR a Re nee rea VII 
Griffin, Sir Lepel Henry. The great republic. Lond.: Chapman 
and: lal) $8842) Pp 2223 0 cei eae ANA AU eat 0 a XI 
Grimshaw, Robert. Three million horse-power in winter. (Cass. 
Jan.) AS89386 GP p73 V7 9s) ieee ole alee ae Sauer Unk eer en xX 


Grinfield, Thomas. Hymn on Niagara. (Jn Barham, William, 
Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various travellers; . . . Grave- 
Sena snide Pps ih LOAD eG er RNa He Gey Pm a a gee VIII 

Groome, W——. Graham, A. W. Niagara. (Grosvenor library, 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 16.).IX 

Grosvenor Library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls, taken 
from various sources.’ /1G97Z-18 720.55 6 cick on ee cere ees IX 


Alphabetical List 


Guernsey, Alfred H. Niagara. (Harp., Aug., 1853. 7:289- 


NE Ore eee eieiaic et ath Wd a oie. solo ew eidhareenrenee aie ele aoe IX 
Guest, Lady Theodora. A round trip in North America . . . 
Lond.: Edward Stanford. 1895. Pp. 187-194.’........... VI 


Guide to Niagara Falls . . . Phila: G. W. Childs. 1864. 
Another edition in 1868. 

Niagara Falls: Niagara Falls Gazette. nd........ ats Mew 

historical, descriptive, and short sketches from many authors. 
Buffalo: J. C. Prescott, excursion manager, Erie railroad. N.d... XII 

Gunning, W. D. The past and future of Niagara. (Pop. sci. mo., 
ERC ore ts RCE Ae) asia. sod bie eral ace ee oe cco ween dete o's VII 

Gurney, Joseph John. A journey in North America, described in 
familiar letters to Amelia Opie. Norwich: Printed for private circula- 
POO Te EDs SIT S24 oe a ooo eles sorouae oe a # "es cvs III, VI, VII 

Guthrie, William Norman. Niagara twice seen, and other verse. 
[Sewanee, Tenn.]: Univ. Press; Cincinnati: Clarke. [c 1910.] 
MORN SS ERS cr tars Tate) ats; ofa cla oa ei eve, Shey hat keiiasioy «siete VIII 

Gzowski, Sir Casimir S. Description of the international bridge 
constructed over the Niagara river near Fort Erie, Canada, and Buffalo. 
Toronto: 1873. 

H. E. D. The fugitive slave’s apostrophe to Niagara. (/n Buckingham, 
Joseph T., Personal memoirs and recollections of editorial life. Bost.: 


Mircknor, ixced. Fields: “852. 2:192-194)))0 0 ee. oe es VIII 
H. E. J. “‘A poem of the elements,” an appreciation of Niagara: 
Puanist, 1691. (Critic! Sept. 22): 1894: (25:161.)... 5.0.5... VIII 
H. D. M. The Falls of Niagara. (West. lit. mess’gr., Aug. 17, 
Vin Lg PAGS ELAR Es HARARE ICN RCS AMOR en OP an VIII 
Hackstaff’s new guide book of Niagara Falls . . . Niagara 
RaleeiNcntes\Waetsy bunis-and.Co, T6530. 8 a5.0 cde eed ol XII 


Hadfield, Robert. Memorial as to the proposed Niagara ship canal, 
the course of commerce on the lakes, etc. See statistics and information 
relative to the trade and commerce of Buffalo for the year ending 
December 31, 1871 . . . Reported by William Thurstone, Secretary. 
Buffalo: Warren, Johnson and Co. 1872. Pp. 109-120...... XII 

Hall, Captain Basil. Travels in North America, in the years 1827 
and 1828. Edinb.: Cadell. 1829. 1:177-208; 351-354... III 

Forty etchings, from sketches made with the camera lucida, in 

North America, in 1827 and 1828. 4th ed. Edinb. and Lond.: 

POSS IEC Ee PL is Ca RGR ILI ue tele woah @ 8s Stee IX 


84 


Niagara Falls 


Hall, Captain Basil. I. Niagara from below. II. Niagara from 
above. III. Niagara on the American side. IV. Bridge across the 
rapids at Niagara. V. A general view of the Falls of Niagara. 
VI. The river Niagara flowing into Lake Ontario. (Grosvenor library, 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 11.) .IX 

Notice of the pressure of the atmosphere, etc., within the cataract 
of Niagara.’ (Jour. ‘Frank. inst.) 1827. 5: 48-512). 2) VII 

Hall, Francis. The Niagara frontier. 714 x10. (/n his Travels in 
Canada and the United States in 1816-1817. Lond.: Longman, 
Hurst; Rees, ‘Orme, & Browne: hS8lB.ie Se ee ee eee IX 

Travels in Canada and the United States, in 1816 and 1817. 
Lond.: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown. 1818. Pp. 230— 
VAS | AEN ASL Rea NUL Mr DES NEA MUN Rien yA vey 

Hall, James. Niagara Falls and river. (Ann. rep’ts of the fourth 
geol. dist. of Nu Yo. 1836.\iep. AT Sti eee ene VII 

Niagara Falls; their physical changes, and the geology and 

topography of the surrounding country. Bost.: 1844.......... VII 

Niagara Falls — their physical changes, and the geology and 
topography of the surrounding country. (Bost. jour. nat. hist., Jan., 
VGO425 > Ae TOG TBA pe i a ABC area cara et at ani ee a VII 

—— Niagara Falls; its past, present and prospective condition. (Ann. 
rep'ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1892. 
Pps 672892) ) 5 es oe ik RUA eae ale ee eat a Pie Tear ca re eee a VII 

—— Niagara Falls, its past, present, and prospective condition. 
(Geology of N. Y. Pt. 4. Fourth geological dist. Pp. 383— 
BOS) ee rt SGN NLT LU LAUR CT ECE VII 

Niagara Falls; their physical changes, and the geology and 

topography of the surrounding country. Bost.: 1844. 

Note [on recession of Niagara Falls]. (Proc. A.A.A.S. 


(Aug: 1856.) 1857.81 0= pt 2) 76-70.) eerie eae eee VII 
[On the geology of the region of Niagara Falls.] (Proc. Bost. 

Soc. of Nat. Hist. Boston: 1844. 1:52.)...............2. VII 
Trigonometrical survey and map of Niagara Falls. (Geology of 

N. Y. Pt. 4. Fourth geological dis’t. Pp. 402-404.)...... VII 
Hall, Lansing V. Ode to Niagara. (Jn his Voices of nature. N. Y.: 
Gray and Green) 1868:) Pp. 192-193.)iNa. eee eee VIII 


Hall, W. Carvel. Report of survey of the crest line of Niagara Falls. 


(Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 1906. 
D3 OF2732) essa hin tere eal an tet oalis lal gu ted elalen tat ede at Gene aea VII 


Alphabetical List 


Hall and Mooney. Niagara Falls from near the head of the ferry 
stairs. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 


BLA INTER ides aiakat chal ch dhareie: s iasa'eisia'e| al alahe ehelalatelmieiele IX 
—— View from the pagoda. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 17.).........00- IX 
Hallett, P Notes on Niagara. (Brit. Assn. for the A. S. 
Report of 54th meeting. 1885. Pp. 774—745.)............ VII 
Hamilton, Thomas. Men and manners in America. Edinb. and 
PEGS Sees AOS tere ote aivlio a nlicy rave deals s/es sisi e Gace VII 
Hamilton, . Niagara Falls, American side. IIx 24. Eng. by 
MM PMMEN Celery Coninay Sh OAD! ye: aia eraieie is ai re. wale Tasselc) oud eset eel eles IX 
—— Niagara Falls, Canada side. 11 x 22. Eng. by J. M. Butler. 
Fara IeEC HO AOE) cs ieee crater ere wiglaretavenacerdetais oie stale -ra ale IX 


Hamilton, J . Niagara Falls. (American side.) (Grosvenor 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. 


bay le SE PRE PERE) Die Ea eR Da gE IX 
—— Niagara Falls. (Canadian side.) (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, 
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 20.)...... IX 
Hammond, Clark H. State development of water power. N. Y. 
ginte.conserv. Gept., Albany? O12 2))0o 50a. coc wos 6 cece eae XI 


Hanaford, Mrs. Phebe A. Niagara. (Jn her From shore to shore 
and other poems. Bost.: D. B. Russell. San Francisco: A. L. 


Si preiardemtetod Gtr EUSA eutetl Zoase) Ha he Wim i Rae a oe a eo nae VIII 
Hancock, R . The waterfall of Niagara. Published by Laurie & 
Ryvmittiena  rieet ots Lond. * 12 May, 0794). 5 oi gan o's cists ats IX 


Hancock, Theodore E. Opinion concerning the diversion of water 
at Niagara Falls, under date of November 16, 1895. (Ann. rep’ts 
of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 12:53-61.)...... XI 

Handbook to the Pan-American exposition, Buffalo and 
Niagara Falls. Chicago: Rand, McNally. [1899-1901 c] 
ee ei es oeter ee SS Sa CA cad chen Sh hal ahs aor chclie B, ey elas XII 

Hands off Niagara. (Outl., Mar. 29, 1913. 103: 702-703.).XI 

Hardie, James. A dictionary of the most uncommon wonders of the 
works of art and nature. N. Y.: Samuel Marks. 1819. Pp. 275- 
TELE, Nae OCR a UIN ROSS EG ORAL IP EY POT oe re Vv 

Hardy, Mary McDowell Duffus, Lady. Between two oceans . . . 
Lond.: Hurst and Blackett. 1884. Pp. 37-55.............. IV 

Through cities and prairie lands. Sketches of an American tour. 

NoY.> Rs Worthington, 1681. Pp: 56-58. 2... So. 2... 2 oes IV 

1331 


Niagara Falls 


Harnessing Niagara. (Power. May, 1890. 10:1-2.). 

Harnessing of Niagara. Cassier mag. co. N. Y. and Lond.: 
| ob: Jo EPA an RA PESTS ReaLTAE MUP LSR Deal neg a Sa aa ennwk h k132 xX 

Harrevelt, E van. Carte de la Nouvelle Angleterre, Nouvelle 
York et Pensilvanie. (Jn his Histoire générale des voyages. A Amster- 


dam 12745; 2s) ZO3 ew bs ccapttots is age ote erations eacenen ae eee IX 
Carte des lacs du Canada. (Jn his Histoire générale des 
voyages: “A Amsterdam: 1774. (2): 452. in oe eee ie a eaare IX 


Cataracte de Niagara. N.v.d. Meer juns. 7x 10. (n his 
Histoire générale des voyages. A Amsterdam: 1774. 21: 456.) .IX 
Wasserfall von Niagara. 7 x 10. (Jn his Allgemeine historie 
des reisen zu wasser und lande. Leipzig: Arkstee und Merkus. 1758. 
1G CGF. es Os OE AGEING tae ae a IX 
Harris, William Richard. The Catholic church in the Niagara 
peninsula, 1626-1825. Toronto: W. Briggs. 1895. Pp. 123- 
PZG 5 ea a Se, oak OEM UN ra Ae RO eS V 
Harris, William Tell. Remarks made during a tour through the 
United States of America in the years 1817, 1818, and 1819. Lond.: 


Sherwood, Neely and Jones, 1821. Pp. 164-168............ Ill 
Harrison, Jonathan Baxter. The condition of Niagara Falls, and 
the measures needed to preserve them. N. Y.: 1882.......... XI 
The movement for the redemption of Niagara. (New Princeton 

rev...) Mare: 686:) 2393-2452 cel unten ayaa aimee XI 
Hartt, Mary B. Passing of Niagara. (Outl., May 4, 1901. 68: 
7 ISS) Me UA APU aban uN anna nme A ULB TI MS XI 
Hartt, Rollin Lynde. New Niagara. (McClure, May, 1901. 17: 
OA isc ee L a et2W ee ok ee SE TE aU act A a ae xX 


Haskell, Daniel C. A partial bibliography of Niagara Falls. (Ann. 
rep'ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany, 1913. 
29: 49-98.). 

Haskel, Daniel and Smith, J. Calvin. Complete description and 
statistical gazetteer of the United States of America ...N. Yi 
Sherman ‘and Smithy) 1643.0 (P2472 iit oe wen pee eee V 

Haskin, J. R. The electrical equipment of Mathieson alkali works. 
(Elec. wld., Nov. 27, 1897. 30: 637-638.) 

—— The Niagara Falls and Lewiston railway. (Elec. wld. June 5, 
e320) Aa AS TW AAs 0 VR eco) 6) IR eh aR dah TS et eT xX 

Hatton, Joseph. Henry Irving’s impressions of America; narrated in 
a series of sketches, chronicles, and conversations. Bost.: Osgood. 


(8842) Pp. 366-380 oe ere enh hana vetaiaale tela are neratens IV 


Alphabetical List 


Hatton, Joseph. Niagara illustrated. (Art jour. 1885. 37: 
Oy aah BONUS RSS ETA RE At, Oe IX 

Hatton, R. S. and Petavel, J. E. High temperature electrochemistry 
— notes on experimental and technical electric furnaces. (Elec. rev. 
Jan. 3, 10, 1903. 42:5-7, 45.) 

Haupt, Herman. Long distance transmission of power. 2d ed. 
13 William St., N. Y. nd. 

Haussonville, Gabriel Paul Othenin de Cleron, Comte d’. 
West Point et le Niagara. (Revue des Deux Mondes. 1882. Per 3. 
Tome 49. Pp. 821-832.) 

Havell, Robert. Niagara Falls. Painted from the Chinese pagoda, 
Pmorwiew gardens.) omg ome: 1845... ele ccc cc lee ee wets IX 

Panoramic view of the Falls of Niagara. 1846.......... IX 

Hawley, Jesse. Memorial against ceding to the United States the 
right to construct the Niagara ship canal and in favor of retaining it 
as the property of the state. (N. Y. state sen. doc. 108. April 11, 
ESET "Bota eu GAD NS. CAR NL a a dA a XII 

Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Fragments from the journal of a solitary 
man. (Jn Fanshawe, the Dolliver romance and other pieces. Boston: 


MeaoneenOnG. Pind: 93-90. )itree saab cele Melek Glas ede sae Ill 
My visit to Niagara. (/n Fanshawe, the Dolliver romance and 
other pieces. Boston. Osgood. 1876. Pp. 105-114.)...... III 


Hayes, George E. Remarks on the geology and topography of western 
New York. (Am. jour. of sci., Jan., 1839. 35:86-105.)....VII 
Hayes, J. D. ‘* The Niagara ship canal ’’; and “ Reciprocity,’’ papers 
written for the ** Buffalo Commercial Advertiser ’’; together with the 
speech of Hon. Israel T. Hatch, in the convention at Detroit, July 14, 
1865. Buffalo: Matthews and Warren. 1865. Pp. 1-21....XII 
Hayes, James. A note on Niagara literature. (The bookworm. 
(Loge bays It ORAZ 1 7 A) a ee ie ccc at ee IX 
Head, Sir George. Forest scenes and’ incidents, in the wilds of North 
America; being a diary of a winter’s route from Halifax to the Canadas, 
and during four months’ residence in the woods on the borders of Lakes 
Huron and Simcoe. Lond.: John Murray. 1829. Pp. 329-334.VI 
Head, Sir Francis Bond. The emigrant. 5th edition. Lond.: John 
Reeray eee PE ics 1 Ge 1. ne eedio us Mee tas wh ao. Stal el III 
Head works of the plant of the Toronto and Niagara power 
company, Niagara Falls. (Eng. rec., Apr. 8, 1905. 51: 
405-406.) 
Hearing at Niagara Falls (The). (Outl., July 21, 1906. 83: 
SESE FoR S fl CO eR TET ARS! 2 Shoe US Fes lee a an eB XI 


Niagara Falls 


Heath, James. (Eng.) The Falls of Niagara. (Grosvenor library, 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 3.) .IX 

Help to save Niagara Falls. (Outl., Apr. 21, 1906. 82:865- 
OG SBIR RENO TIL Ht SAS UREN SARS a XI 

Hennepin, Bibliography of. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the 
state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1893. 9:55-75.) 

Hennepin, Louis. Carte d’une nouveau monde entre le nouveau 
Mexique et la Mer Glaciale. 11 x 18. (/n his Nouveau voyage. 
AS Utrecht.) G98 2) ie ee ae nel ee IX 

Carte d’un tres grand pays entre le Nouveau Mexique et la Mer 

Glacialee 16% x 20. (Jn his Nouveau voyage. A Utrecht. 

TOO ZS) BoM SR NVR Bc 8 Se YVR eA ORR IX 

Carte d’ une tres grand pais nouvellement découvert dans |’ Amer- 
ique Septentrionale entre le Nouveau Mexique et la Mer Glaciale. 
1414x117. (In his Nouveau voyage. A Utrecht. 1697.).....1X 

— — Chute d’eau de Niagara. 5 x 614. (Jn his Nouvelle découverte 
d’un trés grand pays situé dans |’Amérique. Utrecht: G. Broedelet. 


P6972 Pe AAS oink le ee le a NNER ETT oh ens ve UL te IX 

Description de la Louisiane, nouvellement decouvérte au Sud 
*Oiiest de la Nouvelle France, par ordre du roy . . . A Paris. Chez 
la Veuve’ Sebastien Hure:” 31683; | Pp. 29-305) 36 eee I 


Description of Louisiana; translated from the edition of 1683 
and compared with the Nouvelle Découverie, the La Salle documents, 
and other contemporaneous papers, by John Gilmary Shea. N. Y.: 
John G. ‘Shea. 1880). (Pps 7 1-72303:78-36) ei a eee I 

[Hennepin, Louis.] A fac-simile view of Niagara Falls. (Grosvenor 


library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. 


Wat Hs) ek Re as Brn UR A at oe IX 
Hennepin, Louis. Hennepin and variations. (Hennepin — First 
picture ‘of Niagara Falls; -Wirecht:,) 11697... 2 eee oe ee IX 
A map of a new world between New Mexico and the frozen 

sea newly discovered by Father Louis Hennepin . . . (/n his A new 


discovery of a country greater than Europe; situated in America, 
betwixt New Mexico and the frozen sea. Lond.: Bentley, Tonson, 
Bonwick;Goodwin:& Manship:),11696:))2.) 22 eee oe IX 
A new discovery of a vast country in America, extending above 
four thousand miles between New France and New Mexico; with a 
description of the great lakes, cataracts, rivers, plants, and animals 
. . - London. Printed for M. Bentley, J. Tonson, H. Bonwick, T. 
1334 


Alphabetical List 


Goodwin, and S. Manship. 1689. Pp. 24—25, 216-221, or, 29-30, 
ERIE ONE MIN MTs soiree asset ee BOr Uae SE as ck td ake: whan PRET oo cdinvn edi I 
Hennepin, Louis. A new discovery of a vast country in America, by 
Father Louis Hennepin; reprinted from the second London issue of 
1698, with facsimiles of original title-pages, maps, and illustrations, and 
the addition of introduction, notes, and index by Reuben Gold Thwaites 
Sere emicaco: A. Ci’ McClurg. 1903. 1: 54-55, 31:7=323... 1 
Nouvelle decouverte d’un tres grand pays Situé dans |’Amerique, 
entre Le Nouveau Mexique, et La Mer Glaciale, Avec les Cartes, & les 
Figures necessaires, & de |’Histoire Naturelle & Morale, & les avantages, 
qu’on en peut tirer par l’etablissement des colonies . . . A Utrecht. 
Chez Guillaume Broedelet. 1697. Pp. 44-46, 441-456........ I 
Henry, Georges. Utilisation des chutes du Niagara. [Etat actual 
des installations hydro-électriques. (Le Genre civil. June 17, 1899. 
RNIN DS) MRS ee) say TOM Sar Gea MAHAL chao oe, oalees x 
Henry, Walter. Events of a military life; being recollections after 
service in the Peninsular war, invasion of France, the East Indies, St. 


Helena, Canada, and elsewhere. Lond.: Pickering. 1843. 2:220- 


LIP GSR ON este MRIS a Rigi) AR MnP smn EC RD A Re Od Eg III 
Herbertson, Andrew J. The history of the great lakes and Niagara. 
Nitnawle Oct ts LOGOr | TOe2723222 4a ee Sel ea ese VII 
The history of the great lakes and Niagara. (Sci. Am. sup., 

IT AILS ELS SR DAS] 7 1210 HD) Sk CSO RR a he VII 


Hereclia, Jose Maria. Address to the Niagara river. (/n Barham, 
William, Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various travellers. 
pees Caravesend., Nido ¢ Pp: 174-179.) i. 3. Shes VIII 

Hering, Carl. Niagara Falls power plant. (Elec. wld. Feb. 6, 
1892. 19; 85-86.). 

Heriot, George. Travels through the Canadas, containing a descrip- 
tion of the picturesque scenery on some of the rivers and lakes; with an 
account of the productions, commerce, and inhabitants of those provinces. 
Wee eond.sRacharas Ee nillips.. . 1807. “eps 159-0732... 3S: III 

View of the Falls of Niagara, from the bank near Birche’s Mills 

and View of the Falls of Niagara from beneath the bank on the Fort 

Schlausser side. F. C. Lewis (sc.) Printed for Richard Phillips, 

London. (Grosvenor library. Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara 


Set en] Hoye FS FE GES SAR Ae RU 7s ge IX 
Herschel, Clemens. Niagara mill sites, water connections and 
Hirsinest) (CG assy ei fulys Oo.) Os 2A7—Z200)) ee oe) s sere eid aiclard > 
Niagara turbines. (Cass., Mar., 1893. P. 387-389.)....X 


1335 


Niagara Falls 


Herschel, Clemens. Utilization of the Falls of Niagara, (Eng. 
news, Jan. 29, 16920 (27) 74276.) cu aie Sale Ae ene xX 
Hervieu, A Indians at Niagara. (Jn Power, Tyrone, Impres- 
sions of America, during the years 1833, 1834, and 1835. Lond: 
Richard. Bentley’ (1836.0): 391-411) ae oc eee IX 
Hess, B The falls of Niagara, from the Canada side. 1859.1X 
Hibernicus (DeWitt Clinton). Letters on the natural history and 
internal resources of the state of New York. N. Y.: Bliss and White. 
16226 (Pps 144. 5185-186; 198221 0 ie oa eee VI 
High tension transmission line construction. (Elec. wid., June 
6, 1908. 51:1222—1223.) 
Hill, J. Henry. (Horseshoe Fall from Goat Island.) 1889....1X 
Hill, Rowland F. Letter . . . relative to the international park or 
state reservation at Niagara Falls. Albany: Weed, Parsons & Co., 
pirs. 1880. 
Hill, $ View of the Falls of Niagara. (Grosvenor library, 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-—. Mat 3.) .IX 
Hine, E. Curtiss. <A night on the Niagara. (Jn his The haunted 
barque, and other poems. Auburn: Derby. 1848. Pp. 67- 
TOV akeiiern ctaee ke wae aie wiehs lets, toile Oar aia tee SCAT tite an eae VIII 
Historical writings of the late Orsamus H. Marshall relating 
to the early history of the west with an introduction by 
William S. Stone (The). Albany: Munsell’s Sons. 1887. Pp. 


AD AD Be oe hiia! ik cass Moh es duck eens See oe IO eae Vv 
History of the Great Lakes. Chicago: Beers. 1899. Vol. I. 
See index ei dad doll cece ce Me NG ere Vv 
Hitchcock, Charles H. Story of Niagara. (Am. antiq., Jan. and 
Feb TIOTe: | ZIT 2A I) Ss OR eee ee ene ere VII 
— — The story of Niagara. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state 
reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1901. 17: 75-107.)......... VII 


Hodgson, Adam. _ Letters from North America, written during a 
tour in the United States and Canada. Lond.: Hurst, Robinson and 


Co.) BB24 0 Vis BAZ 35D Oh Cie WO Rae Cree yeaa Il 
Hoff, W. and Schwabach, F. North American railroads. N. Y. 
CTOOGD Pa Qa a Nr Teek NS GN Rta GUNG nt V 


Holder, Thomas. A complete record of Niagara Falls and vicinage, 
being descriptive, historical and industrial . . . Niagara Falls: Pub- 


lished for jthe-author.): 1662.10") erode) nae nee XII 
Hole, Samuel Reynolds. A little tour in America. Lond. and N. Y.: 
E: Amolde* 1895:f Ppsuziieae isi seein eee eee IV 


-1336 


Alphabetical List 


Holland, Elihu G. Niagara and other poems. N. Y.: Rudd and 
Carleton. 1861. Pp. 5-35. 

Holley, George W. The falls of Niagara with supplementary chapters 
on the other famous cataracts of the world . . . N. Y.: Armstrong. 


Oo ETS] EA ICG 1S TONS SR Ni OGY ee ACA a eS a A V 
—— Niagara. (Scrib. Aug., 1876. 12: 462-478.)....... IV 
—— Niagara, its history and geology, incidents and poetry . : 

Renee Seldon) lO eawh Ep. N21 Zoek Wises ete hee V and VI 


——— The proximate future of Niagara in review of Professor Tyndall’s 
lecture thereon. (Proc. A.A.A.S. (Aug., 1873.) 1874. 22: 
NE) Dhl hh cielo Sas, os suche b top aeetidtope RG lalabal ate elaratae Vil 

Holley, John Milton. (Whittlesey, Charles, Early history of 
Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland: Fairbanks, Benedict. 1867. Pp. 175- 
BETES Te Cnet oS ay fe alice a chic Agatha ote Reels Wh abate ate II 

Holley, Orville Luther. Chart of Niagara Falls, the shores and 
islands. 414 x 2'4. (Jn his The picturesque tourists. N. Y.: 
Meramec aoa Opp: pe 174: ) is, e's & cus cic tes olde Lal ate mast aout IX 

—— Map of Niagara strait and parts adjacent. 5 x 3. (Jn his 
The picturesque tourists. N. Y.: J. Disturnell. 1844. Opp. p. 
MND eee Secs Gh al asia es aie, lathe dl slater actual ecatana ak IX 

-—— The picturesque tourist; being a guide through the northern and 
eastern states and Canada... N. Y.: J. Disturnell. 1844. Pp. 


oh atealt FG ICSE CALE SY As SER Ce One rae Part rune PS GeN g opt XII 
Holley’s Niagara and the other cataracts of the world. 
Sati VETER bre tole Sa MR ac. 7 4 A8) sa ION SDE Pwo RC ate IV 


Holloway, F. American Fall from the ferry, and The Horseshoe Fall 
from Table Rock. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of 
Miseararicalis,,  1697—tG6/—.. Mat 15.) a2. 0s c.0es Besleid oa. IX 

Homanno, J. B. Complissimae Regionis Mississippi; Seu Provincae 
Ludovicianae 4 R. P. Ludivico Hennepin Francise Miss. in Amerie que 
Septentrionale Anno 1687, detectae nunc Gallorum Coloniis et Actionum 
Negotiis toto Orbe celeberrimae. Nova Tabula edita 4 Jo. Bapt. 
Homanno S. C. M. Geographo Norimbergae. Cum Privilegis Sac. 


CORLISS OES NE gr i ne Se Oe ol aN ee eT IX 
Hooker, Samuel. [Handbill advertising himself as guide to Niagara 
Peau vIM RES IEal sera VG Re ci salatuhs S denis 2 4 eraeiele Sale iaie-s wis XII 


Hopkins, G. M. Atlas of the vicinities of the cities of Niagara Falls, 
North Tonawanda and Buffalo, N. Y. Phila.: G. M. Hopkins. 
etl Se EGS SENT ge oe Oe Ona oe > PN PROS AEE ang IX and XII 


Niagara Falls 


Horner’s Buffalo and Niagara Falls guide and encyclopedia 
of useful knowledge. Buffalo: Horner. 1874. Pp. 63-86. .XI 
“Horrible waste”? at Niagara (The). (Lit. dig., Oct. 12, 


RoR ARM: fa Vy oa) Uae on i ong RRA ANG NT VAT Ra Taio Sal ea act oa XI 
Hottes, M Niagara (Falls A) eure he Oe ne eee ene IX 
Houghton, George W. Niagara. (/n his Niagara, and other 

poems. Bost.: Houghton Mifflin. 1882. Pp. 1-28.)..... VIII 
Houston, Mrs. M. C. Hesperos; or, Travels in the west. Lond.: 

Parker.\) {1650200 Get ZZ 139 Gace we es usin eee ener XI 
Houston, Edwin J. Half a decade of progress in electricity and 

magnetism. (Cass., Feb., 1906. 29: 286—288.)............ xX 
Hovey, H. C. Niagara river gorge and falls. (Sci. Am. sup., Sept. 

Lele BBG. 22569 PTs ae EN OHA) See ek ee VII 
How the power companies beautify Niagara. (Ladies’ home 

your. VOcts TOO: WZ SSO se) ove Neer Nee acinar eee ee XI 


How to save Niagara. (Sci. Am., July 1, 1905. 93:27.). 
How to see Niagara . . . Buffalo and N. Y.: Matthews, Northrup 
Late (iy Oc AMIE! fo 7A 0 A Pena ee ue TREN KOA UCT SEE A TAmarN Gi aan || XI 


Howells, William Dean. Avery. (Jn his Their wedding journey. 
Boston and N. Y.: Houghton Mifflin and Co. 1888. Pp. 139- 


| HAR) ISR Sia A a aural A MENU Ler A RN UCIM ALG CRIM SAO VIII 
—— Niagara, first and last. (The Niagara book. N. Y., 1901. 
Pp 2SORZ 69) nielsvadave clare aia mete eis eae eee een ache reo tea IV 
Their wedding journey. Boston and N. Y.: Houghton Mifflin 

and Covi FOG: sep. 19-17) 266291 Oe Ce ie eee VIII 
Niagara revisited, twelve years after their wedding journey. 
(Adian.)(May: 1683!) ) 511-598-010) et ee ee ee VIII 


Howison, John. Sketches of Upper Canada, domestic, local, and 
characteristic: to which are added, practical details for the information 
of emigrants of every class; and some recollections of the United States 
of, America.’ +) Edinb., Tond.: 16212) "Pp. Gites hoe eee III 

Howitt, Emanuel. Selections from letters written during a tour through 
the United States in the summer and autumn of 1819 . . . Notting- 
ham: Dunn. C820) 2 bhp. 2 82132 ry ee ee nee VI 

Howland, Mrs. Sarah Hagard. Extracts from the tour of Sarah 
Howland, and some of the poetry, letters, and other papers preserved by 
her, together with some account of her family compiled by her great 


grandsons Llowland!) Pell’) iINGw Y cou ao Olesen eee ete XII 
Howland, William B. Niagara Falls and the hundred years of peace. 
Cladep: June 22; \ 94.) 76" 52225238) oe e ae eee V 


1338 


Alphabetical List 


Hubbard, Elbert. Power; or The story of Niagara Falls . . . East 
PAUEOV SUNS MON LBs sie ae cia et cide ck o 6 <petaiw suc mienaisnrels, exis «iets x 
Hudson, T. S. A scamper through America, or, Fifteen thousand miles 
of ocean and continent in sixty days. Lond.: 1882. Pp. 230-237.XI 
Hughes, Thomas. Vacation rambles. Lond.: Macmillan. 1895. 


MRE AR eet Safe eo rae eM wt gu Bila )al ales Sire ol.aval eaten ud aia diel ¢ IV 
Hulbert, Archer Butler. The Niagara river. N. Y. and Lond.: 
ROSE erie NaS ONS. L OOS. 16: 5:5) ona aeacetinl ai Gei-e elie So ota) aldyeai'e.'s VII 


Hulbert, Charles. Museum Americanum; or, Select antiquities of 
nature and art in America . . . Lond.: Whittaker. 1823. Pp. 
et ONE RP ace A UN RE RRR AVIS ANC MLA RS a de amg Vv 

Hulett, T. G. Every man his own guide to the Falls of Niagara, or, 
The whole story in a few words. By T. G. H., a resident at the Falls. 
Bevectre) sae buitalotraxomand' Oo, NO45ics aie. os ok tyes XII 

Humphrey, James M. Speech in the house of representatives, 
January 14, 1869, on bill no. 1212, to provide for the construction 


of ship-canal around the Falls of Niagara.................- XII 
Humphrey, Lucy H. comp. The poetic new-world. N. Y.: Henry 
EAGIEaL On) TOPO Pp, SI4 S42 haha eyo cu gealevaverg.s erase, 5 VIII 


Hunter, William S. WHunter and Chisholm’s panoramic guide from 
Niagara Falls to Quebec. Montreal: Chisholm. 1867. Pp. 1-18. . XII 
Hunter, William S., Jr. Hlunter’s panoramic guide from Niagara 
Falls to Quebec. . . . Boston: J. P. Jewett and Co. 1857. Pp. 


[23 |S SERED SIVA eT OO da a Red NEDA eC XII 
Huret, Jules. En Amerique: de San Francisco an Canada. Paris: 
AMpenHer OUI BoD) FL 9537 are os soa oarcis eptinee wee Rew eraes IV 
Hyatt, Alpheus. Rock ruins. [Niagara Falls] (Am. nat. April, 
ee ep POA aca heey ciireee Glia) Sac Sea thig ah aval Manette ene ate VII 
Hydraulic features of the latest Niagara power plant. (Eng. 
HEV INGY, SOL OU. 4S FLIP Osa. cst a aisiere shee eiaes en xX 


Hydraulic features of the plant of the Niagara Falls power 
company, I. (Eng. rec., Nov. 21, 1903. 48: 616-619.)....X 

Hydraulic features of the plant of the Niagara Falls power 
company, II. (Eng. rec., Nov. 28, 1903. 48:652-655.)...X% 

Hydraulic features of the plant of the Niagara Falls power 
company, III. (Eng. rec., Dec. 5, 1903. 48:°691-693)....X 

Hydraulic features of the plant of the Niagara Falls Brae 
company, IV. (Eng. rec., Dec. 19, 1903. 48: 763-767.).. 

Hydraulic features of Niagara power (The). (Elec. oe 
PE Ca MS AE Pc ee ee A Rely Sok CAN AB ES, Ags ROR Sa haw eraage ales x 

1339 


Niagara Falls 


Hydro-electrc developments of the Ontario power company, 


I. (Elec. wld. & eng. Aug. 26, 1905. 46: 343-345.)....... xX 
Hydro-electric developments of the Ontario power company, 
II. (Elec. wld. & eng. Sept. 2, 1905. 46: 387-389.)....... x 
Hydro-electric developments of the Ontario power company, 
HII. (Elec. wld. & eng. Sept. 9, 1905. 46: 440-441.)....... X 
Hymn of Niagara. (Choriambic.) (Putnam. May, 1868. 11: 
S1E Toit) PARAL GUM A Cae gna AUER RUAN WG oC Y hl VIII 
Ice bridge at Niagara (The). (Harp. w., Feb. 3, 1883. 27:74, 
TO OR ee ee tos EUR cra ete ee Vv 


Illuminating the Niagara cataract by acetylene. (Elec. eng. 
June 30, 1897. 23: 747.) 

Illustrated guide to Niagara Falls. Chic.: Rand, McNally & 
Co. 1884. 

Importation of Electric power at Niagara. (W. elec. Mar. 
2, 1907. 40: 189.) 

Imrie, John. Niagara Falls. (Jn his Songs and miscellaneous poems. 
Toronto: Imrie and Graham. 1891. Pp. 26—-28.).......... VIII 

[Industrial development of Niagara Falls (The).] = (Sci. 
Am., sup., Mar. 3, 1900. 49: 20207-20220.) 

Industrie (L’) Americaine fera-t-elle-disparatrie les chutes 
du Niagara. (Le tour du monde—a travers le monde. nis. 
anee, 12° [1906]: sPariss:1906:) "Pp: 2892292) oes ee ee XI 

(Ingraham, Duncan.) Extract from a letter from a gentleman upon 
his return from Niagara. (Buff. hist. soc. 15: 387-393; or O’Cal- 
laghan, E. B., Doc. hist. of the state of New York. Albany: Weed, 
Parsons\‘and ‘Co, 18490 / 231 O8—MAlO ee eee cee XII 

Extract from a letter from a gentleman upon his return from 
Niagara. (Mass. hist. soc., 1792. 1:287; or O’Callaghan: Doc. 
hist. of state of New York. Albany. 1849. 2:1110.)........ II 

Ingraham, John Wentworth. A manual for the use of visitors to 
the Falls of Niagara: Intended as an epitome of and temporary sub- 
stitute for, a larger and more extended work, relative to this most 
stupendous wonder of the world. Buffalo: Charles Faxon. 1834. 

Inspection of Niagara power tunnel. (Elec. wid. June 30, 1908. 
51:1319.) 

Inspection of tunnels of the Niagara Falls power company. 
(Elec. rev. June 20, 1908. 52: 988.) 

1340 


Alphabetical List 


Institution of civil engineers at Niagara Falls, September 
29, 1904 (The). Presented by the local committee of the Canadian 
society of civil engineers. Niagara Falls, Canada.............. x 


International joint commission. Rules of procedure of the Inter- 
national joint commission. Adopted pursuant to article XII of the 
treaty between the United States and Great Britain, signed January IT, 
1909. Promulgated February 2, 1912. Wash.: Gov't print. off. 
TOP Tee St tai och aht to "as aed d) BR oy ara Sel eicield iw eheidiayet tras wane XI 

International Niagara commission. (Eng. rec., Feb. 28, 1891. 
23: 204.) 

International protection of Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am., Apr. 21, 
ELGAR ION, D272 ERE RR Ra SRL AD Oe XI 

International topographical railroad guide between the 
Atlantic seaboard and the Missouri river. W. E. Tunis. 
Niagara Falls, N. Y.: M. Wallace. Chicago: 1856. Pp. 52- 
Sih stg Cental SENEGAL ROT NMA s SR Ce Be PA XII 


International waterways commission. Documents relating to. 
(Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 19: app. 
CFE i ea a reget COL Ze BR AE Tay ea we XI 

Message from the President of the United States transmitting the 
final report of international waterways commission upon the proposed 
dam at the outlet of Lake Erie. (63d Cong., Ist sess. Sen. doc. 
MEE eer re hte ON ere ot aad oh de Nae Ghats con eect IX and X 

—— Report of the American section to the secretary of war, December 
1, 1908. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 
Me Nr ee ere J arti co a's cle g: Snare cy aiebokanale salen SMalel’e hemes XI 

Supplementary report. . . . 1909. Ottawa: C. H. Parmelee 

printer. 1909. (Canada sessional papers. No. 19c. 1910.) 

(U. S. & Can.) Report upon the existing waterpower situation 

at Niagara Falls, so far as concerns the diversion of water on the 


American side, by the American members of the international water- 
ways commission and Captain Charles W. Kutz, corps of engineers 


Coe iwrachos Govt prints off, “T90G lon 6 oc ewe ws xX 
(U. S. & Can.) Second interim report of the Canadian section 
and first joint report of the commission. Ottawa: 1906.......... > 


International waterways commission organized. (Ann. 
rep'ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 22:16~-30.)...XI 
Inverted Geyelin-Jonval turbines at Niagara Falls. (Eng. 
Ree ME OA COOP Ye tt Ue le lias Xx 


1341 


Niagara Falls 


Itinerary to Niagara Falls, in 1809 (An). (Penn. mag. of hist. 
and biog. July, 1900. 24: 200-202.) 

Izard, Ralph. An account of a journey to Niagara, Montreal and 
Quebec, in 1765; or “ Tis eighty years since.” N. Y.: Osborn. 
1646. FP ST Bieler ie ere I Ae Ie athe IVD CN Toneaae See II 

J. V. C. (del.) View of Niagara river and Lake Ontario from the 
top of the mountain at Lewiston. Jewett, Thomas & Co. printers. 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697— 
OFS IN Dat a CU AEA 0 cb a a a ee IX 


Jackson, Moses. To America and back: a holiday run. Lond.: 


MceCorquodale.’\) 1886: \Pp. I Z1 2134 oe cds ns eee eee IV - 


James, Henry. Niagara, 1871. (Jn his Portraits of places. Boston. 
Osgood:)) 604." (ps) 304-376. Del he ye ye oO ee eet XI 

James, Thomas Horton. Rambles in the United States: ae Canada 
during the year 1845 . . . by Rubio. Lond.: John Olliver. 1846. 
Ppe/-o: 

James, William. Map of the straits of Niagara from Lake Erie to 
Lake Ontario. 7 x 15. (/n his A full and correct account of the 
military occurrences of the late war between Great Britain and the 


United States. Lond.: For the author. 1818. 1: Frontispiece.) .[X 
Jameson, Mrs. A. B. M. Winter studies and summer rambles in 
Canada. Lond.: Saunders and Otley. 1838. 1:82-84. 2: 48- 
TOR oD INE ON Ae Sia) Le TS UR Ne HS De A RL at We Ill 
Jefferys, Thomas. Chart of the Atlantic ocean, with the British, 
French & Spanish settlements in North America, and the West 
Indies; as also on the coast of Africa. (Jn his General topography of 
North America and the West Indies. Lond.: Printed for Robert Sayer 
andl homas’ Jeterys:))) 768. Nos Oe) ie ie ie Aerie ae an os IX 


A map of Canada and the northern part of Louisiana with the 
adjacent countries. (/n his The natural and civil history of the French 
dominion in North and South America. Lond.: 1760. Pt. I, 
ORE) ig. he) sre OMe ONE CNA RUEN STA UO Ee IX 
A map of Canada and the northern part of Louisiana with the 
adjacent countries. 111% x 15. (Jn Mills, David, A report on the 


boundaries, ‘of (Ontario:/)) Porontos 1 B/S.) wine neni are eaten IX 
Johnson, Clifton. Highways and by-ways of the Great Lakes. 
Wo'Y i: Macnallans! 91) Pps S825 4G eee eee ete a cae Vv 


1342 


Alphabetical List 


Johnson, F. H. Every man his own guide at Niagara Falls without 
the necessity of inquiry or possibility of mistake; including the sources 
of Niagara, and all places of interest, both on the American and Canada 
side. . . . Rochester: D. M. Dewey. (1852) Pp. 1-93.....XII 

A guide for every visitor to Niagara Falls. Including the sources 

of Niagara, and all places of interest, both on the American and 


Canada side. . . . Buffalo: Phinney & Co. (1852)......... XII 
Guide to Niagara Falls and its scenery. . . . Phila.: Childs. 
CSS C8 a PET Wl AEE DS AUC RR aT XII 


Statistics of Niagara Falls and vicinity. . . . Buffalo: E. A. 
Maynard & Co. ptrs. 1848. 


Johnson, Guy. Map of the country of the six nations. (Jn Pouchot, 
M. , Memoir upon the late war in North America. . . . Rox- 
bury, Mass.: W. Elliot Woodward. 1866. 2:148.)......... IX 

Map of the frontiers of the northern colonies with the boundary 
line established between them and the Indians at the treaty held by S. 
Will Johnson at Fort Stanwix in nov. 1768. (/n O'Callaghan, 
E. B., Documentary history of the state of New York. Albany: 
SSUES: AC aS ERD ARE ARS AIO Ee oe ane aS SONS a UR IX 

e-——- Map of the frontiers of the northern colonies with the boundary 
line established between them and the Indians at the treaty held by S. 
Will Johnson at Ft. Stanwix, in nov. 1768. (/n Mills, David, 
A report on the boundaries of Ontario. Toronto: 1873.)....... IX 

The country of the six nations proper, with part of the adjacent 

colonies. (Jn O'Callaghan, E. B., Documentary history of the state of 


Mewny ork. Albany: 1S49.. 42660.) oo... ssc baa big oles ole IX 
Johnson, H. G. A map of Niagara river, four miles above and three 
mnece belows thet allss) C1649) Ee.) si35 Nes se eects es IX 


Johnson, Richard Lewis. Apostrophe to Niagara. (Jn his Niagara; 
its history, incidents and poetry. . . . Wash.: Neale. 1898. Pp. 
AHIR PEER t S he cic iat tre ale 8 Gre arti wet eccreler aleve ete VIII 

-—— Niagara: its history, incidents, and poetry. Wash.: Walter Neale. 
SMFS ats AA Ga ASS Se UCR SOOT LR LONI EN, a OU NEA a a Vv 

Johnson, Wallace C. A new development of power at Niagara. 
SEES AG FRE SNES Mtoe RNG 2.16 MC | 0 TER ea xX 

Power development at Niagara Falls other than that of the 


Niagara power company. (Jour. ass’n eng. soc., Aug., 1899. 23: 
A a OE Sheva A heat teed Bi eh nhl a eee t ats 2 eich atunetey »4 


Niagara Falls 


Johnson, Wallace C. ‘The pulp mill of the Cliff paper company of 
Niagara Falls, New York, and discussion. (Trans. Am. S. C. E. 
Aug, 1894. 3222042230.) er cece av Bh a ene area x 

Johnston, Charles. A narrative of the capture, detention, and ransom 
of Charles Johnston of Botetout county, Virginia, who was made pris- 
oner by the Indians on the river Ohio, in the year 1790: together with 
an interesting account of the fate of his companions, five in number, one 
of whom suffered at the stake. To which are added, sketches of Indian 
character and manners, with illustrative anecdotes. New York: J. and 
J Plarper:.()1627; “Ppi\8 7-880. seit cekesleie Se eee eee eee V 

Johnston, James Finlay Weir. Notes on North America; agri- 
cultural, economical and social. Bost.: C. C. Little and J. Brown. 
Edinb. and Lond.: W. Blackwood and Sons. 1851. 1: 247- 
DB ee as wh G18 Ue es bo er MVR Bl NOUR VTE oy pee ORT Pt VII 

Johnston, W. and A. K. Quebec, Niagara, Montreal. 
10 x 714. (Cn their World-wide atlas of modern geography, etc. 
5th ed. fol. Edinb. and Lond.: W. and A. K. Johnston. 1900. 


| Fe lb © SN Mee AnT eer me HERD NN MAW nih Pale eNO L cea aM 6 Fo IX 
Johnstone, C. L. Winter and summer excursions in Canada. Lond.: 
Digby, Long, and’ Cov 1894) "Pp: 206-2074 i ee eee IV 


Joinville, F. F. P. L. M. d@’O., Prince de. Memoirs, vieux 
souvenirs, of the Prince de Joinville; tr. from the French by Lady Mary 
oval INN YieMacmillan 1895 ROG se en eee Il 

Joliet, Louis. Nouvelle découverte de plusieurs nations dans la Nouvelle 
France en l’année 1673 et 1674. Gaston Morel lith. (Reduction 
facsimile). Imp. E. Cagniard 4 Rouen. 16x 2114. (Jn Mag. of Am. 
hist. Ed. by John Austin Stevens. N. Y.: A. S. Barnes. 1882. 9: 
DDB EY. SO RO MLE GAS, MERON es Cs ee NA Ln IX 

Nouvelle découverte des plusieurs nations dans la Nouvelle France, 
en l’année 1673 et 1674. 21 x 1534. (Jn Thwaites, R. G., Jesuit rela- 
tions. Cleveland: Burrows Bros. 1900. 59:86.)............ IX 

Jordan, C. W. An account of a visit to the power plant of the Ontario 
power company at Niagara Falls. (Proc. inst. of mechanical engi- 
neers. January 7, 1910. 61: 53-87.) 

The development of electrical power at Niagara Falls. (Nature. 
April 7, 1910. 83:173-176.) 

Joutel, Henri. Carte nouvelle de la Louisiane, et de la riviére de 
Mississippi, découverte par feu mr. de la Salle. . . . Dressée par le 
S’r. Joutel, qui etoit de ce Voyage. 1713. (n his Journal of La 
Salle’s last voyage. . . . Chicago: The Caxton Club. 1896.)...I1X 

1344 


Alphabetical List 


Joutel, Henri. Carte nouvelle de la Louisiane, et de la riviere de 
Mississippi, découverte par feu mr. de la Salle. Dressée par le S’r. 
Joutel qui etoit de ce Voyage. 1713. (Jn his Journal of La 
Salle’s last voyage, 1684-7. . . . New ed. Albany: J. McDonough. 
REM irlg ei acl G oo ahens aisirereit co ould ata ieEenaaee a ¢ «6 IX 

A new map of the country of Louisiana and of ye river Missisipi 
in North America, discover’d by monsr de la Salle in ye years 1681 
and 1686, as also of several other rivers before unknown. . . . By 
the Sr. Joutel, who perform’d that voyage. 1713. (Jn his Journal of 
the last voyage perform’d by Monsr. de la Salle. . . . Lond.: Printed 
RUM ETE LE NL GtCH > Wi 2ul-4bs yo. ch< alc, ope eee as eis wees caw: wiateld IX 

Judah, T. D. (Civil engineer.) Map of the villages of Bellvue, 
Niagara Falls and Elgin. 30x42. Buffalo, N. Y.: Lith. of Compton 


so (USS i Ig SO 2) (RE Gees Rep EL IX 
Judson, William Pierson. From the west and northwest to the sea 
by the way of the Niagara ship canal. N. Y.: 1890.......... XII 


History of the various projects, reports, discussions and estimates 


for reaching the Great Lakes from tide-water, 1768-1901. N. p. 


1 ELE Brae MAGEE PAS ORE eae Ra et a LO ean One RPS EL XII 
Kalm, Peter. Fac-simile from Kalm, A. D. 1750. “XX” 
Engraved for Ingraham’s ** Description of Niagara.”........... IX 


A letter from Mr. Kalm, a gentleman of Sweden, now on his 
travels in America, to his friend in Philadelphia containing a particular 
account of the great fall of Niagara, September 2, 1750. (Gentle- 
meuperniacs Jans 75 be 2b 15=—19.) asi. eee II, VI and IX 
A letter from Mr. Kalm, a gentleman of Sweden, now on his 
travels in America, to his friend in Philadelphia, containing a particular 
account of the great fall of Niagara. (/n Bartram, John, Observa- 
tions on the inhabitants, climate, soil, rivers, productions, animals, and 
other matters worthy of notice . . . Lond.: Whiston and White. 
DE I Eo i) yo) sev a St Le ch th dbeter a! Sse et grech eh ata where drwiay # gies ke II 
[Kalm, Peter.] A view of the famous cataract of Niagara in North 
America. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 
er ett Mabe 28 Voce st csots Soe lateiei daa Rta ne aie aa. IX 
Keller, Major Charles. Niagara river from above the Falls to Lake 
Ontario; prepared under the direction of Major Charles Keller, Corps 
Gm Engrs tela So ramga nt FOSS: 59588 6 ln, Se Site ns Cate IX 
Kellogg, E. B. and E. C. Niagara and its wonders. (Grosvenor 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. 
DRM le inne Sop af css eae ay Sw clo auto cate Uy wakatets IX 


Niagara Falls 


Kelsey, Richard. Niagara. Jephthah. Remarks upon the defense of 
Wessex by Alfred the Great; with other compositions, in verse and 


prose: Ponds: 1tG4G 1400 ih aio thaac etare i ie Rn Rt ne a VIII 
Kelly, Christopher. A new and complete system of universal geogra- 
phy.’ onds:"Kelly?  T819 216220) i: 548-5498 ea reel eee V 
Kemble, Frances Anne. Records of a girlhood. N. Y.: Hblt. 
1879s Pp 79a Ba reais Oe A Nae a UO aes ened et) ae va ea III 


Kennedy, William, Jr. Canadian water powers. With special 
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Canada.) Toronto: 1'897;- Chap:6:385—387..)'0 0, te pee x 

Kent, William. Memoirs and letters of James Kent, late chancellor of 


the state of New York. Bost.: Little, Brown and Co. 1898. Pp. 


(hey 2a Dis) sae AOA EAI ele SNM Me RAUL U Din abhi asl )e Ill 
Kenyon, O. A. Utilization of Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld. & eng. 
June: 3; 905. (AG WO36 De ve) vale a ee Roads tee ae ee xX 


Ketchum, William. An authentic and comprehensive history of 
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Hs aks 70 Hae Pn nA WAIT UH eA AeA RC RNIN AUR ST a ESD Bs So V 


Keyes, Monroe James. Tourists’ illustrated guide book to the 
islands, peninsulas, and cities of Lake Erie and Niagara Falls. Bucyrus, 


©. News pub. veoh ol 6994 Pon 7 O=7 Oeics eeeae eenmr a eae XII 
Kibbe, August S. Report of the survey to determine the crest lines of 
the Falls of Niagara in 1890, made under the direction of John Bogart, 
state engineer and surveyor. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state 
reserv. at’ Niagara) Albany. 18910\17 195-1102.) ye ee VII 
Kingsbury, J. Addison. Pleasure and travel made easy. A better 
way to see old sights or new . . . Vol. I, Pittsburgh: Kingsbury. 
Molol Sie ann ren sire LAOS ERO A eG MMR cult LAO be Dd XII 
Pleasure travel made easy. A better way to see old sights or 
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1885. 
Kingsmill, Thomas W. Time gauge of Niagara. (Nature. Aug. 
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LO Rp. VOB ATOG vey Si Lita Sree aunt aS DO LDR iis eat Il] 


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BP Ne creo ares! REE She aya os ot ane aN eG WS IX 

North America, wherein are particularly distinguished the British 

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Mills, David, A report on the boundaries of Ontario. Toronto: 


os ee ee NSS ttt PE a DCU RO Oe ROR a Se ee IX 
Knight, S. S. The new twenty-five hundred horse power turbines at 
Niagara. (Sei. Am.,. Dec, 10; 1898. :79:.373-—374.) & ois cae. xX 
Koch, Felix J. Fleecing tourists on the grand tour at much-threatened 
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Koester, Frank. H)ydro-electric developments and engineering. . . .- 
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Kohl, J. G. ‘Travels in Canada, and through the states of New York 
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Ponnrcaianwaring.)) OO ls) 2302O-U76is sare 3 So Ses Wa drab Sees IV 
Kollmer, August. Rapids of Niagara, drawn from nature. Paris: 
Goupil. 
Krausse and Eltiner (sc.). Ejisenbahn Hangerbriicker 


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Kroupa, B. Aan artist’s tour; gleanings and impressions in North and 
Central America and the Sandwich Islands. Lond.: Ward and 
Be Vee OAs ED S27 SOS cic. Sie ool el la alael) cle ral 9) ok wa lett XI 
Kutz, Capt. Charles W. Reports upon the existing water power 
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the American side, by the American members of the International 
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Meee Wash.: Gov t print. off., . T906..2025 sa... os. XI 
La France, Joseph. A new map of part of North America from the 
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Remarks upon capt. Middleton’s defence. Lond.: 1744. Opp. 
eee ree ee ore are yh ie ki ne OY a Je Pe Coe B IX 
La Franchise, de. Le Sievr de la Franchise av discovrs Dv Sievr 
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PGs aoe 8 te a A wah recta OTL. LAU AN, ALOR kee haere Mirae PS gS Ey VIII 
La Lande, M. de la. Memoire sur la vie de M. Picquet, missionaire 
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DOES eS ae Sree aes gene ae Bee HUM bE oe BT PREIS I 


Niagara Falls 


La nouvelle fosse aux turbines de l’usine hydro-électrique 
de la Niagara Falls power company & Niagara Falls. (Le 


Genre ‘civil: :) June: 16, 1900." 37-129) 55s os 4a OA een x 
La nouvelle usine hydro-electrique des chutes du Niagara. 
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La Salle, Bibliography of. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state 
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Lachian, Major R. Account of an extraordinary sudden fall in the 
waters of the Niagara river. (Can. jour. [Can. inst., ser. 1] Apr. 
LOSS Ss ZOFSZOS ere aiehetaey wlalio ae deem crete ere l encarta ten en enane V 

Lahontan, Louis Armand de Lom d’Arce, baron de. Nouveaux 
voyages de Mr. le Baron de Lahontan, dans |’Amerique Septentrionale; 
qui contiennent une Relation des différens Peuples qui y habitant; la 
nature de leur gouvernement; leur commerce, leurs coutumes, leur 
religion & leur maniere de faire la guerre . . . A la Haye, Chez 
les Fréres Honoré, 1703. 1:107...... Pern aice pare nS no Moleper sie 

New voyages to North America. Containing an account of the 
several nations of that vast continent . . . the several attempts of 
the English and French to dispossess one another . . . and the 
various adventures between the French, and the Iroquese confederates 
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ada . . . Written in French by the Baron Lahontan 


Done in English. . . . A great part of which was never printed in 
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New voyages to North-America, by the Baron de Lahontan; 
reprinted from the English edition of 1703, with facsimiles of original 
title-pages, maps, and illustrations, and the addition of introduction, 
notes, and index, by Reuben Gold Thwaites . . . Chicago: A. 
Ce McClure. "P90 5.) ais Wey TS Zi iii ae Were ne ay hare I 

Lake Erie dam suggested. (W. elec. Sept. 12, 1903. 33:197.) 

Lambert de Saint-Croit, Alexandre. De Paris 4 San Francisco 
Sieheanis:: Levy OOo. eps AO Gaetan nal ese ences IV 

Langheim, F Daguerreotypes of Niagara. (18402)... .IX 

Langhorne, Maurice. Water power at Buffalo. N. Y.: & [Wash.:] 
T. M. McGill & Co. (c1888.) 

Langmuir, J. W. Address before the American civic association at 
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Niagara ‘Falls park. 1907; 22°app. vB ie oui seamen gis on XI 

1348 


Alphabetical List 


Langslow, Richard. A Niagara Falls tourist of the year 1817. 


yg Ui i asets, Os.) Desh Mi S56) Wis Wes Ware by eeteue eho wes ale XII 
Lanier, Robert S. International aid for Niagara. (R. of R., Apr., 
To REIS IGE: Le BAB? 18 RGR eee oe QAR A gS eo XI 


[Large view of Terrapin tower and Horseshoe Fall.] 


(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697— 


OTOL A Tey ccd iced su Xi A Sau Sika AN TRG 'c RCS ee Ch ORG ee a IX 
Largest waterfall in the world (The). (R. of R., Apr. 1905. 
og UR SN et ee Ope eon ee eR Lp Seine Me Vv 
Latest foolhardy feat (The). (Spec., July 17, 1886. 59:950- 
CSN CRETS ORNS BE EE Co ey OR oe APE ALA ote Mee AEA Vv 


Latham, Henry. Black and white. A journal of a three months’ 
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Dre M RAI ara iichss Cant ic Woreierdsdea sake dscdotevandide s: a mle lathe y of ate IV 

Latrobe, Charles Joseph. Niagara. (Jn Barham, William, 
Descriptions of Niagara, selected from various travellers; with original 
BaciOnc ey Ooravesend on: d. Pps) 105=00T. is ee. oe XI 

Lattimore, S. A. [A letter on the advantages of state ownership. | 
(Ist ann. rep’t of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 
PEGE Se eee katie valsa'io rau aite¥s take tarkededle Sotemodele tarde aera ae XI 

Laugel, Auguste. Les Etats-Unis pendant Ja Guerre (1861-1865). 
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Le Beau, C. Avantures du Sr. C. Le Beau . . . ou voyage curieux 
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MeO A IL Soot ai ids wsedi'n avarei umn eeldeie Gait hee ee VII 

Le Clerc, Sebastian. Chute de la Riviére de Niagara. Elie énléve 
dans un Char de Feu. Engraved about 1700................ IX 

(Elie énléve dans un Char de Feu.) Grosevenor library, Buffalo, 

N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 1.)...... IX 


Le Clercq, Chrétien. Etablissement de la Foy dans le Nouvelle 
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qui s’y font faites jusque a present: avec une relation exacte des Expedi- 
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Io Sah os SOA ONE STi ys Bae Selig: BOP ae MAME i heh 2 I 

—— First establishment of the faith in New France . . . Translated 
by J. G. Shea. N. Y.: Shea. 1881. Vol. II. Pp. 102-126....1 


1349 


Niagara Falls 


Le Sueur, Ernest A. Commercial power development at Niagara. 


(Pop.sci: mo.) Sept, (6942.49 G08 6505) sare esniay en ane x 
Professor Forbes on “* Harnessing Niagara.’’ (Pop. sci. mo., 
Dec., 1895. \ 48s 1982204.) oo ei OA RUN eke ea xX 


League of American wheelmen. Eleventh annual meet, Niagara 


Falls, N. Y. August 25, 26, and 27, 1890. Niagara Falls bicycle 


labo Pps WAL oon 20 CI Bea CIC ease AR Oe he oe ae XII 
Legend of the whirlpool. Buffalo, N. Y.: Press of Thomas & 
GCHAR fo: 10 MARR ee anh A area Ura UNNATURAL RHO R Ain iL 6 Vill 


Lescarbot, Marc. Histoire de la Novvelle France, contenant les 
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tres-chrétiens . . . A Paris, chez Iean Milot. 1609. Bk. II, 


PD: 36663814) BO3 ie es ee eee a bares he) SSRI RU rene ITE TE a I 
Histoire de la Nouvelle France, suivie des muses de la Nouvelle 
France. Paris: Edwin Tross. 1866. 2: 339, 341, 343........ I 


The history of New France . . . with an English translation, 
notes and appendices by W. L. Grant . . . and an introduction by 
H. P. Biggar . . . Toronto: Champlain Society. 1907. 2:135, 
| NBS yo PNP) HE 1° AUN Ra RnR aD SAENGER BA EL a I 

Lespinasse, R. ‘The great cataract illustrated, and complete guide to all 
points of interest at and in the vicinity of the Falls of Niagara. . . 
Chicagos) Ry eespimagsess | KOGA Oem ausmiae ie tae eeee eee XII 

ed. Notes on Niagara. Chicago: R. Lespinasse, 1883....V 

Lessons from the Niagara power plant. (Eng. rec., Jan. 14, 
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Letson, Elizabeth J.  Post-pliocene fossils of the Niagara river 
gravels. (Bul. of the N. Y. state museum. No. 45. 9:238- 
TAY AD MUR RK PORN MA HUM Cua MU aan neh MILAN Livni cub Sys S VII 


Letter from Mr. Kalm, a Swedish gentleman, late on his travels in 
America, to his friend in Philadelphia; containing a particular account 
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1750. (Dodsley’s ann. reg. 4th ed. Lond.: J. Dodsley. 1765. 
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Levasseur, A. Lafayette on Amérique en 1824 et 1825, ou, Journal 
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Leverett, Frank. Glacial formations and drainage features of the 
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P9022 Pps ZORZM ee eS HEPES et apne CUR Rhee eae ee VII 


1350 


Alphabetical List 


Lewis, George. Impressions of America and the American churches: 
from journal of the Rev. G. Lewis. Edinb.: Kennedy. 1845. 
oa, 2S ENG EY IMSG UN SaaS RE RAs ALE ai Ee 9 Uc) IV 

Liancourt, la Rochefoucault, Duke de. ‘Travels through the 
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TIPE EN Nr ase e Woh eee viaie dc wleie alee gees II, VI and X 

Lieber, Francis, ed. Letters to a gentleman in Germany, written after 
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BEN Fe 999 S IDOL 6 os sk sculls ee ssid bode Mares Vil 

Life history of Niagara (The). (Engineering, March 22, 1889. 
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Light on the age of Niagara. (Pub. opin., Oct. 20, 1898. 
ESTEE NITE oe settee iy Na IRAN Te banrcihehe Gees Ae SAMUS 2) RL OH VII 

Lighting of the gorge at Niagara Falls (The). (Elec. rev., 
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Lillie, A. Canada: physical, economic, and social. Toronto: Maclear 


COA MED HGD=O0 seni c cic sie e ces cade eaoe ses V 
Limits to the profitable development of water power. (Eng. 
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Lincoln, Benjamin. Journal of a treaty held in 1793, with the 
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States.) Mass.) Fist. Soe. collec. ‘3d ser; 3122-125.) 2... 2. II 

Lincoln, P. M. [Effects of lightning on the Niagara Falls and Buffalo 
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Lines written immediately on first beholding Niagara Falls, 
July, 1815. (Jn Western review and miscellaneous magazine. 


emotion) DO oat Pele 7 P2G. conic eo ateley ele aeperalaieal de Ue: « V 
Liston, James Knox. Niagara Falls; a poem in three cantos . . . 
*praginiico! VAeTHLA ata WR Ts © 22 Ma Ma AN Ono nee alee ve? RNa Epp VIII 


Local distribution at Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld. Feb. 20, 
1897. 29: 267.) 


Local distribution of the cataract power at Niagara Falls. 
Ciileewenethebs tO lGO7Y "258055. eee ee ee x 
Logan, James. Notes of a journey through Canada, the United States 
of America, and the West Indies. Edinb.: 1838. Pp. 138-140. .III 
Logan, John D. Over-song of Niagara. (Can. mag., Sept., 1907. 
et ee PIR eS eat RR tes Rema Se a dere se VIII 


Niagara Falls 


Lombardo, Alberte. Los Estados-Unidos. (Notas y Episodios de 


Viaje.) Mexico: 1884: 3Ppi.1 76-162 25 eee ee te ooo ee XI 
Long and Long. Niagara power. Niagara shore real estate. [Buf., 
DEY 3) ORO ya ie ES cen eee COP eee a x 


Long, Elias A. An acre in the city. A brief treatise on land, million- 
aires, fortunes in real estate, Buffalo, Niagara power. No pub. nd. 


| Sy Ae ae |) POA Ee ae CT as ARCOM HORE AMEUE A SL NAN xX 
—— Niagara as it iss A complete guide. N. Y.: Rural publishing 
Cod | BIZ iis cilalc, oA lees ai oie ale legos, sy atronaee hate el Seeded ape earns ae XI 


Niagara power; the utilization of the world’s greatest waterfall 
for power purposes . . . Buffalo: The Wemborne-Sumner Co. 


(1889.3) 9.5. BEC SE CE Oe Ga hae en ne x 
Long distance transmission record (The). (Elec. wid., May 2, 
1908. 511-888-889.) i See. orshaceecd Mh Bee eee inne xX 


Long transmission line in Ontario. (Power. Oct. 13, 1908. 
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Longfellow, Henry W. Poems of places. Boston: James R. 
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Longfellow, S. Under the bridge at Niagara. (Jn his Hymns and 
verses. Bost.: Houghton Mifflin. 1894. Pp. 100-101.)... VIII 

Lord, John C. The genius of Niagara. (Jn his Occasional poems. 


Buffalo: Breed and Lent. 1869. Pp. 19-22.)............ Vill 
Lord Kelvin’s views on Niagara development. (W. elec. 
Aue. 21, W897) 621209) ea aie se eae eee x 


Lorne, John George Edward Henry Douglas Sutherland 
Campbell, Marquis of. Canadian pictures drawn with pen and 
pencil; with numerous illustrations from objects and photographs in the 
possession of and sketches by the Marquis of Lorne, Sydney Hall, etc., 
engraved by Edward Whymper. N. Y.: n.d. Pp. 66-69...... XI 

The governor-general’s reply to addresses from the royal academy 

and the Ontario society of artists, Toronto, June, 1883. (/n Memories 

of Canada and Scotland: speeches and verses. Montreal: Dawson 

Brothers.) 1884..°' Pip, 3342335.) sce SRR een ae XI 

Niagara. (/n his Memories of Canada and Scotland; speeches 
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Lotter, Matthieu Albert. Carte nouvelle de l’Amerique Angloise 
contenant tout ce que les Anglois possedent sur le Continent de ]’Amer- 
ique Septentrionale savoir le Canada, la Nouvelle Ecosse ou Acadie, 
les treize Provinces unies . . . avec la Floride. Gravée exactement 
d’aprés les determinations geographiques dernierement faites par Matthieu 


Albert Lotter a Augsbure.(5. 60). ee eas ere eee Ix 


Alphabetical List 


Loveman, Robert. Niagara. (/n his Poems. Tuscaloosa: Burton, 


SEMEL FON Slat ‘ai'n, aiioiaeh oP wielay Saath. <coveg eta eget ede “abt eo » VIII 
Lovett, Richard. United States pictures drawn with pen and pencil. 
Lond., N. Y., and Chicago. 1891. Pp. 130, 138-144........ V 
Lowry, Augustus N. Niagara. Revised edition. [1886c.]..VIII 
ulcerecaspar. Niagara: (1697)... oe ea, IX 


Lutard, Auguste. Aux Etats-Unis. Deuxiéme edition. Panis: 
Société d’éditions scientifiques. N. Y.: Brentano. 1896. Pp. 196— 


PNET rea iN te: ane oc tale (ar oa ecenas cals aha ate Mate XII 
Lyell, Sir Charles. Life, letters and journals of Sir Charles Lyell, 
armeeicona:. viurray, POON.) 22 GR. cicce s sco os eels wore ose XI 
A memoir on the recession of the Falls of Niagara. (Proc. Geol. 

Peer london, 1642... 32 DIDOUL ast jae. ce leek se tee VII 


Principles of geology. Phila.: J. Kay. 1837. 1:176-178.VII 
Travels in North America, in the years 1841-2; with geological 
observations on the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia. N. Y.: 


Mumevana eumam), O45. Ts 22-45. Wie a. Oe ee VII 
M. A. Niagara: a poem. N. Y.: Seymour. 1822......... VIII 
M. K. Shooting the Falls. (Macmill., Nov., 1882. 47: 42- 
ON SER USED SNe en oa ce a SS VIII 
McCann, John Earnest and Saltus, Francis S. Niagara. 

(ireeiore. “Octs! 1894. 73: 436:).. 0.5. kk ee VIII 


Macaulay, James. Across the ferry: first impressions of America and 
its people. Lond.: Hodder and Stoughton. 1871. Pp. 186-197.XI 


Macauley, James. The natural, statistical and civil history of the 
state of New York. N. Y.: Gould and Banks. 1829. 1:212- 
ET her aks ea etehse rs orets oS a, A ah AOA Ck! V 

McCauslin, Robert. An account of an earthy substance found near 


the Falls of Niagara and vulgarly called the spray of the falls: together 
with some remarks on the falls. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 1793. 


OnE. bier eeear ec etaie Airey. <b ie Wes oR es SOM Dei wee VII 
McElroy, Samuel. Water power at Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am. sup. 
Dimers? OGo. 202821 7-8218.) i. cou. os Sele Choa sen § as 4 
McFarland, J. Horace. Shall we make a coal pile of Niagara? 
PPacies nome gour:,; cept, 1905.) 22:19.) 202 ate et. os XI 


McGuire, Michael. Thoughts on Niagara. (/n Artman, William 
and Hall, L. V., Beauties and achievements of the blind. Dansville, 
N. Y.: Pub. for the authors. 1854. P. 363-365.)........ VIII 


1353 


Niagara Falls 


Mackay, Alexander. The western world; or, Travels in the United 
States in 1846—1847: exhibiting them in their latest development 
social, political, and industrial . . . 2d ed. Lond.: Richard Bentley. 
O49: STAGE VBI eT eee er oe rete th ele Cn ee IV 

Mackay, Charles. Life and liberty in America; or, Sketches of a tour 
in the United States and Canada in 1857-8. Lond.: Smith, Elder. 
Fo 15 be Maa) AW’ As Ao Dg TSE TS AMEN VOM INR Uan SimmipeNICe Ma MAGN Jl a's IV 

Mackenzie, Eneas. An historical, topographical, and descriptive view 
of the United States and of Upper and Lower Canada. Newcastle- 


upon-ITyne: Mackenzie and Dant. (1819.). Pp. 49-52...... V 
McKenney, Thomas L. Sketches of a tour to the Lakes... 
BalteF.(Lucas. G27: pO SOO inal at aU ARN nee II 


McKinnon, Daniel. A tour through the British West Indies in the 
years 1802 and 1803, giving a particular account of the Bahama 
Islands. 2d ed. with an app. Lond.: for J. White by S. Woolmer. 


eos POA ot oD 2 > VA 0} oT ION AV Arg MN INR et RRA RY MAL ICAIN PME AGA II 
Maclay, William. Journal, ed. by Edgar S. Maclay. N. Y.: 
1D: Appleton and\Co: (890. 0P 90 oe oie). acme eee VII 
Madan, H. G. Complementary colors at the Falls of Niagara. 
(Natures) Dec. 21 16820 V27NVA eo ieee ene eee Vil 


Maginn, M. E. Can the power of the Niagara Falls be economically 
and effectively utilized? If so, what inducement is there for capital? 


(Chicago. 1889.) 
“‘ Maid of the mist ”’ shooting the Niagara rapids. (Harp. w., 


June 22, 1861) :5 (nov 234389 Ve ne 5 wheat he asa V 
Maitland, Frederic William. Life and letters of Leslie Stephen. 
NG Yo Putnam: 1906.) Pp) W241 25 cee eee IV 


Mansfield, Lewis W. and Hammond, Samuel H. Country 
margins and rambles of a journalist. N. Y.: J. C. Denby. Bost.: 
Phillips, 'Sampsonijand: Co:/? 6996) Ppa 278-26 1a sucee oe ee IV 


Manufacture and development of carborundum at Niagara 
Falls. (Jour, soc. chem. ind., Mar. 31, 1897. 16: 246.) 

Map and section of canals and tunnel proposed by Cataract 
construction company. (Eng. news. May 17, 1890. 23: 
A620) May ‘2401890 24484) Howe ais enemy cabal ee eae xX 

Map of North America with Niagara Falls inset of Kalm- 
Hennepin type. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of 
Niagara Falls: 16971874" "Miati22.)icnicn sue cea ene Ix 

1354 


Alphabetical List 


Map of the British and French settlements in North Amer- 
ica (A) (part the first). Containing Canada, Nova Scotia, 
Newfoundland, New England, part of New York, with the lakes, six 
nations, and all the countries westward in the same parallels so far as 
discover’d; exhibiting the just boundaries, and the French encroachments: 
laid down from authentic surveys. [1753]2 (American maps, II, 
MMU Rare atc era cy alway el a alc alarael Na aoe: eececeraaratn etal a) Me IX 

Map of the British and French settlements in North Amer- 
ica. I1x 15. (/n the Universal mag. Lond.: J. Hinton. 1755. 
USES) YORE CRETE ARCHER a ME Aten nc NL IX 

Map of the five great lakes with part of Pensilvania. New 
York, Canada and Hudson bay territories, etc. _[anon. | 
814 x 10. (Jn the London mag. Lond.: For R. Baldwin. Sept., 
Ay OIE ADZG) sic woe wid takitn shes ever alla. (sete case] bay eek @ ahalla IX 

Marcou, Jules. Le Niagara quinze ans aprés. (Extrait du Bulletin 


de la Sociéte-Géologique de France. 2e série. XXII. P. 190. 


ISL ERS NETO) Bee Se IRIN 4 > ane A Ds VOI VII 
Marjoribanks, Alexander. ‘Travels in South and North America. 
Lond.: Simpkin, Marshall, and Co. 1853. Pp. 266-275...... IV 


Marryat, Frederick, Captain. Diary in America, with remarks 
on its institutions. Lond.: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and 
MATRA SEU ety Its IO Gc.) sont ulate oe dapat: sbelanteavele als erates III 

Marsh, Luther R. Niagara’s emancipation. Remarks of Mr. Luther 
R. Marsh, November 3, 1885, before the New York historical society, 
on reporting to it, as one of its committee, appointed to attend the 
opening ceremonies at the inauguration of the Niagara Reservation, 
July 15, 1883. New York: Martin B. Brown. 1885......... XI 

Marshall, Charles. The Canadian dominion. Lond.: Longmans 
Breer UO AE. pes LO—G2 sch sisis. dime save oreh hea erates oe IV and XI 

Marshall, Orsamus H. First visit of de La Salle to the Senecas 
macenin: KoGon, No. imps Pps 3132 esas be Sha a ks toto os V 

Marshall, O. H. The Niagara frontier, embracing sketches of its 
early history, and Indian, French and English local names; read before 
the Buffalo historical club, Feb. 27, 1865. (Jn Buffalo Hist. Soc. 
PEO ae | SOI FOO). es. sd aena ule yh oe Wetec sect Aelia tafe t= Vv 

Marshall, W. G. Through America; or, Nine months in the United 
States. Lond.: Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington. 1881. 


Peer Ee tk Aa tant ye abt retinas 2S auaamen es (ow £5 geeks XI 
[Marston, Frank.] Frank’s ranche . . . Bost.: Houghton Mifflin. 
‘SiS EL” Leys) Ge oe 0 NOUR Recent oe OO Bate ela a VII 


Niagara Falls 


Martin, Robert Montgomery. British colonies; their history, extent, 
condition and resources. Lond. and N. Y.: J. and S. ‘Tallis. 


(UG50 9). ADiweils spp ALT OE COR Nai US Ce em V 
Martin, Thomas Commerford. Niagara on tap. (Jour. Frank. 
insts}:(Oct, 16965") VA2Z°Z8723029 io is Oe GER ON eee ees xX 
Niagara on tap. (Jour. Frank. inst., Nov., 1896. 142:354— 

BGG.) Ue csc cohen delohatevelakenetichal oh alleles hel crehei aye tobchelche tone U Rea en tana x 
—— The utilization of Niagara. (Ann. rep’ts Smith. inst., 1896. 
Bie DE TDD FEZ SLD id oi leteiali needa Si eures tier dave betes ay alata tet eee xX 
The utilization of Niagara. (Printed in Proc. of Royal inst. 

of Gt Bri 15269-2799) Baa Oe: Rees BN ee eee xX 
Martineau, Harriet. Retrospect of western travel. Lond.: Saunders 
and ‘Otleys P8382] S962 OO ee Peak Aes eS ies ee eee Ill 
Mather, J. H. and Brockett, L. C. A geographical history of the 
state of New York. Utica: Fuller. 1851. Pp. 348-349...... V 


[Mathews.] A summer month; or, Recollections of a visit to the 


Falls of Niagara, and the lakes. Phila: H. C. Carey and I. Lea. 


18235 (Ppl GSB Mele ie Ne A aS ee ea Ill 
Mathews, Catharine van Cortlandt. Andrew Ellicott, his life 
and Jetters, «JN. Ys::Graftons .1906.0\Pp: 72-760 rte IX 


Matthews, Northrup & Company. A little guide to Niagara 
Falls . . . and a program for a two weeks’ visit, by an old resident. 
Buffalo: Matthews, Northrup and Co. 1890. 

Maude, John. Visit to the Falls of Niagara, in 1800. Lond.: 
Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. 1826. Pp. 13]— 
PG He Ss aN ND OCHS Vk NES ASS Slade ea vere II, LX and XII 

Maverick, Peter (sc.) Niagara from below. (Grosvenor library, 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 8.) .IX 

Maxwell, Archibald Montgomery. A run through the United 
States during the autumn of 1840. Lond.: Henry Colburn. 1841. 


Tis 26052870552 ENO) oie Re OIG: ate ance ae Ill 
Meadows, J. From the stone tower at Niagara. (Lit. liv. age. Aug. 
LE B55. WAG Hi Sa hE BM HES TN nine LID Reale WA 


Meagher, William. A visit to the Falls of Niagara. (Irish mo. 
May, 1879. 7:271-—274.). 

Medley, Julius George. An autumn tour in the United States and 
Canada.) kond. ssi SsNang a8 732 psS6-00e.. eee XI 

Meister, Wilhelm. Creation’s pride. (Jn Johnson, R. L., Niagara, 
its history, incidents, and poetry. Wash.: W. Neale. 1898. P. 
BBS) viele ieidict a et didi dialaia lah acd ialt tect lata eid ali ttahid oN AM ae MERE pe VIII 


| 
| 


Alphabetical List 


Melish, John. Travels in the United States of America, in the years 
1806 & 1807, and 1809, 1810, & 1811... . Phila: T. and G. 
POD el 11 Wee oy SPO LUD vs apc iel-sitet at's seen ayereialie: Phat III and XII 


View of the country round the Falls of Niagara. J. Vallance. 
(sc.) 6144x4. (Cn his A military and topographical atlas of the 
United States, including the British possessions and Florida: (etc.) 
Tamers GC talmers (Oto) Oppiopuskbs acces eka he Mae IX 
View of the country round the Falls of Niagara. 614 x 4. 
(/n his Travels through the United States. Phila.: G. Palmer. 1815. 
RPPMPITSRTU STOR RAR S DLL DUR URSE ML Ler the RUPERT ead ll le ee IX 
——— View of the country round the Falls of Niagara. 614x 4. (In 
his Geographical description of the United States with the contiguous 
countries including Mexico and the West Indies. New ed. Phila.: 


Eiratherauthor RO.) PGs) yee ous ila bo a's hee Que as IX 
Mellen, Greenville, ed. Book of the United States... N. Y.: 
Pera MS tots HNO D 6 Miron thie yats cigs whee evans oh cc bdetiole ts V 


Memorandum concerning the jurisdiction, powers and pro- 
ceedings of the commissioners of the state reservation at 
Niagara with respect to the preservation of the Falls and 
scenery of Niagara. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. 


CDSG VA ona)? AS 10 2) aka ARR eS re Oe no ae XI 
Meredith, E. A. The Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park. (Can. 
OPEL TY SAAN SDL OP SON). calles cials widiens 8s. 4 bc eee XI 


Merrill, Frederick J. H. A guide to the study of the geological 
collections of the New York state museum. (Bul. of the N. Y. state 
museum. Nov., 1898. 4: No. 19. Albany: 1898. See index) . VII 


Merritt, J. P. Canada seventy years ago, or Prince Edward’s visit 
to Niagara: )3d ed... St.Catharines, Ont.; 1660. 000.002... VIII 

Mershon, Ralph D. High voltage measurements at Niagara. (Trans. 
Am. inst. elec. engrs., Atlantic City. June 30, 1908. 27, pt. II: 
845-929.) 

Losses and critical voltages of high tension transmission lines. 

Mermoeieia eents 1) 906. 4s 2IO-29 1.) ins a dekh hele She us See xX 

The transmission plant of the Niagara, Lockport and Ontario 

power company. (Trans. Am. inst. elec. engrs., N. F. June 26, 


ho eee ED T2751 SA LS ian ela 5 OR one od gw dias X 
Metz, . (del.) The Falls of Niagara. Heath. (sc.) Published 
as the act directs by Harrison & Co. April, 1783............. IX 


1357 


Niagara Falls 


Meursium, Jacobum. Novissima et accuratissima totius Americae 
descriptio per Jacobum Meursium. 17 x 20. (/n Montanus, Arnoldus, 
De nieuwe en onbekende wereldt. Amsterdam: J. Meurs. 1671. 
FEFOMUSPIECE! i HGH Her Whe senalaG (ih ie GLA CIRC RRND NR RMR RL OB A Dann IX 

Michigan Central Railroad company. From city to surf 


“The Niagara Falls route.’ Chicago: Rand, McNally. 1888. 


Pp NT Bi eee Ae OR ea NN SB eee ee ee XII 
General passenger department. Niagara Falls. Chicago: Rand, 
McNally.) dQ Ot iii ee aici ie a ee a ae ce eee XII 
Niagara Falls:)))\Chicage! 902 siciier ties eee nae oat cere XII 
Niagara Falls from different points of view. Chicago: Knight 
Leonard .and Coe)! VEO ae eel le UN NR ein a ae XII 
Niagara Falls from many points of view. Chicago: Knight 
Lseonard and ‘Co. Neds iligin tens tcsein pin alice tate tae hve Caen eae XII 
Niagara Falls in miniature. Chicago: Rand, McNally. 

TR 27 cc ena ea IUERT CENT PD LIANE CDNE KH AIOE RD MIR ER ne LIANE, XII 
Middle States: a handbook for travelers (The). . . . Bost.: 
Osgood) “VEST hep. 7 Fea ce minle ia ioe Late ier eee eae XII 


Middleton, Charles Theodore. ‘The great cataract or waterfall of 
Niagara in North America. 614 x 1014. (/n his A new and com- 
plete system of geography. fol. Lond.: For J. Cook. 1779. 
YANI> 05 1h) WIN aie ere ge) PLS Mati OAS Pas aad WAR UMN, diay ey hs IX 

Mignot, Louis R. Niagara. (A painting.) 1893.......... IX 

Milbert, J. Chite du Niagara prise du coté Américain. Deroy, Lith. 
(Jn Milbert J., Itineraire pittoresque du Fleuve Hudson et des parties 
laterales ]’Amerique du Nord d’aprés les dessins originaux pris sur les 
lieux. Paris: chez Henry Gaugain et Cie. Editeurs. No. 36.)..1X 

Chite général du Niagara, coté du Canada. Adam et Jacottet 
Lith. (/n Milbert, J., Itineraire pittoresque du Fleuve Hudson et des 
parties laterales ]’Amerique du Nord d’aprés les dessins originaux pris 
sur les lieux. Paris: chez Henry Gaugain et Cie. Editeurs. No. 
E15) ae ea ED So RTM Tie) Ve Ana TA TW MEER GHC TRIN APIA Cy! A IX 

—— Fer a cheval de la chite du Niagara coté de Canada. Sabatier, 
Lith. (/n Milbert, J., Itineraire pittoresque du Fleuve Hudson et des 
parties laterales |’ Amérique du Nord d’aprés les dessins originaux pris 
sur les lieux. Paris: chez Henry Gaugain et Cie. Editeurs. No. 
LA eS RAN WSCCRR Le Ui Re nM THOM ARMY ND Meg Gl os dS. Se IX 

—— __Itinéraire pittoresque du fleuve Hudson et des parties latérales de 
l’Amérique du Nord, d’aprés les dessins originaux pris sur les lieux. 
Paris: Flenri Gaugainet'Ciel? [2187-2040 bie ese eer III 

1358 


Alphabetical List 


Milbert, Jacques-Girard. Cascata del N iagara and Saut du Niagara. 
Myon. (sc.) (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara 


Behe NO.) Mab Byyic nude eile ries bam omen) Mey ge IX 
Miles, Hiram. Address before the assembly committee on commerce. 
PMB OROE NOOO: cairn taar el dbaens bell Laie: sf. ay NY XII 


(Home mag., Mar., 1899, 2 VAG 12 0A UND AA a V 
Mitchill, Samuel L. A. summary of remarks made on the Falls of 
Niagara, by the Hon. Samuel L. Mitchill, as gathered from his con- 


versations and display of mineral specimens. (The Portfolio, Sept., 
DE PUOes J ELIE GIN UM EN Ie in na a VII 


Jemison, De-he-wa-mis. 4th ed. N.Y. and Auburn. 1856. App. 


Jy 1 UGE o7 58) PR NS ea eT Sa a AO Re a Vv 
M’Jilton, J. N. Niagara. (Jn his Poems. Bost.: Otis, Broaders. 
USA TESA 229 ES ANN aa a OM VC a a VIII 


Moll, Herman. A catalogue of a new and compleat atlas or set of 
twenty-six two-sheet maps. All composed and done according to the 
newest and most exact observations, by Herman Moll, geographer. 
ECU TRIAS o2eh) (a SN RT AR a ee Mc Ue ee IX 

——— A map of New France containing Canada, Louisiana, etc., in 
North America according to the patent granted by the King of France 
to Monsieur Crozat, dated the 14th of September, 1712, N. S. and 
registered in the Parliament of Paris the 24th of the same month. (/n 
his Atlas geographicus: or compleat system of geography (ancient and 
modern), for America. Savoy. Eli Nutt for John Nicholson. 1717. 
251515180) cte dig. HS i ena a AR Oe a IX 


observations . . . [1712.] (Maps of America. 1: No. PASE) Ee D. < 
A new & correct map of the whole world. 1719. Cn his 
The world described. fol. Lond.: 1710-1720. No. 71 AR 2 IX 
—— A new and exact map of the dominions of the King of Great 
Britain on ye continent of North America . . . according to the newest 
and most exact observations. (In his The world described. fol. 


Boreeumte 07200, Noy 8s) iaccssnsccscesees ok tO IX 
1359 


Niagara Falls 


Moll, Herman. A new and exact map of the dominions of the King of 
Great Britain on ye continent of North America, containing New Found- 
land, New Scotland, New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsil- 
vania, Maryland, Virginia, and Carolina. According to the newest and 
most exact observations. Dedicated to the Honourable Walter Douglas. 


PAIS abla) Ve Oe, RS Me EA OE, ein IX 
—— A new and exact map of the dominions of the King of Great 
Britain on ye continent of North America . . . according to the newest 
and most exact observations. [1730]? (Maps of America. 1: 
Nos P22) Be PA ee AE. eC SE OSS cn IX 
To the Right Honourable John Lord Sommers, Baron of Evesham 
in ye county of Worcester, President of Her Majesty’s most honourable 
Privy Council, etc. This map of North America according to ye 
newest and most exact observations is most humbly dedicated by your 
lordship’s most humble servant. (Buf. hist. soc.)............2. IX 
Monck, Frances Elizabeth Owen Cole. My Canadian leaves, an 
account of a visit to Canada in 1864-1865. Lond.: Bentley. 1891. 
Pp USS 202O) ico car eos niet ne la, ack ar orelineesere erie geen ena eee IV 
Money-making power of Niagara. (Outlook. June 23, 1906. 
83: 483-484.). 
Montule, Edouard de. A voyage to North America, and the West 
Indies in 1817. Lond.: Phillips. 1821. Pp. 92-95. .IIIl and IX 
Moodie, Mrs. Susanna Strickland. Life in the clearings. Lond.: 
Ri Bentley...) / 18535 Pp: 330=S71 50% ko cc Sere ones XI 
Moore, George. Journal of a voyage across the Atlantic; with notes 
on Canada and United States . . . in 1844. Lond.: Printed for 
private circulation, 11645" (Pp. 59-628). 2200) .ae ee eee IV 


Moore, Thomas. Memoirs, journal & correspondence of Thomas 


Moore; ed. by Lord John Russell. Lond. Longman, Brown, Green 


and Longman’: 11853.) PA G9=17 3. ee a eee Il 
Life and death of Lord Edward Fitzgerald. Lond.: Longman, 
Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1831. Pp. 144-145.......... II 


To the honourable W. R. Spencer. (Jn his Poetical works. 
N. Y.: D. Appleton and Co. 10 vol. 1853. 2: 313-319.)..VIII 


—— To the Lady Charlotte Rawdon. (Jn his Poetical works. N. Y.: 


D.. Appleton ‘and'Co. 10 vyoli\1'853:) 12213252335.) <2 | ee VIII 
More aspects of conservation. (Metal. & chem. eng. Mar., 1913. 
UUSEUZERIB.) Oe Oe Gee ee ace X 


Alphabetical List 


More leaves from Mr. Keeley’s journal. (Colburn’s new mo. 
coe, SAGE TS SRB 151 2 ey ee a ee San Pa ge Sle III 
[Moreton, Mrs. C. J.] Niagara above the cataract. (Jn her Mis- 
cellaneous poems . . . [Phila.:] Porter and Coates. 1875. Pp. 


NE ae BRS ts A GM ies, cake Mas, tial cal al Wale am cabarets aPE VIII 
—— Niagara below the cataract. (Jn her Miscellaneous poems . . . 
[Phila.:] Porter and Coates. 1875. Pp. 165-169.)...... Vill 
Morley, John. Life of Richard Cobden. Lond.: Chapman and 
BAS Pat CA GS Seka ce oc Cheyah Saber adinae vers tere Mets Goch moet Ill 


Morpeth, George William Frederick Howard, Lord. Niagara 
Falls. (Jn Holley, G. W., Niagara; its history and geology, incidents 
and poetry ... N. Y. Buffalo, Toronto: 1872. P. 172.)..VIII 

Morris, Charles. Niagara Falls and the Thousand Islands. (Half 
hours of travel at home and abroad. Phila.: Lippincott. 1896. 
MMMM se AP Etre vapred ge ol 5 cat Go Sa cy wats Gay cai baer Siventer oo cohecerostat wisa\'a Veltonle: V 

Morris, William. Letters sent home. Out and home again by way 
of Canada and the United States; or, What a summer’s trip told me of 
the people and the country of the great West. Lond.: F. Warne. 
N. Y.: Scribner, Welford and Armstrong. (1875). Pp. 202- 


LOE. Shel d Oh PR EE TE SOR a Re TS IV and XI 
Morse, Jedidiah. The American gazetteer . . . 2d ed., corrected. 
Ba 2 SETAE BAAS ne ae Oe Pan Pie i Vv 


and Richard C. A new universal gazetteer, or geographical 

dictionary . . . 3d ed. rev. and corrected. New Haven: S. Converse. 

EAL SN E1591 | ah IE aS Se ne fr eae ave Cop V 

The traveler’s guide or pocket gazetteer of the United States. 

New Haven: Nathan Whiting. 1823. 

and Morse, Sidney Edwards. Geography made easy . 
22d ed. Bost.: Richardson and Lord. 1890. P. 84. 

Morse, Mrs. S. D. Greater Niagara. Tourist’s edition. Niagara 
SUOMI ELE St BE TNS OS oP erm XII 

Most surprising cataract of Niagara in Canada (The). 
Engraved for Millar’s New and complete and universal system of 
geography. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara 


Te 


Reaves Ges toe) hats Sc) uc. Ba sie a very we Sal tare Wane Sd IX 
Mullin, E. H. The city of the future. (Cass. Nov., 1897. 13:27- 
S0:). 


Munger, Gilbert. Niagara Falls. (Painting.) 


Munro, J. Electricity from Niagara. (Chambers’ jour., Mar. 25, 
1893. 70:177-180.) 


Niagara Falls 


Munro, J. Electricity from Niagara. (Liv. age. May 27, 1893. 
197: 567-571.). 

Munro, Robert. A description of the Genesee country in the state 
of New York. New York; Printed for the author. 1804. (O’Cal- 
laghan, Doc. hist. of the state of New York. 2:1177.)........ III 

Murray, Amelia M. Letters from the United States, Cuba, and 
Canada. New York: Putnam & Co. 1856. Pp. 109-115...XI 

Murray, Charles Augustus. Travels in North America during the 
years 1834, 1835, and 1836. Including a summer residence with the 
Pawnee tribe of Indians in the remote prairies of the Missouri, and a 
visit to Cuba and the Azore Islands. Lond.: Richard Bentley. 1839. 
PSO a iy card ERE LOL GE TE Rie LASSEN) SO aa III 

Murray, Hugh. The encyclopedia of geography . . . revised, with 
additions, by Thomas G. Bradford. Phila.: Cary, Lee and Blanchard. 


PB3Z7 i) BSS OG i. Ce hls, alte kei ee GN Nene oh eee Vv 
Music of Niagara. (Scribner’ss mo. June, 1881. 22: 307- 
BOB Di gS sc TR RNS ae MA ERIN eT UN eR ee VIII 
Nash, Wallis. Oregon; there and back in 1877... Lond: 
Macmillan ‘and? Cos) 18780" Pp. 264227 te ieee eee IV 


National commercial convention, Detroit, Mich. Dec. 13, 
1871. Proceedings of the National commercial convention to con- 
sider the question of increased transportation facilities from the West 
to the seaboard, held in Detroit, December 15 (i. e. 13), 1871. Pub- 
lished by order of the convention. Detroit: The Daily Post book and 


job ‘printing ‘establishments| | 1G7Z2 210 4 see eee ee eee XII 
National society of colonial dames of America. Preservation of 
Niagara Falls. (Washington: Gov’t print. off. 1906.)....... XI 


National ship-canal convention. Proceedings of the convention 
held at the city of Chicago, June 2 and 3, 1863. Chicago: Tribune 
Col) T8630 Rp eS ae elk NC crete et ea XII 

Natural scenery and power development at Niagara Falls. 
(W. elec. July 18, 1903. 33:38.) 

Neal, John. (O’Cataract, Jehu.) Battle of Niagara, a poem, with- 
out notes, and Goldau, or the Maniac harper. Baltimore: N. G. 


Maxwell!) 16180) (PpsiG72 72-73 eee, ar ee aaa VIII 
Wandering recollections of a somewhat busy life; an autobiog- 
raphy.’ Bost: )Roberts (Bros!) 869 ie el ian ee V 


Nelson, T. and Sons. The Falls of Niagara; being a complete guide 
to all the points of interest around and in the immediate neighborhood 


1362 


Alphabetical List 


of the great cataract; with views taken from sketches by Washington 
Friend and from photographs. Lond.: Nelson. 1860......... XII 

Nethercut, Mary Bell. Niagara Falls; a bibliography. (University 
of Wisconsin, Library School. Madison, Wis.: June, 1913.) 

New album of Niagara Falls, N. Y. Portland, Me.: Chisholm 
Bros. (1891>) 

New aluminum producing plant for the Pittsburgh reduc- 
tion company. (Eng. news, Oct. 24, 1895. 34:275.) 

New and accurate map of the English empire in North 
America (A), representing their rightful claim as confirm’d by chart- 
ers, and the formal surrender of their Indian friends; likewise the 
encroachment of the French, with several forts they have unjustly 
created therein. By a Society of anti-gallicans. Sold by W. Herbert 
and Robert Sayer. Lond.: 1755. (American maps, II, No. 21.) .IX 

New bridge at Niagara Falls as it looks now (The). (Illus. 


Seep ss LOGON 24 Zoo: soe adden ss cern dene eae XII 
New cave of the winds (A). (Eng. (Lond.:) April 3, 1903. 
ieee Pees tpt dete Me ESE dhl at cule ada Ghat Ach one tals a iey SOM) ota V 


New guide to Niagara, with descriptions of its scenery, 
casualties, marrow escapes, etc. Niagara Falls: Gazette print- 


OMESTAD HG NINGHLYE |) MOT A cli 2.6 a tis od ote hia, eS ais epee eee XII 
New hydraulic works at Niagara Falls (The). (R. R. gaz. 
\TIEE. SES a oho FE) TCADA a an ee ona ay ey EE PE? BD xX 


New installation at Niagara Falls. (Elec. rev., Mar. 26, 1897. 
40: 427.) 

New map of North America from the latest discoveries (A). 
1763. (anon) 11x15. (/n the London mag. Lond.: For R. 
Balbawinee enue Gs. 32S Opp. \OF).)) sss tie vcd aos eo. 0 Bleed eaters IX 

New map of North America, with the West India islands 
(A). Divided according to the preliminary articles of peace, signed 
at Versailles, 2 Jan. 1783, wherein are particularly distinguished 
the United States and the several provinces, governments, etc. which 
compose the British dominions, laid down according to the latest sur- 
veys, and corrected from the original materials, of Governor Pownall, 
member of Parliament. Lond.: Laurie & Whittle. May 12, 1794.1X 

New map of North America, with the West Indies (A) . . . 
Laid down according to the latest surveys, and corrected from the 
original material of Governor Pownall. Lond.: Laurie and Whittle. 


1794. (American maps, II, No. 36-39.)................0. IX 
1363 


Niagara Falls 


New Niagara (The). Harp. w., Jan. 3, 1903. 47:11, 31.)..X 

New Niagara power canal. (Sci. Am., June 13, 1903. 88: 444.) 

New power transmission line (The). (Eng. news, Jan. 17, 
L901. | AS SARE PES Re Gis Ta i ena X 

New projects at Niagara. (W. elec. Nov. 6, 1897. 21:260.) 

New railroad bridge at Niagara (The). Railroad gaz. April 
24, 1896. 28: 281-282.) 

New turbines for the Niagara Falls power company (The). 
(Eng. rec., Nov. 23, 1901. 44:500-501.) 

New uses for Niagara power. (Elec. eng. June 23, 1897. 23: 


TD hiv che LS sBbane tay BG NRW | EDR E aa Sie eek tee Ratan xX 
New water power development below Niagara Falls (The). 
(Eng? ‘riews, Var) 26, 1896: 135 201) ice Oe ec eee eee xX 
New wheelpit of the Niagara Falls power company (The). 
(Eng. ‘rec. (Feb. 116;, 1901.4’ 431505151) ae a eo ec ee x 
New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company. 
Two days at Niagara Falls. [Four track ser., no. 9.]......... XII 


New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, passenger 
department. Health and pleasure on “America’s greatest railroad.” 
("\Four-track series) bp: 15921 G2 Pe Ne ee XII 

New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company. 
What can I see? and how much will it cost me in two days at Niagara 
Falls3} sa. Nii¥sNi Ye C and Ho R. Ro Ra Co qlee inate 

New York Central Railroad. Two days at Niagara Falls. Pub- 


lished by the passenger department of “America’s greatest railroad.” 


E>): ae RAN cine a NBN uA SA i A LATA tA (5. Os XII 


New York hydro-electric development. (Metal. & chem. eng. 
une. TORS ETS BOGE) ow feraiels haces & crete Nena tae ene eet nme xX 


New York hydro-electric development and Niagara Falls. 
(Metal: & ‘chem. eng:) July,:1913. 41123702371.) 6 ee eee xX 


New York (State) — Citizens. Petition of citizens of the state of 
New York in relation to Niagara Falls. (New York State. Assembly 
doc. 1883. 3:No. 47.) 


New York (State).— Commissioners of the state reserva- 
tion at Niagara Falls. Application of the commissioners of the 
state reservation at Niagara, on behalf of the state of New York, to 
acquire lands in the village of Niagara Falls. Niagara Falls, N. Y.s 
Gazette office. 1884. 


1364 


Alphabetical List 


New York (State). Supplemental report of the commissioners of the 
state reservation at Niagara. ‘Transmited to the Legislature Jan. 31, 
1887. Albany: Argus Co. 1887. 


New York (State) constitutional convention, 1894. Revised 


record of the constitutional convention of . . . New York, May 8, 
1894, to September 29, 1894. Rev. by W. H. Steele. Albany, N. 
fear bnenArous:t rintine’ Coz) (900 eg ei os che ee we eal XI 


New York (State) Legislature. An act concerning the Niagara 
Falls power company. (Laws of 1893. 116th sess. Chap. 477: 
BURMA SSN LAP LSU dt | AM aE a bh ae eA opel eiaael XI 

An act confirming and defining certain riparian rights of the 

Niagara Falls hydraulic power and manufacturing company. (Laws 

Beeooo.” 1th sess: ‘Chap: 9671395. ee. no ee who. Se oe XI 

An act for opening the navigation between Lake Erie and Lake 

Ontario, passed April 5, 1798. (Laws of 1798. Chap. 93.)..XII 

An act to amend chapter 707 of the laws of 1893 entitled “‘An 

act to incorporate the Model town company, to define its rights, 

powers and privileges and for other purposes.” (Laws of 1894. 

leariseser chaps O05 1570s) :s)..+ sta ce mieta a erecta wee wares XI 

An act to amend the public lands law, by including certain lands 

of the state as a part of the state reservation at Niagara. (Laws of 

Roe one L2otaesess, Chap.) DUG21 1 GG: )inuis see ee cane < ercunes XI 

An act to amend the public lands law, in relation to sewer through 

lands of the state reservation at Niagara. (Laws of 1908. 131st 

seat! 1S iweic oy (078 Aaa Ne URN TIGERS 

An act to amend the public lands law relative to constructing and 

operating water main along the lands of the state reservation at Niagara. 

tleaweoriol2.. 135th sess: Chap. 236: 4512). oe 2 aes a. XI 

An act to authorize the selection, location and appropriation of 

certain lands in the village of Niagara Falls for a state reservation and 

to preserve the scenery of the Falls of Niagara. (Laws of 1883. 

Rei eecoa Chap: 556% O09! il rw iene o batasualemaet els ls ee XI 

An act to incorporate the Buffalo and Niagara power and drain- 

age company. (Laws of 1889. 112th sess. Chap. 366: 484.)..XI 

An act to incorporate the Lewiston water supply company in 


Niagara county, New York. (Laws of 1888. I1Ith sess. Chap. 


BRIE CMR hie S80 ain 'a's'e yy etka ald ae Meee Che ot ee ee XI 
An act to incorporate the Lockport water supply company. (Laws 
SGereouly 109th sess. Chap: 106:187.)i..c0 25 2 ke cei cee XI 


1365 


Niagara Falls 


New York (State) Legislature. An act to incorporate the lower 
Niagara river power and water supply company. (Laws of 1902. 
P2Z5th vsesse Chaps) 539s ZO oi eehe a phere sea iel ane eee XI 

An act to incorporate the Model town company, to define its 

rights, powers and privileges and for other purposes. (Laws of 1893. 


11 6thisess.: Chaps 707 37 53.) ie Sn oe cc XI 
—— An act to incorporate the Niagara canal company. (Laws of 
J82335) Chaps A325) Seis siic weege scl eeee ote eA ane sake Re ee eee a XII 


An act to incorporate the Niagara county irrigation and water 
supply company. (Laws of 1891. 114th sess. Chap. 259. P. 
1°) A) REGS USAC eT MIRON ID ae UE Neen MaMa USE UNEASY A soe XI 
An act to incorporate the Niagara, Lockport and Ontario power 
company. (Laws of 1894. 117thsess. Chap. 722. P. 1806.) .XI 
An act to incorporate the Niagara river hydraulic company. 
(Laws of 1853:5) ‘Ghape 11 G2)iik iss ciiiiece ie i eee rete XI 
An act to incorporate the Niagara river hydraulic tunnel power 
and sewer company of Niagara Falls, New York. (Laws of 1886. 


109th ‘sess: ‘Chap: 83. (Piet 23.) ie) ccicecca ere exenier te een ene XI 
An act to incorporate the Niagara ship canal company. (Laws 
ro) Oppel Who. Ye Pim GB: ) «ants 1°15 Yh) WNP Py Pade eNO OR HURT LU AE ial XII 


An act to provide for the maintenance and management of the 

state reservation at Niagara. (Laws of 1885. 108th sess. Chap. 

286.1) SPQ Oe Us OS AU cea Cee A ae ae XI 

An act to provide for the payment of the awards made for the 

lands selected and located by the commissioners of the state reservation 

at Niagara. (Laws of 1885. 108th sess. Chap. 182. P. 337.)..XI 

An act relating to the Niagara Falls power company. (Laws of 

189203 11 Sthisess. Chap. 51 SUE OA] cee nia amg eee XI 

Joint committee on conservation and utilization of water power. 

Report transmitted to the legislature Jan. 30, 1912. Albany: the 

Argus Co. 1912. (See index.) 

Water supply commission. . . . Studies of water storage for 
flood prevention and power development in New York state under 
public ownership and control. Progress report under chap. 569, Laws 
of 1907, transmitted to the governor and legislature Feb. 1, 1908. 

Albany: J. B. Lyon. 1908. 

New York (State). Memorial of the citizens of New York, in favor 
of a canal navigation between the great western lakes and the tide- 
waters of the Hudson. (Pub. Buf. Hist. Soc., Vol. XIII. 1909. 
See: index’ for’ references.) /i5.cl.)cheilieke cuven ene eet Cie oe ee XII 


1366 


Alphabetical List 


New York (State). Memorial of the citizens of New York in favor 
of a canal navigation between the great western lakes and: the tide-waters 
of the Hudson. N. Y.: Samuel Wood and Sons. 1816....... XII 

m—— Report of the committee on commerce and navigation on the bill 
for the incorporation of the Niagara ship canal company, transmitted 


to the legislature January 22, 1864. Albany: Comstock and Cassidy. 
Reem Coen. doc. 21.) January 22) 1864, )%00 5 os atele oe ote XII 


New York state reservation at Niagara. By-laws of the com- 
missioners, together with the ordinances, rules and regulations for the 
government of the reservation. 2d ann. rep’t of the com’rs of the 
state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1887. Pp. 25-28.)........ XI 

e——— [Extracts from annual reports. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of 
tesstare reser) atyNiagarae | 21) G00 Gi ci cee ccna ech XI 

w—— Official correspondence and opinions. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs 
of the state reserv. at Niagara. 21:117-148.).............. XI 

t———— Resolutions and correspondence relating to a roadway from the 
state reservation at Niagara to Lake Ontario. (5th ann. rep’t of the 


mean ibany: POOO. |; Pp Dh-55. ee artes one ea: XI 


New York State. Reservation Commission at Niagara. 
Map and guide of the New York State Reservation at Niagara. 
RAO Oe ss ialacide & ole) Scab al ecationay Gide onepatatenene: eaters IX 


New York (State). Surveys of the crest of Niagara Falls. (Ann. 
rep’ts of the state engineer and surveyor (1890). Albany: J. B. 
Pore DZ OAS) oc ig6 sis ah Ras Oo oles Hei wbe es Sheik VII 


New York state survey. Special report on the preservation of the 
scenery of Niagara Falls, and fourth annual report on the triangulation 
of the state for the year 1879. James T. Gardner, Director. Albany: 
Charles Van Benthuysen and Sons. 1880. Pp. 1-42......... XI 


e— Special report on the preservation of the scenery of Niagara Falls, 
and fourth annual report on the triangulation of the state for the year 


1879. James T. Gardner, Director. Albany: Charles Van Benthuy- 


PEONC SONS POGUE ED DF FU a cee c 2 ude elctael ds aimiclet ore yane VI 
New York state tourist (The). Descriptive of the Mohawk and 
Hudson rivers. N. Y.: Goodrich. 1840. Pp. 75-82....... XII 


New world in 1859 (The), being the United States and Canada, 
illustrated and described. . . . Lond: nd. (1859) Pp. 72- 
FES SB RSS Spa = A Se XII 


News for bibliophiles. (Nation, Oct. 20, 1910. 91: 360-361.) 
1367 


Niagara Falls 


[Newton, Samuel B.] Niagara and Chautauqua. Compliments of 
Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad. Buffalo: Wenborne- 


Sumner, 1 WOOU ih Sete erie iirc ede ead cer ees XII 
Niagara. (Harp., Aug., 1853. 7:289-305.) 

(Hist.-mas:, Jan, 16712: 2d secs G79.) Oe a ats ered Vv 

(Mag. Am. hist. April, 1887. 17:349-350.)......... V 

Niagara J. (Nation, Oct. 12, 1871. 13:238-239.)......... XI 

Niagara II. (Nation, Oct. 19, 1871. -13:254-255.)........ XI 


Niagara. (Jn Billardon de Sauvigny, Edme Louis. Hirza, on Les 
Illinois, tragedie. Paris: Le veuve Duchesne. 1780.  Frontis- 


PIECE: Fs else iayasd (an ote Siete Bo aNEPOS ele ANOS 2 cae ene IX 
Niagara. (/n Longfellow, H. W., Poems of places. Boston: James R. 
Osgood ‘and: (0!) (27 156=159))) Gries oot cece ee eee VIII 
Niagara. (/n Porter, P. A., Goat Island. (Niagara Falls, N. Y.:) 
POO ee Scie tats CCR a se Beene a eee ren ete tee ae VIII 


Niagara a great workshop. (Can. eng. Oct., 1906. 13: 360.) 
Niagara: a mischievous bill. (Outl., Feb. 23, 1907. 85: 
BOB.) FES e BO ie sank Siete alta lacks) Suave de ue ore a eee XI 

Niagara. [A poem.] N.p. N.d. 

Niagara. A poem, by a member of the Ohio bar. N. Y.: Edward O. 
Jenkins.( FEA G ee OO nO ae nine he eee Vill 

Niagara again. (Outl. May 19, 1906. 83:106-107.)...... XI 

Niagara again in danger. (Cent., May, 1913. 86:150-151.) .XI 

Niagara and beyond. . . . Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co. 1887. 

Niagara, and how to see it. Meetings of the S. A. F. and O. H. 
1907.5) Ppi; S834 ie Sonia Meee ae ee ee ee eee XII 

Niagara and Shawenegan. (Sat. rev., Dec. 6, 1884. 58:719- 
720.) 

Niagara and the nation. (Outl., Apr. 14, 1906. 2: 828-830.) . XI 

Niagara and Victoria. (Sci. Am., Sept. 2, 1911. 105:203.)..V 

Niagara as an industrial center. (Sci. Am. May 27, 1899. 80: 
343-344.) 

Niagara book (The), a complete souvenir of Niagara Falls; contain- 
ing sketches, stories and essays . . . by W. D. Howells, Mark Twain, 
Prof. Nathaniel S. Shaler, and others. Buffalo: Underhill and Nichols. 
TOO i eR tes a Nae i WALD Dear Ce coy ei cu nee XII 

Niagara break-down (The). (Elec. wild. & eng. Feb. 7, 1903. 
41:224.) 

Niagara-Buffalo transmission (The). (Elec. rev., Jan. 1, 1897. 
40: 6-7.) 


1368 


Alphabetical List 


Niagara-Buffalo transmission line (The). (Elec. rev. June 23, 
SR UO OO eG ine at Revd eu oy x 
(Elec. rev. July 7, 14, 1897. 31:4, to) a x 
Niagara by moonlight. (Jn Rhine, Alice Hyneman ed., Niagara 
Dereallustrated,, . 50) NL OoYe Niagara Pub. Co. 1885c. P. 
Bs Voss ahs sia Las RUN eae Ma Gils aaa VIII 
Niagara by night. (Leisure hr., May 12, 1866. 15:301.)..... V 
Niagara campaign (The). (Outl., Jan. 27, 1906. 827150) co 
Niagara dispute (The). (Elec. wld. & eng. Jan. 5, 1907. 49: 


ef 05, Sie Shr be ET PAUL) ORES xX 
Niagara Falls. [Buffalo: Mathews, Northrup. 1890]......... V 
[Buffalo and N. Y.: Mathews, Northrup. 1890.]....... XII 


Heredia, and . . . other person. . . ..Nip. 1834. 

Niagara Falls convention; the cataract and city of its name,— Their 
early history and world-wide fame — Romantic legend, etc. . 
(St. ry. rev. Sept. 1897. 7: 633-669.) 

Niagara Falls accident (The). (Elec. rev. Feb. 7, 1903. 42: 
185.) 


Niagara Falls again. (Outl., Feb. 255 UU Sse sel ee XI 
Niagara Falls again threatened. (Sci. Am., May 27, 1911. 
1 NL SG aE ee mma Le ST. iO We XI 


Niagara Falls as a source of energy. (Am. jour. sci., Nov., 


TELE 2) a a ae a ORNRRE GA ORUE OL Da xX 
Niagara Falls as an electro-chemical center. (Cur. lit., June, 
NEO LI Vii. oe cist ay eich vhs Gah on X 
Niagara Falls association. Report of the executive committee. 
Jan., 1885. Poyatelyprnted., . 1S65au: 3. Joes. 4s ets XI 


Niagara Falls — Buffalo power transmission line (The). 
(Elec. wld. June 5, 1897, 29: PVE oe LS By ee eae xX 
Niagara Falls. (Chutes du Niagara) Paris: 1837........... IX 


1369 


Niagara Falls 


Niagara Falls dry for a day. (Canadian naturalist. Montreal. 


1663): 2d icer. 1s OB.) avin Gs cae cette hehe etka aie ee ree V 
Niagara Falls electric power plant (The). (Sci. Am. Jan. 25, 
NOI Gi) TAS eee, eae aOle Zot MANY SACS cL AL Aa D4 


Niagara Falls electrical handbook (The). Being a guide for 
visitors from abroad attending the international electrical congress, St. 
Louis, Mo., September, 1904. Published under the auspices of the 
American institute of electrical engineers, Niagara Falls. 1904....X 

Niagara Falls from a new point of view. (Sci. Am., Sept. 9, 
CON MOS 227) oe 2 esis te we le iavenles aerate a re Teen eee ie a a XI 

I. Niagara Falls from the Ferry. II. Aus fluss des Niagara. III. 
Outlet of the Niagara. IV. Below Table Rock (Niagara). V. 
Niagara Falls (central view from Clifton House). (Grosvenor 


library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. 


Dat TACs ecient UD E Sicined ea Ay began ae IX 
Niagara Falls. (General view from Clifton House). Pub. for 
Hermann “J. Meyer INO Yor PUSS 40 oe es 2 cena eens IX 


Niagara Falls guide (The). With full instructions to direct the 
traveler to all the points of interest at the Falls and vicinity . . . 
Buffalo: (Burkes. (1846. 5c aie we aie caster rote tencee voters ete epee ae XII 

Niagara guide book (The), being a synopsis of Steele’s Book of 
Niagara Falls. 2ded. Buffalo, N. Y.: Steele’s press. 1846. 

Niagara Falls guide with full mstructions to direct the 
traveller to all points of interest at the Falls and vicinity 
(The); .. . 5thed. rev. Buffalo: James Faxon. 1851..... XII 

Niagara Falls hydraulic power and manufacturing com- 
pany’s plant. (Eng. rec. January 20, 1900. 41:53-56.) 

Niagara Falls hydraulic power and manufacturing com- 


pany. (Elec: wid) June 551897." 297 30=731)i2 oe ae xX 
Niagara Falls hydraulic power plant. (Sci. Am. April 4, 
VE962 ZA YZI GA er arate, Satie Sata ee hen ae xX 


Niagara Falls hydraulic tunnel (The). (Am. architect. April 
1601887) "21)3189=190:) 

Niagara Falls illustrated. N. Y.: Albertype Co. [1888]... .XII 

Niagara Falls in winter: its scenery and ice bridge. [Buffalo. 


Tas UNS eS OO er RO iy ie aa ratte ce ee a ee V 
Niagara Falls industrial number. (Sci. Am. sup., Mar. 3, 1900. 
49! 20207220220.) eon RR Oe BOk. AI Ca Seay Ae Re ea xX 


Niagara Falls marine railway. Report [of the chief engineer] on 


a marine railway around the Falls of Niagara. 1864. N. Y.: 1864 
1370 


Alphabetical List 


Niagara Falls paper company’s power plant (The). (Eng. 
news, Apr. 26, 1894. 31: 350-351.) 

Niagara Falls park and river railway. Niagara river from the 
rapids above the falls to Lake Ontario. [ Buffalo: Matthews, North- 
UL) SUE ES De nine oh. 8) 0 mem nnn XII 

Niagara Falls power. _ Its application and use on the Niagara 
frontier. Buffalo: Courier Co. 1901. 

Niagara Falls power company. (Annual reports. N. Y.?: 
1906-19—.) 

———— (Elec. wid. June 5, 1897. 29. tf at eo a) ee x 

—— (Eng. news. Nov. 8, 1890. ZA SAS OA erat ae atl ike ee x 

Information for visitors. Sept. 1, 1906. no. imp. 

Niagara Falls power company and Canadian-Niagara 


power company. Information for visitors. April. 141910) 25. 
Niagara Falls power company’s new turbines. (Eng. rec., 
Oct. 18, 1903. Lr toe oe EEC ae 121 WL A xX 
Niagara Falls power developments. (Elec. rev., Aug. 17, 1906. 
a Fe ise le alia NR UR MOL Gy X 


Niagara Falls power plant. (Elec. wl'd. February 6, 1892. 
19: 85-86.) 

—— (Eng. news, May 24, 1894. 3]. 426-428.) 

(Eng. news, May 31, 1894. 3]. 447.) 

Niagara Falls power question (The). (W. elec. Jan. 26, 
OULU AUST E SAIS ener tr ee eng 2 THe TPL YO IG xX 

Niagara Falls power tunnel (The). (Eng. news, Dec. 29, 1892. 
28: 614.) 

Niagara Falls; quotation from the Report of Luther R. Marsh on the 
Reservation of Niagara Falls. (Mag. Am. hist. Dec., 1885. 14: 


S012) BIER oI DY ET XI 
Niagara Falls runs dry. (Harp. w., Apr. 4, 1903. 47: Pt I, 
ate il oka. oie dale glee eA E Mh Vv 


Niagara Falls sketch book. Buffalo: Sumner. 1888c.IV and XII 
Niagara Falls the great manufacturing village of the West; 
being a statement of the operations of the Niagara Falls hydraulic 
company, with an appendix containing the charter and by-laws of the 


company, letters from distinguished engineers. . . . Boston: 1853. 
Niagara Falls tunnel (The). (Elec. rev., Feb. 20, 1892. 19: 
S20) ck, REE TRACT NRC eer Ma ME re AUG Ca xX 


Niagara Falls turbines (The). (Eng. news, Apr. 6, 1893. 29: 
351) 
1371 


Niagara Falls 


Niagara Falls water volume. (Eng. rec., Mar. 21, 1891. 23: 
256.) 

[Niagara frontispiece] and Niagara Falls from the Ameri- 
can shore. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara 
Falls.) 16972187=—0 Mat ASS eee ao cie ene IX 

Niagara gorge (The). [A review of Taylor on ‘‘ Origin of the 
gorge of the whirlpool rapids at Niagara.’’] (Science. May 6, 1898. 
New sere iF O27) 9 eis ios ah Mic Pe Cen Ne fare OU ee VII 

Niagara gorge railway. (Eng. mag. Nov. 1900. 20: 284-286.) 

Niagara in danger again. (Outl., May 20, 1911. 98:88.)..XI 


Niagara in summer and winter. no imp.............++-- XII 
[Niagara in winter] (Harp. June, 1852. 5:127.)........... V 
(Harps mo:,: Febi; 1655410241041.) 2 Se eee V 


‘Niagara in winter. (Lit. liv. age, Mar. 17, 1866. 88: 799.)....V 
Niagara in winter dress. (Harp. w., Mar. 5, 1881. 25:158.)..V 
Niagara, its falls and scenery, etc. N. Y.: Alexander Hubbell 
& Co. 1848. 
Niagara; its falls and scenery ... . N. Y.: Harthill [1859 c] 
Pps MUZAK SAN OL, EAN BY Ee aren ae XII 
Niagara mastered. (Eng. (Lond.:) Oct. 14, 1892. 74: 319.)..% 
Niagara ontap. (Lit. digest. April, 1916. 52:963-964.)....X 
Niagara: [photographic views] no imp..........000eeeeeeees XII 
Niagara plant of the Ontario power company. (Elec. wld. 


& eng. Mar. 4, 1905. 45: 423.) 


Niagara power. (Cur. lit, Aug., 1900. 29:127-128.)...... xX 

(Elec) reve July 75 FBO Ze Ss hO.) eee ee ie eee xX 

———= (Elec, rev., July 13,°1906.) 5980.) sco os ee 
—— (Elec. wld. & eng. Mar. 23, 1907. 49: 586.) 

(Elec: wid): June 13,1908.) 50 2t7ZED) ee eo ree X 

Niagara power at Syracuse. (Ry. & eng. rev. June 1, 1907. 

AT ABB S459.) rick Gk BGO eR a Cnn Dm NAG xX 


Niagara power banquet. (Elec. wld. Jan. 16, 1897. 29:83, 
85-86.) 

Niagara power for Canada. (Elec. wld. & eng. Feb. 2, 1907. 
49: 223.) 

Niagara power for Canadian cities. (W. elec. Dec. 26, 1903. 
33: 483.) 

Niagara power for the Buffalo railway. (St. ry. rev. Aug. 15, 
1896. 6:506—507.) 

—— (St. ry. rev. Dec. 15, 1896. 6: 757-758.) 


1372 


Alphabetical List 


Niagara power for the Buffalo railway system. (St. ry. jour., 


SEE let TA TTI eds ees: ha le ye xX 
Niagara power in Buffalo. (Elec. rev. Dec. 29, 1897. 3]: 
Gye Be ENE OAD AE UE ST eA Oe) (on X 


—— (Elec. rev. Jan. 20, 1897. 30:26.) 
(Elec. wld. & eng. Nov. 4, 1905. 46: 771-773.) 
Niagara power in the gorge. I. (Elec. wld. & eng. Nov. 18, 


ee HO OAL O99.) 5. va wba OURRT Eds Vick a 4 
II. (Elec. wld. & eng. Nov. 25, 1905. 46: 899-900.)....X% 
Niagara power in Toronto. (Elec. wid. & eng. June 24, 1905. 
“LOPS OA) RRS RRO Se reno os ae Ca ey ee x 
Niagara power plant. I. (Eng. rec., Sept. 24, 1892. 26: 266- 
PS. te 22, NP tl ORE RU alah xX 


Niagara power plant of the electrical development com- 
pany of Ontario (The). I. Description of design and structures. 
(Eng. news, Nov. 9, 1905. 54: 475-478.) 

—— II. Methods of construction. (Eng. news, Nov. 30, 1905. 
54:561-564.) 

Niagara power privileges. (W. elec. April 18, 1896. 18:187.) 

Niagara power schemes. (Eng. Feb. 16, 1906. 81:218— 
2 CEES OAC RITE Ea OED SPH IGA) oe Shay Wi 4 


Niagara preservation number. (Chaut., Aug., 1907. 47:260, 


BSR SOL Juul. a} etl aed Bee Ue, XI 
Niagara problem under legislation. (Pop. sci. mo., May, 1906. 
mL aa Re CU aE hs er a) | XI 


Niagara railway arch (The). (Eng. mag. June, 1898. 15:475— 
476.) 

Niagara railway suspension bridge (The). (Engineering. Dec. 
9, 1887. 44:595-598.) 

Niagara reservation (The). (Critic, Mar. 21, 1896. 28: 
PE Seis 3 2.0. sax die witrd teed cial eee XI 


Niagara river development. (Sci. Am., Oct. 121901. 185: 
EE Re Sail he peo se urna GM once Lhe OE xX 
Niagara river from the rapids above the Falls to Lake 
Ontario (The). Buffalo and N. Y.: Matthews, Northrup and Co. 
er a eset ugh an XI] 


1373 


aw, 


& 


Niagara Falls 


Niagara ship canal, its military and commercial necessity- 
Neos) 1863: 

Niagara the majestic . . . Buffalo, N. Y.: C. D. Amold. 1901. 

Niagara. The Niagara Falls power company, Niagara Falls, N. Y., 
and the Canadian Niagara power company, Ontario, April 1, 1907. 
BenslerPressCo:.) ‘Buttalos) nid ye yes A ed an Dk 

Niagara’s industrial beauty. (Lit. dig, Dec. 7, 1912. 45: 
1060-1061.) 

Niagara’s oldest power plant. (Harp. w., June 14, 1913. 57, 


pte TSG iG iethe nS Baca NN, Bd AR GSMA Sg ee x 
Nichols, T. L. Forty years of American life. 2d ed. Lond.: Long- 
mans, ‘Green? 16745) Pp 204-205 iy Oe nea aN ae ena IV 


Nikola Tesla and the electrical outlook — the new develop- 
ment in power transmission. (R. of R. Sept., 1895. 12: 
Ae To 2OtA 7 NNR li MG Ce MUST N Nea NIC RS Miah UU M0 D< 

Noble, Louis L. The course of empire, Voyage of life, and other 
pictures of Thomas Cole, N.A.; with selections from his letters and 
miscellaneous writings; illustrative of his life, character and genius. 
N. Y.: Cornish, Lamport, and Co. 1853. Pp. 104-106; 375- 
AY As ee RAD EN URN T eR SUCK MIMI MM aS CM GI OS 2 1X 

Noel, J. (del.) Outhwaite (sc.) Les cataracts du Niagara. [1860>?] 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697— 
1B 722) Mab AROS Oey oN Maat INR a IX 

—— (del.) Outhwaite (sc.) Pont suspender sur le Niagara [1860?] 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697— 


eo Reanta \/ Eau APAlD ay BUM nM DONT RIAN sete Hit EN RIA Ne Se IX 
[Norman, Henry.] The preservation of Niagara. (Nation, Sept. 
1 SSR PSB ZO T ) eeeG eal VN AT le a ee ne XI 


Norris, Henry H. Electric progress in United States in 1906. (W. 
elec. Jan. 5, 1907. 40:7.) 

North America according to the latest observations. (/n 
Gordon, Patrick, Geography anatomiz’d: or the geographical grammar. 


Lond.: Knapton, Knaplocke and Co. 1733. Opp. p. 343.)....IX 
North American tourist (The). N. Y.: Goodrich. N.d. Pp. 
CI ees AMER A RR) ANUS MATA UMN MEP ME ERT WE iy XIf 


Northern tour (A) ; being a guide to Saratoga, Lake George, Niagara, 
Canada, Boston, etc. . . . Phila.: Carey and Lea. 1825. Pp. 
AZAD es il belo ne Rhee ho ke he pa feharke heated Ne neke Pence Saget Roane XII 


Alphabetical List 


Northern traveler (The) ; containing the routes to Niagara, Quebec, 
and the Springs, with the tour of New England, and the route to the 
coal mines of Pennsylvania. 2d ed. IMpy So eEXteee Ney ALL Te 
eas RO 00) Pps BONO i wy fi My a eM XII 


Nunn, Paul N. The development of the Ontario power company. 
(Presented at 22d ann. conv. of the Am. inst. elec. engrs. Asheville, 
eerie 25551 905.)).)., sot ee oe ae wae ey Wah ne fhis X 

—— The development of the Ontario power company. Niagara Falls: 
The Ontario power company. n.d. 


—— Hydro-electric enterprise in Canada. (Can. eng., Mar., 1905. 
|S ELS 00) Gls ES OED AT Io CR Me ele X 


22 Tee 5 LEG JEP i ean nan ene UC RIN IX 
O’Bryan, William. A narrative of travels in the United States . . . 
Lond.: Printed for the author. 1836. Pp: sl 9219 Gea A III 
Observation tower, Niagara Falls. (Eng. (Lond.:) May 8, 
ee OM ete es eal yeni Vv 
O’Callaghan, E. B. The documentary history of the state of New 
rae edny 1849) 8055) 1570.0 eA yds! Vv 
—— The documentary history of the state of New York. Albany 
C42) al OCA 2 7 a ee ee a V 
—— The documentary history of the state of New York. Albany 
Re mares ey A LY oe NN MA Ok Mai V 
-—— The documentary history of the state of New York. Albany 
Be OCS ee cos. Lace ty as SM Ry J V 
—— The documentary history of the state of New York. Albany. 
CELT Ue Td CUREEESSI Pn ps met Rela Werer Ie Vee ity tar ent can Vv 
—— The documentary history of the state of New York. Albany 
Berm AN? NICS: cair \s Megas ieee 0 oi alah A V 


Niagara Falls 


O’Ferrall, Simon Ansley. A ramble of six thousand miles through 
the United States of America. Lond.: Effingham Wilson. 1832. 


Pp. 27-33. 
Offenbach, Jacques. America and the Americans. Lond.: William 
Reeves. ((1877)3 5) Pp 74 275i ee eee earns area IV and XI 


Ogden, John Cosens. A tour, through Upper and Lower Canada. 
By a citizen of the United States . . . Litchfield. 1799. Pp. 110- 
DUD access eee ees iheael Ges cideca dene uawepeions uence Mlae veer at etic ceae ese ee tear XII 

Olmstead, Frederick Law, and Vaux, Calvert. General plan 
for the improvement of the Niagara reservation. Niagara Falls, N. Y.: 
PBZ yc csce Rie, ANG se) ORI ROUS Ma MAT I a CL XI 

One hundred tons of calcium carbide. (Eng. news, May 4, 
1899. 41: 291.) 

Ontario and St. Lawrence steamboat company (The). Hand- 
book for travellers to Niagara Falls, Montreal and Quebec, and 
through Lake Champlain to Saratoga Springs. Buffalo: Jewett, Thomas 


and ;Co: 2 Ppy) BEA. airs leech Sie Aerated Sefee Ceeeiene XII 

Inset of Horseshoe Fall. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 22.)............ IX 

Ontario — Hydro-electric power commission. Annual reports 
1=5: 


Ontario-New York. Topographic map of the Niagara gorge. (U. S. 
geol. surv., G. O. Smith, Dir. and Geol. surv. of Can., R. W. Brock, 
Dare) NOUS Sy PME VZIOOO Ds ais ek ee atte le ee eee VII 

Ontario 110,000-vclt power transmission system (The). 
(Eng. news, Mar. 18, 1909. 61: 301.) 

[Ontario power company.] (Elec. rev., May 12, 1905. 56: 
778.) 

Ontario power company begins operations (The). (Elec. 
wid. & eng. July 15, 1905. 46:91.) 

Ontario power company’s development at Niagara Falls. 
(W. elec. Dec. 26, 1903. 33:481.) 


Ontario power company’s plant at Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am., 


Feb. 11) 19050 592 AZO ye ps Ws a eee ese xX 
Ontario power plant at Niagara. (Elec. wld. & eng. Mar. 18, 
1905 5 Ab SOB) eres aera a a athe Si oedeedacer sent tena a ae xX 
Opening of the Niagara Canadian power company’s plant. 
(Set, Aim:;, Feb.) 4)4'905. 9210421051), 0. ccs Oe he eee X 


Orbigny, Alcide Dessalines D.’ Voyage pittoresque dams les deux 
Ameriques . . . Paris: chez L. Tenre. 1836. Pp. 477-479, 
1376 


Alphabetical List 


[Original resolution describing the proposed limits of the 
Niagara reservation.] (lst Ann. rep’t of the com’rs of the state 
resery. at Niagara. Albany: 1886. Pp. 11-15.)............ XI 

QOssoli, Sarah Margaret Fuller. At home and abroad; or, Things 
and thoughts in America and Europe. (Arthur B. Fuller, editor.) 


merece “ost. and Lond. 31856.) Pp. S10 ek Posie teens IV 

Marchesa d’. Summer on the lakes, in 1843 . . . Bost.: 

Little and Brown; N. Y.: Francis. 1844. Pp. I1-13........ IV 

Other uses of Niagara power. (Elec. wld. June 5, 1897. 29: 
734.) 


Ottens, R. and J. Carte des possessions Angloises et Francoises du 
continent de l’Amérique Septentrionale. Kartt van de Englesche en 
Fransche bezittingen in hets vaste land van Noord America, 1755. 
Peemsterdam: Chez R. et J. Ottens. 2. odode wie ee dees IX 

Over Niagara Falls. (Harp. w., Sept. 29, 1866. 10:612.)..VIII 

Overbury, Frederick. Electro-chemistry at Niagara Falls. (Cass. 
PEGS es GNLN 227-2290.) . RG. eee le ee el ta xX 

Overton, Henry. A map of the British plantations on the continent 
of North America, according to the notes and improvements of mr. 


Bolton, made in the original of mr. Danville with the history of each 
Puagmnstie marin. 7... [729-1760]. oe hee a vnc ate ee IX 
Owahyah. Birch bark legends of Niagara, founded on traditions among 
the Iroquois, or Six nations; a story of the lunar-bow, which brilliantly 
adorns Niagara Falls by moonlight; or Origin of the totem of the wolf. 


Speatneont.;sjour,.erinting Co., 1884. 2.5.2 5. o.5te os a VIII 
Oxley, J. Macdonald. Niagara under yoke. (Wd. today. Sept., 
MESO SUG pos 2 se or 28 Sg DUA erate Waatetete >< 


Paasche, Hermann. Kulture-und Reiseskizzen aus Nord — und 
Mittel-Amerika. Magdeburg: Albert Rathke. 1894. Pp. 24-31. 
Palacio, Don Vicente Riva and Mateos, Don Juan A. La 

cataracta del Niagara. (Jn their Dramatic works. Mexico City. 


UT SG, SR AES CRU SS eee ae A RMR SUrt pr a cae VIII 
Palairet, I Carte des possessions Angloises et Francoises du con- 
tinent de |’Amérique Septentrionale. Londres: 1759. (Am. maps. 
Ee er eh haf chia oa rath ele Pera Aa eam dee MENS IX 
Palmer, B. Frank. Apostrophe to Niagara. (Jn Porter, Peter A., 
Official guide. Niagara Falls, river, frontier . . . Buffalo: The 
Matthews Northrup Works. 1901. Pp. 289-290.)........ VIII 
Panoramic view of Niagara. c. 1852.................. IX 


87 1377 


Niagara Falls 


Panton, J. Hoyes. Flora of Queen Victoria Niagara Falls park. 
(Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs for Queen Victoria Niagara Falls park. 
HES9. At ZS Ty ieee COS eee eee RI Sera CARA VI 

Park, Rev. Roswell. Niagara Falls. (Jn his Jerusalem; and other 
poems, juvenile and miscellaneous... N. Y.: Stanford. 1857. 


Pps PAZ V ZS ee ee ee RO eH ea a ea VIII 
Niagara Falls. (Jn his Selections of juvenile and miscellaneous 
poems. Phila.: Desilver, Thomas. 1836. Pp. 70-73.)...... VIII 


Parker, John C. Niagara power at the Lackawanna steel plant. 
(Elec. jour. Jan., 1907. 4: 32-42.) 
Parkman, Francis. Historic handbook of the northern tour. Lakes 

George and Champlain. Niagara, Montreal, Quebec. Bost.: Little, 


Brown.” Ol685. Pp 9S SNON ea ers eaten AVAL eee a eae Vv 
[Parrott, Caryl S.] A descriptive reading on Niagara Falls... 
Philas:) WF Reaug." WO GO eo eee ee id a IV 


Parsons, Horatio A. The book of Niagara Falls. 3d ed. Care- 
fully rev. and enl., and accompanied by maps. Buffalo: Oliver G. 
Steele; VOBG oe ON Ae AACR Ca eae XII 

A guide to travelers visiting the Falls of Niagara, containing much 

interesting and important information respecting the Falls and vicinity, 


accompanied by maps. 2d ed. greatly enl. Buffalo: Oliver G. Steele. 
VO PIR Weert Niet ar aaa aun a SY GUNN RADA aco eae XII 
Part of the fall of Niagara, on the side of Canada. (Grosve- 
nor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. 
1,44 apa MAINES LAD Nore NT SPI er RGR UM on Ne MUNIN INL SID ON IX 
Passenger department of the Richelieu and Ontario Navi- 
gation Company. Official guide, 1900. From Niagara to the sea 


PANS (1 OUR eo RNs Ih” HUSAIN IMU LC AMEE NENG MEISE AAG SAUNA Lod. | XII 
Passing of the Niagara observation tower. (W. elec. Dec. 
Bi POO 8s) SB ABO) ie A tien Geel At Nek ay a ar ee Vv 


Patton, Edmund. A glimpse at the United States and the northern 
states of America, with the Canadas, comprising their rivers, lakes and 
falls during the autumn of 1852 .. .Lond.: Effingham Wilson. 
16535) Pp 9 Oe ie at are CHE NOON Hie eee IV and VI 


Paul’s dictionary of Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Tonawanda, and 
vicinity. Buffalo: Peter Paul Book Co. (1896). Pp. 170- 
VAS) UN OGM eee n RRR KIDSU AN AMINE RIMM ey ot DURE Bi XII 


1378 


Alphabetical List 


Peck’s tourist’s companion to Niagara Falls, Saratoga 
Springs, the Lakes, Canada, etc. . . . Buffalo: William B. 
PME AW Esa) REC LOA atetelevaleiiel s.4: 4 alm oc est deave Pealleig Balt XI 


Pen and sunlight sketches of scenery reached by the Grand 
trunk railway system and connections, with routes and 


rates for summer tours. 1896. Pp. 18-25........... XII 
Pendelton Niagara; Niagara Falls. (Grosvenor library, 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 
PN ahs Baie yr wie gtr Wietnca hae cond are a ahs ahah IX 
Pennell, Joseph. Niagara Falls. (Cent., May, 1911. 82:77- 
REIS ee ee Lint unuras a cinas d wids og elated bea otal deere einiats IX 
People’s guide to Buffalo, Niagara Falls and Chautauqua 
Pea Uiralos PHOOOs) pi 7 LaOLalets: ssc Lisle eeeie ea areleleys XII 


Perkins, Frank C. Canadian Niagara power for Buffalo. (W. 
Elec. June 19, 1907. 40:57.) 
The great ice jam at Niagara. (Sci. Am., May 1, 1909. 


DINGS ELBE. cto EE TRO TRG ACEI CSE Se a V 
—— The Niagara power transmission plant. (Elec. wld. Feb. 9, 
ES AOD SLO pha Siicsiters vend eih, dielse ccave sherawat era dia wie weaker xX 


—— Niagara power transmission up to date. (Elec. wld., Nov. 21, 
1896. 28:621-622.) 

Six Niagara power installations under way —a million horse- 

power to be developed at Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld. & eng. April 

Mh PAA) PO be yi oe ea a ak Bia. 8 era Sete gre) a eavwrlohsile @ a eens xX 

Two proposed methods of transmitting power from Niagara Falls 
to Chicago. (Elec. wld. & eng., Feb. 20, 1892. 29:121-122.) 

Person, C. W. Air route over the whirlpool. (Illus. wld. June 16, 
1916. 25:479-480.) 

—— Nerviest man; untangling cables over the Niagara whirlpool. 
(St. Nicholas. March, 1917. 44: 459-460.) 

—— Over the whirlpool by aerial cable. (Sci. Am. March 25, 1916. 
Coie SIE UN ARR GREE gp SE Dog Se XII 

Petite chute du Niagara (162 P. de Haut.) (Grosvenor library, 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 5.) .IX 


Pfeiffer, Ida Reyer. A lady’s second journey round the world. 
Lond.: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. 1855. 2: 337-— 


Sem i METS on er te ral ove ote | eee Ses Jats As 2 aes IV 
Philoppoteaux, Paul. Cyclorama of Niagara. 40050. 
MP TCe ESI SO esa dos So) ear iia) aiatehe ove daw iahw hd ds» sva/eve dees IX 


Niagara Falls 


Pictorial guide to the Falls of Niagara: a manual for visitors . . 
Buffalo Salisbury and Clapp; yl G4a2mi nes ane eee XII 

Pidgeon, Daniel. Ain engineer’s holiday; or, Notes of a round trip 
from longitude 0° to o°. Lond.: Keegan Paul, Trench & Co. 2v. 
1882... L293 —POG peck want Pee ee Geet ea nk Aa ea a IV 

Pierie, William. View of the cataract of Niagara, from a drawing 
taken on the spot by Lt. Pierie of the Royal Artillery. Richard Wilson 
Pinx... William Byme:'(se.)y)1) 7665 So es ee oe ee IX 

Pinkerton, John. A general collection of the best and most interesting 
voyages and travels in all parts of the world. . . . Lond.: Longman. 
18120 1352296: 

Pioneer work at Niagara. (Am. elec. Jan., 1900. 12:38.).X 

Plea for the conservation of Niagara Falls (A). (Eng. news, 
Dec. 21, 1905. 54: 668.) 

Pocket guide to Niagara Falls. The complete illustrated guide to 


Niagara) Falls sandy vicinity: ino (imps c ce esis le reine XII 
Pohlman, Julius. The life history of Niagara. (Trans. Am. inst. 
mining engrs. Buffalo meeting. 1888. 17: 322-338.)........ VII 
Life history of the Niagara river. (Proc. A. A. A. S. Aug., 

1883: 32202.) wihAlbsstract |e ey Musk acid ahead ec VII 
Niagara Falls. (Jn Encyclopedia Americana. ed. by F. C. 

Beach & others. Americana Co. N. Y.: 1904. Vol. II.)....VII 


The Niagara gorge. (Pre-glacial erosion along the course of 


the Niagara.) (Proc. A. A. A. S. Aug., 1886. 35:221-222.) 


[Abstract]: ot ee a ae ae ce At Ur a aR ea VII 
Pond, Chester E. The Falls of Niagara. Our school of sublimity 
ses) dopekay (Kanes iB GBi0 ei caih oven Sie tcae eye ea ee eae IV 


Poole, Stanley Lane. The life of the Right Hon. Stratford Canning, 
Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe. . . . Lond.: Longmans, Green. 
1868.) 4s 331334 eerie ia eye pak Aha Obrien eee Pate eae XII 

Pope, Franklin Leonard and Pope, Ralph R. The distribution 
of electric power at Niagara. (Eng. mag., Dec., 1895. 10: 407- 


Ba Me ce sacs dade eto iabialn Poles alg LRN OR Me ea te Os ce xX 
Popham, William Lee. Niagara Falls romance. Louisville, Ky.: 
The World: Supply Co.) ect Ole) conc ae ae ene aa ene eee VII 


Popple, Henry. America Septentrionaliss A map of the British 
empire in America with the French and Spanish settlements adjacent 


thereto. By Henry Popple. (Am. maps. II, No. 8.)........ IX 
=—— Map of America; Mariland, Pensilvania, New Jersey, New 
York, and the western part of Connecticut. N.d............. IX 


1380 


Alphabetical List 


Popple, Henry. A map of the British empire in America. fol. Lond.: 
em etien VOIS Gc ERs lis DEGIEN DO a sis scale atelecaibhel ate bile ve 6 IX 
—— A map of the British empire in America with the French and 
Spanish settlements adjacent thereto. (Maps of America I, No. 
MEME ee) siasa cope c cera aha eine tana wid Hal Cidledae a Diaiela ia 8) 2 IX 
A map of the British empire in America with the French, Spanish 
and Dutch settlements adjacent thereto. Certified by Edmund Halley. 
“meterdam;: Covens and Mortier.. Nid. oii. c00s 05 ssdsens- IX 
Porter, Albert H. Reminiscences of Niagara from 1806 to 1872, 
with a list of the early settlers. By an old resident. Printed for 


private circulation: Niagara Falls: Pool. 1872.2. 2.0.5 .06625<. V 
Some details of the Niagara tunnel. (Cass. July, 1895. 8: 
BREESE AUD Tie) TSI (a? sie vice en's Seven SMM a Te Cau nee taaab a besa ere arate xX 


Porter, Peter Augustus. A catalogue of books, pamphlets, engrav- 
ings, etc., relating largely to Niagara Falls. N.p. N.d. 

Champlain not Cartier made the first reference to Niagara Falls 
foeireratare: Niagara Falls. 1699 ae cic. Hac oe sccbs. old sversnsiete V 
The complete illustrated guide to Niagara Falls and vicinity. 
(Niagara Falls: Gazette Printing Office. 1883.)............ XII 
The first buildings ever erected by white men at Niagara Falls, 
inane) (Niagara.Front. Elist. Soc. leaf.) nds... Sie oss ax: V 
The first reference to Niagara Falls in literature. [Niagara 
Falls, N. Y.: Gazette Pub. Co. 1899.] 

Goat Island. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at 
ReRIRE ATA EO SAI Le cha ewe (care teh'sre gy-oiel'es sara tiatelece ais! a) aprons V 
Goat Island. [Niagara Falls, N. Y.:] 1900. 


Historic Niagara. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. 


Beiazaras, Auipany: 18694. 10:57=71.) 2.3.5 doce ee ese V 
How lake commerce began; La Salle’s visits to the Niagara. 
iNracarattalicu IN: (Yoo nid. Pe Uo lant eta temie aiers V and IX 


A legend of Goat Island ascnbed to Father Louis Hennepin, 

who visited Niagaram 1678. . . . Niagara Falls: (1900). .VIII 

[Lines in a young lady’s album.] (/n Johnson, R. L., Niagara, 
its history, incidents and poetry . . . Wash.: W. Neale. 1898. Pp. 
- SEC) NEA a Aa ee eerie me BA VIII 

—— Niagara an aboriginal center of trade. Niagara Falls. 1906..V 

Niagara county in that souvenir history. 1902. P. 1 ff. 

Porter, Peter A. The Niagara region in history. (Cass. July, 1895. 
(pd eh Sane Gus PRRAERIS ee BRB ean eect Be Pama, MSM rana ty Ihe ge Vv 


Niagara Falls 


Porter, Peter A. Official guide. Niagara Falls, river, frontier: scenic, 
electric, historic, geologic, hydraulic. With illustrations by Charles D. 
Amold. [Buffalo: The Matthews Northrup Works. 1901.]..XIi 

Porter’s Niagara Falls collection. (Nation. Oct. 20, 1910. 
91: 360-361.) 

Potter, Alvah K. Address to the international commissioners appointed 
to investigate concerning the conditions and uses of the waters adjacent 
to the boundary lines between Canada and the United States, at Niagara 
Falls, New York, September 14, 1905. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs 
of 'the'state reserv. ‘at Niagara: 22: 77261) ie eee XI 

Pouchot, M. . Memoir upon the late war in North America, 
between the French and English, 1755-60; followed by observations 
upon the theatre of actual war, and by new details concerning the man- 
ners and customs of the Indians; with topographical maps. Translated 


and edited by Franklin R. Hough. Roxbury, Mass.: W. Elliott 
Woodward. /1866:)'2 153-15 Gig ne os eine rea I and XII 


Powell, Ann. Journal of a tour from Montreal to Detroit, 1789, 
with notes by Eliza Susan Quincy. (Mag. Am. hist., July, 1880. 


Bi STAGE) ee ee ee eh UR MOS tai calle Aaeaa If 
Power development of the Toronto and Niagara power com- 
pany. (Eng. rec., Feb. 13, 1904. 49:180-183.)........... xX 


Power developments at Niagara. (Eng. mag., Feb., 1900. 18: 
776-777.) 

Power from Niagara. (Can. eng. April, 1902. 9:91.) 

(Current lit. August, 1900. 29:127.) 

Power houses at Niagara. (Sci. Am. sup. Dec. 19, 1903. 56: 
23386.) 


Power interests at Niagara Falls. (W. elec. Mar. 14, 1896. 


PSU 27s) Cece rhs Big Sila elle EO SN IL eet ee x 
Power of Niagara (The). Niagara Falls power co. Niagara Falls, 
INS 2) POG Ce Re a) Nia AN Rea xX 
———=. (Pub. opin., Sept: 7, 1899) 272303.) oi i ere we ice xX 
—— Taking stock of the energy utilized. (Sci. Am. sup. Sept 23, 
POV 72 ZOSD lk re Cee ais ie ae a xX 


Power of the flood. (Cur. lit, Aug., 1900. 29:127-128.)....X 

Power plant of the Niagara Falls hydraulic power and 
manufacturing company (The). (Elec. wld. Jan. 14, 1899. 
33:43—46.) 


1382 


Alphabetical List 


Power plant of the Niagara Falls hydraulic power and 
manufacturing company. (Power. Dec. 17, 1895. 15: 
SONS AE RIDES AE Ae eR xX 

Power stations at Niagara (The). (Sci. Am. sup., Feb. 3, 1894.% 

Power, Tyrone. Impressions of America, during the years 1834 and 


fea. ‘Lond. :’ Richard Bentley. 18356. 1: 391-411. ....... XI 
Prentice, Archibald. A tour in the United States. Lond.: 1848. 
Pe TRE NE Mes ACAa 1 alah sai alia ar adhe, ale fave uie at aha is IV 


Prescott, William H. Letter to the Earl of Carlisle regarding a 
Niagara picture by Lebron, under date of January 27, 1851. (Pub. 
Re ATSIC ee FO APA SE) slat cvd o Gte so) analelitahal dis aly gate the IX 

Present condition of the Niagara Falls power plant (The). 
(Jour. Frank. inst., Mar., 1895. 139: 228.) 


Preservation of Niagara Falls. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of 


Eaestate (reserv.rat, Niagaray 2O:1TO21S sy) ee ue ia ee bo XI 
[Preservation of Niagara Falls.] (Critic, Feb. 17, 1883. 3: 
PPO MEE BEMIS EIS Br ee TOA Le 2 XI 
(Ene. mews; Apr. 16)' 19033 | 49::347.) 05.0 80.0 ee. XI 
Preservation of Niagara Falls (The). (Harp. w. May 15, 
“iste Le Le Ne 4 (SS) de ol Le Oe Se XI 
[Preservation of Niagara Falls.] (Harp. Dec., 1882. 66:151— 
120 GARI IRE aa sr nc Hat ACARD i ara Aa ea CPanel Gone ks eee XI 
Preservation of Niagara (The). (Nature, June 11, 1885. 32: 
Bee Taree see tak s VN ahah cid a aid galeries arate ah ara XI 
Preservation of Niagara Falls. (QOutl., Apr. 7, 1906. 82: 
WIE ren tea su ARON MN a Sy PSC aN @ Oy ein Sy iin aad ube tek ae XI 
M@utlscaly 29066 OS 652-055. ry oe aasdeyaicesba tale XI 
Preservation of Niagara Falls (The). (Outl., Feb. 3, 1912. 
RP een Ce cn aa eee a's, 5 a) oo haa vaca arte, aT eet: ay 5 XI 
Preservation of Niagara (The). (Sci. May 15, 1885. 5: 
SSS SN IN 1 RS AR a er ee XI 
Preserve Niagara. (Outl., Oct. 14, 1905. 81: 348.)....... XI 


Preston, T. R. ‘Three years’ residence in Canada, from 1837 to 1839, 
with notes of a winter voyage to New York, and journey thence to the 
British possessions. Lond.: Richard Bentley. 1840. 2:11-20. .III 

Priest, William. Travels in the United States of North America, 
commencing in the year 1793, and ending in 1797. . . . Lond.: J. 


Peer eien DOO chee we Yeks oP ee re ry ta VII 
Prieto, Guillermo. Viaje a los Estados-Unidos. Por Fidel. 3 vols. 
Mexico: Dublan y Chavez. 1878. 2:285-312............ VIII 


1383 


Niagara Falls 


Princess Louise at Niagara (The). (Harp. w. Mar. 22, 1879. 
23:237.) 

Pringle, J. F. Lunenburgh or the old eastern district, its settlement and 
early progress: with personal recollections of the town of Cornwall, 


from) 1824/02) 2")). “Cormwall. (16902) "Paolit2Z: Galea XII 
Prior, Samuel. Niagara Falls woodcut. (Jn his The universal travel- 
fer 243 dtond 118232. (Pp 97 92582) Ma eae eee ee IX 


The universal traveller, containing the popular features and con- 
tents of the best standard modern travels in the four quarters of the 


world: London. 1823.45 Pp./57 92582 oo yo iale cue ara ee Vi 
Pritchard, F. E. Power transmission at Niagara. (Elec. wld., Apr. 
$6 1892. 1D: ZOBs) oe ce hier, Sn lc eta eiael a eee ee ee x 
Pritchard, Myron T., comp. Poetry of Niagara . . . compiled 
by M. T. Pritchard. Bost.: Lothrop Pub. Co. (1901)...... VIII 
Proctor, Richard A. Niagara. (Knowl. Aug. 3, 1883. 4:72- 
VE. 3) aE NEAT eA ROS OR EL Lat UK «Tera LEN RSS V 


Production of chlorate of potash at Niagara Falls. (Jour. soc. 
chem. ind., Oct. 31, 1896. 15: 753.) 

Progress on Niagara Falls tunnel. (Eng. news, Jan. 9, 1892. 
27233:) 


Progress on power station no. 2 of the Niagara Falls power 
company. (Eng. news, Oct. 2, 1902. 48:250.) 

Projects for the utilization of Niagara. (Engineering. Oct. 23, 
Nov. 13, Nov. 20, 1891. 52: 468-469; 559-562; 589-591.) 
Projects for water-power development about Niagara Falls. 

(Eng: news, Novi)24, 1692) 28-489) Ono ie ane sae ee xX 
Pulszky, Francis A, and Theresa W. White, red, black; sketches 
of society in the United States during the visit of their guest (Kossuth). 


ond: , Truebner)) 1853.05) S227 ee a ee earn ae IV 
Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park; official documents 
De ihe eS INN ONE RAVAGE DEE a 8 a 1 XI 
Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park commissioners. Annual 
reports; : 1685) tovdate cs ca ie Pleas RR U Ne er Nate at ne ae XI 
R. C. An account of the English and French colonies in North America. 
(Universal ‘mag: !!) Nove (17550172 21822210) ere ee ee V 


Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel. A life of travels and researches 
in North America and the south of Europe. Phila.: For the author 
by F. Turner. 1836. P. 81. 


1384 


Alphabetical List 


Rafter, George W. Water resources of the state of New York. Pt. 
1.. (Water-supply and irrigation papers of the United States geological 
survey, No. 24. Wash.: 1899. Pp. 24-25, 48, 58-63.)....VII 

Water resources of the State of New York, pt. 2.° (Water- 
supply and irrigation papers of the United: States geological survey, No. 
PEN GSS GR Os) Pp. LSI asa) ia k chete bhesccons a eheedt crateia bisis X 

Ragueneau, Paul. Relation of what occurred in the mission of the 
Fathers of the Society of Jesus in the Huron’ country in New France 
in the years 1647 and 1648. Sent to Rev. Father Estienne Charlet, 
Provincial of the Society of Jesus in the Province of France. By 
Father Paul Ragueneau of the same Society, Superior to the Huron 
mission. (Thwaites, Jesuit Relations, 23: 63.).........0+--5- I 


Railway time tables and traveler’s guide through Central 
New York, Niagara Falls, Saratoga Springs, etc. Buffalo: 
Felton and brother. 1866. Pp. 91-100...............:.. XII 


Ramsay, Sir Andrew C. On some of the glacial phaenomena of 
Canada and the northeastern provinces of the United States during the 
drift period. (Proc. Geol: Soc. of London. Quarterly. jour. 1859. 
BME IV ete Sait 1s Dag 5 coy Sick em aU Ea oh oueuar) GRR ai gie Vi 

Rand-McNally. MHand-book to the Pan-American exposition, Buffalo 
and Niagara Falls . . . Chicago and N. Y.: Rand, McNally. 
Pee =2 5740. a). nd aicle a ale seo Mase Rreermeereene eee XII 

Randolph, Isham. Review of the report of William Spencer, M.A., 
Ph.D., F.G.S., On the physics of the Niagara river. (Ann. rep’t of 
the com’rs for Queen Victoria Niagara Falls park. 1908. 23: 


PEN see a6 Son wha. oh ss SG elm heme Seterera ees dae se XI 
Rankine, William B. The accomplished utilization of Niagara. 
REerence fans OF LOO72 | LSS 2A ox a: «eid steicte comectawettry Gti xX 


—— The accomplished utilization of Niagara. (Sci. Am. sup. July 
10, 1897. 44:17945.) 

—— National cyclopedia of American biography . .. N. Y.: 
Pine VU eOUG VoL <ic. Pri 2862267525 62s fac aes de xX 

Rapids of the Niagara above the Falls for the proprietor Hermann 
J. Meyer. Pub. for Paul Bernard: N.Y. [1854].......... IX 

Rapids of the Niagara Falls. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. Mat 25.)............ IX 

Raumer, Friedrich Ludwig George von. America, and the 
American people. Tr. by William W. Turner. N. Y.: J. and H. G. 
eet! Pe AISA Iso a oc Jaicdes al aierd wid ajo siete ayy oles IV 


1385 


Niagara Falls 


Raun, George E. A tour around the world. N. Y.: Gottsberger. 


1695p. ANZA Se Mn ieene UU RELA Cok aes as a IV 
Rawdon, Clark & Co. Niagara, and engraving.............. IX 
Rebridging Niagara. (Harp. w., July 31, 1907. 41:756, 

Ff OW AO) TEV PR Pa Ce AIR EHUB CT ASU Ah VEU ALAR AMQNE CLI XII 
Rebuilding Niagara’s reservation bridges. (Sci. Am. Sept. 22, 

E900 LS FESS T es cdeie eieie ee eke vote R el cus A aletae rae ne XII 


Recent additions in the power house of the Niagara Falls 
hydraulic power and manufacturing company. (Am. elec. 
Dec. 1899. 11:547-551.) 

Recent changes at Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am. April 6, 1889. 


(out PP ALE OF) RUNS. apa Hi OUP is ERR AST UIRS RAUNT SP S50)! VII 
Recent work of the Catatact construction company. (Nature. 
May 3, 1894) SO i RO a een eal ae Me aan xX 
Recession of Niagara. (Elec. wld. & eng. Mar. 2, 1907. 49: 
7 OAL) HR SERVO Re dels ERR MAL AMM A EL OAPI AN OSM XI 
Recession of Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am. sup., Sept. 8, 1906. 62: 
Z5 ODT AZ ORB) Ie yy VA lie ada eh eh cn aut Ve eRe APL VII 
Recession of the Falls. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state 
reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1889. 5:56-64.)............ Vil 


Recollections of a ramble from Sydney to Southampton, via 
South America, the West Indies, the United States, and 
Niagara. Lond.: R. Bentley. 1851. Pp. 320-330........ IV 

Redempton of Niagara (The). (Harp. w., July 18, 1885. 29: 
460-461.) 


Reed, Andrew and Matheson, James. A narrative of the visit 
to the American churches by the deputation from the Congregational 
union of England and Wales. Lond.: Jackson & Walford. 1835. 


sO FSS) B°A° RE Ue A SOON A AT NL Mi abet nee OL XI 
Regulation of Niagara Falls approved (The). (Elec. wid. & 
eng. Peb. Si POPS Ode ZB oi ain ao anie wT ihn Kea aia ie aan aia XI 
Reid, Robert A. One hundred views of the Pan-American Exposition, 
Buffalo, and Niagara Falls . . . Buffalo: 1901............. > 40 


Relation des descouvértes et des voyages du sieur de la 
Salle, seigneur et gouverneur du fort de Frontenac, au 
dela grands lacs la Nouvelle-France, faits par lordre 
de Monseigneur Colbert.— 1679-1680-1681. (Margry, 
Découvertes et établissements des Francais dans . . . l’Amerique Sep- 
tentrionale.’:' ‘Tome (Tip: 44 eee ie ela) eke ener eae By | 


1386 


Alphabetical List 


Remarkable phenomenon at Niagara (A). (Cur. lit., May, 
ERS Te SSS PA Ue Ng Sar Sst ods ged SMM UAIAL gh Siew, brah Vv 

Remington, Cyrus K. Bibliography of Niagara Falls. (Ann. rep’ts 
of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1894. 10: 
72-107.) 

List of publications, paintings, maps and engravings relating to 
Niagara Falls. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at 
Niagara. 1895. 11: 75-83.) 

Replogle, Mark A. Electricity and water power and their inter- 
relations; a popular treatise. N. Y.: Elec. Rev. Pub. Co. 1896. Pp. 
ries ELS MEER RRA RRR VE eR CR ENR AE My EAS RM RO at xX 

Report by the international waterways commission on Ni- 
agara Falls. (Eng. news, Apr. 5, 1906. 55:394-395.)....XI 

Report of the survey to determine the crest lines of the 
Falls of Niagara in 1890, errata and additional monu- 
ments. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 


EAE HOS 2a OOF iba < sievcaleiatelo ld ane She cele ete saa doles VII 
[Report on Niagara Falls (A)]. (Eng. news, May 17, 1906. 
SRaebeIEE roche nn eat lub 8 Na, arate typ ae a ares XI 


Report on the location and expense of a ship canal around 
Niagara Falls; also, from the Illinois river to Lake Michi- 
gan. With a report of a select committee to the assembly Apmil 14, 
1834, relating to the connection from Oswego to the Hudson. N. Y.: 
Mrrceiah thers fxs jours -b634:) Poy le7o ss ose ee ces leas XII 

Resume of legislation concerning Niagara power corpora- 
tions. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. 


aba SOE rs Sing stro SLi hdres avarw ede omit atta ets aber XI 
Retrocession of Niagara Falls (The). (Eng. news, Dec. 15, 
BRIE eNE  O= )h iy stcy Jiaicircs v aegial a lenataddvetepesteoenabadate aie ate. sare VII 


[Review of ‘Another episode in the history of Niagara 
Falls,” by Joseph William Winthrop Spencer.] (Nature, 
Pee NEDO DOs LA ic Soon isa Rete a resale ole ala e's wo 2 VII 

Review of article of J. W. Spencer ——“ The Spoliation of 
the Falls of Niagara.”’ (Nature. Nov. 5, 1908. 79:18.) .XI 

[Review of Bolton, Reginald Pelham; An expensive experi- 
ment.] (Metal. & chem. eng. July, 1913. 11:302.)....... X 

[Review of George Frederick Wright’s article on “ The Ni- 


agara gorge as a chronometer.”’] (Sci., May 2, 1884. 3: 
SPE RL BERRI Sia ae Pa ee Be EAL Ys he A RRS Dey ee VII 


Niagara Falls 


Review of G. W. Holley’s “ The falls of Niagara with sup- 
plementary chapter on the other famous cataracts of the 


world2’)\CNats Jana 68336: 32) ee) sae ee V 
[Review of Gilbert’s “ Rate of recession of Niagara Falls.” ] 
(Eng: news. Feb.’ 28; 1907.) 5722488 On ee eee VII 


[Review of Holley’s “ Niagara — its history and geology.” ] 
(Pop. sci. mo., Oct., 1872. 1:756—-757.) 

Review of projects submitted for Niagara competition. 
(Eng. (Lond.), Oct. 23, 1891. 52: 468-469.) 

(Eng. (Lond.), Nov. 13, 1891. 52:559-562.) 

(Eng. (Lond.), Nov. 20, 1891. 52:589-591.) 

[Review of “‘ The age of Niagara Falls, as indicated by the 
erosion at the mouth of the gorge,’”? a paper by Prof. G. 
Frederick Wright, read at the meeting of the A. S., 
Boston, 1898.] (Nature, Nov. 3, 1898. 59:16.)........ VII 

[Review of “ The battle of Niagara, a poem without notes, 
and Goldau, or the maniac harper.”] (N. Am. rev., Dec., 
ito ire Malae o Folie ate fr 1°) Veta aA GE LMR Wh Rome GE A AA VIII 

Rhine, Alice Hynex..an, ed. Niagara park illustrated; original and 
selected descriptions, poems, and adventures ... N. Y.: Niagara 


Piab: (Go NSB er eerie ol iets a ei state ier en ag, P81 RN ae ae ee XII 
Rhodes, Benjamin. Electrical transmission from Niagara. (Trans. 
A} S.' GiB Mays 1 GBS 14320520) see aera aren ee x 
Rice, Roswell. The Falls of Niagara. (Jn his Orations and poems. 
Springheld:!1:883:)\);Pps'645=646.) is eis ere ke aes eae Vill 
Richard, John. The conversion of Mr. John Richard related by 
himself; €W.'S.'Cath hist) mag. 88720 Nea) ieiee hee oe ere lil 
Richards, W. C. Niagara in spring. (Harp. Sept., 1865. 31: 
VA) Waa MLA WRN Comune NL Sead Apt GAD vst Wi) VII 
Richardson, Alex. Niagara Falls and water-power. (Good words. 
(Teond. ): i) Marg i896)) Pps $8389: ie oat chee een x 
Richardson, Major John. Eight years in Canada . . . Montreal: 
H: Hi: Connmgham: 98470" Pp 222258) cele tee eae VIII 
Richardt, Ferdinand. The great international railway bridge. 
Engraved by: D, (E. Glovert: (859 eis cre eaane ne eine IX 
Niagara Falls. (From the American shore.) A. H. ree 

(C7 Wii cio 02h Paani ni au ATE RST SSA Ay et a IX 
The Tower, | A. HH.) \Payne!(se:)s\) [11859] ooo eee IX 


Richmond, A. E. Where to invest. Prospect of profit. Is it safe? 
A treatise on Niagara Falls power as a city builder. Buffalo: 1895. 


1388 


Alphabetical List 


Ricker, George A. Building the Niagara gorge railway. (Pro., 
engrs. club, Phila., July, 1899. 16: 248-271.) 

Rider, Alex. Geisler, Fr.  (sc.) Niagara Wasserfall in seinem 
gagenwartigen Zustande, von der Seite von Canada angesehen. Von 
Alex. Rider nach der Natur. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Miews of Niagara Falls,  1697—-1687—. Mat 8.)......5..0.8%. IX 

Ridgely, A.S. (Poem) (/n Holley, G. W., Niagara; its history and 
geology, incidents and poetry . . . N. Y., Buffalo, Toronto. 1872. 


PEPE ON OER i acy te. Sea's Pcie quan ciags webs hale arn 3 VII 
m—— (Poem). (/n Johnson, R. L., Niagara, its history, incidents, 
and poetry. Wash.: W. Neale. 1898. Pp. 54-55.)........ VIII 
Rise of Niagara power. (Elec. wld. & eng. Oct., 14, 1905. 
PEM ETON RUMEN eae LS sa ab al Geel ellevele eo 8 alo dr oleradai erate xX 
Robb, J. Hampden. Buying Niagara. (Cent., Dec., 1886. 20: 
RUMI Ve rs ei cuaue aor ives, \eca Wielians oa aleve: ceva aivisoare eel eal e XI 
Robert, Sr. A part of North America comprehending the course 


of the Ohio, New England, New York, New Jersey, Pensilvania, 
Maryland, Virginia, Carolina and Georgia. From the Sr. Robert 
with improvements. (/n Brookes, R., The general gazetteer. Lond.: 


ieee EVO HETEDS ©) 1: ZGO!) crim viele ig esl cet aie odo: idlgce: deli d stenely tee IX 
Robertson, Felix. Additional observations on the Falls of Niagara. 
(In Phila. medical and physical jour. 1: pt. 2, pp. 61-68.)....VII 


Robertson, William Parish. A visitor to Mexico, by the West 
India islands, Yucatan and United States, with observations and 
adventures by the way. lLond.: Simpkin, Marshall and Co. 1853. 
Re Re eer ie ated at es hed PN have G a oe (ei ei miaire) aan. 6), ee eee IV 

Robinson, Charles Mulford. The life of Judge Augustus Porter, 
a pioneer in western New York. (Buf. Hist. Soc., pub., 1904. Vol. 
ME SEE UATE XO reiet ares Pete ia ee Sics ator ea aia es csl al. cheeh aftal''a, Sle Spier acid V 

Robinson, William. [Description of Niagara]. (/n N. Y. (state) 
survey.— Special report for 1879. Albany, N. Y.: Van Benthuysen. 
ee ee eh tn Ae ial tid oes Sg Sie: Siehel tele ale, aaa VI 

Rochefort, Henri. The adventures of my life. Arranged for English 
readers by the author and Ernest W. Smith. Lond. and N. Y.: 
Eee renold ) POta te LOAN. SoS oes a oie eee ne ce IV 

Roebling, John A. Final report of . . . civil engineer to the presi- 
dents and directors of the Niagara Falls suspension and Niagara Falls 
international bridge companies. May 1, 1855. Rochester, N. Y.: 
Lee, Mann. & Co. 1855. 

1389 


Niagara Falls 


Roebling, John A. Report on the condition of the Niagara railway 
suspension bridge, 1860. (Jour. Frank. inst. Dec., 1860. 70: 361- 
BILE ie NN ON NU SOI CGN thas ee Ae AN ge XII 

Roebling, W. A. A reply to the recent criticism made by Edward 
Wasell upon the Niagara railway suspension bridge. N. Y.: S. B. 
Leverich. 1877. 

Rogers, H. A, Niagara Falls. Bibliography. (New York state 
library, Albany, N. Y. 1904.) 

Rogers, Henry D. On the Falls of Niagara and the reasonings of 
some authors respecting them. (Am. jour. sci., 1835. 27, No. 2: 
BPA Gs 15 15) RINE ee ar oer AIO se AR ESAS ACIIOI IL RA RRV IAL MHL Ae VII 

Rogers, Robert, Major. A concise account of North America: con- 
taining a description of the several British colonies on that continent. 
. . . Also of the interior, or westerly parts of the country, upon the rivers 


St. Lawrence, Mississipi, Christino, and the Great Lakes . . . Lond.: 


Jo Millan 765.0. W721 Fa ey it es on Oe II 
Rohr, Mathias. Am Niagara. (Jn his Gedichte. Miinchen. [1905] 
Pap OB yee es aah dhey ahs eee alpaca Lk bata Mi ee EAE NU ee VIII 


— Auch am Niagara. (Jn his Gedichte. Miinchen. [1905.] 
P. 92.) 

—— Das Opfer des Niagara. (Jn his Gedichte. Miinchen. [1905.] 
| fe Ps 0 atte JA) VU Eh a NR a RAEN ME DSI eu eA Mitasar AS NY VIII 

Rolph, Thomas. A brief account, together with observations made 
during a visit in the West Indies, and a tour through the United States 
of America, in parts of the years, 1832-3; together with a statistical 
account of upper Canada. Dundas, U. C.: Hackstaff. 1836. Pp. 


TZ eT oe LN NUN A TD A UN A He XI 
Rose, A. The emigrant churchman in Canada. Lond.: Rev. Henry 
Christmas!) NG 49. ole S RNG Zit eet is ei ie eo na aed IV 
Rose, George. The great country, or, Impressions of America. Lond.: 
Minsley;Bros.:) 4868.) .Pp.1266-27 Uc hei ena ene sane IV 


Rossi, L. A. (inc.) A. Biasoli (acq.) Two views — one of Horse- 
shoe and one of American Fall. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
1697-18 72o i Mak ea Gee hoe ne OED LSE dene eae IX 

Rouillard, I Carte généralle de la Nouvelle France ot est 
compris la Louisiane, Gaspésie et le Nouveau Mexique avec les mémoires 
les plus nouveau 1692. I. Rouillard delineavit. L. Boudan sculp. 
13x19. (dn Le Celercg, Christian, First establishment of the faith 
in ‘New France.) No ¥220188 bi 2B) oc en cee i eee IX 


1390 


Alphabetical List 


Roy, Camille, L’abbe. Etude sur l'histoire de la litterature canadienne, 
1800-1820. (Proc. and trans. of the Roy. Soc. of Can. 2d ser. 


ogy. YC US SINE TN ES (D2 eI 8) ea ea Yn ee VIII 
Roy, Jennet. History of Canada . . . Montreal; Ramsey. 1854. 
EMU MUN ems stay aN Mee allah Nah PON a eat ra i Vv 


Russell, Sir William Howard. Canada; its defences, condition, and 
resources; being a third and concluding volume of “* My diary, north 
and south.”’ Lond.: Bradbury and Evans. 1865. Pp. 28-52. .1V 

My diary north and south. Lond.: Bradbury and Evans. 1863. 
Puan ey) FOO Ge est, ately Wi stay peecu al of Gaede tre Wales IV 

Sagard-Theodat, Gabriel. Histoire du Canada et voyages que 
les Freres Mineurs recollects y ont faicts pour la conversion des 
Infidelles . . . A Paris, Chez Claude Sonnius. 1636. 4 vols. 

Sagra, Ramon de la. Cinco meses en los Estados-Unidos de la 
America del Norte desde el 20 de Abril al 23 de Setiembre de 1835. 
Diario de viaje. Paris: Pablo Renourd. 1836. Pp. 255-267. .III 

Sainson, de, (del.) Chute du Niagara. [1836] (Grosvenor 
library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187-. 


PRIETO AU Enric CL kucha anly ns Jountasar ated tala eae ap ate IX 
Sala, George Augustus. My diary in America in the midst of war. 
Maneevebinsieven hao hs GS—2 Se ws a ey SA Beh ee IV 


Salem (Mass.) public library. Reading list on Niagara. Bulletin, 
June, 1901. 6:2. (Bibliography.) 

Sangster, A. W. Niagara river and Falls from Lake Erie to Lake 
Ontario: a series of one hundred and fifty-three original etchings, etched 
on copper, from his own drawings; ed. by James W. Ward. Buffalo: 
aE POO O—O Or ek te aiec sata use (be) siaush eae RUE diy Alar al Saat © EX 

Sansom, Joseph. Sketches of Lower Canada, historical and descrip- 
tive; with the author’s recollections of the soil, and aspect; the morals, 
habits, and religious institutions, of that isolated country; during a tour 
to Quebec, in the month of July, 1817. New York: Kirk and Mercein. 
RB eA Oe SS Usb paneRueiahe Sika: eh ae raile Vareneie aha nua tans Wiel oh. III 

Sanson, N . Le Canada, ou Nouvelle France . . . Par N. Sanson 
d’Abbeville Geographe ordinaire du Roy. A Paris: Chez Pierre 
Mariette Rue S. Jacque a |'Esperance. Avecq Privilege du Roy, pour 
SaRIGRER ATEGE A MNLIEV RCH AERL Sei acielun os ea leecr alt ace athe Wile whee: St pe ate ue g IX 

Le Canada, ou Nouvelle France . . . Tirée de diverses 

Relations des Francois, Anglois, Hollandais . . . Par N. Sanson 

d’Abbeville. 814 x 12. (/n his L’Amérique en plusieurs cartes. 

Bars: bautheur. . 16572)), Now2 o's. Seo ea a's Penis aut ca hank IX 


Niagara Falls 


Sanson, N. Canada of Niew Vrankryk. Getroken mit verscheide 
Fransche, Engelsche en Hollandische Beschryvingen enz. Door N. 
Sanson de Abbeville: \ TV657, 9) Bix (122 c eis eh ee ee IX 

and G 

et changée en plusieurs endroits suivant les mémoires les plus récents. 

Par. G. Sanson. 151% x 22. A Paris: Chez Pierre Mariette. 

Hs) 21° RAIN ED SeRRR Ee HOMER eM IN ARYA MAMA IMMA Sebiyis 8 IX 

L’Amérique Septentrionale et Méridionale divisée en ses principales 
parties par les s’rs. Sanson . . . rectifée suivant les nouvelles décou- 
vertes . . . aux observations astronomiques, par le sr. Robert. 1749. 
(Am: ‘maps’: Vol fl, SNe: Zaina aro sone einen ee eee IX 

Sanson’s map of Canada. (Ann. archaeological rep’t, 1897-1898, 
being part of appendix to the report of the minister of education, 
Ontario!) Toronto? 1898: "Pp. 4749) es Nae enol IX 

Saron, Pseud. A sporting excursion to Niagara and the Canadian 
lakes. Lond.: 1838. 

Sault du Niagara de 135 pieds de haut. Vue. [From 
** Recueil des plans de |’Amerique Septentrionale. A Paris: chez Sr. 
le Rouge: E755 iatvend de iy Oran Ce NU a ae eat IX 

7x 10. [np. 17332] (In “ Recueil des plans d ]’Amerique 

Septentrionale.”” A Paris. Chez le Sr Le Rouge. 1755.) 

[Paris: 1755.] (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of 
Niagara \Falls:' 16971877.) Mat il )ieicrotay meus keievaieteceteyanenere IX 

Saunders, J. E. Niagara. Lond.: Partridge. 1903........ VIII 

Saunders, William. ‘Through tthe light continent; or, The United 
States in 1877-1878. 2d ed. Lond.: N. Y.: Cassell, Petter, 


. Amérique Septentrionale. Par. N. Sanson. Reveué 


Galpins\) (879.0 wPp 24256 NOS eae ae te ed IV 
Savage, James. The whistling swan on Niagara river. (Bull. of the 
Buf. Soc) of /Nat:) Ser) (92 Nos UiZ5--28)) i ars aie ae VI 
Savage, John. At Niagara. (Jn his Faith and fancy. N. Y.: 
Kurker: (1 864.) PpsiGl265) sec ieee Nee a a VIII 
Save Niagara Falls. (Outl., Nov. 25, 1905. 81:696.)..... XI 


Saving Niagara. (Critic. Mar. 7, 1885. 3(new ser.) :109.)..XI 
(Saving Niagara Falls) (Sci. Am. Feb. 24, 1906. 94: 
DZ iy NRIs SLE NMOS dae a EAL ee XI 
Sayer, Robert. An accurate map of North America, describing and 
distinguishing the British and French dominions on the great continent 
according to the definitive treaty concluded at Paris, 10th February, 
Ff o1 A vr oe C OEY ER II /Z aye Up Sucee Rol 8 IX 


Ste -- 


Alphabetical List 
Scandal at Niagara (The). (Sat. rev., July 28, 1883. 56:106~ 


BOTs eho ys ok ee etek hs parkas a Mev: anhatn aiel wis! a cores aac Vv 
Scanlan, Wallace. “ Dirty’’; a story of Niagara. (The reminder. 
Bockport, N. Y.: August, 1896, Vol. I, No. 1.)...3...+.. VIII 
Scene at Niagara Falls — Buying mementos. (Harp. w. 
TTS S Jost) Dik LADS )inci's) ans BN ayet co's Siam hw: =) Swat ew toned Re ol ey 0/9 V 
Scener i Nord-Amerika ur en Svensk Resndes Minnes-Bok. 
Stockholm: Hos. L. J. Hjerta. 1836. P. 163-190.......... III 
Scenic Niagara Falls. (Elec., wld. & emg., Feb. 22, 1908. 51: 
RPI CrR IN hase oa) 0-0 Wi u.cat'al a Siar Clue Meh AUaneY Sobel one tele eka nie eae emetian XI 
Scheme for the electrical utilization of Niagara (A). (Elec. 
MER LOGO. 1 bs 7 La) soe feretoenaicits ose, als Urabe ecotavens 4 


Schenk, M. Report ‘on roadway from. the reservation to Lake Ontario. 
(Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. ‘at Niagara. Albany: 
Mee EPS SE CF oo oc core: Sc oh tego echinacea Oheiebate eeaiobe ane XI 

Scheufelen, A. The Niagara Falls hydraulic power and manu- 
facturing company. (Zeitschr. d. Ver. Deutschering. Mar. 17, 
1900. 44, Pt. 1: 346-349.) 

Schlitzer, Frank Cecil. Two views of the Falls from the American 
shore below. Lithographed by Sage, Sons & Co. Buffalo: 1870. .IX 

Schneider, Charles C. The cantilever bridge at Niagara Falls and 
the discussion. (Trans. Am S. CG. E. Nov., 1885. 14:499~- 
ENGAy ef U5. Be eed es. 65-2 Caer oh ee i XII 

Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe. Niagara, an allegory. (Jn his The 
American Indians. . . . Rochester: Wanzer, Foot. 1851. P. 
Serie Uae es ts SS SNES Ra etedo SEL AS Rae eters VIII 

[Visit to Niagara Falls, 1820] (Jn his Narrative journal of 
travels through the northwestern regions of the United States extending 

- from Detroit through the great chain of American lakes; to the sources 
of the Mississippi river . . . in the year 1820.) Albany: E. and E. 
Sere ee Se Dp SOA Aig SAA Vsoso, bm ain ctakesenty the Suenos VI 

[Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe.] Western scenes and reminiscences; 
together with thrilling legends and traditions of the red men of the 
forest. . . . Auburn: Derby and Miller. Buffalo: Derby, Orton and 
oc EEE tt Ca | 0 (alee ne Pe ee ee VIII 

Schultz, Christian. Travels on an inland voyage through the states 
of New-York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, 
and through the territories of Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi and New- 
Orleans; performed in the years 1807 and 1808; including a tour of 
nearly six thousand miles. N. Y.: Isaac Riley. 1810. 1:54, 
MERRION SS IE LN Sd. Cg AMR Lr aie Oe III and XII 


Niagara Falls 


Schumann, I. . sc. Total Anblick des Niagara Falls. (Grosve- 
nor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. 
|.) EA atts Mi) MSR Rena eRe OI AP AMEN DURUM ME htc Misi aly 8 UU IX 

Schuster, S. Niagara Falls. [18702] (Grosvenor library, 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 21.).IX 

Scott, C. F. The installation of the Niagara Falls power company. 
(Proc. Engineer’s club of Phila. July-Sept. 1897. 14:127-153.) 

Scovell, J. T. An old channel of the Niagara river. (Proc. A. A. A. S. 
Aug.) 1890." 39:245=246.)) [Abstracks Peo a eee VII 

Seale, R. W. (del. and sc.) An accurate map of Canada, with the 
adjacent countries, exhibiting the late seat of war between the English 
& French in those parts. (anon.) 10x 1314. (Jn the Universal mag. 
Lond.: J. Einton:: Feb: 1)7612. 263) opp. p47 5) os ene eee IX 

(sc.) A new and accurate map of North America laid down 
according to the latest and most approved observations and discoveries. 
(anon.) 10x 13. (Jn the Universal mag. Lond.: J. Hinton. Mar. 
1763332 opp ps USE) ei tere eer ia) eh ORION Aen tate ete ae aaa IX 

Season at Niagara Falls (The). (Photographic visitors.) Drawn 
by J. Wells Champney. (Harp. w. Aug. 18, 1877. 21:645- 


(or ok EN, SERA rsa OUR AC ARN MAN IM GC PH SERENA RL AS Cs IX 
Seaver, James E. A narrative of the life of Mrs. Mary Jemison. 
Canandaigua: J. D. Bemis and Co. 1824. Pp. 145-149........ V 
Secretary of war’s decision on Niagara Falls (The). (Elec. 
wid: and eng.) (Mar 2.) 1907049! Aig) Se Ay ea XI 


Sectional view of one of the 13,000 horse-power turbines 
at the 125,000 horse-power plant of the electric develop- 
ment company. (Sci. Am. Oct. 21, 1905. 93: 313.) 

Seeing the Falls in company. (Outlook. May 27, 1911. 98: 
147-150.) 

Sellers, Coleman. How Niagara’s power will be utilized. (Eng. 
mag. Sept. 1891. 1: 803-817.) 


The utilization of the power of Niagara Falls and notes on engi- 


neering progress. (Jour. Frank. inst. July 1891. 132: 30-53.)...X% 


Senex, John. A new map of the English empire in America . . . 
revised by John Senex. 1710. (Jn A new general atlas. Lond.: 
Daniel Brown: 1721 PA 237.) ce noe Ue etic a cite alee eee ania IX 

North America. Corrected from the observations communicated to 

the Royal Society at London, and the Royal Academy at Paris, by 

John: Senex:) 1:7 BO ean HRD Te Ne Ce a re Se IX 


Alphabetical List 


Senex, John. North America, corrected from the observations com- 
municated to the Royal Society at London, and the Royal Academy at 
Paris, by John Senex. 1710. (Maps of America. Vol. III. 
MMSE ANU Saree AV 4- ok goal cy 0h hacia ST RES Go ah boss wo Goh Ge aap Glcad ARTE TN Se Ne IX 

Severance, Frank Hayward. The achievements of Captain John 
Montresor on the Niagara, and the first construction of Fort Erie. 


MEE) Faists | SOCs)) D3 —N Os) hese tayeke oatavenerate sce, aiematel eked XII 
Adventures of M. Bonnefons, 1753. (Jn Severance, Studies 
Men Nigcara frontiers Lop, /3 39—3 5 9s) aie ccc dis coisos stale cna bicboveh. I 


The Columbian year book. Niagara Falls and Buffalo, N. Y. 
Published by J. C. Prescott, excursion manager, Erie lines. Buffalo: 
PRIMERS ERP N eos oe cue erage acu wie lg a staph. shan werah sta Mtetts XII 
Historical sketch of the board of trade, the merchants exchange, 
and the chamber of commerce of Buffalo. (Pub. Buf. Hist. Soc. 
em eRmM NS SS)! os! oS a'e each ecouMiahone ollece senile o afte vay oR aEs XII 
—— How to see Niagara. Railway guide and illustrated hand-book 
of Buffalo, Niagara Falls and vicinity. Matthews, Northrup and Co. 


MaRS UR INET TNE 992 Phos alia’ Sonam ove cen suene esol ekduere wie arte XII 
A new guide to Niagara Falls and vicinity. . . . Chicago and 
Nerwkeand. .VicNally.)) 1892.> P. 1=1243..2.. 064042 eee XII 
Niagara in London: a brief study from many standpoints. 
ENERO te sie tect aure Ss. ae Kage 'e ik widhel hakalidte relate ais, seaee XII 


Niagara and the poets. (Jn his Old trails on the Niagara 
frontier. Ist ed. Buffalo: 1899; 2d ed. Cleveland: 1903. Pp. 221- 


EE a) Act SER TI ESSE SR PS RAL VIII 
—— The story of Joncaire, his life and times on the Niagara. Buffalo: 
RRO EaTIS ETI Soe, ger MOUS PSA) Gusta ctal'e ci wet ote ome Davart XII 
Seyrig, William. Lutilisation du Niagara. (Le Genre civil. Feb. 
wn ISIE 2 NE 02 ES 6 ae a Og > 
Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate. Aspects of the earth, N. Y.: 
Renee Ose. Spt tl Ol— (OSs smc ea bo kale s eslewusioies aol VII 


Sharan, James. The adventures of James Sharan: compiled from 
the Journal, written during his voyages and travels in the four quarters 


of the globe. Balt.: Dobbin and Murphy. 1808. Pp. 108-116. .II 


_ Sharpe, William. Niagara and Khandalla, and other poems. Lond.: 


RemeeGopley) het hehe ee eh ot bet ae bees cee VIII 

—— The international temple of Niagara. Reprinted from Modern 

thought. March. 1882. Lond.: Modern press. N.d...... V and XI 

Shaw, John. A ramble through the United States, Canada, and the 

W esti indies. < : Lond.:J. Fs Hope: \ 1856. Pp. 32-36. .:.:..:. IV 
1395 


Niagara Falls 


[Shelton, F. W.] Verses written during a thunder storm in the album 
at the Falls. (Jn his The trollopiad; or, Travelling gentlemen in 
America; a satire by Nil Admirari, esq. N. Y.: Shepard. 1836. 
RP ZO ROD ii vee ie te tiand ce ale eke ies teu CR ene VIII 

Shirreff, Patrick. A tour through North America; together with a 
comprehensive view of the Canadas and United States as adapted for 


agricultural emigration. Edinb.: 1835. Pp. 88-94.......... XII 
Shooting Niagara Falls. (Critic. Jan. 1883. 100:122- 
VZ7 od oid cleats Wee Chita bot Mia eles FEE OS eRe arene VIII 
Eclec. mag. Jan. 1883. New ser. 37:122—127....... Vill 


Shooting the rapids. (Harp. w., Sept. 15, 1883. 27:584.)...V 
Shrade (sc.) Chute du Niagara. [18602] (Grosvenor library, 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 
PG eal he RN ae dikes GERRGh 9) 2 Le (eRe nN Chale a Pa ae IX 
Siemens, Sir Carl Wilhelm. Inaugural address; delivered at the 
annual general meeting of the Iron and steel institute held in London, 


March, 1877. Newcastle-upon-Tyne.: Lambert. 1877. Pp. 12- 


VB i ee cares etal e acSroialalat cata reraie cl areeapatel et EG ROL RR Tach aera aaa xX 
Significance of the hydro-electric developments at Niagara 
Falls. (Elec. rev. Feb. 11, 1905. 46: 224-225.) 0 000......% xX 


Sigourney, Mrs. Lydia H. Farewell to Niagara. (/n Barham, 
William, Descriptions of Niagara; selected from various travellers. 


Gravesend: mids) Pp. 79= 1602) oe oo eee VIII 
The hermit of the Falls. (Jn her Illustrated poems. Phila.: 
Lindsay and Blakiston. 1860. Pp. 143-149.)..........0% VIII 


The hermit of the Falls. (Jn Barham, William, Descriptions 


of Niagara; selected from various travellers. . . . Gravesend: n.d. 


Pp WAZA 4G icas EK a acter eee ceive ebnvatectetettole lela cetera ae VIII 
—— The hermit of Niagara. (Graham’s Am. mo. mag., Feb. 1848. 
5 AN AV VA oN) a MONE SRC GRU RIMM AP NE oe a VIII 
Niagara. (Jn her Illustrated poems. Phila.: Lindsay and 
Blakiston?) 1860/0 (Pps i342 056:)) oie cperen sven re leeenecel eae ee VIII 
Niagara. (/n her Select poems. 5th ed. Phila.: Biddle. 1847. 

Pp 8890s) odie Bie eA LNT a cae ree VIII 


Niagara. (Jn Barham, William, Descriptions of Niagara; 
selected from various travellers; . . . Gravesend: n.d. Pp. I11- 


OS REM R eR RPO e RAY oR eM. AE Pe aN oe. VIII 

Niagara. (/n Barham, William, Descriptions of Niagara; 
selected from various travellers. . Gravesend: n.d. Pp. 159- 
TGV. i ahin Ste sein Ce ai ee eoalle eee eet ae eer it) Seana inne VIli 


ep Nee 


Alphabetical List 


Sigourney, Mrs. Lydia H. Scenes in my native land. Boston: 
James Munroe and Co. 1845. Pp. 3-20; 148-161; 317— 
ooo sca 2 aie mere LIEN aa A. aciaat chgrddes ob ord BURR be aimnanv ha VII 

Silliman, Augustus E. A gallop among American scenery; or, 
Sketches of American scenes and military adventure. N. Y.: D. 
ern Oe Ss. pe VAG Abe Gil oleate area tee entenaaeye oh IV 

Simcoe, Mrs. E. P. G. Niagara paintings. (Jn her Diary of Mrs. 
John Graves Simcoe. . . . Toronto: Briggs. 1911.)....I] and IX 

Sinclair, John. Sketches of old times and distant places. Lond.: 
DEON FIG 0 Los 244 LID ay cs ake av ideal siehaetstetn IV 

Sketches of scenery on Niagara river for the North Ameri- 
can journal. (N. Am. rev., Mar. 1916. 2: 320-329.).. ...V 

Sladen, Douglas Brooke Wheelton. To the American Fall at 
Niagara. (Jn Sladen, Douglas, ed., Younger American poets 1830- 
1890. . . . With an appendix of younger Canadian poets; ed. by 
G. B. Roberts. Lond. and Sydney: Griffith, Farran, Okeden and 
Peesee OD) edicatory, sonnet.) .'.\.!. »)b)sisisiwsints sisi ks oie VIII 

(Small, H. B. comp.) The Canadian handbook and tourist’s guide. 
eaueiviontreal: Longmore. 1867., Pp. 170=185....). . 2. cc ss XII 

Smith, Cecil B. Construction of Canadian Niagara power company’s 
one hundred thousand horse-power hydro-electric plant at Niagara 
Falls, Ont. (Trans. Can. Soc. C. E. Jan. 1905. 19:62-82....X 

——  Hydro-electric power plants in the Canadian Niagara district. 
BEnPremee. ti eb. ODM TOs ALI =7OLe) oid « oie So bia 6 a plelefeleldn xX 

Smith, Erminnie A. A Seneca legend of Hinu® and Niagara. (rn 
her Myths of the Iroquois. Pp. 54-55.) (Second ann. rep’t of the 
bureau of ethn. to the sec’y of the Smith. inst. 1880-81. By J. W. 
Powell, Director. Wash.: Gov’t print. off. 1883.)......... VIII 

Smith, Michael. A geographical view of the British possessions in 
North America. . . . Balt.: P. Mauro. 1814. Pp. 62-74... III 

Geographical view of the province of Upper Canada; and pro- 

miscious remarks on the government; in two parts; with an appendix, 

containing a complete description of the Niagara Falls. N. Y. Pelsue 


eo 8 DVIS YS) SPAS ESAS 5 Ae SE a ee PRP V 
Smith, Thomas. The wonders of nature and art; or, A concise account 
of whatever is most curious and remarkable in the world: . . . Lon- 
Bama ener, cic), VOUS.) FP A2PP 229. ola. os Ch cles tien Yeo V 
Smith, William. A Yorkshireman’s trip to the United States and 
Canada. Lond.: Longmans, Green. 1892. Pp. 230-247..... IV 


1397 


Niagara Falls 


Smith, William Henry. Canada: past, present and future; being a 
historical, geographical, geological and statisical account of Canada 
west, « « Loronto; 1G185.1))2 oi 1 hOG=Z04 ae ee eee ae VII 

Southesk, James Carnegie, Earl of. Saskatchewan and the Rocky 
mountains; a diary and narrative of travel, sport and adventure, during 
a journey through the Hudson’s Bay company’s territories in 1859 and 
1860. Edinb.: Edmonton & Douglas. 1875. Pp. 3-4....... IV 

Southack, . A new chart of the British empire in North America; 
with the distinct colonies granted by letters patent from cape Canso to 
St: Matthias oriver: ¢ Wi7 4G: esc ieee tka kk etre cae aera IX 

Souvenir of Niagara Falls. N.p. [18 —>] (Fourteen folded 
plates. ) 

Souvenir of Niagara Falls, with a series of views in oil 
colors, from photographs taken on the spot (A). Buffalo: 
Sages | POG. ies ert oe ea a eae HOR ANU UE Ni AS ar XII 

Souvenir history of Niagara county, New York; commemora- 
tive of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the pioneer association of Niagara 
county. 1902. P. 180 ff. 

Spafford, Horatio Gates. Gazetteer of the State of New York. 


3 he eAlbany:) EG) Southwick, 181/34) Pp: 258-259 ea eae Vv 
Spectator (The). (Outl., May 27, 1911. 98:147-152.)...... IV 
Spencer, Caroline. Journal — A trip to Niagara in 1835. (Mag. 

Am, jhist.:) Oct: 1889: (27231242. ) wien Men ee aaa Ill 
Spencer, Joseph William Winthrop. Age of Niagara Falls. 

(Am. geologist. August, 1894. 14:135-163.)............ VII 
— —— Age of Niagara’ river.) (Am. | nat.) (March, 18675) 921: 

269-270) ii. see ene SL a iE nk SMR SA SARE CRS VII 


An account of researches relating to the great Jakes. (Ann. 
rep’ts of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. N. Y. and Albany: 


[oe Le ARNNDN Les fis be 8) Fs ho 1a) REA YP P rebar NIP RE aU Aimer A i 0 Sy ct VII 
Another episode in the history of Niagara Falls. (Am. jour. 
sci., Dec. 1898. 156 (ser. 4, 6): no. 36, 439-450.)....... VII 
Changes in the recession of the Falls of Niagara. (Science. New 
ser, Sept. 18, 1908). |) 263283284.) neon ie ee eee VII 
The duration of Niagara Falls. (Am. mat. Oct. 1894. 28: 
BS OE BOZ. pe hah adeAiete Rucke See le tae RII Aa ar ee VII 
Duration of Niagara Falls. (Am. jour. sci. Dec. 1894. 148 
(ser 3,48) -2 AG SHAT 2 ie po NG sicetelon ie teste ete oie een VII 
The duration of Niagara Falls and the history of the great lakes. 
ya 2died: NoY.: Humboldt. 7 (1895) ve pt 9 917 eee VII 


1398 


Alphabetical List 


Spencer, Joseph William Winthrop. Duration of Niagara Falls 
and the history of the Great Lakes. 2d ed. (Ann. rep’ts of the com’rs 
of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1895. 126 pages.)..VII 

The duration of Niagara Falls and the history of the great lakes. 

(In N. Y. (state) Assembly docs. 118th sess. 1895. No. 90 

SMR Meshes od AS eich Cua. b wNh ae rs Slstln’ bp, Zim la date aiid a ta ge aaah eal als VII 

Falls of Niagara: their evolution and varying relations to the 

Great Lakes; characteristics of the power and the effects of its diver- 

sion. (Can. dep’t of mines, geol. survey branch. Ottawa: S. E. 

PUTTS) LA )0M cleric’ ch as as tac tvada tal otcio eed lo wate ave te teat bve ene VII 

Interruption in the flow of the Falls of Niagara in February, 

1909. (Geol. Soc. of Am. bull. Aug. 10, 1910. 21:447— 


Pe alias alg o.oo tg suis ab: 0: ssi fe a f@hS dale ay aor atalio.nja, a)etay ai alle coe VII 
—— L évolution des chutes du Niagara. (La Géographie. 5 Aout. 
meee tomer 22) Nos 22 Pp; TOS ETS) ii is ens Bldgs lee chee VII 


A map of the gorge of the Niagara river, to accompany a report 
on New discoveries in the physics of the Falls. 1905. (In back of 
his ‘‘ Outline of the evolution of the falls of Niagara: contrast with 
the falls of Zambesi;” for the International Zoological Congress.) . . IX 
Niagara Falls as a chronometer of geological time. (Proc. 


Royal Soc. of London. March 6, 1894. 56:145-—148.) 


Ta SU 2 SOM] [OSE MRIS Sh RR ore Re nn kes PR RU ager Ca VII 
—— Niagara as a time-piece. (Pop. sci. mo. May, 1896. 49: 
POW icin, Bebe. eid 61a bse: tifa bb wrdtaoe Sha) auadeat ites avers VII 
— — Niagara as time-piece. (Proc. of the Can. inst., new ser. May 
Peso atenpiss 4-and DO. TOL—PO3.) i.e. keis cc cts eyes, 8 ee VII 
—— On the relationship of Niagara river to the glacial world. 
(ocience, n.s. Aug. 5, 1910. 32:191.), . [Abstract] 00000. VII 
On the relative work of the two falls of Niagara. (Science. 

Pee oe EI. S22 1O7—1OOs 2 6 oc afcba cea ss wag ueae VII 


Outline of the evolution of the Falls of Niagara; contrast with 
the falls of Zambesi;’’ for the International Zoological Congress.) . . LX 


PLHP Se eee Nee Oe ee RS VII 
Partial drainage of Niagara river to the glacial period. (Science. 
meee Oa OO S2eh91.)© PAbstractsp my 2 a4 Sahoee VII 
Recession of the Niagara Falls. (Brit. Assn. for A. S. Report 

/7th meetng. 1908. Pp. 572-575.) [Abstract.]........ VII 
—— Recession of the Niagara Falls. (Geol. mag. Decade 5. 1907. 
SEEM et MN NR. Ly enema res Ls alent A ia a ele a wie Aaa y's, abS Siehe.o VII 


Relationship of Niagara river to the glacial period. (Geol. Soc. 
of Am. bul. 1910. 21:433-440. Discussion, 21:763-764.).. VII 
1399 


Niagara Falls 


Spencer, Joseph William Winthrop. Relative work of the two 
Falls of Niagara. (Geol. Soc. of Am. bul. Aug. 10, 1910. 21: 


pM ale. 6A) aA ALOU A RIEU SQ UBRI MU Hd bs a Rh I BS aa) VII 
(Report on) Niagara Falls and Niagara district. (Can. geol. 

survey. Summary report. 1905. Pp. 87-91.).........00.- VII 
Review of the history of the great lakes. (Am. geol. Nov. 

1694” VAR 2BOE SON aca cheats heer cual re plese wa naat VII 
—— Revision of the age of Niagara Falls. (Science. nis. June 
12, TSO8 27925 OBO es atte eke cic cl cerca etal a eee VII 
Side issues bearing on the age of Niagara Falls. (Science. nus. 

Nov: ‘27, 1908)" 28 \754=759.) nce ascites eve c cicle we eine eter VII 
Soundings in Niagara gorge and under the Falls. (Sci. Am. 

Aug: Vo 1906 S| 99 7677 es De Sis SSE Aa ee at ee VII - 
Soundings under Niagara Falls and in the gorge. (Science. nas. 

April’ 101908.) 27 < SB 72589) aie eet tens ene teerne ene VII 
—— Spoliation of the Falls of Niagara. (Pop. sci. mo. Oct. 1908. 
FAG AAW A oh Es | 05 me) WR RR Rha NOEL Pein VANS TNE ALAR Aisa. A ML XI 


Spencer, O. M. Narrative of O. M. Spencer; comprising an account 
of his captivity among the Mohawk Indians, in North America. 
Revised from the original papers by the author of “* Moral and scien- 
tific dialogues.”” Lond.: J. Mason. 1836. Pp. 234-235....... V 

Springs, water-falls, sea-bathing resorts and mountain 
scenery of the United States and Camada: ... N. Y.: 
Je Disturnell.? 16555) Pp. TOGA NS 2 eine oes sea ee eee XII 

Stansbury, Philip. <A pedestrian tour of two thousand three hundred 
miles, in North America. To the Lakes,— the Canadas,— and the 
New England States. Performed in the autumn of 1821. N. Y.: 
Meyers \and‘Smith:) ; 1622.., Pp.) 100= Ia nico eiereeeiee III 

State of New York. Report of the Regents of the University on the 
boundaries of the state of New York. Albany: Argus. 1874. 
Pes OAS VOD cisco: cna ak Aletheia iota seat iy che en ee ae V 


State reservation at Niagara Falls; testimony in appraise- 
ment proceedings (The). 2 vols. No publisher. N.d..... XI 

Status of the Niagara Falls bill. (Elec. wld. Feb. 15, 1913. 
(or) PE Jo, 014) REPU ALAM Cio ae, fe Wu dale Neils PAR Mel aM Ns XI 

Steamer goes safely past Niagara whirlpool (A). (Knowl. 
Aug. 10, 1883. 4:90-91.) 


Steele, Eliza R. A summer journey in the West. N. Y.: S. Taylor. 
P84 Pp. 54265 Sar a eee lstete HOP MRA LIL 4 DEIN IV 


1400 


Alphabetical List 


Steele’s Niagara Falls port-folio, containing eight new views 
of Niagara Falls taken from the most striking points. 
Also a facsimile of a view taken by Father Hennepin, in 1678. 
Lithographed by Hall and Mooney. Buffalo: Steele’s press. 1844.1X 

Steele’s book of Niagara Falls. 7th ed. Carefully rev. and imp. 
Bem teliver Gs Steele.) KE40me enti vials canteens shoe tees XII 

Steele’s Niagara guide book; being a synopsis of Steele’s 
book of Niagara Falls . . . Buffalo: Steele. 1840...... XII 

Steele & Co. Lithographs of the American Fall from Goat Island and 
of the Horseshoe Fall from Goat Island. 1838.............. IX 

Steinwehr, A. W. A. F., Baron von. ‘The centennial gazetteer 
of the United States . . . Phila: McCurdy. (1873) Pp. 646~- 


PENRO EN Cre se Ss rah atone eee em ae relate Bakes bra ema ee V 
Stetson, Francis Lynde. Private rights in Niagara Falls. (Out. 
eeu HOU Act O05 20-379.) saree be alse a vvilaiee ce sine XI 
—— The use of the Niagara water power. (Cass. July, 1895. 
ROMEO Mere Le ete z aiid eS diapraiy GrhelB a GR ielane abel a ae aia > 4 
Stevens, Abel. Life and times of Nathan Bangs, D.D. N. Y.: 
Matomandhicorter:) (iGO): 'P.i 35's sors Puss ba eed b tae oat V 
Stillwell, Lewis Buckley. Electric power generation at Niagara. 
See aye NOs, 2) 29.5—FO4.)..-. erate Selec atetaumbel ouciecne agent le 4 


The electric transmission of power from Niagara Falls. (Trans. 
Am. inst. elec. engrs. Buffalo: Aug. 23, 1901. 17:445-544.)..X 
Stoddard, John L. Lectures. Bost.: Balch. 1902. Suppl. 2: 
ERE RCE Rie Naot Wate Diao vic hae teseeGrd bid AIST MAA Bee weld V 
Stone, William Leete. From New York to Niagara. Journal of 
a tour, in part by the Erie canal, in the year 1829. (Pub. Buf. Hist. 


poet O10... 14: 238-250.) ... .... die ove eiacahon tie a ieee III and XII 
Stonebridge, G. E. Through Niagara whirlpool rapids in a boat. 
octane, (uly 26, 1900. GS899. ss xc awicto poled da. ssokete eee V 
Strathesk, John, pseud. Bits about America. Edinb.: Oliphant, 
Pepecrconm and ermer. (1667). 0Ppe 116212902 }. cehend Qe. ave XI 


Stratemeyer, Edward. Marching on the Niagara, or, The soldier 
boys of the old frontier. Boston: Lee and Shepard. (Colonial series 


TEARS ae a a Rpm PA WE Eee ae SRS Sepa VIII 
Street, Alfred Billings. Frontenac; a poem. lLond.: Richard 
Ree Seta ee. Fae) boss i Oiciohd spchs abuts raed seem BOs uke VIII 
Strengthening the cantilever bridge at Niagara. (Sci. Am. 
MeO: 63240250.) 2h o/c. s, ince disse ed sie’e be we XII 


1401 


Niagara Falls 


Strickland, Agnes, ed. ‘Twenty-seven years in Canada west; or 
The experience of an early settler. By Major Strickland. Lond.: 


Ri (Bentley. 1853.42: 24722560 oe tee er eee ee IV 
Strother, French. Shall Niagara be saved. (Wld’s work. May, 
1906.) SE ZS 752A 95 Sg) Ne sche Ge ea pune ae Sial oan ok ele XI 


Stuart, Charles Beebe, and Serrell, E. W., Engineers’ report on 
the Niagara ship canal, made to the commissioners appointed by the 
legislature of New York ...N. Y.: Baker, Goodwin & Co. ptrs. 
1854. 

Stuart, James. Three years in North America. Third edition, revised. 
Edinb.: Robert Cadell; Lond.: Whittaker and Co., 1833. 1:138- 
{IC LOR ny Sok sy NEU MRE oC HIE Wah, Wo AREA REY UR a Fo III and XII 

Stuart-Wortley, Lady Emmeline Charlotte Elizabeth (Man- 
ners). Travels in the United States . . . during 1849 and 1850. 


Lond, ‘Bentley: 16542), Pp: 16-30 ees oe oh as eee IV 
Sturge, Joseph. A visit to the United States in 1841. Lond.: 
Hamilton; ‘Adams: 1842). Po (UiAie Soe a see ne IV 


Sullivan, Sir Edward Robert. Rambles and scrambles in North 
and South America. Lond.: Richard Bentley. 1852. Pp. 42-45. .IV 
Sulte, Benjamin. Le Fort de Frontenac, 1668-1678. (Royal Soc. 
of Can. proc. and trans., May, 1901. 2d ser. sec. I, 7: 95-96.) ..V 
Le Haute-Canada avant 1615. (Royal Soc. of Can. June, 


190427 '2d'ser., ‘sec: T1064; 67) \685573-83:) icc: ee tee ee Vv 
The valley of the Grand river, 1600-1650. (Royal Soc. of 
Can. proc. and trans., May, 1898. 2d ser. 4:109.)........... Vv 


Summary of conclusions of Sir William Thompsen in his 
British association address. (Nature, Sept., 8, 1881. P. 435.) 


[Summary of electrochemical industry at Niagara Falls.— 
Fitzgerald in Electro-chem. & metal. ind. July, 1905.] (Elec. wld. 
and eng. July 15, 1905. 46:108.) 


Summary of Mr. Lyell’s memoir on the Falls... (Proc. Geol. 


Soc:..of London.) (18422433 (4219-22) Aen se eee VII 
Suplee, Henry H. Aan interesting hydraulic power plant. (Cass. 
Nov FE94 FB a. Bae aa ae ate SEO SAY aire ie ae X 


Suspension bridge at Niagara Falls. (Grosvenor library, Buf- 
falo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 16.)..IX 
Sutcliff, Robert. Travels in some parts of North America in the 
years 1804, 1805, & 1806. Phila: B. and T. Kite. 1812. 
Pps ADT Ge ahs te ke tellc eas ees Ree ana one RRR CUI fe neuter ie VII 


Alphabetical List 


Sweetser, M. F., ed. The middle states; a handbook for travellers 
fey. 4th ed:  Bost.: Osgood. 1881. Pp. 177-186. ....... XII 

Symons, Thomas W. The United States government and the New 
York state canals. (Pub. Buf. Hist. Soc. 1909. 13: 131-133.) .XII 

System of the International traction company of Buffalo, 
Mex. (St. ry. rev. Dec. 15,:1899. 1:815—822.) 

Szuts, Bela. The utilization of Niagara Falls; scheme by Messrs. 


Ganz. (Eng. (Lond.), Feb. 19, 1892. 53:228230.)....... xX 
T. C. A ride to Niagara. (The portfolio. July, Aug., Sept. 
By te 2) Ces ches Cw 51a SR Sud hee cha abe rane ee MS hee XII 


T. R. H. Electrically utilized power at Niagara Falls. (Science. ns. 
1903. 17:236—237.) 

Tabb, John B. Niagara. (Atlantic. Sept., 1896. 78: 403.) . VIII 

Table rock album and sketches of the Falls and scenery ad- 
jacent. 3ded. Buffalo: Jewett, Thomas and Co. 1850....VIII 

Buffalo: Thomas and Lathrops. 1855.......0.6.3.65 VIII 

Bttalaese, +s Jewett: | 185 Ge Oo ele ee ers fe VIII 

Talbot, Edward Allen. Five years residence in the Canadas; a tour 
through part of the United States of America, in the year 1823. Lond.: 
Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. 1824. 1:123- 


Me ete head Ciel SAB UNS lake Laan OM Ra 2 Liane VI 
Tanner, Henry S. The American traveler or guide through the 
Wnited states. Phila;: Author.. 1834: Pp. 86-87-52 .% 2.727 XII 


Tappan, William B. Niagara. (Jn his Poet’s tribute; poems of 
William B. Tappan. Bost.: King, Crocker and Brewster. 1840. 
RUIN EN NVA ets lay ui So allang ud ave Wi erage iapederae alo? asks sue e VIII 

Tattersall, O. The destruction of the Caroline steamboat by fire, 
at the Falls of Niagara, Upper Canada, on the night of Friday, the 
29th Dec. 1837. Engraved by J. Harris. Lond.: R. Ackermann. 
Un EM SOHIREIN eR USS RCNA BANC Dain Beaune) Ee i he x OO ht em IX 

Taylor, Bayard. The chiropodist: a story of the watering places — 
pel —— Niagara... “(Harp. wi, 24:465—466:) 3. ks Oe bk VIII 

—— Home and abroad; a sketch-book of life, scenery, and men. 
Ree Puan: .~hOO0, Pi4B ees ei as. ye kis os IV 

Taylor, Frank Bursley. Changes of level in the region of the great 
lakes in recent geological time. (Am. jour. sci. Jan., 1895. Ser. 3. 


re ts PRES ALL) 2 Lihadntge SA uae ey eroahn sack ih vies VII 
—— Niagara and the Great Lakes. (Am. jour. sci., Apr., 1895. 
(22 Ue ee Sct ee Be ee ere an a oe VII 


Niagara Falls 


Taylor, Frank Bursley. Origin of the gorge of the whirlpool rapids 
at Niagara. (Bull. Geog. Soc. Amer. 1898. 9:59-840.)...VII 

Taylor, Isaac, Rev. Scenes in America, for the amusement and 
instruction of little tarry-at-home travelers. Lond.: Harris. 1821. 
Pepe) MOTO 3) cocoa ersece. ical AN Sl as ateenientse| ts ean aun teeny Aa V 

Temporary shut-down of Niagara Falls power. (Elec. wld., 
June 13, 1908. 51:1268.) 

Terreni, G. M. Caduta de Niagara. 9!4x7. (Jn Atlante dell’ 
America. [anon.] Liverno: Presso Gio Tomasso Masi, e comp. con 
APPrOVaZiones P77 e.! NOOO ee inlers Gees Shatais ie ae ee aes IX 

Caduta di Niagara. G. M. T. (sc.) 9144 x74. (Un Il 

Gazzettiere Americano. Liverno. M. Coltellini. 1763. 3:5.)..1X 

Caduta di Niagara. G. M. T. fecit. (Grosvenor library, 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—187-. Mat 2.) .1X 

Test of the maximum capacity of the Niagara Falls tunnel. 
(Sci. Am., Dec. 6, 1902. 87: 372.) 

Thayer, Eugene. Music of Niagara. (Scribner mo. Feb., 1881. 


D3 5G HDS G a) sp or elesccala hare aa eaers se tence ial ee cee neo a ee ae VIII 
— — Music of Niagara. (Sci. Am. sup., Mar. 7, 1896. 41: 
LGGSS72) toe GR APO Uae eso ener Mckee gear tenn ke moggeae VIII 
Thomas, Rev. Abel C. Autobiography. Boston: J. M. Usher. 
1652.0 Pp QZ ote hia ae elie, ope es Beier eee ole aea eee en III 


Thompson, Sylvanus Phillips. Life of William Thompson, baron 
Kelvin of Largs. Lond.: Macmillan. 1910. 2 vol. (See index 


to: volume :Z under: Niagara.) «sie4 6.4 gos cles stent a sear eee xX 
Utilizing Niagara. (Sat. rev., Aug. 3, 1895. 80:134— 
Pea yes eleee eke aie Celia ike eect les celal aacite (oat aoa Ue et Aa ee xX 


Thompson, Edward William. John Bedell, United States loyalist. 
(/n his Old Man Savarin and other stories. N. Y. and Boston: T. Y. 


Crowell'& ‘Co. fe 1895]) Pp, 251-2702) eee ae eee VIII 
Thornton, John, Major. Diary of a tour through the northern states 
of the Union and Canada. Lond.: 1850. Pp. 26-36........ IV 
Thorold, Rev. A. W. To Niagara. Pt. 1. (Good words. 1875. 
jo m Ob 2 o\! ) DAR OPTIMUM SUMO IRL ayy FS LoM MRC, Oy Oe IV 
=——— To Niagara and back. Pt. 2. (Good words. 1875. 16: 
LQB STRUT yi g ahs Gs Re Te OD GG ea eee ae Re IV 


Thoughts at Niagara. (Knicker., Sept., 1843. 22: 193-195.) 

Thoughts on visiting Niagara. (/n Holley, G. W., Niagara; its 
history and geology, incidents and poetry... N. Y., Buffalo, 
Toronto; ’: 1872. Pps LS F—W5B yey stein tere niente VIII 


1404 


Alphabetical List 


Three sisters, Niagara river above the Falls (The). (Grosve- 
nor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls, 1697—187-. 
sly NE RCS ea 2a BR) Oe Se Pd a NAM A Me NA ee IX 
Three views in colors from “ The Falls of Niagara ”’ (guide- 

| book) 1860. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of 
Bouedawr ails,  166/-167—.) " Mati tS.) ids oii eee ae IX 

Through Niagara whirlpool rapids in a boat. (Sci. Am. 
July 28, 1900. 83:59.) 

Through the gorge of Niagara. Photo-gravures. N. Y.: The 
Albertype Co. 1896. 

Thunstrom, Louis L. How to save Niagara. (Sci. Am., July 8, 
Ne PI ecb sci ike. o4 spahoveh case luauciale rose diadeteas Mente enone XI 

Ticknor, George. Life, letters, and journals of George Ticknor. 
ae we2th ved. Bost.: Floughton:) Miffin.. | 1: 386, 22221, 225, 
SME OARS Sree an capt i a, 4! soa Guta eg aut Othe ably Bia: eaters eee IV 

To save the Horseshoe fall. (Lit. dig. Jan. 20, 1917. 54: 
i23—124.) 

Tonty, Henri de. Entreprises de M. de la Salle de 1678 a 1683. 
Relation écrite de Quebec, le 14 novembre 1684, par Henri de Tonty. 
(Margry, Decouvertes et etablissements des Francais dans . . . de 
l’Amerique Septentrionale. Tome I, p. 577.) 


Tour through parts of the United States and Canada. By 
a British subject. Lond.: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. 
BUDE DO OS ee ek an es ay Bd oh ae an, III 


Tourist or pocket manual for travellers on the Hudson river, 
the western canal, and stage road, to Niagara Falls (The) 
. . . 2d ed. enl. and imp. N. Y.: Ludwig and Tolefree. Pp. 
RRM Ree T PG Sida. gualla lk heid hau fey net Reweabed Ile, able oleh eid XII 
Tourist’s guide to Niagara Falls, Lake Ontario, and St. 
Lawrence river .. . N. Y.: Disturnell. 1857c. Pp. 1-26. .XII 
Townsend, Frederick Trench. Ten thousand miles of travel, 
sport, and adventure. Lond.: Hurst and Blackett. 1869. Pp. 
Bn He ee oie BY oO ag da wills ae Bale Bele wee tents IV 


Transatlantic rambles; or, A record of twelve months’ travel 
in the United States, Cuba, and the Brazils. By a Rugbean. 
Lond.: George Bell. 1851. Pp. 20-23. 

Transformation of Niagara power into three-wire direct 
current by the Buffalo general electric company (The). 
(Am. electn., Feb., 1900. 12: 59-67.) 


1405 


Niagara Falls 


Transformers for the Niagara Falls — Buffalo transmission. 
St. ry. rev. Dec. 15, 1896. 6:784—785.) 

Transmission of electricity from Niagara Falls to Buffalo. 
(Eng. news, Aug. 13, 1896. 36:96.) 

Transmission of power from Niagara Falls to Buffalo com- 
pleted. (Pub. opin., Dec., 1896. 21:723.) 

Traveler’s guide, and illustrated description of central New 
York, Niagara Falls, Saratoga Springs, etc., together 
with railroad time tables. Buffalo: Felton and Brother. 1866. 


Fe UR. es PAN Saar MN ery LL NR aL ARE AMR LATA Sonbc ye OES nd XII 
Travels in North America. Dublin: Brett Smith. 1824. Pp. 
Pa As Bar Aap ah MR RUS RHE RUM Demlu fear A Mi ti Rs VIII 
Treaty for the control of international waterways (A). 
(Eng news, June’ 9) ‘1910: (636616625). ina. creer XI 
Trip through the lakes of North America (A) ...N. Y.: 
J. (Distarnells( 185975" eps 2062 7 eae hee ee ee ae XII 
Trip to Niagara (A). By a Washingtonian. (So. lit. messenger, 
Nov. 1627... 3265766). oie See te eters ett V and XII 


Trolley-car bridge at Niagara. (St. ry. rev. Mar. 15, 1896. 
6:169.) 


Trolley to cross Niagara. (St. ry. rev. Feb. 15, 1896. 6: 


LODE) does Pee ae a cote ee ea ie a ee xX 
Trollope, Anthony. North America. Lond.: Chapman and Hall. 
1BG2. SF WSO SUBD iene Citadines ete Nene se cles a IV 
Trollope, Frances Miltom. Domestic manners of the Americans. 
Lond.: Whittaker, Treacher. 1832. Pp. 302—309.......... III 


[Trotter, Isabella Strange.] First impressions of the new world 
on two travelers from the old in the autumn of 1858. Lond.: Long- 


man, Brown, Green, Longmans, Roberts. 1859. Pp. 50-61....V 


Trowbridge, John. Niagara Falls considered as a source of electrical 


energy. (Sei:,:May 1531685052401 —4032)icn ton oie <r tee veeeete xX 
Niagara, the motor for the World’s Fair. (Chaut. Jan., 1892. 
|e 7. 15) an em ar RP UMN PMP HSS eA EU I oo XK 


Trudell, Irvington. The seven wonders of the New World. I. 
Niagara Falls. (Nat. mag. Boston: August, 1897. 6:461—468.) 

True and wonderful story of Paul Gasford at the Falls of 
Niagara (The). N. Y.: Mahlon Day. 1830. 

Trumbull, William. The legend of the white canoe. N. Y. & 
Lond: :'Patnama!|) TSO ee ae ee ee a cee peer Vill 


Alphabetical List 


Tudor, Henry. Narrative of a tour in North America comprising 
Mexico, the mines of Real del Monte, the United States, and the 
British colonies, with an excursion to the Island of Cuba. In a series 
of letters written in the years 1831-1832. Lond.: James Duncan. 


ADA OO! cect s aiaie ce tiie teeta leiateie wei ae ateniea austere, as III 
Tugby’s illustrated guide to Niagara Falls . . .Niagara Falls, 
Due Thomas Puppy, [OOD . oe ccc co bale efece se «cece ae XII 
Tunis’ illustrated guide to Niagara. Rev. and pub. by H. T. 
Peering. Golrer.. OLS: «ous cies kc clea tcac ewes 6 XII 


Tunis’s topographical and pictorial guide to Niagara; con- 
taining, also, a description of the route through Canada, and the great 
northern route, from Niagara Falls to Montreal, Boston, and Saratoga 
Sonnes. ] . Niagara Falls: W. EF.) Tunis. 1855... 2... Se XII 

Tupper, Martin Farquhar. Niagara. (Jn Holley, George W., 
Niagara; its history and geology, incidents and poetry ...N. Y., 


Paso toronta. love (Ps TOS) noe oe. ee oe ce eee eke: VIII 
Turbines of the Ontario power company, Niagara Falls. 
(Elect wid. & eng: * April I), 1905:' 45: 652.) oe be. De 
Tuttle, W. E. Electricity at Niagara Falls. (Elec. wld., Mar. 7, 
Meee) eee ee ear ce tere clo tee cae ees xX 


Twain, Mark. Extracts from Adam’s diary translated from the 
original Ms. N. Y. and Lond.: Harper and Brothers. 1904...VIII 


Two aspects of “ conservation.”? (Metal. & chem. eng. Sept. 


ROM nN LAE Mena ho ol Giae, allele 0: osu ond iacaretiiecsisieres sible’ X 
(Two letters to the editor on the Niagara problem.) = (Sci. 
anime ars eros (94627 Lo) aye de a asi care ern De ere one XI 


Tyndall, John. Fragments of science; a series of detached essays, 
addresses, and reviews. 6th ed. D. Appleton & Co. N. Y.: 1889. 
Pps 2116-245. 

— Niagara. (Every Sat., May 31, 1873. 14:595-601.).VII 

—— Niagara. (Lit. liv. age, June 7, 1873. 117: 609-619.)..VII 

—— Niagara. (Macmill. May, 1873. 28:49-62.)........ IV 

Some observations on Niagara. (Royal inst. of Great Britain. 

Proce 1673. ° 7273-91.) 

Niagara Falls. (Critic, July, 1873. 81:24-35.)...... Vil 

—— Niagara Falls: past and future. (Jn Williams, J. David, ed., 
America illustrated. NN. Y.: The Arundel print. n.d. Pp. 81- 


SE LAR LACHER RAIA SS 8 Fl a ai Aires aes hn CA aR i VII 
—— Some observations on Niagara. (Pop. sci. mo., June, 1873. 
RESP OEIR ES ONS ARSE LNAI ENS PaO DADA 2 ee ee VII 


Niagara Falls 


Underwood and Underwood. Map of Niagara Falls. 8 x 914. 
POT oo ais ste, acca wlisttae delete CLA Ge Onan cc oar ae arene ire go a IX 
U. S. Congress — Committee on Foreign Affairs. Hearing; 
Preservation of Niagara Falls. Jan. 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 26, and 27, 
1912. Wash.: ‘(Govt print: off. “1912.2 252s oe eee XI 
U. S.— Foreign relations committee (Senate.) . . . Preservation of 
Niagara Falls . . . Hearings before the committee on foreign rela- 
tions . . . [April 11, 1906.] Wash.: Gov’t print. off. 1906. 
U. S. 59th Cong., Ist sess. Senate doc. 393. Serial 4015.)..... XI 
U. S. Congress. House committee on foreign affairs. Diversion of 
water from the Niagara river . . . Hearings before the committee 
Jan. 24, Feb. 15, & 17, 1913... Wash.: Gov’t print. off. 1913..% 
U. S.— Forest reservations and protection of game committee (Senate. ) 
Preservation of Niagara Falls. Report by Mr. Brandagee from the 
committee on forest reservations and protection of game,. favoring 
H. J. Res. 83, similar to S. J. Res. 24, for report upon the preservation 
of the Falls. March 9, 1906. (U.S. 59th Cong., Ist sess. Senate 
rep't 160]: serial S9O4 ian hae. oa tice e cue et ceee ere eee ne XI 
U. S. Congress. House committee on foreign affairs. Diversion of 
water from the Niagara river. Hearings before the committee on foreign 
affairs Jan. 22-(24) 1913, on bill proposed by the sub-committee 
on Niagara Falls legislation dated Jan. 15, 1913. Pt. I [-2] Wash.: 
Gov't printvvofhe:) TOU IS oes les ee sate au aie ae oe ne > 
House committee on foreign affairs. Diversion of water from the 
Niagara river. Hearings . . . 63d Cong., 2d sess. Jan. 16, 1914. 
Wash:: (Gov tprint. off, TOT 4a os ie ane nay ee xX 
House committee on foreign affairs . . . Diversion of 
water from Niagara river. 63d Cong., 2d sess. . . . Report to 
accompany House report 16542. Wash.: Gov't print. off. 1914..X 
U. S.— Preservation of Niagara Falls conference committee. Preserva- 
tion of Niagara Falls. Conference report on H. 18024, for control 
and regulation of waters of Niagara river [and] preservation of the 
Falls. (June 25, 1906. U.S. 59th Cong., Ist sess. House rep’t 
5O05S: rserial 49088) oo ee ie ee Se eh e Gia oa ea XI 
U. S. Congress. Report of the deep waterways commission prepared 
at Detroit, Michigan, December 18-22, 1896, by the commissioners, 
James B. Angell, John E. Russell, Lyman E. Cooley, accompanied by 
a report on technical work and several topical reports and drawings per- 
taining thereto. Wash.: 1897. H. R. doc. 92. 54th Cong., 
Zed S056" ain ei care distin eia eure araeeae auere ere mts elerensceras si alstisvacenids aie XI 


Alphabetical List 


U. S.— Rivers and harbors committee. (House.) Control and regula- 
tion of waters of Niagara river, preservation of Niagara Falls, etc. 
Report by Mr. Burton from the committee on rivers and harbors, 
amending by substitute H. 18024, for control and regulation of waters 
of Niagara river [and] preservation of the Falls. June 2, 1906. 
U. S. 59th Cong., Ist sess. House rep’t 4654; serial 4908.) ... . XI 

—— Rivers and harbors committee. (House.) Control and regula- 
tion of the waters of Niagara river, etc. Report by Mr. Burton from 
the committee on rivers and harbors to accompany H. J. Res. 262. 
Feb. 23, 1909. (U.S. 60th Cong., 2d sess. House rep’t 2265; serial 
MAP er ee Uy SN TN oe a2 Re leon, handed sad aioe ater b role ie oleae « XI 

Rivers and harbors committee. (House.) Preservation of 

Niagara Falls. (H.R. 16086 and H. R. 16748.) Hearings . . . 

(Feb. 17, 1908, and appendix.) Wash.: Gov’t print. off. 1908. .XI 

Rivers and harbors committee. (House.) Preservation of 

Niagara Falls (H. R. 18024). MHearings (April 12—May 8) before 

the committee . . . Wash.: Gov’t print. off. 1906. (U.S. 59th 

Seg {URE ga URSA tS EA UL) Oe ce 4 ee XI 

Rivers and harbors committee. (House.) Preservation of 
Niagara Falls. Hearings on the subject of H. R. 26688, Sixty-first 
Congress, second session, relating to the control and regulation of the 
waters of Niagara river and the preservation of Niagara Falls, held 
before the committee on rivers and harbors of the House of Repre- 
sentatives of the United States, 61st Cong., 3d. sess. Wash.: Gov't 
PES SALAD MRM cote oes doe ah eee seat sea tele a lorie, Sic ahd -atioke! aienclls XI 

—— Rivers and harbors committee. (House.) Preservation of 
Niagara Falls. Report by Mr. Burton from the committee on rivers 
and harbors, favoring H. J. Res. 83, for report upon the preservation 
of the Falls. Jan. 31, 1906. (U.S. 59th Cong., Ist sess. House 
ermine a Serial 4 9 OO.) Ph aia) sue ole eran Sky cele cis Simiearein uw abeld XI 

War Department. Hearings in the matter of the granting of per- 

mits for the transmission from the Dominion of Canada into the United 

States of power from the Niagara river, before the secretary of war 

at Washington, D. C. Nov. 26 & 27, 1906. Wash.: Gov’t print. 

PRETO Sein cose eM vegas aie aie dia Reaves le lots eure ats ah ta dhacnnSto de xX 

War Department. National park at Niagara Falls. Letter from 

the secretary of war, submitting, with copy of a report of a special 

committee, a recommendation for the establishment of a national park 
at Niagara Falls. Dec. 21, 1909. (U.S. 61st Cong., 2d sess. 
faaneceaoc +5 |: serial 5634.) 6 oi ede eos hicks Sw deca eas RI 


3 89 1409 


Niagara Falls 


U. S.— War Department . . . Preservation of Niagara Falls. Message 
from the President . . . transmitting a letter from the secretary of war, 
submitting additional information concerning the operation of the United — 
States Lake Survey from June 29, 1906, to June 29, 1911. Wash.: 
Gov. print. off. I911. (U. S. 63d Cong. 2d sess. House. doc. ; 
DAG)" COLE LE SR EIU AN tae dtl a ieee XI § 

War Department . . . Preservation of Niagara Falls. Message y 
from the President . . . transmitting a letter from the secretary — 
of war, submitting additional information concerning the operation of 

the United States Lake Survey from June 29, 1906, to June 29, 1911. 

Wash.: Gov’t print. off. 1911. (U.S. Cong., 2d sess. House 

doc. 246.) 

War Department . . . Preservation of Niagara Falls. Message 
from the President . . . transmitting information relative to scientific 
investigations made by certain officers of the War Department, for the 
preservation of Niagara Falls . . . Wash.: Gov't print. off. 1911. 
(U.S: 62d Cone) Tstizesss \Sen! doe. TO5.)5 2.00 9..2 syieeree XI 

Unonius, Gustaf. Minnen fran en Sjuttondrig vistelse i Nordvestra 
Amerika. Andra Upplagan. Upsala: W. Schultz. 1862. Pt. II, 
PDs} FOS Fb! yt ob. eR, Bis Mevtetelaiie hel hehe athe eat ee ear ne IV 

United States and Canada, as seen by two brothers in 1858 
and 1861. Lond.: Edward Stanford. 1862. Pp. 84-89. 

Unwin, W. Cawthorne. [Discussion of Prof. Forbes’s paper on 
the Niagara project.] (Jour. soc. arts, Dec. 16, 1892. 41:97-98.) 

Mechanical energy and industrial progress. (Cass. July, 1895. 


rode ke 77.9.0) Le nO ee NUON Can ENO RE Se Peay I ME SE Tbe. X 
— — The Niagara Falls power stations. (Proc. inst. M. E. (Lond.:) 
1906.) Pp. 1B 521 AB) cls ine ce ORie AAIe Ad a xX 


Upham, Warren. The age of Niagara Falls as indicated by the 
erosion at the mouth of the gorge. (Sci., Oct., 1898. ns. 8: 


bs) YB) WU a eee Ne TIN Sean MOY NOME DULCE QR RIL 2 Lee VII 
Geological history of the Great Lakes and Niagara Falls. (Inter- 
natlhiq.,July,V905.. Us 248 265 ie Uke eas eee ee VII 
Niagara as a measure of post-glacial time. (Rec. past, Sept., 
1908. 72 244-246.) ee eee ON a ee VII 
Niagara gorge and St. David’s channel. (Geol. Soc. of Am. 
bulletin: )Jan..25)) 1i898., 9: 1011 WO ie ee eee VII 
The Niagara gorge as a measure of the post-glacial period. (Am. 
geol., July, 1894:;) 14: 62-65.) Rho Se el ee reeenee VII 
Niagara river since the ice age. (Nature, June 28, 1894. 
501 98-199!) i oe ei ehte ec eunralic ie UI a a UG ea VII 


| Alphabetical List 


Upham, Warren. Origin and age of the Laurentian lakes and of 

Niagara Falls. (Am. geol. Sept., 1896. 18:169-177.)....VII 
The past and future of Niagara Falls. (Ann. rep’ts of the 
_com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany: 1903. 19: 229- 


RI RCH es ShoUa h anlaice slag gt! ui Lila! SORTS a VII 
|Urban, Henry. Utilisation des chutes du Niagara. (Societe Belge 
muetecuiciens. Feb., 1907. 24:33-48.):0..2...0.... 0000. xX 


Use of Niagara Falls power (The) — Interesting facts about a 
_ great and growing power district. (Elec. rev. May 12, 1897. 30: 
| 217-218.) 

'Use vs. beauty at Niagara. (Lit. dig., Jan. 11, 1913. 46: 
DM ee a eek ek ca Leona le ea XI 
Utilization of Niagara. (Eng. news. Nov. 29, 1890. 24: 493.) 
| | Utilization of Niagara (The). (Dub, rev. sci. not. April, 1893. 


21 SS) SIE SST Soe Se Ee RR ae hee xX 
—— I. (Eng. (Lond.), Sept. 26, 1890. 50: 355-258.)...... xX 
,—— II. (Eng. (Lond.), Oct. 17, 1890. 50: 449-451.)..... xX 
| —— III. (Eng. (Lond.), Oct. 24, 1890. 50:473-475.)....X 
1—— (Eng. (Lond.), Dec. 23, 1892. 54: 787.)..........05. x 
}—— VII. (Eng. (Lond.), Jan. 2, 1891. 51:14, 19-21.) .X and XI 
| — VIII. (Eng: (Lond.), Feb. 27, 1891,  5t:2355— 
PAI oS gS oo ewido, 68 S625 6 cevdls io 6B lale aide eal g X and XI 
—— (Elec. wid., Sept. 24, 1892. 20:193-194.)........... x 


—— (Am. architect. Sept. 17, 1904. 85: 93-94.) 
(Sci. Am. sup., Oct. 22, 1904. 58:24081-24082.) 
Utilization of the power of Niagara Falls (The). (Eng. rec., 
Aug. 8, 1891. 24:152.) 

(Ens. recy Aus. 15.1691) 2451742175.) os i.e S xX 
| Sa (R. R. gaz. July 17, 1891. 23:501-502.) 

and notes on engineering. (Elec. rev. Aug. 29, 1891. 
19:10-11.) 
Utilizing Niagara ... (Industries of Buffalo. Buffalo: Elstner 
eee D Te Ps CO= 71 ike. cis he ehe aod tee ehahenebae aiecats xX 
Utilizing Niagara Falls. (Elec. wid., Aug. 10, 1889. 14:88.)..X 
| Utilizing the power of Niagara. (Nation, Aug. 8, 1889. 49: 
| SSS te ci oo ede a ee a a ea xX 
Valero, Fernando. Bosgejo de la republica de los Estados Unidos de 
_ Norte-America: Escrito en Washington por el C. L. Fernando Valero 
| el afio de 1825; i publicado en Guatemala en el de 1830. (Guate- 
mala) Impr. dela Union (1830) Pp. 1-15.............. Il 

1411 


| 
| 


Niagara Falls 


Van Cleve, A. Howell. Utilization of water power at Niagara Falls. 


(Bulletin of the Buf. soc. of nat. sci. 8: No. 1.)............. xX 
Vandalism at Niagara Falls. (Sci. Am., Apr. 15, 1905. 92: 
VAS |) RAE AES AOE MDP PG aN Nye MAR ALU OGM yA i Vues yh ES XI 


Vander Aa, Pierre. Canada ou Nouvelle France, suivant les nouvelle 
observations de Messrs. de l’Academie Royale des Sciences, . . . 
Augmentées de Nouveau. A Leide: Chez Pierre Vander Aa. (Un 
la Galerie agréable du Monde. Leide: P. Vander Aa. [17292] 
Vol. “RoAmenque, ie eo iene ee ae peeto Aero cole eo e e eeeee IX 

Nouvelle carte de l’Amerique . . .  dressée suivant les plus 

nouvelles découvertes par les plus habiles géographes, et tout nouvelle- 

ment mise en lumiere par Pierre Vander Aa. (Jn La Galerie agréable 

du Monde. Leide: P. Vander Aa. [1729?] Vol. I. Amerique.) . IX 

L’Amerique selon les Nouvelles observations de Messrs de 

l’Academie des Sciences. . . . A Leide. Chez Pierre Vander Aa. 

[I. Georee, delin. J. Baptist sculp.] (Jn La Galerie agréable du 

Monde. Leide: P. Vander Aa. [1729] Vol. I. Amerique.)..... IX 

L’Ameérique septentrionale suivant les nouvelles observations de 
Messrs. l’ Academie Royale des Sciences. . . . Augmentées de nouveau. 
834 x 11%. A Leide: Chez Pierre Vander Aa. (In Hooge, Romein 
de, Les Indes orientales et occidentales et autres lieux. Leide: Pierre 
Vander ‘Aa: [16800]! Pre ORONO ea a IX 

Vanderburch, . (del.) Voute sons la Chute du Niagara. Boreda 
por debajo de la Catarata del Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, 
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 8.)..... IX 

Vanderlyn, John. View of Niagara Falls from the Canadian side. 
sO: Mie RMaO Ne AS RUAN IANA ANAM MALS NN IR Nee Pd a IX 

A view of the western branch of the Falls of Niagara, taken 

from the Table Rock, looking up the river, over the rapids. Engraved 


by Fe Ca Lewis? BOD aCe Us Pee nee a IX 
[Vanderwater, Robert J.] The tourist or pocket manual for travel- 
Jers.) 5 4th ved: (NL YeeoParper. 11635.) (Pov G727440 ae Xi 
Van Duzee, L. D. Niagara. (Jn his By the Atlantic, later poems. 
Bost.: Lee and Shepard. 1892. Pp. 247-250.)............ VIII 
Van Rensselaer, Mrs. Schuyler. Niagara. (Cent., June, 1899. 
36: 1842202 i) ie eee eh Ni Ta oer ee ae IV 


Niagara. (Jn Stories of the Great Lakes; retold from St. 
Nicholas. N. Y.: Century. 1907. Pp. 59-71.). 
Vanuxem, Lardner. Second annual report of the geological survey 


of the third district of the state of New York. 1838. P. 271... VII 
1412 


Alphabetical List 


Variations in the level of the lakes. (Can. jour. Jan. 1854. 
BNE RUTH eG Wika civan ac aye eh arene ee lase oct wat aah eriaeal saa tanl beer VII 
Vaudricourt, A 
Veduta Generale della Cascata di Niagara. Berniere, inc. 
(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697— 
Beem eee VEAL Ns FiSta) sy oh ot yes che. daar ene ele, toe mee: scent acta at aay IX 
Veduta Generale della Cascata di Niagara. Bernieri, inc. 


(Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697- 


ete Eee Ya Se ey Seu, Lea ulcer auoy ciara yates, aoe Whee aL Sahn ine IX 
Vespucius, pseud. Geological phaenomena of the Falls of Niagara. 
(Christian observ., Sept., 1841. 41: 530-538.).........0.. VII 
—— Geological phaenomena of the Falls of Niagara. (Mus. for. lit., 
Pepe 45° (n. ser. 15 )\:435—440. oe 5) aes ee neal sh dle eo, ote VII 


View of Niagara Falls. (/n Engleheart, Gardner D., Journal of 
the progress of H. R. H. the Prince of Wales through British North 
‘America; and his visit to the United States, 10th July to 15th Novem- 


ber, 1860. Privately printed. 1860. Pp. 63-66.).......... IX 
View of Niagara as it may be a few years hence (A). (Harp. 
Pm Ee Se OB 39.) 202. Pais, ea aie cnet ate clued mnie ies tole XI 


View of the Fall of Niagara. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—-187—. Mat 2.) 

Views of Niagara Falls and vicinity, 1887. [photographs] n. 
TTT) on GCSE USS OOS RG ne sae Ay CON yy MS AN XII 

Views of Niagara Falls, New York. [Columbus, O.: Ward. 
1890. ] 


Vigne, Godfrey T. Six months in America. Lond.: Whittaker, 
Wreacher., Ose.) 25123-1542 \..6  ascieie cae eo ale as III and IX 


Visit to Niagara (A). (Lit. liv. age, Nov. 2, 1844. 3:37.)...V 


Vivian, Hussey H. Notes of a tour in America, from August 7th to 
November 17th, 1877. Lond.: Stanford. 1878. Pp. 36-40...1V 


Vivian, W——. American Fall from a ravine opposite. Engraved 
on stone by T. M. Baynes. Published by C. Hullmandel. 183—.IX 
British or Horseshoe Fall. Engraved on stone by T. M. Baynes. 


eigreniny: ©. bilimandek. ~: O98 FF hie hs shea welche rere shake IX 
Horseshoe Fall from the Canada bank. Engraved on stone by 

T. M. Baynes. Printed by C. Hullmandel. 183—........... IX 
——. Niagara. Engraved on stone by T. M. Baynes. Printed by 
MIR TIGEE 3) LO Ss oo hie don eee esl oc bien Malas walaM oy okie IX 


Niagara Falls 


Vivian, W. Side of the American Fall and Horseshoe Fall in the 


distance. Engraved on stone by T. M. Baynes. Printed by C. Hull- 


mHANGEL, ©, HEB hay ae, Nae TT OC ee IX | 


Volney, Constantin Francois Chasseboeuf, Comte de. Section 
of Niagara at the middle of the stream and course of the St. Lawrence 
at Niagara taken from ‘* Views of the climate and soil of the United 
States of America” in 1804. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 6.)........... IX 

——-. <A view of the soil and climate of the United States of America. 
. « « Lr. by C. B. Brown. Phil.: J. Conrad and Co. 1804. Pp. 
fo] BS 7: ana Mn nen Mera rte pun Aub oN Cars We) VII 

Vrooman, Frank. The all-Canadian falls question. (Arena. Sept. 
1908. 40:129-136.) 

Wakefield, Priscilla. Excursions in North America, described in 
letters from a gentleman and his young companion, to their friends in 


England. 3d ed. lLond.: Darton, Harvey and Darton. 1819. Pp. 


QGEO R275 22 RACER PRR OR Shocks Aya an SOL on Corte Paes Ma VIII 
Waldron, Holman D. Niagara Falls in half-tone. Text by Holman 
D. Waldron. .. . Portland, Me., Chisholm. 1901.......... IV 
With pen and camera at Niagara Falls; text by H. D. Waldron, 
Portland, “Mes: (Chisholm: “}898. 07, Wa ye le. ee V and XI 
Wall, - Niagara Falls as seen from below. (Grosvenor library, 
Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—-187—. Mat 
D2) ios Gik, ialte her et atte wiae im ayha lpmelial p Wor sip pret ant Dente eeerrane eae eae IX 
Wallace, Alfred Russell. My life; a NEE of events and opinions. 
Lond: : Chapman’ and Flall!’,, 1905.) 2:127=128. 2. eee IV 
Warburton, George Drought. MHochelaga; or, England in the new 
world. Lond.: Colburn. 1847. 1:230-244.............. XI 
Ward, Mrs. Humphrey. Marriage 4 la mode. N. Y.: Doubleday, 
Page and \Co.).) 1909), Pp. (2a i— 2 OW ee vena ane ee VIII 
Ward, James W. To Niagara. Buffalo, N. Y............ Vill 


Ward, James W. ed. Niagara river and Falls from Lake Erie to 


Lake Ontario. A series of one hundred fifty-three original etchings. 
Etched on copper by Ames W. Sangster from his own drawings. 
Buffalo: Fryer. 1886. 


Wardwell, G. T. Gorge of the Niagara; read before the Buffalo field 


clubs Dee) 3: 680: is mise tum hak uk, Sos a susthe saleeeeteee neee VIL 
Warner, Charles Dudley. Their pilgrimage. N. Y.: Harper — 
Brothers, \-.'18974 | Pps) 300—3ilans Joe Sees oe oer VII 
Their pilgrimage. Harp. Oct., 1886. 76:677....... VIII 
1414 


Alphabetical List 


Warner, Susan. The rapids of Niagara. N. Y.: R. Carter and 
Oo) CIRO EB oh OURS & rage’. SR ergs ee VIII 
Warren, H——. Falls of Niagara. Inset to map of West Canada; 
engraved by Robert Wallis. (/n Martin, R. M., The British colonies. 


mona, and iN; ¥.¢ Jif: Talks. [1829] Div.1.). seein ea oki. IX 
Waste of Niagara (The). (Indep., Mar. 16, 1905. 58:618— 
© TNT i RPS ASS ped tse te 2 Rig a Se A RG CR YAO PB) A xX 


Water power at Niagara Falls to be successfully utilized. 
The Niagara river hydraulic tunnel, power and sewer co. Its objects, 
facilities and resources, inducements for manufacturers, etc. n.d. 

Waterpower canal for the Niagara power and development 
company. (Eng. news, Oct. 4, 1894. 32: 272-273.) 

Waterton, Charles. Wanderings in South America, the north-west 
of the United States, and the Antilles, in the years 1812, 1816, 1820, 
and 1824, Lond.: B. Fellowes. 1828. Pp. 264-269, 278...VI 

Waterways treaty; the Burton law, etc. (The). Ann. rep’ts 
of the com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. “26:16-41........ XI 

Watson, Winslow C., editor. Men and times of the Revolution; 
or, Memoirs of Elkanah Watson, including journals of travels in 


Europe and America, from 1777 to 1842. . . . N. Y.: Dana and 


ane cLOsG.”: Wap MAOH). oc d2 0s) ae ek AS ee: III 
Watts, H. F. The Hamilton plan for utilizmg Niagara. (Elec. 
Wel Ware ety ROAM te DA IAS Sih, PG OY xX 
Waylen, Rev. Edward. Ecclesiastical reminiscences of the United 
States. Lond.: Straker. 1846. Pp. 281-283............. III 


Webb, C. H. The cave of the winds. (Harp. mag. Nov. 1867. 
35:'/71—776,) 


Weeks, Arthur B. Canadian power development at Niagara Falls. 


VERE ies pune. 6; b903. 41 S961) o2 2 DY, ce? x 
—— Recent developments at the Niagara Falls power plant. (Sci. 
Pama si 3) ANO0 7304s 229) e ee ee ea ek AB Oa X 


Weidemeyer, J. W. Niagara. (Jn his Real and ideal; by John W. 
Montclair. Phila.: Frederick Leypoldt. 1865. Pp. 49-51.)..VIII 
Welch, Jane Meade. The neighborhood of the international park. 
Pine EU Ova, Vsals SEP 94 Se) oa Oks be ee ea XII 
Welch, Thomas V. How Niagara was made free. The Passage of 
the Niagara reservation act in 1885. (Pub. Buf. hist. soc. 5: 325— 


Rete ot SOURS Su ea ba es Mi SAU AG er te XI 
—— The state reservation at Niagara. Niagara Falls, N. Y.: 
BRI Foe eer Sik Waheed aOR EA ION OED OCI XI 


Niagara Falls 


Weld, Charles Richard. A vacation tour in the United States and 
Canada. lLond.: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. 1855. 
Pps. WZ Ope NARS AIO OU MR Tec XI 

Weld, Isaac. An eye sketch of the Falls of Niagara. (/n his Travels 
through the states of North America and the provinces of Upper and 
Lower Canada, during the years 1795, 1796, and 1797. Lond.: 
Stockdale.) 17992 + Ps BOS) ieee Sele lav oan ae IX 

Travels through the states of North ue as and the provinces 

of Upper and Lower Canada, during the years 1795, 1796, and 1797. 


Lond. :. Stockdale.)::1799.)\Pp:) 308-323) oe ae sc eie II and XII 
View of the Horseshoe Fall of Niagara. Neagle, (sc.) Pub- 
lished by I. Stockdale. Picadilly, Dec. 3, 1798.............. IX 
View of the Falls of Niagara. Published by I. Stockdale, 
Picadilly: Dee: '22)0 798 sci ees Sete 2 en ee ee IX 
View of the lesser fall of Niagara. I. Scott. (sc.) Published 
by I. Stockdale. , Picadilly,. Dec. 22, 1798... 0.02.22... 0246 IX 


Mariage, (sc.) Wue de la Chute du Fer a Cheval, also 
Ensemble du Saut de la Riviére de Niagara [scarce] and Vue de la 
petite Chute. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara 
Falls. (6972167 Mat ase aie einer Nea ee ee IX 

Weld, Isaac (delt.) View of the Falls of Niagara. Pub. Dec. 22, 
1798, by I. Stockdale. Piccadilly. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. 
Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—-. Mat 4.)............ IX 

Neagle, (sc.) View of the Horse-Shoe Fall of Niagara. Pub. 


Dec. 5, 1798, by I. Stockdale, Piccadilly. (Grosvenor library, - 


Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—187—. Mat 4.) .IX 
I. Scott, (sc.) View of the Horse-Shoe Fall of Niagara. 
Lond.: Jones and Co. Sept. 1, 1824. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, 
N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 4.)...... IX 
— _ I. Scott, (sc.) View of the lesser fall of Niagara. Pub. Dec. 
22, 1798, by I. Stockdale, Piccadilly. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, 


N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697-187—. Mat 4.)...... IX 
Wells, H. G. ‘* The end of Niagara.”” (Harp. w. July 21, 1906. 
502 pts 2) VOU SHOZO i eee iN Le Dat Ne eo a xX 
Wellsteed, J. The Falls of Niagara. (West. lit, mess gr. July, 
1B 498 BD DBZ yi meth us aN TIRE WA NL ellen eae VIII 
Wendell, Harvey. Niagara in winter. (Leslie’s w. Mar. 24, 1898. 
BGH1 SG. es SUNIL ch Nt VIII 
Wentworth, T. H. View in 1820. ‘“* XXI.”’— Engraved for 
Ingraham’s “* Description of Niagara.”............0c.e0-0+- IX 
1416 


Ss oe 


— eee Se 


Alphabetical List 


Werner, Charles H. The Niagara Falls tunnel. (Cass., June, 1892. 


Me Ta rs ag eg ele te San iene aN eO ai a. ER vedic tabard a dea Whe X 
Wesson, Edward. Niagara Falls: the rate at which they recede 
southwards. (Nature, July 9, 1885. 32:229-230.)........ VII 


West, John. The substance of a journal during a residence at the Red 
River Colony, British North America: and frequent excursions among 
the north west American Indians, in the years 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823. 
Second edition, enlarged with a journal of a mission to the Indians of 
New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, and the Mohawks on the Ouse or 
Grand river, Upper Canada, 1825, 1826. Lond.: L. B. Seeley and 
RTPA Hear Hots veda a iahanar analy iedb womrene fede bileranaaia anetete III 

Western New York in 1809. (/n O%Callaghan, E. B., Docu- 
mentary history of the stateof New York. Albany: 1849. 2:690.) .IX 

Western traveller’s pocket directory and stranger’s guide 
(The); exhibiting distances on the principal canal routes in the states 
of New York and Ohio, in the territory of Michigan, and in the 
province of Lower Canada, ete. Schenectady: S. S. Riggs, Ptr. 1834. 
Nye Panag tare 5. ely ave ae uaa ley oy ad See aire a. a/ 8 ios oy ata XII 

Westinghouse generators at Niagara (The). (Power. Nov. 
8, 1895. 15:8-9.) 

Whetham, J. W. Boddam. (Western wanderings: a record of 
travel in the evening land. Lond.: Bentley. 1874. Pp. 20- 
TIE ee ara cic rsa wi ane rnS GPT Catia ees ace oe V and XI 

White, Arthur V. The water-powers of Ontario. (Jn the Commis- 
sion of conservation, Canada, Report on the water-powers of Canada. 
Ottawa: Mortimer co. I911. P. 35-100, 113, 354-—361.)...XI 

White, Eugene R. Niagarics, the new force. (Munsey, Apr., 1903. 
Ss IM LET) at ia ARS Bg 9 60RD Se ee an Pg Peel ban X 

White, J. G. The electric power transmission line between Niagara 
Falls and Buffalo. (St. ry. jour., July, 1897. 13: 425-427.)...X 

The Niagara power transmission line. (Elec. eng. June 16, 
1897. 23: 674-676.) 

White, John. Sketches from America. Lond.: Sampson Low, Son, 


a VIIStOH..Y PO AOS i pa LOS— TOO. si auiecd oe aro. hod ost etcale ave IV 
Whitman, Walt. November boughs. Phila: D. McKay. 1888. 
PNM cei AAA od eee oe dees es AU Ale IV 
—— Seeing Niagara to advantage. (Jn his Complete prose works. 
Pare: Davia McKay. 18972 Pp. 160-16).).; 22.355 68228 IV 


1417 


Niagara Falls 


Wied-Neuwied, Maximilian Alexander Philipp, Prinz, von. 
Reise in das innere Nord-America in den Yahren 1832 bis 1834. 
Coblenz: 1839. Bei J. Hoelscher. 2: 398-405............. Ill 


—— Travels in the interior of North America, with numerous engray- 
ings on wood and a large map; translated by H. Evans Lloyd. Lond.: 
Ackermann & ‘Co. 1843. Pp. 493-496. ..22 050.0 0.3 o5). 2) VI 


Voyage dans |’interieur de |’Amérique du Nord, exécuté pendant 
les années 1832, 1833 et 1834, par le prince Maximilian de Neuwied. 
Ouvrage accompagné d’un atlas de 80 planches environ, format demi- 
colombier, dessinées sur les lieux par M. Charles Bodmer . . . Paris: 
A’ Bertrand. /1840-43.)') 3: 200-209. oi 8 ieee Ck eres Ill 

Wilkes, George. The fall of Table Rock: by the last man that stood 
on it. (Lit. liv. age, May 25, 1861. 69:472.)............. Vv 

Wilkie, D. Sketches of a summer trip to New York and the Canadas. 
Eidinb.<) 18373 \ePp) HOOPIO2 Be ia iy Rn Nee en ie ae te III 

Wilkinson, James. Map of the straights of Niagara from Lake Erie 
to Lake Ontario. 7x15. (/n his Diagrams and plans illustrative of 
the principal battles and military affairs treated of in “* Memoirs of my 


own times.” Phila.: Abraham Small. 1816. No. 15.)....... IX 
Wilkinson, Florence. Niagara. (Cur. lit, May, 1906. 40: 
FOSS GO es AEA HUN Ct chy ARTUR AS ONION eR aera ena VIII 
—-— Niagara. (Outl., Feb. 24, 1906. 82: 432-433.)..... VIII 
—— Niagara. (Wld’s. work, May, 1906. 12: 7479.)..... VII 
Willday, George. Map of North America. H. Terasson, delin. 
Gt Feet i; GIAO ye oy Benes saat a rei a a IX 
Williams, Archibald. How it is done, or Victories of the engineer. 
Ne Yor Nelson: C1908") (Pp) 467-4840 ee eee eee > 
-———— The romance of modern engineering. . . . 2d ed. Phila: 
Lippincott; Lond.: Pearson. 1904. Pp. 11-33.............. xX 
The wonders of modern engineering. . . . Phila.: Lippincott. 

Lond): Seeley, Service: 1992.) Pp.) 11=33n cee in eee xX 
Williams, C. T. [Letter on the preservation of Niagara Falls.] (Sci. 
Am:,' June: 24. 19015) TO4 GIO) ee. nisin clemson eater erences XI 
Williams, Edward T. Niagara in romance and commerce. (Harp. 
wes June 14: 1913. SF spb ly 29) ei rte ea ee ee xX 


—— Niagara Falls and the electrical age. Niagara Falls, N. Y.: 
1914. 


1418 


<< —— 


Alphabetical List 


Williams, Edward T. Niagara, queen of wonders; a history of the 
big events in three centuries along the Niagara frontier. . . . Bost.: 
Chapple Pub. Co. 1916. 

The power of Niagara Falls. (Niagara Falls, N. Y. Industrial 

commission.) -:[Niagara Falls: Courier press. 1911 ?] 

Using Niagara’s power. (Harp. w., June 14, 1913. 57: pt. 


PTS Ay Rak. N edhe coup eraseten ents phe Voix ates UEIOEL HR ad NuCRTORE xX 
Williams, Espy. Niagara. (J/n his Dream of art, and other poems. 
meeremetinan, bods. | bP: LOL). spose oios Ww ee biclotelele ne VIII 
Williams, J. David, ed. America illustrated. N. Y.: The Arundel 
“oheeate) 6 hga ha eye 2 | ea Pen ey Wa MA ARR YO V 


Williams, W. G. Report of a survey around the Falls of Niagara 
with a view to the construction of a ship canal, made during the year 
hoo. Uiiereedoc. 214, 24th Cong.) Ts seta, it. eh daa Ss XII 

Williamson, Charles. The Falls of Niagara. 1799. (Mag. of 
Am. hist. July, 1880. 5:54-56; or O’Callaghan, E. B., Doc. 
hist. of the state of New York. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co. 
Nea ee LG ERON = Ves siss sd cbase se alate aieteralensi egies shtcere ae XII 

Williamson, Peter. The travels of Peter Williamson, among the 
different nations and tribes of savage Indians in America . . . likewise, 
an accurate description of the Falls of Niagara . . . Edinb.: Printed 


fee Pe satitcieny We sal EN. LOL a. «, «lars ia.s| eerisiann cunt abe alelaiees II 
Willis, Bailey. Changes in the recession of the Falls of Niagara. 
(Science n.s. Sept. 18, 1908. 28: 381—384.).............. VII 
Willis, Nathaniel Parker. Inklings of adventure. N. Y.: Saunders 
mee gar ane Serer LEH F< SO. ISN Savin wrayer rons eae CATER et Ill 
American scenery. Lond.: 1840. See index........... Iil 


{[Wilson, Alexander.] ‘The foresters; a poem, descriptive of a 
pedestrian journey to the Falls of Niagara, in the autumn of 1803. By 
the author of the American Ornithology. (The Portfolio. March, 
UALS Sed eS OS ae ry AE ee eee te on Pan Be VIII 

The foresters; a poem, descriptive of a pedestrian journey to the 

Falls of Niagara, in the autumn of 1804, by the author of the American 

ornithology. Pub. by Samuel Tomlinson, Bucks County, Pa. Phila.: 

Pann Sovlerhso. Ge: FPO. sk Soho cte eit aha. dbs VIII 

General view of the Falls of Niagara. (Grosvenor library, 

Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 1697—187—. Mat 7.) .IX 

View of the great pitch taken from below and General view of 

the Falls of Niagara, eng. by George Cooke. (Portfolio, March, 

PER SO ING. © 35  POR POR P eee Wanese Fea tees 6 4. OOD IX 


1419 


Niagara Falls 


Wilson, Alexander and Bonaparte, Charles Lucien. American 
ornithology; or the natural history of the birds of the United States. 
Ed. by Robert Jameson. 4 vol. Edinb.: Constable and Co. 1831. 


AS AINA RAN BD um cre NAA ae a a IG Ly Meet co SIO Re VI 
Wilson, Robert. Niagara Falls — Horseshoe. 15x21. Eng. by 
William’ (Byrnes 768): Bi se ee OR ae Mi a ae IX 


Wilson, Thomas. Transatlantic sketches; or, Traveling reminiscences 


of the West Indies and United States. Montreal: John Lovell. 1860. 


sk os Id ho PRC SEAR ANE Ca cite Walaa Ny oils WEAKEN IV 
Winchell, Alexander. Walks and talks in the geological field. 
NEY: ‘Chaut. Press) \ 1 GS6: (UP AS eres nr Clu Ue a ae Vin 
Winckelmann, and Schue . Aussicht auf den Niagara 


Fall. (Grosvenor library, Buffalo, N. Y. Views of Niagara Falls. 
TOO 72187 = Mat 7) ie hee oe tea gee ont as ieee ear ade eo IX 
Wines, Mary J. Niagara Falls. (Jn her Infant harper and other 
poems. Cambridge, Mass.: Hurd & Houghton. 1874. P. 193.) . VIII 
Winter scenery for Niagara roads. (St. ry. rev. Feb. 15, 1896. 
6: 94.) 

Winterbotham, W. An historical, geographical, commercial and 
philosophical view of the United States of America, and of the European 
settlements in America and the West Indies. The first American 
edition, with additions and corrections. New York: Tiebout and 


O’Brien for Thomas Stephens. 1796. 1:183-184........... V 
Wise decision (A). (Outl., Feb. 2, 1907. 85:236.)....... XI 
Withrow, William H. Our own country. Canada scenic and 

descriptive. . . . Toronto. Wm. Briggs. 1889. Pp. 317-341..IV 
Witteman, Adolph. New bond paper map of Niagara Falls and 

vicinity.’ 7 /o'x 4330) No YeeAl Witteman: (116865 oan ee. ee IX 


Witmer, Tobias. Map of the town of Niagara. Drawn from surveys 
and authentic records by Tobias Witmer, surveyor, 1854. 24x50. 
Buffalo, N. Y.: Lith. by W. Berggoetz. [1854.]............ IX 

Wonders of Canada (The). A letter from a gentleman to the 
Antigua Gazette, New York, August 21, 1768. (Mag. Am. hist., 
April, 11877.) Vol! te pe T2432 7 4G oe ea ihe iene ene aerate II 

Wood, De Volson. Five thousand horse power turbines at Niagara 
Falls. (Jour. w. soc. eng., Jan., 1897. 2:92-99.) 

A turbine of the Niagara power company. (Am. mach., Jan. 


23, 18963). 4D POGLTOZ ire ee eile ohne a ane Res a eee eee X 
Wood, Eugene. Niagara. (McClure, Sept., 1906. 27: 475- 
1 1) CDR MME PEPER RIS ERP NERA AAU dant ica EY NR les ort Bis V 


Alphabetical List 
Wood, M. Elva. Songs of the noon and night. N. Y. 1866. P. 


Woodbridge, J. E. The development and extension of the Niagara 
power system up to date. (Am. elect., Jan., 1900. 12:1-20.)..X 
The Niagara Falls power plant. (Elec. wld., Jan. 7, 1899. 
PE N—n SE Me iar ecco: Lect draY'or'et eitistioiovef'el atstneryl si ate isheetaro aenarel ctiaee xX 
—— Power developments at Niagara. (Eng. mag., Feb., 1900. 
18:776—777.) 
Woodbridge, William C. Rudiments of geography on a new plan. 
eo Ulthred&) Harttord:"Gookes 18290. Pi62. sic c:. cic inie cs « of Vv 
Woodman, Charles C. Argument in favor of a marine railway 
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Woods, Nicholas A. The Prince of Wales in Canada and the 
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ene eRe to) Wa tck eter eee nN eT In vane ts Vaan Pac Ney iaie fatal cata Caney IV 
Woodward, Robert Simpson. List of co-ordinates used and deter- 
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— — On the rate of recession of Niagara Falls. (Am. jour. of sci. 
BAC LO Ot OA Ne apace ace artis 4d oh Soe ohare eed aoe ei eee aaes VII 


On the rate of recession of Niagara Falls as shown by the results 
of a recent survey. [Abstract] (Proc. A. A. A. S. Aug., 1886. 


me 2 oem Ne Nate a creeks he haustetdla Wiis a ave ere valve agente VII 
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SIS 52 A YSIS Oa Rea UR eg RPP Se a VII 


Worcester, James. Cataract of Niagara. (Literary souvenir; a 
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RSH SHO TOOK IS oe OS chaise) sich clo hhe Sree Eee te ener IV 

Work of the Tonawanda power company (The). (Am. elec. 
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Works of the Ontario power company (The) —I. (Eng. rec., 


ree OU OU AZO ADEs) tc 1c eee Soe ects SNe sn ichaes xX 
i (Eng. ree, Oct:. 15; 1904: 50s 460-462. )e 2. ee. X 

—— III. (Eng. rec., Oct. 22, 1904. 50:480-482.).......... x 
IV._(Eng. rec., Oct. 29, 1904. 50: 504-505.).......... 4 
Wrestle with Niagara (A). (Every Sat., Aug. 12, 1871. II: 
MPa Sit hed eae har ol i Us ae a ED, OPANS Uncadronniar fatal stlaly cho omea ge V 
—— (Lit. liv. age, Aug. 19, 1871. 110:509-511.)......... V 


1421 


Niagara Falls 


Wright, Frances. Views of society and manners in America; in a 
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Whites? 1621" Pp ot7S-16Oe 2 ioe ie Fate ata oh eae eee XII 

Wright, George Frederick. The age of Niagara Falls as indicated 
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BOD. )) Sele we oo SRD SENS ee ese ke Oa ve VII 

Chronology of the glacial epoch in North America. (Geol. Soc. 

of London. Quarterly jour. 1908. 64:149-151.) [Abstract] . VII 

Extract from Man and the glacial period. (Ann. rep’ts of the 

com’rs of the state reserv. at Niagara. Albany. 1893. Pp. 

BARB 7.) oo cscs es ala ays es op eeatoy oe te eikee antec la Tenet ne ame aee Siero eats VII 

The ice age in- North America mh its bearings upon the 

antiquity of man. 5th ed. Oberlin: Bibliotheca Sacra. 1911. 


Pej DBZ DOD) EP aU Bis alent eee Re Oa et ed VII 
A new method of estimating the age of Niagara Falls. (Pop. 

sch. ‘mos, June 1.699% 55 b45—15 4 Piece wee oe ee seme VII 
The Niagara gorge as a chronometer. (Bibliotheca Sacra., 

Apri 1684; (41 36923176.) <a inte erat aiatay ome ee ea OR VII 
Niagara gorge as a chronometer. (Sci., May 15, 1885. 

5S FOOL AO) i iets avon aie 20 CCMA INN, orca Uteeme) td meme Riana VII 
—— The Niagara river and the glacial period. (Ania jour. sci., 
July; 1884: 128" (ser 28) 232-39 se eels er et eee VII 
—— The rate of lateral erosion at Niagara. (Am. geol., March, 
19022 \2OPAO= TAS ies oe es cette ere ee a OR ae VII 
Wyatt, Edith. Niagara. (Lit. dig. Sept. 27, 1913. 47: 
AV I) WAM RYE Pi are oa uN gee a AU Oty ag tly ab cd Baa piven Nas | OR IE VIll 
Wyld, James. Sketch of the Niagara river. I1 x 7. Lond.: J. 
Wyld 1838 20.2 Jota Aatehalais tare ceyeteet cies earentie feces te foc Maes IX 


Wyse, Francis. America, its resources. . . . ave T. C. Newby. 
1846. Vol. III. Pp. 179-183. 


Yeigh, Frank. The Queen Victoria Niagara Falls park. (Can. 


mag. (Oct. 1.9125 h 39 S4NTR) ake a PN Cues cee a ee roca XI 
Young, David. Historical facts and thrilling incidents of the Niagara 
frontier. . Niagara) Falls. NEV Y 2 0C1i695) 4s ae) ie oo ace VIII 


[ Young, David.] The humbugs of Niagara Falls exposed. With a 
complete tourists’ guide, giving hints that will enable the visitors to avoid 


imposition. Suspension Bridge, N. Y.: PP BB 40. oc cigenk- cee Fee eee V 
1422 


Alphabetical List 


Young, Mrs. Julia Ditto. Adrift: a story of Niagara. Phila.: 


MPECINT NOD ie hairs Wiaidovs glee drolalc.c weleintee eieldlwene Save VII 
Young, Rev. W. Montgomery. Rushing waters and deep sea 
enrie, 2oed. Buffalo. Ulbrich. 1908.6 5..0 6kk cee ees VI 
Zangwill, Israel. Noah’s ark. (/n his They that walk in darkness. 
Demnpecivincriian <o,.") B99). os seas Re bees eee e ek oe 5 VIII 
Zaremba, Edward. Niagara captive; a poem. (Metal. & chem. 
Sere US SMSO: Pareiacoie. oi Signe wis cle see wie diode ans VIII 
Zavala, Lorenzo de. Viage 4 los Estados-Unidos del Norte de 
América. Paris: de Decourchant. 1834. Pp. 97-98....... Ill 


Zincke, F. Barham. Last winter in the United States, being table 
talk collected during a tour through the late Southern Confederation, 
the far west, the Rocky mountains. . . . Lond.: John Murray. 
Mere ee Evite Wa 2 OU set eg ia She wn a 9 cheno hSvatehoabe. cee IV 


1423 


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