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‘THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


PART I, NUMBER 1 
THE UPPER EUPHRATES 


BY 


HENRY FIELD 


CURATOR OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 


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ANTHROPOLOGICAL SERIES 
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 
VOLUME 30, PART I, NUMBER 1 
MAY 31, 1940 


PUBLICATION 469 


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III. 


LV: 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 
RAST OF ILLUSTRATIONS: 66.008 2 sR te oe be ae es 5 
Lg 1 7 Coc ROM A A ag hE ae gn ere a eee eae nese po eae e ‘i 
TNTHODUCTIONS 35-5255 oe oe Me he es ee red ces bs i he eee 13 
ae GARD AND THD PROPLR 50 Ss oo eae Sc Ante on ev eee i fy 
THE PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE DULAIM AND THE ANAIZA . . . 32 
Anthropometric Methods and Technique ............ 32 
List of Anthropometric Abbreviations. ..........2.2.. 33 
PM ADORE ctu a? is GN Fy 1S gs ta ee On ek eC es ae ee 33 
EDO SAVMIER 2 tA ees, hee ae iO ee Ee od ee 54 
Ram-faced Types among the Dulaim and the Anaiza........ 73 
ADDITIONAL ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA FROM IRAQ. ......... 75 
Mraba ot the Kish: Area” 5. o-os2 2 5° cs eS See ee ee 76 
SEE UTES SOMONE 5 6 ated Narn one ee a ae ee a OR eee 83 
Mast BOAUINE x a eee es en i oh a ae ee 86 
nemapery by Sis Arthur Ban: 3s eo eae re ee 89 
THE TRIBES AND SUB-TRIBES OF THE UPPER EUPHRATES ...... 91 
PRPURI TICES e 8 oy Fe o/h ee Rens er enh a eh ae 103 
A. The Population of Iraq by Major C.J. Edmonds ....... 103 
B. Land Tenure in Iraq by Sir Ernest Dowson... ....... 106 
C. Notes on General Health of the Kish Arabs. . ........ 110 
D. Anthropometric Data from Royal Hospital, Baghdad, by Dr. B. 
i; Rassam Bh CO Re HS ak eS RES oes aR Bae, ae ee 122 


‘Smeaton RU or aL MPa SNE DT: eal a EEL Be | SUNT oy ier Tye Me 


F. Mammals from Iraq by Colin C. Sanborn. . ......... ae 
neous On -Ineects from ired 25652 i ee we 163 
H. Plants Collected by the Expedition by Paul C. Standley ... . 165 
RS See PG a aa eee Oe ee eae. oe 198 
RADII oi on. a kK etpaes eke oe wo Bd ase: osha rae 199 
I ee ae er aes cl GA oe ee 204 
“Tribes Referred to: in Chapter¥. 9 2.56 Go ea. 8 Oe SS 204 
Trelsinus Tiinetrated: in Fiates. 65060058 Sele Sa. we aS 207 
Anaiza Tribesmen Illustrated in Plates. ......2.2..... 207 
Tribal Names Appearing on Map of Iraq (A) .......... 208 
Tribal Names Appearing on Map of Iran (B) .......2.2.. 212 
SERUM 8 om Pe Bang oc Oe a ee Ma pl ate i eon 214 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
PLATES 


1. General view of Haditha. 

2, 3. Classic Mediterranean type. 

4. Fine and Coarse Mediterranean types. 
5. Iraqo-Mediterranean types. 

6, 7. Dolichocephals. 

8. Brachycephals. 

9, 10. Facial types. 
11, 12. Mixed-eyed individuals. 

13-17. Variations in nasal profile. 

18, 19. Variations in hair form. 
20-35. Dulaimis measured at Haditha. 
36. Hairless Dulaimi. 
387-47. Anaiza tribesmen. 

48. Water-wheel at Haditha. 


TEXT FIGURES 


PAGE 
1.‘ Gengraphical. position of Iraq: .-4% sts ae oe ae 14 
2. Communications with. Trego ey. ce: s5) Se ek eh ae 19 
S.. The Upper: Euphrates region. « . <2. sb aoe A ek 21 
4, Savirons of Lake Habbaniva oo. 6: sb oe eee ek 29 
5-10. Tribes and sub-tribes of the Anaiza Beduins .... 56-61 

MAP 
General Map of Trades sw a eS Frontispiece 
SUPPLEMENTS 


Map A. Distribution of tribes in Iraq 
Map B. Distribution of tribes in western Iran 


PREFACE 


In December, 1925, Dr. L. H. Dudley Buxton, Reader in Physi- 
cal Anthropology at Oxford, accompanied me to Iraq, where the 
Field Museum-—Oxford University Joint Expedition was excavating 
the ancient city of Kish, which lies eight miles due east of Babylon. 
Our trip was financed by my great-uncle, Mr. Barbour Lathrop, 
a firm believer in the benefits of practical experience. During our 
brief visit to the Expedition we were enrolled by Professor Stephen 
Langdon as volunteer physical anthropologists. 


At that time excavations were in progress in the Babylonian 
levels of mound “‘W” and on the southern flank of the great temple 
complex dedicated to Harsagkalemma. Dr. Buxton instructed 
me in the technique of excavating human skeletal remains. Several 
questions arose in relation to the physical appearance of these 
ancient dwellers in Mesopotamia. Were they similar to, or dif- 
ferent from, the modern Arabs of the Kish area? Had the basic 
population of Mesopotamia, now Iraq, remained unchanged dur- 
ing the past six thousand years of recorded history? In addition, 
how were the modern inhabitants of Iraq related to their neighbors 
and, in general, to the peoples of Asia, Africa, and Europe? 


Since no anthropometric data from this area were in existence 
Dr. Buxton and I decided to measure a small series of our Kish 
workmen. Shortly afterward, we obtained permission from the 
Officer Commanding the Iraq Army Camp at Hilla to measure some 
of the soldiers. Thus, Dr. Buxton examined Iraq Army soldiers, 
while I acted as recorder. These anthropometric data, published 
by Buxton and Rice (see pp. 81-82), revealed the numerical inade- 
quacy of our samples. 


On January 10, 1926, I accompanied Professor Langdon to 
Jemdet Nasr, which lies in the desert about eighteen miles north- 
east of Kish. Early in the afternoon we unearthed four complete 
painted vessels, and several pictographic tablets in linear script 
(Field, 1926). No human remains were found. 


During the season 1927-28 I was attached to the Kish Expedi- 
tion as physical anthropologist. In March, during excavations at 
Jemdet Nasr we found several human skeletons (Field, 1932c). At 
the close of the season I examined 398 Arabs of the Kish area, 231 
Iraq Soldiers at Hilla Camp, and 38 Ba‘ij Beduins (see pp. 76-89; 
also Field, 1935a and 1939b). ; 


7 


8 PREFACE 


The results obtained seemed to warrant a continuation of the 
anthropometric survey of Iraq. Dr. Berthold Laufer, my former 
chief, approved this project and on April 1, 1934, the Field Museum 
Anthropological Expedition to the Near East, under my leadership, 
began work in Baghdad. The Expedition was financed by Mr. 
Marshall Field. The first four and one-half months of the anthropo- 
metric survey were spent in Iraq, where, in addition to our anthro- 
pological work, we collected botanical, geological, and zoological 
specimens. Similar researches were conducted in Iran (Field, 1939b) 
and among the North Ossetes and Yezidis of the Caucasus, U.S.S.R. 


Mr. Richard A. Martin, now Curator of Near Eastern Archae- 
ology at Field Museum, was in charge of collecting zoological speci- 
mens (see China; Uvarov; and Schmidt, 1939) and also accompanied 
me throughout the Expedition in the capacity of photographer. 
The excellence of the photographs illustrating this publication is 
entirely due to his technical skill and patience in dealing with these 
Arabs and Beduins. 


Mr.S. Y. Showket, of Basra, acted as interpreter. His knowledge 
of English, Arabic, Kurdish, Persian, and Chaldean, combined with 
his finesse in dealing with recalcitrant subjects, made him an 
invaluable member of the Expedition. 


Dr. Walter P. Kennedy, of the Royal College of Medicine in 
Baghdad, examined the Dulaim and Anaiza blood samples (Field, 
1935a, p. 460). 


Yusuf Lazar, an Assyrian, was in charge of collecting herbarium 
specimens and insects (see Uvarov; China). 


Technical questions regarding anthropometric measurements 
and observations were discussed at Harvard with Dr. E. A. Hooton, 
and in England with Sir Arthur Keith and Dr. L. H. Dudley Buxton.! 


Prior to our leaving the United States, Mr. Wallace Murray, 
Chief of the Division of Near Eastern Affairs in the Department 
of State, had very kindly notified Mr. Paul S. Knabenshue, United 
States Minister in Baghdad, of our scientific mission. At Mr. Knaben- 
shue’s intervention I was granted private audiences with His Majesty 
the late King Ghazi; the Prime Minister; the Minister of the 
Interior; the Minister of Education; the Director-General of Health; 
and the Chief of Police. 


1 Dr. Buxton’s premature death from influenza in 1939 came to me as a great 
shock and personal loss. His students, scattered throughout the world, will always 
remember his inspiring leadership and stimulus. 


PREFACE 9 


As a result of these interviews a special permit was issued ena- 
bling members of the Expedition to conduct anthropometric studies 
throughout Iraq, to collect zoological, botanical, and geological 
specimens, to take photographs, and to compile tribal maps (see 
Maps A and B). 


During our work in Iraq the Expedition received unusual co- 
operation from Iraqi officials, as well as from many private individ- 
uals. Among the many persons who rendered valuable assistance 
were: Ali Jaudat Beg, Sir Kinahan Cornwallis, Mr. C. R. Grice, 
Major W. C. F. Wilson, Sir John Burnett, the late Wing-Commander 
A. R. M. Richards, Dr. Walter P. Kennedy, Dr. T. H. McLeod, 
and the Mutasarrifs of the Mosul, Kirkuk, Erbil, and Amara Liwas. 


A letter from the Air Minister in London, Lord Londonderry, 
to the Air Officer Commanding in Iraq served as an introduction to 
the members of the British Royal Air Force. 


Another valuable letter of introduction was from Mr. John Skliros, 
Managing Director of the Iraq Petroleum Oil Company in London, 
to Mr. G. W. Dunkley, General Manager in the Near East, who 
facilitated our work. During our three weeks in the desert we were 
guests of the Company. 


Appreciation must also be expressed to the late Dr. F. R. S. 
Shaw, Chief Medical Officer of the Company, and to the late Dr. 
H. C. Reid, who made possible our work on the Dulaimis at Haditha 
and to Dr. M. Don Clawson, Chief Dental Surgeon, who rendered 
assistance in numerous ways. 


Through the courtesy of the late Professor James H. Breasted, 
Director of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 
the Expedition was kindly lent a station-wagon by Dr. Henri Frank- 
fort, Director in Iraq of the Oriental Institute Expeditions. This 
automobile was driven by Mr. H. Mihran. Mr. Gabriel Malak 
also gave generous assistance. 


Dr. B. H. Rassam of the Royal College of Medicine in Baghdad 
kindly gave me his anthropometric data on 497 individuals measured 
by him in the Royal Hospital, Baghdad (see Appendix D). 

In conclusion, I must record my deep gratitude to His Majesty 
the late Ghazi ibn Faisal and to his Ministers, who made possible 
my studies on the physical characters of the modern peoples of Iraq. 


At the end of July Mr. Martin, Dr. Kennedy, Yusuf Lazar, 
and I left Baghdad for Tehran. In Iran we continued our research 
(Field, 1939). On September 13, we entered the Union of Soviet 


10 PREFACE 


Socialist Republics at Baku. The anthropometric data obtained 
in the Caucasus will appear in a forthcoming Museum publication. 


Following our return to Chicago in December, 1934, prepara- 
tions were begun for the publication of the results obtained by the 
Expedition. 

During the writing of this report I have had the benefit of dis- 
cussing the general arrangement of the material with Dr. Paul S. 
Martin, Chief Curator of Anthropology at Field Museum. 


Since 2,500 individuals had been studied in Iraq, Iran, and the 
Caucasus, it was decided to accept the invitation of Dr. Hooton 
and to have the statistics tabulated on the card system for sorting 
by the Hollerith machines at the Anthropometric Laboratory in 
the Peabody Museum at Harvard. During 1935 and part of 1936 
the data were prepared for the machines and the introductory 
sections written. From September, 1986, to June, 1987, I worked 
on this material at the Peabody Museum. Mr. Donald Scott, 
Director, facilitated my work in every possible manner. 


Throughout this period I had the benefit of numerous conferences 
with Dr. Hooton, who supervised the preparation of this report 
and from time to time offered many valuable suggestions, particu- 
larly in regard to the methods to be employed in the presentation 
of these data. 

I am also grateful for opportunities to discuss numerous problems 
with Dr. Carleton S. Coon and with Dr. Carl C. Seltzer, who caleu- 
lated the statistical tables. 

I wish to thank Miss Elizabeth Reniff, my former research 
assistant, who worked on this report both at Field Museum and 
at Harvard. 

The greater part of the typing was done by Miss Ethel Brady, 
who arranged the statistical tables, and by Mr. Theodore Scully, 
who completed the remainder of the manuscript. 

Miss Dorothy Pedersen rendered valuable assistance throughout 
the preparation and proofreading of this publication. 

I wish to express gratitude to Miss Eunice Zimmerman, who 
assisted with the final checking of the report. 

I also gratefully acknowledge the aid of Miss Lillian A. Ross, 
Staff Editor of the Division of Printing, in seeing the manuscript 
through the press. 

My wife has generously assisted in proofreading the greater part 
of the manuscript. 


PREFACE 11 


During the Cambridge meeting of the British Association for 
the Advancement of Science, in August, 1938, I had the benefit of 
discussing the preliminary results with Sir Arthur Keith, to whom, 
because of his encouragement and advice during the past seventeen 
years, I owe a lasting debt of gratitude. 

In Berlin during the same month I had the pleasure of visiting 
Baron Max Freiherr von Oppenheim, whose first volume on the 
Beduins has appeared recently (see Bibliography). His chapter 
on the Anaiza should be read as an introduction to my section on 
these desert tribesmen. 


I wish, also, to record my gratitude to the librarians of the follow- 
ing institutions who facilitated the reference work in every possible 
manner: Field Museum of Natural History; Oriental Institute, 
University of Chicago; Peabody Museum, Widener Library, and 
Institute of Geographical Exploration, Harvard; New York Public 
Library; Library of Congress; Bodleian Library, Oxford; University 
Library, Cambridge; London Library; Royal Geographical Society; 
Royal Asiatic Society; Royal Central Asian Society; Musée de 
Trocadero, Paris; Instituto di Antropologia della Reale Universita, 
Rome; Palais Azem, Damascus; and Iraq Museum, Baghdad. 

Three maps (Frontispiece; Figs. 2, 3) were drawn specially for 
this publication by Mr. Peter Gerhard, a volunteer assistant. Fig- 
ure 1 was drawn by Dr. Erwin Raisz, of Harvard University, and 
Figure 4 by Mr. David Tuch. 

The large map (A) showing the distribution of tribes in Iraq has 
been distributed with the map (B) of Iran since there is an overlap 
between these two sheets. 

Map A, compiled from all available sources, was drawn at Field 
Museum by Mr. Richard A. Martin. 

Wherever possible I have checked the tribal information but in 
a task of this complexity and magnitude a certain degree of varia- 
tion must occur, since even the best qualified informants vary in their 
oral tradition (cf. von Oppenheim). 

Furthermore, during the past decade many tribal changes have 
taken place within the confines of Iraq. To the best of my knowl- 
edge, however, there have been no large tribal movements in Iraq 
comparable to those ordered by Riza Shah Pahlavi in Iran. This 
does not include the movements of the Assyrians to the Khabur. 
In Iraq the general trend has been to restrict the wanderings of the 
nomads in an attempt to make them become settled groups. In 
this manner conflicts over pasturage or wells can be avoided. 


12 PREFACE 


Alphabetical lists of tribal names appearing on these two maps 
have been prepared by Miss Dorothy Pedersen and by Mr. Peter 
Gerhard respectively. 

The list of the tribes and sub-tribes of the Anaiza (Figs. 5-10) 
was rewritten by Dr. A. Frayha at the Oriental Institute of the 
University of Chicago. The transliteration, prepared by Dr. Frayha, 
was redrawn by Mr. Richard A. Martin. 

The place names conform to the spelling adopted by the Perma- 
nent Committee on Geographical Names of the Royal Geographical 
Society of London. As the question of orthography is by no means 
settled and many names are not yet included in the published lists 
of the Society, standard practice as adopted by the most recent 
British map-makers has been used. 

All diacritical marks, with but few exceptions, have been omitted 
throughout the text, but are included in the Glossary (p. 198). 

In conclusion, I must express my gratitude to Mr. Abdul-Majid 
Abbass, and to Mr. Jassim Khalaf, Iraq Government students at 
the University of Chicago, who checked and made additions to the 
native names listed in the text and in the Glossary. 

HENRY FIELD 


THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


PART I, NUMBER 1 
THE UPPER EUPHRATES 


I. INTRODUCTION 


In order to present the results of the anthropometric survey of 
Iraq it has been decided to arrange the data according to the follow- 
ing plan in the Parts and Numbers of Volume 30 of the Anthro- 
pological Series of Field Museum. 


THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Part I 

No. 1. Upper Euphrates Males Females 
(a) Daleiins ¢ S es re eect isa ee ee 137 0 
(0) PANaIza Ao ee ele wolbetele ae ees cue 23 0 
(c) Individuals in Royal Hospital, Baghdad ... 439 143 
id) Arabe Of Kiigh Aron oo oes eS es onvesivn crews 459 0 
(s) Iraq Soldiers: Pistia af eon eee 222 0 
(7)! Ba‘'ti. Bedwina; near iiah ..) es orcs we 35 0 

No. 2. Lower Euphrates—Tigris Region 
(a) Maral’ Arabs se oO ha a ce 271 3 
(6) Subba :(Mandeans))-¢ 25. os ncac oso et ew 92 33 
(c) Individuals in An Nasiriya............... 126 26 

Part IT 

No.1. Northern Jazira 
(a) SHammar sss eosin onsen is bake oa ee ls 299 129 
(0) Sulubba (Gleyh) 2) sient 5 asc tne wees 39 10 
(e} “TPerkomanis ic co5) i505 cccistern os ost Ob ack 64 31 
Rh) i ENON, cites eee sss cre nate aces ona ate ate 235 77 

No. 2. Kurdistan 
(a) Ruras sis eS Sa ee ee he eee 609 33 
AD) ASRU TION 555 ois 5 3 oa sie ae eee Re ee 106 137 
COC” Rana i treo arena, hives, 1. fore A 52 
A) PP RONIOTIN 0c onc, bona shai Ce CAR ee es 4 2 
CO NIE Ns oss. ye tC ns Re Otek 6 4 
CT NEN 5-5 Ld peooelos Ser CAA a png eee 1 0 

OGRE FNS Gs ae oe i g's alt 3278 680 
No. 3. Comparative Data 
Conclusions 


Miss Winifred Smeaton, now Mrs. Homer Thomas, measured 
588 females and some of the males. Miss Smeaton was attached 
to the Expedition from April 1 to July 20,1934. (See also Appendix E.) 

Both parts will be arranged on the same general plan, each 
section containing chapters on the land and the people, the physical 
anthropology of the various groups, and a list of the tribes and sub- 
tribes within the area prescribed. 


13 


14 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


This report (Part I, No. 1), based on the anthropometric data 
obtained in May, 1934, is concerned with the physical characters 
of the peoples of the Upper Euphrates region of Iraq and Syria. 

There is no need to compile a chronological survey of references 
to this area during the past two thousand years,' since the reader 
has ready access to classical sources, to the writings of early travelers, 


BALUCHIST 


\ 


a J 
— 
dart prac 


a 


Jer mropin | 
fd 1 ==, = 
35 40 55 60 3 


Fic. 1. Geographical position of Iraq. 


and to those of Buckingham, Sir Wilfred and Lady Anne Blunt, 
Mark Sykes, Doughty, Musil, Lawrence, Grant,? von Oppenheim, 
and many others. 


1 For references to the Middle Euphrates during the Assyrian period and 
down to Ibn Battuta and other Arabic authors see Musil, 1927b, pp. 197 et seq. 


2 Dr. Christina Grant (1937) has compiled almost complete references to the 
caravans, early travel, and recent exploration of the Syrian Desert. 


INTRODUCTION 15 


Chapter II deals briefly with the general location of Iraq, and 
in particular with the boundaries, physical geography, climate, 
flora, and fauna. There is also an outline of the recent history of 
the Upper Euphrates area. 


Chapter III contains the anthropometric data on the Dulaimis 
and on the Anaiza tribesmen. The revised tables of the Kish Arabs, 
Iraq Soldiers, and Ba‘ij Beduins, who were measured in 1928, 
are placed in Chapter IV. 


I was fortunate to be granted access to full and unpublished 
lists of the tribes and sub-tribes in Iraq. The compilers of these 
data in Chapter V preferred to remain anonymous. 


Appendix A contains the figures of registered and unregistered 
populations to the end of November, 1935. The number of the 
total population (3,560,456) is based on these data, which were 
sent from Baghdad by Major C. J. Edmonds. 


Appendix B gives the classification of land surface and the 
population with the mean density per square kilometer of the culti- 
vated region. These figures were compiled in 1930 by Sir Ernest 
Dowson. 


Appendix C, a description of the health conditions among the 
Arabs of the Kish area, is based on data compiled during 1927-28 
when I was attached as physical anthropologist to the Field Museum-— 
Oxford University Joint Expedition to Kish. 


Appendix D contains the anthropometric data on 497 individuals 
obtained during 1932 by Dr. B. H. Rassam in the Royal Hospital, 
Baghdad. 


In Appendix E Miss Smeaton presents the anthropometric data 
obtained on 32 males and 52 females during 1935 in the Royal 
Hospital, Baghdad. 


Appendix F consists of a list of mammals collected in Iraq either 
during the 1934 Expedition or as a result of our subsequent appeals 
for additional specimens for the Museum study collections. The 
identifications have been made by Mr. Colin C. Sanborn, Curator 
of Mammals. 


A report (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., vol. 24, pp. 49-92) 
on the reptiles and amphibians was published during 1939 by Mr. 
Kar] P. Schmidt, Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles. 


The large collections of insects obtained during 1934, and sub- 


sequently from Yusuf Lazar, are being determined at the British 
Museum through the cordial co-operation of Captain N. W. Riley 


16 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


(see Appendix G). Two papers have been published by Field Mu- 
seum: “‘Hemiptera from Iraq, Iran, and Arabia,’ by W. E. China; 
and “Orthoptera from Iraq and Iran,” by B. P. Uvarov. 

In Appendix H, Mr. Paul C. Standley, Curator of the Her- 
barium, has classified the flora collected during the 1934 Expedition 
and herbarium specimens obtained subsequently from Yusuf Lazar. 
This list is of particular importance, since in many cases the localities 
indicate new ranges for genera and species. 

In 1937 Field Museum published a report by David Hooper 
and Henry Field, entitled ‘Useful Plants and Drugs of Iran and 
Iraq.” 

Additional reports on botanical, geological, and zoological speci- 
mens are now in preparation. 

The reader is referred to a recent publication by Pére H. Charles 
entitled “Tribus Moutonniéres du Moyen—Euphrate.” (Institut 
Francais de Damas.) This important work deals with the tribes 
adjoining those referred to in the present report, and for this reason 
it should be used as a complementary account. 

In the same series published in 1934 by the Institut Frangais de 
Damas appeared Mr. Albert de Boucheman’s monograph entitled 
“Matériel de la vie bédouine receuilli dans le désert de Syrie (tribu 
des Arabes Sha‘a).”” This volume contains an excellent account 
of the material life of the Sbaa Beduins. 

Indexes of the numbers of individuals and plate numbers of the 
Dulaimis and the Anaiza (p. 207) have been prepared. 

The comparative data and the conclusions based on the anthro- 
pometric survey of Iraq will be discussed in Part II. 

A detailed knowledge of the physical characters of the modern 
peoples of Iraq and their relationship both to their neighbors and 
to the ancient dwellers in Mesopotamia not only will throw light 
on numerous historical problems but also will be of assistance in 
determining the true racial heritage of the Mediterranean Race. 

Furthermore, the European races trace part of their physical 
and cultural origins to an area extending from the Punjab to the 
Nile Valley. 

Southwestern Asia may well have been one of the nurseries of 
Homo sapiens (Field, 1932b, 1939b). 


II. THE LAND! AND THE PEOPLE 


The Upper Euphrates region may be described as the stretch 
of the Euphrates River between Raqqa and Al Falluja with an 
arbitrary boundary in the desert on both the right and left banks 
of the river (Fig. 3). 

In general this area, which covers approximately 22,000 square 
miles, consists of a steppe-like plateau with rocky outcrops, similar 
to South African kopjes, some of which rise to a height of 200 or 300 
feet above the level of the surrounding country. 


Through the center of this inhospitable area flows the Euphrates 
River, following a general southeasterly course (cf. Ionides, pp. 37- 
111). Along its banks and those of its tributaries are to be found 
stretches and patches of cultivated land. 


In the course of centuries the river has carved out a trough-like 
depression through the desert. According to the resistance offered 
by the geological formation of the land, this valley varies in width 
from more than ten miles to a narrow precipitous gorge scarcely a 
mile across. 


In the wider sections of the valley, the river meanders, fre- 
quently changing its course and forming numerous islands and 
rapids in the river bed, as well as ledges of rich, alluvial soil near 
the banks where the land is cultivated. 


At Abu Kemal the valley begins to narrow, and the course of » 
the river is due east until it reaches Ana; from here it again flows 
southeast. The gorge gradually opens out in the neighborhood of 
Ramadi, where the river flows through a fertile, irrigated, alluvial 
plain, until the limit of the area is reached at Al Falluja. 

As far south as the Tell Aswad reach, the river bed is rocky, 
with numerous ledges and rapids, but beyond this point the bed 
of the river and both banks consist of alluvial soil. 

The country on the left bank of the river is known to the local 
inhabitants as the Island (Al Jazira),? so-called because it lies be- 
tween the Tigris and the Euphrates, and the country on the right 
bank is known as Al Shamiya, as it is situated on the Damascus 
(Sham) side of the river. 

1 For general description see Lyde (pp. 268 et seq.); Carruthers (1918); Blan- 


a 1929, especially the bibliography, p. 231); Stamp (1929); and Boesch 
39). 


2 Throughout the remainder of this report Al Jazira and Al Shamiya are 
referred to as the Jazira and the Shamiya. 


17 


18 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


The Euphrates has only two tributaries of any importance, the 
Belikh and the Khabur, both of which join the parent stream on 
the left bank, the former in the neighborhood of Deir-ez-Zor and the 
latter about eight miles upstream from Meyyadin. 


Numerous wadis from the desert uplands join the river on both 
banks. They are dry during the greater part of the year, but after 
a heavy rain, which may occur miles away in the desert, they are 
liable to sudden and unexpected floods which render them impass- 
able for an indefinite length of time, from one or two hours up to 
as much as five days. 


The chief canals, few in number, leading from this section of 
the Euphrates, are the Aziziya, Saqlawiya, Abu Ghuraib, and Ridh- 
waniya, details of which are as follows: 


(1) The Aziziya Canal leaves the right bank of the Euphrates 
half a mile upstream from Ramadi, and flows in a _ general 
south-southeasterly direction into Habbaniya Lake, five miles 
southeast of Ramadi. Both banks of the canal are extensively 
cultivated. 


(2) The Saqlawiya, one of the largest and most important canals 
on the Euphrates, is of modern construction. Its intake is six and a 
half miles upstream from Al Falluja, on the left bank of theriver. The 
canal flows in a general easterly direction, terminating in the Aqar- 
quf, ten miles northwest of Baghdad. The canal head is controlled 
by sluice gates and has a concrete blockhouse on either bank, where 
it is crossed by a stone bridge on the main Baghdad-Al Falluja 
road. This canal, which attracted many sections of the Dulaim 
tribe from the banks of the Euphrates, waters one of the most 
fertile tracts of country in the whole area. 


(8) The Abu Ghuraib Canal leaves the left bank of the Eu- 
phrates four miles downstream from Al Falluja and proceeds in a 
general easterly direction until due south of Khan Nugqta, when 
it flows northward. Both banks of the canal are cultivated by 
Zoba tribesmen. 


(4) The Ridhwaniya Canal has its head on the left bank of the 
Euphrates nine miles downstream from Al Falluja and follows the 
general direction of the river until it reaches Imam Hamza, where 
it tails off into a series of distributaries. The Zoba are the chief 
cultivators on both banks of the canal. 


The sudden inundations of the Euphrates are an important 
factor in the life of the people. There are two flood seasons. Dur- 


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19 


20 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


ing the first season, occurring between November and February, 
the rises in the river are caused by the sporadic, but often violent, 
winter rains. These inundations are usually of short duration. 
The longer flood season begins about the middle of March and 
continues to the end of June. The river is usually at its highest 
during May, and there is a considerable daily recession during the 
month of June. 


During July, August, and September there is a steady decrease 
of water in the river, the lowest level usually being reached about 
the middle of October. The river gauge then remains stationary 
until November, when rains may cause freshets involving a rise 
of five or six feet in forty-eight hours, in many cases leaving the 
channels and crossings changed. 


In July and August the channels change continually. This is 
the most difficult period for river navigation, while September, 
October, and November are the best months.! 


In this region on the Euphrates, the thermometer readings 
may range from below freezing to above 120° F. in the shade. The 
hottest months are usually August and September, while the greatest - 
degree of cold is experienced in December and January. The tem- 
perature varies considerably throughout the area, that at Deir-ez- 
Zor being 10° less than that at Ramadi during the summer months. 


Between Raqqa and Al Falluja the climatic conditions are those 
of a subtropical, inland area semi-arid in character, although an 
appreciable amount of rain falls in the winter months. The area 
lies in the shadow of the high plateau to the north and west, and 
thus the summer temperature is not as extreme as it is in lower 
Iraq. There is, however, considerable difference in temperature 
at Raqqa and Al Falluja. 


The relative humidity of the atmosphere is extremely low, and 
even in the wet season rain is not very abundant. Sometimes the 
first rain may fall in October, but usually the heavy downpours 
come in November. The rainy season continues until April or 
early May, after which no further rain occurs until the following 
October. 


Snow is rare in this region, but on February 11-18, 1920, a light 
fall was recorded at Ana. On January 11, 1926, I was in a heavy 
hailstorm west of Ramadi. 


1 See Willcocks and Ionides for detailed information on the general hydraulic 
survey of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. 


THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 21 . 


The general direction of winds throughout the summer is from 
the northwest, because atmospheric pressure in the eastern Mediter- 
ranean is considerably higher than that in the Persian Gulf during 
this season. This northwest wind descends from the plateau upon 
the Jazira like a dry, scorching blast from a furnace, frequently 
bearing with it a cloud of dust (cf. Coles). 

Southern hot winds, from the Persian Gulf, usually alternate 


with the northwest winds throughout the summer. The influence 
of these hot winds is particularly noticeable in August and Sep- 


Hit Al Fallija 


Kubaisae 

Ramadi 
a \ eye M Hebbaniy 
‘ ' Ar Rahhaliyas 


\ ‘ SPcmles 2 Shithathas 


Fic. 3. The Upper Euphrates region. Scale 1:4,000,000. 


tember, when they help to ripen the date crop. They are felt as 
far north as Abu Kemal, the northern limit of the cultivation of 
Phoenix dactylifera (see Dowson). The prevailing wind passes over 
the plateau of Anatolia and descends on the plains as a dry current 
of air, rapidly becoming warmer as it descends from the level of the 
mountains. During the winter months the direction of the wind 
varies considerably, and breezes often spring up from the south. 


Calms rarely occur and the wind generally attains its maximum 
velocity during the day. In the evening, the wind diminishes to a 
gentle breeze which gradually gathers speed after dawn on the 
following morning. 


22 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


During the summer months, sand storms of considerable inten- 
sity frequently occur, and the burning sand, driven along with 
a cloud of dust, provides a most unpleasant experience (cf. Coles). 
For hours visibility may be limited to a few hundred feet. 


The agricultural crops of this area on the Upper Euphrates, 
cultivated under the most primitive conditions, comprise chiefly 
wheat (huntah) and barley (shair), a certain amount of maize 
(ithra), and a limited quantity of red and white rice (timmin), sesame 
(simsim), mash (mash), beans (buqul), and cotton (qutn). There 
are some brinjals (badinjan), cucumbers (khiar), melons (battikh), 
onions (bassal), and radishes (fijil). Date palms (cf. Dowson) are 
cultivated extensively at Abu Kemal and along the Euphrates, 
and, to a lesser extent, apple (shajarat tiffah), pear (shajarat armut), 
mulberry (shajarat tukkt), and pomegranate (shajarat rumman) 
trees. 


For agricultural purposes the rainfall is insufficient and irriga- 
tion becomes an absolute necessity between May and October. 
The Belikh and Khabur, tributaries of the Euphrates, never become 
quite dry, making possible the growing of crops sufficient to main- 
tain a settled population on the banks of these streams. 

The three principal methods of irrigation in use on the Upper 
Euphrates are: by water lift (charid); by water wheel (naura);! 
and by canal. 

A charid is a water lift constructed on the river bank, usually 
where it descends steeply to the river. The lift is worked by a pony 
or mule. The water, raised to the bank in a large skin, is carried 
away in a small, narrow channel from which smaller distributaries 
take the water to the cultivated fields. Where the charid is the 
only form of irrigation, water can be carried only from one to one 
and a half miles inland from the river. 

In the construction of a water wheel? (naura) a series of masonry 
weirs is built out into the river for a distance of about ten yards, 
with a masonry trough extending along the top. At the end of 
this projection into the river is a water wheel (Pl. 48). The force 
of the current in the stream turns the wheel, on which is fas- 
tened a series of small buckets to lift the water. On the turnover 
of the wheel the water is emptied into an extension from the trough 
(Pl. 48, upper) and thence conveyed through ordinary channels to 


1 Cf. Laufer (1984) for origin and history of the noria or Persian wheel. 
2 Cf. H. Charles, pp. 140-146. 


THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 23 


the land to be irrigated. Working day and night, each wheel irri- 
gates about five acres. The cost of maintenance of one wheel is 
said to be approximately $200 annually. A masonry dam, built 
out into the river in prolongation of the weirs, raises the water level 
enough to ensure at low water a sufficient current to turn the 
water wheels. A series of these weirs and dams built out from 
both banks toward the center of the river tends to raise the water 
level and to produce a swift current in the center of the river be- 
tween the heads of the dams, rendering the passage of boats both 
difficult and dangerous. In many places the weirs and dams be- 
come ruined and submerged, further increasing the dangers of navi- 
gation. Norias are not used downstream from Hit. 


In spite of their usefulness in cultivation, there are remarkably 
few canals of any size on the Upper Euphrates (see p. 18). A 
tribesman will cut a small channel leading from the river to irrigate 
his crops where this is practicable, but unless the Government dis- 
plays some interest and activity in the construction of a large canal 
he will show little initiative in this direction. 


The rain produces a desert crop capable of supporting more than 
a hundred thousand grazing sheep and several thousand camels. 
During the late autumn, winter, and early spring, after heavy rains, 
this desert is covered with grass, various desert wild flowers, spinifex, 
and numerous shrubs which provide excellent grazing for camels.’ 


During this period water can be obtained from depressions in 
the ground or from the beds of wadis where it collects after rains. 
At this season, Beduins, principally from the Anaiza and Shammar 
tribes, wander in well-defined areas grazing their extensive flocks of 
camels and sheep. 


About the end of April or the beginning of May the desert be- 
comes parched, brown, and dry. During the rainless summer months 
the grazing is thus quickly exhausted and Beduin herdsmen must be 
continually on the move, compelled to pasture their flocks near 
the river. 


The fauna of Iraq has not yet been studied extensively but 
numerous papers have been published in the Journal of the Bombay 
Natural History Society and by specialists of the British Museum 
(Natural History). 


The mammals living in this region include gazelle, hyena, jackal, 
wild boar, fox, badger, and cheetah. There are many species of 


24 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


birds living beside the Euphrates and the Wadi Thahthar. The 
reptiles and amphibians probably do not differ from those in other 
parts of Iraq (cf. Schmidt,. 1989). 

The insects have not been studied in detail within this: area 
but the reader desirous of additional information on the Hemip- 
tera and Orthoptera should consult the articles by China and 
Uvarov (see Bibliography). 

The mineral resources of the Upper Euphrates are concentrated 
around the bitumen wells at Hit. Apart from this the area possesses 
no mineral wealth, with the exception of a negligible quantity of 
oil' from Nafatha, ten miles north of Ramadi. The oil (mazut) is 
used as a remedy for diseases of sheep and camels. 

The seven bitumen wells at Hit are said to have been worked 
for at least 5,000 years, and the supply seems to be almost unlimited. 
The output in 1920 averaged between 150 and 300 tons per month, 
most of which was exported up- or downstream in barges (shakhatir). 

Bitumen is used locally for boat-building, the making of bricks 
(tabuq), caulking of baskets, and as fuel for kilns (quwar). 

Lime is manufactured at Hit by burning bitumen with limestone 
from the neighboring quarries, the average output being 300 tons 
per month, all of which is exported downstream. One of the best 
quarries lies at Jaladiya, five miles northwest of Hit. | 

The only controlled salt pans exist at Hit. Three hundred tons of 
salt were exported during 1920. | . ; 

The sole manufacturing enterprise of any importance on the 
Upper Euphrates is also located at Hit, where gufas (Ar. quffaf) 
are constructed. These round boats are made by interlacing tama- 
risk and mulberry tree branches with basketwork of reeds and 
straw, and the whole is eventually caulked with a mixture of bitumen 
and sand. The boats usually draw about twenty-two inches when 
laden and about six inches when empty. When despatched down- 
stream for sale they are loaded with lime and bitumen, and sold 
with their cargoes. 

A report on economic and commercial conditions in Iraq, by 
J. P. Summerscale, appeared in 1938. 

A brief historical survey shows that this area has seen the rise 
and fall of some of the most famous empires of the past. As long 

1 This statement was written prior to the activities of the Iraq Petroleum 
Company, formerly the Turkish Petroleum Company. During 1928 I was at- 
tached as a separate archaeological unit to Major A. L. Holt’s T. P. C. Survey 


party operating between Rutba and the Harrat-ar-Rajil. Therefore, all informa- 
tion regarding oil development has been treated as strictly confidential. : 


THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 25 


ago as 1450 B.c. the Eastern Marches of the Egyptian Empire 
extended as far as Hit. At a later period the country came in turn 
under the domination of the Assyrian, Persian, Macedonian, and 
Roman empires. It was engulfed finally by the tide of the Moham- 
medan conquest, which swept up from Mecca and Medina in the 
seventh century as'a result of the preaching of Mohammed. Later 
again, when, under the Omayyad caliphs, the governing center of 
the Mohammedan world shifted from Mecca and Medina to Damas- 
cus, the country again changed masters, and when the Abbassid 
caliphs in their turn rose to power and Baghdad became their capital, 
the area in question formed part of their dominions. At length, after 
other vicissitudes and changes of fortune, the country, in 1534, 
came under the rule of the Ottoman Turks, who had been ruling 
over it for nearly 400 years at the time of the outbreak of the World 
War in 1914. 


During the Turkish régime, the country along the Middle 
Euphrates, although nominally under the control of the Turks, 
actually became independent of any central authority until com- 
paratively recent years. 

The Beduins ranged the country at will, taking toll of the agri- 
culturist and of the caravan. As a result of their depredations, 
which the central government was not in a position to check, any 
security or prosperity was rendered impossible, and cultivation of 
the land existed merely on sufferance. 


It was not until the conclusion of the Crimean War (1856), 
when the Porte found itself with a large army and plenty of money 
at its disposal, that any serious effort was made to exercise control 
in the country. Omar Pasha, then governor of Aleppo, at the head 
of a considerable body of troops, marched down the Euphrates 
and took possession of Deir-ez-Zor, which was then held by Fallahin, 
who had enjoyed semi-independence under Anaiza protection. It 
was about this time that the caravan route down the Euphrates 
from Aleppo to Baghdad was opened to traffic, and traveling by 
this route, although a somewhat speculative venture, became com- 
paratively safe. 


This policy of enforcing the Turkish authority was carried on 
by Midhat Pasha, who built forts to protect navigation on the 
Euphrates and the caravan route to Aleppo. 

Despite periods of insecurity the Turkish power gradually grew, 
and the acreage of cultivated land has considerably increased in 
recent years in the Euphrates Valley. The riverain cultivators 


26 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


usually found it advisable to pay a form of tribute to the larger 
Beduin tribes in return for protection, or at least for freedom from 
molestation. 


On the outbreak of the World War in 1914 the Euphrates was 
gradually developed as a line of communication by the Turks, who 
transported both troops and stores by river from Jerablus to Al 
Falluja and even to Samawa and An Nasiriya. 


As the Turkish domination was replaced by British occupation, 
Civil Administration was undertaken, and Political Officers were 
established at Ramadi, Ana, Abu Kemal, and Deir-ez-Zor. The 
Ramadi division consisted of the old Turkish Qadhas of Al Falluja, 
Ramadi, Hit, Ana, and Abu Kemal, which were administered by 
Assistant Political Officers. Ana, Hit, and Al Falluja were later 
placed under the charge of Arab Civil Officials. 


The advent of the new Arab government of Iraq has produced 
a general stabilizing influence on the political situation in the Upper 
Euphrates region. 


The great majority of the inhabitants are Arabs of the Sunni sect. 


Christians, Jews, and Shiah Mohammedans are so few in number 
that they need scarcely be considered as a factor of importance. 
Owing to the former migratory habits of large sections of the popu- 
lation accurate census figures were difficult to obtain. The following 
is an approximate estimate of the population derived from various 
sources in 1920: 


Arabs: (Sunnis). 356-25 ses Acc bees néene 331,000 
Arabs (onians) san eae eee es 200 
DOWS EES nies ema oa aio ea en aterm 3,600 
CORTIBUIOQNES 500 20C, Bo) ce eee See 1,200 

Ss) = | Be RG Sy REN een A niet eee 336,000 


The Upper Euphrates is the home of four types of Arab, each 
of which is more or less distinct from the others, possessing its own 
characteristics. 


(1) The Beduins, or purely nomadic wanderers in the desert, 
are represented in this area by the large and powerful Anaiza con- 
federation (cf. pp. 54-74, 91-98). 


(2) The semi-nomads pasture their flocks in the desert, while 
at the same time they own and cultivate land in the vicinity of the 
river. The Dulaim (pp. 33-54, 96-101) area good illustration of this 
type, approximately 50 per cent of the tribe being semi-nomadic 
and the remainder settled cultivators. 


THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 27 


(3) The settled cultivators reside permanently either on the river 
bank or in an irrigated area, and engage in purely agricultural pur- 
suits. No tribe on the Upper Euphrates is composed entirely of 
settled cultivators, and the percentage in each tribe varies. In the 
Baqqarah, settled cultivators amount to about 75 per cent of the 
inhabitants. 

(4) The town-dweller, engaged in commercial or industrial pur- 
suits, lives on the proceeds of land or houses which he owns, or he 
may be a government official or a member of the professional classes. 


The most important tribal groups living in the Upper Euphrates 
region are the Anaiza, including the Ruwalla and Amarat sections, 
and the Dulaim. The Anaiza and the Dulaim are discussed in 
Chapter III, pages 33-74. 

The Amarat, who numbered some 4,500 tents, ranged the eastern 
portion of the Hamad from west of An Najaf to Deir-ez-Zor. In 
early spring the Amarat occupied Al Gara depression near Bir 
Mulussa, eighty miles southwest of Abu Kemal. In summer they 
migrated to the Euphrates between Ramadi and Deir-ez-Zor, while 
autumn usually found them encamped on the edge of the desert 
west of Karbala in the vicinity of Shithatha and Ar Rahhaliya. 


In the years following November 11, 1918, the Amarat became 
friendly with the Dulaim but remained bitter enemies not only of 
the Shammar Jarba of the Jazira but also of the Southern Shammar 
of Arabia. They were on bad terms with the Ruwalla, but Fahad ~ 
Beg and Nuri ibn Shalan came to a friendly agreement in the 
spring of 1921. The relations of the Amarat with the Sbaa and 
the Fadan were not cordial. 


The chief importance of the Ruwalla was the fact that they 
commanded the Hit-Damascus road, one of the main trade routes 
between Syria and Iraq. With their powerful confederates, the 
Wulud Ali, the Muhallaf, and the Hasanah, who were usually in the 
closest relations with them, they numbered about 7,000 tents. 


The Ruwalla and their allies wandered over the desert from 
Hama and Homs in the north, where the Hasanah had their summer 
pasturages. Later they began to settle down as cultivators of the 
land as far as Qasr-el-Azraq, south of Jebel ed Druze, and down 
the Wadi Sirhan to Jauf. Their range extended to the east as far 
as the source of the Wadi Hauran on the Jebel Enaze.! In summer 
they withdrew into the Wadi Sirhan. 


1In the spring of 1928, Mr. W. E. Browne, surveyor for the Iraq Petroleum 
Company, followed the Wadi Hauran from the wells at Al Mat, north of Rutba, 


28 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


The Paramount Sheikh of the Ruwalla is Nuri ibn Shalan,' 
one of the most powerful of Beduin chiefs. After his capture of 
Jauf from the Shammar of Ibn Rashid in 1912 he was the most 
successful rival of the Southern Shammar. Ibn Rashid, however, 
succeeded in recapturing Jauf during 1920. 


The following information, based on 1920 statistics, is ston 
for this region, passing from northwest to southeast: 


Raqqa.—A town in Syria with a population of ces 
2,000 Mohammedans, mainly Arabs and Circassians. 


Deir-ez-Zor—The total population, estimated at 15,000, con- 
sisted chiefly of Mohammedan town Arabs. There was a small 
Christian colony of Syrian Catholics and a few Jews. 


Abu Kemal.—The French frontier post, with approximately 750 
inhabitants, the majority of whom were Sunnis. 


Ana.—Of the 15,000 inhabitants, the majority were Sunnis, 
with about twenty Jews engaged in trade. 


Kubaisa.—The population, numbering about 3,000 Sunnis, was 
divided into six small tribes or houses. 


Hit.—This ancient town stands on the right bank of the Euphra- 
tes, 119 miles downstream from Ana. Hit, on the river bank, 
dominates a mound which is precipitous to the plain but slopes more 
gradually toward the river. A tall, leaning minaret near the river 
bank provides a conspicuous landmark which can be seen for many 
miles. The town, surrounded by a loop-holed wall, gives the im- 
pression of being built for defense. There are large gardens of date 
palms and fruit trees on both banks of the river upstream from 
the town. 


Hit, which is depressing al malodorous, owes these attributes 
to the bitumen wells and furnaces, the smoke from which causes a 
hazy atmosphere to hang over the town. The surrounding ground 
is also redolent of bitumen (gir) and sulphur (kibrit). Despite the 
unpleasantness, however, it is said to be decidedly healthful, and 
past the Tellul Abaillie, across the Rutba-Amman track to Jebel Enaze. On the 
southern slopes of this low range of hills we found typologically Paleolithic flint 


implements on both sides of the small watercourse, which marks the source of the 
great Wadi Hauran. 


1 When I visited him in Damascus in April, 1928, although he was partly 
crippled with gout, his commanding presence was felt by all to whom he gave 
an audience. 


2Sir William Andrew (p. 73) published the following sobauiine figures in 
1882: Deir-ez-Zor, 7,000; Ana, 2,000; and Hit, 3,000. For later and more detailed 
information see Musil, 1927b. 


S¥Y3L3SWO1Iy 


pPePN Aol NY 


orAyTez AV 


Jebnog ~ 


29 


30 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


local sages state with conviction that on one occasion the presence 
of the bitumen wells saved the town from an epidemic of cholera. 


There are seven bitumen wells in the neighborhood, five on 
the right bank of the river, one mile west of the town, and two on the 
left bank. These wells are believed to have been worked for at least 
5,000 years. Herodotus mentioned the bitumen wells of the town, 
then known as Is (ef. Musil, 1927b, pp. 280-231, 350-353). Some 
authorities have identified this town with the Thi of the Babylonian 
inscriptions, the Ahava of Ezra, and with the Ist, from which a 
tribute of bitumen was brought to Thutmose III, according to an 
inscription at Karnak. 


The population, estimated at about 6,000, was comprised of 
Mohammedans, with the exception of fifty-five Jews. 


Ramadi.—A modern town, with about 5,000 inhabitants, lying 
on the right bank of the Euphrates, twenty-seven miles upstream 
from Al Falluja and thirty-three miles downstream from Hit. Ra- 
madi stands on slightly elevated ground about 500 yards inland 
from the river, surrounded by date palms, which grow only on the 
right bank. About one and one-half miles downstream from the 
town there are extensive date gardens. On both banks of the river 
large tracts of land are under cultivation, irrigated by means of 
water lifts, also on the right bank by the Aziziya Canal. About 
half a mile upstream from Ramadi this canal leaves the right bank 
of the river and flows in a south-southeasterly direction into Hab- 
baniya Lake, about five miles southeast of the town (cf. Fig. 4). 


This lake, near which the British Royal Air Force Headquarters 
are now located, is a large tract of brackish water covering about 
one hundred square miles. 


Al Falluja.—This is a small town on the left bank of the Eu- 
phrates River about forty miles west of Baghdad. The majority of 
the houses are little more than mud huts. With the exception 
of the very small date garden on the northwest side of the town, 
there is little land under cultivation. The town possesses a mosque, 
three khans, a serai, and one large house. The population was 
estimated at 1,200, the majority of whom were Mohammedans. 


Ar Rahhaliya.—The population was recorded as 2,000, all Mo- 
hammedans. There was a large Negroid element. The inhabitants 
were divided into three families or houses, for details of which see 
tribal lists (p. 91). 


THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE 31 


Little accurate information is available regarding the health 
conditions among the civil population, where the rule of survival 
of the fittest holds sway. 


As throughout Iraq, eye diseases are extremely common, 
infection being carried chiefly by flies and dust, and aggravated by 
the insanitary conditions under which the people live. 


Prior to 1925, epidemics of cholera, typhus, and smallpox ap- 
peared at intervals and cases of bubonic plague sometimes occurred. 


Since the advent of trans-desert travel by automobile and air- 
plane the danger from the spread of epidemics has increased a 
thousandfold. Medical inspectors were installed at Ramadi but 
pirate Arab convoys escaped this examination until the Iraq govern- 
ment, realizing the danger, policed all entrances into their territory. 
The greatest menace came from Pilgrims making the Haj to Mecca 
(cf. Clemow). Present arrangements are more than adequate to 
safeguard general health interests. 

Under the brilliant direction of the Minister of Education and of 
Dr. M. Jamali, graduate of Columbia University, educational facili- 
ties are increasing throughout the country, but the Beduins are little 
influenced by these changes. 


Ill. THE PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE 
DULAIM AND THE ANAIZA 


ANTHROPOMETRIC METHODS AND TECHNIQUE 


In the previous chapters the land and the peoples of the Upper 
Euphrates region have been described and a brief summary of his- 
torical events has been given. 


It seems undesirable to repeat at length the description of the 
Iraq government permits obtained or the correct procedure in- 
volved. My previous work in Iraq, beginning in 1925, facilitated 
the issuance of all necessary permits and letters of introduction 
to the Mutasarrifs of every Liwa. 


In general the anthropometric methods and technique follow 
the procedure adopted by the International Committee at Monaco 
in 1906. A detailed description of the technique has appeared 
(pp. 278-288) in my “Contributions to the Anthropology of Iran.” 


In order to present the statistical data so that they can be com- 
pared to my previous figures, obtained in Iraq and Iran, it will be 
necessary to group the individuals according to the two classifica- 
tory systems devised and adopted by Dr. E. A. Hooton in the Labo- 
ratory of Anthropology at Harvard and by Sir Arthur Keith. 


While the general trends remain the same the greater number 
of divisions (Keith system) show more clearly any small differ- 
ences. For the sake of direct comparison, wherever possible, I have 
grouped the two tables. 


Since I am planning to treat each section as but a part of one 
complete volume there is no necessity to compile comparative 
tables until the last section. For this reason I am publishing only 
the vital statistics, morphological characters, statistical analyses, 
and raw data of the Dulaim and the Anaiza. 


On the other hand, since this is the first section of ““The Anthro- 
pology of Iraq,’ I have felt it desirable to quote the recalculated 
tables for my groups of Arabs of the Kish area, Iraq Soldiers, and 
Ba‘ij Beduins. The recalculation was necessary in order that the 
figures could be sorted and calculated on the Hollerith machines 
in the Laboratory of Anthropology at Harvard. Further slight 
differences occurred since some men were eliminated on account 
of youth or old age, the limits being 18-70 inclusive. 


32 


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: DULAIM AND ANAIZA 33 


When this plan has been followed, all measurements, indices, 
and groupings will be directly comparable. 

For the sake of comparison the series of 100 Arabs measured 
at Kish by Dr. L. H. Dudley Buxton during the first week of Jan- 
uary, 1926, has been added. These tables were recalculated at 
Harvard from the raw data. 


List OF ANTHROPOMETRIC ABBREVIATIONS 


B=head breadth Go-Go=bigonial breadth 
B’=minimum frontal diameter Go-Go/J=zygo-gonial index 
B’/B=fronto-parietal index G.O.L.=glabello-occipital length 
B’/J=zygo-frontal index J=bizygomatic breadth 

B/L= cephalic index L= glabello-occipital length 

Big. B.=bigonial breadth L.L.=lower limb length 


M.F.D.=minimum frontal diameter 
N.B.=nasal breadth 

N.H.=nasal height 

NB/NH=nasal index 

N.I.=nasal index 


Biz. B.=bizygomatic breadth 
C.I.=cephalic index 
E.B.=ear breadth 
EB/EL=ear index 


E.I.=ear index go aig ula ; 
R.S.H.=relative sitting height 
E.L.=ear length = S.H.=sitting height 
F.P.I.=fronto-parietal index T.F.H.=total facial height 
G.B.=greatest breadth T.F.I.=total facial index 
G.H.=total facial height U.F.H.=upper facial height 
G’H=upper facial height U.F.I.=upper facial index 
GH/J=facial index Zyg.fr.I.=zygo-frontal index 
G’H/J=upper facial index Zyg.go.l.=zygo-gonial index 
THE DULAIM! 


The Dulaim, the largest semi-nomadic tribe in this area, state 
that they came to Iraq under the leadership of one Thamir, from 
the Dulaimiyat Springs in central Arabia. They are Sunnis of the 
Shafiite sect. Numbering approximately 26,000 men, they pos- 
sessed cultivated lands on both banks of the Euphrates from Imam 
Hamza to Al Qaim. 


About 50 per cent of the tribe were settled agriculturists, the 
remainder being nomads who raised sheep and camels, moving both 
into the eastern Shamiya and into the Jazira for their winter graz- 
ing. The nomadic sections usually left their summer habitat on 
the Euphrates about September and returned in April. No definite 
area or routes could be laid down for the migration of the nomad 
element as their movements were governed by the quantity of graz- 
ing available in the various areas. 

1 This introductory section is based on data obtained prior to 1921. During 
1934, wherever possible, I checked this information. See also ‘‘A Handbook of 


Arabia” (vol. 1, pp. 538-54, London, 1920); Ashkenazi (1938); Ayrout (1938); 
Charles (1939); and von Oppenheim (vol. 1, pp. 186-189, 1939). 


34 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


The Dulaim shared the pastures of the Amarat, with whom 
they were on friendly terms, in the eastern Shamiya. In the Jazira 
the nomad portion of the tribe sometimes moved as far north as 
Tikrit on the right bank of the Tigris. 

The agricultural portions of the Dulaim cultivate a strip of 
land on both banks of the Euphrates, and along the Aziziya, Abu 
Ghuraib, Saqlawiya, and subsidiary canals. 

The crops produced by the Dulaim are chiefly wheat, barley, 
rice, mash, maize, and millet (dukhn). Dates and other fruit such 
as apples, figs (tin), and pomegranates are grown in gardens sur- 
rounding the towns. The Dulaim export grain both up and down 
the Euphrates to the large market towns on the river, and also to 
Kubaisa and Ar Rahhaliya for sale to the desert tribes and for trans- 
desert market towns. 

Toward the end of 1918 the Dulaim were closely allied with 
the Amarat section of the Anaiza, and at enmity with the Shammar 
Jarba and the settled Shiah tribes of the Lower Euphrates. 

When the insurrection of 1920 finally had been subdued, and 
Sheikh Dhari ibn Dhahir of the Zoba tribe had fled, many sections 
of that tribe agreed to acknowledge Ali Sulaiman of the Dulaim 
as their Paramount Chief and became part of the Dulaim. 

A list of Zoba sections, which either affiliated themselves with 
the Dulaim or set up as independent tribes, follows: 


DULAIM INDEPENDENT 
Luhaib Saadan Chitadah Shaar 
Shuwartan Shiti Faddaghah Dulaim 
Bani Zaid Subaihat Haiwat Qartan 
Qara-Ghul Sumailat Hitawiyin 
Khurushiyin 


The main part of the Qara-Ghul tribe, which was located on the 
left bank of the Euphrates about six miles downstream from Imam 
Hamza, had been independent since about 1840. The Qara-Ghul 
of the Zoba was a small colony from this tribe. 


DULAIM TRIBESMEN MEASURED AT HADITHA 


At Haditha on May 21 and 22, 1934, I examined 137 Dulaim 
tribesmen. The arrangements were made by the late Dr. H. C. 
Reid, Medical Officer of the Iraq Petroleum Company, whose guests 
we were. 

Age.—The average age for 186 Dulaimis was 32.40 (range 20-64). 
Sixty-six per cent of the individuals were under thirty-five years 


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: DULAIM AND ANAIZA 35 


of age. On the basis of age grouping the sample obtained should 
be a representative series of these tribesmen. No. 1076 was omitted. 


AGE DISTRIBUTION 


Age No. Per cent Age No. Per cent 
gt ES eee eee Gin se M40 id eitias os des 12 8.82 
ya, | So ET 28 20.59 DUSORs ceiretac nd 3 2:21 
BORE te ndicinis os Se 40 29.41 BOG 5 6S < cele ns eee 0 Sees 
BO HORS ea oe as 22 16.18 OOH G8 oro oS ers 4 2.94 
+ ee 19 13.97 GO-GO es chin 0 Pee 
| ULES Fegan 8 5.88 MOHKBGs 2 Hoe sae 0 

OGG. 32 52. 1386 100.00 


MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF DULAIMIS 


Skin.—The color was darker than that of the average Arab of 
the Kish area. Individually it ranged from that of a typical southern 
European to dark brown. The constant exposure to the weather, 
combined with the general neglect of washing except for ritual 
ablutions in which sand often replaced water, tended to give 
the older individuals a weather-beaten appearance. In general, 
the Dulaimis possessed a skin color little different from that of the 
Arabs from the ‘Fertile Crescent”’ to Morocco. 


Nos. 1062 and 1124 (Pl. 36) had some Negro blood. No. 1109 
had very dark hands and the color of his body was considerably 
darker than that of the average individual. 


Hair.—The hair color varied from dark brown to black, which 
I now think should have been classified as very dark brown. No 
trace of blondism was present. In form the hair had low waves, 
seven individuals (5.30 per cent) possessing deep wavy hair. The 
three men recorded as having curly-frizzly hair indicate the presence 
of Negro blood, a feature which appears in the photographic anal- 
yses. Ninety-five men (72.52 per cent) had hair of medium tex- 
ture. An almost equal proportion of the remainder occurred at 
both extremes of the scale. The coarser element might also be 
associated with a Negroid element. Sixty-six hair samples were 
obtained. 

Hair on the head was abundant. No. 1124, who was com- 
pletely bald, had no hair on his entire body. He stated that he had 
always been hairless, as were his three brothers, but that his parents 
possessed the normal amount of hair (PI. 36). 


On the other hand abnormal hairiness of the body was not re- 
corded, and the general impression retained was that the amount 
of body hair was average for any group of Arabs in Iraq. 


36 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


HAIR 
Color No. Per cent Form No. Per cent 
QO et ee rn shia 93 70.99 SUPRION Ye car nis oes eid.s Sine Oe aes 
Very dark brown....... 2 1.53 Very low waves........ ON taney 
Dark Drown... 00% s..k ces: 19 14.50 EDW IWAVER oo. oo enone 122 92.42 
BIOwWa ooo ak aes OQ Feetse DOCU WAVES: 3c wens uf 5.30 
Reddish brown......... OFSs tone Curly-frizzly........... 3 2:27 
Light brown........... OM aaa: WOGHY Sc, acute ess | a eoa er are 
1S tere er es Oo Pee — — 
Black and gray........ 14 10.69 POR Sy ce oiodee 132 99.99 
Dark brown and gray... 0 ..... pete a, ee 
Light brown and gray.. 0 ..... COaTHE as eesee es 19 14.50 
oo: Baie ait oer tomes eS : 2.29 — Coarse-medium..... |. Ones 
rs ag an re eee hoes Mec Taree 95 72.52 
edium-fine........... 3 2.29 
Total..........-.-+. Lash ete 2 AU UR Siena CRN 14 10.69 
ECM oes encrs cata 131 100.00 


Eyes.—The majority of the eyes were dark brown but one-third 
of the individuals had mixed eyes, indicating submerged blondism. 
Two men had blue eyes. The majority of irises were homogeneous, 
although rather more than one-third were zoned. The few rayed 
irises could only have been recorded on the light eyes. The sclera 
were clear, with the exception of twelve men (8.82 per cent), four 
of whom were recorded as bloodshot. 


EYES 

Color No. Per cent Tris No. Per cent 
BID OK «costes te tcstktes oe we 8 tee ae ose hee Homogeneous.......... 78 57.35 
Mark. DOWN: 2.60. <0. 45's 78 56.93 BYVCU ee. satus Staged eos 6 4.41 
BIUC-DIOWMN. oo ss ek ws 14 10.22 WiOUCO sic ese een 52 38.24 
Wite-DrOWN ..3. 6. hos as 6 4.38 — 
en brown La ek x 22.63 Totals fea0 sear acc 136 §=©100.00 

WEEN-DTOWD.. © 6 .0.s ee ss, « 1.46 
Gray-DIOWN Ss 6.55 8-35 aes 4 2.92 - a a gin fare ; 
a Bee Res staventmt ies ete: «hoes 3 1.46 era ee Peg ee 0 ; 

1 rr ee Speckled ss il) B88 
Srl ee Saag ae a at ; ae aes WIOOUHHOU sos oe 2.94 
Wivicitron:, Sete aera Dette Speckled and bloodshot... 0 ..... 

ic ins ee ab aoe Ps aA ER Speckled and yellow.... 0  ..... 

YS erat 187 100.09  ‘ellowand bloodshot... 0  ..... 

TOUR cincenecisoe eee 136 §=100.00 


The eyes, or more properly the eye slits, were horizontal as in 
Europeans. 


No. 1046 had bright blue eyes. He stated that in the village 
of Khraair more than half the population have blue eyes. He 
explained his own case by saying that when his mother was pregnant 
she saw a man with blue eyes which influenced the eye color of her 
unborn child. Many Dulaimis agreed that there were numerous 
persons with blue eyes among this tribe. The blue element was 


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: DULAIM AND ANAIZA 37 


present in Nos. 1016, 1047, 1090, 1108, 1112, 1119, and 1120. Nos. 
1021, 1036, and 10387 had light green-brown eyes. No. 1065 was 
almost blind in the right eye. No. 1074 had poor vision in his left 
eye. No. 1076 had poor vision in both eyes. He had applied kubeli 
mixed with sugar in both eyes. This gave them a red color. No. 
1105 was slightly cross-eyed, the right eye being out of alignment. 


Nose.—The majority (70.80 per cent) of the noses were straight 
in profile, with only 13.87 per cent convex. Half of the Dulaimis 
had medium nasal wings, with 30.387 per cent in the narrowest cate- 
gories. The remainder (16.29 per cent) of the alae were medium- 
flaring or flaring, once again indicating the presence of a Negroid 
element. Two men had thicker than average nasal tips and one 
man was recorded in the double plus classification. 


NOSE 
Profile No. Per cent Wings No. ‘Per cent 
WRU Sec So os feck cite Sous 10 7.30 Compressed. ..5 506 6.5/1.5 32 23.70 
Siraionht: 2.0.20. ba 97 70.80 Compressed-medium.... 9 6.67 
SSONCRUOL 20a oe cae 3 2.19 Modi nc Fe oooh. 72 53.33 
MWONVOR oo. skids Saiosares 19 13.87 Medium-flaring........ £7 12.59 
Concavo-convex........ 8 5.84 AAP RIO cotta es <.c 5 3.70 
— pg a ar ae Cs yestung 
OUR Ge. ceed 137 100.00 —. —- 
otal oe ih ein 135 99.99 


Mouth.—The lips varied from thin (No. 1081) to thick (No. 
1080). Some individuals (Nos. 1027, 1058, 1087, and 1092) showed 
marked lower lip eversion. Nos. 1022 and 1030 had thin upper lips. 


Teeth—The occlusion was normal slight over for the entire 
group, with the exception of four men (2.96 per cent) each of whom 
had a marked-over bite. 


Since half of the group was under thirty years of age the good 
condition of the teeth is not unusual. The average age of the group 
was 32.40 (range 20-64). There were relatively few teeth lost and 
85.18 per cent of the Dulaimis possessed either good or excellent 
teeth. 


TEETH 
Bite No. Per cent Loss No. Per cent Condition No. Per cent 
LOC: eee 0: 555-Ge None..... On SA si Very bad..... 2.1.86 
Edge-to-edge 0. Sai. {oe eee? ad ORO). ss ss 7 6.48 
Slight over... 181 97.04 65-8....... Loe weer Pe Ses, ss 7 6.48 
Marked over. 4 2.96 9-16...... Lh Be oo MGOORS S526; 5 66 61.11 
i iy fee aes OR el sc Excellent.... 26 24.07 


Total: «3. 135 100.00 Bie se 
Total... 12 100.00  Total.... 108 100.00 


The following men had very good teeth: Nos. 1012, 1013, 1029— 
1031, 1033-1035, 1037, 1040, 1048, 1045, 1061, 1064, 1066, 


38 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


1067, 1078, 1079, 1086, 1089, 1097, 1098, 1118, 1122, 1128, and 1142. 
Nos. 1018, 1055, 1058, 1063, 1110, and 1121 had fair teeth, while 
Nos. 1058, 1060, 1075, 1088, and 1101 were poor. The teeth were 
very bad in Nos. 1059, 1065, and 1119. No. 1054 had marked-over 
occlusion. No. 1085 had teeth markedly sloping inward. No. 1114 
had lower front teeth showing much wear. No. 1095 had gold 
fillings in his front teeth and No. 1119 had three teeth covered with 
gold. No. 1062 had a broken right upper incisor as a result of a 
gun accident. 

Musculature——In general this was either good or excellent, 
although there were a few obvious cases of malnutrition. The 
outdoor activities of these tribesmen who, to some extent, are pas- 
toral nomads as well as agriculturists, tend to produce a healthy and 
virile group. 


Musculature No. Per cent 
POOR ines eso Sue ee eins eee 
ait rc.stoe ie Sry icine ee Os Ss anes 
BNGPORO 3 SRG ase no bee Die Fae aes 

7°04 De vac angeed eee ee Re C2 Ar 121 92.37 
Fixcellents 4 cde ser gest cag oe 10 7.63 

Otel stash cen eet 131 100.00 


Nos. 1056, 1097, 1108, and 1110 had well-developed muscles, but 
Nos. 1017, 1048, and 1125 were in poor physical condition. 


Health—The majority (91.91 per cent) were in good health. 
Nine Dulaimis (6.62 per cent) were recorded as being in fair health. 


Health No. Per cent 
POOR 5 Re eee eee eh errtanee me 
Bait ok ae he eG 9 6.62 
ANOTASC. 25 oie cathe ORs ss eorgs 

OO 35:35 oa Siig wae ee 125 91.91 
Excellent os eee 2 1.47 

LOtGl oioav ee Cae 136 100.00 


Disease.—Twenty-three men had smallpox scars. In 1924, 
No. 1044 had smallpox, causing a cataract in the left eye, but ten 
years later he was not totally blind. No. 1021 also had chicken pox 
sears. No. 1042 had a skin disease on the head. No. 1047 had 
a scar on the right cheek, the result of a dog bite. No. 1067 had a 
large lump over the left temple, which he said was a birthmark. 
No. 1124, the hairless man, has been described on page 35. 

Blood Groupings.—Twenty blood samples were sent to Dr. 
Walter P. Kennedy in Baghdad. These are included in his report 
(1935, pp. 475-480). 


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: DULAIM AND ANAIZA 39 


Branding Scars.—Among 187 individuals forty-six Dulaimis 
(66.42 per cent) bore kawi or chawi scars. 

Tattooing.—Fifty-eight (51.383 per cent) out of 113 individuals 
bore simple tattooed designs. These will be examined in detail in a 
forthcoming publication dealing with body-marking in Southwestern 
Asia (cf. Field, 1985a, pp. 455-456, and Charles, pp. 109-111). 


Henna.—Nos. 1026, 1037, and 1123 had applied henna (Ar. 
henna), Lawsonia sp., to the palms of the hands “‘to harden them.” 
No. 1032 had ‘‘decorated”’ his nails with henna. 


Kohl.—No. 1021 had applied kohl (kuhl), finely powdered 
antimony, below his eyes “to cool them from the desert heat and 
the burning dust.”’ Nos. 1047, 1081, and 1132 had used kohl below 
their eyes ‘‘because of pain due to the brightness of the sun.” 


SUMMARY 


The average Dulaimi had low wavy hair, medium in texture, 
and extremely dark brown merging into black in color. The eyes 
were various shades of brown but two individuals had definitely 
blue eyes. The sclera were clear and the iris mainly homogeneous. 
The nose was straight in profile with medium or compressed wings, 
although there was a group with medium-flaring wings. The 
occlusion was normal. The musculature and health were good. 


STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF DULAIMIS 


There now remains the task of grouping the total series of Du- 
laimis! according to the Harvard and Keith classificatory systems 
for stature, sitting height (trunk length), minimum frontal diameter, 
head breadth, cephalic index, nasal height, nasal breadth, and nasal 
index. 

Stature-—The Dulaimis were medium to tall according to both 
systems. There is remarkably little difference in the groupings. 
The average stature for 136 individuals was 167.67 (range 152-181), 
which is slightly higher than the average for Southwestern Asia. 


STATURE 

Harvard system No. Per cent Keith system No. Per cent 
Short (x-160.5)........ 11 8.09 Short (x-159.9)........ 8 5.88 
Medium (160.6—-169.4). 78 57.35 Medium (160.0-169.9). 80 58.82 
‘Tall (169: 5-X):.. 06.05. 47 34.56 Tall (170.0-179.9)..... 47 34.56 
— Very tall (180.0-x)..... 1 0.74 

TOUR cots ees 1386 §=100.00 — 
SEOUL tri cient coats 136 =©100.00 


1 No. 1029 was omitted. 


40 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Sitting Height (Trunk Length).—The Keith system shows that 
the majority (58.82 per cent) have medium to long trunk lengths. 
The six men (4.41 per cent) with very long (90.0+) trunk lengths 
and the one with a very short (x—74.9) trunk indicate the maximum 
of variation. The relative sitting height index of 50.08 (range 44-59) 
together with the stature groupings reveals that the trunk length 
and leg length are approximately equal but an increase in trunk 
length is followed by an advance in stature. 


SITTING HEIGHT (Trunk Length) 


Group No. Per cent 
Very are Cer TAD). cseiic cs Soss sad wees bees 1 0.74 
SHORE CEDIA I 920 tar ofc be ci oon rte are 14 10.29 
Wieaniny (BG,0-SE9) : ooo. cha cee whee dees 80 58.82 
PORE (SO0-SOO) meen a eins See ane 35 25.73 
Welty 16mm: (90 102): ote cicioras ater oond eee Mea ieed aes 6 4.41 

ci BCG 1 Ecc aera AL ae ter Ali A tae Ire naar ete 136 99.99 


Minimum Frontal Diameter.—The forehead was narrow or very 
narrow in 73.53 per cent of the cases. The majority (64.71 per cent) 
fall into the narrow category, the next greatest number (25 per cent) 
being wide. Two distinct elements appear to be present. 


MINIMUM FRONTAL DIAMETER 


Group No. Per cent 
Mery siarrow: (5-99) sa Sede co aetees cine 12 8.82 
Narrow (OO 109) ates ee inc eee ak 88 64.71 
WAG TED PEIOT CRS ea TK Ap ad wie ane ees 34 25.00 
MORN NG CEE oe criciaad kX Sin a oe Wi emelee Os.5 2 1.47 

CML ere Pad h btu ke i eine eee ee Oem eae 136 100.00 


Head Breadth——The mean for this measurement was 141.34 
(range 132-155) with 191.04 for the head length. The Keith system 
reveals no Dulaimi in the very narrow category and only six Dulai- 
mis in the very wide division. The majority (57.35 per cent) pos- 
sessed wide heads but 38.24 per cent were narrow. Two distinct 
elements appear to be present here. These may well be the straight- 
nosed and convex-nosed dolichocephals. 


HEAD BREADTH 


Group No. Per cent 
Wary Narrow (120-129) 3. caiet se eee cane ek rate 
NAITOW C1B02189) cc ois ns coli aminess oa eee cl 52 38.24 
WMO SIMO IO ois wc vies Va vena s we eae 78 57.35 
ONG Wi LEO a xk 6 bag Coa ois Va Da 6 4.41 

fC OS RING Re aR ly OE ECE ar i Boa A Oa TE Oe 136 100.00 


Cephalic Index.—According to the Harvard system the majority 
(79.41 per cent) were dolichocephalic, with only one brachycephal 
in the entire series of 186 Dulaimis. 


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: DULAIM AND ANAIZA 


41 


The Keith classificatory system reveals a rather different group- 
ing. The majority (56.62 per cent) were dolichocephalic but there 


were six brachycephals and no ultrabrachycephals. 


The most 


interesting new group was formed by the thirteen (9.56 per cent) 


ultradolichocephals (x—70.0). 


The mean cephalic index was 74.04 (range 65-84.9). 


Therefore 


the Dulaimis were dolicho-mesocephals with a strong tendency 


toward ultradolichocephaly. 


CEPHALIC INDEX 


Harvard system No. Per cent Keith system No. Per cent 
Dolichocephalic....... 108 79.41 Ultradolichocephalic.... 13 9.56 
(x-76.5) (x—70.0) 
Mesocephalic......... at 19.85 Dolichocephalic........ 17 56.62 
(76 .6—82 .5) (70.1-75.0) 
Brachycephalic....... 1 0.74 Mesocephalic.......... 40 29.41 
(82 .6—x) os (75.1-79.9) 
Cone err 136 §=100.00 Brachycephalic......... 6 4.41 
(80.0-84.9) 
Ultrabrachycephalic.... 0  ..... 
(85 .0—x) —- 
OU as gta eras 136 §=6100.00 


Facial Measurements.—The upper facial height was medium 
long (48.53 per cent) or medium short (31.62 per cent). Twenty- 
five Dulaimis (18.38 per cent) had long (76—x) upper faces. 

The total length of the face was either medium long (55.15 per 
cent) or medium short (34.56 per cent). It is remarkable that only 
eleven men (8.09 per cent) fell into the long face (180-x) category. 

The majority (56.62 per cent) of the Dulaimis were leptopro- 
sopic with 8.82 per cent in the euryprosopic classification. 

Thus the faces were long, primarily the result of long upper faces. 


FACIAL MEASUREMENTS 


Upper facial height No. Percent Total facial height No. Per cent 
LES get Oe ge aOR 5am 2 1.47 SHORE Ss svcd ace cas 3 Zak 
(x63) (x-109) 
Medium short....... 43 31.62 Medium short........ 47 34.56 
(64-69) (110-119) 
Medium long........ 66 48.53 Medium long........ 75 55.15 
(70-75) (120-129) 
a 25 18.38 | 70) 1 eR 11 8.09 
(76—x) aa (130—x) — 
EOGGE sve", asta ee 136 §©100.00 POLAK: 22st: 136 =6100.01 
TOTAL FACIAL INDEX 
Group No. Per cent 
MUTI DTOOOING (EAB) ie ss k Pe tele eee 8 ses LZ 8.82 
Mesoprosopic (84.6-89.4)..............00005 47 34.56 
Leptoprosopic (89:0=x)! ods eg i Sins eas TT 56.62 
SAME ie oR cree eweas Cab ee Hae ahs x 136 100.00 


42 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Nasal Measurement and Indices.—The nose is one of the most 
significant racial criteria in Southwestern Asia. This fact was 
demonstrated clearly in my studies of the modern peoples of Iran 
(Field, 1939). 

The Dulaimis possessed medium or short noses, there being 
seven men (5.15 per cent) in the long nose (60—x) category. 

The nose was medium narrow (51.47 per cent) or medium wide 
(38.24 per cent). Ten men had very narrow noses and four possessed 
wide noses, indicating Negro blood. 

The majority (64.71 per cent) of the Dulaimis were leptorrhine. 
Forty-five men (83.09 per cent) were mesorrhine but only three fell 
into the platyrrhine category. This latter again suggests the presence 
of Negro blood. 


NASAL MEASUREMENTS 


Nasal height No. Percent Nasal width No. Per cent 
NIHORGs. ccc ik 30 22.06 Very narrow....5 2 5.06. 10 7.35 
(x-49) (x-29) 

WIGGIUIM 0 i) ncaceisan 99 72.79 Medium narrow...... 70 51.47 
(50-59) (30-85) 

TORS Yee eh le tae 7 5.15 Medium wide........ 52 38.24 
(60—x) — (36-41) 

Total oe ees 1386 §=100.00 WidGs: asi waeks bee 4 2.94 

(42-x) a 
"Totals: os he ros 136 100.00 


Group No. Per cent 
Leptorrnine (267-8) io; eers isrcrareicsccccetee tiene ee 88 64.71 
Mesorrhine (675-8334)... fs Fcc cs wale 45 33.09 
Pratyrehine (S870-8)% oe ose seen oe Mew oce es 3 2521 

PEO URIs: yaks sata h 1s Sb Gib Seo RAEI A TERED wee ee Se 136 100.01 


In order to furnish additional statistical data for comparison 
with those in my Iran Report the following tables have been 
calculated: 


SITTING HEIGHT (Trunk Length) 


900-x 899-850 849-800 799-750 749-x Totals 
Standing height No. % No % No. % No % No % No. % 


1800-x......... SD 2By ie tk ers ss OS ak 1 0.74 
1799-1700...... 21.47 26 18.38 17 12.50 32.21 0.... 47 34.56 
1699-1600...... 8 2.21 11 8.09 58 42.65 96.62 0.... 81 59.57 

x-1599...... We Joc, wince, | IPS a. 2:8 Se Oe 7 §.14 


136 100.01 


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: DULAIM AND ANAIZA 43 


MINIMUM FRONTAL DIAMETER 


x-99 100-109 110-119 120-x Totals 
Head breadth No % No. % No. % No. % No. % 
TOSS. bow OE ee Dri hed: ae eaten eave | opiate Ot Ak sane 
180—189....... Oe 16. 2176. 84 .25.08...'2. ‘2.47 52 38.23 
140-149....... a ee a) S223: ~. 68.50: 00-:. «3° * 2523 78 57.36 
11S eee OPO: Oo Gs a! 298. 2147 6 4.41 
BIZYGOMATIC BREADTH ron teens 
x-124 125-134 135-x Totals 
Total face length No 4% No. % No. % No. % 
Bea eitee bles 0 gon: vf 5.15 6 4.41 13 9.56 
ilo SS +2 re ee 4 2.94 ot: 27-421 43 31.62 84 61.77 
Ree ee scree os 0 soe 15 + -EP.63 24 17.65 39 28.68 
136 100.01 


UPPER FACIAL LENGTH 


x-63 64-69 70-75 76-81 82-x Totals 
Totalfacelength No. % No % No % No % No % No. % 


5-109 5 fs 5's: 10°74 12 ta Oso Meron ee 10 ae + ee? Jeet! 
416-119 7.5... A O574- SO" 22506 31416729 2 2 1 e7 OS) AT 38 BG 
320-120" > 53 0 scce, LE SIOS: 251-37. S0) 128-82 21674. 75. (S515 
hs ee ee Ores OG ece Ly 10574: 2°3)8288;7 2) 1i4a7 211" 8.69 

NASAL WIDTH 188: 168.91 
x-29 30-35 386-41 42-x Totals 
Nasal length No. % No. % No % No % No. % 

> > | Se eae 2). REF 18? O56 oT 210. 294 4k 0-74 80 22.06 
50-59 8s. oiies ss S$. 5,88: ~54 2.39.78 °° °35 26074. 2). 447 99 72.80 
ES See eee Gad a , 3.68 y Peart Sty eae | ieee 7 5.15 

136 100.01 
MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF DULAIMIS 

Measurements No. Range Mean S.D. C.V. 
IIE ON cca NT os 136 20-64 32.40+0.56 9.60+0.39 29.63+1.21 
SERRANO oS ek sce are: 186 152-181 167.67+0.30 5.254+0.21 3.13+0.13 
ier heiwht: =: <i: .: 1386 75-92 84.07+0.20 3.42+0.14 4.07+0.17 
Head length......... 1386 167-208 191.04+0.39 6.69+0.27 3.50+0.14 
Head breadth........ 1386 132-155 141.34+40.28 4.83+0.20 3.42+0.14 
Minimum frontal 

GIRINOUOR 6 ose sas 136 101-128 113.02+0.22 3.88+40.16 3.43+0.14 
nt ye ear gial 1386 120-149 184.95+0.30 5.254+0.21 3.89+0.16 
Bigonial diameter.... 1386 94-125 106.66+0.30 5.16+0.21 4.84+0.20 
Total facial height. . 136 105-1389 121.50+0.34 5.90+0.24 4.86+0.20 
Upper facial height. . 136 55-89 71.55+0.27 4.654+0.19 6.50+0.27 
Nasal height......... 136 44-67 52.864+0.25 4.2440.17 8.02+0.33 
Nasal breadth....... 1386 25-48 34.70+0.22 3.8740.16 11.15+0.46 
Kar length ........... 136 44-71 57.94+0.27 4.68+0.19 8.08+0.33 
Ear breadth......... 1386 26-43 $4.4140.17 2.9440.12 8.54+40.35 

Indices 
Relative sitting height ie 44-59 50.08+0.12 2.08+0.09 4.15+0.17 
AODNAG 5938 50/6 cic s%s 186 65-85 74.0440.20 3.5140.14 4.74+0.19 
Fronto-parietal...... 136 72-89 80.20+0.17 2.88+0.12 3.59+0.15 
Zygo-frontal......... 136 76-91 84.18+0.16 2.80+0.11 3.33+0.14 
Zygo-gonial......... 136 66-92 79.39+0.20 3.454+0.14 4.35+0.18 
Total facial. ........ 136 75-109 90.385+40.30 5.20+40.21 5.76+40.24 
Upper facial......... 136 43-66 53.15+0.20 3.544+0.14 6.66+0.27 
IN BSED 2 Geechee le ea es 1386 44-99 65.66+0.51 8.80+0.386 138.40+0.55 


BOE Soler pie FERAA Hs 136 45-76 60.02+0.34 5.92+0.24 9.86+0.40 


44 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


PHOTOGRAPHIC ANALYSES 


When the Dulaimis had been sorted according to racial and physi- 

cal types the following results were obtained: 
Classic Mediterranean: No. 1013 (Plates 2, 3) 
Fine Mediterranean: No. 1052 (Plate 4) 
Coarse Mediterranean: No. 1080 (Plate 4) 
Iraqo-Mediterranean: Nos. 1039, 1037 (Plate 5) 
Dolichocephals: Nos. 1011, 1058, 1054, 1044 (Plates 6, 7) 
Brachycephals: Nos. 1048, 1010 (Plate 8) 
Short-faced: No. 1049 (Plate 9) 
Long-faced: No. 1018 (Plate 9) 
Short and narrow-faced: No. 1050 (Plate 10) 
Short and broad-faced: No. 1065 (Plate 10) 
Mixed-eyed: Nos. 1021, 1023 (Plate 11) 
Blue-eyed: No. 1046 (Plate 12) 
Green-brown-eyed: No. 1059 (Plate 12) 
Straight-nosed: No. 1034 (Plate 13) 
Very slightly convex-nosed: No. 1019 (Plate 13) 
Slightly convex-nosed: Nos. 1098, 1045 (Plate 14) 
Convex-nosed: Nos. 1041, 1017, 1055 (Plates 15-17) 
Very low wavy hair: No. 1084 (Plate 18) 
Low wavy hair: No. 1092 (Plate 18) 
Deep wavy hair: No. 1066 (Plate 19) 
Very deep wavy hair: No. 1028 (Plate 19) 
Hairless Dulaimi (Negroid): No. 1124 (Plate 36) 

Examination of the photographs reveals that while the Du- 
laimis are considerably mixed in racial characters they still belong 
to the Mediterranean Race. They show less variation than the 
Arabs of the Kish area or the Iraq Soldiers but more variation than 


either the Ba‘ij or the Anaiza Beduins. 

The Dulaimis appear to belong to the straight-nosed, lepto- 
prosopic and dolichocephalic division of the Mediterranean Race 
which may be termed the Iraqo-Mediterranean group in contra- 
distinction to the convex-nosed, leptoprosopic, and dolichocephalic 
Iranian Plateau Race (cf. Field, 1939). 


These speculations will be examined in detail in the final part 
of this volume when all my anthropometric data can be utilized 
for discussion. 

SUMMARY 

The average Dulaimi is medium in stature, and medium to long 
in trunk length, and possesses a narrow forehead, a wide to narrow 
head breadth, a dolicho-mesocephalic index, a long upper face, a 
medium total facial height and a leptoprosopic index, a nose medium 
in length, medium narrow or medium wide and a leptorrhine to 
mesorrhine index. 

The Dulaimis are believed to be of mixed blood and the general 
impression obtained. during the study of them suggests that they 


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: DULAIM AND ANAIZA 45 


belong neither to the pure Beduin type of the North Arabian and 
Syrian Deserts, nor to the sedentary Arab groups of central and 
southern Iraq. The average Dulaimi is thus, from physical aspect, 
not pure in type, but this group is particularly interesting because it 
appears to combine the physical features of the Beduin and the Arab. 


46 


No. 


1007 
1008 
1009 
1010 
1011 
1012 
1013 
1014 
1015 
1016 
1017 
1018 
1019 
1020 
1021 
1022 
1023 
1024 
1025 
1026 
1027 
1028 
1029 
1030 
1031 
1032 
1033 
1034 
1035 
1036 
1037 
1038 
1039 
1040 
1041 
1042 
1043 
1044 
1045 
1046 
1047 
1048 
1049 
1050 
1051 
1052 


Age 
30 
32 
25 
25 
20 
20 
30 
35 
25 
45 
50 
30 
27 
35 
25 
35 
30 
32 
20 
30 
22 
40 
28 
25 
23 
20 
25 
22 
25 
25 
27 
35 
27 
20 
35 
45 
20 
45 
20 
35 
20 
30 
30 
45 
60 
20 


Stature 
1692 
1710 
1745 
1644 
1598 
1668 
1710 
1653 
1710 
1673 
1540 
1720 
1647 
1760 
1765 
1597 
1604 
1640 
1640 
1654 
1701 
1701 
1640 
1636 
1593 
1655 
1681 
1725 
1682 
1630 
1676 
1627 
1728 
1650 
1687 
1780 
1672 
1600 
1676 
1730 
1720 
1677 
1662 
1700 
1605 


SH 

820 
830 
776 
805 
843 
835 
775 
840 
835 
885 
760 
843 
842 
925 
853 
847 
823 
847 
795 
836 
834 
837 
817 
837 
845 
853 
844 
888 
874 
834 
835 
805 
844 
780 
816 
909 
828 
793 
878 
853 
831 
892 
846 
870 
845 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


MEASUREMENTS OF DULAIMIS 


L 
194 
188 
194 
178 
196 
194 
188 
184 
194 
196 
193 
192 
189 
194 
194 
190 
190 
193 
188 
189 
196 
194 
197 
205 
187 
193 
188 
193 
185 
197 
184 
195 
187 
184 
190 
196 
197 
197 
196 
183 
167 
195 
191 
195 
181 


B 
136 
141 
141 
145 
135 
148 
148 
146 
136 
148 
138 
138 
140 
138 
139 
139 
142 
139 
134 
144 
140 
135 
142 
151 
137 
144 
144 
147 
144 
142 
147 
137 
151 
132 
136 
144 
135 
142 
139 
147 
141 
143 
134 
147 
147 


B’ 


J 
134 
138 
133 
138 
128 
141 
136 
131 
124 
140 
135 
130 
133 
132 
137 
132 
129 
132 
126 
135 
136 
134 
122 
140 
128 
134 
138 
142 
138 
125 
132 
124 
132 
143 
138 
140 
134 
134 
134 
135 
136 
134 
127 
137 
128 


go-go 
111 
108 
105 
104 
98 
111 
110 
104 
105 
108 
107 
105 
108 
105 
105 
111 
101 
108 
101 
108 
115 
105 
108 
115 
104 
108 
112 
108 
109 
99 
110 
114 
108 
97 
105 
107 
110 
108 
107 
107 
107 
105 
95 
107 
105 


GH GH 
124 72 
128 71 
122 67 
128 73 
115 «67 
120 68 
128 =75 
126 72 
118 70 
138 = 86 
121 72 
131 78 
118 68 
128 70 
126 73 
116 74 
119 76 
123 71 
108 58 
127 172 
138 79 
114 70 
123 738 
121 68 
119 74 
118 67 
126 76 
123 70 
122 78 
116 «68 
115 «68 
124 72 
114 68 
116 =72 
130 §=78 
123 70 
125 76 
119 74 
126 75 
115 «61 
128 74 
114 65 
117 ‘69 
127 8&2 
118 66 


No. 
1007 
1008 
1009 
1010 
1011 
1012 
1013 
1014 
1015 
1016 
1017 
1018 
1019 
1020 
1021 
1022 
1023 
1024 
1025 
1026 
1027 
1028 
1029 
1030 
1031 
1032 
1033 
1034 
1035 
1036 
1037 
1038 
1039 
1040 
1041 
1042 
1043 
1044 
1045 
1046 
1047 
1048 
1049 
1050 
1051 
1052 


EL 


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: DULAIM AND ANAIZA 47 


INDICES OF DULAIMIS 


EB RSH _ B/L B’/B GH/J G’H/J NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J_ B’/J 
34 48.5 70.1 88.1 92.5 53.7 64.2 66.7 82.8 84.3 
32 48.5 75.0 78.0 92.8 51.4 58.9 55.2 78.3 179.7 
36 44.5 72.7 80.1 91.7 50.4 60.4 64.3 79.0 85.0 
36 48.9 81.5 78.7 92.8 52.9 56.6 65.5 75.4 82.6 
30 52.8 68.9 82.2 89.8 52.3 70.8 54.6 76.6 86.7 
39 50.0 76.3 80.0 85.1 48.2 86.4 67.2 78.7 88.7 
28 45.3 78.7 78.4 94.1 55.1 56.1 48.3 80.9 85.8 
33 50.8 79.4 74.0 96.2 55.0 64.2 55.0 79.4 82.4 
34 48.8 70.1 78.7 95.2 56.5 55.9 53.1 84.7 86.38 
36: 62:9 76.6 TET" 96.6 Gii4 “OTS CORT 2 TT 822 
30 49.4 71.5 84.1 89.6 53.3 68.6 46.9 79.3 85.9 
33 49.0 71.9 81.9 100.8 60.0 51.6 58.9 80.8 86.9 
BS S121) T4i1. 30:0" S8.7- S25 oe9s.1 86.9. $1.2. 84.2 
32 52.6 71.1 79.0 97.0 53.0 63.5 47.8 80.0 82.6 
32 48.3 71.7 81.3 92.0 53.3 60.3 53.3 76.6 82.5 
82 > 68.0 78.2 FT -S7.9 66.1 62-81.) 61,6" 84.2 83.8 
81 61.3 74.7 76.1 92.8 68.9 68.8 69.6 178.3 88.7 
33 51.6 72.0 83.5 93.2 53.8 68.0 63.5 81.8 87.9 
84 48.6 71.8 79.1 85.7 46.0 77.3 659.7 80.2 84.1 
34 50.5 76.2 77.1 94.1 53.3 68.6 58.6 80.0 82.2 
41 49.0 71.4 82.1 101.5 58.1 61.7 69.5 84.6 84.6 
40 49.4 69.6 85.9 85.1 52.2 83.0 63.5 78.4 86.6 
32 49.8 72.1 76.1 100.8 59.8 55.6 53.3 88.5 88.5 
85 61.2 78.7 76.2 86.4 48.6 75.5 62.5 82.1 82.1 
34 53.0 73.3 77.4 93.0 57.8 76.9 58.6 81.3 82.8 
386 51.5 74.6 78.5 88.1 50.0 77.6 56.3 80.6 84.3 
35 50.2 76.6 79.9 91.8 55.1 56.9 61.4 81.2 83.3 
85 51.5 76.2 79.6 86.6 49.3 72.9 54.7 76.1 82.4 
35 52.0 77.8 78.5 88.4 52.9 71.7 59.38 79.0 81.9 
28 61.2 72.1 79.6 92.8 54.4 74.6 45.9 79.2 90.4 
84 49.8 79.9 76.2 87.1 51.5 76.9 54.0 83.3 84.9 
83 49.5 70.38 77.4 100.0 58.1 67.3 68.8 -91.9 85.5 
36 48.8 80.8 74.8 86.4 51.5 64.6 62.1 81.8 85.6 
38 47.3 71.7 81.8 81.1 50.3 54.6 57.6 67.8 75.5 
40 48.4 71.6 82.4 94.2 56.5 50.8 65.6 76.1 81.2 
84 51.1 73.5 81.3 87.9 50.0 74.0 65.4 76.4 83.6 
38 49.5 68.5 83.7 93.3 56.7 72.4 65.5 82.1 84.3 
81 49.6 72.1 88.1 88.8 55.2 71.4 651.7 80.6 88.1 
35 52.4 70.9 81.3 94.0 56.0 66.7 60.3 79.9 84.3 
87 49.3 80.3 78.2 85.2 45.2 80.4 61.7 79.3 85.2 
83 48.3 84.4 75.9 94.1 54.4 48.3 55.0 78.7 178.7 
84 53.2 73.3 82.5 85.1 48.5 72.3 64.2 78.4 88.1 
32 50.9 70.2 80.6 92.1 54.3 74.0 58.3 74.8 85.0 
81 561.2 75.4 78.2 92.7 59:9 74.1 54.4 78.1 88.9 
86 52.6 81.2 76.2. 92.2 51.6 66.7 68.2 82.0 87.5 


48 


No. 
1053 
1054 
1055 
1056 
1057 
1058 
1059 
1060 
1061 
1062 
1063 
1064 
1065 
1066 
1067 
1068 
1069 
1070 
1071 
1072 
10738 
1074 
1075 
1076 
1077 
1078 
1079 
1080 
1081 
1082 
1083 
1084 
1085 
1086 
1087 
1088 
1089 
1090 
1091 
1092 
1093 
1094 
1095 
1096 
1097 
1098 


Age 
30 
40 
42 
80 
85 
40 
60 
60 
26 
28 


Stature 
1720 
1732 
1725 
1804 
1574 
1710 
1710 
1665 
1703 
1668 
1672 
1670 
1738 
15938 
1693 
1720 
1615 
1725 
1666 
1648 
1766 
1675 
1736 
1673 
1643 
17038 
1760 
1670 
1635 
1640 
1716 
1705 
1624 
1670 
1685 
1625 
1773 
1783 
1730 
1607 
1632 
1628 
1635 
1685 
1642 
1680 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


MEASUREMENTS OF DULAIMIS—continued 


SH 

863 
787 
857 
917 
925 
832 
840 
770 
804 
837 
757 
832 


880 - 


820 
910 
895 
805 
832 
856 
850 
878 
844 
878 
820 
842 
872 
876 
815 
845 
843 
825 
803 
838 
828 
825 
817 
800 
876 
860 
858 
830 
847 
840 
858 
825 
838 


L 
200 
197 
190 
207 
190 
195 
194 
194 
180 
193 
191 
190 
185 
182 
194 
206 
187 
195 
190 
183 
181 
192 
194 
176 
200 
193 
197 
185 
192 
190 
194 
184 
193 
198 
188 
177 
195 
196 
200 
190 
178 
187 
192 
202 
188 
197 


B 
137 
137 
145 
148 
143 
144 
145 
147 
144 
141 
148 
142 
145 
145 
155 
139 
138 
136 
147 
136 
138 
142 
140 
138 
138 
133 
142 
146 
138 
141 
142 
145 
147 
139 
142 
133 
143 
138 
141 
137 
138 
138 
144 
138 
150 
145 


B’ 

116 
120 
116 
121 
112 
116 
110 
110 
114 
113 
116 
111 
115 
121 
114 
114 
110 
115 
115 
110 
109 
113 
110 
111 
112 
108 
118 
116 
116 
107 
115 
110 
118 
115 
110 
109 
118 
120 
115 
107 
107 
110 
114 
115 
120 
116 


J 
136 
137 
142 
145 
141 
138 
137 
135 
134 
131 
132 
133 
140 
138 
139 
136 
128 
132 
137 
131 
130 
136 
136 
136 
134 
130 
138 
138 
133 
129 
139 
140 
135 
126 
130 
130 
140 
140 
132 
125 
134 
128 
134 
133 
140 
135 


go-go 
108 
115 
110 


GH 
123 
125 
132 
123 
123 
127 
133 
123 
122 


NH 
51 
53 
58 
55 
53 
59 
63 
54 
52 
53 
51 
51 
54 
50 
58 
55 
47 
56 
62 
46 
67 
59 
48 
48 
51 
47 
50 
44 
51 
57 
57 
50 
51 
52 
49 
55 
47 
54 
48 
54 
53 
53 
58 
58 
51 
58 


NB 
38 
36 
37 
36 
35 
34 
40 
29 
40 
31 
30 
36 
41 
28 
35 
39 
36 
34 
33 
33 
30 
33 
41 
29 
35 
36 
35 
39 
36 
37 
46 
30 
30 
31 
35 
82 
39 
32 
38 
28 
27 
32 
31 
36 
33 
34 


No. 
1053 
1054 
1055 
1056 
1057 
1058 
1059 
1060 
1061 
1062 
1063 
1064 
1065 
1066 
1067 
1068 
1069 
1070 
1071 
1072 
1073 
1074 
1075 
1076 
1077 
1078 
1079 
1080 
1081 
1082 
1083 
1084 
1085 
1086 
1087 
1088 
1089 
1090 
1091 
1092 
1093 
1094 
1095 
1096 
1097 
1098 


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: DULAIM AND ANAIZA — 


CNH OR SORAEP HE BWOARHHRIWDONNSOARAREPNDODNROWNHNNE 


INDICES OF DULAIMIS—continued 


NB/NH_ EB/EL _go-go/J 
74, 
67. 
63. 
65. 
66. 
57. 


B/L 
68. 
69. 
76. 
or 
75. 
73. 
74. 
75. 
80. 
73. 
cae 
74. 
78. 
79. 
79. 
67. 
73. 
69. 
TT. 
74. 
76. 
and 
72. 
78. 
69. 
68. 
12. 
78. 
71. 
74. 
73. 
78. 
76. 
70. 
75. 
75. 


COMHMRPWOHANABDNNOOHOOSORNONWENIDMNONPAIMHOHNIOWAWaT 


~ 
or 
o 


B’/B 


SOWNAMHARAOCAHMOMAWBOOOHAHNNAPARBSCONANIOCAMWHWNYRHENDORWHORA 


KH RIOD ODMBWANHARPONWNATMNOHRWMNONORODHAHWOONASOHHONDWON 


G’H/J 
51. 
51. 
52. 
49. 
50. 
56. 
56. 
52. 
50. 
55. 
53. 
56. 


OAL TMH AR WORHDMWHERWHNPHONNONANRRWAHYH RAE RWOADOROMPEROHEN 


63 


53. 
76. 
58. 
58. 
70. 
75. 
56. 
60. 
70. 
76. 
60. 
58. 


71 


44. 
55. 
85. 
60. 
68. 
76. 
70. 
72. 
70. 
64. 
80. 
60. 
58. 
59. 
71, 


64. 
52. 
66. 
52. 
60. 
61. 
57. 
73. 
53. 
60. 
64. 


CODOANOWNWAMHDOCORODOSCONONIDARODABDWROHWOOWHORANIARAND 


79. 


THAAMAHAMARAERHARSOOMPARBWNAAMAIBRARINAWOAMIRHAWAWANAIWNNOE 


49 


B’/J 

85.3 
87. 
81. 
83. 
79. 
84. 
80. 
81. 
85. 
86. 
87. 
84. 
82. 
87. 
82 
83. 
85. 
87. 
83. 
84 
83. 
83. 
80. 
81. 
83. 
83. 
85. 
84. 
87. 
83. 
82. 
78. 
87. 
91. 


50 


No. 


1099 
1100 
1101 
1102 
1103 
1104 
1105 
1106 
1107 
1108 
1109 
1110 
1111 
1112 
1113 
1114 
1115 
1116 
1117 
1118 
1119 
1120 
1121 
1122 
1123 
1124 
1125 
1126 
1127 
1128 
1129 
1130 
1131 
1132 
1133 
1134 
1135 
1136 
1137 
1138 
1139 
1140 
1141 
1142 
1143 


Age 
35 
40 
30 
30 
85 
25 
45 
35 
380 
25 
20 
35 
20 
45 
25 
40 
45 
35 
25 
30 
50 
25 
25 
25 
28 
22 
40 
85 
24 
25 
30 
30 
45 
35 
20 
25 
20 
23 
24 
30 
85 
30 
25 
35 
25 


. Stature 


1728 
1780 
1775 
1722 
1691 
1671 
1685 
1631 
1682 
1670 
1680 
1643 
1662 
1623 
1566 
1620 
1680 
1655 
1760 
1622 
1713 
1673 
1784 
1688 
1750 
1642 
1655 
1685 
1703 
1620 
1650 
1685 
1648 
1736 
1673 
1615 
1536 
1706 
1650 
1622 
1722 
1703 
1660 
1722 
1623 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


MEASUREMENTS OF DULAIMIS—concluded 


SH 
888 
872 
882 
882 
904 
830 
840 
820 
840 
820 
840 
832 
812 
838 
812 
820 
814 
817 
860 
830 
880 
872 
858 
838 
836 
796 
842 
776 
820 
815 
800 
900 
814 
885 
827 
822 
780 
893 
798 
844 
848 
882 
844 
898 
790 


L 
192 
191 
198 
193 
196 
192 
178 
193 
196 
195 
195 
190 
187 
189 
186 
190 
180 
201 
203 
194 
193 
184 
184 
188 
201 
192 
181 
198 
192 
200 
192 
194 
198 
195 
186 
184 
185 
187 
187 
193 
201 
188 
179 
193 
184 


B 


137 
138 
132 
144 
140 
145 
141 
140 
140 
140 
144 
145 
135 
136 
141 
141 
140 
148 
151 
143 
136 
133 
140 
143 
149 
132 
139 
140 
137 
145 
142 
146 
148 
140 
137 
133 
132 
138 
142 
138 
140 
132 
142 
150 
145 


B’ 
113 
114 
111 
114 
114 
112 
116 
115 
115 
116 
109 
114 
109 
115 
111 
111 
111 
116 
123 
111 
112 
rw 
108 
113 
127 
109 
115 
113 
112 
118 
113 
112 
114 
112 
118 
102 
108 
116 
118 
110 
113 
111 
112 


118. 


113 


J 
133 
137 
131 
141 
135 
134 


136 | 


136 
141 
143 
131 
138 
128 
136 
137 
136 
134 
142 
147 
131 
143 
131 
132 
137 
146 
130 
136 
141 
132 
140 
137 
140 
147 
136 
136 
128 
123 
137 
131 
138 
132 
138 
132 
139 
135 


go-go 
106 
116 
103 
111 
105 
104 
104 
112 
107 
113 
102 
110 
98 
98 
107 
107 
116 
112 


115 


107 
116 
102 

96 
108 
120 

98 
105 
111 
111 
111 

96 
110 
111 
108 
105 
104 

94 
107 
104 
109 
104 
108 
103 
105 
110 


GH 


+124 


125 
127 
111 
124 


G’/H 


yi we 


74 
73 
65 
70 
69 


69 


73 
67 
67 
76 
65 
67 
68 
64 
71 
80 
78 
78 
72 
74 
70 
71 


12 


74 
72 
72 
75 
72 
14 
75 
69 
17 
68 
67 
68 
71 
76 
72 
78 
70 
71 
71 
71 
76 


NB 


32 
28 
32 
35 
33 
31 
30 
35 
38 
35 
36 
37 
26 
36 
30 
35 
33 
33 
34 
36 
37 
30 
34 
28 
36 
46 
33 
34 
34 
37 
35 
37 
38 
37 
33 
35 
31 
40 
37 
32 
32 
35 
37 
32 
32 


No. 
1099 
1100 
1101 
1102 
1103 
1104 
1105 
1106 


1107 . 


1108 
1109 


1110 © 


1111 
1112 
1113 
1114 
1115 
1116 
1117 
1118 
1119 
1120 
1121 
1122 
1123 
1124 
1125 
1126 
1127 
1128 
1129 
1130 
1131 
1132 
1133 
1134 
1135 
1136 
1137 
1138 
1139 
1140 
1141 
1142 
1143 


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: DULAIM AND ANAIZA 51 


INDICES OF DULAIMIS—concluded 
EB RSH B/L B’/B GH/J G’H/J NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J_ B’/J 


$4. 61.8 71.4 82.5 98.2-54.9 64.0 56.7 179.7 86.0 
86 49.0 72.3 82.6 91.2 54.0 48.3 69.2 84.7 83.2 
$4 49.7. 66.7 84.1 97.0 66.7 58.2 69.7 78.6 84.7 
85. 61.2 74.6 78.2 78.7-°46.1 74:5 60.8. 78.7 -30.9 
35° 68.5 714 $1.4 91:9 961.9 67:4. 62.5 77,8. S444 
838 49.7 75.5 77.2 85.8 51.5 60.8 55.9 177.6 83.6 
38 49.8 79.2 82.3 89.7 50.7 60.0 64.4 . 76.5 85.3 
838 560.3 72.5 82.1 89.0 658.7 72.9 61.1 82.4 ‘84.6 
84.-49.9 71.4 82.1 82.3 47.5 74.5 60.7. 75.9. 81.6 
$1 49.1 -71.8 82.9 81.1 46.9 60.8 66.4 79.0 81.1 
36 50.0 73.9 75.7 97.7 58.0 65.5 65.5° 77.9 83.2 
34 50.6 76.3 78.6 82.6 47.1 178.7 61.8 ° 79.7 82.6 
28 48.9 72.2 80.7 92.2 62.8 652.0 58.9 6.6 988.2 
838 51.6 72.0 84.6 90.4 50.0 78.5 47.1 172.1 84:6 
S5:: 61-9 15.8: 7627+ 84.7 (AG. «(SEZ SIGs). - (7878 Be 
82. 60.6 -74.2 78.7 90.4. 62.2 66.0 62.8 178.7% 81.6 
387 48.5 77.8 79.3 100.0 59.7 55.9 61.7 86.6 82.8 
$6. 49.4 78.6 78.4 85.2 54.9 58.9 61.0 | 78.9: 61:7 
8748.9 74.4 81.5 84.4 58.0 67.6 66:2 78.2 88:7 
Sie 61:2" 73.7 11.8: 83.8) 56.0.-~ 6647 «60,874.81: 7 eee 
87 51.4 70.5 82.4 87.4 51.7 74.0 58.6 81.1 78.3 
88° 62.1 72.8 88.5 90.1. 58.4 63.6 59.4° 77.9. “842% 
24871 AG. TE. S47 68.8. 64.2 SE TI eae 
33 49.6 76.1 79.0 89.1 52.6 52.8 62.38 .. 78.8. 82.5 
34.47.8 74.1 85.2 82.9 50.7 64.3 59.7 82.2 87:0 
35 48.5 68.8 82.6 97.7 55.4 95.8 57.4: 75.4 83.9 
88 50.9 76.8 82.7 90.4 52.9 57.9 59.4 17.2 84.6 
at 46.1..70.7 80.1 89:4° 68.2 . 66.7: - 60:0 787%" Gog 
36 48.2 71.4 81.8 91.7 54.6 66.7 64.3 ° 84.1 84.9 
38: 60.3 72.6 81:4 87.1°52.9* TUL. “68:9 19-8: Sér0 
385 48.5 74.0 79.6 84.7 54.7 60.38 64.8 70.1 82.5 
32 53.4 75.3 76.7 78.6 49.3 66.1 53.3 78.6 80.0 
$9... 49.4 .74.8 77.0 85.7 -62.4 66.7 60.9.° T5.H). .7726 
84 61.0 71.8 80.0 86.8. 60.0 71.2 ° 60.7 . 79.4. 8224 
40 49.4 78.7 86.1 92.7 49.8 68.5 64.5 77.2 86:8 
Si 60.9 72:8 6.7 $7.6 58.1. 66.0  .55.4.+ 81.38> FoF 
86 50.8 71.4 81.8 95.1 57.7 62.0 65.5 76.4 87.8 
85 52.3 73.8 84.1 89.1 55.5 78.4 61.4 78.1 84.6 
85 48.4 75.9 83.1 93.9 55.0 72.6 55.6 79.4 90.1 
84 62.0 71.5 79.7 96.4 656.5 54.2" 68.0 79.0 79.7% 
82 49.2 69.7 80.7 89.4 53.0 60.4 57.1 78.8 85.6 
38 51.8 70.2 84.1 89.9 51.4 64.8 63.3 78.3 80.4 
38 50.8 79.3 78.9 91.7 53.8 68.5 63.3 78.0 84.9 
40, 62.2 -77.7 AST 8676-61-15 «615. OTe 104 
88 48.7 78.8 77.9 87.4 66.8 657.1 70.4 81.5 88.7 


52 


MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF DULAIMIS 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


HAIR EYES 

No. Form Texture Color ki; Color Sclera Iris 
1007 lw medium bik, gray dkbr_ clear hom 
1008 lw fine black bl-br clear zon 
1009 lw medium black dk br clear hom 
1010 lw fine black dk br clear hom 
1011 lw coarse black dk br clear hom 
OLD a eS Pe of oe me ee dk br clear hom 
1013 lw medium black dk br_—_ clear zon 
1014 lw fine black dk br___ clear hom 
1015 lw coarse vdkbr _~ gray-br clear zon 
1016 c-f medium blk, gray O6l-br{ clear zon 
1017 lw m-fine blk, gray gr-br speck ray 
1018 lw medium dk br bl-br clear hom 
1019 lw medium dk br gr-br clear zon 
1020 lw medium __ black gr-br clear hom 
1021 lw medium black gr-br _— blood zon 
1022 lw coarse blk, gray gr-br clear hom 
1023 lw medium black gr-br clear ray 
1024 dw _ coarse black gr-br clear zon 
1025 lw medium dkbr dk br_—_ clear hom 
1026 lw coarse black dk br clear zon 
1027 lw medium ___ black gr-br clear zon 
1028 dw _ coarse black gr-br__ clear zon 
1029 lw coarse black gr-br clear zon 
1030 lw medium black bl-br clear hom 
1031 lw coarse black gr-br clear zon 
10382 lw medium __ black dk br clear hom 
1033 lw medium black bl-br clear zon 
1034 dw fine black bl-br clear zon 
1035 lw medium black dk br___ clear hom 
10386 lw coarse black gr-br clear zon 
1037 lw fine black gr-br clear zon 
1038 lw medium black dk br clear hom 
1039 lw medium dk br gr-br _—_ clear zon 
1040 lw medium black dk br clear hom 
1041 lw medium blk, gray bl-br clear zon 
1042 lw medium __ black -br clear zon 
1043 lw medium __ black k br clear hom 
1044 lw medium blk, gray gr-br —_ speck zon 
1045 lw fine black dk br clear hom 
1046 lw medium black Dpliew > ac te 
1047 lw medium ___ black bl-br clear zon 
1048 lw medium ___ black gray-br clear zon 
1049 lw medium __ black k br clear hom 
1050 lw medium bik, gray gr-br clear zon 
1051 lw medium lk, gray gray-br clear zon 
1052 lw medium __ black dk br_—_ clear hom 
1053 lw medium black gr-br clear zon 
1054 lw medium blk, gray dkbr _ clear hom 
1055 lw medium blk, gray gr-br clear zon 
1056 lw medium black dk br_—_ clear hom 
1057 lw medium black dk br clear hom 
1058 lw medium black gr-br clear zon 
1059 lw medium gray gr-br clear zon 
1060 lw coarse blk, gray dkbr_— clear hom 
1061 lw medium black gray-br clear zon 
1062 lw medium black gr-br clear zon 

* Shaved 


t Almost blue 


NOSE 
Profile Wings : 
wavy medium 
c-¢ cp-m 
str comp 
str comp 
eonc medium 
str m-fi 
str medium 
c-¢ medium 
str ep-m 
str medium 
conv medium 
wavy cp-m 
conv m-fiar 
str medium 
str medium 
conv medium 
str medium 
str medium 
cone medium 
str comp 
str medium 
conv m-fl 
wavy m-fl 
str comp 
str medium 
str m-fl 
str medium 
str ep-m 
cone m-fl 
conv comp 
conv  flar 
str medium 
str medium 
wavy comp 
conv comp 
conv comp 
str medium 
wavy medium 
conv medium 
str medium 
conv m-fi 
wavy comp 
str medium 
str medium 
str medium 
conv medium 
conv medium 
wavy medium 
str comp 
str medium 
conv comp 
str medium 
str medium 
str ep-m 
str m-fi 
str m-fi 


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: DULAIM AND ANAIZA 


MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF DULAIMIS—continued 


UE arin 

No. Form Texture Color 
1063 dw medium black 
1064 dw medium dkbr 
1065 lw medium « black 
1066 dw medium dkbr 
1067 lw medium __ black 
1068 lw medium _ black 
1069 lw medium dkbr 
1070 lw medium dkbr 
1071 lw medium black 
1072 lw medium _ black 
1073 lw medium dkbr 
1074 lw coarse black 
1075 lw fine black 
1076 lw medium _ black 
1077 lw medium dk br 
1078 lw medium black 
1079 lw medium black 
1080 lw medium black 
1081 lw medium _ black 
1082 lw medium black 
1083 lw coarse blk, gray 
1084 lw medium black 
1085 dw medium black 
1086 lw medium black 
1087 c-f medium black 
1088 lw medium dk br 
1089 e-f medium black 
1090 lw coarse black 
1091 lw medium black 
1092 lw medium black 
1093 lw medium dkbr 
1094 lw coarse black 
1095 lw medium black 
1096 lw medium black 
1097 lw medium black 
1098 lw fine dk br 
1099 lw fine dk br 
1100 lw medium _ black 
1101 lw fine black 
1102 lw medium vdkbr 
1103 lw m-fine black 
1104 lw medium black 
1105 lw medium bik, gray 
1 a a Sam Te See a ie alr era 
1107 lw medium black 
1108 lw medium dkbr 
7 MAREE a aR black 
1110 lw fine black 
Lilt iw medium black 
1112 lw medium dkbr 
11138 lw medium black 
1114 lw fine dk br 
1115 lw medium bik, gray 
1116 lw medium black 
1117. lw medium black 
1118 lw medium black 
1119 lw coarse gray 


~ * Almost blue 


ee 
Color Sclera Iris 
dk br___ clear hom 
gr-br clear zon 
gr-br_ _— blood zon 
gr-br clear zon 
dk br clear hom 
dk br_—_ clear hom 
dk br speck ray 
dk br clear hom 
dk br clear hom 
dk br clear zon 
dk br clear hom 
bl-br blood ray 
dk br clear hom 
dk br clear hom 
gr-br clear ray 
dk br clear hom 
dk br___ clear hom 
dk br___ clear hom 
dk br clear hom 
dk br clear hom 
dk br speck hom 
dk br clear hom 
gr-br clear zon 
dk br clear hom 
dk br clear hom 
dk br_—_ clear hom 
dk br clear hom 
bl-br* speck zon 
dk br clear hom 
dk br clear hom 
dk br clear hom 
dk br clear hom 
dk br___ clear hom 
dk br___— clear hom 
dk br __ blood hom 
bl-br clear hom 
gr-br clear zon 
dk br_—_ clear zon 
dk br clear hom 
dk br clear hom 
dk br clear hom 
dk br clear hom 
gr-br _—s speck zon 
gr-br speck zon 
dk br clear hom 
blue clear zon 
dk br___ clear hom 
bl-br clear zon 
dk br clear hom 
bl-br clear zon 
bl-br clear zon 
bl-br clear zon 
dk br_—_ clear hom 
bl-br clear hom 
gr-br _—s speck zon 
-br clear zon 
l-br* clear ray 


53 
NOSE 
ec. a =~» 
Profile Wings 
str cp-m 
wavy medium 
conv m-fl 
str medium 
str comp 
str medium 
e-c m-fl 
str medium 
str medium 
str comp 
str comp 
str medium 
str comp 
str medium 
str medium 
c-¢ medium 
str medium 
str m-fi 
str medium 
str medium 
conv medium 
str comp 
str medium 
conv comp 
* wavy medium 
str comp 
str medium 
str medium 
str m-fi 
wavy comp 
conv comp 
str medium 
str m-fi 
e-c m-fi 
str medium 
str comp 
str medium 
str comp 
str comp 
str ep-m 
str medium 
str medium 
str comp 
str medium 
str medium 
str medium 
str medium 
str medium 
str medium 
str medium 
str medium 
str medium 
str comp 
str medium 
str medium 
str medium 
str medium 


54 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF DULAIMIS—concluded 


HATR BYES NOSE 

No. Form Texture Color Color Sclera Iris Profile Wings 
PING ce | Sar black bl-br clear zon conv comp 
1121 lw coarse black dk br_—_ clear hom str medium 
1122 lw medium black dk br_—_ clear hom str medium 
11238 lw fine black dk br_—_ clear hom str medium 
Nay ce ae es Sica she dy eae bl-br clear hom str flar 
1125 lw medium dk br bl-br clear zon conv ue 
1126 lw medium ........ dk br clear hom str comp 
1127 lw medium black dk br___ clear hom str m-fi 
1128 lw medium black dk br clear hom str flar 
1129 lw medium _ black dk br clear zon str ep-m 
1130 lw m-fine black dk br_—_ clear hom str medium 
1131 lw medium gray dk br clear hom str m-fl 
11382 lw coarse black dk br clear hom str comp 
11383 lw medium black dk br clear zon str comp 
11384 lw fine black dk br_—_ clear hom str flar 
1185. lw medium black dk br_—_ clear hom str medium 
11386 lw medium dkbr gr-br clear zon c-c flar 
1137 lw fine black dk br_—_ clear hom str medium 
11388 lw coarse black dk br clear hom str comp 
11389 lw medium black dk br clear hom str comp 
1140 lw coarse black dk br clear hom str ep-m 
1141 lw medium black dk br___ clear hom str comp 
1142 lw medium black dk br clear hom c-c medium 


1148 lw medium black dk br clear hom c-e 


* Hairless 


THE ANAIZA! 


The Anaiza tribesman states that he is a descendant of Wail, 
who belonged to a younger branch of the Asad group, and further 
claims that Anaz, son of Wail, was the founder of the tribe. 

The original home of the Anaiza is believed to have been just 
north of Medina on the watershed between the Red Sea and the 
basin of the Wadi al Rumma (cf. Doughty, vol. 2, p. 392). In the 
latter half of the eighteenth century the Anaiza started to move 
northward. The Fadan and the Hasanah pushed the Shammar 
before them across the Euphrates and established themselves on 
the northern steppes. The Amarat, Wulud Ali, and Sbaa appear 
to have been the next to move, and later came the Ruwalla. 

The great group of the Anaiza, numerically probably the largest 
group in the nomad Arab tribes, occupied the triangle of the North 
Arabian or Syrian Desert, often called the Hamad, which has its base 

1 This introductory section is based on data compiled prior to 1921. As leader 
of the Field Museum North Arabian Desert Expedition, 1927, 1928, and 1934, I 
checked this information whenever possible. During 1928 in Damascus I had 
the privilege of discussing these matters with Nuri ibn Shalan, Sheikh of the 
Ruwalla and Paramount Sheikh of the Anaiza. For selected references to the 
Anaiza see Carruthers (1918), “‘A Handbook of Arabia” (1920), Doughty (1926), 


Musil (1927a, 1927b, 1928), de Boucheman (1934), Lawrence (1926), Raswan 
(1930, 1935, 1986), Grant (1987), Guarmani (1938), and von Oppenheim (1939). 


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: DULAIM AND ANAIZA 55 


on Lat. 30° N., with Jauf about at its center, and its apex at Alep. 
On the left bank of the Euphrates the pastures north of Deir-ez-Zor 
and along the Khabur River were also visited by the Anaiza. A 
smaller group of kindred tribes lived near Taima between the Hejaz 
Railway and the southwest borders of the Nefud. The tribe was 
not united under one head, but divided into several large sections 
which maintained a generally friendly attitude, which did not ex- 
clude, however, raids and feuds between the sections. 


The most famous stocks of horses and the greatest number of 
camels were found among the northern Anaiza. Their camel herds, 
estimated at 600,000 head, supplied the markets of Egypt, Syria, 
and Iraq. Beduins of the purest blood and tradition, the Anaiza 
remained entirely beyond the control of the Turkish Government. 
Except for a few palm gardens on the Euphrates and a village near 
Damascus, their sheikhs never acquired settled land nor did they 
attempt to cultivate the Hamad or stony desert. Their geographical 
position gave them command of the main trade route between 
Syria and Iraq, and at the same time compelled them to keep on 
good terms with those who controlled their commercial markets; 
namely, the larger towns on both edges of the Syrian Desert. 


The Anaiza are hereditary foes of the Shammar, and northern 
Arabia during the last 150 years has been dominated by the feuds 
of these two tribal confederations. 


During the past fifteen years conditions have changed entirely 
as a result of trans-desert automobile and air routes, followed by 
the construction of the Iraq Petroleum Company’s bifurcated pipe- 
lines. Large-scale raids of Beduin tribes upon each other are now 
virtually impossible. Armored cars, airplane bombs, and, to 
quote the Beduins, ‘“‘the-gun-that-never-stops,”’ are serious deter- 
rents not only to raiding of any kind but also to any digression from 
British, French, or Iraqi prescribed areas of migration. 


During construction of the pipe-lines many thousands of 
Beduin tribesmen were employed in numerous capacities. Per- 
sonal observation and the reports of labor officers show that the 
tribesmen were capable, conscientious, and often skilful work- 
men. They obeyed orders cheerfully and followed instructions 
unhesitatingly. In May, 1934, I was most astonished to find Anaiza 
tribesmen, with shaven heads, washed and disinfected bodies, 
engaged in pipe-line construction near H-3 station, where we were 
the guests of the Iraq Petroleum Company. 


ade ST 
;p——~ dalaiy! pare 
Sbse 
Sv DIF es 
=e z ole 
eae ae anne 
RES? 
at byt bhe old 4! - ube 
Ce — ip as wr atti 
eM OVA | Cay pl dT atetie 0 
Pease ae | 
othe gdh Rearcee yes res! sat Sapo ee) 
GP l-olet (eel- b> ash Gt alee eleenb cabs 
eu! se ne dN cee aed 
Ov Fee ul -gule — -p= PB 252! @'> 
el pb pore lean eee aM" oF 
5a! -_ 7) Wbe!-ale anes 
Se rete, Re ee ae eee 
xe 1 re seg ee LS pcisapelbdegenteadl =i; eee 
hetea ia antl OT ee re) 
eM] spy imme] olay! ye 
Fecha akon) bLee'-po owls dle 
pr persT] ae] cee UT Hiet-iNos 7 
dabieains| SR Sut] Kale 
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ster | greasing | _aat-olte —e 
spot iakge ah obs! 
: Bho! 25 Lo ra 
eo aa |e Sed 2Foi 
share —_____ . ae 
Tae] arte] See) ete 
terror) ckaae| testes] = 
SEE Sa eas pl pe ee a ye PS 
cea Sig tans} SFIS Le arate 
~ kai A SSI — FH rar oe | 
yaaa 4 dol S aig Garton] _ Sai! | 
‘ ore) el f 
Pribiseris! ——————4{ aty-wk 
— stnadl - 295 
aw 40) aan 
aa oe 
Holub Aa 


Fic. 5. Tribes and sub-tribes of the Anaiza Beduins. 


5 


6 


iG 


[AMARAT 


AL JALAS 
DANA MUSLIM 
Ibn Shodan * 
ANAIZA +——— BANi WAHB 
QANA WAIL «+——j 
gg ‘AMARAT 
MATAZ BISHR 
Ibn Hadhdhal : 
DANA UBAYD 
MIHL AF &Y YASH 
Ibn Zubayydn [URAYF Ibn ZuhoyyGn 
ZABNAH SS <uipa | MUHAYNAT 
JazzG‘ibn Mijldd se hog Aba al- Rus 
AL-‘ALT +— MAHAWIR FUWAYZAH ZAWAYIDAH 
SULAYLAT Ibn Sabr Ibn Muthib rade! aca 
MASA‘D JAWASIM Sipe P 
rt re Ibn Kunfudh Ibn Jasim =a emey 
DAHAMISHAH ee AL-SHUHUM~—= | SABABIH SHALKHAN 
Joza‘ Gtvaliad Al- Shahmi Ibn Juraybi¢ pe ere 
Muhammad al- Turki AMAT JABAN BALALIZ 
Al-Cajmah Al-JuCayb | Ibn Ghorib 
RAKGN AL-GHURAYR 
vav'do Ibn Fayid eat en 
JALAIO +———_———_ bn vata AL-JUMAYSHAT | AL- MUYIL 
LAWAYIHAH | ‘Urayd [ton Wadi 
HUMMAL JUAY THIN ane 
Ibn Julaydan Ibn Hadndnar = | A; Qhuwayd _ 
HAMATIRAH | GHUSHUM MADAMIGH 
Al- Ghari Ibn Jarwan | Mudaymigh. _ 
SUWAYLIMAT Av UTABAH HASAN Ms ‘Stipes 
Ibn Bakr Al-Daydab Ibn Mutoyrah bed 
MUHAYSIN KHATARISHAH -——————— 
Ibn Bakr Al-Basr eed 
‘ATKAN — AL BUSAYSAT wasiia 
Ibn Fajri Al- Mugharnij he hater @a 
AL-HABLAN HAYAZIS Al-Zuwayn 
Beat oteadeaene Bele 
ASKUR [tbe Hoyoz ss AL- OAL MAH 
Ibn Mojif RFE SSS Al- Jdsib 
MATARIFAH NASRAH | RABBAC [Ibn Marzik 
Al-Sonali * JA! Sebati | ibn Tamran JALAL 
— 6 QwaAYDAT._| !>n Majif 
AL JABAL HUSNI Al-Hunaydis bade Soemrén | Ibn Hudayri 
Ibn Shaman enwavine” «(| THUWAYOIT 
—————— w 
Ibn Tamran KULUH Ms Rostoat Ibn Thuwoybit 
| SALKAH uoee KAMAJiIMAH) = -————_—— 
Al-Rifdi * | SHAMLAN BUSHAYR Al-Turayshah | KHANFAH 
Sea Al-Rifdi Al-Rifdi —__—=— __| Ibn Dakhil 
JABBUR SUNAYOH 
BAJAYIDAH Al-Fuwoynis Ibn Sahldn 
Ibn Shaman zuyYup [tbe Torey a 
Al-Busaybisi ZURAYAH 
MUZAY YAN | Al-fudoy!t 
Ibn Dakhil ~~ HAMAYIRAH 
ita | Al-Murayjib 
Ion Hamid 


Fic. 6. Tribes and sub-tribes of the Anaiza Beduins. 


57 


Wi uc 
SERS Fi ae ae a = 
A EC See = cg POTTS 
~ bd Pay - 
a) - fae) G23! ~ 2 >9'5 fu! -&5 
rte aelys| CGH soy pad 55l gad iy 5 
blere!- Lee Cay! «a Leg ialp EOI = 
deuce) Cady! sue “Zz SE SS- ant] a 
pute epocee rE ae)! ——__+- 
- eee 4459! -6l | —————_ 
ones er ven! - leg ent EEE 
N-dol anh! 5 —dhe Jou! pls 
dwt ee} pistol Sere cre 
EA EET oy) olde 
' 4 sol tons Deere IeJT 
So ee S|) ee 
Sand St, > day's fre! -¢+ — 
or : ep ~ 2 he ae 
ce . aa 7 eT, 
PAM 4a psa NV “pai aL sence 
wit apa 
Re a’ Reaper 
wt Lol | 
panties sep suru! - ade —- VoD! | 
Wet wsdT| — taeegel 
JU! Jone Da Ba J+ paix! yatve 
ae nee te] ser 
at evs ball are N a 
BI! — ase aN Se Ad 26's 
— Pere 
o\— Sohed ——+  .,..,.. |] wu - tole 
hence ad et ole Olea dane 
ee a ae a ee 
tou! as a as cae Hei! GY —_—_—_—! 
it ae | 
Sere | a! _s pele! ole vbrul-sule| 
Ae eet ee abasit cit 
wastes Ee ee 
——__—_, oett_ abl. "aah ga | ee emery ag 6 
Fu -g ~~ aa eR) - Says aa 
SEE | ——] t-te 
ute -4a sm a aren SN - 
———$$—  -'-4| PN-5) Samo y 
Bota F pa rie > - jer 
See Steele So | eee 
ee ebb ele 
bh Jeo Mo! ok, : va 
ee stay "fe ka E220! - 22 
onfu'—e J a ~toke 
EL aeen a Sia) ee 
sar'_ ele eR 
Ss '-fews  T 
el ee oT 
s' —_ fe! See ie] 
x fe 


Oda yl 


Fic. 7. Tribes and sub-tribes of the Anaiza Beduins. 


58 


‘ABD-ALLAH MUSHAHIR 
nee Sune 28 
Se CB ere rene 
oe rer -————{rarinwwan | "| KHAN 
ee Ibn Jandal _[HARSHAH Al-Khada 
AL-HADAK MULHAK NAJi RAMMAH 
Ibn Mujwil Ibn Mukhayiil 23 AbG al- Hash 
eee KHUL AY FAT MAZAWIDAH RAWDAN SAWAHILAH 
AL MIHLAF + Ibn Rukayy8n | AL-Mizwodi Al-Ka‘kat Abi Surayr 
SALIM HULAYBA RAHMAH MUSHAYT 
Ibn Wail Al-Gmah Ibn Hunayydn Ibn Barman 
SUNAY YAN Saas, ,SURORE SABBAH 
ASHAJTAH ibn Dahmoh JARFAH Ibn Muhayjin Ibn Suhay! 
Ibn Mufjil “T mAHYUB_— | Al-Kuwayjih AL WUKAYT FALTAH _ 
Fike Weanta ‘AROAN Ibn Nahit Al-Fulayti 
HAMDAN |Alfurayd | ATIVAH BASIT 
Al-Bofés WUHAYB Al- Mu%yrir Ibn Mughamis 
"ZATABILAH_|!bn_Musaifih RUSHAYDAN @zoL 
esther taiichs J + 
eres Al-Haydal MUDAYGHIM Abi Not! Arozii 
ZURFAH Abo al-Wakal DAWARIJAH BADI 
Ibn ‘umor KHATAM Ibn Duwayrij Al-Fujayr 
Ibn Muforrij SHARATIN JARDAN 
KAWAJIBAH AL KHUMSI Ibn Butoyhah | Al- Sadi 
. + _"- = = 
Al-Kuwayjib Al- Shorifi RASHID HATLAN 
KAI AH Ibn Salbih Ibn Barghash 
Al-Koka JAWATILAH AL MUDAHRISHAH 
FARJAH Al-‘Ayr Al-Mudahrish 
Al- Khadat MULAYHAN 
pee NUSAYR Ibn Mulayh3n 
Ibn Nugayr et ee 
ARRUWALAH 
‘ALMAH AL NAYIF 
Ibn Juraybah Al-Nori 
NAWASIRAH AL ZAYD 
= Al-Majdrima Ibn Zayd 
Hae me - KATA‘AH MU ‘ABHAL 
| cae han Al-Kato Ibn Mu‘obhal 
[YAM'AN <—— Ibn Shotan > —___ | MIN WAL 
Hace —Aachnahltiee AL-SAWALIHAH | ibn Mijwal 
DANA MUSLIM DAGHWAN ibn Mab ae ee 
Ibn Shaan Len Pogme | AL-HAKASHAH | Ibn Maghhir 
4 MASHJIDAH -——_——_ |Ibn Hokoshoh  [HALHAL 
MASAD —— 
ere. bien Fare AL- DAR‘AN Ibn Muhalhal 
JABBARAH J | Al-Junayfi -SsuBAYH. 
Burayghith SANAD AL-BARABIRA $ 
AL-TAYYAR+}——»=——_| bn Sanad L-BARABIRAH | Ibn Subayh 
TULUH a) | Al guneyt 
, MURAYKHAN -———~2——_| BUNAYYAH 
'bn Khalil Ibn Charlo MAHNAH Ibn Bunayyah 
HAMAMIDAH Tr ae oo Mahl RAWOAN 
aa ee hall JUWAYDAH Ibn Rowgan 
Ibn Farhan *TryvAB” pAtGet eS AL — 
q ee Ibn Sabtah 
wuLD Ql AWAD ibn Namsh MUBARAK Cetera 
eee Ibn Sumoyr RUBAYLAT Al-Fujayr ianekiaar 
DAMJAN Al-Khiwoh ; LIKE 
Al-Dayri laa tos ae back, 
be ae ‘UTAYFAT Ibn Mas‘ad ton Jobol__ KHARSHAH 
lon Sumayr 4 os -—_—_________ HAJUR Bani ‘aysh 
———— | Abd Al-ris_ | JURAYDAH ibn “antor TKARSHAH 
JAQHALIMAH =| AI-MUsO_ KC AMAILAH | Ibn Rughd 
= |!bn Quwayhi_ =| ‘UTAYFAT Ibn N&bit ronan 
BANI WAHB MUJAYBIL Ibn TulayGn ATID Ee Al-Misir 
Ibn Duwayj JABBARAH % i |} 
Bhatia mencde! Ee Burayghith Al “Thuboyti SAKARAH ’ 
TAWALIAN QHIBAH Ibn “mayrah 
TAWALI'AH Ibn Judayd Tnawuka> 
Ibn Zahwah et 
Serera sag Pe = L Al-Finey_ 
AL- FUJAYR 'bn‘awad KUQAY YAH 
Lanka Alaydah MUGHSIB Al- Wakyin 
ntoaishah FITC OT aS - 
_———————_ | BASANAH SHAMS! _ 
Ibn Muthim Al-Rofghi 


Fic. 8. Tribes and sub-tribes of the Anaiza Beduins. 


59 


apy) — ene 


ig te 
daw y'- aPy 
ee eee 
Sey'- ole 


dong-2cd) 


frei ele 


eageys! be 


pally Lee 


Rat g!- ote }-— Asy!-allay 


SEI ohn 
shin gos 


chawis! Sead 


ea ake ghle 
on 
Core -45b 


sendy bls 


woe'-Tw 


J&yl- we 


tra'- aw 
ee Se Yee 


Satoh 


oF 


doris! dee | 


webs 


aA bul ane! 


dul ys 


in- 


aeF Gp! - do 


peat — Sole G0da0 vl 
aawyribue | okey! Sue }—- a sF 
dotod ; B Ss 
aes Settee z 9-59 
CAO Sea ae ames rst 
cs Ae ae at ta hs |. py SAE 
oh wf - a = . : : webs? 
wean! S| A 
pee S| PpTee 
eae) a desitvleus JY 
———_— Ry oa 
Ad -esle| pay oso 


oN le 


tule P= ey! ne 


i OTN Bley! slay 
Cee ee od . ms 
ALN 

SA sjlae | Gey ule 


FT led, 


aril yy La! 


Obeo!- 4b, | ~ sbeg!-teu> 


ade! te ST 


vit! ~atic 


pore tpal L~ atul- ote 


wail tas 


Fic. 9. Tribes and sub-tribes of the Anaiza Beduins. 


60 


OANA ‘UBAYD 


Ibn Zohrah 


‘UMAYRAH 
lbn Murshid 
SUHAYM 
GASAH . | Ibn Shutaywi 
Ibn Murshid RAHMAH 
a ee MAwAHiB8 Ibn Su‘ayyid 
BUTAYNAT —__ Iba Ghushm KHMAMSAN 
Ibn Murshid MASARIBAH ibn‘Tdoh 
Al-Masrab 
RISALIN ‘AJLAN 
ton ‘idah Ibn Idan 
a See 
BADAT Al-Nowdk 
ASBASH an oan. ener 
ibn Murshid DAWAM — Ibn Baghdad 
Al-Fakok: HUWAYSHAN 
BayAyi@H Ibn Muslit 
Ibn Muwayni’ < 
RimAH SALIM 
Ibn Wayil Ibn Hudayb 
‘ABDAH ‘URFAH MAZARi' 
Ibn Hudayb Al-Suhayhir Ibn Khalid 
jlon FOGr Ss FAN 
MAWAYIJAH Ibn Jozz& 
lbn Hudoyb BALA‘IN 
WATHRAH Al-Khashti 
reer Ibn Dufaybil KUWAYRAN 
MUSAKKAH reer yes 
| Ibn Muhoyd Ibn Hadlin ®JLAN 7 
DANK wuNay'e| SHUMAYLAT | Ibn JolBaan a 
Ibn Hu baykin Ibn Kufayfoh 
a KHADAL AT 
RUS — —— Akhdali 
AL-WULD Al-Kurd ABDAH 
!bn Muhayd JuGypbil pontiees - 
@JAJIRAH KHALAF eee 
ree me ibn Huraymis Al-Kalfah KHASHTAH 
OAN RIS SARA NUTAYS Ibn Saimin 
Ibn Jad Ibn Sharyat pods 
j= m‘oan 
DANA JABAL = }——__— 
AL FADGHAN se er ibn Da MALHUD 
ibn Muhayd KHARSAH Ibn He a 
Ibn Ku‘ayshish —————. "3 
ee Makevelret DURAYLAT MAJATHIRAH 
tbn Ghubayn Al-Ruhoyt 
GHUBAYN HAMDAN ‘MMARAH 
ibn Ghubayn lbn Ghubayn Al-uwaymir 
DANA MAJID BAYDAN ee 
Ibn Kuayshigh Ibn Ghafil KHAMSHAH 
Pete gee eae Aba Zahrah 
WULD SULAYMAN TSALMAT 
| bn Kutoyshiah Al-Shakwi 
——— GHAYYAN JAAFIRAH 
DANA KHAYL | | tba fughri Al-awaji 
_tbn Kutayshish [ADAH MATANAH AL- GHADAWIRAH 
Ibn “arnGn Ibn ‘ornan Al-Murtotid 
‘ULAY YAN 
Al-Makhkhéd 
AL JALWAH 
Ibn Jalwah 
fAwwADd ABU HAMRAH 
Ibn Ghubayn tbn Musfir 
ZAHRAH 


Fic. 10. Tribes and sub-tribes of the Anaiza Beduins. 


61 


62 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Arrangements were made to examine a series of the Anaiza 
tribesmen, who were brought into the station dispensary. After 
nineteen men had been measured, observed, and photographed, 
work had to be stopped as a result of a misunderstanding.! This 
was most unfortunate as I could have measured at least one hundred 
Anaiza tribesmen, who were friendly and willing to submit, since 
they understood the significance of the comparison between them- 
selves and the Shammar. 

On May 9, 1934, I measured nineteen Anaiza tribesmen. The 
other four individuals examined at different localities brings the 
total up to twenty-three—a most inadequate series. 

Birthplaces.—Nos. 1590 and 1591 were examined at Haditha 
and No. 1598 at de Kuani near Beirut. These tribesmen were born 
at Razaza near Karbala with the exception of the following: No. 
1571 near An Najaf, No. 1592 near Jebel Sinjar, No. 1589 near 
the Syrian-Iraq border, and Nos. 1572 and 1593 near Damascus. 
No birthplace was recorded for Nos. 1590 and 1591. 


Vital Statistics—Each tribesman was requested to give the 
number of his living brothers, sisters, sons, and daughters. 


VITAL STATISTICS* OF ANAIZA TRIBESMEN 


No. Age Married Sons Daughters Brothers Sisters 
1571 28 Unmarried hones Heth sed 228 
1572 27 Unmarried Shaw ee 7S | 2 
1573 28 Unmarried ret ere 2 0 
1574 32 Unmarried pies ee 1 0 
1575 28 Unmarried See woe 3 1 
1576 35 Unmarried 1 0 Oost 1 
1577 38 Unmarried eee ee 1 O72 
1578 45 Married Pe ry Ue pag 
1579 36 Married 1 0 02 1 
1580 30 Married (2) 0 0 5 3 
1581 30 Married PA | 0 a 0 
1582 35 Unmarried Brne Peek 1 1 
1583 30 Unmarried 1 2 
1584 25 Unmarried ee see oe pa | 
1585 35 Unmarried Poa as ae 0, 3 
1586 30 Unmarried ietas re 2 0 
1587 30 Unmarried Satan ass. 5 1,8 
1588 24 Unmarried cere eras ah 1 
1589 25 Unmarried een SAgeas 258 4 
1590 Fie ee as edie ine oer Oecd 
1591 On. nee ee pares Ree ioe. tee 
1592 35 Unmarried ore ae yes 4 od 
1593 40 Married 0 0 ey See 


* The italicized numbers refer to the deceased relatives. 


1J sincerely hope never to encounter again a man as abysmally ignorant, 
superciliously arrogant, and deliberately obstructive as the individual who stopped 
this important piece of research through inciting the tribesmen to object to 
examination by fabricating such falsehoods and lies as that we were using power- 
ful magic and casting spells over them. 


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: DULAIM AND ANAIZA 63 
DEMOGRAPHY 

Brothers No. Per cent Sisters No. Per cent 
IRONG!. 2 Oie sa ce ER ame Oa INONG) 462 okie Soe 4 20.00 
A IN aera ae a A Hn 6 30.00 Do bee cease kas 5 25.00 
y A a TES eee 5 25.00 APACE a aed oe eMC anes oes 4 20.00 
SoA et wr win phe. 5 25.00 mA Cae ieee con vat 6 30.00 
BHG ek at ere 4 20.00 B=6 5052 aan 1 5.00 
TOP MOTO. shies tae Phontc ee MZ OTAMOLC hc. eR ae 

TG6talivcccomstee 20 = 100.00 OUR sheers 20 100.00 

Sons No Per cent Daughters No. Per cent 
INONOLAA Reet oe. 2 33.33 NOnCt eer 5 83.33 
fee eres eee 2 33.33 LER ieee dete Sieron 8 Or. Oke 
Ae ee eR SAR a tee it 16.67 I Pe Po I GE 1 16.67 
Ay See ia aie nla ats 1 16.67 Sake Saat ok One eee 
B= Gi eee ern a. BO edn S hoe eee Ore hobs 
WP ORAMNOTO Sore. eis cre Pee eae agi TOY MOTE. as ccc oe Osta peer 

POUR. een see te 6 100.00 LOtaloer seed 6 100.00 


The size of the families, as indicated by these unreliable figures, 
tends to be large, especially when there is every reason to suppose 
a high rate of infant mortality. Few tribesmen admitted having 
children, probably because of the innate fear of evil spells. 


Age.—The average age for the group was 34.15, with a range of 
20 to 54. Eighteen men (78.27 per cent) were between the ages 
of 25 and 389. 


AGE DISTRIBUTION 


Age No. Per cent Age No Per cent 
S105 cece tas Que oe ns BOAO oe eee ps 8.70 
A | kay: Se a we ga 1 4.35 HO=D4 aes cae 1 4.35 
4 1 ae ere a 6 26.09 DOO Acree ntear ease 0 bee 
BOS. si oe artisans 6 26.09 1S Che ee eee ees Sree 0 ae 
SO-09s Shaken 6 26.09 65=69 er soccer 0 
AQAA RC ees Ws 1 4.35 ROR ce a vce MER ee 0 

Total ern ae 23 100.02 


MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF ANAIZA BEDUINS 


Skin.—As a result of exposure to wind and to other vagaries of 
climate, the skin was slightly darker than that of the average Arab 
of Iraq. The secondary shadings of different parts of the body 
were in no way peculiar, but the exposed parts were slightly darker 
than those habitually clothed. On the head, which is always covered, 
the skin was considerably lighter in color in many cases but never 
as white as in Europeans. No. 1572 (Plate 38), who had a dark 
skin, appeared to possess some Negro blood. 


64 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Hair.—The hair was black or very dark brown. In form the 
hair had low waves and in texture was either coarse or medium. 
Nine men had shaven heads. : 


HAIR 

Color No. Per cent Form No. Per cent 
UTA CRU RR et Petaiee Coe sere 19 86.36 SEEAIPNG a cette ie es ieee ere 
Very dark brown....... 1 4.55 Very low waves........ Ot ea 
Parke DrOWN 20.0 O's ee GOW WHVeS S| 5 sc cs ae 11 91.67 
TRTOWR Seon es Osa. Sp ee Deep waves: ..:6524.... 1 8.33 
Reddish brown........... 05° 42:.. Curly-frizzly........... G3 407 ae 
Light brown..........-. Oe Fak. WGOUN A hoe ee a Ocak soe 

BRE. See yee ce ee 0a: — 
Black and gray........ a eet OME 3 So 5 soos Baca ha icy 12 100.00 

Dark brown and gray Oe 

Light brownandgray... 0 ..... Texture No. Per cent 
iC eee eae pO nee 2 9.09 CORRES J 5 Biss ceo 9 69.23 
IWWHNER Sy cechicit esc cic Os hase Coarse-medium......... Ue re 
— DRE ese ed are 4 30.77 
ROURT eet ene 22 100.00 Medium-fine.......... oeOke ence 
pO 17 (ee eee eae mee A i G8 as 
Total ecules ce 13 100.00 


Abnormal hairiness of the body was not observed and the gen- 
eral impression retained was that the Anaiza had about the same 
amount of body hair as the Arabs of central Iraq. 

Eyes.—In general the eyes were brown in color, varying from 
gray-brown to dark brown. The presence of individuals with mixed 
eyes indicates a submerged blondism. The sclera were clear, with 
the exception of three men with bloodshot eyes. The iris was homo- 
geneous or zoned with three individuals in the rayed classification. 


EYES 

Color No. Per cent Iris No. Per cent 
PHO rey het cen scc ats OS eee Homogeneous.......... 9 42.86 
Prk DOWN. .5.3<sc a As 7 31.82 RRO eg ks eee 3 14.29 
Blue-brown.. 6005 6 nt 7 31.82 YO! ie a a aS 9 42.86 

ite DTOWN 6 ssce's Sees aso re — 
Green-brown.......... 5 22.73 se eee ee 21 100.01 

Green-brown........... ens Apes 

Gray-brown........... 3 13.64 Sclera No. Per cent 
UGS es Ree tan | ae PCOU GPE 5 CT Sa te alates 19 86.36 
LS Co ae tr a A co OF ec oat iGHOW os or Os, eee 
Light brown........... eee We WUOUNMO ss Posen f 3 0 Fea 
BUOETOY 26s Ue Dit atc TIQOGSNOE «oes sieeve 3 13.64 
Blue-green............ Oe ee nets Speckled and bloodshot... 0  ..... 
— Speckled and yellow.... 0 ..... 
ROM seeder nents 22 «100.01 Yellow and bloodshot... 0  ..... 
SPOCRIS co Santee sca he 22 100.00 


The eyes, or more properly the eye slits, were horizontal as in 
Europeans. In general, the eyes were clear and the vision was keen, 
features characteristic of the nomads of this region. 


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: DULAIM AND ANAIZA 65 


Nose.—The nasal profile was convex or straight in about equal 
proportions. The alae were medium to compressed with but four 
Anaiza tribesmen slightly above the average. One man had a 
wider nasal tip than the average and one individual appeared in 
the double plus category, indicating the presence of Negro blood. 


NOSE 

Profile No. Per cent Wings No. Per cent 
DWV ete ss de trop geass Oe ie. Compressed ©... ..5.5%.5.008 3 13.04 
Concave soi har o Oe te Compressed-medium.... 2 8.70 
BURRESS e ss s0 8s 8 36.36 WOOGIE )o5= iar s 14 60.87 
CONVERS ae i oe eect 9 40.91 Medium-flaring........ 4 17.39 
Concavo-convex ....... 5 pay TAPING ger eosiars auoveiesec aces Om ken 
— PIATINS MING. 5 ok as ee ror 

OUR traecit,ceid ta cea 22 100.00 — 
CM oe ee Ae Re ae: 23 =100.00 


Mouth.—The majority of the lips were thicker than those of 
the average European, and there was considerable lower lip eversion 
in a number of individuals, especially Nos. 1578, 1575, and 1583. 
The relatively thin lips of No. 1589 appeared to be exceptional. 

Teeth—The occlusion was recorded as marked-over bite but 
this seems hardly probable and I think this should have been slight- 
over bite, a far more normal occlusion. 


TEETH 

Bite No. Per cent Condition No. Per cent 
TAGE es ks) ss OO Fite cars Wery Dad se sche to cere Oe iikiasis 
Edge-to-edge......... ee eee BUM Fo cle i Lea eS a 3 6.25 
Slight over. <05:..... QP se ea Patan eee ee 2 12.50 
Marked over......... 22 100.00 GO0d oo ois seas 9 56.25 
— Excellent. 3k 4 25.00 

OCR 6k OE Se 22 100.00 — 


The dental condition was either good or excellent with but 
three exceptions. Nos. 1574, 1577, 1585, 1586, 1589, and 1592 were 
excellent; Nos. 1575, 1576, 1579, 1582, 1588, 1587, 1588, and 1590 
were good; and Nos. 1578 and 1578 were fair. No. 1580 had irregular 
front teeth. 

Musculature and Health—The Anaiza Beduins had well- 
developed musculature and those examined were in good health. 


Musculature No. Per cent Health No. Per cent 
POOR ace fe nd OS ee POOR cero nce Sele es Qi ness 
BUBEP: it ey hed otk eel nade 1 4.55 Lip ST eee itty ery ae tipeein Per 1 4.55 
VEINS OM a eu or ric Ore im ee ae IVOTOOO © o.oo ta recente aes tyne 

OOU SE eek canine 19 86.36 MGOOG conor Peer che: 20 90.91 
PIEGONOHE Th. AG 2 9.09 Txcellent «ot sce ees os 1 4.55 


66 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Disease.—Nos. 1574 and 1585 had smallpox scars. No. 1584 
had ringworm on his face. No. 1583 had scars on his head as a 
result of a fall from a camel. No. 1591 was blind in the left eye 
and his vision was poor in the right eye. 

Tattooing.—Nos. 1585, 1589, 1592, and 1593 had simple tattooed 
designs and twelve were recorded as bearing none (cf. Charles, pp. 
109-111). 

Branding.—Each individual, with the exception of Nos. 1576, 
1579, 1582, 1585, 1589, 1591, and 1593, bore circular branded marks 
on his arms or wrists. Each brand is referred to as a chawi or kawi. 
No. 1572 said that branding was used ‘‘to prevent smallpox.’”’ No. 
1580 had a large chawz scar on the inside of his left wrist “to cure a 
racking cough.” No. 1581 had five large, circular marks on his 
right wrist ‘‘to make it strong for stone throwing.” 

Kohl.—No. 1580 had applied kohl beneath his eyes ‘‘to strengthen 
them.” 

Unrecorded.—No morphological observations were recorded on 
No. 15938. 

Summary.—The average Anaiza tribesman had low wavy hair, 
coarse or medium in texture, and extremely dark brown merging 
into black in color. The eyes were various shades of brown, but 
fifteen men (68.19 per cent) had mixed eyes. The sclera were clear, 
but the iris was either homogeneous or rayed. The nose was convex 
or straight in almost equal proportions, with medium wings. The 
lips were thicker than those of the average European. The teeth, 
musculature, and health were good. 


STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF ANAIZA BEDUINS 


There now remains the task of grouping the twenty-three Anaiza 
tribesmen according to the Harvard and Keith classificatory systems 
for stature, sitting height (trunk length), minimum frontal diameter, 
head breadth, cephalic index, nasal height, nasal breadth, and nasal 
index. 

Stature.—The Anaiza were medium to short according to both 
systems. The results of the two groupings happen to be identical. 
The average stature for twenty-two men was 162.96 (range 146.0- 
178.0), which is well below the average for Southwestern Asia 
(about 166.0). No. 1593 was omitted. 


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: DULAIM AND ANAIZA 67 


STATURE 
Harvard system No. Per cent Keith system No. Per cent 
Short (x-160.5)......... G@ .27.27 =. Shore'(x-159.9), - 0. .0. 6 22:27 
Medium (160.6-169.4).. 12 54.55 Medium (160.0-169.9)... 12 54.55 
Tall (169.5—x)...0..2..5. 4 18.18 Tall (170.0-179.9)...... 4 18.18 
— Very tall (180.0—x)...... Oe sees 
a Ra ae ap ie ae 22 100.00 ee 
EUOUAL ferrin toe ear 22 100.00 


Sitting Height (Trunk Length).—The Keith system shows that 
the majority (81.81 per cent) had trunk lengths greater than 84.9. 
They were almost equally divided between the long (85.0-89.9) and 
the very long (90.0—x) categories. No. 1593 was omitted. 


SITTING HEIGHT (Trunk Length) 


Group No. Per cent 
were anort (2-74.90) ik ar ates eet as sreliccrs Bara 2 9.09 
SORE CCl OcO Vices. 6, ciyrccd sticks taal se cutie eas ucla dcotetas a oop Qi. Cie 
Medium '(80.0-84:9) 20 scsi nceqigae i SACS ne babies 2 9.09 
RA (GO0-OO. 9) esis stor oh ation ota Sea Romie eee ie eels 10 45.45 
Ware ine 190.0 K ye daar odes sa tee eilosaac cusees & 8 36.36 

MMRMRE EEK 9 aioe cbf ta hae SR Ce IPE kT ed heed 22 99.99 


In the preceding table, which follows the Keith system, we see 
that whereas the stature was medium to short the trunk length 
was either long or very long. This reveals an unbalanced proportion 
between the length of the trunk and that of the legs. The Anaiza 
had very short legs combined with long trunks. The average relative 
sitting height was 53.68. 

Minimum Frontal Diameter—The head was wide (110-119) or 
narrow (100-109), there being no individuals in the categories above 
and below these ranges. The mean was 110.30 (range 101-120). 


MINIMUM FRONTAL DIAMETER 


Group No. Per cent 
ee ty, et | DRAUSS SETS soc er re ar a Os hoa 
PRR ERO R UT rice bios lic i WEA Ae TS, Chk b 8 8 8 9 40.90 
EMO LET ROMA ENE eis ociife isos ita a'e ie x OIG Clarence ate 4 Gans 13 59.09 
a Ba. WS” cee | eRe RE iH alan ehiG Rae eed ore Qi ee. 

AMM: Scie s hig me wa hale ra AE AE COL kets «8 bo 6% 22 99.99 


Head Breadth—The head varied from narrow to wide with a 
mean of 137.50 (range 123-149). There were more Anaiza tribes- 
men in the narrow-headed categories than at the other end of 


the scale. 
HEAD BREADTH 


Group No. Per cent 
MOE MAIIOW (1201 FON oe cic CIS CONE Cesdantadessens 1 4.34 
RUMI SLOO—2 OO A Ss Gleick & arf Pao tan ab acie + Paine 12 52.18 
WERE CARH TEON i 25 SiS Chic rea oh wae ck Nee ERG ud oc ba eee 9 39.13 
Cy WM CLO ENS Ae Saks aio as actus Hele eels, ales atans’el acne’ 1 4.34 


68 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Cephalic Index.—According to the Harvard system the majority 
(82.60 per cent) were dolichocephalic, with only one brachycephal 
in the series. 

The Keith classificatory system reveals that the Anaiza were 
dolichocephalic with a strong tendency toward ultradolichocephaly. 

The mean head length was 191.22, which, combined with the 
relatively narrow breadth (137.50) gave a cephalic index of 72.72, a 
figure which I believe to be close to that of the Proto-Mediter- 
ranean mean. 


CEPHALIC INDEX 


Keith system No. Per cent Harvard system No. Per cent 
Ultradolichocephalic...... 6 26.09 Dolichocephalic.......... 19 82.60 
(x-70.0) (x—76.5) 
Dolichocephalic.......... 13 56.52 Mesocephalic............ 3 13.04 
(70.1-75.0) (76.6-82.5) 
Mesocephalic............ 3 13.04 Brachycephalic........... 1 4.35 
(75.1-79.9) (82 .6—x) —_—_ — 
Brachycephalic.......... 1 4.35 OCR os che eres 23 99.99 
(80.0-84.9) 
Ultrabrachycephalic...... Ort esas 
(85.0-x) — 
Ota ie sa eee there 23 100.00 


The Anaiza tribesmen were long-headed with a trend toward 
accentuation of this head proportion. 


Facial Measurements.—The upper part of the face tended to 
be long (70+) but 48.47 per cent were below this arbitrary figure. 
The largest groupings were either medium short or medium long. 
The mean was 70.25 (range 60-84). 

The total facial length was either medium short or medium long. 
No. 1586 had a very long face (182.0). The mean was 120.50 (range 
110-1382). 

A grouping of the total facial indices places 77.27 per cent in 
the leptoprosopic category with only one tribesman recorded as 
euryprosopic. 

FACIAL MEASUREMENTS 


Upper facial height No. Per cent Total facial height No. Per cent 

OEE oo fuiuks ele wiles 1 4.34 ION G a td bic Persia's Oo. rontes 
(x—63) (x-109) 

Medium short...... 9 39.13 Medium short....... i 47 .83 
(64-69) (110-119) 

Medium long....... 8 34.78 Medium long....... 11 47.83 
(70-75) (120-129) 

Te aA ee 5 21.74 Reet oer Oc. Sty, 1 4.35 
(76—x) — a (130-x) ~- 


POUL. fois woo e 23 99.99 TOUAY os hs ha ee eo 23 »=6100.01 


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: DULAIM AND ANAIZA 69 


TOTAL FACIAL INDEX 
Group No. Per cent 


WAIPUDIOSUING TROOR. Os oo kaos ine ocd oh See es 1 4.55 
Mesonrosopic (84; 6-69 8) se soi. Moe So cee cee 4 18.18 
TDUIPTOSODIC LEO ia he eicra stones as b ecstate ates: 17 11327 

ORE 2 ells oa dre cbs aie ist ae Giese Wa tees 3 Sona a a's 22 100.00 


In general the face was long, actually and relatively, the result of 
an elongated upper facial height combined with a medium wide face. 

Nasal Measurements and Indices —The Anaiza tribesmen pos- 
sessed noses medium in height, medium narrow or medium wide 
in breadth, and a leptorrhine or mesorrhine index. The mean height 
was 53.66 (range 44-63), the breadth 34.61 (range 24-45), and the 
nasal index 66.18 (range 44-95). One man was Negroid. 


NASAL MEASUREMENTS 


Nasal height No. Per cent Nasal breadth No. Per cent 
STC dais ee a Paneer 4 17.39 Very narrow........ 2 8.70 
(x—49) (x-29) 
CT 17 73.91 Medium narrow..... 12 52.18 
(50-59) (80-35) 
Mn ee ee 2 8.70 Medium wide....... 8 34.78 
(60—x) — (36-41) 
MOONS 2 ileka aes 23 =100.00 2p See ee ee 1 4.34 
(42—x) _ 
Ota ts 626108 23 =100.00 
NASAL INDEX 
Group No. Per cent 
PAPCOPEDe (X-O0.4 ioe ake. See ecclae aiale o ete 14 60.87 
Mesorrhitio (67.5-88..4) iio. oo. So ea el AS 8 34.78 
Riauyrrnime (SS. 6-2) ota s dette ae ase ee is 1 4.34 
AD OCR Dy ert ak ING Rah chads Kee hee coma cog ate ates 23 99.99 


To furnish additional statistical data for comparison with those 
in my Report on Iran the following tables have been calculated: 


SITTING HEIGHT (Trunk Length) 
900-x 899-850 849-800 799-750 749-x Totals 
Standing height No. % No. % No % No % No. % No % 


1 R11. a Drees Onse nes Oo ae ae 1 Ds Oe disap) AO aes 
1799-1700..... 448.18. 70320. 5 Detar Dunc ove Orc aes eh eee 
1699-1600..... SAS MABE OIA Be eO ee Oa nee LY S258 ple” 64255 
x-1599..... Ot oa. 3 13.64 29.09 0 1 455%: 46°) 27.28 
No. 1593 omitted. 22 100.01 
MINIMUM FRONTAL DIAMETER 

x-99 100-109 110-119 120-x Totals 

Head breadth Noe Hi ae NOE Gee! OMG YH No % No. % 
a 41s 61 le Rae Gyan di Dm” GY, Say | 1 Ae Qe eae: 1 4.55 
POOMLES os caelec 0 AAS ERT Mue hea, OW sau 11 50.00 
TAQ SIAG Sick aiiccs 0 A RESETS MO hese oO ea es 9 40.91 
BOGe Ke a Feil ates 0 beret Raw 1 He SR. ah, | oe ee a 1-/:74. 55 


No. 1587 omitted. 22 100.01 


70 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


BIZYGOMATIC BREADTH 


x-124 125-134 135-x Totals 
Total facial length No % No. % No. % No. % 
> A OY. gles Pe 0 eas 4 18.18 ON tne 4 18.18 
| YS 7. eee rca 1 4.55 8 36.36 2 9.09 ey 50.00 
BORK eee Non & 0 Peas 4 18.18 3 13.64 i S82 
No. 1587 omitted. 22 100.00 


UPPER FACIAL LENGTH 
x-63 64-69 70-75 76-81 82-x Totals 
Total facial length No. % No % No. % No. % No % No % 


109: 0 On eee Ora ‘he ee eee et 
PLOSUTO Se oa 1 4:3R O°30.13: 1 2:98 6: Ou. 11 47.83 
a 0-1) Mt A Din Ra ois a oe 0 Oe mee 9 39.13 28.70 0. 11 47.83 
abe 5 aan te Bier one Oe aa. OL P4535: 0%. 1 4.35 
23 100.01 
NASAL WIDTH 
x-29 80-35 86-41 42-x Totals 
Nasal length No. % No: 9° No. % No. % No. % 
pce 8 Ned oa ae ae Pe On Aes Os BETO S285 70-9 20 so oe 4 17.40 
BOH59 so ak ete V8 35 6 LOS 437247. (oP (20073) Ae 435 7-75: 90 
(| SS" gr poresrn ern 14235 Ore: 54535) OF hs: 2 8.70 
23 100.00 
MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF ANAIZA BEDUINS 
Measurements No. Range Mean S.D. C.V. 
1 RM tae Ca de 23 20-54 84.15+1.03 7.354+0.738 21.52+2.14 
Statutes xc. teadsreits 22 146-178 162.96+0.95 6.60+0.67 4.05+0.41 
Sitting height........ 22 72-98 87.854+0.838 5.764+0.59 6.56+0.67 
Head length......... 23 176-202 191.224+0.93 6.63+0.66 3.47+0.35 
Head breadth........ 22 1238-149 1387.50+40.69 4.7740.49 3.47+0.35 
Minimum frontal 
diameter.......... 22 101-120 110.30+0.59 4.08+0.41 3.70+0.38 
Bizygomaticdiameter. 22 120-139 130.20+0.63 4.40+0.42 3.38+0.34 
Bigonial diameter.... 22 90-117 100.38+0.74 5.28+0.53 5.26+0.52 
Total facial height.... 23 110-1384 120.5040.82 5.80+0.58 4.81+0.48 
Upper facial height... 23 60-84 70.25+0.70 5.0040.50 7.12+0.71 
Nasal height......... 23 44-63 53.66+0.65 4.64+0.46 8.65+0.86 
Nasal breadth....... 23 25-45 34.61+0.56 3.99+0.40 11.53+41.15 
Har ‘length. kes 8: 23 48-67 56.82+0.64 4.52+0.45 7.95+0.79 
Ear breadth......... 23 29-40 33.78+0.40 2.82+0.28 8.35+0.83 
Indices 
Relative sitting height 22 44-57 53.682+0.438 3.00+40.31 5.59+0.57 
CODHRNG ees ins 23 =©665-85 71.914+0.57 4.05+0.40 5.60+0.56 
Fronto-parietal...... 22 72-86 79.814+0.44 3.083+40.31 3.80+0.39 
Zygo-frontal......... 22 ~=80-91 84.42+0.386 2.484+0.25 2.94+0.30 
Zygo-gonial......... 22 69-83 77.08+0.42 2.941+0.30 3.81+40.39 
POLGLIACIAL <a ere 22 80-104 92.70+0.63 4.3854+0.44 4.69+0.48 
Upper facial......... 22 46-60 53.96+0.47 3.30+0.34 6.12+0.62 
GET Ee a a 23 44-95 66.18+1.41 10.00+0.99 15.11+41.50 
LO Toa Dai Re ead a 23 47-76 59.54+0.67 4.7640.47 7.99+0.79 


PHOTOGRAPHIC ANALYSES OF ANAIZA BEDUINS 


The photographs of the Anaiza tribesmen have been arranged 
in order of ascending age from 24 to 45. 


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: DULAIM AND ANAIZA y pi 


In general, the Anaiza were far more homogeneous in the physi- 
cal characters of the head and face than the Dulaim. The basic 
element of which No. 1571 (Plates 40 and 41) is an excellent example, 
probably approaches the Proto-Mediterranean type. 


Since we are dealing with but twenty-three tribesmen this series 
can not be described as adequate in any sense. We must therefore 
proceed with extra caution in attempting to analyze and segregate 
the racial elements within this small group. 


Among the Anaiza the following variations occur: 


Basic Mediterranean: No. 1571 (Plates 40, 41) 
Iraqo-Mediterranean: No. 1589 (Plate 37) 

Very long-headed (G.O.L. 201): No. 1573 (Plate 39) 
Ultradolichocephal (C.I. 67.0): No. 1571 (Plates 40, 41) 
Brachycephal (C.I. 88.3): No. 1592 (Plate 46) 
Short-faced: No. 1582 (Plate 46) 

Long-faced: No. 1586 (Plate 42) 

Green-brown-eyed: No. 1585 (Plate 45) 
Gray-brown-eyed: No. 1589 (Plate 37) 
Blue-brown-eyed: No. 1587 (Plate 42) 

Straight-nosed: No. 1575 (Plate 39) 

Very slightly convex-nosed: No. 1589 (Plate 37) 
Slightly convex-nosed: No. 1578 (Plate 47) 
Convex-nosed: No. 1579 (Plate 47) 

Markedly convex-nosed: Nos. 1573, 1576 (Plates 39, 45) 
Negroid: No. 1572 (Plate 38) 


Examination of the photographs reveals that the Anaiza tribes- 
men belong to a relatively homogeneous Mediterranean type. They 
show considerably less variation in racial characters than the 
Dulaimis. 


SUMMARY 


The average Anaiza tribesman is medium to short in stature, 
long to very long in trunk length, and possesses a wide or narrow 
forehead, a wide or narrow head, dolichocephalic or ultradolicho- 
cephalic index, medium short or medium long upper and total facial 
heights with a leptoprosopic index, a nose medium in length, medium 
narrow or medium wide, and a leptorrhine or mesorrhine index. 


The Anaiza tribesmen appear to belong to the straight-nosed, 
leptoprosopic, leptorrhine, and dolichocephalic division of the 
Mediterranean Race. Furthermore, they are racially distinct since 
nomadic life in the desert restricts intermarriage. The infiltration 
of Negro blood through the age-old custom of a Negro bodyguard 
for the Sheikh is the solitary factor which has permeated every large 
Beduin encampment. In my forthcoming report on the Shammar 
Beduins of northwestern Iraq, the racial significance of this Negroid 
element will be discussed in the part entitled ‘“‘The Northern Jazira.”’ 


72 


No. 
1571 
1572 
1573 
1574 
1575 
1576 
1577 
1578 
1579 
1580 
1581 
1582 
1583 
1584 
1585 
1586 
1587 
1588 
1589 
1590 
1591 
1592 
1593 


No. 
1571 


MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


MEASUREMENTS OF ANAIZA BEDUINS 


16%e 55 
oo aa 


1574 


LST RC 5.5:5 


1576 


1577* ... 


1578 


1579* . 


1580 
1581 


1582* . 


1583 


1584* . 


1585 


1586* . 


1587 
1588* 
1589 
1590 
1591 
1592 
1593 


* Shaved. 


cease 


Age Stature SH L 
28 1685 908 197 
27 1666 905 198 
28 1620 926 201 
82 1756 982 196 
28 1548 850 197 
86: “1711, 2979): 194 
88 1623 867 198 
45 1640 873 191 
386 1615 878 194 
80 1709 922 192 
80 1570 842 198 
35 1580 880 189 
30 1658 895 198 
25 1483 823 180 
35.) 1677> 891," 177 
30 1628 857 198 
380 1610 860 188 
24°: -1570° (857 182 
25 1720 970 196 
45 1598 715 180 
50 1602 747 184 
385 1648 908 186 
Be ergs Wes Vee 
ru 
Form Texture Color oi 
lw coarse black 
Ree black 
aestee black 
lw coarse black 
By kine black 
coarse v dk br 
ew ete ena black 
lw coarse gray 
ee ere black 
lw coarse black 
lw coarse black 
ant i Mee eave black 
lw medium black 
Beet SIDS black 
lw coarse black 
OT riper eee black 
lw medium black 
toe Briatore black 
dw coarse black 
lw medium black 
lw medium gray 
lw coarse black 


B 
132 
138 
140 
137 
140 
138 
141 
134 
136 
137 
140 
137 
147 
141 
140 
142 
135 
141 
138 
125 
135 
155 
130 


B’ 
108 
114 
110 
107 
107 
115 
108 
105 
110 
113 
113 
108 
117 
108 
110 
114 
108 
112 
102 
113 
114 
110 


J 
124 
131 
134 
128 
125 
138 
128 
126 
130 
128 
128 
129 
138 
125 
128 
134 
127 
137 
125 
138 
137 
132 


go-go 
94 
104 
106 
96 
103 
104 
98 
101 
97 
99 
104 
94 
103 
95 
101 
105 
98 
92 
114 
95 
97 
107 
100 


GH 
117 
113 
128 
123 
118 
126 
111 
126 
122 
123 
118 
112 
124 
115 
124 
132 
117 
119 
128 
114 
115 
125 
128 


oF ANAIZA BEDUINS 


oh wae 

Color Sclera Iris. 
gr-br_ _— blood ray 
gr-br clear zon 
dk br clear zon 
bl-br clear zon 
dk br_—_ clear hom 
bl-br blood bie 
gr-br clear zon 
bl-br clear zon 
bl-br clear zon 
bl-br clear hom 
bl-br clear hom 
dk br_—_ clear hom 
dk br clear ray 
gray-br clear ray 
gr-br clear zon 
gray-br clear hom 
bl-br clear hom 
dk br clear hom 
gray-br clear hom 
dk br clear hom 
dk br blood zon 
gr-br clear 


G’'H NH NB 
67 50 38 
60 45 38 
74 58 384 
75 654 3865 
67 48 386 
70 66 48 
64 45° 84 
14 66 84 
Uy eee” a 
Ti 64. Al 
68 50 81 
68 51 385 
738 - 57 =-86 
64 50 36 
T° 62: 27 
80 56 34 
(2: (‘60° .-82 
68 52 80 
72) (62k 86 
67 66°28 
68 48 32 
14 \6T'e39 
74 60 40 
NOSE 
Profile Wings a 
c-c medium 
c-c m-fi 
conv comp 
conv medium 
str m-fl 
conv medium 
c-c medium 
conv comp 
conv cp-m 
str medium 
str medium 
conv medium 
conv medium 
str medium 
conv medium 
c-c medium 
c-c m-fl 
str comp 
conv medium 
str ep-m 
str m-fi 
medium 


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: DULAIM AND ANAIZA 73 


INDICES OF ANAIZA BEDUINS 


No, EL EB RSH B/L B’/B GH/J G’H/J NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J- B’/J 
1571 58 35 55.6 67.0 81.8 94.4 54.0 66.0 60.3 75.8 87.1 
1572 58 387 54.3 69.7 82.6 86.3 45.8 84.4 63.8 79.4 87.0 
1573 58 380 57.2 69.7 78.6 95.5 55.2 58.6 51.7 79.1 82.1 
1574 63 34 58.1 69.9 78.1 96.1 58.6 64.8 54.0 75.0 83.6 
1575 850 30 55.1 71.1 76.4 94.4 53.6 75.0 60.0 82.4 85.6 
1576 457 35 57.2 71.1 83.3 91.3 50.7 76.8 61.4 75.4 88.3 
1577 56 32 538.4 71.2 76.6 86.7 50.0 75.6 57.1 76.6 84.4 
1578 53 34 53.2 70.2 78.4 100.0 58.7 60.7 64.2 80.2 83.3 
1579 64 37 54.4 70.1 80.9 93.9 55.4 57.1 57.8 74.6 84.6 
1580 64 38 54.5 71.4 82.5 96.1 55.5 75.9 59.4 77.3 88.3 
1581 53 32 538.6 72.5 80.7 92.2 58.1 62.0 60.4 81.3 88.3 
1582 52 30 55.7 72.5 78.8 86.8 52.7 68.6 57.7 72.9 83.7 
15838 53 35 54.0 74.2 79.6 89.9 56.5 63.2 66.0 74.6 84.8 
1584 55 34 55.5 78.3 76.6 92.0 51.2 72.0 61.8 76.0 86.4 
1585 60 34 53.2 79.1 78.6 96.9 60.2 43.6 56.7 78.9 85.9 
1586 56 31 52.6 73.6 80.3 98.5 59.7 60.7 55.4 78.4 85.1 
Ree Wl OL, Des: Lace. teas: «Gates: case OOO 60.8 aa 
1588 56 35 54.6 77.5 76.6 93.7 538.5 57.7 62.5 72.4 85.0 
1589 58 35 56.4 70.4 81.2 93.4 52.6 69.2 60.3 83.2 81.8 
1590 60 33 44.9 69.4 81.6 91.2 53.6 50.0 55.0 76.0 81.6 
1591 51 39 46.6 73.4 83.7 83.3 49.38 66.7 76.5 70.3 81.9 
1592 55 30 55.2 83.3 73.6 91.2 54.0 68.4 54.6 78.1 83.2 
1698 68 .86 .... 68.1 84.6 97.0 56.1 66.6 67.1 75.8 88.8 


RAM-FACED TYPES AMONG THE DULAIM AND THE ANAIZA 


According to Keith (pp. 52-58), ‘‘among eastern peoples dis- 
tributed in the southwestern part of Asia from the Pamir to Asia 
Minor, there occurs a type of face which seizes upon the attention 
of the student of human races. People with this type of countenance 
are sometimes described as ‘ram-faced’; the upper face carrying the 
nose is long, while the mandibular part of the face is short.” 

This criterion is important so we must tabulate my Iraq groups. 


FACIAL MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES 


Group U.F.H. T.F.H. U.F.I. Biz.B. T.F.I. 
MP MMR NG Fi 9.x 5 icbsrn 71.55 121.50 53.15 134.95 90.35 
CM, See 70.25 120.50 53.96 130.20 92.70 
Ba‘ij Beduins........ 73.63 117.2 57.37 128.5 91.4 
ee eee 72.97 119.8 56.62 129.5 92.73 
Iraq Soldiers......... 73.88 120.92 55.23 133.85 90.5 


When the Dulaim and the Anaiza are grouped according to the 
Keith system, the following tables result. 


DULAIM 
Upper facial height 
Total facial height x-63 64-69 70-75 76-x 
Be a pied whats co etee ie hacd enh Oe 1 2 0 0 
RUE RRS oes Adaic we Dan bieeaee sy sae 1 30 14 2 
at KAY i ee IR Yi gerne Ra 0 Bl 51 13 


ROUTH ay owe Pea ed Sty pales laca'e 0 0 1 10 


74 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


ANAIZA 
Upper facial height 
Total facial height x-63 64-69 70-75 76-x 
NOLL RR SR Rae RENE, PVR Gen aya 0 0 0 0 
UROL Ge ered: cae Setcate a teyceeterere senna s 1 9 1 0 
DOACLBOS Beisercd ge tc ah Sek kee yan 0 0 9 2 
POOR ES cie aittnd cyaste cree ee 0 0 0 1 


Direct comparisons can be made (Field, 1935, pp. 51 et seq.) 
between various groups of Arabs of the Kish area, Iraq Army Sol- 
diers and the Ba‘ij Beduins on the one hand and the Dulaim and 
the Anaiza tribesmen on the other. The relative frequency of 
occurrence of this ‘‘ram-faced’”’ type can thus be determined. 


IV. ADDITIONAL ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA FROM IRAQ 


The examination of the metric and morphological data on the 
Dulaim and the Anaiza has been completed in the preceding chapter. 


Since this report on the Upper Euphrates area forms the first 
part of the volume entitled ‘The Anthropology of Iraq,” it will 
not be out of place to add the recalculated statistics on my Iraq 
figures and observations. 


It is necessary to explain that when my anthropometric data 
were placed on punch cards for the Hollerith sorting machines cer- 
tain omissions and rearrangements had to be made in order that 
the results might conform to the methods standardized by Dr. 
Hooton in the Laboratory of Anthropology at Harvard. For ex- 
ample, only individuals between the ages of eighteen and seventy 
were included. In addition, the grouping, according to cephalic, 
facial, and nasal indices, and stature conforms to the Harvard classi- 
ficatory system. 


In the following pages I have added these new means for the 
measurements and indices together with the regrouped morpho- 
logical characters. In this manner the anthropometric data on 
Dulaim, Anaiza, Kish Arabs, Iraq Soldiers and Ba‘ij Beduins are 
directly comparable. 


There is no need to analyze the material on the last three groups, 
since they form the basis for my monograph, ‘‘Arabs of Central Iraq, 
Their History, Ethnology, and Physical Characters.” Furthermore, 
these data have been discussed by Sir Arthur Keith and W. M. 
Krogman (1932, pp. 301-333), Keith (1935, pp. 11-76), Coon (pp. 
411-413), and Field (1939a). 


75 


76 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF KISH ARABS, IRAQ SOLDIERS, AND BA‘IJ BEDUINS 
IRAQ SOLDIERS _ 


Kiso ARABS 
Measurements No. Mean 
WMI Sih ot alasdiarireic Cae verte 359 83.75 
DEQWUTO. eal icoitic acts eid eee 840 168.30 
Sitting height... a5. cia es 342 82.51 
Baer TATE  gis'cs spo 4 4 5558 3840* 85.79 
TAO ODAC. 6's: 5's Silesw o 6 358 188.76 
Head breadth.............. 859 141.91 
Minimum frontal diameter.. 358 111.50 
Bizygomatic breadth....... 857 129.90 
Bigonial breadth........... 857 103.10 
Total facial height......... 855 = =119.95 
Upper facial height......... 355 73.00 
INSseUNGION ts. 2. ck sce Fierce 358 58.50 
TARE WPOUHRDE Soa... ge cas 8s 359 35.42 
UP AONE. os nicis dp 4 a e582 359 62.26 
TOP TRWORCE Gi ah ok ese ee 359 35.31 
Indices 
Relative sitting height...... 340 49.08 
CIOS fps ce Cae cee ee 358 75.33 
Fronto-parietal............ 358 78.67 
ZI COMPO LAL ce oes ice sci s stk 855 85.98 
EVOOMONIBL esis vets elelaee 855 79 .27 
LOUREIRO, Sic ois whe setts 354 92.65 
APODOL THETAM Ties ies jconen ea 354 56.51 
da 2 ae gna ahs oe em era 358 61.14 
| pe a WR a ac a 359 57.06 


* Derived from means. 


No. 


221 
222 


MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF KISH ARABS 
(Observed at Jemdet Nasr and Kish, March—June, 1928) 


Measurements No. Range Mean 
BOO ye th eal a 859 18-70 33.75+0.46 12. 
eT gga Da ie ee ek ENR 840 149-193 168.30+0.22 6 
Sitting height........... 342 66-95 82.51+40.17 4 
Head length............ 358 167-208 188.76+40.25 7 
Head breadth........... 359 120-158 141.9140.21 5 
Minimum frontal 

CT ee rr 858 93-124 111.50+40.19 5 
Bizygomatic diameter.... 357 105-149 129.9040.27 7 
Bigonial diameter....... 357 72-1380 103.10+0.27 7 
Total facial height...... 355 100-144 119.95+0.26 7 
Upper facial height...... 355 60-94 73.00+0.20 5 
Nasal height. .....0...3..... 858 44-79 58.50+0.17 4 
Nasal breadth.......... 859 25-54 35.42+0.12 3 
HAF LONGUS 2’ cds act 859 44-79 62.26+0.18 4 
BGT PRORGUD 6.0) Sea eke 859 26-46 35.3140.13 3 

Indices 
Relative sitting height... 840 42-55 49.08+0.08 2 
RRMEI an 5G Siasb. ole Gare 358 62-88 75.383+0.14 3 
Fronto-parietal......... 858 66-95 78.67+40.15 4 
Zyeo-frontal. 05. 66... 855 76-99 85.98+-0.16 4 
Zygo-gonial............ 355 68-98 79.27+40.18 4 
FE OCME RROUMLS soe cca wcahs 354 70-124 92.65+40.27 7 
Upper facial............ 854 46-75 56.5140.18 4 
INMEEL ee pied cane ce 858 386-91 61.14+0.26 7 
Po es ae ar arr 359 41-80 57.06+0.21 6 


8.D. 


950. 
.15+0. 
.53+0. 
.14+0. 
-7T9+0. 


.382+0. 
-45+0. 
-68+0. 
-25+0. 
-55+0. 
.88+0. 
-42+0. 
.92+0. 
-60+0. 


12+0. 
.93+0. 
.29+0. 
-60+0. 
.92+0. 
-45+0. 
-89+0. 
.24+0. 
.00+0. 


BA‘IJ BEDUINS 


No. Mean 
85 86.45 
85 168.18 
85 83.38 
85 84.80 
85 191.81 
85 1389.93 
385 110.86 
385 128.15 
85 101.34 
85 116.70 
85 73.30 
85 59.90 
85 84.82 
85 62.42 
35 86.51 
35 49.76 
35 73.29 
35 79.60 
85 86.30 
35 79.51 
85 91.30 
85 57.29 
85 58.06 
35 59.06 


C.V. 
33 38.37+0.97 
16 3.65+0.09 
-49+0.14 
-78+0.10 
.08+0.10 


1740.12 
-7T440.14 
-45+0.19 
-04+0.15 


=" 
ie) 
ONCOAAANE Pood 


c—) 
io) 
— 


18 11.84-40.30 
15 10.52-+0.26 


ADDITIONAL ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 


HARVARD CLASSIFICATIONS OF KISH ARABS 


STATURE 
Short Medium Tall 
(x—160.5) (160.6-169.4) (169 .5-x) 
INUIMN DOR es seca 39 148 153 
Per Cents An cece sais 11.47 43.53 45.00 
CEPHALIC INDEX 
Dolichocephalic Mesocephalic Brachycephalic 
(x-76.5) (76.6—-82.5) (82 .6—x) 
Numbers .520 ss sccca: 224 125 9 
POP CON 6a gc crete Gis 62.57 34.92 2.51 
FACIAL INDEX 
Euryprosopic Mesoprosopic Leptoprosopic 
(x—84.5) (84.6-89 .4) (89. 5—x) 
NUM DON ee oo eas 43 T7 234 
POr cong: 22. cee 12.15 21.75 66.10 
NASAL INDEX 
Leptorrhine Mesorrhine Platyrrhine 
(x-76.4) (76 .5-83 .4) (88 .5—x) 
INUINUED sc sets cy 292 64 2 
Per cen. 26250 at. cs 81.56 17.88 0.56 
VITAL STATISTICS OF K1sH ARABS 
Brothers No. Per cent Sisters No. 
INODG ste cere are 719 22.13 NONE sp eee eee ee 98 
Nam iie si aG canis eis Soe 103 28.85 Deas ie ee, eM gt avian LS 
TUE Fao ete Se Re 719 22.13 Drier die Seat hh ws Suet ks Te 
Be ONG oe ees Mae 2) ce 74 20.73 ps Ta I Ae cle Poe ae genie 53 
Dreier tric eet C4 devas ore 19 5.32 Be Ge Mad inenan tren eae oe 12 
TUL IDOLE. oo ee Cid: 3 0.84 TOTMIMOLO = yh fiecleie ou 5 
PEQUAL Teco tee 357 100.00 TOtal ee ear ee 358 
Sons No. Per cent Daughters No. 
INOHG IA essere an 55 27.09 NONE Gere fein ete 65 
Bit ean Catches OL a ry 56 27.59 Desi e tee  e ons eaten eke 
Py, Cte PR ee rene 42 20.69 7 OER TEAS ia eee eee BRanpre™ 47 
DE. UP Sap Be ae Pe My te oP 41 20.20 Bag ete Sash c cats hetaneies 33 
Deis coets Se ee tence ae 8 3.94 Le RTO Pa Ee RN ee eee 6 
OP NOT SS coh oo ans 1 0.49 TROPNOVE c's. ara cae 6 
POUL ees a fe wie witens 203 =100.00 PROtALS crete ee 203 


MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF KISH ARABS 


SKIN COLOR 
No. Per cent 
MOPY TOG ooh recess a hog ey ere Oe ace 
GUE OT CIN Ea Pee ie a ee Oe Bates 
UBS deer Le RL iy gs Cl ee hola onan 1 20.00 
Very darko .3 3a fockis ae oaks 4 80.00 
BOCES utr esstoeoce hah orsaer gore ane 5. 100.00 


77 


_ Total 


354 
100.00 


Total 


358 
100.00 


Per cent 
27..37 
31.56 
‘21.51 
14.80 

3.35 
1.40 


7.2 


Per cent 
32.02 
22.66 
23.15 
16.26 

2.96 
2.96 


100.01 


78 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


HAIR 
Color No. Per cent Mustache No. Per cent 
404 FY eee aan Boca pega 40 13.38 Bilge weriiid sorcia et Oe res: 
Very dark brown....... 10 3.34 Very dark brown....... eer none 
Dark DIOwn:). 24. o. 00% 197 65.89 ate OWA. Ba kas 1 8.33 
NOW mt Aes OM i Sesas BTOWR dc ced en eee DF Bas 
Reddish brown........ 8 2.68 Reddish brown......... 2 16.67 
Light brown........... 2 0.67 Light brown........... 2 16.67 
(1 RARE erceentiess Oras ae Go. eiite: PMB Age se ann Se eg Os VW sicg 
Black and gray........ 5 1.67 Black and gray........ 1 8.33 
Dark brown and gray... 23 7.69 Dark brown and gray.... 5 41.67 
Light brown and gray... 1 0.33 Light brownandgray... 0 ..... 
PRY eo ec ti eter ease 12 4.01 MSPRS Sass cade s eee eat Oe Seo ie 
WhO. ie io aes 1 0.33 White ei 1 8.33 
TOtal sk recs bias 299 99.99 TE OVAL At naire neato ters 12 100.00 
Form No. Per cent Texture No. Per cent 
Straight: cc acc aah es 12 4.76 COARKSO rd se cca eee 35 12.03 
Very low waves........ 5 1.98 Coarse-medium........ 1 0.34 
re a. Ce 208 82.54 REO. 88 Sc Sie ss 178 61.17 
Deep WAVES. ci. ca. 12 4.76 Medium-fine........... 9 3.09 
Ciriytrigdy occ ses 14 5.56 BNE roe ciate 68 23.37 
GOUY. Sia ss ais 5 sisters 1 0.40 — 

aoe otal cock Meese Sees 291 100.00 

TL OGR Mee stk wechae Sane 252 100.00 
Head hair (quantity) No. Per cent Face hair No. Per cent 
Se AE GPE On EAE 9 3.70 Mustache’. 2. scdetak: 40 57.97 
Srey Beco EAE Ma ee eae Age rh es | Beard tas. cvs car, ee 7.25 
AVOTAGES he. ho ie 1 0.41 Mustache and beard.... 24 34.78 

ge eee eotcwte gn Setar ha Ne 103 42.39 — 

Se Rae emery See mere 96 39.51 TL Otale ane a one 69 100.00 

y ty on EE ee T 2.88 

ROM ose Fog kts Sees ectess 243 100.00 
Beard (quantity) No Per cent Body hair No. Per cent 
Pea ee aN gts EE he 8 3.36 a EE AE RP tes Oe 6 3.26 
PE ee re ee 80 33.61 me. Lit Ree eee ROME S 44 23.91 
BUEEEG 5 OU a saa ee rs RVOTRRE bce SSE 1 0.54 
site kg «aloe Gtecatere 94 39.50 Be id Sig rare Me hice aie Oe 56.52 
RR ls ‘sia cack 8 doaka "ae eek 52 21.85 Aid a Saa ict ae asa kane 26 14.13 
oe oh SES are WAS Ee 4 1.68 ep pos a OE one 3 1.63 
PEMIOME ccs Vaca wring Maes 238 100.00 ORG eects 184 99.99 

FACIAL FEATURES 

Brow-ridges No. Per cent Glabella No. ‘Per cent 
COntnuous. 6630.05.35. 1 1.49 See mae Sa era ong taleraveteo ate | ROE ae 
ee een eae 66 98.51 Ren IN ere R cg. y Wintel On ire. 
_ BVCTAVO! i bck cee AP Pi oterene ts 
AP OUAL: Soe Aoroasce a osiers 67 100.00 Sheree MAES, Susie exch cise Ghewsie re 7 100.00 
MP la: ate kaa: a sans ORE OSs teen ae 
eh ea ee ee ee Oo ere ven 
Pooh gg aan Pr aie rein ve PRA hike ah 7 100.00 
PO MHS cide Td vrahe hice 20 50.00 Prognathism No. Per cent 
eben tn aty a) of 4: Fen Wai: tas 19 47.50 PUVOOMAR os Sse ests eae es 5 71.43 
Rae A is ie/ay « whe aeaty 8 1 2.50 WOUIAL as ot oes ce Stak 2 28.57 


ADDITIONAL ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 


Lip eversion No. Per cent 
mea meee KGa ND Saba OK subi h SER Ae Ne 1 Fae nae eel hee 
ad CS nee ee rere en 6 21.43 
PVGTNOO i ed Fa ck Sd patenik Ons ass 
RN REY onan ret SHR ea ey ere 13 46.43 
he epee ems aged gai S de eetiee eats 9 32.14 
opel ope mabey itncrde dae elena shh eer mee aranh en ete gee 
POCEL iais eas a cries nt 28 100.00 
EYEBROWS 
Concurrency No. Per cent Thickness No. 
mee ETS ml icp Sted ac ieca 6 18.18 mints vc guava Aarne c ein ae 1 
BNOUNNO So eek cca Lass fetes eee eit OR NS ey Sy Mer 13 
Cte is ee rap ve Sa ey ee 25 75.76 RVOIAOG Oo sGaucieuxcon 8 
Oe eee haha en eee 2 C206 — Fen Rete 22 
aoe ere ee nae LT 
ORE 65 Cyr s get 33 =: 100.00 is ee co eee 0 
BEGUALS cater ete ar 53 
Lateral extension No. Per cent 
Tae ae ee TTT OA 3 10.00 
AVOPROG Sf? bina aaa coe Oe Asie 
Sa NEAR rT ee Srp Mare ae 26 86.67 
heap tant aoa ek Eon ed eae ee ea at, 1 3.33 
T Otel sk eet ee nee 380 =100.00 
EYES 
Color No Per cent Tris No. 
PATE le ON toe aN ye 0.60 Homogeneous.......... 93 
Dark-brown:.......:.5..- 258 77.25 RSVOG es rach see 10 
Blue-brown............ a 6.59 ZOD Nee en ee oe es 234 
Blue-brown........... A 0.30 —— 
Green-brown.......... 40 11.98 PR OUAL oto nee chistes 337 
Green-brown........... ah Seige 
Gray-brown........... 10 2.99 Sclera No 
PBR ENe Fo deo ate asset ys lave Ori acer: ClO RRs A Wid is reuse ee 218 
ee ee ee Oi AY ercane WGUOW ee aaa 
Light brown........... 1 0.30 SEMIS Cosa Fae ws we 25 
1 ON Oe a ee | ere tone PROOGNDOG co so sce e es 83 
Blueereen ..5 3... 6.5: eee Speckled and bloodshot.. 10 
— Speckled and yellow.... 1 
AWS 0 DT a ee A 334 100.01 Yellow and bloodshot... 0 
pty | Ee ane aaa ee 339 
NOSE 
Bridge No. Per cent Septum No. 
nee 4 20.00 PPO. 5 cho ae dra ee es 64 
WOROUD Hei e cs ees 16 80.00 SOD VOR i kets Z 
PE IVORR eae Pe eicne stein 20 100.00 POUREE. Bc ei tontunnens 66 
Septum inclination No. Per cent 
UD Pa eee ec a tae eed. 3 2724 
IGWE oe Hero y wavs SinarSIes Cee 8 72.73 
PRICRE a Hichae acs Wrens ahs ae ois 11 100.00 


79 


Per cent 


ee eae 


ee eee 


100.01 


Per cent 


64.31 
0.59 


ie ¢ ew 


Per cent 
96.97 
3.03 


100.00 


80 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 
Profile No. Per cent Tip thickness 
Lf PO ree | Sede Spe eee ne aay Bo Pnste ae 
CONCRVE = hues renee 39 127 BVOUEG 428 oak 
Straight. &.54 ss sso as 198 BT Pal 2 tel arnt ean oe eee 
MO ONVER SF boots tne ts 66 19.08 abe ate Be ee eet 
Concavo-convex....... 43 12.43 
— "POGAT ck cts ak 
TOtA AS e anosts ee se: 346 100.01 
Tip elevation No. Per cent Wings 
MOLOW AUCH cso ve cre aasige ste 23 18.70 Compressed’. sc. s8 
PIOPIZONUAL Ss ons ce shiek 19 15.45 Compressed-medium.... 
DOBIMBOA ns ocak 81 65.85 GUI 6 oo tee 
—— Medium-flaring........ 
Ota oer ees 123 = 100.00 PATA Lk bee eee 
PIALINS THUS Soo ccs 
Ota ee re eek 
TEETH 
Bite No. Per cent Loss 
eae eg ee eae 3 0.96 PIOUO 4 teas can a eA 
Edge-to-edge.......... 8 2.56 Pe as atatin se i¢ stew te ese 
SES OVER oss sacs ody 208 66.67 Sere or es ha eng eras 
Marked over.......... 93 29.81 QE Gah ch aaa a als wee 
— SL eR ean eee eg WSR nh 
LOAN ose cree 312 100.00 PAT Cie Cet hear cote ee 
Potale nh an te abana 
Condition No. Per cent Eruption 
A nhl 2 agen ee 2 11.76 Compete. coors be. 
rE Re Ne oe ier oe ey 2 11.76 Incomplete. cies. oe 
dO Doe ec Sire bara Se EF a re 
TS Se pie te ee 10 58.82 POUR avsth cares 
excellent; 66. 55 kirce 3 17.65 
POU ecita aenintes 17 99.99 
Wear No. Per cent Caries 
INFO ee stn creek eel 39 26.00 IN ONG ot aac eestor 
SOT 0 er rear ee 12 8.00 ANS SH rine ein cr aero 
PEVOPAGO NK Ciao sche imitans, 19 12.67 ath an brig eee Prec one nee 
a eae eae ee 35 23.33 mort get pipes nears macs lates 
SPATS idk oe cea alae 28 18.67 on ttn rik atte HOR ae rae! 
= ones a aes eee eee ee 17 11.33 
— gi Bo) i-th LS eee cent ee 
TOU cca eee 150 =100.00 
Bopy DEVELOPMENT 
Musculature No. Per cent Chest 
E06 art aa art Oy ee gee a 19 5.44 Fn eae ER Ee Ce EL og 
MORI rer tire. Gior ohetne ete 40 11.46 peat dts oe at Sie habe are 
TAVARES 60sec cde one 6 172 AVEO CORD ch. es en ots oe 
GOR arte a cokes 189 BELEO A Cae walle wasn ses 
Pxeellent i620. esd 95 27.22 spesiefet: Hod 8 con Bee) ata eee 
DOU Es carseat oles 349 99.99 of Wa} 6: le Wt eo eae a 
Scapulae (vertebral borders) No Per cent 
CIOUNITEE: (fo oe rig ane eee ise: at ctet. 
Soraient: cise: pakicw Soca oh eee 55 88.71 
CO Ae hace eRe 7 11.29 
POCO et gta aac ented gis cee eaen 62 100.00 


Per cent 
21.21 
1.61 
45.45 
32.32 


99.99 


Per cent 
12.69 
4.10 
59.33 
11.19 
10.45 
2.24 


100.00 


Per cent 


ADDITIONAL ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 


EARS 
Helix No. Per cent Lobe No. 
Seer Sr Te 3 5.56 Attached: : 24 s6e03 038 49 
AVOPOGO. os saiiecas bas 1 1.85 TCO cate Ss heres 60 
ol aS ay Rene setly SP REE 38 70.37 —— 
ee ee ae ee a ee ane 11 20.37 "HOU: oe aneeceee 109 
Sherpa tale hone hottie tow Sin 1 1.85 
RaeSes Darwin’s Point No. 
Gta asch isc ok eer 54 100.00 peep RAG TRL tag ee ers 1 
Pe EAE br NS EC 5 
PVOPMEB oss Oxcodeosns 0 
Bee PAPE tits 27 cot ae 36 
sae eee ch dna dasissi tose de 16 
eS ee Ie an rere Z 
POUR) D oe eit fe feos 60 
HEALTH 
No. Per cent Disease No. 
BOOTS Gs rience te resis eth 14 4.02 Smalinoxr: «.4.700.o648 19 
RIP rete leiden ORR 12 3.45 BOVOE Sent berets 48 
ROG 525 es 5 aed aa 1 0.29 PUOGHRCG, oe 6 ea ee 4 
ROOUS TE. oh cciacan 6 208 59.77 Stomach pain.......... 3 
PMCS ONG nos cs os 1138 32.47 ORL se eo mina epee 1 
— Gateract 2. eet Wien. ta 9 
SPOUSE oreo msec oreo 348 100.00 PLPACHOMA'. 22) epee ee 0 
Baghdad Boil.......... 2 
Chicken poxs.x3 33 un. 0 
"Potallin sc cere eh orcs 86 
EYES TATTOOING 
Blindness No. Per cent Quantity No. 
PUNE WIE is Fes x o8 snp ce 60 4 40.00 HME: tha thi cine ieee s Re 151 
BEG OVO LE os dooce swe. 3 30.00 SOMES elek aan 197 
POU CYC ces 3 30.00 TERUG ho ecco onc s 0 
ROMS oe ot areas ae Bite 10 100.00 Totals tienes dee 348 
HENNA 
No. Per cent 
1 ey) eae rapa eRe Br tes CE eRe OE he ore et Ee 8 88.89 
1G Se epee Meena ORO Rooke E | Mee Ae 
Ugg: Vo fe peers ve bee Py arate ney Set tics 5 Pte 1 11.11 
) OL) SPR ert gente tits BE PR NEEL PR Sek: SE et ern a 
LOCAL acre cena cee & ean 9 100.00 


81 


Per cent 


1.67 


Per cent 
22.09 
55.81 


In December, 1925, and during the first part of the following 
month Dr. L. H. Dudley Buxton and I were attached as volunteer 
assistants to the Field Museum—Oxford University Joint Expedition 


at Kish. 


While Dr. Buxton measured 100 Arab workmen employed at 


the excavations I acted as recorder. 


He also examined sixty-four 


Iraq Army Soldiers at Hilla camp (cf. Buxton and Rice, 1931; and 


Field, 1935a, p. 101). 


82 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


With the permission of Dr. Buxton the figures for Kish workmen 
were recalculated at Harvard and the following tables resulted. 


MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF KISH WORKMEN 


(After Buxton) 

Measurements No. Range Mean S.D. 
Statire tee a tee cies 95 152-193 168.39+0.47 6.78+0.33 
FIGGG IGNOU foe sense eas 100 173-205 190.14+0.43 6.39+0.30 
Head breadth........... 100 126-155 142.75+0.35 5.16+0.25 
Minimum frontal 

Gidmeten cde cdai hss eis 100 97-116 107.86+0.26 3.88+0.19 
Bizygomatic diameter.... 100 120-144 185.10+0.34 5.00+0.24 
Bigonial diameter....... 100 90-117 105.06+0.37 5.44+0.26 
Total facial height...... 100 90-134 114.30+0.50 7.45+0.36 
Upper facial height... ... 100 55-84 67.30+0.32 4.80+0.23 
Nasal height............ 100 36-638 47.58+0.382 4.72+0.23 
Nasal breadth.......... 100 25-45 38.7440.22 3.21+0.15 

Indices 
COpnague sass 6345045 100 65-85 75.30+0.22 3.30+0.16 
Fronto-parietal......... 100 69-86 75.70+0.21 3.09+0.15 
Zygo-frontal............ 100 72-91 79.74+40.21 3.16+0.15 
Zygo-gonial............ 100 66-92 77.56+40.26 3.81+0.18 
otal facighon is. osecsiers 100 70-109 84.40+0.34 5.05+0.24 
Upper facial............ 100 48-60 49.55+0.22 3.30+0.16 
IN ASAl Nose to ticsseies sere 100 48-95 71.74+0.62 9.16+40.44 

MoRPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF KISH WORKMEN 
(After Buxton) 
HAIR 

Color No Per cent Form 
Bla Glo: fares 86 92.47 Straighten e ee 
Very dark brown....... 1 1.08 Very low waves........ 
Dark brown .s..20 5030.6 | hear Saude tee ee LOW: Waves © i.5. 65. sss 
Biwi ronan I 1.08 Deep waves............ 
Reddish brown........ One eee Gurly-frizzly os. 3% 
Light brown.:.......-- 1 1.08 WoollVee. buenos 
Reds witet ees Oe Stee 
Black and gray........ | a ONE POUR ice are etnies 
Dark brownandgray... 90 ..... 

Light brownand gray... 0  ..... 
FENG: BS 6 A ait cola a ch Ore eo 
NVC i a eititacstse oc8 4 4.30 
TE Oto ra ataice ie ieee 93 100.01 
EYES 

Color No. Per cent 

BMigeloe es co wa eat ne er oak Of eA 

DaneprowNns ioc monies 77 80.21 

BIGEDIOWE foo ce eo lee oe One eae: 

lates OTOWN 5 oe oo ces thot oor eae eS Ove ahs 

Green-DIOWMN isc josie sss 86s 16 16.67 

Green-DIOWD | oes ike heise ane OF re 

SPR IOWIN a: 55 bas 9:5 canes Siar Dt oR oetee 

fit oe neta ted Bea eee mr oke rae Qo y aan 

aE cet a aisha nik ben ee es WAS, Barn abe 

LaGhG BOWE oc lend vos alee cass 3 3.43 

PRUOOIEG) foo cya Cee ne ae OR rae Gr 

WOR oo So ei sinh o'r. c0s ea 1 ie fei he arc 

PO ta oe iruniisare ee ah mete eie: «eons 96 100.01 


eeoeeee 


= 


se eee 


ADDITIONAL ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 83 


MEASUREMENTS, INDICES, AND OBSERVATIONS OF IRAQ SOLDIERS 
With the generous permission of the Officer Commanding Hilla 
Army Camp, 222 soldiers were measured, from June 14 to 17, 1928. 
Mr. S. Y. Showket obtained the front and profile photographs of 
each individual. 


MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF IRAQ SOLDIERS 
(Observed at Hilla Camp, June 14-17, 1928) 


Measurements No. Range Mean 8.D. C.V. 
DOGS Os iN ue eee 221 18-49 23.75+0.19 4.20+0.13 17.68+0.57 
SSURULIND Goce eines oe 222 158-190 172.56+0.24 5.25+40.17 3.04+0.10 
Sitting height........... 222 72-98 85.09+0.19 4.26+0.14 5.01+0.16 
Head length)... ...... 222 167-208 186.24+0.32 7.08+40.23 3.80+0.12 
Head breadth........... 221 126-161 148.71+40.25 5.46+40.18 3.80+0.12 
Minimum frontal 

CAMELS? 3. 5c. oe 221 101-128 114.10+0.23 4.9640.16 4.385+0.14 
Bizygomatic diameter.... 222 105-149 183.95+0.25 5.55+0.18 4.14+0.13 
Bigonial diameter....... 221 90-183 107.10+0.28 6.28+0.20 5.86+0.19 
Total facial height...... 221 100-144 121.1040.31 6.8040.22 5.62+0.18 
Upper facial height...... 221 60-89 74.15+0.22 4.80+4+0.15 6.47+0.21 
Nasal Neieht icc s f5,2: 221 44-75 657.02+0.23 4.96+0.16 8.70+0.28 
Nasal breadth.......... 222 28-57 34.76+40.16 3.60+0.12 10.36+0.33 
be a eae 221 48-75 59.82+0.19 4.2040.13 7.02+0.23 
Ear breadth............ 222 29-46 36.06+0.15 3.39+0.11 9.40+0.30 

Indices 
Relative sitting height... 222 44-55 49.30+0.10 2.28+0.07 4.62+0.15 
CEpnalic vic. Sire at 221 65-91 76.62+0.18 3.99+0.13 5.21+0.17 
Fronto-parietal......... 221 69-92 79.33+40.18 3.9040.138 4.92+0.16 
Zygo-frontal............ 221 76-99 84.9414+0.16 3.444+0.11 4.05+0.13 
Zygo-gonial............ 220 66-95 79.69+0.20 4.3540.14 5.46+0.18 
Total facial!) ses Su. 220 75-109 90.45+0.26 5.70+0.18 6.30+0.20 
tipper facial. oo. ck 222 46-72 55.48+0.18 4.08+40.13 7.36+0.24 
1 Ee Se ent a eae 221 44-83 61.62+0.32 7.00+0.22 11.36+0.36 
POE So eee cote ne 221 45-80 60.94+0.27 5.92+0.19 9.71+0.31 

HARVARD CLASSIFICATIONS OF IRAQ SOLDIERS 
STATURE 
Short Medium Tall Total 
(x-160.5) (160.6-169.4) (169. 5-x) 
UTERO 5 o'05a' ka, < hs Sc 2 66 154 222 
POF cont... Sok 0.90 29.73 69.37 100.00 


CEPHALIC INDEX 
Dolichocephalic Mesocephalic Brachycephalic Total 


(x-76.5) (76.6—82.5) (82 .6—x) 
INGINUOE Soin hace sek 110 97 14 221 
POP CGtits en his es 49.77 43.89 6.33 99.99 


FACIAL INDEX 
Euryprosopic Mesoprosopic Leptoprosopic Total 
(x-84.5) (84.6-89 .4) (89 .5-x) 


INGTRDER 566/56 0:6 sees esas 25 79 116 220 
PRE CONE: Whistles. a bare ccc 11.36 35.91 52.73 100.00 


84 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


NASAL INDEX 


Leptorrhine Mesorrhine Platyrrhine Total 
(x-67 .4) (67 .5-83.4) (88 .5-x) 

Number: .:. 326506 22 183 388 0 yvAly 
MOR CONG ree tenets 82.81 1 EA Sal greta pereey AMS 100.00 
VITAL STATISTICS OF IRAQ SOLDIERS 

Brothers No. Per cent Sisters No. Per cent 
NONGta chic? ene 16 721 IN OHGi ere woe oe ue Pees 40 18.02 
Datel Gh AT aes 44 19.82 i Peta creer are CA Le aren | 33.33 
eH Sy More eniareer oa Coes 79 35.59 DR ee ees 56 25.23 
Se Eee renters cet 61 27.48 ba DADs pi phere Caer Reet 43 19.37 
Be Gi we a ner imsneneriee 12 5.41 ne» OP ee aOR Ae 6 2.70 
REOTIMNOLO Sn. ohne Ses oes 10 4.50 (2OTMNOTC sine snes noe 3 1.35 
OGRE SS wit tic oS etieetag 222 100.01 PORAE S55 io ae Sts 222 100.00 
Sons No. Per cent Daughters No. Per cent 
INONOR itech ar coats te at 29 49.15 IN ONG ois fos inte Ord 44 74.58 
SA Dy Wausau Mate retoe oI 35.59 SM Oe re ene PRON Ne ieee Pate ee IRS Ir 20.34 
VP IS IR Cae SRC AE Res 8 13.56 RSA AUCaie ie ee ee. 3 5.08 
eB eee eine AS iens Po 1 1.69 pT NS ores ay gine Ve ecaan ra Qs * a ace 
BeBe ean pr nde hh ae BaOn i ween ee On eee 
NCOTAIVOLE hic s tolerate ee oa OE Rtew MGOTEINOTO iingie ston tents WAS lag tates 
OURICE coy har ee et 59 99.99 OLA Sct oe 59 =: 100.00 
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF IRAQ SOLDIERS 
HAIR 

Color No Per cent Form No. Per cent 
104: Y 0) gon, eepairanes eis earet es 4 5.41 wiralgntcac. nee ee On cae 
Very dark brown....... 1 1.35 Very low waves........ Uta eee: 
Darks brown ees. scare 68 91.89 LOW WAVES. 0. coca eee 5 83.33 
BrOWD he Seine UR tiie Bee oor Deep Waves ns acai. Sain Pete 
Reddish brown........ a eee Curly-frizzly caren 1 16.67 
Light: bfOWN:.. 66 oss Oe aie 6. WOGUY. 655 cen coienes Dos es 

OGG aiasiscs Gee seas a sie OQ -eerat — 
Black and gray........ Oss eter ees POUR  cyservac ost cee 6 100.00 

Dark brown and gray... 1 1.35 
Light brownandgray... 0 ..... Texture No. Per cent 
RO cian nas at O sevoss COMM se sees ns Or Ree 
UTES oho ke ae ek ie teeter ai Coarse-medium........ 0). 20a 
— PRONE 8 rion rcs 22 loa ts 4 80.00 
ME ORE fen eaten ies 74 100.00 Medium-fine........... | RAS 
HINO Syste ee ee ees i 20.00 
ROUGE cnn deseo? 5 100.00 
NOSE 

Profile No. Per cent Wings No. Per cent 
1p A ER ERS In | edit Ue Compressed............ 7 4.96 
GONCAVO oo 52s e ee 14 9.52 Compressed-medium.... 20 14.18 
UPMIRNG rca 83 56.46 LW SC CL cc ein ini Pi 67 47.52 
CON cs ccnleabnna’s 46 31.29 Medium-flaring........ 29 20.57 
Concavo-convex....... 4 2.72 WRENS Coro a inc! vese tn as 16 11.35 
— —— DUO TN ois wl cae 2 1.42 

NOES oc. wacw ees 147 99.99 — 
ps, > Draco eee ae 141 100.00 


ADDITIONAL ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 85 


EYES 
Color No. Per cent Iris No. Per cent 
PRC ek Git. eon pees 2 1.34 Homogeneous.......... 129 87.16 
Dark: brown '. :-.40 066. 126 84.56 ROVCO Se eect erate Om see 
Blue-brown............ {5 4.70 ZODOU he cr ee ee Te 19 12.84 
Blue-brown............ 1 0.67 —— 
Green-brown.......... 12 8.05 MOURA te eee 148 =100.00 
Green-brown........... Dias wate 
Gray-Drowns 3. .s0.c5055 1 0.67 Sclera No. Per cent 
Ble eee ck Os a Cleats ice care Soe 146 97.99 
SO Ee: Rg are alae tere RON Sch se ye Coe Oe iia 
EWA DROWN. = 5s ees Ore eac% OCNIOE oes nares Seo | eee 
Sh ee OF Pe este. Uist ee are ee 3 2.01 
SIUC OTOON po haere Oe ara Speckled and bloodshot... 0  ..... 
— —- Speckled and yellow.... 0 ..... 
POURS yc estore ee 149 99.99 Yellow and bloodshot... 0  ..... 
LOCAL A eet ee 149 =100.00 
TEETH 
Bite No. Per cent Eruption No. Per cent 
Wnder: ioe sede ak 1 0.73 Complete... 00 cant: 131 93.57 
Edge-to-edge.......... 2 1.46 INCOMIDIATS 23 ican sis 9 6.43 
Sunt OVER. 5 66 ss iss 123 89.78 — 
Marked over........... 11 8.03 MLGUSI PAS cise tes 140 =100.00 
Otel os seen 1387 =100.00 
Loss No. Per cent Caries No Per cent 
INGHO 524 cock Sole 112 80.58 NOG es ctht oe ad ee eee 1 14.29 
1 ee EY apie eee ere Ca 27 19.42 SNA Ia ee ET A FR ee OP irony) 
Beer cists eisai. & la eenes Oye Rates mba SNE la cate cave epee atacek 5 71.43 
DRIGh RE Bae trea. bens Vie vee: Ska OR STA AE TCH AOS 1 14.29 
De Resets it ieee Sic ove Oyen ts Fr ia hea en ore oe ae OP Fs Es 
7111 Bree ean res Ree Que aera: — 
— MOUaL re y4 choses chee 7 100.01 
of W/0)  | DeAnna Bice. k Yee veeCe 139 =100.00 
Bopy DEVELOPMENT 
Musculature No. Per cent Chest No. Per cent 
POOL eerie ete ice wi nS (otek: 05 Oe ent oom vey Ft TER Nereis Sse Weimar Aare 
MAB ats oe a On tae. ems Sven ere WREST AUSTEN ert aa aren 
BN CTEOIC codes cee eG oe. 6 4.23 AVOPNRO i. ec tens 6 4.23 
MOOG: hose yo ere 132 9206. eR Oe eek ake hie eet 182 92.96 
Pixcellent: o2csekg deen 8 4 2.82 hn EE eke ger eta ateut 4 2.82 
I OCRL. Geo ohs neces sewse nee 142 100.01 EDGR sissies te inscarde bres 142 100.01 
HEALTH 
No. Per cent Disease No. Per cent 
OOM see erica ak Qa ye! SMGHPOK oss cas oe eis 21 91.30 
OI ee Tok eee hehe Orr rte os BOVER Sse sats we haan i en Mareen 
ONG 5 ois 5-3 cg id Soars ea) ee ok Poo lo OR a eee | eee 
ees See) aE Be oe 140 =160.00 Stomach pain.......... ea oe 
MIKCGHONG « Secist ic. cts oe On =f. Scalp tate: inveccondeeus 2 8.70 
-S Cataract: <0. A aaeens Go Sie 
EL OURL Geen oni ae 140 =100.00 ETACROMA 2.6005 oan OR tors tr 
Baghdad Boil.......... i re ea 
Chilean POR. i665 5% OF So ein 


86 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


TATTOOING 
Quantity No. Per cent 
NO ail cty Ria ENTS Rin arene a The 103 46.40 
SSOTNO Sree ene ek eo aE STS 119 53.60 
xtensiVe Aide or es aichiteks, GOS pte ce 
TOGA: St Cire ero nik oe 222 100.00 


MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF BA‘IJ BEDUINS 
(Observed between Kish and Jemdet Nasr, July 10, 1928) 


Measurements No. Range Mean S.D. C.V. 
BOO Bie Kents eae oa 85 18-69 36.45+41.31 11.45+0.92 31.41+0.25 
Stature: fo. csc eee 35 155-178 168.18+0.60 5.22+0.42 3.10+0.25 
Sitting height. o.oo: 85 75-92 838.884+0.39 38.454+0.28 4.14+0.33 
Head lente 5 o:55. 85 179-202 191.81+0.61 5.37+0.48 2.81+0.23 
Head breadth... ....6c0% fe 35 128-152 189.98+0.74 6.5140.52 4.65+0.37 
Minimum frontal 

GIAIIGCEN ic cea 85 101-124 110.86+0.59 5.20+0.42 4.69+0.38 
Bizygomatic diameter..... 385 115-144 128.1540.72 6.3540.51 4.96+0.40 
Bigonial diameter........ 85 90-1138 101.84+0.66 5.76+40.46 5.68+0.46 
Total facial height....... 35 100-129 116.70+0.61 5.385+0.43 4.58+0.37 
Upper facial height....... 85 65-84 73.30+0.48 4.20+40.34 5.73+0.46 
Nasal height............. 85 52-71 59.90+0.49 4.284+0.85 7.15+0.58 
Nasal breadth........... 85 28-48 34.82+0.40 3.51+40.28 10.08+0.81 
WO? MON Soo sg ks ah 85 56-71 62.42+0.40 3.4840.28 5.58+0.45 
fuar breadth... ..5.5..2.%4 85 29-48 36.51+40.35 3.09+0.25 8.46+0.68 

Indices 
Relative sitting height.... 35 44-55 49.76240.26 2.2440.18 4.50+0.36 
CMON oe Sewer tis 85 65-85 73.2940.45 3.96+0.32 5.40+0.44 
Fronto-parietal.......... 85 72-89 79.60+0.45 3.99+0.32 5.01+0.40 
DOUG ATOUROL 3 oi os ch.ss Se 85 76-99 86.30+0.55 4.84+0.39 5.61+40.45 
Zygo-gonial...... tee 85 69-95 79.5140.61 5.37+40.43 6.75+0.54 
bie Te GS Oe aerate eyes 85 80-104 91.30+0.55 4.80+0.39 5.261+0.42 
WE OOURL: «5 s5'e 32 85 49-66 57.2930.47 4.14+0.33 7.23+0.58 
NASAL OAS Acc oi ca ccs ue 85 44-75 58.06+40.70 6.12+0.49 10.54+0.85 
TESEE 653i ec Fee 85 49-68 59.06+0.45 3.96+0.32 6.71+0.54 

HARVARD CLASSIFICATIONS OF BA‘IJ BEDUINS 
STATURE 
Short Medium Tall Total 
(x-160.5) (160.6—169.4) (169 .5-x) 
NuIMmbOP.  o12 8 iso e 3 18 14 35 
PET CONG eo oats 8.57 51.43 40.00 100.00 
CEPHALIC INDEX 
Dolichocephalic Mesocephalic Brachycephalic Total 
(x-76.5) (76.6—-82.5) (82 .6—x) 
Number: 25.500 3680060 29 5 i! 35 
PGP CEng. eo 3 5 cats 82.86 14.29 2.86 100.01 
FAcIAL INDEX 
Euryprosopic Mesoprosopic Leptoprosopic Total 
(x—84.5) (84.6—-89.4) (89. 5—x) 

INUIADER. oo Scot hee 8 9 23 35 
MOE MORI. kc aesans 8.57 25.71 65.71 99.99 
NASAL INDEX 

Leptorrhine Mesorrhine Platyrrhine Total 
(x-67 .4) (67 .5-83.4) (83 .5-x) 
NBER fe eehs ee 32 3 0 35 


MOF CONG, cick occ ee 91.43 ey a oe ee AR ee 100.00 


ADDITIONAL ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 


VITAL STATISTICS OF BA‘IJ BEDUINS 


Brothers No. Per cent Sisters No. 
INGO. Fc cs sta cae es 23 65.71 INGO 5 one iaierc te aceee 25 
1 ee = Spt eae EEReS Peo Aan Sete 4 11.43 1 RS et Ge ee ne eee 6 
Be Tach win viet gee ele 4 11.43 SO ae ae Oe 1 
Bako ead aan 4 11.43 Se is se 2 
BGs oh. s-g. orcs. a. Secteur Ores ha BG os ssc hs ees ain os 1 
TOF WNOTS ? 6555s 2 oes Os aa UC OPTMOLG 3h oes sis cake 0 

LAME ouccrers cians ste 385 100.00 POU ea cited sGe 35 

Sons No Per cent Daughters No. 
NONE oxthar << tio ices 13 56.52 NODBS occur oss woesnees 9 
Digi ace oie Sine leaeatets 3 13.04 | Re ee oo gar eed ee 6 
7 AAS Caeser 3 13.04 ee faci RN OU i tn aaa 5 
+ ee te ee a 8 13.04 Ba 5 ee ek i leks 
Fe Py ee as aces Oi eee Be Giecu skid tsb woe 2 
{Efi} gt 4: ok Ae 1 4.35 MOTIONS cos cwicruis wt isue 0 

PROCRE Siu a dis.d 2 alehe dai 23 99.99 VOR 5 oe eke viosieca as 23 

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF BA‘IJ BEDUINS 
HAIR 

Color No. Per cent Form No. 
URE eos es ciave-ccc 8 cee 13 43.33 BUPA: oe or lenders s 
Very dark brown....... Oo Bayon Very low waves........ y 
Perk DOWN: ..:.. coos q 23.33 Low waves. ¢t405323< 13 
MPO Wee ites hc odes et i Deep waved = 5.505s-05: 6 
Reddish brown........ 4 13.33 Curly-frizzly........... 4 
re | MR ce ee ODT fn 55s Row ee eealt 
jo Ra ar na ae Ries: — 
Black and gray........ 4 13.33 gc, | GARR Ens Opener an 25 
Dark brown and gray... 1 3.33 
Light brownand gray... 0 ..... Texture No 
2 SE Ee ere 1 3.33 COONRG <5 F is ace ee okt 9 
IW RR oi a rs a Gain eo Coarse-medium........ 0 

—- wen MeaiaMn 2202) cocks: 14 

POUR occ Jas sia 30 99.98 Medium-fine........... 0 

| Chi T- Lape Rae a eee Pn SS 4 
EQUAL eed ab Cote rai 

Head hair (quantity) No Per cent Beard (quantity) No. 
node TY Got ee ara Oe. Spite eee Se AES Es ae ee 2 
28 DRG Pe eee eee 1 4.55 ON Lee Tee ee eee 2 
Ten, ee aay sae ae ieee eee WTR ics 5a tes 0 

OWN hes podysia ahi «amet 4 18.18 Debs uke an tapich aces tO 
nea Paes eae eee 17 Yh AO 4 | SF oe SA a I eer. 12 
eitatiere en 5 Col car Wn) |) eres arpa AS pre ec nex aicrste eve 1 

Jigs ee a ee 22 100.00 POUR sais core eine es 25 

Body hair No. Per cent 
ie ae, gach tect dena woe ae oi ace at clave Oa ian 
Cee OS Th ca reer oe re ee 2 1G es 
Average 25. 82 a.ncaadbveeerees | OL ee ee? 
DEPP rere Spice dein ects ea bep vee 14 77.78 
ei rahe Oe iia ees eee EOE R RCTS Z 31.21 
i Gh pee eta ne Ue eee Sohn Seay 

Total aiid locale he Bees 18 100.00 


PDO ae ee ae Ne oe 
Dark Drown... 3.6 e68 cks 
Blue-brown.......:.;... 


Grays Ae aah 
Light DOW: 6.62.0 bys 
TOON 5566S issc Sa ees 
Blue-green............ 


CONVEX. fc eee es 


Bite 
Under.’ 322878 
Edge-to-edge.......... 
SHENG OVEr >.> .6oo.% coe: 
Marked over.......... 


Gomblete.. bf 6iisdek:s F556 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


EYES 
Per cent Tris 
igh tee Homogeneous.......... 
25.71 UY Pace ae an eet 
57.14 DONOR Ono Oe 
Tard VOUAL snk theese ies 
17.14 
$heie bus Sclera 
We fe Clear ee Fk hee tes 
Shans MOMOW 5s soce ck aes eens 
ONiaa? pots ot ag Oe Na 
Seine Bloodshot. cites hoes 
sie Speckled and bloodshot. . 
—_—— Speckled and yellow..... 
99.99 Yellow and bloodshot... 
POE Tees ne We oe 
NOSE 
Per cent Wings 
Pert Compressed «ss sci..cd skis 
14.29 Compressed-medium .. . 
74.29 Medium ys oa 
2.86 Medium-flaring........ 
8.57 WBParts ea oe 
WIATING DiS: ic os ot 
100.01 
LOCAL. Noise Nee 
Per cent Tip elevation 
14.29 Rigised esi. e che ts eed 
14.29 onizontaly 2/2) sade 
14.29 PPOONOE oes chews 
57.14 
TOURS spo i ee 
100.01 
TEETH 
Per cent Loss 
Adios ts INGHO 36. cies eee tees 
Reo re 1 ES. LEO rc ee eae eee ee 
79.31 ene a oe ieara cars, aieie chines 
20.69 Seb Ge alee 2 See 
1 hy See ea a 
100.00 NE Ne elton etree cote 
PEIOURL: cot et store eros es 
Per cent Wear 
100.00 IN ONG kag. ce ie oie hog Mee 
seekers SHS HG ony wakes 
RE sec sgt, wate netale 
OOOO: ee ort aye arte daene 
Se a aeh en stonske sesaoae 
Per cent So eth ces Ie 
Pare POUR Moikic: oS adbeees 
100.00 


ee eee 


ADDITIONAL ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 89 


Bopy DEVELOPMENT 


Musculature No. Per cent Chest No. Per cent 
POORs cance hohe eae 1 2.86 ee Saree te Sy be ce ate ante Die oc Sates, 
atte ee acer 1 2.86 fehl Sher age. Oe ea ewe see) Oia KS BAS 
AMOLAGR Fo Bb Seay citene 5 OF el tsknane A VOTaRO ons 5. Mee trees DS ys ihersees 
GOR epee yc ire 27 77.14 aby, faa i hcccmetitan ered triers 31 91.18 
PUXCONONG Ack. he es 6 17.14 eb ak eee Y wae A 3 8.82 

TP OtaheC neice cae 35 100.00 OEAL Mice tein ees 34 100.00 

HEALTH TATTOOING 
No. Per cent Quantity No. Per cent 
MOORS. Gia sie i kasos 1 2.86 NONOG Heer Go kents ok kes 17 56.67 
Pale Se od ae creas Oo 0 aire SOMEn Ne cnc cay 13 43.33 
PP VOPAUO SC. pthc Bosra.’ nh ge Den) iat oeeie PXCONBIVG:. so. ie TSA HONS I 

OOO ie Ge ees oeneee 30 85.71 — 

MOPIIONG tere oc. 50 4 11.43 POtAU ese hah eras 30 =100.00 

SP OEE Leo 55% cn Tis este Sd 35 100.00 


RACIAL POSITION OF THE ARABS 


Sir Arthur Keith (pp. 75-76) writes: ““How does the Arab stand 
with regard to other races of mankind? On entering into this in- 
quiry we must note the relationship of Arabia to adjacent racial 
frontiers. The Red Sea separates the great Arabian peninsula from 
the Hamitic peoples of Africa, many of which, to be sure, have 
received Arab infusion. Arabia is separated from the mainland 
of Asia by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. This inlet of 
the Indian Ocean is also a racial frontier separating the Arab from 
a people not remotely akin to him, people of the Indo-Afghan type. 
Also, in the north the base of the peninsula abuts on another racial 
frontier, the southern frontier of the main or purer Caucasian stock. 
Then away in the east are the peoples of India, who have many other 
resemblances to the Arab besides a dark brown skin and dark brown 
or black hair. If we presume that the modern stocks of mankind 
have been evolved in or near the regions which they now occupy 
then we ought to find that the Arab has an evolutionary relationship 
to all surrounding peoples. That is what we have found in the 
course of our analysis. The Arab shares traits with Hamitic peoples 
of Africa, with the Dravidian and Indo-Aryan peoples of India, 
and with the peoples which extend from the gates of India to the 
Levant. The Arab’s facial features are often so Caucasoid in ap- 
pearance that we may mistake him for a south European but his 
pigmentation is usually deeper than that seen in south Europeans. 
Undoubtedly in his composition we recognize many Negroid traits, 
and traits which link him with Dravidian and with Hamite. 

“Now, how are we to account for Arabia’s being occupied by 
people who are mainly Caucasian in their physical make-up and 


90 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


yet possess so many features in common with dark-skinned neigh- 
boring races? In seeking to explain these facts there are other cir- 
cumstances and relationships which have to be considered. Even 
today a belt of pigmented human races crosses the Old World. At 
one extreme we have the Negro of Africa, at the other extreme the 
Negro of the Pacific. India lies midway in this pigmented belt, 
one which we suspect extended continuously in Pleistocene times 
from one extremity of the Old World to the other. On this theory 
the original inhabitants of Arabia were deeply pigmented and akin 
to the Hamites of Africa on the one hand and to the Dravidians of 
India on the other. To the north of the black belt there were two 
other evolutionary centers: the Mongolian, north of the Himalayas, 
and the Caucasian, north of the upland mountainous plateau which 
extends westward from the Himalayas across Iran to Asia Minor. 
That there was an early break-through from the Mongolian center 
at the eastern end of the Himalayas is manifest; the Mongol stock 
at different times broke into the black belt and spread out in the 
Pacific. There was a Caucasian southward migration at the western 
end of the Himalayas. In Pleistocene times the great Arabian 
peninsula was a land to tempt adventurous hunters. The peoples 
of Arabia might thus represent a mixture of darker-skinned Dravid- 
ians into which invaders from the southern or Semitic fringe of the 
Caucasian center had infused their blood. Such a theory explains 
many of the facts relating to the racial composition and affinities 
of the inhabitants of Arabia. Or did the evolutionary center of 
the Caucasian type actually extend into Arabia?.... 


“Our interest in the ancient inhabitants of Arabia, particularly 
of the northern plain, has been stimulated by the expectation that 
we shall yet be able to prove that our modern way of living—-our 
modern civilization—was initiated by a people or peoples living on 
or near the frontier of northern Arabia. Were the pioneers of civili- 
zation really Arabs (Semites)? Or were they of the less deeply pig- 
mented Caucasian stock farther to the north? We have little 
evidence to sway us either way, but the only real difference I can 
perceive between the ancient Mesopotamians of Kish (fourth mil- 
lennium B.C.) and the modern Arabs of central Iraq relates to size of 
skull and brain. The average cranial capacity of the ancient Meso- 
potamian or Arab exceeded that of the average modern inhabitant 
of central Iraq. I expect that it will yet be proved that the Arab 
of today is the descendant of the men who built the ancient cities 
and early civilization along the Euphrates and Tigris rivers.” 


V. THE TRIBES AND SUB-TRIBES OF THE 
UPPER EUPHRATES 


The following statistical data were obtained from reliable sources 
which prefer to remain anonymous. During the past fifteen years 
since these data were compiled numerous individual changes have 
occurred. Many sheikhs have been succeeded by their sons or 
nephews. The range, as listed under habitat, has tended to decrease 
wherever pastoral nomadism has been discouraged. Recent infor- 
mation indicates that the number of families, tents, or houses has 
remained relatively constant. In general, the information belongs 
to the period from 1920 to 1925. In any specific instance, however, 
conditions in 1940 may or may not be as outlined, since no con- 
temporary data are available. 


Families, 
Confederation, tents, or 
tribe, or section Chiefs houses — Habitat 
ITN TIO) ho ies a oko a0 sok aniene 17,700. . Triangle based on Lat. 30°, 
with its center at Jauf, 
its apex near Alep. Also 
visited left bank of 
Euphrates north of Deir- 
ez-Zor and the Khabur. 
Section ; 
BMARAT cia ew Se Fahad Beg ibn Hadhdhal 4,500. . Eastern portion of Hamad, 
from Karbala to Deir- 
ez-Zor. In autumn near 
Wadi Ubaiyidh between 
Karbala and Shithatha; 
more recently sixteen 
miles north of Ar Rah- 
haliya, and near Hindiya 
Canal. 
Sub-sections 
AL Janaki oe Fahad Begibn Hadhdhal 2,000 ) ....... 
Al Hiblan....... Fahad Begibn Hadhdhal 400 ....... 
Al Salqah....... Murdi al Rafdi........ TO0O ag a ay te aos 
oe aentaralan :.satht Gt ONS. gs eG he 4 aes 
Al Naan. ..°.Chasib alSehall.:2 0628020050 8 le eew 
wr ccueean) >: Mashen thon Shamran : 6200) wt es 
Al PAiSUAN . ; Aue OR BEAM is cas Seiad b Cao, S waNeed 
i UCR OT) | E ATUAE SPURT URINE gic! labile RAL VE tg Wl OS pinnae 
Al Sanid...... PR yo a rer a, ee en i 
Al Shimian .. ,..Ghbadhi ai Rabadl: 224.5. 6 os 
Al Suqur........Dairbi ibn Mujaf...... BUC eae t Crean 
Al Dahaman...Huwaichimibn Dhulaur .....  ___....... 
mL eUeelD ...;\.. HOSA Ol CUWEIE. fo eds OF esis 
Al Dilamah....Mutlaq ibn Marzug..... ..... baa 
Al seeks 0 ks ag Oe, Sa, a 


1 Sunni; nomadic; chiefly camel-breeders, but also horse- and sheep-breeders. 
91 


Habitat 


C19. 0 80.8 
at siw a: 9.6 


..Near Euphrates west of 


Deir-ez-Zor and on the 
Khabur. 


. Occasionally came down- 


stream with the Amarat, 
otherwise in the desert 
from Deir-ez-Zor to 
Alep. 


oer ere sre 
@ 2:9 = @ 
ee te ee 
eee eee 
CPS. 0" 0 One 
eee eee 
oe) 6 2 628 
eee eee 


es ® 6 sys 


o = © 20,8 


. Hama to Qasr-el-Azraq and 


down Wadi Sirhan to 
Jauf. Eastern limit was 
high ground where Wadi 
Hauran rises (Jebel 
Enaze). 


ee ener 
o£ Sees 
6-4) 6 ele © 
b. S76 e628 


92 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 
Families, 
Confederation, tents, or 
tribe, or section Chiefs houses 
Al Dahamshar....... Jazza ibn Mijlad....... 2,500 
Al Zabanah..... Jazzaibn Mijlad....... ha 
Al Muhallaf..... Dhari ibn Dhubaiyan.. 
Al Suwailmat....Ayid ibn Bakr........ 
Al Khamishat...Shallash al Aridh...... 
Al Mukhaiyat...Nasir abu al Rus...... 
Al Salad. <vss < Banaidi ibn Jalaud..... 
Al Selatin: 2... -.: Ibn Kanfadn.: 3.25... 
Al Watbah...... Nijris Daidas....:..... 
Section Mujhim ibn Muhaid 
PRDAN 2 fevtscicdy eas 3,500 
Hachim ibn Muhaid. 
Sub-sections 
Dhanna Majid....... Mazud ibn Quaishish.. 1,800 
AH azalatcc ints Aswad.ibn Harij....... eee 
Ai fale) ete ret eRe os 
Al Khashtah:..2 Salman... otros os seer 
ASM aIbUG!. bo dc ce ee alto 
Al Mukatharah. .Majul al Rahit........ 
Al Hardha...... Faris al Saman........ 
Al Amarah...... Sulaiman al Amir...... ae 
A WU sy oe ees Mujhim ibn Muhaid.... 1,700 
Al Muhaid...... Mujhim ibn Muhaid.... .... 
yt} Ree se Ijrais ibn Fadhal....... 
AL RS icc tee Jadu ibn Kitat i: Ss. 035 
AliSari cee oe Jurais ibn Jaad. 
Al Shumailat.... Wadi ibn Hubaiyan.. 
Section 
MUBALLAF.:.....:-. Ibn Majil, Ibn Majid, 
ibnidandal sa: 728- <5. ,500 
Sub-sections 
Abdullah. - entices a Se wee ae 
ARTIS eee eats i a aah 
Buuren ort hit Mie ees 
DUWSAIIA Goes e! Had teotoes 
Section : 
ROWALBAS. 6 its. Nuri ibn Shalan...... 4,000. 
(Paramount) 
Sub-sections 
MCS Ok ns tome se Bee ile antl hes Rigs Serer 
WVETPIOING ob os bc ce Nuri ibn Shalan....... 800 
BAINES Ne 85 dca pes Nuri ibn Shalan....... 1,000 
PROWSIIDRO Sa tok ute oe 400 
WUBIN se hie a eeaet | Na eae eee 300 
Le COR At ee rm pee A 500 
RIOR eset | 7 eBay Se 450 
OS SS ey ae en ee pa Se 400 
Maeshittan 6.28500. 20 PES aE 150 


TRIBES AND SUB-TRIBES OF UPPER EUPHRATES 


Confederation, 
tribe, or section 


Section 


Chiefs 


AG SBAAT 3. S666 Ghadwan ibn Murshid.. 


Sub-sections 


AY Butamats 62... Ghadwan ibn Murshid.. 
Pg TO eee ore Barjas ibn Hufaib...... 


Section 


WULUDJALI-. 6.2.5.5 Rashid ibn Sumair..... 


Hasanah 


TAG LET cs age 


AQAIDAT (Akeydat). 
(Confederation) 


AL DIMIM?: . =... ... Saiyah al Jirrah..... .:. 


Ms Ame ies Harrash al Muhammad 


93 


Families, 
tents, or 


houses Habitat 


2,400.. Between Homs and Hama 
on west, Rasafa on east, 
to near Alep on north. 
Winter—With Amarat 
and Fadan to Kulban el 
Mat and Wadi Hauran 
near Rutba. 


2000 tO eo 

E200 te 

1,800..Mathk plain watered by 
Barrada. Winter.— 
East and southeast of 
Damascus. 


*, 4.5, 5 a6 
see eee 


1,200. . Both banks of the Euphra- 
tes from Tibni to Abu 
Kemal. 


.About eight miles down- 
stream from Khan Kala- 
sil (Salihiya), right bank 
of Euphrates in area 
known as Qariyat al 
Musallakha. 


170. 


75..Qariyat al Musallakha 


(see AL DIMIM). 

.About six miles down- 
stream from Khan Kala- 
sil, left bank of Eu- 
phrates in area known 
as Al Bahara. 


10. 


and Muhammad al Ab- 


dullah 


Rahman 7. 22.55.05 


Ge fe OO 8y O -ONE) ae) 8.19 


..Immediately downstream 
from Khan Kalasil, 
right bank of Euphrates 
in area known as Kha- 
raitah. 


60 


ony Ma 


1 Famous camel-breeders. I have spent several pleasant days in the tents of 
Rakkan ibn Murshid near Tellul Basatin, west of Rutba and north of Jebel Enaze 


on the way to Jebel Tinf. 


? Sunni; semi-nomadic; agricultural and pastoral. 


94 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Families, 
Confederation, tents, or 
tribe, or section Chiefs houses Habitat 
Sections 
AL SUBAIKHAN!...... Sulaiman al Abdu 
Rahman: esc s 50..In Jazira north of Tell 
Hajin. 

AL BU HARDAN? ..... Manawakh al Khalil.... 10..Near Tell Hajin about ten 
miles below Khan Kala- 
sil on left bank of 
Euphrates in area 
known as Hajin. 

AT; HASSUN....% 3i<< Muhammadial Dindil... 255 © <..<.. 

Sections 

BE AYA cs eats cet Muhammad al Dindil... 125..Two to eight miles below 
Abu Kemal on right 
bank, in tract known as 
Suwaiya. 

AL MUHAMMAD ..... Asi al Hawwal......... 100..About four miles above 
Abu Kemal on _ left 
bank, in tract known as 
Al Susa. 

Ad; HAMUDI! : oc5ce6..< Hatrush al Shallah..... 80..About fourteen miles 


above Abu Kemal on 
right bank, in tract 
known as Hasarrat. 


AL MAJAWADAH. .Salih al Ashban....... 85..About seven miles down- 
stream from Khan Kala- 
sil on right bank of 
Euphrates, in tract 
known as Qariyat al 


Gattah. 
gies al ial al ea ee leat 
MPUIGEGN., oo. ss . Opposite u Kemal on 
AL MARASIMAH... left bank, in tract known 
as Shijlah. 
Huwaijah al Abud... 15..About four miles down- 


stream from Abu Kemal 
on left bank, in tract 
known as Al Susa. 


AD BU MIRI...3.. Get ioe, hkeaeee Ga 4 ayeee 
Sections 
Ai; GADRAU: 5. 5b ces Niza al Hussain........ 25..Left bank of Euphrates 
from about eight to 
eighteen miles below 
Khan Kalasil in tract 
known as Shaafah. 
PPI BA ds as eA cig hy oat TOS 23's Bae ae Sen NT NS, 
Ab TAUMAR 6.50 34.5 Padi al Saival ic. 6s 10. .Onright bank of Euphrates 
about twelve miles below 
Khan Kalasil in tract 
known as Shiyal. 
pote : Near Abu Kemal on left 
AL MUSHAHIDAH. / Budaiwial Hamid... 15 : 
{ Barjas al Abid....... 15 bank in tract known as 


Sukariya. 
1 Pastoral nomads. 
2 All charid owners. 


TRIBES AND SUB-TRIBES OF UPPER EUPHRATES 


Confederation, Chiefs 
tribe, or section 
AL BU QAAN....... Amash al Abid........ 
AL BU SARAT: ...:... Hamud al Shallash and 
Faiyadh al Nasir..... 
AE SEAT EAT sire 105 nace 
Sections 
AE SADUS Go sian aes Nadham al Salih....... 
‘AT BY ALIVAT® 2.00% Zalan al Jasim......... 
AL KHANFAR........ Raju al Hutaitah....... 
AT; THULTE.. 0.6.3 Turki/alNijrisc.cc6 26 cs 
Sections 
AL BU HASSAN....... Hamid al Hussain al 
INTIME tia sees ece en 
At QURAN. «.5.J2... DOORS 25k cc os 
AL BU RAHAMAH..... Qawan al Jabarah...... 
(Ad, SHOALT 2: 5:55 ois. sve Bargash al Muhammad. 
BAQQARAH! (of the 
MOGNTEUE Sit! ews 
Sections 
EE ABRATIDAM of .. bs, 055500 Ajil al Mahmud....... 
Pre LE nis tgs ri eks Sulaiman al Hassan.... 
AT CASHABIN: 5725-5507 Mahmud al Qahit...... 
AL BU BADRAN...... Salih abu Jarad and 
Dhahim al Mulla Abid 
AL BU GHANIM...... Salih ibn Hassan....... 
AL BU HAMDAN...... Wawi ibn Amtair...... 
Al; KHANIAR «2.2: 33. Satam al Muhammad... 


1 Agricultural and pastoral; sheep-breeders. 


95 


Families, 
tents, or 
houses . 
30..Right bank of Euphrates, 
near Tell Ramadi, about 
twelve miles below Khan 
Kalasil in tract known 

as Ramadi. 


Habitat 


.. Right bank of Euphrates, 
Tibni to Deir-ez-Zor. 


115 


Oe 2 ee 


..Immediately downstream 
from Khan Kalasil on 
left bank of Euphrates, 
in tract known as 
Gharanij. 


._EImmediately upstream 
from Khan Kalasil on 
left bank of Euphrates, 
in tract known as 
Chischiya. 


. About four miles upstream 
from Khan Kalasil on 
left bank of Euphrates, 
in tract known as Al bu 
Hammam. 

.Both banks of Euphrates 


between Meyyadin and 
Khan Kalasil. 


40. 


40. 


250. 


cee eee 
see eee 
eee ee 


1,200..Left bank of Euphrates 
from Raqqa to Buseira 
(at mouth of Khabur); 
also on both banks of 
Khabur near junction 
with Euphrates. Win- 
ter.—From September to 
April pastoral element 
of tribe moved into 
Jazira. 


see eee 
eee eae 


btw ape 


see eee 


96 


Confederation, 
tribe, or section 


AL BU MISH...... 


Au BU MUSA... 


AL BU MAISH.... 
Au NABBIZAH..... 


DULAIM!?....... 


Section 


AL BU ALWAN?.... 


Sub-sections 


Al bwuvArala.ecs 


Al bu Ghadir..... 
Al bu Ghurrah.... 


Section 


AL BU DHIYAB?... 


Sub-sections 
Al bu Hamad al 


Dhiyab.... 
Al bu Aithek. 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Chiefs 


Families, 
tents, or 
houses 


Ataiyit al Hassan...... sche 


..Dhiyab ibn Bishrah.... 


Hassan Hamad al Awad. 
Chibbin al Muhammad. 


Ali ibn Sulaiman ibn 
Bakr (Paramount). . 


Muhanna al Muhammad 
al Salih and Jasim al 
Muhammad......... 


BU Salin suse ed foc 
Faraj al Zauhar........ 
Jasim al Muhammad... 


Mushhin ibn Hardan... 


Fadam ibn Muhammad. 
.Fadam ibn Muhammad. 


Albu Alial Jasim. Mutlaq al Hamzah..... 


Al bu Hazim... 
Al Mulahimah.. 
Al Qartan.... 


.Rushaiyid al Ahmad... 
.Jasim al Muhammad... 


Abu al Hussain........ 


.19,015 


tents. 


tents. 


1,700 
tents. 


1,400 


1 Sunni; semi-nomadic; agricultural and pastoral. 
2 Cultivators and sheep-breeders; also own donkeys and act as carriers. 
8 Cultivators, with a few sheep-breeders, who migrate into Jazira during 


winter. 


Habitat 


eoceores 
ov ae 2's 
ce te 


. Both banks of Euphrates 


from Al Qaim to five 
miles downstream from 
Al Falluja on left bank, 
and to Imam Hamza on 
right bank. Also on 
Saqlawiya and Aziziya 
canals. Winter.—From 
September to April pas- 
toral sections migrated 
to Jazira and Shamiya. 


.Right bank of Euphrates 


from six miles upstream 
from Ramadi to four 
miles downstream. Also 
on right bank four miles 
upstream from Al Fal- 
luja. Winter—Approxi- 
mately half the section 
moved to Jazira or 
Shamiya for winter 
grazing. 


a a Se 


Right bank four miles up- 


stream from Al Falluja. 


.Left bank of Euphrates 


from five miles upstream 
to six miles downstream 
from Ramadi. 


OW hea ok Set 
Coe ar ek Ox foc 
Sie etane 
eee eee 
OW 0 6 es. 


TRIBES AND SUB-TRIBES OF UPPER EUPHRATES 97 


; Families, 
Confederation, Chiefs tents, or Habitat 
tribe, or section houses 
Al bu Saqr...... CRACKER IDR SONG ox UC Re 
Al bu Saudah....Shaham al Hardan...... hi deiey ne ten Geareres 
Al bu Tamah...Sulaim al Hamad....... re i! Bae ge eee uP 
Al bu Ubaid..... Naman al Khalaf....... Bias os CU ets 
Al bu Muhammad al 
Dhivabisscf 52532 Shaukah ibn Mutlaq.... 3800  ~—...... 
Atbuiantush.s 6 =) |) eases Ae oe es esters 
AlsbuJadane. tt ee eR te ee Bieta 
Al bukKhalifaho 2 =v dssueu Se Bye mars ae 
Section 
AL BU FAHAD!....... Abdul Muhsin al Farhan .1,700 
tents. .Right bank of Euphrates 
from Ramadi to fifteen 
miles downstream. One 
small section on left 
bank downstream from 
Ramadi. 
Sub-sections 
Al Rit Ave: 5.85 655% Qudeivanal Humsic. esi ase! 6 SO ek a 
Al bu Faiyadah...... Unaizi al Mukhlif....... a Ohpers ny Hie © nae deers 
Al bu Musa......... Ali‘al: Nagar. eo: <0. is oa eae gtk Beer ae 
Al bu Raihan........ Faris:al Muhammad. /2 3. 405. - 1 ee eee 
Al bu Salih al Ali. ...Mutlaq al Darach....... Sec ee ee Pate are 
ADDU PANG. 2.2 oo SURIVIG OL ANN 6 Site sce EN) FOF 6 MA sete 
Vit 2) Se All al Saad. oo ccna Seow SP ERR 
Section 
TORU ESA 62 fey oS ca Harat al Jasim 2... 62. 2,500 
tents.. Right bank of Euphrates 
from Al Falluja to six- 
teen miles downstream. 
Also cultivated portion 
of land on Saqlawiya 
Canal, granted by 
Jumailah section. 
Sub-sections 
Al bu Hatim........ Anoh al Gauwsidien 03 ey i eS 
Al Dutiawa. 6) 6523. All-al: Suwait..3:0.5 ee Seah i ee Fan hry arse 
Al bu Huraiwat...... Farhan al Dhahir....... eS ae ees ese 
Al bu Khamis....... Dalal al Ali and Fahad al 
Shahadhan 6 2s. 2 segue aie) yl ees 
Al bu Muhammad al 
DOS ana Abdas: al-Ibad.3 ss. 3)... Ne REA bet See rte ak 
Al bu Muhanna...... Muhammad:al Dhahir.. 2.665 $5 ° a bees 
Al bu Quraiti.......: Mater al Murais: ..'..2 < eb we SS 
Al bu Salih... ...:. Abd al Khalef. ........ a) Oe i ies oe 
Section 
SUMATGAW  G sciicscss ca Abbas al Jassan?........ 1,275 


tents.,Both banks of Euphrates 
from Al Falluja to four 
miles downstream; six 
miles north of Al Falluja 
on Saqlawiya Canal. 


1 Cultivators and sheep-breeders. 
2 One of the first to settle on the Saqlawiya Canal. 


98 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 
Families, 
Confederation, Chiefs tents, or Habitat 
tribe, or section houses 
Sub-sections 
Al Ro Aue ss 3 Muhsin al Feiwel. co OC nek 
Al Dukhaiyil.....01.; Albalachantarcnncects: tei ee eae 
Al bu Haddad....... Sumainairadhilc 35 cae UU Re 
Aus dasim): -<- 5.5.2 Mashkur'al Knptati foe iste 1 2 oy Pee 
Al bu Mugallad...... PGS aR ey ees ey oo eee 
Al bu Ramlah....... All aleADDAS TNs ee a) Ba 
Section 
AL BU KHALIFAH..... Khurbit al Jasim...... 600 
tents. . Right bank of Euphrates, 
ten miles downstream 
from Ramadi to two 
miles upstream from 
Dhibban. Also on left 
bank eighteen miles east 
of Ramadi. 
Sub-sections 
Al bu.Ghazail....... vihoee Dee eee rc SCN 6 Sunk men a oot. 
AL burdabar-.o wen INORG HT tt eae Leica to). - eames 
Al bu Juhaish..:.... Khurbit SAV ASTIN roe erce aoe colle wr ae ee 
Albu Madij; i<3...: MUG Gt LAGS es I go ere 
Section 
Au BU MUHAMDAg...Habib al Shallal....... 1,500 
tents..Left bank of Euphrates 
from Al Falluja ten miles 
upstream. Right bank 
from Sinn al Dhibban to 
four miles downstream. 
Sub-sections 
Al bucAGle ace So Dhsital Salih scopes a eee 
Al bu Akash........ BEUKM AUSRIVER ccs ees Cl ees 
Al bu Ashshihah..... WahdialSalnewe cp cscs ue gn eee 
Al bu Azzam........ PNG SU RIOG os eee | ee ieee 
Al Bangarah. ....6.. Pete Gk SAMSON he re ed 
Al bu Dhiyab........ Mulla Hussain al Mu- 
hammad and Abdullah 
QUOTIOIT as Dae nee meen. ee S| ta Ia 
AT Palshat.ose8 2. « POI Bi BUM aoe rest | Rade 
Al bu Khamis....... Sulaiman al Muhammad .... ~...... 
Al Musalihah........ SPANEMAM SIOUIVI oc ieee ee ew 
Al bu Quraifa........ PIaMmIONePRIVEOR ts a aR 
Al Rado oe ih Alivati AlNmad oe cn. net Fo Se 
Al bu Shahab........ Alvalibranimacsncec ee ESE 
Section 
AL BU NIMR!........ Shaukah ibn Mutlaq... 800 


tents.. Left bank of Euphrates, 


1 Chiefly sheep-breeders but also agriculturists. 


fifteen miles upstream 
to seven miles down- 
stream from Hit. No- 
madic sections move to 
country between Ana 
and Wadi Thahthar for 
winter grazing. 


TRIBES AND SUB-TRIBES OF UPPER EUPHRATES 


Families, 
Confederation, Chiefs tents, or 
tribe, or section houses 
Sub-sections 
At ho: Parray oss J008 OP SOHN. i 30s ce 
Al bu Hamad al 
Ria A ere Fahad af Bilal: o<...20.5- 


2.6.59 ‘Sere Sus 


Al bu Hassan........ Nijris ibn Qaud 


Al-buchHnsh:- 3232... Rudaini ibn Hilal....... 
Al bw Jadan. .....5- Turki ibn: Faris... . 5.2.4 
Albu Manic... 4 2. 3c: Hardan al Shindi....... 


Al bu Mujbil........ Farhanal Jadici 2)... 
Al bu Samalah....... Abid: al Mallaig. 4 sen: 


PG Os ee Shimran al Dhahir...... 

Al bu Shaban........ Farhanial'dadi-. 5. ; <2: 

Al bu Sumaidi....... Audah al Farhan....... 

Al bu Tuwaisat...... Baddar oust. Gos nk 
Section 


AL BU RUDAINI! 


Sub-sections 
Abou -Agsat.. 60.5. Ali ibn Sulaiman ibn Bakr, 
Farhan al Qata, and 
Huwair al Thamir.... 600.. 

Al bu Halabsah...... Abdullah al Muhammad. 420. 
Al bu Hazim?........ Shergh ibn Shallaib..... 100 
Al bu Hussain al Ali?. Hamid al Abid......... 100 
Al bu:‘Kulaib....:... Radhi al Sulaiman...... 420 
tents 
Al bu Mahal........ Aftan al Sharqi........ 1,270 
tents 

Al buwAbd....:.. Aftan al Shargi......... 

Al bu Taiyib. ... Hussain al Izbah........ 

Al bu Tuaimah. . Lutaiyif al Fadhil....... 


1 Cultivators and sheep-breeders. 


99 


Habitat 


1 Oe €or, + 


ee i ae 
o. 6a 9-856 
Pe at ae 
70 O00. ese 
Ve we Ot fe 
14 Se 8 


e+ eeee 


.. Right bank of Euphrates 


from Ramadi to Al 
Qaim; nomadic sections 
move to Jazira for win- 
ter grazing. 


Right bank of Euphrates 
twelve miles upstream 
from Ramadi;small part 
of this section on left 
bank. Nomadic. 


.Detached section settled 


on Saqlawiya Canal 
between Al Falluja and 
Khan Nugqta on north 
bank. 


. Beside Aziziya Canal. 
. .Beside Aziziya Canal. 


..With Hussain al Ali on 


Aziziya Canal and at 
Abu Jir. 


.. Right bank of Euphrates 


five miles upstream to 
ten miles downstream 
from Al Qaim. 


o, 407484 
[sue tye @ 


see eee 


2 Sunni; settled and semi-nomadic; cultivators and sheep-breeders. Sheep in 


desert south to west of Habbaniya Lake. 
ibn Sulaiman. 


Market town Ramadi. 


Followed Ali 


100 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Families, 


Confederation, Chiefs tents, or Habitat 

tribe, or section houses 
Al bu Miri!.......... Kurdush al Lahaimus.. 140..Beside Aziziya Canal. 
Al bu Matrad 

(Al bu’ Jabir)<:. 63 Sharqi al Shallash...... 240 


tents..Beside Aziziya Canal 
opposite Marai. 

Albu Fahad?. 5.5: <5 Lbrahim'::.S:35c6 se 140..Beside Aziziya Canal 
opposite Marai. 


Section 
AL BU JAGHAIFAH?.. . Haif al Ali............ 3,500 
tents..Left bank of Euphrates 
between Al Qaim and 
Ana, and in Jazira. 
Sub-sections 
UE Wis GS 2 2s eaiig ans BAAD BO eIMIRAN. coo keke aaa es 
BT BUA sR See MIG AT PAO Ree ket avert ah eee 
Al ba Duhaill - oc... RUA AVORR, Goccs kita eae = et oo Paley 
Al bu Khalaf i; -. 2... Ouraneal Sactee ae eats kee tee 


ZOBA sections* which 
now follow the 
PATNI ee ie 2 000M pets tts ee 


LUBAIB nc ke taek wurwae al Assat.).) jc. ne gaat On north bank of Saq- 
lawiya Canal, adjoining 
Halabsah section of 
Dulaim, seven and one- 
half miles west of Aqar- 
quf. 

SHUWARTAN......... Tbrahim alsSabay.< 3 kc5 tases On north bank of Saq- 
lawiya Canal, west of 
Tell Ibrahim. 

BAN’ ZAIDO St cee Quaiyid al Faiyadh.... ...... South bank of Saqlawiya 
Canal opposite Shu- 
wartan. 

KHURUSHIYIN ....... Shunaitir al Jasim..... ...... Between Madhiya and 
Saqlawiya Canals. Also 
on north bank of Saq- 
lawiya Canal between 
Shuwartan and Tell 
Ibrahim. 

QARA-GHUL'......... Jarrah ‘al Khaial. coe. oes... On south bank of Saq- 
lawiya Canal northwest 
of Khan Nuqta. 

AL ‘SAADAN . 5.4.5. 0% RZSRD QAM oe hie apace e oi On north bank of Madhiya 
Canal at junction with 
Saqlawiya Canal. 


1 Settled and semi-nomadic; cultivators and sheep-breeders. Sheep in the 
desert south to west of Habbaniya Lake. Market town Ramadi. Followed Ali 
ibn Sulaiman. 

2 Nomadic; sheep breeders, with little cultivation. ‘They grazed their flocks 
in Jazira, sometimes moving as far east as the Tigris. Not Dulaimis, but followed 
Ali ibn Sulaiman. When speaking of the Dulaim collectively they were included. 


3 Sunni; sedentary; cultivators chiefly on the Saqlawiya Canal. Possessed a 
small number of flocks. 


*A detached colony from the Qara-Ghul located on left bank of Euphrates 
six miles downstream from Imam Hamza. Not of Zoba origin, the main Qara- 
Ghul have always been an independent tribe. 


TRIBES AND SUB-TRIBES OF UPPER EUPHRATES 101 


Families, 


Confederation, . Chiefs tents, or Habitat 
tribe, or section houses 
BM iat on ee AE ol Maat 6k. 2'ec;00% 5 .... Onsouth bank of Madhiya 
Canal at junction with 
Saqlawiya Canal. 
BUSAIBAT.. £5.4:< 60.00% Mulla Munawir al Mulla 
PSIG occ .... On south bank of Saq- 


lawiya Canal eight miles 
east of Al Falluja. 


SUMAILAT........... Abbas al Hussain....... .... Between Madhiya and 
Qurmah canals, six miles 
north of Khan Nuqta. 


BANI KUBAIS!..... Farraj ibn Abdullah..... 400. .Kubaisa town. 
Sections 

Batt: DARIAB ...¢)2.53.; Farraj ibn Abdullah..... usr we es gh ee 

Au BU HAIDAH....... Muhammad ibn: Farvar:; i265 °° «=| See 

Bait Hajji Isa...... Karim ibn Hajjt Naim. So te, 

AU BU - HAMAD. « «5.0. Muhammad Ahmad..... 


SHADDID and FARRAJ 
ADAH ecto ee Andah and Lishlash..... 


AR RAHHALIYA! 


(Townsmen)....... ORG eee ees Ree 175. .Ar Rahhaliya town. 
Sections 
MRIQGATO Se oie ns Muhammad. al Ataimiss: soci 9 Pein 
HATS ELARUBS oor eies055:555 PEACE ROEEE occ ee eee ee Ho Pen 
AL BU SALMAN‘...... Abdul Muhsin asSayyid.. ..... «=  .ssece 


CHITADAH. « «coc: Dhirb al Sulaiman...... 420 
tents..Between Ridhwaniya 
Canal and left bank of 
Euphrates eight to six- 
teen miles from canal 


head. 
Sections 
AT AZZAM 2 rine Jasim‘al: Muhsinnds. 0. 2 eee 
AL BARGHUTH....... Dhirbial Suliman. he ee ee eee 
AL HuMAID......... RiGee CORES eto! Goa eee 
Au KHAMMAS........NawwaralShahwan.... .... = ...... 
AL QUMZAN......... Sharmukh al Thunkivyan. i... 9 -—  vsvese 
AV MRADHES. 30. oS: Dhaba al Ammar....... Eien pay Meme eer ee 
AY SOMA «<0 6.5 c's 3s Mahbul al Unair........ Peer 22) 8 Nhe fe eee 
AS; ZOBARS. 5 5.0028: Najm al Mughamis..... Pattee ay. eee whet a 


1Sunni; sedentary; agriculturists and merchants. Very little cultivation, 
except for extensive date groves. 


2 Origin Kubaisa. 
3 Origin Hedjaz. 
4 Origin Mosul. 


102 


Confederation, 
tribe, or section 


FADDAGHAH ... 


Sections 


Au DUGHAIYIM.... 
AL BU MUFARRAJ... 
BIPNABIT EO coe ce 


DULAIM QARTAN! 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


A Qt Teatian s.r tien 
Muhammad al Shabib... 
Muhammad al Madhhur. 


. Nair‘al Habib... 2205. 


Zaidan al Khudaiyir..... 
Dalaf al Khalil......... 


All al’ Muslit.s sot... 200 


Sultan ibn Hussain...... 270 
‘ tents 

Abdullah ibn Mulla 
Ahmad 420 
Abtan teorks 


Hassan ibn Salim 


Families, 
Chiefs tents, or Habitat 
houses 
Ursah ibn Dhaidan...... 300. . Left bank of Euphrates at 
head of Yusufiya Canal. 
Ali-ibu Abdul Mihai. Sccy- was 
-Mubammad thn Umer; 635° «<a 
INOreDIel erro: te vise Sees 
WMiuiiats the Past ot ee Oe eet 
No chief; Dhari ibn Dha- 
hir was formerly chief.. 170 
tents..On Abu Ghuraib Canal 


from Khan Nugqta to 
ten miles southwest. 


Sie os 46 
eee eee 
@o% v6 & 


..Left bank of Euphrates 
from four to seven miles 
downstream from Al Fal- 
luja, south of Abu Ghu- 
raib Canal. 


..On western edge of Aqar- 
quf, six miles north- 
northeast of Khan 
Nuata. 


..Left bank of Euphrates; 
Imam Hamza, to one 
mile north of Mufraz 
Post. Also a small sec- 
tion on new Yusufiya 
Canal. 


1 Sunni; settled cultivators; Dulaim by origin, but eventually became a Zoba 


section. 


APPENDIX A: THE POPULATION OF IRAQ 


In order to present the recent population figures these data were 
obtained from Major C. J. Edmonds, in Baghdad, to whom I am 
most grateful for generous assistance. 


Prior to recording the registered and unregistered population 
up to the end of November, 1935, it seems desirable to quote 
excerpts from a review on Sir Ernest Dowson’s paper (see Appendix 
B) by Sir A. T. Wilson, who writes: 


“The total population of Iraq in 1930 is given as 2,824,000, a 
figure which corresponds very closely with the very rough census 
of 1919, which estimated the population excluding Sulaimaniya at 
2,695,000. Sulaimaniya is credited in 1930 with 94,000, so that on 
this basis the total figure in 1930 is almost exactly the same as 
for 1919. 


“The total area within the frontiers of Iraq today is 453,500 
square kilos; that of Iraq in 1920, before great acres of the western 
state were added to the borders of the infant state, was about 300,000 
square kilos. Sir E. Dowson estimates the region of cultivable land 
within the Rainfall Zone at 41,000 square kilos and that within the 
Irrigation Zone at 51,000 square kilos, representing 9 per cent and 
11 per cent of the total surface of the country respectively. Only 
one-fifth to one-tenth of these zones is actually cultivated in any 
given year. The mean density of the highly mobile rural population 
per square kilo in the cultivated region works out at 19 in the 
Rainfall and 35 in the Irrigation Zone, a very low proportion in 
each case.” 


The tables supplied by Major Edmonds will be found on pages 
104 and 105: 


103 


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105 


APPENDIX B: LAND TENURE IN IRAQ 


BY 
ERNEST Dowson! 


About four-fifths of Iraq consists of unproductive or slightly 
productive desert, steppe, marsh, and hill masses. The productive 
core is divided broadly into two regions within which cultivation 
is practised regularly. The northern region is fed by rainfall supple- 
mented by perennial streams rising in the mountains and, to a 
limited extent, by lift from the rivers. The southern region largely 
depends upon irrigation, supplied by canals drawn from the river 
system, following winter rainfall. The former may be appropriately 
called the “‘Rainfall Zone,” and the latter the “Irrigation Zone.” 
Actually the southward extension of the northern rainfall varies 
annually, while the date gardens of the Basra Liwa constitute a 
distinct (and of course economically a very important) study. But 
this does not affect the correctness of the broad picture presented. 

Reference to Table I will show that the region of cultivated and 
cultivable land within the Rainfall Zone covers approximately 41,000 
square kilometers, and that within the Irrigation Zone about 51,000 


TABLE I.—APPROXIMATE CLASSIFICATION OF LAND SURFACE (1930) 


(Expressed in sq. km.) 


CULTIVATED REGION 
TOTAL Rainfall Zone Irrigation Zone 


AREA ALL HILL (?) 2% hill Plains Canal-fed Machine-fed 

Liwa LAND Mass mass territory* territoryt 
Wheel oe S553:3 45,800 9,350 TOO: Pa BRO ne cel” ee 
i,” eee 16,600 7,620 150 TORO d racteeans | ete 
Sulaimaniya .. 9,500 6,400 130 S806 scam ge heee 
TRAPMU «os Oo | ee pce. | BBO20 los cou: | PER as 
i 1 ene a 16200. «net 710 2,760 $0 
Baghdad...... ZaAOO Nui centeeh atl co tea eee 1,710 2,270 
DEL Se LOA SOO. he See eer se 920 630 
Karbala....... 7G A | el Se rk aa Se. Ae eae CBU eae 
WIR Ci os tes S100). | ese crane Cae 4,570 330 
Bet is tee 165400. sae 455 eS ee Ss 4,680 3,860 
Ad Diwaniya.. 85,000) 3.5.6) x Ses tin, deentiads.e 3,770 2,180 
Muntafiq..... SS 700r > - Shoe orl,” Ga en teas 4,440 270 
Amara tts: -i: 19; 8005 eee Seite ee 5,670 1,010 
a ee ae EO: S00 4" ona ce. PA ce Bee ee 610f 

OMI 02 os 453,500 23,370 470 36,740 29,790 10,700 


* Territories so classified are at present very incompletely irrigated. 
+ Tidally watered date gardens. 


1 These notes are quoted from pages 11 et seq. of ‘“‘An Inquiry into Land Tenure 
and Related Questions. Proposals for the Initiation of Reform” by Ernest 
Dowson, K.B.E., formerly Surveyor-General of Egypt, and later successively 
Under-Secretary of State for Finance, and Financial Adviser to the Egyptian 
government. This report was printed for the ‘Iraq government. 


106 


L&ND TENURE IN IRAQ 107 


TABLE I.—APPROXIMATE CLASSIFICATION OF LAND SURFACE (1930)—continued 
(Expressed in sq. km.) 


ADDITIONAL TOTAL TERRITORY 
POTENTIALLY CULTIVATED CONTAINING 


CULTIVABLE ANDCULTI- Tapu HoLp- _ SIZE OF HOLDINGs IN Misharas * 

Liwa TERRITORY VABLE REGION INGS 1-100 101-500 501-1000 1001+ 
Mosuls2.3..< 270 15,040 TOT tae oe pee 
Re reer 7 eee 7,160 2,420 7,418 728 500 
Sulaimaniya. ...... 2,550 rfp. eae aie eG 
Kirkuk...... 3,240 15,260 GAO cikea eee ree 
Ly eee 260 3,820 3,410 4,092 ioe 546 ee 
Baghdad..... 890 4,870 1,500 162 220 120 360 
Dulaim...... 20 1,570 920 2,344 109 121 3 
Karbala...... 20 680 Ga. dae, aye es oe 
Be se ee 1,630 6,530 2,380 452 364 98 82 
UG oe 2,170 10,710 2,080. Ascuws Sele et oe 
Ad Diwaniya 5,520 11,470 2,270 8,378 155 69 
Muntafiq 370 5,080 65200) s 2-60: ee ete ae 
PMOATE Sse es 6,680 TO) eee 10 5 50 
Beare). ..: <<. 110 780 L190") Se aac. 2 

TOO sss 14,500 92 ,200 40,5090) thc. 


* Where information was available. Such information must not be presumed to be exhaustive. 
A mishara equals 2,500 square meters or thereabouts. 


square kilometers. These figures represent 9 per cent and 11 per cent 
respectively of the total land surface of the country. The cultivation 
is preponderantly of an extensive character. Only a fraction of these 
zones, possibly from a fifth to a tenth, appears to be actually culti- 
vated in any given year. So that land is available for a very great 
development of agriculture, when other factors are favorable. 

The information given in the table regarding the size of holdings 
is derived from fiscal returns. Although the classification of these 
holdings by area cannot be expected to be accurate, the figures 
possibly give some indication of the frequency of larger and smaller 
holdings in the districts actually concerned. The latter must not be 
taken to coincide with the cultivated areas of the Liwas themselves. 


AGRICULTURAL POPULATION 


In any general study of the land tenure of a country it is desira- 
ble to know the numbers and distribution of the agricultural popu- 
lation. Thus it would greatly assist in planning development in 
‘Iraq if trustworthy information were available as to the rural popu- 
lation, their main occupations (e.g. cultivation, with type of crops, 
stock-keeping, fishing, reed-cutting, the numbers of the sedentary, 
semi-nomadic and truly nomadic population, etc.). The figures 
need not be closely accurate, but they should necessarily be suffi- 
ciently reliable relative approximations to allow dependable deduc- 
tions to be drawn from them. But although continuous and pains- 


108 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


taking efforts were made to satisfy this need by the Liwa authorities, 
it has to be admitted that no basis exists for arriving at figures that 
can be utilised with any confidence. Table II contains the best 
estimates that the Liwa authorities were able to furnish; and the 
Census Department was not in a position to give me any better 
material. I include the Table, because it at least represents the 
best local opinion of the position under the various heads cited. It 
should perhaps be noted more particularly that it was found impossi- 
ble to separate in any systematic way those engaged in urban, from 


TABLE IIJ.—APPROXIMATE POPULATION (1930) 
(Expressed in thousands) 


THREE 
TOTAL PRIN- NomApDICc 
ESTIMATED CIPAL TRIBAL RURAL POPULATION MEAN 
Liwa POPULATION TOWNS’ SECTIONS _ Settled Tribal Total DENSITY* 

Moasuls.< «5 i. 320 79 45 176 20 196 oe 
d Cig 00] Peete 106 ans 3 47 56 103 15 
Sulaimaniya. . 94 es 15 51 28 79 37 
Kirkuk’. :.2/5.: 160 Poe 19 63 78 141 13 
Diysias vss. 240 ee 1 79 160 239 67 
Baghdad..... 388 219 2 93 74 167 98 
Dulaim .:. 5... 147 Se 59 39 49 88 95 
Karbala...... 90 2 83 5 88 136 
RED to n3.35 103 Bebe 30 %3 103 a 
DET Ae aga 170 60 110 170 20 
Ad Diwaniya. 238 iy 58 79 101 180 40 
Muntafiq.... 340 ies 20 25 295 320 42 
IAMSTA 72. os 238 ae, sie 36 202 238 36 
Basra. 23:. 190 46 10 34 100 134 284 

Totals: 3. 2,824 344 234 895 1,351 2,246 36t 


* Mean density per sq. km. cultivated region. 
+ Mean density total 78,000 sq. km. cultivated region. 


those engaged in rural pursuits. Finally, only the populations of 
Baghdad, Basra, and Mosul were excluded from the latter. This 
explains the misleading density figure for the Karbala Liwa. It 
should also be noted that the figures given for the agricultural 
population include all those engaged in rural occupations, other than 
genuine nomads. 


So far as the figures can be accepted the mean density of the 
rural population per square kilometer of the cultivated region works 
out at about nineteen in the four Liwas of the Rainfall Zone, and at 
about thirty-five in the five most typical Liwas of the Irrigation 
Zone. These figures are very low, especially for the potentially 
fertile irrigable lands of the latter; but there is no reason to think 
that they err on this side. However, it will be appreciated that 
dependable statistics of the agricultural population are needed to 


LAND TENURE IN IRAQ 109 


enable development of the country to be pursued to the greatest 
advantage and with the greatest economy. 


The extreme mobility of the majority of the population, especially 
throughout the Irrigation Zone, is an important factor in the con- 
sideration of development schemes of all sorts, having regard to the 
general sparsity of the population and the limited resources of the 
country. If work can be concentrated on such schemes in a few of 
the most suitable areas, and facilities can be given to the population 
to colonize them as opportunity and occasion justify, much more 
rapid and satisfactory results will be obtained for the same effort 
and expenditure in a given time than if attempts have to be made 
to carry out development in a scattered and incomplete manner 
throughout the whole country at once. 


APPENDIX C: GENERAL HEALTH OF THE KISH ARABS! 


In order to obtain data on the health of the Arabs of the Kish 
area, each individual who was studied anthropometrically was 
questioned, particularly as to whether he was susceptible or immune 
to attacks of fever. In many instances the individual was afraid 
to admit to sickness since this might reflect against his being taken 
as a workman on the excavations. An Arab, too, is inordinately 
proud of his strength and endurance and ashamed of sickness and 
its resultant weakness. 

The will of Allah accounts for sickness or health, sorrow or 
happiness, poverty or wealth. Consequently, the Arab believes 
there is little use in working for or against the divine will when to 
follow the latter course must only be to court disaster and final 
disappointment. 

Thus, the Arab suffers from a particularly virulent form of 
malaria because he makes little or no effort to eliminate the many 
pools of stagnant water that lie, especially in the winter, within a 
few miles of the villages. 

Paroxysms of chill and violent shivering followed by a rapidly 
rising temperature and pulse count are symptomatic of the fever. 
The body is soon bathed in a copious sweat and the patient begins 
to feel more comfortable. Headache and nausea are frequently 
felt. Eyes become tired, often bloodshot, and the patient feels 
depressed. 

Few Arabs die of malaria, but the general lassitude and debility 
caused by the disease lower their resistance against fevers of a 
more malignant nature, which often prove fatal. 


The only remedy used against malaria is quinine (local Arabic 
kanaqina), which can be purchased in the sug at Hilla. Since the 
Arabs, however, do not believe in European prophylactic measures, 
they use this only as a cure. 


During the winter season of 1927-28 Mr. Eric Schroeder? dis- 
pensed medicine every evening before sunset. Doses of quinine 
were much in demand and it was observed that the patients pre- 

1 These notes were based on data obtained while the writer was attached as 
physical anthropologist to the Field Museum—Oxford University Joint Expedition 


to Kish during 1927-28 and were written during the latter part of 1928. (See 
also Field, 1935a.) 


? Now Curator of Near Eastern Art, Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, Massa- 
chusetts. 


110 


HEALTH OF KISH ARABS 111 


ferred prescriptions in the form of pills to liquid medicines. From 
fifteen to twenty grains of quinine lowered the temperature within 
a short time and reduced the attacks of shivering, although in some 
cases smaller doses at regular intervals over a period of twenty-four 
hours were required.! 

The attack of fever generally lasted from three to five days, and 
because of the high temperature and nausea, left a general weak- 
ness, particularly in the lower limbs. 

The fever statistics obtained among the Arabs are appended 
herewith, although the figures should not be taken as representative 
of the entire group living in the Kish area today. 


Fever No. 
No attaches eros a cick Sneek BOO ek Ge hecdctel divinities 11 
Attacks for three’ to: five days. \.aesccb a re ects mone 10 
Wecssional attacks go chic le en oe ete Hes ee ees 15 
Mreavent: ALCACKS soc cry kik gts eer ate eee ne are 5 
PR OOTY) AULACKEE cae 5.c ee ers ER Arad Menor ee 6 
Attack lor one: Month (L971) eo. s su ores ue ee as 1 
Attact forfour: months (1925) oes. ieee os ona eee eles 1 
Attack tor one-year (1926)iic ¢ Meare eee lee 1 
Attack for'two years continuously ..: 22.254 oo. scsieneies 1 


The majority of the eleven individuals who reported that they 
were not subject to attacks of fever admitted that they had had 
occasional attacks during their childhood and youth. It may be 
that such individuals develop a localized partial immunity to the 
malarial parasite. One man, not listed among these eleven, claimed 
that he was fevered frequently before marriage but not afterwards. 

When I was at Jemdet Nasr in March, 1928, I had an attack of 
giddiness accompanied by partial blindness, racking pains, and 
shivering fits. Twenty grains of quinine and a complete rest ended 
this attack within twenty-four hours. I was confident that my 
illness had been due primarily to bad water and resolved to investi- 
gate the matter. 


Jemdet Nasr, eighteen miles northeast of Kish, lies about mid- 
way between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The irrigation canals 
do not come within ten miles of Jemdet Nasr, but following the 
spring rains a large neighboring catchment basin (kessereh) partially 
fills with water. Because of this supply of water it was possible for 
Mr. Louis Charles Watelin? to conduct the excavations at Jemdet 

1 As a prophylaxis against malaria, travelers in Iraq should take five grains 


of quinine every third day before sunrise or after sunset, but never during the 
heat of the day. 


? Director of the Field Museum—Oxford University Joint Expedition to Kish, 
Iraq, from 1929 to 1933. Mr. Watelin died in July, 1934. 


112 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Nasr. During the heat of the day many of the workmen drank 
nearly two gallons apiece of this water, which was brought im tanks 
by automobile truck from the kesserch to the camp and to the exca- 
vations. In the early morning our own water jars were filled and 
upon inquiry I found that the Arab truck driver and native assistants 
had filled the tanks from the same part of the kesserech in which the 
Beduin women were washing their feet and their clothes. Im spite 
of the fact that all drinking water was boiled, this undoubtedly 
accounted for my sickness. Arrangements were made for obtaiming 
water from a different part of the kessereh; consequently, there was 
no more illness. 

Smallpox.—it is interesting to note that the first accurate and 
reliable account of smallpox was given by Rhazes, an Arabian 
physician, who lived in the ninth century. 
who had suffered from smallpox (jidri). Ten persoms admitted 
being affected during childhood; the remainder suffered the disease 
during adult life. Ome man recalled having had an attack of small- 
pox at the age of ten. The scars or pockmarks were always visible 
on the face and could readily be distinguished from any other local 
disease. One individual (No. 197) had pockmarks on the inside of 
his night forearm. 

Apart from the virulence of the disease and its attendant high 
rate of mortality, the principal effect of confluent smallpox on the 
face is inflammation or ulceration of the eyes, often resulting in partial 
or total blindness. Vaccination was unknown m the Kish area. 
Fortumsicly, however, the meledy affected cnly a:suell proportions 
of the population. 

Eyes.—Because there was no qualified medical service available 
within these little camps, it was not surprising that contagious 
diseases, such as trachoma and granular conjunctivitis, were passed 
from person to person. 

Although many suffered from various diseases of the eyes, the 
eyesight was relatively good. The prevalence of blowing sand and 
the almost entire absence of washing, combined with the natural 
glare of the sun sharply reflected from the light-colored alluvial 
plain, tended to cause inflammation of the eyes and occasional cases 
of follicular conjunctivitis. 

During the summer, as in Egypt, one could see small children 
with sore and inflamed eyes surrounded by numerous flies, which 
they did not trouble to drive from their faces. It seems certaim that 


HEALTH OF KISH ARABS 113 


much of the eye trouble was thus derived from some slight infection 
during childhood which was left unattended and never disinfected. 


The available statistics from my observations include the follow- 
ing data: 


Eyes No. 
Bably yet Pine ho sea Kt oh so ewes 3* 
Feet Wb A Ss os cas chen nc nad doe giays 5 
EAE OVO DINO < cs viere ce hecho es eeeded 2 
Cataracts in either eye: . 6.6 ee cc eee 8 
ane CU ge ht es eee eee 2 
ESTE O00 GRE. fe const irks id ma eines 2 
POLY GUE DIR aia ea hace yee ees 3 
EAA EONS ooo 66 soo i sleinaikes See aCe 2 


* One man aged 70. 


Headaches were the common complaint among men, women, 
and children. When unaccompanied by fever these were caused 
primarily by the intense glare of the sun, which undoubtedly affects 
the eyesight. 


I had no opportunity to study the women, but their frequent 
complaints of headache and pains in the eyes were an indication 
that the various diseases of the eyes were also prevalent among them. 


Ears.—Only one individual, Hamoiser el-Abid (No. 50) was 
observed to have an infected left ear which might have developed 
into a mastoid infection. 


Teeth. According to Frazer (vol. 9, p. 181), among the heathen 
Arabs, when a boy’s tooth fell out, he used to take it between his 
finger and thumb and throw it towards the sun, saying, “Give me 
a better for it.” After that his teeth were sure to grow straight and 
close and strong. “The sun,” says Tharafah, “gave the lad from 
his own nursery-ground a tooth like a hailstone, white and polished.” 
Thus the reason for throwing old teeth towards the sun would seem 
to have been a notion that the sun sends hail, from which it naturally 
follows that it can send a man a tooth as smooth and white and 
hard as a hailstone. 


Two individuals (Nos. 10 and 40) had remarkably good teeth 
which were not only strong but also clean and in perfect condition. 
Very bad teeth were noted in five Arabs, including Hashim Hradhun 
(No. 65), who was only nineteen years of age. He stated that his 
father had extremely poor teeth and much dental decay. Hassan 
el-Murjan (No. 130) also had an extreme case of dental decay which 
had caused absorption of the gums. This was to be expected, how- 
ever, since he was about seventy years of age. 


114 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


One individual (No. 135) had poor teeth, which had grown at 
every conceivable angle in both jaws. A few persons had large and 
prominent front incisor teeth, but this condition was rare. The 
only broken tooth recorded was that of No. 209, whose upper right 
first incisor was broken off in the middle and gave the owner con- 
siderable dull throbbing pain. Since Hassan el-Abud (No. 1) smoked 
many native cigarettes daily, his teeth were badly stained with a 
brown film. 


TEETH 
Wear No. Loss No 
Normal: cere a sisi iets 168 NORGE ieee at atest. 165 
GHOWGS tc tector ee 63 ONG a ee tere ate nk 46 
1 54 (hi. Sears Bese eerie echo a reer A 33 AL WOiss Ot sini se verte iam n 35 
Double: plus... Shs os 19 PMP OD aioe oats, CRS Nickcicn ee A 7 
"TIDE TUR cdo s vores eo ¢ WOM os keeps one Sas 6 
BING 8 Skis od tees Pac ees 5 
SIKH ep seossbels ae wiarh coats 3 
Caries No. PON eos ce tas Naw csteierk 1 
INONG Meinl ele Oe ee 189 TRONCOP MOTed 24 wai seees re 9 
Sientie re... bower eee 44 SIMMONS eh ok ce tra 1 
Bouble: DwIss 10% = oo eetcoic cee 29 sLHTty-ONet ne coe ses cee 1 
TT PIDIOMDIUS ac.Ge rns Slouch oak 21 Thirty-tWo0iscrs once ee Dine 
SOWA TOW 22 eabink haat 76 
RIDDOT JAW Cos selves Hemrice 41 
Bite No. 
Edge-to-edge.............. 16 
EGUG CVOR 25 oe ees ek 238 
Markediover (i cay oa cso cw 100 
Wnidete en ke estan 4 


Since there were many objections to opening the mouth and 
holding it thus for a time sufficient to obtain accurate numerical 
results, the number of teeth indicated as lost must be taken as far 
from correct. The other figures, however, are useful in determining 
the general dental condition of the people. 

Skin Infections and Scarring.—The “Baghdad boil’! begins like 
a pimple and quickly increases in size until it forms a hard red lump 
in the skin. The discharge continues for several months and the 
boil generally leaves a large, ugly scar. Three individuals were 
observed with these scars, two on the left cheeks and the other on 
the left upper lip near the nasal orifice. 

No. 284 had a sear behind the right ear which was not, however, 
the result of inflammation of the mastoid process. Of the three 
other individuals who had facial scars, No. 48 had a mole scar on 
the left side of the nose, No. 60 a sear on glabella, and No. 170 had 
a small circular scar just above and on the right side of glabella. 


1 Cf. Schlimmer (pp. 81-91), and Field, 1939a, p. 693. 


HEALTH OF KISH ARABS 115 


Deformation.—The heads of the Arab children are in no way 
bound or tied down so as to produce artificial cranial deformation, 
even from an involuntary cause. 


Sayyid Abid el-Hassan (No. 398) had a serious cut on the upper 
lip which made a slight deformation. 

One individual’s left ear was slightly punctured near the lobe, 
and the right ear of Alway-an-Nuar (No. 125), was peculiarly flexed 
in the apical region. 

Two subjects (Nos. 230 and 286) had deformed right hands, and 
in the former case, that of a middle-aged man, the lower arm was 
also affected causing the flesh on the upper arm surrounding the 
right humerus to become pinched and withered. 


Respiratory Diseases.—Throat diseases were rarely observed, but 
Hadawi il-Mehenna (No. 443) was always hoarse and often com- 
plained of a sore throat. 


There was a remarkable, although by no means total, absence 
of influenza and any inflammatory affection of the nasal mucous 
membranes among these people. This, again, was probably due to 
a local immunity caused by an adaptation to the environmental 
changes of climate throughout a succession of generations living 
under more or less similar conditions. 


Tuberculosis.—According to a Health Officer stationed in Bagh- 
dad, tuberculosis was a prevalent disease. When I visited Kish 
in June, 1928, Juad, brother of Sheikh Atiyeh, and one of the armed 
sentries in camp, begged me on his knees to save his life with Euro- 
pean medicine, but he was beyond the power of medical aid. Such 
also was the case of one of the servants, Majid, aged twenty-two, 
who had a continuous racking cough. 


In several of the village encampments, men with hollow chests 
and deeply sunken eyes would beg for medicine to cure their coughs 
and pains. I suspected that many of these were tubercular. 


Ventral Disorders.—Owing to the restricted diet of dates (tamr) 
and unleavened cakes (chupattis), and the quantity of tea (chaz) and 
coffee (kahwa) imbibed, ventral disorders were common. One indi- 
vidual (No. 16) admitted that the drinking of coffee caused nausea, 
and that the blowing of the east wind! brought a similar complaint. 
Another man said that he had had fever and vomiting attacks dur- 
ing the cholera outbreak in 1927. 


1 Cf. Field, 1939a, p. 566. 


116 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


During the burning heat of the summer, diarrhea was prevalent 
among infants and accounted for the high infant death rate in the 
village encampments. 


Jaundice was never observed among the Arabs, but one indi- 
vidual (No. 26) said that several years ago his skin “turned yellow 
in color” and that he was incapacitated for several weeks. Another 
individual stated that his left wrist was branded as a cure for this 
disease. 


While stones in the bladder were said to be common affections, 
I never heard of a single case of appendicitis. The operation for 
the removal of the appendix was totally unknown. 


Venereal Diseases.—In a discussion of the probable relationship 
between syphilis, bejel and yaws, Hudson (1939, pp. 1840-45) states 
that “my statistics, covering thousands of cases, show at least 
60 per cent of those who reach adult life have passed through 
this stage [bejel, an eruption in the mouth or on the body, lasting 
about one year] in childhood and are therefore syphilitic.” 


According to Harrison (p. 318) there appears to be a localized 
immunity! to the disease, as tertiary syphilis, including locomotor 
ataxia and paresis, is extremely uncommon, despite the prevalence 
of primary and secondary manifestations of the disease. 


We found only one apparent case of syphilis in Iraq. It was at 
the end of our trip to the Tigris River (see Field, 1935a, map, p. 84), 
during the latter part of June, 1928. Soon after dawn one morning 
I set out in a seven-passenger touring car with Mr. Showket as 
photographer and interpreter, a mechanic, and five men equipped 
with shovels, ropes, wire-netting, and food and water for several days. 


In order to cross the irrigation canals we followed the Jemdet 
Nasr track and at the north end of Tell Barguthiat we turned in a 
northeasterly direction and continued toward the Tigris River. 


There was no track or route of any kind but after driving for 
several hours over the hard, rough, alluvial plain we saw the black 
tents of Sheikh Hajji Hunta’s encampment, which stood near the 
right bank of the Tigris. The Sheikh, a venerable old man, who 
passed many hours in prayer, received us warmly and bade us 
remain as his guests until the following morning. 

1 Among the Al bu Muhammad Arabs living in the Hor al Hawiza to the 
east of Amara, we found many individuals with either bejel or syphilis, although 
no cases of the advanced stages of the disease were observed. Two Government 


doctors were engaged in treating about two hundred cases daily. The most 
successful treatment was with intravenous injections of bismuth. 


HEALTH OF KISH ARABS 117 


After preliminary arrangements I began to measure and photo- 
graph the men sitting around the Sheikh’s tent and to reward them 
with Arab cigarettes. The large feast at noon, combined with a 
shade temperature of 118° F., delayed my anthropometric work for 
three hours. 


In the evening they brought me the sick and suffering of all 
ages, and I prescribed for each out of my medicine chests. There 
were many complaints of aches in the head, eyes, and stomach, and 
I observed several cases showing the symptoms of rheumatoid arth- 
ritis. In these individuals, all past middle age, the knee joints were 
affected and the small joints of the fingers were stiff and altered in 
shape. Finally, one man, who gave his approximate age as sixty- 
five, came into the tent and begged on his knees for medical atten- 
tion. He unwrapped his headcloth and bent his head down toward 
me. Near the bregma there was a large gummy tumor, unprotected 
from the filthy head-dress to which it adhered. The iris was greatly 
inflamed and the patient complained of partial blindness. He 
appeared to have an advanced case of syphilis. The risk of spread- 
ing the infection among the members of the tribe was considerable, 
if not certain. Yet the Sheikh refused to permit a doctor to visit 
his camp. Instead, he turned to me and said that he would send 
the diseased old man to water the camels at a desert well, and that 
he would not be allowed to return. 


Such treatment is not dictated generally, for the Arabs know 
the value of mercury, if only for secondary lesions; primary and 
tertiary stages of syphilis are not recognized as the same disease 
(ef. Harrison, p. 310). Mercury is inhaled through tobacco smoke. 
Although it produces horrible salivation, it seems to clear up sec- 
ondary lesions quite effectively. If this medicated tobacco is shaken 
in water it will yield a considerable amount of finely divided mercury. 


Other Types of Native Treatment.—According to Harrison (p. 309) 
the Arabs use branding (cf. kawi or chawi) to treat all kinds of 
complaints. The principle is counter-irritation, and the practice is 
often beneficial. In pleurisy the application of a hot iron acts as a 
powerful and, from a medical viewpoint, valuable counter-irritant. 


For purposes of hemostasis the Arabs have learned to make 
incisions with a red-hot knife. Since amputation of the hand was 
the customary punishment for theft, it was the most common 
major surgical operation. The stump was dipped in boiling oil to 
check the hemorrhage, as was the general practice in the Middle 
Ages in Europe. 


118 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Blood-letting was practiced by a few individuals. No. 647 had 
scars on his right cheek where his mother had tried to relieve head 
pains by gashing his cheek with a razor. No. 32 had a round scar 
on the left side of the chin and lined scars on the right temple, from 
which blood had been taken to eradicate and cure frequent headaches. 


The study of anatomy was unknown! among the Arabs, and 
human dissection was regarded with horror. But the treatment of 
fractures was important because they were often the result of gun- 
shot, which affected the soft tissues surrounding the wounds. No 
effort was made to reduce a fracture but an excellent substitute for 
splints was applied in the following manner (cf. Harrison, p. 311). 
The patient was laid on the sand, and small stakes were driven into 
the ground along the sides of the fractured bone, which was held in 
place by means of cords. A tent was erected over the injured per- 
son to protect him from the intense rays of the sun. The patient 
remained in this position for several months until the natural pro- 
cesses of healing had knitted the broken bone. Since the fractures 
were not reduced the positions of the joined bone fragments were 
often remarkable, but after a period of complete immobility the 
great majority of fractures were united. 


Remedies.—There were many quack remedies for sale in every 
small market and wandering dealers passed through each town, 
village, and near-by encampment armed with miraculous powders, 
draughts, and charms against all forms of sickness. These medicines 
often contained simple and innocent constituents purchased in the 
bazaar or market a few hours earlier. The women also believed in 
the curative properties of various herbs which were prepared and 
administered by them to the various members of their households 
(ef. Hooper and Field). 

Attitude toward Medical Treatment.—Throughout this entire 
region a doctor was unknown. As a matter of fact, if a strange 
doctor were to visit a small encampment he would be prohibited 
from seeing the sick people because of their extreme superstition. 
The Arabs preferred to remain in their huts, suffering in silence. 
The only exception we found was when Mr. Schroeder and I were 
asked to visit the village of Sheikh Hajji Miniehil in an attempt to 
save the life of the newly born son of one of the workmen. Werodeon 
horses to the village. Equipped with our medicine chest we entered 

1This statement refers to Arabs of central Iraq. On the other hand the 
excellent medical work of the graduates of the Royal College of Medicine in 


Baghdad and other medical centers in Iraq has now (in 1939) begun to change 
the picture. 


HEALTH OF KISH ARABS 119 


a tiny mud hut with a low entrance. It was filled with smoke 
from an oil lamp, and there were about twenty people crowding 
around the mother and baby, who were on the floor. We ordered 
everyone out of the hut and attempted to take the baby’s tempera- 
ture under the arm. After some time we managed to quiet the 
mother and examine the baby, who was feverish and evidently in 
considerable pain. We prescribed a quarter of a cascara sagrada 
tablet morning and evening, and left, saying that Allah is omniscient 
and omnipotent. In this way we removed from ourselves all respon- 
sibility for the baby’s death, which seemed almost certain. However, 
the baby lived, and as a result our medical fame went abroad far 
and wide. 

Constitution.—There were few obese Arabs, although some cor- 
pulent persons were always to be seen in the Hilla bazaar. The 
usual thinness was due primarily to the struggle for existence and 
to the lack of fattening foods during childhood and adolescence. 
Mitteb (No. 13) was a small, frail-looking young man who wore a 
string around his wrist so that he could measure if he were growing 
thinner or fatter. He was subject to frequent attacks of fever and 
headaches and the resultant debility. Abid-en-Nasser (No. 192) 
was disproportionately large, and his general overgrowth, particu- 
larly in his hands and feet, suggested an unbalanced metabolism, 
possibly due to the abnormal functioning of his endocrine glands. 
Since there was considerable enlargement and overdevelopment of 
the hands and feet as well as a pronounced extension of the supra- 
orbital crest, this case suggested acromegaly. 


I do not believe that the Arabs were in general as sensitive to 
pain as Europeans. This may have been due to their inherent 
belief in the power, might, and wisdom of Allah, and their innate 
stoicism. One unique characteristic was displayed by their cruelty 
to wild life but disproportionate fondness for their own domesticated 
animals. 


The men and women had tremendous physical endurance, which 
was largely due to the hard struggles for existence from early child- 
hood, which the weaker do not survive. They were remarkably 
good walkers and runners but they had little strength in their arms 
and legs for lifting or pushing weights. 


The women, who were tireless workers, aged rapidly, so that they 
appeared worn out and wrinkled soon after they reached twenty 
years of age. 


120 ‘ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


The men were naturally lazy, and, judging from general opinion, 
appeared to be more subject to attacks of fever than the women. 


The workmen at the excavations were under continuous super- 
vision, which was most necessary. They were incapable of working 
at high speed for more than a few minutes, but when allowed to 
work at their own speed they could continue to excavate daily for 
eight and a half hours (cf. Field, 1929b). 


Development of Public Welfare-—Local health authorities are 
making every effort to guard against the spread of virulent diseases 
brought about through pilgrimages and inadequate medical care. 


Formerly, cholera often spread from India to Europe, carried 
by individuals among the vast throngs of pilgrims who visited the 
sacred shrines of Iraq, Syria, and Mecca. A Mohammedan who 
died on the road to or from a pilgrimage became a martyr to his 
faith. Thus, individuals were inspired to continue the pilgrimage 
in the face of sickness, even to death. Usually the pilgrims were 
poor Mohammedans, who carried no luggage except money in a 
small bag or leathern wallet. The conditions under which they 
were forced to travel were by no means conducive to cleanliness, 
and since they were united in the common desire to worship in 
Mecca, they would befriend each other on any pretext. Thus, the 
danger of the introduction into Europe of diseases such as cholera, 
plague, and smallpox was an ever-present one, since among the many 
thousands of pilgrims who visited these shrines each year, there 
were many individuals who carried the diseases, and who came in 
contact with travelers en route to European ports (cf. Clemow). 


The danger of the spread of disease increased when pilgrims from 
India and Persia (Iran) began to travel by the thousands every 
year through Baghdad and Damascus to Haifa and by sea to Jidda, 
the port of Mecca on the Red Sea. The sea route, which had been 
in vogue for centuries, became almost entirely superseded by the 
trans-desert automobile services. 


At present the Iraq Medical Health Officers at Baghdad and 
Ramadi inspect all passengers and detain any suspected cases of 
contagious diseases. From March to October, in the year 1892, 
Asiatic cholera spread from India all through Europe to the United 
States, leaving in its wake a trail of victims. During the summer 
of 1928 there was an outbreak of plague in India and Persia, and it 
was necessary for every traveler to be inoculated against the Bacillus 
pestis before entering or leaving Iraq. Each passport carried an 
Iraq Health Service quarantine pass, giving the name of the person 


HEALTH OF KISH ARABS 121 


and stating that he or she “‘proceeding out of Iraq is found on exami- 
nation to be free from infectious disease. Quarantine measures 
taken: Inoculated against plague.”” The date was appended to 
each form. 

During the past decade the Director General of Health and the 
faculty and graduates of the Royal College of Medicine in Baghdad 
have entirely reorganized medical care and prevention of disease 
throughout Iraq; the hospitals in Baghdad, Mosul, Basra, Kirkuk, 
and Amara have made rapid strides in the dissemination of medical 
practice throughout the country. Furthermore, the staff doctors 
of the Iraq Petroleum Company, not only near the trans-desert 
pipe-line stations but also at Kirkuk, have taught tens of thousands 
of their native workmen to appreciate the benefits of medical care 
and the elements of preventive medicine. 


The wisdom of the general health policy of the government of 
Iraq will be reflected in the better health of their future settled and 
nomadic citizens. 


APPENDIX D: ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA FROM 
ROYAL HOSPITAL, BAGHDAD 


BY 
Dr. B. H. RASSAM? 


INTRODUCTION 


The raw data were recorded on 497 individuals during the period 
beginning February 3 and ending June 30, 1932. 

The following information and measurements were recorded on 
each individual: name, age, sex, nationality, religion, tribe, town, 
head length, and head breadth. 

All individuals nineteen years of age and under have been grouped 
as children. 

In preparing these data for publication, the figures have been 
reclassified so that twenty groups result. The cephalic indices and 
the statistical summaries were calculated at Harvard by Dr. Carl 
C. Seltzer and Miss Elizabeth Reniff. 


INDIVIDUALS MEASURED BY Dr. B. H. Rassam (497) 


No. Localities 
* Ta ee ge nem Arabs from Baghdad (pp. 123-124). 
BO eres ieee Arabs from Ad Diwaniya (1), Al Mahmudiya (2), Amara (8), 


Basra (5), Diala (1), Ezza (1), Hilla (2), Karbala (1), Kar- 
rada (1), Khanaqin (1), Kut (1), Mendali (3), Mosul (10), 
Ramadi (1), Rawa (1), Samarra (2), Shafii (1), Shahraban 
(1), and Tikrit (1) (pp. 124-125). 


Rear aoard Sb eta Arab females from Baghdad (p. 125). 
BBE Reacovies ae Arab females from Kut al Hai (1), Hilla (3), Mosul (10), 
Samarra (1), Shergat (2), and Tikrit (1) (pp. 125-126). 
Bt Paige See ea Arab children from Baghdad (p. 126). 
Bare tee eee: Arabs of Sheikh Saad (1), Beni Saad (5), and Dulaim 
tribes (2) (p. 126). 
Be ere eames Arab children of Al Mahmudiya (1), Beni Saad (30), Chefil 
(1), and An Najaf tribes (1) (p. 126). 
{ Ore bie, ae Pe Beduins from Mosul Liwa (p. 127). 
YL RE ae ee eee Kurds from Erbil (4), Veer (26), Khanagqin (2), Mosul (5), 
and Sulaimaniya (12) (p. 127). 
We as Rothe Sage Kurd females from Kirkuk 8) 5 ma Erbil (1) (p. 127). 
v4 | Wigsie Seon Risen Aa Christians from Baghdad (p. 
Bee Canc Waren Christians from Mosul (36) a Tel, oe (8) (p. 128). 
BS Gente sina s Christian females from Mosul ( oe 
Reape See Christian females from Baghdad (p. 
BO a A Aes Pe Jews from Baghdad (17), Erbil (D, 1 ‘Kirkuk (1) (p. 129). 
{Rr ts nl Jewesses from Baghdad (p. 129). 


1 Graduate of the Royal College of Medicine, Baghdad, and member of the 
Medical Staff of the Royal Hospital, Baghdad. My deep gratitude to Dr. Rassam 
for placing the original records at my disposal must be recorded (H.F.). 


122 


ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA: ROYAL HOSPITAL 123 


Localities 


cihacgigditsiate. cis atten Kurds from Tehran (13), Irani Tabriz (13), Waly (1), Pestako 


(3), Hussain Kuli Khan (1), Ali Sharwan (1), and Ker- 
manshah (1) (p. 180). 


Be ead Ae eee eo Irani Kurd females from Tabriz (p. 130). 
Sais strates Sisters Irani Christians from Urmia (3) and Tabriz (1) (p. 180). 
Se eae a en Turks from Van (2) and Istanbul (1), and one Christian 


female from an unidentified locality (p. 130). 


148 ARABS (BAGHDAD) 
GOL GB. -¢.i. No. Age G.O.L. G.B. CuI. 


185 140 75.7 3841 32 185 150 81.1 
183 1438 78.4 3842 32 178 145 81.5 
185 155 86.1 3843 32 175 140 80.0 
175 145 82.9 3844 32 180 140 17.8 
183 148 80.9 3845 33 170 140 82.4 
183 148 80.9 3846 35 183 145 79.2 
185 140 75.7 3847 35 180 135 75.0 
180 145 80.6 3848 35 185 150 81.1 
175 150 85.7 3849 35 183 150 82.0 
180 145 80.6 3850 35 180 148 79.4 
180 145 80.6 3851 35 185 150 81.1 
185 160 86.5 3852 35 190 150 78.9 
183 160 87.4 3853 35 180 145 80.6 
175 145 82.9 8854 35 188 143 176.1 
180 185 75.0 3855 35 180 145 80.6 
170 $1380 76.5 3856 35 188 145 77.1 
185 135 73.0 3857 35 180 140 17.8 
178 150 84.3 3858 35 168 145 86.3 
180 150 83.3 3859 35 180 140 17.8 
180 150 83.3 3860 35 175 140 80.0 
190 148 77.9 3861 35 175 140 80.0 
180 145 80.6 3862 35 185 140 175.7 
175 145 82.9 3863 35 190 145 76.3 
180 150 83.3 3864 35 180 150 83.3 
175 140 80.0 8865 35 178 140 78.7 
183 158 86.3 3866 35 180 148 82.2 
180 145 80.6 3867 35 178 140 178.7 
180 140 177.8 3868 35 190 145 76.3 
180 145 80.6 38869 35 168 140 83.3 
180 145 80.6 3870 35 180. 148 79.4 
1838 153 83.6 3871 36 190 140 13.7 
180 143 79.4 8872 36 175 145 82.9 
180 140 17.8 3873 36 175 140 80.0 
180 143 79.4 3874 36 175 145 82.9 
180 148 82.2 3875 36 170 140 82.4 
183 145 79.2 3876 38 190 150 78.9 
183 140 76.5 3877 38 175 140 80.0 
175 140 80.0 8878 38 175 148 81.7 
1838 145 79.2 3879 38 180 145 80.6 
185 160 86.5 3880 39 180 148 79.4 
180 150 83.3 3881 40 173 1385 78.0 
190 150 78.9 3882 40 185 148 17.3 
185 143 77.3 3883 40 180 150 83.3 
185 150 81.1 3884 40 190 145 76.3 
178 145 81.5 3885 40 170 145 85.3 
170 +143 84.1 3886 40 183 140 76.5 
185 140 75.7 3887 40 190 150 78.9 
185 145 78.4 3888 40 178 148 80.3 
173 145 83.8 3889 40 178 140 78.7 
180 143 79.4 3890 40 185 145 78.4 
185 148 80.0 8891 40 180 140 17.8 


ASCOONOINOWANOWONNORDNYS 


124 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 
148 ARABS (BAGHDAD)—continued 
No, Age: °G.0:3.- ‘G:B.* 407. No. “Age G.O.L. GB.” GL 
8892 40 188 140 76.5 $915; 45°. 178 140 -78:7 
8893 40 180 145 80.6 8916 45 178 140 78.7 
8894 40 180 145 80.6 8917 45 185 140 75.7 
8895 40 180 148 79.4 3918 46 180 148 79.4 
8896 40 180 148 79.4 8919 46 170 140 82.4 
8897 42 1838 150 82.0 8920 48 185 145 78.4 
8898 42 188 150 79.8 8921 50 190 180 68.4 
8899 42 180 140 177.8 $922 50 185 140 175.7 
8900 42 185 145 78.4 3928. 50 180 140 177.8 
$901 42 178 140 80.9 3924 50 175 140 80.0 
8902. 42 178 148 88.1 3925 50 180 145 80.6 
8908 42 180 150 88.38 8926 50 190 145 76.3 
8904 45 180 145 80.6 3927 50 175 140 80.0 
8905 45 180 145 80.6 8928 50 180 148 79.4 
8906 45 188 150 79.8 3929 55 180 150 83.3 
8907 45 178 145 81.5 8930 55 180 148 82.2 
$908 45° 178 -.148 88.1 3931. 56. 178 148° 80.3 
3909 45 180 140 177.8 39382 58 180 148 82.2 
8910 45 1838 145 179.2 39383 60 1838 145 179.2 
8911 45 180 145 80.6 3934 60 175 140 80.0 
$912 45 190 148 177.9 3935 638 170 140 82.4 
$918 45 180 148. 79.4 3936 65 180 140 177.8 
$914 45 -178 - 160: 84.3 3937 70 175 140 80.0 
MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF 148 ARABS (BAGHDAD) 
Measurements No. Range Mean $.D. C.V. 
SP BE oe rine raat 148 20-74 37.65+0.57 10.2040.40 27.09+1.06 
Head length........ 148 167-196 180.42+0.28 5.1840.20 2.84+0.11 
Head breadth....... 148 129-161 148.83+40.29 5.3140.21 3.69+0.14 
Indices 
Cephalies: =: oc5-cs 148 68-88 79.7140.18 3.2440.13 4.06+0.16 
THIRTY-NINE ARABS (NINETEEN TOWNS) 
No. Town Age 'G.O:L. G.B. C.L. No. Town Age G.O.L. G.B. C.1. 
3992 Ad Diwan- 4010 Kut 40 190 150 78. 
iya 82 193 140 72.5 4011 Mendali 25 180 148 8&2 
8993 Al Mahmu- 4012 Mendali 28 180 145 80 
diya 80 1838 1838 72.7 4013 Mendali 45 180 148 79 
3994 Al Mahmu- 4014 Mosul 384 180 140 77 
diya 27 190 140 78.7 4015 Mosul 35 183 145 79 
3995 Amara 26 175 150 85.7 4016 Mosul 40 180 148 8&2 
3996 Amara 29 185 140 75.7 4017 Mosul 38 175 140 80 
3997 Amara 30 180 140 77.8 4018 Mosul 42 190 145 76 
8998 Basra 20 168 140 88.3 4019 Mosul 45 180 140 77 
3999 Basra 22 180 148 82.2 4020 Mosul 45 1838 145 79 
4000 Basra 28 170 148 84.1 4021 Mosul 50 185 140 75 
4001 Basra 35 188 160 85.1 4022 Mosul 52 178 150 84 
4002 Basra 48 188 150 82.0 4023 Mosul 54 190 148 77 
4003 Diala 45 190 185 71.1 4024 Ramadi 30 188 140 76 
4004 Ezza 85 170 1380 76.5 4025 Rawa 24 185 160 &6 
4005 Hilla 30 178 188 77.5 4026 Samarra 30 195 1385 69 
4006 Hilla 45 180 150 88.3 4027 Samarra 85 188. 185: 71 
4007 Karbala 382 185 145 78.4 4028 Shafii 80 188 140 74 
4008 Karrada 80 188 185 71.8 4029 Shahraban 22 190 150 78 
4009 Khanagin 25 180 145 80.6 4030 Tikrit 25* 178 188 77 


* Age uncertain. 


ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA: ROYAL HOSPITAL 125 
MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF THIRTY-NINE ARABS (IRAQ) 

Measurements No. Range Mean s8.D. CN: 

BE aris ais ss 5 ok 39 20-59 35.20+0.98 9.05+0.69 25.71+41.96 
peee leneth ck... ss 39 167-196 182.61+0.66 6.09+0.47 2.79+0.21 
Head breadth......... 39 129-161 1438.23+40.73 6.72+0.51 4.69+0.36 

Indices 
Demee, 425 ocac seks 39 68-88 78.244+0.47 4.32+0.383 5.52+40.42 

FORTY-SEVEN ARAB FEMALES (BAGHDAD) 

No. Age G.O.L. G.B. C.I. No. Age G.O.L. GB. ox, 
3938 22 170 140 82.4 3962 38 165 145 87.9 
3939 22 175 140 980.0 3963 =. 38 175 145 82.9 
8940 25 175 140 80.0 3964 38 180 155 =. 86.1 
8941 25 170 145 85.3 3965 40 175 448: S17 
3942 25 180 185 75.0 3966 40 180 1388 76.7 
39438 26 175 150 85.7 3967 40 190 148 77.9 
3944 27 168 148 85.1 3968 40 170 140 82.4 
3945 28 180 145 80.6 3969 40 170 140 82.4 
3946 29 180 145 80.6 3970 640 175 140 =80.0 
3947 30 175 140 80.0 3971 40 168 140 §=83.3 
3948 30 180 150° 83.3 3972 40 173 140 =80.9 
3949 30 170 148 = 87.1 3973 40 170 140 82.4 
3950 30 175 143 = 81.7 3974. 42 175 145 82.9 
3951 30 170 140 82.4 3975 42 170 140 82.4 
3952s 31 180 140 77.8 3976 8645 170 148 = 87.1 
3953 = 333 185 145 78.4 3977 45 175 145 82.9 
3954 35 165 140 §84.8 3978 45 165 140 84.8 
3955 635 170 143 84.1 3979 46 173 140 80.9 
3956 35 170 145 85.3 3980 46 165 140 §84.8 
8957 = 85 180 145 80.6 3981 50 170 140 82.4 
3958 35 168 140 §=83.3 3982 20 180 150 = 88.3 
3959 = 35 178 140 78.7 8983 20 165 145 87.9 
3960 35 180 150 83.3 3984 20 180 140 «77.7 
3961 36 170 140 82.4 


MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF FORTY-SEVEN ARAB FEMALES (BAGHDAD) 


- Measurements 


Pm te ee ok A we eC 


Indices 


Cephalic 


No. 
4031 
4032 
4033 
4034 
4035 
4036 
4037 
4038 
4039 


Town 

Kut al Hai 
Hilla 

Hilla 

Hilla 
Mosul 
Mosul 
Mosul 
Mosul 
Mosul 


VW £300 2 ee 


RiP -S & o.6 606 € 9 we. 3 


Range 
20-54 


164-190 174.00+0.54 
135-155 142.57+0.43 


74-88 


Mean 8.D. C.V. 
35.70+0.77 7.85+40.55 21.99+1.53 
5.49+0.388 3.16+0.22 
4.35+0.30 3.05+0.21 
82.20+0.28 2.82+0.20 3.48+0.24 


EIGHTEEN ARAB FEMALES (SIX TOWNS) 
Age G.O.L.. G.B. .C.1. 


180 


148 


82.2 


No. 
4040 
4041 
4042 
4043 
4044 
4045 
4046 
4047 
4048 


Town 


Mosul 
Mosul 
Mosul 
Mosul 
Mosul 
Samarra 
Pa 
ergat 
Tikrit 


Age G.O.L. G.B. C.I1. 


42 
42 
45 
48 
55 
40 
35 
50 
45 


178 


140 


78.7 


126 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 
MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF EIGHTEEN ARAB FEMALES (SIX TOWNS) 
Measurements No. Range Mean 8.D. C.V. 
ONS tay Pidiy ronnie 18 25-59 39.8041.25 7.85+0.88 19.72+42.22 
Head length.......... 18 170-187 174.66+0.69 4.32+0.49 2.47+0.28 
Head breadth......... 18 188-149 141.82+0.52 3.24+40.36 2.28+0.26 
Indices 
OU CR Be Rete 18 77-85 81.514+0.29 1.80+0.20 2.2140.25 
Four ARAB CHILDREN (BAGHDAD) 
No. Age G.O.L. G.B. Ci. 
3985 14 190 145 76.3 
3986 14 180 140 77.8 
3987 15 170 140 82.3 
3988 16 183 148 80.8 
Averages.. 14.8 180.8 143.3 79.3 
EIGHT TRIBAL ARABS (IRAQ) 
No. Tribe Age G.O.L. G.B. Cs. 
4082 Sheikh Saad 36 200 148 74.0 
4083 Beni Saad 30 170 140 82.4 
4084 Beni Saad 30 190 140 73.7 
4085 Beni Saad 40 195 140 71.8 
4086 Beni Saad 46 185 140 75.7 
4087 Beni Saad 50 185 145 78.4 
4088  Dulaim 34 193 145 75.1 
4089 Dulaim 60 183 145 719.2 
Averages.. 40.8 187.6 142.9 76.3 


THIRTY-THREE ARAB CHILDREN OF VARIOUS TRIBES (IRAQ) 


No. Town Age G.O.L.G.B. C.I. 
4049 Al Mahmu- 

diya 12) ATE S077. 1 
4050 Beni Saad 6 170 125 73.5 
4051 Beni Saad 6 > CATS AS67741 
4052 Beni Saad 6 180 120 66.7 
4053 Beni Saad 7 180 140 77.8 
4054 Beni Saad 8 180 140 77.8 
4055 Beni Saad $7). b802128 279.1 
4056 Beni Saad 10. 175 145 82.9 
4057 Beni Saad 10 175 148 84.6 
4058 Beni Saad 12-14 188 145 77.1 
4059 Beni Saad 12-14 175 185 77.1 
4060 Beni Saad 12-14 188 188 73.4 
4061 Beni Saad 12-14 175 1380 74.3 
4062 Beni Saad 12-14 185 140 75.7 
4063 Beni Saad 12-14 170 140 82.4 
4064 Beni Saad 12-14 165 180 78.8 


No. 


4065 
4066 
4067 
4068 
4069 
4070 
4071 
4072 
4073 
4074 
4075 
4076 
4077 
4078 
4079 
4080 
4081 


Town 


Beni Saad 
Beni Saad 
Beni Saad 
Beni Saad 
Beni Saad 
Beni Saad 
Beni Saad 
Beni Saad 
Beni Saad 
Beni Saad 
Beni Saad 
Chefil 

Beni Saad 
Beni Saad 
Beni Saad 
Beni Saad 
An Najaf 


12-14 
12-14 
12-14 
12-14 


175 
180 
170 


140 
145 
130 
135 


AIIAIAIIARAMONWOURS 


Age G.O.L. G.B. C.I. 
80. 
80. 


Averages of the above figures would be valueless since the ages 
range from six to nineteen. Under the town heading, tribal names, 
such as Beni Saad, have been included. Presumably these Arab 
children belong to semi-nomadic groups, which can not be classed 
either as Beduins or town-dwellers. 


ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA: ROYAL HOSPITAL 


No. 
4090 
4091 
4092 
4093 
4094 
4095 
4096 
No. Town 
4193 Erbil 
4194 Erbil 
4195 Erbil 
4196 Erbil 
4197 Kirkuk 
4198 Kirkuk 
4199 Kirkuk 
4200 Kirkuk 
4201 Kirkuk 
4202 Kirkuk 
4203 Kirkuk 
4204 Kirkuk 
4205 Kirkuk 
4206 Kirkuk 
4207 Kirkuk 
4208 Kirkuk 
4209 Kirkuk 
4210 Kirkuk 
4211 Kirkuk 
4212 Kirkuk 
4213 Kirkuk 
4214 Kirkuk 
4215 Kirkuk 
4216 Kirkuk 
4217 Kirkuk 


SEVEN BEDUINS (Mosut Liwa) 


Liwa Age 
Mosul 30 
Mosul 32 
Mosul 35 
Mosul 35 
Mosul 35 
Mosul 35 
Mosul 40 

Averages... 34.6 


G.O.L. G.B. 
188 145 
183 140 
185 145 
185 140 
180 140 
180 143 
175 140 
182.3 141.9 


FORTY-NINE KURDS (FIVE TOWNS) 


Age G.O.L. G.B. C.I. 
32 190 140 


PR WOISOWONTPOR TWH RHOMWW IOWA 


No. 


4218 
4219 
4220 
4221 
4222 
4223 
4224 
4225 
4226 
4227 
4228 
4229 
4230 
4231 
4232 
4233 
4234 
4235 
4236 
4237 
4238 


Town 
Kirkuk 
Kirkuk 
Kirkuk 
Kirkuk 
Kirkuk 
Khanaqin 
Mosul 
Mosul 
Mosul 
Mosul 
Mosul 
Sulaimaniya 
Sulaimaniya 
Sulaimaniya 
Sulaimaniya 
Sulaimaniya 
Sulaimaniya 
Sulaimaniya 
Sulaimaniya 
Sulaimaniya 
Sulaimaniya 
4239 Sulaimaniya 
4240 Sulaimaniya 
4241* Khanaqin 


* No. 4241 (age 17) was omitted from the averages. 


127 


Age G.O.L. G.B. C.I. 
42 170 150 88. 


SWODOHOAH ROH AIONINIWOMOMOLD 


MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF FORTY-EIGHT KURDS (IRAQ) | 


Measurements 


Indices 


Cephalic 


No. 


48 
48 


Range 

20-69 
164-190 1 
138-158 1 


74-91 


Mean S.D. C.V. 
40.55+1.03 10.60+0.73 25.42+1.75 
79.43+0.57 5.82+0.40 3.24+0.22 
46.95+0.53 5.484+0.37 3.70+0.25 
82.05+0.384 3.484+0.24 4.24+40.29 


Four FEMALE KURDS (KIRKUK AND ERBIL) 


Town Age 
Kirkuk 25 
Kirkuk 28 
Erbil 40 
Kirkuk 40 

Averages... 33.2 


G.O.L. G.B. 
185 143 
188 145 
175 150 
183 140 
182.8 144.5 


128 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


TWENTY CHRISTIANS (BAGHDAD) 


No. Age G.O.L. G.B. 


Q 


POOH WAAR WOM ™ 


MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF TWENTY CHRISTIANS (BAGHDAD) 


Range 
20-64 


Measurements No. 
WO RK eG Ae ea 20 
Head length = ¢..:6.5:.-.:.>. 20 
Head breadth......... 
Indices 
Cephialie 25. 8 icoeek 20 


173-190 182.25+0.82 
129-155 145.00+0.90 


68-88 


THIRTY-NINE CHRISTIANS (MOSUL AND TELL KAIF) 


No. Town Age G.O.L. 


4149 Mosul 20 190 


4167 Mosul 86 185 
4168 Mosul 88 180 


* Nos. 4186 and 4187 have been omitted from the averages—ages 12 and 18. 


G.B. 
150 


145 
143 


C.I. 
78.9 


oo 
oo 
AORPARDOOWAWWOr RWS 


No. Age G.O.L. G.B. C.I. 
4133 80 173 140 80.9 
4134 35 188 150 79.8 
4135 85 185 140 75.7 
41386 36 175 140 § 80.0 
41387 36 180 150 3=83.3 
4138 40 183 150 82.0 
4139 42 188 148 78.7 
4140 45 180 140 177.8 
4141 45 175 140 =80.0 
4142 55 180 140 77.8 

Mean 8.D. C.V. 

84.00+1.42 9.40+4+1.00 27.65+2.95. 
5.48+0.58 2.98+0.32 

6.00+40.64 4.14+0.44 
79.50+0.51 3.36240.36 4.23+40.45 

No. Town Age G.O.L. G.B. C.I 

4169 Mosul 40 178 155 89.5 
4170 Mosul 40 180 150 83.3 
4171 Mosul 40 175 140 80.0 
4172 Mosul 40 175 145 82.9 
4173 Mosul 40 180 140 177.8 
4174 Mosul 40 178 148 88.1 
4175 Mosul 45 180 148 79.2 
4176 Mosul 45 180 145 80.6 
4177 Mosul 45 175 140 80.0 
4178 Mosul 45 175 150 85.7 
4179 Mosul 46 180 1538 85.0 
4180 Mosul 50 180 150 88.3 
4181 Mosul 60 180 145 80.6 
4182 Mosul 65 185 148 80.0 
4183 -Tell Kaif 35 180 150 838.3 
4184 Tell Kaif 60 1838 140 76.5 
4185 Tell Kaif 65 180 150 83.3 
4186* Mosul 12 165 1388 88.6 
4187* Mosul 18 170 140 82.4 


MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF THIRTY-SEVEN CHRISTIANS (IRAQ) 


Range 
20-69 


Measurements No. 
BE 2 ag ce hoe 37 
Head length......... 37 
Head breadth........ 37 

Indices 


COpnahc¢ . 2:68 sks 37 


74-91 


Mean 


39.4541. 
173-190 180.24+0.49 
138-155 146.47+0.55 


81.48+0. 


S.D. 


28 11.50+0.90 29 


4.38+0.34 2 
4.9220.39 3 


32 2.9140.23 38 


C.V. 
-15+2.29 
-43+0.19 
-386+0.26 


.57+0.28 


ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA: ROYAL HOSPITAL 129 


FIVE CHRISTIAN FEMALES (MOSUL) 


No. Age G.O.L. G.B. C.I. 
4188 35 175 143 81.7 
4189 35 175 140 80.0 
4190 40 173 150 86.7 
4191 42 170 150 88.2 
4192 18 168 148 88.1 


Averages... 34 172.2 146.2 84.9 


Srx CHRISTIAN FEMALES (BAGHDAD) 


No. Age G.O.L. G.B. C.I. 
4143 30 175 140 80.0 
4144 35 170 143 84.1 
4145 40 170 143 84.1 
4146 40 180 140 77.8 
4147 45 175 140 80.0 
4148 46 180 145 80.6 


Averages... 39.3 175 141.8 81.1 


NINETEEN JEWS (BAGHDAD, ERBIL, AND KIRKUK) 

No. Town Age G.O.L. G.B.  C.I. No. Town Age G.O.L. G.B. C.I. 
4097 Baghdad 23 170 140 82.3 4107 Baghdad 40 180 145 80. 
4098 Baghdad 25 180 148 79.4 4108 Baghdad 45 180 150 88. 
4099 Baghdad 26 183 148 80.9 4109 Baghdad 45 170 148 84. 
4100 Baghdad 30 180 140 77.8 4110 Baghdad 50 175 140 80. 
4101 Baghdad 32 178 145 81.5 4111 Baghdad 55 180 145 80. 
4102 Baghdad 32 185 145 78.4 4112 Erbil 26 180 140 177. 
4103 Baghdad 35 183 148 78.1 4118 Kirkuk 82) 180: 1405-07; 
4104 Baghdad 35 170 140 82.4 4114* Baghdad 12 183 1385 73. 
4105 Baghdad 38 170 140 82.4 4115* Baghdad 18 178 143 80. 
4106 Baghdad 40 175 140 80.0 


* Nos. 4114 and 4115 have been omitted from the averages—ages 12 and 18. 


WODOHROrWA 


MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF SEVENTEEN JEWS (IRAQ) 
Measurements No. Range Mean 8.D. C.V. 
pe nee en oe 17 20-59 37.00+1.54 9.4041.09 25.414+2.94 
Head WOOL iota ces sk 17 170-187 177.7240.76 4.654+0.54 2.62+0.30 
Head breadth......... 17 188-152 142.18+0.59 2.6840.42 2.551+0.29 
Indices 


SNIMING 50 Sep chen ark 17 77-85 80.28+0.32 1.92+0.22 2.39+0.28 


SEVEN JEWESSES (BAGHDAD) 


No. Age G.O.L. G.B. C.I. 
4116 20 190 148 17.9 
4117 925 170 140 82.4 
4118 25 180 135 75.0 
4119 35 170 140 82.4 
4120 40 170 145 85.3 
4121 40 165 140 84.8 
4122 48 165 143 86.7 


130 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


THIRTY-THREE KURDS (IRAN) 


No. Town Age G.O.L.G.B.  C.I. No. Town 
4247 Tehran 25 168 140 88. 4265 Tabriz 


4248 Tehran 26 168 140 83. 4266 Tabriz 
4249 Tehran 28 190 150 78. 4267 Tabriz 
4250 Tehran 32 165 140 84. 4268 Tabriz 


4269 Tabriz 
4270 Tabriz 
4271 Tabriz 
4272 Waly 
4273 Pestako 
4274 Pestako 
4275 Pestako 
4276 Hussain 
Kuli Khan 
4277 AliSharwan 
4278 Kerman- 


shah 
4279* Tehran 


4251 Tehran 35 178 148 88. 
4252 Tehran 36 175 148 84. 
4253 Tehran 36 178 145 81. 
4254 Tehran 42 178 150 84. 
4255 Tehran 45 190 150 78. 
4256 Tehran 45 188 150 82. 
4257 Tehran 50 180 148 82. 
4258 Tehran 50 180 148 82. 
4259 Tabriz 80 178 148 88. 
4260 Tabriz 85 170 140 82. 
4261 Tabriz 35.188 168: 91. 
4262 Tabriz 85 183 150 82. 
4263 Tabriz 85 180 148 82. 
4264 Tabriz 88 190 150 78. 


* No. 4279 (age 16) was omitted from the averages. 


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MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF THIRTY-TWO KURDS (IRAN) 


Measurements No. Range Mean S.D. 
Be Oe. . ea ete ones 82 25-54 387.95+.89 7.45+.63 
Epead Jenwth:!... 5.0603 32 164-1938 180.18+.74 6.24+.53 
Head breadth........... 82 1385-170 146.28+.78 6.574+.55 

Indices 
Cephalwe’ soon ls 3 82 71-94 80.52+.47 3.96+.33 

THREE KURD FEMALES (IRAN) 

No. Town Age G.O.L. G.B. Cx, 
4280 Tabriz 40 178 145 81.5 
4281 Tabriz 40 170 145 85.3 
4282 Tabriz 45 180 145 80.6 

Averages... 41.7 176 145 82.5 
Four CHRISTIANS (IRAN) 

No. Town Age G.O.L. G.B. C.I. 
4283 Tabriz 34 183 140 76.5 
4284 Urmia 26 180 150 83.3 
4285 Urmia 30 178 155 87.1 
4286 Urmia 19 180 153 85.0 

Averages.. 27.8 180.2 149.5 82.9 
Four TURKS (TURKEY) 

No. Town Age G.O.L. G.B. C.I. 
4287. Van 28 180 148 82.2 
4288 Van . 45° 2130 153 85.0 
4289 Istanbul 85 . 185 160 86.5 
4246* ? 36 170 140 82.4 

Averages.. 36 TSl27. .. L6637. 8476 


* No. 4246, a Christian woman, was omitted from the averages. 


C.V. 
19.63+1.66 
3.46+0.29 
4.49+0.38 


2.92+0.41 


APPENDIX E: INDIVIDUALS MEASURED IN 
ROYAL HOSPITAL, BAGHDAD 


BY 
WINIFRED SMEATON! 


INTRODUCTION 


During the period from November, 1934, to February, 1935, 
thirty-two males and forty-one females were measured in the Royal 
Hospital, Baghdad, where Dr. Shaib Shawkat facilitated the work 
in every possible manner. Eleven girls in the Central School for 
Girls in Baghdad also were measured during the winter of 1932-33. 

In order to present these anthropometric data so that they will 
be comparable to other statistics from Iraq the results are presented 
according to the Harvard and Keith systems. 

It must, however, be borne in mind that random sampling in a 
centrally located hospital does not yield valid anthropological deduc- 
tions, particularly where the sample is small in number. For this 
reason the number of individuals, not the percentages, has been used 
in the following text. 

On the other hand, every additional individual measured and 
observed throws some degree of light on the racial composition of 
the peoples of Iraq. 


THIRTY-THREE MALES EXAMINED IN ROYAL HOSPITAL, BAGHDAD 


Introduction Among these individuals twenty-three men were 
placed in an Arab group; the remainder were left as separate entities. 


TWENTY-THREE ARABS FROM VARIOUS TOWNS 


No. Tribe Locality No. Tribe Locality 
GU 5 48 vitae An Nasiriya 4476 Chaab Near Baghdad 
Pee Mosul 4477 Daaya Near Aziziya 
a eee: Seas Diyala 4478 Ugrair Hammam Ali 
MGR ec Baghdad GATOS SR io ohe Shatra 
NEE ee Baghdad 4480 Albu Sultan Near Mahmudiya 
ng LE Baghdad 4481 Baalwan Born in Ramadi 
| SP Pa aaa Baghdad 4482 Umairi Near Baquba 
2 1 | ene Near Aziziya rE ees & bree Baasaf near Al 
4472 AlbuSultan Hamza Falluja 
eC Gas Bee Ana 4484 Nefafsha Near Aziziya 
7 USD I ORE tocar Diltawa 4485 AlbuSultan Near Latifiya 
4475 Ambergujah Near Baquba 4486 Jenabi Near Yusufiya 


1A member of the Field Museum Anthropological Expedition to the Near 
East from April to July, 1934. 


131 


132 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Demography.—There was an identical number of sons and 
daughters. The size of the families appears to have been small, 
although No. 4466 reported one son living and many dead and one 
daughter living and many dead. 


DEMOGRAPHY 
Sons No. Per cent Daughters No. Per cent 
INONGS Sects ara ee 2 16.67 NOn6)) hci oat: 2 16.67 
Gacy caus Na patoish ncdts ae oe ai otis 3 25.00 ae apart ae eek tne 25.00 
yA ap EN GP ene CAGED BEA A 2 16.67 7 AAS IRON St RES Raat ae 1 8.33 
Sans ee er ee cine 4 33.33 SA sae ars Dee 4 33.33 
ER Re IR Cope eat eee 1 8.33 5-6 aati a oes 2 16.67 
MiIOT MOG ee oe oe eee Or taeaee 7 OP MOTE 2 os es Oo a ree 
LOtQl Bm ste oars az, 100.00 Totals. oots5 12 100.00 


Age.—The mean was 88.30 with a range of 18-64. Our group 
shows a very wide distribution, with thirteen men under 40 and ten 
over this age. 

AGE DISTRIBUTION 


Age No. Per cent Age No. Per cent 
dO ed A A i cca ow een seta oye 2 8.70 Ai 40 tS ace hens 4 17.39 
7A | ea. Se Pgh ne tet en FE gan 3 13.04 50-54) oe ae 2 8.70 
DOLD os Nica tna a ea tis teeters 5 21.74 BO O9 soso creas aI 4.35 
SQHS4 ok oyna Bar Oey ee Sie 60-64 oo sek ees 3 13.04 
30398. BR ae ae Roos 3 13.04 65-69 Boel ccetewens Qeur eee 
BOTA. eh doit en OL) « miuhs kts TORK oS, SP ks Ones sHtey 

Totals 22 sin kenk 23 =: 100.00 


MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF TWENTY-THREE ARABS 


Skin.—Nos. 4472 and 4477 possessed dark and Nos. 4481 and 
4485 very dark skins. With the exception of the latter these were 
listed as having Negro blood. 

Hair.—The color was either dark brown or black, sometimes 
tinged with gray. 


HAIR 

Color No. Per cent Texture No. Per cent 
Black sok. uke ss () senso as: CORTHO 2) Sake RI eons 6 46.15 
Very dark brown..... Orie Coarse-medium........... O. Fisiees 
Dark. brown 6.) 663'.4 6s: a 730-77 INTO Tas le Oe ee 5 38.46 
Browns -i55etAs ee Oe a ee Medium-fine............. 0. 24. 3,335 
Reddish brown....... Ria sa ee ING sites Roce 2 15.38 
Light brown......... Oe riches s —_-.— 
eects ehh eecee See ke TOGA eile Mails noc LS Oo ae 

Black and gray....... 6 46.15 


Dark brownandgray.. 2 15.38 
Light brownandgray.. 0 ..... 
1 


ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA: ROYAL HOSPITAL 133 


Three men (Nos. 4464, 4467, and 4473) had low wavy hair, and 
six had coarse, five medium, and two fine, hair. 


Seven men (Nos. 4898, 4466, 4471, 4472, 4474, 4475, and 4486) 
wore mustaches, Nos. 4466 and 4472 being black and No. 43898 
brown. Seven individuals (Nos. 4466, 4474, 4477, 4479, 4481, 4482, 
and 4483) had shaven heads. 


Eyes.—While nineteen individuals had dark brown eyes, one 
individual had black, one green-brown, and two gray-brown eyes. 
The sclera were bloodshot (14), yellow (8), clear (8), or yellow and 
bloodshot (2). The iris was homogeneous in Nos. 4467 and 4472, 
rayed in No. 4471, and zoned in Nos. 4464 and 4478. Seven men 
(Nos. 4456, 4458, 4464, 4474, 4481, 4482, and 4484) had blue-ringed 
irises, possibly arcus senilis. No. 4467 had a dark rim around his 
iris, and Nos. 4477 and 4480 had Negroid eyes. 


EYES 

Color No. Per cent Sclera No. Per cent 
ACE fi Gs oases 1 4.35 CHORES Ae See ie 3 13.64 
Dark brown..'5:0602: 5; 19 82.61 Yollowt)... (22 2h 4s Se fea 3 13.64 
Blue-brown......... Oi ey cred BROGWION (6 osc ic aeneance OF 43 
Blue-brown......... OF one IBORENOG oat es ey 14 63.64 
Green-brown........ 1 4.35 Speckled and bloodshot... 0  ..... 
Green-brown ........ oy is aes Speckled and yellow...... | Suara re aera! 
Gray-brown......... 2 8.70 Yellow and bloodshot..... ye 9.09 
Pe oN Ss oA Go Bie Gis — 
Oe Oe ae ee ENS Are "LOGAN S202 cw cata ae 22 100.01 
Light brown........  Metaate oae 
Bie-gray oo.) ee’ 0 aS Ds 
Blue-green.......... aah RM gee 

ROGGE cic slic is siete 23 100.01 


Nose.—The profile was convex (11), straight (6), concave (4), or 
coneavo-convex (2). The alae were medium (10), flaring (9), or 
compressed (4). In thickness the nasal tip was thin (No. 4467), 
slightly more than average (Nos. 4466, 4471, and 4473), and double 
plus (Nos. 4465 and 4472). Nos. 4479 and 4482 had high nasal 
bridges. Fourteen individuals had depressed and four elevated 
nasal tips. The septum was either straight (13) or convex (10); 
the inclination was upwards in eighteen cases and downwards in 
only four individuals. 


The following observations on the nose were recorded: No. 4470, 
marked nasion depression and high, aquiline angle; No. 4472, very 
flat and broad; No. 4476, small; No. 4477, short and broad nose and 
eyes were chief indications of Negroid blood; No. 4478, broad; No. 
4479, very aquiline; No. 4480, Negroid; and No. 4483, small. 


134 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


NOSE 
Profile No. Per cent Wings No. Per cent 
ote ee ere ee | aaa Compremsed . 3.6 sss 355. 4 17.39 
Concave; 2s okccsckce 4 17.39 Compressed-medium...... Wee AR ae 
SCTMIING bia a cs cp he es 6 26.09 WAGOR oiler engi 10 43.48 
CONVO co. a5 5 oe sens 11 47.83 Medium-flaring.......... Soak Seas age 
Concavo-convex..... 2 8.70 PRAT htc. coat uncess 9 39.13 
oa PISEING THUS 65k dick hase | aan 
OCA fs acti Das 23 =100.01 — 
ORGS 3. sol ccaSstond ani 23 =©100.00 
Tip elevation No. Per cent Septum No. Per cent 
Blevated <3 occ 558 4 22:22 Scraight 2 sno cence oh 13 56.52 
Horizontal. <-o5105%¢ Geo eee COONGRER oi ot Sei Pca oe 10 43.48 
Depressed........... 14 77.78 — 
-— BP OUR Svcs eect aa es 23 =100.00 
Total ie ee a ee eo 18 100.00 
Septum inclination No. Per cent 
MO Sie NS cians Pare an CIS ao 18 81.82 
DOWN 22h kes ealeeatetees 4 18.18 
LOUAL  inete bore oh es aoe we 22 100.00 


Teeth.—The occlusion was recorded as marked-over (8), slight- 
over (7), edge-to-edge (6), and under bite (1). The small number 
of teeth lost indicates a relatively healthy oral condition. Nos. 4464, 
4477, 4488, and 4486 had good and No. 4476 excellent teeth. Wear 
was slightly more than average in six cases (Nos. 4872, 4879, 4380, 
4384, 4385, and 4398) and double plus in Nos. 4465, 4471, 4481, and 
4482. Eruption was recorded as incomplete in Nos. 4469, 4470, 
4478, and 4488, and complete in Nos. 4467, 4471, and 4472. 


The following observations were recorded on the teeth: stained, 
Nos. 4470, 4478, 4474, 4477, 4480-4482, and 4484; tartar deposit, 
Nos. 4898, 4469, 4478, and 4479; broken, Nos. 4471 (2), and No. 
4470, lower first molars; good and strong, Nos. 4479 and 4488; fairly 
clean, No. 4485; crooked but strong and white, No. 4486; three 
gold-capped, No. 4898; and all premolars and molars lost, No. 4475. 


TEETH 
Bite No. Per cent Loss No. Per cent 
LOE Ys (geen ge eee eae 1 4.55 INOnG <2 rskioe mak Sock 6 33.33 
Edge-to-edge......... 6 21.27 | E.R eae 6 33.33 
SHOKE OVOE =: Ho ets és 31.82 ok A nS eee went cde et 1 5.56 
Marked over......... 8 36.36 9-16 in ches ee 3 16.67 
1 bf Ean aden aah at oe Ae Ag 2 ADLshs 


Petals: = fone 22 100.00 ate ees es ee Tphered aie 


Prognathism.—Alveolar prognathism was observed in Nos. 4469, 
4473, and 4479. : : 


ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA: ROYAL HOSPITAL 135 


Lips.—Eversion was recorded as slightly more than average in 
Nos. 4472, 4480 (everted lower lip), and 4481 and double plus in No. 
4479. Nos. 4472, 4477, 4480, and 4481 appeared to have some 
Negroid blood. 

Physical Appearance.—Nos. 4898 and 4467 were pale. No. 4479 
was very thin. No. 4486 had bad posture. 


Pathological Cases—No. 4476 bore smallpox scars. No. 4398 
had scalp disease, probably favus. Nos. 4466 and 4483 were blind 
in the left eye, and both possessed a filmed right eye. No. 4474 
had both eyes filmed but could see dimly. 


No. 4483 had a sprained elbow and swollen forearm which was 
bent around, the result of a fall six weeks before he came to the 
hospital. 

x CAUTERIZATION (Chawi) 
oO. 

4465: Both forearms. 

4471: Right arm, both legs. 

4472: Left wrist and both forearms. 

4473: Both legs, right arm ‘“‘for pain after fever.” 

4474: Above right knee. 

4475: Right leg. 

4476: Both forearms. 

4478: Both forearms. 

4481: Belly (10) for ‘‘tubercular lesion which didn’t heal.” 

4483: Elbow, “to relieve sprained elbow.” 

4484: Both arms. 

4485: Both arms. 

4486: Above ankle. 


Tattooing.—Sixteen men bore simple tattooed designs, but no 
individual was extensively tattooed. 


TATTOOING 
No. Per cent 
PRONG oho ois aries aco eoinio areas Geol 4 20.00 
OTC ook stash BI ene ae 16 80.00 
POXCONRIVE SF Se ee oe a Oo) la week 
OG ae aera os eae ans rete 20 100.00 


MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF TWENTY-THREE ARABS 


Stature—The mean was 167.58, range 155.0-175.0. The three- 
fold Harvard classificatory system places eleven men as medium 
(160.6-169.4), eight as tall (169.5—x), and only two as short (x—160.5). 
According to the fourfold Keith system thirteen men were medium 
(160.0-169.9), six tall (170.0-179.9), and two short (x-159.9). No 
individual was in the very tall (180.0—x) group. 


136 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


STATURE* 

Harvard system No. Per cent Keith system No. Per cent 
Short (x-160.5)......... 2 9.52 Short (x-159.9)....... 2 9.52 
Medium (160.6—-169.4)... 11 52.38 Medium (160.0-169.9). 13 61.90 
Pall (169.6-2) oie wien as 8 38.10 Tall (170.0-179.9)..... 6 28.57 

— Very tall (180.0-x)5.00.-00 4 

OCG (2 0t 5 Ne oe 21 100.00 — ——— 


* Nos. 4464 and 4486 omitted. 


Sitting Height—The mean was 86.14, range 81.0—-92.0. The 
trunk length was long (85.0-89.9) or medium (80.0—-84.9). One 
man had a very long (90.0—-x) trunk. No individuals were in the 
short (75.0-79.9) or very short (x—74.9) categories. 


SITTING HEIGHT (Trunk Length) 


Group Range No. Per cent 
WGRY MIGEG 2 6 Sliced iets ax nity x-74.9 Os babies 
AMIN Gc Sood ss Saag Herd meee 75.0-79.9 eee 
DIONE acc l2s ers oO OS bo atoy 80.0-84.9 6 28.57 
THES CH Se ia ok eae ee 85.0-89.9 14 66.67 
Mery longs ce eee Pee othe 90.0-x 1 4.76 

ORM hehe ee eee baie ratte at oa ec aie 21 100.00 


Head Measurements and Indices.—Fifteen Arabs had wide 
(140-149) heads, six had very wide (150-x) heads, and two had 
narrow (130-139) heads. No man had a very narrow (x-129) head. 
Seventeen men had narrow (100-109) foreheads. Although there 
were no individuals in the very wide (120—x) category, there were 
three individuals in both the wide (110-119) or very narrow (x—99) 
classifications. 


The Harvard threefold system places fourteen men as dolicho- 
cephals (x-76.5) and nine as mesocephals (76.6—-82.5). There were 
no brachycephals (82.6—x). According to the Keith system sixteen 
men were mesocephals (75.1—-79.9) and seven were dolichocephals 
(70.1-75.0). No individual was in the ultradolichocephalic (x—70.0), 
brachycephalic (80.0-84.9), or ultrabrachycephalic (85.0—x) divisions. 


HEAD BREADTH 


Group Range No. Per cent 
VOCy BARTOW oss ia Thies Jae x-129 OF ie ae 
INGTTOW Gory hal gece ne te ee 130-139 2 8.70 
WM Oct one oem GA oe 140-149 15 65.22 
VOR WHR. 3. ck. i has Pee ee a eons 150-x 6 26.09 


ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA: ROYAL HOSPITAL 137 


MINIMUM FRONTAL DIAMETER 


Group Range No. Per cent 
MOOT DUNO Fo ncas o oh Sha 5 wares x-99 3 13.04 
IV APPOWs 0 cicero None oe Saisie e ote 100-109 17 73.91 
WERE oP ROR cL oldman oe Sere 110-119 3 13.04 
ORS WE Goo ed ak ara cece as 120-x Geo ooo 

POURS fore ee een eee aoe emt a lala 23 99.99 


CEPHALIC INDEX 


Harvard system No. Per cent Keith system No. Per cent 
Dolichocephalic........ 14 60.87 Ultradolichocephalic.... 0  ..... 
(x-76.5) (x—70.0) 
Mesocephalic.......... 9 39.13 Dolichocephalic........ t 30.43 
(76.6-82.5) (70.1-75.0) 
Brachycephalic........ OF es Ae Mesocephalic.......... 16 69.57 
(82 .6—x) — (75.1-79.9) 
OCG emi 0 cnc os 23 = 100.00 Brachycephalic......... Or wetres 
(80.0-84.9) 
Ultrabrachycephalic.... 0  ..... 
(85.0—x) — 
POCAY fs Se ese crwate Ss 23 =100.00 


Head Form.—No. 44738 had a flat area near bregma. No. 4480 
had a flattened area above the occipital region. 

Facial Measurements and Indices.—The upper facial height was 
either medium long (70-75) or long (76—x). Three men had medium 
short (64-69) upper faces. No Arab was in the short (x—63) group. 
The mean was 75.90, range 65-89. 

The total facial height was either medium long (120-129) or 
medium short (110-119). Two men had long (130—x) faces and one 
a short (x-109) face. The mean was 120.40, range 105-134. No. 
4474 was omitted. 

The facial index was either mesoprosopic (84.6-89.4) or lepto- 
prosopic (89.5-x). Two Arabs were euryprosopic (x—84.5). 

The mean upper facial index was 55.88, range 49-63. The mean 
facial index was 89.50, range 80-99. 

No. 4477 had small features. Nos. 4480 and 4481 had well- 
developed supraorbital crests. 


FACIAL MEASUREMENTS 


Upper facial height No. Per cent Total facial height No. Per cent 

SE ae ee OPE Serbs BORG! «eek te ee Lee 1 4.55 
(x-63) (x-109) 

Medium short....... 3 13.04 Medium short........ 9 40.91 
(64-69) (110-119) 

Medium long........ 10 43.48 Medium long........ 10 45.45 
(70-75) (120-129) 

Be ae ELS 10 43.48 OE eT ree 2 9.09 
(76—x) —_— (180-x) — 


ROUGE cece. 23 =6100.00 POCA Hee oS ee, 22 100.00 


138 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


TOTAL FACIAL INDEX * 


Group No. Per cent 
Euryprosopic (x—84.5).......... 2 9.09 
Mesoprosopic (84.6—-89.4)....... 10 45.45 
Leptoprosopic (89.5-x)......... 10 45.45 

0 = FE ea a ge ea eB 22 99.99 


* No. 4474 omitted. 


Nasal Measurements and Indices —Twenty men had medium 
(50-59) and three short (x-49) nasal heights. No individual was in 
the long (60—x) class. The mean was 538.14, range 40-59. Eleven 
Arabs had medium wide (86-41), nine medium narrow (30-35), and 
two wide (42-x) noses. No man had a very narrow (x-29) nose. 
The mean was 36.77, range 31-42. No. 4476 was omitted. 

Eleven men were mesorrhine (67.5-83.4), ten were leptorrhine 
(x-67.4), and one platyrrhine (83.5—x). The mean was 68.94, range 
56-87. 


NASAL MEASUREMENTS 


Nasal height No. Per cent Nasal width * No. Per cent 
SHOP sect kse ses 3 13.04 Very Narrowe-<t.e A oraete cas 
(x49) (x-29) 
Medium: i-i3.66.250 20 86.96 Medium narrow...... 9 40.91 
(50-59) (30-35) 
BMG es oi tices estat isck | Br eae Medium wide........ 11 50.00 
(60—x) — (386-41) 
Ota on: Gace 23 =©100.00 Wide $5.55255 ease 2 9.09 
(42-x) — 
Totals weit ce 22 100.00 
NASAL INDEX * 
Group No. Per cent 
Leptorrhine (x—67.4)......... 10 45.45 
Mesorrhine (67.5-83.4)....... 11 50.00 
Platyrrhine (83.5-x)......... 1 4.55 
ROLE Ao has CONiay OS gee ree het 22 100.00 


* No. 4476 omitted. 


INDIVIDUALS OMITTED FROM STATISTICAL ANALYSES 


Since the remainder of the males measured in the Royal Hospital, 
Baghdad, belonged to various racial stocks and different religious 
groups, no statistical analyses could be made, although the meas- 
urements and indices for the ten Arabs have been calculated 
merely for comparative purposes. 

Provenance.—No. 4456, Chaldean from Tell Kaif; No. 4457, 
Afghan from Herat (12 years before); No. 4458, Armenian from 
Istanbul; No. 4459, Armenian from Van; No. 4460, Turkoman from 
Tuz Khurmatli near Kirkuk; No. 4461, Turkoman from Kirkuk; 


ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA: ROYAL HOSPITAL 139 


MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF BAGHDAD ROYAL HOSPITAL MALES 


Measurements No. Range Mean S$.D. C.V. 
GON or yee OOM r at 23 4 =©18-64 38.30+42.09 14.8541.48 38.77+38.86 
MINTO sie vite ural 21 155-175 167.58+40.76 5.19+0.54 3.10+0.32 
Sitting height........ 21 81-92 86.14+0.38 2.554+0.27 2.96+0.31 
Head length......... 23 176-211 193.5640.95 6.721+40.67 3.47+0.35 
Head breadth........ 23 188-155 146.2940.59 4.2340.42 2.89+0.29 
Minimum frontal 

ainmoter. 2 cc. oa1hs 23 97-116 104.58+0.62 4.404+0.44 4.21+0.42 
Bizygomaticdiameter. 23 125-149 186.15+0.77 5.45:+0.54 4.00+0.40 
Bigonial diameter.... 22 90-117 101.70+0.86 6.00+0.61 5.90+0.60 
Total facial height.... 22 105-134 120.40+0.93 6.50+0.66 5.40+0.55 
Upper facial height... 23 65-89 75.9040.82 5.85+40.58 7.71+40.77 
Nasal height......... 23 40-59 53.14+0.60 4.244+0.42 7.98+0.79 
Nasal breadth....... 22 31-42 36.7740.42 2.94+0.30 8.00+0.81 
ar WAStR eases 23 56-79 65.50+0.79 5.64+0.56 8.61+40.86 
Ear breadth......... 23 26-40 34.44+0.43 3.03+0.30 8.80+0.88 

Indices 
Relative sitting height 21 48-53 51.46+0.14 0.98+0.10 1.90+0.20 
GOpRRHe tres 1s ,< 23 68-82 75.38940.40 2.82+40.28 3.74+0.37 
Fronto-parietal...... 23 66-77 71.444+0.43 3.08+0.30 4.24+0.42 
Zygo-frontal......... 23 = =72-83 76.98+0.42 2.96+40.29 3.85+0.38 
Zygo-gonial......... 22 69-83 75.04+0.47 3.30+40.34 4.40+0.45 
Total-facial.... oi. 65. 22 80-99 89.50+0.60 4.20+0.438 4.69+0.48 
Upper facial......... 23 49-63 55.88+0.46 3.244+0.32 5.80+0.58 
PNOMME Se Sc Zhe els 5% 22 56-87 68.94+0.84 5.84+0.59 8.47+0.86 
dd Seg ed pack gas 23 41-64 52.58+0.76 5.4040.54 10.2741.02 


No. 4462, Assyrian from Shemsaddin tribe, now resident at Erbil; 
No. 4468, Turk from Istanbul; No. 4468, Arab from Baghdad; No. 
4487, Arab from between Baghdad and Diltawa. 

No. 4456, obviously a non-Arab type, had a high, vaulted fore- 
head (straight up), a flat area rather high on the head and “terrible” 
teeth with deposits. He had chawi scars on his right knee and his 
_ right arm. 

No. 4457, a Mongoloid type, had a high, sloping vault, narrow 
head, face and features with a medium epicanthic fold, large eye 
pupils, and most of the lower teeth replaced by bridgework made 
in Khurasan. He had a chawi on his right thigh. 

No. 4458 had a very straight nose, “‘not at all the Armenian type 
of nose.’”’ His teeth were stained. 

No. 4459 had a flat occiput, small nose, and teeth stained but 
strong-looking. 

No. 4460 had a bad deposit on the teeth and scurf on the scalp. 


No. 4461 had a high, sloping vault and a prominent strong chin. 
His left hand was paralyzed, the fingers bent and immovable, due 
to injuries received while working for the Iraq Petroleum Company. 


140 _ ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF BAGHDAD ROYAL HOSPITAL MALES 


Measurements No. Mean 8.D. C.V. 
State ath iccretace chee 81 167.71+.62 5.09+.44 8.04+4.26 
oe SIGHE. fA ei es 81 85.89+.39 8.21+4.27 8.744.381 
eee TONED. cls ns ee 82 191.94+.90 7.60+.64 3.96+.33 
Head breadth ..2.5......653. 31 147.55+.58 4.78+.41 8.24+.28 
Minimum frontal diameter... 32 104.59+ .45 8.774.382 8.60+.31 
Bizygomatic breadth....... 32 137 .22+ .63 5.30+.45 3.86+.33 
Bigonial breadth........... 30 102.00+.70 5.72+.50 5.61+4.49 
Total facial height......... 30 121.97+.80 6.52+4.57 5.385+.47 
Upper facial height......... 31 76.234 .62 5.09+ .44 6.68+ .58 
Nasal height... ....56..5.%.. 82 53.38+.52 4.34+ .37 8.18+.69 
Nasal: breadth «05.55. 6.050055... $2 86.47+.32 2.68+.23 7.854.638 
Maridengthe. a cuicwes ois 82 66.50+.67 5.62+.47 8.45+.71 
Kar breadth .... 2. bd. ss 32 35.09+.39 8.26+.27 9.29+.77 

Indices 
Relative sitting height...... 31 51.16+.19 1.60+.14 3.184.27 
CHANG 8 oN Seis eek 31 77.00+.51 4.20+.36 5.45+.47 
Fronto-parietal............ 31 70.87+.38 8.114.27 4.39+.38 
Zyeo-frontal . hese ass 82 76.28+ .32 2.67+.23 3.50+.30 
PRCOMOMUSE, 4, hi isi vole ha 30 74.57+.39 3.15+.27 4.22+.36 
"Potal facial’< 33.8 he. 30 89.15+.49 8.98+.35 4.46+.39 
Giener eidl) & 33 Soi 31 55.58+.38 8.18 4.27 5.68+.49 
Naesels.9. in bee ea 82 68.83+.66 5.54+.47 8.05+.68 
Ear ocx i eee 31 53.15+.64 5.29+.45 9.95+.85 


No. 4462 had a flat, broad occiput, large nose, some deposit 
on his teeth, and some smallpox scars; although his eyes appeared 
normal he had been blinded by a 24-foot fall from a housetop. 

No. 4463 had a flat occiput, a nose broad throughout its entire 
length, some deposit on his teeth, and “vision all right,” although 
he was blind in the left eye and the right appeared filmed. 

No. 4468 had lost all his teeth ten years ago and had cancer of 
the tongue. He had chawi scars on his left foot ‘to relieve pain,” 
and below his left knee. 

No. 4487 had a high, sloping vault. His teeth were stained; 
the lower incisors and canines were present. He had ‘“‘cancer’’ on 
the right arm in three places. 


ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA: ROYAL HOSPITAL 


MEASUREMENTS OF BAGHDAD ROYAL HOSPITAL MALES 


No Age Stature SH L B B’ J go-go GH G’'H NH 


4398 29 1567 836 189 149 107 140 110 119 74 


4456* 55 1690 850 187 153 101 143 109 (136)¢ (81)t 
QO 338 712 


4 1238 79 
4466 58 1620 859 191 145 101 133 ho Re eye 
4468* 78 1647 799 197 ...§ 107 140 102 (124)§ (77)§ 

9: 119 74 


4474 60 1734 874 209 147 112 141 97... 88 
4475 60 1695 868 192 150 109 146 114 124 81 
4476 28 1655 853 192 153 101 133 103 + 117 73 
4477 25 1693 826 192 146 102 185 94 114 69 
S6tec ae ied 917 198 145 110 287... 188 80 
4479 25 1678 854 200 147 109 140 110 129 76 


* Omitted throughout averages. 

t+ Questionable—‘“‘Teeth poor.” 

t Questionable. 

§ ‘Seems swollen on both sides above ears;’’ aged; all teeth gone ten years ago. 


INDICES OF BAGHDAD ROYAL HOSPITAL MALES 


No. EL EB RSH’ B/L B’/B’ GH/J G’'H/J NB/NH EB/EL 
4398 66 33 53.4 78.8 71.8 85.0 52.9 65.4 50.0 
4456 68 36 50.3 81.8 66.0 95.1 56.6 66.7 52.9 
4457 63 35 50.2 69.3 75.0 82.5 52.6 177.8 55.6 
4458 65 37 56.0 82.2 70.4 92.8 58.7 60.3 56.9 
4459 66 36 50.5 90.3 67.7 86.3 53.4 66.0 54.5 
4460 65 30 51.6 78.1 69.3 89.4 54.9 64.7 46.2 
4461 70 34 53.0 82.2 73.0 88.6 51.4 65.4 48.6 
4462 68 42 52.1 82.8 69.5 84.9 54.1 57.6 61.8 
4463 61 35 51.2 82.5 67.5 85.6 53.0 74.0 657.4 
R008: 66>. ST oe 18.8 70.0. 9058'-58:2 62.7. 56.1 
4465 71 34 51.9 77.4 74.8 86.0 55.2 71.2 47.9 
4466 71 386 53.0 75.9 69.7 85.7 54.9 71.7 650.7 
4467 71 38 52.5 75.6 71.2 94.1 59.8 69.0 46.5 
£468.79 36 48.6. ...; ws 88,.6:65.0° -68.4° 44.3 
4469 58 36 51.5 176.8 74.1 92.2 57.4 64.2 62.1 
4470 66 38 52.3 75.1 66.2 92.0 58.8 66.0 57.6 
4471 66 28 50.2 78.5 66.0 85.4 53.3 65.4 42.4 
4472 57 35 50.3 70.6 68.1 94.7 55.7 67.3 61.4 
4473 63 36 52.5 73.3 72.1 96.9 68.0 57.9 657.1 
4474 76 388 650.4 70.3 76.2 .... 62.4 65.5 650.0 
e470. 12" 84 61.2 18.1 72.7. 84.9>65.5> 78.7. 47.2 
4476 599 299 51.5 79.7 66.0 88.0 54.8 ....9 49.2 
4477 62 84 48.8 76.0 69.9 84.4 561.1 78.7 654.8 
4478 66 37 53.3 173.2 75.9 94.9 58.4 170.4 56.1 


4479 67 38 50.9 73.5 74.1 92.1 54.38 70.9 56.7 


‘| Small nose, smallpox scars affect nasal measurement; right ear was measured. 


52 


D. APHWOIOHAIORAIONWAP: HONDA 


142 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 
MEASUREMENTS OF BAGHDAD ROYAL HOSPITAL MALES 
No. Age Stature SH Ti B B’ J gogo GH G’H NH NB 
4480 18 1691 853 194 140 106 180 98° 112 -..69. 46° - 38 
4481 45 1736 885 198 145 105 140 105: :-182 ..-88 . 59 41 
4482 48. 1626: 868: .19%) 146°. 168: 186 << 402 “121 --72. .61--. 88 
4488 20 1616; 8382 176: 188° 100 127 95: 5108 .-66> 342: 92 
4484 60 1687 888 188 148 104 188 99. 4-316: 25. -252°4298 
4485 28 1686 825 198 145 107 188 96 921°..,.96 662 1 87 
4486 35 (1677)¢ 814 199 151 108 184 100 119 76 54 38 
4487" 7: 1770" 87h) 196s The 106 TS WIS se ci Large 3U 28 
* Omitted in statistical series. + Measurement uncertain because of bad posture. 
INDICES OF BAGHDAD ROYAL HOSPITAL MALES 
No. EL EB RSH_ B/L_ B’/B’ GH/J G’'H/J NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J_ B’/J 
AARQ: 6a. S85 50.4)5-72°0 1b. 7 86.2 coat eek 52 a5 ee. Stee 
448b. 76)  3Q51:0) 1820 72.4 - 94:3) (62.0; 685s, (47-47 76.0. Ta0 
4482’ 65. 84 68.4 76.4. 69.9 89.0: 52.9  G4.7 52.8 ° °74.8 ‘Té<0 
AGns 67-82) .161-5) 0784-7226. (85.0. 62-0 <7652- 66.0 2 14 Ta 
M484: 69 > 82 81222 37837 20.8) 84.1 2 -54085. CRS. 7440 FT ee 
4485. 60: 32°-'60.4) 15.2" 78.8. 91-6) 66.2 72 263.80". 72.2°> Sha 
4486 65 88 (48.5)t75.9 68.2 88.8 56.7 70.4 58.5 74.6 76.9 
MAST: TT Ae A898 TOM GS ibe So cea tas:.s, ORR = BTL Oat ey pee 
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF BAGHDAD ROYAL HOSPITAL MALES 
= _ 0 

No. Form Texture Color Color Sclera Iris Profile Wings 
RSOS: ORGS ye eae ta black clear Sucre conv medium 
4456... medium dkbr dk br__ blood ray conv medium 
BAG TO oe a Seid res dk br dk br oat ae str flar 
4458 coarse blk, gray dkbr blood so str medium 
4459 lw med-fine black dk br yellow Pie str comp 
4460 medium bik, gray -br _ blood E&e conv comp 
4461* coarse black kbr blood Sate conv medium 
v5 A cela ab Dc Mr black dk br __ blood ae str comp 
MEAGRE 21S oF a Sate dk br_—_ clear ee str flar 
4464 lw fine dk br dk bri blood zon conv medium 
EGE 6 oe OE br, gray 7 og Baal blood coe conv flar 
OGG ee ee a raat! k br blood Rimi conv medium 
4467 lw coarse dk br dk br__—i blood hom conv medium 
4468 lw coarse gray dk br__—i blood ete cone  flar 
4469t ... fine k br dk br clear dpa conc medium 
4470... medium black dk br ellow Mek conv medium 
if MR ae) setae PASS br, gray ny Hag lood ray conv comp 
MATE. ks Or eae. ae k br blood hom cone  flar 
4473t lw medium bik, gray -br _ blood zon c-c comp 
ONE cae NS ae: y k br blood as, str medium 
MOT gig Be eg blk, gray dkbr blood str flar 
4476t ... coarse black dk br__ blood cone medium 
it ha medium blk, gray dkbr_ yellow c-c flar 
4478t ... coarse lack dk br_—yellow str flar 
GATE st i ASR black dk br___ blood conv medium 
NE Fas gts black dk br yell, blood cone  flar 
yh hn coarse blk, gray dkbr yell, blood conv  flar 

oo ace ES EY he lk, gray dkbr_ blood conv comp 
4488* ... coarse dle br’ -% 2: str medium 
4484... medium blk, gray dkbr blood conv comp 
4485... medium black dk br__ blood str flar 
4486... coarse dk br dk br_—_ clear str flar 
44879]... medium = _ gray gray-br blood conv flar 

* Shaved + Baldness plus. t Hair very short. §| Hair short. 


ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA: ROYAL HOSPITAL 143 


FIFTY-TWO FEMALES MEASURED IN ROYAL HOSPITAL, BAGHDAD 


Introduction.—Within this series there are twenty women, who 
can be grouped together. The remainder must be left as separate 
entities. 

Notes.—Since these individuals may at some future time be 
included in larger series from the same areas it is desirable to record 
the tribal information. 


Among the Arab series of twenty women Nos. 4506-4508, 4510 
(mother from Basra), 4511, and 4512 were from Baghdad; No. 4518, 
from An Najaf; No. 4514, from Mahmudiya; No. 4515, from Baquba; 
No. 4516, from Hiyaliya tribe near Baghdad; No. 4517, from Al bu 
Muhammad tribe east of Amara; No. 4518, from Ajjili tribe near 
Karrada; No. 4519, from Tai tribe near Baquba; No. 4520, from 
Karrada; No. 4522, from Muadhdham; No. 4528, non-tribal from 
Samarra; No. 4524, from Al-Umara (?tribe) near Mahmudiya; 
No. 4526, from Rabia tribe near Kut; and No. 4527, from Hufaiya 
tribe near Hilla. 


TWENTY ARAB WOMEN FROM VARIOUS TOWNS IN IRAQ 


Demography.—In this group of Arab women there was a slight 
female preponderance—fifteen daughters to eleven sons. 


DEMOGRAPHY 
Sons No. Per cent Daughters No. Per cent 
WE SENS sae ee 5 31.25 None? ios. 1 6.25 
+ 1 a Sen SSIS: Ny Oe = PR a 6.25 Diets ere ea ihe 5 31.25 
+ ARE aN RIO RE ee ee AP 3 18.75 Apa Dig MO 7 it HB PLR 4 25.00 
MRS Te bees a eae whoa die 7 43.75 da SEPP pea re eo ae 6 37.50 
BEET pe ea a eer Oe ee est PM eta tale oa tats Bute Rees reas 
EP RUTIMIR TE cara te oe le cie woore «oho | Sec are CR) Cc: i OS Roa 
or RS Re ates a 16 = 100.00 DOU. aid aces 16 = 100.00 


Age.—Three-quarters of the group were between 20-34 years 
of age. The mean was 30.50, range 20-59. 


AGE DISTRIBUTION 


Age No. Per cent Age No. Per cent 
ASSESS Ca a claw ewilen aries te as eee Caen 1 5.00 
Col eet Se ee ane 7 35.00 I oth eds os i) Sse 
2S En ee 4 20.00 65-59 oi isa’ 1 5.00 
BUG ie tlie eye 4 20.00 Pe ens eos QO. Ree 
PAS et alates oi cy win acai 2 10.00 OOH GE feos pals Ooo eee 
Ye, EERO eR 1 5.00 fe ee Pe te Dia: ete. 


a a 20 100.00 


144 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF TWENTY ARAB WOMEN 


Skin.—The color was dark in Nos. 4517 and 4524. 


Hair.—The color shaded from dark brown to black, with about 
an equal number in each division. The majority (17) had low wavy 
hair; the other two individuals, deep waves. In about half of the 
group the texture was medium, with an almost equal number in 
the coarse and fine categories. No. 4524 had a shaven head. 


HAIR : 
Color No. Per cent Form No. Per cent 
Baek ri eoack aoe ite 9 45.00 SUralent fed i hoes Qi) aes 
Very dark brown...... Oa aks Very low waves........ OR ee 
Dark brown: 35000 25% 8 40.00 TOWiAWEVOS') cro reese cs 17 89.47 
Brow on ores Oe Sree Deep waves... 536 vim. 2 10.53 
Reddish brown........ Oe es Curly-frizzly.......... toes se rte 
yt DrOWR as eee OLY eB WOOLV ai eho ete ae Oe bing 
2, ¢ eee era MER Eerie 0: Carer kis _— 
Black and gray........ i 5.00 ER OUAL Ieee Gah te 19 100.00 
Dark brown and gray... 1 5.00 
Light brownand gray... 0 ..... Texture No. Per cent 
GTO A nines eae 1 5.00 COARTEO 2 ct 2 oN es oa 4 21.05 
Wihite on. tees ae ni Os eee Coarse-medium ....... OS pati te coke 
; nee Mediums) <..40255.0e LO 52.63 
Wotalie tc cy hoy eae 20 100.00 Medium-fine.......... ieee er 
IBG o fk cohen ve arees 5 26.32 
PLOtal aio te aes ok 19 100.00 


Eyes.—The color was dark brown (10) or black (6). No. 4508, 
omitted from the following table on color, had eyes of green-gray 
flecked with brown. No. 4510 had light brown eyes. About three- 
quarters of the group possessed clear sclera, the remainder being 
bloodshot. No. 4514 had a homogeneous iris. No. 4526 had small 
eyes, which she kept only partly open. No. 4507 was recorded with 
a blue ringed iris, probably arcus senilis. Nos. 4510 and 4511 had 
filmed eyes, and No. 4523 bluish filmed eyes. 


EYES 

Color No. Per cent Sclera No. Per cent 
IBIRGR 58: CA bore See eae 6 33.33 Clea R rc ee ote ae 15 78.95 
Dark brown... s2250%.0 -. 10 55.56 VelOW Meise occ cae lok Qe Srey 
Blue-brown........... a earth ane SOCK Sos he ee as | ERNE AE 
Bitte-bDrown «6 osu ke Ona a eke Bioodshot -.2 22 3 oo 4 21.05 
Green-brown.......... 1 5.56 Speckled and bloodshot. 0 ..... 
Green-brown.......... | Maina sees Speckled and yellow.... 0 ..... 
Gray-brown........... Disa aa Yellow and bloodshot... 0  ..... 
ONG ose reece ele at OF ees —s 
ASTOG oro oi aha ge Oy RL eacene et MOUAL Sis eistntkce icithon ere 19 100.00 
Light brown: 2.55.35... 1 5.56 
ie: OF Saas. 
Blue-green............ On: eRe 


ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA: ROYAL HOSPITAL 145 


Nose.—The profile was either convex (8) concave (7) or straight 
(5). The alae were medium (11), the remainder tending to be more 
flaring (5) than compressed (3). No. 4523 had a high nasal bridge 
and Nos. 4507 and 4513 broad nasal bridges. The septum was either 
straight (6) or convex (6). Three-quarters of the group possessed 
a nasal septum with an upward inclination. The nasal tip was 
either depressed (12) or elevated (5). Nos. 4514, 4515, and 4526 
had slightly thicker than average nasal tips, but in No. 4507 the 
fleshy part of the nose was thin. 

Nos. 4513 and 4518 possessed small noses, No. 4514 a broad, No. 
4515 a short and broad, and No. 4507 a narrow nose except in 
the bridge. 


NOSE 
Profile No. Per cent Wings No. Per cent 
RM Se hie Patra eked ais Bin * ys Compressed............ 1 5.26 
WORCHYO. oi ess - 7 35.00 Compressed-medium.... 2 10.53 
SEMIS G es Sed oss as 5 25.00 Moediim oii oc ee 11 57.89 
OT i Sores ic 8 40.00 Medium-flaring........ 1 5.26 
Concavo-convex....... Od sees be eae epee ee 4 21.05 
—_ Piaring plus. 6030 A: ee a 
gS Sa ae ar Renee nee 20 100.00 _ _— 
OER 6 Sorta ook ate 19 99.99 
Septum No. Per cent Tip thickness No. Per cent 
ETIORG S855 ca besos es: 6 50.00 a Pm See yal oe one | Bp Rae a 
is ey See Rea 6 50.00 eae eee UE Maiaite toes GE 1 25.00 
—_— PWOERBG 5 555 Sooo ce sees Ot etre 
| ie” Ss Ree RS A corr ona Ae OOOO! eos eae nae ue ae 3 75.00 
ee EE Qari Aen 
POURRA a Cece aie 4 100.00 
Septum inclination No. Per cent Tip elevation No. Per cent 
RES isto Oey ie naeiie 14 73.68 LL) nee a aera) 5 29.41 
BD 2 So ee Wise elds 5 26.32 PAOPIBONGER? 5 osu one Oi ee 
_ Depressed... os. 32s i2 70.59 
BOE cae es 2 5 19 100.00 — 
ROUGE: oles eaten 17 100.00 
DESCRIPTION OF NASAL SEPTUM 

No. Septum Inclination Elevation No. Septum Inclination Elevation 
4506 convex up depressed ABUTE. or eee Serta ee nao 
4507 convex up depressed ABTS hose Up Seve eee 
4508 straight down depressed pth Ee ae down depressed 

4510 straight up depressed BOZO Ne oat up elevated 

4511 straight up depressed yh a up elevated 
4512 straight © up elevated BODO Os rece: down depressed 

4513 convex up depressed 4524 straight up elevated 
4514 convex up depressed 4526 convex 11 + peor eee eile ere 
4515 convex up elevated pA Va Stead tree fe down depressed 
4516 straight down depressed Oe uk vie up depressed 


Teeth—The majority (14) possessed a marked-over bite and 
two women had an edge-to-edge bite. Only three women had normal 


146 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


slight-over occlusion. As the group is relatively young the number 
of teeth lost is high, indicating poor dental condition among these 
town-dwellers. Wear was slight on the teeth of No. 4522, slightly 
more than average on Nos. 4518 and 4526 and double plus on 
No. 4512. Nos. 4506, 4518, and 4520 possessed complete eruption, 
No. 4516 incomplete. 


TEETH 

Bite No. Per cent Loss 
Under si cocconeced se: 0) 4 Sa NON. 620 6s Boaters 
Edge-to-edge......... 2 10.53 Pore rain sire aici ceiete 
Slight over 2c es 3 15.79 es Ee SE ae ee eta at 
Marked over...<..... 14 73.68 DUG oh in carats lassiete 

Total sak hicnecs 2 19 100.00 | Ee ky are 

NOTES ON DENTITION 
No. Description 


4506 Teeth unusually white but a slight deposit. 
4507 Bad deposits on teeth. 


4508 Teeth stained. Six or seven lost (“‘one for each pregnancy’’). 


4509 Teeth rather yellow. 
4511 Upper incisors pulled out. 


4512 Teeth stained. 


4513 Yellow deposit on teeth. Two teeth broken. 


4514 Teeth stained. 


4515 Teeth stained; 


4516 White, strong 


three broken off. 
teeth. 


4520 Some deposit on teeth. 
4524 Not much deposit on teeth. 
4527 Excellent teeth. 


Prognathism.—-Nos. 4508, 4512, 4520, 4522, and 4524 had alveolar 


prognathism. 


Malars.—Nos. 4507 and 4512 had slightly more than average 


lateral projection of 


the malars. 


Tattooing.—The majority of the women recorded were tattooed, 


seven extensively. 


Tattooing No. 
INONG 33. blac ori aie oe es 5 
SOME 655g Sia Sone ie eicsore piece 6 
SUXCENSIVE 255 cts be otlenittais 7 

Total eee ue cio rn een 18 


No. Description 


SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS 


Per cent 


100.00 


4506 Bad scars on the right side of the nose as a result of a ‘“Baghdad boil’’; 


bad goiter. 
4507 Handsome. 


4509 Large dark scars of ‘‘Baghdad boil’’ between eyes and on forehead. 
4511 Thin, pleasant face; hair cut for mourning. 


ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA: ROYAL HOSPITAL 147 


No. Description 

4513 Growth like small tumor in large navel; abdomen distended; at hospital 
for a | pophergtaeg cd operation. 

4514 Broad face; nose broad throughout. 

4516 Smallpox scars; tattooed on both wrists, on back of right wrist apecifi- 
cally to relieve pain. Breath foul. 

4517 Pretty; gonorrheal complications in eyes of month-old baby. 

4518 Suffering from bilharziasis. Had chawi scars on right cd leg, back, 
belly, and under breast ‘‘to relieve pain.” 

4519 Looks like a mummy, extremely thin; stomach greatly distended by 
water. 

4522 Smallpox scars. 

4523 Bad posture; does not look like an Arab woman. 

4524 Tattooed, specifically on the belly to ‘‘relieve pain.” 

4527 Hair clean; very pretty. 

4528 Part Negro. 


MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF TWENTY ARAB WOMEN 


In grouping the women, special divisions of stature and sitting 
height have been assigned by Dr. Hooton, since these are the two 
measurements in which there is a marked sexual difference.! 

Stature—The majority (15) were medium (149.0-159.0); there 
were no very short (x-139.0) and no very tall (170.0—x) individuals. 
The mean was 154.50, range 148.0-169.0. 


STATURE 
Harvard system Range No. Per cent 
WOPYANOFG oo. ace eee x-139.0 Qo aries 
UN eh es a ee ae ong Ga 140.0-148.0 3 15.00 
MONIOR eotoicrass can a ae ee Oe 149 .0-159.0 15 75.00 
BPMN oreo stays On er sale eile eitets 160.0-169.0 v4 10.00 
OM UAT ar Ce Soca gra he a' ob 170.0-x Oo, sees 
d in| Steet per iri esha tes 2 eee Une ars aa et eae ay 20 100.00 


Sitting Height.—The majority (12) were medium (74.0—78.9) 
in trunk length but seven women possessed long (79.0—-83.9) trunks. 
No individual was very short (x—68.9) or very long (84.0—x) in trunk 
length. This increase in sitting height does not appear in the stature 
so that these seven women must tend to have shorter legs. The 
mean was 79.00, range 72.0-86.0. 


SITTING HEIGHT (Trunk Length) 


Group Range No. Per cent 
Were ahorts soon 5o tceocs cole eon x-68.9 Oi ree 
CU ROR DBF Ine etre ste Soe eee a 69 .0-73.9 1 5.00 
js Brg Sas CA 74.0-78.9 12 60.00 
RON eras ease ay eis en OES 79 .0-83.9 7 35.00 
ONT MOG ic oc 1th eT ee ue 84.0-x Oreo ees 

TREO. c's cov oh genes Fae Gills PRA eRe 20 100.00 


1If the females are grouped according to the male classifications the result is 
as follows: nineteen short (x—160.5), one medium (160.6-169.4), and no tall 
(169 .5—x) individuals. 


148 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Head Measurements.—The head breadth (mean 141.0, range 
129.0-152.0) was wide (140.0-149.0) or narrow (130.0-139.0). No 
women had very narrow (x—129.0) heads, but two were in the very 
wide (150.0-x) category. The minimum frontal diameter (mean 
99.50, range 89.0—-112.0) was either very narrow (x-—99.0) or narrow 
(100.0-109.0). The cephalic index (mean 77.85, range 71.0-88.0) 
according to the Harvard classificatory system was either dolicho- 
cephalic (9) or mesocephalic (8), but there were three women in 
the brachycephalic (82.6—x) group. The Keith fivefold divisions show 
a different arrangement: nine mesocephals (75.1-79.9), five dolicho- 
cephals (70.1-75.0), five brachycephals (80.0-84.9), and one ultra- 
brachycephal (85.0—x). 


HEAD BREADTH 


Group Range No. Per cent 
Veter BAICOW i256 ork x-129.0 eee 
Narrow? 5.6 seed ene ie set ee 130.0-139.0 8 40.00 
WAG 5 ook ote tes Sits en ee oe 140.0-149.0 10 50.00 
WRU SWIGO) 8 ook re en eae 150.0-x 2 10.00 


MINIMUM FRONTAL DIAMETER 


Group Range No. Per cent 
VORP NOTTOW ko. ho es Seas oes x— 99.0 10 50.00 
PMOTTOW S50 oe a ee 100.0-109.0 10. 50.00 
WIGS nc Pores ice 110.0-119.0 0 bt Poe 
Ware WH oe oe ee oe eas 120.0-x Gee: 

POLLS eer eee a eae a Ne LEON get a LER 20 100.00 


CEPHALIC INDEX 


Harvard system No. Per cent Keith system No. Per cent 
Dolichocephalic........ 9 45.00 Ultradolichocephalic.... 0  ..... 
(x-76.5) (x—70.0) 
Mesocephalic.......... 8 40.00 Dolichocephalic........ 5 25.00 
(76.6-82.5) (70.1—75.0) 
Brachycephalic........ 3 15.00 Mesocephalic.......... 9 45.00 
(82 .6—x) — (75.1-79.9) 
TR sete ask attorcdye 20 100.00  SBrachycephalic......... 5 25.00 
(80 .0-84.9) 
Ultrabrachycephalic.... 1 5.00 
(85 .0—x) oo 
PO econdes 20 100.00 


Facial Measurements and Indices.—The upper facial height (mean 
69.00, range 60.0-84.0) was medium short (11) or medium long (7), 
but there was one woman in the short (x—63.0) and one in the long 
(76.0-x) categories. The total facial height (mean 111.00, range 
100.0-124.0) was medium short (12) or short (7). Despite the 
number of individuals with medium long upper faces only one 


ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA: ROYAL HOSPITAL 149 


woman was in the medium long (120.0—-129.0) group for total facial 
height. The total facial index (mean 87.25, range 80.0—-94.0) was 
either mesoprosopic (12), leptoprosopic (5), or euryprosopic (8). 


FACIAL MEASUREMENTS 
Upper facial height No. 


Per cent Total facial height No. Per cent 
SHORE cath cscs cinte 1 5.00 SHO oe een t 35.00 
(x63 .0 (x—109.0) 
Medium short....... 11 55.00 Medium short...... 12 60.00 
(64.0-69.0) (110.0-119.0) 
Medium long........ 7 35.00 Medium long...... 1 5.00 
(70 .0-75.0) (120.0-129.0) 
1) ey Sea Ae eae ge a 5.00 Gn en tnt ein « | a 
(76.0—x) — (180-x) _- 
Total ee). 4:2. 20 100.00 OGRE Sees oon 20 100.00 
TOTAL FACIAL INDEX 
Group Range No Per cent 
PUT YPLORODIC «555.52 cog fe keeiteieue nes x-84.5 3 15.00 
MECKODTORODIC .. 5s ek ee ie 84.6-89.4 12 60.00 
RMRNOOTORODIC. 60-5 cracca aes teen 89.5-x 5 25.00 
POCA es hs Sea om ahinere nee aaonad 20 100.00 


Nasal Measurements and Indices.—In fourteen individuals the nose 
was short (x-49.0) and in six it was medium (50.0—-59.0). Eighteen 
individuals had medium narrow and two very narrow nasal widths. 
Eleven individuals were leptorrhine (x—67.4) and nine mesorrhine 
(67.5-83.4). There were no long (60—x), no medium wide or wide 
(36—x), and no platyrrhine (83.5—x) noses in the group. 


NASAL MEASUREMENTS 
Nasal height No. 


Per cent Nasal width No. ‘Per cent 
BEE fect Oto cad 5 14 70.00 Very narrow......... 2 10.00 
(x49) (x-29) 
Medi .. 5 nic2 oto. 6 30.60 Medium narrow...... 18 90.00 
(50-59) (30-35) 
RES ee Oto Peeves Medium wide........ ee Te 
(60—x) — (36-41) 
PE OURR sore. beers wee 20 100.00 WACO Atte pte teat ON iesat 
(42-x) _— 
otal fansite rd 20 100.00 
NASAL INDEX 
Group Range No. Per cent 
RMPOET I 65 5 565 sR. etd x-67 .4 11 55.00 
MGHOPFAING 5 ose ae eco lee 67 .5-83.4 9 45.60 
Piabyrenine sie attire es hc 83.5-x Oo ‘gaat 
LORD SEG sah ee Ean WON piety nate 20 100.00 


150 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF FEMALES IN BAGHDAD RoyYAL HOSPITAL 


Measurements ‘ No. Range Mean $.D. Gv: 
1 a eae tive Sarin eure 20 20-59 30.50+1.41 9.3541.00 30.66+3.27 
Stature 60-6 ck aes eas 20 143-169 154.50+0.76 5.0740.54 3.28+0.35 
Sitting height......... 20 72-86 79.00+0.53 3.5440.38 4.48+0.48 
Head length: ...6.0556:.5 20 170-193 180.75+0.80 5.283420.56 2.92+0.31 
Head breadth......... 20 129-152 141.10+0.78 5.1930.55 3.68+0.39 
Minimum frontal 

CSAINGGEN = 62 oe seo 20 89-112 99.50+0.66 4.36320.46 4.38+0.47 
Bizygomatic diameter. 20 120-139 127.5040.67 4.4540.47 3.49+0.37 
Bigonial diameter... .. 20 86-105 94.70+40.52 3.4840.37 3.67+0.39 
Total facial height.... 20 100-124 111.00+0.74 4.9040.52 4.41+0.47 
Upper facial height.... 20 60-84 69.00+0.65 4.30+0.46 6.23+0.66 
Nasal height.......... 20 40-59 47.50+0.49 3.24420.35 6.82+0.73 
Nasal breadth........ 20 28-36 32.60+0.27 1.80+4+0.19 5.5220.59 
Ear length 225.5 6.7.12 19 §2-71 60.22+0.60 3.88+0.42 6.44+0.70 
Ear breadth: <2... ; + 20 29-40 32.70+0.38 2.4940.27 7.61+0.81 

Indices 
Relative sitting height. 20 48-55 51.20+0.24 1.5840.17 3.09+0.34 
CNG oot ea Pia aks 20 71-88 77.85+0.62 4.0840.44 5.24:20.56 
Fronto-parietal....... 20 66-80 71.05+0.46 3.0340.32 4.2620.45 
Zygo-frontal.......... 20 72-83 78.10+0.44 2.9240.31 3.74+0.40 
Zygo-gonial........... 20 69-80 74.3540.48 3.2140.34 4.32+0.46 
‘Total facial. 35.06... 20 80-94 87.252+0.51 3.3540.36 3.8420.41 
Upper facial...........:; 20 49-63 54.3540.44 2.9140.31 5.35+0.57 
Nosed coches cee = oe 20 56-79 67.70+0.82 5.4440.58 8.041+0.86 
| OT ees ees ra ... 19 45-68 54.06+0.75 4.84+0.53 8.95+0.98 


INDIVIDUALS OMITTED FROM STATISTICAL SERIES 


The following information refers to women who can not be 
grouped into a series. 

Nos. 4488-4490 were Turkomans from Kirkuk; Nos. 4491 and 
4492 were Jewesses from Baghdad; No. 4493 was a Jewess from 
Diarbekr; Nos. 4494-4496 were Kurds from Erbil, Sulaimaniya, 
and Dohuk, respectively; Nos. 4497 and 4498 were Chaldeans from 
Tell Kaif and Al Qosh, respectively; Nos. 4499-4501 were Assyrians 
from Darbank (Iran), Tiyari tribe, and Peshabur tribe near Zakho, 
respectively; No. 4502 was an Irani from Tehran; Nos. 4503 and 4504 
were Armenians from Alep and Istanbul, respectively; No. 4505 
was a Syrian from Tripoli; No. 4509 was an Arab, aged 16, from 
Baghdad; No. 4521 was a Dulaimi from near the Diyala; No. 4525 
was an Arab, aged 15 (Sayyida), from Karbala; and No. 4528 was an 
Arab with Negro blood, from Baghdad. 

No. Description 

4488 Medium epicanthic eye fold; small nose, nasal bridge low; teeth evenly 

4489 aa of hair cut on top of head “‘to relieve pain in neck’’; smallpox 

scars; some deposit on teeth. 


4490 Operation on eyes, which are filmed; vision poor; central incisors and 
other teeth missing. 
4492 Thin 


4493 Flat occiput; small nose. 
4494 Alveolar prognathism; two lower molars missing. 


ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA: ROYAL HOSPITAL 151 


No. Description 

4495 Flat occipital area toward left side; scar above left brow, where she 
was hit by a knife hurled by her husband; soot (sukham) was applied to 
heal the wound; much deposit on teeth; compound fracture of wrist, 
after operation still hurt, was tattooed on left wrist and on back of 
hand, but “‘it still hurt.” 

4496 Teeth stained, two lower incisors covered with gold; hair dyed with 
some preparation giving the same effect as henna. 

4497 Breathed with difficulty; looked older than probable age. 

4498 Maximum point of head low, flatter above; few teeth left, chiefly in 
front; three miscarriages. 

4500 Upper molars gold-plated. 

ospital for sake of child. 

4502 Yellowish skin; teeth stained. 

4503 Small nose; bad deposits on teeth, several broken off. 

4504 Teeth slightly yellow; short nose. 

4505 Several teeth broken and missing; chawi on left forearm. 

4509 Small round scar on back of left hand where a piece of flesh was cut 
out to cure internal pain; large dark scars of Baghdad boil between 
eyes and on forehead; | ae slightly yellow. 

4525 Negro admixture; small nose; hair matted, full of lice; one eye lost. 


OBSERVATIONS RECORDED ON NASAL SEPTUM 


No. Septum Inclination Elevation No. Septum Inclination [Elevation 
4488 straight up elevated 4498 convex down depressed 
oe. wiralght up ....... 4499 convex G00G:~ cuis5- se 
4490 convex down _ elevated 4500 convex up depressed 
GRRE ae down depressed 4501 convex up depressed 
4492 straight ..... depressed | reese up elevated 
4493 convex down depressed 4503 = straight up depressed 
See down depressed 4504 straight down depressed 
4495 straight up depressed 4505 convex up elevated 
4496 convex up elevated 4509 straight up depressed 
4497 convex up depressed ys EA a ee up depressed 


4526. atraignt: -up 6. eek: 

Prognathism.—Nos. 4494, 4503, and 4525 had slight alveolar 
prognathism. 

Eyes.—No. 4488 had blue-ringed and No. 4501 gray-ringed eyes. 


ELEVEN GIRLS EXAMINED IN RoyYAL HOSPITAL, BAGHDAD 


Provenance.—No. 4530, Arab and Turkish from Baghdad; No. 
4531, Arab from Baghdad; No. 4532, Arab from Mosul; No. 4533, 
Arab from Baghdad, father from Kurdistan; No. 4534, father Turk 
and Kurd, mother from Iran and the Caucasus; No. 4535, Arab 
from Baghdad; No. 4536, Arab from Baghdad, father from Kirkuk; 
Nos. 4537 and 4538, Arabs from Baghdad; No. 4539, Arab from 
Baghdad, ancestors on both sides from Mosul; and No. 4540, 
Chaldean from Al Qosh. 

No. 4539 belonged to a Christian family, all of whom had light 
blue or green eyes. According to this informant her Moslem friends 
possessed darker, curlier hair than those of the Christian group. 

With the exception of Nos. 4530 and 4540, these girls were 
measured and examined in the Central School for Girls, Baghdad. 


152 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON ELEVEN GIRLS 
Skin.—Nos. 4534 and 4588 had darker than average skin color. 


Hair.—No. 4535 had applied peroxide, so the hair was reddish, 
with lighter parts on the surface. No. 4538 had a line of hair from 
eyebrows to hairline. Her arms were unusually hirsute. 

Physitognomy.—No. 4538 had a low brow. 

Nose.—No. 4532 had very round nostrils. No. 4534 had a broad 
nose. The nasion depression was almost absent in No. 4535. It 
was difficult to locate the subnasion point of No. 45386 as the nasal 
tip overhung. 

Teeth No. 4538 possessed good teeth. 


Inps.—No. 4587 had slightly higher than average integumental 
thickness. 


Negroid.—No. 4534 appeared to have slight Negroid admixture. 


Pathology—No. 4531 had a boil scar on the right side of her 
nose, which invalidated measurement of the nasal breadth. No. 
4583 had scars from Baghdad boils. No. 45385 had smallpox scars, 
which invalidated the measurement of the nasal breadth. 


When the forty-one adult females are grouped into one series 
the following table results: 


MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES OF FEMALES IN THE BAGHDAD ROYAL HOSPITAL 


Measurements No. Mean S.D. CY. 
URUNTO i cach coe acai eee 41 152.39+.70 6.65+.50 4.36+.33 
PSECU? LV a C3 a a 41 78.294 .42 4.02+.30 §.18+.38 
RIOR AUG ons 55 se 41 178.51+ .67 6.38+.48 3.57+4.27 
PIOG DFCROUE fosicicss hs cee 41 142.59+.60 5.784.438 4.02+.30 
Minimum frontal diameter.... 41 101.20+.46 4.40+.33 4.354.338 
Bizygomatic breadth......... 41 128.56+.51 4.84+ .36 3.76+ .28 
Bigonial breadth............. 41 95.344 .48 4,.55+.34 4.71+.36 
Total facial height........... 41 109.80+.47 4.48+ .33 4.08+.30 
Upper facial height........... 41 68.29+ .43 4.04+.30 5.92+.44 
Nasal neignt cr cuties cioms 41 47.68+.36 3.44+.26 7.22+.55 
INASalDreadth:- <2. sda nes 41 32.51+.28 2.64+.20 8.12+.62 
TORT OU . widscs wars ees 41 60.54+.43 4.05+.30 6.69+.50 
PM WPCA occ cen salahe 41 32.68+.27 2.59+.19 7.938+4.58 

Indices 
Relative sitting height........ 41 51.3874+.15 1.41+.11 2.744.21 
Bi 0) Te (a eR Ree eA a eal re 41 80.00+.47 4.444 .33 5.55+.41 
Fronto-parietal:. 05-5: .6 cn. 41 71.04+.33 3.18+.24 4.48+.34 
BI COMPONCAL Fos swan ds Wate ee 41 78.76+4.28 2.67+.20 3.389+.25 
BY ZO-CONIAL seen Beene 41 74.234.35 8.3874.25 4.54+.34 
POCRUA CIAL, Sc, keke Mn tictites 4 41 85.49+ .37 3.55+.26 4.15+.30 
Upper facial si.35. os ieee ch 41 53.16+.34 3.19+.24 6.00+.45 
IN BSBA oe occ one oer art 40 68.04+ .64 6.038+.45 8.86+.66 
PAP Oa? gad ceca chia tee ee 41 54.214 .56 5.284.389 9.744.72 


ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA: ROYAL HOSPITAL 


MEASUREMENTS OF FEMALES IN THE BAGHDAD ROYAL HOSPITAL 


Age Stature SH 


18 1485 
23 1650 
50 1506 
18 1466 
32 1580 
21 1415 
25 1553 
30 1577 
18 1411 
28 1447 
58 1583 
38 1610 
25 1538 
20 1560 


772 
862 
784 
732 
804 
694 
799 
824 
751 
759 


L 


B 


B’ 


J 


GH G‘H NH 
107 66 42 
114 65 86648 
116 71 49 
112 67 50 
109 69 49 
103 62 46 
109 65 45 
116 71 55 
110 65 46 
104 49 
(108)+ (69)+ 50 

12 73 55 
104 60 43 
111 69 = 47 
103 65 42 
pee 71 49 
111 70 845 
108 70 50 
111 67 46 
111 69 48 
113 69 50 
110 69 49 
(112)¢ (73)¢ 51 
(112) {| (66) {1 47 
111 2 50 


INDICES OF FEMALES IN THE BAGHDAD ROYAL HOSPITAL 


EL EB 
62 32 
63 333 
68 35 
56-28 
65 = 385 
58 29 
60 §=33 
65 8636 
5485 
55 82 
62 36 
64 833 
(60)¢ 25 
(60 31 
62) 33 
66 833 
62 = 33 
63 = 31 
62 36 
58 «34 
63 34 
56 =. 30 
66 36 
56 =. 338 
57 39334 


RSH 
52.0 


on 
~ 
NWODORAPWNPHPOCHOUONOAMNINWHOQOrD 


B/L 
82. 


oo 
to 
NWONOHOOAIHNWONH LS LOND OH 


73.3 


G’'H/J NB/NH EB/EL go-go/J 


B’/B GH/J 
70.5 82.8 50.8 
71.3 86.4 49.2 
79.7 86.6 538.0 
69.9 91.8 54.9 
67.3 82.6 62.8 
10.0" .81.T :49.2 
70:2. 80.7: -48cL 
70.1 -87.2' -58.4 
67.5 83.3 49.2 
72.6: -84.6.2 64.6 
66:2: ° 79.4. 50.7 
42 T= 81.2)- 52.9 
12.8: 80:0 (46.2 
74.8 85.4 63.1 
12'.6:° 798 (50.4 
6854 (Sh6-" 62.2 
(ZT 28228' (62,2 
66.9 -87:.8) "56.9 
70.5. 86.4 61.5 
T8s1- -JR20o 0676 
68.8 87.6 53.5 
74.5 88.7 55.6 
66.2 90.38 58.9 
"1.5 88.9 62.4 
(8:0) 8.405. 06.7 
+ Edentulous. 


* Omitted from averages. 
§ Questionable. 


Sw IWONROOWNANABAONWWMNONNSWOOD 
_ 
— 


or or 
© e 


t Stretched. 


{ Questionable; upper incisors pulled out. 


70. 


a 
ow) 
OP ELHOAMRHAEPONMOCHAMOKPWONEHDWDOPOAIC 


153 


BIPINDE NAMNNOMNSOAADOHOWSOH Ww 


154 


4526 (61)T 


4527 
4528 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


MEASUREMENTS OF FEMALES IN THE BAGHDAD ROYAL HOSPITAL 


58 


58 
68 


EB 


L 


RSH B/L 
50.9 83.8 
52.9 76.2 
50.6 76.3 
52.2 72.8 
48.8 77.8 
50.6 74.9 
51.2 75.4 
53.0 85.5 
50.1 73.0 
50.3 81.5 
50.5 75.8 
52.3 80.6 
50.1 78.4 
50.0 78.2 
50.7 73.3 
51.9 : 76.7 


*Omitted from the averages. 


B 


B’'/B GH/J 
70.0 90.7 
73.0 80.7 
69.7 86.6 
76.38 82.4 
70.7 87.3 
70.1 89.3 
72.5 84.7 
67.3 85.0 
74.1 85.2 
69.3 88.8 
12.6 92.8 
65.5 89:9 
70.9 85.0 
66.9 86.7 
U1aD. Coed 
T1207 SE 
+ Stretched. 


J 


129 
135 
127 
125 
126 
122 
124 
127 
122 
134 
130 
129 
120 
120 
135 
129 


oO 
> 
ATR WN MDWOTH OOOO ODDO 


NWO AIOWANMH AISA 


GH 


56.9 
50.0 
54.7 


G’H 


| 
~ 


DHOMNWMNAIWSOROROR 


NH 


oo 


CAWDNAKRROOAIROSOWM 


ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA: ROYAL HOSPITAL 


155 


MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF FEMALES IN THE BAGHDAD ROYAL HOSPITAL 


nam aba Noes 

No. ° Form Texture Color - Color — Sclera Iris Profile | Wings 
4488 vlw medium dkbr dk br clear str medium 
4489 lw medium _ black dk br_—_ clear conv medium 
£490) 230. 3. fine white dk br__ blood conv flar+ 
4491 lw medium dkbr black clear conv comp 
4492 vlw_ coarse dk br dk br clear conv medium 
4493 lw medium dkbr dk br clear e-c medium 
4494 vlw medium vdkbr black aoa str medium 

00 
4495 lw medium dk br dk br_—_ clear ae conv cp-m 
4496 lw medium dk br bl-gray blood hom cone flar 
4497 lw medium dkbr dk br__ clear ee conv comp 
4498 lw medium blk, gray dkbr blood bsts conv  flar 
4499 vliw fine dk br gray-gr blood Hae, RO. as 
4500 lw fine dk br een-br clear zon conv medium 
4501 vlw _ fine dk br k br clear ee c-c flar 
4502 lw medium br, gray black clear ae conc medium 
4503* lw fine ay gray-br blood zon c-c medium 
4504 lw fine k br green-br clear zon c-c medium 
4505 lw coarse v dk br een-br clear zon conv medium 
4506 lw fine dk br k br blood ee str medium 
4507 lw medium blk, gray black clear conv comp 
4508 lw medium lack eee, clear conv medium 
ec 
4509 lw coarse dk br k br clear cone medium 
4510 lw e ig d lt br blood conv m-fl 
4511* lw medium k br black blood conv. medium 
4512 lw coarse black dk br clear cone medium 
4513 dw medium black black clear ree SEP ert 
4514 lw e dk br gr-br _— clear hom cone medium 
4515 lw medium dk br black clear conv  flar 
4516 lw coarse black black clear str medium 
4517 lw coarse black black clear str flar 
4518 lw fine black dk br clear cone medium 
4519 Ilwt fine black dk br_—_ clear conv cp-m 
4520 lw medium dkbr dk br clear cone  flar 
CU ae eee eae dk br dk br clear str medium 
4522 lw coarse dk br dk br clear cone medium 
4523 lw moanm. bf; Stee! cc aks conv medium 
DS CA reget dk br dk br clear str cp-m 
MIE ie Sone - me eee Gi DRS hate ees cone m-fl 
4526 lw medium _ black dk bri blood cone medium 
4527 lw medium black dk br_—_ clear conv medium 
4528 dw medium dk br dk brs clear cone  flar 
* Very thin. t Cut off. t Shaved. 


APPENDIX F: MAMMALS FROM IRAQ 


BY 
CoLIn C. SANBORN! 


In 1984 Dr. Henry Field, leader of the Field Museum Anthro- 
pological Expedition to the Near East, and Mr. Richard A. Martin 
collected zoological specimens in Iraq and Iran. 


As a result of their efforts and the subsequent gifts which have 
come to the Museum from the Near East this list of mammals has 
been prepared. 

Since the zoological material available from this part of the 
world is limited, there is considerable uncertainty of identification. 


The names of collectors have been given in parentheses. Dr. 
Walter P. Kennedy was a staff member of the Royal College of 
Medicine in Baghdad. Mr. Austin Eastwood, head of the Cotton 
Growers Association, maintained a private zoo in Baghdad. Mrs. 
E. S. Drower, author of several books on Iraqi folklore, has lived 
in Baghdad for the past fifteen years. Mr. J. H. Dekker, who was 
in charge of the Iraq Petroleum Company’s pipe-line station T-3, 
died in 1986. Philippus Dinka, an Assyrian, was superintendent of 
the British Consulate at Diana-Rowandiz in 1934. He is now 
with the British Oil Development Company near Mosul. 


Last, but not least by far, comes Yusuf Lazar, another Assyrian, 
who was an invaluable zoological collector during 1934. Since that 
time he has continued to send specimens to the Museum. Dr. Field 
has supplied the funds necessary for this important work. 


The spelling of place names conforms, wherever possible, to the 
style adopted by the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names 
of the Royal Geographical Society in London. In addition to the 
names of places which can be located with ease, such as Baghdad, 
Basra, Hilla, An Nasiriya, Karbala, Balad Sinjar, Khanaqin, and 
Sulaimaniya, the following groupings can be made: 

Northern Area.—Diana-Baradost, Baadri, Rowandiz, and Guli 
Ali Bagh. 


Southern Area.—Qala Salih, Amara, Chahala, and Halfaya. 
We hope that zoological specimens from Southwestern Asia will 
continue to enrich the study collections in the Museum. 
1 Curator of Mammals at Field Museum. 
156 


MAMMALS FROM [RAQ 157 


Hemiechinus auritus Gmelin. 


Near Baghdad, female with five young, alcoholic (Kennedy); 
skull only (Dinkha). 


Liponycteris kachhensis magnus Wettstein. 
Taphozous magnus Wettstein, Ann. Konigl. Naturhist. Hofmuseums, Wien, 
27, p. 466, 1913—Basra. 


Taphozous kachhensis babylonicus Thomas, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 
24, p. 58, 1915—Euphrates. 


Taphozous kachhensis magnus Cheesman, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 27, 
p. 328, 1920. 


Liponycteris kachhensis magnus Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 9, p. 267, 
1922. 
Baghdad and Tall Tauwa near Baghdad, 4 males, 3 females, 
April 1-16, 1934 (Field). 
This form has been recorded from Lake Tiberias southeastward 
to the head of the Persian Gulf. 


Measurements.—Forearm 79-83.3; second finger, metacarpal 
67-71.8; third finger, metacarpal 71.9-76.6, first phalanx 27.5-31.7, 
second phalanx 30.8-33.9; fourth finger, metacarpal 58.8-63.3, first 
phalanx 14.3-18.5, second phalanx 8.3-9.3; fifth finger, metacarpal 
48.6-51.4, first phalanx 14.7-17.4, second phalanx 7.8-9.6; tibia 
31.4-35; ear from meatus 21-24; tragus, height 5.5-6, width 5-6. 
Skull: male, greatest length 32.2; condylo-basal length from front 
of canine 27.2; palatal length 8.2; interorbital width 9.4; inter- 
temporal width 5.5; zygomatic width 18.38; mastoid width 16; 
width of braincase 12; length of upper toothrow 12.7; width across 
cingula of canines 7.2; width across m? 11.7; lower toothrow 14.1; 
mandible 23.3. The males are slightly larger than the females. 


Asellia tridens murraiana Anderson. 

Baghdad, 13 females, May—August, 1935; 1 male, June 19, 1936 
(Lazar). 

The forearms on these specimens are so long (51-55.4) that 
they are referred to this subspecies. 


Myotis myotis omari Thomas. 
Myotis myotis omari Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pt. 2, p. 521, 1905. 
Diana-Baradost, northeast Iraq, male, female, June 29, 1934. 


The only recorded specimens of this form are the type and topo- 
type from Derbent, fifty miles west of Isfahan, Iran, and a female 


158 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


from Telespid, southwestern Iran. The Iraq specimens agree fairly 
well with the original description. 


Measurements (male and female, and skull of male).—Forearm 
59.1-60.4; second finger, metacarpal 56-56.6; third finger, meta- 
carpal 55.5-57, first phalanx 19.3-19.6, second phalanx 16-18; 
fourth finger, metacarpal 54.8—55.9, first phalanx 18.4-14.7, second 
phalanx 18.6-18.6; fifth finger, metacarpal 53.3-54.1, first phalanx 
13-18.8, second phalanx 13.5-11; tibia 26.4-27; calear 16.3-17.1; 
ear from meatus 24-25; height of tragus 11-11. Skull: greatest 
length 22.5; condylo-basal length 20.9; palatal length 9.3; interorbital 
width 5.1; zygomatic width 13.9; mastoid width 10.1; width of 
braincase 9.7; upper toothrow 9.1; width across cingula of canines 
5.8; width across m? 9; lower toothrow 9.7; mandible 17. 


Pipistrellus kuhli Kuhl. 


Baghdad, 33, from April 1, 1934 (Field and Martin) to June 10, 
1988 (Lazar); Amara marshes, 1, April 22, 1984 (Field); Sheikh 
Falih as Saihud’s camp, 23, April 27, 1934 (Field); Halfaya, 49, 
April 28, 29, 1934 (Field); Balad Sinjar, 6, June 4, 1934 (Field); 
Baadri, 2, June 14, 1984 (Field); Tall Tauwa, near Baghdad, 6, 
April 1-16, 1934 (Field); An Nasiriya, 6, March 12-24, 1935 (Lazar); 
Karbala, 4, October 10, 1937 (Lazar); Rustam Farm, near Baghdad; 
20, January 9, 1989 (Lazar). 


This appears to be the commonest bat in Iraq. 


Eptesicus hingstoni Thomas. 


Eptesicus hingstoni Thomas, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 26, p. 745, 1919 
—lIraq (Baghdad). 

Baghdad, 1 male, 4 females, April 1-16, 1984, 1 male, January— 
April, 1935 (Lazar), 1 male, 2 females, May—August, 1935 (Lazar), 
1 juv. male, 1 juv. female, June 19, 1986 (Lazar); An Nasiriya, 
March 12-24, 1985 (Lazar); Karbala, 1 male, October 10, 1987 
(Lazar). 


Measurements.—Forearm 48.7-47.8; second finger, metacarpal 
40.2-45; third finger, metacarpal 41.1—46, first phalanx 12.3-14.5, 
second phalanx 11.1-12.5; fourth finger, metacarpal 40-45, first 
phalanx 10.7-11.9, second phalanx 8.9-10.1; fifth finger, metacarpal 
38.8-48.1, first phalanx 8.8-9.6, second phalanx 6.4-8.2; tibia 18.5- 
20.2; calear 17-19. Skull (female): greatest length 18; condylo- 
basal length 16.9; palatal length 7.6; interorbital width 3.7; zygo- 
matic width 11.4; mastoid width 8.8; width of braincase 7.8; upper 


MAMMALS FROM IRAQ 159 


toothrow 6.4; width across cingula of canines 5.4; width across m? 
6.6; lower toothrow 6.9. 


Eptesicus walli Thomas. 


Eptesicus walli Thomas, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 26, p. 746, 1919— 
Iraq (Basra). 


An Nasiriya, 2 males, 7 females, March 12-24, 1985 (Lazar). 
This is the second published record of this bat. It appears to be 


much scarcer than E. hingstoni as Lazar has collected it but once in 
five years. 


Measurements.—Forearm 36.3-40.9; third finger, metacarpal 
36-37.9, first phalanx 10.4-11.9, second phalanx 10.6-11.7; fourth 
finger, metacarpal 34.7-37.9, first phalanx 8.6—10.5, second phalanx 
8.1-9.8; fifth finger, metacarpal 33.4-36.4, first phalanx 6.5-8.5, 
second phalanx 6.4—7.6. Tibia 14.6—-15.8; ear 12.3-13. Skull of 
largest female: total length 14.4; condylo-basal length 13.3; palatal 
length 6.8; interorbital width 3.8; rostral width 5.5; zygomatic 
width 9.5; mastoid width 7.4; width of braincase 6.6; —— toothrow 
5.2; width across canines 4.5; across molars 6.3. 


Canis aureus Linnaeus. . 
Iraq, 1 trade skin, no locality (Field); Diyala, 1 skull (Lazar). 


Canis lupus pallipes Sykes. 


Seri Hassan Beg Mountains, Rowandiz District, 1 skeleton 
(Dinkha); Diyala, 1 skeleton (Lazar); Sulaimaniya, 1 skull only 
(Lazar); Khanagin, 1 skeleton (Lazar). 


Pocock (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1935) referred the Iraq wolves 
to this subspecies. 


Vulpes vulpes splendens Thomas. 


Rowandiz, 1 trade skin, no skull. This very large skin in worn 
pelage is referred to this form. 


Vulpes persica Blanford. 
One skin without skull or locality in Iraq (Lazar). 


Herpestes persicus Gray. 
Baghdad, 1 skull only (Lazar). 


Felis chaus Giildenstidt. 
Hilla Desert, 1937, 1 skin only (Lazar). 


160 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Two skulls without skins from Baghdad (Lazar) appear to be 
house cats. 


Martes foiana Erxleben. 
Rowandiz, 1 trade skin without skull (Field). 


Lutra lutra Linnaeus. 
Qala Salih, near Amara, 1 trade skin without skull (Drower). 


Meles meles subsp. 

Guli Ali Bagh, 1 male, skin and skeleton, 1987 (Dinkha). 

This is the first time this genus has been recorded from Iraq. It 
probably belongs to either the subspecies minor Satunin or caucasi- 
cus Ognev, but comparative material is not available. 

Measurements.—Skull: total length 136.3; condylo-basal length 
128; palatal length from in front of incisors 71.8; zygomatic width 
about 85; mastoid width 63.8; width of braincase 51.9; interorbital 
width 29.7; intertemporal width 24.8; upper toothrow 43.3; maxillary 
width 46.6. 


Mellivora wilsoni Cheesman. 
Mellivora wilsoni Cheesman, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 27, p. 335, 1920 
—Ram Hormuz, southwestern Iran. 
Station T-1, on northern oil pipe-line, western Iraq (Dekker). 
This specimen agrees closely with the original description. 
Cheesman recorded a specimen from Baksal, Tyb River, which 
is the only other published record for Iraq. 
- _Measurements.—Greatest length 121.1; condylo-basal length 60.8; 
interorbital width 33.2; intertemporal width 36; zygomatic width 
71.4; mastoid width 67.4; width of braincase 62.5; upper toothrow 
33.8; maxillary width 42. 


Hyaena hyaena Linnaeus. 

Baghdad, skeleton, July 6, 1986 (Eastwood); Baradost, skin and 
skeleton, 1937 (Dinkha). 

These might be the subspecies zarudnye but Pocock (Proc. Zool. 
Soe. Lond., p. 820, 1934) considered this form a probable synonym 
of hyaena. 

Measurements.—Total length 229-241; condylo-basal length 
214.1-218.7; zygomatic width 152.6; postorbital width 35.9-36.6; 


MAMMALS FROM IRAQ 161 


interorbital width 47.8-46.2; maxillary width 86.4—87.5; width at 
base of canines 51.8-52.5; length of p+ 29.6-30.5. 


Sus scrofa attila Thomas. 


Chahala, near Amara, male and female, skins with skeletons, 4 
young in alcohol, April 238, 1984 (Field). Place: Rhamalla, ten miles 
from Khanagin, 4 skulls only, February 28, 1935 (Lazar); Khanagqin, 
2 skulls only, November 15, 1935 (Lazar); Baradost, skin and skele- 
ton, 1987 (Dinkha). 


Measurements (2 from Chahala; taken on dried skin).—Total 
length 1450-1430; tail 170 (about)—240. Skull: greatest length 
450-870; condylo-basal length 383-343; zygomatic width 166.5-153; 
interorbital width 95.7—74.7; length of nasals 254-200; width of 
nasals 36.5-29.4; occipital depth 144-122; length of mandible 330- 
305; maxillary toothrow c-m’ 167-151; p'-m’ 1383.4-121.4; lower 
toothrow including canine 173.2-164, excluding canine 143.2-139; 
third upper molar 42.8 x 26.6-37.6 x 23.2; third lower molar 41.6 x 
20.6-41.5 x 17.8; width of internal face of lower canine 23.5—25. 


Ursus arctos Linnaeus. 


Baghdad, skin and skeleton, 1985 (Eastwood); Baradost, skin 
and skeleton, 1937 (Dinkha). 


Jaculus loftusi Blanford. 


Dipus loftusi Blanford, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 16, p. 312, 1875— 
Mohammerah (now Khorram Shahr), southwestern Iran. 

Near Rutba, Station H-3, female, May 10, 1934. 

Measurements.—Total length 270; tail 160; hind foot 58.5. Skull: 
greatest length 33.6; condylo-basal length 29.5; palatal length 8.2; 
interorbital width 11.5; zygomatic width 23.4; mastoid width 23.8; 
width of braincase 18.5; upper molar series 4.9; lower molar series 
5.2; mandible 11.7; anterior palatine foramina 4; orbital width 23.4. 


Nesokia buxtoni Thomas. 
Baghdad, skull only, November 10, 1935 (Dinkha). 


Lepus connori Robinson. 


Hinaidi Bridge, ten miles southeast of Baghdad, skull only, 
December 18, 1985 (Lazar); Baghdad, 1 skeleton, 2 skulls only, 
November 2, 1935 (Dinkha). 


Referred to this species on the basis of Cheesman’s list. 


162 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Gazella sp. 


Iraq, 1 skeleton, 2 skins only; Diyala, 2 skulls only, November 20, 
1935 (Lazar); Hinaidi Bridge, 2 skulls only, November 26, 1935 
(Lazar); Baghdad, skeleton, December 2, 1936 (Lazar); skeleton, 
September 2, 1936 (Eastwood); 3 skulls only, September 7, 1936 
(Eastwood); Karbala, skull only, December 12, 1985 (Eastwood). 


There are not enough skins in this collection to determine which 
species is represented. 


Capra aegagrus blythi Lydekker. 


Baradost, Rowandiz District, 2 skeletons, February, 1935 
(Dinkha); Barzan near Aqra, horns. 


APPENDIX G: NOTES ON INSECTS FROM IRAQ 


During the Field Museum Anthropological Expedition to the Near 
East in 1934, we collected a number of insects in Iraq and in Iran. 


Since our return to Chicago, Yusuf Lazar, my Assyrian zoologi- 
cal and botanical collector, has sent additions to our collections 
from the Baghdad area. 

Through the kindness of Captain N. W. Riley, Keeper of the 
Department of Entomology at the British Museum (Natural History) 
all specimens have been sent to London to be determined. 


As a direct result two papers have appeared: “Hemiptera from 
Iraq, Iran, and Arabia’ by W. E. China, and “Orthoptera from Iraq 
and Iran” by B. P. Uvarov (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 
vol. 20, Nos. 32 and 33, pp. 439-451). 

In a letter from the British Legation, Tehran, dated August 9, 
1939, Mr. E. P. Wiltshire writes: “With regard to the material 
collected by Yusuf [Lazar] in Baghdad for you, I was able to get a 
glimpse of it recently in London and can confirm that he got a male 
Sumeria dipotamica Tams in Baghdad; also one or two Nychiodes 
divergaria Stgr., which confirms my guess made in my article on 
the Baghdad Orchard.” 

Wiltshire has published the following notes (pp. 17, 20) excerpted 
from the ““Entomologist’s Record’”’ (Feb. 15, 1989). 

“1. Nychiodes(?) divergaria. Small larvae of this genus were 
found in XI.37 in numbers at night on apricot trees. Unfortunately 
I was obliged to take them with me to Tabriz in December, where 
the winter was longer and severer than Baghdad’s. None hibernated 
successfully, so I cannot be sure of the species’ identity, but expect 
that it will prove to be divergaria! which I have found not uncom- 
monly in Kurdistan.” 

“2. Until the life-history of this recently described Notodontid 
is known, one cannot say to which of the above divisions of the 
Mesopotamian fauna it pertains, though, to judge from its facies 
and the situations in which I have taken it, it may well prove to be 
a reed-feeder. It seems to be most frequent in the delta of the 
Euphrates and Tigris, but it also occurs up to some height in the 
Zagros range. In 1938 I captured a female at Basra (25.V.) and a 
male at Khorram Shahr (Mohammerah) (2.X), both to light near 


1 Confirmed from Field Museum specimens collected in Baghdad by Yusuf 
y; 


163° 


164 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


the river. I also believe! it occurs at Baghdad. Since no description 
of the female was published by Mr. Tams, I append one hereto: 


“‘Sumeria dipotamica, Tams (Proc. R. Ent. Soc. London (B) 1938). Female 
Neallotype; Basra, 25.V.1938, in coll. m. 
Antenna: Much more lightly bipectinated than male. 
Expanse: 54 mm., i.e., considerably larger than male. 
- In other respects, similar to the male. 


“N.B.—The autumnal brood male taken by me at Khorramshahr 
was only 40 mm. in expanse.” 


The remainder of the collections, particularly the Lepidoptera, 
awaits determination. 


5 1 Confirmed from Field Museum specimens collected in Baghdad by Yusuf 
azar. 


APPENDIX H: PLANTS COLLECTED BY 
THE EXPEDITION 
BY 
PAUL C. STANDLEY! 


During 1934, while leader of the Field Museum Anthropological 
Expedition to the Near East, Dr. Henry Field supervised the col- 
lecting of about 10,000 herbarium specimens from Iraq, Iran, Trans- 
Jordan, Palestine, and Syria. He also collected a number of useful 
plants and drugs.? 

The majority of the specimens in the following list were deter- 
mined at Field Museum, but since the Herbarium does not contain 
large collections from Southwestern Asia, it was necessary to send 
series to European experts for determination. Part of the collection 
was therefore sent to Kew Herbarium where the late Mr. A. R. 
Horwood identified some of the specimens. A recent letter from Sir 
Arthur Hill states that as a result of Mr. Horwood’s death, followed 
shortly by Air Raid Precautions, no further work can now be done 
on this collection. 

Prior to 1934 Mr. Evan Guest, who was attached to the Ministry 
of Agriculture in Baghdad, made a large collection of herbarium 
specimens in Iraq. During his trips to northern Iraq and Kurdistan, 
Yusuf Lazar, an Assyrian, accompanied him as a botanical collector. 
The Guest Collection also awaits identification at Kew. 

In 1934, Dr. Field engaged the services of Yusuf Lazar as a 
botanical and zoological collector. The greater part of the speci- 
mens listed are the fruit of his remarkable energy and painstaking 
devotion in this service in both Iraq and Iran. Since 1935, working 
as a private collector financed by Dr. Field, he has forwarded to 
the Museum additional herbarium specimens, mainly from the 
Baghdad area. In the following list those specimens marked ‘“‘F & L”’ 
were collected during the 1934 Expedition, those with “L’”’ by Yusuf 
Lazar, 1935-39. 

Other undetermined specimens were sent to Dr. Gunnar Samuels- 
son of the Natural History Museum in Stockholm, and to Professor 
J. Bornmiiller, Weimar. These two specialists have submitted 
determinations that are included in the following list. Although 
several hundred numbers still await identification, a provisional 
list is herewith appended. 

1 Curator of the Herbarium, Field Museum. 

2 See Hooper and Field. 


165 


166 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Dr. Rustam Hydar, Director of the Rustam Agricultural Experi- 
mental Farm near Baghdad, generously presented to Field Museum 
a number of varieties of Gossypium, Hordeum, and Triticum which 
are not listed here, since they were enumerated by Hooper and Field 
(pp. 122-124, 126-127, 181-183). 

The reader is referred to ‘Useful Plants and Drugs of Iran and 
Iraq” by David Hooper and Henry Field (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 
Bot. Ser., vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 71-241, 1987), and particularly to the 
list of bibliographical references (pp. 75-78). In addition, the 
publications of Boissier (1867-84), Schlimmer (1874), Dymock 
(1885, 1891), Aitchison (1890), Post (1896), Burkill (1909), Born- 
miiller (1917), Laufer (1919), Gilliat-Smith and Turrill (1930), 
Guest (1933), Samuelsson (1938 et seq.), and Vavilov (1934 et seq.) 
should be used as standard references. 

The spelling of place names conforms wherever possible to the 
system adopted by the Permanent Committee on Geographical 
Names of the Royal Geographical Society in London. 


ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PLANTS COLLECTED IN IRAQ 


Number Genus and Species Locality 
kt 2 CRS ewes Acanthophyllum microcephalum 
IBOIsS yom ei etie eter aeuern ee Near Baghdad 
F@L802...6.5: Aconus longistylis Freyn...... Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
F & L879, 937... Acer monspessulanum L........ Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
FB @ 1468050505 Achillea aleppica DC.......... Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 
war 
F & L 635, 651...Achillea aleppica DC.......... Jebel Khatchra near Balad Sin- 
jar 
FG 878, sx is Achillea conferta DC........... Téngrich pole M90 between 
Baiji and Mosul 
PG 808..¢.55:. Achillea conferta DC........... Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 
Le Oy oo Ra Achillea conferta DC........... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
EGE SG ra ees ntomtes Achillea faleata L... 2... 202... Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
Bide 1. G19: 6350 Achillea micrantha M. Bieb.. . . hag ea Tall Afar and Balad 
injar 
PM Us O18 65 bis Achillea micrantha M. Bieb.. . . . Tell is Shur between Tall Afar 
and Balad Sinjar 
EDDAO Cir ors eects Achillea micrantha M.Bieb...... Near Baghdad 
PO FOS. inns Achillea micrantha M. Bieb.....Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 
F & L307, 472. . . Achillea micrantha M. Bieb.....Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
| as Oe (| Achillea micrantha M. Bieb.....Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 
war 
F&L535....... Achillea oligocephala DC....... Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 
F@L479....... Achillea oligocephala DC....... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 


and Balad Sinjar 


Number 
BS 1 A461... e% 


F&L803....... 
F&L450....... 


F&L686....... 
Pah, O82. 3.;..: 


FOU, 423.0025... 
F&L458....... 


L 168, 


310, 353. . 


er ae te ee an 


F & L 870....... 
F&L304....... 


F&L449....... 
PML 807.322... 


ae Pi yy 
Fé@L &41..:.... 


F@L120....... 
F&L 698....... 


F& L 668....... 


F&L605....... 


L251, 


329, 472.. 


PLANTS FROM IRAQ 167 


Genus and Species Locality 
Achillea oligocephala DC....... Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 
war 
Achillea Santolina L........... Near Baghdad 
Achillea Santolina L........... Tell Es Shur between Tall Afar 


and Balad Sinjar 
Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L. . Rowandiz Gorge 


Adonis aestivalis L............ Rustam Farm near Baghdad 

Adonis aestivalis L...........Near Baghdad 

Aegilops Aucheri Boiss......... Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 

Aegilops crassa Boiss.......... Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 
war 

Aegilops crassa Boiss.......... 30 km. due west of Balad Sinjar 

Aegilops crassa Boiss.......... Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 

Aegilops squarrosa L........... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 


and Balad Sinjar 

Aeluropus litoralis (Gouin) Parl.Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 
war 

Aeluropus litoralis (Gouin) Parl.Near Baghdad 

Aeluropus repens (Desf.) Parl... Rustam Farm near Baghdad 


gs 4 oh squarrosum (Roth) 
sinus PUL RETRCERO RT Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
Mies Chia Schreb. var. tri- 


dactylttiee Ging. «6 oy see cece Jebel Baradost near Diana 

Rowandiz 

Alhagi maurorum Medic....... Rustam Farm near Baghdad 

Alkanna Kotschyana DC....... Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 

Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch...Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 

Allium ampeloprasum L........ Haditha (wheatfield) 

Allium paniculatum L......... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 

and Balad Sinjar 

Allium paniculatum L......... Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 
war 

Allium paniculatum L......... Tell Es Shur between Tall Afar 
and Balad Sinjar 

Althaea hirsuta L............. Jerwona near Ain Sifni 

Althaea Hohenackeri Boiss. & 

BEE Str ehes ane cele wan Jebel Pikasar near Aqra 
Althaea lavateriflora DC........ vist Khatchra near Balad 
injar 

Althaea lavateriflora DC........ Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 

Althaea Ludwigit L............ Rustam Farm near Baghdad 

Althaea Ludwigit L............Rutba 

Althaea rosea Cav............. Tell Es Shur between Tall Afar 


and Balad Sinjar 
Alyssum alpestre L. var. obo- 


CIN BOMB hi i eka ees ge Khatchra near Balad 
injar 
Alyssum campestre L.......... Karya Sheikh Khanis_ near 


Balad Sinjar 


.Amaranthus graecizans L....... Near Baghdad 


Amaranthus cf. paniculatus L...Rustam Farm near Baghdad 


168 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Number Genus and Species Locality 
jae E+: RENO ie eae ee Amaranthus retroflecus L....... Near Baghdad 
VATS xo onsen Amaranthus viridis L.......... Near Baghdad 
L 188, 296, 418. .Ammi majus L..: .. 23.0... ose. Near Baghdad 
jf VAS aresyerrctee: Ammi majus L. var. longiseta 
PRIS hoa Wak cee ts Near Baghdad 
E&e 1s 986) 55: Amygdalus elaeagrifolia Spach.Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
| Lot Ee eer aA Amygdalus spartioides Spach... Near Baghdad 
| Sfp Se eee cen Anagallis arvensis L........... Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
| a al pn 3S aa eee Anagyris foetida L............ Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
Or ds Chl a ae Anagyris foetida L............ Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 
1 ge a AY oy fs Anagyris foetida L............ Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
| ORNS Ue epeeeenes etree Anchusa strigosa Labill........ Near Baghdad 
F&L399....... Anchusa strigosa Labill........ Qala Sharqat 
Os 544 ee, are Anchusa strigosa Labill........ Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 
PG £462. 2.254; Anchusa strigosa Labill........ Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 
war 
B06; B01 ss oss Andrachne telephioides L....... Near Baghdad 
Ge, G4 5. oo: Andrachne telephioides L....... Montafah 
TB GOH S825 anche Andrachne telephioides L....... Telegraph pole M90 between 
Baiji and Mosul 
F & L 632, 661. . Andrachne telephioides L....... Jebel Khatchra near Balad 
Sinjar 
B&G 40)... Andrachne telephioides L....... Qala Sharqat 
Brie ou, vices Andropogon annulatus Forsk....Near Baghdad 
Pe 1 488:... 5%: Androsace maxima L.......... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
bgt aN | Anthemis altissima L.......... Sulaimaniya 
Si | 7 See aarp Anthemis altissima L.......... Near Baghdad 
i) 129, 239 Jos. Anthemis Cotula L............ Near Baghdad 
F&L389....... Anthemis Cotula L............ Telegraph pole M90 between 
Baiji and Mosul 
iOS SO es eee Anthemis hebronica Boiss. & 
MOBO 0 ary cad Leal ts Near Baghdad 
EES rar ae olen Anthemis cf. melampodina Del..Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
1 Ol OF Ii (a Apocynum venetum L.......... Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
13:66; A389) 35. Aristida plumosa L............ Near Baghdad 7 
fe B Pes te ee Aristolochia maurorum L....... Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
LOAN tray (5 eee Aristolochia maurorum L....... Mesaida near Amara 
F & L 385....... Arnebia decumbens (Vent.) 
WORieess yc sie cc ears Telegraph pole M90 between 
Baiji and Mosul 
URY a rect [1 a ee Arnebia decumbens (Vent.) 
WONG on a tka ate ates Rutba 
io pan oaeee Arnebia linearifolia DC........ Near Baghdad 
F & L 547....... Artedia squamata L............ Mir Khasim between Balad 


Sinjar and Tall Afar 
Ey ABS oti sok koe Artemisia annua L............ Rustam Farm near Baghdad | 


PLANTS FROM IRAQ 169 


Number Genus and Species Locality 
MOLTO. .2i.%5 Asparagus stipularis Forsk.....Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
oy a eee Asperugo procumbens L........ ae Bat Khan near Balad 
injar 
e104, B2S 0% .....:. Asperugo procumbens L........ Near Baghdad 
BE MOUS Cea os Ss 2 Asperula arvensis L...........Near Baghdad 
$i GBy ocx foace Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav..... Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
: ps 0 Ree pears age Astragalus alexandrinus Boiss...Near Baghdad 
I & 36805023 Astragalus chaborasicus Boiss. 
Oe TRUM: cans has Jebel Khatchra near Balad 
Sinjar 
iy 49, OB ied 5 sa Astragalus cruciatus Link...... Near Baghdad 
1 SC AS 1. ge tome Astragalus Forskahleit Boiss.....Rutba 
& L'606.2...<: Astragalus maximus Willd...... Tell Es Shur between Tall Afar 
and Balad Sinjar 
Es Bhat Atractylis flava Desf........... Montafah 
i ata Oi are Atriplex leucoclada Boiss. subsp. 
turcomanica (Moq.) Aellen...Montafah 
by S15,. 86120 x Atriplex leucoclada Boiss. subsp. 
turcomanica (Moq.) Aellen... Near Baghdad 
a 9g. Pee Atriplex tatarica L............ Mesaida near Amara 
Sg iy el ea AOENG fOTNE a soca Sex ees Gatt Al Dwat near Amara 
L 199, 279, F& L 
so Pree ore Avena fai lie. 60 6085 es Near Baghdad 
PSL 468 es AVON TOU las) ens ts he niece Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
PMLA. ces =: Bacopa Monniera (L.) Wettst...Chahala near Amara 
at i 0 ss eer Bacopa Monniera (L.) Wettst...Near Amara 
Ee WO re ase Barbarea vulgaris R. Br........ Near Baghdad 
Are OS tee eee Beta vulgaris L. subsp. lomato- 
gonoides Acllon'’..:2 2 255.5683 Gatt Al Dwat near Amara 
DOGG Se ci eee Beta vulgaris L. subsp. maritima 
(L.) Thell. var. glabra Aellen. . Near Baghdad 
| ag 95 ieee aerate Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris 
1G ey | RS A ee Near Baghdad 
F&L440....... Bromus macrostachys Desf..... . Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
Bee, 89T-.23<..; Bromus macrostachys Desf..... . Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
Bai BUG a tatkiens «HA es Brome mottes Lis coc. leeks’ Near Baghdad 
ee h 186500... Bromus tectorum L............ Rutba 
1 419; 256 5 sss. Bromus tectorum var. grandiflo- 
PUSTIOUR eee eae Near Baghdad 
i ug ye ity iy &: Eee Bupleurum aleppicum Boiss... . Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
Bre ke TOC ee is Bupleurum brevicaule Schlecht..Baban near Al Qosh 
le a eS eee Bupleurum faleatum L......... Jerwona near Ain Sifni 
Pi@ i T8823... 5. Bupleurum kurdicum Boiss.....Jerwona near Ain Sifni 
F&L400....... Calendula persica C. A. Mey... .Qala Sharqat 
BER betes Calligonum polygonoides L...... Near Baghdad 


MAD os os esate 9 Callipeltis Cucullaria L........ Near Baghdad 


170 


Number 
F& L 488....... 


Me TON ETT 5 0s 
PF @ 2, 668.505 .5:: 


Gi 128 ites 
F & L 487....... 


8 €¢.-126. ccs 
PG 8072....0. 
F & L 961, 963.. 


tk Se 5 By eae 
DM, beds sss. 
BL 622:..3... 
F&L 628....... 


BOG As tae ied « 
F&L 809....... 
FP STeCe Tass x: 


F&L446....... 
F&L 524....... 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Genus and Species Locality 
Callipeltis Cucullaria L........ Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
Capparis spinosa L............ Near Baghdad 
Capparte spinosa L... oi. . 646.5. — _ Khatchra near Balad 
injar 
Carthamus Oxyacantha M. Bieb. Jerwona near Ain Sifni 
Carum elegans Fenzl.......... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
Carum elegans Fenzl.......... Near Baghdad 
...Caucalis leptophylla L......... Near Baghdad 
Caucalis leptophylla L......... Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
Caucalis leptophylla L......... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 


and Balad Sinjar 
Caylusea canescens (L.) St. Hil.. Rutba 


Celsia heterophylla Desf........ Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 

.Celsia heterophylla Desf........ Sulaimaniya 

Celsia heterophylla Desf........ Near Baghdad 

Celsia lanceolata Vent. var. sin- 

garice Murb. f.05.0:.5...50.555 Telegraph pole M90 between 

Baiji and Mosul 

Calita australis Ua 3. 6 50 cece ss Rustam Farm near Baghdad 

Celtis Tournefortii Lam........ Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 

Celtis Tournefortii Lam........ Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 

Centaurea araneosa Boiss....... Near Baghdad 

Centaurea Behen L............ Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 


and Balad Sinjar 
Centaurea depressa M. Bieb.....Jebel Baradost near Diana 


Rowandiz 
Centaurea iberica Trev......... Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
Centaurea iberica Trev......... Near Amara 


Centaurea myriocephala Sch. 
Be sin eh Onewe dine tad go bes Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 
Centaurea pallescens Del. var. 
hyalolepis Boiss............. seth Bat Khan near Balad 
injar 
Centaurea phyllocephala Boiss...Telegraph pole M90 between 
Baiji and Mosul 
Centaurea phyllocephala Boiss... .Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
Centaurea phyllocephala Boiss...Between Tall Afar and Balad 


injar 
Centaurea regia Boiss.......... Jebel Khatchra near Balad 
Sinjar 
Centaurea solstitialis L......... Jerwona near Ain Sifni 
Centaurea virgata Lam......... Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
Centaurea virgata Lam......... seat as ale near Balad 


Sin 
Cephalaria syriaca (L.) Schrad. . Jebel ‘Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
Cephalaria syriaca (L.) Schrad.. Sih Tall Afar and Balad 
injar 


Number 


F & L 835 
F & L 938 


see e eee 


sete eee 


F& L 848...... 
F & L 644, 659.. 


F & L 762 
F & L 397 


F&Lil7 
F & L601 


F & L798 
F & L 553 


F&Léll 


ee eS 


ee eee 


OK OK ee 


PO 


ee eee 


see ee ee 


see ee ee 


Psa, 4, oe 


PLANTS FROM IRAQ 171 


Genus and Species Locality 
Cephalaria syriaca (L.) Schrad..Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
Ceterach officinarum Willd...... Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 


Ceterach officinarum Willd... ...Near Baghdad 
Chamaemelum microcephalum 


BOWS. on aac isles omcnen Baban near Al Qosh 
Chamaemelum microcephalum 

OMe en ee ee Jebel Baradost near Diana 

Rowandiz 

Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A. 

POE asia sed otter ane Near Baghdad 
Chrozophora verbascifolia 

CWilid:)-As Jussi. 6 oe 30 km. due west of Balad Sinjar 
Chrozophora verbascifolia 

(Willd.) A, SGM 2G sone: Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
Chrozophora verbascifolia 

CWilaS cA: Juse....o5 ls cee: Rustam Farm near Baghdad 


ae ea ha Parthenium (L.) 
Be take > See ewe as Rowandiz Gorge 
Chrysophthvatmum montanum 


©.) Bigg. bs ace os pret Khatchra near Balad 
injar 
Cicer arietinum L............. Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 


Cichorium divaricatum Schousb..Telegraph pole M90 between 
Baiji and Mosul 
Cichorium divaricatum Schousb..Near Baghdad 


Cichorium Intybus L. Schrad....Between Tall Afar and Balad 


Sinjar 
Citrullus Colocynthis (L.) 
se) a Ra Re ree Corea Wadi Al Qaim 
Citrullus Colocynthis (L.) 
erates. yes hin oe RLS Near Baghdad 
Cleome Kotschyana Boiss....... Montafah 
Colladonia crenata Boiss........ Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
Colladonia crenata Boiss....... Near Baghdad 
Convolvulus arvensis L......... Mesaida near Amara 
Convolvulus Cantabrica L....... Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
Convolvulus Cantabrica L....... Near Baghdad 
Convolvulus Cantabrica L.......Jerwona near Ain Sifni 


Convolvulus pilosellifolius Desr.. Montafah 


Convolvulus reticulatus Choisy..Karya Sheikh Khanis near 
Balad Sinjar 


Corchorus olitorius L........... Near Baghdad 
Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt........ Near Baghdad 
Coronilla varia L.............. Near Baghdad 
Cousinia arbelensis Winkl. & 

BOTT Piha casas tiie So Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 
Cousinia cf. Kotschyi Boiss... ..Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
Cousinia stenocephala Boiss.....Mir Khasim between Balad 


Sinjar and Tall Afar 
Cousinia stenocephala Boiss... . Bice ke Bat Khan near Balad 
injar 


. Jebel 
Sinjar 
. .Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 


IRAQ 


Locality 
Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 
Jebel Baradost near 
Rowandiz 
Rowandiz Gorge 
Sulaimaniya 


Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 


Diana 


Jebel Khatchra near Balad 
Sinjar 

Gindian near Diana Rowandiz 
Jebel Khatchra near Balad 
Sinjar 

..Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 


Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
Khatchra near Balad 


Near Baghdad 
Near Baghdad 


172 ANTHROPOLOGY OF 
Number Genus and Species 
iat Fs C Seaver Crataegus Azarolus L.......... 
PGs 9405:-<.2 Crataegus Azarolus L.......... 
F & L 859......: Crataegus Azarolus L.......... 
SO 3 EL eee Crataegus Azarolus L.......... 
DC lel Wap 8: ly GRE doe Crepis O8Derd Paired iss cece 
BGs 645%. 2:0. Crepis assyriaca Bornm........ 
Wi SOs cc.62 CROPAS DUCKIE Vac ies cass too 
De la Ge eae: Crenis pulehrn Liss. o. 66 .s545% 
F & L 912, 933...Crucianella glauca A. Rich... 
PG Dili2 ca Crucianella kurdistanica Mali- 
VOWRK esos kc oe eee 
F@& 1 668.....<: Crupina Crupinastrum Vis 
WG-E'82850. 055 Crupina Crupinastrum Vis 
TP S26 3c a een Crypsis aculeata (L.) Ait....... 
| Pty 7. VAR Sree re eae Cucumis prophetarum L........ 
BOG Li G24.-3 on: Cuscuta approximata Bab. var. 


urceolata (Kunze) Yuncker.. 


eee wees 


Bo 7010 a5. re Cuscuta babylonica Auch....... 
OC a SFY 97 pp re Cuscuta babylonica Auch....... 
POO Lk ccx hearts © Cuscuta Lehmanniana Bunge 
Ap. ener area ee Cuscuta pedicellata Ledeb...... 
[Fi a ae ora Cydonia oblonga Mill.......... 
TAY ©; Parent culties Cymbopogon Schoenanthus (L.) 
SDMCNG eos es ee eae 
Bi BOS SAS sc kev Cynanchum acutum L.......... 
BG DOUG Aaa Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers... .. 


L 280, 322, 444. .Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers.... 


6 bie) eS P6106 6.8. 6 


Le rey Cyperus fiseus L... 6.5 0.065.5 
eB OE) ee Cyperus longus L.............. 
B60 B08 vss: Cyperus longue Li. 5. fsck beens 
Cee Ae. Ra eee Cyperus rotundus L............ 
L, 260,825. ...... Cyperus rotundus L............ 
Le Dactylis glomerata L........... 


eee wee we ee eAFUMPICIVS UCMIMOCIUUM DUISDS«. 2. ee ee 


Jebel 


Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 

Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 

Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 

Tell Es Shur between Tall Afar 
and Balad Sinjar 

Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 


.. Rustam Farm near Baghdad 


Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
Rustam Farm near Baghdad 


Near Baghdad 
Rustam Farm near Baghdad 


Near Amara 


.Near Baghdad 


Near Baghdad 
Rustam Farm near Baghdad 


Between Tall Afar and Balad 
Sinjar 

Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 

Chahala near Amara 


Near Baghdad 


Jebel Baradost near 
Rowandiz 
Near Baghdad 


Near Baghdad 


Diana 


PLANTS FROM IRAQ 173 


Number Genus and Species Locality 
Pie lL, 928....... Daphne acuminata Boiss...... . Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
SSG, 206 o>). 5.4. Dalara: Mee Tas Pico ci i ckea Near Baghdad 
ee L489..2... Daucus aureus Desf........... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
FE@éL 784....... Daucus guttatus Sibth. & Sm... Jerwona near Ain Sifni 
F&L770...::: Delphinium cappadocicum Boiss.Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
1 Ae Oy 0 A eereriee Delphinium cappadocicum Boiss.Jerwona near Ain Sifni 
P&E 880... 655 Delphinium oliganthum Boiss. ..Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
F@ L691 «205.5. Delphinium oliganthum Boiss. ..30 km. due west of Balad Sinjar 
ee See Delphinium oliganthum Boiss...Tell Es Shur between Tall Afar 
and Balad Sinjar 
P&E, 888. ::..:... Delphinium oliganthum Boiss...Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 
Bi Gcids 1805. 5.5: Delphinium peregrinum L...... Jerwona near Ain Sifni 
Te £80) ....-. Delphinium peregrinum L...... Rowandiz Gorge 
BPOTEG Soh srs Delphinium rigidum DC.......Near Baghdad 
eB 9 eae Delphinium rigidum DC....... Near Amara 
i A 2s ae rare Dianthus anatolicus Boiss... . . . Near Baghdad 
F& 1 422....... Dianthus anatolicus Boiss... .. . Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
PE1,926..:...- Dianthus anatolicus Boiss... . . . Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
SiMe Joctory 3. Dianthus Cyri Fisch. & Mey....Near Baghdad 
iets SAB > eee Dianthus fimbriatus M. Bieb....Near Baghdad 
ay gt Op fk Bee Dianthus pallens Sibth. & Sm. 
var. oxylepis Boiss.......... Montafah 
Wie 15 466... 55 i Dianthus polycladus Boiss... .. . Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 
war 
FP & % 666... <<: Dianthus polycladus Boiss... .. . Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 
Ct | See eae Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.. Near Baghdad 
Ra 5 se pias Sie Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC.... Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
F & L 380....... Diplotaxis Harra (Forsk.) Boiss. Telegraph pole M90 _ between 
Baiji and Mosul 
RO riot: Diplotaxis Harra (Forsk.) Boiss. Montafah 
iars 490° 3°... Echinaria capitata (L.) Desf... . Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
Uy +! Ci p aaetrraaran Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. ..Near Baghdad 
L 290, 428, 508. emereneenies Crusgalli (L.) 
ORG 6 oo onto ew kat oats Near Baghdad 
P&L 978......; Bontadge Blancheanus Boiss. . . .Sulaimaniya 
AS | ¢ eee Echinops sphaerocephalus L.....Near Baghdad 
F & L 642....... Echinops sphaerocephalus L.... hg _ Khatchra near Balad 
injar 
at py; || Echium italicum L............ Jerwona near Ain Sifni 
jaf at See ae Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk........ Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
ROGUE ess wad os Elaeagnus angustifolia L. var. 
orientalis (L.) Kuntze....... Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
meets GEE... ea Elymus caput-medusae L....... Tell Es Shur between Tall Afar 


and Balad Sinjar 


174 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Number Genus and Species Locality 
Lag. ee br Pears Elymus crinitus Schreb........ Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
Bie 62s 3, Elymus crinitus Schreb........ oy Khatchra near Balad 
injar 
PG ASS cs Elymus Delileanus Schult... ... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
| ey Eee en Ephedra campylopoda C. A. 
Oye isa Nahe ihe oleic Se et Montafah 
BiG bs 908.03. 5 6 Epilobium hirsutum L......... Sulaimaniya 
BP OOUs fue Series Epilobium hirsutum L......... Near Baghdad 
L 141, 247, 278, 
BO soo ters os Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) 
[EN 2 Se? eee ee an Near Baghdad 
E288, sco Soca Eragrostis tenella (L.) Roem. 
WE IOS 8s i Sis A ed Near Baghdad 
PO ly S123. cack Eremostachys laciniata (L.) 
| aa ROI ir eka Beata Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
P&L 80L cc. Erianthus Hostii Griseb........ Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
EAD | ean Paneer Erigeron canadensis L. . ....Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
PF Gly 128 3 eit Erodium Ciconium (L.) Willd. .Rutba 
PRG SDA: aero Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér..Montafah ~ 
a ADey BUG ys os, Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér.. Near Baghdad 
| are) Dre |” eee Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér..Telegraph pole M90 between 
Baiji and Mosul 
Bie E 4065 on Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. .Qala Sharqat 
| ete Pe i are Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. nero Tall Afar and Balad 
injar 
|S | eee Ema Erodium glaucophyllum Ait.....Near Baghdad 
Pee 1, 186... 2 Erodium glaucophyllum Ait... .Rutba 
F&L8938....... Erodium glaucophyllum Ait.....Telegraph pole M90 between 
Baiji and Mosul 
WSL U4 cree. Erodium gruinum (L.) Ait...... Jerwona near Ain Sifni 
WE 896 405555 Erodium laciniatum (Cav.) 
WS a iA er ee tee ce Telegraph pole M90 between 
Baiji and Mosul 
P1868, 5 Erodium laciniatum (Cav.) 
WHE FeO RE catty 2s Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 
PSTD ASS. . Such Eruca sativa Mill.............. Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
ate oa” eee Erucaria aleppica Gaertn...... Montafah . 
1% | ee ree. Erucaria microcarpa Boiss...... Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
BeOS ios i iiceidan Eryngium creticum Lam........ Near Baghdad 
at Op. | eae Erythraea latifolia Sm......... Gatt Al Dwat near Amara 
FP & 2 822...... Erythraea latifolia Sm......... Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
L 808, 327, 354...Euphorbia Chamaesyce L....... Near Baghdad 
me eo ee Euphorbia Chamaesyce L....... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
F & L118, 139...Euphorbia Chesneyi (Kl. & 
MPCIG) TOE. ooo Sas ee a 8 Rutba 
FS L666... ..2 Euphorbia craspedia Boiss..... . Jebel Khatchra near Balad 


Sinjar 


Number 


F & L 896 


ee eee 


see eee 


seen eee 


eee eee 


F & L 84, 99... 


F & L 886 
F & L 627 


F&L78l 
L 114, 236 
F&L4i9 


F & L 738 
L 318, 422 


F&L 858, 
F & L 792 


he a ea 


862.. 


.Fraxinus oxyphylla M. Bieb.. . 


PLANTS FROM IRAQ 


Genus and Species 
Euphorbia craspedia Boiss..... . 
Euphorbia denticulata Lam... . 
Euphorbia falcata L 
Euphorbia falcata L........... 


Euphorbia falcata L 


ee 


175 
Locality 
Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
.Near Baghdad 
Near Baghdad 


Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 

Tell Es Shur between Tall Afar 
and Balad Sinjar 


Eu nore falcata L. var. rubra 


5G) 6a wie, Stele 6.84) €1e' 6 6: & @ fe are 

660) me. Ss w ele €. 6 8 a of Sele bee 
te wy a 
th 0 oa & 


Cee ee eene 


Euphorbia macroclada Boiss... . 
Euphorbia Peplus L........... 
Eu ties tinctoria Boiss. 


04 'e ers a6. 6s Fea e ls oe bel bee 


Buphorbia tinctoria Boiss. 
uet 


Pee O. 016 6 8164 REC O48 8 9 oe eS 


neha debo turcomanica ase 


Ficus Carica L. 
Hausskn 


Ce 2 


Rowandiz Gorge 


Sulaimaniya 


Near Baghdad 


Jerwona near Ain Sifni 


Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 


.Jerwona near Ain Sifni 


Near Baghdad 


& 
Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 


Baradost near Diana 


Rowandiz 
.. Near Baghdad 


"Haditha (wheatfield) 
Rustam Farm near Baghdad 


Montafah 
Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 


Jebel Khatchra near Balad 
Sinjar 


var. rupestris 


Ficus Carica L. var. rupestris 


Hauss 


C4. p Bo oa SE 9.6 6.808" se 9 18! -0 


Ose esreereevece 
ow Lal aie ve 


Filago spathulatus Presl 


o\6) @)4eag0 


Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) 
Vahl 


Me ee ee I Oe ot et ke 


Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) 
Vahl 


eCC CHR SOCK FEC OKC DOS 


Gindian near Rowandiz 
Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 


Near Baghdad 


Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
Jerwona near Ain Sifni 


Rustam Farm near Baghdad 


Chahala near Amara 


Frankenia Aucheri Jaub. & 


Pr ie ee ee A a a 


Spach 


Fumana arabica (L.) Spach... 
Fumaria parviflora Lam 
Gagea reticulata (Pall.) R. & S.. 
Galium adhaerens Boiss. & Bal. . 


Pee eeeee 


Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
Chahala near Amara 


.Rowandiz Gorge 
.Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 


Rustam Farm near Baghdad 


.Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
Jebel 


Baradost near Diana 


Rowandiz 


176 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Number Genus and Species Locality 
1h |. eee it eae oe Galium coronatum Sibth. & Sm..Near Baghdad 
Pee 1 686;.-22 5 Galium coronatum Sibth. & Sm. 
var. stenophyllum Boiss. . ... . — _ Khatchra near Balad 
injar 
OE (| ner pee Galium mite Boiss. & Hohen.. ..Near Baghdad 
61 S87...25. «. Galium mite Boiss. & Hohen....Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
WG 1263. 2.2.2 Galium nigricans Boiss......... Jerwona near Ain Sifni 
| Cae ad Diy co: Was ee Galium tricorne With.......... Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 
G6 5:7992 02254 Galiten verum Ly. . 325.2 cc css Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
EG 418% 3: Garhadiolus Hedypnois (Fisch. 
& Mey.) Jaub. & Spach..... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
F& Li 849... 2.5.3 pray hispida (Forsk.) 
Bunge... os Le oe Rowandiz Gorge 
PG15:925.55 22 Géntiana Olivieri Griseb....... . Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
| ae 3 9 | aa Geranium dissectum L......... Mesaida near Amara 
PG L978. i5i525 Geranium dissectum L......... Sulaimaniya 
Fé 0425.05 Geranium rotundifolium L...... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
: ie) Pager a eerie Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss....Near Baghdad 
dO aad Dy (are Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss. ...Tell Es Shur between Tall Afar 
and Balad Sinjar 
Lg Gt Se eee ey Glaucium corniculatum (L.) 
CNRS eit Soiree h eee warnone Near Baghdad 
F& L466. .....: Glaucium corniculatum (L.) 
CUPL eee eo ee aos Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 
RE E.48t 2.3 Glaucium corniculatum (L.) 
GOR ents aee ecice Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
P'G@L.138. 2. 2... Saray: grandiflorum Boiss. & 
Hyeten ce Oe ce a Seas ee Rutba 
304: 41072 2 Glinus lacin Ee ee eee Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
bet all Bap (7 eee Glycyrrhiza glabra L........... Jerwona near Ain Sifni 
FG) 962.5... Glycyrrhiza glabra L........... Sulaimaniya 
F & L 833....... Gnaphalium luteo-album L..... . Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
15 969) eo: Gypsophila platyphylla Boiss. . . .Sulaimaniya 
és 6896-2. Gypsophila porrigens (L.) Boiss. .30 km. due west of Balad Sinjar 
je Eel ae ee ekg Gypsophila Rokejeka Del....... Near Baghdad 
Bie L962 2 Gypsophila ruscifolia Boiss. .... . Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
© Ge hy GAG bcs Hepieanates: Buxbaumii (Poir.) 
Sees erecre Lieicte eter ac aie Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 
Ge, G16 22 koa oo Buxbaumii (Poir.) 
SF aisawice ied Kickin cians Jebel Khatchra near Balad 
Sinjar 
F&L4185 006. Haplophyllum propinquum 
Speen so cere e hag ee ek Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 


and Balad Sinjar 
SMCH ie is so sc she ccion cae Rutba 


PLANTS FROM IRAQ 177 


Number Genus and Species Locality 
F & L101, 115. Sa’ tie tuberculatum 
Lo | ND Ne ae eel et ee ee Montafah 
BAO 3 eee a si sce! A age tuberculatum 
OTA es er oe ek Near Baghdad 
PG L 196:. 55.0. Hedysarum pannosum Boiss... .Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
SGM ates a Heleochloa alopecuroides 
(Schrad.)oHose . 4.5. cn sues Near Baghdad 
F & L 960.......Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) 
EIOGGC ae ner ae eee Sulaimaniya 
OD Oe ee Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) 
MAN eras Sv ascaca renames Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
FEێL 561: -....... Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) 
MA track cae eee Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 
RiSOO 5 202 oh Fu0's Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) 
j | i ORR nee ee ay nner a Near Baghdad 
F & L 453.....:.Helichrysum graveolens Boiss....Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 
war 
F&L 554....... Helichrysum graveolens Boiss....Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 
F&L614....... Helichrysum graveolens Boiss.. . ice Bat Khan near Balad 
injar 
F&L660....... Helichrysum graveolens Boiss... ay _ Khatchra near Balad 
injar 
Pedy... ..:.. Helichrysum graveolens Boiss... .Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
F & L 595....... Helicophyllum crassipes (Boiss.) 
BOWES cS Secckntins wees Tell Es Shur between Tall Afar 
and Balad Sinjar 
| Se See eee Heliotropium Eichwaldi Steud...Near Baghdad 
L 805, 415...... Heliotropium supinum L.......Near Baghdad 
P&L 402....... Heliotropium supinum L....... Qala Shargat 
F&L868....... Heliotropium supinum L....... Gindian near Diana Rowandiz 
Bes shite Sw 25 Heliotropium undulatum Vahl. .Near Baghdad 
of eS eae Heliotropium undulatum Vahl..Montafah 
SG | Saree ae Herniaria cinerea DC.......... Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
BPM Shi reevcca ss Herniaria hemistemon Gay..... Near Baghdad 
PEL10 2207... Herniaria incana Lam......... Montafah 
ak ge ik. Re Herniaria incana Lam......... Rutba 
F& L 426....:.. Heteranthelium piliferum (Russ.) 
VIGEMA Sc ictae care cree Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
tt | SIA a Hibiscus Trionum L........... Near Baghdad 
F&Lg94s....... Hibiscus Trionum L........... Sulaimaniya 
ROR Synch ie S's Hippocrepis cornigera Boiss.....Near Baghdad 
F & L 667....... sie Sine ec scabrum 
(Fema) BOMei se) cis vie es — _ Khatchra near Balad 
injar 
F &L 489....... Hordeum bulbosum L.......... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
F&L900....... Hordeum bulbosum L.......... Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
8 Hordeum maritimum With... ..Mesaida near Amara 


AR Fo ss SECA. Hordeum murinum L.......... Near Baghdad 


178 


Number 


F & L 8377 
F & L 641 
F & L 365 
F & L 647 


F & L 309, 


F & L 434 


F & L 685 
F & L 548 


F & L 455 


L 50, 192. 
F&L4i6 


F&L 619g 


F & L 827 
F & L 768 


484.. 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Genus and Species Locality 
Hordeum murinum L.......... Telegraph pole M90 between 
Baiji and Mosul 
Hordeum spontaneum Koch....Jebel Khatchra near Balad 


Sinjar 

Hyoscyamus albus L........... Mile 170 west of H-3 Pipe-line 
Station 

Hyoscyamus albus L........... J poo Khatchra near Balad 

injar 

._Hyoscyamus pusillus L......... Jebel ‘Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 

Hypecoum procumbens L....... Jebel Golat ek work Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 

Hypericum crispum L.......... Near Baghdad 

Hypericum crispum L.......... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 

Hypericum crispum L.......... Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 
war 

Hypericum crispum L.......... 30 km. due west of Balad Sinjar 


Hypericum helianthemoides 
(Spach) ‘Boiss... 022 426 oe Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 
Hypericum helianthemoides 


(SOaGh) TOMB. oc. cen ca sss Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 
war 
Hypericum scabrum L......... Near Baghdad 
Hypericum scabrum L......... Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
Loerie OG0r0tG Tis 5 no's ones Near Baghdad 


Inula divaricata (Cass.) Boiss...Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 


Inula squarrosa L............. Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 

Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Lam... .Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 

Isatis aleppica Scop........... Near Baghdad 

AMOUR S TUNG De? one 5 en St ie, Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 

of MNOUE OCIS Tai on 0035 5s ace Near Baghdad 

Juncus effusus L... 2... 25.645. Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 

Juncus effusus: Te. Soke. es Near Baghdad 

Juncus pyramidatus Laharpe. . Pare Tall Afar and Balad 

Jussiaea repens L............. Chahala near Amara 

Koeleria phleoides (Vill.) Pers... Mesaida near Amara 

Koelpinia linearis Pall......... Near Baghdad 

Koelpinia linearis Pall......... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 

Lactuca cretica Desf........... Jebel Khatchra near Balad 
Sinjar 

Lactuca saligna L............. Near Baghdad 

Lactuca sativa L.............. Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 

Lactuca tuberosa Jacq.......... Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 


Lallemantia iberica (M. Bieb.) 
Rieck, GM ys... 6 osscsssiers Baban near Al Qosh 


Sik ee ty Sy Se We a OS 


L 241, 389, 412. . 


L 85, 139, 281.. 


PLANTS FROM IRAQ 179 


Genus and Species Locality 


Lallemantia peltata (L.) Fisch. 
SON OY ein eee Jebel Baradost near Diana 


Rowandiz 
Lamium amplexicaule L........ Near Baghdad 
Lamium maculatum L......... Near Baghdad 
Lappula spinocarpa (Forsk.) 
nn ¢ SPN eRe Re GANT Near Baghdad 
Lappula spinocarpa (Forsk.) 
NOTES a cs inte eras Rutba 
Lathyrus annuus L............ Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
Lathyrus Aphaca L............ Near Baghdad 
Lathyruse Cieera Li. 55550085 « Near Baghdad 
Lepidium Draba L............ Near Baghdad 
Lepidium Draba L............ Chahala near Amara 
Lepidium Draba L............ Mesaida near Amara 
Lepidium latifolium L......... Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
Lepidium perfoliatum L........ Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 
war 
Lepidium sativum L........... Near Baghdad 
Lepidium sativum L........... Gatt Al Dwat near Amara 
SRN Re nymphoides 
(io?) oink 23 a ects oe Chahala near Amara 
Limnanthemum nymphoides 
(Lic) PED E eS ccna ee Ake Gatt Al Dwat near Amara 
.Linaria Elatine (L.) Mill....... Near Baghdad 
Linum angustifolium Huds... .Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
Linum flaswie La. 2 ok ces Near Baghdad 
Linum grandiflorum Desf....... Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
Linum mucronatum Bertol.....Between H-4 and H-5 Pipe-line 
Stations 


Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx.... Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx....Gatt Al Dwat near Amara 
Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx....Near Baghdad 

Lolium temulentum L.......... Gatt Al Dwat near Amara 


.Lolium temulentum L.......... Near Baghdad 
Lotus Gebetia Vent............ Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
Lotus lanuginosus Vent........ Montafah 
Lotus tenuifolius Reichb....... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 


and Balad Sinjar 
Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem... .. Rustam Farm near Baghdad 


Lycium barbarum L........... Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
Lycium barbarum L........... Chahala near Amara 
Lythrum Hyssopifolia L........ Jerwona near Ain Sifni 


Lythrum Salicaria L. var. tomen- 
fopeie TH so. ea ee hGe Near Baghdad 
Malcolmia africana (L.) R. Br... Near Baghdad 


Malcolmia Bungei Boiss....... Near Baghdad 


180 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 
Number Genus and Species Locality 
LOB wee coors nei crenulata (DC.) 
PB Ls ois Bie ae sees a Re Near Baghdad 
L 25, 52, 84, 189. Malesints torulosa (Desf.) 
BOM Sas oes oa. ce a cree Near Baghdad 
Be. Be oSeatekes Malva parviflora L............ Near Baghdad 
DP Me OA race Malva parviflora L............ Mesaida near Amara 
ogy ie © | een Malva parviflora L............ Montafah 
ES 4 ee eee Malva rotundifolia L........... Near Baghdad 
F @& i, 464....... Marrubium radiatum Del...... Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 
war 
F & L 388....... Mathiola oxyceras DC......... Telegraph pole M90 between 
Baiji and Mosul 
5 Fy) ane aereeer es Mathiola oxyceras DC......... Near Baghdad 
4144,-196 5. 3.256: Matricaria aurea (L.) Boiss.....Near Baghdad 
FS 1526.05.35. Medicago denticulata Willd Siner Tall Afar and Balad 
injar 
BE & L667 3.3. Medicago denticulata Willd Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 
PSU 8.5.6: Medicago Gerardi Waldst. & Kit.Sulaimaniya 
BES Ti {56 ke Medicago orbicularis All........ Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 
L, 268, 882. .-..... Medicago sativa L............. Near Baghdad 
pe Py Pee Melandrium eriocalycinum 
Boiss. =... ; Pe Nearer tes rE Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
FS L898... oo: Melica Cupani Guss........... Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
WG 1-840). 8 Micromeria Juliana (L.) Benth. 
var. myrtifolia Boiss......... Jebel Pikasar near Aqra 
F & L 483....... Micropus erectus L............ Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
Ts Ty SOO ace ne ts Micropus supinus L........... Near Baghdad 
BP& L364: 23.3 Moltkia coerulea (Willd.) Lehm..Telegraph pole M90 between 
Baiji and Mosul 
FPO@G 4112. :::... Moltkia coerulea (Willd.) Lehm. .Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
EG 608 e-cx Moltkia coerulea (Willd.) Lehm. . Aas Sheikh Khanis near Balad 
injar 
| ig rs a Seo Moltkia collosa (Vahl) Wettst...Near Baghdad 
1 8 Fy CR eee Moluccella laevis L............ Near Baghdad 
ele ©, 602 «es Moluccella laevis L............ Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
Be Ree Aas 5 Sa Morte CO Ta eos toe tcen Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
F& 1,006. .....: Muscari comosum (L.) Mill.....Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
cL se Pecan a Peet Myrtus communis L........... Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
BG 55569)... 5... Nigella arvensis L............. Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 
Le hf SER eera Nigella sativa L............... Near Baghdad 
bel OGi os ch cess Obione flabellum (Bunge) Ulbr.. Near Baghdad 
ja 38 Oa | 7 Cae Ole GUPONGEG Tae icid en sawn Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 
Le a oy ae Oliveria orientalis DC.. .. Ain Tellawi near Tall Afar 
F642: 786.5 653.5: 


Onobrychis caput- Jgatel a ) 
Lam 


Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 


Number 


F & L790 


F & L 964 
F & L 748 
F & L749 
F & L 429 


F & L133 
F & L 643 


F & L 977 
F & L 444 


F & L 597 
F & L 662 
F & L 600 
F&L719 


i baie 


F & L 812 
F & L705 
F & L 940 


F & L 367 
F & L 565 


F & L 564 


L 254, 345 
F & L703 


ROA be it a | 


a 6156. 6% 


ee oe 


ee at ae 


steer eee 


PLANTS FROM IRAQ 181 


Genus and Species Locality 
Onobrychis galegifolia Boiss.....Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
Onobrychis lanata Boiss........ Montafah 
Ononis antiquorum L.......... Sulaimaniya 
Ononis mitissima L............ Jerwona near Ain Sifni 
Ononis sicula Guss............ Jerwona near Ain Sifni 
Ononis sicula Guss............ Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 


and Balad Sinjar 
Onopordon heteracanthum C. A. 


MOUS Hc, seca une Cute Rutba 
Ghaporiok illyricum L......... oe _ Khatchra near Balad 
injar 
Onopordon illyricum L......... Sulaimaniya 
Onosma aleppicum Boiss....... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar. 
Onosma aleppicum Boiss....... Karya Sheikh Khanis near 


Balad Sinjar 
Onosma flavum (Lehm.) Vatke..Jebel Khatchra near Balad 


Sinjar 

Onosma sericeum Willd........ Karya Sheikh Khanis near 
Balad Sinjar 

Onosma sericeum Willd... .....Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 

. .Ornithogalum narbonense L.....Near Baghdad 

Paliurus aculeatus Lam........ Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 

Paliurus aculeatus Lam........ Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 

Paliurus aculeatus Lam........ Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 

Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass...... Jerwona near Ain Sifni 

Panicum miliaceum L......... Near Baghdad 

Papaver Rhoeas L............. Telegraph pole M90 between 


Baiji and Mosul 
Paracaryum cristatum (Lam.) 


POON Ue, tnd wise ed pO Jebel Baradost near Diana 

Rowandiz 

Parietaria alsinefolia Del....... Wadi Al Hajal near Haditha 

Parietaria alsinefolia Del....... Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 

Parietaria debilis Forst........Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 

Parietaria judaica L........... Near Baghdad 

Parietaria judaica L........... Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 

Paronychia argentea Lam...... . Near Baghdad 

Paronychia argentea Lam....... Montafah 

Paronychia argentea Lam....... Near Baghdad 


Paronychia capitata (L.) Lam...Karya Sheikh Khanis near 
Balad Sinjar 


Paspalum distichum L.........Near Baghdad 

Peganum Harmala L.......... Wadi Al Hajal near Haditha 
Peganum Harmala L.......... Chahala near Amara 
Peganum Harmala L.......... Near Baghdad 


182 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Number Genus and Species Locality 
PS 187... e. Phagnalon rupestre (L.) DC... .Rutba 
oS aN Phalaris brachystachys Link....Near Baghdad 
F & L 441.......Phalaris brachystachys Link. . . . Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
Ey oo tao 5c. Phalaris minor Retz........... Near Baghdad 
Li 282, 2842.65... Phalaris paradora L........... Near Baghdad 
Pa T4020). 3. Phalaris paradoxa L........... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
Pe y (See eer Phlomis Bruguieri Desf........ Near Baghdad 
F & L 506, 508...Phlomis Bruguieri Desf........ Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
iM Go-47 O10: 55 a4 Phlomis Bruguieri Desf........ ars Bat Khan near Balad 
injar 
PATO Phlomis linearis Boiss. & Bal.. .30 km. due west of Balad Sinjar 
EiBiGs Gare ess Phlomis orientalis Mill......... Near Baghdad 
B42 BOT os Phlomis orientalis Mill......... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
Wp bs O46 ce Phlomis orientalis Mill......... Rowandiz Gorge 
1 BS 5 een esa Phragmites communis (L.) Trin.. Near Baghdad 
F &L:700.....::.. Physocaulos nodosus (L.) 
ROMBO ooo svc eae ee Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 
Sgr ae Hayy Pierre Pimpinella Kotschyana Boiss... Jerwona near Ain Sifni 
ESO S80: 6.555. Pimpinella Kotschyana Boiss. . . Jebel Pikasar near Aqra 
1 ag EPpy De ea Pimpinella peregrina L........ Telegraph pole M90 between 
Baiji and Mosul 
de i FSS 3 oh Pinus halepensis Mill.......... Baban near Al Qosh 
i de ae Pes reaeere Pistacia mutica Fisch. & Mey...Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 
F & L 652, 654...Pistacia Terebinthus L......... phere _ Khatchra near Balad 
injar 
Fé L 708-0230: Pistacia Terebinthus L......... Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 
F & L 942, 944...Pistacia Terebinthus L......... Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
| ys See en Ptounv:sctlowns 1s... . 5. iianais Near Baghdad 
1 Oi, 216. es. Plantago Coronopus L......... Near Baghdad 
4,458. 5c fates Plantago lanceolata L.......... Near Baghdad 
FF @ i) 86.4535045 Plantago lanceolata L.......... Mesaida near Amara 
L 205, 217, 317, 
BBO eo Sad oe Plantago lanceolata L.......... Near Baghdad 
FG 1: 820. 2655.3 Plantago lanceolata L.......... Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
EB OE grat iets Plantago Loeflingii L.......... Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
1 Ah ie a er Plantago Loeflingiit L.......... Chahala near Amara 
\ ie” SEAR rae Plantago ovata Forsk.......... Near Baghdad 
Fe Pi S8S 5 accas Plantago ovata Forsk..........Telegraph pole M90 between 
Baiji and Mosul 
F & L 424, 487...Plantago Psyllium L........... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
Gr 8605. 2c Platanus orientalis L.......... Rowandiz Gorge 
pb Enea ree Poe Galbbew- Ta ec sci ens Near Baghdad 


4 Gerke Pca Poa perstoe Trin. 3. on. 5 a Near Baghdad 


Number 


F&L90l 


L 107, 238 
F & L 970 
F & L 604 


F & L 633 
F & L 541 
F & L 725 


e410 ew & 


see ee ee 


see eee 


ek ee 


ak 6:59 « ® 


eee eee 


ae 


sete ene 


see ee ee 


se ee eee 


eee wees 


seen eee 


PLANTS FROM IRAQ 183 


Genus and Species Locality 

Poa persica Time... bobs. cts. Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 

Poa tatarica Fisch............ Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 

Polygonum aviculare L......... Near Baghdad 

Polygonum Bellardi All........ Near Baghdad 

Polygonum Bellardi All... .....Mesaida near Amara 

Polygonum cognatum Meisn.....Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 

Polygonum nodosum Pers...... . Sulaimaniya 

Polygonum Persicaria L........ Near Baghdad 


Polygonum serrulatum Lag... ..Gatt Al Dwat near Amara 
Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) 
OM eats (ae tea opto Binet i Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
al = monspeliensis (L.) 


on Be ie eeth eve ee eeatee ei Near Baghdad 

ag basin series’ . bar de near Amara 
Populus deltoides Marsh....... Sulaimaniya 
Populus euphratica Oliv........ Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
Populus euphratica Oliv........ Mesaida near Amara 
Potamogeton lucens L.......... Gatt Al Dwat near Amara 


Potentilla fallacina Blocki..... Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
Poterium verrucosum Ehrenb....Near Baghdad 
Poterium verrucosum Ehrenb....Sulaimaniya 


Poterium verrucosum Ehrenb....Karya Sheikh Khanis near 
Balad Sinjar 
Poterium verrucosum Ehrenb... —, Khatchra near Balad 
injar 
Poterium verrucosum Ehrenb....Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 
Poterium villosum Sibth. & Sm..Jerwona near Ain Sifni 


Prangos ferulacea Lindl........ Near Baghdad 
Prosopis juliflora DC.......... Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
Prosopis Stephaniana (Willd.) 
Pe as cas bee wah ahaa Near Amara 
Prosopis Stephaniana (Willd.) 
Bs ssa en evs om Mesaida near Amara 


Prunus Amygdalus Stokes..... Near Baghdad 


Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. var. 
divaricata (Ledeb.) Bailey. . .Gindian near Rowandiz 
Prunue instititta Li... 0.2 88. Sulaimaniya 


Prunus microcarpa C. A. Mey...Near Baghdad 
Prunus microcarpa C. A. Mey...Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 
Prunus microcarpa C. A. Mey...Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 


Prunus microcarpa C. A. Mey...Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
Pterocephalus involucratus 
SS 11 en i ee Rae TE Between H-4 and H-5 Pipe-line 
Stations 


184 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Number Genus and Species Locality 
F & 1 657... 0.5 Pterocephalus Putkianus Boiss. 
Kotsthiyt or: oc ote ce Jebel Khatchra near Balad 
Sinjar 
F & L 848......; Pterocephalus strictus Boiss. & 
FIONN, sts. oe eG ne eet ee Jebel Pikasar near Aqra 
L 26, 136, 294, 
Fy Ey eR ards Pulicaria crispa (Forsk.) Sch. 
it Sao Rane rey Oe rey Near Baghdad 
F&L89........Pulicaria crispa (Forsk.) Sch. 
BID Sole nee teen oot eres fg Montafah 
gw EE 5 eae ae Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) 
SGCTEN She osc eh ee Chahala near Amara 
Se 1s S68 5 505-3 Pyrus syriaca Boiss........... Gindian near Rowandiz 
PU G6. 7 Quercus Aegilops L............ ee _ Khatchra near Balad 
injar 
Ob TIS cick Quercus Aegilops L............ Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 
‘a ad Pas yf. See een Quercus Aegilops L............ Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
BiG Di 880 cs. Quercus Aegilops L............ Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
F & L 881, 935. ..Quercus dschorochensis K. Koch.Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
fread Dy ©: Pear Quercus persica Jaub. & Spach. Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
EBS: 255 Views ae Ranunculus aquatilis L......... Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
NOT). Soke oa: Ranunculus arvensis L......... Near Baghdad 
E& 1869.55 5* <. Ranunculus cassius Boiss...... . Gindian near Diana Rowandiz 
6c 786526 Ranunculus cassius Boiss...... . Jerwona near Ain Sifni 
DPROS Ss ok Saves Ranunculus lomatocarpus Fisch. 
GY re hg cceeiety fatwa Near Baghdad 
F@b 881..0038.: Ranunculus lomatocarpus Fisch. 
Ce ae ea Pee SPP Pee ae Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
i. 7 aan eee Ranunculus myriophyllus DC...Near Baghdad 
Beart er ace Ranunculus pantothrix Brot....Gatt Al Dwat near Amara 
BiG 405 sexs 5 Ranunculus pantothrix Brot....Chahala near Amara 
PG 6h os 553 Raphanus sativus L............ Near Amara 
WG 6405. Reseda QUO Tins 5.28. 52h Ses ee torte _ Khatchra near Balad 
injar 
LO SR is eee eS a eS Pe ee Near Baghdad 
F& L488. ....... Reseda muricata Presl......... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
Bs 6552 Rhamnus punctata Boiss... .... = _ Khatchra near Balad 
injar 
Weds S02, aces Rhaphis gryllus (L.) Desv...... Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
e604 GSLs. Rhus Cortaria Li. :..305 se. ae _ Khatchra near Balad 
injar 
FE @:L 706,718... Aus Cortana Le oon sinc encet Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 
B66 As 446. on os Roripa Nasturtium-aquaticum 
(L.) Schinz & Thell......... Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
LP WY7 | eo eat Sea Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees...Near Baghdad 
yw aa) fry (59 De Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees. ..Jerwona near Ain Sifni 


F@L614.....;. Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees...Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 


L 201, 277, 343. . 


PLANTS FROM IRAQ 185 


Genus and Species Locality 
Rumex dentatus L. var. pleiodon 
5 oe RSE ger Ai Cen Ae eA Mesaida near Amara 
Rumex dentatus L. var. pleiodon 
| RR ae Bes aeons ep apes rae Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
Rumex obtusifolius L.......... Near Baghdad 
. -Rumez obtusifolius L.......... Gatt Al Dwat near Amara 
Rumex pulcher L....5..5..0..- Near Baghdad 
Ruutex puleher Taio co aS Between Tall Afar and Balad 
Sinjar 
Reames pulcher fy... 5. esis ce Jerwona near Ain Sifni 
Rumexroseus Lis. ios ose. Near Baghdad 
Rumex tuberosus Li... 6553. Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
Salix acmophylla Boiss........Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
Salix acmophylla Boiss......... Near Baghdad 
Salix amygdalina L............ Near Baghdad 
Salix Safsaf Forsk............ Sulaimaniya 
Salix Safsaf Forsk............ Rowandiz Gorge 
Salix Safsaf Forsk............ Chahala near Amara 
Salvia acetabulosa L. var. sim- 
pliicifolia BOs 6 iiec ss fete Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
Salvia acetabulosa L. var. sim- 
plicifolia Bolaee.....0.5 65668 Jebel Khatchra near Balad 
Sinjar 
Salvia controversa Ten......... Montafah 
Salvia cf. kurdica Boiss. & 
PROMO oh nc Sule orem ak oes Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
Salvia palaestina Benth........ pres! Khatchra near Balad 
injar 
Salvia palaestina Benth........ ar tke Bat Khan near Balad 
injar 
Salvia palaestina Benth........ Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 
war 
Salvia palaestina Benth........ Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 
Salvia syrtaca Ti.k:... «0.6.6 0.05 Tell Es Shur between Tall Afar 
and Balad Sinjar 
Salvia Szovitsiana Bunge...... Near Baghdad 
. Salvinia natans (L.) All........Chahala near Amara 
Saponaria Vaccaria L......... Near Baghdad 
Saponaria Vaccaria L.........Baban near Al Qosh 
Scabiosa Olivieri Coult........ Telegraph pole M90 between 
Baiji and Mosul 
Scabiosa Olivieri Coult........ Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
Scabiosa palaestina L.......... Near Baghdad 
Scabiosa palaestina L.......... Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 
war 
Scabiosa palaestina L.......... Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 
Scandixz iberica M. Bieb........ Near Baghdad 


Scandix Pecten-Veneris L...... Near Baghdad 


186 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Number Genus and Species Locality 
F'& G:8005.:......2. Schoenus nigricans L.......... Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
Lae ae OY tere Scirpus Holoschoenus L........ Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
a TOR ee ats Scirpus littoralis Schrad........Near Baghdad 
PG b Ss ca.%6 2.4 Scirpus littoralis Schrad........ Gatt Al Dwat near Amara 
tt Dearne Scirpus maritimus L........... Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
F&L955....... Scirpus maritimus L........... Sulaimaniya 
PL, 968.6: 5s Scolymus maculatus L.........Sulaimaniya 
a ae bs ee Scorpiurus sulcata L........... Near Baghdad 
ay. By > eee Scorpiurus sulcata L...........Sulaimaniya 
P&G 008....2.. Scorzonera papposa DC........ grt de Bat Khan near Balad 
injar 
Ure | Y Banepa e Scorzonera papposa DC........ Near Baghdad 
OG S16. 536 Scorzonera papposa DC........ Tell Es Shur between Tall Afar 
and Balad Sinjar 
F&L s99....... Scrophularia xanthoglossa 
Boies Ge as see ieee Karya Sheikh Khanis near 
Balad Sinjar 
PF @5 720... Scrophularia xanthoglossa 
Lr NRO RT fer ees ts Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 
ge Ps eet Scutellaria cretacea Boiss. & 
PIOUGRNNS U5 2d Sis sia ee aes whos Jebel Khatchra near Balad 
Sinjar 
| ah 2k ig Sane Scutellaria peregrina L. var. 
Sibthorpii Boiss. & Reut.....Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
saat ae Wt ae a Senecio coronopifolius Desf.....Montafah 
P&L 128... 05.5 Senecio coronopifolius Desf.....Rutba 
F&L390....... Senecio coronopifolius Desf.....Telegraph pole M90 between 
Baiji and Mosul 
Bite 15408 00.65 Senecio coronopifolius Desf... ..Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
ry || eee mn ae Senecio coronopifolius Desf... .. Near Baghdad 
F & L 882....... Senecio coronopifolius Desf.....Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
POG ART. oct Serratula cerinthefolia Sibth. & 
SPN 5 isscass tacss sag Wid a wae Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 
F &L 668 25: Serratula cerinthefolia Sibth. & 
DERM rd ag MeL abe Seep Jebel Khatchra near Balad 
Sinjar 
1 B06) tees Sesbania aegyptiaca Pers....... Near Baghdad 
L 271, 321, 474. . Setaria lutescens (Weig.) Hubb.. Near Baghdad 
ime 1908: . 50's Sideritis libanotica Lab. var. 
TRONRMTROIOR. ss oes nes shee pareent near Diana 
ow 
| ae yf, Se Silene Behen Li... 6. ses Haditha (wheatfield) 
Wa QUA eres es Silene chloraefolia Sm.......... Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
Bi PO BOO Ss eas Silene conoidea L.............. Near Baghdad 
F & L 950....... Silene conoidea L.............. Sulaimaniya 


B'S 35-6998 2 Silene dichotoma Ehrh......... Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 


F & L 407 
F& L777 


L 402..... 


L 100, 293 
L 295, 323 
F & L 808 


L 200, 218 
F & L310 


F & L 475 


“ah Se Od 


Ce Nan ec ek a 


eT is we 


PLANTS FROM IRAQ 


Genus and Species 
Silene longipetala Vent 


Sere ee ene 


Silene stenoboirys Boiss. & 
Hausskn 
Sisymbrium damascenum Boiss. 
& Gaill 


Ws bh Oe 66 O16 6 6169 SV ULE6.9 


Spergularia rubra (L.) Presl... 
Spergularia rubra (L.) Presl... 
Spergularia salina Presl 
Spergularia salina Presl 
Spergularia salina Presl 
Stachys pubescens Ten 
Statice spicata Willd 


é ©. 0) H.0.8 


187 


Locality 
Tell Es Shur between Tall Afar 
and Balad Sinjar 
Rustam Farm near Baghdad 


Qala Sharqat 


Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 


Near Baghdad 


.. Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 


and Balad Sinjar 
Chahala near Amara 


Sulaimaniya 
Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
Near Baghdad 


... Near Baghdad 

... Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
.Near Baghdad 

. Montafah 


Near Baghdad 

Near Amara 

Mesaida near Amara 
Sulaimaniya 

Rustam Farm near Baghdad 


Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 


Sterigmostemum sulphureum 


(Russ.) Bornm 


Stipa tortilis Desf 


a ee We a Oe ee 2 


Symphytum cf. kurdicum Boiss. 


& Hauss 


ip. Oe Rak Od. 6.0 OAS: OOD, 


Obi d. OLS 9 86 (Se 


Tamarix leptostachya Bunge... . 
Tamarix macrocarpa Bunge.... 
Tamarix macrocarpa Bunge.... 
Tamarix pentandra Pall 
Tamus communis L 
Tecoma radicans (L.) DC 
Teucrium parviflorum Schreb.. . 


fo es of 
C69 ee 8 40 6 8s 
BNNs 408 


Teucrium Polium L 


Teucrium Polium L 


Teucrium Polium L........... 


Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 
Near Baghdad 


Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 
Near Amara 


Near Baghdad 

Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
Near Baghdad 

Gatt Al Dwat near Amara 
Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
Near Baghdad 

Rowandiz Gorge 

Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 


war 
Near Baghdad 
Qala Sharqat 


Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 

Tell Es Shur between Tall Afar 
and Balad Sinjar 


188 


Number 


F & L 893, 


F & L 505 


F&L791 
F & L 132 


F & L 132 
F & L 629 


= 2 )6-e @ 


F & L575, 


F & L 550 
F & L 649 


F & L 760 
L 122 


L 106, 377 
F &L 516 


929... 


Sete. kde 
er ey 


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see eee 


580... 


nat er oe Ce 
ey 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Genus and Species 
Teucrium Polium L 


Teucrium pruinosum Boiss... . . 


Locality 


Jebel Baradost near 
Rowandiz 

Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 


Diana 


Texiera glastifolia (DC.) Jaub. & 


Spach 
Thymbra spicata L 


oe oh er Oe fee et TE he Sa 


Near Baghdad 
Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 


Thymus Kotschyanus Boiss. & 


FLOHOT ir Si herent ee ek 


Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 


Thymus Kotschyanus Boiss. & 


PROMO iee darn hae Maecs ees 
Thymus syriacus Boiss 


Oa) 6 wwe, We © 


Tragopogon majus Jacq 
Tribulus macropterus Boiss 
Trifolium formosum Urv. 


#9] @ 0. F a, © 
ee eee 


Trifolium formosum Urv 
Trifolium galilaeum Boiss. ... . 
Trifolium pilulare Boiss 


ed 


Trifolium purpureum Loisel.. . . 
Trifolium purpureum Loisel.. . . 
Trifolium resupinatum L 
Trifolium stellatum L 
Trigonella caelesyriaca Boiss... . 
Trigonella Foenumgraecum L. . . 
Trigonella stellata Forsk....... 
Trigonella uncata Boiss. & Noé. . 
Trigonella uncata Boiss. & Noé. . 
Triticum aestivum L 
Triticum aestivum L 
Triticum aestivum L 
Triticum aestivum L 


Wie. 10: ake 16" Se 86! © 
Sie. @/0)'s me O20 676 
De 6 Shoe 00 ee Dp 


Triticum aestivum L 


Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm.. . 


Umbilicus intermedius Boiss... . 


Umbilicus intermedius Boiss... . 
Urtica dioica L 
Verbascum Andrusi Post. ..... 


Ae 6 Bae Beer's 8 §) Oe 


Verbascum laetum Boiss. & 


Verbascum tripolitanum Boiss. . . 
Verbascum tripolitanum Boiss... 


Verbena officinalis L 
Verbena officinalis L 


Rutba 

Jebel Khatchra near Balad 
Sinjar 

Near Baghdad 

Near Baghdad 


Jebel Baradost near 
Rowandiz 
Near Baghdad 


Near Baghdad 

Jebel Khatchra near 
Sinjar 

Jerwona near Ain Sifni 

Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 

Sulaimaniya 

Near Baghdad 

Near Baghdad 

Chahala near Amara 


Diana 


Balad 


.Near Baghdad 


Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
Gatt Al Dwat near Amara 
Chahala near Amara 

Near Baghdad 

Montafah 

Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 


war 

Tell Es Shur between Tall Afar 
and Balad Sinjar 

Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 

Jebel Khatchra near Balad 
Sinjar 

Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 

Near Baghdad 


Jebel Khatchra near Balad 
Sinjar 

Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 

Jebel Golat between Ain Tellawi 
and Balad Sinjar 

Between Tall Afar and Balad 
Sinjar 

Near Baghdad 

Between Tall Afar and Balad 
Sinjar ; 


F & L 583, 589... 


PLANTS FROM IRAQ 189 


Genus and Species Locality 
Verbena officinalis L........... Jebel Baykhair near Zakho 
Verbena officinalis L........... Sulaimaniya 
Veronica aleppica Boiss........ Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
Veronica Anagallis L.......... Near Baghdad 
Veronica Anagallis L.......... Haditha (wheatfield) 
Veronica Anagallis L.......... eer iene Tall Afar and Balad 
injar 
Veronica Anagallis L.......... 30 km. due west of Balad Sinjar 
Veronica Anagallis L.......... Gatt Al Dwat near Amara 
Veronica hederaefolia L........ Near Baghdad 
Veronica hederaefolia L........Haditha (wheatfield) 
Vicia angustifolia Roth........ Tell Es Shur between Tall Afar 
and Balad Sinjar 
Vicia angustifolia Roth....... Near Baghdad 
Vicia angustifolia Roth........ Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 
Vigeta Wa0G Vs. oc cle es Soke eo Near Baghdad 
Vicia peregrina Li... ee ke Gatt Al Dwat near Amara 
Vicia peregrina Ws. c.c hea cs Near Baghdad 
Vicia tenuifolia Roth.......... Jebel Baradost near Diana 
Rowandiz 
Ville vinifera Es ioe. ceiwen > Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 
Vitts sintered 66520 685 ok Rowandiz Gorge 
Wendlandia Kotschyi Boiss. & 
PIO ee ee aateic pats Jebel Pikasar near Aqra 
Xanthium Strumarium L....... Near Baghdad 
Ziziphora capitata L........... Jerwona near Ain Sifni 
Ziziphora capitata L........... Sheikh Adi near Ain Sifni 
Ziziphora taurica M. Bieb...... Near Baghdad 
Ziziphora tenuior L........... Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 
Ziziphora tenuior L............ Rustam Farm near Baghdad 
Zizyphus Spina-Christi Willd. 
var. inermis Boiss.....;...... Near Baghdad 
Zoegea Leptaurea L............ Muwasul Tiatan Mukzuk Nu- 
war 
Zoegea Leptaurea L,........... Mir Khasim between Balad 
Sinjar and Tall Afar 
Zoegea Leptaurea L............ cee Bat Khan near Balad 
injar 
Zoegea Leptaurea L............ Jebel Khatchra near Balad 
injar 
Zoegea Leptaurea L............ 30 km. due west of Balad Sinjar 
Zollikoferia mucronata (Forsk.) 
DOM PSUS Hh a ea oa Telegraph pole M90 between 


Baiji and Mosul 
Zozimia absinthifolia (Vent.) 


DM oi tae shes oak enlaces Near Baghdad 
Zozimia absinthifolia (Vent. 
Betas GAG ee ak x «whee ss Montafah 


Zygophyllum Fabago L......... Near Baghdad 


190 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


GEOGRAPHICAL LIST OF PLANTS 


In the preceding table the plants have been arranged in alpha- 
betical sequence. Since it is important to determine the range and 
distribution of genera and species the collection has been rearranged 
according to the following localities. 


Area Localities 
Northwest. .c..555,<23 Balad Sinjar and Tall Afar 
North. sco. see Zakho, Al Qosh, Sheikh Adi, Jerwona, Baiji, Haditha, 
and Qala Sharqat 
Northeast s.c6-4..sec6.< Aqra, Rowandiz, and Sulaimaniya 
COED oi a's sisi Baghdad 
Southeast. 5.85 eas Amara and Hor al Hawiza 
Webs Abs Sobran: Rutba 


JEBEL KHATCHRA NEAR BALAD SINJAR 


Achillea aleppica DC. 

Althaea lavateriflora DC. 

Alyssum alpestre L. var. obovatum Boiss. 

Andrachne telephioides L. 

Astragalus chaborasicus (Boiss. & 
Hausskn.) 

Capparis spinosa L. 

Centaurea regia Boiss. 

Centaurea virgata Lam. 

Chrysophthalmum montanum (DC.) 
Boiss. 

Crepis assyriaca Bornm. 

Crepis pulchra L. 

Crupina Crupinastrum Vis. 

Echinops sphaerocephalus L. 

Elymus crinitus Schreb. 

Euphorbia craspedia Boiss. 

Ficus Carica L. var. rupestris Hausskn. 

Galium coronatum Sibth. & Sm. var. 
stenophyllum Boiss. 

Haplophyllum Buxbaumii (Poir.) Boiss. 

Helichrysum graveolens Boiss. 

Hippomarathrum scabrum (Fenzl) Boiss. 


Hordeum spontaneum Koch 

Hyoscyamus albus L. 

Lactuca cretica Desf. 

Onopordon illyricum L. 

Onosma flavum (Lehm.) Vatke 

Pistacia Terebinthus L. 

Poterium verrucosum Ehrenb. 

Pterocephalus Putkianus Boiss. & 
Kotschy 

Quercus Aegilops L. 

Reseda alba L. 

Rhamnus punctata Boiss. 

Rhus Coriaria L. 

Salvia acetabulosa L. var. simplicifolia 


oiss. 
Salvia palaestina Benth. 

Scutellaria cretacea Boiss. & Hausskn. 
Serratula cerinthefolia Sibth. & Sm. 
Thymus syriacus Boiss. 

Trifolium pilulare Boiss. 

Umbilicus intermedius Boiss. 
Verbascum Andrusi Post 

Zoegea Leptaurea L. 


JEBEL GOLAT NEAR BALAD SINJAR 


Achillea conferta DC. 

Achillea micrantha M. Bieb. 
Achillea oligocephala DC. 
Aegilops squarrosa L. 

Allium paniculatum L. 
Androsace maxima L. 

Avena fatua L. 

Bromus macrostachys Desf. 
Callipeltis Cucullaria L. 
Carum elegans Fenzl 

Caucalis leptophylla L. 
Centaurea Behen L. 

Centaurea phyllocephala Boiss. 
Cephalaria syriaca (L.) Schrad. 
Crepis aspera L. 


Cuscuta babylonica Auch. 


Echinaria capitata (L.) Desf. 

Elymus crinitus Schreb. 

Elymus Delileanus Schult. 

Euphorbia Chamaesyce L. 

Euphorbia lanata Sieb. 

Filago spathulatus Presl 

Garhadiolus Hedypnois (Fisch. & Mey.) 
Jaub. & Spach 

Geranium rotundifolium L. 

Glaucium corniculatum (L.) Curt. 

Haplophyllum propinquum Spach 


PLANTS FROM IRAQ 


191 


JEBEL GOLAT NEAR BALAD SINJAR—continued 


Heteranthelium piliferum (Russ.) 
Hochst. 

Hordeum bulbosum L. 

Hyoscyamus pusillus L. 

Hypecoum procumbens L. 

Hypericum crispum L. 

Inula divaricata (Cass.) Boiss. 

Koelpinia linearis Pall. 

Lotus tenuifolius Reichb. 

Micropus erectus L. 

Moltkia coerulea (Willd.) Lehm. 

Moluccella laevis L. 

Ononis sicula Guss. 

Onosma aleppicum Boiss. 

Phalaris brachystachys Link. 

Phalaris paradoxa L. 

Phlomis Bruguieri Desf. 


Phlomis orientalis Mill. 

Plantago Psyllium L. 

Poa tatarica Fisch. 

Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. 

Reseda muricata Presl 

Roripa Nasturtium-aquaticum (L. ) 
Schinz & Thell. 

Scabiosa Olivieri Coult. 

Scirpus Holoschoenus L. 

Senecio coronopifolius Desf. 

Sisymbrium septulatum DC. 

Statice spicata Willd. 

Sterigmostemum sulphureum (Russ.) 
Bornm. 

Teucrium Polium L. 

Teucrium pruinosum Boiss. 

Verbascum tripolitanum Boiss. 


BETWEEN TALL AFAR AND BALAD SINJAR 


Achillea conferta DC. 

Achillea micrantha M. Bieb. 

Achillea oligocephala DC. 

Aegilops crassa Boiss. 

Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch 

Alyssum campestre L 

Anchusa strigosa Labill. 

Artedia squamata L. 

Asperugo procumbens L. 

Centaurea myriocephala Sch. Bip. 

Centaurea pallescens Del. var. hyalo- 
lepis Boiss. 

Centaurea phyllocephala Boiss. 

Cephalaria syriaca (L.) Schrad. 

ee verbascifolia (Willd.) A. 

uss 

Cichorium Intybus L. 

Convolvulus reticulatus Choisy 

Cousinia stenocephala Boiss. 

estat i a Auch. 


oh atta oli a Boiss. 
Dicatios polycladus Boiss. 
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. 
Erodium laciniatum (Cav.) Willd. 
Euphorbia falcata L. 
Gypsophila porrigens (L.) Boiss. 
Haplophyllum Buxbaumii (Poir.) Boiss. 


Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) Mill. 
Helichrysum graveolens Boiss. 
Hypericum crispum L. 
Hypericum helianthemoides (Spach) 
Boiss. 
Juncus pyramidatus Laharpe 
Medicago denticulata Willd. 
Moltkia coerulea (Willd.) Lehm. 
Nigella arvensis L 
Oliveria orientalis DC. 
Onosma aleppicum Boiss. 
Onosma sericeum Willd. 
Parietaria alsinefolia Del. . 
Parietaria debilis Forst. 
Paronychia capitata (L.) Lam. 
Phlomis Bruguieri Desf. 
Phlomis linearis Boiss. & Bal. 
Poterium verrucosum Ehrenb. 
Rumex pulcher L. 
Salvia palaestina Benth. 
Scorzonera papposa DC. 
Scrophularia xanthoglossa Boiss. 
Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm. 
Verbascum tripolitanum Boiss. 
Verbena officinalis L. 
Veronica Anagallis L. 
Zizyphora tenuior L. 
Zoegea Leptaurea L. 


TELL Es SHUR BETWEEN TALL AFAR AND BALAD SINJAR 


Achillea micrantha M. Bieb. 
Achillea Santolina L. 

Allium paniculatum L. 
Althaea rosea Cav. 

Astragalus maximus Willd. 
Cuscuta babylonica Auch. 
Delphinium oliganthum Boiss. 
Elymus caput-medusae L. 


Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss. 
Helicophyllum crassipes (Boiss. ) Schott 
Salvia syriaca L. 

Scorzonera papposa DC. 

Silene longipetala Vent. 

Teucrium Polium L. 

Triticum aestivum L. 

Vicia angustifolia Roth 


192 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


JEBEL BAYKHAIR NEAR ZAKHO 


Aegilops Aucheri Boiss. 

Alkanna Kotschyana DC. 

Anagyris foetida L. 

Apocynum venetum L. 

Aristolochia maurorum L. 

Asparagus stipularis Forsk. 

Bupleurum aleppicum Boiss. 

Celsia heterophylla Desf. 

Centaurea iberica Trev. 

Centaurea virgata Lam. 

Cephalaria syriaca (L.) Schra 

eres verbascifolia awilld. ae 
uss 

Cousinia cf. Kotschyi Boiss. 

Crucianella kurdistanica Malinowski 

Crupina Crupinastrum Vis. 

Delphinium cappadocicum Boiss. 

Delphinium oliganthum Boiss. 

Erianthus Hostii Griseb. 

Erythraea latifolia Sm. 

Euphorbia tinctoria Boiss. & Huet. 

Ficus palmata Forsk. 

Fumana arabica (L.) Spach 

Galium verum L. 

Gnaphalium luteo-album L. 

Gypsophila ruscifolia Boiss. 

Hedysarum pannosum Boiss. 

Helichrysum graveolens Boiss. 


Inula squarrosa L. 

Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Lam. 

Juncus effusus L. 

Lactuca sativa L. 

Lathyrus annuus L. 

Lepidium latifolium L. 

Linum angustifolium Huds. 

Onobrychis caput-galli (L.) Lam. 

Onobrychis galegifolia Boiss. 

Paliurus aculeatus Lam. 

Plantago lanceolata L. 

Potentilla fallacina Blocki 

Prunus microcarpa C. A. Mey. 

Quercus Aegilops L. 

Ranunculus lomatocarpus Fisch. & Mey. 

Rhaphis Gryllus (L.) Desv. 

Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees 

Salvia acetabulosa L. var. simplicifolia 
Boiss. 

Salvia ef. kurdica Boiss. & Hohen. 

Schoenus nigricans L. 

Senecio coronopifolius Desf. 

Silene stenobotrys Boiss. & Hausskn. 

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 

Tamus communis L 

Thymbra spicata L. 

Verbascum laetum Boiss. & Hausskn. 

Verbena officinalis L. 


BABAN NEAR AL QOSH 


Bupleurum brevicaule Schlecht. 
Chamaemelum microcephalum Boiss. 


a iberica (M. Bieb.) Fisch. 


Mey. 


Pinus halepensis Mill. 
Saponaria Vaccaria L. 


SHEIKH ADI NEAR AIN SIFNI 


Achillea micrantha M. Bieb. 
Anagyris foetida L 
Celtis Tournefortit Lam. 
Cicer arietinum L. 
Cousinia arbelensis Winkl. & Bornm. 
Crataegus Azarolus L. 
Cuscuta babylonica Auch. 
Galium tricorne With. 
Juglans regia L. 
Medicago orbicularis All. 
Olea europaea L. 

ma sericeum Willd. 
Paliurus aculeatus Lam. 
Parietaria judaica L. 
Physocaulos nodosus (L.) Tausch 


Pistacia mutica Fisch. & Mey. 

Pistacia Terebinthus L. 

Polygonum cognatum Meisn. 

Prunus microcarpa C. A. Mey. 

Quercus Aegilops L 

Rhus Coriaria L. 

Scrophularia xanthoglossa Boiss. 

Silene dichotoma Ehrh. 

Symphytum cf. kurdicum Boiss. & 
Hausskn. 

Trifolium purpureum Loisel. 

Umbilicus intermedius Boiss. 

Vicia angustifolia Roth 

Vitis vinifera L. 

Ziziphora capitata L. 


JERWONA NEAR AIN SIFNI 


Althaea hirsuta L. 
Bupleurum falcatum L. 
Bupleurum kurdicum Boiss. 


Carthamus Oxyacantha M. Bieb. 
Centaurea solstitialis L. 
Convolvulus Cantabrica L. 


PLANTS FROM IRAQ 


193 


JERWONA NEAR AIN SIFNI—continued 


Daucus gutiatus Sibth. & Sm. 
Delphinium cappadocicum Boiss. 
Delphinium peregrinum L. 
Echium italicum L. 

Erodium gruinum (L.) Ait. 
Euphorbia Helioscopia L. 
Euphorbia macroclada Boiss. 
Filago spathulatus Presl 
Galium nigricans Boiss. 
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. 
Lythrum hyssopifolia L. 


Ononis mitissima L. 

Ononis sicula Guss. 

Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. 
Pimpinella Kotschyana Boiss. 
Poterium villosum Sibth. & Sm. 
Ranunculus cassius Boiss. 
Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees 
Rumex pulcher L. 

Trifolium purpureum Loisel. 
Ziziphora capitata L 


BETWEEN BAIJI AND MOSUL 


Achillea conferta DC. 

Andrachne telephioides L. 

Anthemis Cotula L. 

Arnebia decumbens (Vent.) Kuntze 
Celsia lanceolata Vent. var. singarica 


Murb. 
Centaurea phyllocephala Boiss. 
Cichorium divaricatum Schousb. 
Diplotaxis Harra (Forsk.) Boiss. 
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. 
Erodium glaucophyllum Ait. 


Erodium laciniatum (Cav.) Willd. 
Hordeum murinum L. 

Mathiola oxyceras DC. 

Moltkia coerulea (Willd.) Lehm. 
Papaver Rhoeas L. 

Pimpinella peregrina L. 

Plantago ovata Forsk. 

Scabiosa Olivieri Coult. 

Senecio coronopifolius Desf. 
Zollikoferia mucronata (Forsk.) Boiss. 


HADITHA 


Allium ampeloprasum L. 

Euphorbia cf. oxyodonta Boiss. & 
Hausskn. 

Parietaria alsinefolia Del. 


Peganum Harmala L. 
Silene Behen L. 
Veronica Anagallis L. 
Veronica hederaefolia L. 


—QALA SHARQAT 


Anchusa strigosa Labill. 
Andrachne telephioides L. 
Calendula persica C. A. Mey. 
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’ Her. 


Heliotropium supinum L. 
Silene setacea Viv. 
Teucrium Polium L.. : 


JEBEL PIKASAR NEAR AQRA 


Althaea Hohenackeri Boiss. & Huet. 
Micromeria Juliana (L.) Benth. var. 
myrtifolia Boiss. 


Pimpinella Kotschyana Boiss. 
Pterocephalus strictus Boiss. & Hohen. 
Wendlandia Kotschyi Boiss. & Hohen. 


ROWANDIZ AREA 


Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L..  - 
Chrysanthemum Parthenium (L. ) Pers. 
Crataegus Azarolus L. 

Crepis pulchra L. 

Delphinium peregrinum L. 

Euphorbia falcata L. var. rubra Boiss. 
Ficus Carica L. var. rupestris Hausskn. 
Fraxinus oxyphylla M. Bieb. 
Gastrocotyle hispida (Forsk.) Bunge 
Heliotropium supinum L. 


Phlomis orientalis Mill. 

Platanus orientalis L. 

Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. var. divaricata 
(Ledeb.) Bailey 

Pyrus syriaca Boiss. 

Ranunculus cassius Boiss. 

Salix Safsaf Forsk. 

Teucrium parviflorum Schreb. 

Vitis vinifera L. 


194 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


JEBEL BARADOST NEAR ROWANDIZ 


Acanthus longistylis Freyn. 
Acer monspessulanum L. 
Bi Chia Schreb. var. tridactylites 


ing. 

Althaea lavateriflora DC. 

Amygdalus elaeagrifolia Spach 

Bromus macrostachys Dest 

Celtis Tournefortit Lam. 

Centaurea depressa M. Bieb. 

Ceterach officinarum Willd. 

Chamaemelum microcephalum Boiss. 

Colladonia crenata Boiss. 

Crataegus Azarolus L. 

Crucianella glauca A. Rich. 

Cuscuta approximata Bab. var. urceo- 
lata (Kunze) Yuncker 

Dactylis glomerata L. 

Daphne acuminata Boiss. 

Dianthus anatolicus Boiss. 

Eremostachys laciniata (L.) Bunge 

Euphorbia craspedia Boiss. 

Euphorbia tinctoria Boiss. & Huet. 

Fibigia clypeata (L.) Boiss. 

Galium adhaerens Boiss. & Bal. 

Galium mite Boiss. & Hohen. 

Gentiana Olivieri Griseb. 


Hordeum bulbosum L. 

Hypericum scabrum L. 

Lallemantia peltata (L.) Fisch. & Mey. 

Lotus Gebelia Vent. 

Melandrium eriocalycinum Boiss. 

Melica Cupani Guss. 

Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. 

Paliurus aculeatus Lam. 

Paracaryum cristatum (Lam.) Boiss. 

Pistacia Terebinthus L. 

Poa persica Trin. 

Prunus microcarpa C. A. Mey. 

Quercus Aegilops L. 

Quercus dischorochensis K. Koch 

Quercus persica Jaub. & Spach 

Rumesx tuberosus L. 

Scutellaria peregrina L. var. Sibthorpii 
Boiss. & Reut. 

Sideritis libanotica Lab. var. 


Boiss. 
Silene chloraefolia Sm. 
Teucrium Polium L 
Trifolium formosum Urv. 
Veronica aleppica Boiss. 
Vicia tenuifolia Roth 


incana 


SULAIMANIYA 


Anthemis altissima L. 

Celsia heterophylla Desf. 

Crataegus Azarolus L 

Echinops Blancheanus Boiss. 
Epilobium hirsutum L. 

Euphorbia Gaillardoti Boiss. & Blocki 
Geranium dissectum L. 

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. 


Polygonum nodosum Pers. 
Populus deltoides Marsh. 
Poterium verrucosum Ehrenb. 
Prunus instititia L. 

Salix Safsaf Forsk. 

Scirpus maritimus L. 
Scolymus maculatus L. 
Scorpiurus sulcata L. 


Gypsophila platyphylla Boiss. Silene conoidea L. 
Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host Solanum villosum Mill. 
Hibiscus Trionum L. era of pubescens Ten. 
Medicago Gerardi Waldst. & Kit. Trifolium resupinatum L. 
Ononis antiquorum L. Verbena officinalis L. 
Onopordon illyricum L. 

BAGHDAD 


Acanthophyllum microcephalum Boiss. 
Achillea falcata L. 

Achillea micrantha M. Bieb. 
Achillea Santolina L. 

Adonis aestivalis L. 

Aeluropus litoralis (Gouin) Parl. 
Aeluropus repens (Desf.) Parl. 
Agropyron squarrosum (Roth) Link. 
Alhagi maurorum Medic. 

Althaea Ludwigiit L. 

Amaranthus graecizans L. 
Amaranthus cf. paniculatus L. 
Amaranthus retroflexus L. 


Amaranthus viridis L. 

Ammi majus L. 

Ammi majus L. var. longiseta Reichb. 
Amygdalus spartioides Spach 
Anagallis arvensis L. 

Anchusa strigosa Labill. 

Andrachne telephioides L. 
Andropogon annulatus Forsk. 
Anthemis altissima L 

Anthemis Cotula L. 

Anthemis hebronica Boiss. & Kotschy 
Anthemis cf. melampodina Del. 
Aristida plumosa L. 


PLANTS FROM IRAQ 


195 


BAGHDAD—continued 


Arnebia linearifolia DC. 

Artemisia annua L. 

A 0 procumbens L. 

A arvensis L. 

Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. 

Astragalus alexandrinus Boiss. 

Astragalus cruciatus Link. 

Atrip Boiss. subsp. turco- 
manica (Moq.) Aellen 

Avena fatua L. 

Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. 

Beta vulgaris L. subsp. maritima (L.) 
Thell. var. glabra Aellen 

Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris (L.) 
Thell. 

Bromus mollis L. 

Bromus tectorum var. grandiflorus Hook. 

Calligonum polygonoides L. 

Callipeltis Cucullaria L. 

Capparis spinosa L. 

Carum elegans Fenzl 

Caucalis sie 28 te L. 

Celsia heterophylla Desf. 

Celtis australis L. 

Centaurea araneosa Boiss. 

Ceterach officinarum Willd. 

Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A. Juss. 

eee verbascifolia (Willd.) A. 


uss. 
Cichorium divaricatum Schousb. 
Citrullus Colocynthis (L.) Schrad. 
Colladonia crenata Boiss. 
Convolvulus Cantabrica L. 
Corchorus olitorius L. 
Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. 
Coronilla varia L. 
Crypsis aculeata (L.) Ait. 
Cucumis Pp apestic hy L. 
Cuscuta Lehmanniana Bunge 
Cuscuta pedicellata Ledeb. 
Cydonia oblonga Mill. 
Cymbopogon Schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. 
Cynanchum acutum L. 
Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers. 
Cyperus fuscus L. 
C rotundus L. 
Dalbergia Sissoo Roxb. 
Daphne acuminata Boiss. 
Datura Metel L. 
Delphinium rigidum DC. 
Dianthus anatolicus Boiss. 
Dianthus Cyri Fisch. & Mey. 
Dianthus fimbriatus M. Bieb. 
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. 
— erucoides (L.) DC. 
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 
Echinochloa Crusgalli (L.) Beauv. 
Echinops Or ein arg L. 
Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. 

us angustifolia L. var. orientalis 
(L.) Kuntze 


Epilobium hirsutum L. 

Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Link 
Eragrostis tenella (L.) Roem. & Schult. 
Erigeron canadensis L. 

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. 
Erodium gla hyllum Ait. 

Eruca sativa Mill. 

Erucaria microcarpa Boiss. 

Eryngium creticum Lam. 

Euphorbia Chamaesyce L. 

Euphorbia denticulata Lam. 

Euphorbia falcata L. 

Euphorbia Helioscopia L. 

Euphorbia Peplus L. 

Euphorbia turcomanica Boiss. 

Fagonia Bruguieri DC. 


Filago spathulatus Presl 
Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl 
Frankenia Aucheri Jaub. & Spach 
Fumaria parviflora Lam. 


Gagea reticulata (Pall.) R. & S. 
Galium coronatum Sibth. & Sm. 
Galium mite Boiss. & Hohen. 
Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss. 
Glaucium corniculatum (L.) Curt. 
Glinus lotoides L. 

Gypsophila Rokejeka Del. 

poe etoepaipee tuberculatum Forsk. 
Heleochloa alopecuroides (Schrad.) Host 
Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) Mill. 
Heliotropium Eichwaldi Steud. 
Heliotropium supinum L. 
Heliotropium undulatum Vahl 
Herniaria cinerea DC. 

Herniaria hemistemon Gay 
Hibiscus Trionum L. 

Hippocrepis cornigera Boiss. 
Hordeum murinum L. 

Hypericum crispum L. 

Hypericum scabrum L. 

Iberis odorata L. 

Isatis aleppica Scop. 

Juncus acutus L. 

Juncus effusus L. 

Koelpinia linearis Pall. 

Lactuca saligna L. 

Lamium amplexicaule L. 

Lamium maculatum L. 

Lappula spinocarpa (Forsk.) Aschers. 
Lathyrus Aphaca L. 

Lathyrus Cicera L. 

Lepidium Draba L. 

Lepidium sativum L. 

Linaria Elatine (L.) Mill. 

Linum flavum L. 

Linum grandiflorum Desf. 

tops nodiflora (L.) Michx. 
Lolium temulentum L. 

Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem. 
Lycium barbarum L. 


196 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


BAGHDAD—continued 
een Salicaria L. var. tomentosum Rumex pulcher L. 


Malcolmia africana (L.) R. Br. 
Malcolmia Bungei Boiss. 
Malcolmia crenulata (DC.) Boiss. 
Malcolmia torulosa (Desf.) Boiss. 
Malva parviflora L. 

Malva rotundifolia L. 

Mathiola oxyceras DC. 
Matricaria aurea (L.) Boiss. 
Medicago sativa L. 

Micropus supinus 

Molikia collosa (Vahl) Wettst. 
Moluccella laevis L. 

Morus alba L. 

Myrtus communis L. 

Nigella sativa L. 

Obione flabellum (Bunge) Ulbr. 
Ornithogalum narbonnense L. 
Panicum miliaceum L. 
Parietaria judaica L. 
Paronychia argentea Lam. 
Paspalum distichum L. 
Peganum Harmala L. 

Phalaris brachystachys Link 
Phalaris minor Retz. 

Phalaris paradoxa L. 

Phlomis Bruguieri Desf. 
Phlomis orientalis Mill. 
Phragmites communis (L.) Trin. 
Pisum sativum L. 

Plantago Coronopus L. 
Planiago lanceolata L. 
Plantago Loeflingii L. 
Plantago ovata Forsk. 

Poa bulbosa L. 

Poa persica Trin. 

Polygonum aviculare L. 
Polygonum Bellardi All. 
Polygonum Persicaria L 


Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. 


Populus euphratica Oliv. 
Poterium verrucosum Ehrenb. 
Prangos ferulacea Lindl. 
Prosopis juliflora DC. 
Prunus Amygdalus Stokes 
Prunus microcarpa C. A. Mey. 


Pulicaria crispa (Forsk.) Sch. Bip. 


Ranunculus aquatilis L. 
Ranunculus arvensis L. 


Ranunculus lomatocarpus Fisch. & Mey. 


Ranunculus myriophyllus DC 
Reseda lutea L. 
Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees 


Rumex dentatus L. var. pleiodon Boiss. 


Rumezx obtusifolius L. 


Aristolochia maurorum L. 
Atriplex taiarica L. 


Rumez roseus L. 
Salix acmophylla Boiss. 
Salix amygdalina L. 
Salvia Szovitsiana Bunge 
Saponaria Vaccaria L. 
Scabiosa palaestina L. 
Scandizx iberica M. Bieb. 
Scandix Pecten-Veneris L. 
Scirpus littoralis Schrad. 
Scirpus maritimus L. 
Scorpiurus sulcata L. 
Scorzonera papposa DC. 
Senecio coronopifolius Desf. 
Sesbania aegyptiaca Pers. 
Setaria lutescens (Weig.) Hubb. 
Silene conoidea L. 
Silene rubella L. 
Sisymbrium damascenum Boiss. & Gaill. 
Solanum villosum M 
Sonchus asper (L.) Vill. 
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 
Spergularia rubra (L.) Presl 
Spergularia salina Presl 
Statice spicata Willd. 
Stipa tortilis Desf. 
Tamarix laxa Willd. 
Tamarix leptostachya Bunge 
Tamarix macrocarpa Bunge 
Tecoma radicans (L.) DC. 
Teucrium Polium L. 
Texiera glastifolia (DC.) Jaub. & Spach 
Trag on majus Jacq. 
Tribulus macropterus Boiss. 
Trifolium formosum Urv. 
Trifolium galilaewm Boiss. 
Trifolium stellatum L. 
Trigonella caelesyriaca Boiss. 
Trigonella stellata Forsk. 
Trigonella uncata Boiss. & Noé 
Triticum aestivum L. 
Urtica dioica L. 
Verbena officinalis L. 
Veronica Anagallis L. 
Veronica hederaefolia L. 
Vicia angustifolia Roth 
ere Faba L. . 
icia peregrina 
Xanthium Strumarium L. 
Ziziphora taurica a Bieb. 
Ziziphora tenuior L } 
Zizyphus Spina-Christi Willd. var. | 
inermis Boiss. 
Zozimia absinthifolia (Vent.) DC. 
Zygophyllum Fabago L. 


AMARA 


Avena fatua L. 
Bacopa Monniera (L.) Wettst. 


PLANTS FROM IRAQ 


197 


AMARA—continued 
Beta vulgaris L. subsp. lomatogonoides Polygonum Bellardi All. 


Aellen 
Centaurea iberica Trev. 
Convolvulus arvensis L. 
Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers. 
Cyperus rotundus L. 
Delphinium rigidum DC. 
Sistheses reap oe Sm. 
Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl 
Frankenia pulverulenta L. 
Geranium dissectum L. 
Hordeum maritimum With. 
Jussiaea repens L. 
Koeleria phleoides (Vill.) Pers. 
Lepidium Draba L. 
Lepidium sativum L. 
Limnanthemum Aerie (L.) Link 
me nodiflora (L. ) Michx 

ium temulentum L 

Lycium barbarum L. 
Malva parviflora L. 
Peganum Harmala L. 
Planiago lanceolata L. 
Plantago Loeflingii L. 


Polygonum serrulatum Lag. 
Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. 
Populus ephtratica Oliv. 
Potamogeton lucens L. 

Prosopis Stephaniana (Willd.) Kunth 
Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Gaertn. 
Ranunculus pantothrix Brot. 
Raphanus sativus L. 

Rumex dentatus L. var. pleiodon Boiss. 
Rumex obtusifolius L. 

Salix Safsaf Forsk. 

Salvinia natans (L.) All. 

Scirpus littoralis Schrad. 

Solanum nigrum L. 

Spergularia salina Presl 

Tamarix florida Bunge 

Tamarix pentandra Pall. 
Trigonella Foenumgraecum L. 
Trigonella uncata Boiss. & Noé 
Triticum aestivum L. 

Veronica Anagallis L. 

Vicia peregrina L. 


RUTBA 


Althaea Ludwigii L. 

Arnebia decumbens (Vent.) Kuntze 

Astragalus Forskahlei Boiss. 

Bromus tectorum L. 

Caylusea canescens (L.) St. Hil. 

Erodium Ciconium (L.) Willd. 

Erodium glaucophyllum Ait. 

Euphorbia Chesneyi (Kl. & Garcke) 
oiss. 


Glaucium grandiflorum Boiss. & Huet. 
Haplophyllum propinquum Spach 
Herniaria incana Lam. 

Lappula spinocarpa (Forsk.) Aschers. 
Onopordon heteracanthum C. A. Mey. 
Peganum Harmala L. 

Phagnalon rupestre (L.) DC. 

Senecio ea a ane Desf. 

Thymus Kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. 


GLOSSARY 


The colloquial words as used in Iraq have been listed with the classical forms 
in parentheses. In Iraq the letter k is usually pronounced ch and the letter q as g. 
In the glossary the diacritical marks have been checked by Mr. Abdul-Majid 
Abbass and Mr. Jassim Khalaf, Iraq Government students at the University of 


Chicago. 


Badinjun (Bddinjan), 22. Brinjals. 

Bagulla (Bagal, pl. Buqil), 22. Beans. 

Baslah (pl. Bassal), 22. Onion. 

Battikha (pl. Battikh), 22. Melon. 

Charid (Kurud), 22. Water lift. 

Chawi (Kawi), 39, 66, 135, 189. Brand- 
ing scar. , 

Chai (Shai), 115. Tea. 

Chupattis (Hindi), 115. 
cakes. 

Dukhn, 34. Millet. 

Fallahin, 25. Cultivators. 

Fijla (pl. Fijil), 22. Radish. 

Gahwah (Qahwah), see Kahwa. 

Haj, 31. Pilgrimage. 

Henna (Hinna), 39. Henna. 

Huntah (Hintah), 22. Wheat. 

Ithra (Thira), 22. Maize. 

Jidri, 112. Smallpox. 

Kahwa, 115. Coffee. 

Kanagqina (local Arabic), 110. Quinine. 

Kawi, see Chawi. 

Kessereh (Kasrah), 111, 112. 
ment basin. 

Khiara (pl. Khiar), 22. Cucumber. 

Kibrit, 28. Sulphur. 


Unleavened 


Catch- 


Kubeli, 37. Eye lotion. 

Kuhl, 39. Kohl. 

Liwa, 32. Administrative district. 

Mash, 22. Mash. 

Mazit, 24. Oil used on animals. 

Mutasarrif, 32. Governor of a district 
(liwa). 

Na’ura (pl. Newa’ir), 22, 28. Noria or 
Persian water wheel. 

Qadha, 26. Political division. 

Qir, 28. Bitumen. 

Quffah, 24. Gufa. 

Qura (pl. Quwar), 24. Kiln. 

Qutn, 22. Cotton. 

Sha‘ir, 22. Barley. 

Shajarat armut, 22. Pear tree. 

Shajarat rumman, 22. Pomegranate tree. 

Shajarat tiffah, 22. Apple tree. 

Shajarat tukki, 22. Mulberry tree. 

Shakhtur (pl. Shakhatir), 24. Barge. 

Simsim, 22. Sesame. 

Sukham, 151. Soot. 

Siq, 110. Market; bazaar. 

Tamr, 115. Dates. 

Tabuga (pl. Tabiiq), 24. Brick. 

Timmin, 22. Rice. 

Tina (pl. Tin), 34. Fig. 


198 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


The following bibliographical references have been used in the preparation 
of this Report. No attempt has been made to compile all the references to this 
area but rather those selected writings which bear strictly on the land and the 
people of the Upper Euphrates region. The reader is referred to the selected 
bibliography and notes on sources in Grant (1937). 

Assistance rendered by libraries both at home and abroad has been acknowl- 
edged in the Preface. 


Abbreviations 
AA American Anthropologist 
AJA American Journal of Archaeology 
AJPA American Journal of Physical Anthropology 
AJSL American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature 
BRSGI Bollettino della Reale Societa Geografica Italiana 
FMNH Field Museum of Natural History 
GJ Geographical Journal. See also JRGS 
GR_ Geographical Review 
JBNHS Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 
JRAI doonal ” the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and 
relan 
JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 
JRCAS Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 
JRGS Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 
NH Natural History 
OES Oriental Explorations and Studies, American Geographical Sinichense 
New York 
RSTMH i perma of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 
ndon 


AITCHISON, J. E. T. 
va oe on the products of western Afghanistan and N. E. Persia. Edin- 
urg: 
ANDREW, SIR WILLIAM 
1882. Euphrates Valley route to iadia: in connection with the Central Asian 
and Egyptian questions. London. 
ASHKENAZI, TOVIA 
1938. Tribus semi-nomades de la Palestine du nord. Paris. 
AyYRouT, HENRY HABIB 
1938. Moeurs et coutumes des fellahs. Paris. 
BLANCHARD, RAOUL 


ie _ La route du désert de Syrie. Annales de Géographie, vol. 34, pp. 235-243. 
aris. 


1929. La Mésopotamie. Géographie Universelle, vol. 8, pp. 215-232. Paris. 


BLUNT, LaDy ANNE 
1879. Bedouin tribes of the Euphrates. 2 vols. London. 


Borescu, Hans H. 
1939. El-Iraq. Economic Geography, vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 325-361. 


BoIssIER, EDMOND 
1867-84. Flora orientalis. Geneva. 


199 


200 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


BORNMULLER, J. 


1917. Zur Flora des nérdlichen Syriens. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin, vol. 7, 
No. 63, pp. 1-44. Berlin-Dahlem. 


BOUCHEMAN, ALBERT DE 


1934. Matériel de la vie bédouine. Documents d’Etudes Orientales, vol. 3. 
Institut Francais de Damas, Damascus. 


BURKILL, I. H. 

1909. A working list of the flowering plants of Baluchistan. Calcutta. 
Buxton, L. H. DUDLEY and RIcE, DAVID TALBOT 

1931. Report on the human remains found at Kish. JRAI, vol. 61, pp. 57-119. 
CARRUTHERS, DOUGLAS 


ai a great desert caravan route, Aleppo to Basra. GJ, vol. 52, pp. 
57-184. 


1938. Introduction and notes in Northern Najd. A journey from Jerusalem 
to Anaiza in Qasim. London. 


CHARLES, H. 

1939. Tribus moutonniéres du Moyen-Euphrate. Documents d’Etudes 

Orientales, vol. 8. Institut Francais de Damas, Beirut. 
CHINA, W. E. 

1938. Hemiptera from Iraq, Iran and Arabia. FMNH, Zool. Ser., vol. 20, 

No. 32, pp. 427-4387. 
CLawson, M. Don 

1936. The Shammar Bedouin dental survey. The Dental Magazine and Oral 

Topics, vol. 53, Nos. 2, 8, February, March. London. 
CLEMOW, F. G. 

1916. The Shiah pilgrimage and the sanitary defences of Mesopotamia and the 
Turco-Persian frontier. The Lancet, August 12, 19, and September 2. 
London. 

CoLgs, F. E. 

1938. Dust stormsin Iraq. Professional Notes No. 84, vol, 6, No.4. Meteoro- 

logical Office, Air Ministry. London. 
COON, CARLETON STEVENS 
1939. The races of Europe. New York. 


DouGHTY, CHARLES M. 
1926. Travels in Arabia Deserta. London. 


Dowson, V. H. W. 


1921-23. Dates and date cultivation of the Iraq. Pts. 1-3. Printed for the 
Agricultural Directorate of Iraq. Cambridge, England. 


1939. Provisional list of the date palms of the Iraq. Tropical Agriculture, vol. 
16, No. 7, pp. 164-168. Trinidad. 
DyYMOCK, WILLIAM 
1885. The vegetable materia medica of western India. Ed. 2. Bombay. 
——, WARDEN, CHARLES JAMES HISLOP, and HOOPER, DAVID 
1889-93. Pharmacographia indica. 3 vols. Bombay. 
EPSTEIN, ELIHU 
1940. Al Jezireh. JRCAS, vol. 27, Pt. 1, pp. 68-82. 
FIELD, HENRY 


1926. New discoveries at Kish: A great temple; 5000-years old se ed 
Illustrated London News, vol. 79, No. 2054, p. 395, September 4. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 201 


1929a. Early man in North Arabia. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., NH, vol. 29, 
pp. 33-44. 

1929b. The Field Museum—Oxford University Joint Expedition to Kish, 
Mesopotamia, 1923-29. FMNH, Anthr. Leaflet No. 28. 

ahs Among the Beduins of North Arabia. Open Court, vol. 45, pp. 577-595. 

icago. 

1931b. The Field Museum—Oxford University Joint Expedition to Kish. Art 
and Archaeology, No. 5, pp. 243-252, and No. 6, pp. 323-334. Washington. 

1932a. The ancient and modern inhabitants of Arabia. Open Court, vol. 46, 
pp. 847-871. Chicago. 

1932b. The cradle of Homo sapiens. AJA, vol. 36, pp. 426-430. 

at wo remains from Jemdet Nasr, Mesopotamia. JRAS, Pt. 4, pp. 

1932d. Ancient wheat and barley from Kish, Mesopotamia. AA, new ser., 
vol. 34, pp. 303-309. 

1933. os antiquity of man in Southwestern Asia. AA, new ser., vol. 35, 
pp. 51-62. 

eos ee geografiche dell’ Arabia settentrionale. BRSGI, vol. 

» Pp. o—lo. 

1935a. Arabs of central Iraq, their history, ethnology and physical characters. 
Introduction by Sir Arthur Keith. FMNH, Anthr. Mem., vol. 4. 

1935b. The Field Museum Anthropological Expedition to the Near East, 1934. 
Science, vol. 81, No. 2093, p. 146. 

1935c. Ibid. The Oriental Institute Archaeological Report on the Near East. 
AJSL, vol. 51, pp. 207-209. 

1936. The Arabs of Iraq. AJPA, vol. 21, pp. 49-56. 

1937a. Oryx and ibex as cult animals in Arabia. Man, vol. 37, No. 69. 
London. 

1937b. Jews of Sandur, Iraq. Asia, vol. 37, pp. 708-710. 

1937c. See Hooper, David. 

1939a. The physical characters of the modern inhabitants of Iran. The 
Asiatic Review, vol. 35, No. 123, pp. 572-576. London. 

— Sees palma to the anthropology of Iran. FMNH, Anthr. Ser., 
vol. 29. 


FRAZER, SIR JAMES GEORGE 
1924. The golden bough. London. 


GILLIAT-SMITH, B., and TURRILL, W. B. 
1930. On the flora of the Nearer East. Kew Bull., Nos. 7-10. London. 


GOVERNMENT OF IRAQ PUBLICATIONS 
1929. Maps of Iraq with notes for visitors. Baghdad. 


GRANT, CHRISTIANA PHELPS 
1937. The Syrian Desert. London. 


GUARMANI, CARLO 
1938. Northern Najd. A journey from Jerusalem to Anaiza in Qasim. Trans. 
by Lady Capel-Cure. London. 


GUEST, EVAN 
1938. Notes on plants and plant products with their colloquial names in Iraq. 
Bull. No. 27, Department of Agriculture, Iraq. Baghdad. 


HANDBOOK OF ARABIA 
1920. General. Vol. 1. London. 


HARRISON, PAUL W. 
1924. The Arab at home. New York. 


202 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Hooper, DAvID, and FIELD, HENRY 
1937. Useful plants and drugs of Iran and Iraq. FMNH, Bot. Ser., vol. 9, 
No. 3, pp. 71-241. 
HuDSON, ELLIS HERNDON 
1928. Trypanosomiasis among the Bedouin Arabs of the Syrian Desert. U.S. 
Naval Med. Bull., vol. 26, No. 4. Washington, D 
1938. The significance of bejel. Reprinted from Publication No. 6 of the 
American Association for the Advancement of Science, pp. 35-39. 
1939. Can syphilis exist apart from sex? N.Y. State Jour. of Med., vol. 39, 
No. 19, pp. 1840-45. 


IONIDES, M. G. 
1937. The régime of the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. New York. 


JAMALI, M. F. 
1934. The new Iraq. Problems of Bedouin education. New York. 


KEITH, SIR ARTHUR 
1935. Introduction in Arabs of central Iraq, their history, ethnology and 
physical characters. FMNH, Anthr. Mem., vol. 4, pp. 11-76. 


——, and KROGMAN, W. M. 


1932. The racial characteristics of the southern Arabs (pp. 301-333) in 
“Arabia Felix” by Bertram Thomas. New York. 


KENNEDY, WALTER P. 

1935. The polynuclear count in an Iraq population. RSTMH, vol. 28, No. 5, 
pp. 475-480. 

1937a. Some additions to the fauna of Iraq. JBNHS, vol. 39, pp. 745-749. 
Bombay. 

19387b. The macropolycyte in health and disease in Iraq. Journal of Pathology 
and Bacteriology, vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 701-704. Edinburgh. 

1937c. The leucocyte picture in Iraq. RSTMH, vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 309-332. 


—— and Mackay, IAN 
1935. Further studies on the polynuclear count in Iraq. RSTMH, vol. 29, 
No. 3, pp. 291-298. 
1936. The normal leucocyte picture in a hot climate. Journal of Physiology, 
vol. 87, No. 4, pp. 886-844. London. 
See also MACKAY, IAN 


KROGMAN, W. M., see KEITH, SIR ARTHUR 


LAUFER, BERTHOLD 
1919. Sino-Iranica. FMNH, Anthr. Ser., vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 185-630. 


1934. The Noria or Persian wheel. Oriental studies in honour of Dasturji 
Saheb Cursetji Erachji Pavry, pp. 238-250. Oxford. 


LAWRENCE, T. E. 
1926. Seven pillars of wisdom. London. 


LyDE, LIONEL W. 
1933. The continent of Asia. London. 
Mackay, IAN, and KENNEDY, WALTER P. 
1936. Some cases of non-gonococcal urethritis in the Near East. Journal of 
the Royal Army Medical Corps, pp. 194-197. London. 
See also KENNEDY, WALTER P. 
MusIL, ALOIS 
1927a. Arabia Deserta. OES, No.2. American Geographical Society. New York. 


1927b. The Middle Euphrates. OES, No. 3. American Geographical Society. 
New York. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 203 


1928. The manners and customs of the Rwala Bedouins. OES, No.6. American 
Geographical Society. New York. 


OPPENHEIM, MAX FREIHERR VON 

1939. Die Beduinen, vol. 1. Leipzig. 
Post, G. E. 

1896. Flora of Syria, Palestine, and Sinai. Beirut. 
RASWAN, CARL R. 


1930. Tribal areas and migration lines of the North Arabian Bedouins. GR, 
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1935. Black tents of Arabia. Boston. 

1936. Moeurs et coutumes des Bédouins. Paris. 
Rice, D. TALBOT, see BUXTON, L. H. DUDLEY 
SAMUELSSON, GUNNAR 


1933a. Lycochloa, eine neue Gramineen-Gattung aus Syrien. Ark. Bot., vol. 
25A, No. 8, pp. 1-6. Stockholm. 


1933b. Rumezx pictus Forsk. und einige verwandte Arten. Ber. Schwei. Bot. 
Gesell., vol. 42, Pt. 2, pp. 770-779. Bern. 


1935. Notes on two collections of plants from Syria, Palestine, Transjordan 
and Iraq. Sartryck ur Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift, vol. 29, Pt. 3. Uppsala. 


1938. Cives novae florae syricacae. Repert. Spec. Nov. Beihefte, vol. 100, pp. 
38-49. Berlin-Dahlem. 


SCHLIMMER, J. L. 


1874. Terminologie médico-pharmaceutique et anthropologique frangaise- 
persane. Teheran. 


SCHMIDT, KARL P. 


1930. Reptiles of Marshall Field North Arabian Desert Expedition, 1927-28. 
FMNH, Zool. Ser., vol. 17, pp. 223-230. 


1939. Reptiles and amphibians from Southwestern Asia. FMNH, Zool. Ser., 
vol. 24, pp. 49-92. 


Stamp, L. DUDLEY 
1929. Asia. London. 
SUMMERSCALE, J. P. 


1938. Report on economic and commercial conditions in Iraq. Department of 
Overseas Trade, No. 699. London. 


Sypow, H. 


1935. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der parasitischen Pilze des Mittelmeergebiets. 
Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift, vol. 29, Pt. 1, pp. 65-78. 


SYKES, MARK 

1907. Journeys in North Mesopotamia. GJ, vol. 30, pp. 237-254, 284-398. 
THIEBAUT, J. 

1936. Flore Libano-Syrienne. Mém. Inst. d’Egypte, vol. 11. Cairo. 
TROTTER, MILDRED 

1936. The hair of the Arabs of central Iraq. AJPA, vol. 21, pp. 423-428. 
Uvarov, B. P. 

1938. Orthoptera from Iraq and Iran. FMNH, Zool. Ser., vol. 20, pp. 439-451. 
VAVILOV, N. I. 

1934. Agricultural Afghanistan [In Russian]. Leningrad. 
WILLCocks, SIR WILLIAM 

1911. The irrigation of Mesopotamia. London. 


TRIBES REFERRED TO IN CHAPTER V 


In the following table each tribe is listed in alphabetical order. 


Al, Al bu, and Bani follow the tribal names. 


Minor tribe, Main tribe 

section, or or 

sub-section confederation 
(AVIARL AL: 4 No crs ae Baqqarah 
Abd Albu nic. antag Dulaim 
ADU ahi Sarees Anaiza 
Aithah, Albu: <. 45.0%. Dulaim 
ASC ALS oct Dulaim 
Aiariah, Al. ..2.as3004s3 Aqaidat 
AR BN cea Snug hve « Anaiza 
Akash, Al bu. ...Dulaim 
Ali, CR pet al PP 
1A UY Od arte URI Baqqarah 
Ae oe torre er Dulaim 
Ali al Jasim, Al bu...... Dulaim 
iat AO oe coc vers Aqaidat 
Alwan Al bun scchstncs cr Dulaim 
AMATAN AL. cookie ec a ee Anaiza 
Amarat 32... toi eesti Anaiza 
ANWGS AY 52.8 i itele Mee asc Haiwat 
BOL PA DU ee terse at Dulaim 
Arab; Al bu; ......,...5.Dulaim 
Arat Albu nea ee Dulaim 
Ashahin, Pst Oat etree Baqqarah 
Pt i AC RP pce igh de naiza 
Asbabibad. Albu.......Dulaim 
Assaf, Al ea ee Dulaim 
Ataifat STL SMe CRe Sty cea oe etalve Anaiza 
‘Ausa Al Dilan. ose. creer Dulaim 
AZZ AN ee oe on olor. a Chitadah 
Agzam "Al DU seo. oc cccew es Dulaim 
Badran. Al DU... 4 tasers see Baqqarah 
PING fe oe et sore Ar Rahhaliya 
BiMSOIG AL 5 ices ssh s Anaiza 
IBS0CaTaN AL cee Dulaim 
PTONUCR AR Sc na isa Chitadah 
IBUGUP SS. oy penne cers tie Anaiza 
Butamat,: Ali soca ec Anaiza 
CURAGON St sissies 5.2 Zoba 
Dahaman wal sss ese 2 Anaiza 
Dahamshar, Al......... Anaiza 
Dariah, jee Kubais, Bani 
Dhanna Maia tee Anaiza 
Dhiyab, Al bu.......... Dulaim 
DEMIINSAL es ce ee ee Aqaidat 
Ditamehy Ave is ees Anaiza 
Dughaiyim, BD int access Faddaghah 
Duabail Albu: sok 6.5 ie. Dulaim 
Dukkharyil Alo. bo. 6. fex'3 Dulaim 
Dulaim Qartan......... Zoba 
DUP RI Pfc Sask ete ae Anaiza 
1: Ee Pe ea Anaiza 
By ice te eG. Ra eae Dulaim 


The prefixes 

Minor tribe, Main tribe 

section, or or 

sub-section confederation 
Faiyadah, Al bu........ Dulaim 
Patvange 3G ee era Haiwat 
Ralahat;-Al bu... 22262: Dulaim 
POU VEY vicphoo pes ces Cacia Haiwat 
OTTOA SS Mila ew't Salta ons Dulaim 
ROPVOS AUB. oo ki harn as Kubais, Bani 
Wuaqarahen eet Anaiza 

BIO olan oleae Anaiza 

Cadir A BW. oe ees Dulaim 
Ghanim, Al Dies. 2%. Baqqarah 
Ghazail, Al bu........... Dulaim 
Ghurrah> Abu... 5 20.56 Dulaim 
Guraibawiyin, Al........ Haiwat 
Haddad. Alb 6s 5o5ca5< Dulaim 
Haidah Alepu7 .. eee Kubais, Bani 
HISIWAG. aoe eee Zoba 
WINE so lands Cee Ga Anaiza 
Hag isa (Bait: See Kubais, Bani 
Halabsah; (Al bus 2253.4. Dulaim 
Samad. Al Wises. ses Kubais, Bani 


Hamad al Dhiyab, Al bu. Dulaim 
Hamad al Hussain, Al bu. Dulaim 


Hamdan: Al bw. 25.2 2... : Baqqarah 
Hammamid-.6 oc. eens Anaiza 
Biamudij Al... o-s4.0.0 oo RIOOS 
Hantush,;Alibus osc. ccs Dulaim 
Hardanc Al pws i505 es Aqaidat 
Hardhavals ec 48 odes Anaiza 
Paras Alent no somes cts Ar Rahhaliya 
Blasanahe se. oie. ccicen Anaiza 
Teme. At Oth to. cee Dulaim 
Hasan SAP DU os. 6554 4 Aqaidat 
Hassan FAl sec as ose Aqaidat 
Hawa Al he to. cea Dulaim 
Eat PAID sco ec eke Dulaim 
FiaealatvAly, oc 8 oi sccm Anaiza 
HAZY CAL DU och asm oe Dulaim 
PRID aN AN ee bort nsec Anaiza 
Pitial VAL GUs cc. cole Dulaim 
WEWIG ee ae eka cas Zoba 
Hulaiyil, Al............Haiwat 
Humaid, Al............Chitadah 
Huntush, Al bw... 2...... Dulaim 
Huraiwat, Al bu........ Dulaim 
Hussain al Ali, Al bu....Dulaim 
PIUSBONT AN loka cea ea Anaiza 
PONG Ales. Oe te eyes Pecos Aqaidat 
SMG UD eos esccekiere Wa She ner Aqaidat 
Isa, Alec cores Dulaim 


204 


INDEX OF TRIBES: CHAPTER V 


205 


Minor tribe, Main tribe Minor tribe, Main tribe 
section, or or section, or or 
sub-section confederation sub-section confederation 
MANS ALA oo cae Anaiza Muridh..... Piiakinn Ras Anaiza 
0 ae | Dulaim RAR AT OR oxen ees Baqqarah 
apg YN 0) ers he Dulaim Musa Al Du: i casccoe ts Dulaim 
MS AD hy eis a Sp cccrsnia ee Aqaidat MuaaibsAl ct arias. Anaiza 
Jaghaifah, v.08 5) ) Pate eee Dulaim IN BOTET F crasesrathc atta & Anaiza 
elas Alen.3.:525tnee oe Anaiza Musalihah © 45336662656 ; Dulaim 
eS SAT Tbe Cara ectaaiase Anaiza Mushahidah, Al........ Aqaidat 
ee Se CEN ee Dulaim Mutarafah, Al.......... Anaiza 
ara A he oes vais t Anaiza 
Juhaish, OY RE Oe ere: Dulaim Nabbizali; Al. .......... Baqqarah 
Jumailah - CR Ce eee Dulaim Nabite Ale oct coca. Faddaghah 
Nasrah> Ales pcos seus ts Anaiza 
Rae eh Pa tae “gts co's Anaiza POUMNRT. MAS oie ns core a3 Faddaghah 
MMWR TOMI S65 notice vans Anaiza MMT, ALOU sk verses os Dulaim 
PMeISS Al DU ok, os Dulaim INUBAEE oso care Soe Anaiza 
Mhalifanh, Al bw. . 3... ty Dulaim 
PE PA BAD Sow Peas 0 Haiwat eae AL Wa gicie ss teuee Aqaidat 
penamin. AV DW... 5 cs.s o's Dulaim Qadraus Ales scouts Aqaidat 
Khamishat, Al.......... Anaiza GCaretiial,.. bo egies ests Dulaim 
Khammas, Al.......... Chitadah Oartan Al oi5.)...b cxcn0 
SS SA ee Aqaidat Qumaan, Alo). .0.5 ee: Chitadah 
PERORIAT Abe obi 5.05% Baqqarah Quraifa, Al bu.......... Dulaim 
Khashtah, Al........... Anaiza Quraiti, Al bu... ....... Dulaim 
Khurushiyin............ Dulaim Quran, Ais. ciincesseees Aqaidat 
jo eg Dulaim 
Ras Altice rt sie sae Dulaim 
Fee Dulaim Radhi, Al. < Ao5 3.55 00: Chitadah 
Rahamah, Al DUlt aoe Aqaidat 
Madlij, Al bu........... Dulaim Rathan; Albu. 2.3.6.5; Dulaim 
Majawadah, Al......... Aqaidat Ramlah, Al bu.......... Dulaim 
weenal,-Al bu... .<.. «:: Dulaim Rudaini, Al bu......... Dulaim 
Maish, Al bu. ooge Baqqarah PRU ibs cdo ais ake Anaiza 
Malahimah, 7 er een ulaim Ruwallaee coi teo. tee oe cre Anaiza 
Pee AL oe we Anaiza 
ER Denar eee Anaiza SSGGN, BE AP ics ace oes Dulaim 
SUNS RE AOI a osu tei Sms Dulaim PU Rohe conte SiG rin Anaiza 
Marasimah, Al......... Aqaidat OUP A GR a a Anaiza 
Mashadiqah............ Anaiza OU LS a a pat Dulaim 
OS ee ee Anaiza Salih al A ALDUA . diacas Dulaim 
Mathluthah, Bait....... Kubais, Bani Salman, Al bu.......... Ar Rahhaliya 
Matrad, Al ae Dulaim RIAN: dais sts sb cho Anaiza 
Miri, TLS Sie cae eg Aqaidat Samalah, Al bu......... Dulaim 
AD ee Dulaim Sanig As soos cree aes Anaiza 
PE AL OU Soke view tn Baqqarah MOR ORL ING Ss oh s oie oie Dulaim 
Mudhaiyan, PREG oS Awe Anaiza ae ey Pepe Anaiza 
Mufarraj, Albu........ Faddaghah PAPEL, MEOW a tse oa yes Aqaidat 
Muhaid, Al............. naiza RE AD tbs cin open naiza 
1 UTES 24 Go eee Anaiza Saudah, Al bu.......... Dulaim 
Muhamdah, Albu....... Dulaim ON aa Eg R ee are Zoba 
Muhammad, | SS Aqaidat Shihan, Al DO. 6.65 «<5. Dulaim 
eee ‘al Dhiyab, : SHHOCHION stg ee ches Kubais, Bani 
eae er Dulaim Shahab, Al bu..........Dulaim 
Mukioamed al Jasim, Al Shaitat, Gia wis irene Aqaidat 
Te ee Dulaim Shimlan, 1 Se ererrye tS 
Muhanna, Al bu........ Dulaim -25 11 (1 DS Se ee ae rE Dulaim 
Mae “AL DUG 2... 65 « Dulaim MANUATC AL eis ieicrak ss Aqaidat 
Mukatharah, Al........ Anaiza Shumailat, Al... . 22... naiza 
Mukhaiyat, teen aed Anaiza Shuwartan Speeat ara tsaiinycwte Dulaim 
Mulahimah, Al......... Dulaim Gute ss bk oa 8S Dulaim 
Mugqallad AS tis ce Dulaim Subaikhan, Al.......... Aqaidat 


206 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Minor tribe, Main tribe Minor tribe, Main tribe 
section, or or section, or or 
sub-section confederation sub-section confederation 
Sumaidi Albu. 6.205.544 Dulaim tT Ops te Anaiza 
Pop Fie ee aE A ert era TuWaAaty AL DU... cc aces > Dulaim 
MAUR G i oi ree ulaim 
Seer: ee eee Anaiza Ubaid, Al bu........... Dulaim 
Suwailmat, Al.......... Anaiza Ubidah, Al............. Anaiza 
Gwaliie: 65 és: Anaiza Ujur, Al bu............ Dulaim 
: Watbany Ali. fess eae Anaiza 
Tahar Al bilscscie aaa Dulaim ee : F 
Tah, Alben Tulainn WuluGsAlin,. oir RG os Anaiza 
Daman; Bl WU. cco Dulaim FPO Ae 8 a Anaiza 
Truman AV acdc tak Aqaidat TRIO NBN ee ot ees ee Dulaim 


PRU Al ic eines Aqaidat DOUEE BP ies one ib aes Chitadah 


DULAIMIS ILLUSTRATED IN PLATES 


1007: 
1009: 
1010: 
1011: 
1012: 
1013: 
1016: 
1017: 
1018: 
: Plate 13 
: Plate 32 
: Plate 11 
: Plate 31 
: Plate 11 
: Plate 30 
: Plate 22 
: Plate 30 
: Plate 24 
: Plate 19 
: Plate 27 
: Plate 26 
: Plate 13 
: Plate 26 
: Plate 27 
: Plate 5 

: Plate 5 

: Plate 21 
: Plate 15 
: Plate 33 
: Plate 7 

: Plate 14 
: Plate 12 


Plate 29 
Plate 25 
Plate 8 
Plate 6 
Plate 20 
Plates 2, 3 
Plate 33 
Plate 15 
Plate 9 


1047: 
1048: 
1049: 
1050: 
1051: 
1052: 
: Plate 6 

: Plate 7 

: Plates 16, 17 
: Plate 31 

: Plate 32 

: Plate 12 

: Plate 35 

: Plate 28 

: Plate 29 

: Plate 34 

: Plate 10 

: Plate 19 

: Plate 24 

: Plate 4 

: Plate 23 

: Plate 28 

: Plate 35 

: Plate 18 

: Plate 21 

: Plate 23 

: Plate 20 

: Plate 25 

: Plate 18 

: Plate 14 

: Plate 36 


Plate 22 
Plate 8 
Plate 9 
Plate 10 
Plate 34 
Plate 4 


TRIBESMEN ILLUSTRATED IN PLATES 


: Plates 40, 41 
: Plate 38 
: Plate 39 
: Plate 39 
: Plate 45 
: Plate 43 
: Plate 47 
: Plate 47 
: Plate 44 
: Plate 44 


207 


: Plate 46 
: Plate 43 
: Plate 38 
: Plate 45 
: Plate 42 
: Plate 42 
: Plate 37 
: Plate 37 
: Plate 46 


TRIBAL NAMES APPEARING ON MAP OF IRAQ (A) 


Abbas: o, 20 

Abuda: o, 21 

‘Afaj: n, 20 

Afshar: j, 21-22 

Ahl Al Kut: p, 21 
Ahmadawand: 1, 21-22 
‘Ajib: o, 20 

Ako: j, 19 

Al Ajarja: 1, 15 
Alattab: o, 21 

Al bu Abbas: 1, 18 

Al bu ‘Ajil: 1, 18-19 
Al bu ‘Amir: m, 19; n, 19 
Al bu Atalla: 0, 20-21 
Al bu Badran: j-k, 17 
Al bu Darraj: 0, 21 

Al bu Dhiyab: m, 18 
Al bu Fahad: m, 18 

Al bu Faraj: m, 20-21 
Al bu Ghuwainim: 0, 20-21 
Al bu Hamad: j, 18 

Al bu Hamdan: k, 19 
Al bu Hassan: 0, 20 
Al bu Husain: j, 18 

Al Buisa: m, 18 

Al bu Jaiyash: o, 20 
Al bu Mahal: 1, 16-17 
Al bu Muhammad: 0, 22 
Al bu Nail: n—-o, 19 

Al bu Nashi: o, 20 

Al bu Nimir: l-m, 17-18 
Al bu Nisan: 1, 18-19 
Al bu Rudaini: ]-m, 16-17; m, 17-18 
Al bu Sa‘ad: o, 21 

Al bu Sali: 0, 21 

Al bu Sarai: k, 15 

Al bu Sultan: n, 19 

Al Hasan: p, 21 

Al Hatim: o, 20-21 

Al Humaid: n-o, 21 

Al Ibrahim: p-o, 21 
Al Idhar: 1, 15-16 
Aliqan: i, 16 

Al Ismail: p, 21 

Al Jabar: o, 20-21 

Al Jumai‘an: p, 21 

Al Maiya: p, 22 

Al Majawada: 1, 15 

Al Manashra: o, 20 

Al Munaisin: p, 22 

Al Muslib: 0, 21 

Al Sa‘ad: p-o, 22 

Al Saba‘: n, 15 

Al Sali: 0, 20 

Al Shatat: 1, 15 

Al Sudan: o, 22 

Al Suwa‘id: 0, 22 

Al Tulph: 1, 15 


‘Amarat: n, 16; n, 18 
Ambugiya: m, 19 
Aqaidat, j, 17; k-1, 15 
Aqail, 0, 21 

Aq’ra: o-n, 19 
Artushi: i-j, 17-18 
Asachrat: p, 21 
Ashair al Saba: j, 18 
Auramani: k, 21 
‘Awasid: n, 19 
Ayyash: o, 19 
Azairij: 0, 21 
Aznaur: j-i, 16 
‘Azza: 1, 19 
Azzubaid: n, 19 


Babajani: k, 21; 1, 20-21 
Bahahitha: n-o, 20 
Baiyat: 1, 19 

Bajlan: 1, 20 

Balik: j, 19 

Balikian: j, 19 

Bani Ard: o, 19-20 
Bani Hasan: n, 18-19 
Bani Huchaim: o, 19-20 
Bani Khaiqan: p, 21 
Bani Kubais: m, 17 
Bani Lam: n, 21; n, 21-22 
Bani Rabia: n, 20-21 
Bani Rabi‘a: m, 20 
Bani Rikab: n-o, 20-21 
Bani Said: o, 21 

Bani Salama: o, 19 
Bani Sali: 0, 22 

Bani Tamim: m, 19; m, 20; m-l, 19 
Bani Turuf: n, 19; 0, 22 
Bani Ugqba: m, 20 

Bani Wais: m, 20 
Bani Zaid: 0, 20; 0, 21 
Bani Zuraj: o, 20 
Baqqara: j, 15; k, 15 
Baradost: j, 19 

Barkat: o, 20 

Barush: j, 18-19 
Barwari Bala: i, 18 
Barwari Jir: i-j, 18 
Barwariya: i, 17 
Barzan: i, 19 

Baz: i, 18 
Begzadeh: i, 19 
Belavar: 1, 21-22 
Besheri: i, 16 

Bilbas: j, 19-20 
Budair: o, 20 

Budur: o, 20 

Buhtui: 1, 21-22 
Buzzun:! o, 21 


1Buzzun, Isa, Muraiyan listed as one tribe on the map. 


208 


INDEX OF TRIBAL NAMES: IRAQ 209 


Chabsha: o, 19 Hajjan: j, 17 
Chahardauli: k, 22 Hamad: m, 20; n, 19-20 
Chal: i, 18 Hamawand: k, 19-20 
Chaldaean: j, 18 Hamza: n, 20 
Challabiyin: n, 20 Haruti: j, 19 
Chechen: j, 15 Hassanan: j, 17 
Chichan: m, 19-20 Haverki: i, 16 
Chingini: k, 20 Hawazin: q, 22 
Chitada: m, 18-19 Herki: i, 19-20; j, 18 
Chunan: i, 15 Humaidat: o, 19 
Husainat: p, 21 
Daaja Sa‘adan: n, 20 Hwatim: n, 19 
apc anac 0, eae 
ainiya: m, eae 
Dakhori: i, 15-16 aerate 
Dakshuri: i, 16 Ismail Uzairi: k, 20 
Dalabha: n, 20 Nat 
eck ngrh (eg Jabbari: k, 19-20 
Daudi: kl, 19 Jaf: I 21; k, 20; 1; 20 


Jaghaifa: 1, 16-17 


Dawar: n, 20 Jalalawand: 1, 21; m, 22 


ort ee Jaliha: n, 19; 0, 20 
Dhafir: p-q, 19-20-21 Jannabiyin: m-n, 18-19 
Dhawilim: o, 20 pedi i, 17 
Dilfiya: m, 20 itu: i, 18-19 
Dilo: k, 20; 1, 20 ci ar Pe | 
Dinavar: 1, 22 bate 17; k, 18; 1-m, 19-20; m, 19; 
Dol Bilary, 19 Jubur (Khabur): k-j, 15-16 
Dola Goran: j, 19 Juhaish: j, 17; n, 19-20 
Dola Mairi: j, 19 Jumaila: m, 18-19 
Dola Majal: j, 19 ae ae 
Dolka: j, 19 eens Os 
Doaki: af 19 Juwarin: p, 21 
Dulaim: l-m, 16-18 moe 
Duski: i, 17-18 Kafrushi Shinki: k, 20 
Kakai: k, 19 
Kiru: i, 17 Kakawand: 1, 22 
Fad! 18 Sayed 22 
ad‘an: n, alawi: j, 

Faddagha: m, 19 Kalendalan:i,15 — 
Fartus: o, 20 Kalhir: 1, 20-21; m, 20 
Fatla: n, 19; 0, 19 Kamangar: |, 21-22 

; Karkhiya Bawiya: m, 19 
Galbaghi: k, 21 Khafaja: n, 19; 0, 19; 0, 21 
co F ape Khala Jan: i, 15 

ow) Khamisya: p, 21 
eae tt Khazail: n-o, 19; 0, 20 
Geshki: 1, 21-22 Khazraj: m, 18-19 
Gezh: 1, 19-20; 1, 20 eg eke 
Ghazalat: 0, 19 udabandalu: k, 22; 1, 22 
Ghazzi: 0, 20-21 Khurkhura: k, 21 
Ghurair: m, 19 Kichan: i, 17 | 
Girdi: i, 19; j, 18-19; j, 19 Kolmetchma: i, 16 
Goyan: i, 17-18 Kopa: j, 19 
Guli: i, 17-18 Kuliai: 1, 22 
Guran: 1, 20-21; 1, 21 Kushnao: j, 19 
Hachcham: o-n, 21 Lak: k, 19 
Hairuni: i, 16-17 Lakk: k, 22 


Haiwat: m, 18-19 Lughawiyin: o-n, 21 


210 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Ma‘dan: m, 20 
Mahalami: i, 16 
Mahmedan: i, 18 
in eae 0, 19-20 
Malawaha: j, 17 
Mamkhoran: i, 18 
Mamush: j, 20 
Manda: j, 20 
Mandumi: k, 22 - 
Mangur Zudi Manda: j, 20 
Mansur: 0, 19 
Mantik: k, 19 
Marra Pizdher: j, 20 
Masud: n, 19 

Mazi: i, 15 
Merivani: k, 21 
Metini: i, 15 

Milli: i, 15; j, 15 


Qarqariya: j, 17 
Qubadi: 1, 21 
Qulu: j, 18-19 
Qurait: n, 19 


Raikan: i, 18 
Reshkotanli: i, 16 
Rowandok: j, 19 
Rudaini: m, 20 
Rumm: j, 19 
Rustambegi: 1, 21 


Sada: m, 20; 0, 20 
Sadiq: o, 19 


Sakhwar: 1, 19-20 
Sarchef: j, 21 


Sargalu Sheikhs: k, 20 
Shabbana: n, 19-20 
Shaikhan: k, 20 

Shammar Jarba: k-l, 17-1 
Shammar Toga: m-n, 19-20 
Shagarqi: j-i, 21-22 
Sharabiyin: j, 15 

Sharaf Biyani: 1-k, 20 
Shasavan: j-i, 21-22 
Shebek Christian: j, 18 
Sheikh Bizaini: j, 18; k, 19 
Sheikh Ismail: k, 22 
Sheikhs of Quala‘ Sedka: k, 19-20 


Miran Begi: j, 18 
Mirsinan: i, 15-16 
Mizuri: i, 18-19; j, 18 
Mu‘alla: m, 20 
Mu‘amara: n, 19 
Muamara: j, 17 
Muhamda: m, 18 
Muhsin: o, 20 
Mujamma: m, 18; m, 19 
Mujarra: p, 21 
Mukhadhara: 0, 20 
Mukri: j, 20-21 
Muraiyan: 0, 21-22 


Mushahida: m, 19 
Mutair: q, 21-22 
Mutaiwid: j, 16 
Muzaira: o-p, 22 


Naida: m, 20 

Najdat Dafafa: m, 19 

Naodasht: j, 19 

Nashwa or Khulut: p, 22 

Nassun: 0, 21 

Nerva: i, 18 

Non-tribal Kurd: j, 19 

Non-tribal Kurd and Arab: j, 18-19 
Nuchiyan: i, 19 


Ojagh: j, 20 

Omarmi: 1, 20 

Oramar: i, 18-19 
Osmanawand: 1, 21; m, 22 


Pairawand: l, 22 
Palani: 1, 20 
Penjinara: i, 16 
Pinianish: i, 18 
Pirahasani: j, 19 
Piran: j, 19 
Pizdher: j, 20 


Qarahalus: m, 20 
Qarakhul: o, 21 
Qara Papaq: j, 20 


Shekak: i, 19 
Sherikan: i, 15 
Shernakh: i, 17 
Shibil: 0, 19 
Shillana: j-k, 19-20 
Shirwan: j, 19 
Shovan: i, 17 
Shu‘aiba: o, 20 
Shuan: k, 19 
Shuraifat: p, 21 
Sihoi: i, 17 
Silivani: i, 17 
Sindi: i, 17 
Sinjabi: 1, 20; 1, 21 
Sinn: j 19 
Sirokhli: i, 16-17 
Slopi: i, 17 

Sor: i, 15 

Sturki: i, 16 
Sufran: o, 20 
Sukuk: m, 19 
Sulduz: i, 20 
Surchi: j, 18-19 
Surgichi: i, 15-16 
Sursur: I-k, 21-22 


Tai: j, 16 
Taiyan: i, 17 
Talabani: k, 19; 1, 20 
Tall ‘Afaris: i, 17 
Tanzi: i, 16-17 
Tiari: i, 18 


INDEX OF TRIBAL NAMES: IRAQ 211 


Tilehkuh: j, 21 
Tkhuma: i, 18 

Toba: o, 20 

Togiya: o, 21 

Tufail: n, 19 
Turcoman Arab: j, 18 


‘Ubaid: 1, 19 
‘Umairiyat: m, 20 


Waladbegi: 1, 20-21; 1, 21 


Yasar: n, 18-19 
Yassar: n, 19 
Yezidi: j, 16; j, 17-18 


Zaiyad: 0, 19; 0, 20; o-n, 20 
Zangana: 1, 20; Il-k, 20 
Zarari: j, 18-19 

Zedik: i-j, 18-19 

Zend: 1, 20 

Zibari: j, 18-19 

Zudi: j, 20 


TRIBAL NAMES APPEARING ON MAP OF IRAN (B) 


Abad: p, 24 Dinarini: n, 24 
Abdul Khan: o, 23 Dindarli: q, 27-28 
Abdul Rezai: p, 27-28 Dirakwand: n, 23 
Abulvardi: p, 27 
Afshar: j, 23 ’Emadi: p, 28 
Agha Jari: p, 24; p, 25 
Airizaumari: 0, 24 Farsi: p, 28 
Aiyasham: o, 23 
Alamdar: n, 24 Gandali: o, 24 
Alaswand: o, 24 Garrai: p, 27 
Al bu Hamdan: n, 23 Gashtil: p, 24 
Al Duhaim: 0, 23 Gazistun: n, 24 
Ali Muradi: p, 27-28 Ghiasvand: j, 24 
Al Kathir: n, 23; 0, 23 Ghuri: p, 27 
Al Khamis: 0, 24 Guklan Turkomans: i, 30 
Al Ruwaiyan: 0, 23 Gundalis: n, 24 
Alwanieh: o, 24 Gundalzu: 0, 238-24 
Amarli: j, 24 Gurgha: o, 24 
Amla (Lur): n, 23 Gurgi: p, 24 
Anafijah: 0, 23 
Andakah: n, 24 Haft Lang: n, 23 
Arab: n, 23 Haidari: p, 24 
Aushar: p, 24 Hajjilu: k, 23 
Hamaid: 0, 23-24 
Baghdadi: k, 24; k, 25 Hannai: q, 28 
Baharwand: n, 23 Hardan: 0, 23 
Bairanawand: m, 23 Hawashim: o, 23 


Bait Saad: o, 23 Sete 
Bakhtiari: m, 24; n, 23; n, 24-25; 0,25 ‘Inanlu: k, 24; k, 25; k, 26 


Bakish: p, 26 ne : SAS 
Bala Girieh: m, 23; n, 23 lives rnp Senay aed 
Bandari: Pp, 24 Ja’fari: p 24 aes 
Bani Abdullahi: q, 28 Jaifavand: i, 24 
pe ranean Janeki Sardsir: 0, 25 

pes” ieee yee Jani Khan Arab: p, 28 
Bani Turuf: 0, 23 Tanck on 
Barangird: o, 24 ig asd 
Baseri: p, 27-28: q, 27; q, 28 Kaid Rahmat: m, 23 
Bavi: p, 26 Kakavand: j, 24 
Bawasat: n, 24 Karohi: o, 24 
Bawieh (Bavieh): p-o, 23; 0, 24 Khalkhal: i, 23 
Boir Ahmadi: p, 26; 0, 26 Khamseh: p, 27; p, 27-28; q, 27; q, 28; 
Boiramides: n, 24 q, 29 
Bulawaso: o, 24 Khazraj: 0, 23 
Burujird: n, 23 Khidr-iSurkh: 0, 24 
Chaab i Dubais: n, 23 Rie ee Se 
Chab: p, 22-23 Khwajahvand: j, 25-26 
Chaman-i-Urga: n, 24 Kurdbaigla: i, 22-23 
Charasi: p, 24 Kurd-u-Turk: j, 28 
Chavari: 1, 22-23 Kuruni: p, 27 
Cheriim: p, 24-25 : 
Chigini: m, 23; j, 24 Labu Haji: q, 27 

Labu Muhammadi: p, 28 

Dailam: o, 23 Laki: p, 25 
Dalwand: m, 23 Lakk (Lek): k, 22-23 
Darashur: q, 26 Lashani: q, 28 
Darazi: p-q, 27 Lur: n, 23 


212 


INDEX OF TRIBAL NAMES: IRAN Ais 


Ma’afi: j, 25 Sagwand: m, 23; n, 23 
Makawandi: 0, 24 Saiyidali: o, 23 
Mamassani: p, 26; q, 26; q, 27 Saiyidan: o, 24 
Mir: n, 23 Sakhtsar: j, 25 
Mishwand: m, 23 Salamat: 0, 23-24 
Mizdaj: n, 25 Sha’abuni: p, 24 
Muhaisin: p-o, 23; p, 22-23 Shahsavan: k, 26 
Mujazi: n, 24 Shaikh Mamu: p, 24-25 
Mimianwand: m, 23 Shaiwand: n, 24 
Murad ali Wand: n, 23 Shatranli: i, 23 
Muris: n, 24 Sheni: 0, 24 
Mutur: p, 24 Sherafah: 0, 22-23 
Shir Ali: p, 24 
Naqd’Ali: p, 28 Shiri: p, 28 
Nargasin: n, 24 Shishbuliki: p, 27 
Nasir: o, 24 Shuraifat: p, 24 
Nidharat: p, 24 Silsileh: m, 23 
Niyi Silai: 0, 25-26 Suluklu: p, 27 
Surkha: n, 23 
Papi: n, 23 
Pir Islami: p, 28 Tafarakha: 0, 24 
‘ar: 1, 29 Talish: i, 23-24 
Qajar: j, Turkashawand: 1, 23 
Qalawand: n, 23 Tushmals: n, 24 


senewnt: Ps rig 
pena 6. 26: p, 26; p-o, 27; q, 25;q, Yamit Turkomans: i, 29; i, 30 


26; q, 27 
Zangina: o, 24 
Rashvand: j, 25 Zeloi: n, 24 
Rustam: p, 26 Zirgan: o, 23 


INDEX 


Abbass, Abdul-Majid, 12, 198 

Abu Ghuraib Canal, description of, 18 

Abu Kemal, 17; northern limit of culti- 
vation of date palm at, 21; popula- 
tion of, 28; Sunnis in, 28 

Agricultural products, 22-23 

Akeydat, see Aqaidat 

Al Abaidat, 95 

Al Ajarjah, 93 

Al Ali, 94 

Al Annas, 102 

Al Azzah, 101 

Al Barghuth, 101 

Al bu Aliyat, 95 

Al bu Alwan, 96 

Al bu Badran, 95 

Al bu Dhiyab, 96 

Al bu Fahad, 97 

Al bu Ghanim, 95 

Al bu Haidah, 101 

Al bu Hamad, 101 

Al bu Hamdan, 95 

Al bu Hardan, 93 

Al bu Hardan (Section), 94 

Al bu Hassan, 95 

Al bu Isa, 97 

Al bu Khalifah, 98 

Al bu Khalil, 102 


Al bu Mufarraj, 102 

Al bu Muhamdah, 98 

Al bu Muhammad, venereal disease 
among, 116 

Al bu Musa, 96 

Al bu Qaan, 95 

Al bu Rahamah, 95 

Al bu Rudaini, 99 

Al bu Salman, 101 

Al bu Sarai, 95 

Al Dimim, 93 

Al Dughaiyim, 102 

Al Guraibawiyin, 102 

Al Hamudi, 94 

Al Harub, 101 

Al Hassun, 94 

Al Hulaiyil, 102 

Al Humaid, 101 

Ali big ha 9 


Al Khammas, 101 
Al Khanfar, 95 

Al Khanjar, 95 

Al Majawadah, 94 
Al Marasimah, 94 
Al Muhammad, 94 
Al Mushahidah, 94 


Al Nabbizah, 96 
Al Nabit, 102 
Al Nassar, 102 
Al Qadrau, 94 
Al Qumzan, 101 
Al Quran, 95 
Al Radhi, 101 
Al Saadan, 34, 100 
Al Sbaa, 93 
Al Shaitat, 95 
Al Shuait, 95 
Al Subaikhan, 94 
Al Sumail, 101 
Al Taumah, 94 
Al Thulth, 95 
Al Zubar, 101 
Amara, classification of land surface of, 
106-107; flora of, 196; population 
of, in 1930, 108, in 1935, registered, 
105, unregistered, 104 
Amarat, habitat of, 27; relations with 
other tribes, 27, 34; tribal list of, 91 
Amphibians, 24 
Ana, 17; Jews in, 28; population of, 28, 
in 1882, 28; Sunnis in, 28 
Anaiza tribesmen (nineteen males meas- 
ured), 11, 12, 13, 26, 27, 54-74 
age of, 68, 70; groupings, 63 
bigonial breadth of, 70 
bizygomatic breadth of, 70; group- 
ings, 70 
blondism among, 64 
body hair of, 64; compared to Arabs 
of central Iraq, 64 
camels of, 55; exports of, 55 
cauterization among, 66 , 
cephalic index of, 68, 70; groupings, 
68; compared to Proto-Mediter- 
ranean mean, 68 
demography of, 63 
disease among, 66. See also Pathology 
ears of, measurements and indices of, 
70 


eyes of, 64; groupings, 64 

eye slits of, 64 

facial measurements and indices of, 
et 70; groupings, 68-69, 70, 


facial types of, 73; ram-faced among, 
fronto-parietal index of, 70 

hair of, 64; groupings, 64 

head breadth of, 67, 70; groupings, 67 
head length of, 70 

health of, 65 

horses of, breeds of, 55 

kohl used by, 66 

lips of, 65 


214 


INDEX 215 


minimum frontal diameter of, 67, 70; 
groupings, 67, 69 

morphological characters of, group- 
ings, 63-66 

musculature of, 65 

nasal breadth and height of, 69, 70; 
groupings, 69, 70 

nasal index of, 69, 70; groupings, 69 

nasal profile, 65; groupings, 65 

oe and wings of, 65; groupings, 


Negroid element among, in nose of, 
65, 69; in skin color of, 63 

nomadism among, 54-55 

origin of, 54 

photographic analyses of, 70-71 

provenance of, 62 

racial position of, 71 

raw data: measurements, indices, and 
ores characters of, 72— 


sitting height of, 67, 70; groupings, 


skin color of, 63; compared to the 
Arab, 63; to the European, 63 
statistical analyses of, groupings, 66- 


stature of, 66, 70; groupings, 67 
stock, see camels, horses 

tattooing among, 66 

teeth of, 65; groupings, 65 

trade of, geographical facilities for, 55 
tribal feuds of, 55 

tribal list of, 91-93 

tribes and sub-tribes of, 56-61 

vital statistics of, 62 

zygo-frontal index of, 70. 
zygo-gonial index of, 70 
Anthropometric data, abbreviations, 
list of, used for, 33; selection of, 
32-33, 75, 122, 1381 


Apple trees, 22 


Aqaidat, tribal list of, 98-95 

Arabs, attitude toward disease, 110, 
toward pain, 119, toward medical 
treatment, 117, 118-119; four types 
of, 26-27; in Raqqa, 28; racial 
fonton of, 89-90; use of herbs by, 


Anthropometric data: age, cephalic 
indices and head measurements 
on, from Baghdad, children, 126, 
female, 125, male, 123-124, from 
nineteen towns, 124-125, from 
six towns, female, 125-126, from 
three tribes, 126, from various 
tribes of Iraq, children, 126. 
See also Baghdad, individuals 
measured in Royal Hospital of 

Armenians, 13 

Artificial cranial deformation, absence 

of, 115 

Asellia murraiana, 157 


Assyrians, 11, 13 
Aziziya Canal, description of, 18 


Baban, flora of, 192 
Badgers, 23, 160 
Baghdad, Central School for Girls of, 
151; classification of land surface 
of, 106-107; flora of, 194; health 
inspection at, 120; Iraq Museum 
in, 11; population of, in 1930, 108, 
in 1935, registered, 105, unregis- 
tered, 104; Royal College of Medi- 
cine in, 8, 9, 15, 118, 121 
Anthropometric data: individuals 
measured in Royal Hospital of, 
18, 181 
Arabs, twenty-three male, 131 
age of, 132, 189 
bigonial breadth of, 139 
bizygomatic breadth of, 139 
blondism among, 133 
brow-ridges of, 187 
cauterization among, 135 
cephalic index of, 137, 189; group- 
ings, 137 
demography of, 132 
diseases of, 185. See also Pathology 
ears of, measurements and indices 
of, 189 
eyes of, 1383; groupings, 133 
facial measurements and indices of, 
187, 189; groupings, 137-138 
fronto-parietal index of, 139 
hair of, 1382-138; groupings, 132 
head breadth of, 136, 189; group- 
ings, 1386 
head form of, 136 
head length of, 139 
lips of, 135 
minimum frontal diameter of, 136, 
189; groupings, 137 
morphological characters of, 132- 


135 

nasal breadth and height of, 138, 
139; groupings, 138 

aang aa of, 188, 189; groupings, 

nasal profile of, 183; groupings, 134 

sanvanschoaien of, 188; groupings, 

nasal tip and wings of, 133; group- 
ings, 134 

Negroid element among, in eyes of, 
183, in lips of, 135, in nose of, 
188, 188, in skin color of, 132 

physical appearance of, 1385 

prognathism, alveolar, among, 134 

provenance of, 131 

raw data: measurements, indices 
and morphological characters 
of, 141-142 

sitting height of, 1386, 139; group- 
ings, 136 


216 


skin color of, 1382 
smallpox among, 135 
statistical analyses of, 135-142 
stature of, 135-136, 1389; group- 
ings, 136 
tattooing among, 135 
teeth of, 184; groupings, 134 
zygo-frontal index of, 139 
zygo-gonial index of, 139 
males omitted from the statistical 
analyses, 138-140 
bigonial breadth of, 140 
bizygomatic breadth of, 140 
cauterization among, 139-140 
cephalic index of, 140 
diseases of, 139-140. See also 
Pathology 
ears of, measurements and indices 
of, 140 
eyes of, 139-140 
facial form of, 139 
facial measurements and _ indices 
of, 140 
fronto-parietal index of, 140 
head breadth and length of, 140 
head form of, 139-140 
minimum frontal diameter of, 140 
Mongoloid type among, 139 
nasal breadth and height of, 140 
nasal form of, 139-140 
nasal index of, 140 
provenance of, 138-139 
raw data: measurements, indices 
and morphological characters 
of, 141-142 
sitting height of, 140 
stature of, 140 
teeth of, 139-140 
zygo-frontal index of, 140 
zygo-gonial index of, 140 
Arabs, twenty female, 143 
age of, 143, 150; groupings, 143 
bigonial breadth of, 150 
bilharziasis among, 147 
bizygomatic breadth of, 150 
blondism among, 144 
cauterization among, 147 
cephalic index of, 148, 150; group- 
ings, 148 
demography of, 143 
diseases among, 146-147. See also 
Pathology 
ears of, measurements and indices 
of, 150 
eyes of, 144; groupings, 144 
facial measurements and indices of, 
148-149, 150; groupings, 149 
fronto-parietal index of, 150 
gonorrhea among, 147 
hair of, 144; groupings, 144 
head breadth of, 148, 150; group- 


ings, 148 
head length of, 150 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


malars of, 146 
minimum frontal diameter of, 148, 
50; groupings, 148 

morphological characters of twenty 
Arab women, 144-147 

nasal breadth and height of, 149, 
150; groupings, 149 

sean oe of, 149, 150; groupings, 


nasal profile of, 145; groupings, 145 
meran  aenes of, 145; groupings, 


nasal tip and wings of, 145; group- 
ings, 145 
Negroid blood among, 147 
physical appearance of, 146-147 
prognathism, alveolar, among, 146 
provenance of, 143 
raw data: measurements, indices 
and morphological characters 
of, 153-155 
sitting height of, 147, 150; group- 
ings, 147 
skin color of, 144 
smallpox among, 147 
statistical analyses of, groupings, 
147-150 
stature of, 147, 150; groupings, 147 
tattooing of, 146, 147 
teeth of, 145-146; groupings, 146; 
notes on, 146 
zygo-frontal index of, 150 
zygo-gonial index of, 150 
females omitted from the statistical 
analyses, 150-151 
blondism among, 151 
cauterization among, 151 
diseases of, 150-151 
eyes of, 150-151 
head form of, 150-151 
nasal septum, inclination of, 151 
Negroid blood among, 150, 151 
nose of, 150, 151 
physical appearance and type of, 
150-151 


prognathism, alveolar, among, 150, 
151 


provenance of, 150 . 
raw data: measurements, indices 
and morphological characters 
of, 153-155 
tattooing among, 151 
teeth of, 150-151 
females, including statistical and 
omitted series, 152 
bigonial breadth of, 152 
bizygomatic breadth of, 152 
cephalic index of, 152 yes 
ears of, measurements and indices 
of, 152 
facial pata api and indices of, 
1 


fronto-parietal index of, 152 


INDEX 


head breadth and length of, 152 
minimum frontal diameter of, 152 
nasal breadth and height of, 152 
nasal index of, 152 
raw data: measurements, indices 
and morphological characters 
of, 153-155 
sitting height of, 152 
stature of, 152 
zygo-frontal index of, 152 
zygo-gonial index of, 152 
girls of, eleven, 151-152 
blondism among, 151 
body hair of, 152 
diseases of, 152. See also Pathology 
eyes of, 151 
hair of, 152 
lips of, 152 
Negroid blood among, 152 
nose of, 152 
physiognomy of, 152 
provenance of, 151 
raw data: measurements, indices 
and morphological characters 
of, 153-155 
skin color of, 152 
teeth of, 152 
Ba‘ij Beduins (35 individuals), 13, 86 
age of, 86; compared to Iraq Soldiers, 
76; to Kish Arabs, 76 
beards among, 87 
bigonial breadth of, 86; compared to 
aaa Soldiers, 76; to Kish Arabs, 


bizygomatic breadth of, 86; compared 
to Iraq Soldiers, 76; to Kish Arabs, 


76 

body hair of, 87 

cephalic index of, 86; compared to 
Iraq Soldiers, 76; to Kish Arabs, 
76; groupings, 86 

chest development of, 89 

ears of, measurements and indices of, 
86; compared to Iraq Soldiers, 
76; to Kish Arabs, 76 

eyes of, groupings, 88 

facial index of, groupings, 86 

facial measurements and indices of, 
86; compared to Iraq Soldiers, 
76; to Kish Arabs, 76 

fronto-parietal index of, 86; compared 
to igs Soldiers, 76; to Kish 
Arabs, 7 

hair of, groupings 

head breadth or aie of, 86; com- 
pared to Iraq Soldiers, 76; to 
Kish Arabs, 7 

head hair, 87 

health of, 89 

leg length of, 86; compared to Iraq 
Soldiers, 76; to Kish Arabs, 76 

minimum frontal diameter of, 86; 
compared to Iraq Soldiers, 76; 


217 


to Kish Arabs, 76 
morphological characters of, group- 
ings, 87-89 
musculature of, 89 
nasal breadth and height of, 86; com- 
pared to Iraq Soldiers, 76; to 
Kish Arabs, 7 
nasal index of, 86; compared to Iraq 
Soldiers, 76; to Kish Arabs, 76; 
groupings, 86 
nasal profile of, groupings, 88 
nasal tip and wings of, groupings, 88 
sitting height of, 86; compared to 
a Soldiers, 76; to Kish Arabs, 
statistical analyses of, groupings, 86 
stature of, 86; compared to Iraq 
Soldiers, 76; to Kish Arabs, 76; 
groupings, 86 
tattooing among, 89 
teeth of, groupings, 88 
vital statistics of, 87 
zygo-frontal index of, 86; compared 
to Iraq Soldiers, 7 6; to Kish 
Arabs, 76 
zygo-gonial index of, 86; compared 
to Iraq Soldiers, 76; to Kish 
bs, 76 
Baiji, flora from north of, 193 
Baiqat, 101 
Bait Dariah, 101 
Bait Hajji Isa, 101 
Bait Mathluthah, 101 
Bani Kubais, 101 
Bani Zaid, 34; tribal list of, 100 
Baqqarah, 95-96 
Barley, 22 
Basra, classification of land surface of, 
106-107; population of, in 1930, 
108, in 1935, registered, 105, un- 
registered, 104 
Beans, 22 
Beduins, 23, 26, 31, 55; age, cephalic 
indices and head measurements of, 
from Mosul Liwa, 127, see also 
rae Beduins; use of herbs by, 22, 


Belikh River, 18 

Birds, 23-24 

Bitumen, 28; cholera epidemic averted 
by, 30; uses of, 24 

Bitumen wells, mention by Herodotus 


of, 3 
Boars, "23, 161 
Bornmiiller, Joseph, 165 
Boundaries, 17 
Brady, Ethel, 10 
Breasted, James H., 9 
Brinjals, 22 
British Museum, 15 
British Oil Development Company, 156 
British he a Air Force Headquarters, 30 
Browne, 27 


218 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Burnett, John, 9 
Buxton, L. H. Dudley, 7, 8, 81, 82 


Camels, 23; oil used as remedy for, 24; 
use of, for irrigation, 22, 23 

Canis aureus, 159 

Canis pallipes, 159 

Capra blythi, 162 

Chaldeans, 13 

Cheetahs, 23 

Chitadah, 34; tribal list of, 101 

Christians, 26; age, cephalic indices and 
head measurements of, from Bagh- 
dad, males, 128, females, 129, from 
Mosul, males, 128, females, 129, 
from Tabriz, 180, from Tell Kaif, 
128, from Urmia, 130, see also 
Turks; in Deir-ez-Zor, 28 

Circassians in Raqqa, 28 

Clawson, M. Don, 9 

Clemow, F. G., 120 

Climate, 20-22 

Coon, Carleton S., 10 

Cornwallis, Kinahan, 9 

Cotton, 22 

Cranial deformation, see Artificial cra- 
nial deformation 

Cucumbers, 22 


Date palm, 22, 28, 30; limit of cultiva- 
tion of, 21 

Deir-ez-Zor, Arabs in, 28; Jews in, 28; 
population of, in 1882, 28; Syrian 
Catholics in, 28 

Dekker, J. H., 156 

Dinka, Philippus, 156 

Diwaniya, Ad, classification of land 
surface of, 106-107; population of, 
in 1930, 108, in 1935, registered, 
105, unregistered, 104 

Diyala, classification of land surface of, 
106-107; population of, in 1980, 
108, in 1935, registered, 105, unreg- 
istered, 104 

Dowson, Ernest, 15, 103, 106 

Dowson, V. H. W., 22 

Drower, E. S., 156 

Dulaim, classification of land surface 
of, 106-107; population of, in 1930, 
108, in 1985, registered, 105, un- 
registered, 104 

Anthropometric data (137 males 
measured): 18, 26, 27, 38-54 
age of, 84-35, 48; groupings, 35 
baldness among, 35 
bigonial breadth of, 48 
bizygomatic breadth of, 43; group- 
ings, 43 

blindness among, 37 
blondism among, 36, 37 
blood samples of, 38 
body hair of, 35 
cauterization among, 39 


cephalic index of, 40-41, 48; group- 
ings, 41 

disease among, 38. See also Pathol- 
ogy 

ears of, measurements and indices 
of, 48 

eyes of, 36-37; groupings, 36 

eye slits of, 36 

facial measurements and indices of, 
41, 48; groupings, 41, 43 

facial types of, 73; ram-faced 
among, 73 

fronto-parietal index of, 43 

hair of, 35; groupings, 36 

Bene Dee of, 40, 43; groupings, 


head length of, 43 

health of, 38 

henna used by, 39 

kohl used by, 39 

lips of, 37 

minimum frontal diameter of, 40, 
43; groupings, 40, 43 

morphological characters of, group- 
ings, 35-39 

musculature of, 38 

nasal breadth and height of, 42, 43; 
groupings, 42, 43 

nasal index of, 42, 48; groupings, 


nasal profile of, 37; groupings, 37 

nasal tip and wings of, 37 

Negroid element among, in hair of, 
35; in nose of, 37, 42; in skin 
color of, 35 

nomadism among, 33-34; in eastern 
Sane 83, 84; in Jazira, 33, 


origin of, 33 

photographic analyses of, 44 

racial position of, 44-45; compared 
2 Beduin, 45; to settled Arab, 


raw data: measurements, indices 
- and morphological characters 

of, 46-54 

religious affiliations of, 33 

sitting height of, 40, 43; groupings, 
40, 42 

skin color of, 35; compared to the 
Kish Arab, 35; to the southern 
European, 35; to the Arab in 
the area from the ‘Fertile 
Crescent”? to Morocco, 35 

statistical analysis of, groupings, 


stature of, 39, 43; groupings, 39 
tattooing among, 39 

teeth of, 37-38; groupings, 37 
tribal list of, 96-100 

tribal relations of, 34 

zygo-frontal index of, 43 
zygo-gonial index of, 43 


INDEX 


Dulaim Qartan, 34; tribal list of, 102 
Dunkley, G. W., 9 


Eastwood, Austin, 156 

Edmonds, C. J., 15, 103 

Education, increasing facilities for, 31 

Epidemics, danger of, 31 

Eptesicus hingstoni, 158 

Eptesicus walli, 159 

Erbil, classification of land surface of, 
106-107; population of, in 1930, 
108, in 1935, registered, 105, un- 
registered, 104 

Euphrates River, canals adjoining, 18, 
changing channels of, 20; course of, 
17; flood seasons of, 18, 20; tribu- 
taries of, 18, 22 


Fadan, 27, 54; tribal list of, 92 

Faddaghah, 34; tribal list of, 102 

Fahad Beg, 27 

Faiyadah, tribal list of, 102 

Fallahin, 25 

Falluja, Al, 17, buildings of, 30; land 
of, under cultivation, 30; location 
of, 30; population of, 30 

Fallujiyin, 102 

Farraj Allah, see Shaddid 

Fauna, 23-24, 156-162 

Felis chaus, 159 

Field, Marshall, 8 

Field Museum Anthropological Expedi- 
or to the Near East, 8, 9, 156, 163, 

Field Museum—Oxford University Joint 
Expedition to Kish, Iraq, 7, 15, 81, 
110, 111 

Flint implements, 28 

Foxes, 238, 159 

Frankfort, Henri, 9 

Frayha, Anis, 12 

Frazer, James, 113 

Fruit trees, 22, 28 


Gazella, 28, 162 

Gerhard, Peter, 11, 12 
Ghazi ibn Faisal, 8, 9 
Gossypium, 166 

Grazing, 23 

Grice, C. R., 9 

Guest, Evan, 165 

Gufas, manufacture of, 24 
Gypsies, 13 


Habbaniya Lake, 11, 30; environs of, 29 

Haditha, flora of, 193 

Hail, 20 

Haiwat, 34; tribal list of, 102 

Hamad, 54-55 

Harrison, Paul W., 116, 117 

Harvard University, Institute of Geo- 
graphical Exploration of, 11; Labo- 
ratory of Anthropology of, 75; Pea- 


219 


body Museum of, see Peabody Mu- 
seum; Widener Library of, 11 

Hasanah, 27, 54 

Health, 31 

Hemiechinus auritus, 157 

Hemiptera, 24 

Herodotus, 30 

Herpestes persicus, 159 

Hilla, classification of land surface of, 
106-107; population of, in 1930, 
108, in 1935, registered, 105, un- 
registered, 104 

Hill, Arthur, 165 

History, 24-26 

Hitawiyin, 34; tribal list of, 102 

Hit, bitumen wells at, 24, 28, 30; 
historical references to, 30; date 
palms at, 28; fruit trees at, 28; 
gufas manufactured at, 24; Jews 
in, 30; lime manufactured at, 24; 
location of, 28; population of, 30, 
in 1882, 28; salt pans at, 24; 
sulphur at, 28; uses of bitumen at, 


24 
Holt, A. L., 24 
Hooper, David, 118 
Hooton, E. A., 8, 10, 32, 75 
Hordeum, 166 
Horwood, A. R., 165 
Hudson, E. H., 116 
Humidity, relative, 20 
Hyaena hyaena, 23, 160 
Hydar, Rustam, 166 
Hyena, 23 


Ibn Rashid, 28 
Idhar, Al, 93 
Insects, 24, 1638-164 
Iraq, area of, 103, in 1920, 103; census, 
agricultural, need for, in, 107-108; 
communications with, 19; cultiva- 
ble land of, 108, in Irrigation Zone, 
108, 106, in Rainfall Zone, 103, 
106-107; density of re of, 
103; development of Public Wel- 
fare of, 120-121; economic and 
commercial conditions in, 24; geo- 
graphical position of, 14; hospitals 
in, 121; nomadism restricted in, 11; 
population of, in 1919, 103 
Iraq Petroleum Company, 9, 24, 27, 34, 
55, 121, 189, 156; health conditions 
improved by, 121 
Iraq Soldiers (222 individuals measured 
at Hilla Army Camp), 13, 83 
age of, 83; compared to Ba‘ij Beduins, 
76; to Kish Arabs, 76 
bigonial breadth of, 88; compared to 
Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; to Kish Arabs, 


76 

bizygomatic breadth of, 83; com- 
ared to Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; to 
Kish Arabs, 76 


220 


cephalic index of, 83; compared to 
Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; to Kish Arabs, 
76; groupings, 83 

chest development of, 85 

diseases among, 85. See also Pathol- 
ogy 

ear measurements and indices of, 83; 
compared to Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; 
to Kish Arabs, 76 

eyes of, groupings, 85 

facial index of, 88; compared to 
Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; to Kish Arabs, 
76; groupings, 83 

facial measurements and indices of, 
88; compared to Ba‘ij Beduins, 
76; to Kish Arabs, 76 

fronto-parietal index of, 83; compared 
to Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; to Kish 
Arabs, 76 

hair of, groupings, 84 

head breadth of, 83; compared to 
Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; to Kish Arabs, 


76 

head length of, 83; compared to 
Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; to Kish Arabs, 
76 


health of, 85 

leg length of, 88; compared to Ba‘ij 
Beduins, 76; to Kish Arabs, 76 

minimum frontal diameter of, 83; 
compared to Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; 
to Kish Arabs, 76 

musculature of, 85 

nasal alae of, groupings, 84 

nasal breadth and height of, 83; com- 
pared to Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; to 
Kish Arabs, 76 

nasal index of, 83; compared to Ba‘ij 
Beduins, 76; to Kish Arabs, 76; 
groupings, 84 

nasal profile of, groupings, 84 

sitting height of, 83; compared to 
ea Beduins, 76; to Kish Arabs, 


stature of, 83; compared to Ba‘ij 
Beduins, 76; to Kish Arabs, 76; 
groupings, 83 

tattooing among, 86 

teeth of, groupings, 85 

vital statistics of, 84 

zygo-frontal index of, 838; compared 
to Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; to Kish 
Arabs, 76 

zy go-gonial index of, 83; compared to 
Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; to Kish Arabs, 


76 
Irrigation, methods of, 22-28 


Jackal, 23 

Jaculus Loftusi, 161 

Jaladiya, limestone quarry at, 24 
Jamali, M. F., 31 

Jazira, Al, 17 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Jebel Baradost, flora of, 194 

Jebel Baykhair, flora of, 192 

Jebel Enaze, Paleolithic implements 
found on, 28; source of Wadi 
Hauran on, 28 

Jebel Golat, flora of, 190 

Jebel Khatchra, flora of, 190 

Jebel Pikasar, flora of, 193 

Jemdet Nasr, 7, 111, 116; excavations 
at, 7; location of, 111; painted 
ay at, 7; water supply at, 111- 

Jerwona, flora of, 192 

Jews, 13, 26; age, cephalic indices and 
head measurements of, from Bagh- 
dad, female, 129, male, 129, from 
Erbil, 129, from Kirkuk, 129; at 
Ana, 28; at Deir-ez-Zor, 28; at 
Hit, 30 

Jumailah, 97 


Karbala, classification of land surface 
of, 106-107; population of, in 1930, 
108, in 1935, registered, 105, un- 
registered, 104 

Keith, Arthur, 8, 11, 32, 89-90 

Kennedy, Walter P., 8, 9, 156 

Kew Herbarium, 165 

Khabur River, 11, 18 

Khalaf, Jassim, 12, 198 

Khurushiyin, 34; tribal list of, 100 

Kirkuk, classification of land surface of, 
106-107; population of, in 1930, 
108, in 1935, registered, 105, un- 
registered, 104 

Kirkuk, Iraq Petroleum Company Hos- 
pital at, 121; population of, 108 

Kish, 7; first crossing by automobile 
to Tigris from, 116 

aa (859 individuals measured), 

age of, 76; compared to Ba‘ij Beduins, 
76; to Iraq Soldiers, 76 

animals, domesticated, affection for, 
119; wild, cruelty to, 119 

attitude toward medical treatment of, 
118-119 

beards among, 78 

bigonial breadth of, 76; compared to 
Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; to Iraq 
Soldiers, 76 

bizygomatic breadth of, 76; compared 
to Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; to Iraq 
Soldiers, 76 

blindness among, 81 

body hair among, 78 

brow-ridges of, 78 

cephalic index of, 76; compared to 
Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; to Iraq 
Soldiers, 76; groupings, 77 

chest development of, 80 

constitution of, 119, 120 

Darwin’s point among, 81 


INDEX 221 


dental condition of, 113-114 

diet of, 115 

diseases among, 81. Seealso Pathology 

ears of, helix of, 81; lobe of, 81; 
measurements and indices of, 
76; compared to Ba‘ij Beduins, 
76, to Iraq Soldiers, 76 

eyebrows of, 79 

eyes of, groupings, 79 

facial hair of, 78 

facial measurements and indices of, 
76; compared to Ba‘ij Beduins, 
76; to Iraq Soldiers, 76; group- 
ings, 77 

fatalism of, 110 

fronto-parietal index of, 76; compared 
to Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; to Iraq 
Soldiers, 76 

glabella of, 78 

hair of, groupings, 78 

head breadth and length of, 76; 
compared to Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; 
to Iraq Soldiers, 76 

health of, 81, 110-121 

henna, use of, 81 

insensitivity to pain of, 119 

leg length of, 76; compared to Ba‘ij 
Beduins, 76; to Iraq Soldiers, 76 

lips of, 79 

malars of, 78 

minimum frontal diameter of, 76; 
compared to Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; 
to Iraq Soldiers, 76 

morphological characters of, 77-80 

musculature of, 80 

nasal breadth and height of, 76; com- 

ared to Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; to 

raq Soldiers, 76 

nasal bridge of, 79 

nasal index of, 76; compared to 
Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; to Iraq 
Soldiers, 76; groupings, 77 

nasal profile of, 80 

nasal septum of, 79 

nasal tip and wings of, 80 

prognathism, alveolar, among, 78; 
facial, 78 

remedies used by, 118 

scapulae of, 80 

sitting height of, 76; compared to 
ee Beduins, 76; to Iraq Soldiers, 


skin color of, 77 

stature of, 76; compared to Ba‘ij 
Beduins, 76; to Iraq Soldiers, 76; 
groupings, 77 

tattooing among, 81 

teeth of, groupings, 80 

ventral disorders of, cause of, 115 

vital statistics of, 77 

zygo-frontal index of, 76; compared 
to Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; to Iraq 
Soldiers, 76 


zygo-gonial index of, 76; compared 
to Ba‘ij Beduins, 76; to Iraq 
Soldiers, 76 


Kish Workmen (100 individuals meas- 


ured), 13, 81-82 
bigonial breadth of, 82 
bizygomatic breadth of, 82 
cephalic index of, 82 
eyes of, groupings, 82 
facial measurements and indices of, 82 
fronto-parietal index of, 82 
hair of, groupings, 82 
head breadth and length of, 82 
minimum frontal diameter of, 82 
nasal breadth and height of, 82 
nasal index of, 82 
stature of, 82 
zygo-frontal index of, 82 
zygo-gonial index of, 82 


Knabenshue, Paul S., 8 
Kubaisa, population of, 28; Sunnis in, 28 
Kurds, 18; age, cephalic indices and 


head measurements of, from Ali 
Sharwan, 130, from Erbil, female, 
127, male, 127, from Hussain Kuli 
Khan, 130, from Kermanshah, 130, 
from Khanagin, 127, from Kirkuk, 
female, 127, male, 127, from Mosul, 
127, from Pestako, 130, from 
Sulaimaniya, 127, from Tabriz, 
female, 130, male, 130, from 
Tehran, 130, from Waly, 130 


Kut, classification of land surface of, 


106-107; population of, in 1930, 
108, in 1935, registered, 105, un- 


registered, 104 


Langdon, Stephen, 7 
Lathrop, Barbour, 7 
Laufer, Berthold, 8 
Lest, Sot 8, 9, 15, 16, 156, 163, 164, 
Lepidoptera, 164 

Lepus connori, 161 

Lime, 24 

Limestone quarries, 24 
Liponycteris magnus, 157 
Londonderry, Lord, 9 
Luhaib, 34; tribal list of, 100 
Lutra lutra, 160 


Maize, 22 

Majawadah, Al, 94 

Malak, Gabriel, 9 

Malaria, prophylaxis against, 111 
Manufacturing, 24 

Marsh Arabs, 13 

Martes foiana, 160 

Martin, Paul S., 10 

Martin, Richard A., 8, 9, 11, 12, 156 
Mash, 22 

McLeod, T. H., 9 
Mediterranean Race, 16 


222 


Meles meles, 160 

Melons, 22 

Mellivora wilsoni, 160 

Midhat Pasha, 25 

Mihran, H., 9 

Mineral resources, 24 

Mosul, classification of land surface of, 
106-107; population of, in 1930, 
108, in Seta registered, 105, unregis- 
tered, 104 

Muhallaf, 27; tribal list of, 92 

Mulberry trees, 22 

Muntafiq, classification of land surface 
of, 106-107; population of, in 19380, 
108, in 1935, registered, 105, un- 
registered, 104 

Murray, Wallace, 8 

Myotis omari, 157 


Nafatha, oil from, 24 

Nasiriya, An, 13 

Natural History Museum, Stockholm, 
herbarium specimens in, 165 

Negroids, 30 

Nesokia buxtoni, 161 

New York Public Library, 11 

Nimr, Al bu, 98 

Noria, 22-23 

Nuri ibn Shalan, 27, 28, 54 

Nychiodes(?) divergaria, 163 


Oil, 24 

Omar Pasha, 25 

Onions, 22 

Oppenheim, Max Freiherr von, 11 

Oriental Institute, see University of 
Chicago 

Oebiopenre. 24 


Pahlavi, Riza Shah, see Riza Shah 
Pahlavi 
Paleolithic flint implements, 28 
Pathology, attitudes toward, see Arabs, 
attitude toward disease, etc., treat- 
ment of disease 
abdomen, distention of, 147 
acromegaly, 119 
amputation, 117 
arthritis, rheumatoid, 117 
ataxia, locomotor, 116 
ag boil,” 81, 85, 114, 146, 151, 


bejel, 116 

bilharziasis, 147 

blood-letting, 418 

chicken pox, 37, 38, 81, 85 

cholera, 30, 31, 115, 120-121 

constitution, 38, 119-120 

deformation, of the arm, 115; of the 
ear, 113; of the hands, 115; of 
the lips, 115 

dental condition, 37, 38, 113-114; 
groupings, 37, 65, 80 


ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


broken teeth, 38, 114, 184, 146 
caries, groupings of, 80, 85, 88, 113 
deposit, 134, 139, 140, 146, 150, 151 
fillings, 38 
loss, 37, 184, 150, 151; groupings, 
37, 80, 85, 88, 184, 146; 
attitude toward, 113 
ese | Pia 134, 139, 146; groupings, 
wear, 80, 88 
diarrhea, 116 
endocrine glands, 119 
eyes, 31, 112-113 
arcus senilis, 183, 144 
blindness, 66, 135, 140, 150; group- 
ings, 81 
cataract, 38, 81, 85 
conjunctivitis, follicular, 112; gran- 
ular, 112 
crossed, 37 
defective vision, 37, 66, 150 
filmed, 135, 144, 150 
trachoma, 81, 112 
favus, 185 
fractures, 118, 151 
gallstones, 116 
goiter, 146 
hairless, 38 
headache, 81, 85, 113 
hemorrhage, 1 
hemostasis, 117 
influenza, 115 
jaundice, 116 
malaria, 81, 85, 110-112, 185 
metabolism, unbalanced, 119 
miscarriage, 151 
nasal affections, 115 
obesity, 119 
paralysis, hand, 139 
paresis, 116 
plague, 120; bubonic, 31 
pleurisy, 117 
ringworm, 66 
respiratory, 66, 115. See influenza, 
pleurisy, tuberculosis 
scalp infections, 81, 85; scurf, 139. 
See favus 
sears, 38, 66, 114, 151, 152 
skin, 38, 114. See “Baghdad boil’ 
smallpox, 31, 38, 66, 81, 85, 112, 120, 
135, 140, 147, 150, 152 
sprain, 135 
syphilis, 116-117; tertiary, 116 
tuberculosis, 115 
typhus, 31 
vaccination, 112 
venereal diseases, 116-117, 147. See 
also bejel, syphilis, yaws 
ventral disorders, 81, 85, 115-116 
yaws, 116 
Peabody Museum (Harvard), 10, 11 
Pear trees, 22 
Pedersen, Dorothy, 10, 12 


INDEX 


Physical features, 17-18 
Pilgrimage, spread of disease resulting 
from, 31, 120-121 
Pipistrellus kuhli, 158 
eee anate trees, 22 
ae ulation, 26 
Public health service, 31, 120-121 


Qala Shargqat, flora of, 193 
Qara-Ghul, 34; tribal list of, 100 
Qara-Ghul (Section of the Zoba), 34 


Radishes, 22 

Rahhaliya, Ar, 101; Negroid element 
in, 30; population of, 30 

Rainfall, 20, 22, 23 

Ramadi, 17; date palms at, 30; health 
inspection at, 120; location of, 30; 
medical inspection at, 31; popula- 
tion of, 30 

Ram-faced types among the Dulaim 
and the Anaiza, 73-74 

Rassam, B. H., 9, 15 

Raqqa, ‘Arabs i in, 28; Circassians in, 28; 
population of, 28 

Reid, H. C., 9 

Religious groups, 26 

Reniff, Elizabeth, 10 

Reptiles, 24 

TT first account of smallpox by, 

Rice, 22 

Rice, David Talbot, 7 

Rickards, A. R. M., 9 

Ridhwaniya Canal, "description of, 18 

Riley, N. W., 15, 163 

Riza Shah Pahlavi, 11 

Ross, Lillian A., 10 

Rowandiz Area, flora of, 193 

Royal Geographical Society (London), 
Permanent Committee on Geo- 
graphical Names of, 12 

Rustam Agricultural Experimental 
Farm, Hinaidi, 166 

Rutba, flora of, 197 

Ruwalla, 27, 28, 54; habitat of, 27; 
importance of, 27; tribal list of, 92 


Salt, 24 

Samuelsson, Gunnar, 165 
Sanborn, Colin C., 15 
Sand storms, 22 
Saqlawiya Canal, description of, 18 
Sbaa (Beduins), 16, 27, 54 
Schlimmer, J. L., 114 
Schmidt, Karl P., 15 
Schroeder, Eric, 110, 118 
Scott, Donald, 10 

Scully, Theodore, 10 
Seltzer, Carl C., 10 


Sesame, 22 
Shaar 34; tribal list of, 102 
Shaddid, 101 


223 


Shamiya, Al, 17 

Shammar, 13, 27, 34, 54, 55 

Shammar, Southern, 27, 28 

Shaw, F. R. S., 9 

Shawkat, Shaib, 131 

Sheep, 23: oil used as remedy for, 24 

Sheikh Adi, flora of, 192 

Sheikh Atiyeh, 115 

Sheikh Hajji Hunta, camp of, 116 

Shiahs, 26 

Shiti, 34; tribal list of, 101 

Showket, S. Y., 8, 83, 116 

Shrubs, 23 

Shuwartan, 34; tribal list of, 100 

Skliros, John, 9 

Smeaton, Winifred, see Thomas, Wini- 
fred Smeaton 

Snow, 20 

Spinifex, 23 

Standley, Paul C., 16 

Subaihat, 34; tribal list of, 101 

Subba (Mandeans), 13 

Sulaimaniya, classification of land sur- 
face of, 106-107; flora of, 194; 
population of, in 1930, 103, 108, 
in 1935, registered, 105, unregis- 
tered, 104 

Sulphur, 28 

Sulubba (Sleyb), 13 

Sumailat, 34; tribal list of, 101 

Sumeria dipotamica, 163, 164 

Summerscale, J. P., 24 

Sunnis, 26; 1 Ana, 28; at Kubaisa, 28 

Sus attila, 1 

Sykes, Me 14 

Syrian Catholics in Deir-ez-Zor, 28 


Tall Afar, flora from west of, 191 

Tell Barguthiat, 116 

Tell Es Shur, flora of, 190 

Temperature, 20 

Thomas, Winifred Smeaton (Mrs. 
Homer), 13, 15 

Tobacco, 117 

Treatment of disease, fracture, 118; 
cautery, 116, 117; scarring, 118; 
venereal disease, 117 

Tribal groups, 27 

Triticum, 116 

Tuch, David, 11 

Turkish Petroleum Company, see Iraq 
Petroleum Company 

Turkomans, 13 

Turks, age, cephalic indices and head 
measurements of, from Istanbul, 
130, Christian from Turkey, 130, 
from Van, 130 


University of Chicago, Oriental In- 
stitute of, 9, 12 
Upper Euphrates, historical references 
14 


Ursus arctos, 161 


224 ANTHROPOLOGY OF IRAQ 


Vulpes persica, 159 Wilson, W. C. F., 9 
Vulpes splendens, 159 Wiltahite E. P., 163-164 
in 


Wadi Hauran, flint implements found Wulud Ali, 27, 54; tribal list of, 93 
at sheer af 28; Jebel Enaze, 
source of, «as 
Watelin, Louis Charles, 111 Yezidis, 13 
Water lift, 22 
Water wheel, see Noria Zimmerman, Eunice, 10 
Wheat, 22 Zoba, 18; sections of, following the 
Wilson, A. T., 103 Dulaim, 34; tribal list of, 100-101 


VHLIGVH 4O MUIA TVYANAD 


T 8981 ‘0€ [0A ‘AB0jodo1yjuy A10}SIP{ [BANJVN JO wasn pletT 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 2 


No. 10138 (age 30) 
CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPE 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 3 


No. 1013 (age 30) 
CLASSIC MEDITERRANEAN TYPE 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 4 


i 


No. 1052 (age 20): Fine Mediterranean type 


No. 1080 (age 35): Coarse Mediterranean type 
MEDITERRANEAN TYPES 


tn ae ae VY , 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 5 


No. 1037 (age 27) 
IRAQO-MEDITERRANEAN TYPES 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 6 


No. 1011 (age 20) 


No. 1058 (age 30) 
DOLICHOCEPHALS 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 7 


No. 1044 (age 45) 
DOLICHOCEPHALS 


Sete io to: Sia 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 8 


No. 1048 (age 30) 


l\¢ 


No. 1010 (age 25) 
BRACHYCEPHALS 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 9 


No. 1049 (age 30): Short-faced individual 


No. 1018 (age 30): Long-faced individual 
FACIAL TYPES 


Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 10 


No. 1065 (age 40): Short and broad-faced type 
FACIAL TYPES 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 11 


No. 1021 (age 25) 


No. 1023 (age 30) 
MIXED-EYED INDIVIDUALS 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 12 


No. 1059 (age 60): Man with green-brown eyes 
MIXED-EYED INDIVIDUALS 


Gtf) AGF l3a9n 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 13 


¥ * C —S ri : 
Fae 


No. 1034 (age 22): Straight-nosed type 


No. 1019 (age 27): Very slightly convex-nosed type 
VARIATIONS IN NASAL PROFILE 


Lo fC’ -— ,y 
shy, ‘ 
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 16 


No. 1055 (age 42) 
CONVEX-NOSED TYPE 


CAD 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 17 


No. 1055 (age 42) 
CONVEX-NOSED TYPE 


Neg EE O/7T 
5 Od 


S42 c ) CX 
BUY 
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 18 


No. 1084 (age 25): Very low wavy hair 


No. 1092 (age 25): Low wavy hair 
VARIATIONS IN HAIR FORM 


No. 1028 (age 40): Very deep wavy hair 
VARIATIONS IN HAIR FORM 


Op Ck ee ae 
. EN 7) Nx 


Field Museum of Natural History 


No. 1012 (age 20) 


No. 1087 (age 25) 
DULAIMIS MEASURED AT HADITHA 


bay aap 589 | 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 21 


No. 1085 (age 20) 


No. 1040 (age 20) 
DULAIMIS MEASURED AT HADITHA 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 24 


No. 1067 (age 21) 


No. 1027 (age 22) 
DULAIMIS MEASURED AT HADITHA 


vr. al 


CAD eae 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 25 


No. 1009 (age 25) 


No. 1088 (age 25) 
DULAIMIS MEASURED AT HADITHA 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 26 


No. 1035 (age 25) 


No. 1033 (age 25) 
DULAIMIS MEASURED AT HADITHA 


OteE f2e- 


(5: A bh < f+ f C 4 ee 


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! No. 1036 (age 25) 
DULAIMIS MEASURED AT HADITHA 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 28 


No. 1082 (age 25) 


No. 1061 (age 26) 
DULAIMIS MEASURED AT HADITHA 


ie . gsi tte 


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/” ) “al © \ 
(SA, WY, ) bO / al 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 29 


No. 1007 (age 30) 


No. 1063 (age 30) 
DULAIMIS MEASURED AT HADITHA 


10G* OFUTO 


Ou 
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Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 30 


No. 1026 (age 30) 


No. 1024 (age 32) 
DULAIMIS MEASURED AT HADITHA 


Fe a A oe ee 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 31 


No. 1022 (age 35) 
DULAIMIS MEASURED AT HADITHA 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 32 


No. 1020 (age 35) 


No. 1058 (age 40) 
DULAIMIS MEASURED AT HADITHA 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 33 


3 


No. 1042 (age 45) 


No. 1016 (age 45) 
DULAIMIS MEASURED AT HADITHA 


4 


F2 
f/ Vad n. 
( ce A ) ) Y / 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 34 


No. 1051 (age 60) 
DULAIMIS MEASURED AT HADITHA 


ae ET CS Tt 


“4 
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poate 4 
Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 35 


No. 1060 (age 60) 


No. 1083 (age 60) 
DULAIMIS MEASURED AT HADITHA 


Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 36 


Field Museum of Natural History 


sachin tonnstieta ican he ni 
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No. 1124 (age 22) 


HAIRLESS DULAIMI 


C7 (39D 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 37 


No. 1589 (age 25) 
ANAIZA TRIBESMEN 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 38 


No. 1584 (age 25) 


ti 
No. 1572 (age 27) 
ANAIZA TRIBESMEN 


E42) BID 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 39 


No. 1575 (age 28) 


No. 1573 (age 28) 
ANAIZA TRIBESMEN 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 40 


No. 1571 (age 28) 
ANAIZA TRIBESMAN 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 41 


No. 1571 (age 28) 
ANAIZA TRIBESMAN - 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 42 


No. 1587 (age 30) . 


No. 1586 (age 30) 
ANAIZA TRIBESMEN 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 43 


No. 1583 (age 30) 


No. 1583 (age 30) No. 1577 (age 38) 
ANAIZA TRIBESMEN 


° hii 7 i’ Sagi eal 


CD 34D 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 44 


No. 1581 (age 30) 


No. 1580 (age 30) 
ANAIZA TRIBESMEN 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 45 


No. 1585 (age 35) 
ANAIZA TRIBESMEN 


Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 46 


No. 1592 (age 35) 


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No. 1582 (age 35) 
ANAIZA TRIBESMEN 


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Field Museum of Natural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 47 


No. 1579 (age 36) 


No. 1578 (age 45) 
ANAIZA TRIBESMEN 


jatural History Anthropology, Vol. 30, Plate 48 


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